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"il Ipuflfalo-Creek Reservation, Mission Press, •*- -,^v^^> .^ ■r.:ni^^mmm9im' t. t .i ^'' '#^1 F.XPLANATIOxX FOR ENGLISH READERS. It is absDlutely nec333ary for English roaders to di'vost themselves of all the irregular and erroneous notions of spel- ling contracted by using the imperfect alphabet of the English language, and to remember that, in spelling Seneca, the same sound is uniformly associated with each character. Hence, in writing the language, our first object has been to hear cor- rectly the several sounds of which each word is composed, in their order, and then to represent them by their appropriate characters, placed in the same order. The anomalous sounds of the English are so oddly expressed by combinations of char- acters, and so many letters are introduced which have no honest relation to the sounds, that most pers:)ns find it very difficult to lay aside their bad habits and inconsistencies sufficiently to fol- low our simple truth-telling system of orthography. But be it always remembered, if the reader will take pains to understand, and is able to enunciate, the sounds represented by the several characters, and will distinctly enunciate them, in the order in which they are located, and with their appropriate relative degrees of forcQ and lime, and with the natural cadence and inflexion, he will read the language intelligibly, and — abating the errors of the writer and of the printer — Avith the same ac- curacy with which it is spoken by the Indian himself. . He may call our mode bf representing certain sounds very odd ; and, if lie will not forget the barb.irisms of English spelling, he certainly will do s>. But no matter for that : if he will only be c;^ntent to pronounce his words correctly, as they are made re-idy to his liands, and. no otherwise, he will be a correct, and, if he improve his t «loat rightly, a ]n'ofitable reader of Sene- ci; and WT h.tve no fears of his condemning our system, af- ter he sh..ll h ivethorou^'hly attained the right use of his ears, by lisitoiiing uttontivfely to the Indian mode ot speaking. I w \ ■il :»■' I * *A*;"':;4rf-*J^<^^fe- The number of sounds in tho Indian, with our present knoi^- ledge of the language is supposod to be ^0, as follows : Vowel Sounds. e, ng ill the Englisli word if )j ft it It 9t If ft » if if if ft a ii ft it ft they, bet Snjl hat. ni'ichine. hit. nbte. unlike any English letter, half way between 'o' in note und 'o' in move, as in the Englisli M'ord 'push,' or, as 'o' in move. like the English letter u in but. Nasrilizocl vo'."c»ls ore such as h.ive the pcculmr nasal twahg approximating t6 tliC sound produ6i2j by jbining the ^letter *iv to a vowel, rpmomberirig not to finish* the .soUiid of the 'n,' but only proceed s.> f r as to comniuiiicale to the'vQwcl cndligh of i s sound to nas .lize it. They u'rc Uniibrii))y denuteJ by 'a mnrk like a hyi:hen (-), pluc'/d undemoatii t.lie vciwel, .vS *a,' *^',' 'e?' '<;»* 'U/' "Vi' <^-- A vowel ^ouhd of this sort co- ming befoie *g'or 'k,' c v.ilcsces w th it, as in the English wort! *long.' This word, sp'^lt ailerll'ie Indian fa,shiun, Wv^iiUl be 'Young, would iong *l-a-g/ 'Strong,' wouli bo 's-t-r-a-g.' be written 'y-v g-'' 'i\'0:)k,' MCiild he 'm-v-k,' &c.— drc. It is very importyrit ibi" tho reader or writer oi' Se- neca to rrgnrd very scru-^uSon^ly this d;sti:^.ction between n. sail zed ar,d oti'ser vowol^j. for tSe mc-:ning is often eiitiroiy dei.endeijt upon u, and there arc; many nice iiiod.lic-^tioiis bf tl..e feensc wl.ich cui Le given in^no other way. D \ p h t h o n g s . *i^ fti ifie T m pine, i'u " *u " pure. Thf^rr aien^aBVc'cSes where t-.e English be rcr \\ouM sup- pose t'if.' s.'Und of the diplithong t) he that of ai/' out cle -r atirniiun to its enunciat'on'di^cjA'crs the clcising vowel to be or 'a, "as in Miac,' w'nc'.i h s been often written, 'n-a-i,' or t' e fi]>t syllabic of 'g ...i hall/ winch h-isofton been spelled 'g a-i-n- -h.^ In t],e si<'>w ..lui fvihnji'i pronunj-i-.tiin of In- dian, laot't ^r All of ti.t* d.ihll.o.^^r^- m. y be pr ■r>-r.-ij'j-'ep:iraie'J '^rM-'i ^^ -^V» . ■■^ tMi 'm m '^i.' fjrr.h'-^ e;J bv'a iM mp" cle . r I (I chin, day, beech. into tlieir constituent elements, and ey.ch vowel sounded distinct- ly by itself. Hence, it has not been deemed necessary to adopt any particulnr nurk to designate ihein ; Ci^eciully,' since for the present, and until the itiassof the Indialis shall be able to read their language fluently, it is thought 'expedient uni- formly to insertia space botweenihe syllables. T he c o n s o rj a n 1 3 are: as in the Kil^liah woixl '»* " h'ut, and at the end of syllables. It always denotes the rough aspirate to be the closinc sound, unlike the sound of any English letter. This leHer ndvcr precedes a vowel: following one, k ■should be spoken l)y giving the' Vowel an expk>siv'e force, and ^breaking it off suddenly, in such amahncr as for the instant to • stop the breath entirely, as weotton hear white people in hastl- iy pronoimbi.'Vg the inlejectionOh! especially, where they rd- ipeat it tievcral times in rapid succession, in indicating to a chilU "that it is doing something wrong. This'sjund is very abun- dant in Seneca, an(i,'iised in conjunction with certain other mo- dfecations, the mode and time of verbs, and various other clr- cun^stunces are den...tod by it. 'Often, also, it fot*msthe chief distinction between woitli of very dissimilar meanii^^. Nt> onecjn read or write Seneca intclligit'ly, who does not pay the strictest attention to tins character, and avoid confounding it WitJi •the rough aspirate of the common li.' \ n h U w, . ■>'» The letters :*j,' »"v,'. s intlie Engliiih word job. (4 n (( n (i 4( u (( king, ■no, slin, t:je, we. ■ vender. 'tak'e. on. dose. n ti it ii and 'v,' are heard only before vowels, .-ii;.',]illy softened,- so as almost to and cii.'is generally, though viot always f;o. The- letter *is, in a'very few in^;tancos, resemble tiie suundof 'z' in Englit,h. it .'s Am coinu-on, la scuiie litighb-jurhO'jds, to give it a sort of ks^.ir.g s.our*d, ap- ■1 i%-A^..y..A'M l-'^id ^,jr,T-lB™»»*-"--« ' I r.-!.- w proaching to that of *t)r' in tho English word thoo, and soinetiuies hard, us in 'tiiick,' 'thin.' Tht^ro arc several combinations ol sounds not used in the En- glish language, which sometimes greatly embarrass the learner oflnaian orthograjihy, sintl tiiercrore need particular attention : Kuch ns the roiif^li aspirated sound of *h' following the letters %' %' and *v' following 'd,' 'p,' %' 'n/ %' &c. ; as 'she/ 'shti,' *sha,' *.sho,' v*^c., whore the 's' and 'h' are sounded sep'a- rately, and notasinlho I'wijijlish words 'siiow,' 'shake ;' 'tao/ *thr»,' 'tha,' 'tho,' where the 't' and Mr are sou;ded separately, and not as in the English words *thaw,' Mhank,' nor as in *thine,' 'thou/iVc. This peculiarity has someli nes been do- noted In inserting; an aposttophe between tho 's,' or 't/and 'h/ thus : Mi-o ho,' 's-h-o s'ho ;' 'h-o ho,' 't-h-o t'ho," &:c ', but wo have deemed the use of the apostrophe unnecessary, inasH much as the English sound of *th' m Hliin,' 'thee,' &c , is ne- ver found in Seneca except in c ises where 's,' is corruptiul by a lisping mode of .speaking, and, the English sound of 'sh' is uniformly represented in Indian by its natural signs 'sy,' as •y-e ye,' 's-y-e sye,' (English sha ;) *y-oyo,' 's-y-o syo, (En- glish show), &-C. In like minncr 'dye,' 'dyw,' 'dya,' 'dyo,' tV.c. ; 'gye,' 'gy:>,' *gya/ 'gvo,' iS.'C. ; 'kye,' Mcya,' 'kya,' *kyo,'' &c. ; *nye,' 'nya,' 'nya,' 'nyo,' &c., arc all pronounced by giving to each letter its natural and legitimate sound in tho place wher« it is located. So, also, in all other cases, it has been our aim toannlyze cr.mpound s nnids, and represent them by tho represent itives of their simple elements. In some ca- pes thrcrw^r fo'.ir consonants will be f nmd t^) precede' a vowel in the sanievyluihie. in English si>me one or mon^ of them v ukl bi^ silent., but there are no silmt letters in the Indian. *Sgyo,' 'y^yo,- 'skya,' 'snyu,' 'sgwa,' 'skwu,' 'tga,' &c., have rv olHnjnn, w1io«(? hahjts \vp-p rirmnJ pr<»vious to tbw intHK-liictioii of I'itiplish idn-is. ajul nio li"fi<*itionsof 'u]o us, nm'">n^ ihe people. It i.s not protruded th:xtrK)rtV)m is |of> for fnturft improvpDiont. It would \-)o vory stirmpo If much sliould not ultimntcly b(MlfM'('^•s u'v. Siinrf?'\sfioii5J (if noorind ri(;t anulysis of thn Uingn-igo jshnll decido in tlioir I'lvou!-, ihoy will ho n» st gladly adopted. It has bnou nbjoctrtl to tluj system of orlliograpliy which we ha>o ad.')ptfd, thfit it has a teiid;^ne.y 1o cmh ,rni.s.s tho joarnor by nsing English letters wifh Fiencli ( r (iernmn sounds attached to the vowels. It should ho ieci)llccl(Hl, however, that each Knglish vowel has sf) many sounds that they could not be retained without intrndiK'.ing strange jargon into the Sent ex AA'c! have given no now sound to any letter. VVe have foil nv- ed some one sound of the English vowel in every cas?. and re- jected from necessity all the others. In deciding which to fol- low and which to reject, wo have been influenced mainly by the fact that tho Hon. T. Pickering's mode of representing tho vowel sounds, which, in the main, we have adopted, has boeu generally introduced among the Indians of the continent, wher- ever their languages have been rcdi'ced to writing, is approved by t e American Board, and corresponds more closely than any other mode of notation, with the usages of the whole civilized world, and no objection can be brought against it wiiich Nviil not bear with equal force agnins every other system which employs the English letters. Besides, many oi the Indians are already in some degree familiar with this system; a much larger number than arc familiar with any other ; and no other system can become adapted to the correct representa- tion of the Seneca langu ige, on paper without adopting as ma- ny variutions from the common Englisb os Mr. Pickering and his followers have done- Those who have attempted to write in other ways, are coniinwally finding new marks necr>ssary, and the more they write the more marks they will need, till they have a character exclusively apj)ropriated to each of tho sounds contained in the spoken language. Then, and not till then, will their systems have a claim to be regarded perfect VVe have endeavoured, in adopting Mr. Pickering's system, i^ pake in tho putaet, all the additions necessgiry, to Uiluj>l>t to uU ■^. ■■■ii tM mi \ I - ■' i '^ t K I I t , »,i »• t|.*».or'p'?nri!-'Rof't'"'^ Tr'^T"'. st f.fl to prrvort ns fir r!iii>li;hf/', »>''.f^;*o will-, ;^^•^.""^l■^'^ Ijn v.ivintion;- in or!i;npi'n['hy cnv-vspoiidrng ^v•it■;l tJu? v:irjr convorKntion wlicrc; Ilir_v (rcnr in the sj>oI{on l.'iiigij'iG:r\ 'J Iip rcficicr who pmnonnccsfis \bc. wordx nrc "v/ri'.tcn, find tlift. wrJtei- who writs thorn nricumtol}- r.s thoy fire f:[)olur printing, we would remark, that, we have no Italic type, jjind but one size of Roman letter.. Several of tha accenticd capitis, also, arc wanting, puuehcs not l.iaving been cutj for. tjhem wliien the accented type was prepared^ in Bosl-orj, soma. years since for prii ii/iiig Senec-i.. This' wiJl explain the breaks in thecoluainof capiliib, (in the alphabet,) and many other, things which pvinters would deem irregularities. To furnish, Qurselyes with Italic, and another size of Roman, witji the cap-, itals for eacl), sufiicient for our little establishment, would rc- quiraal?out ^150, b-^fore the type could be cast, an^ the, whole (expense would vary little from #400 ; for the v^'ont of which* we are obliged to forego the advanta^ges of beauty an4 yari^ty in the sty \e and execution of ou;* work, and maketho^ ^es^ >jre C9A c^ the fiaciiitita with which we ax^ provided^ ' '▼r' -i. ■■'■' ALPHABET. Small lottors. a & ft 4 • i I o 6 Q u U V V ch d g h h J . k n s t w y Capitals Round as heard in Indian &; English. A di. fall. A griih. hatt 4 ktn g3ll want, ^n'iiv]y.) I ni gi. punt, (nearly.) E ne. thoy. — goh. bet. I nill. machine. — nlk hull. hit. o do gas. note. * — haksjt. move (nearly.) o so. tone, (nearly.) u kuii. push. — de gyiuh* tune, (nearly.) V gvs dvk. but. — 4 wv gyandak. bunt, (nearly.) CH chill dyoh. chin. ''beech.) D do, jus had. day, add. G gas. go, log. H nik huh, hat. H neli. oh! J ja dirk. job. K kuh, wah'dak. king, take. N nc, sot hon dac . no, on. S sah, is. sun, dose. T tah ahj'^skat. toe, at. W wa doh. we. Y ye Qh. yonder. D ipht hongs. ai gai wi yu. pin&. iu diu i wah. pure. "i •^ \ .^3^- . 4i5.*.»i*;' ^P^f' "■, " ■■.,^' -^r- '"^"^ ''■^T^ ' ■ i)^ a, O! ah, 4h, da, da! do! do? he, ho! ho! m. is, n|l ne, ne, ne, no, si! 1» LESSON 11. Words of one syllable* yes. "(the same in both languages.) on the part of. it seems. there, then, now. there ! there now ! here! how! how much! how many! how much ? how many ? (a syllable having the force of the verb *to be ') because of, on account of, for that, where, look ! look yonder ! stop ! don't do that. I, me, we, us. thou, you. look here ! behold ! see this ! yes, that is it. the, that, this, place where, perhaps, probably, look ! soe there ! ■i' m . A ' w aih, dih, gas, gah ? gah, or gaah, geh, gwc heh, fcuh. LESSON 1 1 1. again. but, and, otherwise, now, then, it is so commonly, or habitually, is it so ? very, exceedingly, place where. look here I stop ! turn this way ! at- tend to me ! some, a part of. that, for that, where, because, and. . 'r,\i.^ :%"«/»•'•'■■*',; ''■■•?'' >e^-"V "' "'■'V''; "ir- •'Ty-i'^'^f '""">•'' -'^f^ "■' "( -^, ■^^%--' nae, n|h, neh, neh, nih, nis, sah, tuh, wis, gwall, gwah ! gwali, haoJi ! neeh, neeJi, nooh, vaeh, skast skat, nyiuh, nyiuh ! tvvunt, a gwirs . a ime' 1 ah'soh, 3'yek, 11 LESSON IV. rather, rather than, more than, on the other hand, on the other pait. (euphonism of *neh,' 'nah ih ah/ I for my part.) the, that, this. that, in order that. ffor *neh ih,' or 'nah ih.') I, me, we, us. (for 'neh is,' or 'nah is.') Thou, thee, ye, yoiu three. (a response.) Well, true, jast so. five. all about, everywhere, or in respect to everything, promiscuously, ge- nerally. here ! take this ! red-Jieaded wood-pecker. come on ! exert yourself, start ! — go- ahead. this, that, the very thing. yes, that is it. perhaps, probably. first, before, in the first placs. right, good, proper. one. well, just so, come on ! g3 aliead ! (the common duck.) LESSON V. Words of two syllables. very. why 1 more, once more, yet, Et'll. she v/ill eat v ".(■y/-T(«:'*.;i j.'^",;sr'" . ^'.I^'^3•^*"T■.■•.■^ . I ak sot', U'ak, agek', a ak', a gih', ageh'! a gyah', chih'dygli, chi es,' chit'hehs, chi'yaJis, chi'gyalls, chis'nah, chisg'yah, da gus', da gyoh' da joh', dak iiont', dek ni', dyut gont/ dyo'gwah, or dyo'gueh, de sek,' dah sek', das ha', dak ha', da goh', 12 LESSON VL my grand mother, (speaking to her.) lie will eat. that she may eat. that ho may eat, (ciy of pain.) (an exclamation when a mistake 13 made.) (exclamation of a person in pain.) thou art there, thou art present, when he was tarrying here or there, or going about, when he was there, tarrying or going about, when she was tarrying or going about here or there, wlien she was there, tarrying there, or going about there, (expression of contempt, used by men.) LESSON vn. (expression of contempt used by women.) cat. give us. come in. give me to eat. two. always, dya'gwah, if, if it be so. we people, pick it up. you may pick it up, or you will pick or take it up. hand it to rac. 1 brought it. give it to me. eight. 1 1 -^ ■■\ ■m ;■'? 'W' to her.) istakc is pain.) It. or there, or going ing about ng there, by men.) used by will pick dyuh dQh'i dis dat', do ga', do gas', ga ahs', ga nyuh', ga oh', ga oh', gat gaah', gih' oh, girs dirk, gwah nih', gwis'gwis', ga hah', gah'nah, go vvek', girs nah', gajih', gaa nnh, ga'yah, ga'ih, gan'joh, ga das', go'wah, goh geh', gak'wah, ga \va', gan doh', ga Qh', ga doh', gah'dyoh, ga snih', gih'shah, gih'dyoh, LESSON Mil. nine. rise up. togetl)er. truly, yes it is so indeed. it ovei takes, or outstrips. wild animal. this way. air, gas, any aeriform fluid. either. it is said. useful. our father, (speaking to him.) hog. wind, air in motion. arrow. agent, prince, or king. bJirk of a tree or shrub. come here. LESSON LX. hymn or song. it is here, there is some, it has. standing tree. fish. thick. her own, it is hers. quick ! hasten ! food, provision. she said. it signifies, it means. feminine gender of animals. I say. it is there. )applied to animals.) come here, (dual and plural.) ferhaps. am dtting here, I live here or here, J eim present. / '^t">"-TO;^." v^>: i,v-- r, ■ "J, rjj^^ :-Y>->'V*'7"'^" 14 .i 1 goiiyo, go'deh, gut'goh, gi'tloh, gis heris', gos hehs', gos hells', girs heTi', gxrs helis', Jiah nih', hali'nih, hoJi'nih, ha wa', lia'doh, ho'wch, hah J ih, hak's5t, ho yo', hah'dyoh, ho na', haeh'gwah, lie'gwa, het'gah, ho'gwa, ho nyo', hanyos', hoh sot', hoh sa', ho'doh, ho'ga, hoh'ga, heTi'g4, hih'nsh, LESSON X. slie is killed, or she has killed, lier grand daughter. • witch, she is a witch. I mean. I am chasinff. I am chasmg you. it is chasing her, or she is chasing her. it is chasing. it is in the habit of chasing, my father, (speaking to him.) my father, (speaking of him.) his father, he said, he says. out there, yonder. my brother older than myself, (speak- ing of him.) my grand-father, (speaking of him.) LESSON XI. he has arrived. he is present, (here or there,) he resides, they said, also. towards, high, yonder, off this way, or that, he has killed, butcher, he is wont to kill, his grandfather, he is fat. he means him. he has seen. his brother younger than himself, my brother younger than myself, the thunderer, (an imaginary being.) .:M '% /^^a'^st^:"-": ..:'"•;■ ho'goh, ho'wi, ho'yah, ho'wah, hoh'gyoh, 1 yos, 1 wi, i jeh', ih neh', iget', i yahs', ih sells, jadirk', iKgi, Jiyah', JagQh', je at', JQ'gweh, je'na, ji yeh', jih sas', jih is' ? jah'ah, jat'gah, jut'hoh, jus'daat, jus'had, juh'nyaat, ja'doh, jis'nyet, ji nyuh', jih yak', 15 LESSON XII. he is eating, he ate. he has given him. he has it. his own. when I came, or arrived. blanket. long. I think. wake up. you was with me. I stand. there is some, it is there, it is in it. she walks. thou art walking. seven. ghost, apparition. dog. go ahead. LESSON XIII. use, do thou make use of. you people. take it. wake up. you two are seeking. is it sore ? do you ache 1 thou little one. do you two give it up, leave it, or let it go. December, one drop, one winter, one inch, you'two say. you two speak, you two kill, you shoot or throw. :^ "wr.