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CANADA 
 
 PUBLIC ARCHIVES 
 
 ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES 
 
Fl 
 
FIRST THINGS IN CANADA. 
 
Fl 
 
ALPHABET 
 
 First THiN(ks in Canada 
 
 A Ueady Reference Hook of Canadian Events. 
 
 GKORGE JOHNSON. 
 
 IIONOKAKY ICI.l.OW OF Till: KOVAI, STATISTICAI, SOCIICTY 
 OK LO.VUON, ICNC, KTC, KTC. 
 
 THIRU EDITION 
 
 In such indexes . . . 
 
 . . . there is seen 
 
 The baby figure of the giant mass 
 
 Of things to come at large. 
 
 —Shakespeare. 
 
 Ottawa : 
 Printed by The Mortimer Co. I.imited 
 
.z 
 
 :i/ 95 
 
 Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand ei^:^ 
 hundred and ninety-seven, by Gkorck Johnson, at the Department of Agricuhure. 
 
 
 '7 '' 
 
 ay 
 
Page. CORRECTIONS. 
 
 4-Twentieth line, Stiguier should be S<>^uier 
 
 46— Tenih line, Senate should be Synod 
 
 74-t..lections General Dominion, :iM/,n,e 2,rJ 180O 
 12 - Hrst !me, Cardigan should be CaH.naT ' ^ 
 141- End of second paragraph, add Brit^^h India, admitted Sept. ,^tl,, ,897. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The third edition of Alphahet ok Firsi T..mGs in Canada is here 
 presented to the public The scope of the work has been greatly enlarged 
 The aim has been to make ,t a ready reference book of Canadian events " 
 
 An effort has been made to collect succinct accounts of the numerous 
 brgan,zat.onso various kinds which have been founded in Canada for the pro 
 h^otton of social, literary and other aims. Illustrating, as these organi.at ons 
 60. the activity of a people, I regret that the effort has been only partial y 
 
 Objection has been raised ,0 the seeming triviality of some of the notes 
 iven in former editions. But it is extremely .lir.icul, decide what is trivia 
 Ind what important. To some it may appear trivial t. ..cord the fact that the 
 kcadian French have selected L'Assomption Day as their national day. instead 
 If St. Jean-Baptiste Day selected by the Canadian French. A significam racial 
 yet underlies the selection. 
 
 In the i6th century Spain was the mistress of the seas, the wealthiest 
 puntry in the world. Into her lap the new world poured its stores of gold and 
 liver. She is now in a condition of decadence-" on her last legs> many 
 bmk. Her degeneration has been traced to the debasement of the Vellon 
 .mage-the largest of the debased tokens being a piece of only a quarter of a 
 
 ^66; inT ° :T °' ""^ "°"^y- '^'^'^ ^'^'--^ -'-ge (begun 
 
 66 in time dominated the financial system of Spain, became the s, ndard 
 I all values and. according to a well known law, drove the better money out 
 If circulation, maintaining us pernicious grip century after century despite al 
 IflForts of sagacious statesmen to remedy the evils inflicted. The Vellon coin 
 ge was very trivial to appearance but it undermined the financial strength of 
 ne of the great nations. ^ 
 
 irmtTf f!f''"" '"'' '" '^' '^""""^ "^^'''^"^ ^-^ 'he paucity of in- 
 brmation afforded in many instances where a fuller statement would have given 
 
 UetThir b :■ "'^"'^!^ '"f -> "f "--'y -PP'yinS a date. I have sought to 
 |eet this objection ; with the result that that the present edition is much more 
 cyclopedia of Canadian facts and dates than were the former editions To 
 lustrate my meaning reference is suggested to "Confederation," '< Exhibi- 
 r ' ^K T' '''^''''^^■" '"T-Perance," etc., in all of which, wi.L 
 
 cTndli "i ?"'' ^' '"'"'°"^'' ''' ^^^"^ '^-'--^ - 'he fir tad 
 kcond editions has been enlarged so as to include the salient points of a histo- 
 |cal presentation. 
 
 GEORGE JOHNSON, 
 h'TAvvA, September, 1897. ^' '^- '^' (^'>"-J 
 
(. ; 
 
ALPHABET OF FIRST THINGS 
 IN CANADA. 
 
 [cademy of Arte. Royal Canadian, founded hy the Marquis of Lome. 1880, 
 
 '^•' »* L -r.L 
 
 
 Pvertisements 
 
 Montreal GazeUe, 1837 
 
 Tu^ a , -I , oiner has been President. 
 
 The first railway advertisement in Canada appeared in the 
 (aee Railways.) '^ 
 
CORRECTIONS OF DATES. 
 
 Page I —5th line from bottom, 24 should be 14. 
 " 49 — 17th line, 29th should be 19th. 
 " 65 — 1 8th line, 1892 should be 1792. 
 " '57 — 5th line from bottom, 1893 should be 1873. 
 " 166— 26th and 27th lines, 1829 and 1832 should be 1729 and 1732. 
 " 202 — 2nd line from bottom, 1779 should be 1769. 
 
ALPHABET OF FIRST THINGS 
 IN CANADA. 
 
 be 1729 and 1732. 
 
 academy of Arte, Royal Canadian, founded l.y the Marriuis of Lome ,XXo 
 a The i.rst meeting of the men.bers took place in Ottawi" March "h 88o" 
 The first exhibition was Opened bv the Cnvf^r^rJ^rt . u ' *^°- 
 
 dale The title " Rr-«,i r„ , r . '-'0\ernor-Generai on the same 
 
 Academy are (i) the institution ofTwatilL? ^y il'St^ata^'^" t 
 holding of exhibitions n the princioal HtiP« «f iT^A .''.^*^' <2) the 
 the establishment of Schools of A^and Des In Sin^eTJT' .'"^ ^H 
 
 ^James I granted to Sir William Alexander all AcSv^J nllV '"^ 
 
 |ing portion from the 46° of latitude to the Rver^ri' ^ '''-'"'.^'"- 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 Agents, Commercial— Vote of money to enable the Federal Government ic 
 employ such, first appears in the estimates of 1884. The Dominion has' 
 now (1897) commercial agents in Australia, Jamaica, Antigua, St. Kitis, 
 Trinidad, Demerara, France, Norway, Chili, Mexico, and Japan, and i 
 the following cities in the United Kingdom : London, Liverpool, Bristn 
 and Glasgow. These Agents make reports to the Minister of Trade anc 
 Commerce at Ottawa. 
 
 Agricultural Colleges —First in Ontario founded in Guelph, 1874. Thi: 
 College in 1895 had 250 students; 150 in the general course and 100 in 
 the dairy school. It is under the general control of the Ontario Ministeij 
 
 lati 
 
 Mil 
 
 and 
 
 Apples- 
 
 and 
 rep< 
 dev( 
 Enr 
 $87 
 $1,^ 
 
 •Olta 
 fixec 
 Otta 
 whic 
 hour 
 "Be 
 
 I ! 
 
 I ■ ! 
 
 I I 
 
 of Agriculture, and has a teaching staff of a dozen professors. The firs^ fVrbitrat 
 agricultural school in the Province of QueViec was that of Ste. Anne de li 
 Pocati^re, 75 miles below the city of Quebec It was founded in 1859 
 and is one of six agricultural schools in the Province, the others being a 
 L'Assomption, Oka, Compton, St. Hyacinthe and Roberval. The Nnv.^ 
 Scotia School of Agriculture was established in 1885. 
 
 Agricultural Societies— First in Nova Scotia founded in 1789; Hon. R 
 
 Bulkeley, first President. First in Quebec, 1789, under Lord Dorchester- Irbitrat 
 First in Ontario in 1792 by Lieut. -Governor Simcoe in Newark. Thes 
 early societies did good work in their day and with their generation. The 
 issued pamphlets and established prizes, etc. 
 
 Allan, Sir Hugh— The first time Sir Hugh came to Montreal was in i82t 
 The subsequent founder of the Allan line of steamships came out in tl ? 
 brig Favourite, which had to be pulled up the St. Mary's current by 
 dozen pairs of oxen before he could effect a landing. 
 
 Allan Steamship Line— Began operations in 1854. The first steamer \n 
 named the Canadian. Regular fortnightly mail service commenced 185^ 
 weekly service, 1859. (See "Steam Service, Ocean.") 
 
 America — Name first appears in an edition of Ptolemy's Geography on a ni: 
 by Hylacomylus — the assumed name of Markin Waldsemuller, an emine; 
 cosmographer of Fribourg, who issued maps about 1500-8. Americ 
 Vespucci wrote to R^ne, Duke of Lorraine, giving him an account (Se 
 4th, 1504) of his voyagi:, in which he stated that he, Americus Vespucc 
 had visited Paria on the mainland. Lord DuflFerin conjectures that \\ 
 Duke showed the letter to the cosmographer, who gave the name " Anic 
 ica" to the newly discovered land, in the map then passing through hj 
 hands ; thus depriving both Columbus and Cabot of their rights throuf 
 priority of discovery. 
 
 American Folk-lore Society (Montreal branch)— Organized 1892. Tt 
 special aim of the Soc'ety is to cultivate the rich field of research there 
 in Canada and preserve old superstitions, beliefs, songs, traditions, legei 
 etc., which may once have influenced the life of the Canadian jieople. 
 
 Anthracite Coal--First mined in Canada in 1887. The place where the co 
 is mined is called Anthracite, and is in Alberta on the line of the Cana.ii 
 Pacific Railway. Good anthracite in 3 feet and 6 feet seams has let 
 found in Queen Charlotte Islands. 
 
 Anttcosti Island and the Magdalen Islands were fiist placed under the jur 
 diction of Newfoundland in 1763. They were transferred to Canadi 
 
 1774- 
 Antimony — First discovered in Nova Scotia in 1885. 
 Apatite, in the du Lievre River district ; first referred to by Lieut. Ingd 
 
 iSth Regiment, in 1829. 
 Appeals in criminal cases to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Counclli 
 
 England were first prohibited by Act of Parliament, Session of 1888. 
 
 Imperial authorities demurred to the limitation as tiltra vires of the kgi 
 
 arisii 
 
 1868 
 
 Judg 
 
 Dom 
 
 Day 
 
 work 
 
 was i 
 
 Privj 
 
 other 
 
 Burbi 
 
 end ( 
 
 count 
 
 respe 
 
 also r 
 
 rbitratii 
 
 By ar 
 
 appoi 
 
 arbitr 
 
 them. 
 
 pproprij 
 
 of the 
 
 funds, 
 
 the G 
 
 of i8( 
 
 chbish< 
 
 Lamb 
 
 Archb 
 
 chives, 
 
 exami: 
 
 In 185 
 
 an ore 
 
 Nova ; 
 
 Provin 
 
 and th 
 
 upon t 
 
 the Pn 
 
 The 
 
ed to by Lieut. Ing.il 
 
 First Things in Canada. 3 
 
 lative powers of the Canadian Parliament Rut <;;r i«k„ tu 
 
 a *d" hrilSr^' "'^'"'^'"^^ "'^'Srof .Je'DoLit" Ja'SS! 
 and tne imperial Government gave way. """cm, 
 
 tolf" T o ^'" '^^^ Canada exported 34,405 barrels valued at 
 If^;?^^;,. " 'i^^r'^^ JP""''''^ 567,182 barrels o Veen appes valued a 
 \rbititorV^n' -?".'' "^•'^""1 ''°°7,9S8 pounds valued at $47,975 
 
 oSfw? ndS;,"^87« "rh'r' boundaries of *o'n'^rlJ first met in 
 R^IT I .u .^"S"st, 1S78. The boundaries of Manitoba were oririntllv 
 fixed at the instance of the delegates who came from t^r '.ovE o 
 St rh m" 'f^u '° ^^J"'' ^'"'^ "'^ Government of Canada the terns upon 
 which Manitoba was to enter the Confederation. In l8«i the true weste?! 
 
 .••SrdLl^f-'S'J^arr.V"' " ''^^^""" H-tof MtiSHsre 
 Arbitrators to settle outstanding accounts between Ontario and Ouehen 
 
 ?nSi n'^^^ Tu ,?°"/ ^^^'^ ^^acpherson on behalf of OntaVS Hon 
 Judge Day on behalf of Quebec, and Hon. J. H. Gray on behal? 'of the 
 Dominion. A majority rendered an interlocutory judgment but TuSe 
 
 wo?k n5" n SeSt' 'ITt ""'.^ T^'"'"^ ar&tiato'.rcon.Inlei tSe' 
 was ikva«id nfr^i:, J *. ^^^y 'f"'^"^^ ^" ^^^•■d which it was contended 
 was invalid, as made by two and not by three arbitrator.; Tn tH-rk thl 
 Privy Council of England decided that the award was valiJ In .80I 
 Sdl'*''!?'«-^T'PP°'"*"''^'^= "«"■ h A Boyd Hon GeoL W 
 
 endo?^,806 ?h^^°"^^;?^^^^^^ ^^'^' rnade Lven awards ?; Se 
 ena ot 1896 The report of the Minister of Finance in the Puhlir Ar 
 
 , ,S;Sp"e^ct!S^fhfaw^Start'orat°^ "^^'^'^^"'^^ ^"^^-^'«^' ^^ 
 ^ R??n°"A .^"""^'^ •°^' .^'"^ gi^^" '" Boards of Trade in Canada in i8'm 
 
 ap'p^ nM bP;rBoa"rd'o/ Kde'^V",!^'"?^^^ f r^^^ Board oTtbh r'at Si 
 arbitratrnn fn,,? •1'^^ "^ ^^'^^"'I'er of Commerce have power to 
 
 arbitrate on any commercial case or difference voluntarily submitted to 
 
 fet^SlcfSf ?8^o^^^^^^^ Legislatures-First ordered by section 
 
 ' funds. rS^T^:£:^::^sT:^:iss!'^-s^^t^ 
 
 t^he Governor to the Assembly. This plan was continued in'trSn Ac^ 
 h UnISh"?nnf ^''''°P' °^ '^' "^"g''^^" Communion, in assembly at the 
 
 aS order ^r" ^ ''^^ ""^^ '"'^"'"^'^ ^'""^ ^^e Legislature of Nova Scoda 
 an order for an examination of documents iUu^frati..^ nf th= hi » - ' 
 
 pSndaT^Arc'hirt"''thl "'f,'? "^^ '^^PPointmem-^f L B. Aitn^' a"s 
 and (h^^r^n .• ^J ^^^ Pu^^l'cation of a volume of Public Documents 
 
 upon L'lCftio'lf o7?he'7 i ' '"f ""'"^^ "^ documents! bearing 
 
 .h\provint^artrflti^ntfT5l£ ^'^ --'■-'--• ^'-ry o^f 
 
 I he Dominion Archives were first established in 1872 owing to a num- 
 
ii 
 
 4 First Thinos in Canada. 
 
 erously signed petition presented to Parliament in 1871, praying that jteo 
 be taken to have the materials relating to the history of the country o.l 
 lected and arranged for reference. On a joint report from the Senate aiv 
 House of Commons, Parliament assigned to the Minister of Agriculture 
 who is also Minister of Arts and of Statistics, the oversight of the work'i 
 Mr. Douglas Brymner was appointed the first Archivist. His reports a u' 
 as follows : — 
 
 Report for 1872 in Minister of Agriculture's Report, Appendix 20. 
 " 1873 " " '« " 2d 
 
 " 1874* " '* «• " 
 
 i875-6-7-8-9-8o, no reports. 
 
 1881 in Minister of Agriculture's Report, and in separate Report, Appendix i 
 I002 " •• «i t( «. ■ ,, 
 
 1883-1896, in separate Reports, t 
 
 A digest of these Reports shows the following results :— 
 
 1873— Visit to London, Eng., to examine documents in the British Museuiv 
 and m possession of the Hudson Bay Co., etc., and of the several Govern 
 menta' Departments. 
 
 1874— Rev. Mr. Verreau made a report on documents relating to Canadia 
 History in the British Museum. He examined the Seiguier Collection,! 
 Harleian Manuscripts, the Haldimand Collection, the Dorchester Paper 
 etc., in London, and many documents in Continental European citic 
 Mr. Brymner obtained an order transferring the voluminous records in tl -» 
 possession of the military authorities at Halifax to the Archives in Ottaw; M 
 
 1875— Among the additions to the Archives this year was a complete set ' 
 the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of New Brun 
 wick, from the date of the separation from Nova Scotia, 1784. 
 
 1876— Arrangement and classification of historical Archives going on, abm 
 40,000 original letters and other papers, dating back to 1780, having bee 
 prepared for landing. Valuable original journals, containing the history 1 
 events immediately preceding the Declaration of Independence of tl; 
 United States, were added to the collection. 
 '^'Ir^^'* volumes of original letters and copies on various subjects wer 
 added. Number of volumes of military and other correspondence adde. 
 jgLj Copying documents. 
 
 1878-9-80— Haldimand and Bouquet Collections copied. 
 
 The Archivist reports in 1881 that the collection in Ottawa includes tli 
 original military correspondence of the otificers in command in Canada f. 
 a hundred years, during a great part of which time the Civil and Milita 
 rule was to some extent in the same hands ; the Haldimand and Bouiiuc 
 Papers immediately prior and subsequent to the Revolutionary War ; mi 
 cellaneous manuscripts and a considerable collection of printed documeii; 
 and volumes. 
 
 1882— Collections of the public documents of Ontario and Quebec sine 
 Confederation; volumes Reports of the Historical Manuscripts Commission 
 43 volumes Reports of the Deputy Keeper of Records, London, and 
 volumes of the Calendars of the Colonial series of State Papers \vr 
 acquired. 
 
 1883— Mr. Brymner and Mr. Marmette each furnished reports on the wot: 
 accomplished, the first lor England and the other for France. 
 
 1884— Papers of Dr. Rolph in relation to the Rebellion in Upper Canad;i i 
 
 • L-'Abb^ Verrauli's Report on Canadian Documents in European Cities 
 T Also Marmette s Report, 1 883'4-s. 
 
 i8j 
 
 Wi 
 
 Re< 
 
 in I 
 
 tain 
 
 can 
 
 1885- 
 
 conl 
 
 disc 
 
 in h 
 
 tion: 
 
 1886- 
 
 docl 
 
 Adn 
 
 to e; 
 
 A cc 
 
 vinci 
 
 valui 
 
 1887- 
 
 siast 
 
 Lan< 
 
 set < 
 
 Cans 
 
 cal '. 
 
 Loya 
 
 in iS 
 
 Sum I 
 
 Cana 
 
 1888- 
 
 232 \ 
 
 to ih( 
 
 Office 
 
 Lieut 
 
 and a 
 
 Nove 
 
 »79i. 
 
 Russe 
 
 Calen 
 
 of coi 
 
 derinf 
 
 year. 
 
 1889-1 
 
 educai 
 
 EHyeh 
 
 of (he 
 
 theCf 
 
 1S90— H 
 
 Murra 
 
 ton, e 
 
 referrii 
 
 interns 
 
 Constii 
 
 Union 
 
 1891— Tl 
 
 Lower 
 
PiRST tHINGS IN CaNADA. 
 
 n 187 1, praying that step 
 bistory of the country co| 
 eport from the Senate aiv 
 : Minister of Agricuitiiri i 
 ie oversight of the work; 
 rchivist. His reports nm 
 
 I, Appendix 29. 
 24. 
 
 i 
 
 irate Report, Appendix 1 
 
 resuhs : — 
 
 ts in the British Museuir 
 
 nd of the several Govern ' 
 
 nts relating to Canadia 
 le Seiguier Collection, th 
 1, the Dorchester Paper 
 inental European citie 
 'oluniinous records in tl 
 I the Archives in Ottaw: 
 ?ar was a complete set ( 
 Province of New Brun 
 Scotia, 1784. 
 Archives going on, abm 
 ick to 1 780, having ixe 
 containing the history 
 of Independence of tl: 
 
 on various subjects wei 
 r correspondence adde 
 
 i8j7-8 were acquired. Original papers resi.ecting the early occui.ation of 
 Windsor Sandwich, etc. were also obtained. Stale Papers in the Public 
 Record OH.ce, London, from 1759, were copied. Copies were also made 
 in Rome of documents belonging to the Propaganda. The Report con- 
 tains also Col. Morse s proposals for a Union of all British North Ameri- 
 can Provinces. 
 1885— Documents received relating to events immediately succeeding ITSO 
 containing the establishment of Civil Government, the early indications of 
 discontent in the American Colonies, the difficulties which beset Carleton 
 in his Government, the conduct of the war, including Burcovne's onera 
 tions, the establishment of peace, etc. '^ *" ^ P"*' 
 
 1886 -Documents received containing the correspondence of Generals Brad 
 dock, .Shirley, Johnsori, Webb, Abercromby, Wolfe, Amherst and the 
 Admirals Boscawen and Saunders, etc. Mr. Marmette was sent to Paris 
 to examine Archives there for documents affecting the history of Canada 
 A complete collection of land firs from the first settlement of the Pro" 
 vmce of Quebec ; the judgment ■ deliberations of the Supreme Council • 
 valuable col ections from private > rces, &c., were features of the year ' 
 1887— Valuable additions made to Ih. documents relating to the earlv eccle 
 siastical history of Quebec. The early annals of the British American 
 Land Co. and the settlement of the Eastern Townships were secured A 
 set of the unpublished journ.ils of the Legislative Assembly of Upper 
 Canada was obtained, l-urther contributions to the Civil and Ecclesia^ti 
 cal History of Canada under French rule were received. Lists of the 
 Loyalists Settlers in New Biunswick ; the Charges of Chief Justice Sewell 
 in 1800, in his own handwriting, are among the contributions of the vear 
 Summaries were iriade in Paris, of Aa CoyresponUeme GeniraU relating to 
 Canada, Acadie, He Royale and He St. Jean. *" 
 
 1 1888 -The whole collection called the Haldimand Collection, consisting of 
 232 voluriies, and the Bouquet Collection (30 volumes) became accessible 
 to the public in this year. There were received from the Public Records 
 Office, in London, copies of documents covering the administration of 
 L.eut.-GoyernorAlured Clarke, from November .791 to September 1793 
 and a portion of Lord Dorchester's administration as Governor-General to 
 
 lied. 
 
 1 in Ottawa includes th 
 command in Canada f( 
 e the Civil and Militar 
 laldimand and Bouc|ut 
 evolutionary War ; mi 
 )n of printed documeni 
 
 ario and Quebec sine j 
 lanuscripts Commission 
 Records, London, and 
 i of .State Papers wer 
 
 led reports on the wori 
 
 or France. 
 
 ion in Upper Canad;' 
 
 peaii Cities. 
 
 November, 1 795 J the rule of Lieut. -Governor Simcoe from November 
 1 791. to August, 1796; the administration of Acting Governor Peter 
 Russell. Important papers were received from private sources. The 
 Calendar for the year of the Haldimand Collection contains two volumes 
 of correspondence relating to military affairs in Nova Scotia. The calen- 
 dering of these letters covers 516 pages of the Archivist's Report for this 
 
 1889-The Report of this year refers to North-west exoloralions ; relieious 
 educational and other statistics ; the Vermont negotiations : the battle of 
 Edt-ehill {otherwi.se Bushy Run), and Canals. It gives a continuation 
 of ihe calendering of the Haldimand Collection, and begins and completes 
 the Calendar of the Bouquet Collection. i-ompieies 
 
 '^M Jav^TorH^'JlnrU' '"k"?"' ^^^'"'' ^""^sP^n'lence with General 
 Murray, Lord Hillsborough, Lieut. -Governor Cramahe, Governor Carle- 
 ton, etc.; papers relating to the Jesuits Estate in Canada, documents 
 re emng ,0 relations with the United States after the ye^r itsT L 
 internal comrnunication m Canada ; to North-west explorations and to'the 
 Constitutional Act of 1791. It contains Chief Justice Smith's plan of 
 - Umon for the Provinces of British North America. ^ 
 
 |l89i-The Report for this year gives the calerd-ing of State papers of 
 I Lower Canada and of Upper Canada j docume.., iting to (i)^Survey, 
 
Ill 
 
 ^ " fiRsr TiriNcs in Canada. 
 
 and Settlenienls ; (2) war with France 17X1 • < ,\ t a ■ ., 
 
 .8M-R=po„ taken „p wi,h Ihe co„,mua,i„„ of ,he calendaring of s,,, 
 
 "rc^c ;he=A°,"r6i;3' :„'=.?„:,"""'"« ■" "— "" -"--b .<- n>.. 
 
 189s— Report gives the calendar of papers relatinn ,„ i. k i 1 . », ' 
 Brunswick, Cape Breton and Muds, n H,! . !,i ^ .• ^- .island, Ne^ 
 
 and relaliok of the v^va^t of I ir Sp ^^^^ « «"vations on Sable Islanv 
 ica in the yea! .682 affiegj ''" ""''"'"" "^ •^^' ^"'"^ "^ ^"" 
 
 calendaring of State papers of Upper and Lower Can d. Sf,, ? '«"' 
 Sir George Prevost, Sir Gordon Drummond "r J C^'Jl ^ 1° '^' 
 Gov Gore, Lt.-CJov. Sir P. Maitland ' ■'" '^''"'^''"oke, I., 
 
 Territories and Rupert's Land, transferred tn Pono 1 v j °'^'""^^' 
 
 The distances north reached by Arctic explorers are :- 
 
 Latitude 
 
 1827-Capt. Parry reached .... ^"^"'\ ^'"''^ 
 
 1829-Capt Ross with the " Victory "' "reached; .' " : .' |f ^S 
 
 87^~?L P '. """^ 'he ''Advance " reached ..... to ,1 
 
 o'^ S^P'- Peterman with the " Hansa " reach^f^ s? ^^ 
 
 • \lV6~r'^l- M^" ^'"^- l^' " Polaris ■'"acheT 82 ?l 
 
 co4 ''^rea^heT. ."".' ''^ "^'"^ " ^^ " ^^'^ 
 
 l88i-Lieut. Greeley with the""' Prote'uV''reachpd ll ^° 
 
 S' "r^"^ Y;'*^ '^' " K'^« " reached . . . ^^"^ P, °° 
 
 1894— Lieut. Parry m the " Falcon " reached "■■" c 47 
 
 1896-Dr. Fredtho'f Nansen* in the •' W ' reached U '^ 
 
 Colu2L\^rMLh\fe'an''d'whh'^'^'"'' ^'^'"^^ °"' °^ 'he Douglas fir of Brii I 
 canons to J'each the Pole acfoss'the l^ TLy°Sl:2 /''"^l' '''''}''A -"' ^'edge a i 
 having reached a point only 3,0 mi Urfrom tL Pnl. Z""'''*?,^"^,'''*" ''^d to turn baal 
 one bad ever reached befori ^ ^^ "** ^<''" ""'l »o° •'^'les further north than a| 
 
IDA. 
 
 t'lRST tuiNos tN Canada. 
 
 I; (3) to designs of Frei, 
 i^e Law of Upper Cana( 
 
 t 
 
 my Bills— First issued in «.:ana(!a in 1812. The system was adopted by 
 the British Government to enahic it to carry on the war with the United 
 States without sending any specie. The Army Hills were orders which 
 were in large part to be paid in British noo<ls. They were a fcjrm (jf Gov- 
 ernment paper money, bearing interest on all amounts from $25 upwards 
 the prmcipal IwmK paid by the British and the interest by the Canadian 
 Government. They were convertible, on demand, into bills of exchange 
 drawn on English banks. "^ 
 
 tiocuments relating to N<.|rangement of 1830 -The United States during the years previous to 
 
 1830, desired, with an increasing desire, to have access to British ports in 
 the West Indies and on the continent of .South .\merica. They made 
 many attempts to secure a share in the valuable trade— valuable to them 
 hrsl, because it gave them an outlet for their products, and second, because 
 It promised to be a nursery for U.S. merchant seamen. They mad 
 several proposals to the (Government of the United Kingdom, but fail, d 
 to induce them to accede. Finally, the United States ottered to make an 
 addition to the previous offer of open ports to British vessels coming from 
 the British West Indies in return for open ports in the British West Indies 
 to United States vessels. The additional oflfer was : "give United States 
 vessels open ports in the British West Indies, and we will give open'oorts 
 not only to British vessels coming from the British West Indies, but also 
 to British vessels coming from the islands, colonies and provinces of Great 
 Britain on or near the North American continent and north and north-east 
 of the United States," in other words, to vessels belonging to Newfound- 
 land and to the region now known as the Dominion of Canada. These 
 proposals having been agreed to, the Congress of the United States, on 
 May 29th, 1830, passet; an Act providing that whenever the President of 
 the United States received satisfactory evidence that the (iovernment of 
 Great Britain would "open the ports of her West Indian possessions and 
 oJ her possessions m South America, also the Caicos and the Bahamas and 
 the Bermuda Islands, to United Stales trading vessels, he, the President 
 should issue a proclamation, opening the ports of the United States to 
 British vessels coming (com the above-named British possessions, and also 
 to vessels from the islands or colonies of Great Britain on or near the 
 North American continent, and north or north-east of the United States " 
 On the 5th October, 1830, the President of the United States issued his 
 proclamation in the terms of the Act recited. W hen it became otticially 
 known in Great Britain, an Order in Council was passed revoking previous 
 Orders in Council excluding U.S. vessels, and declaring that United 
 States vessels may impart from the United States into the British possess- 
 ions abroad, goods, the produce of those United States, and may export 
 goods from British possessions abroad to be carried to any foreign '•ountry 
 whatever. In consetjuence of this Arrangement, which rests up^n an 
 Order m Council revocable at the will of the British Executive, United 
 Stuies vessels can go into ports of British West Indies on the same terms 
 as Canadian vessels. While Canadian vessels have the same rights and 
 privileges in United States ports as in West Indian ports, United States 
 vessels have no Mghts and privileges in Canadian ports under the Arrange- 
 "'^fn -.'t^?; T^"^ ^ Sreat business-that between the United States 
 and British North America, including the British West Indies— re^ts uuon 
 an Order in Council made 67 years ago. 
 
 Association— Of Montreal, was founded in i860, and held its first annua! 
 meeting in 1861, under the presidency of Bishop Fulford. The first 
 council cpmprised His Lordship the Bishop of Montreal, Hon. Messrs 
 Justices Day and McCord. Rev. Canon 1j>arh Mr r r»„-i.:_ \i, n 
 
 >;c i.awoi upper CanadiJ 
 uf the calendaring of Stitf 
 . Surveys ; to Lower Can.ic 
 anada ; to political state 
 
 of the calendaring of St.i 
 
 uing to P. E. Island, Ne 
 )servations on .Sable Islam 
 isson to the North of Ann 
 
 espondence respecting t4 
 anticipations of the War 
 h in Upper Canada ; al 
 ver Can da, 1813 to 181 
 Sir J. C. Sherbrooke, L- 
 
 ment of Canada, of 187 
 ng that doubts existed r 
 ndaries of the North- Wt 
 Canada by order of II 
 that it was expedient th. 
 ;rica and the islands adj 
 Newfoundland) should : 
 mperial Order-in-Counc 
 ing the whole of the Arci 
 :11 and Ellesmere Land 
 Prince Albert Land, \ 
 nd, Cockburn Island ai 
 
 find a north-west 
 idor. 
 ers are : — 
 
 Latitcjde 
 Degree. Mins. 
 82 
 
 passa^ 5 
 
 ched 
 
 I.... 
 'Dis- 
 
 ched 
 ched 
 
 81 
 80 
 81 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 86 
 
 45 
 27 
 35 
 05 
 16 
 
 20 
 00 
 47 
 34 
 14 
 
 the Douglas fir of Bri;i 
 1 northward with sledges ai, 
 2sand^thenhadtoturnb.ia 
 iiles further north than a: 
 
 T »• V* "^ — r ----*■'-'•"•"• -f "'^ i/ioiiuj^ ui iTiuuiicai, rion. Messrs 
 Justices Day and McCord, Rev. Caaon Leach, Mr. C. Dunkin, M.P. 
 
8 
 
 t'iRST tHiNos IN Canada. 
 
 I-Javies, U( 
 
 irigi 
 
 ■est 3 
 wo f 
 :apit; 
 Cl( 
 he I 
 le,u 
 lank 
 
 Th 
 jMont 
 II 896 
 
 I earl 
 
 many memorial and civic windows in TuWir ,1 '°"'''' '"^ ««< 
 
 tano Mr. McCausIand is s.m rjhe llsi'Ss "'' ''""''' '^""'"^ '" 
 1 he most noteworthy wiri(I<iii;c .k^ "^^^i. 
 
 The Cawthra window^n s Ti 'oreerchi:''':"/ *^^''"^'^'^" ■''"'*'«. 
 
 window, Anglican church Peh On, .'fh'^,' ^"'''•"';' = '^''^ "'-••'•l^' 
 Cathedral, Toronto; the H^ck win, . w St t ^'' .""."''"^' •^'- '^"'^h 
 Ottawa: windows in Trinity CoEr '^""^^> I'resl.yterian ,!, 
 Beihune, Sir f..hnLvSkoS ' '^'.f'""' '" ^'^hop Stm, han. (i, 
 
 kenzie. and ofLrs/ Th ^r^^h "0^ Mcm"' ^^'"Tl '''''■ J" ^ ^ 
 
 •n St. Marks, Niagara, and he new heraUHr"'^ T^ '^" ''''^" '"e'^'JlSQe 
 the Educational Department Toron.r.JfJ' T'"''?*' '" '^"^ librarSihrU 
 
 p.™..!.,! the r.,M season's ou,™ ' t;'"?'.'""!! °' ""= So lo.i, »hicl, 
 
 ^ , refrained from asset^bline ^" ^' "* ^'"'"'■^' ''^ '^e memt- 
 
 Atlantic Cable— First Iniri t^'r^^^ r u 
 
 Atlantic Cable-F":t'tesa,?:crrs'cWl^"f '»S8. 
 
 August I2th. .858. On t^refdowin^Th /'r ^".'"" '° ^^e^"''' 
 rendered useless l,y a breaka!re Ku '^ u-^ '^fPtember the cable 
 on .ist luly, 186^0 ri he sIon??r'.': ^'"^^^^^ 
 August this cable broke ^ On tlfe nt ?uS "^^.V^'u'"' O" "''^ '* 
 started on her second cable ' ovaLe and o/S" ^^u' l^^ ^'''^ ^« ' 
 was successfully landed on theSr'es of nLV '?."' f '"^"S"^' '''^ ••=^' 
 was laid by the ^m:/ ^<"i/-/, fu v .8-^. 1" u'**"^;. ^^"^ '"""^th 
 July 1874; .he sixth by t: bl^^ ^i^^^lj^ !f ''^ '^^ ^^ , 
 the Faraday, Au«'., rS,-,i CtLIm ^^'"'^"^".^ ^<iV ■ . '8/^ ; the sevei hj 
 
 Panama was opened up Sept S2 pt"" "'" '''''' '" ^nglan. 
 ^ the North Atlantic ocean between EurnlnV:;'''' •""•'^ '^'^«" '^i'' -^c-i 
 Auditor-General for the Dom n on 4t dS.H /^'"f""",- ^^'' ^"^'^'^ 
 appointee, J. L. Macdougair^nS IS ,8,8 7 ^''^^'^78. H 
 bulkier each year. In 1886 th," P,\i^^ a' ^^- '^'^ ''^Pofts hive rw^ 
 voiun^e, the Lk of deS t, h de'aikT""'' ^f'^°" '^^'^'^'"^ ^ 'h' ":J 
 Auditor-General. ^ '^""'^ ^^^'"g ^^een transferred t. ' 
 
 i*|f ^rfr^7f""P^^^"^ Bf Act first put in fore., M-^ch S^h i^S" ^ 
 
 "-' - .' ne iiist ban on record m"ven in r'o.,o^» l V;. ■"' ^°°o- i. 
 
 Lieutenan, ' , Roi, Civil etPwJrn V'""*^^^'^^ ^y Chartier de Lotbiniel 
 
 1667. (Ic . „al o • the JesuS? " r„^" '''^' ^\ ^^^^^'^<^' February I 
 
 the Jesuit, who .eared ba&^devic;1f^Thl';'^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 In 18: 
 and foi 
 one pri 
 the Kai 
 
 *Ca;i an( 
 tRe«erv« 
 
NAhA. 
 
 ain, \V. II. A 
 
 i- M.ilthews. 
 
 J (1840) was the first . 
 
 ' 1850 Joseph McCaus 
 
 ves in Toronto, and exe( 
 
 lie and private edifices in 
 
 less. 
 
 iction of Canadian artists, 
 irch, Toronto; the HendV 
 i; ^oy window, St. Mich.i 
 '\n(irew's I'rcshyi^rian rh 
 o, to Hishop Sira( han, H, 
 'St Whitiker, Rev. J. ); 
 iirray and the Fell memc 
 c windows in 
 I'orks of great 
 'Niagara, in one 
 
 I>avies, it< (Alt -Hank 
 
 t^iRST ttiiNos fN Canada. 
 
 MUNIRKAI. 
 
 the Jibrai) 
 artistic ni 
 of the ea 
 
 176. 
 
 •) 
 1867. 
 
 s was opened in 1878. 
 ing of the so tons whici, 
 »<le Returns for 1896 
 tons of 1st class AsIh 
 • fhe total value of th' 
 
 legislative Assembly in 
 ■as a failure, as the mem: 
 
 igust sth, 1858. 
 from Queen to Presilt 
 r September the cabk- ^ 
 p Great Eastern commcn 
 lantic cable. On the 1 
 ■. 1866, the Great £a<t 
 '. loih of August the r. 
 undland. The fourth . r 
 I fhc iifth by the Fai 
 'eji'. , '8i„, ; the sevei 
 lion L-,,-- .^n England ., 
 ■^"" •' ha'.-t been laid a-i 
 America. {See Cable) 
 [or by Act of 1878. F, 
 '■ His reports hive ^w 
 ts Report became a th'ni' 
 ig been transferred to 
 
 . . OP iMuviRKAl. (irst issued its notes ( . lober isl iSit 
 
 ^^w._.. the continent of Europe, whlc'^t^ss'^tL^C^' oVStea?^^ 
 h. «?""^ House -First in the Dominion established in Halifax 1887 
 ■Irui Mo '"'^'vT' ''?''"J*^": '"'"'-''=" '"''"'^''i" Montreal nderth^e 
 
 llS.op,ci;heC.emrn''8!,"^"Tc" ^rr\'''' ''"'■ '"""'"""' 
 Vinnife,. in iSn, Y„H w. i u^ \, . ""'" ''^"'^ ""^" exception) in 1801 ; 
 
 1.^'!^ f ffi;o^^;„rS;J2-/i;^vr;y^r '^^ ^^'^ ^-•' 
 
 ,M.l' ea°':' itrSance s H:; ss^^rr'^f 'h''' " $"^4,850,804. 
 
 1806 to $<;27Tti ™^ xf . '««9 amounted to $454,560,667, and for 
 
 he UnLd^Sute *a^"ri^l'? -"^K^ •"""""? 'he large cities of 
 
 [Toronto :tancrf:u?teenfi."'''' '" '''^ """""' "^ '»^^ ^""^ «='^»""gS and 
 
 m ^79?ri;'w:s"s ^' TSs'' "' ^^"^ '^^"^^ ^^^ ''y ^'^ ^^'-^^ «-•< 
 
 !£ ^rlM^T'iV^^r-^'irst donein Canada in ,867. 
 
 iSoo ^'r"*^'°"'. <-'«"''d.an -First decid.'.l on in Ottawa, Febv 12th 
 
 tcciinL' the interest., rf th»^,^. 'u . • ' ' "',"*'<^ advisable action in pro- 
 demptmn FunT and .11 ""."'"^"'""^^ '" L^e Bank Circulation and Re- 
 
 !!ab sS:1;l7err; jou S''%&r'T -". Ottawa.' The As^odatfoS 
 [he first secriCllLCrw. w'Yl'ch'Ipma'r' ""^ ^'^"^«^ ""^"'^ ■'"''' 
 
 fer';,rthfB\7k''o^^,S;tfe?l^?,f ^^ ^^^ Robert Griffin, cash- 
 
 of the Bank of Quebec ^TtV^' ^^' '"'""^ *" ^^^^^ F'^«^ «:««hier 
 
 H?nS?t?pTem.Sr"^^"""' '"^ '^ ""' '^ Government when Sir Francis 
 
 lESHS^" "^rs w - tE-s= 
 
 , March Sth, iSSS. 
 
 by Chartier de Lotbiiiie— 
 
 Je Quebec, February 4iB 
 
 I lead to no result," wn 
 
 snemy." 
 
 30th June, 30th June, 
 
 XT '^37- 1897. 
 
 Note crculation $,,^^^,204 $ 32.366,,74 
 
 d17-%'- ^''332 8,663,460 
 
 loanJ'nn^n- ."» i>37S,S2« 201,141,788 
 
 Loans and D counts* 7,019.876 2 10,853.328 
 
 ^ 4. no. 776 6i,948,536t 
 
 *Ca'.l and Current. 
 
 tReserve fund (in addition) Ja/.oyo.Boo. 
 
lo 
 
 t^'iRST tHiNGs IN Canada. 
 
 ^"a^^roLl/^t'K^^^^^^^^ -s establish.! 
 
 Quebec at Quebec, and the Bank of Can.], Tm' '"'^ ^^^ '*>« ^^'^ 
 vvere not granted a charter .if .8,/ ^t ' V Montreal. These , 
 
 the Bills, *^,roclamatSnotha Effect" befn", '^' '"^r^' ^^^^"' ^^« «-' 
 r^^al, July 22nd, and for the Bank nfD^T^ made, for the Bank of v 
 
 Js not remarkably different from , h ^^^'f "=',. -^""^ ^"^- The first . h 
 special functions 'of banking weTe perSrml/f' '^^T"'. ^^^^ ^he 
 v>^ : receiving deposits, issuin.^ L'l^e Th h ''°'" ' •' ^''^ establish,^ 
 one peculiar clause in hrfilil r »i "^ discounting bills. There 
 that officers of the BankaulKv o ^^''T''^' °"gi"al charter, 
 with bill, |,ond oblipaPinn ^ secreting, embezzling or running 
 cleemed kniUyoftu.f:^^^^^^^^^ fhould,'on convictf 
 
 without benefit of cler'.Tv " ^.^"'^"y attached being "death as a 
 established. Among t¥m wa ThTn^'L' '"r\'^^'' ""^"y "^ 
 organized by English and Srnfl ^^""^ °^ ^"''^^ North Anie 
 
 Charter. In^Sjo the Bank1nfAn/"J'''''"'^""f '"^°^P«'^ted 1^7 
 of notes of less sum than Scfnl^fr.M-^'"""^"^ '° '^«' ^^e total am 
 one-fifth of the paid nncJL '^'^'^^'^tion at one time should not e" 
 
 issued and all is's'ue S esftha^ $,Sm '^^ ''"'' "'''' '' $' ^^o 
 Legislature. About i8« .1 r " *^ '^'" ^^ suppressed by an Act e 
 -f private, or.^X Je^^e /alSuiw"! F'^r'^V"' '^ e'establi h 
 o issue notes upon depositing wth he 1 '' ^^''' ^^^^ '^"'^o 
 fo the amount of the cLteSaTed i sue A 7"Tr"' P'°^'"cial deben 
 in 1836, and in 1837 apDlicEr.^f ^ '"'."'' ^^ver seized the Pro 
 Upper Canada. On Maf stL 1L7 IheT'^' ^T "^^"^" '« "ine ban 
 specie payment owing to he demand fn^°'''' ^^"•\^'^" Banks suspe 
 which country the Ba?ks had generally tsS' .'" '\ ^"'"^^ •'^'^" 
 suspension of the Lower CanadLn hLI ^ ^-^"^ "" '^^ '^th May. 
 A second insurrectionT^Nov ,8,8 'lnT!i'"r^ ''" ^'^rd June. , 
 fme, an ordinance 0/ the Special 0.3''' 'I'Z' '" ^"''P^"^ a se- 
 authority. The Banl.« of t ^^""cil, issued Nov. cth, eivinp 1 
 
 June, ,839. '"'''"^ Lower Canada resumed specie pa/ment o' 
 
 i9S^^'t d;;i2.Ssj;r^;r' ;" rT''^^-y --- - ^ 
 
 Banks might suspend spec e payment^h. 1' ''^''^l'^ '^' "P?" Cana^ 
 ation of their notes result ;n^' • '^i^ '" their case makinc roc' 
 
 Head, the then Lieut. Go e no "Sl^d ."/ '"''''■"• ""^ ^'^""^i " ^ 
 law uih fuly ,8„ ,n7) ' °PP°sed (he motion, but the Bill her 
 
 visions ffi' iS if^ZT. Ten^t'he' r ^^"'"^ themseK iu 
 suspend, but Sir FrannJ^,, > ' J ^ ^"^ (government Bank, desire 
 
 "Claiming, '' Sir,Thr pr nTpre^oTm^nS"'^ ""'r' ^'^^ ^--''^' 
 Upper Canada is the Government ^1^1,^^ '? ^""°"'' ' '^e Ban.:: 
 must redeem in specie "ThpR 1'' : '° niamtain its honor the B 
 
 1838, when it wScompellll to sute^ ^'""'^ ^° ^'^^^"' ''» Sth mI 
 1839- This is the first «n 1 ^ fPf."^' "-esuming payment on ist \- 
 
 Cjtnada suspended paySn? w".V^':r "^' ^'''^' ^^ '^e Priv.,,^ 
 1841, had the limi'ted"'Habi,,iy7/Ji^7° excepi.ons all the banks, p.ic 
 
 liability clause 'its rnSod,::f";H^rS!°' ^^?''"^- ^^^ '^°' 
 a tax or I per cent, upon the r7„i ■ ■ ^^"'''"g ^vct ol 1S41 imp 
 
 passed prohibiting a?y Banks oir'lh'"''^- ^" '850 a new Ac 
 Parliament or by Royal Charter frnm''" '^'''^ incorporated by M, 
 culation was abolished and fnsfead a'd "^ T'^"- u^''^ '^'^ °" bank 
 . ana instead a deposit with the GovernmiiJ 
 
 «r cen 
 
 lany," 
 
 lisdem 
 
 u're 7>er 
 
 he rev 
 
 e advi 
 
 It all til 
 
 ill ban! 
 
 ^ ilidity 
 
 io have 
 
 laid up 
 
 Ther 
 
 leadqua 
 
 ick, 2 
 
 lanks h 
 
 in Nova 
 
 est Tc 
 
 Thed 
 
 ing state 
 
Canada. 
 
 ^RST tniNGs IN Canada. 
 
 It 
 
 je firsl bank was establish- 
 
 I the next year by the Ba 
 
 lacla at Montreal. These 
 
 en^ the Royal Assent was givl 
 
 ng made, for the Bank of \» . j j ■ ; ."" ""'■" ■-"-'-'i.ia was a private rsank ot issue 
 
 British North America began business in Nova Scotia in 18^7 The 
 rly charters of the Bank of Nova Scotia were renewed vVfrequenTly 
 . less than five times between 1841 and 1846. In 1847 the charter was 
 ven a life of ten years In 1856 the Union Bank of Halifax was char 
 ,red and in 1859 the Bank of Yarmouth. Down to 1873 no Bank had 
 er failed in Nova Scot.a. At the time of Confederation (1867) there 
 Th fi ^^n*"' .'"• '^1 1 '°^''"ce operating under local charters. ' 
 The first Bank in New Brunswick was the Bank of New Brunswick 
 lartered l)y Act 2Sth March, 1820. The Charlotte County Bank wa; 
 
 l.TZT.Vl'i^^l'^'^'T^^ ^/"•^ ^"-^ the Commercial Bank ?n 
 
 534. and the St. Stephen's Bank in 1836. When New Brunswick entered 
 
 le Confederation, the Bank of New Brunswick, the CommS BaTk. 
 
 r ■^,^^'^P^^" ' ^.^""^ ?"^ ^^^ ^^'^P'^ « ^^^^ were in operation. ' 
 
 /h"Jo.% I "^ f^*"-' °^ '^71 (the first general Banking Act passed by the 
 
 deral Parliament) it was provided that Banks should not issue notes of a 
 
 .s denomination than $4, and that they should hold, as far as practicab e! 
 
 e-^half their cash reserves m Dominion notes, and never less than one- 
 
 Ibscribed TnT«?;ir:^' be engaged in until $500,000 of stock had been 
 
 .Z^Af ^"^. *l?°'°o° Pa'd up in cash, and a certificate to that effect 
 
 ■oci red from the Government Treasury Board. The amount of notes in 
 
 continued till 23'rd" June! , E ' ^i"" '"^f T '" T'f^ '^"^ ^""°""' «f 'he unimpaired capital No 
 
 ^ led them to suspeid a s J ofitslrratl ,h.'n"]f "'^ ''''' '?^'"''^ P^'^ "P '^^P'''''^ ^"^ no division of 
 
 issued Nov. sthleivinL^ ! fu "*? ^. P^' ""*• P" annum could be paid, unless after 
 
 esumed st^ecil n^v^„3„, fy}"g 'he same, the bank had a reserved fund equal to one fifth of h 
 
 |ad up capital In the Act of 1881 it was provided tharbanks should 
 
 act '!>«"« notes of less than $5, and that all ncHes less than $5 then out 
 
 J anding should be called in and cancelled as soon as practicable. It was 
 
 I sets^'" Thf '- '^' ""/" °^ '^' ^^''^' should be i first lien upon The 
 
 .er cent ThT,'JnT".T °- T'''\'l ^'. ^^'^ '" D°'^""i°" "°tes was 40 
 •er cent. The unauthorized use of the title of " Bank," " Banking Com- 
 
 3; '''•' ^''ir' ^\^ ^^<^'''°" "f ""«' incorporated," was made a 
 
 isdemeanor. The exchange of warehouse receipt for bil of ladinrand 
 
 '^e versa, was permitted, in order to facilitate the marketing of tRods 
 
 The revision of 1890 resulted in changes in the law intended to opefate to 
 
 t all r"^' of the public in two directions, (a) by securing to no eToTder? 
 
 11 nnlc Tr '" !i" P'Y^'u^^ '^^ Dominion the face value of all notes of 
 
 1 banks of Canada, whether solvent or insolvent, and (d) by secur ne 
 
 ohdityin our banking institutions by compelling intending bank charterers 
 
 o have, before they can obtain a charterf a capital of at^ [east $2 o S^ 
 
 )aid up and deposited with the Government 5)250,000 
 
 The number of chartered Banks in Canada is 37. Of these 10 have 
 
 'S^li^V^P^l^^ 13 in Quelgc. 8 in Nova ^tia 3 l^l^J B^T 
 
 ^nks h^ 5- brariSi^wiSi '^tJ^ii^^^.^,'^^ R 
 
 ^Nova Scotia, 30 in New Brunswick, 21 in Manitoba, 9 in S North? 
 
 The d^r''' V"r k"^ ^^^^"^ ^^'''^"^' ^"d '° i" British Columb a. 
 
 ril^if 1''^^^^'"/,'' 1° '^1 "^^"1°^ $100,000 was required. According 
 a plan fixed by he Legislature. Bank Statistics to be monthly forwarded 
 the Government were required in that year 
 . - „„.„, „, ,_ '^^^ ^'^^ ff^ established in Nova Scotia was a private Bank of issue 
 
 bee 30th Nov. Thefirs , ISCwtT^"'''' •^'"'"'''^''•^''' Sept.,^825, and called the 
 ^f the present day. The ful'l^?^")'^^ Company, but known more generally as '' Collins' Bank " 
 
 d d.iTu„\t\.tlC"'Tt;r "^"' l^r\'^!l!LT„!!l?^P°-A^_d .^^-.^h 30th. 1832. The Bank 
 
 real's original charter, ^hl 
 
 ing, embezzling or runninc; , 
 
 ffects, should, on convictio; 
 
 iched being "death as a 
 
 <2i and 1831, many banks 
 
 nk of British North Anie 
 
 intsand incorporated by R 
 
 inended so that the total am 
 
 n at one time should not ex 
 
 under the value of $ I shou! 
 
 : be suppressed by an Act ( 
 
 provided for the establish 
 
 Ijanks. These were autho 
 vernment provincial deben 
 L bank fever seized the Pro 
 le for licenses to nine ban 
 >wer Canadian Banks suspe 
 pecie in the United Stat, 
 'ended on the 12th May 
 
 .5th, giving 
 specie payment 01 
 
 extraordinary session on 
 of which the Upper Can,! 
 w in their case making r.f 
 f charter. Sir Francis 
 e motion, but the Bill bef 
 availed themselves of it 
 government Bank, desir 
 larily closed the discussi-ji 
 hy is honour ; the Baid 
 > maintain its honor the B? 
 2d to redeem till 5th Ma 
 Jming payment on ist N 
 ■ Banks of the Provii.c 
 ptionsall the banks, piic 
 iS4i, in the first Sessiu; 
 1 Banking reported 13 r. 
 n of Banking. The dd 
 inking Act of 1841 imp 
 'n. In 1850 a new Act 
 ose incorporated by A 
 lotes. The tax on bank. 
 It with the Governm.>n 
 
ti 
 
 ■'RST tHiVGs IN Can- 
 
 AhA. 
 
 Capital Paid unl r;, i • I 
 
 ' /perl,ua.l " C.rculat.un Peopl^', j j.^,lBlS 
 
 >jf i'ormlation. h e ul deposits per Di^cc 
 
 $10.40 <tc ir, -► M^^ 
 
 ^^^^ ,,' 7^° $'6-°° $24*1 
 
 189, -^'I ^•°° 20.00 ,^!" 
 
 L____l^|^_| 3'.io ^.^e 
 
 (See "Charters uf RnnLc " ■< xr - ■ , jSar 
 
 Merchants Bank n( ro„,j « li 
 
 Bank of Monueal "^'"'^^ "''^i^^' '" ^^'""il-g, Nov.. ,«,, It 
 
 Imperial Bank ., " Aug., ,878 #ss 
 
 Union Bank of Canada .. .'; June, ,881." I'h 
 
 Bank of Ottawa .. ' Feb., ,882. «e 
 
 Bank ofBritishN. America " .' /"ne. 18S2. #"• 
 
 MoIson'sBank .. Jan., k^Sj. ^^^ 
 
 Banqued'JfochelaKa .. Jan., iSoi Stuai 
 
 Canadian Bank of Con.n.erce " ! Mar., ,89,. ^ve 
 
 Bank of Hamilton .. May, ,89? %N 
 
 some other ,,/,,//« ,0 represem th > in ^''^ '^'°'" "'^ deficiency of s,- f '») 
 
 we 1 as from the variet/of ^5' mnn"'''""^ "^^ulation of the cm *^^'^^ 
 
 ution of estal.Iishini: a bank .. T^^ ""^ "^''^^ent, have formed , G""' 
 
 Banking Co.' " tE^ baSta 'nlTf "".^^' "^'^ "ame of t ' i'> -i 
 
 to have issued notes, hut set^ t ^'' '" ''^ ^ P^'^^te one I, , ^ '"^ 
 
 fore the public. I„' So/^radvirHr'^ '"^'" "" "^teworSy po i , l^'i^l 
 
 the inhabitants t„ attend a m/pn/'^T"' '" '^e Quebec (7a v// II"— 
 
 resulted i„ a petition to the t""^' °'' "^^ establishment of a btnk #'»>« 
 
 bank for .Mon.'real an"d for Q^ebe^'ct ""/ ^"-^^-alr. 'a .' , |-s 
 
 he Legislature, those interested nrl^" ^ ^''"°" fi^^'ng been tak*^''''" 
 
 the Legislature during the foHou ^P'''"^- ^""'^^^^ P^'ition and se, ,f 
 
 to consider the expediency of es^'^-'" S" '"'« committee of the #'e "^ 
 askt? fT f^'T'- ^" 'he': L?oTx8,?"';- -"^'^^ diii'sMoJ-P'- 
 forme'd '^i^^j:"^ ^^^ -suit thTt the 'fi'r'st CS! ;^".« P-^1 
 made the tirst^eport onTankt'.'^-^'r ^"^ P^Pers ' ThrSa ^ir Jo 
 persons were examined? A bill wl'".^!,""^^ °" record. A nu 1 ^T'^''' 
 indication pointed to the succe sFuI l '".''•"""'^ '" "^« Assembly an »»/T 
 
 Governor.6eneral took\'s"ti'e"Sthe "febf '''^ ?"' ''^-^'^' Buff-*'' 
 
 me Assembly m its resolve to ini|P^""""' 
 
IN CAN'AbA. 
 
 1873. 
 1878. 
 i88i. 
 1882. 
 
 1891. 
 1891. 
 
 •893. 
 1896. 
 
 C Banks," 
 ;ncy. ") 
 
 Winnipeg, Nov., 
 
 June, 
 Feb., 
 June. 
 Jan., 
 
 " £:. 
 
 July, --yv^ 
 
 rst public notice rest,ecting 
 •^Vtr- 9th, 1792, in which i. 
 
 mi'T The notice stale 
 "'^n tng. and Messrs. 
 \& Co., of Montreal, " f, 
 
 da from the deficiency of spe 
 '■ng circulation of the couni 
 
 I under the name of the ' Cai 
 to he a private one. Ii , 
 n, " " u ""le^^i-thy positior, 
 r^JV.he Quebec U..//. 
 Jestabhshmentofabank 
 of Lower Canada, asking 
 7' action having been tak> 
 d another petition and seni 
 «>on ,808). These petu 
 called the -Bank of 'can 
 butnoactofincorporati.jr 
 
 per and other discussion 
 '" '^ "'""on was made in 
 go into committee of the 
 
 /s,^^"''- • •'^'■'^'' ^"scuss.o 
 i»io petitions were 
 first Bankin- 
 and papers. This 
 Ida on record. A „u 
 =ed in the Assembly an< 
 g of the first charter. Ba 
 mbly in its resolve to im 
 
 First Thinrs in Canada. ,3 
 
 judges, and dissolved the Assembly, and away was swept the nearly 
 ished banK charter. The same fate befell another alten.pt'made in the 
 <a"'J"«w) Assembly, and from the same cause, the Legislatu e be nj 
 irogued by the new Governor before the bank charter received tsfiS 
 :e •' Ba'nic Annafsl''^"'' '''"' of Montreal was started without a £ter. 
 iptcy-The first legislation concerning bankruptcy in Canada is the 
 :unc!l'' ^Tr^ °" '^' 9'^ ^-T^' '76S. hy Govinor Murray and 
 .H •, J ?"■■ r""""".' '"'^"^^ constituted the Dominion were pro 
 led with an Insolvency Act in 1869. The Act was in forcrfor four 
 arsand was renewed in 1874, arrangements being made respect ng the 
 w provinces to tide them over. In 1875 an Insolvency Act applicable ,0 
 e whole Dominion was passed It remained in force^till i was repealed 
 1880. Since that date there has been no general statute. ' 
 
 It Church— Organized in British Columbia in 1877 
 
 rSeTr8o1^'HonVKl.''''-J'"^ for formation of, held in Montreal, 
 I^SV f Vu /^°"-.J-.'^- <0Dideaux, Q.C., waschosen first President 
 le object of the Association is to bring together all the lawverTorthl 
 lole Dominion for conference, etc. ^ ' ^'^^ 
 
 'St*'^.S^^*^V^''^ ^"'- <?=>"?'""" '^^^•'''«' » Bayonet was .Sir James 
 
 art 1840 Others were Sir Louis H. Lafontaine, 1854; Sir lohn 
 
 ^rley Robinson 1854; Sir William F. Williams, iSsgV Si A an 
 
 Nab, 1858; Sir Samuel Cunard, 1859; Sir George E Cartier iSfis" 
 
 ^ohn Rose,. ,875 ; Sir George Ste^h^n, .886 jlr'iihaH riuppe/ 
 
 ihLn« .i n^ Baronets, being Canadians, are : Sir William George 
 
 Shnson,*4th Baronet; Sir Frederick A. Robinson, 3rd Baronet -Sir 
 
 ill.am Rose, 2nd Bart.: Sir Charles Stuart, 2nd Bar -Sr Charles 
 
 ipper ist Bar,., and Sir Bache Cunard. 2nd Bart. The fiin. are 
 
 8> rWM'''"^"^''"u'^"'""*^^=-L"'^ ■^y''"^^ 7th BaClcreated 
 
 roLs (iSo^r? ^^J'^'^'"'. p' ^T"" ^'^9.) ; Baroness Macdonald. is 
 
 roness (1891); I ord Mount Royal, ist Baron (.897). Charles Colmor 
 
 ex stJ^ce The t.^T^r"'"!'-,^"'^^ '^' ""'^ C^"«'"- heredLry tT,?e 
 existence. The patent of nobility was signed by Louis XIV It nas.P^ 
 
 male and female descendants, and was fi'rst oflficially recognized by hi 
 fitish Government on December 4lh, 1880. ^ 
 
 sr-This animal first appears as an emWem of Canada on the Coat of 
 ,rms granted by Charles I. of England to Sir Willian^ Alexander S^ 
 ames Balfour, " Lyon King of Arms," was, in a royal leUer dated New 
 narke , 1632. instructed to " marshall his coate of arLn.^" Acco dinJv 
 the Lyon King of Arms " provi.led the rec,uire.I coat o arn.s to - Alf^ 
 "ier. Viscount of Slirline. Lor.l Alexander of Cannad.' " efc Th; 
 Inscutcheon v^ith the amies of Nova Scjtia " •' For h s crekt nn , 
 reath arg. sable a ^.... proper. " In the draw ng ih" beLer appears 
 St ng on his hind legs and his broad, flat tail, just as natur; as ie ha 
 7er appeared in any of the numerous representations of him ns T. 
 
 S 2 fntell""'-''' ''"' ""r- ^'"'^^ ''^^" -'generally diltrilut d ' to ndi 
 |a.e^our intelhgence, our daring, our industry and our perseverance La 
 
 prcsd 
 
 ■ um mil I ccS 
 
 con I 111 
 nuiiii 
 
 
14 
 
 Bl!&S;iSf?!.-!^---l^eeT.at 
 
 First Thinp.s m Canada. 
 
 Iiimbia, in 1870, 
 
 ties). 
 
 "• -..u 40 mues wide frnn.''?^^^^^ '° "'^ ^e^eral Government fc 
 
 , Straits of Georg. Ts a coZb ffon?'"'" ^T'^^J' "^ '^e Proving W?. 
 
 Canadian Paciic RaiLay "a u?t rjJ '^' '^"^^"f '^"n'^'ructio S 
 
 minerals in the 40 mile helf w,l i •^^'."."""^ "^^ ownership * ^ 
 
 Council of England .n favou of thf'p"^' • '" ^P^''' '^89. by t^h. 
 
 against the Federal Govemm „< The P?'"" "^^^''^^^ <^°'"'"''i 
 
 veyed 3X million acres o?Lnd east TfT"?,' ''^^"''■'^'' CoIumM 
 
 District, to the Dominion f JoveJnmenf n.l ^'""f '" '^^^ P^«ce i 
 
 [or so doing being to make aood Z 1' ?!«'"'^er igj,, 1883 the , - 
 
 I'y grants of land lo indfviduils pr "f fo th?!^^ '"/''^ ^o mife beh 
 
 BiJl-ThS Billtnt''7'"r f'-™ent/'' '""^^^^ "^ ^''^^ '^^" ' 1 
 
 fentaivt in^'t^aS Sa"AS^S^^^^^ "-- of K 
 
 _ introduced in the Nnvn c;t^,- 1 establish the authority of ih^ /I 
 Bishop-The firs, R™c!^^^^^^^ ,75V '^' "I 
 
 arrived in ,659 as thular t'h^f ,ypt,?r'^', -^ ^-^^ ^aval 
 rnn p'- K "' "'^^ "^«^^d Bishop of New F"n ^''"" ^'^""'''^ ""' 
 
 Catholic Church was Lou?sP.^S.EsSh/"'\'^'^^^^ the K 
 Bishios ^ !;•' "''^" ^'■^f'°P in iT&f "' ""' '^' ^^^^"th from Bi 
 
 BiVo^Ttt Angiic'^^^^^^^^^^^ stuff." The'- 
 
 MacdotVt'isSS tL't^^^^^^^^^ . tfZ 
 
 force composed of ,he Glengarry S iIT 'o' ^^"'^ "^ '^e ^f 
 garry M.l.t.a), while Rev. M? ^S iJ f^ l^'^^"^^"' ^"'' '^e (| 
 Bible marched on the other flank l2ih^in-'^'''^'''y'^"^"). folding ,i:l 
 One of the chaplai.-'s flock felt" omewtT n ''■■' "'2"^^"" their adher 
 disposition to fall to the rear Wh 'T' ""''^-^ ^re and sho. 
 
 stand fast, but his orders were isobryecT". '^' 'H'^'"^ °^^-^ ' '" 
 the chaplain then and there excoS'-V.^ 1 ^^^P'" ^'^<=°'"ing "eccs 
 for the rear from the church of htrf^'' "'^ "^^" ^-'th a hank 
 .ng the fight; *' Vankee ^e "Ita Sfnt • ^^"^ ^^as no n.ore s 
 the chaplain. "^^^ " ^"^ht punishment to that inflice 
 
 S Z t "^ '^^ ^^'-naYRifle ALSio"n trb^nT'"^' -^"^^'"^ ■^' «-- v 
 in that year at a cost of $c 000 aJn i L l^"'''^''"R ^^^'ng I^een trt S:hami 
 
 ^'*t':^^«,Z;>,^oloured Corps iJiSn^,^^ ^^-p^;; Wi.^le,|from ., 
 
 ingly 
 
 lue b 
 
 ssue 
 
 :stimi 
 
 hiefli 
 
 lated 
 
 ppei 
 
 idari( 
 
 ifGr« 
 
 ' Firs 
 
 he R 
 
 iver t 
 
 From V 
 
 -hami 
 
>? Canada. 
 
 First Thing;? in Canada. 
 
 »S 
 
 to the Federal Government T^ Montreal Board of Trade was established in 1842. A eeneral An 
 ™ boundary of the Province 1^ T^hl'^' ."corporation of Boards of Trade in Canada was^asfed in 
 ^^jJjhecost^ofcons.rZonffi; ^^''' """' ''' '" '''''' oP«-Tation throughout the DoE,inion I! 
 
 :ideTirA%tiS9.")yS,'^^^^^ ^^^ " ^^- Ursula's Con- 
 
 'rovince of British Colnm i^ 'a u o'.'-^naf'a, Kingston. 1824. 
 
 Province of iiritishCdum,'iT.7^"?°"?'^^^^''^''°''^'''"^^"^^^ ^^^ Bacqutville de la Potherie's 
 of the Rockies in tl^iS J-q"'a l/oi '' pT 
 
 December iqih, ,88^ thp , ,¥ , t- ' ^>^ fJ ^"° Premier Etablissement de la fov dans la 
 ^ficiency in the ^^ mile beU .afcsv.lr''; rl^?' '•' ^';'"""? ^^"^ " ^"^ " ''""^^d 600^')" 
 Jhe transfer o'^f the bef iTilstpilef L^!'/./^?™"."-^i P^^ 
 
 r . . , , ,1 "-" "J >^"'- ^-^a^luulaIJ vjovernment 
 
 - u /^ J 'or transit of goods by railway from United States' nlar^s 
 
 rnA^.V'f^ 'y ^"''"' ^'''''' P'^'^^^- I" '860 an Order i^cSund 
 rovided that triplicate reports should be dispensed with. An Order In 
 
 J"'y 2»th, 1S66, (L. S. Rev. Statutes sec. 3,006). This Act was s.is 
 ended so far as Canada is concerned, by the VVashington Treaty of 8 , 
 Jiiv^d ^ ^ " "^'""^ ^^^ "' '^"^ ^''^'y^ ^»>^" »he Act'^ of 1866 
 
 /tt:Rnv?i°i 9«na^a was organized by a Committee of .Section IV 
 f the Royal Society of Canada, in Montreal. May 29th, 1891. It has I 
 
 xSa[L of fheV'^'t'' ''''^' ^?'^'"*°"' -^ it'aims to promote he 
 xpioration of the flora of every part of Canada 
 
 -After the transfer of Canada to Great Britain (176?) the smaller silver 
 o ns began gradually to disappear from circulation ow ng to an underra S 
 .f their value, consequent upon an overrating of he lafger French coins 
 >he disappearance of the small coin caused freat difficu fy on the nart of 
 he n,erchants to make change fov the purchasers ofXir goodB AccorJ 
 
 I "1 K ' ffoo'lfor futu.e purchases at their stores. Anv merchant could 
 sUm t V^k'' their crcuKntion depended altogether upon ^he popular 
 
 IfSe^tlSiiflrtTi^'fllT"!'^ •" 1763, in ..proclamation by the King 
 ' P^rst he S;f,''lrnf ?^'T' 1 '^^\ ^f^^^- '^^' Proclamation reads^ 
 he River sVnln^.u^''^''^'' ''''""^'^^' °"'»ie Labrador Coast by 
 ^Lfh ^^,\J"^D' ['"d thence by a line dr.iwn from the head of that 
 
 rom whenf. /^ ^f'y ^'^ ^°''"- '° '^' ''"'^'^ ^"^ of the Lake Nip sim 
 "TJh ? ^^^ f"^ ''"^' '-■'■"'''"g 'he River St. Lawrence and thTLake 
 
 - Jiv dThTrlveJs'tS'mo'^v T"" 'f '''''' ^'^''^ ^'""S ^^1 fslands wWch 
 
 V f^oyaiiats in JNe\v islfeie des ChTJpiirK nn,i tu^ . r , .;" ;v""g 'fie i-.mui snore of che 
 
 ^e deported in 1783 to DilRosieres and from thl^^. '' V^^ "V'^ ''^ ^'- Lawrence to Cape 
 u„ - - - by he ies? en^of ,1^1 r'^^ ".^^"'^ °f '^^ '^'^" St. Lawrence 
 
 iiih","/"""^/*' House of K 
 iish the authority of the li 
 y, October 2, 1758. 
 f Canada was M. de Lavall 
 -trea and Vicar Apostolic nfl 
 'France, 1674. The first i 
 Charles Inglis, Bishop of 
 \in Lower Canada was Rev 
 
 ian born bishop of the R. 
 He was the seventh from B 
 
 xceedinggood stuff." The 
 .Bishop Inglis, is descril): 
 
 , ''u ^S'^'' ^^" '^'d not he 
 Id the Royal Family even 
 ided his church." 
 holic Church in Ontario, B 
 
 of the United States u,v 
 laplain (afterwards Bishop 
 cl on one flank of the Bi 
 1 antry Regiment and the ( 
 
 (Iresbyterian), holding u 
 listers uiging on their adher 
 ervous under fire and sh.>. 
 on the chaplain ordered hi 
 1 example becoming nee. s 
 •^ 'ne man with a hank 
 rs. There was no more si 
 punishment to that inflice 
 
 ley was made in 1890 
 
 'e permanent quarters al 
 
 ; building having been trt 
 
 ne Canadian Government 
 I eriey. 
 
 he fighting Negroes 
 
 - in Canada was prepai-di 
 anized in Montreal in i 
 
I6 
 
 I : ^ 
 
 FrRST Things m Canada. 
 
 placed under the care m^ .v 
 The Islands of SMoh„ „ "JKce" Edl'^?°^!,^"- "^ ^ewfoun,, 
 the same time annexed o Nova Sco^f """.^^ .''"^ ^'^P^ Breton J 
 Wands were subsequenllv semr... i r ' ^/""costi arid the MiT 
 
 .he oundariTS" tre'Vrire'o'/At!,^^«-n-^^ ^'^ July i 
 
 north-east were established Sbiv/,S^'^ on the north, north wj 
 rat-fiction by the DonSjci^"fe ^^^Pjance '^y'he ProvSce ^] 
 
 """'^f y a'o"g the Ontario boundaJv to H /' 'S ^"'^"'^ ^he noril 
 daryaong the East Main r^er and fh^u ^^^^ ''^^ northern J 
 Lab^dor hne in the vicinity of Han^hon"^'?-'"^'"'^ boundarj •' 
 SS° ^'^"-^ -'- -.in, L to;j?-:^^,;j^;;^„^s e..„^. 
 Boundaries of Ontario Tn o t ce 347,350 
 
 Session of ,889. introduced and carS, ''"^''"S> .«- j'hn KcSon'a 
 Majesty to cause a measure tn hf • ^f "-esolution for an addre^t! 
 
 Un„ed Kingdom. decSn^hewes^^H^^^^^^^ the P^aruitnt 
 
 m accordance with the address to XV ^^.'"°" °^ '^89, passed a ■ 
 The joundaries are defined St^e I'mpS" Acf ''^r S^"^^^" ^^^- 
 >ng at the point where 1 ho Tnf^ P ' ^*^^ ^^ '<' ows .-— " rnm, 
 States of America and C'^na,ll.^r''''u"^' "^"""^^y between theT 
 
 ^.'th the stream'flow ing fron^,J'r'l^:,^betherabove1,r belowl /on V 
 nipeg, and thence prociS l.J^^f ?^ '^^ ^^oods towards Lai i 
 mentioned line strides , he SS^'^"'l/-m 'he point at which tSe , 
 along the middle line of the Jou l of ,h ''""'''^ ?^ ^^^ "^^r last a'o, . 
 name of the English River or Ttn.h^ '""f '•'^«-''- (whether called 
 name of the Riv^er Winnipeg 'up « I a7l" ^^"'"^ '^' confluence 
 
 Ij 
 
 ;na 
 
 Its 
 
 ^lai 
 
 y« 
 
 ;er 
 
 S 
 
 lit 
 
 lar 
 
 le 
 •h 
 
 i8< 
 1 8c 
 185 
 185 
 i8g 
 
 ;ilt iHliil 
 
 ..... u. ine i^iver Winnipeg) up to Ta/T ""^ '"'' confluence, 
 thence along the middle line of t^hl T , ^^" ' °' 'be Lonely Lak, 
 and thence by a straigh' me °o the n ''^ ^^^^ '« '^^ head of tha i 
 waters of Lake St. JoseT Indth.^S^"'"' "^ 'be middle Ine 
 reaches the foot or outlet of that lat' ."'u"^ '''''>' ^'ddle line u 
 he nver by u^jch the wa^er of Uke 'st ^'"7 ^>"« '^-^ ""'dSe 
 
 anSfhrcelo^rhrslelS-"'^^^^^^ 
 
 ty ot 
 
 lyme 
 :ture 
 |e rat 
 !94a 
 
 all] 
 lese 1 
 
 opei 
 
 )eratii 
 
 ie dat 
 
 The 
 
 teki 
 
IN Canada. 
 
 of the Governor of Newfoun,! 
 
 Edward) and Cape bS""J 
 piia. Anticosii arid the Mao 
 
 2 Newfoundland and piaS 
 
 le Governor-General, 8th fulv 
 ^fec on the north.' northS 
 acceptance by ,he Province al 
 t'oHuV' '^^''tend the no't ' 
 „T "oith-easterly boundary - 
 »rea of the province 347,3sosj 
 
 S'fnf f^ '^^'^"'"K ^''^ boun 
 Jgest ng the expediency of p; 
 
 h-nd.ng Sir John Macdona 
 
 a resolution for an address I 
 
 nni'T '^' Parliament. 
 
 j-bytheCanacLSlSiS 
 lal Act as follows :-"Comi 
 »I boundary between the L' 
 
 western shores of Lake Sun 
 ' o the north-west angle o 
 drawn due north until it s' 
 ^lischarging the waters of the 
 X''i"^'^^7belowitscon/Ia 
 ' 'he Woods towards Lake 
 ^m the point at which the h 
 :ourse of the river last afore 
 mrneriver (whether called hi 
 art below the confluence, In 
 Seul or the Lonely Lake,' 
 
 Lake to the head of thai 
 t point of the middle line o 
 'long that middle line unt 
 thence along the middle li 
 Joseph discharge themsel 
 nmonly known as James 
 e said shore to a jroint win 
 ^ .t""l'^''"^'"e"e would SI 
 
 to the head of the said h 
 'be said Jake into the Oili 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 ditional I cent per im lbs for pI^h T l^ T^'- P^"" '°° "'«• ^"^ ^n 
 he following bounties have been paid :— 
 
 Average Rate 
 per Lb., cts. 
 
 423,432 
 1.546,527 
 1,158,120 
 
 $23,767 
 
 20,568 
 
 7,766 
 
 29,449 
 
 ",733 
 
 1.83 cts 
 1.90 
 1. 01 
 
 sea fisheries and buildii.c 
 >vernment received froii. 
 >enal Government, the siri 
 ■ Award made in 1877 lyi 
 Treaty of Washington, i| 
 "■ the purpose of the B. uif 
 sed by Act of 1891 to $1^ 
 lows ;— ' f 1 
 
 ►94 an Act was nacs^/l oLu^ • • isi juiy, 1897. in Session of 
 
 issed an Act au ho^iW the PovT 'n ."r'"'°?- ^"^ '^97 Parliament 
 

 ri: !il :il; 
 
 » 
 
 '^ First Things m Canada. I 
 
 oif .irpU^.?iirp";xs'/z s;"";"'^*"'^'' ^-t' «-. «^ $3.00 i 
 
 tion produced from'^roreign ore BounS'<f I" °'' '"^' ^"•"^ °" 'h. K 
 
 The production of pic i"on in r.nJn. I •"'''^ "" ^^rcl April, |r 
 
 ' '885 to 53.948 tons in fsge. and'^the home 1'?'^'? 1"^"^ ^S.77o |i' 
 
 per cent of the total consumption of L ironTrnn\"'!f '^ ^^^' *" 'fri 
 
 iron, against 37 per cent, in 1885 kentledge and cnl.,, 
 
 "= J^ tL';S?'KeSl^*';^; S?^^ '^> ^- i- ^ect 
 
 invested in Breweries in Canada was over 8 n iir*"', n^" '^^o the Jr 
 
 , . ^^ si&^' ^^"-"' -^ -^tr-^- - ^1 
 
 "fcfH^SLS^&:;aS^\;^^^^ .^.. ^wrenci;, 
 
 train crossed December loth i8eo tk 1 m "' '^^- First paftu 
 9. .84 feet. The first son' was iSd 1 J Robe Js^K ^^•^^>°^' fd 
 Engineer, July 20th, 1854. ^ ^^°''"' ^^'^Phenson, the cel*n; 
 
 ^"'M'inf^eTtlJS^": .It'ltTTe'co^nV'^'^"^^ ^^ -'' *" Cal; 
 . onto, August Isih, 1897 ^" '"'""'' "'"'^""^ '" Canada was «!! 
 
 . Capt GraTw*ojl;%7 aSrs'Thir^""]" th^ Columbia ,t 
 mouth of the river. tL name n/ritfhr/ !•'>''' "^ ^^^ton, ilea 
 to the colony through which TherTver,.^nJr''''^'^'^ sul'sequentfea 
 
 couver Island, 1,72^ on Oueen rt?^ i . ?^^^ "''''"'^ '"''es ; Sna 
 tptal of 7. .91 mili i;. so t?e Kepon Yiv n?/""^',: ^H '"''«■ - P" 
 line of Great Britai^ and Ireknd ^ ^ ' ""''^ '^^" ^"""^'^ thfash 
 Hntish Columbia-Boundary line between BrifUh r i u- fo"- 
 
 first attempted to be established bvnn 1 ^ Columbia and AI,,s |e B 
 direction of the Canadian alithorhies.^lefr B l^'°[n m'" ^'7. "'^'' '' h^'' 
 convention as to Boundaries between the Unit"; ^^?^' '^^Z" '" 1^ « 
 signed. It provided for a coinnVW ^ .4""ed States and Cai-,a §aft 
 
 In ,895 the Canadian CoZssio"neVreSd?HT^.'^y Comn.s S, It 
 
 Behm's Canal to Cape FairSrh.Ti ^''^^ '''^ ^''"'^ c,m Jso 1 
 
 R .,P'?«'°-'oP"graphic, su'vey ""'' ''"'' ^"''' '^"^^'•ed l^y a cJates 
 
 ^"'w!;J^n^SJS/:y^S-^^--nts a«.cting the rela.fe 
 
 I. becession of the 13 Colonies from the British Pm ■ M5^a<J 
 
 '■ JXii:\SSS£-r^' -'^^^'^"^ '^e tSS^e united sJ-: 
 
 3. I^jat^ishment of countervailing'and di;c;imin;;ing duties byVmpJjS 
 
 4. Embargo law passed by United SmteVconVr;;; W^ '^'■ 
 
 S- Governors of all the British North imSnP:/ '• .• ' ¥^^"^ 
 
 to open their ports to United State, vessds ^'''''"'^^' autho,i#ond- 
 
 6. Convention of iSic of whi-H \j'yC- » "iv 
 
 mentioned that^"he"convemion of S.w.^.Th^'*^ " ^' ''^^^^^^ ''Pewfo 
 by Great Britain from the exchisiveness "f hi ^'■^ "^'^^'^ depanln sair 
 
 7. Convention of i8i8 by which . I fi!h ^ ."^,^'gation laws.". , Ibundli 
 f'^'e^in British NoVthVm'rtanta 3?^^^^^^ "^ «he U ,ifnd fis 
 
 '•&;iS^::^:v^-^!^-'^^"^^^a.^pS'c^ed-i^^ 
 
IN Canada. - r, „ 
 
 m First Things in Canada. 
 
 n^"a'if„";Teancr*Tnon!^;.^r!!'''l i^'^^'" ^-^^-t's ProcInn.a,ion decl.ri 
 
 and $2.00 on tht 
 unties to cease on 23rd April, 1 
 ada has increased from 25,77,, 
 e home-made article was, in 1 
 pig iron, iron kentledge and ca 
 
 ilt in Quebec by Talon in i66S| 
 
 lor that year. In 1890 thj 
 
 over 8 nullion dollars, the waj 
 
 ■ ""'put of the year was vaf 
 
 S'^rw',"''"!^ St. LawrencI 
 iceofvVales, i860. First lJ 
 
 The bridge cost $6,300,000 ;f 
 )y Robert Stephenson, the celd 
 
 of Science first met, in Can 
 nd meeting in Canada was 
 
 n, July 20th, 1871, 
 
 ^.was given to the Columbia, 
 '?'P' CoiumHa of Boston, i 
 n Columbia) was subsequent-Ji 
 runs for a distance of 440 J 
 (he combined areas of Franc- 
 
 ited in .Sessional Papers No ( 
 '4 t-nghsh statute miles; 
 arlotte Group, 684 miles, iv. 
 says, more than double thJ 
 
 1 British Columbia and AI is 
 
 ^f" ^"P'^r^'fofy party which 
 ;i n^-' J"c.^'''y' '^87. In 
 le United .States and Cann; 
 ir joint, survey by Comm.s 
 reported that the whole o 
 lad been covered by a 
 
 19 
 
 I ., J „. , , , _ Ji declaring trade betwppn thp 
 
 Inited .States and the British North American ProvinceVsSlpended .828 
 
 rrangement of 1830 by which United States ports are opened to 
 h ish North Amencan vessels in return for the British VVes^ Indian 
 brts opened to United States vessels " 
 
 scriminating Customs duties abolished in the' British NorlhAmeri- ^° 
 in Provinces by Lord Stanley's despatch ,0 
 
 awback law put into force ... %'^\ 
 
 )rn laws"repealed in England g^o 
 
 itish North American Provinces obtain power ' to ' enact' 'their' own 
 ^XSSs^^. '^.T''' °^ ''^'Q-en.in.CounciO byZ 
 nadian Legi.slature acted upon t'he aut'horit'y t'h'us s'ecured 'and '^"^^ 
 luced duties on American manufactures from 12K to 7^ per cent 
 fd increased those on British manufactures from 5 to 71/ ^ ',8^, 
 
 nadian Legislature passed an Act granting to natural ■products of ^ 
 
 ip^o'lung'':'":":^'"'''''"'^"' '"^^ "^ ''^^ UnKedStes 
 
 if ^h J'll"! '^'?''' ^°'i"l''! "^^«^'^' P'i^'""f'Ke of ■di;char'gin:r" cargo '^'^^ 
 
 ^.^ITI ?^ m' ^ P"!"' °C'^""""^y' ^° P«^' «'^^"t'y only . . . ^ ,8do 
 
 si .1'' ^r'^""""-^"^. °^ '-^'7. and British Na-iga ion ' Law ^^ 
 
 '849, come into operation simultaneously, January .. rScn 
 
 aty of Reciprocity came into force o^o 
 
 ^!r^!n!^^^te!il'^.!^^United'siates to' fo;ce \he British"^' 
 
 1867 
 
 brth American Prov- ices into the American Union .. "".caa 
 
 bnfederation of the British North American Province by which "free 
 Me^ IS estabhshed among them and a larger share oramonomy 
 
 »nadian 'Customs Act'o'f'i'se's p'rovi'ded for free "entry of "unit'e'd Stages'' 
 
 .f wtP?P"'1^^^'''^'y '^^'''^ '^'^^"^^ 'he supporl of the President 
 iV:^^j::f,'l!Jl1.'.".i!-5' S-i'?" 9^"- UniteS'^States SeVare'^The 
 
 Cl li, 
 
 w'"!t'!iid^nL^^'^'"''^-"'''^'" ^"''^'^ States manufactures into Canada 
 so to t ^ •f.T'"''^^"^'"^*^""«h manufactures, which were 
 
 Sermltrr^.'."^^^:^"^''^^'^^^^ '° the same extent as UnTe" 
 
 vements affectine the rpi.,«K^'°''V- ^'"'1'^^ ^^o^^^A by the CaAadi; 
 «»>icL[ing tne relaiMbroeafion bv thp ITnW«,i ct„*„„ „f 
 
 Co„g„,s. . :.■.•.•;.■; • • ■ Ki y„7S™,-"'''K'".\'' 'I """P- 3°- C.™«di»n A=« of S tut 
 
 'uSfv': s£ r 'Srl/S SA" »-. P»^'"- - New" 
 
 ing says : " It deserves to 
 *as the first notable depart 
 01 her navigation laws 
 
 ••"■■ganun laws. . ■■bundland vpsspIc . ir,\ ^-; -i r — ^ , . =•"""= pcuauics as i\ew- 
 
 ^'y privileges of the U.iffnd fi h ^rprSudne LooL^' f /°"'=^'"g ^"^^ trading, selling oil 
 ^'^^f'ehned Morf.H fr.l fu"?r":"S/"PP.''«.' (^) .special tariff rates for goods im- 
 
 -v. uciuitru j»ortpH from tv,^ TT^-. j cT'^ .' ^ ' 'H'^^'**' larm rates lor goods im- 
 
 onial ports closed to UnifS^f Na"23. c ^aLe .8 f ^^IT '""r "'r^<^^^ ''"^•°"'' ^'^^^^ 
 W y . ^ • .ij, c. page 58.) (2) Newfoundland, entrance free of duty 
 
! I 
 
 First Things in Ca 
 
 NADa. 
 
 |nto the United States for 
 green codfish. ■ 
 
 -.„„c.„;;..;^^'"'«»««^^^^^^ 
 
 account of 
 
 opp,n 
 
 nc.r,h.»e„a„VofXl';S':f ,'!;:SS' i»""'i")' ■'- from ,1. 
 
 Atlanikl 
 
 ocean was denned " "' ""^ ^""''^ easterly to the 
 
 
 / "...i,,, tacn country acreed to rpc»«,^ 
 taken fro. either pa'rtyVrhi^otEX-.; 
 
 territories and possessions 
 the war 
 
 I 
 
 ^l''iiif 
 
 was determined. 
 
 which the latter cot t;ra,t"" '-^ ''■^^"''^'^ «'="- 
 Behnng Sea as far West as th 
 
 Treaty, l,y 
 A. Provinces 
 
 ^e'ween Briti^fc 
 
 ai^pears to claim exciuli^r];, SS '"' 
 
 an(: 
 
 Behnng Sea Treaty '"^ '" ^ assamaquoddy Bay 
 
 FeS;;;:;^^ ''^ -l-ence-to-aH^tratio: • -nder B^hnngVsek T;e;.y 
 
 Appointment of arbitrator<5fu,i^I"n': 
 
 - Justice Kin/TZ~ltfn.!Tr. '' ii".^. H""^^ «'au; 
 
 and M 
 
 
 arbitrators, July 
 Budget Speeches- 
 
 ^e supreme Court of Canada, appointed^ 
 
 Hon. John Rose.. 
 
 Hon. Sir F. Ilincks 7th May, 1869 
 
 7lh April, 1870 
 
 " 3r<i Mar., 1371 
 
 Hon. S. L. Tiilev. 30th Aprils 1872 
 
 on, 
 were 
 
 
 ilon. R. 
 
 ley 
 
 J. Cartwright . ^^l 
 
 " i< * 14th 
 
 April, 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 
 Hon. 
 Hon. 
 
 l6th Feby., 1875 
 
 25lh 
 20th 
 
 ■S. L. Tilley.... 22nd " 
 
 Sir Leonard Tiilev ''♦"^ Mar.,* 
 
 11 >. •' -'' 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 9th 
 
 << l8th Feby. 
 
 • < 24th " 
 
 «' 30th Mar., 
 
 29th Feby., 1884 
 
 Mcr,clan ^'"'^ ^ar. , 1885 
 
 r Charles Tupper 3°'!^ " 1886 
 
 " '^ l2thMay,t 1887 
 
 Hon. George E. Foster ^^th April, 1888 
 
 " " 3«' Mar., 1880 
 
 27th " t 1890 
 
 Hon. 
 Hon. 
 
 A. W. 
 
 Sir 
 
 I 
 jng 
 
 nves 
 
 cotij 
 
 rh( 
 
 40, 5( 
 
 2,83 
 
 577, 
 
 867; 
 
 siitu 
 
 nd W 
 
 860 a 
 
 rine- 
 
 u o 
 
 egisli 
 
 iilusti 
 
 42,50 
 
 15: £ 
 
 n 189 
 
 572,9 
 
 lock, 
 
 Fa 
 
 Bi 
 
 In 
 
 Li 
 
 The 
 
 as $4( 
 
 nd liv 
 
 uildinj 
 
 u of 
 
 t was t 
 
 rifiuire 
 
 ission 
 
 he Bu 
 
 rst Di] 
 
 i-The 
 
 Ihat bet 
 
 ^851 am 
 
 llso in C 
 
 S5 miles 
 
 Ihe idea 
 
 Idea of c 
 
 !e Comi 
 
 siessage 
 
 lad succ 
 
 |he Islan 
 
 |e Comt 
 
 Bnlered 1 
 
 I res 
 
anada. 
 
 s of her fisheries, e.ceptinf ^"'' ^"""^ "* ^'^'^'^'^^ 
 inrough on account of opp,,! Hon. fJeorge E. Fosler 
 
 H 
 
 ing treaties : — 
 
 ral houndary line from ih,. 
 
 'Is eaiterly to the Atlantic! 
 
 y line from theLake of ih, 
 ilel 
 
 un try agreed to 'restore .,„ 
 :r i)arty by the other du.-ing| 
 
 the Ashlnuton'Ti^eatyVk 
 ■J >he B. N, A. Province*. 
 
 Hon. William Fielding . 
 ling and Loan Societies 
 
 -First 
 
 I'd ween Britiif 
 
 Jundaries 
 ed 
 
 United States, oy reason of 
 > exclusive jurisdiction 
 
 2Jrtl June, 1891 
 
 22nd Mar., 1892 
 
 •• •4lh Feby., 1891 
 
 27th Mar., 1 1894 
 
 Jf<l May, 1895 
 
 3»st Jany., 1896 
 
 : 22nd April, 1897 
 
 nvestmcnt Co.. ,844. First cstabHshe'^'by lkw^846"'''Fi" t^^'V"' 
 
 colia, 1850 ; first in vV)uebec, 1858. ^ ' ^ *^"" '" ^'^^^ 
 
 Thecpital employed in 1867 amounte.l to $2,110,404 and in i8o<: ... 
 
 2«3i 074,and m 1895 to $1.5,901,568. The deposit n ,867 we e 
 577.299 : >n 1895 :hey were $19,945,944. There was no re ,erve fJndTn 
 867; m r895 there was a reserve fund of $.1,13, ,306. Of exi'stinW?Xnk> 
 . nun.bering 96, Jntario has 85; (^ebe^; Nova s^j, f^t^ 
 nd Manitoba I. Of these. 8 were established before' 'isS- 8 between 
 86oand /869; J.between 1870 and 1879, and H between 1880 and iTxn 
 nne-F^rst prohibition of manufacture and sale of, in Snlda ^886 ^" 
 u of Industries for Ontario -First created bv Act o?' iwincial 
 
 r.nn r..i»„ I ^ — .. ••— "•"■•'^a lui v/uuirio— rirst create 
 
 Juan Island question w.is Jegislature. 1882. The first report was for 1882. 
 
 Id British Columbia 'and' 
 S^assamaquoddy Bay 
 
 'ler Beh'ring's Sea Treaty', 
 
 oy 
 
 m "f the United StaU> : 
 rt of Canada, appointedi 
 
 ipeech was made by ij 
 Budget Speeches 
 
 572,938.472 ; buildings. $204.148.670 ; impleV;en T,oZ;T r'" 
 Itock, $103,958,047. The average value ofl""'^"^'' *50,944,385 ; live 
 Farm lands per acre in i8ci3 was $30.56: in i8oc. -R,^ ,„ 
 
 on. 
 were 
 
 Farm lands 
 Buildings 
 Implements 
 Live stock 
 
 acrem 8^3 was $30.56; in 1895, $24.79 
 
 °°3 7.61 ; " 1895, 8.83 
 
 883 2.03; '• ,895, 2.2^ 
 
 1883 " 4.67; " 1895, 4.50 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 1371 
 1872 
 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 . 7th May. 
 
 • 7lh April, 
 
 • 31-d Mar.. 
 
 • 30th April, 
 
 ist April, 
 . 14th " 
 
 i6th Feby., 
 
 25th «« 
 
 20th '« 
 
 22nd " 
 
 14th Mar.,* 1879 
 
 9th '« 1880 
 
 i8th Feby., 1881 
 24th " ,882 
 30th Mar.. 1881 
 29th Feby., 1884 
 
 ^rd Mar iSsjr 
 30th " ' ,886 
 I2th May.t 1887 
 27lh April, 1888 
 3>"(; Mar., 1889 
 27th " t ,890 
 
 The average value of all per acre was. in 1883, $44^87 and''Tn i8oc ir 
 ^as $40.32 per acre, a decrease of $4.55. Land decrease iTnvnh.il^/" 
 
 knd live stock 
 
 55- Land decreased in value $5.77 
 Implements increased 17 cents and 
 
 17 cents per acre. 
 uildings$i.22 per acre. 
 
 u of Mines, Ontario-Created by Act of Legislature, March dth iSor 
 
 t was the outcome ot the work of a Commission appointed in 1888^0 
 
 nquire into the financial resources of the Province In Son .hp r 
 
 .ssion published an elaborate report of the mineral we"al Kf OnSlo" 
 
 s! Sr'ctc.?.^^ ^'''' "' ""'' "*'"^' '■°' ''91. Mr. A. Blue wafappSed 
 
 .,'~^'''^ '^''^' submarine cable laid in Canada fand in Mr.,.u a ■ 1 
 hat between New Brunswick and PriS SS isla'^nT' R v-S^" 
 
 [85 and ,s en miles long. The second cable laid in No th America wis 
 ^J.'?.!:^"^i^.T:'^^'-'-^- ^"-P-^ J^^-'o" and Newfoundland T .856 • lengTh! 
 
 Gisborne, who conceived 
 J out his 
 
 »5 miles. This cable was projected by F. N ..isnornB ,.,i,„ 
 he Idea of connecting Newfoundland w^th Ireland whu'crrryin^ 
 Idea of connecting Newfoundland with Nova Scotia 'tarrying 
 
 liTrT I , r ^ the cable and that connection with the shore Pnri of 
 
 entered upjn a system of cable 
 
 of Canada in 1880 
 
 ' Tariflf resolutions, March 18th. 
 
 ^aoie communication designed to connect the 
 
 t And Tariff resolutions. 
 
t I ) I 
 ! I ' 1 
 
 a 
 
 fiRsr Thinc.s in Canaim. 
 
 iimi 
 
 m 
 
 
 the strikes of fish aicMheSS K.*!.'"'^''"'''''"" ''^'^'"' '^e *< 
 Government have es.al.l she^^r. cLbl s ShT^' m 'i ^'^ '''"' -J--"' 
 miles. In addition thev hiv^ l,iri ,i V '"'*' '*^"8'fi "^ 207 naii 
 
 65K miles of cable-ma^kt ir M ^tTn i?"'^ trarjsferred Uy sale 
 a telephone cable laid (in ^ 'loss theTnr/.'ft '" ^''"«''''' '"'^' 
 
 ^''^.e^£^!;^S:! -l^R'^V^;^ j.:f' ative l.i..nng in Ha 
 
 Wisely, therefore, the promote s of fhe^ Jaf J,'*^^' ,*^ ' .^"^^J^^' «f 'li f 
 into no fuller particulars Thlri) , ' ^'^'^'^""on of 1897 enl 
 
 given the first*ln£at on to Eu^op^of th^'-" "' ^° '^' Sloryoni 
 far to the northward of the i3 r ^'""*'"'=^ "^ a vast contl 
 Wisely, also, the palter, SftJaborceM''.'^ ^"'"'"''"^ ^" 
 ment to the nortA.as/ shores of fhir^^^n-^^'^l"'" '''""^'1 their 
 
 man to discover Canada ?has a ^rv"o"b ^' .^"""^ ""''' M 
 not to 1^ given to any one in partSu ar ^IP°'''°"<^J among J 
 Labrador, the Newfoundland and he Caoe Kr , ^'^"'' ^iscoverel 
 and fur traders opened up the S{ of St fir " '^T''*' ^'^H 
 of(;aspe; Cartier explored tLkve/l; ™^"<^^' '« the extreme J 
 
 havi,.gseenthemoutLoftheSagienay IhesT^^^^ '' ^".^^ '^°" 
 Champla.n ascended the Ottawt 7n!f^j;- '' . a""" and the Olll 
 
 Simcoe. Georgian Bay td Lake Omarfo'^'ve? ^^'^^ ^ipissing/f 
 regions west of Lake Superior. Cap ^ Cook an i" v^' '"'''"^'^ H 
 the north-west coast of Canada iSBritkh r , ^f^P'^""^" discoJ 
 Mackenzie's double laurels are that he fir t L?h ."'.k'"' /"'^ ^lexj 
 way of the river that bears his namlon J fi f^"^^'} ^^^ Arctic occa 
 overland through BriS North Tmejl'"'?^^^^^^ '"'n^''''''^' ^ 
 Hudson Bay and the Jesuit AlbaSl7 lam. I '''^".P^*^"' disco] 
 
 Arctic sea coast are placlnaLs Si' /re^h'^?lV *'^''" ^^ *'o"J 
 coverers of the vast regions wit h.v^.k v the ablets telling of thel 
 
 Cani'dl'"r " ''^^ ^^'«'S°a": h"' th"r<^ e^rtm*^ """''' "''^^ ''^ " ^ 'I 
 
 have been sueeesfed f i w^V. .u"^ /'^^'^"'^^ <^''^'''''-- Five derivn 
 ;• welcome "?uSed Ji^b'the gte^ ?'Te'"l„^°''' ^-^S.^meJ 
 from the Iroquois word CanaLmSnl''.T ^^^^ ^^''^^'l 
 being the word the Indians aoDl e/l ?^. f 1? ^ u-\ '^""^ction of huts, 
 ;sh wonl ^.««a^«, n^eSg .'^It is ioSn. t'h '""" ' i^^ ^^""^ '-^1 
 the Spaniards considered the country oMm^ ^^'^' ^"'^ indicating 
 of gold along the coasts anVsKrof he STh'^-^^ ^^" "' 
 Basque word meaning "canal " anT/rV/ ^"i' ^^^ "ver ; (4) fJ 
 a "narrow, constrictfd passage '' ^^^ ^'""^ ' Portuguese word meJ 
 
 The IWes ^!he' P "". '" ^^'' '^' g^^^'««' weight. 
 
 betwe:ntr;Ve'r%'ar^^Sardl''^^lhr^^^ ^ — 1 «^ 
 
 narrow passage between two wiSer bodiel of'^^'^'""' ^."^'a"« '^-'-'^ 
 Diamond, " Quebec " It i. nrnK/.T ! l *^a'"' at the foo^ o' I 
 nr^ r — ,-.,■ Y • -■ ^t IS probable, therefore tha* n.,-' j \» 
 
 •*"- r^^pcutivcly moian and Basniip fnr th^ , .xUcuuc and Gi 
 
 feature of the St. Lawrence rivSTetweLn ^^"'^thing-the dis.inl 
 the Indian name being apoliLd to ih^w ^"^^^^. "'^^ ^""^ 'he Lev sf 
 New France, then (2)1'n the run of tearf / ' n '^' '"^"""«' "^"^^ 
 andthen(3).byAclofImperalPate^^ and Lower Cal 
 
 ^orth America, ^ parliament, 1867, to the whole of BJ 
 
Canada. 
 
 ccand'fheBayofFundywiti 
 ly inforniation ahaut the w. 1 
 earners, etc. Since thai .l.-,,'! 
 
 vilh a tutal length .)f 207 11? 
 and transferred l,y sale or 
 
 I'lesofcaWeinCanada.inclJ 
 le inlet between Moodyvill,^ 
 Ih, ' 
 
 Lenisialive Building in HiV 
 discovered the north-easi ' 
 
 y to which belongs the honoi 
 "f '497, IS a subject of (i,s, 
 alwt celebration of iSq? m 
 e entitled to the glory of 
 e existence of a vast com 
 :overed by Columbus in 
 celebration limited their 
 nent. It took more than 
 to be portioned among nu 
 • •^"e Cabots discoverer 
 ipe Urelon coasts. Fisht 
 Lawrence to the extreme 
 Lawrence as far as Men 
 le bt. Maurice and the Oil 
 :overed Lake Nipissing, 
 
 Verendrye traversed th 
 
 ok and Vancouver disc, 
 
 in Columbia, and Alex 
 
 reached the Arctic oc. 
 
 ■St reached the Pacific ( 
 
 Sebastian Cabot disco 
 les Bay ; while all alon; 
 he taWets telling of thi 
 ic Circle which the " Li 
 I. 
 
 appears in" Z?r^/^^,.,V 
 
 is Cat-tier." Five deriv; 
 
 |uin word Canatats, ma 
 
 'f. ^"d'ans gave Cartitr 
 
 a collection of huts 
 
 :hief town J (3) from a V 
 
 g there," and indicatin.' 
 
 value as they saw no 
 
 gulf and river ; {4) ti. 
 
 I a 1 ortuguese word m« 
 
 weight. 
 
 liards call a narrow i : 
 iboriginal Indians ca]\ 
 water, at the foo"; of 
 )re, that Quebec and d- 
 same thing-the distinl 
 ;bec city and the Lev sf 
 id the mariners' nam. 
 Jpper and Lower Cad 
 007. to the whole of Bi 
 
 B'iKST Things in Canada. 
 
 o 
 H 
 
 "> 8 8 
 
 N t S N 
 
 
 ^§ 
 
 u^ M O O 
 f 1 Cf\ o o 
 "^ O — i/> 
 
 00 aocio o O O 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 n 
 
 "1 
 
 00 
 
 m 
 
 0000 
 vO O ■'i "< 
 
 C\ ^ Q yj 
 
 " 't N M 
 
 ^ 
 
 "^ o 
 
 00 
 
 ^00 000 
 
 10 f 
 
 o 
 
 vri 
 
 S- 
 
 t 
 
■m> 
 
 M 
 
 i^'KST tnmr.s jn Canada. 
 
 
 ■liM^I'ii 
 
 ! ,iii.Jl 
 
 " i 
 
 III'! 
 
 I '''(' 
 
 'M"(|i 
 
 f 
 
 'iM 
 
 
 Canadian Electrical Asfior- f Toronto, Ottawa,; 
 
 ine hrst convent on wa« hoMir "^ '-■^"adian Elertr.v a • 
 
 scientifics andnoin? V '^' -^"^"^'^^ both Som i'^'.^^^^^^'^'ion i, 
 
 Montreal anSfca. ''""^""°- ^'^^ '^-"Sin H^^.TorT *" 
 
 ^*nf<l'an Government Railways H r "^'"'"on. Toro, 
 
 selected Mr Kfn., u ^'"P"'^' Governmem fnll-? T' ?''° ""^ 
 
 1870-1871. Ballli °f , """' Commusioners. ' "">»• '~ B. Chandler jj 
 
 32 miles, Irjnsferrerf ,!!"?<!' ?'°"xl™ Wdges warred w I 
 „ purposes "*'"" "" »'"*». and AnnapoTJ^RliiJJ'"*" B'ai« 
 
 ■874. Can.dianCotrL'em'P.T'"'" ''"•'"■''"cy '""'"^ ''""« "^H 
 b*ee„ HalUa. S1..tJi-'„r,";Pl,«=^ i" May. Change „, ^. 
 
 'ur 
 
 $ 
 De 
 ith 
 
 , ;otii 
 
 fCap 
 
 liles 
 
 Rivi 
 
 ranc 
 
 [Carl 
 
 louni 
 
 Pic 
 
 Cars 
 
 Oxf( 
 
 Ace 
 
 sim 
 
 By 
 
 astei 
 
 functi 
 
 in 1st 
 
 Card 
 
 [em be 
 
 'hed 
 
 Intel 
 
 lesCl 
 
 Arra 
 
 the G 
 
 ent 1 
 
 jpossibi 
 
 [even a 
 
 |by I he 
 
 then p 
 
 [raent t 
 
 idian 
 
 jRoyal 
 
 |H. II. 
 
 Browni 
 
 Thoma 
 
 I general 
 
 Canadi 
 
 of Ton 
 
 first Pi 
 
 fromot 
 nowle 
 ical Se( 
 existeni 
 mining, 
 ceeding 
 173 nu 
 The Pi 
 which i 
 
 ilill 
 
 'LiU 
 
CANAbAi 
 
 's and more particularly ,og 
 ontreal, Toronto, Ottawa 
 
 I-'IRST tHINGS IN CaNADA. 
 
 i>S 
 
 AnI 
 
 7lh September, 1891, 21 per 
 
 ;e to arrange a basis ;forS 
 ^mmi tee reported and ? 
 
 r"mer.th''"«'"'= Assoc/:, 
 
 biect of ?.: '^P' "'^ Ass, 
 
 2 LJ, ""^ Association i 
 
 Jtn trom a commercial am 
 
 een held in Hamilton. Toro, 
 o5i5L7^' '"-,'^50. pressed, 
 
 11 r^;, 'St section was opei 
 ?4 miles completed from H 
 ^^WnmentofNewB. 
 
 lainJ<Vbruary,,863.byO„ 
 
 ernment, one by Canada, , 
 ajan Government anno n 
 
 ^rmme Provinces also'^C 
 Tient followed suit and 
 h March, ,864. begarwd 
 
 7, and the whole work 
 apartment at Ottawa, 
 events connected with 
 
 Jeming, Engineer in Chij 
 
 'K '""g^'- Commissiuni 
 Hon. h. B. Chandler J 
 
 Sf., Windsor Brancl 
 3l's Railway for opernt.i^ 
 
 ^reconstructed and callj 
 November, 1872 f 
 
 ^foperty of the DominiJ 
 ^1! ...aking Prince Jidwal 
 
 he Public Works Depaj 
 
 ^ay. Change of gau. 
 
 hole line of Intercolonial opened 1st July 
 
 ■$tSl!'istiug„s';r"^ ""^' ''' '""^^■' ^^- ^-"^ T'-x j^-'-y. 
 
 S'&TiSzg^ ''''''"'' '"'^^'"'''' "^'""^ "''^ "••"'^•-■^' head, 
 
 fecJyS^T^^l^^ax^p'-s^ - SS^ -p -- <- 
 
 raS (V^i&?J5etld':-^^ ^^ "^^'^^^ ^P'-'- ^-mouth (town) 
 
 wtStS OcSber^"^'^' "'"^ ^"'"-'-'^' ^-'-y by Order in 
 Pictou (town) branch (14 miles) completed. 
 
