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WORLD'S COLUMBIAX EXPOSITION. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 KOVA S(\)TIA. 
 
 
 (CANADA.* 
 
 '4 
 
 l\ 
 
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 ■J 
 
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 .1 
 
 A conspectus of the Public Free School System 
 
 and Educational Institutions of the 
 
 Province of Nova Scotia. 
 
 f 
 
 HALIFAX, N. S. : 
 C'oM.MlssioXKIf OF I'll'.MC WoKKS AM) .MINKS, 
 
 <.)ri:KN's I'liiXTKi;. 
 iNita. 
 
 Wm. MaCNAII, 1'kINTKK, .'! rillNCK Sl'llKKT. 
 
m3 
 
EDUCATION.- NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 A GoDspeetus of the Public Free Sehool System and Educational 
 Institutions of the Ppovince of Nova Scotia. 
 
 ^ « » 
 
 The Public Free School system of Nova Scotia provides for the 
 free education of every inhabitant of the province, from the acre of 
 five years and upwards, in a prescribed course of study exten'ding 
 from the Kindergarten or Primary grade of the common schools to 
 the University or the end of the High School course. Out of a total 
 population of 450,000 of all ages, 102,586 pupils were enrolled dur- 
 ing the last year. 
 
 The common school course consists of eight grades representing a 
 year's work each for the average pupil who may complete the course 
 in his fourteenth year. The high school course consi'fs of four (trades 
 additional, enabling the more clever pupils, who . ;.v3 lost no time, 
 to graduate in their eighteenth or nineteenth year. The highest 
 grade is practically a post-graduate course and will generally require 
 two years. The prescribed course is here presented, as published in 
 the Teacher's Register. (The numbers of the paragraphs under 
 " General Directions" refer to certain columns in the st'atistical paire 
 of the Register.) ^ ^ 
 
 In country sections, where several or all of these grades have 
 to be taught in a small school by one teacher, the order of 
 studies is still indicated by this course ; but the time for class 
 work in each subject must be correspondingly contracted as 
 compared with a fully graded school. In many subjects also the 
 work of several grades may be taken up in class simultaneously, 
 under these circumstances, such for instance as callisthenics, music^ 
 hygiene and temperance, moral and patriotic duties, lessons on 
 nature, etc., etc. Courses of study and time tables based on this 
 course but contracted to suit variously graded schools, are also pre- 
 pared for the guidance of teachers. 
 
 \2m 
 
 'CP& 
 
EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 COURSE OF STUDY FOR COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 Qenehal Diuections. 
 
 65. Callisthenics and Military Drill. — As often as found ex- 
 pedient ; but " physical exercises " should be fjfiven once in the inid<lle 
 of every session over one hour in length, and in the lower grades 
 more frequently than in the liigher. Recotninended, " P/ii/iiical 
 Drill," (T. C. Allen & Co., Halifax), for the Conimon and 'High 
 Schools, 
 
 G6. Vocal Music. — Every pupil (excepting of course those known 
 to be organically defective as respects music}, should be able to pass 
 an examination in vocal music, before promotion to a higher grade. 
 For the present the following miniuium is prescribed for each grade. 
 At least one simple song with its Tonic Sol-fa notation for Grade I. 
 An additional melody and its notation for each succeeding grade, 
 with a correspondingly increased general knowledge of music. Vo- 
 cal music may be combined with some forms of " phj'sical exercises " 
 as in marching and light movements. Recommended, " National 
 and Vacation Songs," (Grafton & Sons, Montreal), for Common and 
 High Schools. Teachers musically defective may comply with the 
 law by having these lessons given by any one qualified. 
 
 67. Hygiene and I'eniperance. — Orally in all grades, and as in- 
 cidents or occasions may suggest. Text Book for pupils' use as 
 follows: Grades V and VI, Health Reader No. 1. Grades VII and 
 VIII, Health Reader No. 2. 
 
 68. — Moi'al and Patriotic Duties.— A^ enjoined by the School 
 Law and when found most convenient and effective. 
 
 69. — Lessons on Nature. — The observation, examination and 
 study of the common and more important natural objects and laws 
 of nature as they are exemplified within the range of the School 
 Section or of the pupils' observations. Under this head pupils 
 should not be required to memorize notes or facts which they have 
 not at leaat to some extent actually observed or veiihed for them- 
 selves. 
 