^ 4, ¥ I., jirs'het, ke'sah, ke'noh, keh'ga, ke'das, khe'yQh, kna'geh, kiia'gek, kni'yad, kheli'dyQQh, kna'ye, na'ya, na'vveh, ua gyeli', nan'dah, raga', naan'dahi ne gW, neh' dih, neeh'gwah, neh gvva', neh huh', neh'huh, neli ho', ne'ne, neh'kuh, nik'huh, no'gweh, noo'gweh, noh'go, noh'gah, no gyeh' no nah, noli sgwais', Byagwaih', LESSON XIV, you Iwo'count. my daughter-in-law. my step-daughter. my sister younger than myself. I pity her. let me give her. I dwell, or abide. I dwelt, or abode. let me confirm, tie, draw tight. ht mc put, place, or locate, her. I am proud. it seems, it appears so. it might think. I may, or might do. this, this is it. this, this thing, this one. famine, a wasting away. it is this, this is the one. LESSON XV. but this, but that. also, furthermare, but, but on the other hand. it is so, that is it, verily, truly, yes. stop, be still, do not do it. the thing which, that one, that. and that, and this. here, in this place. man, mankind. the man, that man. into, inward. behind, after, afterwards. in tlie house, within. now, when. toad. bear. ni'ne \i ■■' ■W n^ deh'f ni'nehs, neh'shQ, no'yali, noh'y&h, noh yWt ne'yioh, o nih', o nah', odok'f o dlt', oha', 6s deli', o daunt', oh sih', oh gih', Ogi', ok he', oh chTs', oh s'^s', o yah', gvveh', 6t gah', ch'dyont, ttgoh', 6t ggk', o yah', oh gah', ot'gl, oh sa' > ot gih', 6t gjs', bs nah', oh skas', LESSON XVI. day, daytime. they two are walking together. only. another. my mother, ^speaking of her.) my mother, (speaking to her.) his or her companion. now. oil. the end. rough. dry. heavy. wretched. you say. isay. or. I cut. LESSON xvn. you mix together. you had the use of it another. person. noiso, sound ; it makes a sound. fearful, it is fearful. poison, it is poison. it was poison. fruit. powder, dust, ashes. pus, putrid matter. fat, it is fat. ugly looking thing. raw, it is raw. barkofatreo. good, convenient. .»._, s4 nQh', skoh iik'f syi gwa', sa'y4ft» sa ye', sa' dQh, sat glh', sn^h het't swih saak', ska nQh', swa'doh, swa'n^ll, she ygh', sah'gwah, sa gyoh', 8a gyeh', sa ja', sya'sQh, sah'3'.t, sah'jih, sj,' guh, soh nek', sa' wah, syall di', sya'dQ, sQ'eh, syi'Qh, sa'ga, £0 VVtik', se na', sQh heh', sek'doh, soh'gali, sheh dyg^h', H LESSON XVIII. you must not. frog. farther. thou hast. thou art awake. thcu Slyest. get up, rise then. fill U[), du thou fill. seek ye. well, in health. you say. thy word. give to her. rather preferable. I have returned. I have awaked again. put it beck again, LESSON XIX. thou art called. thy grandfather. th}'- sister older than thys3lf. choosL'4 thcu, select. tuko it away, or get out of the way. it is thine. thyself alone, by thyself. writ3 t()en. night, nigbt time. thou vv'om.in. thou hr.ot found it, or seen. duck. skunk. thou li\ est, thy life. cxamiiiG thou it, ta.stc it, feel it. thy sister younger than thyself. put her, j.'hce her there. t , S4 y 4 ye'dyieh, 4 s;vcVgyet, a dyiut'gaih, a sgi'e^, a yan'dah, ahsa'ok, a a'ant, a'ont hull, a knus'gull, a go'clali, h gas'daatl, ah ska'dgil, ah sha'doK, ah. cha'doli, a gVyoh, 4h sa'wak, a go'nont, &h sah'dyok, |h syah'dent, ah sek'sek, &h so'hek, cha da' wis, chi wa'eh» chi swa'yah, chi gos'gwall, chi goh'lieli, chi ga'doh, chit kna'gok, chah. da'deh, chigogah', chi khe'noli, chi swa'yoh, LESSON XXX. . • she will dio again. . sho will he ^yi^S- ' "• it will wake or rouse me again. a noiwo will be made, I shall d:o again, he will pity or favour you, you will iiear. he will pass or goby, ho will pour. IwilUteal. I will pity you. I will cry. I sh.'ill got well. . he will get well, thou wilt get well. I will give to you. thou wilt keep,. carry, or observe it. LESSON XXXI. I will give you to eat thou wilt be afraid, thou wilt fall, thou wilt continue to eat. thou v/ilt live. thou art or has! been benevolent, at fii'st, in the first place, when you had it. when I was there, since I began to live. Lsaid so at t!ie first, when I lived tliere. thee, thou, when I saw. when GJio was or began to be my step- daughter, when you came in. 11 -/" '"%*.. LESSON XXXII. agyah'dD w4^' oh, I have received it. agyah'do wah'sygh, I have received them, adah'swa et'gah shah, ill fortune, bad luck. a dah swi yuh'shah, good fort ane, prosperity, aanan d-i'do hot, they ought to sive themselves, a weh'oon dyieh, no matter al) u'; it. a gwa'waji'yah shoh, our families, clans, «Sic aga'doh oh, I have become, a'ga d\ nah'gs ui, I ought to try, endeavour. a'gvvvs nyies, I would speak to you. (plu.) a'sha guh'ni go'a y^n'dah da' ni ak, he ought to be in the ha- bit of explaining to them. a ge'hahshah, my hired man, or woTi\n ; my servant or person employed to do any particular thing, ak nonk'da nih, I am sick, I am in pain, ao hwafi'sho, of itself, spontaneously. a ga'd ih d^a, I am wasting it, sqaandering, &c. a'gadi'yuh, I,should fight a gi'yah dah geh, on our (two) bodies, atga'nyes hah, plaything. ai swagah'ha dgh, thou shouldst turn it or investigate it tho- roughly, a'sek do nyooh, thou cughtest to try them or it in all point3. a'yu d s'do onk, it ought to be in use or render service. ai dy oh nek, we ought to remove it. aa'ni noh, he ought to buy it. ai'sa yan dak, thou oughtost to have it or keep it In possecslon. a'ya gus'haek, she ought to take care. a'o yafi'dano ok, it ought to eit3em liim, honour or value, a'ga ye is, it ought to t ike place accordingly. a s.'s'yo nih, thou oughtest to make it. a'ya ye na, he ought to seize or take you. a'wa dodyaak, it ought to grow, increase. ai'dwa di'uh dat, we ought to work, labour. a gi' wa d ih'da, I have dolivered the mess-^ge, made report a'yuh da ^uh, jt could not do it, it ou^ht to fail, fall siurt, or be discouraged in regard to doing it. '*-^^, e»«- ■■•.it^ljK. : ;..«*«-' Ill it 111 56 LESSON XXXJII. *wo'g4§, mouth of a cre«k. ^ a'gwa da deh'ga» our brother§. AgM^awanah, our vrord, speech, discourse. , agwa'nosdas, we are unwilling to part with. a gwali'nek hah, we beg, are in the habit of begging. a gwai'wi nyont'hah, we enter a complaint, protest. a'yu g'i'ak, much less or mucu more, it might be rather, (it is used in comparisons to represent the increxseof qual- ity compared, as, *'much less so, much more so," &cO a gi'waygji, I have. business in chargo, (^spoken generally of such as bring messages. aga deyah'hih da noli, I have been the cause of difficulties in the way, either in the road or any business. aon'da o dahhah'oh, . he should have seat a runner or mes- senger. anisai'yahda was? what is the matter. a'dye na wah'seeh, help, aid, assistance. ado'wadQh, hunting. agek'wandah'oh, I have finished eating. a gah'dali oh, I have eaten enough, am full. agi'wani'yridoh, I have sanctioned, approved, ratified. a'ya gwai'wa yan deh, we ought to kn jw, make ourselves ac- quainted with the subject. a'ya go do'gas, she ought to liear of it, have it made known to her. aga'da deyii nan'dahoh, I have finished my business, or I have prepared myself, I am prepared. aga'nohdo'nyoh gwa ni,. it has led ms to consider, reflact, feel solemn, anxious. ^ . ade'yanini, gDod behavior, man igamcnt, calculation.. a de'yd os dooTi, prudent, sly, carefulness. jio'dya yo, cramped, drawn, rtrainod. a'glli'dyoa dak, I might stay, remain, or sit or be in the place. .(,,.,, a gi'wa gou'dah ggh, I have submittod, given up the matter. aa'gat, gat'huh, that I might sec, look, realize, receive. ak ni gcj'^i et'gent baJi, .it is the thing that grieves me. " nn-«HTiff-*!f "WWi* 27 LESSON XXXIV. a'n^h e'w| noh d4h ? what language, speech, or tonguft is it a'yonl'yu o wih, she ought to tell. ' ' • a'a ni' noh dg'nyQ ok, they ought to think, consider, reflect. a wl'^h shQh'Qh, flowers, blossoms. a gwat ha i'neh, we are trtavelling, or on our journey. ' a'wa do nih, it may produce, it may yield frnit. ' a gygh'he nyoh, our lives, our being, or existence, a'syah da'ak, thou oughtest to be present. a gwa'yah da deh, us, to us, for us, on our part, a'gvva' yah. dah'shoh, our bodies, (spoken to another.) a'yo gwa'deh sah'g ok, we may, might, could &c., be ready, a'gat gat'huh, let me see, (with some anxiety or concern.) a'gjno'gh gwak, 1 ought to love thee, a gWtt'noh saah, I have read, or am reading, ak'ni gg'i yus dah'gwa noh, my comforts, joys, happinessL a gah' dyoh gwa'no nih, my fears, the cause of my fears. • a gah' dyoh gwa nih, my fear, the cause of my fear. - a gah'dygh gwa'nis thali, that which terrifies me. a'seh sa no nih, thou mayest or shouldst take care of or keep it a'ya gwah'has dch'go ok, we may or should be made strong, or nerved up to effjrt by it, (speaking of ourselves to another. ) a'yo gwah'has deh'syo nyat, we may or should be strength- ened by it, as, e. g., by food or rest a' oh e sat, it is joyful, or it is cause for rejoicing. a'g^va no'gh gwah, we love it, (spoken of ourselves to ano- ther.) a w^'nis ha'do gah'dili, holy day, Sabbath. a gg'gweh dah'shgh, my people. ado^h'swiyushall, good fortune, success, prosperity. a'gyana'ek, I may or must forward, aid, abet, further th« cause. as'hanonyrs'hah, property, possessions, riches. a'ge ga nyak'toh, that with which I have paid a debt a'yudah'godak, it may or sliould shine, or be brilliant a'gdi'yahda'ah heh'ock, the/ might or should have retire;^ or gone to rest, or kept sti' in sonfie place. m III w V '■' s*. nam a* li A ■k"^ :^' .i-i •i8 WESSON XXXV. a'u nih'dyon dak, they may or should stay remain, sit, be there. o'o na'wa ge'ak, it may or i;hould become theirs. a'o nont'gan yak'd jh, tliat which they are paid. a'yak hi'on yah, that wc iiiighl teach them, or they teach U3. u'sye na wahs, thou oiiglitc. 1 1 ) assist. n'vo n"s'l.et, h m:iv or oiij>i;l t < be a lonof time. a'yuhjih'gek, it mightorsho-ila be cl nidy. a'o nl'nnh do'nyoh gwaii, il mighl or should lead them to con- sider, think, loci s:>loini\ a'di'a wak, they i)i:iy or might keep, c^rry, observe, take charge of or posse?s. aos'gahah, ot' itfceli'. by itself, alone clear from mixture. a gai'wagwaih'sohsok, it rur^y or should bear testimony, cer- tify, or ex; Ilia cgl'nah g.li'd Ji, I am v;aiting f r it. a g./na g^. d jIi, I was born , 1 hi!V3 commerxed a settlement. a on'da go'wa n gii'dj c s, it will bo controlled; ruled. a g^n'yah sali, my heart. a gen yah'saTi, uiy t'u* >> t, my neck. ayo'gwatga'n. ok, v,c m.-y or should watch, regard attentive-" iy, (spoken ofourKolvestoanct'.ier.) a gyah'da ge'e y (. h, I cm weak, I have became feeble. a gach'hah doh, 1 am worn out, exhaustad. awcn'yahsah, heart. a ni sa'ye na wah gji ? wliat hatt thcu dane. agat'lion das, lamoledicnf. a'gathondat, I may or should hear, listen, obey, adhere to. a gat hon da sek, Ilnay or si;ould l:e in the habit of hearing or obevins;. a ga de'yl nok'dall, I may or should finish. a'nayawa? what shall be done, how shall it be. adih gwa'nahot, whatever. agas'hlli o'ondyTell, I ain remembering. awe'eyyh, itisde.d. a ge'yah his, 1 am habitually makmg mistakes. age'^ahonji, 1 am skilful. a gwg'nosha yh^ I araslow of speech. n k j.tiili-.iiii'"rtii.ni'ili I' " "iiiWii nm i UW feitji KWM** "•i '«v, "19 LESSON XXXVL ai'dwas cle is, we should keep, take care of, attend to. a'cnori'ddli svvi'yusdaii, that they might prosper, or hara g03d luck. a'o non'dlli swa'et g^int. tliat tliey might be unfortunate, have bad luck. a'o dihnigo'a ni'uasuo'ok, that they might be humble, lowly, poorin^^pirit. a da'ni dd'os liah, mercy, pity, compassion, kindness. ak lii no'oh gwali, wo love her or them, or they love us. a gi lio'ch gsvah, we two !ovo it,, or it loves us. ae'swa do' hi, you may or might dony. a'Q sa yo na gad, slie or tliey should be born again, or malce a new settlement. a'ya na'ga guh, she may remove or emigrate. a'Qsa'unandoh, they should become well again. a gat'wais huh, or, a gat wa Ts'hah, my spirit or soul. a'gya nan dah'oh, I have finished. a'ga da d^'gwah se, 1 have picked out, chosen for myself. a'y o gwa dohs', we might bo or become, or it might befal us. a'wa £;adohs, I misrht be or become, or it midit befuil me. a'di nayr.n'dAk sliah, jij-jyer, jietition, supplication. a'd^ na y^in'dah gv.-ah'shlh, (same as the last. ) a gwa'yah dage'e yo, we arc getting feeble, weak, tired. a gwa'yah daii'seh, we arc depending upon, or relyingupon it a'a dali'svvi yus'dah, he may or might make it to prosper. a gwa wa'ji y.'»h, oin* fimily, or our blood descendents. agali'se ah'grih, in my clan. ak ni'a wi'no on (iyieh, v, e two have brought them with us. at ga'no n^s' liT. h, riches. a v/a da'wih sek, it miglit be in the habit of giving. a'she yo'want lias, thou miglitest shew her or them. a'ya gwa'noh do'nygh gwak, we may or might reflect or con- sider uy)on it. ae'sat hon dek, that thou mig'itost hear or obej'. ak hi'ya do'es ygh'gwali seh, we are praying, pleading, or supplicating for lior or them. ak hi'ya d(>'es y fh'gv/ahi seeh, we were praying, pleading, 3 again. 4 swage jlnt, it will he J or euro m^. 4 ya gwa di ali'd'ih'gw'ik', on o.n* ace jtint, making use of us. 4n ja'gwit giTi, we shall or will reioase, let go again, a yon dj'ishah, she will rest or h.ivs an intermission. 4 yondi nilige v.t, she will try, cado ivour, measure, compare. 4 ga'ni yon dak, it will hang, or bo hung up, weighed. 4yQgwa djh'nocn'dyiehselc, we will continue to keep awav, avoid. 4sgwai'yah. da gad it, thou wilt drive us away. 4 gwayah da ga dat, we will remove you. 4swa'dokdih, it will end agar.;. 4yQ'gwasdo'ok, we wdl use again. 4y -^ 4 ya go do'nyat, it will drive her towards. . W.' .■A^^.X^tf^..- »2 111 i i] LESSON XXXIX. h O'ge gon dvk, he will drive me. h ya go da'dat gat'huh, she will I jok at, or sec herself. 4 yafi'^ihvi nih, he will coriquftr, pravailover thee. a yuh'sa wak, it shall or will cjmmencD. 4 dyu'noh do ni ak, she will control, rule, decide. 4 yg'ffwat ga'a. gk, we must or will notice, watch, look to. 4 ya' ga da datgah' wit ak, she will have yielded, submitted herself. 4gai'waye ih, it will befuliirie!!, Dccomplished. ayogwadi ua'yan dak, we shall bj praying, asho'swalini'gohhori'dlh, he will cbe^t, deceive us. Q swa noh do'nyo ok, you will consider, reflect, meditate upon. h a wen iioh'do nyj'ok, sho or thoy v.ill think of him. a swah'wundat, you will .iio. 4 eh'sis ha. on dak, thou f-,aouhlr>t b'nJ him. 4 swas'he di'ak, yovi will count, or v/ill have counted. 4 ganah na waii, it will melt, get warm, a as'ln'i on dat, he will bo ent.uis^led, ensnareJ. •4nt ho'wa ni'nok, they will sand, or call for them. faS ha'oh das, he will s )rten, make tender. a a'ali daati, he will burn it up, consume. 4ya'goga'is dah, she will improve, make progress, it will ubmit to her. 4ya'goyahdagehali, she will derive benefit, advantage, help, from it. 4h sa'di no dali, thou mayest, shalt or wilt sing, dwv'gyatidayundet'het, I will make myself manifest, 1 will be known, distinguished. 4 gat'hon dat, I will hear, obey. ftgat'hon dasek, I will be in the h:\bitof obeying, hearing. 4ch hweli'no nih, thou wilt roll it up, bind it up again. 4yaondah'dano'gk, there will be a sh iking, or trembling. 4 wirn'dah so gub, it will fade, lose its colour. 4 ga'da gi eh, it will wither, die. 4 ya'go dyah'ggh., she will share, participate. 4 a'noh so nih, he will make a house, or building, q a noa do d4!l, he will erect a tramo* n •*»»!--•■: '-^. LESSON XL.' 4 ya'ok', it will bo gallod, diafbd, blistered. 6 yu'y4n det het, it will bo made plain, clear, manifest 4 yo'gwa a'gwat, it will turn us aside, lead us astray. 4'4 nos de Is, they will attend to, take care of, follow, take up. 4 ga'yoh, it will come, arrive. 4swadQh, it will heal again, or become again. You will bo or become, or give a present. 4 JQ'hek, it will live again, or you will live. 4jai'yeh, she will die again. 4 yaiyeli, slie will die. 4 ye'dy leh, she will bo flying, a swu'at, you will pass by. 4 sgi'eli, I shall or will die again. 4 sgyeh', I will awake again, arouse again, a'swa'gyet', it will make me awake again, arouse me again, adyiutgaih, anoiscorlcui noise, will be made at a distance, a'e gah, I will see him. a gaat gati, I will let go, give up, leave, relinquish. 4 ga'doh ho'ah, I will rejoice, be glad, be thankful. 4 yo'hek, she will live. 4 ye'gah, she will see, she will see it, be convinced. 4 yeh'sha iiih, she will conquer, prevail over, out-do. 4 want'his, it will remove, or be removed, go aside, shovo along. 4 wan'd s, it will profit, bo of advantage, be useful, ach he yoh, thou wilt give or hand it to her, give her again. 4 eh'sis hu on d-iJi, thou wilt tic, bind, fasten him. 4n'de'ek haah, or, an'deli khaah', pertaining to the day-timo. 4'yu haht, it will dawn, become day ; to-morrow. 4 sgaat'gah, thou v.'ilt give me up, let meg-). 4gs'nylet, or, ag'snyut, 1 will speak, ag.s'gatgwih, 1 will laugh. 4 gvs'ho guh, 1 will bite, take a mouthful oi any thing. 4 girs'yo nib, it will be fixed, made. 4 gwl'noh sa wah, I will read, repeat, recite. 4 o'w4 OQh'sa whht I will repeat his words. 4'ont huh, he will pour. '■'■m. i-- i>i4 .t-< afckSUMntaarikwtkB^IUu! I 84 LEcSSON XU. 4 ga'da w^'unt, I will go over, get ovor. 4 gi'di w.i Qh, I am going a swlniming. ftyga'da vvi ant, I will go over, got ovor, 6jc., again. &dyu'deh ho'd^^ qs, it will b^ sliut out; cxclaJod, debarred ;— (spoken of thing:; at a diHtanco. ) 4 sga'isdQ'gk, it will bo sota^iJe, put by or removed, again, or, back again. 4 gai'wa y:.n d ili'go qk, it will be or bocome duty, it will be a matter to be attended to. 6'ye ye na'wah khQok, she will or should hold it. ftsiia'yent hwagiih, ho .sliall ro.ip agiin, rcceivo or gather again ti^e increase. 5 ga'do gaht, I will iniko a fii-c, Icindlc. h ga'jl o gull, the firo will kindle, get well a burning. ^ geh'so jo'dah, I will lay in a heap, ho.ip up, pile. a^n'dali, hunger, famine, sc irceness of tood. a'odi yah'da ga'ih, it will bito, dcvuur, consume them. i gi'wah dght, I will destroy, blot out, annihilate. 4'gye naah', I will take hold of, c:itch, receive. 