 Cars lighted with electricity and heated by steam. 
 
 Oxford Branch opened for traffic. 
 
 Accounts for maintenance and operation of Eastern Extension merged 
 similar accounts of the Intercolonial Railway, ist July 890 ^ 
 
 he deed was confirmed by Act of 1893, chap 6 ^^^ ^ 
 
 em holding It to bean axiom of true railway management that the largest 
 Tn a^J™:^^'?''?'^^"'^'^ '■-J^ '"•"'< line^like tiie I ercS 
 
 !by "he House^ Bur Z'^f'T'.l ^^''' arrangements were ratified 
 uy uie nouse. But the benate thrf>w n\it th» r;ii ti f 
 
 hen placed in the .Supply Bill a sum sufficSt o'le^ "by a^^e tSv^'ex S 
 
 S I^tl ate W P-P°sfd,-""gement to the Inte'rcXra"'"^"' 
 
 \M Charfer ITh Vn "i'"^ '"« ^""'T." '" '^^9 and incorporated by 
 
 H 11 Slv a^H f£^ h"'^'"' '^5'- T^he first President was the Hon. 
 
 n. 11. Mllaly, and the charter members were William E Lopan lohn S 
 
 Browne, Sandford Fleming, Fred F Pas^mnr^ T;,,,! x^? 'iv-,,- ' 
 
 mVnir"" J u- '^'^ "^" "'"cr sections devoted specially to geolopv and 
 
 I ceXl'sTn'AuS' \tStJl '''"' '"f''"'^ ^^^^ pu'bfihinrh'pro' 
 t7i n,T™ -^"f^st, 1852, and has up to the present (March, 1897) issued 
 173 numbers, ^orrning 30 volumes. It issues two concurrent serie -(1) 
 
 wJch tTdelSle?'''""F>f'^°'' P^" ^"d '^''stracts o? long pape 
 , Which It IS desirable to publish soon alter being read } and (a), at longer 
 
i i 
 
 '"'^^'^i. 
 
 26 
 
 J^'HST Things in Canada. 
 
 with all theieading"sde'S;'''°"'?'"'"e papers i„ A.n r, , 
 at this rate of any BrhtS 7^'^'^*='^*^ '" London, Fntr ,sss i.- 
 
 Ofl O U rt 
 
 :^ii 
 
 I ill:. 
 
 mi:: 
 
 ■W'lt 'If!! 
 
 ;(( r 
 
 iilHi'' 
 
 
 «• ; 2 : »^ '^ : « o _: M , „ „ ; ^ ^ 
 
 "sj S s o o* n n I;- 3- - °.. S, ° " O 8 
 
 . • bo 
 
 iiiiilliiiiifliii 
 
IN Canada. 
 
 ining pkpers in full, n g^,, 
 
 !" If"^/". Eng., ,888. f 
 - Confederation are stated 
 
 fiRst Things in Canada. 
 
 ii^ 
 
 2|C :p>o,p^ojs..^^ 
 
 
 -^^^pp^Q^^^ 
 
 I 
 
 . - ■ ."O . 
 ^ Cn T^ ir^ rt ,^ ..* ■ 
 
 Pacific Rtdlvray—Evohtdon of the C. P. A\ 
 bert Rene Cavelier de la Salle propounded a scheme for opening a 
 ly to China and Japan through the lake region of Canada. The 
 ads and village of Lachine. near Montreal, took their names from 
 
 lact that from that point La Salle set out on his journey 1670 
 
 essieurs Vaudreuil and Begon addressed the French Government in 
 k'our of extending explorations westward to the Pacific Ocean-the 
 .vernment of F ranee in the following year approving the plan 1716 
 
 ^T' -c r^^^''"^^'■"°'' projected an attempt to communicate with 
 le Pacific Ocean j» 
 
 . de Verendrye began his career' as* expior'er' in ' 173! ' "and 'pushed 
 estward m several directions establishing trading posts on Lake 
 Winnipeg, the Saskatchewan river and other points. His son under- 
 •ok more distant expeditions to the Far West ascending the Saskatche- 
 
 an and sighting mountains in the west in ,74^ 
 
 lexander McKenzie penetrated the Rockies in the *yVar' 1791" diV- 
 'ynrt^'^-^^' ^•^^'■' '''"'^ '■^^'^•^ed the Pacific Ocean in July . . .... 17911 
 
 (McKenzie proposed " to open and establish a commercial commun- 
 ;ation through the continent of North Ameaica, between the Atlan- 
 ic and Pacific Oceans. ) 
 >avid Thompson discovered the Columbia River, striking it at the 
 
 ^big liend and following it to its mouth f. 181 1 
 
 WcTaggart, a Scotch engineer connected with the construction of' the 
 .meau Canal, advocated water communication with the Pacific 
 •cean. He says : "the route should be from Lake Superior to Lake 
 IVinnipeg westerly, by the South Branch of the Saskatchewan to the 
 Rocky Mountains, then through Fleming's Notch from the Black 
 Mver into the North Branch of the Columbia River " . . . . 1829 
 
 Thomas Dalton, editor of the Toronto Patriot, used to be looked upon 
 IS a mere enthusiast because one of his favourite ideas, frequently 
 expressed was that much time would not elapse before the teas and 
 iilks of China and japan would be transported direct from the shores 
 )f the Pacific Ocean to Toronto, by canal, by river, by railway, and 
 
 all the way by steam ^ '' ,8,. 
 
 ;Sir Richard Bonnycastle, Lieut. -Colonel 'of' the 'RovaV Engi'nee'rs "and 
 Commandant of the militia of Canada West, in "Canada in 1846 "- 
 f book printed in 1846-says : "Two thousand miles of water-road 
 by the Ottawa, the St. Lawrence and the Welland have been opened 
 in 1S45, and future generations will see the white and bearded stranger 
 toiling over the rocky barriers that alone remain to repel his advances 
 between the great Superior and the Pacific. A new Simplon ; and a 
 peaceful Napoleonic mind will accomplish this. * * * Nay more 
 we shall yet place an iron belt from the Atlantic to the Pacific--a rail- 
 way from Halifax to Nootka Sound, and thus reach China in a 
 pleasant voyage. ' - 
 
 Ji'.I;n^;i" ^''^.^^'^Vl^ •• " H"e '(coast "of iB'rit'i;h' 'do^'mbiaT "a're ^ 
 presented a series of harbors unrivalled in quality and capacity, a" least 
 within the same limits, and here it is evident the future emborium of 
 the Pacific in West America will be found. And now that it has hs^n 
 sciticcuD) tne seiiiemenc of the Oregon boundary dispute) that this 
 magnificent strait and its series of hatbours belong to us. it' beconJe! 
 1Z\1'^'^'"'T 'hat we should, and quickly, open the best pos.sible and 
 shortest road to communicate with it." ,846 
 
 Leiil.fp "r^' '" ^^^ „^overnor's speech openi'ng the "N^Ca Scot'ian 
 Legislature, January, 1847, referring to the Intercolonial Railway, 
 

 
 ■•'^4^m 
 
 2S 
 
 *^'RSr tH,N0S m CANAbA. 
 
 12. 
 
 said "it Would —•"ri.un. 
 
 «;itish seaport fchn''^'''^ ^'^^^fic ocean Snd'^'""'^ P"'"^. 1 
 of irade, not of ou" own ' '" ^'^''^'^ « is now/or "h ','1 '^""^"'^^ '" i 
 extensive wheaMn^i" '^^■'""" Possessions Tlnn^' "'^^ ^^^t strca,^ 
 
 Canada, wrote • "Wh '*"' ^''^P'^r of Vol I r r ''' "^'""i^a. X 
 overland trip t<; th, r ^ ''^"u'^*'' '^at before , he I'.'J^fl'y °^ Low J" 
 
 bloo„,i„g islfs and Edet of r P''^^"^- anVXl'fu^ -'"^-^ -'^ 
 China and India .„ , ' '^e I'acific ^„ voyage thence to th, 
 
 "o. be fashi^S,e Jf"'^^ "'^ winter 'n St" iwT' ^°'' ^"^"pe . 
 '*>••»" is at tie partem tim. '"°^^ ^^-^"ent and S;";';""" ''r' '"'^^ 
 or TeneriflTe. When ,h^ I "I^^^^"^ ^"^ ^^P'es or PiK "l"'"''''''""^" 
 venture days, than l.n , c^°'^ ""^X be doJei-nfi'' ''"""' ^adei, 
 famous overland^ ^°°^ ^"^ '^'eorge Simos^n T' **'^^'<s. pera.r 
 ^hat -ute;a?„rS'LoT'^ -^/.our of h g^Tj '° ^.f ^ ^'' 
 sp'-'ng, but an ag^?e?L °"'^°".^"'^ '^e lions on the l- *^ ^"^ ^"^ '" 
 most, including !o^n,„ excursion during wiwl nf T ''°""^ i" 'he 
 and Berlin."^ «oppage at Delhi, Tobolsk fn J ^°" '"^"ths ai 
 ^3. ^^,^Jor Carmichael-Smyth -RE ••■• " v' • :.^r"'-"-P'e. Vienna 
 
 '•outes of the InterJ" P^-^IP'^'^' '^e^e isf map whF i?'°'' '"'""'e'y w h i"'< 
 fubsequent^^iSSS""'^^"^ "'^ C.pSSte'^'j'^P^wfc 
 the practicability of ." -7^" "^^^ 'he first talJ-T'"^^ ^i'** 'hose ^ 
 f-ct that on Mior SS 7^°"" "^^^^^ o^ean ' '^,f?-«"strate 
 leaves the 50th naralM f'^^^'-^-'^yth's man th? A ■ ^"^ ^ curious 
 «nd goes througr he Roi J.''^ l«'"e PoinT the actua T p^.^'^''^' 
 
 l;ec th'e adogn S.^I^'P"''^. ^«s a railway f om Srr "'"'^^ ^^^ 
 Quebec and Montreal • ih "''^'"8 ^'^^-^ conrnZirir '^'^'^ Q"'-' 
 i^ontreal and Lak^ fr ' "''' construction of n T ^"°" hetwecr, 
 French Riv"er (The Sau t"" S^ ""V^' ^"^^a f° ve^ &'T^- ^.^'^^'^'> 
 .^"«'ong); sleam to ieKk^''"^.'° ^^' overcoiJ;'^bv >'^^'"r"'' 
 ''ie Lake of the WonHc '^.?'""i"stiquia River -Tr,-.^ ^'*"'i' '^o 
 Winnipeg River rSeV r' '° "^^ head of the firs^^ 'h'"'' '« 
 i^'ver, at which poim h. , ^'"" "^ '''e "'outh of ihT'iT'^ ''^ 'he 
 
 |ti 
 
 ;s 
 
 ■el 
 
 let 
 
 lil 
 
 is' 
 
 |or 
 
 Id 
 
 th 
 
 ik 
 
 >a 
 
 iilu 
 
 i{ 
 
 Ivc 
 
 IUt( 
 
 Ian 
 
 ;gi 
 
 ike 
 
 ipe 
 
 mi 
 
 raclf 
 
 I me 
 
 |lace 
 
 lUg( 
 
 irm 
 lilw; 
 rail 
 
 %eli 
 
 ;|ime 
 
 Ichen 
 
 I * 
 
 fhis g 
 to adi 
 
 h' c 
 
 piittee 
 entert 
 .■>. Kcv. ] 
 Missic 
 tiicnt 1 
 
'N CANAbA. 
 fie ocean ""/!'""'-• period, 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 bific Oceans, we call upon the people of Great 
 Ijesty's Government to reflect that the best and 
 
 29 
 
 Britain and Her 
 
 fie ocean" Vn .'?'""'"' ^^'''oc'. C""'"'" ? ^' '.""=' ""'"'' ^o reneci mat tne hest and shortest link of 
 
 IZI\^!''^, 'o conduct („ 'Wnmunicat.on-the great link required to unite all her dominions in 
 
 possession." The London 
 
 ■•cts of central North AnS^^^ ,_. ,.., ^, 
 
 for'?tbJ^'^^°'y of Low, «'_^_^^,^''f^''^°7•■'»^er's River well desert kept in view, bu't 
 
 me powerful chain- is now in her own ^„_....... ,.,, ^„„„„n 
 
 J.;/mrr/ March 17th, 1849, with gr.at faith in the enterprise of the 
 
 people of British North America, said : "The project of a railway 
 
 efore the ;;;/";'"/>' °- Lo«, «!'" \^^''f^/ to Eraser's River well deserves to be kept in view, but 
 
 Wa and ' '^^ "'-'"'"O- ao'V'wM '''I '^^^Tt- 'u '^''^"'^ '''■''" ^^' ^^'^ "'"'her country.". ,849 
 
 • ^ ^""^ ""y'-'ge thence to thl..'^; ]X'.'o" ^"''^•.^- ^'^''"^^ published a book in London, Eng.. ^^ 
 
 "■ " il'itled " Britain Redeemed and Can.id.1 Prpepr„»ri " a. L^A* 
 
 - uone in fewer week* ^^ li 
 
 'ionstlKrho^''^^^^''' 
 ? ^' ^°"«'antinopIe, Vienna 
 
 loi 
 
 ititled " Britain Redeemed and Can.ida Preserved." As a meanslo 
 ese ends thoy proposed a railway from Halifax to Quebec, thence to 
 ■etch out to Jort Langley on Eraser River by a line that on the 
 letch-map appears as straight as the crow flies, seemingly in sublime 
 Iskea^"'^^ ^° ^ Mountain barriers, great lakes and capacious 
 
 |on. Joseph Howe at a public meetin'g'in" Halifax, 'isth July,'i8si''^^° 
 Id : I believe that many in this room will live to hear the whistle 
 the steam engine in the passes of the Rocky Mountains, and to 
 ike he journey from Halifax to the Pacific in five or six days." i8«l 
 la Whitney, one of the fathers of the United States' inter-oceanic 
 ilway system, read a paper before the Royal Geographical .Society 
 I i»Sl, in which he refers favorably to Major Carmichael-Smyth's 
 
 vn^nr^7 nf nn intAi-.n/'«oni'/> mil...... j _._. .1 . .. « •'.. . 
 
 ';j;°'J;;n''open'je"tter' 
 
 ^'dealimr n^>f "■ .^'^^e" '""'ii^M^^^f^ui lu *"'«{;-°«^p[': rail way.' and s\lirs\harthe mo's't Sble 
 
 „,„""*>' "'ost minutely withW"'^ '^ ^^^^ through British territory ,o„ 
 
 dt^' r' '?'^ proposed*^? MacDonell, of Toronto presented a petition and' a" Biil to" ihe ^ 
 
 eTj^T'''^^ "^i^^^^os, W^^^^ for the incorporation of the 
 
 ■ ••eal eftort to demonstrate t"^' IT''°!J'''^ Pacific Railway Company. He read a valuable 
 
 ■nper before the Railway Committee and afterwards published it as a 
 mphlet. The incorporators named in this, the first Canadian 
 Railway Bill were Alan MacDonell, Angus D. McDonell, 
 ames McGiIl Strachan and Joseph D. Ridout. The capital was 
 llaced at /^i,poo,ooo currency, in shares of £23 currency The 
 uuge was 5 feet 6 inches ; and the incorporators asked for aid in the 
 irm of a belt of land of the width of thirty miles on each side of the 
 Uway. The Railway committee said in their report that they 
 reluctantly report against the Bill on the ground that the claims of 
 e Indian tribes had first to be adjusted. * * * At the same 
 me your Committee feel bound to state their impression that the 
 •heme ought not to be regarded as visionary or impracticable. 
 Your Committee are strongly inclined to believe that 
 is great work will at some future day (should this continent continue 
 [<) advance as heretofore in prosperity and population) be undertaken 
 by Great Britain and the United States. ^ • ♦ i Your Com 
 ^ ittee indulge the hope that the Imperial Government wil' ' •» led to 
 ntertain the subject as one of national importance. " igt . 
 
 ^ev. J. C. Nicholay, in a letter to Mr. Gladstone in iSss, ■proposed a 
 
 enZP ^fT ^Z^'^''"'^ S°'"'"^'- ^J"^"ed Asa VVhitney^s state 
 .ent before the Royal Geographical Society, and endorsed its accuracy 
 
 r)^ °^" observations i8ci 
 
 ' a great effect upoV \k^ W" '^54 Hon. John Young, of Montreal, pre^-entedVlo the LegiskVure 
 
 ' - • • - I^ifi" R 'm^ P^'i^"'" ^'""'"K ^Pl ^ "^^'^^^ ''y 'he name of the I^ortnern 
 
 acific Railway Company, with power to construct and maintain a 
 ne of railw.iy from Montreal by the way of Bytown (Ottawa) and 
 ^he Valley of the Ottawa River to the western boundary of the Pro 
 nnce of Canada, with the further right to construct and maintain, 
 
 n to ocean " i. 
 Tian rhl J^ ^^ ^ cur ous 
 ^ap the projected C.P.R 
 ' the actual C P R w 
 
 •y pass so many years aS 
 
 ^ Which he broached the 
 on a large scale for con 
 ent, somewhat after Mr 
 ^ay from Halifax ,0 Que 
 communication between 
 UVLr-^l^Ml^etwe"" 
 
 ''^t^tiiffe-; 
 
 , When f„,,;jej^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 •askatchewan that were 
 Kockies to the Padfic 
 
 ;%^'^^«/a'of[he7,h 
 Pacihc Railway, said 
 
 •;nedtoall the^outes 
 "een the Atlantic and 
 

 mill 
 
 ■il 
 
 ihi^!pii(|i 
 
 
 ' 
 
 iiu 
 
 iliijiiii 
 
 I ! : I - :;l 
 
 30 
 
 F'RST Tnmos ,n Canada. 
 
 ■ House of'SmS^n'tS nt'sin 'l!^ ''^''''' ' ^^^-e' ihe' En. 
 Grand Trunk Railw^^sSd -f/"' "^ C^"«'^a. andfcident of-; 
 
 of British cJlumbil" Xed to" th '""^^r^" ^"''"^' Bi^'fo^nding'the Colo 
 
 R,L n ° ■^'- Lawrence." Mr Rn«^ harbours of Vancouver w 
 Russell spoke in favour of the r.L ''"x';''' ^'s<=0""' Bury and In 
 have been laid before Lord T ?.^^ ^'- Roebuck sad "'P; 
 S £ '=°"''-" "- that'^dCct :„"7'>^ ? -"way con,pS;| 
 
 chain frc ^/fttlantTtr tK'r 't "^'p-P' '«^ '"an .^SJ 
 ^«- ffiSrt^rS^-ofthe'B^^^^ and i„dtS 
 
 West T?anspo"altNrvS.^°^,S"R^'^ '-orpora-ted- ihe-NoV.^ 
 and7v°er!' ^° r"^^^"'^^ 'S of^ailwrvreL'^^^^P'''"^' ^hich w 
 dnn rivers, so as to provide facilit.W.^ between nav gable lak, 
 
 29. Tat?ri'°'- '« Phaser's rS"''' '°' '^^"^P"'' ^''O'" 'hf sior f! 
 y- james Anderson, writing tn tu ii 
 
 Geoprs-!'- i "' °" '^^ occasion of fh^ - • 
 
 |e c 
 le 
 lie 
 iric 
 Gi 
 
 Ihe 
 
 tl 
 
 id' 
 
 CO 
 
 ifai 
 
 ifer 
 
 lis, 
 
 tnn 
 
 llso 
 
 ields 
 
 !olu 
 
 eni 
 
 idvoi 
 
 Sand 
 
 tinuo 
 
 eet 
 
 heC 
 
 ;he t' 
 
 itten 
 
 >am[ 
 
 ied t 
 
 [Rivei 
 
 itions 
 
 lappoi 
 
 prepa 
 
 Red! 
 
 Gene 
 
 to the 
 
 Minis 
 
 ¥\em 
 
 m the S 
 
 In 18 
 
 sentai 
 
 upon 
 
 vince: 
 
 the? 
 
IN Canada. 
 
 fse acress the St. Mary's R,v 
 >'ving in Canada 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 31 
 
 rs 
 
 and 
 
 his evidence before" "the Encl 
 ren^wTr'°'y'".'^57,saidT 
 'f" "^'' ?ee, a railway whollv 
 'the Pacific Oceans.'^ ^ 
 
 ;ea upon the British C - - 
 
 3n of the railway °!^^""'1t"*^J" t^e possession of Great Britain! andthere will 
 
 hing upon the Red River Settlement, crossing the prairies to the 
 
 nul ion Pass (where we know that the inclination is so moderate 
 
 nature has placed no insurmountable obstacles to the construe- 
 
 of a railway) till it reaches the gold-bearing Colony of British 
 
 umbia, creating fresh centres of civilization, and consolidating 
 
 Itish feeling and interest. iSw 
 
 ivernor Stevens, of Minnesota, before' a" Committee of the State 
 gislature, said : " The most desirable route to the Pacific will be 
 
 . . . ma >n the possession of Great Britain, and there will be the place 
 
 )f Canada, and President nV M ^ ^''5^' inter-oceanic railway. " ^ .gg^ 
 
 ' project were set afloat forcarJfcf ".^" Rattray M.D., in a book published by him in 1861. writes : 
 1 believe it is conceded that t JP ah°' r su ^ t'^^s- American railway and telegraph to connect 
 ernment extends has the nJT ^"''"^"=.^'.th the Pacific is a project intimately connected with 
 
 "'* commercial interests of both the Colonies and of Great Britain 
 
 ■\^e the Bill founding'the Coio J5! n°,!!!f!^I■"^ ^"i!"^''' are weighty. The tea, silks and other valu- 
 
 "'wav as " that grelt viadu° M • ^ u '' 7 ^*""" and Eastern Asia, find their way to Europe by 
 
 ' •• ^" -' •nous channels-over land through Siberia j by sea round the Cape 
 
 Good Hope, or by the Isthmus of Suez. A Euphrates Valley rail- 
 
 y is also projected. All of these have their advantages and dangers. 
 
 e Cape route is tedious and the cargoes are liable to suffer, espedally 
 
 the double passage through the tropics. The Suez route is quicker 
 
 d will be facilitated by the DeLessep's Canal now in progress, but 
 
 considerable part of the voyage is inter-tropical and therefore 
 
 favourable. The Siberian route is shut to all but Russia. Some 
 
 ter, more rapid and cheaper route is, therefore, much required, and 
 
 IS, steam conimunicasion between China and British Columbia, in 
 
 nnection with a trans- American railway, will supply." Dr. Rattrav 
 
 Iso pointed out that •*-" • * ■- • .. ixaiii.iy 
 
 way as 
 e harbours of Vancouver w 
 
 Mr' RoT".' Bury and L, 
 JWr. Koebuck said • " pi,, 
 r carrying a railway com pie i 
 ^unication would be^S 
 r by way of Halifax. TWs t 
 ^nt of which would unite e' 
 
 858 in promoting a scheme, 
 y, of a railway from Ilalif; 
 
 convey letters and passeni 
 le calculated that the jourm' 
 J^ons speech introducing i 
 
 J3mentini858, Her"Majesi 
 Jas assented, for the eMabhsl 
 '""' ^^s urgently required 
 
 , , . , . . the trans-American railway would have coal 
 
 elds m close proximity both at the Nova Scolian and the British 
 
 .olumbian terminal points .eg, 
 
 enry Yule Hind, in his " Overland Route to" British" c"olu"mbi'a," 
 
 Ivocated the construction of the railway ,862 
 
 andford Fleming, in a pamphlet published in 1862,'said":"*' A 'co"n"- 
 
 inuous line of railway, with electric telegraph, is better calculated to 
 
 neet the permanent wants of this country, and serve the interests of 
 
 he Colonial Empire, than any othei- means of communication between 
 
 ^ . -r~^ ... a„ .nnroKemJlllZ °"^"^- . C?"- /amp. 584. (Mr. Fleming tells me that his 
 
 \^ loyal and induSoS^'SV^l- k'u"^^^^ 
 
 '"• " "«"s^""^apamphlef, which he read soon after its publication and became satis- 
 
 ■p- V 1^'^" "^""^ feasible). The next year the people of the Red 
 River Valley at a meeting held in Red River settlement passed resolu- 
 tions in support of an inter-oceanic railway in British territory and 
 appointed Sandford Fleming to represent their interests. Mr. Flemine 
 prepared a statement which, with the memorial of the people of the 
 Ked River Settlement he submitted by special request to the Governor- 
 tnTpR-^-Kr^ "''''• «"^ then proceeding to England submitted it 
 Mllv:!, •.?°''l'"'"^1'' ^^^ ^"''^"f Newcastle then being Colonial 
 
 Minister, with whom Mr. Fleming had several in..r„i«^c Mr 
 
 goW in that district. & 
 ny on the Pacific may be 1„ 
 ss by which Her Majes 
 
 ^[y be peopled in an unlio 
 
 la incorporated the Nortf 
 "Iway Company, which wa; 
 
 y between 
 
 navigable lake 
 
 ansport from the shores 
 
 >al GaseUe, October, i8v' 
 
 at length pointed to a r,H 
 
 "r jjominions, having i, 
 
 ^ne prospectus of h 
 
 presentation of the Rov.j 
 Burton and Palliser, 2 jrf 
 e to lock forward t^ U 
 t, commencing from N..v,l 
 passing through Cana.iaf 
 
 .h!Te^-^ memorial is an mteresting document, and is to be found ii 
 
 r ^^""'"ns' 1 apefb of 1063 i^o. S3) j 
 
 In 1862, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the House "of Re"p"re 
 
 in 
 1862-3 
 
 sentatives in the Congress of the°United" St'a'tes" Ve^porteTrfavouK 
 IfnZt P'-^r' '^^' ^^^ annexation of the Bri.ish North American Pro- 
 T.vt ■ were twe ve fundamental Articles in this overture to 
 
 the I rovinces, one of which was that the United States would aid the 
 

 ■V- 
 
 
 : li 
 
 llPfll i 
 
 
 
 ih 
 
 ^M nim il 
 
 ill I i :i i 
 
 mmmill \ 
 
 wm^ 
 
 i» 
 
 f''«-ST THm,. :^ Canada. 
 
 construction of « •, ^^''^• 
 
 J"ch /uaraTt'erofsttk'S"'^^-^ SenS^i pL^'^"""^ ^ ^^ 
 
 7f, r u*^"^'^^"'ee of stock h;7 . ^ aivulends of c nprt '*> '^ 
 36. In the debates on r^ r^ "°' ^''ceed $^o oon\^ ^x ""'•' P^ov, 
 
 f"". by his effom »,!,'" ""merous new<ii aL ^? . ^eographil 
 mind of BriUsh r' f'T^'^ P"''J''c attenS?„T' "'"='es. #addin1 
 J;thet,a„s"Sn^£^lt;ie/et 
 
 The British Colu,n Jn , ^^^ * ^""^ '/«« ««« i^h^ !^ constructi(- 
 Inlet, in reco^nitrr^^ f u- ^^g's'ature voted h; "^ '^'"'"s of Uni(ji 
 
 39. A. J.' RussXroJe f"' "r'"'»'"/effofts in"". V!)^" ^'"'^ ^^ B 
 command for7K„ ^ P^niphlet in whirh u '^^'^ "'^ '''e railwi 
 
 .. ?nd shorfe'strJllf .P"'.P°?« both of Si^.^^^^ •• '' VVe (Ca„:.J 
 
 Id 
 [p 
 
 ef' 
 
 an 
 
 ep! 
 
 \Ca 
 
 I 
 
 WmaTdlorT' " P^"'PhleT"in"K"h '" ^^'^«'^ "^ 'he r";,-,;^*] 
 
 4rBri,,sh Columbian dde;;;: ^ '"'er-oceani, 
 
 (Sir John Macdonald P ^' Proposed, and the f). " • •- i^ 
 
 way connecting^^e i^,,7;,'"'^^| T«d to the cons7;"'??^ ^°^«^"'"^" 
 Union pact ..f. "^ ^^^'fic and tSe Atlantic Ocean" '°" °^ « ""l 
 
 n=l unduly p?i"l i '•"'l' ■"",'' »"* »Wr n •''^ ^l"""" Mnds, , 
 
 aiyision, was to ex\JnTr ^'^ision, to be r.u a V^"adian ai.d 
 
 called "Duluth'' frn 't"'" Montrea o ihe'^uc^^ 'he "Ottawa' 
 thirri «< o , "'"» irom the " c„ » '"e"Soo'"(K„ 
 
 ™rd "Saskatchewan » f, r, ^"° to Pemhinn • ' t^'"^ secon.i, 
 'o the Rockies and %/°?'^^'"bina by Jwfr '^ ^"'"'h; the 
 "orth of latitude 4?^ xt ^""^''^ " ColumbL -' ^"11 'l^ ^'^"'^"'"n 
 mem, and a ioinf p^ "^"^^ "'^s to be a hn i "'^ Pacific Coat 
 
 intra 
 larle 
 ;phe 
 , irtoi 
 [the 
 ian 
 
 OF ] 
 
 L-T 
 Jgislji 
 It sug 
 a ur 
 iJerte 
 
 NET 
 
 tast 
 
 liy, 1 
 
IN Canada. 
 
 ova s.„,- V ^"'^^ "^""^^s '^' Canada. „ 
 
 ova bcotia to the St r S ^^ 
 
 « public „e„ of b;;,;-.'!,-;,-*"'"^'"'"''™ '"J tlang?,o,i5 illness of Sr r^L' &15 ,j " " 
 
 1,^ Do.;i„io„GVv.V„-;»P^".P""r."='"'>'"' *.• k: «X, R B."S r [j'lT 
 ^sources of th;DSgfc/;h:'2^^fl^^«[f "^S"^' ^'^^^ '" "- ^o the Pacific 
 
mil 
 
 iimm i 
 
 I'll ^■i'i''ii 'I I 
 
 34 
 
 P'R^T THmr.s m Canada. 
 
 on 
 >sti 
 1 
 sti 
 
 KNfWNEER— << Sir Al 
 
 day of ^T"*" !*' '"**"'•'«-' 'M-m the iS^^ '''Pi-' W)., 
 
 Rockies' '■'••■ L^" ^ '^ P""le(l the firs. & '""."'"'"■^ = ' ^'■' 
 
 tkEIGHT Tr^in-F" f • ' ''"^"i. loth Itj 
 
 over the C. P ip u..' f^'S^^^ ^iiain (19 cars) „f fl„.„ /•._ „. „ >| 
 1888. 
 
 Iv 
 
 the Pacific eVa thf. r n d ^^^ ^'^^ernor-General nf /- 
 
 Ha, iKlv^llTtr'i"'.'?''""' ^o mifes. '' L^"«J°vvne crossed li,, 
 . t'le c. 1 . K. cars first entered Hal.f a- 
 
 H-t stone o^the fi^:^::,^:!,>:' J""- 3rd, >: 
 
 .1 
 |ol 
 i-T 
 
 J SI 
 
 INC 
 t 
 
 » 
 
 A 
 
 ten- 
 |\va 
 
 IME 
 
 inec 
 
 iGR, 
 
 Ha 
 
 icda 
 
 IN. 
 
 intn 
 :gr/ 
 
 :;:" *•» tf.evation is 60 
 
 Rimouski Augu ,"3' S' f'oj" China and r.pn „,, .^^ ^ ,, | 
 
 cted 
 [h. I 
 |an : 
 
 jreat 
 fwale 
 
 coml 
 
 ilwai 
 all-1 
 [As a 
 
 Grea 
 |d Car 
 leii coi 
 I the r£ 
 
 ener 
 
is IN Canada. 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 35 
 
 oveml 
 
 p.issentjer 
 
 nm 
 
 br 
 
 tie first 
 l)ai(itu't 
 
 I'resiilent of the 
 !)>' the Oiieen in 
 
 -l.K. w.is (Jeorge Stephen, who 
 i»»6, and .1 haron, title Mount- 
 
 enzie inscribed in hrge lettn 
 he rocks of the Pacific ocean 
 
 Ihe Kocl<y Afounlains : ' On , 
 e first locomotive engine n 
 ^-^'chael.Smj.i, in il^ "^^'-n ' -T 
 
 "'^^^ihe RockkH via IhrC ,,W;"'T<;'i-'> ".,... „,..,.,,..,,„ ,n ,.v.o, an.) a haron, title Mount- 
 .884, n.nety.one years, nln "P'" "V'^' T' '," ''"V'}'^'"' "f 'he Imperial character ,f h s serv ces 
 not he town, but-the ock "■",' "V^'i, '^^'''"K ^l''"-*"* "f 'he enterprise. He was ucieede 1 n. 
 -^ M'ntster of i^i'l^^ic.;^^,;^!::^^^^';,^^^ C. Van Morne (now sir William, u'n. K.C.t.r,.",; 
 
 AV r<ETi'rRNs-The C.l'.R. first appears i„ the Returns „,a,le hvthe 
 
 $20 iffSc n'nl .'i 'hemtlease 229 miles. The earnings for ,896 
 •t>20, 1 75,385, and the mileage 6,2ri>;. ^ 
 
 LiNE-The short line across Maine to New Brunswick, l.uilt for the 
 .K., was examined and approved hvthe Stitf. r>f vi,;„„ r- • 
 nlipr i8s« T, '^' , y ' '^ '^ "' *'3'"'i ^"Jn'missioners. 
 
 ol.er, 1888. It was opened for traffic, June 2n(l, 1889. 
 
 I he first sod of the C.l'.R. main line was turned May 2nd 1881 • the 
 ^^spike was driven by .Sir Donald Sn.ith, in the Rockies Nove'Xr' 7th! 
 
 .•(i Sim -The first sailing ship from Japan, consi.'ne.l to the C P U 
 teasjas the ship /F. B. Flu., whicMrri^'ed at'pon Moody; July 
 
 fe^c^s^' ;/^n5i^;:rAr;;^:;: S:^>£m;;er.^f ^ "'^^^'- '« 
 
 ,GRAI'HIC OKFICF.-The first telegraphic ofTice o the C. PR system 
 Hahfa., was opened January „th, 1890. on the birth-day of .S?r j^^'n 
 
 iNAi STATiON-The terminal station of the C.P.R, on Windsor street 
 ureal, was opene.i for passenger traffic, February 4 h " ^'"^'""^ ■^"^*^e'' 
 
 n^N H ^I'oltf V'^'^ C.P kSelegrapi, system ^ptnedan^oftice in St 
 in, N.B., 29lh January. 1889. The Maridme Provinces we^ thus for 
 
 [tern wi^rth'pSc'co TT "t^''""' '^y «"^ contin'u^undeg'rpS 
 I a"C!c aid VS"; oTea;;'" '""'"^^" electric connection b^tw'een 
 
 TJ^m^^^nr '"' ''""-"' "-^ ""'''""-' --' '^'-/- - 
 
 [water highway, 
 -jombined water and rail way. 
 ilway from the western shore of Lake .Superior 
 all-rai way from Montreal to the Straits of (Jeoreia 
 
 ^one million of dollars";;, 
 o^he Letters Patent, ,6th l! 
 
 6 cars) of wheal from Mani-i 
 :ember, 1885 "lani.i 
 
 ,9cars)offlourfromSt. PauK 
 >'e. Marte into Canada, gth jj 
 
 ithat passed over the entirei 
 ean, was freighted with S 
 nt, trans erre<I from Ouebe 
 consigned to British Colu, , 
 'a sugar refi„ed in Halif^r. 
 y four thousand miles in one. 
 
 manager of the C. P 
 
 ■nor-General of Canada to J 
 Stanley of Preston. August i 
 Govern '''^"'^>' ^^ ^^eston 
 ^ra Lansdowne crossed bef«] 
 
 ?e'firc,^''?>''J""^3rd,,i 
 ^e first railway bridge c<J 
 ^nce was laid March ,8ihj 
 
 ^"jer the St. Lawrence the! 
 ^hme bridge has a lengtil 
 "'ater, which flows under ill 
 
 rne, were granted 16th 1\ 
 
 a and Japan ma the C. p 1 
 ;her of letters carried betw 
 
 96 was 229,738; of nej 
 ous matter 73.558 
 
 n advocacy of the inter-q 
 
 ,>vas published in London 
 
 len 
 
 3rd, it n,as built bv Cnna la ^ < ne ' It wU ,, ^/^f .^'''f'^'" 
 
 Pfi hv ...„„;.. 1. 1.„' _ "' 7-"^ 'twas at fir;,i in have 
 
 le rate of a few miles a year ; 2nd, 
 
 constructed by convict labor, at th 
 
 ^» , - -J >----"><^.i laijiii, ill ine rate of a tew i 
 »in for Winnipeg left vlM/n'' ^^'^ So miles a year ; and 3rd, in ten or twel 
 i" ^ 'en -vJMe energetic management of thpm^r;i.J,of ,i , 
 
 ve years. Under 
 
 lergetic managemem of the inco;pJr;^;;;nd m!^ iSSe, liS 
 
nil, Ji:!, i!l nil i: 
 
 ^'^'^T T.r.Nos ,N Canada. 
 
 v-anals -The hrst cnnals in Cana.h L ^^ ^■' •'*• ^"'"Pany l.,.,0.9 
 
 Coleau Rapids -were S ]„ '":; 'r'"','"'^' '^^ ^'^^''". ^'as .»7 
 enlarge,! in .804 and 1817 ?n, '779 and hnishe.l in 1781 »P' 
 /"K accmuK in SL^^,Z' 1"'' '""'"^ al.andone.i in ,84/ is, t, 
 -.com,...sed orfortS;/'T;r,l' '?°> ''^e canal sys,e':-T 
 ' '^7; (3),he Kideau KiJe^;^nI^:>^K'"^^'• '-awrence ; (2 ,>«• 
 
 « TheLachine Canal, i^n'in ,82, n, ,• """ 
 
 T, in I82I, opened in 182?. 
 
 1X45 l< _o -* 
 
 I. 
 
 (^) Ijeaiih.-' mois 
 
 U) Cornwivil 
 
 i'^) Williamsburg: 
 
 Farran's Point " 
 
 Rapid Plat " 
 
 Galops •< 
 
 («) Weliand 
 
 <( 
 
 
 1842 
 '«34 
 
 1844 
 1844 
 1844 
 1824 
 
 (I 
 II 
 II 
 
 '845. 
 1843. 
 
 '847. 
 1847. 
 1846. 
 1829. 
 
 I'eRun in ,840. completed /843. 
 
 1826 II -oL-' 
 
 i< 
 
 II 
 
 1826 
 
 1826 
 I819 
 
 '873 
 
 (f^irst enlargement of the Weliand l.«„ ^^ o " '829. 
 ;^nd en,.gement Leg. in ^XSe^^S?;'!;?^?-, 
 
 , -St. Clal ChSel " '• '".?"" '" '8^5. opened in 1832. 
 Murray Bay Canal « 'fSS " ,8^2, 
 
 Trent River Navigation " .» 1889, 
 
 (a) Ste Anne's Lock, 
 W Carillon Canal 
 
 M ri!^."'''.'"??'''" '871-92.) 
 (f) Chute i\ Blondeau 
 (ff) Greiiville Canal 
 
 Navigation, for i? consists of h T^ f""- ''^'''>' '^"^ ^'deau and ( 
 tinuo ,,.g^^,„^ chSnner'TtZrr T"'^ '"^ "'^^ '"'<' 
 May, 1832 a steamer passed hm.mh r "^'^^i'^gun ") 1826 and on 
 
 ^ ^ chaSK; s '^^r '" iitr °p-^ ^-849. 
 
 ' Tfet aSenrSilfS-^^'f'^^ ^^S' -'' enlarged ,8. 
 200 feet by 45 feet to ±"1^74 "iHes in length, and iS^^ 
 war . on the sills. ^ '^'^ ^V ^' «"'! with from 9 feet to z 
 
 H ;f^- T^g -^^^iSty 1^1:? %P^-^ or the Beau,. 
 H^eheu and Lake Cha.pla^ zi^Ss f 'Sin^g^^.r,,?; 
 
 1^4'"" h1;pSgr'Zt?ch'¥;;^, Jf"-'' ^anal has carried 4^ . 
 United States.; ^ ""^ 22,744,707 tons were Canadian, aS t^^ 
 
 '833. 
 
 1832. 
 1833. 
 
 1876. 
 
 .IN 
 
 «tl 
 
 ?•><■ 
 
 efei 
 'u'l; 
 lu 
 pv. 
 Irv 
 bbi 
 
 £ 
 
 isl 
 
 ir 
 
 [do 
 
 tas 
 
 :au 
 
 >ra 
 
 R( 
 :hi£ 
 
 wa 
 
 !fiC 
 
 viz 
 
 m 
 
 ;hii 
 
 tin: 
 
 idal 
 
 !7. 
 first 
 
 ladis 
 
 'his 
 
 for 
 
 [plan 
 
 a 
 
 fides < 
 
 itlem 
 
 ;t m 
 
 ight I 
 
 tich, t 
 T, jui 
 icher' 
 
'•'i IN Canada. 
 
 t'iRsr Thincs in Canaoa. 
 
 3? 
 
 in 1 82 1, opened in 182?. 
 ^^^' " 1845. 
 
 1842 
 '«34 
 
 1844 
 1844 
 
 '844 
 1824 
 
 '843. 
 
 '847. 
 1847. 
 1846. 
 1829. 
 
 12 Vcl " 
 
 twih hA"nTy*''*" •'»"'' "'r# "^"»1 cost ol the canals o( Canada u, juih June, iS<)6 was 
 wth he C. PR. Company 1„.,§^5.522. .«f which $20,692,244 was spent hcforl- C.nfedi ration 
 
 ere^^l,?n . "'f '•''' '" '78'- i[hf''!} <-«;''-'^""'«^"' '-^ ,'" ^-"larKe the canals to a n.inimuu. .le ,tl 3 ,6 
 ere al,andone<l m 184s. (S, , '• ^■" through, as speedily as pussible. ' 
 
 '^' p?°-* .''hecanalsysten, -TSiK. MARIB-This canal was surveyed in 1797. Harmon in hi. 
 r ^u'^^ ^'- '"''wrence ; (2) ,| '">'l- ""'^^ date '• Saull Sie. Marie, May joih, iSoo " sivs '• Tr. . .h 
 (4) the Richelieu and I^ke < '"»»' ^est Company have l.uill locks ,0 take up iJa.S canoes '■ 
 
 HINK t anal— The first vessel passed lhrout;h in 1825. 
 LINi.roN Hay Canal opened by Lieut. -tiovernor, isl July. 1S26 It 
 » the occasion of the (.rsl public celebration to commemorate the open- 
 J©f any public work in Upper Canada. ' 
 
 Ji^Ni> Canal-First sod turned joih November, 1824, I'V (ieoree 
 !tfer. hrst vessel through Irom Lake Ontario to Lake Erie was the 
 \te ^Jane, November 30th, 1830. '"^ 
 
 u Canal-The first stone of the Rideau Canal Locks at Ottawa (then 
 ^v.^), w^ laid by Capt. Franklin, the celebrated Arctic explorer 
 irwards b^ John) August i6th. .827. The Montreal G J. of 
 .ber 23, 1827, quoting from the Montreal //,ra/J, gives an extract 
 u .^.'h" .'J'r'K'" .'J:' correspondent at the Rideau Canal, dated 
 St I6th . I have this evening to communicate to you one of the 
 important events that ever occurred in the Canadas-an event wh ch 
 doubtless orm an era in the history of this country for ages to come 
 fas no less than the depositing of the first stone of the locks of the 
 sau Canal, iresterday evening at a late hour, Capt. Franklin, the 
 .rated traveller, arrived at the fieadquarters of the detachment o he 
 Regiment, now doing duty here. Colonel By decided upon welcom 
 his enterprising traveller to the regions „f '. ,spiiality and civilizition 
 
 Sho '.h"""''/''"l''ir ^l' 'r'"" ""' '■ ^"" ' undertaking oSSl? 
 flcial to the continent he had spen. .ong time and labor in explor 
 
 VIZ. : the laying the hrst stone of the locks of the Rideau Canal ^ * 
 
 morning all was bustle to get ,oady. At 4 o'clock a.m., the stone. 
 
 ;hi.ig above I X ions, was brought tu its bed, when the Captain gave 
 
 final knock to the stone m due form." Earl Dalhousie laid^the 
 
 idation stone of the lowest lock of the Rideau Canal, 29th September 
 
 first steamer to pass through from Bytown to Kingston, 29th May! 
 2. The canal was transferred by the Imperial Government to the 
 ladmn authorities, January, 1857. '="H"cni 10 me 
 
 egiin in 1841, and complr 
 completed in 1883 to 
 
 1887, opened in 1891;. 
 tern : ^-' 
 
 1825, opened in 1832. 
 '^55 " ,872 
 
 1882 « llll- 
 
 '840. completed (843. 
 
 1826 
 
 1826 
 1819 
 
 1873 
 
 1833. 
 
 1832. 
 '833. 
 
 1876. 
 
 roperly the Rideau and t 
 
 •sionofthe (wo rivers into 
 w;as begun u, ,826 and on 
 
 cl in 1849. 
 ■'843. 
 ed 1869, and enlarged 187^ 
 
 his canal was bun by Oolonii By, R.E., after whom Ottawa City 
 *1 Bytown. 'Tis said that Colonel By preparec' 
 
 I for some years called uyiown. 1 ,s said that Colonel By ureuarec' 
 Iplans, went to (Quebec to lay them before the Covernor-Cenerirwhu 
 ^' ir^/° l'".i^"xi."K-r5 L'J^LL^-S ^'^^ P'-.«. -.d we will discuss 
 
 in length ^.^^V^'; .after dinner '•m;;^ti;elJe.;Xdl^e^S;:;n:;SS 
 and with from 9 feet to .-t!*'', '^^w. By, bring out your plans." "Excuse ,ne7' sa "d robne 
 m, 'the plans are uii\ ate. and ih.>rf. U »»;ii ., „..„.i L • . "'""^ 
 
 i the place of the Beauhn 
 au Rivers Canals 29 nnl 
 les. making m all riS 1 
 
 ^nd Canal has carried 4- i 
 s were Canadian, anr? 25,? 
 
 m>, the plans are private, and there is still a gentleman in the room 
 
 hiules ourselves" "Oh." said His E.Kcellency, "he's an officer anTa 
 
 Iteman; that's a. right." The plans were produced and dTscussed 
 
 fchtT.TF/''' °'^''f. ^nd gentleman " posted off to Byton^, and 
 light the Flats— now called, after him. ,h<> I » H-'-n t^>-~ -". u 
 
 Pr ;.Sl!L';°T!?^'i^l^"''..^y»'^°P''^*=^ ^^'^ canal should run into the 
 er just below the Chaud.ere Falls. Colonel By, on discovering he 
 achery, swore a great suldier-like oath that Le Breton should Sot mak! 
 
limiUm 
 
 in 
 
 f III f; 
 
 111 ! • I' 
 I 
 
 38 
 
 F'Rsr Things m Canada. 
 
 a stiver out uf his uun-h-i..,. 1 
 
 ;n an opposite dirJction'S ;>',),';'''">'' V"'""' 'he course u 
 Kiver, on the lower >^jde ,n ^1 """"k''' the "Decn Cm '' . , 
 Corn wAl...f anal. i-jr'.'V'"''^ '^'"«". ' '" " ' 
 
 P-test!n"g'tabs" £" ' ^^'"'^ "-'e':: ly^^.^^S wS'" '° ^' 
 makin.r n c, ""^ annexat on. Mr r/, t-"^" ^as sent (u 
 
 enrti'.hes''^"^ •'''"""'' "" 'heocuaion ^^"'"f.i^'-'^sented the; 
 
 their public spiritll nrt ,' •''5"P'ecl their offer and" in 1 
 
 mniv. .!,„„ .u.- ,■ "/ '^<"ct these passed rnrr...,. • X °'* '"^ 
 value-ihe hve s^/k flf; "?' '" Canada t, 
 
 ime 
 
 wh 
 
 uUl 
 
 
'S IN Canada. 
 
 .•^"'"'"'S'v'urned the course of 
 thiough the "Deer. (•„,'', L 
 nent Bluff ' ^"' '" "i 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 39 
 
 irica, conceived the idea of paying the men in bills to be redeemed 
 then the ship came in," and as he had nothing else that would belter 
 ough, ^)^it Highlander iKao ™n's. Purpose he took playing cards cut into four quarters, stamped 
 'S through from Bay of Onit, f*^ . ^" impression in wax of a crowned /gwr de /is, wrote on them 
 August isth, iSHg. The Ti**!"' ? ^^' '''l^ ^'f^ I'i^'",,''^".^'' ^^ '^^ ^^^'^ °f 'he Treasury and the 
 'eet deep. ^ •'"'^ * '.ntendant. As de Meulles had promised to redeem them in metal 
 
 «coiia in 1763. In ... , ,/;f [^^"cy, they were popularly known as /apier aux metaux-'' Paper 
 Scotia, that as the inhah'/ ''? ""^'^ behind it." ^ 
 
 >' held other than ]icenses'S^ri^''l''J^''''"^ was withd^n as soon as the money came from the 
 M, ,K„. .u_ *^^o'"clBtench .reasury. M. de Champigny, successor of de Meulles, issued 
 
 m again in November i6ih, 1690, and each year after they were used 
 the temporary purpose till 1700, when they ceased to be issued. They 
 ire renewed in 1708, and abolished in I7i7and coins used. Commercial 
 isiderations seeming to justify their use, an ordinance of the Kinc 
 irch 2nd, 1729, ordered the making of card money, and specified the 
 icautions to lje taken. After that the issue went on at an accelerating 
 ;etill October, 1759, when the capitulation of Quebec and subsequent 
 ents put an end to their issue after an existence of nearly seventy years 
 .Paper money was first issued in Acadia in 1708, the Governor issuing 
 I because he had seen it done in Canada." Paper money was sometimes 
 iorted to in Ontario for specific purposes. Thus in 1842, there was a 
 lall local circulation in Toronto and in Kingston, caused by the respec- 
 e corporations issuing one an<l two dollar bills payable one year after 
 ^te with interest, for effecting local improvements. Thirty-six private 
 Wividualsand trading firms issued paper money during the years i8^7-?8 
 [he value was chiefly from one to sixty sous, with a few bills of larcer 
 fenominations. ^ 
 
 is—First official census of Canada was taken in 1665. It was not a 
 irmidable undertaking, the population numbering only 3,2Si 
 IS -First taken in P. E. Island, 1798. Population, 4,372. ' 
 IS— hirst complete census taken in Nova Scotia, 181 7. Population, 
 i,35i- There were previous census takings, more or less imperfect, in 
 770 and previous years. 
 
 us— First complete census taken in New Brunswick, 1824. Population 
 4,170. ^ ^ ' 
 
 IS of the Dominion-The first census of the Dominion of Canada was 
 
 ken m 187 1. The population of what now forms the Dominion was 
 
 ;,63S,024 m 1871; 4,324,810 in 1881, and 4,833,239 in 1891. The 
 
 irban population of Canada in 1871 was i8-8 per cc. ». of the whole ; in 
 
 V ^'7 P^^ ';<--"i.,,and in 1891, 288 per cent. The males in 1801 
 
 lonuk.Tnn""^ 'f^'* ?"V^'i""''!f •."'372-768. 4,185,877 of the total 
 )opulation were born in Canada, and 647,362 in other countries. British- 
 )orn constituted 967 per cent, of the whole population. The religions of 
 the people were: Roman Catholic, 1,992.017; Methodists, 847,76?; 
 Presbyterians, 755,326; Anrlicans, 646,059; Baptists, 302,565; othe^ 
 lenominations, 289,507. The single persons of both sexes numbered 
 .053,392, or 63-8 per cent.; the married, 1,588,055, or 32.85 per cent., 
 .nd the widowed, 191,792, or 3.9? per cent. Over three fifths were 
 Jungle, nearly on^e-third married, and not quite one-twentieth widowed. 
 
 lu,lT "■"''? ^'^'"''"Vt """" '''^^ '■'■^'^*= bachelof.s, and 330,628 women who 
 were spinsters. About 40 per cent, of the men of marriageable age were 
 unmarried in 1891, and about the same in 1881. About 367 per cent 
 of he women 20 ye.irs old and over were unmarried in 1891, and about 
 ^7 I per cent, in 1881. ' 
 
 82o"wV^'"'^' ^"^"'e i' 
 
 nment U,? " ^""^ "-e-annexci 
 nment (August 15th). !„ i,i 
 
 he laws ofNova Scotia tori 
 -.erousjy signed was'stnu.-' 
 
 ■f",t,.r.,- r'^^' ^ petition wl 
 
 .h?isri"''^'^^'°"«'i'"tioi 
 
 the Island was not entitled td. 
 ^ W. E. Gladstone. Cape li\ 
 
 ' ^''^ "^"'^'^'nclinCanadJ 
 :«■• Taschereau, on whom th| 
 
 nival in Montreal was held 
 
 ''jlf.'fj'^hi region, 8th Jt,]v.i 
 cartridge Factory in (V 
 ' Cou.,cil, Septe,fiber cj, 
 da.No, Troop Mounu.,1 
 
 : ;heir offer and in reco J 
 'hem permission to beanf 
 
 between 1685 and 17,- 
 
 all 
 
 -c lal coins of five sols 
 
 passing for six sols, eiVht 
 '-ntouhe troops hWS 
 
 a. lenioneyclidnotan 
 n, and often much jati- 
 ''^'"g in Councils, .SeiY'it- 
 ;;' "f Justice, Po/ice JnJ 
 'tn<-r countries in Freicl 
 
m 
 
 ''III i' 
 
 ''Ill ! 
 
 iil iiiiiill I! 
 
 1^' I i;:! ill lU 
 
 tip:r,:n|!i! 
 
 ^•RST Things ,n Canada. 
 '*'°?/»4oo others in 1881 Tho . ^ ' , ^'^5^,S?i personq * 
 
 J«ath rate in 1891 was 7. wo "'^ ''.^P'-oductive age we e mo '» * 
 was 283 per thousand of\h P" '^"^^"d of the livTnT %T'' ^ 
 14-80 and the b?r h Ja-e ^. 5 P^P"'^"""- In 188 th" H.^l" ' *^^ 
 
 bered Sep r^- o "' y years old could wrii<. 'ru /^ years oldyih 
 anH o ^55.555. of which 81 per cent «, % ^^^ dwelling hou.P 
 anri 3 per cent, of stone Th» ^^""^ °^ "'ood, le per cem ' 
 
 house wa^ c-g Vu: "^ average numbc of inl; u- "'' ^' 
 
 ^^ smallest, ^^-6 '' ^''^ ^ ^ '° '^'^^ f^-^ily. The N iv^TerwIT' 
 Cheesp Q-L i-k • . '• *». lerritoriL's 
 
 foothill, oP,fte Koc"Sl'i'^-,tt";'?"'^'" ''"'■'-.■son ,1,- 
 
 gl^^r^. ^^P^oinS'i^u'gust 'iVef-^l^'f J"«''-' olgSeS waTj 
 J^iliam Osgoode, appo!S ed fuit' rL^^P'/ "^^^"^^a (King?! 
 Ludlow, appointed November-' ,7^L/^Vr,°^ ^^^ Brunswifk '' 
 a^pB;dTur;"!i?P'rl^"' '77° of te,f^-/ ifn. 
 
 ?.?^t^C-h2ff 5^ S^^^CSeT fte\^-'^ C^-n ;.. 
 .rt Chief Justice ofCanada was VVBk,Vh*''^J'' ^PP«'n»ed ,'859 
 
 Chines°?ZS7n^in W "^"f "'^^'^ '« -^^•"ine into the n . 
 members conTpo ng T ^r""^"- ^-^^ ^PP^in'ed 4'^ ?u J S 
 
 Chinese Immigration Act t««. r- "' 
 
 ShS;s,^^"r''°-"""'™S 
 
 -t. nunc rc'SidciUs, as well a<! Prr,..^ " " ^"""^riesattendpH 1 
 «ates. Mayor Dcsjardins ".fv" TtS 'aSSS '^'V^"- t^'.h 
 
 •^utne address of welcome. Thm 
 
 I 
 
 Isb 
 
 indi 
 
 Enj 
 
 foi 
 
 it n 
 
 :on; 
 
 ithe 
 
 I'rt 
 
 >rar) 
 
 or: 
 
 lurch 
 
 'terii 
 
 fpeai 
 
 176 
 
 of' 
 
 >nal : 
 
 Nov 
 
 ne ir 
 
 inted 
 
 le R( 
 
 resby 
 
^s IN Canada. 
 
 »9i, and 2,258,572 person.: 
 PPorted in iXg/^^fe 
 ' were 88-88 per cent 
 
 First Things in CANAbA. 
 
 41 
 
 86-I6 
 
 world there are about 47,000 circles, and 300,000 members The 
 [.ng of ,897 was held in San Francisco, U. S. A., 101717 
 
 nH» f- '''="^- Just i\^, •''' ^j'"'^'' ^'''^"^^ ^""^^^^^ '" Canada, was built by the llueuenot 
 
 nder 21 years of age. In ,&^""''''" '^,^' "" ^" ''^'""^ '" Passamaquoddy Bay, New li unswick 
 iZfT7 ^S^ ^-^e marM"PP°'''"g.P'''-^«\"e living trees. The firu WVn CaThX cTurch 
 housand of the living. The "f ^^ ^'°''l' .^^!, I'"'" '" ^ort Royal, in .608. The firs Roman 
 ulat,on. In z88i the death £°i'^,^^"^^^'" g^^^f' Z''- '^^' "^ ^otre Dame de la vSre 
 fil^P'^^'^ent. of the people o,'ff'",^'S- The ^'st church in Ontario was built by the Mohawk; 
 66 5 per cent, to write. 80 •*** ''•'" P'^^^'^^U''^ communion service presented to the tribe bv Ouln 
 s old co,,d ^Hte. Over % ^(^1'" {,^'?V ^^' J^''' 1'''^:,''^'^'' "^ ''^^ divine offic rcco'rdTng to 
 I over 24 per cent, of childVe S gn t r- f^"*^' '" '^' ^^'^''^''" ^°^'d' ^'^^ held ^n Newfoundland 
 ent. from 10 to 19 years nn!.'^""'P^^^>' Gilbert, on August 4th, 1583, in the Harbour of St Inw' 
 'd write. The dwelS ho "S 'TV^u' \'' P^^'^'-'^ation and' declaring hat SeSurch 0/ Fn?' 
 • were of wood, ,5 perfem !? '^p'^-^^ '^^ """P*^'^ ^^"g'°"« settlement. When Nova ScotS 
 
 'sTflE;;rv8?""'^ 
 
 »'y The'N^^V^IeSS 
 
 t"d1r1t"'''^"'''^""g°"'''el 
 ?/ . ^ ^^ason of 1888 I 
 n Manuoba and 30 creame 
 ere 19 creameries, of which 
 
 ekht'^)?hl'"/f' """• ^" f 
 ^hLm' ^.'^'^'^Just'ce of Nov 
 
 ^hiefjustice of Quebec, was! 
 
 ? 92 i^*;,'; m"^'"^^^ (King? 
 1792 , of New Brunswick, ^ 
 ; of Prmce Edward Islana 
 'l^IJ'?f'-. Alexander 
 Island, Davjd Cameron, ad 
 kiS^^"' ^'pointed Iss^ 
 • Kichards, appointed 8th 0,1 
 
 ion to examine into the queJ 
 > appomted 4th July, X,^ 
 " were Hon. . i'. 'S 
 f'^"^°!,'he Judges of the S 
 ^ ^'^'^ 'he evidence, was 
 ■ ^- Davjn was the 
 
 its kind in Canada impose,: 
 
 "he tax, and also (by an,, 
 y person not of Chnese,; 
 .adaheidat Hamilton K 
 '^"j„J^^''nS by the po,;., , 
 
 "^- aiicuuntnes, attended 
 ^Pened their houses to ,h 
 ddress of welcome. Th- 
 
 St'Cli. 
 
 B*erord vJa<: h^M '.--', "-"••^r -""■^" "'^^"g'^n" service 01 wjiich there 
 |,fecord was held in the Garrison church, at Annapolis, October loth 
 !o. Rev. John Harrison, the Military Chaplain, bdng the official 
 
 ^^■T?^ J" ^749 two clergymen of^hecLrch of EnVandwerS 
 
 with the first body of English settlers who founded Halifax The firs 
 
 rch in connection w. , this denomination (outside of the Garrison 
 
 irch in Annapo' , Christians in Canada, was St. Paul's HaE 
 
 erected in • , -o and still used, rhe first'in Quebec w^ l[ Ber' h , I 
 
 t by theSeit ... '^uthbert n 1786. Rev Dr Deslislf =, rhnV/L r 
 
 Jand clergyman, was brought out from EngiaS'bfth?f:'w cfurchmen 
 
 Jed in Montreal in 1776, in which year he commenced the first reSte" 
 
 his congregation. The services were held in the Recolle 's chlS^' 
 
 le. for the purpose. For 20 years the Protestant congregatbn St 
 
 .1. as U was called, worshipped in the Recollefs chapd at hours when 
 
 chapel was not required for mass. The first Episcopal conference of 
 
 inda ions of J^t Pauls church for adherents of the Established Church 
 England, in Halifax, and before that edifice was complS thev 3 
 
 rJf, ,1. ^'^'^'*" of the United States) formed the nucleus of a 
 rary, (he present hbrary of St. Matthew's church as it i" now Lued 
 
 
 # 
 
I ' 
 
 U,i 
 
 ^^ First tniNGs in Canada. 
 
 celebration of which took place March i2lh, 1886, thouuh it was H 
 more the centenary of the first ITesbyterian servic; than of tlTe c 
 edifice, which was opened for public worship in ngz. ] 
 
 The oldest Baptist church in Cana.la is in Sackville, New BrunsJ 
 , It was bu.lt in ,763, the year in which Acadia and New irance b I 
 permanent possessions of ihe British Crown. Governor Law.ence off 
 
 fn°V.fri'T'^^''''''i" ■^''''"'^ I^aris (.763), issued a procTamaiionl 
 ing full re igious and civil liberty to all who desired to become residej 
 >.ova hcotia in which Province the present Province of New BrunJ 
 
 a. of thVnffr'"''- ^ •^rP'"^" °^ ''^P''^'* "f Massachusetts took adl 
 In J f\' "^^"^ '° Tantramar (as Sackville was at that time caj 
 ana secured a arge grant of land. This was the beginning of the b] 
 denommation in the Maritime Provinces ^ ^ 
 
 The first Lutheran church in Canada was built in Halifax in 1761 
 n ihl T "'"^!^."'=^; J^,9 fi-'sf in Upper Canada was the Lutheran ch 
 n ?, J ?f ^'§ °^ ^ illiamsburgh, County of Dundas. It was dedJ 
 Alba^^New YoJt.'"'" "" ^^-""^^ Schewerdfeger. who came' 
 
 vilJ'^'N b' n'^"*^ Th'^r'? '" n'^'' i^ "°^ ^^"^'^^ ^'' t-^il' in ^ 
 o Hav P,v T^" K ^ r'f.'7 P"^^"° ^^« ^^^-c'^'l "«" the south , 
 ?L, Lf^ Township of Adolphustown. It was begun in the spril 
 
 /,oS u v'}''^'^ '""'y '" '^'-' ^"•"'"" "f 'he «->.me year. The co 
 ;{:io8, Halifax currency. William Losee, the first regular M^.hl 
 
 rSi''/" "PP^"; ^^"^^^' ^'-^^ '"^^ P^«'°^ -"d in hisThu ch th 
 regular class meeting was organized. Near by the first camp rSee it 
 ihehrst Methodist church built in Halifax, N.S., was in 1 
 
 held. 
 
 ( J!?^,^^"'"'°^ '^9' '^^^^"^ '•'^^ 'here were 10,480 church edific 
 Canada— an increase of 1,828 over 18S1 Tn Sn, rT 
 
 Sr'c^h'lp^'r'^f ' 'I'' '^-a7cath;iic.'^764 KeZ^^^^^^ 
 
 clenomina ion^' "ciaH°'H^''P'"^^K' ^"u' '^' ^"^^'^^'^ belongLgTo' 
 
 t o^rrrfor^v: y 4 rp"son""'?he°R"' '°;°°°K°f- 4 •"''^^"' 
 has a chnrrh fr,r „!Ik ^ ^^ person,. The Roman Catholic denomin 
 
 p,. Ch.,lM Incli,, who Sd .° "'„i'??; '.'-S -ff-f -'' ?«]>' 
 
First tniNos in Canada. 4^ 
 
 I established, its jurisdiction being conterminous with the then boundaries of 
 Canada West. Its (irst Hishop was Right Rev. Ur. John Strachan. Dur- 
 ing the past 60 years Ujiper Canada (Ontario) has been divided Into five 
 Sees; Toronto, 1839 ; Huron, 1857 ; Ontario, 1861; Algoma, 1873; 
 Niagara 1875 ; and Ottawa, 1896. New Brunswick became a See 
 independent of ^ova Scotia in 1845, Right Rev, Dr. John Medley beinc 
 appointed Its first Bishop. Montreal became an independent See in i8qo 
 and was placed under charge of Bishop Fulford. Prince E:dward Island 
 remains attached to Nova Scotia as an Archdeaconry. In 1840 Rucert's 
 Land received its first Bishop, Right Rev. Dr. Anderson. It has been 
 divided into the See of Moosunee, 1872 ; Saskatchewan, 1874 ; Mackenzie 
 Ki er, 1874; ^u Appelle, 1884 ; and Athabaska, 1884. In 1859 British 
 ( olumbia received its first Bishop, Right Rev. Dr. Hills. In 1879 it was 
 divided into two Sees: New Westminster, Right Rev. Dr. Sillitoe, Bishop ; 
 and Caledonia, Right Rev. Dr. Ridley, Bishop. The first Anj/lican 
 c ergyman who ministered in Upper Canada was Rev. Dr. John Stuart a 
 Lnited Empire Loyalist of Virginian birth, who arrived in 1786. With 
 useph Brant he translated the Prayer-Book into' the Mohawk language. 
 In i8i7 the first Bible and Prayer-Book Society was e.stablished. in 1818 
 the Society was divided into two, one becoming a Bible Society which was 
 
 L' ,"'''5'"n? J^^. ^^'P^' ^^"'^^'^ ^^''''e Society. In 1841 a Church of 
 hngland Tract Society was formed in Toronto, and in the same year a 
 Theological College m Cobourg, afterwards merged in Trinity College. 
 Ihe Church Society o( the Diocese of Toronto was incorporated in 1842. 
 and merged m the Synod of the Diocese in 1870. In 1851 Bishop Strachan 
 invited lay delegates from the various parishes to meet w,th the clergy and 
 discuss matters relating to the common welfare of the Church, thuo inau- 
 guiating a memorable change in the constitution, which, after successive 
 years of successful showing became, in 1857, under Act of the Legislature, 
 a legally Constituted Church of England Synod, the first election taking 
 place m 1858. The Bishops were for the first time e/eciei by votes of 
 clergy and laity in 1857. As late as 1857, Bishops had to go to England 
 lor consecration ; since that date they have been consecrated in Canada. 
 Ihe Bishop of Ontario was the last (1862) to receive Imperial Letters 
 I atent of appointment after election. The Church Woman's Mission Aid 
 Society was formed in 1878 ; the Church of England Temperance Society 
 and the Girls F..endly Society in 1882. The first Church Congress was 
 r u'",J^'"''^°"' J""^ 7th, 1883, and the second in 1884. The Societv 
 of '.he White Cross Army was founded in 1886. The Church of England 
 jubilee for Ontario was celebrated in Toronto in November, 1889, beinc 
 (he 50th anniversary of the first Bishop of Upper Canada. In September, ' 
 1S93. the General Synod ol the Church in the Dominion was formed in 
 Toronto, and the Metropolitans of Canada and Rupert's Land were made 
 Archbishops, the former Provincial Synods maintaining their autonomy. 
 The first Archbishops were Right Rev. Dr. Lewis and Right Rev. Dr. 
 Machray. " 
 
 The census of 2891 gave the Anglican Church in Canada 546.0^9 
 adherents. By provinces these were distributed :— t>.^ 
 
 I'.ritiph Colun.bia. . . . 23,619 New Brunswick .... 4i.oqi: 
 
 5J"'?""!;« • •. • •. 30,852 Nova Scotia eLio 
 
 N. W . Territories. . . 13,008 Prince Edward I'd. . 6646 
 0"'"'o 385.999 Quebec 75,'472 
 
 I 
 
 i- 
 
tiammmm 
 
 44 
 
 flRST tniNGS In CANAbA. 
 
 tl' i 
 
 I 'iIm 
 
 ' ! i 
 
 ililj 
 
 ■J I 
 
 ill. 
 
 !# 
 
 Clturch Annals— Methodist— constitutional history of Canadian Methodisij 
 
 Methodism introduced into Newfoundland lyi 
 
 Nova Scotia for the first time finds a place on the Minutes of John 
 
 Wesley's Conference 17I 
 
 First meeting of Ministers of Eastern Provinces for conferential pur- 
 poses 1 71 
 
 Nova Scotian Methodism under charge of the New York Conference.. . 171 
 Methodism introduced into Upper Canada by the Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church 1 7i| 
 
 First Class meeting organized in St. John, N. B., 28th September i]i 
 
 First Class-meeting organized in Prince Edward Island lyJ 
 
 Relations with the United States severed and British North America 
 Methodism placed under the British Conference as a missionary annex, lyi 
 
 Methodism introduced into Lower Canada 17J 
 
 Wesleyan Methodism introduced into Lower Canada isj 
 
 Missionary Society organized in Montreal iS 
 
 First Session of the Upper Canada Conference of the Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church i8:j 
 
 Amicable separation of the Upper Canada Conference of the Methodist 
 
 Episcopal Church from the parent body in the United States iSJ 
 
 Beginning o*" the work of the Primitive Methodist Church in Canada . . . iSj 
 Beginning of the work of the Bible Christians in Prince Edward Island 
 
 and Upper Canada iSJ 
 
 Union between the Wesleyan Conference in England and the larger 
 
 part of the Methodist Episcopal Conference of Upper Canada iSj 
 
 New Connection Methodist Church introduced in^to Canada iSj 
 
 Union of the Western Conference in Canada and the parent body of 
 
 England severed iSj 
 
 Union reformed and continued till 1S74 iS 
 
 Primitive Methodist Conference organized in Canada i8j 
 
 Lower Canada Wesleyan Missionary District united with Wesleyan 
 
 Methodist Church of Canada , 18 
 
 Organization of Wesleyan Conference (affiliated to the British Con- 
 ference) under the name of the Conference of Eastern British 
 
 America 18 
 
 Methodism introduced into British Columbia 18 
 
 Union of Wesleyan Methodist Church of Canada, the Wesleyan Metho- 
 dist Church of Eastern British North America and the New Connec- 
 tion Methodist Church of Canada, forming the Wesleyan Methodist 
 
 Church of Canada , ijj 
 
 Union of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Primitive Methodist 
 Church and the Bible Christians with the Methodist Church of 
 
 Canada, September 5th ij 
 
 British Columbia Methodist Conference held its first session May nth. . 18 
 The census of 1891 gave the number of Methodists in Canada as 839,81! 
 of Bible Christians, 7,183, and others 76;. These were distributed 
 provinces :- 
 
 British Columbia. . . . 14,298 
 
 Manitoba .... 28,437 
 
 N. W. Territories. . . 7,932 
 
 Ontario 65^.993 ^ ^^,^^-r 
 
 Church Annals— Presbyterian— In 1750-52 a Protestant Dissenters' 
 ing house was built in Halifax by the Imperial Authorities, and for 
 
 New Brunswick.... 35,494 
 
 Nova Scotia 54>i97 
 
 Prince Edward I'd. . 13.W6 
 
 Quebec 39,544 
 
 me 
 
First Tumns in Canada. 
 
 4S 
 
 years it was a joint Presbyterian and Congregational Church. Rev. Aaron 
 Cleveland, a Congregational Minister from Connecticut, conducted the 
 services for a time. The Presbyterians became the dominant force and 
 the Protestant Dissenters' meeting house ultimately became St. Matthew's 
 church in connection with the Church of Scotland. 
 
 Col. Alexander McNutt, a north of Ireland Presbyterian, having secured 
 grants of land in the township of Onslow, attracted to the district immi- 
 grants who were chiefly Presbyterians. The population increased and in 
 1764 decided to have a Minister. Application was made to the Presbytery 
 of New Brunswick, in the Province of New Jersey, and, in response, Rev. 
 John Lyon was sent late in 1764, lieing the first Presbyterian Minister to 
 " wag his pow in a pulpit " in Nova Scotia, or in any part of Canada as it 
 is to-day. 
 
 The first ordination of a Presbyterian Minister in the Dominion took 
 place in the Halifax Protestant Dissenters' meeting house on the 3rd July, 
 1770- The ceremony was performed by two Congregational and two 
 Presbyterian Ministers. The candidate was ordained as Pastor of the 
 Dutch Calvinistic Presbyterian congregation of Lunenburg. His name was 
 Bruin Romcas Comingoe. His congregation was a Huguenot colony. 
 
 In 1786 the the first Presbytery in Nova Scotia was formed at Truro. 
 In 1795 the Presbytery of Pictou was foimed. 
 
 In 1817 the first Synod was formed at Truro, by a union of the Presby- 
 teries of Truro (7 ministers), Pictou (8), and Halifax (4). At the same 
 time the united body assumed the name of the Presbyterian Church of 
 Nova Scotia. Burghers, Antiburghers a.id Established Church joining 
 together. In 1820 a Presbytery was formed in New Brunswick, in connec- 
 tion with the Synod of Nova Scotia, and in 1821 the Presbytery of Prince 
 Edward Island in connection with Nova Scotia was formed. 
 
 In the other Provinces the planting of Presbyterianism began by the 
 organization of a Presbyterian congregation in Quebec city, in 1759, 
 immediately after the capitulation. Its first pastor (1765) was Rev. George 
 Henry. He was a Minister of the Church of Scotland, had been a military 
 chaplain, and was present at the capture of Quebec. The congregation 
 met for worship in an apartment of the fesuits College till 1807. 
 
 The first Presbyterian Minister of Montreal was Rev. John Bethune, 
 1786. He held the first Presbyterian service in Montreal on 12th March, 
 1786, and removed from there after a year to Glengarry, becoming the first 
 Presbyterian Minister in Upper Canada. The church in Montreal was 
 connected with the Presbytery of Albany, till 1793, when the Presbytery 
 of Montreal was fcjrmed as the first Presbytery in Upper and Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 In 1831 a .Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Upper and Lower 
 Canada in connection with the Church of Scotland, was organized with 19 
 members on the roll. The united Presbytery organized as the United 
 Synod of Upper Canada. 
 
 In 1832 the Presbytery of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Nova 
 Scotia and New Brunswick organized. 
 
 In 1833 the Presbytery of Niagara was formed. It consisted of ministers 
 from the United States. The Presbytery of New Brunswick and of Nova 
 
 Scotia, in connection with the Church of Seulland, was organized in the 
 same year. 
 
 In 1834 a missionary Presbytery of the Secession Church was organized 
 for the Canadas. " 
 
 
I ;■ 
 
 46 First Things in Canada. 
 
 In 1835 the Presbytery of New Brunswicl' 'ganized as a Synod. 
 ■ In 1836 the Presl)ytery of S'amford, of the Associate Church of nI 
 JNorth America, had its being. 
 
 In 1840 the Synod of 1831 was united with the United Synod of r 
 Canada. ^ 
 
 In 1844 came the disruption of the Church of .Scotland, (he sc. 
 Ministers organizing the Synod of the Free Presbyterian Church, I 
 Canada and Nova Scotia, that of New Brunswick being in 1845. 
 
 In 1847 union was effected between the Associate Secession Syn( . 
 the Relief Senate, forming the Synod of the United Presbyterian Ch 
 
 In i860 came the union of the Synod of Nova .Scotia and the Svii^ 
 Free Church of Nova .Scotia, under the name of the Synod of the 'Prej 
 terian Church of the Lower Provinces of British North America. 'k 
 
 In 1861 the union of the Free and the United Presbyterians of Can! 
 became an accomplisned fact ; the united bodies taking the name ofl 
 Canada Presbyterian Church. i 
 
 In 1866 the Synod of New Brunswick (Free Church) united withl 
 Synod ot the Lower Provinces, 
 
 T«^"i'^t^ '^^^^ ^^^ organization of the Presbytery of Manitoba,!, 
 Black, first Presbyterian Minister in the North-We^t Territories ari 
 at the Red River in 1851). ' 
 
 In 1870 fir-st General Assembly of the Canada Presbyterian Chd 
 met June 7th- i6th. , 
 
 On June 15th, 1875, general union of the Presbyterian bodies througl 
 the Dominion was consummated, the name adopted beine " The Vm 
 terian Church in Canada." *' 
 
 The census of 1891 gave the Presbyterians 755,326 adherents in Can 
 distributed by provinces : — 
 
 British Columbia 15,284 
 
 Manitoba 40,001 
 
 N. W. Territories. . . 12,507 
 
 Ontario 453.147 
 
 Church Annals— Roman Catholic 
 
 New Brunswick .... 40,639 
 
 Nova Scotia 108,952 
 
 Prince Edward I'd. . 33,162 
 
 Quebec 52,673 
 
 -The Jesuits came to Port Royal 
 
 (1 
 
 .Scotia) in 161 1, and began to christianize the Indians of Acadia.' 
 
 The R^collets, the first teaching order of the church to arrive in Ci 
 came to Quebec in May, 161 5. 
 
 The Jesuits arrived at Quebec in 1625, left in 1629 on the canturi 
 Quebec, and returned in 1632. 
 
 The Ursulines arrived at Quebec, August, 1639, and the Hospital 
 in Montreal in August, 1639. 
 
 The Sulpicians arrived in Montreal, July 29th, 1657. 
 
 On July 5th, 1658, Canada was made a Vicariate Apostolic. 
 
 Mgr. Francois de Laval was consecrated Vicar Apostolic of New I'l 
 and Bishop of Petr^e, December 8th, 1658. He landed in Quebec, 
 l6th, 1659. ^ 
 
 Di jese of Quebec founded October isl, 1674, and Mgr. Laval be 
 first Bishop. His diocese comprehended all the French possessio 
 North America. 
 
 Chapter of (,)uebec, formed November 6th, 1684. (The last Sewii 
 this Chapter was held December 3rd, 1772,) 
 
 In 1760 three grand Vicars were chosen to administer ecclc^m 
 aflrairs. M. Joseph Perrault, for Three Rivers ; M. Elienne de Mont '■ 
 for Montreal ; and M. Jean O. Briand, for Quebec. 
 
^NADA. 
 
 :V 'ganized as a Synod, 
 the Associate Church of N'l 
 
 ith the United Synod of Uj 
 
 hurch of Scotland, the seo 
 Presbyterian Church, Iioi 
 iswick iieing in 1845. 
 \ssociate Secession Synod 
 ; United Presbyterian Civ 
 Nova Scotia and the Syiml 
 ie of the Synod of the Pn 
 itish North America, 
 nited Presbyterians of ( . 
 )odies taking the name ,1 
 
 Free Church) united will 
 
 Vesbytery of Manitoba, ; 
 'forth-West Territories, ;ii 
 
 Canada Presbyterian (h 
 
 Presbyterian bodies throura 
 adopted being " The Prei 
 
 3 755.326 adherents in Can 
 
 Brunswick.... 40,639 
 
 Scotia 108.952 
 
 Edward I'd.. 33,162 
 
 =. 52.673 
 
 iits came to Port Royal 1 
 
 e Indians of Acadia. 
 
 le church to arrive in C;in| 
 
 :ft in 1629 on the captuij 
 
 , 1639, and the Hospiialj 
 
 29th, 1657. 
 icariate Apostolic. 
 V^icar Apostolic of New Fr| 
 He landed in Quebec, 
 
 674, and Mgr. Laval lieij 
 ill the French possessii 
 
 I, 1684. (The last Sei;>i(| 
 
 n to administer ecclesi.Ti 
 3 ; M. Etienne de Monti^'l 
 )uebec. 
 
 First Thinos in Canada. 47 
 
 Beginning with 1818, a series of appointments evidenced the develop- 
 lent of he church organization to suit the requirements of the times. 
 JviLl %'.? 9'u^'l'' '^"'' ""'"' tentatively into an ecclesiastical 
 Tv Ch ,«7s A? ^"r'^e w«5,aPPO'nted Vicar Apostolic of Nova Scotia, 
 ily 5th, 1818 ; Alexander McDonell, Vicar Apostolic for Upper Canada 
 ecember 31st, 1820 ; Bernard McEachran, Vicar ApQstolic for New 
 Irunswck Prince Edward Island and Cap^ Breton.'K ,7.h. .821I 
 nd Joseph Provencher, Vicar Apostolic for the North- West, May 12th 
 Innlfiifh f ^T^ m which was that of St. Boniface, named afte 
 Boniface the Apostle and Patron Saint of German Roman Catholics. I. 
 . Lartigue was consecrated as auxiliary to the Bishop of Quebec, for the 
 istrict of Montreal, January 21st, 1821. ^ «= '='-. '"^ '"e 
 
 In 1841 the Chapter of Montreal was formed. 
 ■ In 1844, the Ecclesiastical Province of Quebec was definitively erected ; 
 Joseph Signay, being consecrated 1st Archbishop, July 12th, 1844. 
 
 The first Provincial Council was held in Quebec, in 1851 
 .4 jIn 1874 the diocese of Quebec was subdivided into eight dioceses. 
 Taschereau. ^"'^'"'''' "'^' apPointed, June 7th, 1886, being Archbishop 
 
 i',!'L'rn^ '^'■'' r'?'^ ^5 dioceses in Canada, 3 Vicariates Apostolic, and i 
 Jufecture Apostolic, 2,491 Tnests, 454 missions, and 1,17! parishes, &c. 
 _ According to the census of ,891, there were in Canada, 1,992,017 
 Kuman Catholics, or 41.21 per cent of the whole population. '^^ ' ^ 
 
 Provinces. Roman Total „ 
 
 Catholics. Population, Percent. 
 
 Minitob?"""''' '°'^'^ 97.173 21.23 
 
 manitona. . 29,571 152,506 13.50 
 
 N^^aScoT "5.86, 321,293 36.5o 
 
 Sntiio "f"*52 ^'50.396 27.20 
 
 Th-ff^/HVoiieV:;:::;;;.-: '•r,^ ''^f^ %■% 
 
 Unorganised Te,ri,„,fe..... Zj^f, j,f,^ '»J° 
 
 pper Canada received its first Bishop in 1826. 
 
 lew Brunswick " " " 184^ 
 
 [ova Scotia " " •• ,gT^; 
 
 Wanitoba " - << i^ jg^_ 
 
 Iritish Columbia " " " ig?7_' 
 
 lova Scotia received its first Archbishop in 1852 
 
 )ntano " « « '^ ,g^ 
 
 lamtoba ♦' «' >• jglj 
 
 lontreal " " .. ^gl^' 
 
 Ktawa " " »« jggg 
 
 Loan-The first colonial city to float a civic loan at 3'A per cent. 
 
 n^rest, was Montreal, 1888. Hon. Sir John Abbott, Mayor ^ 
 ormSo^'tK^^?*-'*" Society pf-The preliminary r^eetings for the 
 EssT TK c ^'^ ^°'='*''y.w*^'e held in Montreal, Toronto and Ottawa in 
 L„ ;„ TtV ""f^ ^'"^ incorporated June 23rd, 1887. The headouarters 
 
 r. !„ .rlu ureal Tne purposes of the Society are: to facilitate the 
 
 cquiremen. and interchange of professional knowledge among its mem 
 
 dJ; whicrh'"'"'^- T P'r"™'^'^ '^' '^'^^"'«'''°" °f '^-' «P^"es of k"ow. 
 Edge which has special reference to the profession of civil engineering. 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 

 In 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 ■1 
 
 48 
 
 FtRST Thinos in Canada. 
 
 
 The membership numbered 591 on 1st January, 1897. The first pre^ 
 was 1 . L. Keefer. ' ' 
 
 Civil Service-Board of Examiners of, established by Act of Session of 
 which took effect ,st July. 1882. The first members were Dr. Th 
 and Messrs. DeCelles and LeSueur. 
 Cml Service-Superannuation of members of the Canadian Civil Sc 
 was first author./^-! and provided by Act of Parliament, 1870. Sim 
 system was put ui t-peration, the payments have been $4,364,626, ar ' 
 receipts from the Civil Service. $1,364,771. In 1893 an Act was L| 
 authorizing the creation of a superannuation fund, No. 2. '^ 
 
 Clearing House— (See "Ban's,") 
 
 Clergymen were excluded from holding seats in the Provincial Assem 
 
 Canada by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The Union Act of i,S6 
 
 1 arhamentary Acts of the Dominion do not exclude clergymen turn 
 
 m the House of Commons. Several have been members. 
 
 Clock Factory-Fust established at Cote des Neiges, near Montreal, 
 
 It was driven by water power. The proprietors were T. and W 1 
 
 ft V "i^cV^ctory was established in Whitby. Ont., 1871. 
 
 Club— The first club in Canada was the " Order of (Jood Times " Tin 
 
 rwLT'."'^T'"/T j^^y^'-.Nova Scotia, in 1606, by Champlai, 
 
 LEscarbot. Instead of a president, it had a steward at its head, an 
 
 office was held in succession by each of the fifteen persons who curel 
 
 he membership. The head of the club for the time being did not] 
 
 to prepare masterly discourses on agriculture, trade, fisheries or 
 
 important subjects, but his duty was the more difficult one of provid 
 
 better dinner than his immediate predecessors had done. One rule* 
 
 departed from was that at each dinner there should be one new dish I 
 
 organizers called It " L'Ordre de bon temps." Poutrincourt and 
 
 famous in the early annals of the country were members. It haj 
 
 many successors. At present the principal clubs in Canada arl 
 
 Albany and the National, Toronto ; the Metropolitan and the St. ll 
 
 Montreal ; the Garrison and the Union, Quebec ; the Halifax, the l| 
 
 n w,"n f''^^*'»"^""y." '" the cities of the same names ; the Manitohal 
 
 Coft iiTRriL"^ r f '^k'''" '^ ^'!^*^' ^"'^ "^^ U"'°"' Victoria, B.C. 
 
 coal in British Columbia-One day in December, 1849, a Hudson's! 
 Company s officer in Fort Victoria, was informed by the foreman 
 blacksmith s shop, that an old Nanaimo Indian chief had just staled lU 
 knew where there was stuff like the white man was using in the 1 
 r. .. . ff" J u 'V.^'u" ^''^ '°'^' ^^^^ *f he would bring some plea 
 „ -^u nu- '1"°"''* ^''"^ •"' S"" '■^P^'^ed free and receive a bml 
 rum. Ihe Chief reappeared in the following April (1850) with his 
 mrien with coal. The prospecting party found the coal where the 
 JNanaimo now stands. 
 
 In 1874 the production of coal from the Nanaimo mines amounJ 
 Si, 000 tons, and in 1896 to 1,002,268 tons. 
 
 Coal in Nova Scotia-First recorded mention of is in the year i6d 
 was gathered in Nova Scotia at a very early date without mining, ni^ 
 being made of it in 1721. Coal was shipped to Prance from Cape 
 in 1743, as stated in letter from M. Duchambon to the French Miii 
 Mention is made^in a letter of M. Desherbiers, Louisburg, to the f| 
 ^.IT I{.''^4 :?epteiiibcr 30th, 1749, of the working and use of cof 
 
 Sv2L r p^"^''1^ ""'r ^"'^'t" '^'°^^' ^^P« ^'«*°n- Coal was mi] 
 Sydney, C.B., by license from the Crown in 1785. In 1798 the coal in I 
 
Canada. 
 
 muary, 1897. The first pre 
 
 blished by Act of Session off 
 irsi memtiers were Dr. Tin 
 
 5 of the Canadian Civil !>: 
 of Parliament, 1870. Sine 
 ts have been $4,364,626, ar 
 71. In 1893 an Act was n^j 
 ion fund, No. 2. 
 
 ts in the Provincial Assem.< 
 II. The Union Act of iH6% 
 not exclude clergymen from*; 
 2 been members, 
 es Neiges, near Montreal, 
 aprietors were T. and W. T 
 y, Ont., 1871. 
 ier of (Jood Times." Thi 
 tia, in 1606, by Champlaii 
 id a steward at its head, an 
 le fifteen persons who com, 
 or the time being did not 
 ulture, trade, fisheries or 
 iiore difficult one of provi 
 sors had done. One rule 
 re should be one new dish 
 nps." Poutrincourt and 
 ry were members. It ha 
 lipal clubs in Canada ar 
 letropolitan and the St. J; 
 )uebec; the Halifax, the I 
 same names ; the Manitol 
 the Union, Victoria, B.C, 
 cember, 1849, a Hudson'- 
 iformed by the foreman 
 dian chief had just stated tL: 
 man was using in the tf 
 he would bring some piei 
 ed free and receive a hd 
 ing April (1850) with his 
 3und the coal where the Cj 
 
 ; Nanaimo mines amounj 
 
 ion of is in the year 165 J 
 y date without mining, m^ 
 ed to France from Cape 
 imbon to the French iMii 
 liers, Louisburg, to the fl 
 the working and use of cof 
 pe Breton. Coal was niij 
 1785. Ini798thecoalini^ 
 
 :t*iRST tutNfis IN Canada. 
 
 49 
 
 lunty attracted the attention of the authorities, and Admiral Sawyer 
 •dered a small cargo to be sent to Halifax for the use of the Admiralty 
 I 1807 licenses to dig for sale were granted by the Crown. A demand 
 ir [ictou coal sprang up during the war of 1812. and in iSic. 6<;o 
 
 Inf.r"'' ""P".""-- '"ril"^ y"' '^^5, the Bri.ish (iovernment 
 ased all the reserved mines of Nova Scotia lor sixty years to the Duke of 
 
 ^n r"'j"^*'','^*^f.**^*"*"'''"'<=^' 'o ^'essrs. Rundell, H.iJee & 
 
 Zii,', ,K ?"• ^'"T^il"'' '" P«>""^"' of his debts, and this firm tTans- 
 
 rred It to the (.eneral Mining Association. This association purchased 
 
 )me leases held by other persons in I'ictou county, and in Sydney, Cape 
 
 reton, and thus became possessed of all the coal mines in Nova Scotia 
 
 .nirrptr r '?k" ^""^^ they employed two steamers, a small one 
 
 tu It in I icou for the river and a larger one built in Kngland for more 
 
 x.ended tnps. The Pictou-built one%as launched, 17th f uly, 1830 In 
 
 :»30, the General Mining Association resolved to employ railways. The 
 
 list was planned m that year ; work was begun in 1836, and the first rail 
 
 ay in Nova Scotia was opened 29th September, 1839. It was about six 
 
 iiles long. It had three locomotives-the Sampson, the Albion and the 
 
 i/^xo"; T"*" b i''!'"' '^^ '^"?'°"' *'»" exhibited at the Chicago world's 
 iir, i»93- In 1856 the monopoly of the General Mining Association was 
 rought to a close through the efforts of Hon. J. W. Johnston and Hon 
 kfterwards Sir) Adams Archibald. 
 The total coal sales of Nova Scotian mines in 1868 amounted to 458.624 
 ms, and m 1896, to 2,047,133 tons. The growth of inter-provincial 
 
 7r,lli '"" '" 'K^'"''' '*"»' •" '^69 the coal sales to neighbouring 
 
 ovnces were 102.814 tons, somewhat under one- fourth of the wholl 
 
 ?whofe"lTpit.^ ^ ^^*'"°""''''''°''^°'*'5^9tons, or more than half 
 
 :,A'^l*f*<^^'^°^'*'°"o "*^^ ^°^ reciprocity in coasting trade. 1870. 
 
 •aly 1873), Germany (1874). the Netherlands (1874). Sweden and Norwa; 
 1874),. Austria-Hungary (1876, Denmark {1877), Belgium (1870) the 
 
 ;Tnrf .^^P^b'M'SSj). reciprocating, were foJ the fir!tt?me admitted 
 
 Act^ nn^*^ rh°^ Canada's coasting trade, in the years mentioned, under 
 
 'arltmint nf r ^'/^ ^^' Consolidated Statutes, Canada), which the 
 
 'an ,? »„ i Canada was empowered to pass by Imperial Act, 32 Vic, 
 
 t^o hJ r '^^)^^ ''*'?)' J?'° operation in Canada^ on 23rd October 
 
 iog, by Governor-General's Proclamation. ^^^^'^t, 
 
 fr^I'^?^ Statistics of Canada were first collected in 1876. In that 
 
 '^60 ?88 ton^^i "r^r k"'^ f TV^'^^ '" '^^ 0"t">o Division was 
 fh 'i i Iv "• ^^'^ ^""^ ^"^ ^^'^"''c Division, 6,8i2„344 tons, and 
 the Pacific Division 128.007 tons, making a total of 10,30^,939 In 
 ,e f^?if inHff ^'^P'°ye.d.was, in the Ontario Division. i;'687;2i7 ; iS 
 8«fi,, t-^""'^T'!r°"' '2.908,859, and in the Pacific Division" 
 eentv /;»« ,i"^.* '^' of 27.431,753 tons. It will be seen that in the 
 penty years the tonnage of coasters employed in the Gulf and Atlantic 
 vision increased so greatly as to exceed the total tonnage employed in 
 tploved ?n^ iSf °' '" !^' °'''^'°"^ '" '^76. The tonnage of stJamers 
 9?7!2sJ tons *""°""^*'^ *° 22,514,499 tons, and of sailing vessels to 
 
 r^modffnf^*?!?7:'^,"' ^°.""1*'^ ^y Sir John Colborne, in 1829, after 
 Jwuary^iSi! ^ ^^' '^^ ^''*"^ of Guernsey, and was Opened 
 
 4 
 
i 1 
 
 :!i', ■ ii! 
 
 'p^MJiilP 
 
 SO 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 qoloniai Conference--The first conference between the Colonies o» th.^ 
 toXcoXence iere :-r^' °^°'"« °" '^^ '''' J"-' '^^^ ; U 
 non.^v!\i%u"r^' representin(,' the Imperial Government. 
 
 Sir Ilenryde Villiers, 
 Sir Charles 
 
 Ilenryde Villiers,) 
 
 Charles Mills, I 
 
 II. Ilofmeyer, j 
 
 'ford 
 
 New South Wales. 
 Cape Colony. 
 
 South Africa. 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 (Queensland. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 '!' 
 
 V\] ' 
 
 ! ' 
 
 Ian ^_. _ 
 
 Hon. Thomas I'la'yford, 
 Alfred Lee-Smith, 
 Sir Henry Dixon, 
 Hon. N. Kitzgerald, 
 Hon. Simon Praser, 
 Hon. J. Thynne, \ 
 Hon. Wm. Forrest,/ 
 Hon. M. Bowell, ] 
 
 Hon. Sir Adoljphe Caron, [ 
 Hon. George Foster, | 
 Sandford Fleming, j 
 
 rJJ'Hil'i' r'''""' *"'' '"u'"'>: '=°"'^"«-' '° three subjects specificdj 
 Canadian Government when inviting the conference in 1888, vi/ 
 
 ^ZS'e^^Jlfu ^"^-""'"^ ^^1^'« fr'^'n Vancouver, Canada, to A I 
 /') the establishment of a quick mail service between Great BriiJ 
 
 G^eSrhain'onS'"'''" ' ''l^' ^'^ '^' "^^^^ '^''^''""^ °^ '^e Colonil 
 ureat iintain and one another. 
 
 which trade within the Empire should be placed on a more fa3 
 tooting than that carried on with foreign countries ; that until the 
 
 CdoS,'°.f ''f ^'Jl ^^y '^'^' ^" ^"'^^ ^"'^h customs union « 
 Colonies, these should aim to place each other on a more favoured, 
 tariff basis. (2) That improved steamship communication was desil 
 of paramount importance to the development of intercolonial trad 1 
 the unity and stability of the Empire. (3) That immediate stensr 
 be taken to provide telegraphic communications by crSc, free S 
 control, between Canada and Australia. ' ' 
 
 Early m 1896 Hon. Sir Mackenzie liowell and Mr. (now Siri S m 
 were appointed to represent Canada, at a Pacific cable confeL' 
 
 mh TslTiwT"'?r^- ■ l^'' r,', ^^J°"'"'^^ ^"'^ ™-t again ^ 
 9tn. 1890. Sir Donald Smith and Hon. A. G. Tones PC rP„rJ 
 
 Canada; and Sir Saul Samuel and Mr. Duncan Gillies"' re J 
 
 5df f an'd M "'^^1'^^"^' Under Secretary of Stale for IhJcoEf 
 siding and Mr. S. h leming attending as a cable expert. 1 
 
 .nH ?{! p""- "^"^ ^^''^ '" connection with the Diamond Tubiieel 
 and the Premiers of several of the self-governing dependencies df 
 
 T'^t^flTT^'^^f^' "°"- J-«Ph Chamberlain, Uer Majes/J's S 
 ot State for the Colonies ; one result being notice, on 30th Tulv it 
 denunciation of the Treaties with Belgium and Germany to takJ 
 twelve months from that date. ^ 
 
 fHiff Representatives-First formal reception of representati^e.| 
 the^self.governing colonies (Canada included) by Earl Derby, the sJ 
 rin'nt'^ '%}.'"-• Colonics, January, 1S83. Sir A. T. Gait repi 
 Sf%^ Vt Commissioner. The second formal reception] 
 Jubilee June, (1897). when Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, the Se 
 
 li! 
 
Ironi the Commercial Travellers' Associa' 
 list Kei)ruarv, 1875. Andrew Koliertsoi 
 "he membership was 2,314. The object^ 
 Iromote the welfare and interests of its 
 
 W ' 
 
 ■)f 
 ti 
 
 First Thincs in Canada. ,, 
 
 State for the Colonies, received Fiicht Hon Sir U';if,: i t 
 
 ... The co.,„„ci;, -.vavsrsr,;, „„: .V "r.",n: ^i=?..s; 
 
 '. Cana ... and was organized 
 
 the 1st , -resident. In 1894 
 
 .'C As.e; ;iation are : (a) to 
 
 cainst sickness/mis7ortune7rcddent"or'd..i',i, '''r' 1^ "'^'*'1«^ provision 
 
 Irphan children or represenJat"; " deceL n;?m£';r.";fwn """^^' 
 
 hmtellectual and material welfare of its members ^^ ^"""°'^ 
 
 neraal Union— 6(f«w»f f)/- 
 
 tf duties on all importations from sea and 1 v the fr^^^H • • c 
 
 li !.io!',Lr.s of KL2--S .tits:r',i:r*rJa^ 
 
 ke.„res as wdUs in natural p,„d„„,. l^lV^.V,[^Tt^'""" « 
 fel "air ■ nf " '['*"•"■ "»'" «•■> 'i"8 on &ntdt -pro.'*'' 
 
 bnnrterl ^•'•h T""v ,0-0 T*^*^". "^ ^"^ Canadian Legislaiurp. 
 ., .n._ _^.ii j..,j, iojo, ircummcndme •' that the nrin/.ir,i« «<■ •' 
 
 U .a™. „a„„„ asr„TheVic,ion. SlfS".? '""""^ "•«=■ ''" , . 
 
 loS° 
 
^ Hi ii HI 
 
 ;iii 
 
 li^: '■■■! 
 
 5i t'iRsr tnlN(;.S JN (JAl^AbA. 
 
 5. Isaac Buchanan, one of the above committee, during the Liberal Party li 
 Convention held at Toronto in 1859, wrote a series of letters siiggesi \i, 
 ing what the policy of the Convention should be. In one occurs the I 
 following : "Let it therefore be resolved that for our commercial ;%!, 
 system the principle should be adopted by Canada of an American %. 
 Zollverein, or in other words. Free Trade tvit/i America, but not tvith f,? 
 Europe. " j* "i 
 
 6. James W. Taylor, an agent appointed by the Treasury Department i/i'^r-j 
 the United States to investigate the workings of the Reciprocity Treau v 
 of 1854, threw out a suggestion (which a subsequent committee (18621,6 H 
 said " has long engaged the attention of many intelligent men on both J^^f 
 sides of the frontier ") " to extend the principle of reciprocity to manuniA 
 factures as it now exists in raw and unmanufactured products, and u, ?!,« 
 establish an American ZoUverein, each country adopting the policy of Art 
 unlimited free trade with the other. " ^ffc 1 
 
 7. The Oswego Board 01 Trade and the Chicago Board of Trade advo-Mc"' 
 cated a Zollverein in substitution of the Treaty of 1854 m£ 
 
 8. The Committee of Commerce of the House of Representatives (i/niled^B^d^ 
 States Congress), through Mr. Ward, urged the suppression of the Wa 
 Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, and the substitution of a Zollverein, ToIIiMa 
 Alliance, or Customs Union aRv, 
 
 9. Hon. A. T. Gait, as Minister of Finance, reported to Ilis Excel'lencv^C^ 
 ihe Governor-General, that having had referred to him the report (i Icfa 
 the House Committee (United States) on Reciprocity, and thtiJIvi/F 
 memorial of the Chamber of Commerce of St. Paul's (Minn.), he can "Jpi 
 not recommend His Excellency to submit the subject of a ZoUverdi, ^n 
 to the favourable consideration of Her Majesty's Government ,■ 
 
 10. W. H. Seward, Secretary of the United States Treasury, proposed ajdl 4"* 
 Zollverein on the ground that if a perfect union could not be effected.^arp 
 the plan of a Zollverein is a near approach to it ; «' A Zollverein ha'iWMr 
 been successful in Germany. Under its influence Kingdoms, State Mth*. 
 and Principalities have been blended into one" mS\ h 
 
 II E. H. Derby, in a report to the United States Government' onlhe^Bri! 
 relations of Canada with the United States, proposed a Zollverein f ,i,.a 
 He asked : "Is not America for the Americans, and are not Asia the 
 Africa and Australia sufficient for Great Britain ? " lalTh 
 
 12. Ira Gould, in -868, wrote a letter in which he modified his views 0! anuD 
 1852 very considerably. He advocated Reciprocity as thus defined aexn 
 Complete free trade in breadstuffs, no matter in what country grown »Cor 
 The same .n all other kinds of food for man or beast ; also coal anc MVoi 
 iron ore, and perhaps pig iron and puddled bars, these being considerec «.son 
 raw material for purposes of manufacture ; and, finally, wood, hen.t^E \ 
 flax and cotton. For all manufactures made on either side of tht^Can 
 hne from material grown or produced in either country, a small duty, jlfhavi 
 say 5 per cent, ad val. The same duty to apply to furs and all kin^ljMSpv, 
 ol oils, lumber and many kindred articles iBRie 
 
 13. Hon. Mr. Huntingdon, March l6th, 1870, moved in "the Canadiat^ " se 
 Commons : "That a continental system of commercial intercourse, oJlMr 
 other commercial arrangements, bringing under one general cust<jm^witi; 
 union, with this Dominion, the countries chiefly interested in its trade Mthe 
 wu d tend to expand our commerce, deveiope its resources, am WEng 
 multiply our productions ; that such a system should place in a posi ■ingf 
 tion of .immerciai equality and reciprocity all the countries bfiti^mer 
 parties thereto." This was lost, 100 to 58 Hcon 
 
;tee, during the Liberal Party j 
 3te a series of letters suggest - 
 ould be. In one occurs tin. 
 ved that for our commercial 
 >y Canada of an American 
 : with America, but not ivith 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 S3 
 
 ;. N. Learned, appointed by the United States Government to inves- 
 tigate the relations of Canada and the United States, wrote • "No 
 reciprocal trade relations are practicable unless they comprehend such 
 an adjustment of the trade that the Provinces shall not buy what thev 
 have to buy in Great Britain." If annexation could not be had. he 
 ^suggests a Zollverein or Customs Union as leading to annexation. . . . 70 
 {5. Hon John Young, a Canadian Liberal, at the time chairman of the 
 Canadian delegation, advocated a Zollverein in a meeting of the 
 National Board of Trade of the United States, held in St. Louis 
 
 the Treasury Department 01 
 ngs of the Reciprocity Treal; 
 
 subsequent committee (1862 I A VTrvn t^v.,. vx n f ^ ••"--• '^i»i", uciu m sji. i. 
 
 ^^--^^^^^^r^^^..^^ Commercial U 
 
 nciple of reciprocity to manu (j 
 
 1871 
 
 r' -f J .•■■•" ° — -.-.-. .^nion in a 
 
 Confederation jg-. 
 
 mufkctured products, anc"";'1i ^1"^°^'^^ V"'*'^ States Congress"defin;d "a Zon;erein lo ^ 
 nmtry adopt^g the ^licy of fe^J^" p!?"*"""? ^^ ^ """"ber of States for the establishment r a 
 Hi, P cy .1 j^ommon Customs law and a Common Customs line, with regard to 
 Dutside countries, and the suppression of both in the intercourse of the 
 -tales within the border line. " ' 
 
 hicago Board of Trade advo 
 
 Veaty of 1854 
 
 5e of Representatives (United 
 urged the suppression of the 
 litution of a Zollverein, Toll j, 
 
 , reported to Ilis Excellency 
 jferred to him the report 01 
 ) on R-^ciprocily, and the|| 
 if St. Paul's (Minn.), he can 
 the subject of a Zollverein 
 
 ajesty's Government 
 
 States Treasury, proposed a)^ 
 union could not be effected, 
 h to it ; "A Zollverein hasi| 
 influence Kingdoms, States 
 
 ,».^n-„. A u -. U^^fi"" the Zollverein the same duties 
 
 re collected everywhere on the outside frontier thus established. " It 
 
 fo Canada * "°'°" *°"''^ ^"'^ ''"' '^® '^"''*^*^ ^'*'^* '° '"P"* 
 
 A Committee of the" Uniied States CongressVappoinVed to' consider' ^'^ 
 he advisability of appointing Commissioners to investigate the best 
 •'ay of improving trade relations between Canada and the United 
 tates, reporteu in favor of Commercial Union ,8Bo 
 
 ,r Jn n. i^"^"^'^"'"^^ ^ '^"'i '° J^™^^ Garfield urging him to oppose 
 reciprocal trade by treaty, and to advocate Commercial Union, Uich 
 would mean for Canada if adopted "a final settlement of hercJS, 
 
 tinental sympathies and her farewell to Imperial aspirations." 1880 
 
 jA committee of Congress reported against Reciprocity and offered 
 larguments in favour of Commercial Union. ... i88a 
 
 Mr. Butterworth introduced a bill into the United StVtesCongressVor 
 
 innuence JVingaoms, States mhe numnsp nf r.,-^,,;^,^^/ c —* "' . V'^ '^""c" oiaics, v^ongressior 
 
 I one" M vhi h- f P/ov'ding for free admission of goods from Canada, or 
 
 Sf».Pc r:«„» „„. :_ .u.W,r".^'.he termed "absolute reciprocitv "— or discriminaUon <.„,;„=» 
 
 States Government on the 
 ites, proposed a Zollverein, 
 lericans, and are not Asia, 
 
 Britain?" 
 
 ich he modified his views oi 
 Reciprocity as thus defined 
 itter in what country grown 
 lan or beast ; also coal anc 
 I bars, these being considerec 
 ; and, finally, wood, hemp; 
 made on either side of tht 
 ;ither country, a small duty 
 apply to furs and all kind! 
 