 70. Spelling and Dictation. — It should be strictly insisted upon 
 that, from the very commencement in the first grade, the pupil 
 should spell every word read in lessons, and common words of 
 similar difficulty used in his conversation. Writing words in the 
 lower grades. Transcription and dictation in the higher grades 
 should be utilized more and moie as facility in writing increases. 
 
 7L — Reading and Elocution. — 1. Pupils must be enabled to 
 clearly understand the portion to be read, then to read it with 
 proper expression. 2. Faults of enunciation, pronunciation, etc., 
 of tone, of posture and manner, etc.. must be carefully noted and 
 corrected. 3. Choice passages should be memorized occasionally 
 
EDUCATION.— -NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 8 
 
 for recitation with the proper expression. Ten lines per year at 
 least i'or (jrado I, twenty lines at least for Oracle II, and a similar 
 increase tor each succeeiling grade, is prescribed. Reading should 
 be taught at first, partly at least, by word building from the phonic 
 elements, occasional drills of this kind being continued in all the 
 grades to obtain clear enunciation. 
 
 72. English. — In all grades practice should constantly be given 
 in expressing the substance of stories, lessons, or observations, orally 
 in correct language, and in the higher grades in writing also. Dis- 
 cussion of subject matter of lesson. Attention to the u.se of capitals, 
 punctuation marks, paragraphing, etc., should be introduced gradu- 
 ally and regularly, ho that at the end of the common school course, 
 language in correct form can be fluently used in description or busi- 
 ness letters, orally and in writing. The practical rather than the 
 theoretical knowledge of Engli.sh is what is specially required in the 
 common .school, and a large proportion of the school time should be 
 given to it. Pupils should be continually exerci.sed in finding syn- 
 onyms or substituting "their own made meanings" for difficult 
 words in their reading lessons, instead of memorizing definitions 
 often given at head of lesson. 
 
 73. Writing. — Styles most easy to read should be cultivated. 
 Simple, vertical writing is generally preferable to the sloping styles. 
 No exercise in writing should be accepted by the teacher from the 
 pupil unless its form shows evidence of care. Should begin in the 
 first grade with letters formed from the simpler elements properly 
 classified, and taught in the order of difficulty. 
 
 77. Drawing. — Langdon S. Thompson's " Manual Training, No. 
 1," is recommended to the teacher as covering to some extent the 
 Drmving and Lessons on NatiLve as they may be taught to pupils of 
 the first five or six grades. With Thomp.son's Primary Freehand 
 Manual, in addition, the teacher will have a sufficient guide for the 
 work in drawing up to Grade VII for the present. The " American 
 Drawing Cards," ^7's^ and second series, may also be advantageously 
 used to this stage. Drawing of objects studied under the head of 
 Nature Lessons to be constantly practised, and carried on even in 
 the High School. 
 
 78. Arithmetic. — It is of the highest importance to secure the 
 habit of obtaining accurate answers at the first attempt. Every 
 " slip" in mental or written arithmetical work is not only unneces- 
 sary, but is a positive education in a habit which will tend to ren- 
 der useless the most strenuous efforts afterwards to become accurate 
 or even to make satisfactory progress in mathematics. Accuracy is 
 of supreme importance from the first. Rapidity may then be neg- 
 lected to look after itself. In the first four grades the teacher will 
 have to prepare a great number of exercises of a nature not specially 
 arranged for in the present prescribed text book, so that the pupils 
 may be accurate and rapid in their operations up to the limit pre- 
 scribed. 
 
4 EDUCATION.— NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 76 and 7G. Geography and flistoiij. — The verbal memorizing to 
 these lesson.s at home by the pupil is i'or the most part injurious of 
 the character of the memory and useless as practical knowledge. 
 For in spite of all cautions and instructions to the contrary, most 
 pupils when left to themselves mentally associate the facts memor- 
 ized with the wording, the paragraph and the page of a book, in- 
 stead of with the proper locus in the map, or with the proper system 
 of related facts. These lessons should therefore be prepared under 
 the careful and philosophic direction of the teacher in the school- 
 room, at least until the pupils are trained how to study aright. The 
 home work would then be only the review and perfecting of the les- 
 son by the pupils in the proper manner by reference to the several 
 items in the text. Local or current events, historical, economic or 
 scientific, should be skilfully used to interpret the remote in time 
 and place. 
 