4ga'ye naah', it will take hold of, catch, receive. &'yo»dadyah'dadah, she will be burnoJ, also, she will bo set up. 4 gyaTi'do dah, I will burn it, set it up. &gyyadyah'djQa;i, 1 will nu;-so yju, lake care of you in sicknef-.; 4 yon'dy.ih :gih'hat hull, s'>e will turn ovor. ?i ga'dyah tgxh'hat liul^, I will turn over, ftsnigg'aik, thou wilt take care, be cautious, bo "on the look out. 4 a'wvk wa'e has, she will set a table for him. aa'y^^nt huh, he will plant; sow, loan on interest, or invest ia stocks. 4 goh'h ih shi Q guh, I will hire a servant, ao'noshrvhgvva'nisthaak; it will remind them, cause them to re.nember. 4 dwen'nQh do'nyoh gwaak, we v/iil consider, reflect, or be in the habit of c :)nsidoririg, rt fluting. 4nt or, )c a ther n bo )U in look est m ;m to be in 35 LESSON XLII. ^ yon'dyirs hiih, sho will lio down, r(^tIrotorMt. 4 g-it'gah sou (I'l gull, I will loavo, stray tVoiii, forsake the company I was willi. 4 gadei aah, I will get ready, bo ready. 4'y wayati'dili saak bol(, s!)C or tlioy will sec\', look, search, or b3 soekin". 1 ojkinsf, soarchinff tor him. Q o yah duh'd jht, it will lead him aslr.iy. Ujagoyah'd I gwat, it will save her or them again, (spoken of either the life or the soul.) preserve, hcil again. Q j-^ g'l Q hes dak, it will make her or them to live again, prove salvation to her or tliem. n ga'des aah, I will get I'o idy for it. a ga'y4 nTai'daht, it will finish, be finished, got done, bo pre- ])arcd 4'yu!i'g"i yr«.n dak, it will have, or there will ho tlicre, powder, nshcs, diibt. 4'on du?ik, he will stand, rise up, stop. 4'an diyah'dadonyok, thoy will be, have existence, there will bo persons. n g I'ja g>^oh, it will exert itself, take an active part a ye'J-t, she will pnss. 4'nirnt yu o will, thev will tell. a go'yafi dah'srv no nih, 1 will keep thee, take care of thee, pre- serve tlico. a go'y us do' 's, I will attend upon, take care of, provide for thee, a gon da ah'sck, I will be very kind tj thee, (spoken of the habitail conduct. ) Ont liaat h s, he will draw near, (i. c. to the speaker, and thoso with him.) fthsa'yk, thou wilt hear. 4I1 sad ion dooli, thou wilt a.ou wilt jjity mo. & ya'io o'syQli'gw^h, he will pray to, besoooh tlieo, ft'ayois, ho will do it, ho will bo strict or exact in doinj so. Sot'honde'c, ho will iiear, hear habitually. k a'ont, he will pass or go ljy. 4'yy gwa'd} n;j'yqn dahU, wo .sliall bo praying. ai'swa do'hi, you mny, might or should den}'. 4 ya'gwat gaat'lmh, wo shall sco or bohoUl, soo to bo so, roallzd. tt'odi nah'kwah', tlioy will bo angry or mad. 4 y&'na ga guh, or, a yo'mi g.l guh, she will remove or omi- grato. 4 yuli'ni go'i yu aak, it will bo happy. h ya'gut hon dok, she will hoar it. 4 yu'yaadaluhrli, it will obtain, got, ;j an, recclvo, by moaiia of, or on accouiit of it. 4 Q wa yah'dih saak, she will lof»k, loni; tor, or seek him. 4 yaih'saak, she will seek, long for, sc;ii-ch for. 4 yu'doh no'on dyioli'sok, it will kooj) away from, stand aloof, (spoken of the general habit or |)ractico. ) lyu'ahdo'gk, it will have past or gone by, (i. e., the placo where the speaker is. ) 4dyu'ahdo'Qk, it will have come past, (i.e., some point be- tween it and the speaker.) 4gi'wTsaah, I will agree or promiso, covenant, give com- mandment. 4 kno'gh gwaak, I will lovo. 4 kno'oh gwaak, I will eat bjiled corn. 4 kngh'gwaak, I will di ink milk. 4 yo'nishet, it will bo a long timp. 4yQnt'ga nVaah, she will moot, altond;bo present at a meeting. 4^noiQt gat'huli, tliey will see, lock, behold. 4'q sa yah'dih saak, they will seek, search, long for thoe. 4 yo'gWA dgohs', wc will take iastoad of, or in exchange J al- so, our wishes are answered, wo are satisfied, &;c. tt'O want hon dek, she or thsy will obey him, hoar him. 4' 4 ftont g%h, they will fi'ilt.' leave, fjr^ako, rojoct i't*uj.l;iiHiii''iir=* LESSON XLIV. 4 a'yJi^ il»^'ik> l»^i will ho thoro. 4 a'yah da'aU, he will bo lying (ipon. 4 o'g"^ ya'iL'ih svvi'} u> duh, ho will blosa or prosper thoni* 4 ga'di o'nya ni'aak, I will icnoh, be a tauchcr. fta'iiQh iicht, ho will nil up. ft.VnQhoht, they will s'lvo, tiny will nnketollvo. &'o ni wus'theht, it will be or boo uno theirs, they will bccoma the ov/ners, pi'Oprioturs tliLTOof. 6 dwat'gondak, wo will go tlicro. i a'o ni uak, ho will »n iko, cronto, fi.v, regalato. 4 a'o' 111 ak, ho will mnko a road. a a'nyaak, ho will marry. 4'o noil dyaali'dahg ) ok, thoy nvxy or might b^ or hav3 beon usi g or occii|)} itig. a'nyh dan dih, they will go. 4'an di yah'da yun'dah g-Vgk, it will bo their olTlco, charge, or duty, they will bo m ido to have in charge, or to be un- der obligations to do so, thoy will be set apart for the ser- vice. 4'odi'wao'gah do'gk, they will bo or become notorious, re- nowned, celebrated gVak, it sliall bo, it will bo. In most cases where it is used before another veri), it i.s a form omployerl tor making a supposition, or oxprossinga condition, and should be trans- lated, "it being so," '• if it be so,*' &c. Its use with a ne- gative adcr it, is very common, and there it is equivalent to "if not," " It will not," »I*>:C , and sometimes, " it shall not", " Ictit not bo", Ov:c., correi^ponding with its poten- tial form "a'girk." §'ya gwa yrs'hc.n dat, wo shall or Nvill fill down. 5'ya gwci y vs'hr. n dak, wo shall or will be lying down. &ya'g'v:ayah'dyonc^nt, wo shall fall, (speaking of ourselves toothers. ) O'nrjh d.:.n dyat, lli?y will mike the business go forward. ^yak hiyo'dyc an dyftih, we shall liave brought them up, roiiKxl, increased, ccuscd ihcm to grow. :^.v.'&>m0'' ■iM'MU^ iJOta f^s;:. V 99 LESSON XLV. |igag\ve'nih, it can bo done, it can do it. a ga'dil no d^Tiy I will sing. a ge'nyu dih, I will raise cip, make to stand. 4 wyk'ni go'a yus'dah go'gk, it will bo a cause of happiness to me, it will make mo to roj jice, it will com fort me. a 5'go yii'do e'syoh gwahs, he will pray or intercede for them, a ga'np ho'ok, it will be filled, or become full, ^o'yahd I'yan doet heht, he will m.ikc himself manifest, tD bo seen, to be renowned, a ot'ga nyak'dah, that whicli will be paid, or is to bn paid to him. a sho'dah sch'do ok, ho will hide, or will h.ive hid himself again, u'an di yah'dali doll, tlioy will got hv^t, wander, go astray. a wir'gah dyyh'sek, 1 will Ijc afraid, or it will fear me. a \v\r'gyah don'diat, 1 will tremble or shake, 1 will be shaken. 4'nandyah'd;_)k, thoy will waste, m'^mprovO; abuse the privi- lege, keep others from the use -f their rights, or use the rights or property of others to th' • 1 >j.3, detriment, or delay of the owners a' nan dyc'sat, they will waste or sqn >■: lor. a yg'ni aak, it will be madcj formed, i.irijioned, or it will make, iorm, fashion. h yok'hi yoh, they will give us, besto'>\ upon us. ayo'gyoho'shah, wo shall or will rejoice, (speaking among ourselves.) 4 ya'gwi's de'fs, we shall or will attend to, or take cire of it, or keep, or I'ollow it. h go'ya n Vah, I wd! tollow thy tracks, ways, example, ft ya'gyo he'nyok, we shall live. a jo'gwa ye'ih, we .shall meet or assemble again. ft sa'yc na'wah se'aak, it will support, help, i^trcngthon thee. ft wan'do nih, it will yield, produce. & wan'dodyaak, it will increase, grow up, accumulate, yielti inrerest. &'yOgwadyi:h'dah'goQk, we shall or will use it, (spoken among .jurselvevS ) ^ yn'no rj:i proicnt, in view, in being. i^l^MMMMMn i^i^JJ^- 41 LESSON XLVIII. d^ i'g\vegQh, both men. ^j-i 'j !•,•» ii Mf '^ ti.i»y. de gi'gwe goh, and dek ni'gwe goh, both the women, also both the animals. de wa'oh des, two long ears ; joined with 'ji yah',' (dog,) it means the grey-hound ; with *ga'on da nih'gwih,' -(horse, ) it means the' ass. ' ■ .i tr- - ■" * •> • . de ya di, they two are together, his companion. ' ■ :^ ' ^ ^ dejadi, you two are together, thy companion. de anan di, they are together, they are companions, (many, more than two.; de yu di nah'ge on'doh oh, sheep, a load or burden consisting of two horns hanging down. / ' ■ ' •- don da'sah get, return thou, come back. '" donda'wah get, it returns, comes back, it retnmed. :* don'da gwai'wah sa gwvs, do thou forgive us. don da'gwa yah'da guli, do thou deliver us, help us out again, don' da gi'wah sa gwirs, do thou forgive me. don'da ya'gwa dat, we, (the persons i-peaking, j may or shall stand up again. don da'gah nah ne'dah, I have repeated again. . ' ^' dant gah'nah ne dah, I will repeat again. .. don da'yont his, she has moved back again, tir Come this way again, she has approached, dandyoont his, she will move back again. " ' ' ' ' ■ ;' do'ni sa ga'nyah goh' 1 how much did you pay for it'i ' / dwa.nis'hadeh, that day, at,"in, or on that day. dwa nis'ha de nyoh, those days, or at, in, or on thasedays. ^ dwa nis'ha dek, that past day, &c. dw& nis ha de nyok, those past days, &c. ■ v^.-'^ da gwa'nont, do thou give us food, give us to eat. ' " ' ' de snoh'ho nyak, do thou catch it, e. g. a ball. -• i. .; dajih'yaak, throw it, throw it hither. ' " ■ da gih'yaak, throw it at me, hit me with it, shoot me. dasaa'dih, toss it hither. -^ - 't - dae'sadyls, toss it to him. '■ ' '^ » % deh wa'dodyvs, it does not grow, it is not growing. de dwa'dodyirs, growing of itself, spontaneous, it grows again. 6 u", y.'J \'/ ■»! Ji 1 ■ t\i. ? (. if' i t ' t 4S LESSON XLIX. deh'Q w^h'ni go 4'nQ es, she" does not like his opinions, feel- ings, or purposes. • do nyo'ni's het' ? how long will it be ? do ni jtq' 1 how many ? do, an .exclamation of dislike, or of surprise, or for the pur- pose of calling the attention, or of forbidding. dwada'deh ga, brothers, we are brothers, (i. e. tht>se present,) they are our brothers, (referring to absent persons) ; a polite form of address in councils. dwa dangle, our friend ; mostly used of blood relations. dwa d4 ngk shgh, our friends, (speaking to them. ) de dwa'da non de, brothers, our brethren, (^speaking to them); used in reference to children of the same parents, and to members of the same church, and i>f the same clun, some- times, though more rarely, to people of the same race. de go'nQ Q nyggn, i thank, salute, or compliment, thee. de gwa'ng g nyggli we thank thee, &c. de y u'ha gwan deh, gap, openirig, vacant space between. deyu'hagwan de'nygh, gaps, cracks, fissures, openings, drc. de yuh'hgs dah'is dgh, gimlet or augur, any thing which makes holes by turning. dus ga'gh, near, close, nigh at hand. deyia'isgwat, slippery. deh tah'gwis dah, nothing, not any thing. da gwa'yena'wahs, do thou help us. dyuh'dan dygh, it came or went from that place. dyv-t gwah s^t, where the blood is upon it, ^r it is bloody. ' deh gi'wa yan de ih, 1 am not acquainted with the matter. deh agwai'wa ySin de'ih, we are not acquainted with the mat- ter, (^spoken to a third person.) dyun^h'net, the sec nd, the thing which comes in the second place, the repetition of the same thing. dagwat'gathuh, look thou upon us. da s^'ont huh, do thou pour, pour out. dent'gayeih, let it^beconie just right again, or just as it was before* doh joh'dyont, it is not feaful now. [I I i'fc*.»^»iak^^gM^►-g'»«c*3B»' ^| > ^«^^ /■"• wa5 U LESSON L. dayagvsradeh'hasdoQh, we exerted our strength, (speaking of ourselves to others.) de jah'do weh'dah, do thou give, judge, or consider, decide, determine. de'4 nan dah'ni gQ'4^t they are not cautious, do not consider, do not look out for. dah'de o di'da gwaih'dgh, they have not spread out or e.\pan we forgive, we do back again as we have baen done by, (speaking of ourselves to anoiiier.) dah'de ja gvvai'wah'sa /rwvs, we do not forgive, we do not re- turn again the s. ane treatment, ^spoken of ourselves to •another.) de jak hi'wah sagvva'n seh, we forgive them, we return the ' same treatment, &c., (^spoken of ourselves to a third person.) de g4'on da'g wah' goh, beam or plate in the frame ofa building. deh go'un ja'y^n deih, 1 do not know the land or country. de gii'ah daad, 1 et me run. • de sa'ah daad, run thou dah a'yu a'na hgh, it cannot get wet. da'saat gah, do thou give it up, let it go, relinquish it. dagwai'waye'isdah, do thou justice to us, fulfil thy engage- ment With Us. dyiu'i wah, on account of, because of, for the sake of 4a e'B^h'ya dock* ilotbou protect bim, take charge of him. lis . V*'* ...f''':ic^'..^. u LESSON LI. de yu'dl non'dah gQh, there is hope, it is hopeful/ »'%-^'ft*a. *» if fs da glh'ahf hen, the hen kind. dyu'hos gwa'ont, cow, the cow kind, neat cattle, (so called from their chewing the cud. ) da se'nyet, do thou send, or send word by some one. ■ * - '^ de ga'4h sa oh, praise, honour, glory, it is honourable, glori- ous, &c. :.^..' V: ^-- ^ ^ ^. ';, -/^''i^^ '.-<=?/ riil^ deh a'ga gwe nih, it cannot, it is impossible. deh o'gwe nyoh', it could not, it was impossible, (often, but improperly used in the present tense.) do'gis Q weh, very certainly, strictly true. «' ,, , -. de'wandoh, never, not ever. . dah ji'ah, a little while, soon, for a short time. . .' , , ■<], , da sat'hon dek, do thou hear. de yu daah'gont, bright, brilliant, glittering, shining, dazzling. d4 wah'de nih, it will be changed, or exchanged. da wan'dih sa de nih, it will turn round. de ga'ah sa'Qh gwah, the matter for praise, on •account of which honour should be given. de ga'ah sa'oh gwa'noh, the things, or matters, one by one, which furnish occasion for praise. de yu do' an jooh, it is necessary or needful, or desirable. ,.<, da yu'do'an jo ni'ak, it will desire. dah'de'yuh ni'go a ge, doubtless, there are not two minds qr opinions about it. . Ii dg'sa Ih'sa o'nyo Qk, they will praise thee again. deh a'on da'o wa nan'noh do os, they cannot be compelled. de yo'gwah sant hwah', we cried, we weptj we cried out, (speak- ing of ourselves to another. ) del has'hak dohs, he bends, he bows ; i. e. habitually. r. da e'swat ha'ah, you may converse, talk over the matter. do'sawada'nahgaah'dah go'Qk, it may or should be coma pared over again, or have an illustration again, or hav^ - new parable to explain it. da a'ga ne, he beholds, he sees, he is looking at it, ,, , ' de seh'nyaah, Ihou hast the charge of. ,, ,^^^ ,^^^. --f^ de e'se^. lyraah, thop hast charge 9f hiptj, '< .^,,, . ^„, ^^^-^^ ^i, J m ^> im 'lii^ifmmmmttm 'y9f.-f WMM wsm <§ de iho'yiih nya dogk, duthou protect herj take charge of her continually. d^h'de'wak ni'gQ 4 ge, 1 doubt not, I have not two minds or opinions respectinff it. - Y " • ' •: den o dok, without end, endless. • . de a'sih da'ge oh, at his feet, (implying that his feet are dowii^ . as when standing upon them.) ' ■ .f deyiuh'hathes'hah, light. . ; ,, ; V . ' *; "^'"^^^ deh o'yan det'heh oh, it was not made clear, plain, manifest. de wa ga da'non dah goh, 1 had hope, it was the cause or ground of my hope. deh o di'wah'dan dyoh, they did not go on with the business. da gwa'dah swi'yus dah, do ; ? ou prosper us. , ,1^ de yuh'ni go'hak, it troubles, it is troublesome, it is vexa- tious, it occasiotis a feeling of loneliness or weariness of the place where one is. de yuh'ni'ggh hah'gwa ni, two animals are troubling each other. , ,.^ . . , , ,, - . ,,..,. ,, dwadanodah, letussmg. , , , ,.,.. dan dwa'dek hah'sih, we shall be separated. dant hw'yah da'ges guh, he will nil him up again, (applied literally to one who is lying down, but figuratively to any improvement of condition or circumstances.) deh ei wa gwen ni yus'thah, she does not believe it, or be- lieve in it, (i.e. habitually. ) ^ehe'wanant, she does not speak, she is dumb., .'V ' , vf. deh je'wa nant, she does not speak now, she is dumb now, (implying that she used to speak but cannot now. Thm implication is conveyed by the *j' in the second syl- lable, and so in hundreds of instances.) deh ga'yah, it is not there, it has not, there is none. *, "a, dyuhnigo'i yusdeh, the happiness, or contentment, or bles- .,, sedness which is there ; at or in the blessedness^ i. e. at a ^ .;^. , distance. This idea cf distance from the speaker, iscon- **''*' veyed by the 'dy' at the commencement of the wor(5, and so in a large class of words j in others however, the * d ' alone is prefixed. , , dyu an'jadeh, the land thero> or that, land or world, (see t|je foregoing definition.) «( t. '.**'r /V^.V' ft.'¥X ■.«r«i5»*^—,-^^^ ■•'-' '■<.l'"«*'^**'>'^»-%!ii>J m'^ttfiimtm •M> doyu'danQ'yanih'doh, terrcur, it is terrible, it is a frighl- All thing. deh e'ykn de'is, she does not know, (i. e. habitually.) ... , diihgaah'ah, few, not many. de dwas'ge'e ygs, we are fhtigued, wearied, tired out, (spoken among ourselves in reference to the habitual condition. deh'ga no'gh, it is not hard, it is not difficult, or it is not v«Uue- able, it is worthless. :,, , ' de ah'sQnt hwvs, he cries out, he is crying out. , ' " , - de 4'nah sant hwvs, they are crying out. deh jo'nak dot, there is no longer any opportunity, (in\plying that there his been heretofore.) do ga'yah sont, the cross. deh gi'wa gwen ni yus'thah, I do not believe. deh'ga gwe'goh, not a 1. de waTgada'nunt, I hope, (implying both desire and expect- ation.) . do'dih'ni go'l yan dah'gh, they did not understand it. dwai'wa no'gh gwah, we love it, we are pleased with the mat- ter, (spoken among ourselves.) dwai'wa ng'es, we like it, we are pleased with the matter, but implying a less degree of comp'acenc)^ than * dwai'wa- no'Qh gwah, ' (spoken among ourselves.) j ,.- ^j, diga'dlh, itwil fly. ., ,^, , , y.^.^c ri de ga' ah sa gh, glory, honour. dent hl'noh dan dih, they will return, go back again, come back again, go away again. de sgya'dye |h, the two things are alike, they resemble each other. deh waat, it is not there, it is not in it, it is not contained in it. da gy^as'dah, teach me, show me how, instruct me, give me the skill. da go' wan thvs, show me, show it to me. ^*^ •'*''■•■'♦• " ''^ de'odiyah'sontt they crossed it, they made their marie, deh wat'gah w|h, it ^vas not left, or giveaup. tvv j?: /i- ; : deh ds'f Qh, hot at all, no, not by any mean& ' ^ . Si''' '>' da wah'aent, it fell, it falls. ^^'1 m ^ '^; t*-^V"f i^ de yu'Jah son da'i gQh, darkness, it is dark. '•'•:, u j: . '^ de a'ga ne, in his sight, he is looking at it. 1 1 ' • y v ^ ^ ^ ^. da gwah'ni go'i ytis, do thou satisfy us, make us happy. ^<'' da gwl'nok, do thou c^U us. " ' ' dagwaat[gah, do thou give us up, let us go, relinquish us. ^ da gwaat gah, do thou give us up, let us go, &c. The use of the * n ' at the end of the word instead of * h,' makes Ch* imperative much stronger. •^' " r <,; .v do gat, perhaps, or. (do gat' gih'sh&h, or perhaps.) ."