 70, moved in the Canad 
 if commercial intercourse, 
 : under one general customi 
 ihiefly interested in its trade 
 ievelope its resources, an: 
 stem snould place in a posi 
 city all the countries bi ini 
 8 
 
 [British 
 
 , , . , reciprocity "—or discrimination against 
 
 , trade, accompanied by the pooling of revenues and the with- 
 
 t:S^:^r^'-^:-' "^"'"" '-- ''- representatlves'^of 
 The New York Chamber of Commerce passed "aVe'soiution'for't'he 
 appointment of a committee to investigate th» possibility of a material 
 expansion of the commerce of New York with Canaoa by n.eISs of a 
 Commercia Union. Their efforts resulted in letters from^lon Jame? 
 \oung (against), Goldwin Smith (in favour); and Mr. Edward aSS 
 •son urging the purch.ase of Canada from (ireat Britain ,887 
 
 r;nnHT''",l, f " ^""'1^ ^"^ ""^^^'^ advocated Commercial Union in 
 IvT ■ u '"^/o^e"^ makmg many speeches in favour of it. the first 
 having been del vered in Cardwell County on th. ist July 887 ?887-8.q 
 
 li^h!;' /'™f ' T^T '" ^"'^"^ «"^°''« Commerci..l Union ..'^^ 88? 
 •' S! ,""• J"«^Ph Chamberlain in a speech delivered at Toronto .said 
 
 3 fall off '• •^w'^'P''^' ^'"^^*"" P°^'^ ^°">^ correspond- 
 mfdaTTlLn if W ^t^^^^^t ^"y t>me withdraw from a Com- 
 Conar. . ^ works unfairly, and no power can he taken from 
 
 congress, or b^; even limited, except by the action of Congress itself" i 
 
 887 
 
!1P'III| «l| J, 
 
 'ii i;- 
 
 ifi 
 
 54 First Things in Canada. 
 
 . 27. Mr. Edgar, M. P. Canadian Parliament, suceested that th^ ...n 
 
 i/«m/..W.«rA>.«>...V;, would best define \hefhb """ ''-'"Sf^^ 
 
 28. Commercial Union discussed at a meeting of the Associated" Ch-im'fW' 
 bers of Commerce of the United Kingdom. A motion was unnn*^' 
 mously adopted that the movement (Commercial Union) Sha.ffi 
 mmense consequences on the commerce of the United K neS a S. 
 the Council of the Association were directed to watch Sn iV 3 r 
 development. February 21st vigilantly ih^ q 
 
 '^" siid": 'Sm^rt-tn '■ "' " "^^^''"g^f 'he Toronto Boa;doft;;;iM" 
 said Commercial Union meant that ll e millions of dollars no ^ 
 
 would r n be worth 33^ cents on the dollar. Com mere alSK^ 
 
 '°- S;;£SrS;iffS ^~«^'^-^^ - •J.icleconfe 
 31. Sir Richard Cartwright introduced a resolution in the Canadian CnmBf 
 mons that arrangements should bo effected with the SS sS*' 
 cSimder":^?!! .".' '""^ '"" '^"' """^""^'^^ trade Lt'irn'the?:*^: 
 
 ^'" S-'unilid" Pf f«^ House'of Represeniat^esVhut failed to'pasV Senivefth 
 of United States, authorizing President of United States to anDoirM.K 
 commissioners to meet similar commissioners from Canada to 7'!mrSth 
 plans for the assimilation of customs duties and internal revenue t^tW- 
 tion and division of receipts under a Commercial UnTonThene4r«'"' 
 should be certified to him that the Government of Canada had le|( 
 dared a desire to secure Commercial Union M 
 
 33. On motion, in Canadian House of Commons, to go into Suor !v SiM v 
 Richard Cartwright moved in amendment, 19 h March isS^'^-ThS- I 
 in the present condition of affairs, and in view of the re«m ^.M'n .#'*'' 
 the House of Representatives of the UniteTstates M etn^ "#"' 
 that steps should be taken to ascertain on what SmsLd conSon ."S^/ ° 
 arrangements can be effected with the Un ited S Ses for the pu ' ,J^ ^°' 
 
 Hmise ajoint resolution to the effect that the pSem of th» Jni S^w 
 States " shall appoint three Commissioners to meet representative'^ r^^M^ 
 01 the Government of Canada, whenever Canada desfrS to enter j"'*^^ 
 such commercial arrangements with the United StaSTs would reSK": 
 iouiuies "T ^*' ''"°^^' °' ^" '"''^^ °" ^-'J^ bJtwerlL't:*^ 
 
 ^°"i5^r/ Co '^'iio!"''irw Tr ^ ^^^ ^^^^^ '•" '^-^^^- -JBs' 
 
 ciates! 1627. ' '^" ^^' ^""^^"'^ ^y "^^ ^°™P^"y «'" the lOoMent 
 
 Companies (Colonial Registers) Act-An Imperial Statute which reoBoS 
 
 i7?h? Unf^^r^r::;'^?^^''"" '° betake'nout, b^JSt tt'co W", 
 lu u iJ u .^'"gf^o'n. in respect to the. wills or estates of rrl»:inn 
 shareholders holding shares on the colonial registers of banks or KX 
 companies. An amendment to this Act was nLed in ,ss. .%?!>,fc''^' 
 vides that the share of a member who shall have died dom"icn;delse.B.n 
 than .n the United Kingdom, shall, so far as relates rBrUishprMul 
 
Canada. 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 SS 
 
 tein. 
 
 nt, suggested that the -..,™_.„ „„, 
 
 ne the thing meant ^cd'om 
 
 iR of the Associated Cham^H--— -' 
 jdom. A motion was iinani 
 •mmercial Union) might havcNJ 
 of tht United Kingdom, aii.i 
 ;cted to watch vigilantly lis 
 
 es, not be deemed to be part of his estate situated in the United 
 
 jdom, m respect of which probate or letters of administration are to 
 
 ranted. (See " Succession Dues.") 
 
 ration— The first notice of Confederation, as applicable to British 
 
 th America as at present bounded, is to be found in a report made by 
 [onel Robert Morse, R.E., who was sent in 1783, at the instance of 
 
 Guy Carleton (then commander of Ills Maje: 's forces in North 
 erica, with headquarters at New York), to report on the miliary 
 
 nces required for Nova Scotia. In his report (17S4) Colonel Morse 
 '.n thj course 01 this examination my mind has Seen stronglv im- 
 
 sed with the idea ot uniting these provinces to Canada to the advantage 
 oth, since by establishing the same laws and inducing a con?' ant inter- 
 rse and a mutual interest a great country may yet be raised up in North 
 
 nd Monthly an article con iE'T^ki 7u\ ^''- '° P^'OP^"'^''' a scheme of confederation for the 
 y an article con«|,sh North American Provinces was William Smith, a lo'-alist who 
 
 ^e '^ Canada and became Chief Justice in 1785. While in England in 
 
 14, he proposed and urged a plan for the union of the colonies It was 
 roved by the Ministry, but was not submitted to Parliari;pnt Chief 
 tice Sewell, who in 1814 propounded a plan of union that met 'vith the 
 iroval of Queen Victoria's father, married a daughter of Chief Justicj- 
 ith, and thus carried forward the idea of union promulgated by Mr 
 pith, who may be considered the great-grandfather of Confederation 
 BratlOQ— As the Confederation of the Kritish Provinces of North 
 lerica is the great event cf recent times in Canada, the history of the 
 lesis and development of the idea is given in considerable detail •— 
 
 f the Toronto Board of Trad, 
 tie millions of dollars, nov 
 d :n manufactures in Canada 
 dollar. Commercial Uiiior, 
 cdonald's motion was carriei 
 
 lution in the Canadian Com 
 ted with the United Slate> 
 ricted trade between the twc; 
 
 'es, but failed to pass Senate! 
 >f United States to appoir.l 
 tiers from Canada to prepare! 
 ;s and internal revenue taxal 
 imercipl Union, whenever il 
 ;rnment of Canada had del 
 
 on 
 
 ons, to go into Supt !y, Sii 
 , 19th March, 1889: "Thai 
 view of the recent action o:o| 
 :ted States, it is expedieni 
 i what terms and conditions „ 
 n;ted States for the purpose^ 
 rocity of trade therewith. ' 
 
 Action. 
 Francis Nicholson propounded the idea for this continent. 
 
 pect was to unite all the Anglo-American Colonies in a nation the 
 ect of which was the defence of thess Colonies against the encroach- 
 
 Datb. 
 (His 
 
 at of the French on the North, and against the hostile Indians on 
 borders 
 
 1690 
 
 wnal, Hutchinson and Franklin proposed Confedeiation for the 
 ish possessions in North America .... fU SS 
 
 ^' C^mmitteeon Fo;ei;;raSb.^'"°'''^ ^'"^"'"^ '" ""'' '^^ Government' in a p'esidem- '" 
 
 ve 
 
 Chairman to report to the^ 
 the President of the Unitec 
 s to meet representatives 01; 
 "anada desires to enter into 
 nited States as would resul: 
 n trade between the twc; 
 
 :gin business in Canada waj 
 ihe Company of the 100 
 
 :nperial Statute, which reql 
 ken out, both in the Colorf 
 le. wills or estates cf cell 
 al registers of banks or 
 
 Pas nasspd in tSSn ...I,;..!, I 
 
 . ----- -.. ny. ,-,I,.n-- 
 
 I have died domiciled elsew 
 r as relates to British prJ 
 
 ^lliam Smith proposed a plan of Union but wa.s banished anH came 
 .anada as a refugee Loyalist. He became Chief Justice of Cana.Ia 
 
 was the grandtatl.er of Confederation 17, e 
 
 Dlonel Morse proposed a Union of all British North America "for 
 preservalion ot the fragments of British power on this Continent " 1783 
 \ J. Lniacke, in the Legislature of Nova Scotia, advocatt^^ a 
 
 leral Union g 
 
 hief Justice Sewell propounded to ijis" RoyaY Highness the' Duke 
 Kent a scheme for the Federal Union of the Provinces. [The Chief 
 lice's proposal included a general representative assembly to consist 
 |0 members. In his reply to the Chief Justice, His Royal High- 
 i (our Queen's father) suggested that there should be but two 
 isions for local government purposes, one to consist of the two 
 ^das and the other of the four Maritime Provinces, which should, 
 fhoiij^nt, be foriiiL-u into one union as preliminary to the greater 
 an. The Duke was the first to suggest a Maritime Union. The 
 |)ital of the two Canadas for local purposes should be Montreal 
 
I'fSfF 
 
 56 
 Ordkr. 
 
 First Thinos in Canada. 
 Action. 
 
 }Kir. 
 
 he thought, and that of the four Maritime Prr„.,„^o. -.i. * 
 
 Royal or Windsor, as would^oveS convenient ' A ""k' "^""'P' ^'^ 
 
 of^course. to be the capital of [^e SiaSon J ^ '"^ *^'- ^ 
 
 ! K 
 
 ■ '■ I'll 
 
 SmithT "' """ '""''"' *""'''' '"^ ^"' '"g^^y influenced :,ju 
 ment a Union of all the British Provinces b Kh Ser ca I'W" 
 
 the British North Amedcan pfovinces is on^Sie anvir""^'"^"""™ II" 
 
 .oth. Mr. McCollogh. then publishing the Montreal S>;:;;;V ^ ' M 
 
 n^;l.c.iun,ns a Federal Union'as a <^S' t^^TrtSISp 
 
 .3th. ^ha. Lyon McKenzie advocated a Ur^c^Tlhe" i^o^inces iolS 
 '''^b!ilS>.^"'"^ ^"P"''' 'P-'i— fpasseda-r^soiutionin fe^our of ^ \ 
 ''"'a^S^'S.!^"^^ ^"^'"''y -d-i.gislati,.Cou;;cil recornniend J^.' 
 
 IS" fhl'T^'- f ''''^", ^r"""^" •" '"^^""^ oV Union: ::.:.. K, 
 
 istht^^ r ^^^^^S-^^^SSiaur "^' "" '"'' ''' '-' '#' 
 
 20th. Simond's Magazine published in f nnVnn ' F,i^i' "j wKF^^ 
 
 5^0. .veral c^olonial ^^ewspa^s sh'„rg^o^J,tfl^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ■ a 1 
 J»d. Major K„bi„„„ and Cap,.i„' llendei.on.in ihdri.po.V o„m'" 
 
V Canada. 
 
 ime Provinces, either Annapc 
 it convenient. Quebec city w; 
 
 eration.] 
 
 binson & Strachan prepared a, 
 ^sh Government, a scheme ', 
 -hief Justice Sewell married 
 nd was largely influenced 
 
 iblished a rumour in circulatii 
 s proposed to submit to Paris 
 nces in North America. T: 
 mentions that a letter had bei 
 "a system of Confederation 
 
 IS on the anvil." 
 
 Montreal Free Press, advocaii, 
 "stock" subject for editol 
 
 advocacy of a Federal Unii 
 ng to an assault on a Meml 
 evances against Canada, h 
 d Bath Fields, London."), 
 [ber, 1826, announced that H| 
 Ian for uniting the Provinces 
 erate system 
 
 Union of the Provinces in 
 
 sed a resolution in favour of 
 jislative Council recommendi 
 
 Union 
 
 against the plans proposed 
 ground that 1 hey had not b«| 
 re i 
 
 "anada, proposing a Union ij 
 a federal and a Legislati| 
 ito two Camps, the Federal 
 
 ■ote a pamphlet in fkvour 
 
 don, England, gave extra 
 ing growth of the sentimeni 
 
 lochelaga or England in n 
 St of Canada " (1849). In! 
 to see all the British Xoi 
 :luded, united under a centi 
 
 a common legislature, ei 
 for loc.ll purposes. It uc: 
 
 in the new world as disti 
 
 ;rson, jn their report on 
 
 First Things in Canada. 57 
 
 , . , , . ^•^''■'"^- ' Daif.. 
 
 Tcolonial Railway advocated Union on military grounds i8d8 
 
 ■^SS^'S:^^ - ^ ^'^P-'' - -n-ion withih;''^ 
 
 ' *he Brftish'Nor*rh"r'' °^^'"f^' '" ^n address advocated' Union. '.J sjg 
 he Kritish North American League adopted Confederation as a 
 
 .«es lh.t '< th^ f ^°'"' '" convention assembled. (Hon. M mS ris 
 »»es that the league was composed for the most part of young and 
 Ihusiastic members of the Conservative party belonsine lo the ad 
 .ced wing that rallied around John A. MWonald."f ^ '^^ ''^".g^o 
 
 ^^In^t'^^T^Vl ^^'""^ ^ resolution wa passed urging ^^ 
 ion. attended by Hon . John A. Macdonald ... ^iSr . 
 
 n?7«,5 rL^'^'^K P"-^"?hed a pamphlet advocatinga gene"ral GoVern - ^ 
 
 gislarure . '"'^ ' ^ ''"^y* ^"^ ^^^ ^^^^^ P'"^^"'^^ ^ P^^vindal 
 
 fon^nd fxt^jY'"" '^' /""P^^'^"' i^'^riianientVurged '•a"promp"t'^^' 
 on and a liberal course of action which would cement a close 
 ■ion between our North American Colonies.". ,8c, 
 
 x)n Hamilton Merritt introduced a resolution into "the Canadian 
 
 .^vbcerto ?ramf '". " '"I" '"!'°" "' '"'^ P^^^°"^ ^om the several 
 viS fegislres' '""'""'"" *° "^ ^"^'"•"^'^ ^° ^he several 
 
 on°"Tl^ w'^'t" f '^^'^''^^d Union in'the cknadian Legisiatu're'. ■.;■■■ 'i& 
 
 IwStTon. nf":^'" ""= '° '^^"^^ '""^ Character nne. KoS 
 idinsmut.ons of the country of which we are all proud to form a 
 
 ^J\ ^?'?''1'°"Vt^?''^ Scotia,' ^rote a p.^m"phietin which' li'e' adv'o '^^'^ 
 ted Legislative Union. (" The time has now arrived when British 
 nerica must cease to walk in leading strings . She has no w 
 
 a.ned her nauonal majority and possesses a degree of ^reneth and 
 our whichent.tles her to sUnd besides the moTher coun ry^ 
 itish America may then become a member of another Confedera 
 
 verS''"aConfod'"r^'^r""^'^ '^"'^-^ "rwhicS "the'un 
 ver sets "^ Confederation the greatest that the world ever saw."- 
 
 MicaJism of the other by-an i^fosi^n oHrrde'te^Ln^dTotlt'^of tt: 
 teil'il I'r- '"".' ""lA^^ ^^""^^i<='< ^"d Nova ScotS bjmei„: 
 Tnf T w VT" °^''" "^"^ N'^"'^ American Provinces ") ^ ,8cr. 
 
 .fore.L r X^'^^T^ ""^ "°"- A G. Archibald brought the ;;bi'e'c't ^ 
 '?S'£v?r?m"en;orNorLS.-l^''"'°"' "-^^ authority of^h^fc! 
 . C. Tach($ wrote in support of Union. Mr." 'i'^cil wrote' 'a '-VrW '^'^ 
 
 .c"d i '^isJs in P"'-'''t/">'r'''^ '" •8S7;and thes were rJp :! 
 Ion A T r u Pj'^'Pf^'et in French and English P ,«„ 
 
 S-.P^and"sS.rotr'^' '^'^^^' ""'°" "'-^Peeches delivered i;''^' 
 
 185^ 
 
..™:,:„,.j 
 
 '% 
 
 If 
 
 I ,dP 
 
 '11 
 
 l' I 
 
 S8 
 
 I 
 
 Order. 
 
 First Things in Canada, 
 
 Action. 
 
 37th. Hon. A. T. Gait advocated Federal Union in the Canadian Le.'iiJ 
 lature ^ " 
 
 38th, Hon. T. D. McGee si^)) onVd Mr," Gait Vn Vavour" ofk' FedV 
 
 Union, in the Legislature of Canada 
 
 39th. Governor-General Sir Edmund Head, -n r) .sing the Vcssion of \h* 
 Canadian Legislature, said, " I propose .!..u'ir,g the recess to coinnnur! 
 cate with Her Maiesty's Government v^A witn ii.u> (iA.ernmen's. 
 the ,ister colonies. . . . . I av. de iraus of Mivitiru-- tiiem t.i <': 
 cus; with us the principles on whici. a i.oiid of a federal characiare 
 uniting the provinces of British North Amenca, may perhaps hereaftd ' 
 
 be practical. ... "^ 1 
 
 40th. Messrs. (.aiiier, Ross and Gait were sent 'to England "as "a'deleeJ 
 lion to urge the home Government to appoint delegates from all ihl 
 
 novince.T to discuss the Union I 
 
 4.-«. Hon^ Alexander Morris delivered a lectue in Montreal" in 'advocacj 
 ot a l^ederal Union. It was published under the title " Nova Brill 
 aijnia, or British North America, its extent and future." The Canal 
 dtan Nature says, " the lecturer sees in tiic future a fusion of races, ' 
 union of all the existing provinces with new provinces to grow up iJi 
 
 the West, and a railway to the Pacific. " 
 
 42nd. James Anderson published a letter in the i\3ontreaV iJaV^//^" durinl 
 
 1858, under the nom deplume '» Obiter dictum," urging Union of thi 
 
 Provinces. In it, referring to Sir John A. Macdonald, he says, " thl 
 
 primary mind of the Canadian Legislative Assembly was lone as 
 
 prepared for the incorporation of the British American Provinces " - 
 
 43rd. Nova Scotian delegates, in an interview with Mr. Labouchere. thel 
 
 Colonial Secretary, were informed that the Imperial Governmenki 
 
 would interpose no obstacles to the Union. Mr. Labouchere himse^*^ 
 
 thought a union of the Maritime Provinces would be highly beneficial 
 
 44th. George H. Macaulay, m an address before the Hochelaga Debatinj 
 
 ..., R • ."1'?^ Confederation after the plan of the United States, Dec! 
 
 451 h. Bristol (England) merchants urged upon the Imperial Governmen" 
 
 the importance of the Intercolonial Railway with 9 viA«, »« ^a ; 
 
 the Union question. 
 
 46th. Liberal Convention held in ToroAto," in NoV^mber,"i8qc>' ija^sed- 
 
 resolution against the union of the Provinces 
 
 47th. The Halifax Reporter published editorials favouring Federal' Uni' 
 
 All elaborate one appeared in the issue published on the day th 
 Prince of Wales landed in Halifax, and elicited from h;= R^.„i 
 
 conl 
 
 ^i...v.c ui vvaies lanaea in Halifax, and elicited from His Rovi 
 Highness an expression of approval 
 
 48th. The Canadian Legislature discussed the question 'of 'uiiionVii" 
 nection with the question of a fixed seat of Govornment. . 
 
 49th. Hon. Sir Charles Tupper (now Sir Charles T rt.) delivered a lee 
 ture in favour of Confederation, in St. John 
 
 Soth. Sir John A. Micdonald, in an address to . c. ctors of Kingston, 
 safe The Government will not r ' - it? .rtions to effect a Con 
 tec ^ , on of the British North Amer Ui' i'v vinces, 
 
 51st. H oseph Howe moved a resoluv •- u-f Nova Scotian Assem 
 b.y, requesting the Lieutenant-Govn ,_ ^o communicate with thi 
 Culoniai Secretary, the Governor Gent a! i^cJthe several Lieutenant 
 Governors, m order to ascertain their vew". 
 
 52nd. Duke of Newcastle, then Colonial Secret , 1 a' d'espatch to thi 
 
Canad«„ 
 
 J. 
 
 Jnion in the Canadian Le^iill 
 
 ; M 
 
 jak in favour of a Fedcr-.tl 
 
 \n cj )sing the session of th* 
 luniig the recess to coinmur. 
 ■I'l wim ij,u«. ('.A,ernmeri;s 
 irous of ^nvitinj^- tiiem to (i 
 i.oiid of a federal charactei! 
 merica, jnay perhaps hereaftr 
 
 ;nt to England as a delegsl 
 ipoint delegates from all ihi 
 
 u.e in Montreal in advocacy, 
 nder the title " Nova Brill 
 :nl and future." The Ca/ia 
 iic future a fusion of races, 
 lew provinces to grow up i 
 
 he Montreal Gasetie, durin, 
 lictuni," urging Union of thi 
 i. Macdonald, he says, " th 
 ye Assembly was long ag 
 tish American Provinces.". , 
 with Mr. Labouchere, thcL 
 the Imperial Governmec 
 n. Mr. Labouchere himse „ 
 5 would be highly benefici il ^^ 
 ore the Ilochelaga Debatin, j, 
 of the United States, Dtc 
 1 the Imperial GovernmeD 
 vay with a view to advanc 
 
 November, 1859, passed 
 
 :es 
 
 Is favouring Federal Unior 
 published on the day th 
 i elicited from His Roy, 
 
 question of Union in cniilc* 
 
 fGo\.;rnment ** 
 
 les r rt.) delivered a lie ** 
 
 m, '* 
 
 ) to. t., ctors of Kingstor '^% 
 J .'" .rtions to effect a Cor 
 
 Pn. 'inces." Ht«B 
 
 ', tlie Nova Scotian Ass. in % 
 
 fo communicate with th m, 
 rnKl the several Lieuten >n "^ 
 
 r<i « 
 
 stP'/- '.'^ a despatch to th; **; 
 
 First Things in Canada. ^g 
 
 Action. d^.^^ 
 
 i5.?hLift""K' ^ ' '7^ ^u""?'""' ^''^^^ P«^''«' o' complete, 
 |kl hereafter be proposed with the consent of all the provinces to 
 Ijmted, I am sure the matter will be weighed in this country by 
 
 i^'nn olh^^ ''r^"/^"'""*'"^>y Her Majesty's Government! 
 i no other feeling than an anxiety to discern and promote any 
 
 se most conducive to the prosperity, the strength and the harmony 
 le British communities in it.. Hf, 
 
 in. George Brown, from a Committee of 'the Canadian Legislature, 
 irted in favour of a Federal Union. ^ i8fi 
 
 Jegates from the Mariiime Provinces, unde; authority 'of Mr '^ 
 ves resolution, met at Charlottetown to consider Maritime Union. 
 
 ■ ^nH t7P"aI°' Nova Scotia. Hon. Mr. Tilley for New Bruns- 
 
 . and Hon. Mr. Pope for Prince Edward Island, were instru- 
 tal m having a resolution passed by the several legislatures 
 brizing the appointment of delegates «^t,'!"<iiures, 
 
 fewf/r"" ^»^^/'°^'"«=^ °/ Canada appeared ai the' Confe;ence ^ 
 Charlottetown and applied for admission. Those delegates were 
 i't Sa" a- Macdonald. George Brown. G. E. CartferA t! 
 tan'cie^Cam'pbdf ."'.";.'^- '^^"^^^'"' ^''""^ ^^"^^-g^" -'^ , 
 
 ZemVfTr''''°"' °^ the Canadian 'delegates "came" Ihe'adl^ '^ 
 nn.ent of the discussion, and the meeting of delegates at an Inter- 
 •mcial Conference held in Quebec. . » ai an imer 
 
 following are the names of delegates usually 'ca'lle'd' the '"' Fa'theis '^ 
 Confederation," who met at Quebec, Oct. loth, 1864 :- 
 
 CANADA. 
 . Sir Etienne P. Tach^, Premier. 
 John A. Macdonald, Attorney General, West 
 «f°''^f,^- Cartier, Attorney General, East. 
 VVm. McDougall, Provincial Secretary. 
 George Brown, President of Council. 
 A. T. Gait, Minister of Finance. 
 Alexander Campbell, Commissioner of Crown Lands. 
 Oliver Mowat. Postmaster General. 
 H. L. Langevin. Solicitor General, East. 
 r.D. McGee. Minister of Agriculture. 
 J. Cockburn, Solicitor General. West. 
 J. C. Chapais. Commissioner of Public Works. 
 
 _, , ^ Nova Scotia. 
 
 Charles Tapper, Provincial Secretary. 
 
 W. A. Henry, Attorney-General. 
 
 J. McCully. 
 
 A. G. Archibald. 
 
 R. B. Dickie. 
 
 -ri, ^^^^ Brunswick. 
 
 .' ^"'^y» Provincial Secretary. 
 J M. Johnston. Attorney-General. 
 P. Mitchei;. 
 Charles Fisher. 
 E. Chandler. 
 W H. Steeves. 
 J. H. Gray. 
 
sir 
 
 1 1| 
 
 ■N .iSl 
 
 ( ll"i 
 
 I" ' :s^!' 
 
 fio 
 Ordfr. 
 
 Hon. 
 
 Hon. 
 
 First Tijinos in Canada. 
 
 ACilON. 
 
 Prince Edward Island. 
 Col. Grey, President of Council. 
 E. Palmer, Attorney-General. 
 VV. H. Pope, Provincial Secretary. 
 G. Coles. ' 
 
 T. H. Haviland. 
 
 E. Whalen. 
 
 A. A. McDonald. 
 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 F. B. S. Carter, Speaker House of Assembly, 
 Ambrose Shea. 
 
 ?cS' 1!°"' J°'^P,^ Cauchon wrote a Pamphlet in favour of Confederal! 
 
 58th. Union resolutions carried in Canadian Legislature in the Councl 
 45 to IS ; in Assembly by 91 to 33. The 91 who voted for U 
 comprised 54 from Upper Canada and 37 from Lower ; 25 from 
 
 ' Le7sfati;e"'Aslbr. "''^" "''^"^'^ ""^""' '""^ ""'"""'^ '1 
 ''''•sSa:rS:^:!iSZ:^::;^ ^-^ No;akcoiia-.^;redJ 
 60th Delegates from all the Provinces-Canada, New Brunswick and A 
 .Scotia, in accordance with the terms of the resolutions passed bv' 
 Legislatures of the Maritime Provinces, proceeded to Englan I 
 organized in London, with Sir Jonn A. Macdonald as chairman I 
 6.st. Union Act, as framed by the Conference, passed by the 
 Parliament and received the Queen's assent, March . . . 
 22m?^" ' Proclamation of the Union issued from VVindsor'Castle,' 
 
 63rd. The Union proclaimed ■throughout' the 'four Provinces" which 
 became the Dominion of Canada, ^uly ist 
 
 ^*'^"r/,Xwl=?T"' ■? 9°"""I is^Hfc transferring Rupee's Und mi 
 North-West Territories to the Dominion, the franchises of the 
 son s Bay Company being purchased by Canada for ^300,000 (mJ 
 consideration) and other considerations ,vAJuini| 
 
 65th. Manitoba created a Province by Act of Canadian' Parliament',' 
 
 66th. British Columbia joined the Union,' '20th July '' ' " 
 
 67th. Fortifications and Military lands, excepting Haiifai'knd'victi 
 B. C, transferred by the Imperial Government to the Domii 
 Government, by Orders in Council . , 
 
 St' t"''!'u ^'j'^'^^'J ^'"•''"'^^ J"'"^^ ^^^ Confederat'ioni 'ist'july.'.' " ' 
 oS; ■'' Territories made a government separate from Manil, 
 
 70th. Islands of the Arctic Archipelago t'r.insferred 'to'Canada 'by'the'l 
 Government, 1st September ^ 
 
 71st. Boundaries between Ontario and 'Manitoba de'fine'd i)y'dec'isio'n< 
 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of England.. . 
 Act" "' Territories given representation in Federal Parl'iaii 
 
 l^',t' ^°"^h-West Terri'tories given' Elective Assembiy.' "Xct 1 
 
 74th No.therly, westerly and easterly boundaries of Ontario' define! 
 Imperial Parliament. See Dominion Acts, 1890) J 
 
\s Canada. 
 
 hRst tHINOS tN CANAbA. 
 
 61 
 ^H A( JION. riAri, 
 
 •1 St' V^'»PP<^«' f^o"\decision of the Supreme Court of North- West 
 
 ^'y- *',^* •'"''P'-"?' '^''''" fifcision ol Court* of Queen's Hench " Manito'ba '^^' 
 
 IVovember. (See Order in Council in Dominion Statutes, 1804) i8q2 
 
 n..?tweTn'SnofrP"M *• ^°7." H°»««-The first disagreemen' on 
 , ^t' "i-tween Upper and Lower House s tiiat between the I e.TJsHriv.- 
 
 ^^'^^^ Mf^mf ' .'■ ' '"'''' "^ Representatives of Nova Sa T^e Counci 
 
 e of Assembly. W^ 'i?^ 'I'l^'^'-ng possessions of land " indorsed, " 6-.// JiailuZx 
 
 ■— ^//«WA. 1 he Assembly immediately returned it saying they neither 
 
 hlet in favour of ConfederaiKi^V''^''^^'^^'^ '«/he sfl^ject matter therein omtained, but re.iueste;! 
 
 n Legislature in the CouncM'^V/P''"^'' ^°"'^ '^'-' V^*"^^''^ to inform them for what purpose they 
 
 The 91 who voted for L« ^ 'tf ,f,f '''' '" 'hem. The Council replied that what the Assembly 
 
 37 from Lower ; 25 from LcK^H^rt proper to term a pa/>er was in (act a M/ which they (the 
 
 3. composed the minority i^^Lu, .•'Z?''.!'' u""^- 'f"^ ^° Assembly for concurrence in passinir 
 
 mf,„ "^V p" , "'^. '"^or^ement was made in strict accordance with 
 
 and Nova Scotia referredBT '^f^ "' ff'*'^"'^"!' ",^'='"K customary with that august body when a 
 
 ^was sent froni the Lords, to endorse it " Hi'W aux CowwuL'^ " and 
 
 nada. New Brunswick and M^^':,"!^""'-'';^'''-'"""^ was sent to the Lords to endorse it " £a,/itf aux 
 
 f the resolutions passed bjM^rbv the nth^'r i'^^ f Ixr*"^' i^*^^ '"^""^''^^ to adopt the course 
 ces, proceeded to EnglandMl!. ^ "*^ ° ^^^^ Colonial (New England, &c.) Legislatures- that 
 
 . Macdonald as chairLn fc^.J^VS^.^V"^'^^^^ '^"4*^ languagi, and' thatSey' we 
 
 rence, passed by the ImpM° 7.7"' ^^'^'^'" "^^^ 
 
 ssent, March Wmon^ A ^"7''^'^^ "l f^^^o^.m to the practices of the Lords and 
 
 isued from VVindsorCastle,«'I;""u'- ,/X 1/'''^"*''-" ^°"r,"' ^} ^^'^^ '^e forms of communication 
 
 eacn other, etc., were settled and peace reigned. 
 
 he four Provinces which ■don PW '!ln /r S°'2'?^"=oo°^ ^^^ Kmpire-First' one held was in 
 
 ^f-: Bed hme^iljrS/"'^ f tt' '5^V '^' '"^"''' ^^'"^ ^'^^ '" London" 
 
 isferring Rupert's Land an<Me ,J "^ ,72 rhSl' *"'' ''^ ^^"^ °P'^"*^'^ '" London, June 9th. 1896. 
 in, the franchises of the 1« CanldiAn tk r m' "^ Commerce were represented, of which 32 
 y Canada for ^300,000 (m(^alij":- ^""ow'ng subjects were discussed (arranged alpha- 
 
 of Canadian Parliament, ■!! nSi'^f 1°" [°' International Disputes.J 
 
 J^ u- c Lx^hange-Uniform Procedure^ 
 oth July. . ' Wm^ R Lading Reform.* 
 
 cepting Halifax" and VictMf PhhS,?- Labour-Conciliation and Arbitration.t 
 Government to the DomiMl )'°'"^^f^'?" «/ Commercial Laws of Empire. * 
 
 i^B J;Onsultative Imperial Council.t 
 
 federation! ist'julyV.V; « Copyright.^: 
 
 iment separate from ManitMgj ESgJation *^" ''^'^' ^^*^""* ^"'^ Currency.! 
 
 erred to Canada by the InipJB?) J^fP,''.'^* Comnriercial Relations.t 
 
 ?5l nln; n^"'^' ^?.'^' ' ' Telegraph Routes.* 
 itoba defined by decision oK Ki^F^iv ^"l' '' ' "^ 
 1 of England.. M^ Pos al Facilities. J 
 
 itationin Federal Parlian«t 5131^''^^/°"^" \^- ^^'"^-^ 
 ^■^5) Rates of Freight to South Afrirat 
 
 Assembly. Act ||^^ "ies of the Road at Sea.j: 
 
 mdaries of Ontario define^ T Discussed in each of . . ^ thr«e Cn.r,.... -^^ 
 
 Acts, 1890) ■ t Discussed n the ,89* id the xSge^Congre". 
 
 X Discussed m the 1896 ," ngress only. *""' 
 
! 'I' 
 
 ^i, 
 
 i I 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 :i^i' ;:i 
 
 iliilfilW 
 
 i! i::r r ^1 
 
 62 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 Conspiracy Laws, first repealed in 1872 by Sir John Macdonald w 
 'lomg, was presented by ,he workinymen of Ottawa ^hh a iroi: 
 
 ConSrted %er "?'' ^^' ".^^ Jor'onto with a gold itC. '"'' 
 l-i r V •■ ''-' '"•■ "■ ^''-* '^insfcrred from Mouse off 
 Elections Cotu,nittee to Special Judges, by statute. iSyr-llrsttr ' 
 to Judges of Superior Courts by Act of 1874. There have been , 
 ber ,3 ist, 1895) 208 trials under these Acts, 1 15 of wS residt 
 ■ng the seats for corrupt practices. The to'tal numl,er of e ec 
 and bye) from, and mcluding, the General Elections of 1874' .,^ 
 31st, 1895, was 1,440. Thus 8 percent of all the Federal - 
 during 22 years, have been voided'owing to corrupt practice ' 
 
 Copyright-The first copyright granted by the Province of Canadi ^ 
 ^red 1st December, 1841. It was for a work prepared bv 
 Davidson, of the District of Niagara, published by 7 enrv Rosw 
 TTn ^TT'r^'^^- 'l^ '"'« '^ Th'e Canadian^SpSg £, 
 as an introduc ion to the l.:nglish language, consisting of a 
 , lessons progressively arranged in three plrts. with an Send ix o 
 several useful table' ; the outlines of geography ; r "omSens 
 ofgrammar with morning and evening prayers fT .ve3ay.^ 
 
 datioT" T^fhll"^ ''"'^"'"'^ ^"r""S to the puresf 3 
 T^lTc v-^, • °t f ^' registered pursuant to tSe provisions of 
 for the ^" BoS O "^^ ,6'' -' Kingston, The second LpyriS 
 or the Boys Own i.ook, being a digest of the British Constitu 
 the use of schools and private families: by John oSge BrS^es 
 at^the_ Ottawa Advocate office. District^f%denhanTroS(>f't! 
 
 The third copyright is " The War of 1812, containing a full and 
 EJ Mai^r R'ictr2sr^'°"^ '' ''^ ^'^'^^ ^'^-^ °^ ^"fc^S 
 The tovnh is " Ian of the Military and Naval Operations ir 
 
 t^^i^^^ ''ari-bation de :.Igr. L'Eve^jS^t "S^b' 
 
 One copyright was registered in 1841, thrte in i8a2. and four iJ 
 suf! ..1 1896 were as folk 
 
 The copyrights issuf 
 Poetry ... 
 Education 
 Medicine . 
 Music .... 
 Law 
 
 20 
 
 71 
 
 9 
 167 
 
 33 
 
 Hows . works on 
 
 History jq 
 
 Agriculture 3 
 
 Mining j 
 
 Tride. . . , . . , . -17 
 
 Literature uj 
 
 Biogra y .W 7 
 
 Religion 4, 
 
 Sundries jog 
 
 Total, 626. In 1895 the total was 588. 
 nf fh^^r^^''/'^ registered and regulated in accordance with the ij 
 sL^L f"^'^'^'!, ^°Py"Sht Act. such being Chapter 62 of thei 
 
 ?e,ed bV'' n?^'- "".^" -'^^^ A'^t a copyr^ht in Canada mnv i 
 tereci r>> any pcrsoii domicilea in Canada or in any part of the! 
 
 TiXTrlff ' ''\uT'l'r^ "J.V^y *^"""''y ^hich has an interna ionl 
 right treaty with the United Kingdom." The meaning of this c!*^ 
 
IN Canada. 
 
 : by Sir John Macflonalci, w 
 men of Ottawa with a ^"1' 
 )nto with a gold watch, 
 ransfured from Mouse of C 
 s, by statute, 1873 ; 'irst trs? 
 f 1874. There have been (tn 
 Acts, IIS of which resulted 
 he total number of elections , 
 eral Elections of 1874, to I>f^ 
 cent of all the Federal t 
 /ing to corrupt practices ur^ 
 
 y the Province of Canada w4 
 )r a work prepared by AlJ 
 )u Wished by Henry Roswe 
 e Canadian Spelling Book.i 
 iguage, consisting of a vi. 
 parts, with an appendix 004 
 iography; r TOmprehensivJ 
 ; prayers f .r jvery day of tl* 
 ling to the purest motle dl 
 jrsuant to the provisions o{, 
 The second co|iyri(i;ht is i 
 est of the British Constituij 
 by John George Bridges ;| 
 of Sydenham, Province o(\.\ 
 
 1812, containing a full and > 
 t Division of the CanadianI 
 
 ■ and Naval Operations un^ 
 J Vice- Admiral Snimdersj 
 
 Statuts et Reglemens de 
 de Marie, etablie dims le L 
 jr. L'Eveque de Quebecj 
 
 , thrte in 1842, and four ii^ 
 as follows . works on 
 
 itory 19 
 
 riculture . 3 
 
 ning I 
 
 ■de... 33 
 
 erature Ii? 
 
 gi-a y .".'.'.' 7 
 
 8. 
 
 1 in accordance with the ! 
 
 being Chapter 62 of the 
 
 opyright in Canada mav !. 
 
 nada or in any part of thcj 
 which has an iiuernationi 
 The meaning of this cla 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 63 
 
 mt- rpretation of the Department of Justice, is held not to include the 
 
 ited States, on the ground that the fact of the United States Ac Ln,^ 
 
 copyright to British subjects or .hose of other nations, on cSn 
 
 Id.. ons does not constitute an '• International Copyright Treaty with 
 
 Un.ted ktngdon, • The Canadian Act rec,uires the printing in (Jan. a 
 
 Ihe work as a comhtion of copyright and it excludes .,11 foreii^re, "int 
 
 uorks so copynghte.l, l,t,t it does not exclude " importation fro, tho 
 
 '..ted Kingdom of copies nf any work lawfully printld here •' B it sh 
 
 )yr.Rht works not copyrighted in Cana.ia are .id'mitted y he terms of 
 
 Lanndnn law Ic, be imported, and large nn .hers of such re,.rint?are 
 
 consequence imported from the United S...... The reciprocal "auseS 
 
 he Canadian Act are in terms the provisions on which the I erne C n- 
 it 01 -s based. The importation of American reprints of Eng iTh copy- 
 Ihted .;.')rks was expressly sanctioned by Imperial legislation -in,i3h 
 portat.ons in virtue of the provisions of ',he CoiS^rAcrand the 
 Istoms Act, were subjected to a duty of 12', ner rem Tr! ll n .1 
 ^ the beneHt of Britih authors ; s^h Joll^ec'tion fe g mace unt? Se 
 .visions of Chapte,. ,0 of the Consolidated Orders-in-Counc ofTanaia 
 collection of this duty for authors, however, came to a close in ?Xoc" 
 he., y. scientihc and artistic work or compositions nch'ingmisic a ; 
 su: . .t of copyright The Canadian Cc.pyright law now being d'n.i;! 
 ;re<. -s amended by the Copyright Act of .889. which, however bv 
 term, of Section 7, does not come into effect until proclkimeT ifv the 
 .yernor-G leral in Council, and it was explained b'y the M ni tl-r of 
 t.ce in •', louse of Commons, in charge ot the Hill,\hat .hi p oda 
 mon would be sulMect to an agreement with the Imperial aithSs" 
 ch agreement h not yet been obtained, objection beinetaken bv 
 ^hsh authoritie^ copyright holders to certain of its provisions ^ 
 he Copyright Lavv of Canada is :— provisions. 
 
 IK'^/ ^-^ '° ^"u'' 'A y*'=-.' *=• 95- An Act to amend the law relative 
 £d'ESom.*" ''^ ''°'°"'" °' "°"^^ -'•'•-' '° copyright t^r 
 -13 and 14 Vic, c. 6, (approved by Imperial O C 12th n^r 
 
 ^rhish^opy^htwdrk^ . ^S^Sn^^-;--^^" reprints 
 
 ^nfct^d^ihe^L^priSr ''^'"'"- ^" ^" "^^^-'-S C°Py"g^ts. 
 -Table of Duties Foreign reprints of British copyrights are subiect 
 Vk!, ^6^"' '"'^ ""' "'"'" '" ^'^"""'' under futhlHty"? ,3"Tnd 
 -Sept. 24, proclamation declaring Act ^i V^ic c efi fiSfiS\ f« , • 
 [cefrom Sept, 28. and imposing ''a^nifo^m ."-^^yl^'d'afy) Jrou^- 
 the Dominion o' i2'< per cent beinrr thp rat« c j "ui^ mjoug^. 
 
 "Tt' -f gr"? T'rr^^''^^'^^>"^ '■" 
 
 rj i„,ed and republished In Ca Jda ,n,< ^orenS ; ."SbToSJ 
 
 th^ publication or production eUewfa'^r^ ^ i>uDsequenlly 
 
 ihe Customs Act provided lor th. imposition on British coovripht 
 VZ'"''' °^ ' '''''' ^'' P°""'^' ^'"' "» ^^dition theJeto 12'g S 
 
 It. ad val. 
 
Mfr 
 
 4 
 
 H 
 
 i'lRST tMtNGS IN CANAt)A. 
 
 I88i--Schctlulc of prohibited articles added toby this: " KurelL-n , 
 riB?t"clto7s^"^'" "'°''' copyrighted in Canaia, ar,d of cS^ 
 
 1883-Free list. Rooks bound which shall have been printed m, - 
 seven years at the date of importation, except foreign replts ^f 
 copyrighted bo.ks which shall remain subject to the copyright du,* 
 
 1886 Chap. 32 R. S. C. Dutiable -British copyright books rep 
 
 ^^^:;r''^'-' T' 'r" ?^'''"'°" ''^"^'" '^y^ p« cent «:/ St 
 
 /'r<'/i.^.V^7-Keprints of Canadian copyright books, and rei,! 
 
 .880 Act o';VS T"*' ^''''^h h^Y'-- •'«" aL'copyright;d in Can ? 
 889- Act of 1S89 tiot in force, having been " reserved." 
 
 nJui;?anri,P" n',^''- K '*"'"'*'' "^"f^y^eht works, reprints of, 6] 
 pound, and in addition thereto izy, percent. aJ 7'al Mn\\\ the 
 .he next session of Parliament, and tl^ereafter 6 cent a pound />,< 
 —same wording as in 1886. i "uu 1. //-.i 
 
 i897--Customs Act prohibits importation of reprints of Canadian c 
 r Sn'^H '^P/'"'*°f Rnt'sh copyright works which have been co,U» 
 
 idmrtPH r', w ^ T^" J'l'"'^'^ ^"'''^ (excepting those prohil ;, 
 admitted (i) free, (2) or with a 10 per cent, ad vat, (3) or with v 
 
 nrovid^Hfnri' f.^°7-^'"g to classification of their contents and 
 provided for by the Customs Act. , 
 
 rniV.!l?^J these piovisions from 1868 to, and including, 1893, thej 
 collected and sent to the British Government under the royalty^ 
 
 12! 
 
 ^t^^r^rf fe:57' ■' ^"' '^94. $1,424; for 1895, 
 
 111! 
 
 m 
 
 
 1 
 
 ; !i [\\v 
 
 
 ;:.,!, iji. ,:,, fl: 
 
 ^ 1896. '$777. Total", $7o.on.' '"' '"^'*' *'"^'^' '°'' '"^S. %zA 
 
 Copper -The first mention of a copper mine in Canada is by Lesca.1 ^ 
 s^ays, on arriving at Isle P.rce, on i6lh August, 1669, he u,.-^'""' 
 Prevert of St. Malo, "just come from a copper-mine^ The ti, Ow'''-^" 
 ment of copper bullion and matte, from Western Canada to Enclai C«»>nti( 
 p ace in June, 1897, when eight carloads were shipped from Revn Con"'" 
 ftlontreal. CkWuric 
 
 Cotsau Bridge-Thc third railway bridge built across the River stM^o^ 
 rence; the Victoria Bridge, by the Grand Trunk being the first, a"""''*' 
 Lachme, by the C.P. R., the second. The Coteau bridge was k 
 mil ^nH fh '' Railway Co. The distance from shore to sho,: 
 
 mile and three quarters. There are seventeen fixed spans-one, 
 feet, two of 175 feet each, ten of 217 feet each, and four of 223 fee 
 uSM^^ "°"^ "''""""' "^"' 355 feet. It was ' 
 
 Counties-^The first Province to establish the old Norman division of 
 r^^fnSL"^ H 'I'v* '''^°'^ Legislature in 1759 divided the Province 
 counties :-Halifax, Lunenburg, Annapolis and Kings. These elecii 
 representatives who sat as such for first time in I761. Prince 
 Island was divided into three counties in I768-King's, Prince and ( 
 
 tJT^ f-""'-""' ^q'^ "^T^' ^' ^' P"""^"'- New Brunswick was 
 Tohn w f '"/^i^-Charlotte, York, Sunbury, Queen's, Kin 
 John, Westmoreland and Northumberland. 
 
 Lower Canada was divided into twenty-one counties by proclaim 
 the Governor-General in 1792. These were named :— 
 
 Gasne, 
 Cornwallis, 
 Surrey, 
 Huntingdon, 
 
 Bedford, 
 
 Kent, 
 
 Buckingham, 
 
 Devon, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Dorchester, 
 
 EfTiingham, 
 
 iprel 
 ie( 
 .rio 
 thi 
 
 in tl 
 
 ng 
 ied 
 ies, 
 islat 
 
 an 
 Tov 
 ict ( 
 
 Bri 
 lial 
 'icts. 
 Coi 
 
 ic, 
 .lida 
 1 
 (186 
 litob; 
 
3 
 
 M (ANAhA. 
 
 dcd to by this: '• Foreign 
 In Canada, and of Canadi. 
 
 shall have been printed rm 
 except foreign reprints of 
 subject to the copyright du 
 Iritish coi)yright books, repr 
 icreto la^'a per cent ad r,;/. 
 copyright books, and re|)i 
 :n also copyrighted in Cana 
 een " reserved." 
 (•right works, reprints of, (J 
 )cr cunt. aJ 7'a/., unlil the 
 eaftcr 6 cents a pound, /'n 
 
 of reprints of Canadian cc 
 works which have been copy 
 s (excepting those prohibii 
 :ent. adval,, (3) or with a 
 onof their contents and la: 
 
 , and including, 1893, the 
 rnment under the royalty 
 , $1,424; for 1895, $3)^: 
 
 e in Canada is by Lescail 
 ith August, 1609, he ine 
 a copper-mine." The fir 
 Western Canada to Englar- 
 s were shipped from Revel 
 
 built across the River St 
 nd Trunk being the first, a 
 The Coteau bridge was b; 
 distance from shore t.o shoii 
 iventeen fixed spans — one 
 it each, and four of 223 fee! 
 irers 355 feet. It was 
 
 FlKST TlflNOS tN CANAr)A. 
 
 65 
 
 e old Norman division of 
 759 divided the Province, 
 •lis and Kings. These elect 
 St time in 1761. Prince 
 1768— King's, Prince aniH 
 nt. New Brunswick was 
 :, Sunbury, Queen's, Ki 
 id. 
 
 y-one counties by proclam 
 vere named \ — 
 
 Devon, 
 Hartford, 
 Dorchester, 
 EfTiinghani 
 
 )y'^\ . Montreal, Leinstor, 
 
 N Kw.ck, St. Maurice. Hampshire, 
 
 ')ml.ec, Northumberland, Orleans 
 
 All ^xceptmg SIX were Knglish names. Of the fifteen English names 
 U.ven lum.ngdon and Dorchester alone remain. Leins^ter apS 
 n,ap of 1826 and corresnonde.l to the Montcalm County of to-day 
 
 'rnor ^n^'^t *p- v'v '"•" "'"""■''-■" ^""""*^^ ''y '^c Lieutenant- 
 
 Z Kn. 1?„ i "^',' '^' •""""? P"'^""" '" Yorkshire and Lincoln- 
 
 _ m Lngland, were also mtroduced in a few instances. The 21 
 
 1.0ns were: Ihstrict of Itmenhur^ -(x) L.^ncaster. (2) Charlottenbur.' 
 
 ornwall, (4) Osnabruck, (5) Williamsburg, (6) Matilda, (7) Kdwa I'S'- 
 
 , 8 Augusta, (9) Klizabethtown. District of Meckknburl Ax) Pits. 
 
 (2) Kmgston, (3) Lrnestown, (4) Kre.lericksburg, (5) Adolphustown 
 
 .larysburg, (7) Sophiasburg, (8) Ameliasburg, (9) .Sydney o) Thur' 
 
 (.. Richmond, (.2) Camden. District ^/ !v;L,V, cL, Sed th^ 
 
 . . r*: T.'""'- '" K"« ^°'"' "" Lake Erie ; and Aw"/!^-.;/ 
 rest of the Provmce to Lake St. Clair ' 
 
 K.^f^.'^''' m!.J'* V^^tf *^''"'"'", '^^""g^'^ "-^^ District names in 1892 
 Eastern, Midland, Home an.l Western. These were subseauentiv 
 
 T Th 'iL^"r /r'.''^" ^^^".^' ^"^^'^^ LonclonTnd OorecE ^.^ 
 »; • ^'^^^f^^'r" '^*'(^t(( according to Darcy Houlton's "Sketch of 
 
 Sry ''sto mZ" f/ "'P*'" ?"^''^ " '" '^s! comprised at Vha dat? 
 garry, S ormont, Dundas, Prescott and Russell. /^///«/^«v/ com 
 (1 Orenville, Leeds and Carleton. The Midland District was composed 
 rontenac, the incorporated Counties of Lenox and AilinSon. S 
 m^ Prince Edward, and all northern region to the OtC The 
 m^ut of New Castle embraced the Counties of Northum Snd and 
 ^mies 0} Yo?J'' 'and behind them. The Ho»u District indS tE 
 nlies of York and Simcoe. The District of iViaA'am embraced the 
 lnt.es of Lincoln and Haldimand, the beach at the head of L^ke 
 no and the Townsh p of SaltHeet The DistnVt nf /I, / -^ 
 
 -"t'-^f Norfolk, "J^xford an'^iddS ^hl^^.trrSdc 
 'rehended the Counties of Essex and Kent 'I'esiern uistrict 
 
 e County as the unit of division has been retained in the Province of 
 
 the Province of Manitoba the County was adopted as a unit in 188^ 
 in the Revised Statutes of Manitoba, 1891, the Act of iSs/rnn^.rc 
 rig the repealed Acts, and by oth^r legi^latlnl^ ProvfnL Kb 
 
 ed into judicial districts, cities, towns and villlages and ri al mun c - 
 ■es, the municipality being the unit. For representadon Tn h^ 
 Islative Assembly, the unit isihe Town hip. a nSr o whkh com 
 TowtSt 'iSuh.*^" ''^ Dominicn- rep^esentalion Th^ unH^ 
 :S:f ScJThele^arei'" '^^"^^'"" "' '"''''' ^-™^ - «'-'-' 
 
 British Columbia the municipality is the unit, and from it are form^H 
 ;.al^d.stncts of .lifferent kinds. Lvincial an.l" DomTnL dector^l 
 
 Courts-These were established in Ontario in 1845. by Chao i:j 
 
 Theyywer;:..;^,,;;^^ i^'^^Z^T^ ck^!^^ 5"^ 
 
 i tot' i i"88;'"%' """/':," 'V'7^ ' '^ ^"^'^ «-''^ - .876:and in 
 utoDami»K2. (See "Judges County Court.") 
 
i'i: ■t<:rl! 
 
 
 ^ First Things in Canada. 
 
 County Model Schools— were established in Ontario in 1841. T 
 
 Model Schools were established in 1850. ' ' ^ 
 
 Courts -A Supreme Council was established in 1663 in Quebec, and t 
 
 cised judicial powers, piving judgments in civic and criminal casc^ '„ ,1: 
 
 mg to the Royal Oidinances and the Coutumede Paris. The CouncjLiln 
 
 after 1703, the Conseil Superieur, had the power to eitablish sul>^f^ 
 
 counts throughout the colony. After the conquest of 1760, the gnv3", 
 
 of Canada was entrusted to military men. In 1763 authority \vi]3' 
 
 to the governors, with the consent of the Council and the represeSn 
 
 of the people, to make laws for the good government of the colom^h 
 
 governors were also empowered to establish Courts of JudicatuilJa, 
 
 however, no Assemblies met (the French Canadians being unwi^T 
 
 take the oaths required), there were no laws. In February, \-jbmL.. 
 
 ernor Murray received instructions to modify the practice of tlitiBv. 
 
 He was directed to pass an ordinance admitting Canadians of^-, 
 
 origm to serve on juries. In suits aflecting British contestants o^w 
 
 jury were to be British. When one of the contestants was a^ 
 
 Canadian, the jury was to be a mixed one. When both parti3B . 
 
 French Canadian, the jury was to be wholly of French Car^Efi' 
 
 French Canadians were likewise admitted to practise as advocate.^E. 
 
 CoUits. 'mSL 
 
 Courts— In 1721 a Court of Judicature was established at Annapoli|Sc 
 
 Scotia. At a meeting of the Council, held on the loth Aiiril V^ „ 
 
 resolved "that the Governor and Council do sit as a general Ci»:o 
 
 Court of fudicature four limes a year." The royal instructions to (W^ , 
 
 Cornwalhs m 1749 required him to erect and commission Courts oi^Ka 
 
 m Nova Scotia. After consultation with his Council he erectelBve 
 
 Courts. The first was a Court of General Sessions, similar in il-S ' 
 
 and conformable in its practice, to the courts of the samt- r^s -ij;,. 
 
 England. The second was a County Court, having jurisdiction 7 ^Z ■ 
 
 whole province (which at the time was but one county), and a^ T 
 
 those persons who were in the Commission of the Peace at llnlili »*.. 
 
 Court sal monthly. The third was the (Jeneral Court. This wa-r^j 
 
 of Assize and general jail delivery, in which the Governor and CoV^ p 
 
 as judges. It assembled twice a year. In 1752 the County LoAn 
 
 abolished, and a Court of Common Fleas erected in its place uHon 
 
 plan of the Superior Courts of Common Pleas in New England ^S ( 
 
 Court— Supreme Court of Canada first established 1875. W. 1; ow^bo 
 
 _ first Chief Justice. The first sitting was on 5th June, 1876. mL \ ( 
 
 Cricket— First international match between Canada and the Unitic^jEi, 
 
 _ was played in Mont.eal, 1845. irrf^o 
 
 Criminal Statistics— The collection of, was ordered by the RuluiAshi 
 
 Canada in the session o' 1876. The fiist report under the Act waflEtet 
 
 year 1880. These statistics are divided into six classes. ci|K i j 
 
 offences against the f srson ; class and, offences against proiKlB--I 
 
 violence ; class 3rd, oftences against property without violence • cflHca 
 
 inalicious offences against property ; class Jih, forgery and cffence'^Bi i" 
 
 the currency ; class 6th, other offences not included in the other cl|Habc 
 
 Jotal Convutions—Cotnparison per 10,000 inhabitants ; IB^in 
 
 1881-86. 1887-92. i8oroj«rv 
 '«t class........ 10.66 1045 9 vS^ 
 
 3''^ ".36 12.32 7.'4i»l»nii 
 
 ■n 
 
IN Canada. ,;ae „ 
 
 *iRST Things IN Canada. 6- 
 
 ihed in Ontario in 184.^ T 4,h class 
 
 850. J'r'ff 0-93 0.52 0.77 
 
 shed in 1663 in Quebec, and ^^^ „ O-o? 0.08 0.09 
 
 Its in civic and criminal casL'n »i,,. ^i,„ ■.■■■i ■■,•■■■■■,■■■,■.; • S4-00 60.10 1:4.67 
 
 loutumede Paris. The Courc.jj^,'.. as'L t S'"fh '.^'^'k"' '""'",• '"'^^ ^^ murder/manslaughter, 
 Id the power to establish sulS^'^'r^^'u"' ! '^''^"'/''^'■^ .'^^^ he^" ^ 'eJ»ction in the number of convic 
 the conquest of 1760, the g..v '°^\ , " J^ three classes including offences against property, there has 
 • men. In 1763 authorit/ uS 2 a dec eus" in'rl^''"'?^ "f'"'=^\- '^'^^'^ has been an^'increase in 
 rthe Council and the reprcs^Sncy shtw an ncret " ' '^"' ^^ '"^^ery and offences against the 
 ood government of the coi(,ni ^hf-r r,ffpno»Tc,f' , 
 
 establish Courts of JudieaUnheToi. convict otTn "Js*! ^"'^ '" '"'/'"'"• ^" '^^^ '"'^''^'^'^'e o^^nces 
 rench Canadians being ^xr..v\:T\^\;^^^^^ ^^4, were 2506 ; in 1888, 3,747; and in 1895, 
 
 : no laws. In February, i70'«Sation Th^ ! f^^ "r" '^^^ of about 5 per thousand of the 
 
 o modify the practice of theWwas jn iSs! 'I'^Pf'""" of convicted persons using li(,uor immoder- 
 ce admitting Canadians ofSTnd in S^^ i^^ '^"' "'^'^^^ '°'^' ^""^''=''""'^ = in 1888, 37.7 per 
 fleeting British contestants -S wSe was ^in^/x/"" T'' ^"' P'-oP^-'tion of those unable to read 
 e of the contestants was a M, 4 percent Of , h ., ^^^ ^T' '" '^^^' '5 per cent, and in 
 
 was established at Annapoli.lf 'cha^res ^L/'. o.f "'" -^'"""'^ in convictions. In 1890 there were 
 
 cil, held on the loth April, ■ charS and ^.'70^ ^«"^!<^ !«ns, or 67. 7 per cent. In 1885 there were 
 
 ouncil do sit as a genera) clIo AnSi^ls f\^„^/r''"c""°"' ?^ ^^'^ P^"^ '^^nt- 
 The royal instrucfions to (ffi meetZ I'.h hVi '^" '^"'c^'^ f°f..'''-evention of, was organized at a 
 
 ectand commission Courts o.«a^n 4% K rf7"'^'J-^^^r u^*^^"''" ^°""S. K.C.B. (Governor 
 with his Council he erectefflvea' we/the fi/^f^^' ■^''' ^^u"" Z^' ^^'^'=^""^''1 ^nd Hon. P.J. 
 
 neral Sessions, similar in it.« 1 he s^cietv rnnfi^f T'' ^^^ '"''' ^"■^'•^^"' ^^^ William Work- 
 the courts of the same rS,. \^^.h^ctlTM^ "l^P^rf ons t . the Province of Quebec, and 
 Court, having jurisdiction |1 .tt^f'Jave 2.7 w.Tn" ^^' Tr'"^' f"""S 189S attended to 
 
 ,vas but one county), and M^,. „! 'l^^^^ 1" warnings, and destroyed 31 animals. 
 
 iission of the Peace at IlalifSLi w..'?r. n^? '?,'^'' P'^y^"? '" Canada in Montreal, 1807. Quebec 
 
 e General Court. Thiswam\r ^c Lt^L^Tvi^l^n^lst tI'^ ^'^"'-" FeWon.^! 
 which the Governor and CoM Flamboro in iSjc VL u t^ 1834 Then in order named came 
 r. In .752 the County cM„ gT a" <hf-^rk^. r 7r"'".^'"'' '" '^37. and Guelph and 
 "leas erected in its place "BSon af Curlini Cl^^n T ' ,"''^^\ ^''"''u""^''^^ ^"^ the lioyai 
 .n Pleas in New England. M Sedon in^uSl i l^'f^^'Hl ''"' '^'^ <^"'^"o Branch of the 
 established 1875. W. luMbou/ ,c^"',',"^^^^^^^ There are 
 
 as on 5th June. '.876. W on S j'atary ife ^'""'''' "^'^ "'"'^'' ^^"^''"^ ^'"b was 
 
 een Canada and the Unitd^feij- Samuel. (/can.3-an born), was the first to conceive and to 
 
 was ordered by the P.nl.am ^^eTvi^tetwrn" c""' .'" 'Yr'-"^^ '^^^ °^ ^ "guTar'oce S 
 list report under the Act w,«ted.rhhrhv,hr!n ^^"f'-''. ^"^ (^ireat Britain. The idea was 
 ■ided into six classes. clK; ? London ' ^"'^^^^sf"! trip of the Royal William from Nova 
 tid, offences against prcpe.'fflB— in th» e.ir'v rI.M,c ^11 <- . r 
 
 ■operty without violence ; ciM^a. The firsf ordinnn. ° coin were current in British North 
 
 ass Sth, forgery and cffenaM 1764 and bl^tthpK ^^uf '^^ ','?'' ""''^^ authoritiea in Canada 
 not included in the other cJKbove their normal v J [^"f'^ .^K°"" '^ °'' '"^ '^^ ''^'-^"'^'^ '^'^^n ^^'e 
 .0 inhabitants : fflf in the colonv ThJ fi 7 ^' ^VP"'" '^^ """^^'"'"g "^^'" i" -^i^cu- 
 
 86. .887-9.. .893,9»y w.:'sin°'7Tr: whi^i^ t'oTeirt^-.il'.r^tnl^LlTj^!"^^^^ 
 
 6 :..3. 7.04«ntinent.an^^-rl-^^!^^'---X^n--SwUh 
 
68 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 ■ i -m 
 
 the average instrinsic worth of the gold and silver coins of Great I 
 Portugal, Spain and the United States. Some assistance was given 
 measure, but the increasing business of the country demanded lur 
 facilities for exchange. 
 
 Canadian, or, as more frequently called, Halifax, currency was 
 hshed by an ordinance of 1765, which changed the monetary nomen. 
 from French to English, but adopted as the money unit a shilling, ec 
 value to the old French livre. The denominations were dollars, i 
 shilhngs and pence, 20 shillings being equal to 5 dollars, the dollar 
 origmally the Spanish pillar dollar coined before 1772, and containr 
 grains fine silver. 
 
 From August, 1812, to near the close of 1820, the people of Lh 
 used a currency composed for the most part of promissory legal 
 "army bills,"* originally issued by the Government as a financi, 
 the war with the United States, relieving the authorities of any n 
 to run the nsk and incur the expense of i.nporting specie from F 
 
 Various subsequent acts of the legislatures established a vahw 
 the coin current in British North America. 
 
 Finally, in 1858, the Province of Canada adopted dollars and 
 pounds, shillings and pence as the only moneys of account. 
 
 In 1871 the Federal Parliament passed the Act (Chap. 4, Aclso-; 
 respecting the currency which gave to the Provinces of the Dora 
 uniform currency. 
 
 Under this and other acts there are seven different kinds of 
 circulation in the Dominion, namely : gold coins ; subsidiary 
 coins and bronze coins ; provincial notes (issued prior to Confede 
 Dominion notes ; bank notes and fractional notes. 
 Gold Coin— Th.- single gold standard adopted by Canada und( 
 of 1871 was that of the British sovereign of the weight and finene 
 scribed by the laws of the United Kingdom to pass current at ' 
 Provision was also made that, until otherwise ordered by Her M 
 proclamation, the gold eagle of the United States should be legal 
 in Canada at its face value when it is up to the standard weight ai 
 of tolerance (remedy of the mint) prescribed by law, viz. : fixed w( 
 pennyweights and 18 grains Troy, and of the fineness fixed by the 
 States Act of 18.H, i.e. ■899-225, and that of 1837, that is, -900. 
 
 The Canadian Act of 1871 provided for a special gold coim 
 Canada, but none has been minted under the Act. 
 Silver Coins— The silver piece are of the denomination of 50, 25 
 5 cents ; and the copper piece of one cent is the only minor coin. , 
 
 The largest silver piece weighs 179 -31 grains, and is -925 thousar* 
 ihe smallei pieces are in proportion. These are legal temier' 
 amount of 10 dollars. The copper coin is tender to the amoun' 
 cents in any one payment. 
 
 In addition to the coin used, the Canadian Government issues 
 ment notes, first issued by the Legislature of the Ptovince of Ca' 
 1866. The authority was limited to $5,000,000 on general acco 
 
 i tiry \VcrT: issue: 
 
 * The total amount nf tlie«e b«l'= i«';"««"l ti.o-? /■-.*> 
 
 of $400, *ioo $so, $25. $,o7$7, la.i;; anT$.;"eaclV dollar UTng7onsidr"Ti 
 shillmgs^ Halifax currency. Ihey were finally withdrawn and the book- clj 
 April, loai. 
 
[ Canada. 
 
 i and silver coins of Great U 
 
 Some assistance was given 
 f the country demanded iri) 
 
 died, Halifax, currency was 
 ;hanged the monetary nomun 
 s the money unit a shilling, e 
 niominaiions were dollars, p 
 jqual to 5 dollars, the dollar 
 ed before 1772, and containi 
 
 se of 1820, the people of I 
 St part of promissory lega 
 ; Government as a finance 
 ng the authorities of any m-i 
 Ji iaiporting specie from Er. 
 latures established a valuari 
 ica. 
 
 anada adopted dollars and ; 
 moneys of account, 
 ed the Act (Chap. 4, Acts 
 the Provinces of the Dora 
 
 seven different kinds of ni 
 ' : gold coins ; subsidiary 
 "s (issued prior to Confede 
 onal notes. 
 
 idopted by Canada under :: 
 jn of the weight and fin 
 gdoni to pass current a 
 lerwise ordered by Her M 
 ited States should be legal 
 3 to the standard weight a:. 
 ibed by law, viz. : fixed \vi 
 of the fineness fixed by the 
 lat of 1837, that is, -900 
 d for a special gold coin? 
 if the Act. 
 
 le denomination of 50, 25, 
 
 nt is the only minor coin. 
 
 grains, and is -925 thousa. 
 
 These are legal temieri 
 
 )in is tender to the amoun 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 adian Government issues 
 ureofthe Pfovince of Ca 
 ;,ooo,ooo on general accoi 
 
 iiii'i955 J — - — ■ 
 
 each (Joilar being considered 
 ■ withdrawn and the book 
 
 t,9 
 
 1,000 to repKce notes of banks surrendering their power of issue * 
 'as provided that 20 per cent, of the notes issued should be covered by 
 ;je reserve, and the remainder by Provincial debentures 
 >n the formation of the Dominion, the permitted issue was enlarged, 
 .he Act of 1868, to $8,000,000, any amount in excess of $5,000,000 to 
 covered by 25 ,,er cent, in specie, or in specie and Canadian securities 
 iranteed by the Imperial Government. For the remainder the security 
 •vided was unguaranteed bonds issued by authority of Parliament 
 'n 1870 the issue was fixed at $9,000,000, with a 20 per. cent specie 
 rve-any excess ove. the $9,000,000 to be fully covered by specie 
 n 1872, in consequence of the growing demand for paper currency 
 issues in excess of the $9,000,000 were required to be covered bv 
 !Cie only to the extent of 35 per cent. 
 
 ^n 1875, 50 per cent, specie reserve was required for $3,000,000 over 
 *9,ooo,ooo ; and for any excess over the $12,000,000 a full cover of 
 
 n 1880 the law authorized the issue of $20,000,000 to be covered by 
 least IS per cent, in gold, 10 per cent, additional either in cold or in 
 iminion securities guaranteed by the Imperial Government, and the 
 Minder in ungiiaranteed Dominion bonds ; any excess over $20,000,000 
 be fully covered with gold. ,wu,vjvaj 
 
 iJ'rJ^^L.^'' Jt':^ '^''^ P,^''^'^ providing that the issue might exceed 
 15,000,000. 1 his Act, however, did not provide for any additional 
 lurity, and was therefore replaced by Chap. r6. Acts of 1895, which 
 )vides that Dominion notes may be issued in excess of ^he sum of 
 3,000,000, provided that the Minister of Finance, in addition to any 
 lount required to be held by him in gold under the Act of 1890 (Re- 
 ed Statutes 1886, Chap. 31), holds gold sufficient to cover fully any 
 :ess over the $20,000,000. ^ ^ 
 
 These notes are full legal tender, redeemable in specie on demand, and 
 
 o «™ !]^<^r°""rt''","' '■ *'• ^^' $4. $S, $'o, $20, $50, $100. 
 
 o, *i,ooo and $5,000 (the latter first issued in October, 1896, and 
 letly used for clearing house purposes). 
 Provincial notes issued by the several provinces prior to Confederation 
 
 still unredeemed to the amount of about $29,000. They are $5, $10, 
 
 (Under the general authority of the Act of 1868, the Government issued 
 (tes for 25 cents in 1870, when Sir Francis Ilincks was Minister of 
 rnance, the chief object of which was to provide the country with frac- 
 tal currency, and thus relieve the strain consequent on the enforced 
 
 ffi beenfl'wdTd''" " "^ ''''^'^' '''''^' """*' ''^'''^ '^^ ''"""'^y 
 
 he several Acts, therefore, require : ist. That there shall be held by 
 
 Uotninion Government 15 per cent, of $20,000,000 in gold ; 2nd. 10 
 
 .t cent additional, either in gold or Dominion .securities, guaranteed by 
 
 L^^^^fh r ,Tr\?'"r = i'n- 75 r'"""^- '" ""guaranteed Dominion 
 mas , 4in. Goirl, dollar for dollar, of any excess of issue over $20,000 000 
 
 I VfT^T'o^^ amount of Dominion notes in circulation in 1895 was 
 - 'o prot ect there had to be held by law :— 
 
 ,'p,v'',fr;'"* *f" "*'^"^'"? "> l^*'' '^^"^- "" their circulation, and one^fTaiirtl^TsTimated 
 
 i -..^hf 1™'"' •■>V.'"'"'^«"'«""' '" ^I'rrender their pLwer of Lue The IJaTk of 
 
 .1 v,a. the only one wh.ch agreed to do so. In conseij^nce the Act was uj.ealed in 
 
 I 
 
i 
 
 70 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 ist. 15 % on $20,000,000 $ 3,000,000 
 
 2nd. 10 % on $20,000,000 gold or guaranteed 
 
 security 2,000,000 
 
 3fd. 75 % on $20,000,000 gold, unguaranteed 
 
 security 15,000,000 
 
 4th. Gold for excess over $20,000,000 i.397>7So 
 
 Total $21,000,000 
 
 The amount held was : — 
 
 ^°'<1---- .•. $ 9,63m ii2 
 
 uuaranteed securities 1,946,667 
 
 Unguaranteed securities 17,250,000 
 
 Total $28,830,970 .ti^jji 
 
 Thus of gold and guaranteed securities there was held $iio oftDe 
 against $6,397,750 required by law, or $5,183,229 more than ufagJiSi 
 requires of gold and guaranteed securities, and $2,150,000 11. iii,|8( 
 Unguaranteed securities, or in all $7,433,229 more than required. > 
 Thus the amount of gold actually held constitutes over 45 per cei 
 the whole circulation. ' 
 
 Dark Days-" On the 14th October, 1780," says Haight, "a most rem^ 
 phenomenon occurred. .A.t noon a pitchy darkness completely oh 
 the light of the sun, continuing for about ten minutes at a time, anq 
 frequently repeated during the afternoon. In the interval betwee: 
 mysterious eclipse dense masses of black clouds streaked with yellow 
 athwart the darkened sky, with fitful gusts of wind. Thunder, lig' 
 black rain and showers of ashes added to the terrors of the scene." 
 ford mentions similar experiences on the 9th, 15th and i6th Octobei, 
 _ Similar demonstrations were witnessed in July, 1814. 
 
 Dairymen's Association of Canada -The first Convention was 
 Ottawa, April 9th, 1889, for the purpose of securing uniformity Ihr 
 the Dominion in the manufacture of butter and cheese for export, 
 ment voted $3,000 in aid. The beginning of the cheese factory 
 dates back to 1863. In 1865 there were ten in operation in Upprr i b' 
 The repeal of the Reciprocity Treaty in March, 1866, gave chei 
 a powerful impulse. At the close ot the season of 1866 there wercii 
 Canada West, and 12 in Canada East. In 1868 Ontario had 180 fj 
 and Quebec 17. In 1890 there were 1565 factories in the Doinin 
 these Ontario had 893, and (Quebec, 617. In i860 the value of 1; 
 of domestic cheese by the United -States was $1,563,630, ano 
 was $3,091,914. In i860 the value of the export of Cana;! > 
 was $13,675, and in [896 it was $13,956,571. Of the total 
 164,689,123 lbs., in 1896, of Canadian made cheese, 164,410,941 
 to Great Britain. That market requires an import from other ( 
 2,300,000 cwv., valued at $24,000,000. Canada supplies 50 
 of the whole requirements of Great Britain. The total butter ,, 
 in Canada, in 1890, was 115,938,165 pounds. 
 
 Dates old and new-The first instance of the recognition oi 
 style in an English document is in Kirk's summons, from T;i 
 Champlain to surrender (^)uebec, 1628. The new style bad 
 by the F'rencli from 11:83. It was not used by !he P.nt^li'sH !■!! 
 
 Deaf and Dumb, Education of— First appiopriation for by any ' thffough 
 Legislature, was made by the Legislature of Nova Scotia in 18,: tia4 pn 
 
 
^^^^^'^^ «■ First Things in CANAr-A. 7, 
 
 • euarameed ^ 3'°°°'°°° =^ ^^^^^ "*" ^?V?''P^ ''"' '^'""P^^^ '" Canada in 1858 ; of ci.rrciu y. 
 guaranteed first adopted for public accounts 1858. ^ 
 
 .nRuarant;ed '*°°°'°°° 'f-e^^y^ So"'""" °^ I"^«^colonial Railway at Halifax, complied 
 
 "oo" 't'^'^ ««» Commission-A Royal Commission was appointed in 1862, to 
 
 ''■397.7 50 enquire into the measures to jje taken for the Defence of Canada The 
 
 «2i nno nrv. '^'J^""."-' °^ t^^ "^^Po" Presented in that year and of certain political" events 
 :})2i,ooo,ooo o^rring about that time was the embodiment, in the Militia An of a 
 
 « n fii .,, ^ of organization based upon the requirements and resourcer of the 
 
 * ^'Zk ^ 2'^^, N"^^ American Colonies as t hen existing. A defence commission 
 
 T7'?=n'r^ ?E,f ^"^y? *'^'"'"a''y- '^89. It consisted of General Sir Fred 
 
 J 7.^50.0 00 ^dleton, Major General Cameron, Col. Walker Powell, and Ll.-Col 
 
 iti.;tl^re--wSW,fc 
 
 u^ifi?fsvJ5o,:J^^;» 
 
 3,229 more than required. iSnent of Marine and Fisheries-First organized with Ministerial head 
 Id constitutes over 45 per ct ^July, 1867. mnusieriai neaa, 
 
 .. TT • . ^ ,, , ^l^cnt of Interior— First organized with Ministerial head, 1st lulv 187? 
 
 says Ilaight, a most rem«ent of Railways and Canals-First organized with Mn ter a! he.d" 
 tchy darkness completely olMft May, 1879. "" ' i"ii»icnai neaa, 
 
 It ten minutes at a time anc«Speaker of the House of Commons, first provided by Chapter i Acts 
 n. In tne interval betweeafe8s. M. E. Daly elected ist Deputy Speaker, loth Februar^ 188^ 
 < clouds streaked with yelo»«,. C.C.Colby elected April, 1887, and served to December. 880 ! 
 .St of wind. Thunder, igK f Wood, 21st January, 1890; J. H. Bergeron, 22nd May, 180 L 
 o the terrors of the scene." MBrodeur. 27th August, 1896. b , u i lay, loyi , i^. 
 
 2 9th, 15th and 16th Octobei»y--The first Directory of Montreal was issued 1819. 
 m July, 1814. ^»y— The first was Mauger's in Halifax, 171:0. 
 
 he hrst Convention was r«B Court- Was first established in Nova Scotia in 1759 (« Geo ID 
 ^ of securing uniformity thrr«nsisted of the Governor or Commander-in-Chief and the members o 
 tter and cheese for export. Jfcut.ve Council. By the Act of 1866 the Judge in Equity became fudge 
 .ngof the cheese factory ,ra[mary of the Court, New Brunswick's Court of Divorce was esTablished 
 = ten 'n operation in Upper C»ct 31, Geo. Ill, cap. 5. It consisted of the Governor and five members 
 March, 1866 gave cheese«e Council. In i835.a Judge of the Supreme Court was added. In i860 
 r^Trsn . L [%?/»" K°^u^''°'""^ ^"^ Matrimonial Causes was created. In Br tish 
 In 1868 Ontario had 180 fa«fcmb,a the Supreme Court tries divorce cases, and in Prince Edward 
 565 factories m the Dom.n«fcd the Lieut. -Governor and Council. For Ontario and Quebec Man^ 
 7. In i860 the value of theMa^d the North-West, proceedings are initiated by Bill introduced in 
 tes was $1,563,630, and >n»enate of the Parliament of Canada. The Comm^ons passes upon the 
 of the expor of Canad.an«te s b 11 in each case. In all since 1868 there have been 214 divorces 
 ,9S6..S7i. Of the total "Mted, of which 57 were by the Dominion Parliament, and 167 by the 
 i.ade cheese 164,410,940 l>»r>.l Prov^incial Courts. Prince Edward Islnnd has not granted a sincle 
 s an import from other ('M^WISrce m 28 years. 1 amj^ic 
 
 3. Canada supplies 50 :ky«ord-The first established wa? in Halifax, 1758. The date on theiratP 
 am The total butter xf^po, which refers lo the year the wall enclosing it was built 
 
 "■'7'-, . . '"T" ^"^ ^'°^'' Association, (irst annual meeting held in Toronto 
 
 of the recognition ut uFtfJjiriiary 6th, 1886. ioronio, 
 
 rk's summons, from T M.a%n --Canada first called a Dominion in 1774, in address of the Ameri- 
 Jhe new style ha. can (.olonies in assembly at Philadelphia. Name first officially piven by 
 
 ippropnation for by an, - b«>ughont Canada on 1st July, 1867. It was offered as a substitute to 
 re of Nova bcotia in iby;. ^JiBtproposed by Sir John Macdonald, viz., " Kingdom of Canada." The 
 
72 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 designation " Kingdom " was first proposed by Rev. Dr. Strachar 
 memo addressed to the British Government, 1824. 
 Dominion Alliance for the total suppression of the Liquor Traffic. Ir , 
 sixteen members of the House of Commons of Canada, united in a ' . 
 for a National Prohibition Convention. The meeting thussummun: 
 held in Montreal on September isth, i6th and 17th, 1875, ancl t'le 
 ation was called at first the Dominion Prohibitory Council. I', 
 coincident with changes of the consuuuion it was called the Do-. 
 Alliance. In its plan and purpose it is a federation of the socif 
 Canada favourable to the suppression of the liquor traffic. Th 
 hibition Parliament meets annuall> to consult and advise wtth n- 
 all methods of general work. A Legislative (Jouncil is appointed r 
 and meets at Ottawa during the Session of Parliament to watch all 
 lion connected with the iraffic. Hon. Senator Vidal has been Ir 
 of the AUaince from its inception. [See Temperance.) 
 Dominion Artillery Association— First general meeting held in I'ai 
 Ijuildings, Ottawa, on the 22nd February, 1876. This meeting 1 
 result of several others held at important centres where the object*'^ 
 Association was explained and members enrolled. The aim 
 Association is the development of gunnery skill and the disseniina,^. 
 Artillery knowledge throughout the Dominion. The first Presidd 
 General Selby Smyth, followed by General Luard in 1880, Lie| 
 Oswald 1885, Lieut. -Col. Macdonald 1888, General Sir Fred 5i 
 ton 1890, Lieut. -Col. A. A. Stevenson 1891, Lieut. -Col. J. R. Aroj 
 1893, Lieut. -Col. A. Curren 1892, and Lieut. -Col. E. G. Prior iM 
 Governors-General in succession have been Patrons, Lord Dufferiil 
 the first. Lord Dufiferin presented medals for firing competitionsf 
 Marquis of Lome was the first to present prizes for general effi 
 These have been continued by his successors. The Association 1 
 four teams to England to compete in the National Artillery Asso 
 competitions at Shoeburyness. The first team was commanded by! 
 Col. Oswald, who gave $!,0CX3 towards the expenses. The first leaf 
 in 1881, the second in 1883, the third in 1886, and thefourthi. 
 The Association offered prizes for the best essay written by officers! 
 Militia on Military subjects. The first prize, a medal presented f 
 Earl of Dufferin, was won by Lieut. -Col. Montizambert. 
 Dominion Day— ist July, 1867, Canada by Que.sn's Proclamotion 
 Dominion by the Union of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Ne«| 
 wick. The Birth Day of the Canadian Confederacy is celebratd| 
 parts of Canada with great «/«/. 
 Dominion General Elections— (See "Simultaneous Polling.") 
 Dominion Notes Act extended throughout the whole Dominion, iSydl 
 Dominion Lands Survey -Arranged for in 1869 ; actual work of sci 
 began 1871. In 1874 and 1875 a sysi.m of triangulation was undJ 
 Since 1875 the ruling points of the survey hive been established ast| 
 cally and telegraphically. In 1884 the system of surveys was oxta 
 as to include the 40 mile railway belt in British Columbia asl 
 Manitoba and the Nor»h-West. In 1886 topographical surveys! 
 western mountainous region was begun. In 1887 the phototopogl 
 method of survey was introduced. The total area set out forsettlq 
 
 "• " /"O"'! • -■ 
 
 Dual Language— Neither in General Murray's manifesto of 2?nd Maf 
 the Articles of Capitulation of Montreal, of the 8th Septenibeil 
 
Canada. 
 
 X)sed by Rev. Dr. Strachar 
 lent, 1824. 
 
 n of the Liquor Traffic. Ir 
 ions of Canada, united in a ' 
 The meeting thussumniDti: 
 5th and 17th, 1875, and the. 
 •n Prohibitory Council. I'. 
 lUtion it was called the Dn-, 
 is a federation of the socit 
 of the liquor traffic. Th,. 
 onsult and advise wtth res;-^ 
 itive (louncil is appointed ar4|l 
 of Parliament to watch all " 
 Senator Vidal has been Pri 
 2 Temperance.) 
 neral meeting held in Pail 
 uary, 1S76. This meeting | 
 it centres where the object | 
 ibers enrolled. The aim 
 ;ry skill and the disseniinaij 
 >ominion. The first Presid 
 eneral Luard in i88o. Lie 
 1888, General Sir Fred Ji 
 1 89 1, Lieut. -Col. J. R. Ar 
 Lieut. -Col. E. G. Prior iSo. 
 een Patrons, Lord DuHerici 
 edals for firing competitions 
 sent prizes for general eft 
 cessors. The Association i 
 he National Artillery Ar,> 
 5t team was commanded by 
 the expenses. The first lea 
 ■d in 1886, and the fourth;: 
 sst essay written by officer- 
 prize, a medal presented 
 L Montizambert. 
 f Queen's Proclamotion kfi 
 ebec. Nova Scotia and Ne«S 
 Confederacy is celebrate 
 
 iltaneous Polling.") 
 the whole Dominion, 1X7(1 
 n 1869 ; actual work ol ~ 
 n of triangulation was undc 
 y hive been established asti 
 >ystem of surveys was r\i 
 It in British Columbia 
 S86 topographical surveys^ 
 . In 1887 the phototopogl 
 total area set out for settlq 
 
 ay's manifesto of 2?nd Mai 
 eal, of the 8th SeptembeiS 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 73 
 
 General Amherst's proclamation of the i'2nd September. 1760 nor in the 
 ««lmances issued by General Gage in the same year, is 'thIrVkny s^ec fie 
 intionofhe retention of the French language by the CanaSs or of 
 ; enforced substitution of the English language. The form ofJovern 
 int introduced by General Amherst was blsed upon justice administered 
 ough common sense and honesty. The proceedings of the c mrts estab 
 ed under Gage s ordinances were carried on in French, because outsWe 
 the British garrison, everybody spoke only French ' 
 
 1 he first meeting of the Legislature of Lower Canada, under the Act of 
 I, took place on the 17th December, 1792, when the Lieut -Governor 
 'm fre^rn^hlir^ ^rt'^ 'V^ Legislative' C^^^^^^^^^^ 
 m to re uin o their own chamber and elect a Speaker, " which speech " 
 Journal of the day's proceedings says, " was repeated in he French 
 
 Sr- 'th''^" ,• "^ '" P-"^-^^"^^ 'f "'^ Excellency he Governor 
 tnJh /m^ T"°" *° postpone the election for a day was repeated in 
 
 Sh''"onthelThn'"'l'"^^'"?^^^ '" Frenchfwas rereatediS 
 aglish. Un the 27th December, Mr. Grant moved that the Journals be 
 the English language as necessary for the o.iginal ecord and that 
 inslations be made into French for the use of thofe who d'si'red them 
 Papineau naoved in amendment to insert after the word'' EnJlffh " 
 
 butS w hmf T'*' -'"^"^^^ ^^ '^ r^ ^^^^ l^'^^" -"'--^ i'^ the "Ski 
 
 of; Si r'",^ '"''' precedent for the foture." This carried, 
 
 to 14 .Shortly after by a vote of 26 to 13, it was -esolved that the 
 
 ;use should keep two registers-one in French and one n Slish The 
 
 le for the introduction of Bills was decided as foHows : Bills Sative to 
 
 ^ pXstl^n' "' E"g'-^,-/?-^ in the Province and to ttiel^hts of 
 
 I rotestant clergy as specified in Chapter 31, Acts of iist George III 
 be introduced in the English language, and Bills reldvetoThfiawV 
 5toms usages and evil rights of the province to be introduced irrrhe 
 
 |e^S^t^e'^F^S°^ Upper Canada passed a resolution that f;-,r 
 Se Denent ot the French people in the west part of the province the 
 
 ;olut.ons of the House should be translated into French '^Ne-ub fiftv 
 ars after. Lord Durham, in his report of 1839, recommended that as 
 
 ne sLould Sro^-tr' "' '"° provinces'?houId be unhed, English 
 
 -chamber were concerned, since the F;ench members Ke n The^ 
 ther tongue when they pleased. -In fact dur ngt h? inter Hct the 
 t-nch language was heard far more frequently in the debates than i ha! 
 icn in the reginie of equality." An address to the Oueen hi favour of 
 t; restoration of the language was presented in 1845 Mr G adsLe 
 » 1 Stre^'a? fhe"""^' •^^'' '^t' "'^^°"^^^ KaS^CathcarUo tS 
 
 ^.^r^riytiL^s^^vjhf idS:- r A^';a^&x 
 
 Id the speech from the throne in both Enirlish and Fr.n.h /.s:^? '^-I^^ 
 'Anr™!'"'*'^""'".''*..'^" recognized the equality of the t wo ilniruapes 
 Ho! ^A'°" ^^'^'"**J^'^ '^73. the Act poviding that any memS of 
 House of Commons elect- d and returned to any Legislativ^ Ass^mblyl 
 
i' 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 111 
 1 
 
 74 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 or appointed to any Legislative Council, shall thereby void his electJ 
 the House of Commons. 
 Earthquake— First recorded as happening in Canada, 1638. The 
 called in Quebec " Le jour de St. Barnabe. The earthquake of id 
 called the "Great Earthquake," and well deserves the distinction 
 took place on the 2(')th January, .and it is said of the effects product 
 " the doors opened and shut of themselves, with a fearful clallei 
 bells rang without being touched ; the walls split asunder ; tla 
 separated and fell down ; the fields put )n the appearance of pioc 
 and the mountains seemed to be moving out of their places. Main^,fl 
 rivers and fountains were dried up ; in others, the water became >' 
 ous, and in some the channel in which they ran before was so alti 1 
 it could not be distinguished. Many trees were torn up and thrciw 
 considerable distance, and some mountains appeared to be mucli 
 and moved. Half way between Tadousac and Quebec two mou. 
 were shaken down and formed a point of land which extended 
 qiiarter of a league into the River St. Lawrence. The Island aux Cq 
 became larger than it was before, and the channel of the river itsei 
 much altered." 
 Education — See School Annals. 
 
 Education— Ladies' Society for promoting Education and Industry in G 
 founded 21st October, 1826, at Montreal ; Countess Dalhousie, pair. 
 Education of Women— Sir Donald Smith (Lord Strathcona and 
 Royal) is the first founder of a university annex for women in Cd 
 1887. 
 Eight Hours a day system first adopted in Canada by the Public 1' 
 
 Bureau, May 1st, 1896. 
 Eisteddfod— The first, in Canada, was held in Montreal, 1st March, i 
 Elections, General, Dominion— The first (ieneral Elections for Memlti 
 the House of Commons, were held in September, 1867. Sub: 
 General Elections were held in most of the electoral districts as follosi" 
 Tuly 29th, 1872. Tune aoih, 1882. 
 
 January 22nd, 1874. February 22nd, 1887. 
 
 Septr. loth, 1878. March 5th. 1891. 
 
 The (ieneral Elections of 1887 were held om the same day 
 Provinces, with the exception of British Columbia. Subsequ 
 were held on the same day in all the Provinces. (See '* Sim 
 Polling. " 
 Elections-General, Provincial— Dates at which held since Confeder 
 For Ontario. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 I 
 
 9 
 2 
 
 9 
 I 
 
 J 
 I 
 
 September 1867. 
 
 I4tb March 1871. 
 
 nth January i87S- 
 
 5th June 1879. 
 
 27th February.... 1883. 
 28th December . . 1886. 
 
 nth June 1890. 
 
 19th June 1894. 
 
 For Nova Srotia. 
 
 September.. 1867. 
 
 May 1871. 
 
 For Quebec. 
 Aug. and Sept. . 1867. 
 
 June and July 1871. 
 
 30th June 1875. 
 
 24th April 1876. 
 
 2Sth November . . 1881. 
 
 14th October 1886. 
 
 17th June 1890. 
 
 8th March 1892. 
 
 nth May 1897. 
 
 For New Rr^inr-inick, 
 
 June 1870. 
 
 June 1874. 
 
 K 
 21 
 I! 
 
 ll 
 
 StOI 
 
 cdc 
 
 to 
 n— 
 icafejkit} 
 Ciradi 
 Tcr )nl 
 owing 
 onh oi 
 the nn 
 won id 
 expend 
 was ta 
 1S8; t 
 use . 
 in ! le 
 M|¥<;tss 
 fijilcwe 
 ■in 1, 
 
 WW de 
 
 CMS, J( 
 
 <BIS 73 
 
Canada. 
 
 shall thereby void his eltc 
 
 in Canada, 1638. The 1 
 ibe. The earthquake of 1 , 
 veil deserves the distinctly 
 i said of the effects produce 
 ves, with a fearful clattei 
 ; walls split asunder ; the 
 )n the appearance of prec 
 out of their places. Man)j 
 ihers, the water became su.j 
 ley ran before was so altere 
 es were torn up and throwcj 
 ins appeared to be much 
 isac and Quebec two mouij 
 of land which extended 
 vrence. The Island aux C^ 
 e channel of the river itsei 
 
 lucation and Industry in Csj 
 ; Countess Dalhousie, palrl 
 1 (Lord Strathcona and 
 ,' annex for women in Caj 
 
 n Canada by the Public I'r 
 
 in Montreal, 1st March, iS 
 
 eneral Elections for Meml| 
 
 September, 1867. Subs* 
 
 e electoral districts as folloBl 
 
 Tune 20ih, 1882. 
 
 "February 22nd, 1887. 
 
 March 5th. 1891. 
 eld on the sarae day in: 
 h Columbia. Subsequent | 
 'rovinces. (See " Simultai 
 
 lich held since Confederatiil 
 For Qttedec. 
 
 ug. and Sept. . 1867. 
 
 ine and July. . . . 1871. 
 
 ith June 1875. 
 
 th April 1876. 
 
 th November . . 1881. 
 
 th October 1886. 
 
 th June 1890. 
 
 1 March 1892. 
 
 h May 1897. 
 
 '^or New Rruns^jiick, 
 
 ne 1870. 
 
 ne 1874. 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 75 
 
 New Brunswick— Con. 
 
 June 1878. 
 
 «5th June 1882. 
 
 26th April 1886. 
 
 2ist January 1890. 
 
 22nd October 1892. 
 
 i6th October 1895. 
 
 For British Columbia. 
 
 October 1S71. 
 
 September 1875, 
 
 May 1878. 
 
 July 1882. 
 
 7th July ,886. 
 
 13th June 1890. 
 
 July 1894. 
 
 Nova Scotia — Con. 
 
 December 1874, 
 
 loth September . . 1878. 
 
 13th June 1882. 
 
 2ist April 1890, 
 
 iSth March 1894. 
 
 20th April 1897. 
 
 For Manitoba. 
 
 27th December . . 1870, 
 
 23rd December .. . 1874. 
 
 nth December . 1878. 
 
 9lh December .... 1879. 
 
 23rd January 1883. 
 
 9th December 1886. 
 
 nth July 1888. 
 
 July 1892. 
 
 ISth January 1896. 
 
 For North- West Territories. 
 31st October 1894. 
 
 For Prince Edward Island. 
 
 ^nr.'' ; 1883. 30th June 1886. 
 
 ^n I A ?'' 'f 7^- 30th January ,890. 
 
 f '\^P"' 1879. 13th December . . . 1893. 
 
 '^'^I^y 1883. 2istjuly ,897. 
 
 ^*J',^f"*=^^'?«-The bill giving the Dominion generally the same 
 Clonal franchise was .ntrodured in the House of Commons by Sir Jo^n 
 , .r?T I T,^^*" ^1'"^' }^\'> ' '"^""" f°^ ^^'^""d reading. i6th AprS 
 ?o lifi .h ""''''^ "f '^l^ T^'""^ "f'" 30 divisions, thus contribu - 
 i^4 wit aTdTdays.''^ ''' '°"^"' '" "^^ ^'^^^^-^ °'"''^^ C^^^^- 
 Sn^ri^'S?'- /J^'^'""'y ^a/ first used as a motive power, in 
 llVr. I :^ , t $>^-^- P'^"^ "'^ "■^'='' *«^ •*'« on the grounds of the 
 tonto Industrial Exhibition. The motor did not " mote " to any extent 
 tng to the dynamo used on the car being a double armature one S 
 ly one pole piece to each armature. The following year, 1884, produced 
 , .H L^*k"'^u'^ ™^*^- ^" '^o'npanson with the mode n electrk car k 
 Uld be thought a crude affair, but it "got there," though with the 
 hnditur^^ of a considerable amount of fuel and supplies. The currem 
 ic Sr, T "°PPf -^"e^ '"'? ^° "^ "°"^^" box between the rails In 
 '^ InStrJ'"^-fr''^r"^''''-°^^^''^^'^ ^'^^ ^"d trolley-arni 
 thedtp-^ar-»i„1S^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 \ ,fi^ m' ]" ^^^ ™''^' ""^ railway, and an equips -Tnt 947 motor 
 r'..-!^°i'.^''^'-''> 62 sweepers, and 1,315 motors. The nr... ^rli^^xL 
 rv.u.:n^ tnc year w^., 22,772,631, and the number of pa >"iitrers' carried 
 hI^;-^It;'*'4' ^'"'^F 3 '4 passengers carried to each mile .u.t. 
 pRtc H2ATER-Tl:e first city in Canada and in the >rorld to have 
 
, 1 :iiii;l 
 
 mm 
 
 m 
 
 76 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 established in it a special electric heating service from i central htMu 
 
 was Ottawa, Ont. It was Iniilt hy l^Ir. Ahearn of Messrs. Ahr^*?' 
 
 Soper, Ottawa, for the foreman's office, Ottawa water works, in 
 
 1892. Three of the electric street railway cars were eciuipped lac 
 
 a 500-volt stove in February, 1892. 
 Ei.BCiRic Banquet — An electric banquet was served to 75 guests 
 
 Windsor Hotel, Ottawa, in 1892, the entire bill of fare being 10. 
 
 an electric oven, resembling a baker's oven, the invention of Mr. • 
 
 This was the first time an electricity cooked bancpiet was provided i 
 Elkctric Mail Cars— First used in OUawa Nov. 9th, 1893, to 
 
 llcr Majesty's mails from the central [wst office to the several ; 
 
 stations of the city. 
 Electric Motor Carriagk— A " horseless " carriage made in 1 
 
 first appeared in Toronto Dec. 5th, 1896. 
 Electric motive force, first employed in connection with newspal 
 
 Canada by the St. Catharines Ne^os, October, 1887. ' 
 
 Electric Street Lighitng-Ih July, 1886, the streets of MontrwL 
 
 first lighted by electricity. In 1888, the first incandescent Hl-Iii 
 
 supplied. 
 
 The first arc lights used for street lighting in Ottawa were startcc'J 
 1883. . f 
 
 J.lectric light first used in Montreal in 1877 by the Montreal li^ 
 Commissioners. 
 
 Electricity first applied as a motive power to canals in the Sault Ste. 
 (Canadian) canal in 1895. 
 
 Eng^iish Law introduced into Upper Canada, 1788. 
 
 Engravings on Wood -A psalter of David, printed in Montreal l.y 
 Mesplet, contains some small wood engravings, said to be the lir 
 in Canada. 
 
 Entomological Society of Ontario -Organized in Toronto, 16th 
 1863. On 1st August, 1868, the society began the publicnti" 
 monthly magazine— the Canadian Entomologist, which has been rr 
 issued ever since. In 1870 the Society began the publication of i 
 of annual reports on economic and popular entomology, which s 
 sented to the Legislature of Ontario by the Society. Twenty-s( v; 
 able and interesting volumes with copious illustrations have been 
 The headquarters of the Society are in London, Ont. Active ! 
 have been formed in Montreal and Toronto. The Society is alwai 
 to investigate any outbreak of destructive insects that may be rcixn 
 
 Epworth League— Formed 15th May, 1889, and embraces the a.lhe 
 the Methodist denomination in the United States and Canala. 
 about 1,860 chapters in Canada, with a membership of 80,000. T 
 membership is now (1897) about two millions. Its badge is a 
 cross, and the motto, "Look up; Lift up." The first convtn 
 held June 29th to July 2nd, 1893, in Cleveland, U.S.A. Its se 
 Tune, 1896, in Chatanooga, U.S..\., and its third in July, 1 
 Toronto, Canada. 
 
 Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway— First railway on Vancouv.r 
 opened by Sir John Macdonald, August, 1886. 
 
 Evangelical Alliance— Dominion Evangelical Alliance, formed in Jl:|| 
 L-'ctober, 1S8S. Its model is the British Evangelical Alliance, \%V 
 
 Exchange, Grain and Produce, of Winnipeg, formed Nov. 1887. -- 
 
 Exhibitions— First Provincial, held in Toronto, October 1846. » 
 
 III 
 
i Canada. 
 
 iting service from i central 
 (Ir. Ahearn of Messrs. Aht; 
 :e, Ottawa water works, in 
 Iway cars were equipped tac: 
 
 let wiis served to 75 guests 
 entire biii uf fare being cui 
 oven, the invention of Mr. 
 oked banquet was provided 
 )ftawa Nov. gih, 1893, to 
 I post office to the several 
 
 'seless " carriage made in 
 
 )6. 
 
 1 in connection with newspjj 
 
 ctober, 1887. 
 
 1886, the streets of Montrw) 
 
 the first incandescent light 
 
 hting in Ottawa were starlccji 
 
 in 1877 by the Montreal 1 
 
 • to canals in the Sault Stt.f 
 
 da, 1788. 
 
 J, printed in Montreal ijy| 
 
 [ravings, said to be the firs| 
 
 ganized in Toronto, 16th 
 ciety began the publicniiu 
 imolo^^isty which has been rt 
 began the publication of : 
 pular entomology, which ;. 
 
 the Society. Twenty-s( vi 
 us illustrations have been: 
 J London, Ont. Active I 
 into. The Society is ahva) 
 'e insects that may be r('i»i 
 ?9, and embraces the alhe 
 nited States and Canala. 
 membership of 80,000. T 
 millions. Its badge is a 
 ; up." The first convmi 
 Cleveland, U.S.A. Its 1 
 
 and its third in July, : 
 
 First Thincs in Canada. 
 
 n 
 
 Ions held in Canada of a Dominion character which received Federal 
 ^ernmcnt grants, are : — 
 
 ^"S''- Amount of Grant. Helil at 
 
 '^78 $ s.ooo Ottawa 
 
 • 5iOOo Montreal 
 
 • 5.000 Halifax 
 
 5iOOO Kingston 
 
 .St. John, N.B. 
 
 1880. 
 1881. 
 1882. 
 •883 10,000. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885.... 
 1886 .... 
 
 1887 
 
 1891 
 
 189s 
 
 tions— The 
 
 first 
 
 • 10,000 Ottawa .ind Montreal 
 
 (5,000 each) 
 
 »o,ooo London 
 
 • 10,000 *Sherbrooke, P.O. 
 
 • 10,000 Toronto 
 
 • 10,000 Sherbrooke 
 
 • 25,000 Kegina 
 
 * 1 . rxT ,. °" '■^'^"'■'^ •'^ °"^ promoted by Giiles Ilocquart. 
 lendant of New Wance (1731-1748). He was a model (Governor. He 
 louraged ship-building, facilitated communication between Quebec and 
 bntreal and opened roads so that in 1734 M. de Boisclerc was the first 
 fc to make the journey between the two centres entirely by land. He 
 It explorers for mmerals as far as Saull Ste. Marie. He developed the 
 port trade m lumber encouraged tobacco-growing, and finally decided 
 pn havmg an exhibition to give a general view of the resources of the 
 evince In order to make it scientific as well as industrial and 
 Mstical, he deputed Abbe Gosselin and Dr. LaCroix to classify and name 
 rees and plants. Products of the mines, and the fisheries ; the forest 
 1 th, woods and furs ; fruits of durable kinds and grains were on 
 li K-. •.^""' ^^^'^"t'ng Ihem for a sufficient time, Hocquart sent the 
 lole exhibition to France. The exhibition took place in 1737, thus ante- 
 Jing, and possibly suggesting, the earliest Industrial Exhibition in 
 rope, that of France m 1798. In 1747 M. de la Galissonniere made a 
 Se collection of the flora and fauna of Canada, as well asof its minerals, 
 collected information as to the uses to which the 
 |nts, &c. The collection was exhibited in France. 
 
 st railway on Vancouver 
 , 1886. 
 
 ical Alliance, formed in M 
 1 Evangelical Alliance, is, 
 peg, formed Nov. 1887. - 
 Dnto, October 1846. 
 
 Indians put the 
 
 lotions- Have been held in various'count'riesTihose specially interesting 
 
 t^lCanada which took place utside of Canada, are :— 
 
 *'ace. Date. 
 
 ndon 185, 
 
 w York 1853 
 
 "', 1855 
 
 „>nfJon 1862 
 
 ,W«'jlin 1865 
 
 W'^ 1867 
 
 ™na ,873 
 
 Miladelphia 1876 
 
 Sfdney, N. S. Wales 1877 
 
 ftjris 1878 
 
 gpney, Australia 1879 
 
 »:ibourne i88o-i 
 
 u 
 
 '-3 
 
 Exhibition at Sherbrooke, in 1891, was a Dairy Exhibition. 
 
 Character, 
 
 
 International, 
 
 G 
 
 eneral. 
 II 
 
 (( 
 
 
 II 
 
 (C 
 
 
 II 
 
 t( 
 
 
 << 
 
 i< 
 
 
 CI 
 
 << 
 
 
 IC 
 
 C( 
 
 
 <l 
 
 << 
 
 
 (< 
 
 <( 
 
 
 (< 
 
 II 
 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 k 
 
 A 
 
 {./ 
 
 i< 
 
 
 
 f/, 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 ■- ilM 
 
 2.5 
 2.2 
 
 lis iio 
 
 JA mil 1.6 
 
 '^'^'^^i 
 
 Uy"^. 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14530 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 L1>^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 ^\ 
 
 ^<b 
 
 V 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 #_% 
 
 ?b^ 
 
 '% 
 
 r^^ 
 
■■e 
 
 :^.< 
 
 C/j 
 
 t 
 
 z, 
 
78 First Things in Canada. 
 
 P'ace. Date. Character. 
 
 South Kensington 1883 International, Special (Fisher 
 
 Antwerp 1885 " 
 
 London 1886 Special (Coloni 
 
 Indian.) 
 
 Liverpool 1887 Jubilee. 
 
 Saltaire 1887 «« 
 
 Glasgow 1888 Special. 
 
 Jamaica 1891 International, General. 
 
 Chicago 1893 " " 
 
 In the London Exhibition of 1851, the several Provinces wtnii 
 separated, the exhibits being all placed under the head of North Amel 
 Colonies. The division was into groups, as follows : 
 Group I. Raw material and produce— (a) of the Mineral (/>) VegetaLiers 
 
 (c) Animal Kingdoms. 
 Group 2. Machiner"— (a) Machinery for direct use and {/>) Manufac.J 
 
 machines. 
 Group 3. Manufactures finished and fit for use— (a) Textile fabrics.| 
 
 Metallic, vitreous and ceramic manufactures, and (c) Miscellaneous. 
 Group 4. Fine Arts. 
 
 There were 195 Exhibitors from British North America, 92 of «■ 
 were in group i ; 29 in group 2 ; y:. in group 3, and 2 ir group if 
 medals and 147 honourable mentions were secured ; 15 .nedals arJ 
 honourable mentions going to group i ; i medal and i ho.iourable niel 
 to group 2 ; 9 medals and 16 honourable mentions to group 3 ; anl 
 medals and no honourable mentions to group 4. Of the prizes to J 
 I, Mineral products secured 3 medals and 3 honourable mentions ; 
 stances used as food gained 10 medals and 12 honourable mentions, il 
 table and Animal products, 2 medals and 15 honourable mentions. 
 9 medals and 16 honourable mentions in group 3, 6 medals and 5 hononi 
 mentions were for textile fabrics; 8 honourable mentions for mej 
 vitreous and ceramic manufactures, and 3 medals and 3 honourable 1 
 tions for miscellaneous manufactures. 
 