 90. Manual Training. — (Optional). This may often be intro- 
 duced as an alterative or recreation, and without therefore materially 
 increasing the real labor of the pupil. Clay modeling, needle-work, 
 wood-work, etc., as may be most appropriate or expedient, may be 
 introduced with the consent of the Trustees. Teachers should at all 
 times encourage the pupils in the production of any specimens of 
 home-made handiwork or apparatus, in scientific experiments at 
 home, and in the formation of collections of plants, minerals, and 
 other natural productions of their own part of the country. 
 
 SPECIAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 GRADE I. 
 
 Reading. — Primer with Wall Cards or Blackboard work. 
 
 Language. — Story-telling by pupil. Writing easy script letters, 
 words and .sentences. 
 
 Writing and Drawing. — Writing on slate, paper or blackboard. 
 Drawing of easy, interesting figures. 
 
 Arithmetic. — All fundamental arithmetical operations with num- 
 bers, the results of which do not exceed 20, to be done with concrete 
 and abstract numbers, accurately and rapidly. 
 
 Lessons on Nature. — Power of accurate observation developed by 
 exercising each of the senses on simple or appropriate objects. 
 Estimation of direction, distance, magnitude, weight, &c., begun. 
 Common colors, simple regular solids, surfaces and lines. Simple 
 observations on a few common minerals, stones, plants and animals. 
 
 GRADE II. 
 
 Reading. — Reader No. 1. 
 
 Language. — As in Grade I., but more advanced. 
 
EDUCAirON.— NOVA SCOTIA. 5 
 
 Writing and Drawing, — As in Grade 1, but more a*lvanced. 
 Anf,'lfs, trian^'les, s(juaro.s, rectangles, plan of platform and of school 
 room. 
 
 Arithmetic. — Numbers up to 100 on the same plan as in Grade I, 
 
 Lessons on Nature. — As in Grade I., but more extended. 
 
 GRADE III. 
 
 Readinij. — Reader No. 2. 
 
 Language. — As in II., but more advanced. Subject and predicate. 
 Nouns and verbs. 
 
 Writing and Drawing. — Sciipt letters on slate and in copy book. 
 Freehand outlines on slate, blackboard, &c. Common geometrical 
 lines and figures with their names. Map of school grounds and 
 surroundings. 
 
 Arithmetic. — Number to 1000 as in previous grades, divisors not 
 to exceed 12. Dollars and cents. Long Measure and Avoirdupois 
 Weight, with reduction exercises. 
 
 Lessons on Nature. — Geography of neighborhood, use of local or 
 county maps. Estimation of distance, measures, weights, &c., con- 
 tinued. Color. Study of, say, three or four each of common 
 metals, stones, earths, flowers, shrubs, trees, insects, birds and 
 mammals. 
 
 GRADE IV. 
 
 Reading. — Reader No. 3. 
 
 Language. — Oral statements of matter of lessons, observations, 
 &c. Written sentences with punctuation, &c. Modifiers of subject 
 and predicate, of noun and verb. 
 
 Writing and Drawing. — Copy Book. Primary Freehand Series 
 No. 1., and Cards, &c. 
 
 Geography. — Oral lessons on the seasons as in pages VII. to X. of 
 Elementary Geography, with the general geography of the Province 
 begun on the school map. 
 
 Arithmetic. — Numeration and notation extended. More difficult 
 exercises in fundamental rules and reduction. Common tables of 
 weights, measures, etc., idea of fractions developed. Mental Arith- 
 metic drill increasing. 
 
 Lessons on Nature. — As in grade III., but extended so as to in- 
 clude as many more new objects of each kind. 
 
6 
 
 EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 GRADE V. 
 
 » ■ ■ 
 
 Reading. — Reader No. 4, Part I. 
 
 Language. — As in Grade IV. and General Direction.^. All parts 
 of speech and of sentence with inflections of noun, adjective and 
 pronoun, orally. Composition practice increasing. 
 
 V/rit'ing <(nd Drawing. — Copy Book. 
 No. II., and Cards, etc. 
 