^'' *^*i;(p deh o'o gat, *it is not c^ear, distinct, plain, e?ident. ■> ' ' *>• > de'o'w^ yah'sont; they crucified him. tV .»•.,« <*. dwah'ni gQ &h gls hQh^ our minds, in our minds, (among our- selves.) deyuh'nigQh'g\nyat, unpleasant, troublesome, that whidi makes it desirable to get away from any place, Icmely, homesick. de Q'wa^lh sa o'nygh gwah, that for which they praise him, that which is used in praising him. /:: .■ de a'lh si'oh ggh, he is worthy to be praised. ' ' .'' * de o'nod hak'dQ gk, they are stooping down, bowing, letming forward. • «'■ v'^rTv-o'^Mi J-n^'M ,nwv >.'^...-> •, ■ deh o'di y|h, they have not, they have not got it. ;. ■ — deh ak'ni gont, I am a fool, have no mind wr wisdonb^ ^' deoh'nigont, he is a fool, &c. 'f^'j^; deh a'guh ni'gont, she is a fool, &e. deh sah'ni gont, thou art^ fool, dro. deh Swati'ni gont, ye are fools, dsc. . >' •; deh o'dih ni gont, they are fools, 6se. d4 dyo'gwan nok'dah, it will come suddenly upon us, or hap* pen to us, (speaking among eursefves. ) deQ dh yoh'n jh jah'e syOQk, it will gnash the teeth. - .*. r de yu'dyh gwnah'g'wah, sulphur, brimstone. •-« de gS*^ we oda hgh, chain, rods or wires linked together dak ni'noh* buy of me. dwat goat'huh, let us look, let us see, let us see iU da' eh, he is coming. da'yjh, sheiscom^ng. ' ' r i/ ir, • '. , •. , * '. da'neh, they two are coming. • ^ ' v / ■ da'4 neh, they are coming. . :?. ' i ; da'w^neh, they (women; are coming, f - ' • .♦• dwa dek'ho nih, let us eat. de Bgai'wa It, let it be broken or destroyed ; it is brokeOf (let* .v,' troyed, or taken in pieces again. r , i ;• vi dejak', cut it off. break it off. ' - .•dwai his', we will move along, let us move along, dyuhs.iah', the beginning, at the beginning, commencement, deh o'gwe nyQh, it cannot, it is not ab e, it is impossible, dchjo'gwenyoh, i cann it now, it is not able now, (imply* ing that it has been able heretofore. ) .. deh jo'w^ nant'ah, not one word. :\- {■ . ,'"' ,.: deJAoh, both. dftkhe'yadogwat, I will scatter her or them, I will diiper«» rjj.them, spread them about in all directions. ' X* deh gVhanis, 1 am not afraid. \v. , * •?' ' ' -v- •> deh stfl'ha nie, thou art not afraid. 4 , W v'K;.4 d4 yiu'js guh, it will slip, it will slide, it will slue, de ye'sas nyieh, she will take charge of thee, take care of thee, de o'gdy^ll, heha^ no expense, no debt, no credit. ; di^yu'n^h net, it repeats, it doubles, it is a repetitk>n, oir doubling, deh gai'way^n'djih ggh, it is pot duty, there is no obligation, i. 6 , to do so and so, it does not belong to, it is not the pro- vinceof. ■*';;,,», ■>• '• ■'•■Jl'-'}' de gai'yis dgh, it is mixed, it is mingled, the two things are mixed or mingled. da gwa'nQk do'thvs, do thou give us opportunity, do thou give us room or space. deh Q'gwah nig*) wa n|h, we are not wise, our minds are not deyus'ha ge, two years. . deh o'gwa yah'iiih oh, we have not erred, we haye not madte a mistake, we have noi ,u>ne wrong. ; . ' i' deh dyiuh'saah, it has n< > beginning, there is or has been no commencement to it. .■■ ^^ , ; .. . d^vat'hedak, day before yesterday. • '' dwat he'dak shQh'ot , a few days ago. deh'ska ngh, not well, not peaceful, not free, not gratuitous. dega'ohdage, two oare. ; dyyk hi'nos, they callus. ' • deyok'higa'ne, they are looking ot us. ' '' dyagfji'wah, on her' account. ....... ., - _p ■- ''■} dyiu da gwah, it was choeon, it was selected from among thcro. deh'wih, I di notthink, itis notmy opinion. v : ' disk dat, I will stand up again. ; I -;;,■! i^g :':^^j^' "** ii hirrrriitiiii ii*'*iiniii;SjjMijifi'rTiliMlllll»i i'.> ,^'s^^l.:*ii^<.•yKi:^■^ :■%'/. LESSON LV. deswak, doyetake itup. .,.:;; dehoa'lmeh gweh, it is not to be expected, it is not hope(tiIr there is no hope of it deh ja'gus haeh, she does not expect it again, she is not looking * out now, (implying that she was doing so befiye.) dak yu'nya noh, tell me, be telling me, tell nie stories, relate to me incidents. dlndyQh'nook, it will remove away from, it will be taken away, dwai'waek, let us take hold of the matter together, let us to» gether go forward with the business. . . , , <, < ,'. de yu'di ah, there is a difference. j, y ,, .< j;. dah'de'yu di'ah, there is no difference, dowe'nooh, it is another thing, it is quite another thin^, itif a different matter, the two are unlike. ; dyut hgh', it is the thing, it is the same thing, deh'dyut hoh, it is another thing, it is not that, it is not ths same. dah de'dyut hgh, it is changed, it is not the same thing that itwas- deh a'gat hoh, I have no connection with it, I have nothing to do with it dwat'hon daad, let us hear, let us obey. . . .■,--. ..• ! de'yiui'wage, two things. , . v 1 deh'so gaah, no one, no person. .;. deh a'dok hah, he does not see, he is blind, de yiu'ih oh, it is worn, it is ragged, it is tattered, it is torn, de ye'jTsdo'ak thah, tongs, things to pinch fire with, desgya'dye ah, the two things are alike, they resemble each other. de sya'dye ah, the two persons are alike, they resemble each other, de yut'hweh no nih, round. : - ; de w|h'y&h es'has h|, two thousand, 2000. • - deh o'ni y Qh, it is not hard, it is not firm, substantial, del) io'ni yoh, it is not now firm, &c., (implying that it was so before. 'I i ■J "■^ rwB 00 dtyu'dah ne g| Qh, it is: broken open* it is torn ; apj^ied ftlao to the bursting of an abscess, or the opening of an ulcer ; , it is ruptured. . ■ J. ^ waQ'd^h ne gaah, it will burst, be ruptured, 6ic both It degan'dyiuhgwaj4'Qh, both parties, both assemblies, ,. congregations, from *dejaQh/ both, and *gan gwah,' parly, multitude. , v. deyushakdyoh, itiscrooked, it isbent. . •. .-^V/',. deyut'yukdah'Qh, itisdull - . ,:?. de yiuh'gwah, pulse, it beats, it throbs, it pulsates, it thun^ deh a'dis ha'nis, they are not afraid. 4a Q'di j4'<)nt, . their places are op the opposite sides of the ^nq^ ^,., fire. .:..,: ■ , .....' de wah'hoont, it is joined together. de 9wah'hoont, it is joined together again, it is mended, i. e.* after having been broken apart, deh o'yah, he has not, he has not got it. • * ■ -*. deh wah'dya weeh, it is not incompatible ; (used in referenc« to medicines 1, it will not interfere with the action of the medicine, it is not dangerous to use together with. de ya'go do'i^n jo uih,, she wishes, she desires, she has need of* deyg'gwa do'^njo nih, we desire, need, wish, «Sic. dyg gwa'da ties' ah dgh, we exerted ourselves to the utmost, we used ourselves up. , , da sa'dyient huh, do thou pull, da'a non dah'no'Qh gwa^k, they will love one another. deJQ'gwadi'wahsugwahseh, we are forgiven. deJQ'gwadi'wahsil'gwahseeh, we have been forgiven again, deha'gwadg'esygh'gwaneh, we are not beggers, we are not begging, we Uo not cisk favours, we do not beseech, we have not come a begging, da'di'ahsa onyogk, they ought to praise, extol, commend, honour. . • . . - de ya'gwas da hah, we cry, we weep, de yak' hih nyaah, we take care or charge of them, deyuh'dagwa'ihda'ngh, the things are spread out, unfolded, expanded, stretched out, one after another, e. g.,the sails of a vessel are spread out. ie se'hat het, do thou light it, do thou make it light. >. ■*i IV, 1 4 i '■m d4 gali'sai'yat, it will hasten it. ^j > .j daa'gah sai'yat, it may hasten it. V da'o fa'ga nak, that they might look at thee. '' ' r da'ye saga nak, that she might look at thee. - desah'sihda'gegh, at thy feet, (implying that the feet ar* down, as upon the floor or ground.; de'yo gwa'd4 non dah'gwa ngh, we hope for, we are hoping for them, i. e., the things, spoken o£; (spoken of our- selves to another.) dwah dan'dyo neh, we are about starting, (spoken among our* selves.) dwah'dandih, let us go, let us start. ■ , ^ d| an'di gah'sa nis'hah syoh, they will shed tears. de o'dl na'yun dirsgh, he did not pray. d4dwa'dQhet, it will come to life again. de o'nan da'non dah'gwa ngh, they hope for them, i. e.y the things. do'sa Q wa nos'dah has, they might cry or weep for them again. de dyu'dah'son da'i goh, there is darkness there, at or in that dark place. da'e gQh'sa ga'n5,k, I was looking upon his face. de gefi'ny aah'gwa ngh, my business, my calling, my vocation, the matters which I have charge of. de wa'gyah do'a ggh, it presses upon me, it squeezes me/ it compresses me. d4 wa'gyah dah'gwah dvk, it will lift me up, raise me, elevate me, hold me in an elevated posi ion. d| wa'gyah dah'gwat, 1 shall be raised up, die. do ye'chi yas'da'ni ak, weep ye for them, i. e. in future. d4 ye'chi yos'da'ni ak, ye will weep for them. . de siies'swas'da has, cry or weep for him, cry or weep before him. deh'o da&h'go'dirs oh, it did not shine, it was not brighter bril- liant, g.ittering, resplendent *fe^ ■\";,j;'-7;r;.:*,- "■ ■, „7"'i'\ ; ?■ ■,-n''>>'-' • ""-■"*^-~ . d4 djq'gwhi'nQk dvkf it wil} call us again. dyu da'm ni, the origin of a thing, the first commencemetiti : that from wlueh it sprung. de ynt.'gat hw§,h,- he did not see thee, he did not call upon or »: ineel with thee. .:>'';; de'yu d^4h'gon dQh' it shines upon, it reflects the light, it glit- ters, it gistens; (applied frequently to the trees or mountains reflecting the light of the rising or setting sun. dyiuhjih'gdweh'saQh, it is covered with clouds, it is clouded '.'. over., ..,■•.•,.■•, dewa'gadah'sondaik'danih, it darkens me, makes it dark around me, it darkens my mind. da wa'ge hat'hes dQh, it enlightened my mind, it has made it light about me. d| yQ gwah'ni go'ak hah sih, it will separate juSt divide oiir minds, (spoken among ourselves.) dwa da'di wis irs, let us agree together, let va resolve, let ua make a covenant with each other, let us promise among ourselves, dwado'nv?' u our lungs, our breathing apparatus. dlye'gaiiJ ' : ilh'syg nyQQh, she will be shedding tears, weeping, de ye'^mh sa nis hah'syg nygh, she is weeping, she is shedding tsars. d| jot wa da 66 ak, it will surround, it will go aronnd or about it again, dak'ni gQ'a yan dah'dlh, make me to understand, explain it to me, teach me, instruct me. ;. dyiuh sa'was oh, it was begun, it had been begun, it began, da wa'nTs ha de'nyon dyieh, the days will be coming ono after another, at those future successive days, da o'ah sa o nyQoh, he will praise him, it will praise him. dwa'danodah'gwah, our song, our tune, our musical instru- ment, des she'dwa ng'o nygh'gwah, we give him our thanks, de yu'ni dyuh'gwak hah'sQh, the assembly is divided, the mul- titude are separated into two parties. de dwa yu'on dak, let us compare it, let us ino a compariMitpr illustrate nj. . .3 ' ^■^i^'! « »j,.Aig,j;jMi !'i " i ii i|i !ji8Ml i iiffliMiM LBSSON LYII. ^'.i; d^- ?.;:■ V*r-; -ik. degantVorw^dontt or* deganli'gQsdODty it has two wio^ upon .. iip. ahit', bt eak it in pieces. " • .-^ v. , i..|v»,.vr^*,flr;. de swat'waji nyak, increase ye and multiply. ■''■-'■\-is d| swat'wa ji'nyak lie'dyieh, or d^ swat'wa ji'nyalc gQ'on- dyleh, you will be increasing and multiplying. :^e a a nant'wa ji'nyak, let them increase and multiply. dyuhdoh'sgaefi. . nineteen, or nine over the ten or number of tens mentioned, as, 'dewvs'h4 dyuhdoh'sgaeh, twenty- nine, cVc. ., ., , . de'yoga, between. ; ,'1 deh a'yah da'ak, he was not there, he was not present. deh a'yali'daak, he was not by the side of, or near by him or it daswa'dadas'huak, look out tor yourselves, beware. de wa'disdo'uils, it was printed, they printed or pressed it. deh sh.i'ya oh, he does not know how now, (implying that ho did before. dega'nondo'ga, between two towns, used also in some cases for the streets of a city, i. e., the space between the two di- visions of the town on each side of the street. dwalini'go i yu, we are pleased, satisfisd, happy. deh gah'nigo'i j'us'hu na geh, pleasure, or satisfaction, or happiness, docs not dwell or abound. • .< ' dehga'nageh, it does not dwell or abound. dyu i'wa ni yoh, it is a iirm, durable or substantial matter, (spo- ken of something at a distance. dan dwaohda'ds Qk, it will sound again, it will be blown again. deh sgat'gaah huh, it is nowhere now, it does not exist »ow» (implying that it did exi.st, or was somewhere before.) deh ga'e yos, it is not mortal, it does not die. do'sas dat, rise up again, stand up again. « deh je'gah, she does not see again, or she does not now see, (implying th.'it she did before.) diga'nehyuk, it shall or will bruise or jam. da jak hi'wah sa gw\rs, we will forgive them. =' don'da gwa yali'doh no'ok, take us away from, or out of (h© way of, remove us away. dwat .^gn'nis vs, we meet, we are in the habit of mc«ting. 8 if I' MMtiiiMiiiiyiii ^M^lS^hsttiEfib "^ #; I ' '.'!} "' :N'..- LESSON LVIII. din dwa'dtth gwa'4h, that month which will be, or thatmooo* at or in that future month. ; •' de yu'dis do' a ggh, it was printed, it was pressed. da'adi'yah do wet, they may or might judge, decide, deliberate upon. da'a di'dva, they might bring to a stand or put a stop to, al«P, make to stand up. dant geh', I will come back, I will return. dachheh', thou wit return. dantheh', he will return. d| dy^h'f she will return. da gwa'nont, feed us, give us food. dewa'diyugwaiidanoh, notices, things published, matters spread abroad, one after another. dlya'gwaya'yak, we will cross the water, (of ourselves.) dus g4h, near, near to. dwus'yo nih, let us make, let us create. de ji'dv/a ye'a ak, let us become similar, let us be alike. do wa di'dah, they fly, flying fowl. de wan'nont yus'gwi nes, they creep, they crawl, i. e. tha creatures. daswen'nohdo'niak, do ye bear rule over, control, or exer- cise authority over. de wan'nan da'wa nyeh, they, (i. e. the creatures,) walk about, or go from place to place, they are moving around here and there. de gfi'jit gwa ya'gah, it has a green colour, (spoken principal- ly of the grass and herbs in the fields.) dy-Kdi sa'wah ggh, in the beginning, at the commencement deti'Q do'dyg, nah, it had not grown, it was not grown. defi."os d9.'on dyeh do'nah, he had not caused it to rain. dyo hit'^lh qI), the water came forth from, there was a foun- tain fthere. dj^'dg ni, it produced, it was produced from it. da ah'nya4Jh,.. he may or should take charge of the work, or labour, perform, or attend to the business. dl'as nyeh', ijfi«hall or should keep or take care of. f or 59 ^h'wiyut it w not good. ' de shoh'wa'i gQh, he closed up the flesh again. dya wan'det gaa deh, it is pleasant, delighttul or amusing, thvre. deh gaah gwaah gQ'gwa, towards th "i north, northward. de yuh'hat hes'ha gQ, in the light. da yu'hodQ'on dyieh, there is a floor" the flood is rising. da yus'da'on dyo'on dyieh, it is raining, the rain is coming. da yu'doh da'on dyieh, the waves are rolling this way. da gyah'dah set, hide thou me, conceal me. da gii's'de is, take thou care of nie. deh dyu'ngk dot, there is no opportunity there, there it no room there, deh sgat'gah wah, thou hast not given me up, or left me, or let me go ; thou dost not give me up, or leave me, or let me go. dak ni'gQ a'ni yad, confirm thou or strengthen my mind, dak ni'gQ a'ni yado an dyieh, do thou be confirming or strengthening my mind, dak noh a'weh Sah, cover thou my head, don da'gwat gah, do thou dismiss ui*, let us go, or give us up again. d| gwah'nya dook, I will take charge of you, will protect you.> da gwa'no het, do thou fill us, or fill us up. daje'naah, do thou take, accept, take hold of. da gwa'ahsa'onyQQh, we will praise thee, dya' wah oh, always, continually. de we'nahshoh, there arediflerfnces, different kinds., dasni'eh, you two'/Vill die, you two sha 1 die. daji'swadye'ak, you shall be alike, you shall or will resembJe each other, de o'nont gah'gwaih'shoh, their eyes were opened, do'di nah'da ngh'son dgh, they fastened the leaves together, dyo gaa'wi, she gave to me. dok ni goh ga'hat hull, it deceived me, it overturned my wisdom, de wade nyah'doh gob, cursed, deh ya'de as'gwah, they two were not ashamed. dSh sat'haak, thou shalt go, thou wilt go, or walk, or travel. ■ de dwa'dah n6oh gwah, we lovt one another, de ya g^vais'do aas, we print, we press, (spoken of ourselves.) deh'dj^agodye'ah dgh, she does not first, or in the first plaee. '» i* «'' s'flsr'W] a5«53RS?Se?5WnH ,•;«•'. LESSON LVIX. I '■ A' 'l>r dae swa do'an jos, you may or might wish, desire, or need. / dun di'swat gat'hwah sek, you will look back from, (i. e. habit- ually.) ' ' . ' »v dun di'swat gat'huh, you will look back, you will behold or sea again from thence. deh dyu'i wah'heh gii, it did not cause it, it did not take place on account of it. deh o'yr.n dvk, it had not, it did not have it. de yiu'h'hathe'gaak, let there be light, (implying that light did not previously exist.) de viiih'hat hes'oh, there was h'p;ht. ; ' •) deok'hahsQ, he divided, he separated, do wa'doh da ah, let there be a firmament, or an expanse, or on open space. de wah'ne gak'hah sih, let it separate or divide the waters into two divisions. de yu'doh da hoh, firmament, expanse, extended space between, de yuh'hat he nyok, let there be lights. da yuh'hat he nyoh, let them give light, da yuh'hat hes'duhgc/gk, let it enlighten, or give light to or upon. de sgya'dwa nan dye'ah, the two languages are alike, the words are similar to each ether, dwell dah'gvvah, it proceeds from it, the thing which causes or gives rise to it. de guis do'a wph, it is pressed, it is printed. Dj'syo wa, Buffilo. Do'syowa Ganok'dayah, BufJalo Re- servation. Do'syo wa Gah han'deh, BufTao Creek, dyudok', less; dyudok' heni'wah, the smaller, dft'sv/ayah'do wet'hak, you will judge, decide, determine, take into consideration, (i e., habitually, or from time to time. d& kni'khah'soh sek, the two will divide or separate it or tliem h.ibitually. de ji'yali do ga, between you two persons. '' disai' wall, on thy account. '■ ■ ^ «> Iv >&h sah'dok gwa'ak, thou shalt or wilt sweat, thoii shalt cfr ■wilt be in a perspiration. "«' ■ * ■ - *- ^ ■ *< ..vf.