 In the New York Exhibition, 1853, there were 152 Exhibitors frnnl 
 Provinces. These secured i silver medal, 19 bronze medals and 46 hrij 
 able mentions. Nova Scotia obtained 2 bronze medals ; Prince IM- 
 Island, I bronze medal ; New Brunswick, i honourable mention ; all 
 others going to the Province of Canada. The silver medal was obiJ 
 by W. Antrobus Holwell, Quebec, for an ingeniously constructed] 
 gatherer. I 
 
 In the Paris Exhibition of 1855, there were 321 Canadian Exhihi 
 These oblamed i grand medal of honour, i medal of honour, 13 1st j 
 medals, 30 2nd class, nd 43 honourable mentions ; in all 88 prizes. 
 Exhibitors were from tne Province of Canada. 
 
 In the London Exhibition of 1862, there were 306 Exhibitors fronj 
 Provinces now forming the Dominion of Canada, divfi'ed as follows ■ 
 
 Province of Canada igg 
 
 New Brunswick ' [] ^q 
 
 Nova Scotia ^c 
 
 British Columbia ] , ,\ e 
 
 Vancouver Island \] \ (, 
 
 Prince Edward Island .*!!...]!.. i 
 
 306 
 
Canada. 
 
 Character, 
 iternational, Special (F'isheril 
 
 Special (Colonii) 
 
 Indian. ) 
 
 Jubilee. 
 (( 
 
 Special, 
 ternational, General. 
 
 • he several Provinces were! 
 inder the head of North Anie; 
 !, as follows : 
 of the Mineral (fi) Vegetablti 
 
 lirect use and (A) Manufaci| 
 
 for use— (a) Textile fabricsj 
 ires, and (c) Miscellaneous. 
 
 sh North America, 92 of »! 
 in Rroup 3, and 2 ir grouj) J 
 ere secured ; 15 .nedals ari 
 [ medal and i ho.iourable me| 
 ; mentions to group 3 ; acl 
 group 4. Of the prizes to cj 
 md 3 honourable mentions : 
 d 12 honourable mentions. ^1 
 I 15 honourable mentions. C| 
 roup 3, 6 medals and 5 hononi 
 jnourable mentions for iiicf 
 
 1 medals and 3 honourable l 
 
 ere were 152 Exhibitors frocj 
 , 19 bronze medals and 46 lir 
 
 2 i)ronze medals ; Prince iV 
 :, 1 honourable mention ; all 
 
 The silver medal was olii| 
 an ingeniously constructecf 
 
 e were 321 Canadian Exhii| 
 I medal of honour, 13 istj 
 
 nentions ; in all 88 prizes. 
 
 lada. 
 
 re were 306 Exhibitors fronj 
 
 "anada, divii'ed as follows: 
 
 199 
 
 30 
 
 65 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 306 
 
 First Things in Canada. ^g 
 
 I These secured 100 medals and 50 honourable mentions. Canada 
 btamed 63 medals and 28 honourable mentions ; New Brunswick q 
 le<la Isand 9 honourable mentions ; Nova Scotia, 19 medals and 11 hon 
 Lrable mentions ; Prince hdward Island, 5 medals and i honourable 
 lention ; British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 4 medals and i honou 
 ^.e mention The total number of Exhibitors was 26,348, of which 8 487 
 . onged to the British Empire In all 7,0.7 medals, and 5,304 honour 
 ble mentions were distributed. Taking all the Exhibitors, each li 
 Iceived 27. Taking the Canadians, each 100 exhibitors received 32. 
 ! In the Dublin Exhibition of 1865, there were 204 Exhibitors from the 
 Irovinces now forming the Dominion ; 132 (rom the Province of Canada 
 fc from Nova .Scotia, and 3 from Vancouver Island. These received .c 
 ledals and 47 honourable mentions; 25 medals goinp to Canada anH 
 \: t:i S^: ""' ''' '"""'^^'^'^ "^'^"•'°"^' ^5 wenf to Canat.' ^nd 
 In the World's Fair, Paris, 1867, there were 599 Exhibitors from the 
 fominion. These received 123 prizes, viz., medals, 3 gold, 21 s ver and 
 ^ bronze, the remainder (66) were honourable mentions. The to afnum 
 er of evhibitors was 50,226, and of the awards 15,702 
 In the Vienna Exhibition of 1873, Canada took no part as exhibitor 
 he sent representatives whose reports are to be found in the report o the 
 Iinister of Agriculture for 187^ 'c(juri or me 
 
 I In the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, 564 Centennial medals were 
 Iken by Canadians. The Canadian Covernmeni, with the o I'iecTof 
 Iducing Canadians to exhibit in Philadelphia, offered gold, sHver and 
 |onze meclals as prizes. Of these 423 were awarded, viz., Vgdd ^78 
 fiver, and 232 bronze. ' -^ ^ ' ''° 
 
 J In the Sydney, New .South Wales, Exhibition of 1S77, Canada sent a 
 pgTn '" ^""^ '^'^ ''^>"-'-'Phia Exhibitkm, but no awSEdS 
 
 Tin the Paris Universal Exposition of 1878, there were 534 Canadian 
 bchibitors, and they received 264 awards, viz., 2 grand medals 24 Si 
 > silver, 92 bronze, and 100 honourable mentions ' ^ ^ ' 
 
 [In the Sydney (Australia) Exhibition of 1879, Cai.^JIans secured 2- 
 ^ards, consisting I gold medal, 2 first degrees of special nierit Ji fi,a 
 fcgrees of merit, 6 h^hly commended, and 3 " commended." * 
 Pny'exhibi'ls"'"' ^^''^'^'^'°" "^ '^^o-i, it does not appear that Canada 
 fin the Fisiieries Exhibition of ,883, held in South Kensington, the 
 Ih.bits from the Dominion were almost all entered and shown in tie name 
 
 I ul ^T"")'"" ""^ S'f,'^"' ^^' '^^"^^^ '" Canada consisted 0/3, S 
 ledals, 23 silver, and 6 bronze, and 6 diplomas ^ ^ 
 
 In the Antwerp Universal Exhibition of 1885, Canada's share of awards 
 
 Imbered no. divided into 3 diplomas of honour, ,3 gold medal? S 
 
 ■ er medals, 33 bronze medals, and 31 honourable mentions. ' ^ 
 
 lln the Colonia and Indian Exhibition held in London, in 1S86 there 
 
 Ire no awards, but each exhibitor received a commemo;a,ive medal ami 
 
 fedistribuTed."" '" ""'"'' ''^^° °^ "^"^^ °"^ "^^ ''''»'"' 
 
 E^',V-li"^"'^^',V'^'''°K *'"''''" Liverpool, (England) in 1887. 
 P^ in !hv x..^h.b!uo^ ncld in the sanie year in Saltairc, t',e Canadian 
 
 ^^''.VTT "!';"'y ?['' ^^''^'^''*'" "^^^'' f^""" 'he collec ion prevTouslJ 
 own at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. previously 
 
'■^sm 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 In the Exhibition held in Glasgow, in 1888, the Canadian exhilu; 
 sisted for the most part of a collertion previously shown at the Ci.m, 
 and Indian Exhibition. 
 
 In the Jamaica Exhibition of 1891, the awards to Canada numbcre . 
 viz., 16 diplomas of honour, 91 gold, 70 silver, and 15 bronze medal ; 
 14 honourable mentions. The total awards to all countries mm 
 1,148. 
 
 In the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, Can 
 received 2,229 awards, 1,103 bronze medals, and 1,126 diplomas. 
 The space allotted to Canada (British Provinces) — 
 In 1 85 1, formed a total of 10,368 square feet. 
 1876 " " 48,520 
 1886 " " 108,725 
 1893 " " 106,526 " 
 The following is a statement of the cost of the severa Exhibitions! 
 Dominion Government since Confederation : — 
 ) 1876 Philadelphia Exhibition $93>S49 
 
 1877 Melbourne '• 27,592 
 
 1878 Paris '« 116,024 
 
 1886 Antwerp and Colonial and Indian Exhibition 314,656 
 
 1891 Jamaica Exhibition 21,867 
 
 1893 Chicago " (to June, 1896) 242,514 
 
 'i i 
 
 Total 
 
 Explorers connected with Ca 
 
 John Cabot 
 
 Jean Denys 
 
 Sebastian Cabot 
 
 Jean Verrazano 
 
 Jactjues Cartier 
 
 Samuel Je Champlain 
 
 ■A 
 
 \i.ll' 
 
 Pere Nicolet 
 
 Peres Breb(vuf and Chau 
 
 minot 
 
 Peres Jogues and Raym- 
 
 bault 
 
 Pere Albanal 
 
 Verandrye 
 
 James Cook 
 
 Alexander Mackenzie . 
 
 George Vancouver 
 
 Simon Eraser 
 
 A. R. C. Selwyn 
 
 , $815,902 
 
 nada : — 
 
 discovered Caoe Breton 
 
 " if St. Lawrence 
 
 on Bay 
 
 " -i . va Scotia 
 
 " River St. Lawrence 
 
 " Lakes Champlain, Huron, 
 
 Ontario and Nipissing. . , 
 
 " Lake Michigan 
 
 11;: 
 
 " Lake Erie. 
 
 '5.- 
 
 16: 
 I'. 
 i6i..| 
 
 ■'"1 
 
 ■ i:i 
 
 1;^ 
 
 • li 
 
 A. R. C. Selwyn . 
 George Dawson , 
 
 Robert Bell 
 
 George Dawson . 
 
 Robert Bell 
 
 George Dawson 
 A. P. Low . . . . 
 
 " Lake Superior 
 
 " James Bay , 
 
 " The Western Prairies 
 
 " Vancouver Isl'd (west coast) 
 
 " The Mackenzie river 
 
 '* British Columbia (mainland) 
 
 " PVaser and Columbia rivers 
 
 explored The Valley of the N. Thomp 
 
 son iS| 
 
 " The Peace River region . . . ii% 
 
 " Fraser River and Coast 
 
 Ranges iS| 
 
 " Eastern Hudson Bay region m 
 
 '* Queen Charlotte Islands. . iS| 
 
 "' Kelson and Hayes rivers. i5| 
 
 " Northern British Columbia iJf 
 
 " Labrador Peninsula 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 8i 
 
 orge Dawson explored 
 
 n. Ogilvie " 
 
 |G. McConnell " 
 
 (1. McConnell «< 
 
 Roliert Bell «« 
 
 Henry O'Siiilivan 
 
 Yukon Territory 1887 
 
 Upper I'orcupine region. . . 1888 
 
 Liarcl River region 1888 
 
 Athahaska region 1889-90 
 
 Region round Jame.s Hay . . 1895 
 
 !♦;«„ w . •!• " ... ^^^^yi'l sources of Ottawa.. 1891; 
 
 nT'w .r . '" '"y. "P*^''!'"'" ''^"f o"' '>y the Dominion was under 
 
 ^^n^et Wolseley. arriving at Fort (iarry Sept. 24th, 1870. (See " Re 
 
 lhm!^l ^*^f' "T'^'^.f ^^^I'li^hment of these was authorized by Act of 
 liament 1886, under the direction of lion. Sir John Carlinr. the 
 lister of Agriculture. ■* v.<"n"i,, mc 
 
 •hese farms are five in number, and contain in ail about 3,200 acres of 
 
 LJ K^ '"%'' r^"'?' ^''L'" '"'='^'^'' =»' C)ttawa, and branch farms in 
 ippan Nova Scotia, for the Maritime Provinces ; at Brandon for 
 nitoba; at Indian He.ad, for the North-west Terr lories- ind a 
 ssiz, for British Columbia. At all these far! th" wTrk' cTn is? 
 ely in submitting actual observations in the (ield to sricntific tests"and 
 he application of the best results of scientific knowledge to mat ers o 
 iryday importance on every farm throughout Canada.^ The p inc pa 
 
 TZl^Ut V ""'"'' ^f ''=""""^'' Horticulturist, Chemist, C3 
 t, Botanis , toreman of Forestry, and I'oultry Manager. 
 Duty-New Brunswick, in 18 .4, imposed an export duty on pine 
 iber of I,, for every 40 cubic feet; on .spruce, juniper and hard w.x^d 
 iber and masts and spars, of gd for every 40 cubii feJt ; of 1/ on ev^y 
 DO .superficial feet of saw logs or sawed lumber, and of 2/- on each and 
 ^y hacmatac or jumper knee, root or futtock shipped or Xw se 
 forted from the province. This was done- for the purpose of n Sn J 
 ^nue from the timber logs and lumber floated lloin 'he S? [oES 
 r for export, under the Treaty of ,842 ; the revenue thus derived iS 
 tely s,,en in making the river navigable for rafts, etc. Whei the Reci^ 
 
 TZ'Vl^Vi^'hTf "r'r"'' "^^ P^^l"*^ "f Maine, i„lere:t^r: 
 tn Xv.n.l '^';,^''*''? '^r their logs, etc., succeeded in having the Act 
 in ..oeyance It revived on the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treatv 
 Ihe negotiations or ^he Washington Treaty of 187., it'^ wS L 3 
 
 ■n un'rr nl^ '"'^■T'^ ^y ^'^ ^^""^^''"^ °" Ma nelogrshouK 
 n up one of the y«y. pro quo being that the transport trade then to 
 :arried on under Article X.XX of the Treaty of .871 might be susrSid 
 
 ' ZV^ " .''p ■■ r 'P'*"S ^'"^""' '^^ ^^"<^^=^' "f the export ui7 In 
 ,, the federal Parliament p.issed an Act by the terms of which the 
 
 which there i, a„ c,„a;iiU„-„„„;,'e„Tm:''''""" '" ""*' '""'" """' 
 
82 First Things in Canada. 
 
 adian Extradition Act remains in force. The following are thecnn q 
 with which the United Kingdom has extradition arrangements ^| 
 apply to Canada : — j„ 
 
 Argentine Republic May 22, 1889 Vfi 
 
 Austria Hungary Dec. 3, 1873 *" 
 
 Belgium May 20, 1876 an 
 
 Belgium July 23, 1877 p 
 
 Belgium April 21, 1887 |' 
 
 Brazil Nov. 13, 1872 tfct 
 
 Columbia Oct. 27, 1888 «Sii 
 
 Denmark Mar. 31, 1873 per 
 
 Ecuador, ratified Feb. 19, 1886 ^ 
 
 France Aug. 14, 1876 _«ei 
 
 Germany , May 14, 1872 ■i»6i 
 
 Guatemala July 4, 1885 jfc: 
 
 Hayti Dec. 7, 1874 mt 
 
 Italy Feb. 5,1873 ^e 
 
 Italy May 7,1873 •••' 
 
 Liberia Dec 16, 1892 '• ' 
 
 Luxembourg Nov. 24, 1880 M ' 
 
 Mexico Sept. 7, 1886 »< 
 
 Monaco Dec. 17, 1891 » 
 
 Netherlands (India only) fune 19, 1874 ?»'' 
 
 Orange Free State June 20, 1890 vW' 
 
 Portugal Nov. 30, 1892 W 
 
 Roumania Mar. 21, 1893 jW''*' 
 
 Russia Nov. 24, 1886 *WP 
 
 Salvador June 23, 1881 .^^E*^ 
 
 Spain June 4,1878 *^P'^ 
 
 Spain Feb. 19, 1889 «»■) 
 
 .Sweden and Norway June 26, 1873 it'-' 
 
 Switzerland Nov. 26, 1880 Ifc' 
 
 Tonga* Nov. 29, 1879 aff ' 
 
 Tunis Dec. 31, 1889 WP'^ 
 
 United States (Art X) Aug. 9, 1843 ^l#^' 
 
 United States July 12, 1S89 '•^s 
 
 Uruguay Mar. 26, 1884 ».l' 
 
 Uruguay Mar. 20, 1891 i^^'' 
 
 Factory Cotton — The first cotton mill in Canada was established it "^B'" 
 brooke, Provmce of Quebec, in 1844, an incorporated compan\ '^^K, 
 been formed to operate it with a capital of ;^i2,ooo. Among its pi"n^^^E,^ 
 was A. T. Gait (alterwards .Sir Alexander). The mill had 1,200 pi^^^B.i 
 and manufactured cotton sheetings. Adam Lomas was manager. f^K,, 
 running successfully for several years the mill was destroyed by ^'|^^(J 
 never rebuilt. The next cotton mill in Canada was started, in '^'^^K, 
 Montreal by F. W. Harris. It had a capacity of 1,500 spindle s^3Kr, 
 looms, and made tickings, denims and seamless bags. The first w; j^ 
 and batting mill was started by the same man, in 1855, as an ai j; ^g « 
 his cotton mill. It had 13 carding machines, and produced 6,f " 7m\ 
 of wadding and 1,200 poun<ls of batting a d.'iy. The oldest cott' ^^ 
 
 _ oi«$, 
 
 • Tonga subjects escaping to British Territories on'y. S'm''' 
 
 d 
 
-ANADA. 
 
 FiKST TiiiNcs IN Canada. 
 
 The following are the Cfnirj 
 extradition arrangements 
 
 83 
 
 , . . May 22 
 ...Dec. 3 
 , . . May 20 
 
 ...J"iy 23 
 . . . Ajirilai 
 , . .Nov. 13 
 . .Oct. 27 
 , . . Mar. 31 
 , . Feb. 19, 
 ...Aug. 14 
 , . . May 14 
 
 . J"iy 
 
 . . Dec. 
 . . . Feb. 
 . . . May 
 , . .Dec. 16 
 
 , . . Nov. 24, 
 ...Sept. 7 
 
 Dec. 17, 
 
 June 19, 
 
 June 20, 
 
 Nov. 30, 
 
 Mar. 21, 
 
 Nov. 24, 
 
 June 23, 
 
 June 4, 
 
 P'eb. 19, 
 
 June 26, 
 
 Nov. 26, 
 
 Nov. 29, 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 Aug. 9, 
 
 July 12, 
 
 Mar. 26, 
 
 Mar. 20, 
 
 anada was established it 
 n incorporated company ^ 
 f;^i2,oc)0. Among its pi oirs 
 r). The mill had 1,200 -pi:| 
 am Lomas was managei. 
 mill was destroyed by fiii 
 Canada was started, in i^| 
 ^acity of 1,500 spindle- d 
 :amless bags. The first wa 
 man, in 1855, as an a(ijui^ 
 lines, and produced 6,c x> ) 
 L day. The oldest cottoi !r| 
 
 1889 
 
 1873 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 1887 
 1872 
 1888 
 
 1873 
 1886 
 1876 
 1872 
 1885 
 1874 
 1873 
 1873 
 1892 
 1880 
 1886 
 1891 
 1874 
 1890 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 1886 
 1881 
 1878 
 1889 
 
 1873 
 1880 
 
 1879 
 1889 
 
 1843 
 1889 
 1884 
 1891 
 
 'y- 
 
 Khed'lh',S6,''"' it ^''■"' ^'""'^^ ^^ 7'"' •'^*- J"'^"' N-n.. which was 
 BaDlishulih 1S61. Ihecensusreturns(,fi89i showed th.-it there were 
 
 i Ihe t>rst export of cotton goods of Cana.lian make was in 1886 on the 
 le completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 18S7 the "ota^ 
 
 IrcenrT'Jli'if sC/"l-^' i ^.'^'l^ ^o ,>er cent' was Cana.^ia;, tnd ^o 
 Br cent I nited .States. In 1S96, the total export was <:i ?oo 00^ var.U 
 
 bs f.Li';ic',s,r^ '""""""• ^'^ -"■* -" - »""•& 
 
 feJI'M^I '^^•"''l '" ^'•''"*''''^ was Louis Iltbert, who came from 
 
 h iln^ &Sr He"' "';!: 'r f--'y..".-int-ning himselS them 
 
 I IV of Fun K iw in ^Y^^'"' '^ "'"''^ '^^ ^''»" ''^'^' -""shes of 
 , InLc on fi ^ ^u 1'i.ilding dykes to keep out the tides. 
 
 batn On thlshT '"'^^'"^^ ^"^duced them to 
 
 Mnn< buM,J ^ '""'^ ''•°°° ^^"'-''"^ "'^■««^^' 'he frontier near 
 
 ' uHicn. Lanada had 40,000 lolunteeis under arms The UiUo^<: 
 
 .pus Act w-ns te.nporariiy suspended, and the country"^edi y clear^^^^^^^^ 
 
 e lentan element, several Fenians being convicted' aK'nteS to 
 
 .efr:^ S£!;"' '" ''"""''^ '^^7. It remained in force til. .854. 
 
 7firiJlinV'7"'','"'^''l' ■-,'• ';""'• Q"^'"^'^' has an engine built in 
 it ,7 i' Th''"'""' r^cf"; • ^^'''^'''' ^'^'^'-""''y ■^"'•l ^ fi^e engine 
 
 ^ine VSted Lit ^^^in^' :^ril'lVnT78?"Tt' ''TT, "^ V 
 ^t bv an Fnrrllct, ,^S f ^"-"/S^ ii'.'" '786. It was landed at the 
 
 to the 
 
 l^gan 
 
 linessin iXiS -^yAVrT.'^' . '■'",s;"'-'-"=i; r ire insurance Company began 
 
 'begin' in ;!"" jSrs," b 1?''^"' ""• "^^ "^"^'»'' ''^'^^ I"'"-"'^^ 
 
 nadafwaspase'r.sVi fn/h fi''''''"^'°J'' insurance, in Upper 
 
 Ih lun; iSr^Si h -^ '^^ ^'''' V'^^'' °f Confederation (year ended 
 
 inos< in iS7r K I 'n i»7S- Eleven compan es that were in 
 
 'Oi, 9^9,273 ot the risks, rrxd'ved $4 c'^, £'!'"/ ^'" companies took 
 $ii, 890,005 for losses- I Jn^^Pr^.T,-' ^537,874 of premiums, and paid 
 isks received SiiTjo'infi 'V^tes companies took $1,162,876,605 
 
 ^s ; Hri ish cm 4n?es' tSok'tTZ'c.r' '"';' T $7,940.328 fo? 
 "iiilMiuLs took *7.909, 549.010 of risks. rprci^j^A <tTA . 
 
 SSe'"^:Tt"^ ^'"^"'=^" coi;;;;i;;;;;nd s^;;^ Ts 
 
 5 le Tf "i'iish Yor h a'""''- ""^ '" P'^'^^ '"^"^^""^^ «g»in«t fire t 
 linessin iXiS .„,! u„<. „„„.:_ ,^"^.'- ' 'fe Insurance Company 
 
 $ 
 

 84 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 1)1 . :i 
 
 i iiHi 
 
 831,156 premiums, and paid out for losses $52,991,622. Tlie Canadij 
 companies have taken 26.08 per cent, of the risks, received 26,00 ir 
 cent, of the premiums, and paid 26.40 per cent of the losses. The Uniit 
 .States companies have taken 9.50 of the risks, received 9.80 per cen'. 
 the premiums, and paid 9. 60 per cent, of the losses ; the British companit 
 have taken 64.42 per cent, of the risks, received 64.20 of the premiun: 
 and paid 64 per cent of the losses. Taken together, the fire insuran, 
 companies have received $36,189,048 more than they have paid out f 
 losses liy fire. During this periotl there were only two years in which !b 
 losses paid for were more than the premiums — 1869 and 1877, l^^e laiit ' 
 the year of the .St. John fire, when the losses paid were about 2|^ tim S 
 the premiums of the year. 1893 was the year with the largest fire risk 
 1895 was the year with the largest cash premiums received by the corJ 
 panics, and the year with the largest aggregate of losses paid l)y ij 
 companies. 3 
 
 Fisheries — The first grant of the fisheries of Canada was made by the Ki:| 
 of France to de Monts in 1603. The coast line of the Atlantic provinca 
 covers a distance of 5,000 miles and that of British Columbia 7,200 iiiilel 
 The Great Lakes (Canadian portion) cover an area of 36,500 sciii:^ 
 miles, and over all the land are innumerable lakes and rivers well stock'' 
 with excellent fish. During the period 1869-95 'he total value of 1; ; 
 yield of the fisheries of Canada amounts to $339,766,000, an averaj^e 
 $14,800,000 a year. By provinces the value of the catch durint,' i 
 period 1869-95 was distributed as follows ; — 
 
 Ontario 6.64 per cent. Queliec 13.00 per cent. 
 
 Nova .Scotia .. . 43.70 " N. Brunswick 19.20 •' 
 
 P.E. Island, . . 6.04 " Manitoba and 
 
 B.Columbia.. 10.04 " N.W.T 1.38 " 
 
 Nova Scotia had in 1885 46.8 per cent., and in 1895 30.7 per cent. 
 British Columbia *' 6.0 " «• " 21.8 •• 
 
 The total value of fishing vessels, boats, nets and other fishing m.iter 
 in 1895, was $9,253,848. Over 1,200 schooners and steam tugs vaiuei 
 $2,318,300, and manned by 9,800 sailors ; and 61,500 fishermen, eni]l 
 ing 34,268 boats, were engaged in the fisheries in 1895. 
 
 Value of Codfish taken in period 1869-95. . • • $102,81 3,832 
 Herring " " '• .... 51,463,298 
 
 Lobsters " " " .... 46,759,098 
 
 Salmon " " «' .... 41,738,791 
 
 Fisheries, Canadian— First claimed in 1877 by the United States as liJi 
 ing to them, in common with British subjects, on the ground that Ma. 
 chuselts had helped to wrest the Maritime Provinces from the Fren-^i 
 This claim was advanced by the counsel employed by the United Sii^ 
 to present their case before the Halifax Commission (1877) appoin| 
 under the Washington Treaty of 187 1. It was met by the counsel forf 
 Canadian side, showing that the Massachusetts Legislature presented tlf 
 bill for services rendered, and that the British Parliament voted, andl 
 British Government paid, /■! 5,000 for the same. He suggested thai 
 the United States would pay back the ;/, 15,000, with 125 years' inters 
 (compounded), his clients would be fully satisfied to allow the L'nl 
 States' claim. They did not accept his offer. The money sent f| 
 Massachusetts to repay the cost of the Louisburg expedition, was sent c 
 in silver, and the people of Boston saw seventeen trucks dragged up I 
 street to the Treasury Office, laden with 217 chests full of Spanish dollii 
 (See Hutchison's life, giving an account of what was done with the mon 
 
 K 
 11 
 
 "■*•, 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 85 
 
 lieries, CanadUn-These fisheries have been the subject of discussion 
 between the United States and Great Britain from the <late of the separa 
 Inii n'^/J'^r''^''^ '783. which recognised the independence o The 
 United states, it was provided that the people of the United States should 
 enjoy unmo ested the right to take fish of every i<ind on the Grand 
 Bank, and all the other banks of Newfoundland, and also in the G^u If 
 
 o l.;.h rT-* ""'^ "l ''" °'her places in the sek where the inhabitants 
 of lx)th countries used at any t me before to fish -ind aUn tVi\ ,u 
 nhabitants of the United States'should havTliJi^rty t take fish S v ty' 
 
 S n?urno. rT °^ '^' '°f' "^ Newfoundland as British fisL^meJ 
 used (but not to dry or cure the same on that island), and also on the 
 coasts, bays and creeks ofall other of His Britannic Majesty's dondnion! 
 in America ; and also that the American fishermen shoulfbLe nSiTo 
 ofVova|«>L 'lu"„""^? '^' ""settled bays, harlx^urs and crJeis 
 ?u ,, ^• ^" '""K as the same remained unsettled. This stipulation 
 gave the United States fishermen the right of practising the Sn^ "n 
 the deep sea nsheries but conveyed to them lil^rty to take ami cure fish 
 e-^rdSSa'tt"? •'"'"^"^''^'''^ '^"'^^^ North^mericancoLSr^n!;:!; 
 This Treaty continued to be the United States fishermen's chartPr .mi il it 
 was annulled by the War of 1812. The Commissifnernfihen tn ^8 4 
 
 ttXrof',V/r'MrA?'"'''"'''T '"^'''^^ ^-' '-- forkillTi; 
 ll^^^J- Mr. Adams suggested to his associates, and Mr. Clay 
 
 ernbodied ma proposition to be presented to the British Commissioners 
 the pinciple that the United States held their rights of fishing bvX' 
 same tenure that they held their independence ; that, unlike another class 
 of reat.es, the Treaty of ,783 should l,e regarded as penSaT and of the 
 nature of a deed in which the fisheries are an appurtinanrof the soil cin 
 vey«!orparted with and that therefore no st/pulation was neceSarv 
 
 forvTtsdf tT^V V TrP^^^'y '^^'^^ ^PP^"''''^^ --« than of thTte'ri- 
 tor> Itself. Tne British Commissioners refused to deal with the United 
 
 Sates on that basis holding that complete forfeiture ofX rlhts and 
 
 .berties under the Treaty of .783. resulted ^rom the War of 8,2 ?„ 
 
 aITL ''^''''' '\'''^°-''' ""'^'"eis said about the Fishery q;e;tion 
 S.n,? ^ peace, an American vessel was warned off the coast of Nova 
 
 Se sIir^nTh' ^"'"'^ ^*^'P •" ^T'' !.^'5. when about 45 mdes frorS 
 
 i tt^:!::!^J^tX^ ''' ''--'' ^'' ' compromise1;:= 
 i By the terms of this convention United States fishermen have secured to 
 hem forever the liberty, ist. To take fish (<z)on thesouthern coast of Nei 
 foundland from Cape Ray to the Rameau Islands ; (/,) on the western S 
 \ northern coasts of Newfoundland, and from Cape Ray to Quirpon s ands 
 rolT ff '^' '^?' °^ '^' Magdalen Islands, and (rf) on the southern 
 coast of Labrador from Mount Joly to and through the Straits of Belle 
 Isle, and thence northwardly indefinitely along the coast 2nd To dr^ 
 and cure fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbours and creeks of tZ 
 southern coast of Newfoundland and the co'ast oTl abrador as de^c i^d 
 IS.^lX"^;y: 3rd.,To be admitted to the bays and harliurs of "f^s 
 i,l\ " ■'■ ^^«J/=*'y s aominipns in America, for the purpose of (a) shelfpr 
 
■OMM 
 
 86 
 
 FlKST TlIINtlS IN CANAOA. 
 
 The (listinRuishiny fcaturus <if this articlf, as cmnpared with fhc ' 
 tions of 1783, aro : (i)That the Americans jjave up the catchitH 
 certain shores, and (2) secured increased facilities for liryinj; and i 
 iheir catch. In efTect they surrendered the inshore tisheries, ex( . , 
 certain shores, and secured the deep sea fisheries. 
 
 In 1823, after an interval of comparative (|uiet, difliculties aro- 
 the(hiVerent interjiretations tjivcn toihe Treaty. In that year the An 
 fishinj; vessel, "Charles of \'ork," was seized and sent to trial, In ' 
 the " Dotterel " seized nine American (ishinjj vessels. The lUiite'l ^ 
 authorities protested against the seizure of the "Charles," and Mr. A 
 ton answered ; " Hy report of Capt. ,\ral>in, it appears that the st 1 
 was found at anchor in Shellmrne Harhour, into which she had n -i 
 driven liy stress of weather. " The vessel was detained under \i 
 Geor(;e III., Chap. 38, passed for the |)rotection of the Ikitish ti^l 
 in conformity with the stipulations of the Convention of 1818, an 
 suhseipiently condemned by the Vice-Admiralty Court at St. John. 
 
 The British (government having complained of the encroachmci 
 the vessels seize' by the " Dottereil," the United States Secretary if" 
 in 1836, brouj^ht the correspondence lo an end liy adilressing a 1. 1:; 
 the British authorities, statiiij^ that " the President, desirousof avoiiii, 
 jjrounds of complaint on the pari of the British Ciovernment, has ilii 
 the .Secretary of the Treasury to instruct collectors of Customs ti' i 
 the masters, owners and others of vessels engafjed in the f'isheiu- 
 complaints had been made, and to enjoin upon all a strict obsenar- 
 the limits assigned for taking, dryint; and curing fish by American is 
 men, under the convention of i8i8." 
 
 In 1S39, the President of the United States called upon tin ^ 
 Department of State " to report lo him the Treaty stipulations -v 
 bear upon the subject (the seizure of American vessels on the 11 
 Nova Scotia) ; the conflicting;; (|uestions of right, if any, which ha\c :i 
 under them ; and the nature and circumstances of the cases whu;li^ 
 been presented to the United .Slates Ciovernment by its citizens as 
 tions of rights, on the part of the British authorities." 
 
 Subsequently the President ordered Lieut. John I'ayne to [iroc c 
 United States' war vessel to the Nova .Scotian coast and rep iri 
 reported in December, 1839, that " the c|uesii(ins on which disiuu 
 arise are : (1) the meaning of the word " bay " in the convention 'f 
 (2) the right (jf resoriinu; to ports for shelter and to procure \^'" pi 
 water. As to the first point the Nova Scotians claimed a right to cfe^ 
 the Americans from all bays, including such large ones as the Bay 1 1 
 and the Baie des Chaleurs, and also to draw a line from headland ti 
 land, the Americans not to apprtjach within three miles of such Inc 
 the other hand the Americans believed they had a right to lish an\ur.| 
 not nearer than three miles to the land. With regard to the 2nil 
 the Nova Scotians claimeil a right to exclude vessels unless in a li: 
 tress. The Americans claimed the right under the Convention in 
 to the ports for shelter, whenever from rough weather, calms or t ij;- 
 could not prosecute, without risk or inconvenience, their calling ; 
 The Nova Scotians insisted that the American fishing vessels she nl: 
 been supplied, on leaving home, with wood and water for their in: 
 cruise. The Americans affirmed th.it bv the terms of the Convei 'i ' 
 could resort to the ports to procure wood and water at their co i\v: 
 and without having to prove that untoward circumstances had lon 
 them to use up their wood by extending their cruise. 
 
ANADA. 
 
 :lf, as citnipared with the ■ 
 ms ^ave up the catchini. 
 
 facilities for drying and < 
 
 till.' instiiirc (ishcrios, exi 
 lisherifs. 
 
 ;ive (|uiet, dilticuitios aro 
 reaty. In that year the Ai 
 .'izcd and sent to trial. In 
 hintj vessels. The I'nito! - 
 f the "('liarles,"and Mr. A 
 I'in, it apiJears that the m ' 
 iir, into which she had n i 
 iei was detained under Ai 
 otecliiin of the British Ii4i 
 le Convention of lSl8, aiui 
 hniralty Court at St. John/ 
 ilained of the encroachiiii-'n;| 
 
 United States Secretary I'f' 
 n end by addressinj; a kuil 
 'resident, desirous of avoiilinj 
 British Ciovernment, has ilirJ 
 
 collectors of Customs tn irJ 
 ■Is ent;a(^ed in the fisherii-.l 
 1 upon all a strict observar| 
 1 curing fish by American 
 
 d .States called ujion the l] 
 in the Treaty stipulations 
 nerican vessels on the coa: 
 j^rij^ht, if any, which have 
 stances of the cases which 
 eminent by its citizenii as 
 authorities." 
 
 eut. John I'ayne to procicil 
 I -ScDtian coast anil rep'iri. 
 rjuesiions on which dispiiu 
 ' bay " in the convention 'I 
 leller and to procure wn 
 ctjtians claimed a right u< c 
 icli large ones as the Bay 1 1 
 raw a line from headland t' 
 hin three miles of such liiK | 
 liey had a right to lish an\ uhl 
 
 With regard to the 21, il 
 xclude vessels unless in a t; ' 
 
 under the Convention U' ?: 
 ough weather, calms or t 'i; 
 convenience, their callin,; 
 crican fishing vessels shi u 
 )0(1 and water for their in: 
 • the terms of the Convei '1' 
 1 and water at their co i\i'l 
 vard circumstances had > on 
 their cruise. 
 
 First Thinc.s in Canada. 
 
 87 
 
 I.ieut. I'ayne reported that the contention of the Nova Scolians, if carried 
 oui, would drive the Ami-icans from those parts of the coast where were 
 tin- most valuable tishenc , while ij the ground maintained by (he Ameri- 
 cms were asserted it w aid be difhcult to prevent them from procurinc 
 •iiides of convenience and particularly bait, from which they were pre- 
 cluded by the Convention. ^ 
 
 riie receipt of Lieut. I'ayne's report wa.s followed by action on the part 
 Of the State Department at Washington. A series of communications 
 p.^v^ed between the two governments during 184J and 1844 and closed 
 *iih a despatch from Lorcl Aberdeen of March loih, 1845, in which he 
 »iid ' the understt^ned w-,11 confine himself to stating that after the most 
 •liberate consideration * • * Her M.ijeslys Government are con- 
 ;ramed to deny the right of the United States' citizens under the Treaty 
 f 1818 to tish in that part of the Bay of Fundy which from its geographical 
 isition may properly be considered as included within the British 
 is^sessions. ' Karl Aberdeen, h(jwever, stated that while holding to the 
 ;ht to exclude, the Imperial Ciovernment had decided to relax that richt 
 favour of American fishermen. In reply to Lord Aberdeen's suugestion 
 lal a corresponding concession might be made by the United States to 
 Iritish hshermen by the admission of fish duty free, the American Minister 
 ^ve as a reason against it that the British fishermen had advantaces 
 :cause they were " able to use the net and seine to greater advantage in 
 iesm.all bays and mlets along the shore from which the United States 
 ihermen are excluded." 
 
 The next six years were years during which the fishery question remained 
 uescent in diplomatic circles though England retraced no step after 
 »ening the Bay of P undy. 
 
 The encro.-ichments on the inshore fisheries however, were numerous, and 
 ■ 1851 had become so many that the Colonial Government determined 
 I)rolect the fisheries. A convention of Colonial delegates was held in 
 ironto, and an agreement signed on the 21st June, 1851, by which 
 mada, Nova .Scotia and New Brunsv = joined in the policy of protect- 
 iheir fisheries by n.eans of fast s.aih ^ .::hooners, the Imperial Govern- 
 ,"' ^e''-'^"'"« toco-operate. The United States' Government was informed 
 the concert and Daniel Webster, the then Secretary of State, drew up a 
 per in which he said "it would appear that by a strict and rigid construc- 
 n of Ariicle I of the Treaty of 1818, fishing vessels of the United States 
 precluded from entering the bays or harbours of the British Provinces 
 Krwatel- " P"'^"'^'' °' '*'^"^'' "repairing damages and obtaining wood 
 
 Ci! Z?''^^\ if •.•^,5\tP"V'\" '-""^ '" ^^"^ quarrels, and American fishing 
 Bsels entered British North American ports on the same terms as British 
 ung vessels. 
 
 he United States Government having given notice of intention to 
 
 imitate the Treaty of 1854, delegates from the Bril^h Ncrth American 
 
 .vmces went to Washington in January, 1866, to hold a conference with 
 
 authorities there on the subject, but were obliged to leave without any 
 
 Itleir.em, for the future, of the questions that would be revived on the 
 
 iiry ol the Treaty. 
 
 n 1868 a committee of the United States House of Representatives 
 !ctLi.!'(. .r. f rincc hdward iolaiid to effect an exceptional arrangement 
 legislative enactment by virtue of which United States' fishermen should 
 am fishing and other privileges from the Island Province that would 
 
I, I 
 » I 
 
 88 
 
 I'lRST TllINC.S IN CaNAI>A. 
 
 Ml 
 
 hi 
 
 enable ihem to do without such privilejjes in the other I'rovinces. A| 
 propositions made l)y the committee look it for grantcil that the (ih 
 tion of i8lS regulated the tisheries. 
 
 The Provincial authorities resorted at first, on the repeal of the TrJ 
 to a licensing system, each I'rovince issuing licenses recognized by alii 
 the American fishermen refus<.'d to avail themselves of the permission J 
 given them to use the British North Americnn lishing area. Thtp 
 system of i)i<)teclion by fast 'ailing schooners was resorted to in iSjd 
 Order in Council dated Ja>.aary authorizing the commission of five 
 sailing schooners. The Imper.al authorities co-operated as prcvinu-i 
 the Treaty of 1854 and many seizures were made, the United 
 fishermen disregarding ll^e warning given them by .Secretary BouiwtJ 
 circular dated i6th May, 1870, in which he directed the several ci; 
 collectors in the United States seaports, "to inform all masters of ij 
 ve .sels at the time of clearing that the authorities of the DominiDnj 
 terminated the system of granting fishing licenses, and that all fishtriJ 
 the United States art prohiiiited from the use of the inshore (14 
 except so far as permitted in the first article of the Treaty of 1818." 
 
 President (jrant, in his annual message to Congress in 1870, criiJ 
 severely the action of the Canadian (jovernment in falling back u|ki 
 stipulations of the Treaty of 1818. Negotiations were liegun, resulil 
 the Treaty of 187 1, under which United States fishermen were .idJ 
 to the inshore fisheries, to liberty to tranship their fares at Canadian! 
 etc., provision being made for an assessment of the amount of nioi 
 be paid by the United States Government for the privileges ceded. 
 " Fishery Commission.") 
 
 In the presentation of their case before the Commi.ssioners, the ll 
 States Counsel said, "The United .States maintain that the variouT 
 dental and reciprocal advantages of the Treaty (1871), such as the pri 
 of traffic, purchasing bait and other supplies are not the subjects (iff 
 pensation, because the Treaty of Washington (1871) confers no suchj 
 on the inhal)itants of the United States, who now enjoy them men 
 sufferance, and who can at any time be deprived of them." 
 
 The Treaty of 1871 was abrogated as to its fishing clauses by thil 
 gress of the United States, and ceased to be an operative instriimij 
 the 1st July, 1885, the President, by proclamation dated 1st January! 
 announcing that articles 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30 and 32 f 
 terminate on that date. 
 
 Since the abrogation in 1885, of the Treaty of 1871, the Americanj 
 set up the plea thnt the Treaty of 1818 was modified by " the undei 
 ing and agreement of 1830." Contending that " the Arrangement of I 
 is the charter of American vessels for trading purposes, the United! 
 Government authorized the issue of Tf)uch and Trade permits to th«f 
 ing vessels, and Article .K.XIX of the Treaty of 1871 l>eing retainedj 
 the non-ai)rogated clauses, they believed that they had successfully* 
 one great source of loss to their fishermen, viz., the necessity of 
 away to a port in the United .States to discharge their cargoes of tisi 
 Canadian I'arliament passed in 1886 an Act regulating fishing l>yj 
 vessels, under which vessels found in Canadian waters for any piirp 
 permitted by Treaty or Convention should be forfeited. This Act, a 
 tr> by th." Quci-n, ir.tcrpr.?teH the Or:?cr-!n-Council of 
 
 
 50 ^? 
 
 it plain that fishing vessels were not included in the category of j 
 permitted to enter Canadian waters for trading purposes. (See| 
 
First Tiiincs in Canai»a. 
 
 89 
 
 -Council of 5830, so 
 
 tj'nh ?"'"" ''^.'"'^ ^^T "-^ "^^^'^ °f '«^' '^'"^^'ved for siRnifica- 
 Ion of the fjiieen s nlea.siirL-.) ** 
 
 In 1X87 (ireat Hritain and ihc United Slates, l,y the (,)ueen and Presi- 
 tnl, named pleniiK>tenliaries to negotiate a treaty with the oliecl of 
 
 Edri of' .h *?■""" •'"' '"r' »n'" ^'""'nin/.he inter ,rSon 
 Irticle I of the Convention of 1818. This Trea.y (Fel.y., i888) fell 
 brouf-h the Uniitd Mates Senate refusing to ratify it. The or. .toco 
 
 te Treilv' "ihrf"; ''' "' ". T"" '^"■'""^'' ''^-"'""K ^^^ ratif.cJlion o 
 bt Treaty, Ihal for a peri.Kl of two years from the 15th Fel.y., 188X. the 
 kivik-Kes of enlennK the harlx.urs and hays ..( the Allami^ coas s of 
 fanada and Newfoumilan.! should l,e Kranied'to the UnU d S ate' i hinJ 
 h els |,y annual hcense at a fee of $1.00 ,.er ton, (,) f„r the pi'rchase ,ff 
 ia.l, .ce, semes, lines an.l all other supplies an.l outfits ; (2) Irinshipmen 
 If catch ami shipping of crew. (.See Fishery Licenses.) '""*"'?'"«"' 
 
 r/Txr.*"^,T,'"T~ M '!v ^T-*"' " •'•"'' ^^ "^ "«■■ Washington Treaty 
 If 1X71. hrs met in Halifax, une Klh, 1X77. The result of their investi- 
 kt.ons was he award (dated 23rd Kovemher, 1887) t(. Canada and S- 
 fcundlandof $5,500,000 as a return for privileges L'rante 1 the Jniied 
 
 feed "m7 '"■'\'' "'. '^^ '"''''y- ^^' a-n,K was pa ,1 1." he 
 K,882 ' '" ''^""'''^■^> '«78. Canada obtaining as her Jhare 
 
 fe* Commission, Intemational-An agreemei.t was entered into 
 felween the (.oyernment of (Jreat Hritain and that of the United Sates of 
 \ZTeZt' 1 :;'%'^T- J'fr '?^'' f;<''^ apppointment of a r.Sion 
 viz Ml.' " '^^■''"^ "^ ''*<='' Covernment. ;o consider and report 
 
 h he regulations, practices and restrictions proper to l>e adopted in con 
 fcrt for he preservation of the fisheries in waterscontiguous to Canada and 
 LVf fl'^lf-'-.i*'"^""' '^•''''^''"" was appointed Co, ,misSer on 
 
 freat Br uL^Snadal''''TK"'fi^"""'"'''^^ ^ '"• '''^'^''^^"^ "" ^^^"^"f 
 Wh .Ko ^Tu • •^•- P'' ^'^^ ""^^""K *^^ held at Washington. 2nd 
 Tarch, «S?3. Their joint report was signed Dec. 31st, i8<,6, and was 
 
 Cmate",!^'? ^^"'^ '" '897 '.y order'of the Parliament of CanaTla 
 Inmns fifh. h'Tu''"'"'"""'^^''""'''^"^ B'^« information al>o„t anadi 
 |mous fish-sand fishes not so gifted; about salmon rW«ri shad ale 
 Ves, sturgeon, smelts, striped bass, trout, whitefish? Ste and ydN w 
 brch suckers, small-mouthed black bass, white bass, blue bass Tpike 
 lall-eyed pike, grass p-ke, blue pike; humpback, dog. sock-eyS siCr' 
 tmnat and steel-head salmon ; candlefish, squid, channel ca? catfish' 
 
 fcf h,r "7.* i'"^kJ'.7' f'""?' *^"^'^' ^«''' '''°^'". German carp! her-' 
 fe'.K •i'^''^*'' ""'''^"^H- 'obsters, bull-heads, ling. eels, saugers 
 keep s-heads. sturgeon, maskinonge. etc. sau{,ers, 
 
 L?r ^^ ^^•'■'''" ^K^' '^'"^* w^fe "sed for the capture of whitefish in 
 ^ke Ontario as early as .807. Gill nets first came into u^e in 1847 
 I Ere, though one of the smallest of the Great Lakes has in soSe 
 kars ytelded a greater catch of fish tha. all the oth.rrcomWned. " Lake 
 Intario ,s the only one of the Great Lakes in which ther • has l>een an 
 arming decrease in .rout Lake Erie has ,5 varieties of market fishes 
 
 Eke Erie X\f '-'^ '^'1!"? °^ '" '^'^ ^^""^«"« °f the whitefish S 
 habiHn^' FrL P ^^ '' by far the most abnndant of the market species 
 B50 "'"?:,^/'"\ ^«""'l„nets were used for the first time in Lake EHo in 
 PSO. . -cine no-is were nrsl used in 1815. In Lake Huron trout is the 
 Dst irriportant species taken in the fisheries, In the eaHrhis or^ of he 
 ke. whitefish was the most important species. The fi^rst Sng [Sg 
 
*: 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 !ii>ii3^jill 
 
 90 First Tjiings in Canada. 
 
 employed in Lake Huron was in i860. There are about 145 
 pounds of fish taken out of the Great Lakes nnnuiMly. 
 Fishery Licenses- In conse(|uence of representations from NewfouM 
 the Dominion Government decided, March 22nd, 1889, to Ki.ui;| 
 licenses to United .States fishermen for the season of 1889, uno 
 ntodtis operandi protocol of the Draft Treaty of 1888, which was 
 operative though the Treaty itself was, throujjh the action of tht' ll 
 States Senate, a defunct instrument. In 1890, the Canadian I',iri:{ 
 passed an Act authorizing the issuing of licenses to fishing vessels N 
 chase of supplies and outfits, the transhipment of catch, and the sr„ 
 ol crews for the calendar year 1890. A similar Act was passed in ,ij 
 the calendar year 1891, and in the year 1892 without a time limi 
 In November, 1895, the Governor-General issued a proclamation dq 
 the Act of 1 888 to be no longer in force, and licenses for the yLarj 
 under Cha]5. 3 of the Acts of 1892. 
 
 Under the arrangements licenses were granted to United Staioj 
 men as under, at $1.50 per ton :— 
 
 1888 36 vessels. 
 
 1889 78 " 
 
 1890 119 " 
 
 1891 9S " 
 
 1892.... 108 " 
 
 1893 71 " 
 
 1894 53 " 
 
 1895 46 " 
 
 1896 77 " 
 
 The total charge made for these licenses is $79,620. 
 
 Flag — The first English flag to float over Canada in token of sovereigrJ 
 that Hown on the " Matthew," Captain John Cabot, June, 141 
 abundantly proved by recent investigators, llarrisse to the conlraif 
 withstanding. 
 
 Flag— The tricolour tlag was first used in Canada as the flag of the AllaJ 
 of steamers in 1854. 
 
 Flag — The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, under power vo.-:j 
 them by the Imperial Merchants .Shipping (colours) Act of i8S(),l 
 their warrant, dated i'eliy. 2nd, 1892, authorizing the merchantnieiif 
 Dominion to use the red ensign of Her Majesty's fleet, with the Cai 
 coat of arms on the Hag. Of course they may use the plain red 
 of the Empire if they wish, but since the permission to fly the iJoiJ 
 flag was issued, Canadian merchant vessels the world over generally] 
 flag of the Dominion. Canada is the first of the Queen"> 01 
 dominions to which such privilege has been accorded. 
 
 Flag — The flags of the Dominion and of the four original provinces 
 Canadian Confederacy of 1867 were assigne<l by Her Majesty\ «| 
 of assignnieiU of armorial bearings, bearing dale 26th May, 186S. 
 
 Flax Mill— The first power loom linen factory in Canada was estabii- 
 John Elliott, of Almonte, George Stephen (now Lord Mount Sitl 
 and John Hunt, of Glen Williams, who formed a partnershi| 
 The firm erected a u.ill in Preston, Ont., at a cost of over Jii.'l 
 including land for growing the tlax. The products of the mill .M.'r(l 
 duck, scumlesb lia^s, bleueiied and unbleached sheetings, and t )w:j 
 rope and twine. The favorable conditions wuich ruled in t86l, i msl 
 upon the civil war in the United States, were reversed at the cUieo 
 
INAOA. 
 
 There are about 145 
 .'.s annui-Uy. 
 
 ienlations from Newfuiia 
 ch 22nd, 1889, to giuiij 
 the season of 1889, uni 
 y of 1 888, which was li 
 ough the action of the ll 
 890, the Canadian I'.ir!; 
 enses to fishing vessel 
 lent of catch, and the !,i.| 
 lilar Act was passed ii 
 S92 without a time liinr| 
 issued a proclamation did 
 id licenses for the yearj 
 
 ranted to United States j 
 
 36 vessels. 
 
 78 " 
 
 119 " 
 
 98 " 
 
 108 " 
 
 71 " 
 
 53 " 
 
 46 " 
 
 77 " 
 
 is $79,6.20. 
 ida in token of sovereij;ri 
 John Cabot, June, 14I 
 , llarrisse to the contrail 
 
 da as the tla^ of the Alla[| 
 
 iraliy, under power vc 
 (colours) Act of 18S9, 
 )rizinfj the nierchantnieii 
 esty's fleet, with the CaJ 
 may use the plain rod 
 irmissioii to (ly the IJoi^ 
 he world over generally 
 first of the Queen's at 
 accorded. 
 
 "our original provinces 
 ed by Iler Majesty ^ w| 
 dale 26th May, 186S, 
 in Canada was estaiili^i 
 (now Lord Mount StrJ 
 ormed a partnershi| in 
 , at a cost of over $1; 
 iroducis of the mill vertl 
 :hcd .sheetings, and t iw. 
 liich ruled in i86l,cm.^(j 
 re reversed at the ck'-je c 
 
 First Tiiinos in Canada. 9, 
 
 uggle, and the first flax mill erected in Canada became a failure. The 
 
 lisus of 1891 supplied returns showing that there were 40 Ha\ mills in 
 
 Inada in that year, with an aggregate capital of $418,180, employing 
 
 «tr 1,400 hands, paying $204,290 yearly wages, and having an annual 
 
 •put of $555,450. These llax mills were almost all small, the largest 
 
 ■ 'if them having an output of $75,000 a year. 
 
 iMill-The first mill in Canada for grinding wheat into flour was built 
 
 I Tort Royal (now Annapolis, N.S.) in 1607. It was worked by water 
 
 Iwer, and from that date to the present there has always been a mill on 
 
 fctsite The census of 1S91 gave the statistics of the flour and grist 
 
 Is ot Canada. They nundiered 2,550 with a capital of over 23 million 
 
 lllnrs, employed 6,300 persons, paid out in yearb' •■■ages $2,367,000, and 
 
 IxlucccI a total of finished products of the yearl lue of $52 423 000 
 
 fce reas<m why the first mill svas built was because nothing could induce 
 
 fe Indians to grind the wheat in the hand mills then in use. 
 
 hore -The Supreme Court of Canada having some years ago given a 
 
 cision that all the harbours of the Dominion, whether natural or other- 
 
 fcc, were vested in the Dominion, and that having been followed by 
 
 ■ler decisions holding that the I'rovincial Governments are incapable 
 
 ■granting even a s:te for a wharf, the Dominion (Government, finciini: it a 
 
 Instant source of friction between itself and the different Provincial 
 
 bvcrnments, asked I'arliament in Session of 1890 to pass an Act (chap 
 
 empowering the Governor-Ceneral-in-Council to transfer without 
 
 cmiiary consideration to the several Provinces all the interest of the 
 
 Ideral authority in the foreshores and beds of streams, lakes, open seas. 
 
 lother bodes of water, together with all the gold and silver in such fore- 
 
 t)rc or bed-reserving Indian, Ordnance or other Dominion lands and 
 
 |) all rights in respect to navigation and shipping and in respect to 
 
 i of Canada— One of the earliest publications respecting the forests of 
 
 Inada is a paper i)repared by Hon. James Skead and read at the 
 fctroit Convention of 1865. This paper heads the list, of which the 
 tompanymg is a continuation :— 
 
 I'Virests of Canada ... |. H. Ilurlburt 1S72 
 
 ^\ oods and 1< orests of New Brunswick . bailey & Jack . 1 876 
 
 Timber Supply Jas Little 1876 
 
 Report on Forests and Forestry Hon. II. C. Joly 1877 
 
 p-.yidenoe on Forests, Canada S. Thayne 1878 
 
 .i ind)er Resources of Canada U.S. Dep. Agric'l . 1878-0 
 
 Canadian Timber Trees A. T. Drumniond.. 1879 
 
 Ixeport on Forestry, Canada T. B. Hough 1878-9 
 
 rjorth Western Ontario, its Resources. . Dymond . . . 1S79 
 
 heport on Forests, Hudson Basin Barron .... * 1880-I 
 
 ■< orests of Canada Marler ' 1882 
 
 ■eographical Distribution of Forest 
 
 Trees of Canada Dr. R. Bell 1882 
 
 Pestruclion of American Forests Wm. Little i8Sj 
 
 I imher of Canada j. K. Ward ....."■ 188^ 
 
 l^anadian I- orests— Forest Trees, etc. . . H. B. Small 1884 
 
 ^I'ports t<. British (Jovernment Dr. Lyons, M . i'. 1 88^ 
 
 ; re.sts <,f N,n-a Scotia Austin 1 88 ? 
 
 orests of Canada. A. [. Russell ,885 
 
 forests of Nova Scotia W. A. Hendry. . . 1885 
 
^I-I 
 
 92 First Things in Canada. 
 
 Forests of Canada J. II. Morgan .... 
 
 Forests of Canada Dr. R. Bell 
 
 Hard Woods of Canada G. N. Hooper 
 
 Reports on Forestry, Ontario R. W. Phipps 
 
 •• How to Get Rid of the Timber " Wm. Little iS 
 
 Forestry and Forest Schools A. Kirkwood iSoj 
 
 British Columbia Forests '* Commercial ".. . . 
 
 " Our Forests in Danger " E. J. Toker, Can. 
 
 Mag., July IS 
 
 Forests of Canada and their Distribution. John Macoun .... iS 
 
 Forest Wealth of Can.ida George Johnson. . . 18 
 
 TimlM;r of Canada J. K. Ward iS 
 
 Report on Forest Trees, Ontario T. Southworth 18 
 
 Wood Industries of Canada Timber Trades Jrnl 18 
 
 Other sources of information are the Reports of the Geologicail 
 of the Crown Lands Departments of the several provinces, an 
 Department of the Interior for several years. 
 Forestry Commission appointed by the Ontario Government in 
 investigate and report upon the subject of restoring and prcseij 
 growth of white pine and other timber in the province ; compos/ 
 W. Rathbun, John Bertram, A. Kirkwood, J. B. McWilliams and! 
 Southworth. 
 Forestry, Department of— Established by the Provincial Govertj 
 
 Ontario, 1884. 
 Forts — The first fort built in Canada, 1 541, was the fort at Cap KoJ 
 Quebec), by Cartier, who named it Fort Charlesburg. It was! 
 by Roberval in 1543. In 1604 the fort of Port Royal (Nova Sc{ 
 built by Poutrincourt, and reconstructed by D'Aunay in 165J 
 Louis, or Lomeron, near Cape Sable, N..S., followed in 1615. 
 Champlain built the fort of St. Louis, on Cape Diamond, neaij 
 city. The fort at the mouth of the St. John River was built 
 Tour in 1627. In 1628 Sir William Alexander, a baronet of \oij 
 built the Scotch fort at the head of Annapolis Basin. Champlainl 
 built a fortified station on the St. Maurice river. Montreal fortf 
 Four new forts were erected on the Richelieu, soon after the One! 
 Associates were persuaded by Colbert, in 1663, to restore to ihtl 
 France the property and lordship ot New France. These new f| 
 Forts Sorel, Champlain, Ste. Therese and La Mothe. 
 
 In 1673 Frontenac built a palisade fort at Cataraqui, which wasl 
 by de la Salle in 1674, and called Fort Frontenac. 
 
 In the eighteenth century fort building was active. Louisl 
 built in 1720, and before it went to ruins ten million dollars f 
 expended on it. In ^ arsuit of their claims to the watershed n| 
 Lawrence and the Great Lakes, and that of the Mississippi andj 
 taries, the French— in addition to Louisburg at the gateway of tlir 
 St. Lawrence and the forts along the St. Lawrence river and itsl 
 tributaries - had erected forts along the shores of the lakes, sudT 
 Rouille (Toronto), 1749, and Ponchartrain (Detroit), and others| 
 Ohio, such Le Bantf, Venango, Duquesne (now Pittsburg),: 
 Miamio, St. Joseph (near Lake Michigan), Machilimackinar, tl 
 (I„a grnnHfi hnie), rrev<«rnc-,tr, Fort St. L-ouis on the Illin 
 Kaskaskia, and at the mouths of the Wabash, the Ohio and the! 
 their purpose being to hem in the English by their vast semi-circlj 
 
Canada. 
 
 J. II. Morgan .... iS 
 
 .Dr. R. Bell i>S 
 
 .G. N. Hooper .... iS 
 .R. W. Phipps.... iK'l 
 
 .Wm. Little iS 
 
 A. Kirkwood iSoJ 
 
 ."Commercial".... iSo| 
 .E. J. Toker, Can. 
 Mag., July iSoJ 
 
 I.John Macoun lixf 
 
 George Johnson. . . iS 
 
 .1. K. Ward iSo 
 
 .T. .Southworth iS 
 
 .Timber Trades Jrnl ib 
 
 eports of the Geologica]| 
 
 he several provinces, ani 
 
 •ars. 
 
 )ntario Government in 
 of restoring and prcseil 
 
 1 the province ; com] 
 
 id, J. B. McWilliams and| 
 
 f the Provincial Govertl 
 
 was the fort at Cap Koj 
 t Charlesburg. It was I 
 )f Fort Royal (Nova Scl 
 ed by D'Aunay in i6jj 
 .S., followed in 1615. 
 jn Cape Diamond, near! 
 
 John River was built 
 xander, a baronet of Xovi 
 polis Basin. ChamplainJ 
 e river. Montreal fort f 
 ;lieu, soon after the One! 
 in 1663, to restore to the! 
 f France. These new [| 
 d La Mothe. 
 
 at Cataraqui, which was| 
 rontenac. 
 ing was active. Louisi 
 ins ten million dolhrsf 
 ns to the watershed ofl 
 
 of the Mississippi and] 
 lurg at the gateway of tli| 
 
 Lawrence river and its| 
 shores of the lakes, sud 
 lin (Detroit), and others| 
 esne (now Pittsburg), : 
 in), Machilimackinai' 
 
 Louis on the Iliin-r-j 
 ibash, the Ohio and the] 
 h by their vast semi-circlj 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 93 
 
 heir opponents were as active. Halifax was founded in 1740 as the 
 It arsenal of the Atlantic. Fort Lawrence frowned at Fort Beauseiour. 
 
 Hederick obhterated the rums of Fort de la Tour. Forts Edward 
 frge and Wdham Henry watched Forts La Mothe, St. Jean and Ste 
 
 "the lin°" ^*^^° ^^'^'^ °^ S"*'^^'^ ""Sainst Fort Frontenac, and so all 
 
 Uughout the land-nestling by salt water bays, perched on lofty 
 hts, sentmellmg isthmuses and promontories, guarding portages, pro- 
 Ing lake traders, welcoming fur buyers at all places convenient for 
 t from the debouchure of stream or valley, sending out sallying parties 
 brass the foe, receiving the wild charges of the enemy suddenly spring- 
 Ifrom the concealment of dense forest.-there were more Jhan one 
 Bred forts of all sorts, from the c/,,f dUuvre of French engineering 
 L Louisburg, to the simple, palisaded forts of the distant interior, 
 rs, tarly-Marquis de Gamache established the Jesuits Colleee 
 iK^cm 1635. Noel Brfilart de Sillery founded thi firs home for 
 ans near Quebec City, ini637. The Duchess d'Aiguillon founded 
 I lotel Dieu, Quebec, m 1639. Madame de la Peltrie founded the 
 lime Convent, August ist, 1639, and Mme. Mance and Madame de 
 Ion founded the Hotel Dieu, Montreal, in 1644. 
 '-Treaties. (.See Treaty.) 
 
 Electoral, first made uniform throughout the Dominion in i88<:. 
 hlectoral rranchise.) -' 
 
 Privilege-By Act of Canadian Legislature, 1855, the postage 
 te on newspapers was removed, and in order to simplify and facilitate 
 
 fclS sVf r. l' '-r'r'^ ''^^ ^'^"1'"^ privilege wL accorded to 
 rnembers of the Legislature and to ihe public departments of the 
 frnment. In both cases it came into operation July ist, i8« 
 
 lr7r?-f ^°fJ** M^*"*' P"' '" operation in Toronto. Ottawa, 
 lee, Halifax, Hamilton, and St. John, N.B., 1875. Since thS 
 
 S;d irfhTii f 'T'""iI''V°"^' '^'""'P^ ^^^ y^x^coj^r have 
 [added to the list. In 1896 the post cards, letters and newspapers 
 
 K27""'Ne'aHl ^^'^^^'^^'^i 1 Z""''^ ^''' '^^"^^ -'' letters^ w^ere 
 /5.927- Nearly 38 per cent, of this total was in the City of Toronto 
 ICoina-First launched in New Brunswick in 1843. ^""f-^nto- 
 
 J-The first gardener in Nova Scotia was Champlain, who, in 160C. 
 lied himself with a garden near the first fort built at the up, er end of 
 Innapolis basin, Nova Scotia. The site can still be tracid though 
 hvo mountain streams which bounded it, east and west, have iS 
 ^disappeared. It is on the property of Robert Mills, Esq anHf 
 I even yet the "French Gardens!^ Haldimand may l^ me2 ioned ^ 
 Idhr,,";^^'"'''^'^ gardeners and florists in Canada, The con^ 
 ^<nn 1777 to form a garden near the Montmorency Falls, near Ouebec 
 Subsequently he built the house in Montmorency known asihe 
 Imand House, still in perfect order and admired fJr its romantic 
 
 If M.iorSrf. r' /'",^ "[ Montmorency. Madame Ssd 
 ► Major-General Riedesel, who commanded the Hessian troops in 
 I Bargoyne's expedition, visited Governor Haldimand at S^c" 
 I in return for civilities received." she tells that " ^h- .n.,„ht M-^:' 
 'ami Canadians generally how to pickle cucumbers." ft is to' be 
 she rests in peace ; many of the living descendants of those she 
 kkled cucum'b^rs "^ cucumbers cannot, bv , ,ason of the indigestibility 
 
iliT 
 
 94 
 
 First Things in Canaha. 
 
 Gardens— The f.rst public garden was Adlam's Garden in Halifax, I73,,| 
 present public gaidens are the a<lniiration of the people of Canad.i :J 
 all tourist r. 
 Gardening— The first effort to cultivate the soil of Canada was m-,i 
 Jacques earlier, who, in 1541, had an acre and a half of land cleaml 
 where Quebec stands, and had it jilanted with turnips, cabbage and l| 
 seeds. 
 General Elections. (See Simultaneous Polling.) 
 
 Geological Survey— In 1832 Dr. Kae presented a petition to the I.i .;i-!| 
 of Upper Canada, praying for pecuniary assistance to enable him in; 
 cute a geological and statistical survey of the Province. It was n fai 
 a Committee of Supply, but received no consideration. 
 
 In 1842, the general annual report on the state of the C'lony 
 mitted to the Imperial Secrctaiy of State, contains the followint; : ' 
 posals for a grand Cleological Survey have been made which are un-ii 
 conside ration of the Government. Mr. W. K. Logan, who was 
 as the Provincial Geologist by the Governor-(ieneral, upon tlicil 
 mendation of several eminent geologists in England, has made a pni 
 report upon the subject, and, should the plans be adopted, will ciraJ 
 the survey next year. " I 
 
 In his preliminary statement, Mr. Logan pointed out the existcncej 
 immense limestone ledge. " He judges that the country will yi.ldj 
 marble, hydraulic limestones, gypseous marl and pure gypstim, 
 springs, fossiliferous iron ore, and various other materials of high ini 
 ance to agriculture and useful to the arts. He anticipates the occuij 
 of magnetic oxide of iron in abundance, the existence of plumlmd 
 the presence of copper, lead and zinc ores lielow the limestone, ilj 
 not hold any flattering ideas respecting coal beds." 
 
 The Geological Survey of Canada was, accordingly, instiluiod 
 Provincial Government in 1843, a grant of /,'i,500 having been vos 
 that purpose on the motion of Hon. J. S. H. Harrison, in consc'iuci 
 petitions presented by the Natural History Society of Montreal, al 
 Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. In 1881 the oilicej 
 Museum of the Survey were removed from Montreal to Ottawa! 
 total average annual expenditure in connection with the Survey Miica 
 is $52,000. The first report published was the Report of Piiii;ti 
 1843. This 'eport, and also those for the years 1844-57, are ou; "f| 
 To and including the year i860, the Geological Survey Hepirts] 
 also, printed as appendices to the Journals of the Legislative As 
 and may be found in the Parliamentary and other libraries. 
 
 In 1862 a descriptive catalogue of a collection of the economi- mil 
 of Canada, sent to the London International Exhibition, was piera 
 the Survey. In 1864 was published Geology of Canada, lS6j,L 
 Report of the Geological Survey from its commencement to iSfij.r 
 volume includes the more important facts published in the prej 
 reports. Accompanying this is an atlas of maps and sectii'iij 
 the sources of topographical information, a catalogue of the niaj 
 charts used, and the sources of geological information for the gi ncrl 
 of Canada. Other reports are. Reports of Progress, iS63-6( , i| 
 1870-71, 1S71-72, 1S72-74, and for each succeeding year to 1S7 ; 
 for 1880-1-2, and for 1882-3-4-5. 
 
 In the 1884 session of Parliament, the Commons appointed al 
 Committee to obtain information as to the methods adopted 1 v iN 
 
lADA. 
 
 Jarden in Halifax, 175;, 
 the people of C'anaila 
 
 ;oil of Canada was iii.ii 
 ml a half of land cleam 
 h turnips, cabbage ainl 1 
 
 d a petition to the 1/ i;i 
 stance to enable him in 
 
 I'rovince. It was nfcrii 
 sideralion. 
 
 he state of the ci'lony 
 )ntains the followini; : 
 een made which are uml 
 
 K. Logan, who was >ell 
 nor-General, upon llR'rJ 
 Inland, has made a pw\iii 
 as be adopted, will cumJ 
 
 pointed out the existence I 
 t the country will yiil'lf 
 iarl and pure gypsum, 
 her materials of high in 
 
 1 te anticipates the nccuij 
 
 2 existence of plumli.i;'] 
 clow the limestone. I 
 beds." 
 accordingly, instituttil 
 
 /,'i,500 having been vo; 
 >. Harrison, in consejik:! 
 ' Society of Montreal 
 ec. In 1881 the oilicd 
 im Montreal to Ottawa, I 
 ion with the Survey miicI 
 vas the ls.eport of I'loijii 
 'ears 1844-57, are ou; 
 logical Survey He|ii'rt5 
 
 of the Legislative Assa 
 
 other iil)raries. 
 jction of the economi ■ ml 
 il Exhibition, was pu 
 ilogy of Canada, 1 
 ommencement to V 
 Its published in the 
 I of maps and secti 
 
 a catalogue of the 
 information for the g- 
 of Trogress, i863-6( 
 cceeciing year to 187 
 
 First Things iw Canada. 
 
 95 
 
 ■M'3 
 
 Ills 
 1 11 31 
 
 ntil 
 , \i 
 
 xeeding year to 187 j : :^k 
 Commons apirointc'l ''>^H. 
 
 I 
 
 Lical Surveys of Canada and of other countries in the prosecution of 
 heir work, with a view to ascertain if additional technical and statistical 
 fccords of mining arid metallurgical development in the Dominion could 
 |(>i be procured ana observed. Their report and the evidence occupy 
 ver 200 pages of the regular IJh.e Hook size. The Annual Report, new 
 tries \ol. I., began with the year 1885, and has been published since, 
 nnually, as he title indicates. Lists of publications of the (leolocical 
 ■urvey have been published from time; to time-the latest being i8q; 
 lans-lMrst German immigration into Canada was in September. 1760 
 Ihen 1,300 German I'rotestants from the I'alatinate came to Nova Scotia 
 h 1881 the census gave 25,328 persons in Canada, whose birth places 
 lere m Germany. The census of 1891 gave 27,752 persons of German 
 Ir h in he country. 1 here are about .300,000 persons of German origin 
 1 t anada. ° 
 
 any— (See Treaties.) 
 
 -The lirst recorded discovery of gold, m the Province of Ouebec. was 
 lade in a stream flowing into the Chaudiere, in 1823, by a woman named 
 l.lbert. Its existence in the Province, as the result of scientific investi- 
 ktian was first made known in 1835 by Samuel Baddeley, R.E. In 
 jnva Scotia It was first found in 1858 by Capt. Lestrange while moose 
 lintmg. In i860 auriferous quartz veins were discovered 
 1 The first record of the discovery of gold in Ontario is in General Report 
 the Geological Survey, 1866-69. The Richardson mine was the first 
 iiiie- worked for go d, Madoc township, Ontario, where the precious 
 etal was discovered by a man named Powell in August, 1866. The first 
 (seovery of gold in notable quantity was made in 1871, by Mr. Peter 
 Ickel ar, near Jackllsh Lake, in the Township of Moss. Gold was dis- 
 l\ rred on Lake of the Woods in 1878. 
 
 111! liritish Columbia gold was first publicly known to exist in the valley 
 
 Ithe Columbia River in 1856, and of the Fraser River in 1857 
 
 ^\\h.le gold IS very widely diffused throughout Canada, practically 
 
 ..l.icion has been confined, heretofore, to the Provinces of British 
 
 'umbia ami Nova Scotia. In the latter province 24,867 ounces were 
 
 sed in 1865, and 26, 1 13 ounces in 1896. The number of mines in 1896 
 
 s 40 and the tons_of quartz crushed were 67,249. In British Columbia, 
 
 liK%^^'^''^^V\^ S°'' produced was $3,491,205, and in 1896 ii 
 
 kf^'/. :^ u The total yield of gold in Canada in 1896 was valued 
 
 p2,8io,2o6, showing that the value of the yield in all the other nro- 
 
 irw"'" ' ^""'^ Columbia and Nova Scotia, amounted to 
 
 n 1S97, the Yukon region was reported as " full of gold." An immense 
 
 ^h o miners evidenced the eagerness for gold. The Cana.lian Govern- 
 
 IM took prmnpt measures to establish authority, regulate mining and 
 
 i^ tlie far oft region into touch with the seat of Government 
 
 ment, Responsible-Introduced in 1841, and granted to all the older 
 
 - inces lietween that date and 1854. 
 
 "•'loiigv^ Champlain laid the foundations of Quebec in 1608, it is only 
 
 > the conquest of kirke had been restored to France (16^2), that the 
 
 ly of the Government of Canada can be said to begin. The (Jovernor 
 
 isi'il nil Ihe "T>'"r" nr rif!' 1 ,.Mr. " . , •■■"• 
 
 . -i.i —e ,.n...r,n, civi. a.ul iiiimary government wilhuut any eon- 
 
 'I lis council, which was merely a consultative body. In 1648 the 
 
 I'ncil ol)tained a greater measure of control, and consisted of the 
 
 nior, the previous Governor (if in the colony), the chief of the 
 
 ¥: 
 
 
 !■ ■' 
 
96 
 
 First Thinos in Canada. 
 
 Jesuits (if there was no bishop), two councillors elected by the cour.cl 
 
 and the syndics of (Quebec, Three Rivers and Montreal. In 1663, C M 
 
 was constituted by Colbert, a royal government, and placed under « 
 
 control of the Covernor and the Intendant. Associated with these ^ 
 
 the Bishop and five councillors. An Attorney-General sat in the com 
 
 This body was called the Supreme Council, and it exercised legis ati? 
 
 executive and judicial powers. Durinp; the period from Sept. 1760 (whs 
 
 Montreal capitulated), to 1763, the (Government, though spoken of asj 
 
 military Government, was conducted in accordance with the old custnJ 
 
 of the province and in conformity with the laws which had lieen in fml 
 
 previous to the change. In 1763 King George HI- issued a proclamaiJ 
 
 establishing four new governments, Quebec, Kast llonda, West llon^ 
 
 and Grenada. The Government of Quebec was carried on, in actual m 
 
 tice by the Governor-General and an executive council composed ()f il 
 
 two' Lieut-Governors of Montreal and Three Rivers, the Chief Justice, I 
 
 Surveyor-Cieneral of Customs and eight others chosen from leadinR rH 
 
 dents, one of whom was a native French Canadian. In 1774 the (Jiie« 
 
 Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament, which then for the hrst tri 
 
 intervened in Canadian matters, the Crown having previously manaji 
 
 the colonies without the Parliament. From 1774. the Government 
 
 vested in a nominated Legislative Council of 23 members, of whom ei 
 
 were Roman Catholics. This lx)dy sat with closed doors, debated in 1 
 
 laneuages, and drew up its ordinances in French and English. In 1I 
 
 an advisory council of five members, the Lieut. -Governor and four rad 
 
 bers of the Legislative Council, was appointed by the Governor-Gena* 
 
 In 1791, George III. sent a message to the Imperial House of Comm 
 
 stating that it would be for the l>enefit of the province to divide it j 
 
 Upper and Lower Canada. The result was the Constitutional Act of li 
 
 which establisheil in each province a Legislative Council, appointed! 
 
 the King, and an assembly of representatives elected by the people 11 
 
 Act was the fundamental law of the two provinces till 1841, when! 
 
 Union Act of 1840 came into force, and with it the era of Respona) 
 
 Government. .... • r *-n .,.-, vi 
 
 In Nova Scotia the French colonial system was in force till 1713. HI 
 that date to 1758 the government was vested in a Lieut. -Governor* 
 Council. A legislative assembly was first convened 2nd October, vfi 
 In 1838 the executive authority was separated from the Legislai 
 Council. In 1840 the principle of responsible government was recogn* 
 and in 1841 it was fully adopted. ^. ^ • j 
 
 New Brunswick was separated from Nova Scotia and a governa 
 established, consisting of a council of twelve members in 1784 andl 
 assembly of twenty-one, in 1786. In 1842 the executive authorityf 
 made distinct from the Legislative Council. In 1848 responsible govern^ 
 was woven into the governmental system. Prince Edward Island' 
 created a separate province in 1769, with a Lieut. -Governor (who am 
 in 1770), and a combined executive and legislative council in \]f 
 legislative assembly in 1773, and responsible government in 1850-1. 1 
 Responsible Government. ) . ,. . 
 
 Governor— The first nominal Governor of Canada was Sieur de Koix^ 
 who, on 15th January, 1540, was appointed by Letters Patent uonj 
 King of France, Lord of *Norembega, Viceroy and Lieut. -Gener* 
 
 * Norembega was the original name for the territory suhseiiuently called Acadia. 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 97 
 
 iequently called Acadia. 
 
 Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, Newfoundland, Uelle Isle, Carpunt, 
 Labrador, the (iteat Hay and Baccalaos. The first real Governor of 
 Canada was Samuel de Champlain, whose term o» office began October 
 15th, 1612. The first nominal English Covernor of Canada was (General 
 Jeffrey Amherst, 1760. The first real English Governor-in-Chief was 
 (;eneral Murray, 1763. The first Governor of Montreal Island was 
 Maisonneuve. The first Governor of 1'. E. Island was Walter Patterson, 
 1769. The first French Governor of Acadia was I'ierre de Monts, 1605 
 to 1607. The first Governor of Nova Scotia was Colonel Vetch, 17 10. 
 The first Governor-General of the Dominion was Lord Monck, 1867. The 
 first Lieutenant-Governors after Confederation were : For Quebec, Sir N. 
 Hulleau ; Ontario, Major-General Stisted ; Nova Scotia, Sir F. Williams'; 
 New Brunswick, Major-General Doyle ; P. E. Island, Hon. W. Robin- 
 son ; Manitoba and the North- West, Hon. A. G. Archibald; British 
 Cohmibia, Hon. J. W. Trutch. 
 
 vernor-General— The first Governor-General was Sir CJuy Carleton, Lord 
 Oorchester, who, in 1786, was made Governor-General over Ouebec, 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The titles of the governors of Nova 
 Scotia and New Brunswick were changed to Lieut. Governors, and in 
 !79i. when Upper and Lower Canada were created, the governor of each 
 w.is styled Lieut. -Governor. 
 
 vernor-General— The office of Governor-General of Canada was first 
 permanently constituted by Letters Patent in 1878. Since then a brief 
 commission is all the (iovernor-General retjuires. His general instructions 
 are in the document of 1878. 
 
 pernor's Speech— The first Governor's speech to "Gentlemen of the 
 Council and House of Representatives," within the present bounds of 
 
 I Canada, was made by Governor Lawrence to the Council and Assemblv of 
 [Nova Scotia "in his own house," Oct. 2nd, 1758. 
 ^ernor-Generars Instructions— The first revision of these by the British 
 
 Government, after Confederation, was made in 1876, at the instance of 
 
 lion. Edward Blake, when Minister of Justice. Lord Lome was the first 
 
 Governor-General to act under the revised instructions. 
 
 Uid Trunk Railway— The first proposals to build were made by Mr 
 
 I'eto to the Hon. Francis llincks, in London in 1851. 
 
 Ind Trunk Railway— The original Act of Incorporation passed in the 
 
 Canadian Legislature, in 1851, proposed only a railway from Toronto to 
 
 Montreal, 333 miles, with a capital of ^3,ooo,oc30. The Amalgamation 
 
 Act was passed in 1852, to enable the companies chartered to build rail- 
 
 jways, (a) from Montreal to boundary line towards Portland, (d) from 
 
 K)ucbec to Richmond, (c) from Toronto to Sarnia, and (d) from Quebec 
 
 jtoTrois Pistoles, to unite in one general scheme. Under the provisions 
 
 lot this Amalgamating Act, the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railway 
 
 Itrom Portland (Maine) to the Canadian boundary, was leased for 099 
 
 lyears. The amalgamation was confirmed in 1854, the company beine 
 
 Ikm.wn as the Grand Trunk of Canada. The sections were opened -from 
 
 II ortland to Montreal, 1853 ; from Richmond to Quebec, with a branch 
 ■to Ihree Rivers in 1864; from Montreal to Toronto in 1856; from 
 jloronto to Sarnia in 1858, and the original system was completed Dec 
 ■i()th 1859, when the Victoria bridge was opened for traffic. The line 
 
 fen"",VA.'"?u ^°JS'l ""■?" was leased in 1859; the Champlain lines 
 pn S63; the Buffalo and Huron m 1867. In 1868 the International 
 |iiriilge was leased. 
 
 7 
 
 ('-I .'I 
 
98 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 In 1879 the Dominion Government purchased from the Grand Tl 
 the line from Levis to Riviere du Loup (124 miles), paying therefel 
 sum of $1,500,000. With this money the Grand Trunk purchasdf 
 railways m Michigan, and formed the Chicago and Grand Trunk 
 1881 the Georgian Bay and Lake Erie system of 171 miles was 
 porated into the Grand Trunk. In 1882 amalgamation with the 
 VVestern Railway, including 904 miles, took place. In 1883 the \\4 
 line was leased, the Champlain lines extended, and the Midland svsiel 
 473 miles absorbed. The Northern Railway was leased in January J 
 fhe Grand Trunk system now consists of a total of 4,186 miles, of', 
 3,153 miles are in Canada, 172 miles in the Eastern States, and 861 1 
 in the State of New York and the western states. The cost of thti 
 way and its equipment including rolling stock, to 30th June 18 
 given in the Railway Statistics at $331,451,492. In 1867 the Gij 
 irunk. with the then existing roads now under Grand Trunk con] 
 carrieu 2,350,535 passengers and 2,018,769 tons of freight. In i8q6| 
 Orand Trunk system carried 5,077,671 passengers and 7,587,148 J 
 freight. In 1867 the (irand Trunk system (including railways J 
 existence and since amalgamated) did 84 per cent, of the passenger li 
 and 72 per cent, of the transportation by railways. In 1896 it did u\ 
 railwa" b ' P''^^^"Ser and 31 percent, of the freight carrying \m 
 
 Graphic Statistics of Canada, first prepared by George Johnson, andi 
 
 ished by the (government of Canada in 1888, showing Canada's g.oJ 
 
 the Queen's Jubilee year of 1887. ^ ^ 
 
 Graving Dock in Esquimau, British Columbia, finished in June, 1886 
 on the Pacihc coast. 
 
 Graving Dock at Quebec, finished in 1887. First on the St. LawtJ 
 Kiver. 
 
 Graving Dock, Halifax, opened September, 1889. First on the Mi 
 coast of Canada, and the largest on the continent. It is 601 feet loneJ 
 Ih^rflT/^ The "ocean greyhound," the 7«./.«,V, is 582 feet l' 
 the Cttyo/New York and the City of Paris are each about 580 fed. 
 Great Eastern was 692 feet long and 83 feet wide. The first U« 
 States man-of-war ship to be docked in a Canadian graving dock was] 
 Jndtana, ,n this graving dock, August, 1897. There was no avoi/ 
 dock large enough in the United States. • . a,« 
 
 Graving Dock, Kingston, was begun 1889 for the Great Lakes, and finJ 
 November, 1891. The first vessel to be docked was the ^.S. St. I an 
 ot the 1,000 Islands Steamship Co., on 28th November, 1891 
 
 Graving Docks-The graving docks under the Government charce-l 
 Levis, Kingston and Esquimalt-cost $2,591,844. of which SelL' 
 Government contributed $243,353 towards the Eslj'ulrit dock 
 
 The number of vessels which used the docks from the time ofl 
 opening to June, 1895, was : Esquimalt, ,21; Kingston, Y4I■le^ii,l 
 The receipts from the three amounted in 1895^0 $21 193 ' 
 
 ^" N^Ja Wk ^S,'" Th'^' ^ •' ^"^'^^y Poutrincou'rt near Port Ri 
 ^ova Scotia, 1607. The remains of the old dam are plainly visil.le tol 
 
 ^eAa"mill Sr"'^?;'^' ''^"i" '' '^' P'^'^^ 'h?» thJre h aJ 
 DeenamiU on the spot from 1607 tn iHp nre=ent -Intp t"--- u-J 
 
 $57423.286.'^^'' ''"° """"^ ""'^ '^"^* "^' ^"'^ an annud ': J 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 99 
 
 hi i 
 
 ff 1" I ?r. """P "I'" "^n" '.''■^ ?■■'' ^'^'^^ "^"" C^'S) to Stand on the shores 
 lo Lake Ontario. lie called it Lake Entouhoronon. In 1635 it is spoken 
 lof as the Lac des Iro(iiiois On Sanson's map (1679) it appears as '' On- 
 tario ou Lac St. Louis." LaSalle and Hennepin call it (1678) Lake 
 hontenac On De L'Isle's maps, 1700 and 1703, it appUrs is Lac 
 Onlario. On Howen s map of 1704 (setting forth the liritish, Spanish and 
 Itrench dominions in North America, according to the treaty of 176^) the 
 llake bears the name " Ontario or Catara(|«i." Ontario is said to l,e a 
 Icorrupiion of OnUanto, Indian for "beautiful waters." The first white- 
 linan to ascend the River St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario was I'ere ie 
 IMoyne, 1654 ; the first European to descend the St. I^wrence from 
 lOgdensburg was I'ere Toncet, 1653. 
 I . '""^"^^ .""f°" 1^"^ discovered by Cha -'ain in 1615. He called it Mer 
 
 lOn De L Isle s map. 1700, it appears as . : des Hnrom, said to be derived 
 from /5«r., freely translated " shock of hai ," and indicating the profusion 
 of hair which adorned the heads of the Indiahs around the lake. 
 
 L,n. ' it^ >.'P"T''f' '''f "/'=';^1^ '" '^34- Marcjuette, Dablon and La- 
 ii, 1 ^ V^*" ^""^A"^ }^^ ^"•""'^- ^'^"'''-' A"o"«. in 1676, reached 
 the lake on the eve of St Joseph's day. and said : " We give it he name 
 
 lof that great saint, and shall henceforth call it Lac St. Jose|>h." AlloiS 
 was the first to give it the name of Lake Machihgamns. 'ere Membre 
 called It Lake Dauphin. St. Come called it Miesagan. tnd also Miss"gan' 
 Marest was the first to call it Michigan. On Bowen's map of 1764 the 
 name g.ven it is Lake Michigan or " Illinois." Simon I'okagon, of the 
 Pottawatomie Indian tribe, says Mi-shi-gan means " monstrous lake. " 
 
 from .h.^ri^/fp •'*'"'"'' u' '^y ^"-''r'"' '" '640. The name is derived 
 from the ribe of Eries on the south shore, whose country was also called 
 
 here The M-.""', Th'^'un',' ^^^ "^^ """^^^*^^ "^ thoJe animals found 
 
 Ithere-the Lake of the Wild Cats. Some think the translation more 
 
 correctly to h^ racccons. Hennepin calls it Erie and also Conty. Sanson's 
 
 map gives it Lr.e Lac. Membre calls it Lac de Conty. On de L'ls e's 
 
 |map It ,s Lac Erie. Bowen's map gives it Lake Erie 
 
 llts nimJ^H^'n'? ""?. dis.«:"vered by I'eres Jogues and Raymbault in 1640. 
 
 Ith: h'Tof'tr c"ai^' " " ^'^ •='"' ^' "^^ '"'' ^'''' •^'^-' - -» - «t 
 
 iJ/t? ^^i^u^^l'' '° r*""."' ''y ^^^^^^^ I'ccause he reached it in 1679 on 
 
 the date of the feast of Saint Claire. Bowen's map gives it Lake St. Clare 
 
 jTime with its effacing finger has rubbed off the final «' e." Otherwise ih^ 
 
 joriginal spelling is retained. v^mcrwise me 
 
 I Lake Nipissing. discovered by Champlain in 1615, received its name 
 Jfrom Indian words meaning «• diminutive^' the body of water Sng sSu 
 lin comparison with the great lakes. ^ 
 
 [Ca^nSn fy'S^^ of-Formed 1775, consisting of men who had been in 
 
 te ^'"^fjo^n^'ed in 1749, at the expense of the Imperial Government 
 
 er the direction of the Lords of Trade and Plantations, and wl 
 
 .mm ! iM '^°'"Pl'"'^"J 'o ^r'^^ Montague. Earl of Halifax, under whose 
 
 Lent on th^'^r' '^' r"'^'r"' ^^f undertaken. The scheme for a r,ettle 
 
 r'"' "" S T' "^ Chebucto Bay is said to have originated with the 
 
 [Sent ,n fhT '1 • '""'^ t'l"" ?"'"S the attention of -he British Gov- 
 
 lernment to the claims of the French on the territory oi A dia, succested 
 
 [the necessity of, as well as the great commercial advam o be dedved 
 
 '^, 
 
100 
 
 First Things in" Canada. 
 
 from, such an undertaking. A plan was submitted to Governmcni 
 autumn of 1748, and was warmly supported by Lord Halifax, rnrli 
 voted /^40,cxx), and supplied 13 transports and a sloop of war, l.y 
 Colonel the Hon, Edward Cornwallis, designated Captain-Genera 
 Governor of Nova Scotia, his suite and 2,576 settlers were coiivt 
 the Bay. The registry book of settlers gives the date of the 
 Governor Cornwallis as the 8th June. 
 
 Hanging— The first on record in Canada took place under de Koberval, 
 when Michel Gaillon was disjiosed of in that wixy. 
 
 High Commissioner for Canada— First appointed, 1880. Sir A. T 
 first to fill the office, the date of his ajjpointment being May iith. 
 Sir Charles Tupper succeeded him, the appointment being daid 
 30th, 1883. Hon. Sir Donald Smith (now Lord Strathcona an( 
 Royal) was appointed April 24th, 1895. 
 
 Hansard— (So called after Mr. Hansard, who provided ne Parliam 
 Great Britain with the official report of speeches made by its menilie 
 first adopted by the Canadian Parliament in 1875, on motion of Sir( 
 Tupper, Bt. (then Hon. C. Tupper) and has been continued evtr 
 The title is really " Official Report of the Debates of the House of 
 mons," etc., but it is commonly known as Hansard. 
 
 Historical Society— That of Quebec was founded 1824 ; of New liru 
 1874 ; of Nova Scotia, 1878-9 ; of Manitoba, 1879, and of Prince 
 Island, 1881. Respecting the Historical Society of nuebec, it u 
 remarked that Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-Genera^ took a proi 
 part in its establishment and presided at the first meeting, held onL 
 6th, 1824, at the Chateau St. Louis, when the Society was organized] 
 Nova Scotia Society has published nine volumes of papers connected 
 the history and development of that province. 
 
 Historiati— The first historian of Canada was Gabriel Sagard, who 
 here in 1623. Denys wrote and published "Description Historic 
 I'Amerique Septentiionale, Paris, 1672." Bacqueville de L.i I'o 
 wrote " Historic de I'Amerique .Septentrionale," and published it in 
 in 1722. Early French writers are Cartier, Roberval, L'Escarbot, ( 
 plain, Charlevoix (1744), Boucher, Creuxius ; those who wrote ihel 
 Relations, beginning with Charles Lalement, who wrote the first' 
 series from Quebec in 1626 ; (these were published in France to 
 in modern times they have been continued to 1679); Bibaud, Roy G 
 Brasseur de Bourbourg, Ferland, Heriot, Smith. Christie, 1, 
 McMulhn, Suite, Roger, Parkman, Casgrain, Dussieux, Faribault, 
 burton, Taylor, Sanson, Winsor, Bliss, Hogan, Morris, Haliburton, 
 dock, Campbell, Kmgsford, Greswell, Hannay, Wilhrow, Brice, 
 Dent, Bounnot, Roberts, etc. William Smith was the fijst English 
 (after Heriot) of Canadian history. He was the son of Chief 
 Smith, who may be deemed the grandfather of Confederation. V 
 Smith (2nd) published his book in Quebec in 1815. Its title is " 
 of Canada from its first discovery to the peace, and from the esiM 
 of Civil Government in 1764 to the establishment of the Con 
 in 1791." 
 
 Historical Treatise—The first concerning Canada was published in n 
 is th ' memorial of Boucher to Colbert, in advocacy of the reieni 
 Canada by France, alter its conquest by Kirk, and Is entitled "II. 
 Veritable et Naturelle des Moeurs et Productions de la Nouvtile F 
 vulgairement dit le Canada." 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 lOI 
 
 under de Roljerval, 
 
 oley Money " — Prince Edward Island, suffering from the drain of her 
 
 |«''ver money to the neighboring i)rovinces, at one time adopteil the plan 
 
 lof [mnching a hole in the centre of the silver dollar and quarter dollar. 
 
 iThc punched dollar was known as the holy (or holey) dollar, and had to 
 
 Ik taken at its face value. Of course such " holey " silver remained in 
 
 I the province, and the use of paper money was avoided. 
 
 he— The first horses brought to Canada, of which there is record, were 
 
 [those left on .Sable Island by Baron de Lery and his Portuguese associates 
 
 in 1539. The descendants of these horses paw the sands oi' the island for 
 
 fresh water, just as the breed have lieen domg for over 350 years. They 
 
 are wild and have never had any admixture of other blood. 
 
 The first one arrived in New France 20th June, 1647, and was pre- 
 Isented to the Governor, M. de Montniagny. It was a present from Za 
 Compagttie des Habitants. Horses were brought to Acadia in 1613. 
 tses— First lot of horses purchased in Canada by the British authorities as 
 I remounts for British cavalry was shipped September 27th, 1886. 
 |tel Dieu, of Quebec, first hospital, established 1639. The Hotel Dieu in 
 Montreal was established in 1644. 
 
 se— The first stone house in Canada was erected in Tadousac, in 1599, by 
 Chauvin, a fur trader. Of the 855,535 houses in Canada found by the 
 census of 1891 to be inhabited, 3 per cent, were stone, 16 per cent. 
 Ijrick, and 81 per cent. wood. 
 kdson Bay — First authentic account of the exploration of the straits and 
 bay is that of Henry Hudson, who gave his name to both in 1610. Pre- 
 vious to that event, Sebastian Cal)ot is declared to have visitd' the straits 
 in 1517. After Hudson, Captain Thomas Button (afterwards knighted) 
 wintered in Nelson River, 1612-13, and took possession in the name of the 
 King of Great Britain. Capt. Gibbons was sent in 1614, but missed the 
 strait and returned without adding to the knowledge already secured. 
 Capt. Robt. Bylot, who had been in the three previous expeditions, was 
 sent out in 1615 and again in 1616. Capt. Luke Fox entered the bay in 
 1631. Capt. James, of Bristol, who like others was in search of a north- 
 west passage to the Pacific Ocean, and had letters from His Majesty 
 Charles I to the Emperor of Japan, not finding the Emperor at home (or 
 anywhere else) returned to England in 1632. After that, the treaty of 
 St. Germain-en-Laye and the conviction of English navigators that there 
 was no passage across the continent via Hudson Bay, induced English 
 merchants and their sovereigns to give the Hudson Bay a wide berth, till 
 1668, when Capt. Z. Gillam, acting for English merchants and for two 
 French Canadians, De Grozelier and Radisson, made the first trading 
 voyage to Hudson Bay — one, too, which led up to the formation of tl.e 
 Hudson's Bay Company in 1670. The Jesuit Albanel made the first over- 
 land expedition to James' Bay, arriving there from Quebec in June, 1671. 
 The first expedition sent by the Canadian Government to examine the 
 navigability of Hudson straits for purposes of commerce, left Halifax 22nd 
 July, 1884, in S.S. Alert, Lieut. Gordon, R.N., commanding. Lieut. 
 Gordon was sent out again in 1885 and 1886. His reports are to be found ; 
 that of 1884 in Appendix No. 29 to the Report of the Department of 
 Marine for 1885 ; that of 1885 in sessional papers we of 1886, and that of 
 1886 in sessional papers 15*^ of 1887. Other sources of information res- 
 pecting Hudson Bay are Henry Vule Hind's paper on Central British 
 North America, read before the Royal Statistical Society in 1864 ; the 
 same explorer's evidence before the Canad m Committee on Immigration 
 
 
 e 
 
 t • ■ 
 
102 
 
 Fmsf Things in Canada. 
 
 and Colonization, 1S78 ; Col. Dennis' navigation of Hudson Hay i,V| 
 1, ..f^^l""''"'' "^'^''' <'«"'"K'cn' Survey (beinj; chiefly results of Dr. 'k„i. 
 He 1 s mvMliKations) for 1H7H, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 18X4,,^ 
 and 1886. Chas. N. Hull, in 1884, prepared "Our Northern Wal'r, 
 report regardinK the Hudson Hay and Straits. It was published l.v 
 Winnipeg Hoard of Trade. In 1897 the Dominion Government cmuiiim 
 and sent an expedition to the straits and hay, under Commander Wakeh'd 
 The vesse.— the " Diana "--sailed from Halifax [une 2nd. 
 
 Hudson s Bay Company -(See Trading Comp.-inies.) 
 
 Hudson Bay Railway -First sod turned Ocioher 9th, 1886 
 
 Hudson Bay Territory-Transferred to Cana<la by ,leed of Oucen, ,lJ 
 November r^th, 1.S70. ^ < ■^'^ 
 
 Hugiienots-The Huguenots first came to Canada in 1604. De Monis n 
 obtainecl from Henry IV. a patent covering Acadia, w.is the f^rst Ilii™ 
 not. Then came the DeCaens, the de la Tours and others. When J 
 paramount lordship was transferred to the company of the "oo Associa;] 
 in 1627, the company was expressly forbidden to allow Huguenots U, J 
 into New France or Acadia. ■ 
 
 Icelanders -First colony of, settled in the NorthWest Territories 187? 
 
 Immigrants, Early--The first r-rtyof the Selkirk settlers gathered at N^o,™ 
 way, Scotland, in July, 181 - to the number of 125, having been en™ 
 in Iceland, the ighlands of Scotl.nnd, the Orkneys, (Glasgow and I.omi: 
 Capt. M.icdonelI was in charge, having been inducted by the I'lrl 
 Selkirk The vessels were the '• Kddystone," the " Prince of Walts ■j! 
 the hdward and Anne," with a man-of-war for a convoy. Before- 
 vessels left the dock, the Collector of Customs read the clause of ,1 
 tmigration Act regulating the conveyance of emigrants, and announ 
 that if any were unwilling to remain on board they might go .-.sho™ 
 Many went ashore, althougn it was clain.ed that as they were rndcntm. 
 servants they had no option but to remain. On the 26th luly 1811 ■ 
 
 The'llnisnn It ^"r'' ^^T''^,' *^"'!'"", '^"J" '^^^ ^"y^Be Covered 6. daj idians-The 
 
 The Hudson Hay Co. officials received them with kindness and atfoH 
 
 every assistance The colonists were sent from Vork Factory o 1 
 
 Nelson river, where huts were built for their use. On the 21st Januaij 
 
 I8I2, twenty-three men were down with scurvy, but .iheral usp of spr ' 
 
 juice banished the evil. Supolies of provisions were iiu.i.,, o;, .ledsevd 
 
 week from \ ork Factory. » .M the 5th July the par, y hi f.- ^d Riw 
 
 which they reached September, ,8t2, having take) : .0. ! Cu. t „nl 
 
 Red River!'' '^^^^'"^"»"- Thus began'the Selkirk settlememTli 
 
 Imperial Conference held in London, April ist, 1887. Canada was ren 
 sented oy Hon. Sir Alexander Campbell, K.C M G^ and Snnl 
 Fleming, C.M.G. Matters connected vlith the defence of the EnS 
 he^subjects generally of Imperial importance were discussed. The uni 
 r- anada with Australia by cal,Ie was consi, ered. (See also I il I ' 
 .r.^e, ^^^^ers of A.lm.nistration, and Companies Colonial Register Act.) 
 
 ■o ^eil and %'" v,^''' '" ^"'"''"" '." l"""'' '^96. Hon. .Sir Macken 
 .o..eli and S. < ipming represented Canada. This Conference*! 
 «^f)c,rned and ...et again in October, ,896, when Sir Donald S J 
 H..h Commissioner, ..nd Hon. A. G. Joucs represented Canada 
 Mr. Sandford Heming w.as present as an expert 
 
 (Se^eSlllap-froVisW":?""'""" " "'^"^'^^ ^"^"'^ ^^^ '"^^' 
 
ive enquiry was niadJ 
 
 First Tiiincs in Canada. 103 
 
 kperial Federation—First proposed in 1764 by Thomas Pownall, Governor, 
 Captain-Cieneral, C DtninanderinChief and Vice-Admiral of His Majesty's 
 Trovinces, Ma st cluisetts Hay and South Carolina, and Lieut. -llovernor 
 of New Jeiey. lie prn}>i;icil a scheme by which " (ireat Hritain may \>e no 
 more con>i>lere<l iS the Kinfjdom of this Isle alone, with many appendages 
 of provinces, jnlonies, settlements, and other extraneous parts, but as a 
 grand marinL- <!'. minion, consisting of our jjossessions in the Atlantic and 
 in .MU'^rica united into one Empire." (See Organization of the Kmpire." 
 1 1 <ii. Joseph Howe advocated Imperial Federation in 1855, in a sj)eech 
 on " The Union of the H. N. A. Provinces and the rijjht of British colonists 
 to representation in the Imperial Parliament ;" in 1863, in a letter to C. 
 H. Adderley on the relation of Knyland with her colonies, and again in 
 1863, in a speech " On the Organization of the Empire.'" 
 
 Dperial Federation League, first formed in Canada at a meeting held in 
 Montieal, May 9th, 1885. The preliminary conference was held in Lon- 
 don, Eng., July 24th, 1884. The formation of the Imperial Federation 
 lAjague was consummated at a meeting held in London, Eng., Rt.- Hon. 
 \V. E. Forster, chairman. At a meeting' held on June 20th, 1887, 
 Imperial Reciprocity was suggested as the trade policy favored by the 
 League in Canada, as the best trade policy for Great Britain and her 
 col'inies. The Canadian Imperial Federation League changed its name, 
 4th March, 1896, to the British Empire League in Canada, on motion of 
 Sir Charles Tupper, Bart. 
 
 nperial Treaties — Right to decide whether Canada should be included in any 
 treaty Great Britain may make, first given to Canada by the mother 
 country (F^arl Carnarvon's despatch), 22nd January, 1878. 
 
 ^corporated Towns of Ontario— The first to be incorporated was Hamilton, 
 February 13th, 1833. Others early to lie incorporated were Toronto (as 
 a city), Belleville, Cornwall, Port Hope, Prescott, and Cobourg, all on 
 March 6th, 1834. 
 
 ndians— The Indians in Canada are the descendants of the first inhabitants of 
 the country. They are divided into 4 races, (I) the Esquimaux, (2) the 
 Dene-Dindjie, (3) the Algon(|uins, and (4) the Huron-Irofjuois. In the 
 first census of the Dominion the subject of the Indian population received 
 rareful attention. Th •'-; were found to lie 36 tribes, divided into Esqui- 
 ■nux, I ; T)u>o-Dindjie, 19; the Algonquins, II ; the Huron- Iroquois, 5. 
 As regards numbers there were : 
 
 Of the Esijuimaux race 4,028 
 
 " Dene-Dindjie " 42,000 
 
 " Algonquin " 46,000 
 
 " Huron- Iroquois " 10,330 
 
 Total 102,358 
 
 As regards mode of living : 
 
 Chiefly by fishing 23,000 
 
 In camps by prairie hunting 18,000 
 
 In villages in sealed districts '71358 
 
 By families in the woods 44,000 
 
 As regards the genciit'i geographical distribuiiori . 
 
 West of the Rockies 26,000 
 
 East " " 76,000 
 
104 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 ll 
 
 As regards political divisions : 
 
 • Province of Prince Edward Island ... ^2^ 
 
 " Nova Scotia ' .' ' ,565 
 
 " New Brunswick ,'.oi 
 
 :: g"f- :::::: ktsl 
 
 Ontario ,, „_e 
 
 Manitoba i.;:::;'" '?S 
 
 " British Columbia 2? 000 
 
 " Rupert's Land .' ' ' 331500 
 
 A . r'\. .^^'"■^^lo'' and the Arctic watershed, aalooo 
 
 A report of a Special Conuniltee of the British House of Comm-.ns „| 
 1857 gives interesting information respecting the Indian tVE n t 
 coiintry now-^called Cana.la. The Report of th<: Superintendemfc neS 
 of Indian Affairs or .896 gives the number of Indians at io^"o27 o< S 1 
 llX .^:;\now?'^"'^' '^''^'^ ^°"'- C'^'*^"''"' '6.8x^ Pagan:'': 
 In the Provinces of Ontario, (^)aebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick 
 P. E. Island and British Columbia there has been an increase of iS 
 in the Indian population in 25 years, or nearly 24 per cent The decrS 
 
 "amfp"eri"o^was^f;,6"^t ^"' ^^e No^hiLern TerrhoH:!:-;^;^ 
 .same period was 13,336. The increase in the o der provinces has nearlvl 
 counterbalanced the decrease in the newer territories^ The buiWirS 
 the C. P. R. and the extermination of the buffalo were nrime Ssk 
 the decrease of the Indians n the great prairie region of CaSa. 
 
 tri? There"ie;:r8r""h"'^^- '"'''rJ'' ^°"^"^'"' ^"'^^''i^g -"^ indusi 
 boys' and. C2^rirfs l'''"^^'" '^96, with 9,684 pupils, 5,161 Idn; 
 Doys, and 4,S2j girls The average attendance was 55. -54 per cent <.f th I 
 
 hi ire^^ 'omario^'Ttl^r-^' t'"' '^^^-erage^^.^e'nlirnce of wh 
 
 behalf of the Indians of Manitoba and the Norih-West Territories I 
 
 TrP'"' '^"""''^ '° ''i'' '" ^''^^^"l "-^^'^^'^on,' 1885 The Ind ans in 
 eluded among voters are those resident in the I'rov nces of OntLio n . I 
 Nova .Scotia, New Brunswick an<l IVincrFdw' dlsll? Thl ?" 1 1 
 
 dtstinctZct'of h'nd ( ra resln-efrw^' thT"'^'"'^" '' '^ ''^''""'Tl 
 at "Rno ind of rnnrU „ii .u^ ?" ,\^"'ch the improvements are va utrfl 
 
 entitling whi.'ef ,0 Ze!' °"" '"'""^ ^"''''^'^ "^ '^^ qualifica.ionJ 
 Indian Famine Fund, Canadian-In the earlv mn nf .Sn^ t a- r 
 
 to face with famine caused by recU.ced rn nfilUn,) I r^^' "^'^ T H 
 in the crops. An appeal was sent for ,.",i ?u ,5^'"':e^l"ent shorta^'c 
 
 theone mLber thufallllcred ^The Can it^ dh„ 7'" \^''l' i 
 started bv T nrrl AK^r,i„»„ ^ "i^ »-anadian Indian famine Fu ml was I 
 
 geS 'LcVte^mt'"n'caTl $2r^^^"'oT,h" ^°"'1'""r.«"' '1 
 passed through the hands of the trSsTr'eTSf the f. n^ ' f"^ ^n^^'^^' T 
 remainder being sent through other channekRv' ^'^ ^^ ^""rtney the 
 tions to the Fund were •- channels. By provinces the contr.huf 
 
 Ontario $6j,,S78 
 
 xf„,. o ' 1- 4°i323 ij. vxjiumoia . . . . 7 
 
 Nova Scotia . .4,600 P. E. Island . . I 
 
 New Brunswick.... ,,,705 N. W. Territories.. 6 
 
 ^f^niioha $20,813 
 
 B. Columbia 7,293 
 
 6, 105 
 319 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 105 
 
 Indian Lands, ownership of (in North-VVestern Ontario), obtained by treaty 
 T Confederation, decided by I'rivy Council of England to be vested 
 Decembers ^"""'■"'"""' ""'^ ""' ^^ '^e Dominion Government, 
 I Institution for Deaf and Dumb and Blind in Toronto, founded iSsS. The 
 first blind pupils were admitted September, 1861. The Institute for the 
 Deaf and Dumb in Hahfax, N.S., was founded in i860. It is a school 
 and provides for the education of the deaf mutes of the Maritime Provinces 
 The census of 1891 gave eight institutions for the deaf and dumb and blind 
 in Canada, with 754 inmates. 
 