 Freehand Drawinjr Series 
 
 Geography and History. — Ideas of latitude and lonyitude, etc., 
 developetl. Oral geography of Nova Scotia on map in fuller detail. 
 General geography of Provinces of Canada and of the Continent, as 
 on the Hen'isphere maps. Oral lessons on leading incidents of Nova 
 Scotian History. 
 
 Arithmetic. — As in first three and one half chapters of Kirkland 
 and Scott's Arithmetic with reasonable rapidity. 
 
 Lessons on Nature. — From mineral and rock to soil, as shown in 
 neighborhood, and, say, five or six each of the common plants, tiees, 
 insects, other invertebrates, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, and nat- 
 ural phenomena, such as ventilation, evaporation, freezing, closely 
 examined. Health Reader, No. I. begun. 
 
 GRADE VI. 
 
 Reading. — Reader No. 4. completed. 
 
 Language. — As in Grade V. extended. Formal compositions 
 (simple essays) twice each month. Paradigm of regular verb. Sim- 
 ple parsing and analysis begun. J\lore important rules of Syntax 
 applied. Short de.scriptive sketches and letters. All from oral 
 instruction. 
 
 Writing and Draiuing. — Copy Book. Drawing No. 3, and Cards, 
 etc. Increasing practice in representing common objects in outline. 
 
 Geography. — Elementary Geography text, to end of Canada. 
 Thorough drill in outline of Hemisphere maps. 
 
 History. — British American History ; text, [chapters 3, 5, 10, 11, 
 12, 1,3, (in part) and 14. 
 
 Arithmetic. — As in chapters 4 to G, Kirkland and Scott, (omitting 
 circulating decimals), with continual review and mental exercises. 
 
 Lessons on Nature. — As in Grade V., but extended, say to at least 
 nine or ten objects of each class specified. I)istril)ution and values 
 of all natural products of the Province. Health Reader No. 1. om- 
 pleted. 
 
EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 GRADE VII. 
 
 Reading. — Reader No. 5. begun. Character of metre and figures 
 of speech begun to be observed. 
 
 Grammar. — Leading principles cf Etymology (large type gen- 
 erally), with paradigms as in prescribed text, and exercises, with 
 related rules of Syntax. Parsing and analysis to complex sentences. 
 
 Composition. — Written abstracts of oral or reading lessons. 
 Simple discription, narrative and business forms. Punctuation and 
 paragraphing. 
 
 Writing and Draiving. — Copy book. Drawing No. 4, and Cards, 
 &c. Plotting of lines, triangles, rectangles, &c., according to scale. 
 Simple object drawing extended. 
 
 Geography. — Elementary Geography to end of Europe, with 
 thorough map drill. 
 
 History. — British American History completed. 
 
 Arithmetic. — As in Kirkland and Scott to end o^' chapter 7, with 
 corresponding mental exercises. 
 
 Lessons on Nature. — As in Grade VI., and with the study of 
 specimens illustrating the stones, minerals, etc. ; each class, sub-class 
 and division of plants ; and each class of animals found in the lo- 
 cality. All common and easily observed physical phenomena. The 
 Inti'oductory Science Piimer, and Health Reader No. 2 begun. 
 
 GRADE VIII. 
 
 Reading. — No. 5 completed. Elements of prosody and plain 
 figures of speech, as illustrated in readings, to be obsrerved and 
 studied. 
 
 Spelling. — Prescribed Speller in addition to general directions. 
 
 ^Grammar. — Including rules of Syntax, (omitting notes and more 
 difficult matter in medium print). Parsing. Analysis of simple and 
 easy complex sentences. Correction of false Syntax. 
 
 Composition. — As in Grade VIT. extended. Pupils at this stage 
 should be able to express themselves fluently and with fair accuracy 
 in writing, for all ordinary business purposes. 
 
 Writing and Drawing. — Copy Book. Thompson's Drawing, 
 Model and Ol^ject Series, No. 1. (Construction of angles and simple 
 geometrical figures to scale and their measurement. 
 
 Geography. — Elementary Geography completed and reviewed 
 with latest corrections and map drill. 
 
8 
 
 EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 History.— As in "Brief History of England," with review of 
 British American History. 
 