\'. J' *si^asfei««'5%'&^^»«»«*i«te»iB^^ \aiKmmm if 01 >r • dwah'ni ^0 ah'geh, inourmindii. deh nva di, 1 am with thee. - dedyadi, lam with thee. dah nyadi aak, I will be with thee. d4 gy'yah dah'gwah dnh'go ok, 1 will take thee up, hold thee up, bear thee up with it, I will use it to bear thee up. de wah'denyvs, it is changeable. dali dc'wah'de nyrs, it isuncliangeMble. , •' de dwa'di, I. am with you, we ure together. ' dejih'dowet, do thou consider, decide, judge. dayu'doh hoga nya'bk, it will be wretched, there will be misery. da'yah do weh tliali'go wa, tlie great Judge. da ja'do g.'int, you two shall or will contend, come against each other, be opposed to each other d^li gwa'eh, quite, very ; ; used to denote tiiat the property or quality spoken of exceeds the ex])ec at ions ot" the speaker, "as: — dah gwa'eh wj yu it i.s better than thought; dah- gwu'clr ('sdeh', ii is hcnvier tlian expected; dah gwa'- eh vve ah, it is quite far, much fartlier than I supp ised ; dah gwa'eh niyawah', I am very thankful, (implying • that the obligation of gratitude is now perceived to be much greater than had been anticipated.) Aigwah'hasd s'syo nili, do thou make us strong, impart strength to us. da gwa'ye na'wahs, do thou help, aid, assist us. ' •'' cki^'sha. nehs, they are not now walking ubout or goingaround^ (implying that they iiave been heretofore,) » !3 :>^v. *i I m n mnmmmrmm MM ':^ LESSON LX. u H :ii dah'de je ga'ueh, she does not bee it, does not look at it, Dow ; (implying that she did before.) d» yO'gwa nyio'da gwah'dgh, we have been turned out of, or have changed our course ; (spoken of ourselves.) de yQ'gwa d4 nont, we hope, we hope lor. de ya'oh'yak hQh, it hits the mark, it conies to tl>c point. * da>agoh'nigo'ondgnyooh, she may have the idea in her mind, she may be comforted, consoled, have consolation, deli sa'e yQoh, thou art not dead, deh o'nah jih, not long ago. dya go'nyah gw4h, she vomited up, siio puked up, (spoken of some one at a distance. ) de yuh'nya ge, two inches, two fingers. d*eh o'jik heh'da gah'oh, it is not salt ; it is not tinctured with salt; fresh ; (applied only to liquids. ) det ho'di ya'gah oh, they came out from again, they came out from where they had gone in. deh wa'do dyvs'thah, it does not produce any thing, desert, deh dwa'do nyah'thah, it produces nothing, desert, (spoken of a country or place at a distance.) dwa do'nyat hah, it produces, yields, is in the habit of produ- cing ; (at a distance.) do'nyon.dah, eagle, do'gas Q weh, in truth, really true, positively so, absolutely certain. d4 want'wa da seh, it shall or will surround, go round about, encompass, encircle, (spoken of things at a distance.) diswa'dadus'ha ah, you shall, or will, or must beware, look out for yourselves, be cautious, take care, deh sgas'oh daat'ah, not one hand. .de o'yah da'ga hah, not innocent, not free from guilt, not ex- cusable, not unimplicated. da wan'do gut, it shall or will pass through, pierce through, penetrate, de tbo'dyah dah'dgh, he came down again from thence. i»i»i iu i H W K «l iMii 'i ' ■'* " rmmmimmM^q ) ook ex- )ugb, da ^/nQh diin dill, they «Uurt or started to come from theooo. da yut'gl^h o'an dyleh, it was increasing. dis ho'wl n^h'sa gw4h, he spake back again to him, he ah- svirered him. dy4 gwah'shg, lest, lest perhaps, if it should be so, only if ic should be so. dant chaali'thlh, do thou come up again, thou shalt or wilt come back up again, climb again, ;iscencl again. d4'an di yak', they will break through, pass by the mark, det gQ'yali dit'gl oh, I brought thee out again from the plaao. do'sa ga y a'on duak, it may or might be like it. d|h's|'nonyah'gah, thou wilt or shalt bow down, deh a go yah'hih Qh, she did not do wrong, did not err, make a mistake. de'ye no'oh gwa nygoh, she swears, takes an oath, de she'yah dah'gwah, thou shalt take her away from, i. c, from her companion, thou shalt commit adultery with her. d4 sa'di wa'yan doh'gwa no'ok, or da sa'di wa'y an dgh'gwaak, thou shalt report concerning, testify against, circulate stories about, deji'nageh, you two dwell together, deyu'di nah'gais, ox, a creature which haa two long slim or "lender horns. de wan'nih hwah'soh, lightning, flash of lightning, ia contra- distinction from chain lightning. da gwat'ha has, do thou speak to us or preach to us. deh swai'wa neh'aas, you do not sin, ore not in the habit of sinning. doQ'sa ya'gyadye'ak, it may or might be like me. dasgwa'noo'nyQh gwaak, you shall or will thank me, wor- ship me, praise me, i. e, continually, habitually, dyu'hos gwa ont shgh'Qh, horned cattle, beeves, animals of the cow kind, kine. ^^ d^h sek' thou shalt or wilt take up. dwah'sa'wah gwah, the beginning, the commencement, the origin. Dya'on de g|h, Pittsburg, Pa. de ya'go no'oh gwa nyoh, sho swore, ihe took an oath, she te»- , tified under oath. 1 ' t i:, mi^^S^ssrssSBsmm .„ liliiiawf?^ m ^: <-*- ,■(». LESSON LXL '» ,t A^; U&sno'oh gwanyooh, thou shalt or wilt swear, take an ottb, or lc:;tify under onth. do'o non dah'son dai gyli» they are in darkness. ' de'o di gwe'nyy, they cnuld not. deh tho'di gwn nyoh, agnin they could not, (implying that they I ,vo lulled before, urni have now failed again also.) dohja'onis'hell oh, it was not long afterwards. > de veTs do'4'"S. she is a printer, slie prints or presses. ' . de h j ' s d IC.t'ah, not one d»'op. dyawe'gaQh, at the forks or junction of a sma. r stream with aiurgt^rone ; Cat a distance.) dya'wandadogah do'nah, at or on tho Sabbath that was past. Oyah' dya wnndado'gah do'nfih, Sabbath before laftt, a week ago last Snbh.ith. de yon'dii ncynygh'gwah, that which is used for or in giving thanks ; that for or on account of which tl anks are given, dwatha'i neh, wo are travelling, we are making a j. urney. dwai'wa ye is, let us do the thing, let us be faithful, do right, dwah ni go is' so ok, let us ho patient, be long minded, dun dwahs'nah, .let us accomplish, if we shall succeed in ac- complisliing. dehswehs', it is not now going about or passing along, (im- plying that it was before. ) da wah'denyoguh, it will be changing, da yus'no wl dyieh, it is hastening towards us, com:ng swiftly. da'yagwadi'..k, we may or might be or remain together, it may or might remain with us ; (of ourselves. ) dwa hus'deshwdah goh, our strength, the source of our strength, dyu'hat h's'dah goh, it is the source of light, deh sidi'dyijils, you are not afraid, daeja do gent, you two may meet in opposition to each other, may come irito conflict with each other, may be over a- gainst each other, dessheswa'jih sa o nyooh, praise ye him. -^ ' deh eh'ses ha'nia, thou dost not fear him. • . t^ ditn dyiuh'syo nent, it will fail, it will fail again, fall short of. ^^^'TsmSmmmmm e^ our (14 she dwa'fih s4'o nyoQh, we will praise him, let us praise hin), i. e., in future. de gwa'ah sa o nyo'neh, we are going on with the business of praising thee, we are now engaged in the act of prai- sing thoo. da yuh'.sa wa jlytoh, it hogan there and is coming this way ; it IS coming on from stage to stage, or the things are coming on one after another, 'dyude'qas, it burns, it is combustible. ' ' dyiuli clai'yas, it is hot, it is ardent, (i. e. it is in the habit of being so.) d4 ja'da deh'swa'ah sok, you two shall or will hate one another, (i: e., habitually, or oonlinually.) dyus ah'doh, it exerted itself to the utmost, it used itself up, it did all that could be done, it exliausted itself, it is all used uj). dan dyont gah, she will rise, slio will stand up, she will rise again. deeh', he did not think, he had not the purpose or intention, dyu nan'deh sivn dob, they liave their nrst there. dyu nan'deh san'do nyob, they have their ncsfs there. de'yo gwa dya'nih dob, we strive earnestly, we are terrified, we exert ourselves under the influence of fear. dyo gwadeh'has do nyoh, we exert ourselves to the utmost, tin'.e after time, des ho di'wali sagwab seh, he has forgiven them, det hot'ga oh, he rose again, dajo'gwakbah'sih, it will separate us, if will make a division wnongst us. deh. gaat*gaali, neither, not either. ■ de yo'gi waib'd^ib, she opposes or hinders me. deyu'diyati'hihdoh, hindrance, difliculty ;, it hibders, it obstructs. ' ' J_. daa'gyali dah'ni go h as, he does not forget me. w de sho gwais'do a gib, he prints or presses for us. doh'o gwa gwe'nyo, we are not able, we cannot. dell 6 uh dooh, it will not exceed, surpass, go by or beyond, deh sga'wis da na geh, money does not abound now ; it is not plenty now; (implying that it was once.) 9 i I !i -4 i\ |( M hi . i <, LESSON LXII, da'wa dis'do ak sek, they may, mighty or should, be printed or pressed successively, in order. da gais'do ak sek, it may, might, or fhould, be printed or pres- sed succcessively, in order. da'a dis'do aas, the printers, they who press. de a'di wa'nande nyos, they who translate or interpret. de o'nan dya'no nih, they do not do the fair thing, they do not ' do their best, they were not particular enough, did not do it justice. dah'do'dikhahsooh, they do not divide or parcel out. da'yok hi'yah do'weh da'ni ak, they may or might not give us, bestow upon us gratuitously, take our case into consid- eration habitually. da'di w&'nah. sa'gwah sek, they may or might not answer or return the word, or prepare the copy, or make the transcript. da'yc dis'do a'gd on dyieh, it will be printed from time to time, the work of printing or pressing will be going on. da wan'dis do'ak sek, it will be printed or pressed in order, one after another, continually. da wa dis'do aak, it may, might, could, would, or should, be printed or pressed. ' • da JO gwai'wah ja dyieh, we will be pushing the business for- ward, crowding it along. deh o di wah'dan dyo, it does not make progress, they are not gomg on with it. deh o'nah jih'sho, just a little while ago. de yiuh'hat he'nah, it was light, the light that was. * da yon'jah'is, t. dayu'anjah'is, it will jostll^Rie earth, it will strike against the earth, it will come in collision with the earth. deh'^'wa joh, it is not broken, or, it was not broken, or in- jured, orspcnled. dah'deyudya'nyoh, it did not touch them ; they remain un- touched. ^ dwah'dan dyos, it proceeds from, it is in the habit of starting from, (of itself, sponttineously.) M^ '.J. '^y-'X- '^mmmm , «. """:;?/..■->-' dehtgayeih, it is not right, it is not perfect, deyuh'denyg'ondyiehs, it is habitually or continually^ chan- ging- de q'w$ yalL'do wet hak* she or they have tried him» judged, him, decided upon his cause, de ni'yvs he, two men, two persons, dah'de yu di'o gwah, it has not been promulgated, it is not spread abroad, de gais'do a'go nah, it was printed, . it has been printed or pressed. de o'yah. hih'oh, he did not err, did not do wrong, did not make a mistake. daya'Injondaat, there was an earthquake there, the earth trembled and shook there. de jon'dek hah'sQs they separate, she separates again, (applied ' principally to the parting of companions, and the break- ing up of matrimonial connexions.) da ya'gya do'gant, we two will be opposed to each other, come against each other, (spoken of ourselves.) de yo'gwah ni'gQ an dooli, she or it shall cheer us, comfort us, make our minds easy. dwak ngh'sot, my house, (spoken while the person is at a dis- tance from it) dwak nok'da yah, my opportunity, my bed, my room, my kingdom, (spoken at a distance from it.) da'wa de'yah hit, it may, might, could, would, or should, hin- der, prevent.) di swai'waye'sdoh, ye who are perfect, ye righteous, ye saints. da swet, come ye this way. da sah'ni go 4 ge'aak, thou wilt doubt. deh swa'wah, it is not yours. dih sahs'dan daak, thou wilt delay, stand still, procrastinate, defer, put ofE * W de eh'sa ng'nyah gah, bow or stoop low before him, bow unto him. dg'sa ya gwais'doaak, we print or press it (spoken of ourselves.) de dyu dis'do a'go nah, it was printed before. deah'isdo'aas, he who is in the habit o7 printing or pressing. i inin-iM Wlli.l .U II I lllM Um •"■;.■■■ ' ■,.'' '■■ '■(?;>■ -ir.- '^^1 118 LESSON LXIIi. - ■ , de gali'da doh, fort, breast-work, entrenchment. de ga ya'on daah goh, parable, comparison, illustration. - ■ dayu'yagah'oandyieli, it is coming out from thence. . do'dyah da hah, it is girt around him. de o'di hat heli, they are enlightened, they are civilized. deya'gohat'helidanih, civilization, she is habitually enlight- ened. dah'de'yuh ni'go a ge, there is no doubt, there aje not two . minds, or o})inions. . dyeli ni'go ayoiii, regular, right minded. de ga'os ha doll, there is a box standing around ; (applied some- times to the pulpit in a meeting-house.) dyu y a'guh. oli, it has proceeded or come forth from thence. deya,'go hat heh, she is enliglitened, civilized. da yiu'i \vi\s'yu nyi'adyieli, it has l)oen coming on or making progress tliis way, in accomplishing, fixing, arranging, the Dusniei^s or matter ; it has been producing the result from tliat time forward until now. do ga'liat heli'da nih, that which enlig.iteiis ; civilizati-^n. de yo gwais'do a goh, we Iiave prmtcd, (spoken of ourselves.) dyo'gwah'saali., we have comnionced. de yu'di yah jiih da'no on dyies, dilliculties or hindrances were or have been continually in the way. de^o i'wa ycis'doh, an unrig! itcous man. ... drishoi'waiisagwirs, he will ibrgive him. dan dwa'dye ent, it will be first, it will commence. deyiu'yah do'wehdoh, it is to be decided, it is under consider- ation. dawadyo'ont, it has commenced. , /. da'i wa'it hall, ho is trying to break or destroy it. dall de yo'wa'is yoh, the vessels were not wrecked. de w||^l ves doh, some, a few*, -^ part ; mixed or mingled together with, , . . dagai onili, it was on account of, therefore it was. da gali'hon da'dyleh., along the creek on this side of it. do'dih gwah' an unknown but large quantity ; how many ; a grent many ; how many soever ; ever so many, or much. t^- ^" i i; ii i»i"i I S ICinst-f -gj i mi , ¥ ' ■'wi^^*' '-..^^i^r^i^-^v'^l.- i-r-.p^/'i-^:. . ■■Tt*r':riF'fl ■;fV' «9 de yu'do gwah, it is scattered, dispersed, spread abroad, diffused. deh gaiwa'niyatliok, it was not insured. • deh a'go gwe nyo, she cannot, she is nc able. ''■"■' ' '• " da'yedat, she may or might stand up. . -i. •■. .i:. da'se'nyet, do thou send. ' ' . '. ^ • don da svvah get, return ye. da swah'si ak, do you be standing up. dwa'yaas, we call it. da. ye'ya nis'hait, she will break the law. • ' • deli joli'ni go'i y 6t, there is no pleasure now. de dye'gah saihs, she is weeping, her tears are flowiiig. deli sgah'has dis'had, there is no strength now. do'da wa'nye nah, he went about. da yu'i wali'hct, it caused it to be so. da gait' it will, break it in pieces. dao'nohdo'ondyieli, he is controlling. deli dvvan'noh do'oh, it has no control no authority. deli ji'dvvahas'dis had, we have no strength now. . dwada'dat gah, let us give ourselves up. deh she gaah'seeh, thou hast not despised them. des he'yah dah'gvvalc, do thou take her up. de yu i sgvvat, it is slippery. deh se'gahjih, thou art not old. dant chat'heh da'o ek, thou wilt be gathered to the dust, covered with earth, da y ali nya don'dyieh sek, he will be preserving or taking care of thee. , , dyon da' deh sa'doh gwali, the grave. - dp, yo gwah sai'yali da nih, it hastens us. da'she'dvva dohs'ho doos, lot us kneel before him. de a' gall gwe goh, lie is blind, de a'di ga'no, they see. dethuh'senthwah, he cried, called aloud, daga'ondoh, ask thou of me. \^ donda'gegah'gwaih'sih, open thou mine eyes, again, de a'di gah'gwe goh, they are blind, deli dwa'na geh'o weh, we do not permanently dwell, d^.yc'g^vah nyuh'syogh, they have toi-n it from us. • • dwa nak'dih saak sek, let us seek a dwelling-place. . 4\ m I 19 LESSON LXIV. I«V Ul d| JQ gwaron daky let us have fellowshipt communion> or part- nership with him. de ye'i wa'^ neh, she is looking at, taking notice of. de Q'ga dyah'da dgh, my disciples, they who have been with ' me. dwat ha'i neh, we are travelling. dwah'ni go'a has dek, let us be of a strong mind. dyont gen'nisat'hah, where they meet ; (at a distance.) dent khe'yak dat, I will bring her back, cause her to return. da on'da a net, that they may come back. da gat'gat huh, look thou upon me. da gwat'gat huh, look thou upon us. de o dyeet hah, they do not awake, it does not awake them. deh ja'go heh, she does not live now. deh sgwa gah, thou dost not see us. da'gwirs da ni'ak, we might weep for thee. dehju'nakdeh, it is not painful now. dah'de'yu ha'gwen das, there are no gaps, vacancies ; (imply- ing that th^re might be but that there are not.) de yu'dyah goh, it is broken. de gaih'dgh, bruised in pieces, cut up fine. daa'yah son dirk, he was crucified. de wa'do guh, let it be promulgated. da gi'ye na wahs, do thou help us two. dyiut haah, it sounds, it makes a noise with its voice. deh Q gwa deh'sah hgh, we are not ready. deo'dinos'dadQh, they were not unwilling to part with, were not covetous of. de e'ya'on dgs Qh, I did not ask him. dwa gis'ah doh, I used it all, 1 took it all away. det ha'ga wii, he gave to me again. deh sho'dQh seh, he was exhausted, he had no strength left. da e'yall da'ges g'.ih, I raised him up. dayus'goweh'doondyieh, there was a hurricane coming on this way. dyctgwah'saih'syv^Qh, the blood is flowing in many spots or places. >"■*' :]--yC : ■<¥■''•■ f *■ v^ f 7. '. ■^'> ' '?' on I or n de y vk'hi ga'nah ji'w^h, they look otosely upon us* criticise us. den a'ga dyah'sa q nygh, I hod not dressed it, or boi^d it up, or applied healing things to it, i. e. in many places, de dwa'ga dgh oh, 1 was healed, 1 recovered there or then, de e'ah si o nyoh, I praised him, 1 honoured him. deh sgeh'hasdek, I had no more strength then, deh sa'de as'gwah, thou wast not or hast not been ashamed, da go' want has, show thou tome, dak ni go o'ni aak, teach me. d4k dat, I shall or will stand there, da, gyah'da wa'ent, take thou me over, or take me on the other side, don'de dwat gis'guh, we may or might raise our heads agaiuy (as when one lying down rises and sits up.) do'sayo'gwrs nyieh, it may take care or charge of us again* dyu on'dah Qh, it was poured upon, des hg wa'4h sl'o nygh, they praise him again, da e'sah g;vah'do Qk, do thou rais^ or lift it up. di^sai'waye'sdoh, thou art righteous, thou who art righteous^ da ji'wa'ni yaat, do thou confirm it. de wa'gya nis'haih'dQh, I had broken the law. dee'gane, I see him, I fix my eyes upon him. ' de ya'gwa'da'no o nyoh, let us thank. daJQh', do thou come in. ^ dasah'sent, do thou send down, make to fali) cause to come down, da gwa yohs, come to us, visit us. dl'ng heek, they two shall live. d| Q wa yah'son dvk, where they hung him upon the cross, det ha'yah son dvk, where he hung upon the cross, dg'sa go'i wah'sa gwtrs, I forgive thee, da gi'Q nyah, do thou teach me. da gvs'haah'gwah; do thou remind mo. deh kna'yeh, let me not be proud, deh geh'has des'haad, I have no strength in me. dagQh, give thou to me. deh sa ga y Ih'Qoh, thou art not willing, dost not agri e to. dagwtrs'de is, do thou keep us. de e'ji w&ih dfth, do thou destroythe business o; matter. iiHa '^•2 M m 1': ■ ' • ' ■ t' -LESSON LXV. • ■:■',•-" ^ •■<. ■ •; ■ . .