 Institute of Natural Science of Nova Scotia, founded 1862 
 
 Insurance Companies -First required to make deposits with Government for 
 I the security of the Canadian people insured, in 1858. The amount de- 
 posited with the Government was on ist July, 1896. $24. ?4d 826 and 
 that with Canadian trustees $6,475,697, miking in ail $30,^820,523 he"d 
 for the protection of policy holders. This amount was distributed -Fire 
 in and and marine $6,074,455 ; Hfe, $24.033,678 : accident, etc.. $712,390.' 
 Of the amount deposited with the Government about 48 per cent is in- 
 vested in Municipal securities, the remainder being in Dominion stock, 
 I rovincial debentures, United Stales bonds, British Government securities 
 C r. Ky. lionds, etc. ' 
 
 Insurance Statistics. See Fire, Life, etc. 
 
 Intercolonial Conference. See Colonial Conferences. 
 
 I Intercolonial Railway -First opened from (^)uebec to Halifax 1876 First 
 steamship, with ocean freight to be transported via Intercolonial, arrived at 
 
 TnJ *'• • ^^'"'"^ i7; i^7^- ^^^^ Canadian Government Railways.) 
 
 International Deep Water-ways Association-The first annual convention 
 of, met in Cleveland, Ohio, September 24th, 1895. The organizing con- 
 vention me in Toronto September I9lh, 1894. The Cleveland platform 
 declared (a) that the public welfare demands the deepest i)racticai)le chan- 
 nels between the several lakes and the seaboard ; {/>) that at least 21 feet 
 m all channels with permanent structures for a possible 26 feet of navigable 
 depth seem to be required ; (c) thai prompt action by the United States 
 and Canada is needed ; {d) that the broadening of the channels (hrounh 
 the connecting shallows between Lakes Erie and Huron and Lakes Huron 
 and Superior is urgently demanded. Mr. O. A. Howland M P P 
 Toronto, was appointed the' international President of the Cleveland ner- 
 nianent organization and was the first president ot the organizing conven- 
 lon in Toronto. The results of -he Toronto and Cleveland meetings were 
 he passage of an Act by ihe Congress of the United States, authorizing 
 the I resident to appoint three persons to form a Commission, with three 
 others appointed by Great Britain and (or) Canada, to investigate and 
 report upon the feasibility of building canals to enable vessels encajred in 
 ocean commerce t.) pass to and fro between the (ireat Lakes and the 
 Atlantic Ocean. On November 5th, 1895, I'resident Cleveland announced 
 he appointments under the above mentioned Act, of fames H. Antiell 
 Lyman E. Cooley and John E. Russell. The Dominion Governmenl 
 appointed Hon O. A. Howland, Thos. Munro, C.E., and Thos. C. 
 iveeler, C.E. The joint commission studied the questions involved, and 
 1 ''"^r'-' ,"" , ' =^" ; ••"''<^a Siatca Cummissioners repoit u> Presi- 
 dent Cleveland was made public. It may be found in the report of the 
 Canadian Minister of Railways and Canals for 1896. The report of the 
 Canadian Commissioners was made public in September, 1897. 
 
 ! 'M 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
io6 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 i 
 
 International Park at Niagara Falls. United .States side opened July, 18S5, 
 and called Prospect Park. Canadian side opened on the (Queen's birth- 
 day, 1888. It is called (^ueen Victoria Park. To the Ear^l of Dufferin, 
 when Governor-General of Canada, is due the tirst public suggestion and 
 the first official action in connection with (^ueen Victoria Park. In 1878, 
 meeting the Governor of New York State, Lord Dufferin suggested juini 
 action by the government of that .State and the Province of Ontario, in 
 order to preserve to the public the Falls of Niagara in all their natural 
 beauty, undirnmed by the greed and bad taste of money grabbers. In 
 1880 a memorial, signed by several hundreds of eminent men in EnglaiKJ, 
 Canada, and the United States, was presented to ihe Governments of 
 Canada and New V^ork requesting united action. In 1881 the State of 
 New York secured 107 acres of land on the New York side of the Falls at 
 a cost of about one and a half million dollars. The legislature of Ontario, 
 after w.xiting for the Dominion Government to initiate the movement and 
 finding that constitutional difficulties connected with federal control pre- 
 vented action, passed an Act in 1885 " for the preservation of the natural 
 scenery about Niagare. Falls. " The commissioners appointed under the 
 Act secured about 675 acres of land including 12 acres of (^ueenston 
 Heights on which stands the monument erected to the memory of General 
 Krock. An electric railway was built, which in 1896 carried 475,000 pass- 
 engers. Other plans were adopted and the commissioners succeeded in 
 bringing up the receipts to about $45,000 a year, thus making the Park so 
 nearly self-sustaining that only a small toll is exacted from visitors wanting 
 to go to points where guides or other special assistance are needed. 
 
 Interoceanic Railway— First proposed as a practical measure by Majnr 
 Carmichael-Smyth in 1848. His map gives the route through the Rockies 
 exactly as, years after, the railway crossed that range. Lieut. Synge, in 
 1848, proposed a combination of railway and water from Halifax to the 
 foot of the Rockies — an utilization of the water stretches on a vast scale. 
 
 Interprovincial Conference— The first conference of Premiers of the Prov 
 incial Governments was held in Quebec City in October, 1887. It was 
 attended by all the Provincial Premiers excepting the Premier of British 
 Columbia. It passed a number of Resolutions in amendment of the Union 
 Act of 1867. 
 
 Interprovincial Trade- The first grant of money (;,i'i,5oo) by Canadian 
 Legislature for steam service, was given by Lower Canada in 1825 to jiro- 
 mote trade between Halifax and Quebec. The Nova Scotian Legislature 
 responded in the same year by voting ^{,'750 a year as a premium for a 
 steamer of not less than 500 tons. The Royal IVilliam, 1370 tons, plied 
 between the ports during the seasons of 1832 and 1833, but was with- 
 drawn, the business done not being sufficient. (See Steamer, Royal 
 Wtlhaiii. ) 
 
 Interprovincial Trade— The first Committee of the Commons of Canada to 
 consider the subject met during the season of 1877. The attention of the 
 Committee was more particularly directed to the state of the Coal tr.ide. 
 Much valuable information was obtained respecting the commercial bene- 
 fits of Confederation in the direction of interprovincial trade. In the 
 session of 1883 a select committee of the Conimons was appointed to lake 
 into consideration and report how interprovincial trade may best be pro- 
 moted and the earnings and enlarged traiiic of the Intercolonial Railway 
 be further increased by interchange of products. The evidence pointed to 
 a very considerable growth of interprovincial trade. The report of 1877 
 
First Things in Canada. ,07 
 
 1889. $10,952,607 The fS of ,Xol^ H ^ were $9 249,749, and in 
 '""M!Sr"Fo7gl1p'5') L-^rl^i"/ %i? '" ^'-^^.^ -ok place at the St. 
 
 r'depo"si;s'lvt:g''°o;rr this" vSrv" aII: t^f'^' --inationfof 
 
 hearth were erected in iLa nnH «nf ^'i ■ ^'^'' ("'"'*" ^"^ ^ balloon 
 with the da'te an? I XA;^? S Sce^on It^'' V'he^'^"/'"' ^'^"^•"?' 
 
 Irrl-^fS™- .J: 'i,'i".l%?,™;""f V r.pl.„ishe,l Iron „ij ^ 
 
 M': 
 
 i ; :| 
 
io8 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 region. At the close of the season of 1896 there were 157 completed 
 ditches and canals, with a total length of about 350 miles. These com- 
 pleted systems are capable of irrigating 65,000 acres. A general report un 
 irrigation in the North- West forms Part III of the Report of the Depart 
 ment of the Interior for 1896, and contains evidence showing that therf^ is 
 no reason to doubt that through irrigation a large portion of Assiniboia and 
 Alberta will be rendered fruitful every year, and the element of uncertainly 
 caused by variations in the rainfall altogether eliminated from the calcula- 
 tions of those engaged in extensive agricultural operations. 
 
 Jesuits — P^irst Jesuit missionaries in Canada arrived at Port Royal, Acadia, in 
 1611. They did not have a very enjoyable or successful time of it. One 
 of them was killed at Mount Desert defending his countrymen against the 
 attacks of the Virginian, Capt. Argall. Another was sent adrift in an 
 open boat, but was picked up and, after terrible sufferings, managed to 
 find his way to France. The third was carried off captive by Argall. 
 
 Jesuits Estates' Bill— Passed by Legislature of (Quebec and allowed to be- 
 come law, the Dominion Government deciding not to disallow it ; was 
 discussed in Canadiari Commoiis in March, 1889. The decision of the 
 Government was upheld by a majority of 175 in a house of 202 members, 
 13 voting against the Government and 188 for. The money ($400,000) 
 was paid over in accordance with the decision of the Pope of Rome (the 
 arbitrator between contending parties in the Roman Catholic church), on 
 the Slh November, 1889. The Equal Rights Association had its origin, 
 in 1889, in connection with the discussion of this quest'on. 
 
 Jesuit Mission —The first established in the present Province of Ontario was 
 founded by the Jesuits Br^beuf, Daniel and Davoust, near Ptnetan- 
 guishene, in 1640. 
 
 Jesuit Relations— The annual reports on New France, called the Jesuit 
 Relations, began to l)e transmitted from Canada in regular succession in 
 1632. Charles Lalemant, the Jesuit, wrote the first of the Relations, 
 from Quebec in 1626. They were published in France to 1672 ; in 
 modern times they have been continued to 1679. 
 
 Jews, Russian —First colony to N.W. Canada came in 1882, and numbered 
 1,375 persons. 
 
 Journal of the Canadian Bankers' Association, first issued September, iS<)y 
 
 Jubilee Year — The first jubilee connected with our sovereigns, celebrated in 
 Canada, was that of King (Jeorge III. It was observed in Halifax, Oct. 
 25th, 1809, " with every demonstration of joy," although its actual occur- 
 rence was 25th October, 1810. The Legislature of Lower Canada passed 
 an .address (1810) congratulating the King on his having attained his 50th 
 year as a sovereign. The Legislature of Upper Canada did the same. 
 The next jubilee year w.is in 1887, when the Queen had reigned lifty 
 years. The Diamond Jubilee was celebrated, 22nd June, 1897, in cmii 
 memoration of the fact that the (^)ueen had reigned longer than any of tier 
 predecessors on the throne of England. The presence of the premier- of 
 the self-governing colonies of the Emjjire w.as one of the chief features uf 
 the demonstration. The social keynote of the jubilee of 1897 was devel- 
 opment and foundation of charitable institutions. 
 
 Jubilee— In 1837, forty days elapsed before the city of (Quebec learned officiallv 
 that Wllliarr. IV. was dead and that Victoria had been proclaimed, iii 
 London, Queen. 
 In 1897, as the Queen stepped into the state carriage in front of Buck- 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 109 
 
 882, and numbered 
 
 e in front of Buck- 
 
 ingham Palace, she pressed a button, and forthwith her simple, loving 
 message to 330,oco,(Xx> of her subjects is received in the ten thousand 
 cities of the empire, scattered throughout the four quarters of the globe, 
 and in ten minutes, from forty-four seats of government within the vast 
 empire, loving responses are speeding over thousands of miles of space 
 and fluttering into the (^)ueen's presence. At the same gentle pressure 
 of the royal right hand the bells of St. Paul's and Westminster join with 
 ten thousands of bells all around the globe, to announce to waiting millions 
 of her subjects that the Queen has started on the grandest procession the 
 world har. ever witnessed— that of a Queen, in an open carriage, strong- 
 guarded by the love of her people, passing through seven miles of densely 
 crowded millions of human beings of every colour and clime, drowning all 
 the mighty clangour of the bells with the mightier cheers that come from 
 their hearts. 
 
 Judges— Excluded from sitting in the Legislature, 1811. 
 
 Judges, County Court— Act of 1868 provides for the payment of the salaries 
 of County Court Judges in Ontario apd New Brunswick; Act of 1869 
 fixes the salaries of these judges by statute ; Act of 1872 fixes the salaries of 
 County Court Judges in British Columbia ; Act of 1876 fixes those of the 
 County Court Judges of Nova Scotia, and Act of 1882 those of the Judges 
 of Manitoba. County courts were established in England in 1849, and an 
 emi>-nt writer says of them that they are one of the most useful of the 
 institutions, the establishment of which marks the Victorian age, touching 
 more people and more diversified interests than almost any other. (See 
 County Courts.) 
 
 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of England-This Committee is 
 composed of members of the Privy Council, qualified under certain Acts. 
 In 1897, the Chief Justice of Canada was sworn in a member of the Com- 
 mittee, being the first colonial judge to occupy the position, as a direct 
 representative of the dependency. 
 
 Justice, Chief— First in Upper Canada, William Osgoode, 1792 ; in Quebec, 
 William Gregory, 1794 ; in Nova Scotia, Jonathan Belcher, 1754 ; in P.E. 
 Island, John Duport, 1770; in New Ikunswick, (leorge Ludlow, 1784 ; 
 in Manitoba, Alex. Morris, 1872 ; in Vancouver Island, D. Cameron. 
 
 Note. -Chief Justice Belelie. was, like many of the first Knijlish officials after the 
 founding of Halifax, a native of Massachusetts. He armnged and revised the laws of 
 INova Scotia as they appear m the first statute book of the Province. 
 
 Justices of the Peace— The first formal commission for Nova Scotia was 
 issued May, 1727. Messrs. Adams, Skene and Sherriff were appointed 
 to form a Civii Court. Fran9ois Richard, a habitant, was made High 
 Constable, 5th May, 1727. 
 
 Keewatin— District of, former, 1876. (See page 23.) 
 
 Kindergarten— The first in Ontario were established 1882-4. 
 
 King|s College, Windsor, N.S., founded Noveml)er, 1788. 
 
 King^s Daughters— Circles were first fo'med of this religious organization, in 
 Canada, in 1887. They have spreao :dl over Canada since that time. 
 The badge is a silver maltese cross, having on it " I.Il.N," the initials of 
 the^ watchword of the organization, " In His Name." The membership 
 in Canada is reported as 6,000. Hospitals, homes for aged men and 
 women and for dependent children have been founded in Chatham, 
 Windsor and Cobourg in Ontario, and in St. John, New Brunswick. The 
 first Dominion Convention was held in Toromo, Oct. i6th, 1891. Eight 
 
no 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 m 
 
 conventions, two of them for the whole Dominion and the others nrovin 
 aal, have been held. The full title is The International Order of th- 
 
 Kingston^Was first called Cataraqui, afterwards Fort Frontenac On th. 
 ?6 2- h^''-'^7<^ks appear the following inscription?" "'Fronlen 
 1672; Tetedepomt, 179S." La Salle called it Frontenac in i6-j 
 after his p.itron, de Frontenac. h rromenac in 10^4, 
 
 ifnlS*'*;?*""^''®? "^ ^"^^ ^'^°''«' fi^-^' created by Charles I 162? 
 
 """'I'^F^-Srs'Tse 'Vrj K^'hT'r''- ^^°^«^' fi-t cinaS member, 
 are (July. 189:;) :^' ' '^"'^'''' Commanders of this Order in Canada 
 
 Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 1895 
 
 " John Carling, 1893 
 
 " Adolphe Caron, 1885 
 
 *' Adolphe Chapleau, 1896 
 
 '* Louis H. Davis, 1897 
 
 " Sand ford Fleming, 1897 
 
 Casimir Gzowski, 1890 
 
 Sir James A. Grant, xM.D., 1887 
 
 " William P. Howland, 1879 
 
 " Henri Joly, 1895 
 
 Hector L. Langevin, i8<Si 
 
 " Joseph Trutch, ,889 
 
 Charles H. Tupper, 1893 
 
 Wm. Van Home (Hon) 1894 
 
 Knitting Machines— First set upln Belleville, 1857 
 
 Labour-ii, St Royal Commission' to enquire into therelations of Caoital and 
 Labour in Canada was appointed in 1887. It took evidence in fhe p'ri^f 
 mSl'h'l '." Ontario, Quebec. New Brunswick and Tova Scotfa ^- d 
 
 T . '"^^l.the firs report on labour questions to Parliament in Session SXr" 
 
 Labour Day-First Labour Day in Canada was celeb ated in To onto ini88c 
 
 ■lai ai vucuec in 1591. j,,,. joj^„ Thompson introduced into th^ r^,,, 
 
 KuTlt'^The" '^'hf^K^ ^" ""'l "■''''"S the first Monda;t Sep'tem Ir 
 L,ai)our Uay. The eight hours a day system w-yo nrlr,.^.«rj ;„ .u^ 
 
 (,eco„da,y li„,c«„„e| «W„ „„ Hs »U, I, late S"„,erS S^'?^ 
 
 Lachine Bridge— (See C.P.R.) 
 
 tjSe Can-r' Th"';' I" '^^7. It was called St. Sulpice. 
 Lachme Ca.nal-The first contract for the construction of a canil in Pnn. i. 
 was made in 1700, between M DoIbVr ,l« ,.' " "' a canal in (.ana.la 
 
 The first work -vritten speciailv on la"rX J" k' W r '^^^ t> 
 Montreal, i860. The first tour to' Great Brh'nfn ^nl ^.^^ -George Be. .., 
 May. ,876. The teams were rciVv^d'b^'r (/ue^'nltK'jrn^.^?^^^^^ 
 
First Things in Canada, m 
 
 Udies' Medical College -Two were inaugurated in 1883; one in Toronto 
 
 ana the other in Kingston. 
 Lakes— (See Great Lakes.) 
 
 Land— The first dry land on this continent was the Laurentian range 
 Land— Champlain cleared the first land for cultivation in Montreal, in 161 1 
 and called it Place Royale. It is now known as I'oint i Callieres. after 
 the governor of that name. 
 Land-The first sale of land on the Island of Montreal was made 4th lanuarv, 
 1648 The parcel was 40 acres, where the St. Anne's Market now stands. 
 Ihe deed was from Maisonneuve to one Gadois, and the consideration 
 was one-quarter of a sou per acre annually. 
 Land Tenure-In 1627, Richelieu introduced, in a modified form, the old 
 feudal tenure of France into Canada, with the object of creating a Canadian 
 nobihty. It lasted till 1854. ^ 
 
 Landowner— The first landowner in what is now the Province of Ontario 
 was Robert Rene Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, who, in May, 1675, received 
 Irom Louis \IV a patent of nobility and a grant of land, comprising Fort 
 Frontenac and the islands in front. The land thus granted became a 
 seignory of Canada, and La Salle became the first seignior in what is now 
 Ontario. 
 Land in the 40 Mile Belt in British Columbia. By an arrangement effected 
 in l<ebruary, 1890, the Governments of Canada and British Columbia 
 agreed as follows : — 
 
 (a) The Government of Canada will not hereafter make any leases or 
 dispositions of any minerals in the Railway Belt in British Columbia 
 excepting coal, other than by patent in fee simple of the lands wherein 
 they he, to the intent that the minerals in said belt, other than coal, may 
 be administered under the mining laws of the Province. 
 
 (6) All lands of the Dominion which may be for sale" from time to time 
 withm the Railway Belt, containing minerals within the meaning of the 
 Mineral Act (B.C.), not being Indian reserves or settlements, or portions 
 thereof, and not being under license or lease from the Dominion Govern- 
 ment, shall be open to purchase by the Provincial Government at the price 
 of $5.00 per acre. '^ 
 
 A later agreement was made by which lands containing stone quarries 
 are administered by the Dominion Government. 
 Land Question in Prince Edward Island— When Prince Edward Island was 
 surveyed it was divided into allotments, which were distributed by the 
 Lords of Trade and Plantations (the predecessor of the Colonial Office) 
 by lottery, 1767. Certain duties of settlement and the prepayment of 
 a small annual quit rent were among the stipulations. In 1780, the 
 Governor decided to enforce the payment of these dues, and several pro- 
 perties were sold for non-compliance. The proprietors petitioned, and 
 the Home Government disallowed the sales and ordered that the lands 
 should revert to their previous owners. A long struggle took place be- 
 tween the governor and the dispossesed owners. In 1814-24, enforced 
 sales were extensive. In 1859, the land question was still of absorbing 
 interest. Sir Samuel Cunard and other proprietors suggested the appoint- 
 ment of an Imperial Commission. The assembly agreeing thereto Hon 
 Joseph Howe, Hon. J. H. Gray and Hon. J. W. Ritchie were anpointed! 
 liiey recommended the purchase of the proprietory lands on fair terms to 
 be fixed by arbitration, and their reallotment at as low rates as possible to 
 the old tenants. The assemby accepted the recommendations, but the 
 
 f i 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 i ■ 
 
 
i 
 
 112 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 ada was passed n the session of iHno r* *'. • "^-""''"'^'. ^^^w ol (an 
 
 occasion might reciuire and to sunnnrt 7n i • . ^"^'^fellow subjects as 
 said I'rovince" An Anf i,, '^'^ ^^ ^"'' maintain the Constitution of 
 Governor to licenlo ^6 orarti.'inr' '" '^u^^ authorizing the Lieutenant. ' 
 might have its oTnawverTrfir!^'" '\ ''^' ?" ^^^' ^P^''' ^'^"'^'''^ ' 
 
 IS lo ass mi ale the laws of (h^ n,.l,;„ *■ ^ '■ '°^^- . ^"'^" «''J^'tl 
 "Bar Associalion'V Domini.m in cmain parliculars. (S<, 
 
 .Ha. ,,a,e ,.= SuS''Lv".;„'S;„rri.r.?„^^^^^^ 
 
 ^ Srisp--ra^As,te„'"i' -- 
 E?jianJi;f^^,fsJrr.l ■h'M*"'^" "*^ 
 
 Legislature of OuebM-J?i^sT sS V" '"'" '".'" "■»""» <>' ""..»>«) 
 Leiislatares Prorindll An ,? Z?"''?!'"'''""- (S=<i Quebec.) 
 
 Ontario, December 27th, 1867. 
 Quebec, December 27th, 1867.' 
 Nova Scotia, January 30th, 1S68. 
 JNew Brunswick, February 13th, 1868. 
 
 March 5th,X"' l^'e'r adS'*'""" "' ^'^"""'^^ ^^'^ ''« creation w.l 
 first meeting inJ; I e^il. ""'rr. *! '}i% Cr^^^^^i^n Confederali.,n the 
 
 Free 1 ihr-rio- „- s^f ' '767, followed by Kine's Collem.. N S p,^ i 
 
 Galt,-S 'fssn^Sn^SarchfilS^ S^'-^f '^'^^^f Z?'^''^- "^^^ 
 Oct. isih, 1885. '^ ' Montreal (Fraser Instiiuul 
 
FiKST Things in Canada. „, 
 
 City. The money haCinir ten polK "«''»'>''^h a library in Quel>ec 
 land', the dramati^ ask n^ t"n^ o n oa 're thTT' L" ^''i^'"' ^""''^"• 
 sent from London in iTfo and thJr,^ ''°°'''- ^'^^ "''^^^ were 
 which subsequently came iito the n/J^"'' r^^ "r"-'^'""^ «^ '''^ '"'^^ry, 
 Society of Quebec?^ possession of the Literary and Historical 
 
 The latest returns show that there ttp ^Rr, i:i • r 
 public character in Canada. Tliele aTe dL.Scl'arS^',^ ""^ " '^" 
 
 Law ^''"'" ^°- ^"- °^ ^'""Phlets. No. of Books 
 
 Legislation ■.■.■; ;:;■■■ ^' ''929 105,788 
 
 Public ■ ■ ,2e f^.^"* 309.395 
 
 Collegiate, &c.* 6$ '''l-^S 663,125 
 
 Otherst... 20 f^'^9^ ^==7.246 
 
 Special: t 5'"4 96,918 
 
 Y.M.C. Associations.'; ^2 '^"^^^ ^^'Soo 
 f; 23 560 
 
 , ."^^'^'j 480 i;;;^ ;j^~; 
 
 By provinces the 480 librari-s are c'islributed • 
 
 Onta;;:^"^^^- ^,: no. ofPa.phlets.No.of Books 
 
 Quebec.....;;:;:::: ^li ^f-t" 942,187 
 
 Nova Scotia 26 ?^,1^ ^31,356 
 
 New Brunswick ....; jr '^'^g 97,521 
 
 Prince Edward Island. l ""'t^ 54,78? 
 
 Manitoba.... s r^ ^'^^S 
 
 British Columbia' ;;; ; ,0 ,'?l^ 34,730 
 
 N. W. Territories ... . , ''^5^ "'303 
 I '40 2,150 
 
 Dominion ... '^^f 93,4i6 i,682i^ 
 ^ 29,330 192,060 
 
 , ^ ''"'''' 480- 1;^ ,-;;^— 
 
 HrImfortSa[£m'tireln^Smm "" /^^^ '"11°^'"^ ^'''- = Berlin. 
 rine. St. Thomas, ^r^i^'waSStd ^S^' ^^"^^^ «'• ^^f^^ 
 
 Mech;nics'-Tn^stSs,tutE;'rn ff tsseTt tSl ^TT"" T^- ""^^ 
 these ha«e been called Public Libra? ies'^s'nce i8qc o?".K "'' ^legislature 
 314 are transformed Mechanics' InsMhutT^KT" ^^""^ ^74 libraries, 
 
 ^ % 
 
 il:,"l 
 
 I --W 
 
 
 
"4 
 
 FiKST Things in Canada. 
 
 IndJsif Th.^r'l°^'*''" '^7' and 1880 ; and 97 Letwc-n -SS 
 
 InVh P ^ '^'^^ ''f ^ "".' ^'^^" ^''^ '^'''' "f 'heir foundation, 
 nnl ^^A^'""'"" "^'^'"«='^«. «he dales of foundation as jji.en are • ,r 
 on^' & ""'' '29'' °""' '^3, one; .8,8, one; 1L4, one. 
 one; 1829, one; 1834, one; 1845, one; 1848, one; i8w one -, 
 
 ;8l?:.8rtivo'"-"^°' ^°"^-' '^7-^«°' e?ght;"^88;.S9. ?w;,;'t? 
 
 onI"i„'^Krr"'""^'^"^'' •'^''""?' '•'"■"'^'' «'e'«^ f"""''«'l : one in i;* 
 one in 1817 ; one m 1820 : one in 1822 ; one in .838 ; one in iSio 
 
 In \P4'' '"'•'" 'L58; one in ,859; six in ,86o.,87o'; oneTn Vs^;'' 
 in 1875 ; one in 1886 ; and one in 1894. ' ' 
 
 in Tsl'^'''" °- ""o 'i'""''»«i""'* in New Brunswick are : one in iSc- • „, 
 n 1840; one in ,846; one in 1847; one in 1862, one in 1864 o'e 
 1876 one in 1878 ; one in 1882 ; one in 1883 ; and one in isJ, ' 
 . In the 1-rov.nce of British Columbia the dales of foundation .r • • , 
 
 ;89\';VndTn:in'?8U°"^^" '^^« ' "^ '" ^''^'' '^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 oni^iS^j^rr in^;^;?;'t: ;^^s;t :i.!;^-:i:z^ - - '- -^^ 
 
 In connection ^yIth the Don.inion (iovernment Departments are hlinri 
 of considerable size, each Department having a valuaSe and e tn 
 equipment for the purpose of reference. ' 
 
 Throughout the Dominion the Boards of Trade -'nd Chambers of f,™ 
 merce have special libraries (open to members), principal yreia.r? 
 matters connected with trade an.l transport. The Sunday SchooK.h 5 
 out the Dominion have a large library enuipment The PuhHn fr^ 
 ments at the several Provincial Ca^M.als Ce also very onsifif 
 
 Life Insurance-The first life insurance corporation established in r.n„ 
 and now doing Inismess in Canada was the^anada^S^^^^^^^ 
 Aug., 1847. The Scottish Am cable Life Assurinrp <;oni»»,7.^ 
 bu^ness in Canada in 1846, but its Hc^iset Sd nlS'/l'^.oTr'"::. 
 
 "SrtinadaTir?- ""'^ •'''"'^'^ ''''' "^^ established in"/; . " 
 Ihe Canada Life began operations with a capital of $400 cxx) n ,K 
 It had 303 policies in force covering the sum of Jccxj im iT^Sn , h 
 30.259 policies in force, representing thT sum Tf' $?c oj^ »?^ {* 
 income increased from $1 c.coS to $2 721 270 Th» ^^°^'°^''S,37- T 
 policy in 1848 was $1,653! and n 78/5 i 'S$2 ^o tT:''"' "^"' 
 ^T'L^'lr <'".'^78) U reached .9VdllTons of Ssi.raJces '"'^ 
 In 869 the total amount of life insurance effected by "if ke coinoani 
 then doing business in Canada amounted to -Ri ? sL ,,t a ^"'"P'"" 
 $44:781,584. The largest year in tile hi t ry^/'SjS w^fiS/'jl' 
 life insurances to the value of $49.525,2>;7 were effedted iL ,t,T'. 
 of Confederation the net amountof life inLTaTceaS^monl t'^^ 
 
 and?; ,895. $63.00 p! 'LS ^Thf nu'ma^/oit i'n" 'f ^efX 
 
 895 treyrmbeVd'24', %l "Tf""'"" "^^ "•>t'ine5rwa"s' 0I o."1, 
 
 wa'^$S5 "nd in ,89s $1 325 '""*^' ""°""' "'^^'^'^ P°'''=y'"- '^'' 
 
 were f 
 
 Canadi 
 
 in the 1 
 
 United 
 
 in the 
 
 receive 
 
 ife-Savin 
 
 fi)imdla 
 
 the cart 
 
 with SOI 
 
 to the is 
 
 and noti 
 
 nothing 
 
 Ihe Unii 
 
 funds fo 
 
 Vork an 
 
 lion lit) 
 
 ship, nui 
 
 fully equ 
 
 all, 8 ft. 
 
 one Bee 
 
 iife-Ix)at. 
 
 and I in 
 
 'ig:hthouse( 
 
 were onl' 
 
 Island, I 
 
 added sh 
 
 ship, 183 
 
 There ai< 
 
 stations a 
 
 the light 
 
 lished at 1 
 
 ship has a 
 
 lights in t 
 
 Breton c( 
 
 Canada, \ 
 
 Ireland, b 
 
 regular Ii| 
 
 bells) and 
 
 Straits of 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 well-lighte 
 
 'ighthouses- 
 
 '734. M. 
 
 2'st, 1734, 
 
 It was pei 
 
 referred to 
 
 of Oct. 151 
 
 of light dt 
 
 Ovide is th 
 
 oiiiy waiiin 
 
 Nov. loth, 
 
 in Halifax 
 
First Things in Canada. ,,, 
 
 in the case of a pe son who haU H. ? Vf ^""!" providing that. 
 United KinBc^om^he product on of! J ."''r''''' ^''^'^here than Tn the 
 in the United K ng.lom sha nof I .^ "^ representation from a court 
 receive the m.ney payable "ece.sary to establish the right to 
 
 hcSfd!S't;r.4"ot^^^i5i:nt' ^'ti 'v' •"'-°-'^ '-^ n-. 
 
 the care of the insane, wa on a m ss on '.n ff . r""''"^ •; '"'y '"'"^^'"^'l '" 
 with some details of the ravTcesT h^ ? '"^""j ?/' "^""'^ ar-,uainted 
 .0 the island, and whle there Snessed.h^'L"' T '^"^ ', ^?'"''- '^' ^'^n' 
 and noted that the life savin.'T, n"o?'' '''^^/•^ck of a United Statt , vessel. 
 
 nothing but hea ,VduS sSr K m " ^ *''"'' ""! "««. there being 
 the United State she apSd to h";, Z.? *^^ """'^, *' *>" ^>°'"« '" 
 funds for three life-boatrw ith .1 ' *"'' succeeded in obtaining 
 
 York and Boston eacKjied one Tw^ apparatus; Philadelphia. New^ 
 lion nth Nov. i8S4, and on thc^sT^rh ,h "^ "'"' ''""''"'• '*>"' '^'^^^ina- 
 ship, numbering i68. w^ e all saved CJn Tk"^'" ""'' "'^^ °^^ '^^'''"^ 
 fully equipped ichieflrwith elf rTihf.nrf ^T.u'Z ^5 'i^«-''«at stations 
 all. 8 f^. beam. Dobbi^n'rnJae n fn SI" F^I . ?k^"« ^'^'''' ^5 '»• "ver 
 one Becbe su:f-boat and can /-o. nnH ,f "f "l^, ^Huipment includes 
 
 life-lKiat. Of the 2? sta" ons , f^ in i ""\««^«;l^e-McLellan self-bailing 
 an<l I in New Brunswfck ' '^ " ^"^^ '^''"'''' '° °" '^e Great Lake! 
 
 ^te'rro^l"y-7or,r,h?£w^ T^'-^-^^ '«34. there 
 
 Island. Point .Ju MonK s! pS^ lil "h ^'^^/«^V«bec City, viz.. Green 
 
 added shortly afterwa ds-lleS pj nUn ".8 c^"".'?'"' l^° '"''^^ '*"' 
 ship, 1836. There were then nn fi^ »83S and Lower Traverse light- 
 
 There a,, to-day between Helle £^ r""'' ",? ^as buoys, no lightships, 
 stations and fouHigKips om wh-'h «^'','l''' ''"'' Quebec. 70 light 
 the light ships are S^ ippS'i rsream fo/ Jft "''r '\°^"- '^'^'" "^^ 
 lished at seven station^ and exDloSv^T;„n^i ''•' ' ^°^ ''"'■"■'' "« «tal^- 
 shiphasabellasafc^CrnSal ^SL?H "'"'• .'^'?^f°"'th light- 
 Hghts in the Gulf of the St SVence so S of"r"°' '"''"^' ''"? °^ '^^^ 
 Kreton coast, but only those l.nrW.K ^ P^^P*"' °' «" '^e Cape 
 
 Canada, which would £ used by a ' sel s^il'''"' ,°l '^^ ^°'"'"'°" "^ 
 Ireland, by either the Straits of ltli»T. ''?,^ l>etween Quebec and 
 regular 'li/hts there are eTg^t gL Ss ffwo^nf ^Tk^^'^^' ^^'^^ '^e 
 bells) and over 50 can buoyf The nT'-f'-^ ^ "" ''^'^ equipped with 
 Straits of Belle Isle, the a^pproaches t^t ic.i"'' '"^ '*'^''"Sh the 
 
 Lawrence, and the route has been nLv , "^'9"'V ^"^ "P the River St. 
 well-lighted lane." " ^''^'^ ^'escribed as a " well-marked and 
 
 0.,d, U thai in „„!„ to ligh, up Th.'S'.?? V '.'i"',,'.';':, '"»«, ■>' «• 
 
 
 I?- 
 
Ii6 
 
 KiRST TiiiNc.s IN Canada. 
 
 proposed l)y Cornwallis in 1751 to raise £4$" for the purpose of builil« 
 this lighthouse. There were in 1850, in ail, 89 lights in Canada, ^9 
 theni in the rrovince of Canada ; 10 in New Brunswick ; 19 in "X , 
 Scotia, and one in I'rince Edward Island. On January 1st. t89() thn 
 were in all 629 light stations, 770 lights, 13 fog whistles, and 40' «u' 
 matic fog horns, an increase since Uecember, 1868, 01 431 light staiKu 
 . 543 I'Khts, 20 fog whistles, and 40 automatic fog horns. 
 Listerism— The Montreal General Hospital was the first hospital in Caiu 11 
 to employ the antiseptic metho<ls of treatment with which Lord I istaJ 
 so closely identified. ' ^ 
 
 Literary and Scientific Society, of Ottawa, was incorporated in i86n wha 
 the Mechanics' Institute and Ath;\;neum (inc. 1862) and the Naiun 
 History Society (inc. 1866) were merged into one. The Mechania 
 Institute was apparently base<l on a still older society, for the pnsci 
 society has in its possession a corner stone with " Uytown Mechania 
 Institute, 1853," cut in it. The first annual report of the amalt- ui'iad 
 societies-that of 1870-gives a membership list of 121 persons, wiihgl 
 books m the library, of which 320 were taken out during the year l' 
 first president was K. A. Meredith, L.L.D. It now (1897) numbers al.r 
 400 members, and has about 4,000 volumes (bound or unbound) ani 
 during the year 1895-96, 5,582 books were taken out. After the (ieoU 
 cal Survey Museum was established in Ottawa, the museum of the socid 
 lost Its usefulness and was disposed of, the library, the lectures and 1 
 reading room Iwing retained. The lectures are given every oth. r we 
 (during the winter), alternating with those of the Field Naturalists' CluH 
 Locomotive— The first imported into Canada was called the " Kitten "fJ 
 certain eccentricities in its disposition, which interfered with theWnJ 
 discharge of the duties assigned to it. The second, used on the M^nira 
 and Lnchine Railway, was named the "James Ferrier," after Hon .Saul 
 l<e. Tier, who died in 1S88, having lived to see the one locomotive (in 1 J 
 mile railway become 1,773 locomotives and powerful engines, drawinu' ' 
 17,000,000 tons of freight and 12,000,000 passengers a year, on over 12c 
 miles of railway. o j , 
 
 Logan, Sir William, was the first native Canadian elected, for wo;k done 
 Canada, a fellow of the Royal Society. | 
 
 ^°''^>,?!'h*'P.7'^^%^''u '"'^"P "^'\^ Anglican Church in Canada to reJ 
 the itle Lord Bishop was Dr. Jacob Mountain, appointed Lord liishJ 
 of Quebec by letters patent dated 28th June, 1793. The Bishop of NoJ 
 bcotia, who was the first bishop appointed in British North America (i;S| 
 received the title of Lord Bishop at a date '?ui)3e(iuent to 1791 * f 
 
 Loyalists-The first ship-load of Loyalists arrived in St. John;Ncw I J 
 wick, loth May, 1783. Twenty vessels arrived between the loth and 1 
 
 * The story is told that on one occasion early in the "fiftied" Rishnr. Rlr,.,..,. ,1 .^ 
 recently appointed Lord Bishop of Nova Scotia, s^nt word .0 a gentleman of d2'| ■ 
 
 LiT,^ l«,f 1!"''^ ?r^ ""'^ ^"r'.'"*""^ "^^ ='"^'^"' ■-'"'1 l>onourable^crat of fisherman 
 given .la e he would p.-iy the Cove ai> episcopal visitation . The worthy l/utchman n « 
 perturbation of soul, hurried off to the shire town of Lunenbure .ind made ,S '. „ 1 
 respecting the proper mode to receive a l^rd HishoD He was tnM nn, , . 1 ?i' ?! 
 sp.ru over the visit of the chief pastor, but to addres^him, •^•:;ty L^,d " and' 'no ' 
 1-ord, and to give him the best of everything. In due time hi^ I^r,Uhi^ .i,'- ?i" 1 
 and was promptly shown into the best rnom npd lliv-" .heT- - rhM -*? , Kishop an 
 appeared with a black bottle .ind a tumbYer and ""re^e^ently'addressed t1,'e"visTtor' '' o" 
 
First Tiiincs in Canada. 
 
 nr 
 
 jcted, for wo;k lirniei 
 
 2oth of May, loaded with Loyalists from New \ork. The P.st framed 
 house hnished by them was a place of worship. 
 
 Aacdonald, Sir John, was first appointed a Cahinet Minister on nth May, 
 1S47 Me celebrated his 40 years in Parliament in 1S84, on which occasion 
 l)an(iuets were tendered him in Torcmto and Montreal. 
 Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, was the first who penetrated the Rocky Mountains, 
 in the year 1793 he crossed them in about latitude S4', discovered Kraser's 
 river, descended it for about 250 miles, then struck off in a westerly direc- 
 tum and reached the Pacific in latitude 52' 20'. He inscrilwd, in large 
 characters with vermilion, on the rocks of the Tacilic, this brief memorial • 
 "Alexander Mackenzie, from Canada by land, 22nd July, 1793" On 
 July 22nd, 1886, just 93 years alter. Sir John Macdonald was standing in 
 \ ale with the eternal mountains closing him in on all sides, and saying: 
 " Here, with the grand memorials of the great Creator surrounding me, I 
 could spend the rest of my days in content." Mackenzie was in the employ 
 of the Norlh-Wesi Company, and was the first white man to cross the 
 northern continent. 
 iJackenzie River Basin— First Tarliamentary report on, was laid before the 
 Uominion Parliament during the Session of 1888, being the results of an 
 in(iuiry by a committee of the Senate, Hon. J, Schultz, chairman. The 
 limit of the committee's mciuiry covered an area of 1,260,000 s(iuare miles 
 -about the size of Europe, exclusive of Russia. The region has a coast 
 ine of over 5,000 miles, a river navigation of 2,750 miles, and a continuous 
 lake and river riavigation of 6,500 miles, or over twice the distance from 
 New York to Liverpool, The P.Iackenzie River is 2,500 miles long. The 
 committee reported that " within the scope of its in.juiry there is a possible 
 area of 650,000 s(juare miles fitted for the growth of potatoes, 407,000 
 sciuare miles suitai)le for barley, and 316,000 square miles suitable for 
 wheat ; that on the head waters of the Peace, the Liard and Peel Rivers 
 there are from 150,000 to 200,000 square miles which may be considered 
 gold-bearing ; that silver, copper, iron, graphite and other minerals are 
 lound in abundance ; thaf the petroleum area is extensive enough to supply 
 the wants of the whole continent, and that the wealth of the recion in fish 
 and furs is enormous." 
 iMadras School— These schools were first conducted in Madras, India, by the 
 founder of the system, Rev. Dr. .Hell. The first Madras School in Canada 
 was opened in Halifax, 1816, by Mr. West, to whom the Society for the 
 propagation of the Gospel paid a salary of ;f 200 a year. He opened the 
 lir.st Madras School m New Brunswick in i8i8, at York Point, .St. John 
 In August, 1819, a Provincial charter was granted to the Madras Schools 
 in New Brunswick and money voted. The system was rapidly adopted, 
 and in 1819 Madras Schools were established in Fredericton, Kingston 
 Sussex, Georgetown and St. John. The Madras School in St. lohn is 
 still in operation. 
 
 iMcClure, Captain, was the first and only man who ever took a ship's crew 
 I 'fom Behring's Straits to Davis' Straits by water, 1850-51. 
 IMcGee, Hon. D'Arcy, was assassinated in Ottawa on the night of the 7th of 
 ■ April. 1868. A thrill of horror ran through the whole Dominion and for 
 the first time after Confederation men felt the next day that east and west 
 lu o'-'.V!rr';r'" "'■'^'^^^^'■s- Tiiey shared a great sonow in common. 
 |McGill Coliege-Hon. Mr. McGill in 1813 left by will 46 acres of land in 
 Montreal and ^lo.ooo as an endowment to found a college. In 1821 
 
 u'^ * i 
 
Ii8 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 IS* 
 
 Mcjiill College was mack- a University by Royal Charter, and was reorwn 
 ized under an amended charier in 1852. ^ 
 
 Magazine -Among early magazines published in Canada are (i) "The 
 Quebec Magazme, or useful and entertaining repository of science, morals 
 history, politics, etc particularly adapted for the use of British America 
 by a society of gent emen in Quebec." The first number appeared on u 
 Augus ,792. published by Samuel Neilson. (2) In the Halifax G.J, 
 1806, there is an advertisement of a periodical published in Halifax an 
 
 Manitoba-Created a province of the Dominion July isth, 1870 and obtained 
 
 Fn5th"^ >. ."'^^'''"'cl^PP'^"''"^ '■"'■ '^^ ^''^ ''"'^ printed wholly in 
 S^French ^^ """ ' ^ ^' ^'"^^^'""^'y »' ^ad been printed in English 
 
 Manufactures-Canadians first granted leave to engage in manufacturing 
 pursuits ,n 1704, By the census of 1891, the output of manufaclu 
 establishmens was $476,198,886 for the year ,890, 'and for 1880 $3^ 
 
 nn nf ;.mS- k '^ l""-''""!.' '^u ''!"' °^ $26o.79S.i9o represented iheZ 
 put of establishments in 1890 having each a yearly output of $50,000 or 
 
 Z fn ^XS.^'i^''^^'^-^'* the output of establishments with a similar ou° 
 put m i»Si. By provinces the total output was : 
 
 Output i8go 
 
 British Columbia $ 1 1,999,928 
 
 ^'^""^''a 10,155,182 
 
 New Brunswick 23,849,655 
 
 ?"lf '"••••• 239,781,926 
 
 P. h. Island 4.34S.9IO 
 
 N. W. Territories i ,827, 3 10 
 
 Increase over i83o 
 $ 9.073,144 
 6,742,156 
 
 S.336,997 
 
 13,468,066 
 
 81.736.257 
 
 945.702 
 
 48,533.325 
 
 '.631.372 
 
 Totals $476,198,886 $166,467,019 
 
 Map-The first map of Montreal is to be found in Ramusio, edition ir;6 
 
 Marriage-Clergymen of all denominations in Upper Canada were first 
 authorized by law to perform the marriage ceremony in .83K Prev b I 
 2hurch'o7sroflnnH"""?.° ^''«, ^hurch of England.'or of the estabHshe 
 Church of Scotland, o.uld legally solemnize marriage in the Province 
 
 '^"ATie';I'e:t'SQuX'^'6^7"^^ ^'^' °^ ^''^""^ c-'"-^' -^ 
 
 ^T^m^nMn'Marlst'^'N^'Tr r"^''''^ '^^^l "^^ ^^^ °' 'he Canadian 
 1 ariiament in May, 1882. In the Commons the vote for the " 6 monlhs' 
 hoist stood 36 for and 113 against. The Bill carried by a maioritv of S 
 
 staTed~X Twis^i'!.' ',' ?r^^^^ establishe':!. aToKS 
 
 wa buil i^iSol h,1f r '"'^'- ^°''S'' ^°""''^^'' ^ Masonic Temple 
 was iHiilt in 1805. half in Canadian territorv. nnd hnlf ;„ \ro-™„_. t- I 
 
 war of .8 , 2 destroyed the harmony. The fi^st in Nova'scoiiVwasorea 
 
 •zed in Annapolis Royal in 1738. It received its charter from The Grand 
 
irter, and was reurg.in 
 
 anada are (i) " Tht 
 Dry of science, morals, 
 se of British Atntrica, 
 mber appeared un ist 
 n the Halifax Gazette, 
 lished in Halifax ami 
 agazine or Historical 
 id with the wrecks of 
 
 th, 1870 and obtained 
 inds) in 1885. 
 me printed wholly in 
 en printed in English 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 119 
 
 ot 
 
 ge in manufacturing 
 put of manufacturing 
 and for 1880 $309, 
 J represented the out 
 output of $50,000 
 Its with a similar out 
 
 crease over i83o 
 
 % 9.073. «44 
 6,742,156 
 
 S.336,997 
 
 13,468,066 
 
 81,736,257 
 
 945.702 
 
 48,533.325 
 
 1.631,372 
 
 [66,467,019 
 
 io, edition 1556. 
 enefit of trade, 1786. 
 
 Canada were first 
 ' in 1831. Previous 
 or of the established 
 ;e in the Province, 
 
 was declared legal 
 
 enne Couillard and | 
 
 ct of the Canadian i 
 for the "6 monihs' 
 by a majority of 38. 
 hed, and officers in 
 \ Masonic Temple 
 " in VVrmont. Th? 
 a Scotia was organ^ 
 er from the Grand j 
 
 Lodge of Massachusetts, and was named the Annapolis Royal Lodge. Il 
 has had a continuous existence to the present day. 
 lasonic Lodges— First united under one jurisdiction, 14th July, 1858. 
 Mass— First Mass celebrated in St. Lawrence River district was by Jamay 
 and Le Caron, at the outlet of Riviere des Prairies, on 24th June, and 
 by d'Olbeau and du Plessis, in Quebec, 25th June, 1615. These priests 
 were Recollet Fathers, brought over by Champlain. After the re-posses- 
 sion (1632) of New France by the French, the first act was the perform- 
 ance of the mass in Hebert's house, which had remained intact. 
 Mayor— The first mayor in Canada was M. Jaccjues Viger, Montreal, 1832. 
 The first mayor in Upper Canada was Wm. Lyon Mackenzie, of Toronto. 
 1834. 
 echanics' Institutes— The first in Ontario were established, 1830. First 
 grant to, by Upper Canada Legislature, 1835. The libraries connected 
 with these institutes were made public libraries by Act of the Ontario 
 Legislature, 1895. (See Libraries.) 
 ledals- The first war medals issued, since 1812, were those issued by the 
 British Imperial Government, at the instance ot the Canadian Government, 
 to commemorate the stamping out of the Riel Rebellion, 1886. About 
 6,000 were issued and distributed to the Canadian volunteers. An engraver 
 in Toronto also issued medals in connection with the event, for sale to the 
 public. One of the three kinds he issued had a wreath similar to that on 
 the half dollar, with a beaver on top, and an inscription, "The Dominion 
 must and shall be preserved, 1885." 
 Medical Asociations, Canadian— The physicians of Canada met in Laval 
 University in the summer of 1867, and formed themselves into an Asso- 
 ciation. The Hon. (now Sir) Charles Tupper, of Nova Scotia, was 
 elected first president, and Alfred G. Belleau first general secretary. The 
 association has had a successful career. The meeting in Montreal in 1897 
 was the largest and most enthusiastic in the annals of the body in Canada. 
 Medical Degrees— The Medical Council of Great Britain first decided, in 
 
 May, 1877, to recognize Canadian degrees in Medicine. 
 Medical Journal— The first was published in Quebec, 1835, Le Journal de 
 
 Medicine de Quebec. Dr. X. Tessier was its editor. 
 Mennonites —First colony of Russian Mennonites came to North-West Canada 
 in 1874, and numbered 1349. The second colony came in 1875, and 
 numbered 3258. The third colony, coming in 1876, numbered 1357. The 
 amount to aid them advanced by the Federal Government was $96,400, 
 and th.s sum was paid off by them in full with interest. 
 ^Merchant Vessels -First in Lake Ontario in 1793. 
 
 iMerchants— First convention of Ontario retail merchants was held in Hamil- 
 ton, August, 1889. They considered questions relating to business, par- 
 ticularly the question of bankrupt stocks. 
 Medical Association, British, first met in Canada August 31st, 1897. Place 
 of meeting, Montreal. First Canadian President, T. G. Roddick, M.D., 
 M.l'., 1897. This is the first occasion or which the meeting was held out 
 I of the United Kingdom. .Seven Branc'ies o''the British Medical Associa- 
 tion have been formed in Canada, the first to be formed being that in 
 Halifax in 1887; followed in 1891 by branches in Montreal, Toronto, 
 British Columbia, Manitoba ; and in Ottawa and Quebec City in 1897. 
 
 The medical profession in Canada has (i) the Canadian Medical Associ- 
 ation for Canada. (2) Each Province has a College, or Medical Board, 
 with the necessary equipment for securing proper registration, etc. The 
 
 
i 
 
 120 
 
 P'iKST Thinos in Canada. 
 
 Tnrn^r /'// ^'"^^f"" . publ.cat.ons, such as ne Canadian Practiiicur 
 \ZT1' ^'"'- ''^'"''''f" '^" ^''*""^''> ^'^- According to the censu ( 
 1891 there were m Canada 4,448 physicians and surgeons, of whom 
 were women. There are 8 medical men in the Senate and x^tZTul 
 of Commons. At the meeting of the Canadian Medical Association S 
 in Momreal Aug. 30th 1897, a scheme of interprovincial regUtra ?on« 
 
 Mediif Sch^o^'fI'''f l*^""!?."'' ""} "" '^^ ^^"^•"'^^s except S So. 
 .^v ^ , ° ^^i"^ u''' '" ^^"^^* *^« ^'^^'«J i" October, 1822 when 
 hve doctors met for the purpose of taking into consideration theexpedki 
 of estabishing a medical school in Montreal. The school wLcalleh 
 Ea;r n' h""''"" 1"^''""""' ^■"' "^« ^I'P-^^d by the Go ern^r G n 
 
 ^.?^:s:».--=;£,y^^^ 
 
 verstty bod.es. During the winter session of .896 97 he?e we e in 
 Canada 1,736 medical students receiving instruction from 286 teack- 
 professors, lecturers and demonstrators. teaclicr,, 
 
 Meteorological Senrice-The Observatory at Toronto was first established 
 in 839 as one of the British Colonial Observatories at the instance oH 
 British Association for the Advancement of Science and he Royal Lee 
 as a part of a general system of magnetic research on seaand inSe colon! ! 
 
 ssrr tinje of£ «- -sssScuS;:^^ tis 
 
 were first issued in 1876. 'to 3oih fune, 1895, h/re ha^'« b?*^" «'' o'o 
 storm warnings issued of which ,4,839. or 83^io per cen. were ver lief 
 The Meteorological Service also issues a monthly man whh a view V 
 
 Methodists— First united int one ecclesiistiril r.,,,,,,; .• ■ ^ , 
 ^...f^P'^ber sth. .883. (See Chu'rc^AS MeZdTs T"" '" ""'"'' 
 Military College, Kingston. (.See Militia.) '^'"""^^t-J 
 
 SJjrJ^^ -£*'^"'*8^® Factory. (See Militia.) 
 
 1^i^::7%:^llZSV'l^rt^% '■^'^^ ^° »? ^7. when ,he 
 soldiers in garrison ifoSLicm dlmaJc e 'it""LT'p oiincTS (it 
 Canada the record of the Militia dates back to 16^8 whJn r 
 panics were organized. In ,649-51 there was a ra^ff '..l!. . ^7 '""' 
 volunteers patrolling between Thrle Sr! r| Ert ' One of Z 
 tfl\y-t''-l.yorg^!ll^,aons in Canada was the AaVlrnitv of 1. ??! t^^ 
 -cigc, III 103J, with a snenglh of 03 men In ififi^ ih» \Z^,'V" '7'7 
 men -n Montreal able to carr^ arms 4re?nroUe"d astlteet.°^n' iJl 
 
-j. ■ 
 1. *■ 
 
 FiKST Things in Canada. 
 
 121 
 
 "Canadian Practitioner^ \ 
 rciing to the census ol 
 surgeons, of whom 76 
 eand 19 in the House f 
 idical Association lield 
 vincial registration wa< 
 ;s except Ontario. 
 
 October, 1822, when) 
 eration the expediency 
 ! school was called the 
 he Governor-General, 
 le Institution the lirsi! 
 1. The first course of 
 Institution became the 
 ue 1 1 medical schnols 
 all have the power 10 
 
 affiliation, with I'ni- 
 1-97 there were in all 
 n from 286 teachers, 
 
 > was first established 
 at the instance of ihe 
 nd the Royal Society, 
 ieaand in the colonial 
 Lieut. Riddle, K.A,, 
 Ijservatory after being 
 irs was transferred lo 
 Jservations had lieen 
 rently with magnetic 
 rnment made its tirsi 
 he Bureau was lirst 
 reports were received I 
 and storm warnings 
 e have been 17,959! 
 r cent, were verified, 
 map with a view 
 ns of the community 
 Signal discs showing 
 trains from June to I 
 
 lization in Canada, I 
 
 St.) 
 
 to 1627, when the 
 luired to assist the | 
 he Province of Old 
 , when a few com- 
 volant ot alx)ut 100 1 
 Ureal. One of the 
 ity of la Tres Sn.ir 
 \ the whole of the j 
 olunteers. In 1665 
 
 the Carnigan regiment came to Canada and assisted in developing the 
 militia system In 1674 Count de Frontenac gave the militia a definite 
 form ; each parish or cote formed a company to be brigaded in time of 
 war only. After the conquest the militia was entirely disbanded, but a 
 kmd of reorganization took place in 1775 on the threatened approach of 
 the Republican Army commanded by Maj 'r-General Richard Montgom- 
 ery and Benedict Arnold. In i8l2 the militia was organized and equipped 
 and, with the few British regulars then in the country, defeated the United 
 States armies at Detroit, Queenston Heights, Lundy's Lane, Chrysler's 
 Farm, Chateauguay, etc., and captured General Hull. After 1815 the 
 force was practically disbanded. No call was made for the services of the 
 militia till the rebellion of 1837-8. On that occasion numerous corps 
 were hurriedly organiz-d and acted in concert with the regulars. In 1855, 
 after the departure of most of the regular? for the Crimea, the Legislature 
 of the Province of Canada voted the necessary amount for the equipment 
 and pay of S,ooo volunteers, who were styled Class "A," authority also 
 being granted to furnish arms to Class " B," but these men were lo clothe 
 themselves and receive no pay. In May, 1862, the Legislature of Canada 
 passed an Act for the increase of the militia with an expenditure of 
 $250,000. The Trent affair, which happened in November, 1861, roused 
 great enthusiasm throughout the British Provinces, and materially assisted 
 the development of the volunteer movement In 1863 the Canadian 
 Legislature passed an Act to muster and drill 100,000 men during six 
 days at 50 cents .-; day. The expenditure amounted to $450,000. Military 
 schools were established at the time. A Commission sat to discuss mili- 
 tary matters, and proposed to assemble 50.000 men for 28 days every year ; 
 to enrol a reserve of 50,000 more ; to divide the country into military dis- 
 tricts, and to have an armory in each. In 18645 ^^e Legislature voted 
 an appropriation of $384,000, bu' the St. Albans and Fenian Raids, in 
 1864, caused the expenditure to reach $774,000. In 1865 the appro- 
 priation was $47o,'.:xx), and the expenditure $1,285,000. In 1866-7 
 the appropriation was $1,887,000, and the expenditure $1,700,000. At 
 Confederation the Parliament of Canada established a Department of 
 Militia and Defence, the first minister being Sir (Jeorge E. Cartier. The 
 first Militia Act of the Dominion was passed in 1868, in accordance with 
 the provisions of the 15th section of the Union Act, 1867. In April, 1869, 
 the Imperial authorities began to withdraw their troops from Canada, and 
 in the autumn of 1870, the Citadel at Quebec was handed' over to the 
 Canadian authorities and Halifax then remained the only Imperial military 
 station in Canada. 
 
 The Royal Military College at Kingston was established by Act of 
 Parliament, passed in May, 1874. It was opened in 1875. 
 
 In 1882 a Govcrr.,nent cartridge factory was established at Quebec. In 
 1896 the Government ordered 40,000 Lee-Enf.eld rifles from the British 
 authorities. 
 
 In 1893 the Militia Act received emendations of a substantial character. 
 
 In 1897 some of the regular forces in Halifax exchanged places with 
 some of the volunteer forces in Fredericton. 
 
 The regimental establishments of the permanent and active militia of 
 the Dominion consisted, in 1896, of 802 officers and men of the first, and 
 34,Si2 of the second branch, making a total of 35,616, of whom 3,040 
 were officers, 2,490 staff-sergeants and sergeants, and 30,085 rank and file. 
 
 The total expenditure for militia purposes since Confederation is $36,- 
 684,034, or a yearly average of $1,310,000. 
 
 I" 
 
 i « 
 
 » . 
 
pff 
 
 123 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 The Royal Canadian Artillery was formed 20th October 1871 • ih. 
 SsfEtCtir^"' ''' ''''''' ''-''"''''' Cana'di'^n^L'..;;.; 
 
 MiliH?' iff^ '" .'.'•". ^° '^'•'^ '^'^"- <See Lands in B. Columbia. ) 
 
 r.t'. ^<=,^»'«' •^''^"'^d out in defence of the c„untry-(l) Anticipated Feni.r 
 raid when 6,00c men were under arms for ten days An il 1870 , 
 Manuoha contingent under Colonel VVolsel.y, May. Xo ; 7 o men af. 
 
 Jiv il?^ '3'48».men with 18 guns were under arms for about ten 
 lew Clays (5) la anticipation of disturbance at the interment of M 
 
 cemeTj'y rMontr^ar^ ' ^'^y ^--V'"'^'°">- '" ^^-^ Cafh. c 
 ho^r. V?> A ^" • • .^"''^^'''■''' '^"'' '^75; about 1 100 men for a few 
 hours. (6) Anticipated not in St. John, N.B fulv 12th iX^fi • aI 
 
 one day. (7) Grand Trunk Railwiy disru;£nc%ecember^ ,;sf^S'. 
 2Sh"r878"7[nL'""''T' <^' '^l'''''' "'' betwUn ship labors. J ; 
 
 o^ OttrwafoSe u?RiC Augu 7, rstT878 • i'S ^-^'-r^ 
 (II) Anticipated riot, St. AnSt N B I'ua^v .7^h^ T^^' '^' 
 
 two or three days, (/a) Quebecfl^fh^p '.^Zr'rs.Tugu ^cih'^^ "? 
 
 Ss;ont;s-Suiii?i^Ki,;i:'-^^^ 
 
 ?=. Sr%cS:ti'nr £;h a^\k^ -^^[ia^ii^^^^ 
 
 (16) Anticipated eleclioTS'at'^lSfpotug J p^ber^^.fh^.sT-'':. 
 n^dT.^?- <'7)l'ontiac and I'acific Lilway'rar ^^ ,"''' 
 SnL dav SSr uT? f^^'""^ «"d labourers. J uly 28th. S4 'JZ' 
 So&th^X !c"' '"'" at Tamworth. Ont..' Railway labour',' 
 Novem ir ; lifVksl 7.1' °"' ^'"^- V^* Anticipated riot in Winnipeg 
 on Ic^ua service' £ch 1^^"^ .Z '''^- kL'°> .^""h-West rebellion 
 these. ..if Sw^lretlit^W^drssTde^rt";^^^^^ 
 
 Indian trouble fulv i6th 18X8 r Tm /^^ r ^''='''"^) ' ^"''«^'l'a'«<i 
 (32) S.rikeof llSiruVeSlLS^^^^^^^^^ .fe 
 
 detachment of S8th Battalion and one troop Cava ry^T d^vs Si A^' 
 
 20 days on revenue cutter "Constance " (26^ SimTl',. i''" '^'■" '"y- 
 
 August 9,h. ,892 ; sergeant and four men ' ' H '^Rn f ''''^"'^ 'r*^ P^"''' 
 ery until Ociol^i 1802 7,-i v ," • . ", ■ ^^attery, v.anadian Ariiil- 
 
 Artillery for a few hours (28?Dis nrh,;.!*! : '''"'^ ^^"^'y ^a"''"" 
 officials in Township of Lwj. ? O 2o"h NovTmh "''r^'" '"'^ ^°""'^ 
 and men for a few days ^^' ^ ^"vember. 1895 ; 113 officers 
 
 ^'"fe ?"X"^.>-"' I- f"f .^' h'"- °"'^""' ^-^'^^ '8PI. Arnbil..H 
 
 IS 
 
th October, 1871 ; the 
 nt Canadian Infantry, 
 
 Columbia.) 
 
 I) Anticipated Fenian 
 lays, April, 1870. (2) 
 
 1870 ; 750 men after- 
 3 Hill, etc.) May and 
 er arms for about ten 
 , 1871 ; 942 men fur a 
 
 the interment of M. 
 , in Roman Catholic 
 t 1 100 men for a few 
 
 I2th, 1876 ; 45 mtn, 
 3ecember 31st, 1S76; 
 n ship labourers, June 
 lontreal, to maintain 
 (10) Montreal, riots 
 ; 239 men, four days. 
 
 17th, 1879; 45 men 
 , August 15th, 1879; 
 ; Point, County Nor- 
 
 one day. (14) Pon 
 Lingan Mines, Cajie 
 3 men, 2% months, 
 nber 25th, 18S3 ; 42 
 lear Aylmer ; antici 
 
 28th, 1884 ; 45 men, 
 
 Railway labourers, 
 ted riot in Winnipeg, 
 orth-West rebellion, 
 ee months. Besides 
 , and 942 (at differ- 
 I, Kingston, Prescott 
 ictoria) ; anticii)ated 
 
 Artillery, 41 days. 
 ptember27th, i8S8' 
 
 7 days. (23) A ti- 
 1 Pacific Railways, 
 , seven days. (24) 
 i, Hull, P.Q., Sept, 
 lower St. Lawrence 
 Canadian Artillery, 
 
 errand same place, 
 ry, Canadian Anjll- 
 )rs and fishermen at 
 I Battery Garrison 
 ;epayers and county 
 
 '89s ; 113 officers 
 
 1891. Archiliald 
 Ilia, January, icS96. 
 umichael, Assayer. 
 
 First Things in Canada. ,3^ 
 
 [Mining LeMe_A mining lease for copper, on the north shore of the Gulf of 
 L. :^'; it'^wrence, was granted to a nephew of Jacaues Cartier in koo 
 
 Cha^is i ,F,„.„„, Sir Ak». (Jal, ; I„l,„d fc.™„V 1!, W. llowhni; 
 
 [mmor.Si, A. CampM: Railways a„T d.;;^!^^^;;!^ T^r, ! 
 Akx.Campbdl, ItaidfM of tke Council, Hon." 
 
 I'oslmasler-Uenerai, Sir 
 
 A J. Blair; R«.i;er.Gener;;,rs7Ed;a;ri^;V;'s:^^S;;"^ S 
 
 Si^Sat-A^rchKr ^' '^"«^^'" ' ^-reta.yo. ^tate for th7prli-S 
 
 jrSlin''^' P-iu.'n/$ioo having beeHS^and^re'^ flJl^^ 
 I ,^^™'"' ^'--Jsaac Cofifin, Bart., called himself King of the Maodilen 
 
 W^c^^'aI- Sf" ''• "'■^''"'^ ''^'^ '^'^"^ '" '815. he took whh Wm what 
 he called his httle rinnt, a powerful coining press and machinery aL^liel 
 ready engraved. He issued copper pennies, having on the obver;e a 1' 
 and on the reverse, a split codfish. ""vers,e, a seal, 
 
 ""fh?V'^''M^^"^^'^'^!;.-'^i'''°"^^'^''''«''^^ "-^y Canadian churches was 
 . MLifJ:r:N'ivttSia^'™' '«^«' ^^ ^^- ^'- ^^ddie, Pre^U'n^ 
 Missionary— The first colonial missionary to the heathen «pnt frr,.r, *- j 
 
 ::ntrButaS"Th T. '^' "^ ^''^ "f N:v"rSc"otia.T84?"1fe 
 went to Burmah. The first Canadian missionary to Uganda, Africk was 
 Kev. Mr. Borup, Church ot England Missionary Society i8q7 
 "ToSal^f8T^' ^«''>°«*«*-T'-h^ fi-t orga'niJ'l^'iSLa was in 
 
 7"iJ7tI';ef^ry^^oTofX^LT^^^^^^^^^ -^ '--' 'y ^^-c hu. 
 
 Money Order— System established in the several Piovinces i8<:<: fii u .„, 
 established in the Province of Canada on the isfFeby. iSs^and 
 menced operations at 84 of the principal post offices The firs? dear's 
 business amounted to ^i62.cxx). The number of orders issued tr.„ 
 admn authorities, in 1868. was 90.163, amounting to sVfw 881 ^ Tl?; 
 
 Monev 'orde« '/". "f ""' '.'3M52, and the amo^unt sl^.^ol £. ^'' 
 
 "caTrifdtto'rffSris^T ■ "" ^^"'^ -•"''" '''^^"•^^^ S'^'-' 
 
 Money Orders-Interchange of, between Canada and China and laoan t,ut 
 
 m operation, October 1st, 1889. J^Pan. put 
 
 ~-~7 ;«""-/■" .aiiiimiciit. (..ee Appiopriat on of Public Monev \ 
 Monopoly of Coal, in Nova Scotia, broken by efforts of Hons Y'ly lohn 
 
 ston andAdan.s (afterwards Sir Adams) Archibald, acting i delegates 
 
 f:- I 
 
124 
 
 First Tiri.N(;s in Canada. 
 
 A:::;^a^JSX.?r^;!,igf r;:; '557. Previou^ General Mi„i„, 
 
 Scotia, under lease iantedhvrT^iv """1' ""*' ™'"^^=i'« in Novf 
 
 ThSrcJ'^C eJe'^SiriUr "^^' ^--'- r'a.lia.en, was 
 
 public monun,ent^^^c Sse in tie c?.v'nf f fT'""^' ^"'^"••>- <"h 
 Abraham and near the EsDhni le n,h ^ >-"r'?f''' °" '^^ ^'^'in^ of 
 the monument at Str^We in rSm ^1""^ ^ °^^°'^'^^"'' Montcnlni- 
 
 and the French in 1 7^ • Thnt It rh7 M ' •' ''"'''" ''*''^'^^" '^e EnK^li,' 
 those at ChateauguarChy;,er'sS.nH^ '" "".r^^y "^ '^^ ^^^^^^"r. 
 
 ■n ---ry of theV-a'nadian'S wh"fein„TaTtl ?with^ ^r^'^) ^'-' 
 forces in the war of iSra-jc ; the Ne son ,h. r'l • '^ ""', """^^ '^"''es 
 neuve monuments in Montreal -th^W^rV^ ^''fT'' ''"'' '^e Maison- 
 Halifax; the monumenrtrB;ant a^ tramf "f ^'^--ker. monument in 
 EgertonRyerson and Hon. George B^own^^^^^^^ u-'" '" Toronto ,0 
 
 to Jacques Cartier at ( )uebec to Co U^l ; ^^.'^^J^'''^^^ to Laviolctle ; 
 tor I'rice on the SaKuenav • to ILkI' ^^'"'^'"^ '" P^n Hope ; to Sena 
 the volunteers of 1885 a' Winn neV an T! "r'^'I °^ '^^5 Ottawa "l 
 
 ^ theParliaLntGSnS^^Vktoria bT""'"' ^" '^''^ James Dou^g la": 
 
 France, in which\t sJck'tSd' fi7d^"hS"aV.^^" ^ ""^^^'^ '" ^^- 
 facl.t.es; the Sulpicians. a theoloSl sem nar' inH T"°' '^^"^^"""al 
 the Indians. *> seminary ; and all, protection from 
 
 of tirot'/LiXtSot/er^^tlSth^ 't""' °^'^-'-' '-" - 
 Montreal, adopted vSarfe de K ^^ '^u'^^'y °^ ^^^^^ Dame ,1 
 
 they anticipate'd would forJri^ounS th ' hosoUl'th'"' °' "^^ ^^"'^'^-' 
 ary and the fort, and selected M de M.i.nn^ ' ^^ u°"^^"'' ^''^ '*'-™in- 
 general manager. Arriving aV'the iSdTn T '' 'f' '^^'^'S'^^"""^ " 
 O. M. prepared the site and had i^formX .ld,>^ "^ '^^i, the 
 
 enclosed with palisades and gu^ zdedwhh cannon w- u-" J^42 it was 
 were housed the eighteen persons roL^- *^''""°"- Withm the enclosure 
 Dieu, a massive sto^ne^^hSngfo tress '^aT'a^n' .Popuiation. The Hotel 
 and opened in two years' timl n 16?! tttf ' "^"^ >«""' fi"'^!^^'' 
 grants of land were given. The firs? r™ colonisation began, and 
 there was foimd to be a population of 766 n.l ""'' *\^'" '" '667. when 
 then organized, and the Hr t pub J: ^L\^t r^ ?■ ^ P«"^« ^^^e was 
 first pui,lic market. In 1672 the sle ^""""' '" ^^^^^ ^as hehl the 
 to-day with a few exceptiJnL' In Sf he town'""^' '''^ '' '^^V are 
 wooden palisade, 15 feet high with four oa/r"''''.'"""""^^^ with a 
 had reached beyond the i.cS nmch hLfT.f, ^" l^^^ "''= PoP"l''tion 
 tants were permi-ted to eV^blish an Fvfh '^^°- ^J? '^17 the itihahi- 
 regular postal service between MontreaUn 1 o^l °' ^°'"'^- ^" '721 a 
 '739 the population of Montreal anT^n""" """' established. In 
 town capitulated to the English sold evT"" ""f '^:^'°- '" »76othe 
 5>733. In I77S the city was occupied^ ,h. 'J^^ ■'^' Population was 
 gomery,andin the same year the S^Z /l^,'^"'""'^ ^^^neral Mont- 
 the popula. iiuellcct, ^1 Jed i-T^^SJ t^X^jSi'^Lffi 
 
isly, the General Mi 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 of 22,000 persons. Wate Sork?werL hlL''""' '"''T'^ *'"^ ^ population 
 1832. In 1817 the Bank of M^J . ^'^"". '" '^°' ''"^ completed bv 
 was made a po t of entrv wr''^' ""^^ '^"""'^^^^- I" '832 Montreal 
 the first line of c;;!ckto„"a\reVSr°S^^^ '"^ mayor%ndt"an 
 and the city rejoiced in the year of , hi n .'^^ '''^'" ^^^'^^^ *" '^36, 
 opening of its first railway ii^ne the Ch.rliT-"' T^'^'"" <'^37). in the 
 nionths before that auspicUus'^vent Pook pt 'in S' '^'"""'^^' ^ ^^- 
 u^ ^?"'""«ee of Trade (established in .X,,f . ',^-^' ^" expansion of 
 the Montreal Board of Trade in ,S., I'^r'"'^^'' '" ^^^ formation of 
 president. In 1850 fo eig^ves els w^e/e^'fiA ^^ ^•.^^«"dge«t its first 
 
 Montrea. under license, for the pu'I'flo^P'™'" ^.° P^'^"^^^ »« 
 for sea clearance. In ,853 the " Genova " ?"''« ^r''''"'"'"B '° Q^'l^ec 
 arrive in Montreal, put in an auoeirnnr ' t ^ o'^^ °'=^^" steamship to 
 hshed his great sugar refinery Bvthard., ",^'^54 John Redpath estab- 
 deepened to i6'A feet InTscfi »h a n^^' V*"^ '°'=^'»" channel had l>een 
 line of steamers1o"E;gIand ffhe ^.^'tiain^r- "'^'"^^^^ ^ ^"""'g'^tl? 
 left on October 27th, and seve af imnL nn? f T • ^?'''^^' ♦" Tor"nto 
 sites on the banks of the Lachine Canal r, rs'^?".!' '''^' '""""^ ^"itable 
 a centre of operations in Mon Jeal ?n J,V^k^ t*"^ tea business found 
 was opened. In 1879 a second lanre suPa^L ^"'"<:«'«nial Railway 
 f^'i^^^y »« Quebec on the nor'Khorlof the s^^ i""' ^^'^^^'i^hed. and 
 In 1882 the ocean channel wis deentn^^ , r^'* Lawrence completed. 
 
 27/2 feet), and the length ?th^ '^h r ^^ ^''^^' ('""eased in 1885 to 
 On the28thjune, 1S7 the firJ ,h ^'■u^"'^'"'^°''*^*o" was five miles 
 the C. P. Ryl ,e/t Etred. '' n 1888 torn'r ''^ ^^^'-^^ ^^^^ ''^ 
 f'ee port (except pilotage) by the Dominion r ""'^ Practically made a 
 Lake St. Peter's channd debt and hv^" ^^"^"[""fnt assuming the 
 steamers and sailing vessels OnTh. 7/t^ ''^"'0°^^' °^ ^^'''^ J"es on 
 cars entered HalifL and MoSeLl^nd-r'''^^?' '^' ^- ^' R^i'^vaJ 
 winter ports. St. John and Sax '1^180, thl"''""'- '•"""■^ ^"^ '^^ 
 was 216,650, with a very large overflow n m. nl^^fv^''"" "* ^°"'«*» 
 
 MoralySstS -T^^eiui-.f/^d£f '^"^'"^'^ ^" 
 
 published by the Dom n on" Gove 'nmem ^''' «'^' 
 
 Agriculture, in March. 1884. After hSl i^'°"8'\ '»>« Department of 
 for eight years, the Federal Cover fmentLfvr'^t'' ^"'^, Published them 
 Governments having in nearltlll th m ^- "'' ^i'^ "*''^' '^e Provincial 
 
 Mounted Police-Afte? "hrKon Bav7"'f ""*^"""'^^" ^''^ *o'k- 
 Dominion Governmen , it becarneceUw^y ^^ T^'^'^^^^d '^y '^e 
 of those who were going in to form .!.»?! ^ ^''^i'^''^ ^""^ ^^^ protection 
 in 1873 ^ave the Government authorhv to'o '' A^^'dingly, Parliament 
 
 theNorth-VVestMountedPoice"for tL betfr"' ^ ^'"^' '"^ ^ '^^^^^ 
 order in the North-West Territo ies the nS Pf ^"^^1'°" of law and 
 300. In the autumn of 1873 a "^il force^f °^ *""" ^"'"S ''"''^d to 
 Subsequent Acts have amended thToriSn,^ '?^ "'^"^ ^'^^ organized. 
 
 totaiofi^e^'^S'itSr^'ith^ti^rii'^r^^'^-^^^S^^ 
 
 Acting Commission, eight supti^rendentH^ t^^.^^^Z' ^ 
 
 
'Ma 
 
 '^^ ^'RST Things in Canada. 
 
 Pibllfarr^zT^^^^^^^ -g"n,s. 51 corpora,,! 
 
 horses and .8 ponies. These 3 Thf f 'l-^' '/ ^41 men. with 76^ 
 miles, keening down cattle raf.IinJ r '^'""V" '^°' ^ '''"'"nee of Sx 
 intoxicants. They S Tie E;dt„""« ^^ ^^^^''"g-especially ol 
 
 prairiefires,havecharge of he bounda;v n^" r''' °''''"''"« ^K'^ 
 an area of 300,000 square miles X r ^ quarantine, etc., workingover 
 1896, here were 1035 "r mi^il convT.,? ^"^P^'^'o'V^y criminal cases. ! 
 ^^ fifths of which were tr e i b^the Mounled P \-" ^^'^^'West, about three 
 Mount Allison Academe r^r il '^"^"'cd Police Inspectors. 
 
 founded, rh°roug?'ni^"r,iTfcErIe:F"Arr "^'"^ ^«'""^""^'^' -' 
 tion with the Methodist deno ninativin nf fh v^ '°"' '," '^43, in connec 
 Allison College was fouS In TsS ^" ^"''""*= ^ '■°^'"«^- M..unt 
 
 ""Tr'lSSXV^ exemptions an. 
 
 connected with municipal government' ino;, "' ^ '"^y"'^ =»"'" "'hers 
 
 "X'^on'^n'TuS aTT,t?rrSS^ ^^^ P--sio„ for ,he 
 
 public rights in the large conmunitfe but ,h' '°,"°'.^^"y infractions of 
 
 effort to introduce anything Se free municii^f ^"'''""^'^^ «PP«sed every 
 
 In 1788 Lord Dorchester bv ororC^r '^ Rovernment into Cannda 
 
 Canada into four districts vf LuninT^'"'"\7''?,J"'>'' '^'^''ded U,,per 
 
 Hesse, after German pindpalitiesconn-t^'f' ^,^^'1'^"^°"^^. Nassau 'Ind 
 
 Brunswick-Lunebourg^ ffese wLe re n '.' h"'"'' 't y""^« °^G"^'l''' "' 
 
 first Legislature of Upper CanadTfro^tr^^' '" "'^ '^"' ''^"^ion of ,he 
 
 Western Districts, f n isS ,S;//t' I • ^'""ll-"' ^''^''''"''> ""'"eand 
 
 London and the Newcastle DJstrlcts/Th ^' ^•"°"' '^e Niagara. , he 
 
 in the districts was entru ted to 'u4Uof^^^^^ "^ '°'^' '^^'^'i- 
 
 sessions meeting twice a year at defined tJ 'r^^ '=°"''''' of quarter 
 
 passed to provide for the appointment of P-'k"' J1 '793 an Act was 
 
 towns, Boards of Police wereTrSn^L ^"'^ ^"^ ^"*n oncers. In 
 
 being elected by househofders^T„e if t^'' M '"''' '^' •"^""'"'' 'hereof 
 
 being Brockville, by StatuS of 18., ' V""' '"^"' ^''"^ empowc-re.l 
 
 Hamilton in .833, and Torontofe dliiiile Corll'w^rr 'r" °^ ^'*"^' ^^ 
 
 in 1834. occasioned the granting by the I "ScL' 9°>"''R ""^ °"'ers 
 
 local self-government. In iLf the DUi^Pr'''''"''^-.*'! '"«^^ powers of 
 
 the provisions of which each diifrl, ?.^°^"'i.'' ^"^^ ^^^ P«sed, 1,» 
 
 Municipal Corporation. eShled to ' i ?''""'^'^' '^^°'" '«' T»"-. i84-J, a 
 
 Council, empowered "o pJ by-llws rell.-'P'"'"'"','.'" '° ^ ^^''^i^' 
 
 and to take the i>lace formerly fileTl h^T^ ^^"'^""y '° ""c^' -"atiers 
 
 the householders of every townnnd villil . '^"^''•7 '"'■°"^- I" •«47 
 
 empowered by Act to decrPolice fe ^f '^" 
 
 passed an Act ,0 provide i)y one cenerll l«L f ' .J" '^^^^ the Legisl.a.ure 
 
 Councils, and the establishment ?nd I'im-""" '^f "'^f.''"" ^f Municipal 
 
 several counties, cities, tow^ towns Jnfi,^°"-,f ^°''" '" «"d ^"^ 'he 
 
 This general Munidpai Act Lv be dLemed rh""f^'? '".^PP" Canada, 
 
 institutions of the several pSnc!s of ^ 1.^ •"?'' °^ ^^^ rnunidpal 
 
 (excepting Prince Edward Island) thJ r .^°'"'"'""- 'n all of wl, ch 
 
 guided by the Upper Canada Act of S!o?'""T ^'"'^ »^^^" '^^8^'^ 
 It has been altered in its scope in SDmer^ir^.r'"'^ '^? P"'''"S of this Ad 
 limited. It has been consffidlted^eVen t ^ «' -"''"Scd and ir, others 
 changes made in it. In Nova ScotiairA"ct^rs%'a"sse^dTT8Trpl?/ 
 
 3- 
 
 r'-msr 
 
. FiKST TiiiNcs IN Canada. 
 
 ing for the incorpor? tion of the seveni pni.n.;„, <• .u i. 
 l)een substituted for a permissive Act ^^ I'rovince, having 
 
 National Anthem—" God Save the f hiP^n " «,«o c . v , 
 
 the Canadian House ofTommo^^^" the^Lsln of iVs^r"'"^- °' 
 being the farewell visit of the Governnr r«.^ i. V ^^,' ''"^ occasion 
 UufTerin, to the cha-nbi ^o^ernor-General's wife, the Countess of 
 
 National Council of Women of Canada p-^..., i i /-> . . 
 
 tion with the rnterna.ion\rCouSlff W?„e"n: ?h°t;,d'*'^ 
 |X)sed ol five nationally organized aocwwJ .Z . ., . " '» com- 
 wnich form a chain from the'lTlan ic"o the Padt T^JT"' >'"""•=•'•?' 
 in turn are composed of federations of ^V.^L • • r ''^ '°'^^' councils 
 in Philanthropy. Relig on EduJJtion fZ,J''"T' °^ T '"^" interested 
 The Countess of Aberdeen ha been oV^sid n "''' '"^"i."";' ^"'^'"' ^«f^™- 
 Council. It has held annuaT n^^ctinE o^ ""'? ''^^^°i'"^'ion of the 
 Montreal (,896). and IIa"rfax SrXh? bilV'??h^ 
 
 NatSK^^irr;; '^^^^^ ^eS^i:;^^5r:s",r 
 
 the purpose of revenSe Sou^^H; 'ei^, '.''"1 'f " '^^' '^'^ ''"''^^ ''^^'^'^ 'or 
 for us a high praclicJenco! ULnt^o h^ ^ f""'? " '""^^^ ^'" ^«"ord 
 this country."^ Mr. JornsSSdhehni K P''°''"^"ons and industries of 
 expression in the speicronL IWien of ^ l7'^ T^^ ''""'^ *'"' ^« 
 the policy of that laree commerHn n.f- ^ Ignited States, that it was 
 answer the clouble pur^se o™en^e ^ '*? '^-^ '^f'^ '^"''^^ "" as to 
 
 " This." said Mr. joEon. " I bSSeve o brX" r" f°'"' ':^^'"^'""- 
 enjoy free trade in its proper sense I h!l nl i , '^- ""'"^Y", ^""''^ ^e 
 Nova Scotia ; but so lonTaMhrUnited States otAm!.',-"'""'? ^' ^'' ^^^ 
 
 March. .858. An association fo he promoS of Can'^H^"'''"'?' '*>^ 
 was formed, the basis urincinle of whirhTr V^ >anadian industries 
 
 " Impose higher rates ofTtTefot. those or /no"rodi".u "k^'k' ""'^"." = 
 competition with our own." W B tS^^^ 1^'' ^^""^ ^°'"*^ '"»« 
 nam^s of members of the ^Lsocialion ariTublished in'.rfi"-. '^""y"''^" 
 among these, as one of the commit°ee ?s fha of «? M J" '^P'^J'' ^"'^ 
 Hon. Isaac Buchanan was a lead^g sp /if '' uLe tK"/ 1" ^TH' 
 association, pet tons were Dreoared for nr»c . f- direction of the 
 
 Mr, W„rk„,.„ .„/„,£ rffi 'ITfSX ''"",»»«" •II "Jl =««« of 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 to induce the Mackcnzie- 
 
 a.iwHKht Government to adopt the protective Dolirv i^^^.. TT 
 
 It was in the campaign of 1874 that Sir Fohn T^ ^" ^^ successful, 
 
 to the front as an advocate of fhlpJc^SpIiky'''^ came prominently 
 
Jh'!. 
 
 128 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 has not been ac v sec to recommen<l tr, p^Ti- ^^^^^ '"^' '"^ ''-xcellency 
 adjustment of the ta iff whTch won I nnt '''"'"1^" * 'Jjea?"''^ ^r the re 
 
 fitting encouratSent S pro ;'ct on t Mr/T^S-'"' *°"''' "'^'^ '^'^"'1 
 
 CJovernment increases the bTc£ of .xat/rnn >}' "'^ ■''?''""!'t:^ ''>' "" 
 compensating advantage to Sadiln 1^^ . " ^^"^ P,''?'^ ^''^°"' '^"v 
 House is of opinion that the (lefidetvnfT'^"^^ ' *"1 '".'!''"• '^^' "-'^ 
 diminution of the exS turraided hv ", .h ''"^T ''^""''' ''^ "^'^^l ''>' ^ 
 will benefit and fosteMhe a^ricu tura^^^^^ 
 
 '■ ^iSJ-Vtr hi '^lloteS'Tof ' '-r '^^''"owinc resolution: 
 
 requires the adoption of a NaionalPoTiJrwK h' ^''f''-^ "^ ^""^''^ 
 ment of the tariff, will benS he Ajriadtur,f .H L^ .)"'''«^'0"s rea.ijus,. 
 
 turins and other interests of the Dof^S^^' • ^'"'"^' ''""^'' 
 
 in Canada thousandfS our enoSTouTvrnen'^n ''^ u^''^'^^ "'" ''^'^'" 
 themselves in search of the eSmenTdeS'ther^a'l 2£ '° 'T'''' 
 prosperity to our strucelinc industrif.; nn^ i^ i. J ""^ ' will restore 
 vent Canada from bJng a^sSce r^.^k^t w^''^ 'J^P'-^^sed ; will pre- 
 an active interprovincial trade ,nrt^^- ' / ' '^"courage and develop 
 tion of a recipr^ocit "of tlS wUh' oTnelgtbr^o'^fl" t^ t '''{ 
 interests of Canada may demand, will orS t^nH / 'he varied 
 
 country, eventually, a reciprocity of tSe " Hk It^Lr ^"■°'"'*' '^°' "''' 
 on the 13th March, 104 to 7; ^ "" resolution was negativel 
 
 o?6ommont'M' fsTmJde'a n"' "V^J^ ^"7 ?°""'=''' '" '"e House 
 amendment ' It was^Skhed td H ""T ?' f ''?"'' i" favour of Sir John's 
 during the elec orcamnaipn of rhi f ''^"'^'^^' throughout the Dominion 
 
 read usted in 1879, in accoidanrTJhhtu^ of 1882, the tariff having been 
 Mac^lonald in his resoSns of hT Se sbnTZ > «"''' J:;;^ 
 
 were successful in the general electLns "1887 aJd^SoP ' ^^^ ^"^'l 
 
 sion of natural prSrc?s^fy%'JireStr^nd^Sd1 rSr'^^h^*""' 
 
 Esifierh^s :t\.Sfitrofi?8rf in .86r^f/s^i.^t!: 
 
 ,S»3?4 V Ve raTan: rjloreni'""'" '° '"^ P"^^'°" °^ '^is continent in 
 from^ FTancis I of See ^ii led 7' "f 'g■'^io^ who, under a commission 
 
 Florida to Cape I rS a^d c lalmedTh'^' "^?7' °^^°'"^ ^"''"'^ f'°" 
 lina >,nd .11 ^Ke r'girn- ■- • ■ ^ ^^ ''°'''' ^'°"' ^^^^ Scotia to Caro 
 New Brunswkklpksr FnH.^«h''^'?ri''' '''' P««««sions of Francis I. 
 
 NovaScZ^7Jr^r^"l^Ss.rrt3HVn"ui;!V78r ''''-'-' ^^ 
 
 7. 
 
 penna 
 and t 
 transfi 
 
 k'Ot WJ 
 
 ihem ( 
 
 men o 
 
 ifry ai 
 
 I ihe roi 
 
 [Newfound 
 
 the cor 
 
 in i86v: 
 
 The pr 
 
 In 186 
 
 stating 
 
 counter 
 
 mi;tee ( 
 
 June, I 
 
 Chats F 
 
 and (lei 
 
 ment 01 
 
 parties i 
 
 meeting 
 
 Inl^ 
 
 matters 
 
 conclusi 
 
 Howell, 
 
 ment of 
 
 and Rob 
 
 gates pr 
 
 countries 
 
 confined 
 
 1H9S, M( 
 
 to Can ad 
 
 Adolphe 
 
 mil tee of 
 
 foundlam 
 
 journed s 
 
 ment of ( 
 
 NowfouH: 
 
 [ewspapers 
 
 Gazette, ifi 
 
 issue is in 
 
 I" Quebec 
 
 17^)4 ; in 
 
 KSth, 179; 
 
 Brunswick 
 Printer • i 
 the Britis, 
 North-We 
 9 
 
ition, moved a resolnti,,, 
 •ets that His Kxcellency 
 nt a measure for ihe re 
 in alleviating the stn;; 
 :, but would also ntt'ini 
 glin^ manufactures an 
 jf Canada." Lost. 
 I resolution in the Gmi 
 policy sul)n)ittcd hy the 
 he people without any 
 ; and further, that thi' 
 lue should be met l)y a 
 Ijustmentof thetariffas 
 manufacturing interests 
 D 78. 
 
 le following resolution : 
 he welfare of Canada 
 by a judicious readjust 
 Minmg, (he Maniifac 
 eh a policy will retain 
 w obliged to expatriate 
 n at home ; will restore 
 r depressed ; will pre 
 ncourage and develop 
 >ught to do) in a dircc 
 , .so far as the varied 
 nd to procure for this 
 solution was negativeil 
 
 Council, in the Unusel 
 in favour of Sir John's I 
 ighout the Dominionl 
 :ontributed more than I 
 in the appeal to the) 
 
 )lace, re-sulting in thel 
 'Jational Policy. They I 
 the tariff having been I 
 inciated by Sir John I 
 5, '77 and ^S. They I 
 891. ' 
 
 I session of 1879. 
 i mutual free admisi 
 1, in 1847. The pro. I 
 
 It was still furtheil 
 ialed in 1894, ceitainf 
 tituted. I 
 
 of this continent inj 
 
 under a comniissionj 
 North Americ.T fromj 
 »Jova Scotia to Carol 
 if Francis I. 
 first separated froii| 
 '6. 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 I ISO 
 
 ,™nan, «LA,,ot Krofe.nirJI' 7™ '" "" 'T"'' '^ »"•' 
 »d ,b= ™, e„ei„. c«„i„l he B,i, .1 ersL Z' ,'"'' '"'° '^^''"'• 
 KOI was al Calgary, where The „™Xi J V ■"« '"'-P"""! the " toy. " 
 
 The nroposals of the conference were no. L?'"/ YT"i ^''''^ ^"^ barter. 
 In 1^69 the Council anrA^seSv of N.^f^ "L.^^ 1''^ •'"'='^"' '^o'onX- 
 stating the terms upon which h!^ would SX I "•' ^'''^t ^""""tjons 
 counter proposals of ,he (iove nni^ro Cnnln ""'°"-. ^^^'^ ^"^'the 
 mutee of the I'ri% y Council of r^n^J Canada were consi.lered by a com- 
 June. 1869. Notfling can e .^rh'e^tffort ^ ^r^°""'"^"'^ dele'gatesTn 
 < hats FalLs. In ,888 an effort was mS, f ?.V^ '"^ "'' '^^ Ottawa to 
 and despatches passed betwel The rovln'r Z-^' '*? Parties together, 
 ment of Newfoundland aS "he tirle ,0 hold fh"'''' ?"'' '^' ^°'''"' 
 parties interested could not agree to hTextent i conference. As the 
 
 •neet.ng, the effort did not succeed "^cessary to fix a date for 
 
 matters'^rnec^y t^i?h th^fisS^^^ rh'tSl" !S't '"j''^-- — ' 
 conclusions to be ad ^-^/^A-S/f/n fh'-'''^ ^""^'^'"y questions, 
 Howell, Mr. Chapleau and S r foL Tho^,?'P"'''' ^"^^^"■"ents. Mr 
 inent of Canada, and Sir vWlliam Whl^eT 'i'P^^'"'"^ "^^ Govern. 
 and Robert Bond the Newfoundland Po!^ ^"'^ ^^''"- A- W. Harvey 
 .dates proposed union as a solutbn of Z"!'*'- , ^^^^^anadian dele'^ 
 countries. The Newfoundhnd hIi« . "i^^'f^9"'"«s between the two 
 
 confined to .he questilT im^e'diatt^rh? ?aE"oPtLe' "^r^^'°" ^^ 
 '«9S, Messrs. Bond, Emerson and hL^X^i ' . conference. In 
 
 to Canada to discuss the question of W T^ appointed a deputation 
 Adolphe Caron and Lslrs Foster 1m f ^"' ^^^^kende Bowell, Sir 
 .nittee of the Privy CoS o dSu s ?he terK ^"' '^^"1."'^'^ ^ ^°'"- 
 foundland deputation. The coSenre h!„ ' °^ ""J"" .^"^ '^e New- 
 journed s,ne <^ie i6th April A pSf ^? °" ^'^^ ^th April and ad- 
 
 n;ent of Canada and ckFzens o^Cwa'The "o' ^'r^.-^y '^' ^^-""- 
 Newfoundlanders. ^jttawa. The proposals did not catch the 
 
 "^^^^^a^!!i'1)Sl^^^S'^^I^^TT -- ^^^ Halifax 
 -ue is in the Library^o the MissIchusSt.^^n" .^"'''f" ^'^ ^"P^ ''* »his 
 In;^uebec, the first published wis the S.^^^ .-^"ciety, Boston). 
 
 •764 ; in Upper Can'ada, the Upper ganaSa fll!:' T"^. J""« ^'^^ 
 '^'h, 1793. at Newark ; in New Brunswick tL?'/ ^''' '''"^^ V*' 
 
 Brunswick .^^e,,.,/,;,: ', ith OcToSr "n8?'h'''^h^^-''^'u^''^'''^ »"^ 
 Printer- in P P T-' V!' '-'I'ooer, 1785, by Christopher ^iow'"- t';__K 
 
 North-West Territories, the A^.r 'J^.l^, ','^'5^"''' ^''''' '872, and in th^ 
 
'Mi'it 
 
 130 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 Newspapers, French -The (,)uel)ec Gaze/u, published in 1764 connm^i 
 alternale columns in French and EnKlish.' 'xhe first pub hStd wh o Jt 
 
 „ '^ Sr?'«:;.^;;i.^^'- ^•--'' '^zsrvaieminrrii;; 
 
 /5^Jf '!;°f'^~'^v' *^'''ln'['*"y newspaper in Canada was the M„ntrnl 
 Da/y Adv,rtu,r, li^a. The Koya.' Standard, Toronto, was t f 
 daily newspaper published in Ontario, ,836. The editor stlrtecnt 
 ournahsfc career with this editorial sentence: " The L^. S. ,, ' 
 the hrst daily newspaper ever published in Upper Canada, com men S 
 cTa'nge!'-""'"''^'^ *'"* ""^'" "^^^"'^ anrinstinct wilh 1"^^;;; 
 
 ''*'l^'lT/v"'"'.*'''^t~'^^•^ '^'■'" '■"R"'''^ illustrated newspaper in C m.di 
 
 was the Ca,,a,iian Illustrated News, first issued in 1870 ^ ^ '" *-'"''"' 
 
 Newspaper, Religious -The first religious newspaper in Ontario wn, .h, 
 
 Newspaper, Penny-The first penny newspaper in Canada and in the lirifUh 
 Lm^.re,^was the St. John, N.B.. Neu>s!dy published^iSisS ^^ 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 B. Columbia 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 New Brunswick . . 
 N. W. Territories 
 Nova Scotia 
 Ontario .... 
 P. E. Island 
 Quebec 
 
 Totals 
 
 ^T?t*^eelf°of?8lo"'FF'-''T'"l'^^^''^^'^" ''"^'^^"' -"-^ ^'"^i^J 
 nrsi week 01 1830, H, orton & Co., K ngston, and W Wellpr VnrJ 
 
 announce " to the proprietors and editors of th^ different pane; Id 
 Kastern part of the Province (Ontario) that thev wn„lH l/^ ^ .I 
 deliver the forth-comm,. speech of tSeIieutGover"oHstfohrail! 
 ^1' thTpr sf rt'vo^rk -wl" "/'^ ^ ^^i^X "/i^ at^^S 3 
 
 in 1830, which would be Friday. The ciui"k dP«n!fT !'" ^ J 
 
 newsoaoer. On thp fifth d- ~i:^:..~"fj---- ''*'''':'' '° Tuesday mornings| 
 become public propertyTn i^ntreal h^ ^r'^S^^^ i^tl^'^ 
 
 forth-West 
 
 Manitobt 
 
 July, 18; 
 
 1872. (: 
 
 Acl.s of li 
 
 first Lieul 
 
 l)y and wi 
 
 (wsed of r 
 
 Magistral 
 
 C.M.G.; 
 
 Governor 
 
 the provis 
 
 (isst electi 
 
 member et 
 
 Council w 
 
 Lieut. -Go' 
 
 Lieut. -Goi 
 
 by the sam 
 
 |>n matters 
 
 Board cons 
 
 Sutherland 
 
 hy the Gov 
 
 % a Lieut. 
 
 as those cm 
 
 Act of 186; 
 
 ihe Territo 
 
 committee 
 
 Acts of i8( 
 
 selected by 
 
 members so 
 
 Crown ; Chi 
 
 In 27 yeai 
 
 <;njoyment o 
 
hed in 1764, coniamedl 
 first published wholly.. 
 77*>; Valentine J .lafdl 
 
 anada was the Montreal 
 Toronto, was thi; tirs: 
 1; editor started on his 
 ' The Royal StamLm. 
 Canada, commenicsiiisj 
 linct with the spirit ofl 
 
 newspaper in Canada! 
 1870. ' 
 
 er in Ontario was thel 
 treal Witness was nutf 
 
 nadaand in the liriiish) 
 hed in 1838 by Gcorgtl 
 
 lis of Canada gives thel 
 
 ** s 
 
 r/3 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 >« 
 
 
 >. 
 
 
 
 ^r; 
 
 4; 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 r 
 
 4 
 
 ... 
 
 29 
 
 13 
 
 . . . . 
 
 56 
 
 14 
 
 25 168 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 96 
 
 35 
 
 2 j 919I 
 
 'ian, issued during thtl 
 d W. Weller, Vork] 
 fferent papers in thel 
 'ould be prepared tol 
 ir (Sir John Col borne J 
 ; day after it is issuedl 
 e forwarded by mailf 
 : met on the 8tii Janl 
 Itch proposed to bel 
 er would enal-le thel 
 Tuesday morning'i| 
 mors speech wiiuiJ 
 f', the first half of i| 
 
 CORRECTION. 
 
 i;rs--^rte-rsr»vsj^,KB^;£.; 
 
 jtO 
 
 lied:— 
 
 ftSa. S'SlfoveTnS Ellon' A V''\''k\^'?"'--«°^""- «' 
 uly, 1870, and succeeded by Hon Ale^ M *'^''^''^''^'^PP°'"'«'' 'Sth 
 '«72. 2nd) By a Lieut -(iov/m^ ^'"•Morris, appointed 2nd Dec 
 ACS of ,875). lion. oLvii' l^iZ^tJ^TX'^ 5°""'=" (Chap "p.' 
 first Lieut-Governor. The first Sun.n " '^ 7'^ pc;ober, 1876, being the 
 bvand with th« »-i..:,.-r.,""L*-°""cil (appointed bvlheLipm .Vi^.'l "^^ 
 
 Manitoba, the firsT Governor iSg Hon' A V'' 
 
 ""!^ve 'CouncTi (Chap"49; 
 Governor. The fiTstCouTrn";"""" -^'^ October. 1876, being The 
 by and with the advice of th"oueen-Jp''PP*'^"'^'' hy the Lieut. -Gove?nor 
 posed of Matthew Ryan and'lS . Coloiynrr^^ ' t ^f "'^'^^^ ^^^ '^"^ 
 Magistrates (ex-offido rriembers), and &„! W '^','=^«"'^^". Stipendiary 
 C.M.G.; Pascal Brilleurd and AmedJ; F F T' ^'"i" ''• ^cLeod, 
 Governor and by a Council parVlJ^dected "anH *^ ^'^^ ^^ " ^ieut.! 
 
 the provisions of Chap. 2? (sec icl^ A.. / / P-''^^ nominated, under 
 hsst election was in "h. di rk't ?/llrn/M"',l' ^"^" '^is Act, The 
 member e/ecM in the North West TmT.oH^^''''' ^5"'. '881. and the first 
 Council was nominated by the Governn! r *«f .^-a^-'ence Clarke. The 
 Lieut. -Governor and an AdvL^ Sun.n ?/'"' '" ^"uncil. (4th) By a 
 Lieut-Governor from the LegTs atS A m"' ?'"''"« ^^'«'«d by the 
 by .he same Act (Chap. ^9 aSs ofists; • ',^11 ?." ""'"^^" P'°vided 
 m matters of finance and hdding oLeZini 1 ^^^'^^O; Council acting 
 Board consisted of F. VV. G. Had^V^S dT fr"[f- ,T^" '^'^^ Advisory 
 'Sutherland. Legal exoeris nrnJl j- f' J^''^' ^- Mitchell and Wm 
 
 by the Governor^n'cou^n"!? to" i^d^H " "fli'ju? /„" L^^ ^ ""-^ "^P^'^^"^ 
 By a Lieut-Governor and a Legisla v*. A=c 1 1 ^•^.^' questions, (eih) 
 as those conferred on the LegSreof^^^^^^^^^ powers the ^me 
 
 Ac. of ,867. sec 92. exceptlheS rowing of mT""" "u"^*^^ '''^ Union 
 he Territories. The Executive cnsTstednfr^^r ?" ""'^ '"'« "^dit of 
 committee of four members selected bvLr-*"^ L'eu...Governor and a 
 Acts of 1891. (6ih) Bv 1 Iil„, - ^ ^ Lieut. -Governor, Chap 22 
 «^ec.ed by ,he Lieit.^'Lver^nor f^r^TLe"' ^ ^"^/"'^^ ^o'-'ll 
 members so selected having to be re Xfi,i ^^S'^K'^e Assembly; the 
 Crown ; Chap. 28th. Acts ?f^8o/coSln7n r'P''"^^"'^^^ ""^^^ the 
 fn 27 years the North- West TerriS^ 'n to force 1st October. 1897. 
 
 -joymen, of Home R"le ard\^e:^SLTe KnlTnt^"^''^^^ '° '''' ^"" 
 
 1'^ 
 
 i: 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 I of publication, isS ^ Department, postage free, from office 
 
 ' March, 1848, wh^n an icf jam above ^LefaUs hi 't''l T"'"^ '^^' 30.h 
 lake for several hours ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ waters of the 
 
 n^'^'l'^r^^^^^^^^^^ ^^e state of New York 
 
 ' sion Bridge Co. The St coruora.tn a '^^ ^"'S"* ^^"« Suspen- 
 Ellet. a bridge buildir of ffiade^hif .' \'°f!}'^"' ^"^^ Shades 
 bridge across Niagara River about £'' -1° ^"'^ ' ^"^ ^"^''^ay 
 Hllet, on his arrivfl at thrVilkcre of Ni-» VT/°^ \^^ ^^"^- ^r. 
 sidered that there should be somf i °L2ff ^ ^^"^ '"J^"- '847. con- 
 across the gorge without the roTbirofloinlTo'^r "^ ^°'"">"nication 
 l>elow. He planned a woodenTower on Eh^-i Lewiston, seven miles 
 these was stretched a 36 strand wire oh- 'k'' ^^ ^'^' '^'g*'- ^'o™ 
 ),^rooved wheels, having suspendedTornhnn^''*' ran a saddle with two 
 rivetted iron strips, wifh room for two n'l r"- ^^^^^^ °^ ^^"'«d and 
 bottom The firs passage wa.mT?/.^"' '° •'" ^''-^-^'^ «" » wooden 
 Ellet. P ^^^ "^^^ ""^'l^ '" 'he sprmg of 1848 by Engineer 
 
 tion. Nickel is specially ad Jnted for " f.^'l ■" '" *=°V'^ ^^ construe- 
 hence is needed in the nSf3e of eun mefar.n"f '''"' '"f '^°"' ^"^ 
 world's production heretofore has been ,.^!' ''"'' armour-plates. The 
 can be produced in unliS quanthie, l\^^ 'T -"T^''^- "^'^^ '"^''^I 
 which ii several miles wide and iE ^' '°^.,'''»'f '" '^e Sudbury region, 
 nickel, copper and other mte?ds ^° ""'"' '°"S' ^"^ '^""'^•"s goW.' 
 