 Arithmetic. — As in Kirkland and Scott. 
 
 ^Z^fefem.— Fundamental rules, with special drill on the evaluation 
 of algebraic expressions. 
 
 Book-keeping. — A simple set. 
 
 Lessons on Nature. — As in Grade VII., extended^'to bear on 
 Agriculture, Horticulture and any local industry of the School Sec- 
 tion. Oral lessons from Science Primers — especially the Chemistry 
 Primer. Health Reader No. 2, completed. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM. 
 
 The subjects, number and value of the papers for the different 
 High School examinations, and the general scope of examination 
 questions, are indicated in the prescribed curriculum which follows. 
 Examination questions may demand description by drawin» as well 
 as by writing in all grades. 
 
 GRADE IX. or D. 
 
 1. English Language— 100 : (a) Gth Reader, Part L, (or an 
 author prescribed from year to year), with critical study, word 
 analysis, prosody and recitations; (b) Text-book on English Com- 
 position, with essays, abstracts and general correspondence. 
 
 2. English Grammar— 100 : Text-book (excepting " notes,' 
 " appendix") with easy exercises in parsing and analysis. 
 
 and 
 
 3. Latin— 100 : As in Collar and Daniell, to end of Chapter 
 LIIL, or any equivalent grammar with very easy translation and 
 composition exercises. [To secure uniformity in pronunciation the 
 Roman (or Phonetic) pronunciation of Latin is recommended to be 
 used in all grades.] 
 
 4. French— 100 : As in French Princ'vpia., Part L, or any equi- 
 valent with easy translation and composition exercises. 
 
 5. History and Geography — 100 : (a) Text-book of British 
 History up to the House of Tudor, and review of Briti.sh American 
 History, (b) Geography of North America and Europe as in Text- 
 book. 
 
 6. Science— 100: (a = 80) Physics as in Balfour Stewart's 
 Primer. (b = 70) Botany as in Grays How Plants Groiv, substitu- 
 ting for the details of " Flora," PartIL, common or prescribed native 
 plants. Drawing of parts of plants. 
 
EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 » 
 
 7. Drawia'^ nd Book-keeping— 100: (a=20) Construction 
 of geometrical i ures and solution of easy mensuration and trigono- 
 metrical problems by mathematical instruments. (b = 30) Freehand 
 drawing as in Nos. 5 and 6, and " Model and Object drawing," No. 
 2, prescribed Text-books. (c = 50) Commercial forms and writing 
 with Single Entry Book-keeping problems. 
 
 8. Arithmetic— 100 : As in Hamblin Smith to end of section 
 21, (with a practical knowledge of the metric .'-ystem, which will be 
 required in all grades.) 
 
 9. Algebra— 100 : As in Todhunter to end of fractions. 
 
 10. Geometry — 100 : Euclid I, with very easy exercises. 
 
 Note. — Latin and French are optional ; all others imperative. 
 The minimum aggregate for a " pass" is 400, with no subject below 
 25. 
 
 GRADE X. or C. 
 
 1. English Language— 100 : (a) Gth Reader, Part IL (or an 
 author prescribed from year to year), with critical study, «Scc., as in 
 previous grade but more advanced .• (b) Advanced Text-book of 
 English Composition with practical work. [1893 (a) 6th Reader, 
 Part II., and Evangeline.'] 
 
 _ 2. English Grammar— 100 : (a) Text-book (excepting " appen- 
 dix"), completed with exercises in parsing and analysis. 
 
 3. Latin — 100 : As in Collar and Daniell, complete, and " Ccesar's 
 Invasion of Britain," by Welsh and Duffield, (MacMillan & Co., 
 London). 
 
 4. Greek— 100: As in Frost's Greek Primer (Allyn & Bacon, 
 Boston) to end of Part III., or Initia Grceca, Part I. 
 
 5. French— 100 : As in French Principia, Parts I. and II. or 
 any equivalent. 
 
 G. German- 
 equivalent. 
 
 -100 
 
 As in German Principia, Part I, or any 
 
 7. History and Geography— 100 :— (a) Text-Book of British 
 History from House of Tudor to present time, (b) Text-book of 
 Geography, excepting North America and Europe. 
 