■ .••■.;. •=^-^ dell o'dofi'oiih, he was unthankful, discontented. do o'gah sa' nis h^Ti'syoli, ho was shedding tears, he was weep- ing. doh sa o i'wali sa gwvs, he forg'ive him again. do sa e i'wali sfi gvvirs, I forgive him again. dent sgwiV nnk hell, thou uit abuut to call us n gain- '' - deli o'gwah sah'seh, we are not sorry. de dwa'ye naalj, let ns take hold O'", ■ ' " ' . dejuh'denyo'ondyiell, itischanginj^again. ■ dishfji Vvah'sa gwx's, ho forgives the matter. d4 y' :»aii nya'dook, it will keep me, protect me, da'o nn ; , < ioliVia dooli, thej will stand around about. da. t;gr:')t, it will hcc^; I: it up ;i,«:ain, It will be broken ii|i again. dagoh'sa o'nyo o'.;, I n-ill praise it. ' ' ■- ■-. dwa gyo'ya gasolt., i wiv Uien in torment, irt misery ; I Was then snin»ring ('xtv'0.jfjel^N dwuhson'diJ.di^lr, that jX'st nigiit or evening. ' . '•' de o'?ion do'«;2h do'noji, they were against him, they were op- posed to liim." ' ', ■ . , , deo'uh invah'jiwah, betook bread, * ' ' deo'yahgol!, he broke it in two. ' ■ • •■ diswai'vvah, on your accoaiy;. ' ' ■' / daa'goyali'ny-idofi., may he protect them. da gat'hon dek, do thou hear me, listen to me. dasw-vh'denih, it shall or will be changed. " • desv. "gadcyunjonih, 1 desire now, (implying that before I did not.) . ' de'anandah'no'ohgwali, they love one another. ' dohi gi.vn'ni non'uok hak, I did not 'feel it, I did not perceive, was not sensible of it. , , ' • ', delia'goga, (did not see. ' ' .' " •'■ '' dah'd>Vv;i>]c ni'go a'ge noli, I had then no doubt. ' ",. ' ' "' dagyo'het, do thou make us to live, save us. ' '" ' ' deli ak'hi yan de is, strangers, they whom we do not know. ' deli eli'ni go i yu, she has a bad disposition. de bhe'ya do gwat, scatter them. _ ^ '■'■■':■ '■■' dali cha'noh do'ok, db thou controul, rule over. k- '•W V ''Sbt- I ^Jiii; ^^*i»r.^Si^».fT' > ^mJ li S»mmir , -i , J' 4/ < :eiYe, ftv. 73 doh jon'dat ho'wat liaTi. she does not ropont. dagyah da goe'wali'jih, do thou thoroughly cleanse me. deh ga'da no' went hali, 1 do not deny, or aisbolievc. dyohch'goh, our living, that by which i/e live. dwa gyo, I came, I have come. dyo gwa'yoh dah'goli, that which caused us to como in ; we came here or there the same day. d'js'lie ya noh'do os, do thou control her or them, dis swa'di o gwat, spread ye it abroad, c. g., the news, scatter ye. de ju'hat heh, it is light again. de aTi'nya do'on dyiehs, he protects it, takes care of it. da geh.'has dts'yo nih, give me strength, make mo powerful, de swa'gah sa'ms hah'syoli, yc weep, shed tears, deh dwah'has deli, we are not strong. de ya'gus gc'e yoh, she is weary, she is tired, da dvva'da no'nyooh, wo will give thanks, dwah. ni'gg h goh, in our minds. da'wan do dali, dawn ; daylight is coming. daa'gell nyaali, he may or might preserve me, take care or charge of mo, he may be discussing my case. de o'yo nah, ho had not come, had not entered. da'a nan di'naTi, they were together. dyo gwetl'o weh, we Indians, (spoken among ourselves.) di dwaat'gali'sho, we just give it up ; (just in the sense of on- ly, merely.) da'a. non dadeli'svva'ah sek, they may or might hate themselves, or each other. da'a non da'da de'at, they may or might shame themselves or each other. de a non da'non de, they are brethren. deh a'go da'ni da'oh, she is not kind, merciful. da gwah'ni go'i yus, do thou make us happy. de sno'nyo, do thou thank. do nagye, whatshallldo? dayes'gaeh, she will bewcviryor tired. don da'gwan da, pity us. da gyah'do c thnk, I ^vill coii^i dor, judge. dwa no'oh gw"):. that which v.^e loved. dek ni' de vv ^tiVnyah eh, two hundred, ''200.) r! J \\ ( i '11 I'if!^ 1 1.1 • 1 ' m' j t* "s ...u 74 hu de yu'dyah khoh, it is broken. de ya'guh gwah'dg ok, let her take it up, lift it up, extol it. de'Q wa'an sa'o guh, she dishonours him, deprives him of his honour or glory. de yu'non do'gah doh, the two things come against each other, are opposite, are opposed to each other. de yu'dl nQ'ya nih'doh, it is dreadful, terrible. de'4 non dah'ni gQ'ah, they are not expecting, not looking out for. dye aas', she carries it along, or is in the habit of carrying it. deyiu'adeh, valley. da ja'dat', you two will meet. de gawis'da oh, birch. da yuh'dan dyo'on dyieh, it is coming this way. deh sho'gwah'ni go'a gat hah, he does not guide, direct, or in- cline our minds. deh'sho gwai'wis ah'seeh, he did not promise us, or he did not command us ; or, he did not make a covenant with us. de ga'ah sa o nyoh, glories, honours, praises. dwa gyah'da di'ant hwvs, it draws me, it pulls me along. dwa gyah'dit gas, it casts me out, it turns me away. di sa'ya doh, thou didst write it there, or from thence. .dwa gah' saali, I began, I began there. ■ji ■msatvs*) «» '^ mi-i'..3itUUiCgSVt\ •Wf! mjfm/ftKrmmr-* ^ 75 GRAMMATICAL, VARIATIONS. LESSON LXVI. Thus far the words have been inserted as they occur in con- versation, without regard to grammatical classification. — Hence, in some cases we meet with a great many different forms of the same word, whereas, if we had a list of the chan- ges through which the words pass to express all the variations of meaning, it would have been sufficient to insert the root only, or at most those forms from which other forms or sets of forms may be regarded as derived. Such lists of grammatical chan- ges are equally important to the Indian learning English, and to the White man learning Indian. Some of them will there- fore now be given, with as much accuracy as can be attained under existing circumstances. We will commence with the va- riations of words used as the names of things, or Nouns, as they are called in English Grammar. I. Variations in Number. gwen nis, penny ; (a corruption of the English word pence, or pennies, substituting * gw ' for * p, ' the latter not be- ing found in Seneca, and the people in ancient times not being able to pronounce it. The same substitute prevails at the present day among the older Indians in their efforts to speak English.) gwen ms'shoh, or gwen nis'shoh oh, pence. sga gwen'nis haad or sgagvven'nlshaut, one penny, from 'skat,' one, and 'o gwen' nis htih,' (obsolete), the matter or material of the penny. [Analogy would require us to write *sgat,' one, instead of ' skat;' or else to say, *ska gwen'nis- hiiad' instead of 'sga gwen'nis haad' ; but 'g ' and 'k ' are often interchanged by the Indians, and so also are ' d ' and 't,' and perhaps a lew other letters : andthcrcfoio I I '•'w 3iB ■^^^ggggjBSEBassBsm ^ . JBk." "vy't'"^^''"" • 76 1 ■> n it will be our object to get tho pronunciation in most common use among tho people] do ga'gwen nis'hu go, sail' ni ga'gwen nis'liu ge, ge ill' ni ga'gwen nis'liu ?j>.) o goos iiiih. o g6gs huli sholi, sgagooshaud, de ga'goos ha go, sah ni ga'goos huge, two pennies, threo pennies, iour pennies, (and so on for all higher numbc rs. ) the pound weight, pound weights, one ponnd- lUo pUUllUS. three pounds, &c. day. days. vvanis'hali, wanis'halisiioh, or, wanishaliblif>h oh, swiinis'liaad, one day. de wa'nis liu ge, two days. sah ni wa'nis ha ge, three days, &c Note. — The *k'or *g, ' in 'skat' or *sgat, ' seciiia to be dropped, in words commencing with ' w.' o oh'dall, car. o oh'daii sliQh, or o Qh'dali sholi'oh, ju oh'daad, do yu'oh da ge, s4h niyu'ghdage, ears. one ear. two ears, three ears, &c. oh'nyah, oh'nyah shoh (or — sho ' ; 'oh,) juoh nyaat, de oli'nya ge, sah ncyuh'nyage, finger, fingers, one iin2:cr. two fingers, thre finders. Note. — It appears to be a pretty ^;' '..ral rule, as in thr last two examples to begin the d'' .ibutne singular with 'j,' instead of 'sk' or '.%'/ in tl ' wo- is wnicJi commence with * 0.- I I / ^4^^ •/ .''• 17 CjmpounJsof *ga(Ioh' ' form their plural by adding 'nygll,' as, Vfii ms'ha deli, wa nis'hu de'nygli, non'da deh, onon'dadc'nyoh, day, days. hill or mountain, hills or mountains. Perhaps, however, the syllablo *nyQ]i' sould be regarded as a verbal sulHx, denoting the things to be in a close connex- ion with each other, or the actions to \y' repeated in close succes- sion to each other, as it is joined to verbs nearly or quite as fre- quently as to nouns. Before taking on this suffix, and indeed any oiher, words ending in 'li,' arc softened by dropping the 'h.' In th" ]h'j,' lence The plural of things iiaving life, or capable of performing ac- tions, is often formed as in many verbs, by prefix- ♦adi,' Miadi,' 'wadi,' or *nadi,' to the noun; — though perhaps in such cases there is a change in the na- ture of tlio noun, so that it partakes of the nature of a verb, as, go s^d nah, adi go vvanus, na di go wa na-*, ha di go wa n._ hahsano wamlh, ha dih'sa no wa nas. something great (or sim- ply, great.) great ones, chiefs. the great ones, chiefs. thoy are great ones, chiefs. chief, (i. e., he who has a great name, from * gah'sa nail, ' name, and 'go vva'nah,' great. they are chiefs, they kivo great names. [The ' s ' at the end, is also a sign of the plural, but it is frequently used in v rds whicli do not take on this prefix-] ,1 I f: I if I » > ■T^.^^fW^f^ 78 iiayah'chdeh, hudi'yahdadohi ho, hinx they, them. The suftix *shQh/ or *shQh'gh,' which forms the indefinite or unlimited plural is frequently applied to words after they have taken on other sutfixes, as, os^ohdah, OS oh'dah geh, us oh'dah geh shQh, hand, at or on the hand, at or on the hands. This last form is however generally spoken *os oh'- dah gis'hoh.' OS oh'da deh, OS oh'du de ny Qhj hand, hands, (see note on * ga- deh,' below.) Recapitulation of the Variations of Number. hand, one hand, (Sometimes, though rarely, * sgas- oh'doal.j two hands, three hands, 6:0. o soh'dah, ju soh'daat. de yus'oh da ge, sah ni yus'oh da gc. Note . — * y * i» generally inserted before all words commencing with * o,' when they take on a prefix, and the * o ' is generally changed into * u.' osoh'dah'shoh, (oP — shoh oh), hands. OS oh'dah geh, at or on the hand. OS oh'dah gis'hoh, at or on the hands. OS oh'da deh, the hand is there. OS oli'da de nygh, the hands are there. Note . — It is very difiicult to define in English the pre- cise me.ming of ' ga deh ' and its compounds. The true 79 inite they 8 oh'- ♦ga- ber. [times. Bgaa- words X, and idea can only be acquirenl by use. There being nothing in tiio notions of Wliite people exactly corresponding with it. It implies the idea of existence, occupying space or ex- tent, being an object of .sense or perception ; thus, wo say, o yah'daJl, hix yah' da deh, Sgayent hayah'dadeh, body. his body is in existence, (i. e. in some definite place or position.) it will strike him, (i. e. it will strike where his body is occupying space ; is be- ing in existence m a per- ceptible object. It is said to be more properly applied to things which stand out in relief, as it were ; or which project from, or stand up upon something, as, gah&'yah, gah an deh, o non'dah, o non'da deh« fence or fortification. the fence is standing up from the ground, dec, or rises from the ground, &c. hill or mountain. the mountain exists, rising &c. But it does not appear to be always restricted in its appli- cation to conspicuous objects, though perhaps it conveys the idea of relative prominence when applied to objects ever so minute. I M i\ le pre- iG true * nyoh ' is added also to many nouns and to various forms of verbs to denote the idea of succession in order one after another, and might with propriety be termed the distribu- tive plural suffix Sometimes for euphony the changed into * h,' as. IS w| nis'hu deh, dnv t m em nmsr ■ !■ IIKMI "irtwif 4 if i :3J U " ■■■' '■'>i'^j'**. > 'i j.^j^^ji'-'-V* 'lural by adding * s ' or * lis ' to the singu- lar, as, wl yu, ne wiyulis, ho gweli'di yu, ha ng'gweh di'yuh >, gowa'nah, go wa'nas, good. the good things, he is a good man. they arc good men: great, great things. i^omotime':' tlic ' y ' is iii'^crtc'l bctAVCcn the parts of the word, in ■■■-^mtSi^ i*f)wwwj TO f ;' ' ■ ■ ■ ' "-'' I 81 the same manner as the parts of words are interfixed where two or more words arc compounded together, as, ni wah'aah, ni wahs'aah, little^ little things. This form is most frequent in words having a verbal or an ad- jective signification, or in ,vords compounded with a verb or an adjective, and seems to indicate that the quality or action is habitual, or at least frequently repeated ; but there are cases where the object seems to bo simply to de- note tlie plural number. From what has been said it appears that, in Seneca there are three numbers : 1st, singular ; 2d, dual ; 8d, plural ; and that the forms of these vary as they are regarded distributively, successively, or collectively. In tlic sequel it will appear that some of these forms admit of changes to indicate past, remote past, prcser"it, future, and remote future time, but as all these changes have a sort of verbal idea about them, they will be omitted till we come to spcnk of Verbs. a 1 II. Variations in Gender. Thero are five genders in Seneca. 1st, Ma^iculino ; 2tl, Femi- nine ; 3d, Common ; 4th, Neuter ; 5th, Animal. The Masculine and Feminine, are similar in import to the same genders in other languages, and always strictly confined to the male and female of the human family. The Common gender is used when a promiscuous multitude, or those whose sex is not known, arc spoken of, and its form is always feminine ; hence, the Feminine is said to be the ruling gender in Seneca, as the Masculine is in English. The Neuter gender is applied to those things and those only, which arc destitute of animal life. U ! ! J 1 i I' ' ' -W ..-.>w*,.™,.^-«.»r^-:Ji I'iuita- ill m t 82 The Animal gender is confined to living beings not belong- ing to the human family. A few words appear to have both Masculine and Feminine forms for this gender, but ordinarily the sex, when distinguished, is denoted by the addition of some v/ord for that purpose. The younger Indianj', whose language has been modified by their intercourse with the Whites, not un- frequently apply the same forms which denote the male and fe- male of the human species, to animals, but the older Indians regard this as a corruption of their language. The genders are all formed by prefixes placed immediately be- fore the simplest form of the noun. If other pre fixes, those denoting number, are used before the same e-g-, word, they must not be suffered to come in and crowd those denoting gender out of their places, but must content them- selves with being prefixed to them. Examples. O'gweh, human being, person ; (applied also to the beings of other worlds.) ho'gweh, he is a man. ya go'gweh, she is a woman. ha ji'noh, he is a man, he is manlike. yeji'noh, she is a man, i. e., a masculine woman ; but in composition with other words, * ye ji'noh' often denotes simply the sex without regard to tlie character of mascu- lineness. ye'oh, woman, she is a woman ; (probably a contraction of * ye ji'noh.') ga ji'noh, male animal ; (applied to beast, bird, fisli, insect, of every description. ) ge'oli, female animal, of whatever sort. de i'ji noh, two males. dc gi'ji noh, two masculine women. ha di'ji nah, three or more men. ^■•"wft ^^-Hit ' :\~* 83 wa di ji noh, three or more masculine \vomen. Note . — The * h ' at the commencement of all wordn of this description, seems to have somewhat of a verbal force, in addition to denoting gender; and * a'di ji'noh,' and 'na'dijinoh,' may perhaps be regarded as referring to the sex while 'hadi'jingh, ' rather declares that the men are manly in their conduct or character ; literally they are men, with such an emphasis on the word * men ' as will contrast it with the absence of manly qualities; or it strongly allirms the sex where it had been supposed to be the other. wa di'ji noh, is sometimes applied to animals. Indeed the Feminine and Animal genders are very frequently the same, especially in the plural number. sha yah'daad, one man. je yah'daad, one woman. sga yall'daad, one animal ; from * o yahi'dali,' body, and * skat,' one. But the vowel in the lirst syllable of the masculine and animal forms, is very often pronounced as if written *shai,' or '-egai.' de i'yr's he, or do ni'yL^s he, two men. de gi'yus ho, two women. de gai'yirs he, two animals. But ' dc gi'y vs he ' is not un- frequently applied to animals, especially by the younger Indians. ni wali'aah, little thing. iii yali'aah, little boy, (or man.) niya'gak uah, little girl. ni a'gali luih, little creature. ni wirs'aaii, little things. ni a'nahs aah, little folks, (masculine.) ni wa'nahs aali, liltld folks, (feminine and animal.) hak sali'aah, male cliiid, boy. !'• I i \f f Ij I i-:^ksl^ tarnKSsmwrioM- @4 l'< lii ■V n ylk sah'aah, ft'irl, de ilc'eali aali , t wo boys. de gtk'saJl luili two girls. hadik'sah slioh'gli, boys, (more Ihaii two.) wudik'satishoh'oh, girls, (more than two.) But mnsculino dual and [)lural are applied also where a part of tliose included arc I'ennlcs, and even in cases where but a yinglc individual is a male. ot wirs'aah, one little one ; fapplied to the young of animals.) o dit'was b;hQli.'oh, little ones, (^ three or more.) It lias been remarked tliatsomo words commencing villi *o' form the distributive singular Ijy prefixing *j' instead of * sg,' and sullixing ' d ' or *• t ;' as, oline'yaTi, bone. juli ne'yaat, one bono. Perhaps this should be regarded as a solitary Instance in Se» neca, of what is so common in many langu:iges, the applica- tion of the feminine gender to tilings which, pliilosophically ic- garded, should be called neuter. III. Variations of Person. These, in Seneca, are all accomplished by prefixes, for the purpose of distinguisliing the person speaking, the per- son addressed, and the pcj'son spoken of ; as, o'gweh, tn.m, person, being. go'gweh, I am a man, person, &c, ; or perhaps belter, I, who am a man, &c. so'gwoli, thou man, &c. ho'gweh, he, the man, or he is a man, &c. ya gf/gweh, she, the person, tlie woman, &c. deh'lmo'gweh, we two persons ; (speaking together) de yak'no gweh, we two pertons, (speaking to another.) ..:^ii.-C^aft^s^a^ 8fl I- ?