 ■ declaring non-intercSur"e w th Can3a t iSas'the" P^*^' T' ^'''^'' 
 proclamation. '>-'«"aaa, m i»2», the President issuing 
 
 MoXw«f°n^~?^.^'''' '" Ontario was opened in 1847 
 
 was made on 2nd October iSot t^kll .1 ' V??y'.'^'»2. Further div s on 
 .epres»l.di„ Ihe Do J17?Sumem, So°^of%t"fi '?' ' "2 
 
 f;^';,ST*»''™»"''ib"rD':;st'ovS„i^^^^^^ 
 
 '•• '•d!>, by Licuicnant-uovcrnor and Council nartiv Vi-^VV-I "^ '"^) J 
 nommated ; fourthly in iSXS k„ r • ' P^"'y elected and part y 
 
-,,.>>«*'-■"- 
 
 132 
 
 FiHST Things in Canada. 
 
 an Act was introduced providing for the adoption, by the North-Wev 
 
 AmenZ?;. /'fr^A '^ ' g"^^^''"™^"^ ^' developed in the other Provir.c ' 
 Amendments to this Act were carried in the Sessions of 1891, 1894 nd 
 1895. Under these the powers conferred on the Legislative Assemblv ,r 
 consist of 29 members), are the same as those conferred upon the oTer' 
 vmces by the 92nd section of the Union Act of 1867, except the bormJ ,n. 
 o money on the sole credit of the Territories. An ' ExecS ive CoZ . . 
 of the Legislative Assembly was created in 1894. An Executive rnn 
 
 Tnne ^YT-''^"" °" ''' -^^V' '^97. the members ol wh cS w.U ha T 
 -, appeal to their constituencies for re-election. wm n.xvc to 
 
 Nortti- West Territories first voted by ballot in Federal elections of 1806 
 Authority given them by .Sectioi. 10, Chap, ic, Federal Actrnf rsL ^ 
 
 Notes, Free Redemption if-The Meichanli B^ank of Ha4x was tht „:, 
 bank to move m obtaining free redemption of its notes, in all parts of S 
 
 Tba^ tCotho:i*a^rct.t- '- --'- red-S'ofX SSS 
 ''"l-nw'%2i:ril2u' ^PP^^" •" ''^ C'^-'- ^-"'ed by James I. „> 
 Nova Scotia-In 1759, a Conomittee of Council was appointed to exa.nin. 
 the various systems of law in force in the Old ColoniJi'^ It r;porS 
 the laws of Virginia were found to be the most applicable ^ 
 W ova bcotia— The French attempted to occudv it in teni ,«,i 
 
 following year. In 1605, a Fr'ench colony wLstabllhed there'Tnd I'l ' 
 ^e first arual settiement by Europeans within the boundaries " 1 1 
 Dominion of Canada. In 1621 Nova Scotia was annexed to Scoh! 
 and named Nova Scotia by James I., and in 1625 the .ScSiS Or? of 
 Baronets was founded. Nova Scotia was ceded to France bT Chart I ' 
 whereupon Richelieu fora .d a colonisation company fwith the dkic i L' 
 to exclude Proteslants). It was conquered by L^rd Pro ector Cmmw 
 Again ceded to France, it remained really, or nomnallv under FrTr 
 
 president. Its objects are the encouragement o^^gPnaV 'research ^.E 
 providing means o research, viz., libraries and colleSons • (/) bv 1^ iN 
 cussu>n of the results of researches carried on by its membe s atd r 1 e 
 publication of such researches when considered of pST^anent vaJ„ 
 has issued Its " Proceedings and Transactions " every yeTrsTnce ils fo nd 
 
 tague," by Mrs. Frances Brooke. It wTs a Sesof Tett/r H ^""'^ /""" 
 Si lerv bv Fmi!v M^ntarr,,^ f„ ... series 01 letters addressed from 
 
 authoress wis the wiff- nf th^ rh-.o^:- ,,<• .u. ^ . '" '-liei, .709. iiie| 
 
 w.,. give, ,„pMc >>^^^^^^^^;i^\iisT^i:^;':; ,t;| 
 
..Z"^'- 
 
 
 1, by the North-^Ve^; 
 in the other Provinces, 
 3ns of 1891, 1894 and 
 ?gislative Assembly (tu 
 ed upon the other I'ro- 
 ', except the borrowing 
 Executive Comniiitee 
 An Executive Council 
 of which will havu to 
 
 •al elections of 1.S96, 
 eral Acts of 1894. 
 Halifax was the ilrst 
 tes, in all parts of the 
 k of Montreal in 18S7, 
 jreement was enlL-red j 
 ^mptionofthenotesof j 
 
 anted by James I. to 
 
 appointed, to examine 
 les. It reported that 
 :able. 
 
 1598, and again the 
 )lished there, and was 
 le boundaries of the 
 annexed to Scotland 
 he Scottish Ord^rof 
 b'rance by Charles I., 
 ! (with the direciion 
 
 Protector Cromwell, 
 illy, under France till 
 713- The first legis- 
 North American pro- 
 y the unanimous voie 
 
 Founded in Halifax ia I 
 . C. L. , being the first 
 jinal research, {a) by [ 
 tions ; {b) by the di 
 members, and (c)thel 
 ermanent value. Itf 
 year since its foiinda- 
 ing chiefly of publi- 
 I it is in correspond- 
 Provincial Museum, I 
 tory .)f Emily Mon- 
 ;tter.s addressed from I 
 s in Quebec, Mont-| 
 riends of hei' father, 
 n-Chjef, ;769. The) 
 1 at Quebec, and tkj 
 e in Quebec at thej 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 133 
 Numismatic Museum, of Laval University founder! iSeo 
 Numismatic Society of Montreal, founded 1862 %'T' . , o 
 
 accordance with its new name Eisma fr L^ ^ '• ^"'•''2^'' '^^6''" 
 Montreal. Its object is the nrnZH r '' Antiquarian Society of 
 research, through (a) he sJdv^CaS.n h"T'''"^'''^ ^"'^ antiquarian 
 the formation of a mUeum o'canadTn Ind o Km"'^ .f.^cha-ology ; (^) 
 bbrary of antiquarian and geS iSraturf %nf T • "' ^"^ ^ P"''!''^ 
 1870, it has published 16 Smes of nr..?^- ^ "^ 'P'^^'P^'^^'O" in 
 exhibitions: (i) The Cax on exStInn J '''"?'' ^"J^ ^""^ ^^^'^ 'hree 
 ings in ,877 • (2) th^ Cal°d\"S?rcafpXir:£ ""' ^"«'^^- 
 
 ration of the 25th anniversary of the -Sv in 887 nnnTl '" '=°'!""^'"o- 
 historical exhibition, commemorativVnf fh» .Ir^.l ^' ?"'' ^^^ "'^ Montreal 
 ing of Montreal in i8m /rTxoi fL « • .^^'^ anniversary of the found- 
 real to purchase The Chat e.n 1. i Society induced the City of Mont- 
 fit up the old hWortcarbSn; as m'^^ ^"^ ^ k^^^' '^^S. began to 
 public free, in April, ,896! ^ museum, which was opened to the 
 
 ,,|^p;r^oun'ds^Lx^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Uil Wells— The first were due in iSc/i T 4 a; • xr 
 
 struck oil at a depth of sJVe" This w^o^h/t"^" ' '? November, i860, 
 Petrolia, Ont. ^ *"' ^"^ ^^^ beginning of the town of 
 
 amounted to 22 542 nrvVrroii! P'^°'*"^ '"?" ^^ ^^e oil refineries of Canada 
 ing oils The'5tS?Tafue o'flf ''t "'^.9°.o«? g^"«- were illuminat- 
 $i.567.c»o. ThecoLmpdofofoiHnl^ '^^^^ P^''^«^"^ ^". was 
 
 s!n e^il^'-''"' " ^^"^^^ f-"«d i" B-ckville, 1823. No. i Lodge 
 
 received the six montKois by iZoTo It° w.'f '^ ^'''■'^' '^^3- It 
 the Session of 1884, but the mot^n for ."..onH ^^^^'^ '"f'^duced in 
 
 Or"dn?nci^LiS f ssociation formed 20th December, ,860. 
 
 .'. t. 
 
 
134 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 said, "to be put on the same footing w.hhT,^ V\e desire, he 
 family. Being now of mature We we deXfh^? ^f' v^""^"' °^ '^' 
 be cut." Robert Lowe (rord^sU^LooS fn rhrr'^'-'r^ ''""^^ "'") 
 
 attacking all Mr, Ht'e's'Xosit^o°n .'°Tn'? If-^'c^Ham'T'^ 7'''^' 
 Shck) wrote in "Nature and Human Nature^" "Fnllanl"^"" 'i''™ 
 things among which to choose for her NnrK a r'"g'^"d has thrw 
 Incorporation with herself and repre^nadon^n 1'"^-"^" Colonies: ,,, 
 
 pendence, and 3rd, Annexation ShtheCtediter"""' ' '"'' '"'^■ 
 In addition to the speech of iXe^ Mr Vr -"'tates. 
 
 B. Adderley, on ''therelatio/of^F^afn;^ stT'^^^ '""" »" "o"- C 
 1863). and ^' organizaU^n orthe^EmpI ?' (L n'd^n' Se^r'^H ^Y't^' 
 
 ''^'^^^^^ct!Z^!^^^t^^J^l^^^^o., ^ .8.3, over,. 
 
 S 1° north latitude. England dedaredshe.n. ?'^^" 'u'^^: ^' '^^ ^"^^ " »^ 
 pation. The United States made .Shim , '^ "°' '"^'"'' '« ^"^^ u.nr- 
 claims. The result wSthatTniS^VT.rr' ^'"'^'^ ^^ainst the Russian 
 byGreatBritain,theUnted?tafes\nd T""'' 'F"^."' Washington 
 which the latter Retired north beyond «° cln^rl" '^' P'°^''''""' «' 
 in width of sea coast in.t/^iH nf f^ ^^ " *-^"^^a thus secured 6 deurees 
 
 been her Pacific Oce^n sea f^on hadZThl^R ^'^'''' .''''''^ -°"'^' '>- ' 
 fully resisted by the Un ted Sta es .nrf (^r. ! S"!"-"" '^^'"^ ''^^n success- 
 purchased Alaska from Russia in , IS, for th ""'"V J^^ ^""^^ State. 
 ^ proved to be worth the m^ney n seal ;um .n^^^^^^ ^'^'^ 
 
 Paper Mill -The first was erected a S^Kew^'s pTr"« r 
 
 according to the census return-: fhlrf '^"'^rew s, I.Q., 1803. In kSqo, 
 
 ploying a%apital roverfmuaAd'ahairmil^f^^^^^^^^^^ 
 Ployees, receiving an annual wage of $6 6 ^c^""'?.' ,^"\''8«° -'' 
 „ $2,575,447. (See Wood Pulp ) ^ *<'56,400. Value of products, 
 
 Paper Money-First issued in Nova Scotia, under an Act of the Province 
 
 Ser^-S^StS^:^iSt^cSS?^^7'^^"^ -''' '^^^ 
 extent was exactly defined in Seoremhpr ., . ^""^ chvisions. Their 
 
 Messrs. de Vaudreuil and Begon, SslT d bythe H^' ''^r'^''°" '"''^•'^' '^^ 
 Panshes-First established in k; BruSJ^^J'^'ri^'t^^Q"^'-- 
 
 T«cy were called Parishes, after the example of VirgSaS^-SrylS 
 
 from 
 introd 
 remai 
 Par of E 
 to tha 
 upon ; 
 Pardoninj 
 Gover 
 the G( 
 stood 
 mitiga 
 their a 
 judgmi 
 Hon. : 
 rogativ 
 pursua 
 cases. 
 GenerE 
 the ad 
 one. ai 
 Goverr 
 concert 
 other c 
 Park. Nac 
 wide, ci 
 River, i 
 miles Ic 
 etc. Ii 
 there w 
 the Na 
 purpose 
 Thomas 
 ion Gov 
 Mount I 
 tain and 
 third in 
 Provinc( 
 in 1893. 
 in the ( 
 Laurent 
 park at ' 
 Parliament- 
 Upper C 
 Parliament- 
 Kingstor 
 Parliament- 
 8th, i86( 
 Parliament- 
 four orig: 
 Parliamenta 
 within th 
 iiallfax, 
 of Prince 
 
sentation with taxatior, 
 Confederacy. K„i,e,,' 
 B representatives in the 
 A Canadian journalisi 
 
 the right of Briii.h 
 >t. "We desire," he 
 'ther members of the 
 >r leading strings may 
 ; Legislature of Xej; 
 )bler policy of kniuini; 
 ifed^racy. girdin- ihe 
 nst the world in ari< 
 :h delivered by him in 
 lizationoftheEmi.ire, 
 shaping the policy of 
 let in London in 1X55. 
 ! an elaborate reply, 
 
 C. Haliburton (Sam 
 •England has that 
 srican Colonies : 1st, 
 ■liament ; 2nd, Inde- 
 es." 
 
 - a letter to Hon. C 
 Colonies " (Lomlon, 
 1863). He took an 
 iociation (1862), now 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 ^SS 
 
 I. in 1822, over the 
 side, as far down as 
 submit to such usnr- 
 against the Russian 
 ned at Washini,non 
 ;r the provisions of | 
 us secured 6 de},'rees 
 s which would have 
 claim been success 
 The United Slates 
 $7,200,000. It has 
 ines. 
 
 ,)•- 1803. In 1S90, 
 tills in Canada, em- 
 's, with 1,800 em- 
 Value of products, 
 
 ct of the Province, 
 
 «, Jan. i2th, iSSa. 
 1 divisions. Their | 
 egulation made hi 
 3 of Quebec, 
 ii purposes, i/So, 
 lia and Maryland, 
 
 from which States U.E. Loyalists came to New Brunswick Thev wer^ 
 
 upon Ihe old Mexican pillar dollar "'^' ^""^ ^"^ 
 
 Pardoning Power-Prior to the appoinlraent of the Marquis of Lome „ 
 
 Governor-Ceneral of Canada (1878) Ihe commi^ions and ns,nicdo„s S 
 
 i!^od"rj:rrdro=r:iS£^;:^-7raie^T" E- r 
 
 judsmen. and upon his own responsLlify asYn u.pTaf XS "wE 
 r'^.°a,?rstr;Se'iSta^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Park, National (Rocky Mountain Park) at Banff Area ,. mii« i 
 
 Mo„n, Slephen, including .he coun° y su rrSinl h" b » ?f' *rZ„„" 
 
 a^^^^f^1l?c::^aClUf1h?sri£^^^ 
 
 La^e;SeT£;i,°',n?i;'rIr,'h''p'2"*" •»■'"* '=^^^ 
 
 P«rliainent-Frrst in Lower Cai.ada assembled I7lh December 170, - fi,.,l» 
 
 P.rSS.Th'','fi",'p^f ■"="""'•, "«^ • ""' '' Nov. s"oU ; 'yfs' '° 
 rarnanient— The first Parliament of the United Provinces of r^I,,^ . . 
 
 M tffi? ' "'" ""'""« '" "" "™ '"''•''i »■ Ottawa was on June 
 
 nrc:fcif;p,«^Stim,rdt=c 
 
 Halifax, by Governor l/awrence Th^n^.lr' r',";^^ ^" ^ schooinouse at 
 of Prince fclward ,sl.„ri""r„. «»%" SuSS!.", S^l:" ^i'.'J 
 
 
*36 First Thincs in Canada. 
 
 Dominion Government nrovidert for th ^ . 1888, and in 1897 the 
 
 sible Government. The'^[Cvinces hli^n'"'!!^'''' •'^°^^H°" "^ ^^^N-n. 
 ment. with Local lSJ^Z -^''0^"'^^^^ into a Federal I'a'rl.a, 
 
 given separate Le.is.a^rX S'oSe Srnn^.r'^^ '''"\ 
 
 [nto. effect on the Governor's pr'^tmatio^, of Us provisions was that it should oni>- ^, 
 but It provided that the Act shouW n-t Lo m Jn. ,^^ '""^1^ ?" '^'h November, ; , 
 first Legislature under the AcUn Upnef C-.n^H?7n ?" •"';"' "'^?'^"' December m I 
 Newark (now Niagara). The members ,n?K <°"""-'°) ^"^ held in the Town f 
 members of , he Le^isJlive LSl^w re rrauTed'To L««'^'-"ve Councillors a'd 
 IW •^"'y'wo of the councillors and five o?^h.n.l^ Tf" °" '*" '7"> Septemler, 
 »t.ll more embarrassing, no more couM be cotlected'" fc' h'""''^'='^ • /''"•"« 
 opened, and a guard of honour consisting of 50 sddie s from^L^"!'"' nevertheless ua- 
 Governor Sjmcoe (who was sworn in firsFGov^rnl Lf it ^"^ '"f' ^'^^ '" attenda.ict 
 
 dressed in silk, entered the hall wi h h s h?t Th" head '"atVidiH * K °1!-*"' J"'>'- '^5- 
 two secretaries. I wo members of the Counci"eive n^r;.! ^r^^'' ^^' ^'^ ^'' "'•'"" ^"^ 
 House to the Legislative Assembly, ^ndth^fJJ,t^u ?^u'"i' Presence in the lp,*r I 
 
 ''^'SfSr' Si°"tr ;t£^^^ f-^-"-"- -thout condition of 
 
 permission duHng the p^sffi^^ ye L "nlbri t's ^^"^^8^ "^ '^^ 
 English, French and United States' cidzens rdr!\ "^f T"^ ^^f"""' 
 
 patent is dated 8th^June^i82r'in whi^'^'"^ I"'' '^""'"g "^^^^^i"^- The 
 lished. There were onW three' n^t n, ^^'"".'^^ P^"'"' ""^'^^ ^as estab- 
 
 one in ,835. tE Se 'tt^ ?« 6^^^^ Lnd \S sh'^'^d^ ^?^ ^' 
 of inventive genius. In 1820 tu,r, 7,, . ' ^^^ showed a dearih 
 
 patent was issued n .835 to (lus ,vu Wn.r'V-'f '''■^.''- '^^^ ^''^' 
 methodofconstructinesusDen^^nnh!^ r ''^'" ^^"^"^steed, for "a new 
 is still living, hSrSvr^c-^'''^^*"^^^^^^ Mr.Wickssced 
 
 clerk of the House of ComCn/Tf"""'^ ^™'" '^^ P°«ition of l'--^' 
 office isevidencedbythefecTEdurili'th^"^-'^/.^^^ ^"^'""^ °f '"^ 
 
 were^ma'd 1 rd^o^cumenl SS' O^T "Kt ^"^'^^ -'^ Canada, 
 Vaudreuil suggested th^tb;,,hside?S'fA°u°'!," '°'^' '705, in which 
 on the part of the Indians " "'"^ ^'"^^'' ^" '-^^'^ of hostiliiv 
 
 inhabitants of 'the Dominion!'the;^e ias o'l.e c?,n '"t ''"{ ^"°"'? "^ -''' 
 In 188s there was one con.irf(Z\^l\';'^..''T'''^J'' the penitentiaries, 
 
 convict population is increasing m^^^ r^^ ^^'St^S';^^ 
 
 I Penn, Wili 
 
 written 
 
 date, " 
 
 that tin 
 
 Pictou Cot 
 
 of Fen I 
 
 Compai 
 
 settleis 
 
 Pine -The 
 
 Kirk (1 
 
 amount 
 
 Pioneer an 
 
 objects 
 
 the bet 
 
 the Pre 
 
 spirit of 
 
 Ploughing' 
 
 Couiliar 
 
 plough ' 
 
 Hebert' 
 
 law, the 
 
 farm, at 
 
 Place-Nam 
 
 land anc 
 
 New Fi 
 
 wholesa! 
 
 necessar 
 
 lion. S 
 
 there wi 
 
 Rupert's 
 
 England 
 
 Breton, 
 
 period. 
 
 names 
 
 Saskatcl: 
 
 the olde 
 
 besides 1 
 
 Missiona 
 
 porters, ; 
 
 and railv 
 
 along 01 
 
 ranges, c 
 
 of Canac 
 
 would re 
 
 people. 
 
 of Canar 
 
 Francis 
 
 explorers 
 
 Kenzie, ' 
 
 Poet— VVhetl 
 
 Samuel 
 
 record in 
 
 Royal wa 
 
her own. Upper and 
 nited under one I,ep. 
 >ry dates from 1S59, 
 I Province, and (rom 
 e a distinct legislative 
 martially relieved from 
 888, and in 1897 the 
 adoption of Respon- 
 nto a Federal Pnrlia. 
 ■io and Quebec were 
 rnment.) 
 
 c, was passed by th.- Im. 
 as that it should only go 
 on 18th November, 17,, 
 he 26th December. The 
 'i held in the Town of 
 ative Councillors and 1^ 
 on the 17th September' 
 n attended. Wh.-ii «as 
 House neverthelc-, ua> 
 ■ 'o'"' was in attendance 
 r.adaon 8th luly, 179^,, 
 ed by his adjutant and 
 IS presence in the I'piier 
 latter having appeared 
 peech. The population 
 
 ■vithout condition oli 
 advantage uf this] 
 and were Gern^in, 
 side element formed 
 
 nada was to Noah 
 ling machine. The| 
 ent office was estah- 
 iar. There was hut I 
 528 showed a dearth 
 jistered. The 40th 
 ksteed, for "a new 
 lal." Mr.VVicksteedl 
 he position of law 
 he business of the! 
 74-1879 the receipts ( 
 
 ;land and Canada, 
 oih, 1705, in which! 
 ill acts of hostility f 
 
 sf the Minister 
 I the four peniten 
 es of the Domininnl 
 ery group of 5,766 j 
 
 the penitentiaries.! 
 
 indicating that ihej 
 jeneral population. [ 
 
 First Things in Canada. ,37 
 
 <i.lte, " ],on<lon. 2ni div „f ihf ( .k Eni|>eror of Canada," with 
 
 .h,ni„e ,h. talpLgLt Ma"; .r"'" '"'"" ""'• ">»=" 1-^^ 
 
 Company, which had oSILh 1 ' '" '■''I ^^ "" >'l>il«*lphia Land 
 ...Uejs |n.d ?„^1hilSUa,'S5,T;S'7°' ""' "°"" "" '^'°""- '''' 
 
 law, the first farmerin cinarh and^f, .'^ 1^" hved with his father-in- 
 farm, at that time the onlv hi. nf n1 Z "''' ^"^^^ "^ ^^^"^ *^'ked the 
 Place-WkniPc Th„ i ?^ ' °' planted ground in New France 
 
 lanSToIeran^d^'^Sn'Tolbw t'T T^"^^'^ "^^ ^'"" •-^. B-^- 
 New France. New Scofland N^w N.? ^'''T''''^'' ^ ^'^ ^"^"g'^"^' 
 wholesale transference of FuronZn "''''"''■"'• Newfoundland, etc.-a 
 necessary mod.ficTon to suk the cTcu-'T'' '° '^J' '^""""^"'' "''^ ^^e 
 tion. Subsequently fur%er,uh2f-"'''^f^u ^"'^ ^^^ '^'^•" ^^e connec- 
 there were the Is and of St Tnhn t'*?" u '^' '"""""y *^^ "'^'^^' ^nd 
 Rupert's Land! etc T^n cki°''"|, ^''^ 1°^^'^' Acadia, Quebec, Prince 
 England and o£ colonies New "^f^"'"":'"?' ^^j'^^ split off the New 
 Hreton, Prince Edward Island B^hl^'T^l"^' ^'^ C:aledonia, Cape 
 period. Then came the pertd of Cnnf 7 I- ''"■\"'^ ""™^^ "^ '^^ 
 names of Ontario Manitol-K- Confederation, when the new place- 
 Saskatchewan,Tngava Snklfn Kv ' A"^"'!,' A«fi"i'^°ia, AthaLsca. 
 the older onek Keuese Snnl?f ^"p' ^"'^ ^^''°" ^"^ ^^^^^d to 
 besides the aborigine Kcon^rSd fnT'\^T'\ '"','^ ^"6"^^' 
 Missionaries and navigators saS'nH en '^'' J '"'^'^ ,"^ P'ace-names. 
 porters, politicians and civn'.erv.nfc """••■'• '"'l'^ ^"'"^ ^"^ humble 
 and railway presWents hive a 1 "'r 'Z"'"-T ^"^ •^P^="''''lors, surveyors 
 
 along our'ex'tendecriittoral-Atlanirlr^lc r^^^^^^^^ '^^ P'~-« 
 ranges, on lakes and river.; ri.tZl . ' • ^"'^ Pacific~on mountain 
 
 of Canada are numerous and S r"'/ ""'^''' "*"• '^^^ "ame-fathers 
 
 would reveal theS'^e V°''^„^%'"L"^^''"8 ^roup, whose biography 
 
 people. To show S on. h-, k 7 .^ '''^ characteristics of the Canadian 
 
 of Lnada, Cabm Tjuron Ca"r iS ^^7^ P-?--l,"r^-f^^'^-« 
 
 Francis Drake, Sir HumSev rifh^.t A ' .^^^'PP'^'". Roberval, Sir 
 
 explorers, the Recollets the fesS I T ' ^'n''"' V^"^""^^''. the Arctic 
 
 „ Kenzie. Thompson, Simcoe G^v Carlet^n T^' ^"^^f^te, Jolliet, Mc 
 
 Poet- Whether or not our Sh;^ ,, "^'°"' T'^^'^a^ Carleton, etc. 
 
 Samuel rVn J. Thra " P^st of singing birds "-to use stnrdv 
 
 record" in- C.'^dais'^LScarborr^^^^ ^""^ '''' P*^^^ «" 
 
 Royal was celebrated ^t^^rJtli.^^'^^^ZlSlX^'X 
 
 :*■■ 
 
,„..J^-*^" 
 
 138 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 by L'Escarbot for the occasion •' S VvT^' '!?'''"« '"'^' <=0'"Po«a 
 
 nada " ha/of 'p-Sc^lrta, L: hTwer'; "n^r"" ''''> P^'^' 
 Canadian streams, nor under the umhTrn^- ^xercised on the banks of 
 and. therefore, however intimlte llrlfT' '^'1' °J C^"^'''^" fo^es. 
 ^me, we cannot, in fairnes Teprile Sc It Z' *;'\C,^"«^» ^ere at „n 
 William all her own poet. ^ ^^cutland of the fame of having Si, 
 
 isS. P-Sa^'/^slud^rfTh^'o^^^^^ '^r ' S-iety of Canada f„, 
 
 TaS/eau de la mer. !„ ig.Q \f i^L? ir.^^ !> '^''^" J^^" ^achc? published 
 cellaneous poems. <- He 'Sy b trmed The fP^h'^'^r'^ ^ ^°'"'"' ^^ - 
 verse " Garneau in .835 publishedThe fi^.f r k" °^ ^'""'^'^ Canadian 
 which •'areofahighoi^erofmeS'- r -^ *"' P"^''': compositions 
 
 Canadian poets," p'ublished poe r^' betw™ th': ''' ^"«^'"' '^ ^'^^ 
 Next in merit and haud lo,Z tS^Z,^^^ l^'^'l '^52 and 1S62, 
 Benjamin Suite, William Chap2 Aww-f " F-^chette." Le May, 
 others are mentioned by Lesper^nce wi^th /"'"g''\«> ^elix Marchand a, 
 counted no less than 17s n^me! of L^ '^'^^^"'^ed praise. Mr. Suite h 
 Among English Canadif ns'Teference is' S.' TT^ ^'^'''^ Canaiinns 
 Heavysege, Charles Mair. /. f p" ter iJ ^l ^°i=P'' "°^^. Charles 
 Evan McCoIl, S. J. Watson' Othe'rare Aie-nH^''^''- ^- ''" '^"'^'^"^' 
 bell, Lampman, the two ScoVts San^tf.. ,5 ''"r^""'' ^^•■'"a". Camp! 
 
 n°"5 \Oj[,c«— first organized in Nnu, c .• .^^"^' ^'c., etc. 
 
 Pohtical Economy Cffair-First est,hi? f?'i^-^^^' '" A""^Po''s. '734. 
 
 Post— R- P '-ustoms tor testing sugars, i2ih 
 
 .'no,.„.Chirf H^ldtaTcl Ffr^^'^f £'''.°P«"«1 i" 17^4. under ci" 
 
 Imperial GovernS" Ti' ApSf l?^, "" ^'Pr-i-ckl .mhorife by ,1,. 
 
 lost Uffice Department for thf. vt^ ■ '"^"r''t appointments in the 
 masters) were transferred o the GoveTnn' r ^?""^" ^'"'^'"'^•"8 P-' 
 tons of Deputy Postmaster-General r/;,?""'' o""P''"g ^he%i.ua. 
 clerks. Promotions were also made L^th ?'"''' Purveyors and their 
 p1^S,°:„^^, ff 'Je Post^,ast"rtene'r:^i.^fflL^^'--^er.General, 
 - - ^ffic„ .t the date oi transfer in the" Provttof -CaSda^wL^eor 
 
 The n 
 
 of ann 
 
 post v\ 
 
 'Post Offi( 
 
 was at 
 
 I 302 P( 
 
 [Post OfBc 
 
 Money 
 
 Post Offic 
 
 to7jf 
 
 countri 
 
 order 
 
 orders 
 
 i' paya 
 
 1868 il 
 
 value o 
 
 amount 
 
 6 times, 
 
 Post Offic« 
 
 Lin'TERS 
 
 4S.ooo,( 
 
 77. ooo,( 
 
 i3i,o(X) 
 
 Post Ofi 
 
 period, 
 
 Money O 
 
 89 peri( 
 
 $13,081 
 
 Money O 
 
 $6,i9i,( 
 
 in 1896, 
 
 Money Oi 
 
 average, 
 
 1896, $2 
 
 Money Oi 
 
 average, 
 
 total in I 
 
 I'OSTAL R 
 
 revenue, 
 
 expenditi 
 
 „ 705.282. 
 
 Postage Rat 
 
 Postage Sta 
 
 1840, in : 
 
 Postal Cards 
 
 Postal Unioi 
 
 July. 187J 
 
 postal am 
 of postal 
 plicated ii 
 the idea q 
 views to a 
 the result 
 
A^--^-^ 
 
 ,J->->->^- 
 
 vhounii d in a proce- 
 :iting verses composea 
 lexander (of whom and 
 James was a king who 
 'edtobeaking"),pos. 
 Sterling, Lord of f an- 
 •cised on the banks of 
 e of Canadian fortsis, 
 1 Canada were at one 
 he fame of havin^j Sii 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 '39 
 
 Society of Canada for 
 . The first regular and 
 ean Tachd published 
 ^ed a volume of mu- 
 of French Canadian 
 poetic compositions, 
 he greatest of French 
 !ars 1852 and 1S62. 
 echette." Le May, 
 ^elix Marchand and 
 •aise. Mr. Suite has 
 ? French Canadians 
 seph Howe, Charles 
 e, Charles Roberts, 
 luir. Carman, Camp- 
 iwson, N. F. Davin, 
 etc., etc. 
 lapolis, 1734. 
 University, 1888. 
 testing sugars, i2ih 
 
 md Quebec. lirst 
 
 f> 1784, under (,ov- 
 
 'per Canada began 
 
 Kingston, Niagara 
 
 inion initiated, ist 
 
 from five cents to j 
 ed States reduced 
 
 e cents, and from 
 
 authorities by the 
 at date, by a des- 
 point ments in the . 
 I (including Post- 
 ^epting the situa- 
 veyors and their 
 'Stmaster-General, 
 _^ The number oi \ 
 -anada was 601. 
 
 (iMI was 2,132,000 in Ihe yet/' ' '"'' "" """"»' <>"«'<■" P'ssing by 
 
 order ofiices on 3oih June 1806 mLl! T "' T"^ ^""'"- The money 
 cders issued, of the S; ofl',378' 8^ ''IS^'tL'r^'^ "'''^^ '' '3M52 
 '•^payable in Canada, and $2 Jccilv, ,"„,,, '''■" ^T""' $'o.726,66i 
 1868 the total number of P O m^ ' I^ ''''■ '" °^^^' countries. In 
 value of $3,352,88.! of which"?avTbrrr"'r"'^' was 90,163. of the 
 amount payable' in Canada SasEaseJ, ^"Zt 7h' .^.^•«59.762. The 
 6 times. "'treasea 3/2 times ; that in other countries 
 
 Post Office Statistics :- 
 
 77,000,000, an increase of 77 pe cent tL T'^''^ ^^^"^^ ^^s 
 
 PosiOKiqcEs established-Yearly averatelS7^ ^s • . 
 period, 223; 1890-9? period ififi • S /'^"^^ P"'™'- '72; 1879-89 
 
 Money Orders is?ueK"a?iV avtr^if sT,^'' '" ',^t' V°i- 
 89 period, $9,342,000 . i860 at i^'. ^Jt^ P'"°'^' $6,686.000 ; 1879. 
 $13,081,861. ^^ ' * ^"95- $12,756,340; total amount in 1896, 
 
 Money Orders issued and navahlp ;„ n 1 
 
 $6,191,696; 1879-89. $7.6S'S,,8cS'oc rJ''^'^ "^"'^g^' •«74-78. 
 m 1896, $io,726;66i ^'''^'°°°' 1890-95, $10,1 75,4cx) ; total amount 
 
 i«9('.i2.3ilioi*^^'' ■«"-«9,Ji,873,40o; 1890-95, $2,600,000, 
 
 ''r4°'^^r4.7r$33r.7;' ^r's^r" l"''* ■" Ca„.da-Vea„y 
 
 Postal Revenue, 1870 ti ha if.-, ,- 
 
 revenue. $2,984,223, expendi'ture«A.I?^"'^''o'''' $2.'67,266; 1889. 
 
 expenditure,y:6.i3ii; .896rVfvenJe'T/oi?^^^ 
 
 705,282. •' ^ ' '^'^^^""e, *4.oo4,28s, expenditure, $4,. 
 
 of postal rules and reSiW. ?nH .11^ .^ '^''- "° ^"^™P' ^^ uniformity 
 
 plicated in the highS de^ee Her Vni''^?''^^^ ""^'^''""^ ^^^« '^"'^ 
 the ide:, r.f infrrHn-Vr- ^?'^^^- ^\^" ^on Stephan. of Berlin, .^nnre--.-^ 
 
 views io ; nu^ berof t^he^adi-nTpo^^^^^^ -^"^ commu'ni^atel' hi 
 
 the result that a postal ^SS^ ^^ST m^'j^T^^^I^^ 
 
140 
 
 First Thin(;s in Canada. 
 
 where outside of China ""' '''""^' sufhcing to carry a lettei ary. 
 
 ».£.':;? 350 a:,„'S.£' sr.ti^ia t"i;"°°'"» »'"-i 
 
 and 1, 035,000,000 people «ncludeb 39,372,000 square niilwl 
 
 (./ ASisSro^ea^TrXhe iS'n"'^ "■^""r^ "^^ ^'"^ ''«- -- 
 union will pay reciprocnllv ,L in! •^^^'^J '""^ "" ^^''^h the countries „t , el 
 
 tated, and UrV ,SiS Vn^'i rmSriS on"'*'' 'T ""r '^^^ '-4 
 ensuing six years ; U) Uniform ^^u^ ? " graduated scale, for the 
 stamps^ (4) Post;/ iirds unn^.-r'"''^ '^^^^ ^'^^^n projected for po.iaj 
 cents in the^Iace of 'Se L Jr ^ whf^h^'"' !° " ''""^''^ '^''' ">'' ^M 
 unpaid letters ; (5) Circulars nr"^"-^ "'^^ -" """' '''^ '^""^ '^ ^'^ 
 fities of twenty^crcu iars altte .^n ' '"/'^h.ne (typewritten) in ,|uan. 
 international mails at the sal rates as nrn.r"'"'. ^"-^ ^^J-^'tted .0 ,1 J 
 merchandise are admitted un to /co^""'*''' circulars; (6) Samples ofl 
 history, animals, dried plants Sr preslrvedT.T '' V ^^^^''' °^ "^'""'f 
 m'tted as samples; (8) The nueSnf ? S^°l'«"=H specimens arc a.lj 
 stamp was brought up and the n^fn r ^'f '""^ "^ ^ universal p„stage 
 culties which wo'uld occuHn putESZ'Jf ^" ^^*=°""^ "^ ^^-'i'' 
 especially because of theXSv 'f rnf "^^!.'"'P°''''"' innovation 
 
 Canada under similar Ses .n favour of^.h^^^p^-'^u'"'" '^e Inark.ts of 
 1843 discriminating customs Hm, Si " l^ r ^""'^ manufacturer. In 
 
 American Provinces byLord%Ta„^:>: H °''f f T ^'^^ ^"''^^^ ^'""^ 
 ment of Great Britain changed its colonial .P""''^-- .^" '^45 the Govern-, 
 several provinces ohtainedTwir to InT.. ,1?"''"^''''''' P°''*=y- ^" '84') the 
 the control of the Queen in CounH'^-nH "'T T- '"'^"^ (^"bject only to 
 1846. Attempts at di!crim"nadnr;nr'' '^^?"tish Possessions Act, 
 were disapproved of by thrfiSr-n?"' "^^'■*•'^' ^"'^'^ ^y Canad 
 ^ In connection with ^he treati madJ •?J,'",^ ^""^ """"y ^^^^^ «ft" '846. 
 Canada extended the provis ons^f r£ 7^^ ^'^"f^' ^''^ t^overnmeni ofl 
 on 4th October, 1895^: Serine tluv'^i'"'^'. '°"°^'"K countrieJ 
 Bolivia, Colomba, Co ta E r.?^P"''''';'/"«'"^-""ngary, Belgium 
 
 Norway. At a subsecSntSthl n? "^^ ^"".'^"'' ^"««i«. Sweden an 
 to Spain. '"^"' '^^'^ '^^ provisions of the treaty were extended 
 
 of S6t^£^\t[rG^oveTnmf.;^offerrd ^'^ ^r™°" '^>' ^^^ ^nion Act 
 Country in the Session of 1807 In fl^^ ^ P''^'^=''^"f>ai tariff to the Mother 
 the condition that the reciprocal Tohin i °?^^ ^«s accepted, coupled with 
 
 to the goods of all counST'oLit^Ji;^^ '"th^'f^'""'^ ''"'' '""^^ '^A 
 ist August, 1S9S. -uiing under the favoured nation clause, liiij 
 
First Things m Canada. ,., 
 
 .hJVaStVoVct:dr,r; t.?"'"^ ^^^t" ""^" '"e ter^s of 
 which any counry whose cusfnJ^!^ '^^ "', ''■'^ '^^''^^"''^ 1^' according to 
 terms on the whofe as favo'ua >^e L r '"""* i^' '"■"''"•=''' "^ Canada on 
 tariff in Schedule D are o thL ? "" "^" '""'' "^ '^' reciprocal 
 
 Koods into Canada at rates od.?, T^^'T' '' ^'■'"*'«' '« ^"'" *'» 
 
 .898. and less l^y -fe'c "ar'l^lfte ''junT ,oV^Vof It "/h^""^ ^°*'^' 
 tariff rates. ■' ^ J°'"' '<>9o, than the specified 
 
 .-nm rhr.?r,:rS t3fr/;"^ .-..ent has been extended 
 
 nientMthSepti8Q7T.'ri "''•''*'"'" °^ '''^ Customs Depart- 
 
 many 1-Va;cT.AS aid FrencirV 'f ^'^'''"''' «^'g*""'. ^^r- 
 
 Holivia. Color^biafDenik X,i? r"u^^^^^^ 
 . and Switzerland. New South VvX' *^"s«'f • .'^re^en, Tunis, Venezuela 
 
 Presbyterian. (See cSh'rnaK sryteTian'r' ""' '''^^• 
 
 ?ri^'/{;Ser'^¥hrsTr£rM^s ^^^--y^ •«"• 
 
 Sir John Macdonald ,st Tuly X to 6th S""'"'^ °^ »^'"'^"'^ ^^^ 
 prime ministers are:- "' ^' ^' '° ^'^ November, 1873. Other 
 
 7th Nov., 1873 to 17th Oct., 1878 
 17th Oct., 1878 to 6th lune! 1891 
 16th June, 1891 to 24th Nov., 1892 
 
 Sth Dec, 1892 (o i2th Dec, 1894 
 24'h Dec, 1894 to 27th April, 1896 
 27th April, 1896 to 8th July, 1896 
 
 Prince Edward Island (Isle of St h.h^\ ..„ c . , •, 
 
 parishes and townships I J the Lo/ds " Trade iJ'p ""J'. "" !=°""^'^^' 
 The counties were named King's" Queen's aid Prince I'n'^'' '" 'l^^' 
 
 making a Sal o 48?,'^ a^res ' Kinds' hid 7''^ ^harlottetown (7,300), 
 numbering 38 to 47, c{^ T I'o 6,1, ^ t"' ^^''."'J?"' '^« townships 
 acres) maliJg a tS^l^i/^.^cJ?' .'eVes^' Tt t'taTe'? ^'^°'g^'°^" (4^ 
 more by 8,500 than that Piven Iw m '^'^ acreage of 1767 is 
 
 frequently called MalpeauerDroL.T''!K'''""' -'V^y'' P"ncetown is 
 every respect the c3s3f 18m ?olS 1^,1 °"P1^'. ^'^"''^ "«'"«)• I" 
 before that date ^ ^°"''''^'' "'^ sub-divisions made 124 years 
 
 ^^s'i'f'n^^^^^^^^ of St. John 
 
 June 28th, 1768. The LordTnf T,, 1 I ^'^'^^ ^''' consideration, 
 
 in favour of erecting the island intnV?"'''^ '" Comnmtee of Council 
 
 1769. The first comVi^sion w"as Zl.MV^^, S™ al' ^7 ^°''' 
 nor, and 1$ dated 4th Aufrn.f ,,<;„ t 7, '^'^^"^'^ i aterson as first gover- 
 
 s=,.io„, being ,w„t„ in^sfp ■ ^^J '' "■'jZ^ifT'"' *" '?"? r" 
 
 Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, 
 Rt.-Hon. Sir John Macdonald, 
 Hon. .Sir John Abbott, 
 Rt.-Hon. Sir John Thompson, 
 Hon. Sir Mackenzie Bowell 
 Hon Sir Charles Tupper, Bart,, 
 Rt.-Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 
 
 
Ma 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 iHiing that great inconvenience was exDcrienced fmm ♦»,- , ■ 
 
 I'rovmce l^eing the sam. as several other places .'nr^ **"" ''T^ "^ M 
 which lettm were frequeniiyseniu Sake tL ^'r'"' ''""a"^'. >o 
 
 •ns the name was pul-lished June n h ^oo ^ '^f. P'"'^'';"','"'"" cl,a„g. 
 
 . ">* %htly called the •%;ar,l..nliovfnc^t^';/2Lla ''"''"^ '^''"" 
 
 Pnnce^fedward Island was ad.itte. iJto "^.t^iian Union, .t „„H 
 
 A copy was exhibited "^i; a/ S-eP/'fi^ i^rown& Gil,,,,,.,," 
 
 26th.29th June. 1877. The secinc hook nn,. ■ n ^'*'.'"" ^'-•'el'r-''i'on, I 
 by Messrs. Brown & (Jil nour l?ein. nn ' ' '" S'*"^'^'' ^''^ «'so iv^ue. 
 
 Disney for felony, ,767 '""*- ''" '"^'""' °^ '^e trial of MajJ| 
 
 ^"'^:2i^:il;d?:^tl:^^'i;??;.::.^S^i:?^rtt '-^^ --i 
 
 Quebec at thaf .late. i\ nu Se been n imed^r" "" ^'^ ''"^ ?'--« '" 
 oi the bounds of the j-r.^sent Canada '• Truth '" ■"• "'J'" l''**"' °"'^"l'- 
 ^ liam the Sincere's printing esrabhshment • f ^ . '.'=T'""^*^ ""'"«''' "' ^ 'i 
 Printing Press-Ther.rswi;erunbvKr hi "''''''" V "^"^ "°' '""''^'■' 
 Ai^ust, 175.. He dtd ; rbo ' ^ Sstfter hi '"'"' /V' '" "'■^''^-' 
 John Bushell took charge on Green's dearh,n.- "'■'"'^ ^'°"' ''f'^'"". 
 Gazette (see newspapers T Amhonv H ' '" '^52 issued the Halifa, 
 Ourry established a Sn„office^^^^ '"'"'I'-''' ^"^^ell. Laaci 
 
 Fletcher arrived at ' I ali?a^x from LolS' '" '^5^-, ^" '^60 R,,!,,,, 
 printing house, published rnaDer and HHm' T""^"^ "" ''°°'* ^'"'e •''nd a 
 
 Howe legan prbting in .77^6,' The fi/st urlnVinr"*"'"' P""''"^" i'^^" I 
 was in 1764. ^' printing press set up in i^ucUc | 
 
 ^ni77€> Benjamin Franklin was authorized hv .h„ /- 
 United States to ofter to Canadians amnna n.h • ^. ^ Congress of the 
 if they would side with the seS^ cSe^^Vre '?"'"\"''i/ ^'''- i"''^' 
 him. reaching Montreal 29th ApHl 1776 knJf '^'.°"&^' Mesplei with 
 
 lengthy addresses printed for circulalionamon. r" ^!t- ^"^ '^''^ '"^^^•"1 
 Franklin left Montreal, on wh Mav ^77fi M^ Canadians. When Ur, 
 
 eluded ,0 cast in his lol withTe So b^el'ed c"5 Can.'?' '° ^^^^ '^°" I 
 m 1776, his first book, Le Cantt.J a° Mals^^/Z !i c "^^^ ^"'^ P"'>'"'. 
 sacred song in Montreal. MesX also nHml^f ' t '^"' P""'^^' ^^"^ °< 
 
 bonne mort" and 'Wonaihan ,f /w/ .'^ ^'^crament et Je k 
 
 tragedy in three acts. "^Smedbyi^^rstd^^^^ Tt'^^' '^^ /'W./,/.- ," a 
 Za Gazette Z;//.ra/;-,^778 In i7Xc h. ! , °^^°"''"^^'- He started 
 
 C7a«//.(originalIypublished'in X778 by ramt Brow^M°^ rl^' ^T''' 
 •nixed up in treasonable proceedings and went f. • ^ : afterwards g„i 
 One of the two Carrols. who accompanlrp nlu^"'?" ^"^ P""i«hn,c.nl, 
 C. Archbishop of the United sSes Franklin, became the firs. K, 
 
 RoIertson?iS77& P""""^' "P '" P""« E^'ward Island was by Mr 
 
 which^S^^^^^^^^ a custo. or secret i.„~:, 
 
 Erasmus Thorogood and to be sold at 'beligVof tl,; ■ RoUed^R^m^p ■ J'Te^g " ''»P"""-'l'f« I 
 
V-r-j 
 
 First Things in Canada. ,^, 
 
 mcmlHir in 18S6. Sir John Thompsonin iSoi .n l i I ^f ^^I'poinle.i a 
 Justice of Canada, in .897. InSec ion wi.'h Thl •r"i m" "i '^"■""«> ^^''' 
 
 Canada in,„ Ui.HcU w.. i.»ed V>hX':i^™r'|,7 S.^^a^J^- 
 
 fishermen. A grant from Louis \ V ".^'-["'^eepers selling liquors to 
 calle<l Le Sauif. nc4r tSe^St Lu ^r'aS:' 'S,sf'''' •6«°' °J '•?« j-^s 
 l-rench, who may live with or po Z„nT.h 'r r ' '^''P-'essly forbids the 
 
 any pu/^Hc hous/amo^riSe^SJdlT^ToVtt VnEs ''"^ ''^'^' •^^^P'"« 
 ProtesUnt Worship l)egan in Canada the sim^ Viir lu r. 
 I form was instituted (1604). 1Ee settlers ^^fh^ S^ ^T'^" ^^'^""^ 
 Huguenots and in part IWn CaSc? ^ "' ^""'^ '^^'"S '" Part 
 Provincial Debts. (See Ke-adjustment of. ) ' 
 
 Pulp-The wood pulp mills of Canada, by the census of iSn, „, 1 , 
 withacaptal of about $? 000 nn<^ ^J^Z ■ "*9i. numbered 24, 
 
 pulp mills with a yearly output of Ko S^ ."nn J . ."^ "T- ^^^"^ 3° 
 sulphite and chemical pulps and LJ^h^ i ''^^ ""e-third being 
 
 the largest establishmemse^suSesrha the labo^rT' ^^^^'\ °"^ "^ 
 facture of wood pulp from he stumo to ,hf ^I employed ,n the manu- 
 
 men to each ton of pulp. There Shut fi- '^^^"'°"?'^ '"J^bout six 
 
 1871. and these employed only 68 hands '^ ^ """' '" ^^"^'^'^ '" 
 
 Stalt lfSi:?mtnred1o^r8.S^^ ^.^sVtg.^an'd^^ ""J'^^ 
 
 cent, was exported to 'the United States ' '" '^^' °^" ^^ P" 
 
 Pubhc Accounts first published in Canada in 179, 
 
 I Aug„. , Jh, ,6.,, ,. 0„„3id„ . pe,ul' ,:r KXXtl,V;h?.fe 
 
 I Quarantine-When Asiatic Cholera mad^. ;»= o^noa-ar- -•- r^ ^ a • ^ 
 ■ 1S31, it was deemed advisable to estaWTsVa m™." '" ^''eJand m Oct., 
 Uw,.„ce R™. Gross, I.e. .n'SfboV.'r/Sr^loT^u'.Vc'af;; 
 
 r 
 
144 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 was selected, and the buildings requisite for the purposes of quarantine 
 were constructed ,n the spring of 1832. An appropriation to pay for th' 
 ^rl dlr.^rV'^'^f V^l^- ^'l" appliances connected with the st.v, .i 
 Se-Ta^itLtion."! ^'^ ""' °^'" ^"' °' "^^ '""^^ •"°^"" ^'^™ 
 
 Quebec-Was first styled New France. It was called Canada also : .he 
 ofhcial title however being New France. In 1663 it was called offic.llv 
 Quebec, in the Royal proclamation of 1663. In 1760 it was called Cana.h; 
 and the term Upper Canada was then first used by General Murra^ t 
 designate the Montreal District. In 1774 it was styled Quebec in t e 
 Imperial Act of that year, extending the boundaries. It wai divided into 
 ^PP^'l''^^'''^" Canada in 1791. In 1S41, on reunion, the two were 
 styled the Province of Canada, and East and West were terms used In 
 1867 the two were separated and styled Quebec and Ontario. 
 
 Quebec— First settlement of, in 1608. 
 
 Quebec-First capture of by the English, was made by Kirk j Champlain sur- 
 rendering the fort, 9th August. 1629. i' u, 
 
 Quebec— The coast line of the Province is stated by Hon. Mr. Mercier to he 
 
 2,590 miles in length. 
 Quebec-The Algonquin name for a narrow passage between two brxlies 
 frlT . u ',u .P^\™^"' 'between the outer and the inner harbours 
 
 of Chebucto Bay (Halifax) are called by the Micmacs " Kebbec " 
 ^"^"^^Landslide from the citadel toe]: place 17th May, i84i,and"destroved 
 
 8 buildings and 32 persons A second occurred 19th September, iSV 
 
 Many thousand tons of rock fell, crushing eight houses and des rovin. 
 
 several human lives. ° » ^ • > '"i, 
 
 Quebec Conference, for formation of the Canadian Confederacy, met in 
 Quebec, October, 1864, and passed 72 resolutions, which formed the l,a.is 
 of the Union. These resolutions, having received the approval of the 
 Imperial Government, were submitted to the Local Legislatures and sane- 
 loned by the Legislature of the Province of Canada i6th March, 186=; • l,v 
 those of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in x866. The Imperial Hill 
 designated the Briiish North America Act, 1867-the Magna Charta of the 
 Dommion-received the Royal sanction 29th March, 1867, and was pro- 
 claimed throughout the Dominion on ist July, 1867. 
 Queen Victoria Park- (See International Park.) 
 
 Queen's Birthday-Down to 1845 the Sove-ign's birthday was a voluntary 
 and not a legal holiday in the Pre ince of Canada, the proclamation beiii 
 tnade by he municipal authorities. In the parliamentary session of 184; 
 the Legislature, by Act, m.-^d- the Queen's Birthday a legal holiday. 
 Queen's College, Kingston opened March loth, 1842, with two professor. 
 and eleven students. The first meeting to rrise a fund (to celebrate which 
 Queens held her jubilee in December, 1889) was held in Kinrsion, 
 December i8th, 1839. Queen's claims to be the oldest University in 
 Ontario. le first extended her motherly arms to embrace the lalies 
 
 among her students. She first recognized a woman's medical colh^e. 
 She first enrolled a fair girl graduate." 
 
 ^"Thn ^r""^'' 'T^^^T ^"^r'S"'- ^V'^'''" ^'"e's. Printer in Canada was 
 John Bushel., of IT.^hf.x, N.S. The proeiamation issued by Gov.,,,.., 
 
 John Bushell, who p;! 'ished the Halifax Gazette from May 23rd 175' 
 
 Railway Ann 
 
 almost as ! 
 
 One of the 
 
 years after 
 
 In 1828 J( 
 
 to discuss I 
 
 bairn, writ 
 
 British pu 
 
 America. 
 
 Quebec to 
 
 which will 
 
 Atlantic wi 
 
 by the inhc 
 
 submitted. 
 
 question to 
 
 tions favou 
 
 both Housi 
 
 in Quebec 
 
 with the d 
 
 carrying wi 
 
 passed a rei 
 
 ture, and tl 
 
 the St. Am 
 
 made a gra 
 
 the propose 
 
 was placed 
 
 neers, and 
 
 country thr 
 
 wholly Brit 
 
 objections t 
 
 the territorj 
 
 of Canada a 
 
 given by thi 
 
 settled. 
 
 In 1832 a 
 for a railwa; 
 the Richelie 
 has the disti 
 was opened 
 began his i 
 train consis 
 adopted in t 
 gauge 5 feet 
 ture of Briti: 
 penditure W! 
 after, in 189 
 cent, of the 
 working am 
 century. 
 
 In 1S34 l\ 
 and the Lon 
 
 In Nova 5 
 
 10 
 
)ses of quarantine •• 
 on to pay for the I 
 tl with the staiioii | 
 nodern character 
 
 Canada also : the 
 •as called officiallv 
 vas called Canadi, 
 eneral Miirra\ to 
 :d Quebec in the 
 ^ was divided into 
 ion, the two were 
 ; terms used. In 
 ario. 
 
 : ; Champlain sur- 
 Ir, Mercier to he 
 
 ;ween two hfxlies 
 he inner harbours 
 Kebbec." 
 141, and destr(]yed 
 September, 1SS9. 
 s and des, roving 
 
 federacy, nu-i in 
 formed the basis 
 approval of ihc 
 ilatures and sane- 
 March, 1865 ; by 
 'he Imperial liill, 
 gnaChartaofthe 
 37, and was pro- 
 
 ' was a voluntary 
 oclamation being 
 r session of 1JS45 
 al holiday. 
 1 two professors 
 ) celebrate wiiich 
 Id in Kingston, 
 St University in 
 brace the ladies 
 medical colii'ije. 
 
 r in Canada was 
 
 id by GovtiMDi 
 
 was printed i>y 
 
 ly 23rd, 175.'. 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 US 
 
 Railway Annals-The agitation for Railways in British North America began 
 almost as soon as the success of George Stephenson's railway was assured. 
 One of the earliest efforts was made in St. Andrews, N.B., in 1827. two 
 t^i'L^'r T \:^%^ Stephenson had completed the first railway in England, 
 in i»28 John Wilson convened a public meeting in St. Andrews. N B 
 o discuss the question of a railway to Quebec. In 1832 Mr. Henry Fair' 
 bairn writing in thej/m(e>/ Ser^nce Journal, turned the attention of the 
 British public to the necessity of a railway system for British North 
 America. He said : I propose first to form a railway for waggons from 
 Quebec to the Harbour of St. Andrews, upon the Bay of Fundy-a route 
 which will convey the trade of the St. Lawrence in a single d.y to the 
 A lantic waters. In consequence of his efforts an association was formed 
 =„hJ^^u'"i T "A' °^ ?^- Andrews ; explorations were made and reports 
 submitted. In December, 1835, a deputation went to Quebec to bring the 
 question to the notice of the Government of the sister province. Resolu- 
 '^l if ""'^'^l; to the undertaking were adopted in the same month by 
 both Houses of the Lower Canadian Legislature. The Committees of Trade 
 in Quebec and Montreal appointed special committees to act in concert 
 with the delegation. In January, 1836, a delegation went to England, 
 carrying with them a petition to the King. Thelfova Scotian Legislature 
 passed a resolution similar to that passed by the Lower Canadian Legisia- 
 hl%f "f ^ Legislature of New Brunswick passed an Act incorporating 
 the St. Andrews & Quebec Railway Company. The Imperial Government 
 made a grant of / 10,000, to be expended in the exploration and survey of 
 the proposed line of raiUay from Quebec to St. Andrews. This survey 
 was placed under the control of Capt. Yule, an officer of the Royal Engi 
 neers, and work .vas begun on the 23rd July, 1836. At that time the 
 counry through which Capt. Yule prosecuted the surveys was held to be 
 wholly British territory. In 1837 the United States Government made 
 objections to the route proposed on the ground that they claimed part of 
 the territory. Notification of the fact was given to the Governor-General 
 ot Canada and to the Lieut. -Governor of New Brunswick, and orders were 
 sealed authorities to stop work until the boundary line was 
 
 In 1832 a charter was obtained from the Lower Canadian Legislature 
 for a railway from Laprairie, on the St. Lawrence River, to St. John's, on 
 the Richelieu. It was called the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railway, and 
 has the distinction of being the first passenger railway built in Canada. It 
 was opened on July 23rd, 1836, by Earl Gosford, the same day Capt. Yule 
 began his survey of the Quebec & St. Andrews Railway." The first 
 train consisted of four cars, drawn by horses, locomotive power being 
 adopted ,n the following year. The length of the line was 16 miles, and the 
 gauge stcet 6 inches. The first railway return presented to any Legisla- 
 ture of British North America was presented by this Company. The ex- 
 penditure was 777 percent, of the ^otal receipts in 1844. Fifty years 
 after, m 1894, the expenditure of all the railways of Canada was ;i per 
 cent of the receipts. Thus the proportion of receipts needed to meet 
 working and other expenses has been considerably reduced in the half 
 century. 
 
 In 1S34 two railways were incorporated in Upper Canada : the Coboure 
 and the London Gore-being the first for the Upper Canadian Province. 
 In Nova Scotia the first railway built was in 1839 (six miles in length) 
 10 
 
 i:^ 
 
146 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 to connect the Albion Coal Mines with the loading grounds on the siiores 
 of the (lulf of St. Lawrence. Locomotives were used. 
 
 In 1850 there were in what is now called the Dominion of Canadn 66 
 miles of railway, the results of 15 years of effort. 
 
 The year 1851 is a year to be remembered in the railway annals of tlv 
 Dominion ; (l) In thai year an Act was passed by '.he Canadian LeLnsla 
 ture, making provision for construction of a main trunk line through' ihc 
 two Canadas. (2) The Canadian Fail-vay Committee had under consider 
 ation a Bill, providing for the constiuction of a railway through Briii^h 
 territory in North America to the Tacific Ocean. (3) The battle royal of 
 the gauges was fought before the Canadian Railway Committee. (4) Dek'- 
 gates from the British North American provinces went to England to 
 arrange for the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. Thus in iS^i 
 began the movement whic^ has resulted in the Dominion possessing (a) a 
 general system of railways, numbering 136 ; (b) the Grand Trunk Railway 
 system (see Grand Trunk Railway,) by the amalgamation of 25 of these 
 with a mileage of 3,162 miles of line (rails laid) ; (c) the Canadian Govern- 
 ment Railway system with 1,372 miles ; (d) the Canadian Pacific Railway 
 system, in which are consolidated 22 railways, with 6,217 miles ; (c) 76 
 other separate railway organizations, formed by consolidations of 89 rail 
 ways, and having a mileage of 5,586 ; making, with five electric railway 
 _ (56 miles), a total of 16.387 miles. 
 Railways, Aid to— The first measure carried through the Canadian Legisla- 
 ture for affording governmental aid to railway enterprise was proposed by 
 Francis Hincks, 1849. 
 Railways, Aid given to in Canada, consists : (i) Of money grants : (a) by 
 the Federal Parliament ; (b) by the Provincial Legislatures ; (c) by the 
 Municipalities. (2) Loans ; (3) Government guarantees of interest ; (4) 
 Government issue of debentures by way of loan to railway companies ; (^) 
 Government guarantee of railway bonds ; (6) direct issue of Government 
 bonds to railways, with a first mortgage on the companies' properties : (7) 
 Imperial Government guarantee of capital ; (8) share capital locally dis- 
 tributed ; (9) land grants, (10) release of Government loans by placing 
 them behind other loans; (11) composition of Government claims; (12) 
 assumption by Government of liabilities ; (13) direct construction by tiov- 
 ernment ; (14) combined land and money grants. 
 
 In 1896 the total capital invested in Canadian railways was $^"99,817, 900 
 divided thus : Ordinary share capital, 28.43 per cent ; bonded debt, 37.36 
 per cent ; Dominion Government aid, 16.61 per cent ; preference share 
 capital, 11.70 per cent ; Provincial Government aid, 3.34 per cent ; Miin- 
 _ icipal aid, 1.60 p( <'nt ; other sources, 0.96 per cent. 
 Railway Bridge— The first to suggest the possibility of a railway bridge 
 across the St. Lawrence at Montreal was lion. John Young, of Montreal. 
 Railway Bridge— The first railway bridge across the St. Lawrence was the 
 Victoria bridge, near Montreal, opened in 1859. The second was the 
 Lachine bridge, above the rapids, opened 1886 ; the third was the Coteau 
 bridge, opened 1890, and the fourth was the Cornwall bridge, opened 
 1897. The latter is a Piatt truss over the south channel and a cantilever 
 over the north channel. The Plntt truss has three spans of -,70 feet each, 
 37 feet above high water. The bridge over the north or main channel has 
 a„..ii., .J.1..JJ. tn. . .n. .^nn.ti, la uu icct auuvc highest water, na5 .i "" 
 of 420 feet across the channel and two cantilevers of 210 feet each, 
 swing bridge is 240 feet long. 
 
as$!?99.8i7.90o,| 
 
 First Things in Canada. ,47 
 
 There are three brid,^»s across the Niagara River; the first, opened i„ 
 
 in^.xs, '!J?u "'.r^'""^"^ V'^^ '"^°"''> ^ cantilever bridge, was opened 
 in 1883, and the third, an arch bridge, was opened on Sept! z^h, 1897 
 
 The last has a span of 550 feet between the end piers, and a trussed 
 span at each end, 150 feet long, connects the arch with the bluff With 
 Its approaches the total length of the bridge is i, 100 feet. The centre of 
 A-!u ^u f^^* above the water. Seven million pounds of steel weie 
 used in the bu.l.hng of the arch. (.See •' Railways,'^ '« Victoria Bridge." 
 Coteau Bridge," " Suspension Bridge " and " Cantilever B Ige.") 
 lailway Mail Clerk-First was P. Purdon, who for 42 years (1854-96) has 
 been m charge of the mail oar between Niagara and London During tha? 
 time he hasrun about two million miles. He is the pioneer railway ma» 
 clerkof Ins Continent. The plan of sorting letters on the running train 
 was hrst adopted by the Great Western Railway of Canada, in 1S4 
 Railway mail service was first introduced into Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick, 1868; into Manitoba, 1880, and into British Columbia in 1884. 
 Wway Commission-Royal Commission on Canadian railways first ap- 
 pointed 14th August, 1886. The Commission was composed of Sir A. T 
 Gait (Chairmaii) ; C. Schreiber, G. Moberly, T. E. Kenny and E. R. 
 f T*"" ,T'^^C.°'"'^'f"'" ^.^Poi-tecl January, 1888, on the questions: (i) 
 of the advisalnhty of creating a commission with power to determine 
 matters in dispute between railway corporations, and generally to reeulate 
 the systeiM ot railway management in its relations to the commerce of the 
 country, and (2) as to the expediency of having a general railway law for 
 construcuon of railways instead of special charters. The Commissioners 
 reported ( i) as to the first question, that the Railway Comn^ittee of the Priw 
 Council would form the best possible railway tribunal for the Dominion if 
 Its powers were enlarged, and (2) as tc the second question, that a general 
 rail vay law would be more beneficial 10 the country than special cha.ters. 
 Ihe Report is 8a Vol. 9, Sessional Papers of 1888. 
 
 lilway Committee of the Privy Council, to regulate construction, crossing, 
 running, etc., of railways, provided for by Acts of 1888, 1893 and 1804 
 It consists of the Minister of Railways (Chairman) ; the Minister of Justice 
 and two or more other members of the Queen's Privy Council, with thr-e 
 for a quorum, and the Deputy Minister of Railways as Secretary. 
 The following shows the work for "the calendar year :— 
 
 189s 
 
 Matters submitted -g 
 
 Applications approved [[[ e~ 
 
 Dismissed or not approved o 
 
 Partly approved and partly not .' 4 
 
 Po'stponed at request of parties 2 
 
 Engineer to report, and parties to abide by 
 
 his decision i 
 
 Under consideration ...!... i 
 
 Hearing adjourned \\\ 
 
 Partially heard ,,,,,.!'.* 
 
 Case withdrawn _ _ ' 
 
 Case reconsidered ' ' " 
 
 Order varied 
 
 1896 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 » 
 
 2 
 I 
 I 
 
148 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 ft 
 
 
 Railway Development -In the year of Confederation (1867) there werel 
 2,087 miles of railway in the Dominion. The following table gives the 
 mileage by provinces for 1867 and 1896 : 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Quebec 
 
 New Brunsv'ick . . 
 Nova Scotia 
 Prince Edward . i 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 N. W. Territories 
 British Columbia. 
 
 and 
 
 1867 
 
 1,275 
 523 
 196 
 
 93 
 
 1896 
 
 6,568 
 
 3,159 
 
 1,420 
 
 916 
 
 210 
 
 1,474 
 
 1,780 
 
 860 
 
 Total 2,087 16,387 
 
 Railways incorporated by Provincial Governments were declared by crossing 
 or uniting with railways under Dominion charter to be brought unde 
 Dominion control by the Railway Act of 1879. 
 
 The provision in the Union Act, 1867, authorizing the Federal Govern 
 n<ent to declare railways, though wholly within a province, to be for th( 
 general benefit of Canadz. and thus made subject to the Legislativt 
 authority of the Federal Parliament, was first put into force by Act ol 
 Canadian Parliament in 1883. See Chap. 9, Vic. 42, ai d Chap ^1 
 Vic. 46. ' ^'' 
 
 Railways, Earliest -One of the earliest railways in Canada was one built am 
 in use in 1830, in Quebec, for the purpose of conveying stone from th( 
 wharves to the Cape for the construction of the Citadel. It was .nn in 
 clined railway, running up the sides of the clifTs, and was worked l,y 
 stationary engine at the foot of what is now the Allan line wharf Thera 
 , were two cars running on a double track, one car going up loaded and rh( 
 other coming down empty. ^ 
 
 Railways, Electric -{See Electric Railways.) 
 
 Railways, Land Grants— First grant of land in aid of railways in the North 
 West was made in 1880, in aid of the Canadian Pacific Railway Th( 
 , quantity set aside for the C.P.I vas 25 million acres ; of this quantin 
 6,793,or4 acres were purchase! :. n the Company by the Gover.imen 
 in March. 1886. Exclusive of the grant to the C.P.Ry., there have l)eei 
 32.257,200 acres of land alienated hy the Crown for the purpose of subsi 
 _ dizing railways in Manitoba and the North-West. 
 
 Railways— The original gauge adopted was 5 ft. 6 in. Commercial con 
 siderations brought about a change to the 4 ft. 8^ in. gauge;. In ail therf 
 are only 340 miles of railway in Canada having gauges other tha 
 
 _ 4 ft. 8}i in. 
 Railways, Horse-The first horse railway in Ontario was opened in iSid 
 between Queenston and Chippewa, in lieu of the former portage TW 
 charter was amended in 1852, and the line of railway (steam) was cstabl 
 hshed .hetween Niagara, on Lake Ontario, and Niagara Falls. The sum ol 
 $20,987 was issued in debentures by the Government for the horse railw.ii 
 prior to 1841, , ' 
 
 Railways— The Prst locomotive used in Upper Canada was on the Norihers 
 
 R.nil 
 
 -ilway, frotp Toronto to Rnsntford, opened Tune, igSj. 
 Railways-r-The first sod of the Northern Railway was turned in 1851 
 
 Nova Scotiaq 
 of the Ottawa 
 
 >f thJ 
 
 system, 1854 ; of the Crow's Nest Pass Ry., fuly 14th, iSo 
 & New York Ry., Aug. 23rd, 1897 ' • / t - ^ 
 
 Railways— Th 
 
 McGill. 
 
 [Railways— Pri 
 
 I l)elongs to 
 
 I in length. 
 
 Railways— Th 
 
 Co. was ihi 
 
 receive a 1 
 
 passed in i 
 
 Railway Ratt 
 
 Composed 
 
 Allison, to 
 
 unreasonab 
 
 Province of 
 
 ing in Wini 
 
 places. Tl 
 
 on the loih 
 
 Railway, Red 
 
 question sul 
 
 (confirming 
 
 the validity 
 
 Railway Co 
 
 Railway, th 
 
 Governmen 
 
 cross. Opi 
 
 question wa 
 
 branch of th 
 
 Railway Retui 
 
 vincial Legi 
 
 1844. The 
 
 the tons off 
 
 first railway 
 
 Canada's ri 
 
 24,266,825 t 
 
 Railway Statis 
 
 Minister of 
 
 Manager of 
 
 Railway SuHsii 
 
 mileage sub 
 
 was, on 1st 
 
 The total 
 
 this sum .$41 
 
 celled, leavii 
 
 three railwaj 
 
 subsidized h] 
 
 paid by Spec 
 
 years ; tweni 
 
 Railway Trans 
 
 authorized bj 
 
 [Railway Tunne 
 
 Readjustment o 
 
 tain provinci; 
 
 amounted to 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 1867) there wert 
 ig table gives the 
 
 149 
 
 ■^'jj^y?— The first President of any Canadian Railway was Hon. Peter 
 
 Railways—Prince Edward Island Railway was opened April 1871; It 
 belongs to the Dominion Government, is a narrow gauge, and is 210 miles 
 in length. 
 
 iRailways-The Qu'Apijelle, Long Lake & Saskatchewan Ry. and Steamboat 
 Co. was the first railway in the North-West, exclusive of the C P R to 
 receive a money subsidy from the Dominion Government, under Act 
 passed in 1889, Chap. 5. 
 
 Railway Rates Commission-Appointed by the Minister of Railways. 
 Composed of P. h. Archibald (Chairman), Wm. Pearce and W. H 
 Allison, to take evidence in the matter of complaints of exorbitant and 
 unreasonable passenger freight rates and of discrimination, in both the 
 1 rovince of Manitoba and the xNorih-West Territories, held their first meet- 
 ing m Winnipeg, 20th Noven ber, 1894. Sittings were held in eighteen 
 places. Their report was presented in Parliament by Hon. Mr. Haccart 
 
 P.il!LV o°lf o-^^' w^.V ^'i' ^°- 39. Vol. II. Sessional Papers, 1895 
 
 Railway Red River Valley-The Supreme Court of Canada, in answer to 
 question submitted by the Dominion Government, gave unanimous opinion 
 confirming the policy of the Dominion Government since 1883) affirmine 
 the validity of the Manitoban Statute conferring authority on Provincial 
 Kai way Commissioner to construct a railway across the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, the Commissioner hrst to obtain the approval of the Canadian 
 Government respecting mode and place of crossing before attempting to 
 Z?Z\ n """T g'^^n I^ecemher, ,888. The long disputed crossings 
 question was thus ended, and a " diamond " was placed on the South West 
 branch of the C.P.R., January 12th, 1889. 
 
 Railway Returns - The first railway return presented to the Canadian Pro- 
 vincial Legislature was by the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railway Co. for 
 1844- The number of passengers carried during the year was 27, 1 1 8, and 
 the tons of freight, 12 630 The total receipts for the year by Canada's 
 first railway amounted to $60,932. In 1896 the passengers carried by 
 ?f"^^V,/f''^^>'V"^">'^7'=d .14.810.407, and the tons of freight. 
 nuantil«D ■, '♦'^^A^^S.tons- The total receipts were $50,545,^69. 
 
 Sen ^^ZL^^Tpu''VT'-''U^ .875 .-^ki'^ile'xander Mackenzie, 
 there have heej {J'"'''" °r .u"r''^ ^V'^'^? including Railways. C. J. Brydges, Genera 
 p .,^^"%^^ «f ^he Intercolonial Railway, had the forms prepared 
 Railway Su1)sidies Act-The number of railways entiUed to receive cash 
 mileage subsidies under the Dominion Act of 1882, and subsequent Acts. 
 The Zlf •^"'^' ?^^' eighty-five representing 5,447 miles of railway 
 The total amount of the subsidies proposed was $43,087,6x7. Of 
 this sum $41,508 227 had been paid ; $748,169 had lapsed >r been can- 
 celled, leaving $831,221 of a balance outstanding. In addition, there were 
 three railways entitled to receive cash subsidiel of fixed amounts, three 
 
 paid by Special Acts of Parliament $80,000 each per annum for twenty 
 Rail^fJ V ■^"'.r\'^" '■^r'^'-'^y^ '^'^^'"^'^ subsidies in the form of land grants. 
 SorTTl'v^O r ^T'^ -^fates through Canada .0 United Stafes. first 
 authorucd by Order-in-Council, 1856. (See Bondinc.) 
 Kailwav Tunnel — ^S"" T,an""i ^ 
 
 KeadjustmentofProvinciaiBebts-(i) When the Union was formed cer- 
 tain provincial debts were assumed by the Dominion government. These 
 amounted to $77,500,000, the old province of Canada's share be ng $62 
 
 16,387 
 
 clared by crossin, 
 be brought unde 
 
 ; Federal Govern 
 nee, to be for th' 
 
 the Legislativi 
 ) force by Act 
 J, and Chap. 24 
 
 1 was one built am: 
 Ig stone from th« 
 ;1. It was an in 
 
 was worked by a 
 ne wharf. Thert 
 up loaded and th( 
 
 tvays in the North 
 c Railway. Th( 
 ; of this 
 the Gov 
 , there hi.._ . ., 
 purpose of siibsij 
 
 Commercial con 
 lugvi. In ail then 
 uges other tha 
 
 opened in iSj^ 
 er portage. Th 
 steam) was rsta 
 J'alls. The sumo] 
 
 the horse railwa 
 
 on the Northeril 
 
 1 in 1850 ; iif th 
 ,July 14th, 1S9; 
 
ISO 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 500,000; that of ISova Scotia, $8,000,000, and that of Nev- Bru-iswi ki 
 $7,000,000. Hon. Joseph liowe, A. W. Mclxlan at:-! E. M McDo r" 
 eading men of the Anticonfeciorate Party of Nova Scotia, stronglv objected 
 'V «-?k'' m""-' ^"i'"ge?"^"'s made for their province under secuo,. , , 
 menniH ,h^T" ^^\"^ 'f 7. iuul their complaints to the British govj. 
 ment led the Imperial authorities to place up.M> Sir John Macdonaid the 
 duty o reconciling the Anticonfed^.-ate Partj U' Nova Scotia to the Tin 
 
 (2) In accomplishment of the task conferences were heir! and a re' 
 arrangement of the financial basis agreed upon. J^a Joiuith-.a called 
 upon Mr. Howe to join the govern.n.nt. Mr. ilowe aco-Jing wa 
 pointed President of the Privy Council and his sr ,t H.ame vu .n 
 Offering ^or rejection for Hants County he war- returned ly a maiorwvo; 
 
 Scotta "t ' r^^ ^f'A f"^ 'fe ''"'^'"g ""^ "An Act relating to Nova 
 acotia, b'tiig t.hu 2, Act 'A i86g, 
 
 (3) In con'«.|uence ..J ,he creation of Manitoba and the admission 
 other provinc^-. . .Am Act; and Orders-in-Council were pasv d ; 
 
 (a) Mamto'a.ict, 1870 Chap. 3 (consult Sections 24 ^id 25.) 
 ;"l'."\'T'^*"'»'r"^.'-^C- page 84, Statutes of Canada, 1872. 
 {c} P. E. Island O.C. page 14, Acts of 1873. 
 
 (4) Agitation sprang up in the provinces of Ontario and Q.,>el,ec acainsi 
 payment of interest on the sum of io>^ million dollars (by wi,ich amoun 
 the actual debt of the old Province of Canada exceeded its allowed " 
 
 Ac, Chap. 30 Acts of 1873, to re-ad ust the amounts payable to and 
 
 AcTs^o" 8V/rZi;''?''"'' P'7'-""^' ^"PP'-'^"ted by ?:h'ap. 4 cVt 
 acts of i»»4 relating to arrears of interest. 
 
 (5) These Acts and Orders-in-Council contain the authority under which 
 the sums mentioned below were assumed or allowed by the Dominion an 
 by such act became part of the federal debt. """"ion ann 
 
 Provincial debts at the time of Confederation assumed .... $77, coo (X)o 
 
 Debts subsequently assumed or allowed :— ^//,500,'Joo 
 
 Nova Scotia (Better terms, 1869) i iSfi 7cfi 
 
 Old Province of Canada, 1873. • 10 06 08 
 
 Province of Ontario. ........... ^'«?S'2 
 
 Quebec 2,S4S,2S9 
 
 vucuec. 2,540,214 
 
 Nova Scotia 2 il, n:o 
 
 New Brunswick i ; ; i ; ; ; fii^'°ll 
 
 Manitoba VttVU 
 
 British Columbia 2o2'w2 
 
 Prince Edward Island [', 4,'884,02j 
 
 "^"'^^ $I09,43^8| 
 
 First armed rebellion against the Federal power was h. aded byf 
 
 <i 
 (( 
 (( 
 II 
 l( 
 
 Rebellion 
 
 p. • "feu.i.oi luc i'cucrai power was 
 
 Kiel, whose first overt act was the seizure of Fort Garry, Novc 
 i»f)9 In a lecture delivered by Lord Wolseley (Decembe- 
 stated that " his small army for the crushing out of this rebel); 
 of artillery, infantry ar,' engineers. (The Canadian f 
 this expedition numb , at first 750 men, afterwards ii 
 
 ^^-^ •■■^ 'ii'v-'i. ■ j\v tiicy Were to get to fort 
 
 gested that they should go round by the way of the Nok, 
 ultimately decided to start from Canada. The route 
 
 CO 
 
 .tv 
 
 ■I 24th, I 
 
 ■ Oh'tisl 
 
 '. :!-■ .iistedl 
 
 cted with] 
 
 i CO 1,000). 
 
 Some sug-j 
 
 , but it wasl 
 
 X) miles inf 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 151 
 
 of New Bru'.iNwt kl 
 E. M. McDo,.*,.,.,, 
 a, strongly objected 
 iiiier sections in 
 the British govLfn 
 )hn Macdonaid the] 
 cotia to the I .ion, 
 re heW and a re 
 I Jo'i-n th'Mi called 
 aC':'»Jing wa., a,!- 
 it !»eoame v-vc;<ni. 
 -d by a majoFiiy 01 
 severe fracturJ of 
 ;t relating to Nova 
 
 the admission of 
 pas^ .d ; 
 24 id 25.) 
 lada, 1872. 
 
 nd Q\i':bec against 
 (by wirlch amount 
 1 its allowed dibt 
 culminaied in an 
 ts payable to and 
 by Chap. 4 of the 
 
 lority under whichl 
 ;he Dominion and! 
 
 $77,500,0001 
 
 
 1,186,756 
 
 
 10,506,089 
 
 
 2,848,289 
 
 
 2,549.214 
 
 
 2,343.059 
 
 
 1,807,720 
 
 
 3,775-606 
 
 
 2,029,392 
 
 
 4,884,023 
 
 ...$109,430,148 
 
 r was 
 
 h,.aded by 
 
 Novi 
 
 '- T 24th, 
 
 ;mbe 
 
 •)) it IS 
 
 :bel); 
 
 . ;u. .sisted 
 
 ■* cri 
 
 cted with 
 
 
 CO 1,000). 
 
 -'y 
 
 Some sug- 
 
 Tolf, 
 
 but it was 
 
 va'> (■ 
 
 a") miles in 
 
 \nd a greater portion of the w.iy was nothing but a howling wild- 
 with a large number of lakes. From start to finish there was a 
 
 a way he 
 
 lengll 
 eine'-'; 
 
 grea; tiish, and men, who were only half fed, had to work in 
 (Wolseluy) had never before or since witnessed. Owing to the difificulties 
 they met with, the clothes the men wore became very disreputable and 
 as the flour which they carried was used up the bags were used to mend 
 Jhe ?eali o' their breeches. He was told before starting that the country 
 w,i' so ba.l that the expedition would never reach its destination, and that 
 it vas a crime to lead the men into such danger. He replied, 'I have 
 been rold to go to Fort Garry, and you may take your oath that we shall 
 get then-.' From start to finish the only stimulant the men had was tea, 
 and noi a man was lost." 
 
 The second rebellion, like the first, was headed by Kiel. On March 
 22nd, 1885, .Sir John Macdonaid received a dispatch stating that Kiel and 
 40 men had seized the mail bags at a way office near Duck Lake, in the 
 Prince Albert District, (ieneral Middleton, after having an interview 
 with the Minister of Militia, on the 23rd March left for Winnipeg, 
 arriving there March 27th. Active operations had been begun by 
 Honourable Edgar Dewdney, who on the 23rd called out the 
 90th (Winnipeg) Battalion and the Field Battery ; the Hudson Bay 
 Company taking charge of the commissariat and doing the work splen- 
 didly. A great military ardour flamed up all over Canada. Over 5,000 
 Canadians volunteered and were sent forth with most enthusiastic demon- 
 strations. The rebellion was stamped out. Riel was captured, tried and 
 hanged on November i6th, 1885. This event caused an explosion of race 
 feeling among French Canadians, which exercised considerable influence 
 in the Province of Quebec in the general elections of 1887 as in the 
 previous Provincial elections of 1886. 
 
 Before Confederation on two occasions troops had to be sent to Fort 
 Garry. Owing to dissatisfaction in the settlement and to " American " 
 intrigue, a body of regular troops was sent out from England in 1846, 
 under command of Col. J. F. Crofton, consisting of 383 persons, covering 
 detachments from the 6th Foot, the Royal Artillery and the Engineers. 
 These troops returned to England in 1848, and were succeeded by a corps 
 of 56 soldiers. In 1857, too men of the Royal Canadian Rifles were sent 
 to Fort Ctarry by way of Hudson Bay, like the others in 1846 and 1848. 
 Reciprocity with United States, Efforts made to secure— Efforts have been 
 made from time to time by Canada, both before and since Confederation 
 to secure reciprocity with the United States, the principal steps taken 
 being as follows : — 
 
 1. The Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada passed address 
 to the Imperial Government to open negotiations with the United 
 States for reciprocity in free admission of goods from either country to 
 
 the other. 1847 
 
 2. The Canadian Legislature reduced duties on imports from the United 
 States from I2>^ to 7>^ per cent., and raised duties on British goods 
 from 5 to 7>'2 per cent. United States did not respond 1847 
 
 3. The Canadian Legislature enacted that certain products of United 
 States should be admitted free, when United States admitted similar 
 goods free from Canada. United States House of Representatives 
 passed similar law, but Senate would not accept it 1849 
 
 4. Sir F. Hincks visited Washington on behalf of Canadian provinces in 
 favour of reciprocity. United States Senate refused to act 1850 
 
152 
 
 5- 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 8. 
 
 9- 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 Reciprocity Treaty negotiated by Lord Elgin o 
 
 Reciprocity Treaty came into force. . „54 
 
 ^Zi^:f^^ ^^^'^'^'^"^ Tr.ty;gi;;n'by United Siates;"^" 
 
 S°"'^ ^.''"^ ""^"'^ according' u,' notice giVen b; " Uniied'^^^ 
 
 Hop^W^'a \f ^^T- \ ^'- '^'^^'^'^"^' 'f^°">* "i^^ovince" of c;nada' '^^'^ 
 Hon W. A. Henry from Nova Scotia and Hon. A. J. Smith from 
 New Brunswick were sent to Washington to co-operltewihsp 
 
 S'Ssr:'derner:.:"."^^^"^' ^'--^' -^ rWoc^sifttt:.: 
 
 10. In the first session after Confederation the Parh'amentoV Canada en" '^^'^ 
 acted that certain products of United States should Eeadmhted free 
 
 gLlstrame'r;.:'^".:':!."""^^ '""^''^^'^'^ ^-"- ^-'f^" 
 
 11. Sir J. Rose was sent by Canadian Government to " Washinel^n' io ' 
 co-operate with Sir E. Thornton. British Minister, in neeotradn^ 
 reciprocity treaty. United States would nnt =,p...»"L"„ "^?°"^""S 
 
 12. 
 
 reciprocity treaty United States would not accept proposair ^ sr,o 
 Sir [ Macdonald and his British colleagues on the ioinfSimnission" ^ 
 which negotiated the Washington treatyT proposed t£ thrrecTprocU; 
 
 „ Si''^rJ'^c''"'''l?'''^- y^''^'^ stales Commissionerrre7used^S7. 
 13. The United Sates National Board of Trade petitioned Congress 'for 
 
 ^SlylS^!;^^^^ ^-^°-'^ AdUistratloSSnS; 
 
 woffSof rafi^it . "". '''T :^." '''''' ''' '"' U-'ed"staTef S? 
 15. The Customs tariff Act, inaugurating the Natioii'ai Policy' 'offered 
 access free or at reduced duty to certain United States productrif 
 Umted States acted similarly with Canadian goods . '^ '''' '%,„ 
 
 '^" Sw?^?/'' "^Tf- ?^J'- ^"''"g »" co'njunction'wi'ti,' V^'skcic^ili;'^^^ 
 V, est (afterwards Lord Sackville)and Rt. Hon. Jos. Chamoerlain B 
 ish Plenipotentiaries to negotiate treaty at VVashingtonTs 'o fisheWe 
 etc., proposed to discuss arrangements for greater freedom of com 
 mercial intercourse as part of settlement. United States Plen/pote^' 
 
 1874 
 
 18. 
 
 tiaries refused to discuss tariff question 
 
 Treaty negotiated by above mentioned commissioners was signed' U,V 
 
 United States Senate refused to ratify it. signed, but 
 
 I h#» Ant. i_ __1 .1 y~t ' 
 
 ^' Jin f ''^^'"^"^ the Customs Act renewed offer to m^k^ ^^rta n 
 goods free on reciprocal act on by United States fhp lilf^t .• i 
 
 being somewhat changed ^. . . ^'' ^^^ '"' °^ ^'''^^^^ 
 
 20. Suggestions were made by Canada throiieh the' 'Rrit;'«h'^>*,tV^,'-;-* " V " 
 inclusion with Newfoundland in arrangement's a.TiSl"^"!:^"^ 
 
 1S88 
 
 etc., with United States 
 
 arrangements as to fisheries, trade, 
 ine United States authorities replied that 
 
 21, 
 
 r!^T ^"^."?r'"'' ^^^^ ^""^^^ ^°"'d be conside ed. . "^ ,Sqo 
 
 Canadian Ministers were sent to act with the British Ambass'a'dor' in ^ ^ 
 informal meetings with United States Ministers to disrusfques ion 
 between the two countries. The meetings w-. no°noJed L? rv " 
 Stales authorities "' rO-P"necl by bmtcd 
 
 22. Some of the Canadian Ministers," with" ihe 'Bd'tish 'Amba^sadoV, 'had 
 
 1S91 
 
 24. 
 
 informal ini 
 fisheries, Ik 
 procity in t 
 States Mini 
 other count 
 The Custor 
 reduce duti 
 for similar ( 
 Hon. Sir R 
 an informa 
 of Marine ; 
 ington Gov 
 
 Regatta— The 
 
 Religious Ord 
 1604. His 
 off in a pati 
 River, got 1 
 dead than a 
 did not rei 
 during the 
 says "The 
 between th( 
 their comin 
 John, at Ca 
 pedition to 
 of him in h 
 the great la 
 having beei 
 turned the ; 
 Canada the 
 fully as mu( 
 and Hospit 
 in 1657, sec 
 the growth 
 
 Regina — Name 
 Territories, 
 
 Registration 
 mission thrc 
 istralion ap 
 Feb. 1st, 18 
 letters. In 
 
 Religious Com 
 telling aboi; 
 homes in C 
 Cur6 attack 
 Controversj 
 ducted mori 
 
 Representatiot 
 accordance 
 of 1882. S 
 On 8th Me 
 opposing tl 
 Negatived, 
 
'854 
 
 1855 
 
 nited States, 
 
 1865 
 
 by United 
 1866 
 
 of Canada, 
 Smith from 
 
 with Sir F. 
 •city treaty. 
 
 1866 
 
 Canada en- 
 i mined free 
 ir Canadian 
 
 •-■• 1S68 
 
 shington to 
 
 negotiating 
 
 'sals iSfig 
 
 :omniission, 
 ; reciprocity 
 
 refused 1S71 
 
 Congress for 
 I in Council 
 
 1872 
 
 kVashington 
 negotiating 
 ates Senate 
 
 •....1874 
 
 cy, offered 
 jroducts, if 
 
 ■•••, '^79 
 
 aty bearinj^ 
 
 ■ 1885 
 
 • Sackville 
 irlain, Brit- 
 o fisheries, 
 n of com- 
 'lenipoten- 
 
 1887 
 
 signed, but 
 
 1888 
 
 ke certain 
 of articles 
 
 1888 
 
 lorities tor 
 ies, trade, 
 ;plied that 
 
 1 890 
 
 assador in 
 s question 
 by United 
 
 . . 1891 
 
 iador, had 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 •S3 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 informal mterviews with United States Ministers at Washington as to 
 fisheries, boundaries, wrecking, and other matters in dispute Reci- 
 procity in trade was mentioned but no action was taken, the United 
 States Ministers holding that similar tariffs and discrimination against 
 other countries including the United Kingdom were essential.. 1802 
 
 The Customs tariff Act of 1894 proposed in several clauses to rem'it or 
 reduce duties on various article^ produced by United States in return 
 
 for similar concessions to Canada ,Oq. 
 
 lion. Sir Richard Cartwright, Minister of Trade knd Comnierce,' paid 
 an informal visit, w.th Hon. Mr. (now Sir Louis) Davies, Minister 
 of Marine and l-isheries, to see what could be done with the Wash- 
 ington Government o^ 
 
 RegatU— The first regatta was held in ilalifax HarbourVfuIy" igth ' 1826 
 
 Religious Orders— The first priest to arrive in Canada was Pere D'Aub'rev 
 Ito4. His first experience was not of the most agreeable sort. He went 
 off in a patache to explore the coast of Nova Sco'tia near the Metachan 
 River, got lost, wandered about for seventeen days, and was found more 
 dead than alive. In 161 1 three Jesuits landed at Fort Royal, Acadia, but 
 did not remain long In 1615 the RecolletS arrived at Ouebec, and 
 during the period of their stay they did good exploratory work. Roberts 
 says rhey were the first of Europeans to pierce the wilderness lying 
 between the St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy. Within five years of 
 their coming we find their sandalled feet on the Nepi^'nuit and on the' St 
 John, at Cape Sable, and at Fort Royal. When Champlain made his ex- 
 pedition to the Huron country, the Recollet Father le Caron went ahead 
 of him m his zeal, and was thus the first to carry the cross to the tribes of 
 the great lakes. In 1625 three Jesuits came out to (Juebec, one of them 
 having been first sent m 1611 to Port Royal. Acadia. This famous Order 
 turned the zeal of its disciples m the direction of the West, and began in 
 Canada the career which has contributed to cover their name with renown 
 fully as much as their deeds in other quarters of the globe. The Ursulines 
 and Hospitaheres arrived in Quebec in 1639. The Sulpicians came over 
 in 1657, secured the prize of Ville Marie (Montreal) and have grown with 
 the growth of that City into a wealthy corporation. 
 
 Regina— Named and made the seat of Government for the North-West 
 Territories, August 23rd, 1882. 
 
 Registration of Letters-The plan. of registering money letters for trans- 
 mission through the Canadian post offices was expanded so as to make reg- 
 istration applicable to any letter without reference to its special contents 
 teb. 1st, 185s During the first year there were carried 3SO,cxxD registered 
 letters. In 1896 these numbered 3,505,500. ^cgisierea 
 
 Religious Controversy-First introduced into Canada in 1604. Champlain 
 telling about the first band of colonists that ever crossed the ocean to build 
 homes in Canada, says : "I have seen the Minister (Huguenot) and our 
 Cur^ attack each other with their fists upon the difference of religion " 
 Controversy of this kind in later times has followed pugilism, bein| con- 
 ducted more with lUe mouth than w "th the fists. 
 
 Representation in the House of ^ mmons-The first readjustment in 
 accordance with the provisions • Constitution was made in the Session 
 
 ot i»S2. Sir John Macdonald _;ave notice of the Bill. 21st A...r;i .ks- 
 On 8th May he moved second reading. Mr. Blake moved at^endmenL 
 opposing the Bill, becaused it mterfered with municipal organizations 
 Negatived, iii to 51. Mr. Mills moved amendment, opposing interfer- 
 
154 
 
 I'lH'/i liiiNGs IN Canada. 
 
 ence with exisiinn arrangements. Negatived, 112 to 52. On 12th Mavl 
 
 mi p""l' -^^f ""^'i °" ^'"'^ '^"^ "*■'''= ^3 divisions Se 
 motion passe.l. The second readjustment (1892) reduced the numh.T f 
 representat.ves l,y ,wo, one Inking taken from Nova Scotia, wo from vJ 
 
 a'lEroftwo,""'^ '"" ''""'^'-' ^'"^"^'- ' •^ileManTobrhaJa;! 
 
 Zn , 1 / ^^ commissions and instructions issued by the Sover 
 
 o^^H I " '^ ^"vernors on their appointment. Upper and Lower Can , a 
 and l^nush Columbia were provided with these assemblies by Statu?" / 
 the IiTiperial Tarliament. ^ oiduut^ u 
 
 ^*'''s" t!'' '^"^T?.;!^?' P ''"" vV ^\Tf ''y '^' ^^"''^'^ Government to Nova 
 h,t n A*^^ ;,, , "'f •'''T'^ ''"""'' '" '769 (the first assembly meet 
 n,g in Aug., 1773), and to New IJrunswick after its establishment .ns a 
 separate province in 1784 (the first assembly meeting in 1786). Upper 4, 
 Lower Canada received theirs in 1791 by Act of Parliament Vancouv 
 ii in IIT ril '" '^r "l' '"'^""f ^'^'"'^> ^he first Legislature n;' 1 
 b;'lmpe'r]ai Srlttue!"""''"' """'^' ' Representative Ass^embly in iSj^l 
 The story how Nova Scotia received h r Representative Assembk so 
 early IS interesting. John I'ownall, Secreu.ry to the Lords of Tmie^' 
 Plantations (a body corresponding to the present Colonial office) ha ij,., , 
 siderable experience with the New England Colonies arcoadUnrf 
 Jonathan Bdcher. When Belcher went^ to NovT Scotia ?oS i ' 
 London, kept u,j correspondence with his old friend in Halifax and on on 
 occasion expressed to Belcher, then Chief Justice, doubts abou" Z 
 
 i'n^'V ,r T^.^T7 "^ '^' F"""^''- These doubts having been concLed 
 in by the Chief Justice, Pownall, as Secretary of the Board wlote 
 
 on^IheTe';,.^."''"''' f !! "I'^'^ "P"" '^' Chief Justice to prepare aTem 
 on the legal bearing of the clause in ,he Royal instructions to GoJernor 
 Lawrence, which gave the Governor " lull power and authority to sumZ 
 and call general as;semblies of the freehol ers and planters whhin our 
 government, accordin , V the nsn.ge of th .est of ou? Co onies and P 
 tations in America." i ho Ch... Justice, .nemo was .ransmi t2d by he 
 Governor to the Lords ot Trade and Plantations, in Janua^ mc ^ Bv 
 them It was submitted to the law officers of the C own (one S'them after^ 
 wards Lord Mansfield), v,:.. .ave their opinion thaf the " Governor nd 
 Council of Nova Scotia .-e not authorized I y His Majesty to mT Aw 
 till there can be an Assembly. " This is dated April acnh, 17CC O. \ul 
 7th 1 755, the Lords of Trade and Plantations wrn". to Govern "Lawince 
 Maief '^ rh^Vr ''^^'^<^.^^\'hat " you will i:. ..diately consu t whh 1 : 
 Majesty s Chief [ustice in what manner >n assembly can be most nrODer iv 
 
 thTer ' ' EWrn;!;"t'he7-^ " r " "■^"^'" y'^^ opinioTanHI'S 
 nereon. Evidently the king's busi- re., ed haste. But appare itlv 
 here was unwillingness on the part the vernor and his Counc ito 
 
 anu" v"i7?7 XTh° r'' '°r' "^ '.''"' ^^'''''''- '' was not Hll i 
 January, 1757, that the Council p.issed the " proposed Constitutioi ■! the 
 
 unatrciate J^eb. 7th, 1758, administer a wigg ng to the Governor • " Hnvln. 
 so often and so fully repeated to you our sinse and opinion o?°h; prop, 
 
 and necpssitv of the •n°""i!r/- »-L---~ r-i -i 1 ■• >^' i">- jjiopii ij 
 
 i.c u^;" ■ ■ \t ■ "^•.•■••'rc J«!^'"{i pUi;c, it only remains ior us to direct 
 
 ts being carried iruo immediate execution, that His Majesty's sub c 
 
 (great part of whom are alleged to have quitted the provincf on account 5 
 
First TiiiNns in Canada. 
 
 »55 
 
 the great discontent prevailing for want of an Asseml.ly) may no loncer be 
 deprived of that privilege, which was promised to them by His Majesty 
 when the settlement of the colony was undertaken, and was one of the 
 conditions upon which they accepted the proposals then made We 
 think it of indispensable necessity thai it shoidd be mw,frfjVj/d-/y carried 
 into execution. -^ 
 
 On the 20th May the (Jovernor brought this sharp despatch before his 
 Council, nnd all arrangements having been made, the first Legislative 
 Assembly lu Canada met at Halifax, on the and October, 1758, to take 
 their share in making the laws of the province. After organizing, their 
 hrst resolution, passed unanimously, was that they would all serve without 
 monev remuneration for that Session. 
 Responsible Government -From the year of the concuK ,., 1759 until 1701 
 what now constitutes the two Provinces of Ontario and Ouebec constituted 
 between these ) arstheold Province of Quebec. Th.- Imperial Ac- of 1791 
 created the Provinces of Upper and Losver Canada, and it was the hrst Act 
 which was passed by the Imperial Parliament conferring full an<l liberal 
 powers upon a colony. These two provinces we;e the first of the colonies in 
 which a Legislature was established by the Imperial Parliament. Our 
 country is memorable in that respect, as being the first of the colonies of the 
 l.mpireto wt ch a Legislature was granted in that way. There was also an 
 authority expt ssed in the Act of 1791 which was of very great moment • 
 that was that e should be an Executive Conndl for the mauaeement of 
 the affairs of eu Province. The question of Kesponsil)le Oovernment 
 .'mated from tht^e few words in the Constitutional Act of 1791. That 
 ciucstion was serio agitated for many years, from 1836 onwards. It 
 
 rose to prominem ',e time of .Sir Francis Bond Head, and was con- 
 
 tinued until the first session f 1841, when the two provinces were reunited 
 A resolution, affirming th- lability of Responsible Government, was 
 mtroduced and carried, Ru, Baldwin being the man deserving to be had 
 in remembrance for the principle thus engrafted into our political life. 
 (See "Govt., Responsible.") 
 Retrocession of the waters of Lake Superior ; f^rst mentioned in Alexander 
 Tackenzie s Voyaices, 1788-89. He says : "The waters at Grand Portage 
 withdrew with great precipitancy, leaving ground dry that had never 
 oefore been visible, the fall being e.|ual to four peroendicular feet, and 
 rushing liack with great velocity abo^ the common mark. It continued 
 thus, rising and falling for several ..ours, gradually decreasine. till it 
 stopped at its usual height." 
 Rifle Association, Dominion, first formed in 1867. Colonel Botsford was 
 the first President, holding the office till 1871. Representatives from all 
 .he provmces first met, Septemb r ist, i88o. The gathering was in 
 Ottawa, and British Coluir hia was, for the first time, represented by a body 
 of riflemen. ' 
 
 River St. Lawrence first opened for use of all nations in 1849. 
 River St John— The first settlement on the River St. John, New Brunswick, 
 was at Beau Bear Fort, and the i t at Gimross. The first real settle- 
 ment was where the Oromocto River falls into the Si. John. The principal 
 settlement of early • mes was at St. Ann's (Fredericion). Report by Col. 
 Bruce, on ti" clearnl lands of the St. Tohn River. ?;ir.. 24(h '■■^6x 
 Roads--The fix- road built in New France was cunstructed'by de Coiircelles, 
 1665, from "the foot of the Current" to Chambly, 16 miles in length. 
 Before 173 \ there were roads in the immediate neighborhood of the three 
 
156 
 
 First Thinos in Canada. 
 
 citfes of Montreal, Qu<i .c and Three Rivers, but in 1731 the inlervenm,. 
 
 has a, each »„ a '.^cC'^^^Sl'^.JlT.'',^:^^^^^^^^ 
 the „uKi<Ie cymder. On eaeh .rack b a pi.,f,„„ "„ wl eeh On , " 
 place,! the mo.i.e |»,we,, which consists !,! ,wo jo horse power h„, 
 (four ,„ all). l)r,.,„B |,e|,s connect the wheels with hich BreTreJ^im. 
 When set in motion the result is similar to the ncii™ „7,'i .?^ "' 
 
 UnUe1i'KinSl„,;[,X" ""' '" '""" ""'" "''»'''""" '" "■' 
 
 """N.bTiT " ''°'='"' "" Ladies-Firs, instituted in St. Stephen, 
 
 ts restricted to those who have attended the tSueje .s%a ,i """'""'"I' 
 y.iw6on, v^.ivi.u., and the 1st vice-nres dent linn P 1 nu •' i^i 
 
 
FrRST TiUNos IN Canada. 
 
 157 
 
 literature, with history, archxolotjy an<l allied sul.jects (3) mathematical, 
 chemical and physical suhjects, and (4) geoIoKical and botanical sciences. 
 1 he normal strength of each ot the four sections is 25 members. The 
 last meci nig (1897) was held in Halifax ; in connection with it was the 
 Cal)ot Cell hraiion. 
 
 Ro7al Visits to Canada-The first visit of a member of the Royal House of 
 , (.uelph was in 1787 when the Dukt- of Clarence can.e. This was 2S years 
 alter the Con<|Uf,,t and 25 years after the Treaty of Paris bv which Can- 
 ada wasceded to (Ireat Britain by France. The Duke of Kent, Oueen 
 Victoria s father, arrived at (,)uebec on August 8th, 1791, from (Jibraltar 
 in command of the 7th Royal Fusiliers and remained three years. He 
 returned to Canada in 1799 as Commander-in-Chief at Halifax. The 
 I iince of Wales visited Canada in i860, Prince Alfred in 1861 and again 
 in 1 878. ! rincess Louise came in 1878. Prince Leopold and the Duke of 
 Connaught a.so visited Canada, the latter (for the second time) in 1890. He 
 and his consort came from England by way of China and [apan. 
 
 baWe Island—When first known this dark isle of mourning was 40 miles 
 long by 2}4 miles wide. It has shrunk in sizeqnd now is not more than 22 
 miles long by one mile wide. It is the centre and meeting place of three 
 great ocean currents. The Gulf Stream going east passes to the south. 
 Ihe great arctic current flowing past the Labrador co.ast is divided at the 
 Strait of Belle Isle. The main portion passing down the e.ist coast of 
 Newfouridland is deflected, on reaching the "grand banks," to the west- 
 ward and passes along the coast of Nova Snotia between Sable Island and 
 the mam land. Another portion of the arctic current pours into the CJulf 
 of the St. Lawrence through the Strait of Belle Isle and, being joined by 
 . the ocean-ward moving waters of the River St. Lawrence, passes out be- 
 tween Cape Breton and Newfoundland and is deflected westward by the 
 mam arctic current. The conflicting currents produce swirls and eddies 
 —a Sargasso sea of sands, instead of sea weeds- in the centre of which is 
 Sable Island, round and round which rush the currents of water without 
 regard to the winds. Naturally the ice-cold currents of the north imping- 
 ing against the tropic-heated waters of the Culf Stream produce fogs during 
 all the year-— the kind of fo? sailors mean when they say you could " cut it 
 with a knife." The changes in the atmosphere produce violent storms. 
 The result of this combination of the powers of darkness is that Sable 
 Island is the centre of the greatest wreck region in the Atlan'ic Ocean 
 A list published in the Royal Society's (Canada) Transactions for 1894 in 
 connection with a valuable paper on Sable Island contributed by Rev. 
 George Patterson shows 187 known wrecks to have occurred on and 
 around Sable Island. About icx) lives have been lost there since 1848. 
 The Portuguese originally named it Santa Cruz. An early Italian 
 cartographer names it (1548) Isolla del Arena, roaniius Freire, a Portu- 
 guese map maker (1546), called it I. de Sable. The fs'ind has been writ- 
 ten about by navigators of the far past like Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Cham- 
 plain, Lescarbot, DeLaet, etc. Hon. Joseph Howe made it the theme of 
 ^nJ'^^"^' ^^' ^' ^^''"^'■^' ('ilpin some years ago wrote for Harper's 
 Magazine an interesting account of a visit he made to the island. \Vm. 
 Smith, for many years the efticient deputy head of the Marine and Fish- 
 eries Deoartnient at Ottawa- mnfriKi.toH /iSn->\ -.r. art;-.i~ ... »k« t ,-^-n 
 
 ruauhcal Magazine. Capt. Darby, for over 30 years superintendent of 
 the Humane Establishment on the island, contribute-"' an excellent account 
 to Blunt's Coast Pilot. Dr. T. C. Tache's pamphlet published in 1882 is 
 the fullest account there is r the island. 
 
'58 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 men, proposecfto be .ade 1r^M::LJ:rT;Zll^T^ 
 tressed and the preservation of protDertv " In iSn, V if °'. f"^ dis- 
 Boston loaded with flour was wrecked o" the Ishnd rP 'J'P ^T 
 voted ^600 a year to maintain three famines on Sltnd to'.it''"' ' 
 
 lishments passed under th'e clfJoT^o^theV ' e 'af^Aut^ltl "'7^?^' 
 
 in Boston presented the (io.ernln, f Novalot a n .So .K^''^^^^^^ 
 
 balt-The hrst works for the manufacture of salt were established hv-^.,» 
 Simcoe in the Township of Louth, Upper CanadT ^70. T. •"^ ^;'°^^^"°': 
 
 the upper bed is reached at about qcx) feet rom th^ sSr ace in PnH f 
 salt was forty feet thick and w^rsucceederty -ck' o\o 30 fLuhL^' 
 
 Salvation Army-First made their appearance in Canada in September 18S2 
 The inyadmg force consisted of one sergeant and 40 soldiers Th: 
 began Us attacks upon British Columbia at Victorif in 1887 ' '^' 
 
 S?„°.°T'" 1"^' '?' 'V"8 °f *■'»»= W an ordinance es.ablished for New 
 
 through .horn the regiara.bnsSSe I ;«„ pr„S" d tn'Td ',7h '^VrF"" 
 Cou„e,l convened a n.eelinfi of ,he inhalnE o/ Q„ebl?,ydedde ™ 
 
 t ^^T;::^ 'in ™/",'e'Tvohr/-' "''■/ "^ "'™° '"' 
 
 vessels. If the captam of a vessel did not t^ll .h» -•^---i"---- -- " • 
 
 E5?"'s^;v;7rxf;^"'c'" penalty p;ovided-w;isth; i,;znS 
 
 irom i»is to 1821 the Government appointed public vr.ccinator. 
 
toil "astatemrni 
 lo on an establish- 
 
 relief of the ills 
 i large ship from 
 . The Assemlily 
 and to give assist- 
 iblishment, which 
 en all such estali 
 orities. The Im- 
 snsesof thd Salile 
 the United States 
 ssels to injure or 
 : spirited persons 
 
 1853 with a life, 
 t Grace Darling, 
 
 ihed by Governor 
 The salt beds of 
 e miles, emhrac- 
 Jruce, Middlesex 
 t beds were fir si 
 have been sunk 
 le, Port Franks, 
 In Kincardine 
 :e ; in Godericli 
 near Windsor in 
 istance the lock 
 
 30 feet thick : 
 feet of rock and 
 :89s was 60,01 S 
 
 eptember, 18S2. 
 ers. The army 
 7- 
 
 1 1872. Under 
 : XXXIV, the 
 
 Island was left 
 cided that the 
 inding over the 
 
 3ur passed over 
 
 ilished for New 
 jurials which is 
 leen the agents 
 7 thu Superior 
 to decide upon 
 ri.'gulations (or 
 nic in Ireland 
 [uarantiring df 
 :'or everyihini; 
 the loss of his 
 lie vrxcinatois 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 1 59 
 
 and encouraged vaccination in every way. In 1832 renewed action was 
 taken in connection with the epidemic of rholera. (See " Quarantine.") 
 In 1849 a Statute was passed (Chap. 38 of the Consolidated Statutes of 
 1859) establishing temporary boards of health whenever the Province was 
 threatened with any formidable epidemic or contagious disease, the 
 mpchinery for action to be done away on the disappearance of the cause of 
 action. When Confederation became an accomplished fact, sanitary ques- 
 tions were subject to a double authority, the general principle guiding the 
 Federal and the Provincial authorities being thai to the first belonged the 
 responsibility of preventing diseases entering the Dominion from without, 
 and to the second the duty of grappling with disease within the Province. 
 The Provincial authorities either act directly through Provincial boards or 
 rnediately through the intervention of municipalities. Marine hospitals for 
 sick seamen are an exception to the general rule; the care and maintenance 
 of these being entrusted to the Department of Marine and not to the 
 Provincial authorities. 
 