 8. Science— 100 : (a = 70) Chemistry as in F/Z^mms. (b = 30) 
 Mineralogy as in Croslnjs Common Rocks, or Agricultural Chemistry 
 as in Tanner. 
 
 9. Drawing and Book-keeping— 100 : (a) Mathematical draw- 
 ing as in previous grade continued with prescribed Text-books Nos. 
 
10 
 
 EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 7 and 8, and Model and Object drawing No. 3. (b) Book-keeping 
 
 Double Entry forms and problems. 
 
 10. Aritometic— 100 : Text-book completed without appendix- 
 
 11. Algebra— 100 : As in TorJhunter to end of simple equations, 
 including involution and evolution. 
 
 12. Geometry— 100 : Text book with exercises tc Prop. 20. 
 Book III. ^ 
 
 Note.— Latin, Greek, French and German optional ; all others 
 imperative. The minimum aggregate for a pass, 400, with no sub- 
 ject below 25. 
 
 GRADE XI or B. 
 
 1. English Literature— 100 : (a) Piose authors prescribed 
 from year to year, with critical study, (b) Poetical authors pre- 
 scribed as above. [1893, (a) Macaulay'.s Warren Hastings, (b) 
 Shakespeare's Hamlet.] 
 
 2. English Grammar— 100 : (a) History of English Language 
 and Text-book completed with difficult exercises, (b) History of 
 English Literature; selected portions from Stopford Brooke's Primer. 
 (Spenser, Shakespeare, Bacon and Milton, with Chapters VI, VII 
 and VIIL) ^ 
 
 3. Latin — 100 : Grammar and easy composition partly based on 
 prose author read. 
 
 4. Latin — 100 : (a) Goesar, one book ; (b) Virgil, one book, as 
 prescribed from year to year, with grammatical and critical questions. 
 [1893, (a) De Bell, Gal, Book V. (b) jEneid, Book III] 
 
 5. Greek — 100 : Grammar and easy composition based partly 
 on author read. 
 
 6. Greek — 100 : Xenophon, one book as prescribed from year 
 to year with grammatical and critical questions. [1893, (a) Ana- 
 basis, Book I.] 
 
 7. French— 100 : Bracket's Public School Elementary French 
 Grammar, or an equivalent, and composition with author prescribed 
 from year to year. (1893, Souvestre's Un Philosophe sous les toits.) 
 
 8. German — 100 : German Principia Parts I and II, or an 
 equivalent. 
 
 9. History and Geography— 100 : General Histpry and Geo- 
 graphy as in Swinton. 
 
EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 11 
 
 10. Physiology— 100 : As in prescribed text, Martin's " The 
 Human Body and the Effects of Narcoiics." 
 
 11. Physics— 100: As in Gage's Introduction to Physical 
 Science. 
 
 12. Practical Mathematics— 100 : As in ^«tow. 
 
 13. Algehra a\d Arithmetic— 100 : As in Todhunter's Alge- 
 bra and Hamhlin Smith's Ariihtnetic. 
 
 14. Geometry— 100 : Euclid I to IV with exercises ; definitions 
 and algebraic demonstrations of Euclid V; and Euclid VI (text). 
 
 Note. — Latin, Gn^ek. French and German optional ; all others 
 imperative. The minimum atrgregate for a pass, 400, with no sub- 
 ject below 25. The examination on this syllal)us may also be known 
 as the Junior Leaving Examination of the High School. 
 
 GRADE XII or A. 
 
 The examination on this .syllabus may be known as the Senior 
 Leaving Examination of the High School. This portion of the 
 course of study may be profitably undertaken in the lines best 
 adapted to the staff of instructors or the demands of students in the 
 larger Higher Schools or County Academies. There is in this grade 
 a bifurcation of the course into a classical side and a scientific side, 
 with minor options leading to the certificates of " A " (classical) and 
 " A " (scientific) respectively. 
 
 (A.) IMPERATIVE FOR BOTH SIDES. 
 