-. dcs'iio gwoh, you cwo persons. (Jce'iio gweh, they two persons, (masculine.) do'kno gwoh, they two jjcrsons, (ibminine.) (Jyfj'gweh, wc persons, (more than two, speaking (ogotiier.) a gyo'gweh, wc persons, (speaking to another.) jo'gweh, 3^011 people, or jK^rsoMs. ua'no gwoh, or lia no gwoh, tiioy people, or persons j mas- culine, wa'no gweh, tliey people, oi" per ons ; feminino. So alsc hi compound word^j ; us, O'gweh, person. Qgwcli'dali, i)erson, regarded as substance, or matter ; tho material, so to speak, oi' personal oxistcnco ; and appli- cable to character, wiicn comi)oanded with word:i do- noting character. '• wi'yu',' Ogwcli'diyu, good person; ('ogweli'dall, ' and good. ) go gwoli'di yu, I am a good person. so gwch'di yu, thou art a <>-ood person. ho gweli'di yu, he is a good person. ya go'gwcli di yu, she is a good person. deh hno'gwoli di yu, ■',\'C two are^good persons ; (speaking to- gether.) de yak'no'gwch di yu, we two are good persons ; (speaking to others.) des sno'gweli di yi:, you two arc good ])ersons. dee no'gweh di yu, they two arc good men. dc kno'gweli di yu, they two arc good \vomen. dji'o gwoli'di yu, wc are good people ; (sjjeaking together. Jkit tin's form is nearly o!)soletc, the I'ollowing word be- ing substituted in its place.) a gyo'gweh di yu, we .arc good people, (speaking to others, and ol'ten, also, used instead of the preceding word.) jo gwcTi'di yu, you are good people. na'iio'orwclKhvu, and JiaTinD'oweli di yu, thev are people ; masculine. wanc/gweluliyu, Ihey are good people ; feminine. • good '. m If I r' '■<£ ''.-t^jSSRE&SS ■.-jjir- ''-T".V" E i L. 86 111 translating Indian into English the verb may be omit- ted in all these cases, if the construction of the English demands it. IV. Variations of Nouns to express the idea of Property or Possession. Os oh'dah, hand. gls oh'dah, my hand. sis oh'dah, thy hand. has oh'dah, his hand. yes oh'daTi, her hand. gus oh'daJi, her hand 5 (more definite than the preceding word, generally referring to some particular i)erson who is the subject of the conversation.) gas oli'dali, its hand. fJ>asoh'dali., our hand; dual; (speaking together.) s. gyes'oh dali, our hand ; dual ; (speaking to another.) jas oh'dah, your hand, dual ; yas'ot; dah, their hand ; dual masculine, wa es'oh dah, their hand ; dual feminine, dwas oil' dah, our hand ; plural ; (s])eaking together.) Cgwas'ohdah, our hand ; plural; (speaking to others.) swas oh'dah, your hand ; plural. ha dis'oh dah, their hand ; plural masculine, wa dis'oh dali, their hand ; ph .ral feminine or animal. o dis'oh dah, their hand ; animal. The same forms ai'e used for the personal possessive distinctions when suffixes are added for any purpose, or the word joined in composition with other words ; as, gts oh'dah geh, at or on my hand, sis oh'dah geh, at or on thy hand, die. gls oh'da deh, my hand appears, sisoh'da deh, thy hand appears, eVc. gis olKkih shoh, (or— 'siioh'oh,*; my hands. ■■"V- Z'C 8T SIS oh' dall shoh, &;c., tliy hands, &c. g1s oh'di yu, my good hand, SIS oh'di. yu, -thy good liand, &c. "Words which end in * aah ' change it into * uali ' in the first person singular, possessive ; as, gah'hi gwaali, caporhai agih'hi gwaah, my cap or hat." sah'hi gwaah, thy cap or hat, &;c. gah'syi gwaall, spear or fork; any instrument having tines, a gih'syi gwaali, my spear, sah'syi gvvaall, thy spear, &c. hah'nih, my father ; (speaking of him.) halinii', myfatiier; (speaking to him.) gQh'nih, I am thy father ; or, I, thy father ; (but this word is used by some in directly the opposite sense ; as, thou, my father.) yah'nih, thy father, hoti'nih, his or her father. oh'nih, its father. shedili'nih, our father; dual; (speaking together.) shagih'nih, our father ; dual; (spoakidg to others.) she jih'nih, your father ; dual, no wafi'nih, their father ; both dual and plural, she dwah'nih, our father; plural; (speaking among our- selves.) sha'gwah'nih, our father; (speaking to others.) gvvah niih', our father ; (speaking to him.) she svvah'nih, your father. godiJi'nili, their father; feminine; (i. c., they females. ) sha go'dih nib, his fathers, or he, their father. ho wan'dih nih, their father. ho dih'nih, their father. o dih'nih, their father ; animal, dual, and plural. ak hih'nih, our fathers ; plural. ,» : :£ ^f I «1 ij is ii * Hi 86 o thiTi'nfh, our fathers ; dual, echill'nih* your Ihtlicrs ; plural, gahiils'huri, fathorship, the parental relufion. on da'dcli nih, lather. ho'awalc, my son ; (Rpoaklnp;or liim.) ke'awak, iny dauglitor ; ( speaking ol' her.) go'uwnk, my son, my cliiki ; cither male or female. Some- times also, Mic'awak',' and 'kc'a wnk',' with theuc- cx-nt on the la^tsyllidjle, (us is usual in addressing any one,) are addressed to,tlie son or daughter; but this is l)ad Seneca. Jicli'sha a wak, thy son. yhc'a wak, thy dauditer. ya a wak, thou art his son. no'a wak, his son. shago'awak, his daughter. no wn'wnk, her son. go'a wak, her daughter. o'a wak, its son or daufrhicr. 1 T' 1 she (li a wak, our son ; durd ; (speaking among ourselves.) sagi'awak, our son; dual: (speaking toothers.) sheji'awakj your son; dual, ak ilia wak, op.r daughter ; dual, and ^dural ; (speaking of lar to others.) gl'awak, ou. son or dnugliter ; dual vocative, cthi'awak, our daujrl iter : dual and idural ; (speakin£rton:c- therol licr. ) o chi'a wak, your daughter ; dual. she dwa'a wcdv, our son ; j)lur.il ; ("speaking together.) sha gvva'a wak, our son ; (speaking to others.) shcswa'awak, your son; plural, godi'awak, their daughter ; feminine, shago'diawak, tlieir daughter ; masculine, dual, and plural. ho wan'di a wak, her suns. yon dat'ha wak, or, nond;>t;ha wak, daughter. yadat'hawakv father and son, or fathci' and daughter, or, mother and son ; (spolaui of togctlier.) gyadal'hu \^ak, mother and daughter ) (spoken of together.) .'■I of )0'C- ral. jadat'ha wak, your daughter or son ; dual. ' <> ak hi'a v/ak, sho is our mother ; (i. e., we, (dual and plural,)' are her children ; speaking to othe*-" ;, 'A The preceding forms are i.j- 1 in the common intercourse of life, hut the p. oral of ' yon dai ) :i wak,' is seldom used except in the sittings of the Six Nations' Council ; as, ' • dwadat'hawak, our son or daughter; (speaking together.) a gwa'dat ha wak, our son or daugiitor ; (speaking to others.) swa dat'lia wak, your son or daughter. ha non'dat ha wak, their son or daughter; hut all denoting the relationship existing hetween the different tribes of the confederacy^ Probably, however, in ancient times, the woi'ds wore in common use as applied to the domes- tic relations, in the same manner as the other forms aro at the present day. noh'yah, my mother, (speaking of her.) noh yali', my mother, (speaking to her.) ea noli'ah, thy mother. ho nofi'ah, his mother, gonofi'ali, her mother, onoh'ah, its mother. ethi'noliah, our, (dual and plural,) mother ; (together.) nk hi'noli ah, our, (dual and plural,) mother ; ,'of her.) khinoliTiTi', our, (dual and piural,) mother; S| ..^king toher. Qk hi'noli'ah, she is our daughter ; i. e.,we, (dual and plural,) are her mothers; (speaking toothers.) e chi'noh'ah, your, (dual and plural,) mother, sha'go di'noh'ah, their, (masculine, dual and plural,) mother, go di' noli ah, their, (feminine, dual and plural,) mother, yon dah'noll ah, mother, or mothcrship. aknoh'ahshoTi, my mothers, sanoli'ah'sholi, thy mothers, ho noli'ah sh oh, his mothers; &c. heh'gah, mv vounger brother, (speaking of him.) 13 M ' It 'I ' 'I i ni' ^it^ 90 h^hg^h', my younger brother, (speakin||' to him.) keh'gilh, my younger sister, (speaking ot her.) keh gah', my younger "''~tor ; (speaking to her.) seh'g^h, thy younger sister. he'seh gah, thy younger brother. hoh'gah, his younger brother. ho wah'gah, her, (and, not unfrequently, their, dual and plural,) younger brother, shagoh'gah, his younger sister, she dih'gafi, our, (dual,) younger brother ; (speaking together of him.) sliagih'gah, our, (dual,) younger brother; (speaking to others.) ethih'gdh, our, (dual and plural,) younger sister; (speaking together of her.) a khih'gali, our, (dual and plural,) younger sister ; (speaking to others.) khih gah', our, (dual and plural,) younger sister; (speaking to her.) ok hih'gah, our, (dual and plural,) older sister ; (i. e., we are her younger sisters ; speaking to others.] .shejih'gah, your, (dual,) younger brother, gih'gah', our, (duai,or!d vocative,) younger brother and sister, goh'gah, her ynuni'.or sister, echih'gah, yov dud and plural,) younger sister. ho wan'dih ^rjh, tiieir, (dual and plural,) younger brother, she d^vah'gah, our, 'plural,) younger brother ; (speaking to- gether of iiim.) shagwah'gah, our, (plural,) younger brother ; (speaking to others of him.) sheswah'gah, your, (plural,) younger brother. yon deh'gah, brother or sister. yon da'deh gah, the relationship of the younger brother or sister. «;y a (deh'gah, they two younger sisters, ya deh'gah, they two younger brothers, ja deh'gah, you two younger brothers or sisters. swa deh'gijh, you younger brothers or sisters ; (plural.) oh'g44h, its younger brother or sister. /•- -< ■ssMsmBssaaniiH^, h4 non'deh g^a^i they, (plural,) younger brothers, wlncndehgaa^i they, (plural,) younger sisters. hah'jih, my older br )ther ; (speaking of him.) ah'jih, my older sister ; (vspeaking ot her.) hah jiih', my older brother ; (speaking to him.) :ah jiih', my older sister ; Tspoaking to her. ) yah'jih, thy older brother. sah'jih, thy older sister. hoh'jih, his older brother. sha goh'jih, his older sister. oh jin, her or its older brother or sister. shedih'jih, our, (dual,) older brother ; (^ together.) shagihjili, our, (dual,) older brother, (speal > others.) gihjiih.', our, (dual,) older brother, or sister; (speaking to hiraor her.) shejih'jili, your, (dual,) older brother. [together, ethih'jili, our, (dual and plural,) older sister ; (speaking ak hih'jih, our, (dual, ) older sister ; (speaking to others.) Qkhih'jih, she is our younger sister ; [i. e., we are her older sisters, — dual and plur., — speaking to others, echih'jih, your, (dual,) older sister. ho wah'jih, their, (dual and plural, teminine,) older brother. ho wan'dih jih, her older brothers. she dwah'jill, our,(plural,) older brother; (speaking together.) sha gwah'jili, our,(pIural,) elder brother ; (speaking to others, shesvvah'jih, your, (plural,) elder brother. sha go'dih jih, his older sisters. yon da'deh jih, the relationship of the older brother, hahjih'shoh, my older brothers, yahjih'shoh, thy older brothers ; &c. ah jih'shoh, my older sisters. sahjih'shoh, thy older sisters ; &c. haksut, my grandfather ; ["speaking of him. hak soot', my grandfather ; [speaking to him. yah sot, thy grandfather. ak sot, my grandmother ; [speaking of her. ak sect', n^y grandmother ; (speaking to her. f f ejT i£iki» A^fcaHTT.-r: 'MMnI wi^m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 l.i r ^ m Sf ms. 12.0 lit M IL25 III 1.4 ^ '/] ^l y^ ^ Phofc^raphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N,Y. 14S80 (716)8712-4503 ■•^% o^ ::^f:.'. ■ws ■*^; OS »ah s6t, thy grandmother. Js^w I .j. > -v > f I j hoh'sfit, his grandfather or mother, ?♦ oh'86t, her or its grandfather or mother. .h!'^i-2 A'-\h :un i;J • HniMj! :i'jtt JiVf «he dih's6t, our^ (dual,) grandfather ;(speaking together.), ,- shagih's6t, our, (dual,) grandfather ; (speaking to others.) ; gih soot', our, (dual,) grandfather ; (speaking to him.) . ,{j- ho dih'sot, their, (dual and plural,) grandfather or motheiji ,... shejih'sot, your, (dual,) grandfather. ,' ethih'sot, our,(dual & plu.,) grandmother ;(speaking together, ak hih'sot, our, (dual and plural,) grandmother ; (speaking toothers.) khih soot', our, — dual and pljir. — grandmother ; speaking to her. ok hih'sot, our, — dual and plur. — grand-daughter ; [i. e., we are her grandmothers ; — speaking of her. € chih'sot, your, (dual and plural,) grandmother., .>. shedwah'sot, our grandfather ; (speaking to others.) shagwah'sot, our, (plural,) grandfather ; (speaking to others,) gwahsoot', our grandfather ; [speaking to him. \ ,^ y(y sheswah'sot, your, — plural, — grandfather, „-.;., ' ' ., .'■'■ ^ ... I'll':- '. hakn6h'sah, my uncle,, ,. , ., , :.■.,■ , " ! ;, , ,• yanoli'sah, thy uncle, . , ; ■•!• ; '. Vr . ..,' honoh'sah, his uncle. , . ,, . r . ,,!•'. onoh'sah, her, or its uncle. she di'noh sah, our, (dual,) uncle ; (speaking together.) ., sha gi'noh. sah, our, (dual, ) uncle ; (speaking to others.) > ginoh'sah', our, (dual,) uncle ; (speaking to him.) she ji'noti sah, your, (dual,) uncle. ; •■ : r.^ she dwa'noh sah, our, (plural,) uncle ; (speaking together.) sha gvva noh sah, our, (plural,) uncle ; (speaking to others.) she swa'noh sah, your, (plural,) uncle. howanciJisah, their, (fern., dual and plural,) uncle. So also, for the most part are declined the following names of relationship; viz., ; \ ,- . a'ge hak, my aunt, my father's sister j Vr"! hi ■if «l >» «.,* ■, ■ .■^;-s5 ,'::"'; a gaah'seeh, or, a gyaah'Seefi, my cousin ; a gya'dyioh, my brother or sister-in-law ; a gya'nyeh, my, — fem. — sister-in-law. ke'nok, my relative ; (applied;to blood rd^tions) '-• * ke ya'deh, my grand-daughter ; , > , . • a'gadaoh, my friend ; i/ioil i ke noh', my step-daughter ; ke sah', my daughter-in-law; ke ya'o wan dah, my niece, (i. e., my sister's daughter) hak noll'is, my step-father ; . . ak ne'hoos, my father or mother-in-law; , agah'nieh, my uncle's wife. . i; . «' < ;. •.:'^ ')<; kna wah'shah, the family, or household, of my wife. But words which commence with the dual prefix * de,' take on ', - that prefix before all other grammatical changes ; as, , ^' ;.;»,. -.'i.ri de'ya gya da'non de, my brother or sister, without respect to age ; (speaking of him, or her.) [or her. de dya'da non de, my brother or sister ; [speaking to him de ja'da non de, thy brother or sister. '■ . ; , , ' ( • i . v ; : >■ i de ya'da non de, his brother or sister. ... .; ; • ; ■,■,:■.' j : .'. ; de gya'da non de, her sister. dedwa'danonde, our brothers ; (speaking together.) ■• ; "' de ya'gwa da'non de, our brothers ; (speaking to others.) ■■'■ de swa'da non de, your brother or brethren, de'a non da'non de, their brethren. de wa'non da'non de, thqir sisters ; (applied also to animals.) . ■ Perhaps, however, the better way to interpret these words is, •i to give them a verbal signification in all cases ; as • ■ de ya'gya da'non de, we two are brothers, de ja'da non de, you two are brothers ; &c. ■if I •■■J-' »■:■ lit Among the Indians, all the father's brothers are called fa- thers, and his sisters, aunts ; all the mother's sisters, mothers, and her brothers, uncles. So also, with grandfather's!, and grandmother's brothers and sisters., ;.',■.'' i ii ^fe t. ^tfnim*tmt i trv i u.niiii »a m - iMi fn SEP tSSSSSi ■■-A!' 04 LESSON jLXVII. ^:> it! OF WORDS USED INSTEAD OF NOUNS, caU«d, in English Grammary ' PRONOUNS. .,■' I. Personal Pronouns. ;: ' Of these there are three, in Seneca, with their variations. l.-ih, I, we. fe, thou, ye, or you. This pronoun is often compounded with the article * neh,^ and is then written, nih, I, wo* nis, thou, ye. But when the article is emphasized, it is spoken separately^ and changed into * nail ' ; as, n|h ih, I, or we; | in distinction from, or contrast nih is, thjuorye; | with, all others. Perhaps some would regard the * ni in this case, as ano' ther form of * na,' marked as an interjection in Lesson IJ, on the 10th page, and there translated *look here ! behold ! see this ! ' and which may sometimes properly be render- ed * here it is,' * this is the one,' &c. ; bit we have other instances of * neh ' changed into * nah,' simply, as it would seem, for the sake of euphony, and it may therefore be proper, in the present state of our knowledge of the lan- guage, to regard it so here. ^.-ha'o hg-h', or, ha'ghw^h', he, him, or he himself. ga'Qhall', or, ga'ohw^h', she, her, she herself. * •'ohfth', or, a'Qhwfth', it, itself. ' ' ■iii iB i au '»^' ,JBS*«W«"««««*'"' i* ".;V^?v «& ho'nQ h^h', they, them, they themselres. o'nohah', they, themselves; (animals.) i f The remaining forms of this word appear to have been an- ciently in use, but are now only retained in composi- tion $ as, a goh'hah ge'ah, I alone. sQn hah'ge ah, thou alone, ha Qh'han ge'ah, he alone, ga Qh'hah^ge'ah, she alone. Qk'nob'hah ge'ah, we'two alone. sngh hah'ge ah, you two alone. ho noh'haH ge'ah, they two alone. kngh hah'ge ah, they two— fem. — alone. dygh hah'ge ah, we alone; (speaking together.) a gygh'hah ge'ah, we alone ; (speaking of ourselves.) JQh hah'ge ah, you alone. ho ng'hah ge'ah, they alone. w4 nQh'hah ge'ah, they alone; (feminine or animal.) Th<^ letter *w' is often inserted after *h' in the third syllable ^of * ha oh'hah ge ah,' and * ga gh'hah ge'- ah ;' as, ha gh'hwah ge'ah,' &o» But the old Indians call this a modernism. 8.-gyah'da deh, I, me. syah'da deh, thou, thee. hayah'dadeh, he, him. yeyah'dadeh, she, her. oyah'dadeh, or, gayah'dadeh, it; (animal.) di yah'da deh, we two ; (speaking together.) agi'yah'dadeh, we two; (speaking of ourselves.) ji'yah'da deh, you two. hi'yah'dadeh, they two; | masculine. gi'yah'da deh, we two ; [feminine. - .t»OT,Tl.. '■^ife -:>S:. J( '■■ r- / •l',-"'';'-'':-'"'"''ffJ''t''''*'" 96 This word, though called ^a pronoun, and,. for the most part, so translated, is not ^i^ctly such. It is a compound, made upi of *oyah'dah,' (body,) and its variations, and ' gadeh,' • tt -. (iia|)pears, it stands out as an object tangible to the senses.) -it Hence it frequently has a verbal signification; as,; ' ha yah'da deli Na'wen ni'yuh, God is in existence ; or, there is a God. a'dihgwah' ha yah'da deh Na'wen ni'yuli, whether or not there isa God, &g. .-'i^.j; '.mU-: ,.!:. -;,*;^h \1iio i;,3 11. Relative Pronouns. /) ! .! i-l! If .'.•! There are no words in Seneca, which in all respects corres- pond with who, which, what, and that ; "but the following, in some of their uses, approximate so nearly to the signifi- cation of these words as to entitle them to be called rela** tive pronouns ; viz: i U-r -.;:) •-.,•1 dilili...''. / IMI neh, this, that. ne'ne, the thing which, or the person who, what. neh'huh', the thing which. : T nan'dah,' this, that ; the thing which. '^' '■ • : ■■ he'o weh, the place where ; the thing which ; what. : ho'o weh, and neho'oweh, the place where; the thing which ; or, in respect to which, higa, or, ho i'ga, that thing which it is. .''';'■':''.<■■:-•.'