 Savings Banks— Postal savings banks were established in 81 places in 
 Ontario and Quebec on isl April, 1868 ; the necessary legislation having 
 been passed in the Federal Parliament during itfe November (1867) session. 
 Savings banks have been established in Great Britain from 1810, when 
 Rev. Henry Duncan started the Parish Bank Friendly Society of Ruthwell, 
 Scotland. By 181 7 there were 78 savings banks in the United Kingdom. 
 Mr. Whitbread was the first to propose the idea ot connecting savings 
 banks with the Govcnment, and introduced a bill into the British Parlia- 
 ment in 1807, but failed to secure approval. In iS6l Hon. William E, 
 Gladstone carried a bill prepared by Rowland Hill, embodying Mr. Whit- 
 bread's ideas. In Sept., 1861, the post office savings banks wese opened 
 and 435 deposits were made. 
 
 Postal savings banks were established as under : — 
 
 Great Brit.iin 1861 
 
 Western Australia.... 1863 
 
 Victt.ri-' , 1865 
 
 Queenslr ). .' 1865 
 
 New /'eakiid 1865 
 
 Canada, 1868 
 
 New South Wales .... 1871 
 
 Japan 1874 
 
 Italy.., 1875 
 
 France 1881 
 
 Netherlands 1881 
 
 Tasmania 1882 
 
 Austria 1883 
 
 Sweden 1883 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1884 
 
 Portugal 1885 
 
 Hunga'y i886 
 
 Hawaii 1886 
 
 Finland 1886 
 
 Russia 1889 
 
 Post office savings banks in Belgium were established in rSbg, but only 
 as feeders to the Caisse Ginera'e d'Epargne et de Ketraite. [n France 
 post office savings banks were adopted in 187$ as feeders to other banks. 
 
 Savings banks in Canada are (ist) those in direct charge of the Govern- 
 ment, divided into [a] post office savings banks and (1^) Finance Depart- 
 ment savings banks ; (2) special savings banks under charter as such ; (3) 
 savings banks in connection with loan companies and building societies ; 
 and (4) savings banks in con;;ection with chartered banks doing general 
 banking business. 
 
 (a) The post office savings banks in Canada on 30th June, 1896, num- 
 bered 755. The total number oi open accounts at that date vva» 126,442, 
 and the total amount standing to the credit of these open accounts was 
 $28,932,930, or an average of $228.82. 155,398 deposits were received 
 
 ' i^ 
 
 4 
 
i6o 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 during the year, a number only exceeded in iSSS t8Co i o 
 averaije amount of each de, Jit T ,896 Ls 12:2 4^ "th.'^^' , ^^1 
 withdrawals in 1896 was 87221 -,nrl.h» *52.37. The number „l 
 
 drawal was $84 01 ^n ,^ ' ^^ "^'^'''86 amount of each unh- 
 
 allowed o not les? han $r^, "Z •T""i' -''"^^ oP'^n^-''- Deposits , J 
 amount on de pos hv anv on ■ ,^. '" ^''"^ '" '^"^ ""^ y^'-^^- ''"'^1 
 
 allowed froni' s r fv L, V^' '.""U^""'''^"''^ ^3,ooo. rnu.rc.st 
 
 Brunswick and IVincVE iJard Lhnd ' ZZ"''' f '''^'' Scotia, N.J 
 of $1,000 are allowed " '^"^"'' deposits to the amount I 
 
 poSoiri Is foZ^s' :-" ""'" '•"^'^^ C;overnment control, the statistical | 
 
 No. ofCiovernment 
 
 savings banks . 
 
 No. of depositors.. 
 
 Amount of deposits 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 457 
 
 91,181 
 
 $20,024,883 
 
 Quebec 
 
 N. Scotia. N. Brunswick. 
 
 18.855 
 $5,042,904 
 
 70 
 30,204 
 $8,866,990 
 
 45 
 22,185 
 $8,168,812 
 
 No. of fiovernme It 
 
 savings banks . . 
 
 No. of depositors.. 
 
 Amount of deposits 
 
 Manitoba, 
 
 26 
 
 5.241 
 $987,943 
 
 B. Columbia 
 
 25 
 5.344 
 
 P. E. Island 
 
 10 
 6.763 
 
 $1,380,9181 $2, 188,720 
 
 N. W. T. 
 
 22 
 
 $138,148 
 
 The interest paid by the Government on deposits is 3 per cent * " 
 
 th eS I^ tr t>h'"in thV^^V?"^ ^'7Vt'. ^^^'"«' '""^' Of 'hese . 
 Savings Bank ^Monreaf and ?hl"r "^ V''i^''^'^~'he City and District 
 Quebec. The fir t was est'nhMl f fuf, ^1 ^-conomie de Notre Dam. <le 
 April, 1871 ; the seccmd w. - f 6 h ^ g^g^ ^^^ incorporated 27ih 
 under' the^a^rona^o hrSoS ^^f'sl" i?"''^/'^^' f ^^^^^^ ''^'' 
 
 ^;f^«^;v; .'^"T"-' ^' '^'^ ^"'' «f '^96 amlntedlo $ 4 671 7c'o 
 
 So^,^ or hfea h"e ;,;Vh:se"7o'r "'^' '^"''"i"^^ and Va'n'Si'Ses -- 
 
 1874 (when by"n Act as"ed by ^hrBeraVSrH: ' '^ ' "^' ""' "" 
 _^^ ^ •' "^ ^eaerai i'arlian-.cnt permission was 
 
 July.*.S;!or/whichdat'':h Cec'aaTe" ptr^ce'n""' '" ''*' °'^'°'^"' '^^^l 3H percent, f. .s. 
 
and 1890. The 
 The numljcr nf 
 nt of each witl). 
 d. Deposits r.rf. 
 one year. Toial 
 53,000. Inicrcsl 
 ember, 1885, it"-' 
 ther Provinces. 
 '■ Maritime I'ro- 
 )va Scotia, New 
 ts to the amount 
 
 ol, the statistical 
 
 iV. Brunswick, 
 
 45 
 
 22,185 
 
 $8,168,812 
 
 N. W T. 
 
 22 
 $138,148 
 
 • cent.* 
 nks. Of these 
 ty and District 
 fotre Dame de 
 orporated 27th 
 St May, 1S48, 
 It was incor- 
 larter from the 
 749; in i86r, 
 in 1891, $11,. 
 ,671,750. 
 companies. - 
 it was not till 
 lermission was 
 
 First Thincs in Canada. 161 
 
 ii^^'",K'','°.i!^'''' deposits where the society had a paid-up capital of $200,- 
 000), that lie savings of the people ran up. In 1868 the deposits were 
 under a million dollars. In 1875 they increa.sed to over $5,oo{3,ooo. In 
 lajb, after the change allowing companies with $100,000 paid-up capital 
 
 l6n\r?S "'"r'"' l'''''''T'cf 'l'""""''-''' t" $8,270,000; in 1881 to$i3,- 
 460,268, and in 1891 t,. $18,482,958. These deposits at the end of 1895 
 amounted to $19,945,944. 
 
 tJ!?!'''' "'■''■ ""'r'T ^5° ',"'r'^'^ bankers in Canada, and these hold about 
 $10,000,000 of the people's savings. 
 
 (4) '''aviiigs hanks in connection with chartered hanks doinc general 
 business. -These branches of the chartered banks had on 3is( Dec, 1896 
 ThT n;^''fO/,'f ihe savings of the people, of the same character as 
 those held by the (.overnment savings hanks. 
 ivings Bank-1'irst .Savings Bank in the Dominion, under charge of the 
 Government, was the Halifax, N.S.. Savings Hank, established in 1832. 
 Acts were passed in New Brunswick in 1825 and in Nova Scotia in 1827 
 establishing .Saving Jianks. In the Province of New Brunswick before 
 Lonfederation, there were trusteed Savings Banks and also special Gov- 
 ernment Saving.s Banks under charge of Collectors of Customs and other 
 officials. (See l<rancis Hincks' Budget speech, 1871.) 
 saxby Storm, which did great damage in Nova Scotia, occurred on October 
 ^ 7tn, 1869. It was predicted by Lieut. Saxby, R.N. 
 
 tiChooIs-PirsI; committee appointed by the Legislature of Upper Canada to 
 consider EducUion, 1787. The first common school in Upper Canada 
 was taught by J. Clark in Fredericksburg in 1786, and the first taught 
 hy a lemale teacher was opened in Port Hope about 1813 by Miss Burns 
 In 1895 there were 6,070 female teachers in the Public Schools of Ontario." 
 1 he tree school system was adopted in Nova Scotia in 1864 ; in New 
 Brunswick and Manitoba in 1871 ; in British Columbia in 1872 and in 
 I r.nce Ldward Island in 1877. The first Act establishing a Grammar 
 School in Halifax, N.S., was passed hy the Legislature in 1780. The 
 hrst movement in favour of one in Upper Canada was made by Governor 
 Simcoe in 1791 The first Industrial School founded in Halifax was 
 founded by Walter Bromley, 1813. The first Orphan School in Nova 
 Scotia was erected in 1750 and the first in Upper Canada near St 
 Catharines in 1 799. The first cla.ssical school opened in Upper Canada wps 
 by Rev. John Stuart at Cataraqui, in 1786. The first effort in Nova Scotia 
 lor schools was made in 1780 when a grant of $600, to he raised by lot- 
 tery, was authorized by the Legislature. The first te.achers in Canada 
 were the Recollet Pathers, Frcres Duplessis and LeCaron. the first teach- 
 ing where Ilueo Rivers now stands and the second in Tadousac, about 
 016. I he first Training Scii.Kil for Arts and Trades was opened by 
 Bishop Laval at St. Joachim, 30 miles below Quebec City. 
 :hool Annals of British Columbia-The public sch.ols are in the hands 
 ol the pec. pie— non sectarian and free to all without distinction of race or 
 creed ; uniform text books. Public School Fund voted every year by the 
 1 royincial Assembly. School Districts may be formed where there are i? 
 pupils^ between 6 and 16 years. The people in each district choose, every 
 year from among themselves. School Trustees to manage the schools. 
 
 -•lirvlKiA iM 
 
 per cent. U' ist 
 
 temales can be elected trustees in citv distrints hut cr>. nr>. 
 ouumry districts. I hey have the right f. vote for trustees. Trustees 
 obtain money from Public School Fund on application endorsed by Super- 
 intendent of Education. Teachers-three grades-appointed and removed 
 
1 62 
 
 
 h ST' 
 
 ■4m4 • 
 
 •■fr 
 
 First 7.iiNGs in Canada. 
 
 by Trustees, must have certificates of qualification from Department of 
 Education. These results have been obtained by development under a 
 free school system, similar to that of Ontario, introduced in 1872 ■ the 
 establishment of an Educational Department with Ministerial Head in 
 11879; the transfer of the power of appointing and dismissing teachers 
 from the Board of Education to the local Board of Trustees and other ncr 
 sons under the Act of 1891 relating to public schools. In 1896 there were 
 (I) 190 common schools (2) 26 graded schools and (3) 4 high schools 
 Ihere were 199 teachers in the first; 139 in the second and 12 in the 
 third. The number of pupils was : in the first, 5,743 with average attend- 
 ance 3,087 ; in the second, 8,357, average attendance 5,879 ; in the third 
 460 with an average attendance of 288. The total expenditure in i,Sn6 
 was $234,335, all by the Government, the schools being entirely supnoric'l 
 by the Government. The average salary pai<l the teacher was $540 a year 
 School Annals of Manitoba--The first school in what is now Manitoba J^ 
 opened by the French Roman Catholics in 1818. The Scottish settlers 
 opened one in 1820. In 1835 the Red River settlement was orcani/e,l 
 under the name of the District of Assiniboia. Each church erected ha.l 1 
 school by Its side controlled by the missionary and sustained by private 
 subscriptions or by grants from the missionary societies in England "ui 
 the older parts of Canada. In 1833 a higher school was established Thi. 
 became, in 1855, St. John's College, which, in 1866, was placed on a new 
 footing by the Bishop of Rupert's Land. The school established by the 
 Roman Catholics in 1818 had become, before 1855, the Collece of St 
 Boniface which, therefore, is the first College established in the North- 
 West. The Scottish Selkirk Colony founded Manitoba College in icSyi 
 in which year the Province obtained its first Public Schools law at the lirst 
 meeting of the first Legislature. The Act provided for a joint School 
 Board the 1 rotestant members having control of the Protestant Common 
 Schools, and the Roman Catholics of the Roman Catholic Schools The 
 Act of 1873 made taxation compulsory. In 1876, 1882 and 1884 consi.i- 
 erable modifications were effected. By the Act of 1890 (i ) a Department 
 of Education was established consisting of the Executive Council or a 
 committee thereof (2) An Advisory Board was constituted consisting' of 
 seven members, four appointed by the Department of Education two 
 elected by the Pub ic and High School teachers of the Province and In 
 appointed by the University of Manitoba-all seven for terms of Iwo years 
 
 !!?■ \k n^u'*' ^''u-''^' ^"^ <'^^°) abolished the Separate School 
 system with all the machinery connected therewith. This was not acceiM 
 
 S,?K u "'""V ^^"'°"' authorities. An agitation sprung up, and t„ 
 1897 these have refused to accept any settlement that does not g/ve them 
 Separate Schools. ^ 
 
 Manitoba University is the sole source of degrees in Arts. Law ind! 
 S""frf' u' ^"p^f^gf f,^l- B'^niface (Roman CathoHcT, St 
 lith Ji ^''TK^'r ^"S^=^"^"' .^^an't"l'a (Presbyterian), and Wesley! 
 
 Jifn ^?; / Nwu"",*?''^ ^^*:''"'^' ^""'^ge obtained its charter in ,884 
 liw J, r ■ «"" .^' University. Wesley College was founded by the 
 
 etjuipment. Work was resumed in 1880. 
 
 pilJ'sI"''!*"-"'^'/' '^- ''^°"' "r '^ 5 t^ 16 years. The numb, ; 
 Puhhc Schools in 1896 was 1,032; of teachers, 1,543 ; of pupils, 37,, 
 •Ra an average attendance of 23,247. In the Normal Schools there u 
 
1 Department of 
 elopment under a 
 :eci in 1872 ; ihe 
 listeria! Head in 
 imissing teachers 
 es and other per- 
 1 1896 there were 
 ) 4 high schools, 
 id and 12 in ilie 
 h average attend- 
 ^79 ; in the thir.l 
 Jeiiditure in i,S()6 
 ntirelysupporieil 
 was $540 a year. 
 3W Manitoba was 
 
 Scottish setilors 
 It was organized 
 ch erected had .1 
 uned by private 
 in P^ngland ;ind 
 established. This 
 placed on a new 
 tabhshed by the 
 e College of St. 
 d in the North- 
 College in 1S71, 
 Is law at the first 
 r a joint School 
 >testant Conmion 
 c Schools. The 
 ind 1884 consid- 
 i) a Department 
 ve Council or a 
 ited consistin;,' of 
 
 Education, two 
 rovince, and one 
 rms of two years 
 Separate School 
 < was not accept- 
 )rung up, and 10 
 es not give them 
 
 Arts, Law and 
 n Catholic), St. 
 1), and Wesley 
 878 ; the firNi in 
 5 charter in 1884 
 ! founded by the 
 'ant of safticient 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 163 
 
 
 13 teachers, 136 students at long sessions and 102 at short. The total 
 receipts were $857,153. of which municipal taxation yielded $472,010 
 Ihe average salary paid the teacher was $382. " 
 
 School Annals of New Brunswick-The first Act relating to education 
 was^ passed in 1802. By this Act the sum of ;{:io ($40) was granted to 
 each parish to be apportioned to its schools by the Justices of the General 
 Sessions of the Peace. The Act of 1816 authorized the General Sessions 
 to appoint three trustees of schools for each town or parish, whose duty 
 vyas to raise money for the support of the schools, either by local subscrip- 
 *°A °'''^f^n"'^"''.'^^^"'°""' to l^enot less than $120 nor more than 
 *3oo. 1 he Provincial aid was payable to the trustees and was not to exceed 
 ■Ij." o per year for the town or parish. A great step in advance was taken 
 in >H7, when the Lieutenant-Governor and the Executive Council were 
 constituted a Board of Education for the Province, with power to establish 
 a training and rnodel school at Fredericton, and to appoint two Inspectors 
 of Schools for the Province. The Provincial aid to teachers was made by 
 warrant to the trustees. The Act of 1852 authorized the Government to 
 appoint a Chief Superintendent. The Act of 1858 repealed all previous 
 Acts and provided for a Board of Education (defining its powers), a Chief 
 Superintendent, the appointment of four Inspectors for the Province the 
 continuance and extension of the Training and Model School, the increase 
 of 1 rovincial allowances to teachers, the establishment of Superior Schools 
 ami of District Libraries. It also provided that schools may be supported 
 by direct assessments. The Schools Act of 1871 provides, in addition to 
 the provisions of the Act of 1858, that the schools shall be supported by 
 assessment, and shall be free and non-sectarian. 
 
 The Provincial Board of Education consists of the Lieut. -Governor the 
 members of the Executive Council, the President of the University of New 
 Brunswick and the Chief Superintendent of Education. 
 
 An Act of 1805 provided for the establishment of a Grammar School in 
 the City of St. John, and that ;^ioo ($400) should be paid annually, from 
 ttie funds of the Provmce, towards the master's salary. This was the first 
 Grammar School in the Province. An Act of 1816 provided for the 
 establishment of a Grammar School in the town of St. Andrews, and an 
 Act of 1879 provided for the establishment of a Grammar School in each 
 County of the Province. 
 
 The University of New Brunswick was established by Provincial Charter 
 in 1800 ; founded and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1828, and reorgan- 
 ized by an amended Charter in i860. The history of the Collegiate School 
 IS concurrent with the history of the University. 
 
 The number of pupils in attendance at the Schools of the Province in 
 
 1868 was, as nearly as can be ascertained, 34,500 ; in 1881 there were 
 
 1,297 schools, 1,556 teachers, 49,550 pupils, and an average attendance of 
 
 29,203. In 189! there were 1,536 schools, 1,652 teachers, 59,568 pupils, 
 
 and an average atten.lance of 34,394. In 189(3 there were 1,802 schools, 
 
 I,S29 teachers, 61,918 pupils, and an average attendance of 37,176. The 
 
 total expenditure was $274,648, of which $148,430 came direct from the 
 
 people and $126,218 was the Government grant. According to the census 
 
 of i!^9i those who could read and write were 643 out of every l.oooof 
 
 the population. 
 
 iSchooi Annals of Woto Scotia-The Lords of Trade and Plantations 
 
 arranged, at ihe t, me (1748) steps were being taken to begin settlement in 
 
 Chebucto Bay (Halifax Harbour), with the " Society for the Propapation 
 
164 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 01 the Gospel in Foreign Parts,' for the estal.lishment and maintenance of I 
 schools in certain rural localities in Nova Scotia, |;rants of land hcini' 
 awarded the Society to reimburse it. The school work done in this way 
 in the Province was most useful. In 1780 an Act was passed for the 
 establishment of a Public Grammar School in Halifax. The Act and the 
 School continued active forces in the community until 1876. In 181 1 an 
 abortive attempt was made by the Legislature to lay the foundations of a 
 general educational system. In 1826 a more elaborate Educational Act 
 was passed, the grants under it in the tirst year am)untinp to i"2,Soo. In 
 1832 the total grant in aid of education was ^4,000. In 1-S41 the I'm- 
 vincial grant was increased to ;^6,cxx), and a Central Hoard established to 
 give uniformity to the operations of the Boards of Commissioners. Further 
 modifications were introduced in 1845, when the am'regate legislative 
 grant was raised to ^i'l 1,170. The Act of 1850 provided for a Supciin- 1 
 tendent of Education, the first to receive the appointment being ,1 native 
 of Nova Scotia, J. W, Dawson, now Sir William Dawson, the heao of I 
 McGill University. In 1854 the Provincial Normal School was established 
 the hrst I rincipal being Rev. Dr. Forrester, who succeeoi-d Mr. Dawson 
 as Superintendent of Education. In 1864, under the guidance of Hon 
 Charles Tupper (now Sir Charles, Bart.), the Legislature laid the foun.ii- 
 tion of the present system of Public Schools. At the ensuing session, in 
 1865, it led the way among all the colonies of the British Empire in mak- i 
 ing local assessment for the support of schools the necessary basis for their 
 legal recognition. In 1857 the Province (first of all the colonies of the 
 Empire) voted an appropriation (,>6 1,000) in support of a Deaf and Duml 
 Institution. Nova Scotia has four Universities: 1st, King's Colkve I 
 founded in 1788, opened in 1790, and incorporated as a University in 1.S02 
 by Roya Charter. It is under the control of the Church of Entdaii, 
 2nd, Dalhousie College, founded by Earl Dalhousie in 1821. Its oritrinal I 
 endowment was derived from funds collected at the Port of Castine in 
 the State of Maine, during its occupation in 1814 by Sir John Sherbrooke 
 then Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia. University powers were con- 
 ferred on Dalhousie College in 1841. In 1845 the College was closed "to 
 allow the funds to accumulate," The Board of Governors f/om 184^10 
 1859 employed the income (in part) in support of a high school. In 1868 
 a faculty of medicine was organized. In 1883 a faculty of law was adder] 
 Ihe unparalleled munificence of George Munro has aided Dalhou'-ie 
 immensely. It is non-denominational. 3rd, Acadia College (1838) 
 gradimted its first class in 1843, and is under the control of the Bapti^ts 1 
 4th, St. trancis Xavier College, founded in 1854, under the control of the 
 Roman Catholics. 
 
 The number of Public Schools in operation in 1865 was 989 • teachers 
 1,031 ; total pupils, 43,771. There were 5 County Academies in opna- 
 tion, with 30 teachers and 1,200 scholars, and also 10 Academies oi her I 
 than County, with 36 teachers and 680 pupils. The total grants in ai.l of 
 education amounted to $93,263. 
 
 In 1896 there were 2,312 Public Schools, with 2,438 teachers and loi,- 
 132 pupils. The total amount expended in 1S96 was $813, 335, of which I 
 the Government grant was $242,345. 
 
 The County Academies had 47 teachers. i,>;72 puoils. with an ave,:uTel 
 
 Tt^'^^f "' .'ot^- , •''*•■ ^'"'■"•'''' -schools hao 7 teachers and 144 pumfs,' 
 and the Mouel Schools 2 teachers and 1 14 students 
 
 [School Annali 
 
First Things in Canada. 165 
 
 [School Annals of Ontario— fhe first School opened as a Classical School 
 was m kintjston, by Rev. Dr. Stuart, 17S6. Between that date and 180c 
 
 lT^l\^ ^?i"l,' r'"' Tlf^t%^ '" ^•"ffle"<:l<sburg (1786), Krnestown 
 17S8 , Adulphustown (1789), Napanee (1791), Newark (1792), Toronto 
 (1798). Cornwall (1803), Belleville (1805). In 1807 the first LnsS 
 enactment vas passed establishing eight Schools in the Province. A crant 
 of $400 .. ^jar to each was made out of the public funds. In 1816 the 
 first Common School was established. In 1824 a Cieneral Board of Edu 
 cation for the Province was constituted. Upper Canada College was 
 founded ,n 1829, and openccl Jan. 8lh, 1830. In 1832 the Cobourg 
 Academy was founded, and in 1835 it was opened, Rev. Dr. Ryerson having 
 procured a Royal Charter. In 1836 Dr. Charles Duncombe prepared an 
 elaborate report on a system of education for the Province In 1840 di 
 Victoria and (,)ueen's Colleges were incorporated as Universities, and the 
 l-riends (Quakers) established a Seminary near Picton. In 184? Toronto 
 University was opened. In 1844 Knox College went into operation and 
 in 1848 St. Joseph College, Ottawa, was started. In 1841 the principle of 
 Sejiarate Schools was first recognized. In 1844 Rev. Dr. Ryerson was 
 appointed Superintendent of Education, and in 1846 he presented his 
 noble report on a system of public elementary education in Upper Canad-i 
 Hi.s bill was adopted by the Legislature in 1846. In 1849 ihe Legislature 
 passed a Bill repealing all former Acts. In ,850 Dr. Ryerson submitS 
 to the Government a new Bill, which was made law the same year In 
 1852 the University of Trinity College was opened, and St. Michael's 
 College established. In 1853 important improvements were made in the 
 details of the Common School System. In 1871 the Grammar and Com 
 mon School laws were revised, the former being from that date calJpH 
 High Schools, and the latter Public Schools. For preparing young In 
 and won.en to be teachers, the Province has: 1st, the County Mo IpI 
 Schools ; 2nd, the Provincial Normal and Model Schools ; ^rd the Train 
 ing Institutes; 4th Teachers' Institutes; Sth,, Teachers' Read i'ng Course^ 
 6th, Ontario Teachers Association. In 1876 a Minister of Education was 
 appointed. In 1887 McMaster University was established 
 
 The University Federation .\ct of 18.87 was designed to secure a uniform 
 standard of higher education by the union of the various denominaiiond 
 Universities of the Province with the Provincial University The followinir 
 institutions are now federated or afiliated with the Provincial University! 
 
 Victoria University (Methodist), federated ,Sqo 
 
 Knox College (Presbyterian) " ,or~ 
 
 .St. Michael's College (R. Catholic) " It^ 
 
 VVycliffe " (Episcopalian) " oHt 
 
 Huron " " affiliated. . ."i l'.". '. ,8^2 
 
 The School of Practical Science " " ,go_ 
 
 The Ontario Agricultural College " ,uoo 
 
 Trinity Medical School •« .' . .' Jo„ 
 
 Royal College of Dental Surgeons " ..,, ,000 
 
 Ontario College of Pharmacy " ,o_- 
 
 Women's Medical College " '.]'.'.'.['.'.'.', ig^o 
 
 Toronto Conservatory of Music " iRofi 
 
 College oi Music •• _ _ 1800 
 
 The number of Public Schools in 1896 was 5,994, thenuml)er of teachers 
 was 8,913 ; the number of registered pupils 484,551. with an average 
 
i66 
 
 First Things in Canada, 
 
 a tendance of 271,549. The total expenditure was $4,197,192. The 
 High Schools numbered 129, with 24,662 pupils and an average attendw 
 Mn.l^l^h'r' ^" ^^lf"diture of $720,728. There werf fe Co . ' 
 Model Schools with 1,637 teachers in training. In the Normal ScZ s 
 
 '^z:rsciiit::%7;oti' ■^"'^"•^- '''- ^^^^"^'•-^^- ^^^^^ 
 
 DomiSn Gote^^rem'"'""^ ""''''''' ^'"S^'°"' ^'^^ "'^''''^^^^^ "^ '^^ 
 School Annals of Prince Edward Island-The administration is vested 
 in a Board of Education, a Chief Superintendent and School InspeC „ 
 Up to 1852 the Schools of the Province were supported mainly by vun 
 tarysubscrmuons. In 1852 the Free Education Act was passed The 
 Provincial Normal School was established in 1856; the Prince of Vvis' 
 College in i860. The Public Schools Act was Vssed in "^77 hpo 
 
 Srhll ' t' ^Tu'^T "^ ^''""''°" ^"^ introduced into the vSc 
 School system of the Province many of the most approved principles and 
 most rnodern methods of other countries. In 1879 the College" nd Norma 
 School were amalgamated and women for the first time admitted toth 
 wl% cA ■; '^f '^"'1 ^""^^ S70 School departments in operation, witha 
 ^f.jl ^^ V"'^"'' '"''.^[' •'^™y "^ "• '38 enrolled pupils, and an ave ag 
 
 tScensuf o?'f8o; ,1^" '"'"' expenditure was |i 58,893. AccoS 
 to the census of 1891 there were 248.68 persons in every 1.000 of the 
 population that could neither read nor write 
 School Annals of Quebec (Lower Canada)-In 1616 the first attempt to 
 give instruction was made by the Recollets. When they were com^Sed 
 to leave Quebec in 1829, Kirk having captured it, they were srcee d 
 by the Jesuits who, in ,832, establis'hed in Quebec Uty a 4hoo for 
 Cotee which '^aslh^^^.^J-^ J'""'-' ^""^ '"'^35 found'ed the JeLS 
 Pr°S:; dSSgr ^re'nihtjLr"^"''^" "' ^"^^""^ ^'•"'^^^'^^ '" '^^ 
 
 fiJfV fn ^ l^t "r""?^^ '^''?"^^"' School was established in Quebec- the 
 first Girls School in Canada, and Irom its foundation down to the presen 
 
 in\6.'.'thrsi,? >"^PT"^f'^^- -.^he higher education of wom'e n" 
 ScJooni'M^S." ""' ^'^ Congregation of Notre Dame o,.ned a Girl. 
 
 St.' Su'i%'?n Mo?i?Sr ""' '° "^'"^'^ ^"' ^^^^'"^'^^ '^« ^^---y ° 
 nJ,V^]i^'f°^, ^^'u- [""""^^"^ ""^ ^•^^''^^l institution of Le Petit ^nm- 
 TL% ittu^St"''"^' "^^ ^'''' •'^ '^'^ ^' Gran,Se„nnaire, .here 
 
 in \lf. Jk^ ^1f"" -^""/Se at Montreal was established, 
 in several iriS"''T """'^^''u ""^^7^^"^ ^" t'^ch elementary education 
 Montreal. ^ '^^^ '^' Sulpicians established the Colleg, d 
 
 is t?it of M'''°R''^^"■^^^^^'^ \' ^'^ ^^'y ^^t^- The earnest mentioned 
 ^entlem^n wh. ' '" ^"^'^^'=•,^,^0 was succeeded by James Tanswc 11, a 
 fhere for five v.« °"' '° ^^'''^■'' ^•'^- '" '772 and after teachint^ 
 
 The fir\'f'.";j;L " "Ar"""^ ^r". '^'^ Majcstys Koyai Quebec Schoui. 
 lohn pJllman ih '" ^'°""'^^'^y»>° ^'"'ed to give a higher education wa 
 John I uliman, who came from New York in 1773. His success is proble 
 
estalilished by the! 
 
 1 the Seminax\' oti 
 
 lined their ediica- 
 
 FrRsT Thinos in Canada. i^j 
 
 matical, as in 1782 he wrote a work on currency and applied for a situa- 
 tion under the (lovernment, after which he vanishes from public observa- 
 tion. F inlay I>isher opened a school in Montreal in 1778, and it was well 
 attended. Rev. John Stuart opened an academy in Montreal, with Mr 
 Christie for assistant, in 1784, hut went to Kingston in 1786. 
 
 In 1787 the Government apjrainled a Committee to inquire into the 
 state of hducation. Upon the report of this Committee an Act was passed 
 providing for a permanent Committee on Education. The Royal Institu- 
 tion (as this permanent Committee was called) was empowered to establish 
 one free school in each parish. In 1824 the Fabrique Act was passed. 
 1 his authorized each Roman Catholic parish to set apart one-fourth of its 
 church revenue for the support of a parish school. In 1829 the first Public 
 Elementary .School Act was passed. 
 
 Dr. MeiUeur, who became .Superintendent of Education in 1842, was to 
 Lower, what Dr. Ryerson was to Upper, Canada. The School law of 
 1S41, modihed in 1846 and amended in 1849, is substantially the law now 
 in force. It was based upon the then existing School law of the State of 
 New \ ork, to the excellencies of which Charles Mondelet had directed 
 public attention in a series of letters publ^ihed during 1841. 
 
 In 1852, twenty-four School Inspectors were appointed to examine and 
 report upon the Schools. In 1856 arrangements were made to publish a 
 Journal of Education, the first number of which appeared in i8i;7 in 
 which year Normal Schools, three in number, were opened. In January 
 i860, a t ouncil of l'ui)lic Instruction of 15 members held its first meeting 
 In 1869 an Education Act was passed by the Legislature of Quebec 
 providing, tnier alia, that the Council of Public Instruction should be 
 compo.sed of 14 R. Catholics and 7 Protestants, and that the legislative 
 grants for superior education should be divided proportionately to popula- 
 tion between the R. Catholic and the Protestant institutions, In 1876 an 
 Education Act was passed which provided that the Roman Catholic 
 bishops of the Province should be members ex officio oi the Council of 
 lubhc Instruction ; that one-third of the Council should be Protestant 
 and that the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Committee of the Council 
 should have independent action in reference to all educational matters 
 under theif respective control In 1888 the School law was consolidated 
 and several amendments introduced. 
 
 Public instruction in Quebec ct)mprehends five great divisions- ist 
 Umversimes ; 2nd, Secondary Schools ; 3rd, Primary .Schools ; 4th, Special 
 bchools, and 5th. Normal Schools. McClill Unive-sity, made possible 
 by the bequest of Hon. James McGill in i8n, received a Royal Charter 
 in 1821, anc. was re-organized by an amended charter in 1852. Laval 
 University received a Royal Charter in 1854. Bishops' College was incor- 
 porated in 1843, and was erected into a University by Royal Charter in 1852 
 The equipment -sr educational purposes consists of 5,196 Elementary 
 Schools; 533 Model; 157 Academies; 3 Normal Schools; 23 Classical 
 Colleges ; 4 Universities : 4 Schools for Deaf Mutes and Blind ; 9 Schools 
 of Arts and Manufactures, aad 6 Schools of .Agriculture and Dairy Schools. 
 I he changes which have taken place since the year of Confederation are 
 seen in the following statement : — 
 
 1867. i8f5. 
 
 No. of schools 3,9C7 5,9.-, 
 
 No. of pupils ... 202,837 3^',6i. 
 
 Contributions paid by lax-oayers $1,313,149 $1,353 ■* '" 
 
 Grants by Government $256,762 $304,,, 'O 
 
i68 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 During Her Majesty's reign the number of pupils has increase,] (r,.m 
 «;rJ 'Pr"\ '°°/'f the population of the I'rovincc'to 20 in every ,cS 
 
 Norfh"w ''. T N.orth-\)Vest Territories--! he e.lucationa % t?m of ,1. 
 North-West rerr.tones .s under the control of a Council of I'ul.lic Lvc 
 ion consisting of the Executive Committee (4) and four aooointHH n 
 bers wuhout votes The law provides that no scL'l d ct'sK c' n : ^ 
 
 ZulZiT"?T'^^ ''^''''' miles, nor shall it contain les than 
 re dent hea.ls of fom.hes or a smaller school population than 10 . 
 children between the ages of 5 years and 20yeirs^ No religious insln:' 
 tion .s allowed in any Public School before j o'clock p.m.7u which e 
 uch instruction as is permitted by the Trustees may be given pare ,! 
 
 5s 'SaS^is°^^s:i?^'"« ''''-'''-'' - '^^^ '-- ^^^y 
 
 Number of schools ^^ 
 
 teachers !!.'!!.' ."!!!'..' .' ^„ 
 
 " pui)ils enrolled i^iil 
 
 Teachers' salaries <t,ll'l^, 
 
 $172,606 
 
 $274,648 
 
 Total expenditure. 
 
 Schools 
 
 The Separate Schools nlimber 9, with 16 teachers and 651 pupils enrolled 
 Is _ Public Expenditure-The I'ublic Schools expen.ii ure o he 
 3m.nion and of t;.o several Provinces per head of the^opulaUon • 
 ortion the '.>v,Mment grant for educational purpose bears to he 
 
 emments i,..l ..( jhe people bear to the total expenditure on education, 
 
 Expenditure 
 per head. 
 
 Dominion 
 
 B. Columbia . . . 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 New Brunswick. 
 Nova Scotia . . . . 
 
 Ontario 
 
 1'. E. Island . . . .' 
 Quebec 
 
 1888. 
 
 $ 
 1.56 
 1 .40 
 2.74 
 1 .20 
 I. 51 
 1.87 
 1.36 
 .81 
 
 1896. 
 
 
 $ 
 1.68 
 1.66 
 4 15 
 1-43 
 1.78 
 1.90 
 1.46 
 1.06 
 
 Proportion of 
 Covt. t; rant to 
 Total Revenue 
 
 of Province. 
 
 1887. 
 
 1896. 
 
 p. c. 
 
 23.20 
 21.14 
 29.62 
 
 7.62 
 42. 82 
 
 4.28 
 
 p. c. 
 
 Proportion Paid by Govt, and 
 by Direct Assessment. 
 
 1888. 
 
 CJovt. Assesst 
 
 21.49 
 26.06 
 28,81 
 
 7.86 
 45- 40 
 
 3-93 
 
 p. c. 
 
 100.00 
 21.58 
 
 33-56 
 31-24 
 
 7- 1 1 
 
 7382 
 
 9-25 
 
 p. c. 
 
 1896. 
 
 Govt. A.sse^^t 
 
 p. C. 
 
 78.42 
 66.44 
 68.76 
 92. 89 
 26.18 
 90.75 
 
 100,00 
 17-63 
 
 39-42 
 29.79 
 7.00 
 78.09 
 10,25 
 
 p. c. 
 
 82.37 
 60.58 
 70.21 
 9300 
 21.91 
 89.75 
 
 School History of the Dominion-The first School History for use in all 
 the Schools of Canada was issued in September 1807 Th.c„^^ , 
 fir«f mnnt^ri ir, ,co„ „. .u. t^..... . . "^H^^'V^^^. i»97- i he subject was 
 
 eliec. 
 
 July, 181 
 Montreal 
 such a hi 
 Provincis 
 the unity 
 rather th 
 isler of 
 appointei 
 the sever 
 Governm 
 scripts w 
 was madi 
 issued un 
 Seat of G01 
 under th 
 Quebec r 
 Newark 
 so until 
 should I) 
 traniferri 
 remained 
 govern m( 
 Canadas, 
 sessions c 
 1847, i8i 
 in the la 
 Toronto i 
 when it v 
 1855. II 
 Quebec, 1 
 towards f 
 March, i 
 Province 
 her to s( 
 despatch 
 ing Her 
 com muni 
 archiiects 
 designs k 
 The first 
 Fuller an 
 Laver. 
 sum of 3 
 Jones, II 
 were acct 
 on 26i.h / 
 the corne 
 of the Sei 
 was effect 
 for the fi 
 was madt 
 Parliamei 
 (finished 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 169 
 
 lias increased from | 
 11 every 100. 
 ional system of 1 lie I 
 o( I'uhlic Instnjc-I 
 ir appointed nurn- 
 ;iict shall coin|i.iu'i 
 tain less than 'mr | 
 ion than 10 /.,. 
 o religious inslrin' 
 m., at which limei 
 be given, iiareiitJ 
 that hour if ihcy j 
 
 366 
 
 433 
 
 ... 12,796 
 
 ■ ■ $172,606 
 
 • • $274,648 
 
 51 pupils enrolled, 
 penditure of the [ 
 : population ; ilie ) 
 joses bears to the j 
 several Provincial | 
 ure on education, 
 
 ;*aid by Govt, and 
 ;t Assessment. 
 
 
 1896. 
 
 >t. 
 
 Govt. 
 
 Asses-,t. 
 
 
 p. C. 
 
 p. C. 
 
 , 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 2 
 
 17.63 
 
 S2.37 
 
 i 
 
 39-42 
 
 60. 5S 
 
 D 
 
 29.79 70.21 
 
 ) 
 
 7.00 93 00 
 
 i 
 
 78.09 21. ()i 
 
 ) 
 
 10.25 89-75 
 
 )ry for use in all 
 The subject was 
 vince of Quebec. 
 Ontario, N,)v;! 
 ientatives of ihe 
 the project. In 
 
 July, 1892, at the meeting of the Dominion Educational Association in 
 Montreal, announcement was made of the desire of the Association for 
 such a history as would strike the note of (lie Dominion, rathir than of the 
 Frovmcial, status of Canada, so as to impress upon the minds of the pupils 
 the unity of the country, thus bringing out as the central i<lea ihe wh.de 
 rather than Ihe several parts of the whole. Hon. (ieorge \V. Ross, Min- 
 ister of Education for Ontario, was made chairman of the committee 
 appointed to receive manuscripts and representatives were selected froi 
 the several Provinces. The sum of $2,000 was granted by the Provincial 
 Governments as a prize to be oftereil for the best hi>tory. Fifteen manu- 
 scrii)ts were sent in. .-V careful study <,{ the more meritorious contributions 
 was made, with the result that a School History of the Dominion was 
 issued under authority of almost every Province and Territory. 
 Seat of Government— Quebec was the .seat of government for Canada 
 under the French. After Canada became a colony of (]reat Hriiain, 
 Quebec remained the capital of the whole Province till 1791. In 1791 
 Newark was made the seat of government for Upper Canada, remaining 
 so until 1797, when the authorities, belies ing it not right that the capital 
 should be within the range of the guns of a foreign p()wer, resolved upon 
 traniferring the seat of government to Vork, now Toronto. ( )uebec 
 remained for Lower Canada till 1838, when Montreal became the seat of 
 government for Lower Canada. In 1841, on the re-union of the two 
 Canadas, the Legislature was summoned to as.sembltt at Kingston. The 
 sessions of the Legislature were held in Montreal in 1844, 1845, 1846, 
 1847, 1848 and 1849. The buildings in .Montreal were destro>ed by fire 
 in the last-named year and the seat of government was removed to 
 Toronto in the aulurnn of 1849, remaining there till the autumn of 1851, 
 when it was transferred to Quebec, and remained there till the autumn of 
 1855. It then returned to Toronto till 1859, when it was transferred to 
 (,)uebec, remaining there till the autumn of 1865. The first direct action 
 towards fixing a place for the permanent seat 01 government was on 24th 
 March, 1857, when a resolution passed the lIou.se of Assembly of the 
 Province of Canada thai an address be presented to Her Majesty praying 
 her to select some place as the permanent place of (Government. A 
 despatch from the Colonial .Secretary dated 31st December, 1857, convey- 
 ing Her Majesty's selection of Ottawa as the Seat of Government, was 
 communicated to both Houses i6th Mar., 1858. On 17th May, 1859, 
 architects were invited to prepare designs. The invitation resulted in 16 
 designs for Parliamentary, and 7 for Departmental, buildings being sent in. 
 The first premium for the Parliamen' ry buildings was awarded to Messrs. 
 Fuller and Jones, and for the Depan lental buildings to Messrs. Street & 
 Laver. Tenders being called lor, that of Thomas McCJreevy for the bulk 
 sum of $348,500 for the Pailiamt-ntary buildings, and that of Messrs. 
 Jones, Haycock & Clarke, for $278,810 for the Departmental buildings, 
 were accepted. The masonry was begun on the I'arliamentary buildings 
 on 26ih April, i860. On ist Septemi)er, i860, the Prince of Wales laid 
 the corner stone of the pier immediately under the north-east angle pillar 
 of the Senate chamber. The removal .f the Government and public offices 
 was eflfected in the autumn of 1865. The Legislature assembled in Ottawa 
 for the first time on 7th June, 1866. By the Union Aot. 1867, Ottawa 
 was made the Federal Capital of the Dominion of Cana'da, and the first 
 Parliament met on the 6th Nov., 1867. IncKiding the Lanpevin block 
 (finished in 1889), the public buildings at Ottawa have cost $2,163,544. 
 
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 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 L25 III 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 <^ 
 
170 
 
 First Things in Canada, 
 
 of government and has renfained so eir sine?* '"' '""""^ ''^^ ^^^' 
 
 Corirrn?8Tr£uTafSTh:'rion'o^f ,?'^'""'-r ^'?%Colony of Bntis, 
 
 couver Island. rpVocLtuon la "e"Mfyt^h"?868"^ 
 
 Victoria to be the seat of government ' ^^'^ "'^ '^">' "^ 
 
 wSt^rSeTAugrSrd'-rSsf^-^'^^* of Government for the N„.h 
 ^^Wmmpeg was made the seat of government for Manitoba. July is.h 
 
 shal be : of Ontario. Toronto; of Oud^ec the Ctv of 0..°1 ^"'Ti^r' 
 . Scotja, Halifax, and of New Brunswfc rpVederk oV" ^ ""'' °^ ^"'' 
 Seignones-Hrst established in Canada by CardLTkichelieu Th , , 
 seigneur was M. Giffard who received the eran of £-- ^ 
 Canada in 1634 and laid the foundations of the^vlnLe of Beaunort'"T^° 
 system was abolished in i8S4. at which time .L fiiff ™P°''- The 
 sessed by 160 seigneurs aSaboutz'.c^ rentiers Th"'suoerffc'°l ''"■ 
 Ji^inTar"^ ^'' '^'^"'5- ac;es-abo'-r:;ne?affTS wS 
 
 '^t'?!7s Ss^-:^"tKi'nt?FTre%liS^^^^^^ ^^-f- ^-i^- 
 
 of lease, the whole coast of tL S of St T ' ""'' '" "/""'^"'^u' ''^ 
 
 grant wis indefi1,t ^ntr^^ t'a\Z%STlil^,l ei'SSisft 'T 
 and hshmg stations and to take timber dofn th?coLt .' i'^h'^ "!""^ 
 towards the Esquimaux where the SpanSrd usuaut fish >' Rl"'^ ''[ 
 his heirs and assipn^ hpIH nn t,^ -,11 ,u ■''^'"' ',' '=> "J'uaiiy nsn. Bissot anc 
 
 ®*'St^];tS,t,?^i,'?y.,f'!;i'^""<'i"8 was . ,„n„.h of ,„„„„„ , 
 
 Colony ,i,„i„„"rh;,e„' 7;" ;:;'""'':°'"'" t""f ''•m wniniii. 
 
 Diamond, QuL" ^18.0,1,'" '*;'="" ^'f "" I"""' «' C'P« 
 , yuewc. In isio ihere were 26 vessels buill in the provin, s, 
 
•nt for the Norih- 
 nitoba, July i5thj 
 
 First Things in Canada. 171 
 
 having' an aggregate of 5,836 tons. When the Dominion was created 
 there were 5,693 vessels with 767,654 tons. In December, 1874, the 
 registry contained 6,930 vessels with a registered tonnage of 1,158,363 
 tons. In 1878 there were 7,469 vessels and 1,332,094 tons. Since that 
 date the number and tonnage of ships built and owned in Canada have 
 steadily decreased, owing largely to the increased substitution of iron and 
 steel for wood in the construction of ships. The changes which have 
 taken place in Canada are : — 
 
 1867 1895 
 
 No. Tons. No. Tons. 
 
 Steamers 335 45,766 1,718 247,007 
 
 ^"'Ps 164 168,612 73 113,487 
 
 Barks, Brigs, Brigantines, 1,051 301,943 342 194,367 
 
 Schooners 3,471 191,080 4,032 244,802 
 
 ^•o"Ps 61 3,686 328 23,609 
 
 ?tre 348 35,258 580 84,357 
 
 Another 263 21,309 189 11,534 
 
 .'i,693 767,654 7,262 919,163 
 Ship Channel— Between Montreal and Quebec. First agitation for, began in 
 1825. In 1831 Captain Bayfield, Commander Royal Navy, reported it 
 problematical that any efficient means could be devised to remove the im- 
 pediment' in Lake St. Peter and in the river. In 1838 the Montreal 
 Commit.ee of Trade represented by petition to the Legislature that the 
 lake was so shallow as to prevent the passing of vessels drawing more than 
 10 or 12 feet of water, and that they, the petitioners, had been assured 
 that the ship channel through the lake could be deepened to 16 feet at no 
 great expense. Immediately after the Union of Upper and Lower Canada 
 (1841V the authorities ordered a survey, the result of which was the appro- 
 priation by the Legislature of the sum of $284,700 for the work of deep- 
 ening the channel. After many delays and the expenditure of $296 154 
 work was begun on the " straiglit channel " in 1850 by the Harbor Com- 
 missioners of Montreal, who were authorized toborrow the sum of $120,000 
 and to levy a tonnage duty on all vessels drawing 10 feet or more of wat r 
 passing through the lake. Their plans necessitated excavations of ii^ 
 miles in length. In 1855 an Act passed empowering the Commissioners 
 to borrow $400,000 and to excavate a 20 feet channel. In i860 the 
 channel had been deepened to 17;^ feet. The increase in trade and in the 
 size of ocean steamers called for a further deepening of the channel. By 
 1878 the depth was 22 feet ; by 1882 it was 25 feet, and by the end of the 
 season of 1887 it was 27 >^ feet. In the straight part of the channel the 
 dredging is from 300 to 325 feet wide, but in other parts it is 450 feet 
 wide, and in the worst places the sides of the submerged canal are over i6 
 feet high. The total cost of this work to 30th June, 1896, was $4,672,995, 
 and the total (juantiiy of dredged material removed amounted to about 22 
 million cutMc feet. Thus was Montreal— a city nearly 1,000 miles inland 
 from the Atlantic Ocean and 250 miles above salt water— made a fresh- 
 water port for the largest ocean-going craft. 
 Ship Railway-First aitt-mpt to build a ship rnilv.ny in Canada— the Chig- 
 neclo Isthmus ship railway, to connect the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the 
 Bay of Fundy— begun in September, 1888. The weight of steel needed 
 for its construction is calculated at 10,000 toiis. 
 
 
1/2 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 n On ar,o, an<l Gaspcs Clucouti.ni an.l Saguenay in (Lhec Bv Ac n 
 
 September '. . . . igg^ 
 
 J"'y 20th ;.■ ,Sg2 
 
 January 22n(l ,87. 
 
 ^ept. loth ,878 
 
 June 20th 1882 
 
 February 22nd 1887 
 
 March 5th 1891 
 
 June 23rd ,896 
 
 Ai /., urging that as " working people were so snrre nn^ kk ^ 
 
 DosaT Th^ rfl it ■' ' '""?''"" "■" Pn-'Pared approving of the wo 
 £°ILJ ^fi; contain, an ordinance of I ith November 170! 
 
 K:uZ;cira7f,:£TXi„^"t,;aa"""^" 
 
 provide, that d suci ne™^ and K h" »' <-»""» (S^P'- Slh. .760) 
 
 contains several references to slavprv ^M T^ ^^"^ Haldimand collection 
 living in MontreairnXg a pS;„„f;" ;"" '^f '^'''de « one applicant 
 negro slave to pay a debt due by hh master '^X^^ P"""^" '° ^f" .» 
 1783 for leave to join his master jThn HI. cl in Ouel^n ''"'"' ''''\'" 
 served as seaman in His Majesty's service nr.v<fnr^' " "^-^^ 'l^" 
 " to protect him in hi. Hb^rt- of whTh r '.^^^^f"'^ passport in 17S4, 
 he is now serving, seeks to d'ep" ve h m " 'ln"]hl /.""' ""f ^^«^«,fe 
 werc for the tirst time Counted^ irsut the nulV Tbot^^ lUi tZ 
 
 Province o: 
 district. I 
 fore it a ca 
 and judgm 
 In 1791 th( 
 Niagara dii 
 Canada pa 
 confirmed t 
 that their 1 
 to have bee 
 in 1792. 
 register of 
 this record 
 Jarvis." I 
 mistress, w 
 at Montrea 
 Chief Justii 
 February, 
 Court of K 
 custody. 
 Canada in 
 advertisemi 
 with " oth< 
 his" slave 
 and in 185; 
 the Suprer 
 of the legj 
 In 1808 M 
 the Nova t^ 
 It passed i 
 the Act wa 
 October li 
 New Bruns 
 
 [ guaranteed. 
 The Imperi 
 
 Soulanges Cat 
 River St. 
 render thesi 
 to build a ( 
 demand foi 
 new canal \ 
 a depth of \ 
 
 St. John, New 
 having rece 
 New Bruns' 
 Parrtown al 
 side of the 
 It is the ' 
 loads of me 
 full life rati 
 John has th 
 of 15 feet i 
 current sets 
 smooth and 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 173 
 
 . de St. Ovide in aj 
 Silver has heenl 
 one time prodiictd 
 ■ielded 3 '4 millidn' 
 •reduced a yearly 
 produced $1,105,.' 
 1,937 The total 
 ^89 worth in i,S92, 
 corporated in the 
 ivinces of (^)uel.« 
 Scoticiand Prince 
 >nnand Musi<oka 
 ebec. By Act of 
 minion should, in 
 - of Commons rn 
 in British Colimi- 
 fipissing, C.aspc, 
 Id for the purpose 
 
 1882 
 
 1887 
 
 1891 
 
 1896 
 
 'St of them were 
 lalling for a new 
 aearmg date 7th 
 3ns of 1 89 1 >,.r . 
 
 at Quebec, 
 io half crovvr.s. 
 : to King Louis 
 I labour so dear 
 ' importation of | 
 ing of the pro- 
 ovember, 1705, 
 ;e was issued by 
 ^awnee Indians 
 full proprietor- 
 'ept. 8th, 17O0) 
 1 slavery. The 
 I as " hatches, 
 of slavery. In 
 records of St. 
 nand collection 
 r one applicant 
 ission to sell a 
 o slave, asks in 
 c, a negro who 
 sport in 1784, 
 ilii whose wife 
 3f 1784 slaves 
 h sexes in the 
 
 Provmce of Canada being given at 304, of which 212 were in Montreal 
 district. In March, 1788, the Montreal Court of Common Pleas had be- 
 fore it a case of a claim of delivery to the plaintiff of " 2 negro wenches," 
 and judgment was given that the negroes should he d livered up to him. 
 In 1791 there were about 300 negroes, and a few Pawnees, slave';, in the 
 Niagara district. In 1793 the first Parliament of the Province of Upper 
 Canada passed an Act which prohibited the importation of slaves but 
 confirmed the ownership in slaves then held as such. It provided, however, 
 that their children should be free after 25 years of age. This Act is said 
 to have been drawn up by Mr. O.sgoode, Chief Justice of Upper Canada, 
 m 1792. In 1796 a female slave was sold in (^)uebec for $100. The 
 register of St. Mark's Parish Church, Niagara, for February 5th, 1797, has 
 this record : " Married— Moses and I'hd^be, negro slaves of Mr. Secretary 
 Jarvis." In February, 1798, tlharlotie, a coloured slave, claimed by her 
 mistress, was released on //a/vax corpus: by Chief fusiice Sir James Monk 
 at Montreal. This was followed by another case with the same result, the 
 Chief Justice declaring that in his opinion slavery was ended. On the l8th 
 February, 1800, the case of " Robin, a slave," came up before the full 
 Court of King's Bench, with the result that " Robin " was di.scharged from 
 custody. Peter Russell, who was administering the (;overnment of Upper 
 Canada in 1796-9, advertised the sale of two slaves in 1806. In 1790 an 
 advertisement appeared in Halifax offering at public auction a negro man 
 with " other articles." In 1791, (ieorge Harding of New Brunswick sold 
 his "slave Tippeo " to his son fohn for £\i New Brunswick currency, 
 and in 1852 made oath that he had so done. On Febniary i8th, 1800, 
 the Supreme Court of New Brunswick divided eijuaiiy on the question 
 of the legality of slavery, two of the judges being for and two against. 
 In 1808 Mr. Ritchie, member for Annapolis County, introduced a bill in 
 the Nova Scotian Legislature to regulate ncgrp .servitude in Nova Scotia. 
 It passed its second reading, but did not become law. The intention of 
 the Act was to curb the negroes in their efforts for freedom of .action. On 
 October i6th, 1809, a negro woman, " Nancy," was advertised in the 
 New Brunswick Gazette, to be sold by Daniel Brown, "and a good title 
 guaranteed." Slaves were in existence in Upper Canada as late as 1830. 
 The Imperial Statute of 1833 removed all remainsofthe system in Canada. 
 Soulanges Canal— The Beauhamois Canal is on the southern side of the 
 River St. Lawrence. In 1891 in accordance with the general policy to 
 render these canals as safe as possible the Dominion Government resolved 
 to build a Canal on the north side of the St. Lawrence, the increasing 
 demand for more accommodation being an additional incentive. The 
 new canal will be 14 miles long, will have 4 lift-locks, 270 by 45 feet, and 
 a depth of water on the sills of 14 feet. 
 St. John, New Brunswick, is the oldest incorporated town in the Dominion, 
 having received its charter from Thomas Carleton, the first Governor of 
 New Brunswick, l8th May, 1785. Previous to that d.\te it was called 
 Parrtown after Governor Parr of Nova Scotia. Carleton, on the opposite 
 side of the Harbour, was also made part of St. fohn on the same date. 
 It is the "historic city of the Loyalists of 1783," founded by 20 vessel- 
 loads of men, women and children who preferred voluntary exile and a toil- 
 full life rather than renounce their allegiance to the British Crown. St. 
 John has the only reversible Falls in Canada. The river flows over a fall 
 of 15 feet into the Harbour at low tide, but when the tide is at flood the 
 current sets in the opposite direction. When it is half-tide the surface is 
 smooth and navigation is unimpeded. 
 
«74 
 
 St. Lawrence Canals 
 
 Speaker— 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 ■ navigafi 
 
 opened 
 
 Rol,ert"San;i;rsonr3ec"lfsp^^ '" Canada was 
 
 Scotia, October 2nd I?S Th.fi °/t^ ^°"?^ of Representatives, Nova 
 of Ne; BrunswiJj w.^^ Amoi Rn r Y^"""!; '? '^' Legislative Assembly 
 Speaker of trUgisTatversLhvnfT* ^'^ January, ,786. The (,rs! 
 
 Leg.siat.ve Council of Upper Canada wff7h,Vf\''.f J"' ^Pfl^I' °^ '^ 
 
 T • 1 •■ ^V ^ "icuiucis lor uienearrv. 
 
 FT.lm/i,», A..J._: .o""^'^'^J'"''!?" V I-egislative Assembly was Dr. J. S 
 
 SpcHKer in Vancouver Island's Leeisl 
 was Hon. J. Cockburn and fh?fi '^''"'°[^^o^'^* ^^'"'' Confederation 
 
 ^•"^menX, t;:r°J;?„S ^o'T.-^^r' r" •5""'" - ■'-■ •fi» 
 
 imposing a S ?l ch,„it ^^^h!"^," 7'"" 'It' '•""''S' '" 2° ?"". 
 says, '• The cm iVneve. K' t' ",T- '"? ">■ '"''™"- <^»'»»« 
 
 ^s.,e^„., T.Tp,s a^ri-rrs;:,ySV:rKi"'S ir 
 
 10.11 nations." Il was nubliS in ,!•?"' ""'d'"" '^ '" """""" 
 Insliln.t, Totonlo fo, ,S?o In ,), . Tra"sacuons of Iha Cnadian 
 
 universal s.and.Jd we e S p e,in ed'Tiemffi".'^"'"'''''''" '"Z "' » 
 and Anierin nr .^H fi,» .„ • l"/^-^^"^^"- scientihc 'ssociaiions in Europe 
 
 GeognSca, CWress Ti'e^iT'' F^'T^ '.''^"'•""- ^n International 
 
 Standard of Greenwich wa<;\Hr.m»!iT.u ' 'f^i. reckoning by the 
 United States ThJhands of ShI l^ '^1 ^^""^l^ "^ Canada and the 
 people were moOed Swar"^•n o d - ^'1 "'^'^h' °^°^^' 5° million 
 with the common standard V thl n / "v, \ l^ J^'^'" '"'" agreement 
 accordin, ,„ „e 6*0^,' ^ oTTs'ie^Ieis^'ofro-n^uSnS'Xt 
 
 
 this contin 
 into force I 
 since beer 
 the adopti( 
 where com 
 hour zones 
 such hour 
 hour tneric 
 Standard Da; 
 request of 
 and invite 
 according) 
 nationalitii 
 of seven r( 
 day for all 
 meridian c 
 summer of 
 tion on lh( 
 the Interc( 
 Engineers 
 received tc 
 tion of the 
 for its gem 
 sented 13 
 for some 3 
 railways c( 
 into force 
 Internatio; 
 is every p 
 Europe. 
 
 Thus, / 
 move stea 
 reckoning 
 London ( f 
 Unificatio 
 first scient 
 reckoning 
 February, 
 July of 18; 
 brought ti 
 through th 
 of Europe, 
 
 The Cai 
 a joint cor 
 resolution 
 subject sh( 
 ing their 
 desirable, 
 the Astroi 
 sent to As 
 reform is 
 beginning 
 Astrcnomi 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 175 
 
 ly in Canada was 
 resentatives, Nova 
 jislative Assembly 
 
 1786. The lirst 
 fter the separation 
 of the Legislative 
 fuMice. The first 
 
 was Hon.. John 
 5t Speaker of the 
 ! Osgoode. The 
 l)ly was Dr. J. S. 
 British Columliia 
 I the Legislative 
 rch, 1871. 
 er Confederation 
 ^as Hon. Joseph 
 e are : Hons. P. I 
 >ford, Sir David 
 
 W. Allan, Hon. 
 'elletier, C.M.G. 
 :e Hon. J. Cock- 
 
 A. Kirkpatrici<, 
 Igar(i897). (See 
 
 !cini72i. The 
 je for 20 years, 
 ;ance. Garneau 
 I and has never 
 
 ic on 19th June, 
 en. 32,ooo,ax) 
 •ooof these were 
 No 4 cent, no 7 
 I above 10 centi 
 • 00. 7,000,000 
 s jubilee special 
 he loth Sept., 
 
 repared a paper 
 1 to be common 
 f the Ciinadian 
 s in favor of a 
 lions in Europe 
 n International 
 5s at Rome, in 
 all a conference 
 ;koning by the 
 anada and the 
 )ver so mill! JB 
 nto agreement 
 >eing arranged 
 ide, into which 
 
 this continent had been divided. The same principle of reckoning went 
 into force throughout the Japanese Empire on January 1st. 1888. It has 
 since been extended to Australia and the greater part of Europe. With 
 the adoption of standard time the hours, minutes and seconds are every- 
 where concurrent, and the numbers of the hours are in harmony with the 
 hour zones in which localities are situated. Around the globe there are 24 
 such hour zones in which the reckoning is governed by 24 equidistant 
 hour meridians numbered westward from the meridian of tlrcenwich. 
 Standard Day— The President of the United Slates, General Arthur, at the 
 request of Congress, brought the subject before the naticms of the world 
 and invited delegates from all countries to a Scientific Conference, which 
 accordingly assembled in W.nshington in the autumn of 1884. Twenty-six 
 nationalities were represented. The Conference resulted in the adoption 
 of seven resolutions, one of which proposed that the universal standard 
 day for all the world .should begin at the moment of mean midnight on the 
 meridian of Greenwich, the hours to be counted from i to 24. In mid- 
 summer of 1886 the Canadian Pacific Railway adopted the 24 hour nota- 
 tion on their western section. The Canadian Government adopted it on 
 the Intercolonial Railway in 1887. In 1890 the American Society of Civil 
 Engineers meeting in New York announced that 237 replies had l)€en 
 received to a circular asking the opinion of railway managers on the adop- 
 tion of the 24 hour notation. 220 concurred in the principle, but the date 
 for its general adoption has not been fixed. The concurring view repre- 
 sented 135,000 miles of railway. The 24-hour notation has been in use 
 for some years throughout the Indian Empire and in China, on all the 
 railways constructed. It is employed for all purposes in Italy. It went 
 into force in Belgium on ist May, 1897, and from the discussion at an 
 International Railway Conference held December, 1896, at Vienna, there 
 is every prospect of this reform being adopted before long throuThout 
 Europe. ' 
 
 Thus, pap passu, the 24-hour notation and reckoning by one standard 
 move steadily forward to the goal desired, viz.; a universal system of 
 reckoning time common to the whole world. The system was in use in 
 London (Eng.) at the beginning of the seventeenth century. 
 Unification of Time at Sea -The Canadian Institute was probably the 
 first scientific society in any part of the world to give the subject of time- 
 reckoning earnest consideration. At the meetings of the society held in 
 February, 1879, the questions involved were fully discussed. In May and 
 July of 1879, and again in May, 1880, the Governor-General of Canada 
 brought the views of the Institute before the British Government and 
 through that Government before the Governments and Scientific Societies 
 of Europe. 
 
 The Canadian Institute and the Physical Society of Toronto appointed 
 a joint committee which reported April 20th, 1893, suggesting that the 
 resolution of the Washington International Conference of 1884 on this 
 subject should be brought before those interested, for the purpose of secur- 
 ing their views. In accordance with the report, the question : " Is it 
 desirable, all interests considered, that on and after the ist January, 1901, 
 the Astronomical day should everywhere begin at mean midnigtit," was 
 sent to Astronomers generally throughout the world. The reason of this 
 reform is that there are now three differing days. (I.) The Civil day 
 beginning at midnight and ending at the midnight following. (2.) The 
 Astronomical day beginning at noon of the Civi> day and ending at the 
 
176 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 the (jovernor General "spttincr f^riK .u . r '" '"'. "'^"i '"-^ c-xcellcncv 
 question Imd been Smiuy/o7h^ '° ^hom ,h 
 
 ihe unificationTf time " e, so ^hnT h'^'^'T' ,'*',"'"-'t'"'^^ favoural.ly „. 
 
 of , he opinion ,h„ .ho cl^nge cannorSc ™M ""'"" " ''"'""">■ 
 merce of the United Kitig.lom ^"c.eties and Chambers of Com- 
 
 ^tlouTp^ovFn^esl^r 'hl\"s:.e%rr'^ '•^^'■"^^", ^^^ --'"-' "^ "- 
 
 Governors, the'^o^mtr^'; J^'y/erJeTT'rrrti':^ ^ "^"J" '"r ''' 
 tribunals, with recourse to the hwnf,h "^ "^'^'^^'a'- '^iw and mililary 
 military aw w/s waminrr nr ,h» ^ conquered people where ihf> 
 
 . (a) The second srS C nac iaKwr ": the'rr";^''^ '^ ^""■^''^^'""' 
 instructions to the GovernnTrnf fi? • '^S/^^ular commissions an,l 
 
 source is the ordinances7a"sS aid ,h.'?"°"' ^ ''"^ "f «• (■?) The third 
 and the DominioS ParHa' en' " ''^'' '"'^'^'^ ^^^ '^' Legislatures 
 
 With regard to the 2nd head, the sources are- t.\ Tn m o • 
 
 Governor Cornwallis' Commission nio fl nZ{ ^^ I" ^^o^a Scotm, 
 vince of Canada), Royal Prodamado !'x763 ^ PWncT Fc^wt'd^^I ^T 
 Governor Patters.m's Commission of 1 7fio./,y^ V u *^' ^.^i^^ island, 
 Carleton's Commission, ilsl Z British ri^ 'T "" '^''""•'^^-''^k, Governor 
 
 Commission, 1849; (/) Mam'to[i Aa of C-ni''"' ^rr""""^ ^^ 
 
 Acts of 1870. ^^' ^^' ' '^""o'^a, Ad of Canadian Parliament, chap. 3, 
 
 The first Assembly in Nova Scotia was railed inf^ 1 • 1 
 consequence of doubts having been expTesLd | ! cK ^ r^ '^f^^f^-^-'" 
 
 Governor and"coundralS: %,< S^'^TJirtT' '^^S), that ,he 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 177 
 
 first revised Statutes 1767. There have been 8 since, those of 1776, 1784, 
 1805, 1851, 1859, .864, 1873 an.i 1884. (2) New Brunswick, the Hrst 
 revision being that of 1823, followed bv those of 1838, 1854 and 1877 
 (3) 1 rince Edward Island, the first revision was that of 1862, a concluding 
 volume being published in 1868. (4) Ontario, whose first revision was in 
 1843., '"llowe-i by those of 1877 and 1887. (5) Manitoba, with a first 
 revision in 1880, and a second in 1891. (6) British Columbia, with revisions 
 in i»7i, 1877, 1888 and 1891. (7) Province of Canada, ist revised 
 Statutes 1859. (8) Dominion of Canada, first revision 1886. (9) North- 
 >Arest Territories, first revision 1888. 
 
 For interesting particulars see paper in Canada Law Tourual, Tune. 
 1896, written by VV. Martin Griffin, Toronto. ' ^ » 
 
 Steam Communication with Europe, Genesis ^/.—Samuel Cunard de- 
 spatched the first subsidized steamship, the Unicorn, from Liverpool to 
 Habfax (his native place) and lioston, 1840. She arrived at Halifax on 
 the last day of May, having been 15 days making the passage. The 
 Brttaunta was the first regular steamship of the British and North Ameri- 
 can Koyal Mail Steamship Co. fairiliarly known as the " Cunard Line " 
 She left Liverpool on the 4th /.ily, 1840, and was 14 days, 8 hours to 
 Boston, including 12 hours' deviation to Halifax. The second regular 
 steamer was named the Acadia, a vessel 228 feet in length, 34 feet 4 inches 
 beam, 22>^ feet in depth, 425 horse power, and 1,150 tons burden. She 
 made the run between Liverpool and Boston (2,755 miles) in 12 days and 
 
 ^t «"•''• V "^ '^''^^ ''""'^ '"'"^'^ ^^^ Cunards used under their contract with 
 the British Government were each 207 feet long. 34 feet beam, and 24.4 
 teet deep, 1,155 'ons gross and 619 tons net. They consumed 38 tons of 
 coil a day and then average speed was from 8.3 to 8.7 knots per hour. 
 
 Major Carmichael-Smyth. in a pamphlet published in England 50 
 years ago, tells how the idea of an ocean steamship service had its origin 
 Hon. Joseph Howe, Thomas C. Haliburton (Sam Slick), and S. P. Fair- 
 banks had embarked on the lo-gun brig Tyrian, from Halifax to Liver- 
 pool. While the brig was running slowly along, one fine day, the passen- 
 gers saw far off in the western horizon a long trail of smoke, which, as 
 they .looked, seemed to be nearing them. It was not long before the fast 
 advancing column of smoke resolved itself into the steamer Sirius—\\ie. 
 first stean-driven vessel that ever crossed the Atlantic between Great 
 Britain and New York, having left Cork for New York April 4th, 1838 
 and at the time on her return trip toXireat Britain, having left New York 
 on 1st May. The captain of the Tynan, having on board the mail bags 
 and some despatches of great importance for the British Government, 
 resolved to speed their arrival by transferring them to the Siritts. The 
 new mode and the old met in mid-ocean. The brig's captain called 
 through his trumpet, "Will you take charge of Her Majesty's mail?" 
 The steamer's captain answered, "Yes; but ])e quick." The mail bags 
 were hoisted rapidly up the deep waist of the brig and transferred, Mr. 
 Howe, with true journalistic instinct, accompanying them to see the Sirius 
 at close quarters. Naturally, on his return to the brig, the episode was 
 the subject of much conversation between the three Nova Scotiansand the 
 gallant major, as they paced the deck day after day. "Toe" Howe 
 declared that something must be done, and that right away, or New York 
 wnii.r. become the post office of ihc American continent. Out of the talks 
 came suggestions and the conclusion that as soon as they reached London 
 they would " wait upon the Colonial Minister, point out to him the neces- 
 12 
 
'78 First Things in Canada. 
 
 sity and importance of a steam communication from the Mother CouMtrv 
 to her children m the west, and plead the cause of Halifax." On Tan n? 
 ^oiilTnT', i'!^'"" separated-two, Judge Halil.urton and Mr. fC^ 
 going to Hristol to see the owners ol the Sinus, and the other remS ^ 
 
 WiliL^'^r"' '° "? M ' «'?;'«""•. «^,"=. They then hurried to London! t-k 
 W.Uiam Crane, of New Brunswick, and Samuel Camard into their c,: 
 dence, and hnally succeeded in obtaining a subsidy from the Br h 
 Goyernmen for carrying mails by steam-driven vessels Lt ween Liver l 
 Wh^r Ti Boston, 20 round voyages a year for 10 years"from « J 
 Which of the men who tried their sea-legs on the deck of the TvWm 
 suggested the plan that resulted in the establishment of the firs? aT S 
 Ocean steamship line, it would be difficult to decide. The '' Clockmak " 
 {184.) says, « Mr. Slick, with his usual vanity, claims the honor^f i- 
 gesting u as well as the «erit of having, by argument and ridicule^reasc. d 
 and shamed the Government into its adoption." Mr. Flow" mere e 
 marks, "The major was the most enthusiastic of us all." Mr Cunrd 
 always insisted that he had conceived the idea long before, and had beX 
 one of the owners of the J^oyal miUam in 1830 with he idea of o an 
 steam transport dominant in his mind " 
 
 >^Ii.- ''''^"^".f l^^'T^" theAV«/ miliam, with its 23 days' voyage the 
 Acadta, with its 12 days 12 hours, and the Lucania, with its Td-i^s 7 
 hours and 23 minutes' trip, marks the advance that has been made in oce-,2 
 steamships. It was ten years after the establishment of the Cuna d I ine 
 before they got the passages down to 11 days. In the '< sixdes ''he 
 Persia brought down the record to 9 days and 21 hours In 1870 h^ 
 ScoUa made the passage in 8 days, 28 minutes. This is tSe firs apS?a 
 of minutes in the reckoning. In 1875 the City of Berlin made tE, n 
 7 days, 15 hours and 28 minutes. The Alaska crossed in 6 davs 18 ho, I 
 and 37 „„nut in ,882. The City of Paris was the fir I «' fivS.'" makte 
 the passage m 5 days 23 hours and 10 minutes in July. ,880 r^ 
 Lucama, in October 1894. made the trip in the time already giJ^n I 
 took 10 years to get the trips down to 1 1 days ; 20 years more to eet ihem 
 down to 8 days ; 5 years more to get them down to 7 d^ys? 5 yf as to 6 
 days, and 7 years to under 6 days. ^ ' ' ^ ° 
 
 Steamer-Australia-Canada-The first steamer of this line arrived at Victoria 
 B.C., June 8th, 1893. The Miowera left Sydney, (Aust ) Mav iSrh ^ 
 S'Vr'sf ''X^'''^ '' -•'^'^^y of the 27th, and^.rrii:;d ariVonduft, n d-' 
 night 31st. She brought mails for Canada, the United States the Un ted 
 Kingdom and the Continent of Europe. Her dimensions we e lenih 
 
 tt'^reoT KoTcf/8'f'r ''^u' °^^^^'l' 360 feet ; breadth of be M 
 pass;nge?s ' ^^^ ""'"^ ^i saloon, and 44 second ckss, 
 
 Steamers-The first movement towards the steam navigation of the St Liw- 
 
 rrn7-M ''^" ^y ^^"•rJ"'?" ^^°'^°"' •" conjunction w"th David Bni! 
 a ship-builder, and John Jackson, an engineer The vessel buiJ bv them 
 v,asiheAao^rnodation. She was but a small boat, 72 feet n len.h 
 r;orL'p:we^"AirX"r4'^f" ^"^'"^' ^""^'^"'^'•^^ by Mr.' Jacks:"n' f 
 comTan'SrAllti : e' fl'S treTeaS'strrred T r^""^ "^^ 
 Quebec. It was deemed d;nge?ourL''co^TnVJrh:t^%t7nSl • 
 
 engine of tooLperf.ct;;onsUu:^;;';;: Z.l^^tl SiiJ^^S'^'W^ir 
 
 therefore 
 engine 
 work. ! 
 at 28 hoi 
 The St. 
 municati 
 Accommi 
 the Hud 
 Steamers— 1 
 Steamer— T 
 1817. 1 
 was mod 
 wide, 721 
 Steamer— F 
 May iitl 
 screw ste 
 
 Steamers— 1 
 Pacific C 
 have will 
 built for 
 at Fort \ 
 
 The fit 
 2ist May 
 Bay of 1 
 1826 1 
 was in i£ 
 first steal 
 
 The/^ 
 1889, 13 
 record to 
 silks. 
 
 In 186 
 335, with 
 had on h 
 
 Steel Steam 
 
 between 
 First wh( 
 
 Steamship S 
 
 with occi 
 crossed t 
 Cunard ] 
 company. 
 The Allai 
 formation 
 being 10 
 McKean, 
 the Britis 
 fortnightl 
 The Cans 
 under co; 
 China ar 
 June, i8g 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 179 
 
 therefore, to England and contracted with the firm of Bolton & Watt for the 
 engine of a larger boat. In 1811 the new vessel {he Swi/t Sure was at 
 work. She was 120 feet long, with a beam of 24 feet, and an engine rated 
 at 28 horse power. The Maham came next and then the Lady Sherbrooke. 
 The St. Lawrence Steam Company was lirmiy es iblished and steam com- 
 munication between Montreal and (^hiebec an assured success. The 
 Accommodation was antedated by two years by Kobert Fulton's steamer on 
 the Hudson in 1807. 
 
 Steamers— First on the Ottawa River, 1819. 
 
 Steamer— The first Lake Ontario steamer was the FronUnac, launched in 
 181 7. Robert ILimilton was the pioneer, and the engine of the first boat 
 was modelled after the Afalsam's engine. She was 72 feet long, 32 feet 
 wide, 720 tons burden, and drew 8 feet of water. 
 
 Steamer — First regular ocean steamer to Montreal was the Genova, entered 
 May nth, 1853. First screw steamer on the great lakes, 1841. First 
 screw steamer from Liverpool to the St. Lawrence, 1854. 
 
 Steamers— The Beaver was the first steamer which appeared on the north 
 Pacific Coast. King William IV. and 1,600 of his subjects are reported to 
 have witnessed the launch of this steamer on the Thames in 1834. She was 
 built for the Hudson's Bay Company and went round Cape Horn, arriving 
 at Fort Vancouver in 1835. 
 
 The first steamer "on the St. lohn River, N.B., was the General Smyth, 
 2ist May, 1816. The St. George followed in 1825. The first on the 
 Bay of Fundy to ply between St. John and Annapolis was the St. John, 
 1826. The first steamer between Prince Edward Island and the mainland 
 was in 1832, when communication was established by the Pocahantas. The 
 first steamer on the Red River was the Pioneer, 1861. 
 
 The Parthia arrived at Vancouver City, (B.C.) at noon, November 6th, 
 1889, 13 days and 13 hours from Yokohama, making the fastest ttme on 
 record to that date. She carried 1,832 tons of freight, principally tea and 
 silks. 
 
 In 1867 the steamers on the Registry Books of the Dominion numbered 
 335, with a tonnage of 45,766 tons. At the end of December, 1895, Canada 
 had on her registry 1,718 steamers, with a tonnage of 247,0? ns.. 
 
 Steel Steamer — The first steel steamer engaged in the AtL itic business 
 between Europe and America was the Allan steamer Buenos Ayrian, 1879. 
 First wholly constructed in Canada, at Deseronto, 1886. 
 
 Steamship Service — The Dominion of Canada has been honourably connected 
 with ocean steam service. The first -company to build a steamer that 
 crossed the ocean, driven by steam, was a Canadian company. The 
 Cunard Line, originated by three Canadians, was preceded by but one 
 company, the Great Western Steamship Co., as an Atlantic Ocean line. 
 The Allan Line began its career as an Atlantic steam line in 1852 by the 
 formation of the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company, the shareholders 
 being 10 Canadian merchants. First contractors for the mail service were 
 McKean, McLarty & Co. The Allan Line steamers were taken off by 
 the British Government for service in the Crimea, and began their regular 
 fortnightly mail service in 1856. The Dominion Line was formed in 1870, 
 The Canadian Pacific Steamship Line began operations in 1889 by placing 
 under contract for construction the Empress oj India, the Empress of 
 China and the Empress of Japan. The Australia-Canada Line began 
 June, 1893. 
 
i8o 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 ^*TfAW,/'H/^^^%''"' ''-''"'r"!' ^'^'"" Canada to cross the Atlantic «,. 
 ^ht Aoyal ir//,a„,, ( aptain ..hn McDoiigall. She was un.loi.l.tc llv H 
 fir^ .tennv, nven vessel that ever crossed the ocean Mer 7. , y s^, ;'' 
 resting. InMiiential men in Can.ida desired in iX^. .A ,r[\ ■ , 
 
 So^rtrTl '»''»• "^'"''" -- -•-;")' 'V inter provincial l.a.ie^and'ha tun 
 without tra<le exchanges would f.e futile. To overcon.e this object on 1, • 
 Legislature of Lower Canada authorized an expenditure of Vt -^fr^?. 
 
 vearf»;.h '^'-""""". '<"K''''^ture respon.led hy ofTering /y^, ., 
 
 fhl .. r 1 '-'"''-"■ fJ'!'"'.'.?^- A "'"• '^'"<^'< company was forme.l ami ol I 
 the "Quebec and Halifax Navig.iti.,n Comi.any " • 2;; ci i -ns of )?f 
 and of Halif,,, i„ ,he prop.,r,io'n of about o'nelnlf fr, . , e h Sy .' t':: 
 subscribers. Among them were Samuel. Henry and b.seph ( una'rd ' 
 
 .«nc 1 '1 , ' - ^"' • '7 '^eet, 9 inches ; length of deck, 176 feet • i j-r 
 VrV^t r. S'^t'Th' r^'^ '^-7; ^i'^' "1 '•-■iame'nt'mear^r'em'.:!:" 
 
 LadvTvt' ""-r'"' r'".'^ ''^''''' '^Jt, ch^islened in tie ortiid;™' ; 
 Srl^l K '"'^'u°^ "^^ Covernor-CJeneral of Canada, and towed unn 
 Montreal, vyhere she received her engines of about 200 horse now, ' 
 After returning to (,)„ebcc, the /',y.r/ [Pi/U,,,, starte Ifor^InMfax on 2. h 
 August, 1831, with 20 cabin and 70 steerage passenl 7 •' 1 »ood7r..!,1 
 On' t"e°;u"h Marh'-'is^T^hT^ ^'''T.'' '''' ^ './^rHanS'.' 
 compa;';l^;^efan:i^i^ent^trtrSs,:;:t^%:-K,,^,-- 
 steamer to arrive at that port, she was enthusS.nl 'received e 
 
 o?LlT"°r^ °l^'^"'' ^^"^ °^ ^irwTtrtwo'yJa!?;; e tnc 'a?^^^^^^^ 
 
 such she was engaged in operations ag.iinst Don CarlosTn .S.fiTt, i 
 coming the first war steamer that ever fired a shot In ,V.n k^ ' u- '"' 
 was u. ilized for another war steamer, andTn ranuarv iS^^^ ■ "^"^^'^'y 
 
 T nrH A ^ '^''^'^V ''^ ^'^^^'-^is^^^ Compartments. On the 28th Tune Tso 
 Amnnf ♦hr>S'» '^r"°n* "hj-ri T -. 1 \! ■ ^-n'""i«', june l.^-IS, I0O4. 
 
 passage 1 
 /•<'/<;/ /A 
 
 Steamship \ 
 Scotia, a 
 |)laced u 
 tiovernu 
 assist in 
 Hritish ( 
 same Ac 
 secure a 
 and Japa 
 
 Canada-^ 
 service. 
 The first 
 wiia. ¥ 
 the Aust 
 gives /ic 
 Steam Engl 
 Assnciaii( 
 propelled 
 ienced in 
 horse po« 
 
 Stone Inscrif 
 
 Norse Re 
 out the pr 
 rock weif 
 those wh 
 Vineland 
 reigned o\ 
 years. T 
 N.S. 
 
 Anothei 
 in ttie Fre 
 a retired 
 burton, au 
 R. G. Hal 
 (now Sir 1; 
 Canadian 
 
 Street Cars- 
 Street Lights 
 Street Lighti 
 
 lamps ; wi 
 Street Railwa 
 Succession di 
 
 to duties 01 
 Scotia and 
 1893, arid 
 Noitii-Wea 
 amounts ol 
 
FiKST Things in Canada, 
 
 i8i 
 
 passage on her trial trip, and Mr. Horace VVicksteed, who boarded the 
 hoyal iyil/tu»i,.,n hi-r arrival in England and look dinner with tliecaptp.in. 
 Steamship Service, Ocean, Subsidies to, were Hrst given in 1840 bv Nova 
 Scotia, and m 1856 by the i'roviuce of Canada. In 1889 an Act was 
 jjlaced upon the .Matiiie b..ok ol the Dominion authoriJng the Dominion 
 (.oyernment to give a subsidy not exceeding /^S.cxjo sterling a year to 
 assist in establishing an elfeclive fortnightly steamship service between 
 liritish Columbia and the Australian colonies and New Zealand Hy the 
 same Act the (Jovernnient was empowered to enter into a coiUract to 
 secure a monthly steamship service between Hritiy.h Columbia and China 
 and Japan— the subsidy at the disposal of the Dominion Covernmenl beinL' 
 ^i5,ocx) stg. per annmn. In i8y.5 .he Act of 1889 was amended, and the 
 Canada-Ausiraha subsidy was maele ^25,000 for an etlective monthly steam 
 service. Ihe hrst steamer under the China-Japan subsidy was theArM,,, 
 Jhebrst steamer umler the Canada-Australian agreement was the AJia- 
 m htom August, 1897, three boats, instea.l of two, are engaged in 
 the Aiistraha-Canada line, touching ai Wellington. New South Waler 
 gives ;^ 10,000 a year, and Fiji $2,000, in supp.vt of the line. 
 Steam Engine-First importe<l into Nova Scotia, by the General Mining 
 Association, 1827. In 1829 the Dartmouth and Halifax ferry boat was 
 prope led by an engine of 30 horse power, but great difficulty was exner- 
 lenced in getting it to work well. In 1830 a boat having an engine of 4 
 horse power plied between I'ictou and New (ilasgow, Nova Scotia. 
 Stone Inscription -Charles Roberts in his History of Canada refers to the 
 Norse Rock bearing an inscnpiion in dotted runes, which seems to point 
 out the presence of the Norsemen in Canada in the mh century This 
 rock weighs about 400 pounds^ The inscription records that among 
 those who accompanied the fhornhn Karlsefni on his expedition to 
 Vineland in 1007, there was Hako, the son of Hako the Good who 
 reigned over Norway in 935- This antedates Columl)us by a good manv 
 yeajs. The stone is in the possession of Mr. R. N. Ryerson ol Yarmouth. 
 
 Another old stone inscription is one dated 1606. found in an old wall in 
 in ttie French fort at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, by Lieut. Robinson 
 a retired olhcer of the Mr.tish Army, who gave it to the late Judge JS 
 burton atithor of •' Sam Slick '- by, whom it was transferred to iS^^^^ 
 R. G. Ilaliburton. The latter loaned it to Mr. Sandford Fleminc. C M G 
 (nowSirSandford,K.C.M.G.)who deposited it in the Museum of the 
 Canadian Institute, Toronto. "=«=uui ui me 
 
 Street Cars— First run in Toronto on Sundays, on the i6th May, 1897. 
 Street Lights- Halifax was Hrst lighted at the public expense in'i76S.' 
 Street Lighting-Montreal was first lighted, November, 1815. with oil 
 lamps ; with gas in 1834. ■" ""' 
 
 Street Railway—First used in Montreal and Toronto in i86i 
 
 Succession dues-The Province of Ontario, in 1892, passed "an Act relating 
 
 £o,i "' °V"'T'""'-- /" '^' f "^^ y"' '^' I'rovincesof <.-)uebec!S 
 Scotia and New Brunswick passed similar Acts. Manitoba passed hers in 
 1893, and Prince Edward Island and British Coln.nbi. Jn^ rt^r'Tu" 
 iNoith-West Territories have {iScjo) no ordinance on the'subjecl The 
 amounts obtained by the several Provinces in 1895 and 1896, were : 
 
 
 'if?:!!;.' 
 
 II 
 
'^* First Things in Canada. 
 
 ^ , . 1895- 1896. 
 
 Ontario _-o o^ , 
 
 Quebec ^.f/.^ '52,553 
 
 Nova Scotia W/. 'f''"5 163,366 
 
 New Brunswick ; ! ! V ' ' ' ^9.526 ,8,253 
 
 Prince Edward Island. ^^ '^'g? 
 
 Manitoba 959 3,661 
 
 British Columbia.... ::::::; ::::.:: i^i ^ji 
 '^°'^'' 522,745 356,771 
 
 By Royal Proclamaiion, October 26ih rSofi Dnfo^;.^ n* •. , 
 British Columbia are under the operatSn W smio^i oV fh? t"^' '"1 
 Finance Act of 1894, which provides Satwher^H^erMaiestii.lT^^^ 
 that by the law of the Colony either no duty is leviable in Sec f fn 
 perty situated in the Uni.ed Kingdom when passing on Se^tror tL.t^.t 
 aw of such Colony as respects any duty so leviable fs to the Hke effect n 
 the foregoing provisions, then property of persons beloL np tn .h 
 colonies but situated in the United Kingdom shnll Tp (flTF^ i° •^^"^'^ 
 c; i' ^?J° '!"' ,!^"^P"-' Government Sen pass g Sn d'a^h"" '"''" '° 
 Sunday School-First established in Nova Scofiawaf in hSx in 178. ,n 
 
 ^t-^yrS^^'^^''-'^^^' -' 35 pa!rf?f^tr;Sral.'o?:S 
 
 Walter Bromley opened a Sunday School in Halifax in i8n the chi^f 
 
 SunfaTscSool ThTr '.'"^' ^'-^of. Blacks, both children and^;dults 
 
 ^""tLTer;croif:sS,iX7E%;;^^^^^^^^^ ^:^^r '' 
 
 Bamforit"; in"chfrg'e. '""'" ""^"'^ "^^^ ^^"^ht. Rev. Stephen 
 Superannuation of Members of the Civil Service— The nnmJni^^ n 
 
 .bailment .o be made during .he first .hirly.five yeais of ser.ifSm , 
 allowance of one-fiffieSX :achld°kt„a" e '"? sSeTo'« tf,:' 
 
 on others, and a fund es.aMlshed 'Jo wh," h Xe S vernZn, add™tlfv'. 
 
 J3t;.t^a:f;h?XeSi.i:r£4!6£"-K-,Sprr'?Ld 
 
 No. 2 from employes for 1805 and iSofi .oVnnn.pH 4- *.'",? p^ " 
 lure wiV. " ~ f^" ''• ^jii.oju. Lxpcncii 
 
 Superintendents-General of Indian Affairs Sir wm^^ t u v. 
 
 married Mo.lie Bran,, was ,he firsfTr^t ."l 3S7hi t"S "ul": 
 
 successor 
 the Mini 
 and the f 
 Campbel 
 
 Surgeon-Ap 
 Daniel M 
 were 4,4^ 
 Thus for 
 each groi 
 and in Ir 
 par as to 
 
 Survey— The 
 Brunswic 
 
 Surveyor-Gt 
 1730. 
 
 Survey— The 
 vey of th( 
 ment in 1 
 
 Survey— A n 
 Governm 
 
 Suspension ( 
 Confederi 
 ber, 1868 
 Metropol 
 the Cons( 
 Stadacon 
 1883 ; th 
 of Londo 
 1887 ; th 
 in 1893 
 1897, fift; 
 suspendec 
 about 161 
 have beer 
 Banks shi 
 priority ii 
 demand a 
 draw inte 
 
 Suspension 
 8th Marc 
 first direc 
 reading, \ 
 Swiizcrlai 
 the River 
 " I wond 
 
 Swamp Lan( 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 183 
 
 1896. 
 
 152,553 
 163,366 
 
 18,253 
 
 10,365 
 3,661 
 
 91 
 
 8,482 
 
 356,771 
 
 0, Manitoba and 
 of the Imperial 
 ajesty is satisfied 
 respect to pro- 
 eath, or that the 
 he like effect as 
 onging to those 
 i from duties to 
 uh. 
 
 lifax in 1783, in 
 e distributed to 
 t coats, 64 shirts 
 3es, all of which 
 
 1813, the chief 
 and adults, 
 in Quebec. It 
 Secular subjects 
 ivick was opened 
 Rev. Stephen 
 
 minion Govern- 
 ;rvants in 1870, 
 he Civil Service 
 ; salary of $600 
 ider $600, such 
 service — super- 
 to be equal to 
 >, and a further 
 :e to 35 years. 
 . per annum on 
 and over. In 
 ■ $600 and 3I2 
 adds annually a 
 inuities payable 
 
 5, amounted to 
 eipts for Fund 
 30. Expcndi 
 
 Johnson, who 
 
 le English 'ule. 
 
 He was succeeded by his son, Sir John Johnson, and he by Col. D. C. 
 Napier. After the Union (1841) the Governors-General's civil secretaries 
 held the office of S. G. of I. A., under commission from the Imperial 
 Government, to 13th October, i860. After that date the Commissioners 
 of Crown Lands were S. G. of I. A. till Confederation. Since 1867 
 the first S. G. of I. A. was Sir Hector L. Langevin, then Secretary of 
 State for Canada. Hon. Joseph Howe and Hon. T. N. Gibbs were his 
 successors. In 1873, o" the creation of the Department of the Interior, 
 the Minister of that Department was made S. G. of I. A. by Chap. 4 ; 
 and the first Minister of the Interior to be S. G. of I. A. was Sir Alex.' 
 Campbell, July ist, 1873. 
 
 Surgeon-Apothecary— The first of the profession to practise in Canada was 
 Daniel Hay, Port Royal, 1606. The last census (1891) showed that there 
 were 4,448 physicians and surgeons in Canada, of whom 76 were women. 
 Thus for each group of i,ioo persons there is one physician. In T ind 
 each groupof 1,800 peisons hasadoctor ; in Scotland each group 01 ,180, 
 and in Ireland each group of 1,600. Canada and Scotland are about on a 
 par as to the supply of doctors. 
 
 Survey— The first hydrographic survey of the harbour of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, was made in 1 761. 
 
 Surveyor-General — The first for Nova Scotia was David Dunbar, appointed 
 1730. 
 
 Survey— The survey of British North America was begun in 1763. The sur- 
 vey of the North-West Territories was begun by the Dominion Govern- 
 ment in 1870. By the end of 1895, 78,500,000 acres had been surveyed. 
 
 Survey— A new survey of Georgian Bay and North Channel was begun by the 
 Government of Canada in 1883. 
 
 Suspension of Banks — The first chartered bank to suspend business since 
 Confederation was the Commercial Bank of New Brunswick, loth Novem- 
 ber, 1868. The Bank of Acadia (Liverpool, N.S.) suspended in 1873 ; the 
 Metropolitan Bank of Montreal in 1877 ; the Mechanics Bank of Montreal, 
 the Consolidated Bank of Montreal, the Bank of Liverpool,' N.S., and the 
 Stadacona Bank of Quebec in 1879 ; the Exchange Bank of Canada in 
 1883; the Maritime Bank of .St. John, N.B., the Pictou Bank, the Bank 
 of London, Ont., and the Central Bank of Canada retired from business in 
 1887 ; the Federal Bank in i888, and the Commercial Bank of Manitoba 
 in 1893 The Banque du Peuple suspended July 15th, 1895. By ist March, 
 1897, fifty per cent of its liabilities had been paid. In all 15 banks have 
 suspended representing assets of about 23 million dollars, and liabilities of 
 about 16 million dollars. In nearly all cases the note holders and depositors 
 have been paid in full. The revised Banking Act provides that Insolvent 
 Banks shall pay their notes with 6 per cent interest per annum, and gives 
 priority in payment to notes in circulation. Thus deposits payable on 
 demand are liquidated with notes of the insolvent bank, which begin to 
 draw interest from the date of suspension until redeemed. 
 
 Suspension Bridge across the Niagara River first opened for railway traffic, 
 8th March, 1855. It is recorded that Hon. W. H. Merritt's attention was 
 first directed to the idea of a suspension bridge across Niagara River by 
 reading, while at a pic-nic on its banks, a letter from his sons, travellers in 
 Switzerland. Reference was therein made to a suspension bridge spanning 
 the River Sarren. Mrs. Merritt, listening to her husband reading, remarked, 
 " I wonder if a suspension bridge could not be made to span this river." 
 
 Swamp Lands, Manitoba. Under a federal Act passed in 1885, Manitoba 
 
 m^' 
 
*** First Things in Canada. 
 
 secured in final settlement of the claims of the Province on the Dnmin- 
 
 »ii:ti;: "::i:^';i^rtX^:aS r=^ 
 
 made amountn.g. with those of 1896, to an aggrega^S^ofSiS acre's "" 
 
 """f^n^C^utr Tj.?|i?r8\t" ^'"^'^'''^ ^^ «- ^"--^ - -«"'- its 
 The Customs Act of 1849 for Old Canada provided for a seneral dutv . f 
 12}4 per cent, ad valorem upon all coods ware. anVi nJ k i- ^ "^ 
 otherwise charged and not eSumerateTon [h^f e S LeS'u, ."'" 
 iron and other heavy iron goods which miH ci/ l.i' ,^^'^^'"g out l,ar 
 per cents, covered Ihe bu1kof\he mp'ortlfol%"";84"\t'5'.'''-' 
 general merchandise was raised to 15 percent «v zW S '^'^ '^ "'>'/"> 
 tu^resof leather and of India ruhber^^l^rof 3^ ^et'c:;?. S^.tl; 
 
 In 1858 the general duty was left at 15 per cent • there wpm o i^„ 1 
 of 20 per cents a short list of 25 per ce^n,?, and a long Hs^ ?f free Ixl"' 
 ,8^8 fh. ''• '?^?*.^^' ' development of the idea fmbocUed in fhat of 
 
 general^rte of dLtiS^r^om^^oTercen" to 15 XnT ^ '''"'^^"°" °^ '"'^ 
 Ihe four Provinces of Ontario and Quebec (Camdn^ rinri !«■ c • 
 and Ne,y Brunswick were confederated Tsrfuly, 1867^' In £ rh.7'" 
 Act relating to duties of customs was passed."' I^Vrovided four sfhed,,'"' 
 («) goods paying specific duties ; {h) ^oods paying^ 2/ per cent .M."' '' 
 paying 10 per cent.; (rf) goods paying <; uer cent • M Lnn,i "' ^'U"«'^ 
 z'aW and specific duties, and (/) free goods ' ^ ^ ^ '^^ P^^'"^ '"^ 
 adVlV^^T"^^^"^ ''"*'^' ^" "^'^ ^"'""^'s were changed to 10 per cent 
 
 ^^sMr^K-rtt^- 
 
 and whiskey were advanced from 80 cents to <Kt ?n^Vh» • ^'^ ^^'" 
 In 1877 the impo' ' duty on cigars was made 50 cents oer ooimH =n^ ,. 
 
 1887 chiefly m respect to imported iron and steel goods In 7sn^ v, 
 were again made, reducing duties. ^ ^" '^^o chanj^cs 
 
 du^v^^nn'^^fi "^*^'^ f ''"',' "''^"e^^ ''^ '^^" '" ^he following percentage of 
 duty on total value of goods entered for consumption, d«tiabir/nd fVeeV 
 
 i^ 
 
 iS 
 The 
 
 c. 
 
 1869. 
 1871. 
 
 1875. 
 
 12,31 per cent. 
 13 62 " 
 12.83 " • 
 
 1878. 
 1880. 
 1888. 
 
 '4 03 percent. 
 1970 «' 
 21.57 " 
 
 Articles 
 
 Articles 
 into thi 
 estic in 
 
 Articles 
 tured I 
 manufa 
 
 Manufac 
 sumptii 
 
 Articles( 
 
 (See " 
 
 Tax Exen 
 
 general 
 
 Toront 
 Tea— First 
 
 fhnt. 
 Teachers 
 
 held in 
 Teachers' 
 
 Teache 
 Telegraph 
 
 A semo 
 
 ior the 
 The 
 
 Toront 
 
 1847. 
 nected 
 were su 
 trie tel( 
 first mc 
 build a 
 Ocean 
 The pr 
 by the 
 It was 
 thoughi 
 line. 
 
 The 
 Januar] 
 with th 
 for 97 ) 
 leased I 
 
wed to regulate its 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 '892 17-56 per cent. 1895 16. 99 per cent. 
 
 '893 1738 " 1896 18.28 " 
 
 1894 1713 " 
 
 The duties collected and the percentage of total duty by classes are 
 
 i8S 
 
 D. 
 
 Articles of food and animals 
 
 Articles in a crude state which enter 
 into the various processes of dom- 
 estic industry 
 
 Articles wholly or partially manufac- 
 tured for use as materials in the 
 manufactures and mechanical arts. 
 
 Manufactured articles ready for con- 
 sumption 
 
 Articlesof voluntary use, luxuries.etc. 
 
 1877. 
 
 $ 
 3.652,149 
 
 37,047 
 
 855.488 
 
 5.534.638 
 2.436,245 
 
 p. c. 
 29.18 
 
 0.30 
 
 6.83 
 
 '44-23 
 19.46 
 
 1896. 
 
 $ 
 2,852,202 
 
 1.C43.716 
 
 2,706,179 
 
 9,014,003 
 4.538,624 
 
 p. c. 
 14 «5 
 
 5.18 
 
 '3-43 
 
 34-72 
 22.52 
 
 (See " Preferential Tariff" ; "Treaties.") 
 
 Tax Exemptions -First convention in Ontario to consider municipal taxation 
 generally, and exemptions from municipal taxation in particular, met in 
 Toronto, November, 1889. The latest met in Toronto, September, 1897 
 
 Tea— First sailing ship, with tea consigned to the C.P.R., was the ship H' B 
 flmt, which arrived at Port Moody, 27th July, 1886. 
 
 Teachers Association (Dominion) formed July i8th, 1891. First meetine 
 held in Montreal, July, 1893. 
 
 Teachers' Institutes -The first in Ontario was held in 1850. The Ontario 
 Teachers' Associations were established in 1861. 
 
 Telegraph— The semaphore telegraphic system was early in use in Canada. 
 A semaphore was established in 1809 between Isle Vert and Quebec City 
 tor the purpose of signalling vessels. 
 
 The first telegraph wire strung in the Dominion was put up by the 
 Toronto, Hamilton, Niagara and St. Catharines Telegraph Company in 
 1847. It was a simple uninsulated wire. In the same year a line con- 
 nected Montreal and Quebec. In 1848 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 
 were supplied with theii first telegraphic communication. The first elec- 
 tric telegraph office in St. John, N.B., was opened in January, 1849. The 
 first month's receipts were $56.00. The first proposal to Government to 
 build a telegraphic line across the continent from Montreal to the Pacific 
 Ocean was made by the Atlantic and Pacific Transit Telegraph Company. 
 The proposal was made to the Imperial Government and was recommended 
 by the Governor General in his speech on the opening of the Session 1863. 
 It was not entertained by the Canadian Legislature, because that body 
 thought a post road ought to be built simultaneously with the telegraph 
 line. 
 
 The Montreal Telegraphic Company paid its first dividend on 14th 
 Jaiiuary, lo^a. On the 17th August, 1881, it agreed to an arrangement 
 with the Western Union by virtue of which the latter company guaranteed 
 for 97 years, 8 per cent, annual dividends. The Western Union in 1867 
 leased the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia lines. The charter of the 
 
i86 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 romn,'nv»W •" u?''"'^/ Company granted in 1881 conferred upon that 
 Zl7lhe Dnm,V ' "^," '^'^g'^Phjc system for general business*^ " 
 offices 7 527nT,^? 1^'^"" !f '^^7, there were within its borders 497 
 Ar!.l:J'^^ ^^ ''"^ *"^ 9.040 miles of wire. Durine the vp^r 
 
 600,770 messages were sent. ^^unng me year | 
 
 of Une '28 Vi'j" l^f'« of. telegraphs ^re : number of offices. 2.556 ; miles 
 T,.lAnl,nn; TK V ?^ '" °^- ^"^' ^^'^44 ; number of messages 4 024 \oo 
 Telephone-The first experimental telephone line erected in Canada wSm 
 
 S: ;::id!nc: : i::'T\^'T''''^'''t '^'^^'' - Brant^rt Sn i 
 
 tne resirt.nce ol Kev. T. Henderson, in the same city. The first workin« 
 ffi'aTd"Bramford" 't^VV''' ^y^-^e-- Gr'ahame BeH KwS 
 awarfrl Paris Th^f;?"^''^'-"^''''""'^' ^""^^ 60 or 70 miles 
 Flamilton in ,877 Th f eommerc.al telephone was established in 
 f/S^nstrumS" Vl '■'''"?' ^°'c '^95. gave 44,000 miles of wire, and 
 33.500 instruments. The number of messages sent out was 72 coo o<^ 
 Temperance in Nova Scotia-An ordinance of the Governed Jnffie^ant 
 liquoTI?fisK:f ";: -4th July.. 733. prohibited tavern-keepers sen 
 liquor to fishermen. A proclamation -aainst retailing spirituous linimr. 
 without hcence was published in Nova Siotia on 28th AuE??^^^ 
 penaltyfora first offence was an hour in the stocks and for th?;econd 
 offence twenty lashes in addition to a fine of 20 shillings. A 11 retXs 
 
 ,„, l^ ^ Order n-Council prevented recovery by tavern-keeoers in 
 Sn'der"3 gatns^ ^ ^ ^"''' "' '^ °^'" Hquor seller's in'suits fSr qua'nthi" 
 
 ,r^VJ^^ ^"^^ ''''^ "[ "'!"'"■' °" S""'''^y was forbidden under a penalty of 
 10 shillings hne on the seller and 5 shillings on the buyer. ^ ^ 
 
 in [h'^town'S'SoT ""'"^ '" ^'^ ^^'°^'"" ^^^ ^^'^ - O-^'ober. 18.7. 
 
 a p'enlft^o^aVSui: 'ffr ::'ro& " ^"^^^"^ -^ P-'^^''^^^'' -^" 
 
 anX S^r^J- ^S^S - r "^ ^TS'^b±:S^^i 
 was formed in January. 1847. The Order of the Sons of Temperance S 
 organized m Yarmouth, in November. 1847 temperance was 
 
 forfdtu'r'e'of^HctnceX ?" Se'^ "'^*^' "'^ °^ ''^"°^ ^° ^-^ -'-'^'^ 
 
 '^'Ta^'p;s?ed"in^^'J6^'T''•"''-'^^^ '^^^^ ^'' '"P^'^^'"^ 'he liquor traffic 
 ?n is!' the Snnl nf' ^J^'^P''^''^^ ^^^'^ OH a large scale began in 1832. 
 in 1S4, the Sons of Temperance organized. In 1855 the first prohibitory 
 liquor law was enacted, but it was repealed in 1856. The WCTann 
 was introduced in 1875, in Moncton ^ " ^"'"" 
 
 Tonft?*"^/".^""" ^*'''*''*' Island-The first Governor in less than 1 
 month alter he was sworn in (1770) brought to the notice of his CouncH 
 that drinking was " very common among^he lower Sr of th^ people' 
 
 AssembTv an?r"'' "" '^' '''^'- ^' '^' ^'^^ session of the^geSr'al 
 Assembly an Act was passed to restrict the trade and prevent its evi s i 
 About 1830, temperance work began to take definite form The SoSIof k 
 Temperance body was organized in 1848. The Good Templars wereTnro I 
 duced m 1863, and the W. C. T. Ilninn jn .8tA ^^mpiars weremtro g 
 
 T,'r8"'"^"^''**=~^l^"'P^''^"'=« "meeting was held in SiUery Cove " 
 Lefore ' '" '^°"""^'°" ^''^^ '^e Indian School established "here the year 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 187 
 
 minors entailed 
 
 In 1661 Bishop Laval, then Vicar Apostolic, procured the passage of a 
 law against supplying liquor to the Indians, the infringement of which was 
 death. Within a short time, two men were shot and one flogged for trans- 
 gression of the ordinance. In Frontenac's time (1672 el sea. ) Bishop Laval 
 strove earnestly to prevent the sale of spirituous liquors to the Indians, and 
 crossed the ocean four times to present his views to the King of France. 
 