? ninda'iga, this here thing which it is. ;■■' (•'• -i i' •' >t; The *ga,' in these two words, has the force of the verb *tobe.' Both of them may be applied to persons as well as things. . '.V ■■•■■ ■:•'■'■[;■.■'. '■■ ; ., . ■■)•:;( ,Km'; !'U\i:'7 -U f, •■ 1 None of these words are declinable.' and in some of their uses they all, except * ne ne,' conform more closely with the jiature of adverbs,or demonstrative pronouns, than with relatives. WSk: h ^^f(0>^^g»9>r^pmmf^--^^- 97 111. Demonstrative, or, as they are '.sometimes called, DefinitivePronouns. neh, this, that, the thing, the very thmg, (or person.) neh huh', this, that ; this thing ; that thing ; that place, nin'dah, this, this thing. i'gl, this, this it is. . :. ,.. . , (it is,) and *dah,' (there,) and they are applied to ob- • jects at a little distance, but always to things in sight. So ' ' also, of the next word.) sida'iga, or, syida'iga, that there thing it is. ,, ;• ho da'i ga, that there thing it is ; (spoken of objects at a dis- tance ; or on the other side in cases of contrast ; and some- ' times applicable to things out of sight as well as in sight. ) n|n da'i ga, this here thing it is ; (sometimes applied to persons.) Most of these words are frequently used as Relative Pronouns. IV. — Interrogative Pronouns. ; . • - \^ >., . . : \!;i".n ■' ■■■; SQ ? Or, SQ oh' ? who ? who is it ? so'nahot? who ? what person is it ? • " * ' a'? or, ah'? and sometimes a'? what? l .: a'nahot? what? what is it? so'nah 6h'd4h ah ? who ? which person ? who is it ? a'nah oh'dah ah ? what ? what is it ? .son'dih gwa'nah 6t ? whoever? whosoever? a'dih gwa^nah 6t ? whatever ? whichever ? ^^ si. sgn'din gwa'n§.h 6h'dah 4h ? whoever ? whosoever ? 13 I sw mm ,^j:^ ^!a^^^^.'' '(^ m »6 a'dih g^va'naJi 6h'dah |h ? whatever ? whichever ? These last six forms are also used without an interroga- tion, when a supposition is made, or something is affirmed \ conditionally ; as, *sQ'nah 6h'd4h ah nfi ye'yent huh' o'gwe nyoh na ya'gus ha'ek, na'ye yent'hwa guh.' * if any one shall sow,' or, * whosoever shall sow, he may expect to reap,' &c. .: . o. The suffix ' dah ^h,' in these words appears to have a verbal meaning nearly equivalent to 'it is,' or, *it maybe.' The suffix * ngh 6t,' is frequently pronounced as if written ' nah a'ot.' it is difficult to give the exact force of it in an English definition. Sometimes it seems to im- ply, * the material of which any thing is composed ;' and sometimes it .specifies or particularizes the persoA or thing, as in contradistinction from all other persons or things. It is used by itself, or rather, as a suffix to the pronoun *neh,'in the expression *neh'nahot,' or*nehnaha'- .: ot,' which means, * the thing or material which it is,' * this ' kind or sort of thing.' &c. The forms ♦son'dih gwa'nah 6t,' sa'wah, thy, thine. ' \ • ' ' , " ho'wah, his. go'vvah, hers, o'wah, its. ok ni'a w4h, ours ; (dual, speaking together.) seldom used. Q gya' wah, ours ; (dual, speaking to a third person. Some- times, also, used when speaking together. ) . "■■'"■ ja'wah, yours, (dual.) ygwa'wih, ours, (plural, speaking together.) agwa'w^h, ours, (plural, speaking to a third person.) swa'wah, , yours, (plural.) hona'wah, theirs, (dual and plural masculine.) ong'wih, theirs, (dual and plural, feminine, and animal.) ' When it is intended to give emphasis to the idea of pos- session, or to contrast the possessor with others, the per- sonal pronouns are prefixed ; as, — ' so'nah 6h'd|h ah' go' wah hi ga'? ' * who is the particular person to whom this belongs I ' Answer : — * lIi a ga'wah ; ' * it is mine.' •VI. — Distributive Pronouns. It is believed that there are no separate words in Seneca which correspond precisely with thf English words, each, every, either, and neither. I'Ji. ae which make " the nearest approach to the signification of these words, are, gat gaah', any, cfiiy one, either, gat gaah'ni gaah, any one, either, whichever. ga'4ndigwa'nigaali, any one, either, whichever, whichso- soever. • The idea of distribution is commonly expressed by . changes in the principle word ; generally by suffixes, but sometimes by both suffixes and prefixes ; as, ' sa'0m»mm 100 ■-,*(»; 1.— By the suffix ♦ sh«h.' skat* one. ' ' , akos'shgh', one by ono, singly, or one at a time. v » dek ni'shQh, two at a time, or two by two. sih'shQh', three at a time, or three by three, JQ gweh'daad, one person ; JQ gweh'da shgh', one person at a time. • sw4 nis'haad, one day ; " swa nishaashgh', one day at a time, daily. - " ' •■.,.' oh gaas'ah, evening; (evening, oh gaas shgh, or oh guas'sQh, each evening, evening by Sometimes the noun is repeated, as, * oh gaas'sQh oh- - ; gaas'ah.' .' 2.— By the suffix * ngh.' de ga'ah sa'oh gwah, that on account of which praise should be given ; de ga'ah sa'oh gwa'noh, the matters' on account of which praise should be given, separately considered, or one • ; by. one. de yu'da gwa'ih doh, it is spread out, stretched, expanded ; de yu'da gwa'ih da'noh, the things are spread out, stretched, expanded, one after another. de wa'di yu'gwah doh, something published, spread abroad ; de wa'di yu'gwah aa'ngh, matters published, notices spread abroad, one after another. t In these and similar cases, the syllable next preceding . the suffix is generally, if not always, made to terminate in the lengthened sound of * a,' apd accented. ^^^■^^■^^!•N^ ■ ?f^'5*ri(^(((l^f*fr^ M-W-*"*^ "^ 101 1> 3. — By the suffix 'nygh.' ^ra • • . .,. i yus'ha deh, the year ; (soe note on ♦ ga deh,' pp. 78 (k 79 ;) yus hade nygh, the years separately considered, one after another. ma- ; .'/. ny similar cases, ono after another ; as, de ye'gah sa'nis hah'syo nyoh, the tears are dropping pro- fusely one after another from her eyes ; or, the tears are •V ,■; dropping, onejifter another from the eyes of many per- sons, separaiely considered. ; ; In this and similar cases, the *h' is dropped for the sake of euphony. This suffix, ('sygh,') is added to verbs even more exclusively than 'nyoh,' and like *nyoh,' it seems often to be cmp'oyed simply to denote the plural number. 5. — ^By changing the syHable'dah,' atHhe end of words, into i - p -r*- 102 *di,' after having thrown off the *deh,' in words com- pounded with *gadeh.* ryah'da deh, I, mo ; from * gyah dah,' (my body,) and * ga- deh.' gyah'di, I alone, I by myself, syah'di, thou alone, thou by thyself, ha yah'di, he alone, he by himself, ye yah'di, she alone, she by herself, ga yah'di, it alone, it by itself; (kc Perhaps, however, this form, instead of being made by changing * dah ' into * di,' is to be traced to the fol- lowing. dya'di, we two are together by ourselves ; (speaking together.) a gya'di, we two are together by ourselves ; (speaking to others.) ja'di, you two are together by yourselves, ya'di, they two, — masculine — are together by themselves, gya'di, they two, — feminine and animal — are together by themselves. [These forms are generally used with the dual prefix * de ; ' as follows : dedya'dl, deya'gyadi, de ja'di, deyadi, de gya'di.] dwa'di, we, — plural — ore together by ourselves, (speaking together.) a gwa'di, we, — ^plural — are together by ourselves, (speaking to others.) swa'di, you, — plural — are together by yourselves. ha'nan di, they, — plu. masculine — are together by themselves, wd'nandi, they, — plu. feminine, and animal — are together by themselves. [These forms are frequently preceded by the syllable *ni,' probably taken from the word *niy9',' (quan- \ 103 tity, iiunibor,) and always referring to tho nuaU>cr of tho persons spoken of» as follows : nidwa'di, ni ya'gwadi, niswadi', ni4'nandi, niw4'- nan dl. And not unfrequently the dual prefix * de»* is used with the plural ; as, dedwa'di, doswa'di, wo, or you, are together ; &C. » Sometimes, however, it is pronounced as if written *di,* instead of * de,' and may therefore be derived from some root of a different signification, which cannot now bo traced ; but which, with a thousand other things to which the attention of the interpreters has never been directed, a more perfect knowledge of the language may bo expect- ed to reveal.] , The expression is often made more emphatic by the addition of *shQ,' (only;) as, * gyah'di'shQ, lonly; I by myself alone ; dsc. And the emphasis may be still further in- creased by prefixing * hah de,' which seems to have tho forceof *just,' * exactly,' * even,' * every ;' (see p. 80.) as, hah'de gyali'di'shg, just by myse'f alone ; absolutely alona ; entirely alone ; (Sec. The * e ' in the second syllable of this prefix is some- times dropped by contraction when the next syllable coni- mences with a vowel ; and when the vowel is preceded by * h,' this letter is thrown out in order that the contraction may take place ; as, hah'da'yah di'sho, instead of hah'de ha yah'di'sho, he by himself; absolutely alone ; &c. Some of these words take on verbal prefixes and suffix- es, so as to convey the idea of action and causation ; as, •■# y ***! .1 \i J r"** ._'' *'^ «,*&* — Jit ^^:£J[^ j<. t*t-; J M« L.. . .-''KJ ■ Jl" J i V 104 lioli'tagyah'dis, thou makest me lo be by myself alone. hoh chgyah'clis dgh, or better, hah de'sgyah dis'doh, thou causedst me to be by myself alone, &c. This nwitter will be more fully explained in the article npon verbal pre- fixes and suffixes. 6.— By the suffix *a'dyieh.* de wl'nls hil ge, two days. de wa'nis hage a'dyieh, two days by two days in succession, i. e. successive periods of two days each ; once in two days, sah ni wa'nis huge, three days, sfth ni wa'nis huge a'dyieli, successive periods of three days each ; once in three days ; &;c. So also, sah ni yg'gweh da'ge a'dyieh, three persons by three per- sons ; successive companies of three persons each ; &c. ye yah'di a'dyieh, she by herself and she by herself, i. e. per- son by person, one at a time. This suffix is added to the first and second person singu- lar of this pronoun, with a little variation of the mean- ing; as, gyah di'a dyieh, I am by myself alone in successive in- stances ; or, I am present by myself alone, now here, now there, and now in another place ; or, from place to pl'ice, or from time to time, 1 am there alone. syah di'a dyieh, thou art present by thyself alone in succes- sive instances ; &c. Perhaps 'ha yah'di adyTeh,' (he, die.,) is sometimes properly used in tlie same sense. It should be remarked here, to, avoid mistakes, that * a- gyah'di a'dyieh,' ( from a suffix, probably *i,' meaning full,) should be translated, ' I have been, and have finish- "m--^^ !»-•..** M«* wo ■»-^i " il W i » i<''W- ."^J.- mM^ta.i ..iA-ii«<*«».- - J^ f 106 de yu'di yah'hih da'noh, there are difficulties, one after ano- ther ; de yu'di yah'hih da'no an dyieh, difficulties one by oae are following on successively after each other. Sometimes the letter * s Ms added to the * dyleh ^ to» express the idea of habitual or continual occurrence* Most of the suffixes introduced into this article admit of va- riations to express past and future time^ which will be explained under the head of verbal suffixes. Vn. — Indefinite Pronouns. gye, some ; (applied principally to things, but sometimes tO; persons.) gi yeh', some ; (applied to persons.) ga'o nyoh, some, here and there one ; (applied to both per- , sons and things.) gwa'o nyoh, or, o gwa'o nyoh, some, sometimes, here and there a little. ga'an dyieh, some, sometimes, one after another. (These three last words are from * ga,' (it is,) and the suffixes * nyoh,' and * a'dyieh ;' and might have been classed with the distributive pronouns, hut in some of their uses they correspond more closely with the indefinite, and are therefore inserted here.) OS toh', some, a little. ostoh'shoh, but little, just a little, only a little. ni yo', some, a little, a few, a small number. nijo', there is but little remaining. o yah', other, another. gat gaah', any, any one, either. gat gaah'ni gaah, any one, either, whichever. -^a'andigwa'nigaah, any one, either, whichever, whichso- ever. These two H^t are sometimes distributive and sometimes indefinite. uF ».„ to - rt,»ir l;^- 107 LESSON LXVIII. OF WORDS USED TO DENOTE THE QUALITIES OF THINGS; called, in English Grammar, ADJECTIVES. here Vi'yu, good, waet'glh, bad. oh skas', good, fit, convenient, suitable, ^vs dvk', profitable, useful, gadas', thick, het'glh, high. i yos, long, go wa'nah, great, large. ni wah'aah, small, ni wak'aah, short ■o'dit, rough, oh hi', dry. 6sdeh, heavy, o daant', wretched. 6t goh', poison, oh sa', fat. 6t gos', raw. wa seh', new. wa'gayoh' old, ancient, we ah', far. dus ga'oh, near, nigh, a' oh e svt, joyous, joyful, awen'ditgaadeh, pleasant, funny, delightful, o yun'det, plain, manifest, odoh'hondoh, abundant, multitudinous, jasdah'ah, black. o no'waR dali'ah, white, o'yah ah, blue, sky colour. r\^ .-.■.■■^„. ...„^^' -I'lir ■■ImlirilT.llillilnl tm 108 ^ f gw4ht|h|h, red. ' ' "• "^ ' jitgwah'ah, yellow. gaga'ent, white. ' ! . , . o ngk'deh, painful. ' ' ga gwe'ggh, all. de yiu'is gwat, slippery. ■ '■■ ' de y u do' an jo'oh, needful, necessary, desirable. duhgaah'ah, few, notmaiiy. gano'oli, hard, difficult, precious, valuable. * deja'oh, both. de yut'hweh no nih, round. de yus'hak dooh, crooked, bent. *' deyut'yukdah'oh, dull. ' oniyoh', hard, firm, durable. gagaas'deh, durable, permanent. ' neh huh jih, right, proper. tga ye'ih, right, perfect. odo'gahdoh, straight, &c. Comparison of Adjectives. ' This is effected, not as in English, by changes in the word it- self, but by adding or prefixing other separate words ; as, wi yu', good ; a gwvs wi yu', very good ; ' he yii'goh sot' v/i yu', exceedingly good ; oh dyu'deh sa is wi yu', unusually good ; ' ohsaisdoh wi yu', extremely good ; v :' oh'aahdirk' wi yu, surpassingly good ; ' syigwa'diah wiyu', illimitably good. syi gwa'deli jih wiyu', good beyond all bounds, &c. WG suli' wi yu', very good. But when two things are spo- ken of in comparison, *wesuh' is applied to the better of the two ; as, 'we suh wi yu' hoi g|,' this is better than that. wiyu naga nae hoiga, this is good rather than that. OS toil' wiyu', or, wiyu' cstgh', a little good. ' i ii'^-'%«r~ ff^Bri*'^ 109 *n The Superlative degree is somatimes expresspd by a circumlo- cution equivalent to * nothing like it ;' as, He is the best man I ever saw. De'wan dgh' deh e'yat- gaat'hwah sogaah, neh shah gaat he'ni o'gweh di'yu, i. e., 1 never saw a man like him, or equal to him in respect to being a good man ; &c. .■ ■ .. t >! %i,l.;. >, Composition of Adjectives. A large proportion, perhaps most, of the Adjectives in the Seneca admit of being compounded with nouns ; and after be- ing compounded, take on the same suffixes and prefixes which either noun or adjective admit before composition. The general rule of composition appears to be, to drop all which follows the initial consonant of the last syllable of the noun, and also the initial consonant of the adjective, and then suffix the latter to the former ; as, '; ogweh'dah, person, (see p. 85,) and wiyu, good. o gweh'di yu, good person. ho gweh'di yu, he is a good man. ya go'gweh di yu, she is a good woman. ho gweh'di yu'nall, ho was a good man ; &c. ogweh'dah, person, (see as before p. 85,) waet'gah, bad. o gweh'da et'gah, bad person. ho gweh'da' et gah, he is a bad person. ya go'gweh da'et gah, she is a bad person. ya go'gweh da'et gak, she was a bad person ; (Sec. So a^so : ga noh'si yu, a good house ; from ga noh sot, house, and wiyu. ga ya'dgs hi'yu, a good book ; from ga ya'dos hah, book, writing ; and wi yu ; (used for the Bible.) 1 .».^''.-»- y. ^ ffSf ~,^ -r «■' 111 ganoh'sah, or ganoh'sot, house; ^ ., . y. ga ngh'ses, long house ; ga noh'ses geh, at the long house ; (frequently spoken as if written 'ganoh'sisgeh.') Commonly used for Coun- cil House, because the council houses were generally built of twice the ordinary proportional length of com- mon houses. gayah'des, long body. From *gayah'dah,' its body; » n|n dah ni ga'yah dee,' its body is so long. There is a strong tendency among the younger class of Indians to change the vowel sound of this suffix into " *i,' as if the word was written * ni ga'yah dis,' instead of * ni ga'yah des,' but this is a corruption of the language. gawis'dah, cup; ' gawis'di, full cup, or cup full. gasheh'dah, bottle; gas heh'di, full botttle, or bottle full ; used also to mean one quart. ^ ganoh'sah, or ganoh'sot, house; ganoh'si, full house, <^c. oh do'gwas hah, spoon, ladle ; oh do'gwah chi, full spoon, following the rule noticed above, under * ga ya doh shah,' and * wi yu.' (p. 110.) So also, gak'chi, a plate full, a dish full ; from an obsolete root meaning dish, plate, &c. Adjectives are sometimlB^urned into nouns expressive of the abstract qualities which they denote, by prefixing to them the article * ne ' ; as, pe wi'yu, the good, or, the goodness. \: \ ■ ^''."S] :''-M '"^i /. :j 4 i '^-' 118 ne' waet'g41if the bad, or the badness; &c. So also, they are nfiade verbs, by the use of verbal prefixes and suffixes; as, ■ ■ ■ . . ' ' 4wi'yuhhet, it will l^cQme good, or it will make good; (i. e., some object.) Iwa'etglht, or 4^ga'etg&nt, it will become bod, or, it will make bad, corrupt, spoil ; (i. e., some obieet.) But thif matter will be more fully explained under the head of * Verbal Prefixes and Suffixe&'^ N ^' 1.. ^^ a. ^^■■JX.4^.^ Is Numeral Adjectives. i^'^y 1 skat, one. 20 dewvs'hl, twenty. 2 dekni', two. 30 s|h niWvs'hl,; thirty. ^ 3 s&h, three. 40 geih' ni wtrs'bl, forty. < 4 ge'ih. four. 50 wis niwvs'ha, fifty. 5 wis, five. 60 ye ih' ni wvs'h4 sixty. 6 yeih, six. ; 70 jadvk'.njwvs'h I, seventy. 7 jadvk', seven. 80 degyiyh' niwvs'h4, eighty. 8 degyiyh', eight. 90 dyiuhdoh' ni wvs'hl, ninety. 9 dyiuhdQh', nine. 100 skat de wlh'iryall eh^ onehm^ ^ [dred.. : : ':< ■■: ' 10 wvs'hl, ten. 200 dek ni' nah de'wih nyali eh, T,; s ^' ; g;, v^ < ft wo hundred ; &c. -* ,M ■.I'/Wvs'lliS- skat 8^'eh, eleven. .i.i;i , r^.^i* ,4- i.-vv,^. 12 wvs'h& dekni' sga'eli, twelve. jii>HMi(;^g>/..i^'i^?i 13 wvs'h4 sah sga^eh, thirteen. 14 wvs'hl geih' sga'eh, fourteen. 15 wvs'hl WIS sga'eh, fifteen. 16 wvs'hl yei?i' sga'eh, sixteen. '' ^ 17 wvs'hl jadvk' sga'eh, seventeen. 18 wvs'hl degyiyh' sga'eh, ^fijjerhteen. e n. e p^ r Hi jl^^.; wi-'s'hl: dyiuhdQh' sga'dP^'nineteen. '■'>■• ■■r* ..j. -f •'. . . WW- I IWUliMI I IM IM BlUWH iW'l^^ai'ft* *****«**•*■■• ^ -'it