 Over this question for the first, but by no means the only time, the 
 Church as the conservator of morals, and the State as the agent of trade 
 met in hostile array, the good Bishop Laval and the great Governor Fron- 
 tenac, as alleged, leading the opposing forces. Laval's success, it was con- 
 tended, would have destroyed all trade with the Indians and transferred the 
 fur trade to the Dutch and English, who " had no scruples about supplying 
 the Indians with brandy." Frontenac's success would have nullified all 
 the efforts of the church to develope morality among the Indians, and in 
 fact would have destroyed the Indians themselves. All Frontenac's splen- 
 did plans of conquest were based upon the idea of alliance with the Indians. 
 But without the potent aid of brandy he would have seen all his aims 
 frustrated and the enemies of France triumphant'. The same arguments 
 that are used to-day were hurled at each other by Prelate and Governor, 
 225 years ago. The degradation and final destruction of the Indians, sure 
 to follow in the wake of brandy drinking, were urged by the Bishop. 
 The Governor admitted the strength of the arguments, but urged that even 
 if the French gave up the traffic the degradation and destruction would 
 not be averted, for their commercial rivals would not give it up ; and the 
 prohibition could not be effective even with the French, for the Coureurs 
 de hots would carry on a clandestine trade productive of much more serious 
 evils than a trade licensed under strict regulations. The conclusion of the 
 controversy was that Colbert, who under the influence of the Bishop had 
 prohibited the sale, yielded so far to Frontenac's arguments that in practice 
 the sale was tolerated— in a word, the solution was a compromise. 
 
 Among early documents in the Indian Department in Ottawa is one 
 dated 29th May, 1680, granting lands near the Lachine rapids to the 
 Jesuits for the use of the Iroquois settled there. The grant most expressly 
 prohibits and forbids all persons from keeping any public house among the 
 dwellings of the Indians. 
 
 On June 9th, 1^2%, a Temperance meeting vv^as held in Montreal and 30 
 persons took the pledge. In 1836 the Montreal and the Quebec Tempe- 
 rance Societies were formed. In 1850 the Order of the Sons of Temperance 
 was introduced. The Women's Christian Temperance Union entered the 
 Province in 1877 anJ the Royal Templars in 1883. The Dunkin Act was 
 put into operation in 1864, and is still (1897)" in force in one county 
 (Richmond). 
 Temperance in Ontario— The first legislation in Upper Canada in regard to 
 spirituous liquors is contained in an Act passed in the first session of the 
 first legislature, 1792. In 1793 a Licensing Act was passed. In 1801 
 selling spirituous liquors to Indians was prohibited. In 1823 the first 
 legislation in respect to the sale of ale, beer and cider appears. In 1828 a 
 few p-ople met to consult -ith the Rev. Mr. Christmas, in Brockville, as 
 to what could be done in behalf of temperance.. The oiitcome was the 
 formation of the first temperance society with a pledge, but not of teetotal- 
 ism. After 1839 the pledge of total abstinence became the rule. In 1847 
 the Order of the Sons of Temperance was introduced into Canada, and in 
 1848 it was organized in Canada West (now Ontario), its banner being 
 
i8S 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 first unfurled in Brockville on 21st June iS^S Th« n 1 t^- • • 
 instituted in Brockville. 12th April "Lo^ At ,^.'l^ ^^^"^^ ^'^'O" vsas 
 
 Owen Sound in that ycTr l.v M s R r H 'T ''".T^ ^"" °'g^"'^^'' '" 
 Society is the Vou2 Wom^en'I C VbS'' ^'"^^'y^"*"! with thi. 
 1891. *• women s c. 1. Union, organized at Hamiium in 
 
 Temperance in the North -West-The Russian K„r r 
 
 Ro^JlVinZ rZfr'^'^ with George W 
 
 In 1877, Dr. Schultz moved in the Commr.n= th,t << d i.-u- 
 Liquor law is the only effective remefvW,h»"f / ^ Prohibitory 
 that it is the dutv of thl r '^^'"^"y 'o"^ ^"e evil of intemperance, and 
 
 being 3.JX cani^H-,^Td sr'""" "'■■ """"" °' '""''^"" 
 
 In 1878 the Canadian Temperance Act was nn^^rl tu- \ . , 
 the power of p,„hibi,i„B .o (LmkLlS SS^T^' ^'"' ^" "''^"' 
 
 the appeal of R»ssc.|,,^Sn„„„°'i^^^^ 
 
 of ,883, ,he purpo^^f ^kii,'^^ .?;,XV'S^ ^^^^'E^, 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 189 
 
 is Act relegated 
 
 (supposed to heiiUm vires of the Local Legislatures,) with a Dominion 
 License Law believed to be within the pqwer of the Federal Parliament. 
 
 In 1884 Mr. Geo. L. totter introduced a Prohibitory Resolution in the 
 Commons, which with an amendment proposed by Hon. Thos White was 
 carried, 140 to 122 ; the amendment being to the effect that Parliament 
 would be prepared so so:)n as public opinion sufficiently sustains stringent 
 measures to promote prohibition of importation, sale or manufacture of 
 intoxicants for beverage purposes. 
 
 In 1884 the Dominion Parliament passed an Act for the disposal of fines 
 levied under the Canada Temperance Act, giving the same to the Munici- 
 pal authorities. 
 
 In 1885, the Supreme Court of Canada declared certain portions of the 
 Liquoi License Act of 1883 and 1884 u/ira vires of the Dominion Parlia- 
 ment ; Parliament acconlin^ly pissed an Act suspending the operation of 
 
 r^ •i°J'o'""^ """' '^ ''ecision of the Privy Council of England was given 
 
 In 1888 an Act was piss-d amending the Canada Temperance Act 
 «7 j'?«^ Mr. Jamieson moved a Prohibition resolution to which" Mr. 
 Wood (Bfockville) moved an amendment, and Mr. Taylor an amendment 
 to tiic amendment. At subsequent stage other amendments were moved 
 but all were negatived except Mr. Woods, which was to the effect that 
 prohibition would be expedient when the public sentiment was ripe for the 
 enforcement of a Prohibition. This carried, 99 to 59. 
 
 The Canada Temperance Act was amended in 1890, chap. 27, and in 
 1892, chap, 26. 
 
 In 1892 the Dominion Government issued a Royal Commission to 
 investigate and report upon the Liquor Traffic in Canada. The Commis- 
 sion (Sir Joseph Hickson, Chairman) held its first public sittings to 
 take evidence, in Halifax, N.S., on 2Sth July, 1892. An interim 
 report containing the evidence taken in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia 
 Prince Edward Island and Quebec, was presented 4th lune, ^894, and the 
 final report with evidence taken in Ontario, Manitoba, the North-West 
 Territories and British Columbia was presented 24th March, 1895 The 
 scope of the Commission included : ist. The effect o{ the Liquor Traffic 
 upon all interests affected by it in Canada ; 2nd. The measures adopted 
 in Canada and other countries to lessen, regulate and prohibit the traffic • 
 3rd. The results of these measures; 4th. The effect the enactment of a 
 prohibitory liquor law in Canada would have in respect of social conditions 
 Agricultural business, Indunrial and Commercial interests ; of the revenue 
 requirements, (a) of the municipalities, (/^) the Provincies and (c) the 
 Dominion, sth. Its capability of efficient enforcement. The Commission 
 held 130 public sittings for hearing witnesses numbering 1,139 whose 
 testimony tilled 4,528 pages. There were 56 appendices, having 66 paces 
 in all ; and 293 pages of index. The Report of the Commissioners with 
 appendices and indexes occupied 999 pages, making the report and 
 evidences, 5,887 pages, delivered to the public in 6 volumes. The total 
 cost of the Commission was $64,953. 
 
 In 1894 Mr. Flint moved resolution in favour of Prohibition, but on 
 motion the debate was adjourned, and the subject failed to be broueht 
 before the House in the session. 
 
 ^ In 1895 Mr. Flint again moved a Prohibitory Resolution, and Mr 
 quillet moved m amendment thnl as tliere was before the Privy Council of 
 England an appeal against the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada 
 on the jurisdiction of the Provincial Legislatures, the further consideration 
 
190 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 In 1896 an appeal went to the Privy Council of Encland from the S„ I 
 
 Court of Canada answered " No. " Lordships of the Privy Coundl ref^r 
 to their answer to the seventh question. ^ '-ouncii reler| 
 
 .k^D^''-^'*^ *^^ LcRisIafure such jurisdiction regardine such oortion. ot 
 the Province as to which the Canada TemperancI Act fs no? in ope ati. 
 
 ;ZT!^- "'' °^ ^""^^'^ ""•^^^^^'J " No. " Lords of the Pdvy Cou il 
 refer to their answer to seventh question. ^ 
 
 condmons as to make its prohibition a merely local mSuTrinthe I'ro? 
 „• t^''-."V,.P''°^'"9al Legislature jurisdiction to prohibit the imporia-l 
 
 answered" 'No'^'^Th T \^' fT'^ ' '^^^ Supreme Court of Sn a 
 answered No. The Lords of the Privy Council say : " Their Lordshir.J 
 
 bvThe'i ' •''" -I'r '^ l^' "^^^''^^^ I^ ^PP^^^« 10 them that he exercS 
 t/rm. ; i.-T'-.^-^'''^'"''^ of such jurisdiction in the wide and gene al 
 
 Srii; ZT. li'o^inir ?:S;amr ^^°'^^^'^ '^^^^^ "^^ '^^ "' '"^- 
 
 Si& ri^-^^^ ^' Stilt!;;/ jSi^- 4 
 
 prohibit the sale by retail, according to the definition of a sale by retaHl 
 
 fnv oti" 'Tf '■'•''' ^"J" •" '^^ P'°^'"^^ ^t the time of ConfJderatbn o I 
 any other definition thereof? Supreme Court of Canada answered -No 
 Their Lordships of the Privy Council refer to their answer to number 7 1 
 thenrohihT/°''"r',^'^lf'''r ^^'^''•"'t^'^ j""«dicti«" only as rega ds 
 ubiS^o he limir'"'' ^TA' 'u'^'-^'^'"^^ jurisdiction to prohibit lie 
 ? on of the ran.H. •f'""'''''^ ^^ 'Y ''"^'^^ snb-secions of the 99th sec' 
 Canada ^oVi^^ Tnl^P^^'f ^^' S*" '^"^ °' '^^"^ (I^«^- Statutes of] 
 " No " ' Thlir T n.H V- • ^- r^^^- \^^. '^"P''"'""^ ^°»" of Canada answered 
 ^ XT heir Lordships refer to their answer to question 7 
 
 Ac^' « Vic r c'«"■•^■^T}'ur J""^diction to enacts. 18 of Ontario 
 A^h"^ •:i 56, intituled "An Act to improve the Liquor License 
 Acts, as said section is explained by Ontario Act, 54 Vic, C 46 iSed 
 
 itltV^f^'l""^ '°*:f ' °P''°" '" '^' "'^tt" of liquor sd if '" ? T ; 
 eluSL^oT^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ lordships Jter a f.llf 
 
 " Their Lordships for these r^nsone .liue a ""n^nl as- «- -•. • ' 
 
 quesnon inthe affirmative. Tl^^lreof^^^l^l^tTont^YS^ 
 lature hao jurisdiction to enact Section 18, subject to this necessary quali-' 
 
-ouncil thereon lie 
 
 First Things in Canada. 191 
 
 fication, that its provisions are or will become inoperative in any district of 
 the Frovince which has already adopted or may subsequently adopt the 
 second part of the Canada Temperance Act of 1886." 
 
 I Temperance Act, Canada-First Election un-ler the Canada Temperance 
 I Act (Scott Act) was held in Kredericton, N.I5., jist October, 1878. First 
 
 Elections were held in the other Provinces :--in Prince County, F.E.I.. 
 28th December, 1878 ; in Lambton, Ontario, 29th May, 1879 ; in 
 Megantic, Quebec, iith September, 1879; in Marquette, Manitoba; 29th 
 Septemlw, 1880, and in Digby, N.S., 8th November, 1880. 
 
 Since the passing of the Act it has been submitted to the electors m 
 times-3 times in 1878, 10 in 1879, 5 in 1880, 14 in 1881, 4 in 1882. 
 once in 1883 22 times in 1884, 28 times in 1885. 4 in 1886, once in 1887 
 12 times in 1888, 22 in 1889, once in 1890, twice - -891, 3 timesin 1892. 
 once in 1893, twice in 1894, once in 1896, and ( in 1897 (July 22nd, 
 
 It is in force in 28 places. It was submitted to the 1 eople four times in 
 hredericton, N.B., and carried on each occasion., Westmoreland voted on 
 
 188?' J.!?" "cl''''"''^'^ j' "'"'^ ''"'^ ''y "'^J ^"''^^^ "f 783 in 1879, of 73 in 
 1884, 776 m 1888, and of 277 in 1896. Charlottetown voted on it 6 limes, 
 carried it three times, rejected it the fourth, adopted it on the fifth occasion, 
 and rejected It on the 6th occasion : the majorities being, 584 (for) in 1870 
 40 (for) in 1884, and 20 (for) in 1887, 14 (against) in 1891, 22 (for) in 
 1894, and 1 13 (against) in 1897. Lambton voted on it four times carrying 
 It the first time, 1879, (majority 215) defeating it the second, i88i. 
 (majority 106) cariying it the third, 1885, (majority 2,919), and defeating 
 It on the fourth, 1889, (majority against 1,330). Halion carried it on the 
 hrst and second voting, but rejected it on the third. Stanstead sand- 
 wiched a carry between two rejections. St. John City defeated it on the 
 two occasions it has had the opportunity to vote on the Act. 
 
 The Act has been submitted to the test of public opinion in nine cities 
 and 72 counties (July 31st, 1897). It is in force in one city and 27 
 counties. The following is a summary of the results :— 
 
 Carried 4 times and still in force 2 places 
 
 " twice " " ■■ 4 ^ .< ■ 
 
 " once " «' • 22 ♦« 
 
 At present, July 31st, 1897, in force 29 " 
 
 Defeated the first time and not submitted again. . 16 •« 
 
 Carried the first election, but defeated the second. 30 " 
 
 " twice and lost twice j «' 
 
 " once " " ]''_' I « 
 
 " twice " once ..,, 2 " 
 
 Lost twice and not carried at all i «« 
 
 Carried 3 times, rejected the fourth, carried the 
 
 fifth and rejected the sixth time i <« 
 
 Total ~^2 " 
 
 r „ '^^^ ^^^ '^ J" ^°'"' J"'y 31st, 1897, in the City of Fredericton, r I the 
 following Counties : 
 
192 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 Albert, N.B., 
 Annapolis, N.S., 
 Hrome, I'.Q., 
 Cape Bretnn, N.S., 
 Carleton, N.S., 
 Charlotte, N.B., 
 Cumberland, N.S., 
 Digby, N.S., 
 Guysboro', N.S., 
 
 Prince, P.E.I., 
 f^)ueen'8, N.B., 
 Queen's, N.S., 
 Queen's, P. EI., 
 Shelburne, N.B., 
 Sunbury, N.B., 
 Westmoreland, N.li. 
 Varmouth, N.S., 
 York, N.B. 
 
 Hants, N.S., 
 Inverness, N.S., 
 Kings, N.S., 
 Kings, N. B., 
 Kings, P.E.I. 
 Lisgar, Man., 
 Mar(|ue(te, Man., 
 Northumberland, N.B., 
 I'ictou, N.S., 
 
 The Canada Temperance Act is in force in 2 districts in Manitoha • t. ,. 
 New Brunswick ; n in Nova Scotia : 3 in Prince Edward II m^l' nn 1 
 m Quebec. In the Provinces of OntaL and Xishrobmthhe ^ 
 
 . rorrs"/""- ''''^''"^"" ^■"""•^' *" ^-'-- is ind^eMhroid'^t^L;; 
 
 Timber Raft— F"irst lumber raft in the Ottawa Riv^r l»fi .»,» n .• 
 
 and floated down the Ottawa RiverVn ^6 ' I;^'h1^ e^en ve"rs"i8 2" 
 averaged, 64.4.4 p.eces. and the pine saw-logs, 3.807.800, TLriber'a 
 
 "^^"r^n, ?^ .Pa«""a'nent-The first person thanked by the Parliament of 
 Canada since Confederation was General Middlelon .7 h lulv i88c . 1 
 was .n command of the expedition to the North W^s^Te/iiories in' c. 
 nection with the rising under Louis Kiel. leriitories in con 
 
 dav?ffii?*^~'^''' September, .763. was solemnized in Halifax as a 
 Safna'n'JFr'are' on account of the peace established between^G^a'; 
 
 '^''SkJerGaton foTtSeft" '" '^^"""'' ''''^ ^'^^^ ^« ^^^^^-^ Ranged 
 Thompson David-Was astronomer and geographer to the Northwest Co 
 and .n 1800 he entered the Rockies in latitude 51°. Hrdescended one of 
 
 com nelH?? "^k'^'t S"'"'"'^''^ ^'^^ ^r a conLlerabe distance but v 
 compelled by the Ind.ins to re-cross the Rocky Mountain ra^ee In 
 
 sSA'fT' 'k''""^'^ '.^T"'^ Pass and reached the Columba^Tn the 
 spring of 181 1 he ascended the Columbia to its source and on Tulv i nh 
 he was at the Pacific coast, having followed the main rfve u" its L,h 
 Titl.^' rf 'i' ""''' ^^"^ •"'^" '° ''^^^'^^ 'he river fron source t ,ou^h"' 
 bvlw ''' TV to establish an here.iitary aristocracy !nNw France 
 Card naTRi"h I" ^^^''^/'^"''^ '.^y England, were nearly comemporaneos 
 nnli ,^;^'cheheu made provision for the erection in New France of 
 Duchies, Mnrquisates, Counts, Viscounts and Barons, but beTan in acmn 
 
 fSf"ot'itt"£S'B°' "Tr^^ "^^'^ "^'^'^^ betw'eir^Sr^ 
 1003. Une itle, that of Baron de Longueuil, conferred in 1700 bv Louis 
 XIV., remains. (See -Baronets.") In .854 there were 220 femh 
 TenVr f:T'''' "'^ ''° '''^r' -^''h 72.oi?ren,Ters, paying a grS 
 
 ^,Tf ^ ■ ^ ^^' . . ^"^^'^ °^ '•^'^ Baronets of New Scotland was 
 
 ^'ZiZntuisZ^ No'^'s^ '';■"? ""Y"' '- ''y '^^y^' missive luthiri:;i 
 mnl/t^ u ^ ■^°'"' ^,''°'"'' '^"^ ^^^"^ ""e of them and their heire^ 
 
 male to carry about their nekis, in all time coming, ane orance tannev s n 
 ribbane, whereon shall hing perd.nt in a scutcheo^'areent.'a ^riroTr'Ll' 
 th„!.-.„ anc inscutcheune of the arms of Scotland"with ane ImDerYa':i 
 
 b^X wL?eS;'m p" -^^H^r. '"^"^^"".^ article on ^hisTbS. 
 oy ivir. .-speaker Edgar, xM.P., in the University QuarUtly Monthly.) 
 
 Titles— Uni 
 Sovereif 
 Lower ( 
 
 Tobacco— 1 
 accouni 
 Canada 
 years 18 
 it was 2. 
 to a coni 
 
 Toronto w.i 
 6th, 183 
 
 I793- 
 Torrens La 
 
 18S7. 
 
 Ta./ns-Th 
 founded 
 whereas 
 Annapol 
 the fort, 
 l)ourhoo( 
 there for 
 by the 
 Annapol 
 conlinen 
 Argall ii 
 1690, an 
 to the Fi 
 in 1632 ; 
 It was u 
 1704; b; 
 cessfully 
 Abbe de 
 sacked s 
 United !^ 
 
 Trade— Con 
 Govern n: 
 (See "C 
 
 Trades and 
 Sept. 141 
 
 1886 
 1S87 
 188J 
 !88g 
 189c 
 1891 
 
 It was 
 of Laboii 
 laws for t 
 women, 
 industrial 
 Congress 
 tions. S 
 
 13 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 193 
 
 Titles— Under th*" Ac' of 1791, hereditary titles could be conferred by the 
 SovereiRn upon persons called to the Legislative Councils of Upper and 
 Lower Canada. No titles were ever conferred under the Act. 
 
 Tobacco— The first mt-ntion of smoking the weed in Canada is in Cartier's 
 accouni of his second voyage, 1535. The average annual consumption in 
 Canada of tobacco, chewing and smoking and ail forms, during the ten 
 years 1867-76, was 2.08 pounds per head of the population. In 1877-86 
 it was 2. 15 pounds and in 1887-96 it was 2. 19 pounds, showing a tendency 
 to a constant increase in the (juantity consumed. 
 
 Toronto was founded, as York, in 1794, and incorporated as a city, March 
 6th, 1834. The first survey of the harbour was made by Bouchette. in 
 '793- 
 
 Torrens Land System first adopted in North-VVest Territories, ist lanuarv. 
 1887. ■' " 
 
 To. /ns— The oldest town in the Dominion is Annapolis Royal, in Nova .Scotia, 
 founded 1605. The first fort was built on the north side of the river* 
 whereas the present site is on the south side. Hence some have denied to 
 Annapolis its claimed precedence. But, while the artificers were building 
 the fort, the farmers were planting the crops, and they selected the neigh- 
 bourhood of the present site of the town for the farm, and erected buildings 
 there for the labourers. The cluster of dwellings was the town protected 
 by the fort. It has been continuously occupied as a dwelling place. 
 Annapolis enjoys the distinction of being the most war-scarred spot on the 
 continent. It has been taken by force five times by the English :— by 
 Argall in 1613; by Kirk in 1628; l)y .Sedgwick in 1654; by Phipps in 
 1690, and jjy Nicholson in 1710. It was by them abandoned or restored 
 to the French four times : — by Argall in 1613 ; by Treaty of St. Germain 
 in 1632 ; by Treaty of Breda in 1667, and by Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. 
 It was unsuccessfully attacked by the English three times ; by Church in 
 1704 ; by March in 1707, and by Wainwright also in 1707. It was unsuc- 
 cessfully attacked by the French and Indians twice :— in July, 1744, by 
 Abbe de Loutre ; and in September, 1774, by Duvivier. It was taken, 
 sacked and abandoned twice :— once by pirates in 1690 ; and once by 
 United States revolutionary forces in 178L 
 
 Trade— Conference between Canada and Australia, proposed by Dominion 
 Government, to include also consideration of Pacific Ocean Cable 1888. 
 (See *' Colonial Conference. ") " ' ' ' 
 
 Trades and Labour Congress— First made a permanent body, in Toronto, 
 Sept. 14th, 1886. Since then it has met in annual session— 
 
 1886 Toronto 
 
 1S87 Hamilton 
 
 1888 ... . London 
 
 1889 Montreal 
 
 1890 Ottawa 
 
 1891. Quebec 
 
 J892 Toronto 
 
 1893 Montreal 
 
 1894 Ottawa 
 
 1895 London 
 
 1896 Quebec 
 
 1897 Hamilton 
 
 It was formed for the purpose of drawing more closely together members 
 of Labour organizations throughout Canada, and also for the securing of 
 laws for the betterment of the condition of all classes of working men and 
 women. Its functions are purely legislative, and no part is taken by it in 
 mduslrial conflicts otherwise than by advice and mor-l support. The 
 Congress is composed of delegates elected annually bv i.abour organiza- 
 tions. Since Its organization the Congress has done a great amount of 
 
 •J 
 
194 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 good by t.ieacmn of .ts various Kxecutive Con.mittces in prevailinr „„ 
 the various Provincial Governments an.i the-Fe,iernl (Jovernment o ', 
 vide laws or the improvement of ,he condition of wage-earn" s ' 
 
 Traders hnRlish, hrst entere.l the North- West in 1765. ^ 1 hey penetrite.l m 
 JnM"'^h"'t'^l"vv '7^'7. A trading expedition under uXSl 
 
 No t^V^st^rSo. '"n."" '^'t ''''*•""« ^''' were established i^S 
 «ortn-\\est m 1X05 and succeethng years 
 
 "^"tt S.r^"'"r'.u^'' ^''' rhartered company in Canada was that f.,rn„ ,| 
 by de Monts, and other merchants of Rouen, France, it was cha . 
 by the Kmy of France in 1603, to dig for minerals, to tish am] to sec ' 
 furs ,n the orest The charter covered Acadia ami the whl "erTiu 
 east of the line of longitude of Montreal. Champlain forme.l a cZllZl 
 m .6,4 to trade on the .St. Lawrence, with Henry of ZrSororfl 
 the Royal .Sons of I ranee, at its head. These passed over iheir^A. 
 
 Ein^'N^rn^A^' '■ ""■ ^•i''^ ^'^^"- '^-helirt^rned hi TttSit 
 French North America in 1627. ami organized the Company o the im 
 
 Associates the charter giving the Company possession of cJJada. A?a, iT' 
 
 Newfoundland an.l Morula "on the tenure of fealty and homage ''rhnl 
 
 £del^° 'fl^'x '" '""'^^ 't '°"'^'"e after the prevroSs Spanks'w 
 made one of the Associates. After a career of ups and downs,^ the ( ^i 
 Associt^ on 24th hebruury, ,663. unanimously 'resolved to res ore ,0 fh 
 King of France the property and lordship of n'. France, and in Mm J 
 following the transfer was accepted. "^'' 
 
 The West India Company was formed in 1664, with all sorts of tr-idinJ 
 privileges in Canada, Acadia, Florida, Africa, South America and h^ 
 West Indies. The monopoly of the fur trado gran ed in 7hTe r ' 
 
 excited the ire of the cianLlians to whoL \Ee„t pro Sts'^nCi 
 lis ened and changed the terms of the contract, so that the cSanv wm 
 
 ^Se^ZneV^The^rr''" '" ''"' '"^'.•^"^ one buffalo skiKj^^' 
 Sor! KLner w^s^e^oK i^ J- -Ceding any better than its pr.lc? 
 
 England now took her turn at forming trading companies Th, 
 Labndor Company was formed in .661, and had trading riJhts o;er hd 
 territory eaching from Cape Cormorant to the Straits of BeHe Isle on h3 
 
 rn°denS°"m ^' ''" 8 °^ l'' }f "''''"'' 45° -''« in length aJd 6 n" ' 
 n depth. When m 1890 the Government of Quebec brought suit aJT 
 the Company to try their title, the Company succeeded in mak nggo^od ,^ 
 claim to a considerable portion of the estate. It .s the oldest incE ^ 
 Company m Canada or in the world. (See " Seigniory of Mingan " 
 
 The next venture on the English side resulted in the formatbn of the! 
 Hudson s Bay Company with Prince Rupert at its head, chartered M 
 13th. 1670. for the prosecution of trade in the Hudson Bay terr tory Tl H 
 French Ccnpanies deeming the trading of the English Com™ S;asi J 
 
 Huds^^'s P." Z:""^^T^ ' '^«*'''"^; ^=^^^'"K °f f«^^^. '^' B " t 
 tories Tnclu.-d ■^^^^-^'^ "" ""^ rX' P'^"'i"g ^rts over the vast terri- 
 tories inclu.'od '. aarte:-, awakening interest in the Arctic regions 
 and sending ex.*a, • lu ev, . ., direction to learn something of there oSn- 
 of Its wide dot... .n.' 1.),, „tion came »o the Company iSo years after 1 1^ 
 organization, h r:,^ raerchants c, -luiureal began to reach out f 
 share in the y.rohi, oi h. fur trade. The North-West Companv of M. 
 treal was • organized with Heninm.n ^nd [o^er^h F- H • '^ ^i^ • 
 McTavish at The head in Montreal; "and -^mrnSie^' WnL'^m mISu^ 
 ray and (later) the famous Alexander Mackenzie, as ''wintering partner! 
 
 remainini 
 
 rivalry th 
 
 the beavt 
 
 engender 
 
 amalgam 
 
 of the N( 
 
 Parliame 
 
 1821. Br 
 
 ship artic 
 
 the .\. Y 
 
 the Nortl 
 
 alphabet 
 
 came togi 
 
 West's. 
 
 Company 
 
 Trpding Poi 
 
 Trade, Boai 
 
 Trade, Oom 
 
 and the I 
 
 ilton, Kir 
 
 Trades Uni( 
 
 men conn 
 
 because tl 
 
 and carrii 
 
 for the ac 
 
 Transport B 
 
 from the I 
 
 taken froi 
 
 The orcii 
 Goixis ai 
 They an 
 Heing in 
 They an 
 Which A 
 And are 
 
 Tfaties— Ri| 
 
 '^' Great . 
 
 'ince tl 
 
 .<ida is 
 
 for which 
 
 Canada 
 
 Egypt, 18 
 
 Mexico, 1 
 
 .Salvador, 
 
 Canada h: 
 
 Treaties— Trt 
 
 (2) Comm 
 
 Treat 
 
^l^' 
 
 s in prevailiiif^; nm 
 
 uvernment to |.ii)-i 
 
 earners. 
 
 hey penetrated to I 
 
 :r Umfrevillt.' was 
 
 established in iht 
 
 la was that fomir.l 
 it was chaitcrid 
 sh and to secure 
 e whole terri'ory 
 rmed a Cdnipanyj 
 f Hourbon, one ufj 
 er their mon(i|)iiIy 
 I his attention io| 
 pany of the hxjI 
 Canada, Acadia.f 
 homage." Cham- 
 us companies was! 
 downs, the Ceiuf 
 I to restore to tht-L 
 e, and in MarchI 
 
 I sorts of tradini,'! 
 nierica, and iht.' 
 
 this Company! 
 protests Collicrtl 
 e Company wcrJ 
 Talo skin in evtryj 
 er than its prede-f 
 
 :ompanies. Thi 
 ; rights over th 
 Belle Isle, on ihi'l 
 ?th, and 6 mi 
 ight suit agaii 
 
 1 making good ii>i* 
 Jest incorpora ^ 
 fMingan.") ' 
 Formation of thel 
 , chartered Ma) 
 y territory. Tlu 
 pany an invasion 
 ts, etc. But tlu,i 
 er the vist terrii 
 : Arctic regions 
 g of the resource 
 og years after itg 
 
 reach out f< i 
 Jmpany of M. n-l 
 sher and Sii, . 
 lliam MacGil!, 
 Lering partner-^ 
 
 First Thinos in Canada. igj 
 
 remaining during winter in the fur-t,earing wilderness. In the bitter trade 
 riva ry that was aroused the employes of the two companies killed not only 
 the beaver and the buffalo ! u' .M.h oher, till out of the very fiercenesM 
 engendered there can.- t'.e desi << .or "peace with honour" through 
 amalgamation. After , lon^; iind severe struggle on the prairies and rivers 
 of the North-west, in he j' 'rts of Upper and Lower Canada, and in the 
 larliatnent of f neat Kntfuii, ihey came to terms and were amalgamated in 
 1821. Bffore tli-s tnj^pened, however, the Nortli-West Company's partner- 
 ship articles . if ,i in 1790, and some of the partners withdrew to form 
 he \ Y. Company. .So there was for a time the Hudson's Hay Company, 
 the North-West C -mpany, and the \. V. Company, overone-fouith of the 
 alphabet engage<l in trade hostilities, but the N. W's and X. V 's soon 
 came together again and in 1.S&4 the X. V.'s were merged in the North- 
 VVests. In the height of their business development the Hudson's Hay 
 Company and amalgamated companies employed over 3,000 men 
 
 Trr ding Post first established at llochel.aga in 161 1 
 
 Trade, Boards of— (See " Hoards of Trade"). 
 
 Trade, Dominion Board of-Couiposed of the .Montreal Corn Exchanee 
 and the Hoards of Trade of Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa, Helleville, Ham- 
 ilton, Kingston, London, and St. John's, N.B. ; incorporated 187^ 
 
 Trades Union Act, 1872- In consequence of the arrest, in Toronto, of 24 
 men connected with the Typographical Union, under the conspiracy lawsT 
 because they had formed a trades union, Sir John Macdonald introduced 
 and carried through Parliament two Acts to enable operatives to combine 
 lor the accomplishment of lawful purposes. 
 
 Transport Business— The changes which have taken place may be seen 
 from the following account of the old way of carrying on the Fur trade 
 taken from Mackenzie's Foj'a^^es ■ ' . 
 
 The orders for the goods ere sent to Kngl.ind a? Oct 1706 
 
 Goodsare shipped from Kngland U-trch\-,ll 
 
 They arrive in Montre.M ... Tune ,t f," 
 
 BeinK made up, they are sent from Montreal '.'.'.'.'.'. Miv' 1708 
 
 mirh''fnr?p"'j''? 'm'"" ""T'^ '"'"'' ""= "^hanged for furs.' winter of .798-99 
 Which lurs come to Montreal gg^ itqq 
 
 And are shipped to London, where they are sold' in ".['.'.'.'.'.'.\ March and'April,.8oo 
 
 Treaties -Right to decide whether she hall be included in any Treaty made 
 by oreat Brita 11, first grar -d to Canada, 18-S. 
 
 'ince that P'e_ in every treaty Great Britain, as the Suzerain, makes. 
 ' '..ada is expressly excluded, till she expresses her willingness to accede 
 lor which purpose two years are allowed. ' 
 
 Canada has declined to accede to the following Treaties of Commerce • 
 
 Tr-^Le X . '^^''•''^'^''"f '^78- Muscat, 1892, and Uruguay. 1885. 
 
 Treaties-Treaties affecting Canada are : (i) General, relating to boundaries ; 
 
 (2) Commercial ; (3) Extradition. Under the nrst class come the following : 
 
 Treaty ofSusa ,6 
 
 St. dermain jg,2 
 
 " Westminster i6ec 
 
 " Breda ,^_ 
 
 ',] Ryswick ;;;. j^ ^ 
 
 " Utrecht ^y*' 
 
196 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 « 
 
 IC 
 
 (( 
 (( 
 << 
 l( 
 <( 
 
 Aix La Chapelle 17^3 
 
 Ir' ••„ ••■"•• '763 
 
 Versaeilles , , i^g, 
 
 Paris ITS'? 
 
 London (Jay's) .....'.'.'.'. 1794 
 
 ^''^e"' 1814 
 
 London iSl? 
 
 Arrangement (Great Lakes) ...........'. 1817 
 
 Treaty of London jg,g 
 
 • ' St. Petersburgh '..'.'.'.'.'..".'.'/.'.'.'.'.'. 182$ 
 
 Washington (Ashburton) 1842 
 
 (Oregon) [[\ 1846 
 
 " (Reciprocity) , 1854 
 
 '• London (Naturalization) 1870 
 
 " Washington 1871 
 
 r " .• ,n " J . Behring's Sea '.*.'.■.■.".■.■.■.■. 1892 
 
 Convention (Boundaries) 1892 
 
 " Washington (Behring's Sea Claims') " .' .' ." .* 1896 
 
 Under the second head (Treaties of Commerce) Canada is affected by I 
 the following : — •" 
 
 << 
 
 Argentine Confederation 1825 
 
 Austria- Hungary 1876 
 
 Belgium 1862 
 
 Bolivia 1840 
 
 Chili 1854 
 
 Columbia 1866 
 
 Corea 1883 
 
 Costa Rica* 1849 
 
 Denmark i86o-i 
 
 Dominican Republic i86o 
 
 France, General Treaty 1882 
 
 " Special " 1893 
 
 Germany 1865 
 
 Liberia ,848 
 
 (For Extradition Treaties see " 
 
 Morocco 18561 
 
 Muscat (Canada acceded) 1S93I 
 
 Persia 1841 and 1857 
 
 Russia i8yJ 
 
 Sandwich Isles iSyf 
 
 ^iam ..;.' 1885! 
 
 South African Republic iSsA 
 
 ^''Pain 1S92I 
 
 Sweden and Norway 18261 
 
 vSwitzerland 1855I 
 
 Tunis ." 1875J 
 
 Uruguay 1885I 
 
 Venezuela 1825 and 1834I 
 
 Extradition.") 
 Treaty With France-First Treaty made under the power given to Canada 
 IS»4, to hold direct negotiations with foreign countries throntrh hpr >, 
 
 ami 
 
 legotiations with foreign countries through her ownl 
 agent, acting in conjunction with the British Ambassador. Sir Charles! 
 Tupper, Baronet, represented Canada, and the Marquis of Dufferin and! 
 Ava was his Co- Plenipotentiary. The Treaty was signed on 6th February I 
 
 1893. Its ratification by the Canadian Parliament is in Chap. 2. Acts 'A 
 
 1894. It came into force October 14th, 1895, by proclamation in ihel 
 Canada Gazette, October 12th, 1895. 
 
 Treaties, Indian-The first Treaty with the North-West Indians was made ml 
 I817, and commonly known as the Selkirk Treaties. The first Treaty h\\ 
 the Dominion with the North-West Indians was made on 3rd Aueu^tJ 
 1871, and included the territory on both sides of the Red River from ihJ 
 International Iroundary on the south to Lake Manitoba on the north ^he 
 
 26tlCX'.^''"^ " '° """"''' '^■' '^^' ^"'' ^"- ^hich cease to have effect after Noven,!,cJ 
 
 contraci 
 one par 
 son, (h 
 the rec( 
 Canada 
 Govern! 
 No. I. 
 No. 3 
 1874, ai 
 Treaties ai 
 land on 
 bleau, 2 
 registert 
 " our dt 
 residing 
 of St. L 
 to the c( 
 nearly i 
 which h 
 inion, tc 
 
 1717, 17 
 Treaty, Fis 
 
 continue 
 the abor 
 posed T 
 as to en£ 
 eries be 
 decided 
 tion date 
 custom c 
 season o 
 
 Treaty of I 
 the Unit 
 ment of 
 slaughtei 
 perjury, 
 the laws 
 
 Treaty-mak 
 missione 
 High Co 
 but all o 
 Great Br 
 to direct 
 tentiary | 
 Office to 
 
 "If the 
 tions will 
 negotiatic 
 if conclud 
 Her Maj( 
 trade witl 
 
 Trinity Coll 
 
 Helen Gi 
 conferred 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 197 
 
 ... 1748 
 
 ... 1763 
 
 ... 1783 
 
 ... 1783 
 
 ... 1794 
 
 ... 1814 
 
 ... 1815 
 
 ... 1817 
 
 ... 1818 
 
 ... 1825 
 
 . .. 1842 
 
 . .. 1846 . 
 
 ... 1854 
 . .. 1870 
 ... 1871 
 ... 1892 
 ... 1892 
 ... 1896 
 
 lada is affected by 
 
 1856 
 
 cceded).... 1S93J 
 . . 1841 and 1857 [ 
 
 iSS9 
 
 i8si[ 
 
 .... 1S85J 
 
 Dublic 1S84J 
 
 18921 
 
 'ay 18261 
 
 '^ssl 
 
 1875 
 
 18851 
 
 . 1825 and 1834I 
 
 ;iven to Canada in I 
 through her ounl 
 dor. Sir Charles! 
 s of Dufferin and! 
 on 6th February,] 
 ^hap. 2, Acts I 
 oclamation in ihei 
 
 ]ians was made 
 he first Treaty li)| 
 e on 3rd Augi:~t,| 
 River from ihe 
 n the north. The 
 
 Tect after Novens! 
 
 contracting parties were the Chippewa and the Swampy Cree tribes of the 
 one part, and the Queen represented l)y Commissioner, William Simp- 
 (holding his appointment from the Privy Council of Canada or 
 
 son 
 
 on 
 
 the recommendation of lion. Joseph Howe, then .Secretary of State for 
 Canada) of the other part. Hon. Sir Adams Archibald, then Lieut. - 
 Governor of Manitoba, was the first witness to this Treaty known as Treaty 
 No. I. It was followed by Treaty No. 2 made August 21st, 1871 ; Treaty 
 o • 3 T^^ ^"^ October, X873 ; Treaty No. 4 made 15th September, 
 1874, and Treaty No. 5 made 20th September, 1875. 
 
 Treaties and Surrenders by the Indians-The first deed of transfer of 
 land on record in the books of the Indian Department is dated Fontain- 
 bleau, 29th May, 1680, and signed by Colbert, for the King. It was 
 registered at the Greffe Souverain of Quebec, and conveys for a term to 
 "our dear and well beloved, the ecclesiastics of the company of Jesus 
 residing in La Nouvelle France," the land called the Sault near the rapids 
 of St. Louis, the consideration being the desire of the King to contribute 
 to the conversion and instruction of the Iroquois -Indians. In all there are 
 nearly 1,550 treaties and surrenders, provisional and confirmatory, under 
 which lands have been transferred, in the several Provinces of the Dom- 
 inion, to the Crown by the Indians, Some of the oldest ones are dated 
 1717, 1.725, 1779, 1786, 1790, 1792. 
 
 Treaty, Fisheries— The Dominion Government decided, April, 1890, to 
 continue, for the fishing season of 1890. the woJiis vivendi introduced into 
 the abortive Washington Treaty of 1S88 as a means of carrying the pro- 
 posed Treaty settlement through the fishing seasons of 1888 and 1889, so 
 as to enable United States fishermen to participate in the Canadian Fish- 
 eries before the Treaty itself received ratification. It was subsequently 
 decided to continue the modus vivendi clause for a time, but by proclama- 
 tion dated 13th November, 1895, the section ceased to have effect. The 
 custom of licensing American fishermen continued, however, during the 
 season of 1S96. (See "' F"ishenes." 
 
 Treaty of Extradition— The Extradition Treaty between (Jreat Britain and 
 the United States, which went into operation April, 1890, is an enlarge- 
 ment of the scope of the Treaty of 1842. The added list includes man- 
 slaughter, counterfeiting, embezzlement, fraud by bail, banker qr agent 
 perjury, rape, burglary, piracy, revcMt on board ship, and crimes against 
 the laws of both countries for the suppression of s'avery and the slave tr.ide 
 
 Treaty-making Power of Canada-While Sir A. T. Gait was High Com- 
 missioner the intervention of the Colonial Office was done away, and the 
 High Commissioner put in direct communication with the Foreign Office 
 but all overtures had to proceed through the British Minister representing 
 Great Britain. Sir Charles Tupper succeeded in removing this last obstacle 
 to direct negotiations, and obtained, as representative of Canada, plenipo- 
 tentiary powers, as the following extract from a letter sent by the Foreign 
 Office to the Colonial Office, dated July 26th, 1884, shows • 
 
 Her Majesty and the King of'Spain, with the .speci.il object of regulating Canadian 
 trade with the bpanish territories specified in the convention." 
 
 Trinity College— The first girl graduate of Trinity University was Miss 
 Helen Gregory. She was also the first woman upon whom this University 
 conferred the degrees of Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 ilftBi 
 
ipS 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 Trolley Track-The first between Canada and the United States is operated 
 !S sTpSS.X:'^^ " ""''' " '''''- ^--' ''- ^'^S- River ,T;et.3 
 
 '^"°w!iTh?St'^nI"F''?™'^'"y'"w^l' ''''"'' ^y'^' Dominion Parliament 
 was the St. Clair frontier Tunnel Company, in 1884, for the puroose of 
 building a tunnel, for railway passage, under the River St Cla r ne"r 
 Sarnia Ont. The actual tunnel under the river is 6,026 fret lonT 
 Thetota length of the tunnel and its approaches is 11,533 feet-ole 2", 
 m.les. It .s 20 feet in diameter in the clear. The cost o the tlnne 
 proper was $1 ,460,000. There are 8/, feet of clay between the top of the 
 unnel and the bottom of the river. The weight of the tube of Son con 
 stuutmg the unnel .s 28.000 tons. The steel bolts and nuts that unite the 
 segments and rings of iron together weigh 2,000,000 pounds. Work becl 
 on the cuttings January 1st, 1889. On August 24th, 1890 the workS 
 fhTM^P^'h f ' ^"^l^^^hanged tobacco through an auger hole bored in ^ 
 the clay between the shields. The chief engineer, Hobson oaLd thrn? h 
 he enlarged hole a few hours after. An engine and car wer'eTaken tro S 
 
 Treaties with Germany and Belgium-Creat Britain as the Suzerain of the 
 Empire agreed with Belgium in 1862, and with Germanyfn 80, Jv 
 reatythat the reciprocal most favoured nation stipulationVfn the^'ti^ 
 treaties should apply to the colonies and other possessions of Oneln 
 Victoria, as well as to the British Isles. The Law Lo 3s of EnS ncl 
 decided m 1894. that the inclusion of the colonies in these treaties (ifdiS 1 
 not prevent differential treatment by the United Kingdom b favour ^f 
 British colonies ; (2) that it did not prevent differential trS°mem by BH i h 
 -olonies in favour of each other, and (3) that it did prevent Hiff.f/n 1 
 treatment by the cobnies of Great Britaii^n favour of ?re UnU d K " 
 dom As since 1862 and 1865 great changes have taken place in E 
 relations of he colonies to the mother country, especially the very ere 
 change involved in the advancement of Canada, under the Union A? o I 
 1867, to the status of an auxiliary kingdom, it has been for a lone time fel 
 m Canada that these treaties should be revised. ^ ^" 
 
 <=«f /^u' ^^^- .^o^^/""ient of Canada passed an Order in Council which 
 set out the position of Canada as regards the two Treaties of Sdurn an 
 
 OrrTrf^n.^'-M'T''"'' ^''''' ')''' "^^^ Commissioner broS the 
 Older m Council to the attention of the Imperial Government anH th.^ 
 body in turn brought the matter to the notice of the govern™ ^fBeldm 
 and Germany. The latter power returned answer that it wotdc not be w^ 
 to revise the specific article complained of without a general evSonone 
 
 rI^S ^°a ""y''^ '" '^''' °E'"'°" '^"-^ ^'^^ "" g'^"^* reason adduTed while 
 Belgium dedmed, stating that one article could not be denounced wirhot 
 the whole Treaty also being denounced. Before that date Can^Tl. I^n 
 secured the right in ,878 to decide whether she would be i'^dudeSln an I 
 
 intiV^^f ^^"' ')P''" ^^^ B'^"^^ "i^^ed in amendment to motion to .'o 
 mto Supply, a resolution to the effect that (i) Canada no longer occut^vin" I 
 
 X!r„T "'T '" '?''""'" '^^'"^■^' '" t''c principles of constitutional eovetn 
 tnent, and comprising one half the North American Continen and Inch 
 mg seven Provinces federally united under an ImperiarcharS. whu I: 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 199 
 
 States is operated 
 ,ra River ; opened 
 
 ninion Parliament 
 for the purpose of 
 er St. Clair, near 
 
 6,026 feet long. 
 33 feet — over two 
 ;ost of the tunnel 
 een the top of the 
 
 tube of iron con- 
 luts that unite the 
 nds. Work began 
 590, the workmen 
 r hole bored inio 
 n, passed through 
 ere taken through 
 
 place September 
 
 le Suzerain of the 
 nany in 1865, ^^Y 
 tions in the two 
 Jssions of (^ueen 
 ^ords of England 
 i treaties (i) did 
 dom in favour of | 
 atment by British 
 event differential 
 le United King- 
 ken place in the 
 ' the very great 
 le Union Act ofl 
 ir a long time feh 
 
 in Council which 
 i of Belgium am 
 ler, brought the | 
 iment, and that 
 dents of Belgium 
 .'ould not be wise 
 •al revision of the 1 
 adduced ; while 
 nounced without 
 late Canada ha, 
 included in any] 
 ;ised in fourth n 
 
 to motion to jo 
 onger occupying; 
 umbering as >iie | 
 tutional goveti^- 
 lent and inch: 1 
 I charter, whiih 
 
 recites that her constitution is to be similiar in principle to that of the United 
 Kingdom ; (2) " That it was expedient to obtain for Canada all necessary 
 powers to enable I ler Majesty, through her representative the Governor 
 General of Canada, acting by and with the advice of the Queen's Privy 
 Council of Canada, to enter by an agent or representative of Canada into 
 direct communication with any British possession, or foreign state, for the 
 purpose of negotiating commercial arrangements tending to the advantage 
 of Canada, subject to the prior consent or the subsequent approval of the 
 Parliament of Canada signified by Act." 
 
 The position taken by the Government in 1881 and that taken by the 
 Opposition, secured to Canada in 1884 the further right to hold direct 
 negotiations wi?h foreign countries, the High Commissioner being clothed 
 m that year .v^th plenipotentiary powers, co-ordinate with the resident 
 British Ambas-.ailor, to deal with Spain for the purpose of effecting a com- 
 mercial treaty, rubject of course to the consent of the Queen. 
 
 In 1809 Sii Richard Cartwright moved a resolution '' that it has become 
 a matter of extreme importance to the well being of the people of this 
 Dominion, that the Government and Parliament of Canada should acquire 
 the power of negotiating commercial treaties with foreign countries, and 
 therefore, that an address be presented to Her Majesty," cS:c., concluding 
 in the same words as those used by Mr. Blake. 
 
 In 1890 the Government introduced a resolution for an address to the 
 
 Queen, in which, after setting forth the reasons, the Parliament of Canada 
 
 humbly request your Majesty to take such steps as may be necessary to 
 
 denounce and terminate provisions referred to in the treaties with the 
 
 German ZoUverein and the Kingdom of Belgium." The address carried. 
 
 In 1891 Hon. D. Mills moved in amendment to the motion to go into 
 Supply a resolution, that it is expedient to obtain the necessary powers to 
 enable Her Majesty through Her Representative the (Governor General of 
 Canada, upon the advice of his Ministers to appoint an agent to negotiate 
 commercial treaties with other British possessions or with loreign States, 
 subject to the prior consent or subsequent approval of the Parliament of 
 Canada. A debate arose and the amendment was lost. On the 2Sth 
 April, 1892, Mr. McNeil moved, that if and when the Parliament of Great 
 Britain and Ireland admits Canadian products to the markets of the United 
 Kingdom upon more favourable terms than it accords to the products of 
 foreign countries, the Parliament of Canada will be prepared to accord 
 corresponding advantages by a substantial reduction in the duties it imposes 
 upon British manufactured goods. 
 
 Mr. Davies moved in amendment, that inasmuch as Great Britain admits 
 the products of Canada into her ports free of duty, this House is of the 
 opinion that the present scale of duties exacted by Canada on goods mainly 
 imported from CJreat Britain should be reduced. The amendment was lost 
 and the motion carried. 
 
 In 1894, the Colonial Conference took place in Ottawa. New South 
 Wales, Cape Colony, South Africa, New Zealand, Victoria, Queensland, 
 and Canada being represented. In this Conference the Imperial Govern- 
 ment was unanimously urged to denounce the treaties with Germany and 
 Belgium. The Marquess of Ripon, Secretary of the Colonies in the 
 GL^dstone Government, took strong ground against this policy in despatches 
 of June 28th, 1895. 
 
 In 1897 the Act relating to Customs duties passed by the Parliament of 
 Canada, provided that when the customs tariff of any country admits the 
 
200 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 products of Canada on terms which as a whole are as favourable tnCor. i 
 as the terms offered by Canada, the products of sucS coSes „. y be em" ,1 
 for duty at a rate which sha 1 be seven-ei.'hts of iHp Hntv ;^\,^ !f 
 such articles by the general tarifi; till :iot"i ulv iSoX .f l^ ^^T,^ "'",'" 
 duty shall be three-flmhs of the'd' V^^oS'l, 'tt ^.IrTuT' "'^' 
 
 don of the treaties between ^^^'Zi:^ 1'^]^^^^:::^ ^1^^% 
 Wil rid Laurier took strong ground against these treaties in h^Tsneeche 
 in England during the Diamond Jubilee celebration speeches 
 
 .nSi R-i"'^ ^^K*": ,'^^Z' '■' ""^^ announced simultaneously from Germinv 
 and Belgium that both treaties had been denounced Germany 
 
 During the i6 yeais of agitation for the denunciation of these treaties 
 the efforts of the Government of Canada have been seconded bv he 
 Imperial Federation League in England and in Canada by Si? Charles 
 1 upper, Bart, as High Commissioner for Canada, and by^Chambers of 
 Commerce in England. Lord .Salisbury, in answer to a delation which 
 To irH nTf^'"' ^'^he foreign office in June, 1891, said : '' We Se tr 5 
 to hndout from official records what the species of reasonin/was wh S 
 induced the statesmen of that day (1862 ficl "'■^''^""'ng was which 
 
 pledges. We shall be glad indeed^oVatVv y o^pZun'ffor tlS 
 
 ourselves from those untortunate arrangements " *^^"""""y '^"^ delivering 
 
 TT -f ^^-t '^^"""ciation of the two treaties takes effect on ^oth Tulv 180S 
 
 Uniformity of Currency first established throughout the Dominion' i87r 
 
 Umformity of Weights and Measures. th?oughotr ihrDomi'nion fir.t 
 
 provided for by Act of Canadian Parliament. Sission ,"3 ' '"""°"' ^'"^ 
 
 " me^^ip°^^8T"Th'■^"'':''! '"^ 1"°^'^^^ ^^ '^y Act of'canadian Parlia- 
 
 iSui^VS^Ma^ct reS r::LV= r^ed?^^^^^^^ 
 
 "°*h^; Maritime-Delegates first met in Charlottetown, T.E.L. ist Septem- 
 ber, 1864. Proposals were made by the Province of CnmH^ f ., , P 
 union and on loth October. 1864, delegates f°"rad the BN A Pro nS 
 _ met at (Quebec, to consider basis of larger union 
 
 ' Nn7^h"f '"Si^'^''^*-' ■'^'^P '°^f "Is ^ federal union of the Provinces of British 
 North America was made by the Parliament of Nova Scotk in 1 86 bv 
 the unanimous vote of the Assembly ocuiia in laoi, by 
 
 ""'helf in'Sm?'i88?"TH' '"' "'^''"^ to consider the question was 
 tgliSn^^^Ued^sSof^WeTTn"^^^^^^^ '.".^^"^'^^ ^^ ''' 
 
 inteVdenominationll consoSSo^'blfrnVJ^^^ brS^Dr^tatC 
 The Methodist General Conference and the PresbyterLn General" AsSv- 
 appointed committees to confer with the Church of England cieeea! 
 among whom were several bishops. A second Conference took nlace in 
 Toronto on 23rd January, 1893 Twelve Anglican and % other elm- 
 SoXsTe™^.^'^^^'^^"^^"' ^^^^"-^-' ^'^'- and^ongrlgaiS^l 
 
 United Empire, the Evolution of ; The Constitution of England asit stood atl 
 '^^IZ.^'^^^t':^^''^! ?rT '"' -t'^-gwithfniis foulToiS 
 iimitrof%he'rSm lu^d t^US (l^^Sf g Sdt h,'S th"'^''^ ^ 
 of the realm. As the people who setti:i1.;o";lhese°la 3 ' the'IegT, ^ 
 
Durable to Canada 
 ries may be entered 
 luty imposed upon 
 fter which date the 
 eneral tariff, 
 ad gradually siil>- 
 vn) for a denuncia- 
 ind Germany. Sir 
 ;s in his speeches 
 
 ly from Germany 
 
 n of these treaties I 
 seconded by the 
 I, by Sir Charles 1 
 ! by Chambers of| 
 deputation which 
 : "We have tried 
 soning was which 
 such unfortunate 
 nity for delivering 
 
 th July, 1898. 
 minion, 1871. 
 Dominion, tirst 
 3. 
 
 F Canadian Pariia- 
 Bill having been 
 1 April, and third 
 is and proposed 
 
 E.I., 1st Septeiii- 
 lada for a larger 
 > N. A. Provinces 
 
 3vinces of British 
 cotia in 1861, by 
 
 he question was 
 I Canada by the 
 ition embodying 
 V. Dr. Langtry. 
 General AssemMv 
 gland delegatt 
 :e took place \n \ 
 52 other cleryy- 
 Congregational I 
 
 and as it stood at 
 1 its four corners I 
 ands outside hej 
 not the property 
 ds in the regimsl 
 
 First Things in Canada. 201 
 
 external to the realm were liege subjects, the Sovereign assumed the right 
 of property and government as something personal to himself and beyond 
 th^ jurisd.c ion of the State as such. Tfiey were his posse.ssions aL.'oad, 
 his foreign dominions, not yet annexed to the Crown 
 
 As was inevitable, a struggle took place between the Sovereign and the 
 larliament the latter in 1643 appointing Earl of Warwick Governor-in- 
 Chief of all the 1 lantaiions of America, passing laws and creating a Com- 
 mittee to exercise control. When, in May, 1660, Charles the Second 
 .. u- '^^ ^°^'^'','>"d the monarchy was restored, Parliament asserted that 
 all his Majesty s foreign dominions were part of the realm, and then for 
 Colonks"'"*^' '" ^"""^^"^ capacity, interposed in the government of the 
 
 Limiting our view to the Dominion of Canada, before 1758 Nova Scotia 
 was governed by the representative of the Sovereign acting under instruc- 
 tions and by virtue of a commission signed by the Sovereign. He was 
 however, under the immediate authority of the, Lords of Trade and Plan- 
 tations General, and had to appoint a council to assist him. In the first 
 instructions given to the Governor who undertook to colonize Nova Scotia 
 by founding on the banks of Chebucto Bay the town of Halifax, a promise 
 of a representative assembly had been inserted in order to make the colo- 
 nists the more willing to cross the ocean and settle the province, up to that 
 time largely in the hands of the Acadian French. This promise had been 
 overlooked, and the Governor and his Council had gone 0.1 passing laws 
 and regulations chiefly for the good government of the infant town strug- 
 ghng to get Itself into shape for resistance of attacks from the Indians and 
 the l<rench, and further usefulness as the nucleus of population for the 
 whole province A very able man, Jonathan Belcher, fronf Massachusetts, 
 was appointed Chief Justice of the rapidly developing colony in I7i;4-live 
 years after the founding of the Chebucto Bay settlement. To him Mr 
 1 ownall, one of the officials of the Board of Trade and Plantations, com- 
 municated the opinion of the Lords of T. and P. that the Governor had 
 not acted in accordance with the Royal instructions in merely surrounding 
 himself with a Council while ignoring the requirement of an Assembly 
 The Chief Justice took the subject up and r,, .pared un opinion which coin- 
 cided with that entertained by the- Lords of T. and P. The Chief fustice's 
 opinion was supported by that of the Law Lords of the Crown. After that 
 there remained no course open to the Governor but to carry out the orders 
 of the Lords of T and P. These were not to his liking, and no more 
 were they to the liking of his Council ; though Belcher, by virtue of his 
 office being a member, was in a position to push on to completion vhat he 
 deemed a necessary measure. However, officialdom has many ways to 
 de ay action ; the Lords of T. and P. were a long distance otT; communi- 
 cation was tedious and slow in those days of vessels with blunt bows and 
 consequent small sailing capacity. From the t.me Pownall expressed his 
 doubt to the desired consummation of the Assembly sitting and nassinp 
 laws 52 months elapsed, during which the Lords of T. ant' P. gave Gov- 
 ernor and Council several strongly expressed hints that there was too much 
 delay in the settlement of the matter. When Nova Scotia secured the 
 boon of representative institutions, the first step in advance towards the 
 goal of n 1 nuH K,v,p,re was taken. As she sent o.T her brood-Prince 
 tdvard Island, Cape Breton and Ne.v Brunswick-each profited by her 
 struggle and received representative assemblies. Summarized, the events 
 connected with the evolution of a United Empire are • 
 
2°2 First Things in Canada. 
 
 2. Crown denies right of Parliament to legislate Vo; Virginia/ NewE^y/'*'-'' 
 
 3. Parliament assumes that it has a right and appoints the Eari of Hard' '^^' 
 wick Governor- n-Chief of all the Plantations of Lerica with a 
 c'o^nTrn^Vof^lt'^ol^^^l^nr^^--'^ '' Parliament (Sho^ufth^ 
 
 ^' Ml-.ltTf'"^ "^"'' .'^""^'■'^hy, Parliament asserted" Vha"t ' ^iV his '^^ 
 Majesty s foreign dominions were part of the realm ... 1660 
 
 '• i!^z::£;:^ftt'^^t^' ^"- ^-^-^ '^- -p--:'^^° 
 
 ^' ^s't ^.°."'.'!'!'". ^!'"'''"' ^PP°'"'^^ Chief Justice of No^a ' Scoiia; ' june'^^'^ 
 
 7. Mr. Pownail on behalf of theLords of t! &P.' expressesto ihe rhiVf'^^" 
 Justice, the doubts of that body as to the power ofT Governor aid 
 
 8 The rh!l7V^-"''* ^'""^''"S ^^^' without an elected AssenSy . ,754 
 
 8. The Chief Justice prepares a memo, on the subject and sends it o he 
 Governor, who transmits it to the Lords of T. ind P., wTh the sUte 
 ment that the legislative authority of the Governor and ColcifhaS to 
 this date been unquestioned. January 12th „„ 
 
 9. Lords of T. and P. refer (March 31st) the memo, of the Chief Tu;tice 
 and the despatch o the Governor to the AttorneyGeneraland the 
 Sohcitor-General of England, who give their joint opinion ?hat he 
 Governor and Council of Nova Scotia have not power^to enact aws 
 lor Nova Scotia, but must act under the authority of the comm ssS 
 
 j;;^s:d"'trTs.:'". '^^^ ^^--^ '^ '--' --" - ^=- 
 
 10. Governor Lawrence transmits to the Lords of T. and P.," Chief justice' ''^^ 
 „ TnlHf'f-F '" f'i.'^^^^eni^Ran Assembly. Decembers h. ."^ 17c. 
 
 IZ T-f""V\'''y, ^^^ ^''' Assembly must consist of persons in " 
 trade ; yet for both electors and elected there must be landed qua ? 
 fication however small. They recommend that the form of the Wt 
 of Election, its execution, the election of Speaker. &c should be 
 modelled on New Hampshire. Reference shLd a sfb; made to 
 
 Council. He is to guard agamst hxing the period of the first Assembly 
 to 3 years as circumstances might require early dissolution. Lone 
 sessions n.ust also be guarded against. March 2Sth ^„cr, 
 
 12. Governor and Council prepare Minute of Council to car^y'inVo 'effect 
 Arserbi;'^^7r^uT;;X"!°" '^"' ^'^ ''^ '^°^'"" " ripresentativ" 
 
 13. Lords of T. and P. inform the Governor that ihey have fuily considered '^^^ 
 Feb£?y X"""'"^.'.^' :^"'"^'y ^"'' '"'^'^'^ «°-^ of'the detaUs 
 
 14. Governor and Council pass a" minuteof Councii adopting the 'sueceV-'"^' 
 tions of the Lords of T. and P. 20th March .... ^ ^^ ,,.« 
 
 15. Elections take place and the ..rst House of Assembly within 'the 
 
 ,6 P^.^^«.nt dominion of Canada, meets for the first time. Ocl[ober 2nd „.s 
 
 16. Iiincc Edward island separated from Nova Scotia and given repre-"'"' 
 sentative institutions *" P^ 
 
 17. Down to 1774 the public affairs of' Canada w;;e managed', ' 'isi 'by ^Z^"'"' 
 
i at the time 
 
 1492 
 
 3., New Eng. 
 i were not yet 
 
 . .1621 
 
 ^arl of Hard- 
 ?rica, with a 
 (without the 
 
 •• 1643 
 
 that all his 
 
 1660 
 
 a represent- 
 
 ; 1749 
 
 bcotia, June 
 
 1750 
 
 to the Chief 
 overnor and 
 
 n'bly 1754 
 
 inds it to the 
 th the state- 
 Juncil had to 
 
 .... ..I7S5 
 
 -niet Justice 
 ral and the 
 ion that the 
 enact laws 
 :ommissions 
 1 an Assem- 
 
 ^- 175s 
 
 -hiefjustice 
 
 -.•1755 
 
 persons in 
 
 nded quali- 
 
 ofthe Writ 
 
 , should be 
 
 le made to 
 
 minutes of 
 
 it Assembly 
 
 on. Long 
 
 175^' 
 
 into effect 
 
 iresentative 
 
 1757 
 
 considered 
 he details. 
 
 / '7s;^ 
 
 he sugges- 
 
 175^"^ 
 
 within the 
 ber 2nd ■ , I7';N 
 ven repre- 
 
 1779-7- 
 
 , 1st by a 
 
 First Things in Canada. 203 
 
 Military Council, and 2nd, by a mixed Civil and Military Council. In 
 
 .7^1 I ^^''^'J^'''**"^"' ^°' ^^^ fii's' time intervened and passed 
 the Quebec Act. This provided a Council to whom with the Governor 
 was entrusted the Government of the Province, but it declared it 
 inexpedient to call an Assembly i„. 
 
 18. By Act of i8ih George III. (1778) the inalienabk'righV of property 
 was granted to the Colonists, the Act declaring that the King and 
 Parliament of Great Britain would not impose any duty, tax or assess- 
 ment on any of the colonies, provinces, or plantations in North 
 America, or the West Indies, except such duties as it might be 
 necessary to impose for the regulation of commerce, the net produce 
 of such duties to be always paid and applied to and for the use of such 
 levfeT^' P'^°'""'^^^ ^^^ plantations in which the same are respectivly 
 
 19. New Brunswick separated from Nova' Scoiia and given" represeniat'ive'^^^ 
 institutions '^ „ 
 
 20. Representative institutions given \o Upper and Lower Canada on their '^ 
 separation in . . 
 
 21. The Act of 1791 stated that there would be'an Executive' Council' for 
 
 he arrangement of the affairs of each Province. This is the microbe, 
 
 the germ of Responsible Government ,-g, 
 
 24. The Duke of Portland informs the Governor of Nova" "sc'.nia that "in 
 future all Actsof the Provincial Legislature requiring the King's assent 
 are to be considered as disallowed if their confirmation be not com- 
 municated within three years ,gQ_ 
 
 23. Union Act of 1840 passed by the imperial' Parliament! ' '"'"ihe" most 
 valuable result was the admission of the all-important principle that 
 the ministry advising the Governor should possess the confidence of 
 
 the people assembled in Parliament." ,0,0 
 
 24. Responsible Government introduced in all the North" "American Pro"- 
 vinces J, 
 
 25. Further development of the ■princi"pie of homerule and" sel"f-"gover"n"menf ' '^ ' 
 -Union Act of 1867 resulting in a large expansion of the powers of 
 
 the Dominion Parliament ,og_ 
 
 26. The other self-governing Colonies acquire responsible g"o"vernme"nt* and 
 general expansion of authority to deal with local matters 
 
 27. Canadas right to be represented in Treaty negotiations recognized- 
 Treaty of Washington *" jg 
 
 28. Canada obtains right to decide whether" she "will " be"inciuded "in" com- 
 mercial Treaties made by the Imperial Government . 1878 
 
 29. Canada s right to negotiate treaties concerning her interests reJognized 
 
 in the case of the negotiations with Spain. ,co. 
 
 30. Colonial Conference of 1887 1887 
 
 31. Canada's right to legislate respecting 'criniin'ais "from' other countries 
 demanded for extradition, recognized ,ooq 
 
 32. Commercial Treaty between Canada and France negotiat'ed" (and car- 
 nod into efiect by proclamation in C«««rt'<z GaseUe 189O. 1801 
 
 33. Intercolonial Conference of self-governing Colonies called by Canada 
 to request r*"/^'' ^^^^ the denunciation of the Treaties of Belcium 
 and (jermnny . . ** „ 
 
 34. The Congress of the Chambers of "Com'merce" of the' Empire" discussed' ^^ 
 the subject both in the 1892 and the 1896 meetings. In 1896 the 
 resolution passed was that " this Congress is of opinion that theestab- 
 
204 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 hshtnent of closer commercial relations between the United Kingdom 
 and the Colonies and dependencies is an object which deserves and 
 demands prompt and careful consideration ; the Congress therefore 
 respectfully represents to Her Majesty's Government that if the sug! 
 gestion should be made on behalf of the Colonies, or some of them 
 It would be right and expedient to promote such consideration and the 
 formation of some practical plan by summoning an Imperial Con- 
 ference, thoroughly representative of the interests involved, and by 
 
 siich other means as Her Majesty may be advised to adopt. ^806 
 
 35. The Conference of I'remiers (called to London to celebrate the Queen's 
 Diamond Jubilee) of the self-governing Colonics with the Colonial 
 • ?u f ''yj'^^'i^ '" '"e passing of a resolution the substance of which 
 IS that the Premiers heartily recommend the earliest denunciation 
 ot the two reaties as hampering the trade relations of Great Britain 
 and her Colonies with each other ; all present at the Conference agree- 
 ing to take steps to improve the trade between the several parts of the 
 Empire by giving a preference in the Colonies to the products of the 
 
 United Kingdom, [uly o 
 
 United Empire Loyalists first arri^^d in Canada ftom' t'he UnUed Stales in 
 1783. More than 40.000 settled in the various Provinces during the year" 
 immediately following the Treaty of Paris, 1783 K ""= years, 
 
 United Service Veterans, organized in Ottawa, August 21st, 1897. The 
 objects of the Association are to preserve and strengthen the friendship 
 which should exist between the soldiers, sailors and militiame" of the 
 British Empire ; to assist needy comrades, widows and orphans ; to give a 
 soldier s funeral to all members, and to encourage the young men of Canada 
 to join the Active Mihtia force of the Dominion ^ 
 
 University Federation. (See " School Annals of Ontario " 
 University of King's College, Nova Scotia, established 1788 ; opened 1700 
 _ and received a Royal charter in 1802. , ufc"cu 1790 
 
 University of Laval, received its charter, as such, in 1854. 
 University of Toronto was originally established by Royal Charter, 1827 
 under the title of King s College. The charter was amended in 1834 so I; 
 to do away with the original requirements that the President should be a 
 c ergyman of the Church of England, and that the College Council should 
 also be members of the Church of England. In 1849 the name wa 
 changed to the University of Toronto. In ,853 the University of Toromo 
 was constituted with two corporations, the University of Toronto and 
 University College. In 1873 it was empowered to give certifiSL o 
 proficiency to women, and in 1884 to confer the degree of Lh.T> homns 
 aiusa and to make provision for the higher education of women. 
 University of Toronto- First Convocation, 1844 
 
 University of Toronto-First degree (of LE.D.) conferred after the accom- 
 
 Eoon'slr Tot M ^"' 'tf ^;ederation ot the Universities of Ontario was 
 upon oir John Macdonald, 1889. 
 
 University of New Brunswick established 1800. 
 
 Unrestricted Reciprocity— (See Commercial Union.) 
 
 Upper Canada-Name was first used by General Murray in 1760 to designate 
 
 Lniral^SitSin"i7^.^-^^''^^°'^^'^"^'^P'^"^^^ ^'^ ^^"^^^^ "^^ 
 
 Vancouver Island first circumnavigated by Captain Vancouver, 1791-2. 
 Vancouver Island was at first named the Island of Quadra and Vancouver. 
 
First Things in Canada. 
 
 20$ 
 
 1896 
 
 d Kingdom 
 eserves and 
 s therefore, 
 : if the sug- 
 ne of them, 
 ion and the 
 perial Con- 
 ed, and by 
 
 the Queen's 
 he Colonial 
 :e of which 
 enunciation 
 eat Britain 
 ence agree- 
 partsof the 
 nets of the 
 .........1897 
 
 Jnited States in 
 iuring the years 
 
 St, 1897. The 
 the friendship 
 iitiamen of the 
 hans ; to give a 
 ; men of Canada 
 
 opened 1790 
 
 Charter, 1827, 
 ;d in 1834 so as 
 It should be a 
 Council should 
 the name was 
 sity of Toronto 
 f Toronto and 
 certificates of 
 LL. D. honons 
 )men. 
 
 er the accom- 
 )f Ontario was 
 
 5o to designate 
 territory no« 
 
 1791-2. 
 id Vancouver. 
 
 The great navigator, Vancouver, was also an astute diplomat, and when a 
 dispute arose between Great Britain and Spain, respecting priority of 
 possession of the island, he was sent to settle it. lie conferred with the 
 Spanish Commissioner Don Juan Francisco de la y Bodega Quadra, 
 succeeded in his mission, and to heal ./ounded pride named the island 
 after himself and his Spanish co-commissioner. By a convention held in 
 Madrid in 1794 and based upon the agreement of 1790, Spain relinquished 
 her claim to Nootka Sound and with it her claims to North-West America. 
 
 Vancouver Island first occupied by Hudson Bay Company, 1843. 
 
 Vancouver City founded, 1886. It is a curious fact, illustrative of the recent 
 founding and rapid growth of many cities in Canada, that Vancouver city 
 (B.C.), Calgary, and several other cities and towns of the North-West Ter- 
 ritories, are lighted with electricity without having had previous experience 
 of lighting by gas. 
 
 Verandrye left Montreal for Lake Superior with Pere Messager, the first 
 missionary of the North-West, in 1731. 
 
 Vessel— First vessel built in Canada was at Port Royal. Nova Scotia, Ju.ie, 
 1606. In 1607, Pontgrave built in the Annapolis River a bark and 
 a pinnace to replace those cast away. The first sea going vessels in New 
 France were built in 1668, under the i.,rectio.i of M. Talon, the Intendant. 
 
 The first vessel to sail on Lake Erie was the "Griffon," built 
 on Cayuga Creek, a tributary of the Niagara River, in 1679. La Salle 
 aided in building her and named her in honour of Frontenac, whose 
 armorial supporters were armed Griffins. In 1705 a large frigate was built 
 in Nova Scotia. Alexander Henry and his associates built the first vessel 
 that sailed on Lake Superior, a 40 ton sloop, in their shipyard at Point 
 Aux Pins, in 177072. Before that date the traders used canotes de maitre 
 which carried much cargo and were paddled by fourteen or sixteen men. 
 The first vessel built in New Brunswick was in 1770, and in St. John, N.B.. 
 in 1775. This latter was destroyed while on the stocks by rebels from 
 across the line, who in turn were destroyed by a body of men from Port 
 Royal. 
 
 The first vessel built on the North Pacific Coast was a 40 ton vessel, 
 built by Capt. John Meares, and, launched at Nootka, in 1786. The first 
 large ship built in Canada was the " Columbus." It was built in 1826, on 
 the Isle Orleans, a lumber ship, four masted, 300 feet long, 50 feet beam 
 and 30 feet hold, with a measurement of 4000 tons. The arrival of this 
 vessel in the River Thames excited much interest. The Duke of Clarence, 
 then Lord High Admiral and afterwards King William IV., with a dis- 
 tinguished company of 100 guests, was entertained on board. The 
 "Columbus" was followed by the " Baron of Renfrew " of about the same 
 dimensions. These vessels were built to enable their owners to get the 
 timber in free of duty, ships being then free and timber being dutiable in 
 England. The first recorded European vessel to ascend the St. Lawrence 
 River was the " Emerillon," Captain Jacques Cartier, September, 1535. 
 The schooner " Lily" was the first vessel to leave Lake Erie for Europe. 
 November, 1848. 
 
 Vetch, Samuel, was the first English Governor of Nova Scotia, 1710. 
 
 » S"" • ower — The first exercise of the veto power by the Dominion Govern- 
 nient, on Provincial legislation, was on 17th July, 1869, when an Order- 
 in-Council passed, vetoing a Bill of the Nova Scotian Legislature relating 
 to the Halifax Reformatory. 
 
 ■I:i 
 
306 
 
 First Things in Canada. 
 
 ^''X"n.f lifc %'"i^''%^'"^^''r"'V^'' ^'- L'-^^rence, formally opencl 
 wL n' , '^u^'-J^^y 25lh, i860. The first stone of ihe brkk'c 
 
 Sw ^The firi .,;?,'*• -.K ''"''«'' '^'''' "''■" ^"' ''"f^'^ December la.!,' 
 t is o .L f.i with passengers traversed it on 17th December. 1859 
 
 i^ftl^ -T '"?• '■'; ''"'" "^'"'" °" "^^ '"'^"'a' plan, has 23 spans of 
 242 eet, wuh one in the centre of 330 feet, each sp.nn stWtin^ from a nier 
 
 a r 6 f~.i^' Th'-" r"; ^^'-^li -hich the trick is laid i's a^Teet ig 
 and 10 (ttt vvi le. The bridge cost $6,300,000. Robert Stephenson was 
 
 5stem"^'Tn' ' V^?'«?- • '''*'•'' ''"'^♦^^ '"-•'""«« '" 'f'- (Irand Trunk Railwa; 
 krS'nn I Z •'''"^' " ".'' ['^ "•''''^'" requirements it has been en 
 
 Sr ,"0) (w':is:rP/.r'^p'^p"^^^ '^^/'"« l.een done this pres^n, 
 
 ^''*uSle^?8i**l' t'';'^^'^'^ '" ^[°"treal in connection with the Queen's 
 Ind Sir'AnJ.l ^ ^K^r'^^'^'T*^""' ^"'- ("«^ Lord Mount Stephen) 
 $5oo^L each ^"""' '' ■''"""'"' ^"' ''°""' '^°y^') "*^° ^-- 
 
 Volunteer Force— The first attempt to form a recular force in Tnnn,. . 
 
 m .792 when the King authoriLd the raising olag men. Tn each of E 
 provinces and permuted them to take the title of " Royal!" The first rei 
 
 m ^lllZleJ^^'l!:' ^'''''' ''"^^ '^^^;^" KegiLnt, w^kh'by S 
 ser^vid withoTniv' 7^V "^fu"''"''' '"'" f considerable means and they 
 served without pay. 1 hey led the way in obtain ng the desired distinctive 
 
 th nw' f """,u '" """ ^"' '•'='' ''^'^ J°hn Wentworth, in Dec 1893 ret un 
 thanks for the permission to use the word " Roval " ANn,,. hi 
 
 Sd ^V ?Z 'TT'"^ ^"^ ^ Roy^l NewfSland rJ t n w^ 
 ™ ; , /^^i' '''! Regiment of Royal Canadian Volunteers was 
 recruited and officered by Canadians in the provinces of Uppe a^' 
 Lower Canada The First Battalion was largely officered b/French 
 Canadian gentlemen. The Second Battalion ""was chiefly officered by 
 Glengarry men. In 1799, Sir John Wentworth informed the 7 one 
 Au horities that the Royal Nova Scotian Regiment had voluntarlv acceded 
 to a proposal that they should serve in all parts of British North America 
 As Commander-in-Chief in North America the Duke of Kent, the Oueen'^ 
 I2th W/g ;' '° ^^'J™ ^°"'^ ^' Salaberry, under date Halifax, NS^"oct^ 
 
 nleIsed'if^J/?hJ^' •''°"^''' •"■''"P"' '" """"^^ '' l^""*" '^^' he would be 
 ftlrS •V^".fhe provincia regiments would offer to serve in all the Ameri- 
 can colonies in place of being confined to the one whose name they be' 
 n consequence of accepting this offer they would be placed on the estab' 
 to'slv the ^ffi"^'"'''^''? r '", ^"u«'^"^' •'^"^' - '^ 'he Newfoun3land-th , 
 
 hev doVt oreln,'''in '; •' ''"'' '^•''""^^ '^." ^"''^ ^"^^"'^^ 'he same as 
 tney do at present in tneir respective prov nces, and the Adiutants in,l 
 
 Quartermasters would be sure of half pay in case of reduc ion Snd 'h 
 
 ErLr"''^ --"^"'^i''>:°«^'^'^^'^'^- f-- the line who wo 1 
 be proprietors. I believe it is the intention of forming a Brigade of Cam 
 
 the"Troonsin'N";^rr'" '■''' '"'"^^'^ "'^'^'^ ''^^ CoSmanEn-Chref f 
 of t^e eoth Th """•'" "•'?"''^,^'" ^*''°"=^'' ^^ 'he Duke of York , 
 
 ot the both. The proposition has been made already to the Nova Sci- 
 tian and New Brunswick Regiments and both have expressed in the most 
 
 loyal n 
 proper. 
 Apps 
 ceased 
 prelimi 
 France 
 provinc 
 nth C 
 Koyal 
 provinc 
 Canada 
 'vhen t 
 A and 
 Regime 
 
 Voting by 
 
 minion, 
 
 Walking 
 
 nion Ri 
 
 War Subs< 
 
 Scotia 
 were s( 
 School 
 people I 
 
 Washingtc 
 
 25th, i! 
 right fo 
 rivers o 
 
 Washingtc 
 
 carried 
 recomnn 
 1888. 
 Sackvil 
 and Cai 
 Angel 
 ices of t 
 created 
 Ministe 
 to mark 
 
 Water Pipi 
 
 water p 
 
 Wawa Cit} 
 
 was me 
 June, il 
 tion of, 
 Ontario 
 discovei 
 from th( 
 for Wa\ 
 
^mPIK- 4rVw*i#»w ^A. 4 
 
 formally openeil 
 e of I he bridtjt; 
 !ady for masonry 
 
 December latji, 
 December, 1859. 
 has 23 spans of 
 tinK from a pier 
 id is 22 feet high 
 Stephenson was 
 I Trunk Railway 
 
 it has been en- 
 one this preseni 
 dge," "Coteau 
 
 'ith the Queen's 
 ^ount Stephen) 
 ioyal) who gave 
 
 in Canati.' was 
 
 t in each of tho 
 
 The first regi- 
 
 which by June 
 means and they 
 sired distinctive 
 • ^893, returns 
 \bout the same 
 Regiment were 
 /olunteers was 
 af Upper and 
 fid by French- 
 ly officered l)y 
 led the Home 
 ntarily acceded 
 J^orth America, 
 nt, the Queen's 
 fax,N.S.,Oct. 
 
 it he would be 
 ail the Ameri- 
 ime they bear. 
 I on the estal) 
 undland— thai 
 :a the same as 
 Adjutants and 
 ction, and the 
 ne who would 
 gade of Cana 
 !er-in-Chief of 
 ie of York 1 
 e Nova Sci; 
 d in the most 
 
 First Thinos in Canada. 207 
 
 loyal nianner their willingness to serve wherever His Majesty may think 
 
 Apparently the causes which led to the formation of these regiments 
 ceased to be operative in 1802, probably I)ecause in October, 1801, the 
 prelimmary Articles of peace were signeil between (Jreat Britain and 
 France. At any rate, in August and Septemiier of 1802, the several 
 provmcial regiments were disbanded, (Jovernor VVentworth writing on 
 nth October that the men disbanded of the Royal Newfoundland an. 
 hoyal Nova Scotian Re<;imenls were all f|uietly dispersed through the 
 province. The Roy.il New Hrmswick became the 104th Regiment. 
 Canada did not again ha.f a legular perm ncnt force of her own till 1871 
 'vhen the formation of A and B Batteries Royal Canadian Artillery ; the 
 A and B Troops Koyal Canadian Dragoons, and the Royal Canadian 
 Kegiment of Infantry gave the country the nucleus of a regular army. 
 
 Voting by Secret Ballot— Adopte." in federal elections throughout the Do- 
 minion, excepting in the Northwest Territories, 1874. 
 
 Walking on Railway Tmcks -First prohibited, under penally, by Domi- 
 nion Railway Act, i888, r ^ / 
 
 War Subscriptions— In 1798, subscriptions were made by the iieople of Nova 
 Scotia m support of the war with France. Even the boys in the schools 
 were seized with the war fever, for the boys in the Halifax Clrammar 
 School subscribed "out of their own pockets" $115.00. In '799 the 
 people of Quebec subscribed for the same purpose over $33,500. 
 
 Washington Treaty of 1871 -First meeting of Commissioners, Feljruary 
 25th, 1871. Under the treaty Sir John Macdonald secured in^er alia the 
 right for Canadians to navigate the Stickeen, the Yukon and the Porcupine 
 rivers of .Alaska. '^ 
 
 Washington Treaty—First meeting November, 1887. This treaty was 
 carried by the Dominion Parliament, ratified by the Imperial (Jovernment 
 recommended by President Cleveland, but rejected by the U S Senate' 
 1888. The negotiators were Rl Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, Hon. Sir 
 Sackville West, and Hon. Sir Charles Tupper on behalf of Great Britain 
 and Canada, and Hon. W. F. Bayard, Hon. W. L. Putnam, and T B 
 Angel on behalf of the United States. Sir Charles had the valuable serv- 
 ices of the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Fisheries. The Queen 
 created Sir Charles Tupper a Baronet, and Hon. Mr. Thompson the 
 Minister of Justice, a Knight of the Order of St. Michael and St. (ieorge 
 to mark her satisfaction with the services performed. ' 
 
 Water Pipes -First application to Legislature for permission to lay down 
 water pipes was made by Montreal, 1801. 
 
 Wawa City— The first discovery of gold in the Lake Wawa (Algoma) district 
 was made known to the Crown Lands Office of Ontario at the end of 
 June, 1897, when Mr. Joseph Dickenson made application for a free loca- 
 tion of 40 acres, under the provisions of the Amended Mining Act of the 
 Ontario Legislature (1897), by which a grant of .|n .ncres i?; made to the 
 discoverer of a valuable mineral deposit situated not less than ten miles 
 from the nearest known mine or deposit of the same mineral. The site 
 for Wav/a City was laid out on 6th September, I'i-^'j. 
 
^°^ *'""■■«• Thincs in Canada. 
 
 Waterworks of Canadian Cities :- 
 
 Amherst, N.S. .. 
 
 Barrie 
 
 Kelleville ." 
 
 Urandon 
 
 Brockville 
 
 Buckin(;ham .... 
 Chatham, O. . . . 
 
 Charlottetown.. . 
 
 Cobourg 
 
 Collinnwood . . . 
 
 Cornwall 
 
 Dartmouth, N.S. 
 
 Kssex , 
 
 Karnham 
 
 Gait 
 
 Godcrich 
 
 Guelph 
 
 Halifax 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Hull 
 
 Joliette 
 
 Kentville 
 
 Kintjston 
 
 Lachine 
 
 Lindsay 
 
 Longueuil 
 
 Lunenburg 
 
 Merriton 
 
 Montreal 
 
 New Glasgow .... 
 
 Newmarket 
 
 New Westminster 
 
 Niagara Falls 
 
 North .Sydney 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Owen Sound 
 
 Palmerston 
 
 Paris 
 
 Picton, Ont 
 
 Pembroke 
 
 Peterboro' 
 
 Port Hope 
 
 Seaforth 
 
 Springhill 
 
 Stratford 
 
 St. Catharines . . . . 
 
 How Owned. 
 
 Town. . . . 
 Company 
 
 Town. 
 City.. 
 Town. 
 City. . 
 
 Company 
 Town . . . 
 
 City. 
 
 Town 
 
 City 
 
 Town. . . . 
 Company 
 Town. . . . 
 Company 
 Town. . . . 
 
 City 
 
 Town. . . 
 
 City 
 
 Town 
 
 Under construction 
 
 City 
 
 Town 
 
 Company 
 Town . . . 
 
 Under construrtion 
 
 Company 
 
 City 
 
 When 
 Built. 
 
 1891 93 
 
 1894 
 
 1886 
 
 1892-93 
 
 1 884- 94 
 
 1892-93 
 
 1889-95 
 
 1887 88 
 
 1889 
 
 1891 
 
 1886 
 
 1892-93 
 
 1891 
 
 1891 
 
 1890 
 
 1889 
 
 1879-80 
 
 1846 
 
 1859-62 
 
 1886 
 
 1881 
 
 1887-88 
 
 1872-77 
 
 1890 
 
 187.3 
 
 1875 
 
 1895 
 1886 
 
 1853 
 1887 
 1867 
 1890-92 
 1884 
 
 187.V74 
 1890 
 1894 
 1883 
 1889 
 1883 
 
 1876 
 1879 
 
 1876 
 
 Cost. 
 
 $ 
 80,000 
 
 174.427 
 
 225,00(j 
 
 5,000 
 
 174.4-27 
 
 58,32X 
 i4S.oo(5 
 165, oaj 
 100,000 
 
 79,000 
 
 138,000 
 29,996 
 32,000 
 
 157,000 
 71,44s 
 
 142,650 
 
 900, oaj 
 1.587.87s 
 
 201,394 
 89,000 
 
 30.774 
 
 274,000 
 
 107,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 76,468 
 
 70,000 
 8,705,000 
 70,000 
 27,000 
 45S.OOO 
 17,000 
 
 1,525,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 33,000 
 56,84.1 
 
 50,640 
 11,000 
 
 322,321 
 
 St. c 
 St. J 
 .St. J: 
 St. |: 
 St. I 
 .Si. S 
 .Stellf 
 Sydn 
 Tilso 
 Toroi 
 Trurt 
 Uxbr 
 Valle 
 Vanci 
 Victo 
 Wind 
 Wind 
 Wing 
 Winn 
 Wood 
 
 Welland C« 
 
 First ve 
 Jane," ^ 
 1841 anc 
 pleted in 
 
 Wellington 
 VVellingt 
 tember, 
 
 Western Pr 
 Halifax, 
 
 Wheat— Th( 
 men was 
 " it grew 
 the same 
 
 Wheat, first 
 
 Wheat- Firs 
 age la Pr 
 
 Wimbledon 
 to Wimb 
 
 Winnipeg — 
 corporate 
 1882 ; elt 
 
 C.P.R 
 
 . 1 
 
 •871. 
 
 24 
 
 had a 
 
 ca 
 
 The popi 
 
 14 
 
 
Cost. 
 
 
 $ 
 
 '93 
 
 80, OCX) 
 
 i94 
 
 • 74.427 
 
 8h 
 
 22S,OCXj 
 
 2-93 
 
 S.OCXJ 
 
 4-94 
 
 •74-427 
 
 2-93 
 
 58,.52,S 
 
 9-95 
 
 145.0CX1 
 
 788 
 
 i65,ocKj 
 
 89 
 
 100,000 
 
 91 
 
 79,000 
 
 86 
 
 
 2-93 
 
 138,000 
 
 91 
 
 29,996 
 
 91 
 
 32,000 
 
 90 
 
 157,000 
 
 89 
 
 71,448 
 
 )-8o 
 
 142,650 
 
 
 
 900,000 
 
 )-62 
 
 '.S«7,S7,S 
 
 ib 
 
 201,394 
 
 ii 
 
 89,000 
 
 -88 
 
 30,771 
 
 -77 
 
 274,000 
 
 )o 
 
 107,000 
 
 '3 
 
 80,000 
 
 '5 
 
 76,468 
 
 »S 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 70,000 
 
 3 
 
 8,705,000 
 
 7 
 
 70,000 
 
 7 
 
 27,000 
 
 -92 
 
 455>ooo 
 
 4 
 
 17,000 
 
 74 
 
 1,525,000 
 
 
 
 9S>ooo 
 
 4 
 
 2,500 
 
 3 
 
 SS<"f^ 
 
 9 
 
 33,000 
 
 3 
 
 56,845 
 
 5 
 
 50,640 
 
 ? 
 
 11,000 
 
 3 
 
 322,321 
 
 Fust Thincs in Canada, 
 
 How Owned. 
 
 209 
 
 St. CuncKoiide 
 .St. Jerome 
 
 Town 1879 
 
 •"^'•john. N.B cii'y. .;;;::.;:;: \llt 
 
 ^}- l"hns. l\() JTown 1X73 
 
 When 
 Miiili. 
 
 CoHt. 
 
 St. Ilyacinihe 
 .St. Stephen.. 
 Stellarion . . 
 
 Sydney 
 
 Tilsonhurg . . 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Truro 
 
 Ux bridge. . . . 
 Valleyfield. . . , 
 Vancouver . 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Windsor, Ont 
 Windsor, N.S, 
 Winghain . . . . 
 Winnipeg . . . . 
 Wood.stock, O 
 
 i«76 
 
 Company 1887 
 
 Town 1882 
 
 $ 
 100,000 
 
 2I2,OCO 
 
 1,327.421 
 100,000 
 
 >«74-77 
 
 C"y ,... 1872-77 
 
 Town 1876 
 
 i»73 
 
 City.. 
 Town 
 
 Company 
 Town. . . . 
 
 1885 
 1 887 -'89 
 
 .872 
 1885 
 1879 
 
 «875 i 
 
 33,000 
 60,000 
 30,000 
 4. n 3.803 
 70,500 
 17,160 
 87,524 
 
 545,000 
 
 148,342 
 
 58,000 
 
 io,ooo 
 
 155,000 
 
 — First sod turned 30th November, 1824, iiy (Jeorge Keefer 
 through from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, the " Annie ant 
 
 Welland Canal- 
 
 « v,«imt . ^.. j-..^i,w.c..iuci, ioiS4, i.y » .eorge Neeier. 
 
 Fir.st vessel through Irom Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, the " Annie and 
 
 Jane. November 30th, 1830. First enlargement of the Canal begun in 
 
 1841 and completed m 1850. Second enlargement begun in 1871, com- 
 
 pleted in 1883 to 12 feet, and in 1887 to 14 feet. 
 
 Wei ington Scholarship, King's College, Toronto. Founded liy the Duke of 
 Weimgton wiih proceeds of sale of his stock in the Welland Canal, Sep- 
 tember, 1828, (date o( the " Iron Duke's " letter). 
 
 Western Produce-First lot for shipment to England via Halifax, arrived in 
 Halifax, I2th January, 1878. 
 
 Wheat— The tirst field of wheat ever sown in Canada by the hand of white 
 men was sown in Annapolis Royal in 1605. Poutrincourt says of it that 
 
 "it grew under the snow." And the first 1 ■ 
 
 the same place. 
 
 snow." And the first wheat mill was built in 1606 in 
 
 Wheat, first exportation of, from Manitoba to Europe, October, 1877. 
 
 Wheat-- First train (t6 cars) of wheat, from Manitoba to Montreal, left Port- 
 age la Praine, December, 1885. 
 
 Wimbledon Team -Canadian Rifle Association sent representatives first time 
 to Wimbledon, 1871. Bisley was adopted as the meeting place in t8go. 
 
 Wmnipeg-the '' (gateway City "-Main street graded first lime in 1871:! 
 corporated 1873 : telephone established in 1881 ; lighted by gas 1st lur 
 1882 ; electric hre system established in 1882. First through train by t 
 C.P. K. left Montreal for Winnipetj 2nd November, !8.8r. Po.,,,!,.:™ 
 1S71, 241; 1881, 7,985; 1891, 25,642. In manufact^iring, ' Winnipeg 
 had a capital mvested of $691,655 in 1881, and of $3,124,367 in 1891 
 The populfttion increased 221 per cent, in 1891 over 1881. The output 
 14 
 
 m- 
 
 une, 
 
 he 
 
 in 
 
2W 
 
 FiRfir TiiiNos IN Canai>a. 
 
 per head of manufactures increased two percent., notwithstandinfr the 
 great increase of population, having been $218 per head in i8gi and S-i- 
 in 1881 The population in 1896 is given at 31,650, and the assessH 
 vakie of property was over jo million dollars. 
 
 Wornan--First white woman settler in Canada was Mrs. llehert, who landcu 
 in rsiova Scotia in 1610. Iler husband initiated the system of dyke.! 
 
 .^ lands in ]\ ova Scotia and subsequently became the first Aumer in New 
 l^rance. Her daughter, Anne, was the Hrst woman whose marriat-e in 
 1617, was registere.l in Canada. She married Etienne Jonquest, a Nor 
 man. 1 he second daughter married Sieur Couillard. In 1601. there 
 were 200 descendants of Mebert in the Colony and 900 persons were allied 
 to the Heherts. River Ilebert in Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia; neri)e 
 tuates the memory of the first Hebert. The first white woman in Neu 
 trance was Marguerite Vienne who arrived in (.Kiebec in 1616 with her 
 husl^and. Fhe first white child born in (,)uebec was the son of .AJjrahan, 
 , Martin and Margaret L'Anglois. He was christened Kustache, 24!h 
 May, 1621. ' ^ 
 
 Women-The first systematic emigration of women from France to Cana.ia 
 began, under the direction of the King, in 1659. For six vears, about 
 200 a year were sent out. (Generally in fifteen days mos't of the ncNv 
 arrivals found husbands, the authorities putting upon the men such t;enil.' 
 pressure as forbidding the young fellows, who did not marry, to trade ,.r 
 hunt, 01 hsh, or in anyway to enter the bush. Marriages were conse 
 quently celebrated after the arrivals of ship lo.ids, by thirties at a time 
 Rewards were offered to the men who married at eighteen years of .ii'e 
 and to the women at 16 years or under. Fathers who did not marry otf 
 their children before they were 18 years old were fined. A pension oMo > 
 livres (money of the period) was offered to any one having 10 children 
 and increased to 400 livres in case of 12 children. 
 Women-The first annual meeting and conference of tjie National Council of 
 Women of Canada was held at Ottawa, April nth, 1894. There were 70 
 delegates from all the principal cities of Canada, of all nationalities an,l 
 creeds. Lady Aberdeen presided. 
 Woman Suffrage-In 1886, New Brunswick and Ontario gave municipal 
 
 suSratrefo single woman and widows. Quebec did the same in 180^ 
 Women Wnters-The first novel with distinctly Canadian scenery wa. 
 written in 1764-9, at (>ebec, by a woman. Among women of Canada 
 who have wielded the pen of a ready writer, are Mrs. Leprohon, Mrs. 
 Iraill, Mrs. Moody, Mrs. Chamberlain, Miss Fitzgibbon, .Miss Mickle 
 Mrs. Curzon, Miss Machar (Fidelis), Mrs. Harrison (Seranus), Mrs Edgar' 
 Miss McDonnell, Mrs. Everard Cotes (Sarah feannefte Duncan), .Miss 
 pougal, Mrs. Lawson (Miss Katzman), Mrs. Grant, Mrs. Spragge Mrs 
 I. E. Atkinson (Madge Merton), Miss Durand, Mrs. Watkins, Faith Fen 
 ton, Mrs. Cummings, Miss Eva Hrodlique, Miss Sullivan, Miss [ennings 
 Miss Barry, .Miss Pauline Johnson, Miss Wetherald, Misses K. and R 
 Lizars, Mrs. Weatherbe. 
 Wood Pulp (see " Pulp.'") 
 
 Woollen Mills— The first mill was started in L'Acadie, I'.Q., 1826. In i8v 
 two woollen mills were in operation, one in Georgetown, Upper CanadV 
 and one in Chambly, Lower Canada. These were fitted out with tlu- 
 machinery requisite to carry on the manufacture fiom the first to the la-' 
 stages of the process. The census of 1891 returned 377 establishments i . 
 the Dominion, with a capital of $9,357,000, an output of $8,087,871, an,' 
 
twithstanding the 
 
 in 1891 and $21 ; 
 
 , and the assessc^l 
 
 fbert, who landen 
 
 system of dyked 
 
 t A\riner in New 
 
 'hose marriaj;e, in 
 
 Jonquest, a Nor 
 
 In 1691, there 
 
 arsons were alhed 
 
 )va Scotia; perpe- 
 
 woman in Neu 
 
 in 1616 with her 
 
 ' son of Abraham 
 
 I Eustache, 24U1 
 
 hVance to Canada 
 six years, about 
 most of the new 
 : men such tjenile 
 arry, to trade, or 
 ages were conse- 
 irties at a time, 
 teen years of age 
 id not marry oiF 
 A pension o( 300 
 ^'ing 10 children, 
 
 tional Council of 
 
 There were 71) 
 
 nationalities and 
 
 gave municip.-d 
 ime in 1893, 
 an scenery was 
 ■omen of Canada 
 Leprohon, Mrs. 
 n, Miss Mickie, 
 us), Mrs. Edgar 
 
 Duncan), Mi^h 
 
 Spragge, Mrs. 
 kins, Eaith Fen 
 
 Miss Jennings. 
 <ses K. and K 
 
 1S26. In 183 ■ 
 Upper Canad; 
 'd out with til 
 i first to tlie la>L 
 ilablishments i:. 
 P8, 087, 87 1, am' 
 
 P^iRST TiiiNcs IN Canada. 
 
 -- .#^4 
 
 21 1 
 
 wages list 01 $1,884,383, for the year 1890. Of these 128 had an output 
 of over $2,000 a year each, and. an annual aggregate of $68,240 ; 12S had 
 an output of from $2,000 to $; 2.000 each a year, and an aggregate of 
 $780,627 ; 56 had an output from $12,000 to $25,000 a year eacl,, and an 
 annual aggregate of $1,032,960; 23 had an output trom $25,000 to 
 $50,000 a _year each, and an annual aggregate of $817,422 ; and 42 had an 
 output ot $50,000 and over each, and an annual aggregate of $5 388 622 
 Of lhe.se 42 large mills, Ontario had 53, with an annual aggregate output 
 at $3,960,476, or an average for each of $120,000 a year. Quebec had 7 
 ■ '^'^^ '■^" ^a"""?' aggregate of $1,298, 146. or an annual average per mill of 
 $185,456. iNova .Scotia had 2 with an annual aggregate of $i:io,ooo or 
 $65,000 a year each. f j < 
 
 Worship -The first public Worship in a Church in Canada was probably 
 1 rotestant. De Monts who brought the first shipdoad of immigrants to 
 Acadie, in 1604, was a Huguenot, and he erected the first church built in 
 Canada It is more than likely that he had the service performed accord- 
 ing to his own belief. 
 
 ^'^^^^^^^P^^^'^—T^^^^ ^rs\ record of casualties published by the Department 
 of Marine refers to 1870. Since then down to 30th June, 1895, the casu- 
 alties to vessels of all nationalities which have occurred in Canadian 
 waters, and to Canadian vessels all over the world, have been 8 528 
 afifecting 3,170,968 tons of shipping, causing a loss of 4,745 human lives 
 and a money damage equal to $57,687,581. The largest loss of life in 
 . one casualty was on the first of April, 1873, when the steamer AiAwdc 
 was wrecked on the coast of Nova Scotia, and 545 persons perished, the 
 shores and waters of Turns' Bay being covered with dead bodies. 
 
 Yacht Club (Royal Can.idian), organize.! in 1852. It was first known as the 
 Canadian \ acht Club, with headquarters at Toronto. In August 1854 it 
 was authorized by Her Majesty to assume the title " Royal," and in 1878 
 permission was given by the Admiralty to the Club to wear the. blue ensign 
 of Her Majesty s fleet with a crown in the fly. The firstclub house proper 
 was erected on a scow and was used until 1858. In 1889 the K C V C 
 and the Toronto Yacht Club (the latter having been in existence since 
 1880) amalg.nmated. The Club boasts of being the largest in the world 
 having a membership of 750. ' 
 
 Year Book of Canada, by A. Harvey, first published in 1867, by John 
 Lowe \, Co The publication ceased in 1879. It contained a great 
 amount of valuable information. 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association-First meeting for formation of, in 
 Canada, held at Montreal,. December, 1851. 
 
 Yoiing Men's Prohibition Club formed in Toronto, October, 1886 
 
 Yukon Territory- The first placer mines of gold v.ore discovered on the 
 branches of the klondyke. A white man named J. W. Carmack, who 
 worked with Dominion Land Surveyor Wm. Ogilvie, in 1887, was the first 
 to take advantage of the rumours of gold circulated by the Indians He 
 located a claim on the first branch, which was named by the miners 
 bonanza Creek. Other accounts give the credit to Robert Henderson, 
 who discovered the gold deposits on the Klondyke, in August, 1896! 
 ..I"; . ,'^',,'^ ■'^y*' '^'" n^'^Per name of the river is " Thron-dak " or 
 Duick, meaning "plenty of fish," the river being a famous .salmon 
 stream. 
 
212 
 
 FiR*r Thinc.s in Canada. 
 
 The hrst to iliscover the route into the Yukon Territory via Chilcooi 
 C^LT" ■^"^" '^^Kenzte a Canadian, who in 1880 wifh a party o 
 Canadians went down the Lewes River to Lai<e Labrage. He wasthe 
 firs wh.te man to run the White Horse Rapids, he and '• Slim lim " tL 
 l.rst white man who crossed from the Coast to the head waters ot the Lewes 
 
 '^coarsTL?d ''^ Th't '^f' ^" ''V^',";" "^^ ^^P'^"^^' ^'^ discovery ^ 
 HcoUarnSfed Frlse'r'"' ""°'"" °'^"'- ""^ ^''^^'' '^'-' ^^ ^ ^La 
 
 ^"^u"ri^" "''i!' °'^r •"*'' ^''' estai.Ushed i,y Governor General's proclamation 
 dated " At our Government in our City of Ottawa, in our DominionTf 
 Canada,' t6th August, 1897. The boundaries are described in Te 'ro 
 clamalion publisher! in the Canada Gazette, August 28th, 1897 
 July "97. ^^'^^*''**" °''*"''' ^'"' constituted by proclamation, 29th 
 
 Yukon River of Canada-The Yukon expedition started from Ottawa, 22n,l 
 
 ;h^".8.h ^?' ^"'' :'^^<^*'^^ V"T"' "' 'h^ '^""'^ °f 'he Stikine Rive?, o 
 he 8th May. It was under the charge of George M. Dawson, of the 
 Geological Survey, .t was organised for the purpose-ist, of gaining in 
 formation at,out the vast tract of country which forms the Extreme nor h 
 westerly portion of the North- West Territory; and, 2nd of deTerminin. 
 the position of the .41st degree of longitude, which here consn'tutrhe 
 boundary between Alaska and Canada. The region has an area nearlv 
 equal to that of France, three times that of the New England States, a S 
 ^n times that of Nova Scotia. Dr. Dawson's report of .888; and Mr 
 Og.lv.es reports of .889 and 1896-97, contain considerable information 
 about thjs large tract. The Yukon River drains an area of 330,912 T(^uLre 
 m.les. Other large and important rivers intersect the region There" s a 
 toul leng.h of waters navigable for light stern-wheel steamers of at leas" 
 
 ni^- Tn^;. ^"^^ ■' "^""^1"'- °"f' ^°^' has been found in many 
 ■i^^m.! n n """^ 'mmense districts abounding in game and fur-bearinj 
 an.nials. Dr. Dawson says : " It may in fact beafifirmed, with little room 
 ^,r doubt, that the region spoken of as the Yukon district surpasses i" 
 material resources the whole remaining northern interior portion of the 
 continent between the same parallels of latitude." 
 
 Zoologkal Gardens -The f^rst " Zoo ' on this continent was established in 
 
 H» l?ol •'' '^"'''■'T ^'T"'*' ;"u^^47. So -,ays my old friend. Sharif; 
 Hallock, in a recent nund,er of the New York JVature. Mr. Downs re 
 ceived great encouragenient from the officers of Her Majesty's Army and 
 N.vy, who remembered the genial naturali.t, no matter in whar^artof 
 .he world they were stationed after they had been in Halifax, and sen 
 h.m specimen, of bird and beast and reptile from many climes Increas- 
 ing age rendered .t necessary for him to break up his '« Zoo " some years 
 
ory via Chilcoot 
 vith a parly of 
 !■ He was the 
 Slim Jim." The 
 ers of the Lewes 
 his discovery of 
 iver was a Nova 
 
 's proclamation 
 ir Dominion of 
 sd in the Pro- 
 897. 
 :Ianiation, 29th 
 
 1 Ottawa, 22n(l 
 ikine River, on 
 Dawson, of the 
 , of gaining in 
 extreme north 
 of determining,' 
 constitutes the 
 in area nearly 
 nd States, and 
 1888, and Mr. 
 lie information 
 330,912 s(:]uare 
 n. There is a 
 lers of at least 
 :jund in many 
 nd fur-bearinj,' 
 'ith little room 
 ;t surpasses in 
 3ortion of the 
 
 established in 
 riend, Charley 
 Ax. Downs re- 
 y's Army and 
 n what part of 
 fax, and sent 
 ties. Increas- 
 > " some years