 1. English Language— 100 : As in Lounshury's English Lan- 
 guage, with prescribed auiiiors. (1893, Scott's Ivanhoe.) 
 
 2. English Literature— 100 : Stoj^ford Brooke's Primer, with 
 prescribed authors. (1893, Tennyson's Princess) 
 
 3 British History— 100 : As m Greens Short History of the 
 English Peoj^le, with the Canadian Constitution. 
 
 4. Psychology— 100 ; As in James' Text Book of Psychology 
 (MacMillan & Co., London), or Maher's (Stoneyhurst Series!") 
 
 5.^ Sanitary Science— 100 : As in the Ontario Manual of 
 Hygiene. 
 
 (b.) imperative for classical side, (Subjects for 1893.) 
 
 1. Latin Grammar and Composition— 100 : Grammar as in 
 Allen and Greenough, and Composition as in Bradley's Arnold or 
 equivalents. 
 
 2. Cesar— 100 : De Bell Gal, Books V and VI. 
 
12 
 
 EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 3. Cicero and Tacitus— 100 : (a) Cicero.— Pro Lege Manilla.. 
 (b) Tacitus — Historia, Book I to end of Chapter 45. 
 
 4. Virgil— 100: ^neid, Book III. 
 
 5. Horace— 100 : Odes, Book IV. 
 
 G. Roman Hist, and Geog.— 100 : As in Liddell's. 
 
 7. Greek Grammar and Composition— 100 : Grammar as in 
 Goodwin, and Composition as in Fletcher & Nicholson, or equivalents. 
 
 8. Xenophon— 100 : Anabasis, Books II and III. 
 
 9. Demosthenes— 100 : De Corona, to end of 220th paragraph. 
 
 10. Euripides— 100 : Alcestis. 
 
 11. Grecian Hist, and Geog.— 100 : As in Smith's. 
 
 (c.) imperative for scientific side. 
 
 1. Physics— 100 : As in Wormell's Nattered Philosophy. 
 
 2. Chemistry— 100 : As in Wilson's Inorganic Chertiistri/. 
 
 3. Botany— 100 : As in The Essentials of Botany by Bessey 
 Henry Holt & Co., New York), with a practical knowledge of rep- 
 resentative species of Nova Scotian flora. 
 
 4. Zoology— 100: As in Datvson's Hand-Book, with dissection 
 of Nova Scotian species, as in Colton's Practical Zoology. 
 
 ^ o. Geology— 100: As in Sir William Dawson's Hand-Book of 
 Canadian Geology (excepting the details relating to other Provinces 
 from page 167 to 235.) 
 
 6. Astronomy— 100 : As in Young's Elements of Astronomy. 
 
 7. Navigation— 100 : As in Norie's Epitome. 
 
 8. Trigonometry— 100 : Loch's Elementary Trigonometry. 
 
 9. Algebra— 100: As in Hall & Knight's Higher Algebra 
 (MacMillan & Co., London), to end of Chap. XXVI, or any equivalent' 
 
 10. Geometry— 100 : Including Euclid VI, XI and XII, as in 
 
 Hamhlin Smith with exercises. 
 
 (d.) optional for both sides. 
 
 1. French Grammar and Composition — 100. 
 
 2. French Authors— 100 : (1893, Voltaire, Charles XII, Books 
 I, II and III, and Racine's Athalie.) 
 
EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 3. German Grammar and Composition — 100. 
 
 13 
 
 4. German Authors- 
 Heath & Co., Boston.) 
 
 -100: (1893, Haufl's Das Kalte Herz, 
 
 To pass Grade A (scientific) a nunimum aggregate of 1000 must 
 be made on twenty papers, including all in groups (A) and (C) and 
 ^ny other ^ve papers. 
 
 To pass Grade A (classical) a minimum aggregate of 1000 must be 
 made on twenty papers, including all in groups (A) and (B) and any 
 other four papers. 
 
 The old Grade A may be quoted as Grade A (classical.) 
 
 Those who obtain an A (scientfic) or A (classical) certificate will 
 be allowed to pass an examination on all other papers of the full 
 syllabus than those taken previously by them, and if successful will 
 be granted the diploma " A (classical and scientific)." For the same 
 
 purpose 
 equivalents, respectively, of the papers (C) 1 or 2 or 10, or (D) 1. 
 
 Candidates for this grade of certificate who make the minimum 
 passing aggregate but fail to pass on account of deficiency in one or 
 more subjects, will be allowed a supplementary examination at a 
 future terminal examination on all the subjects on which they made 
 less than 50 per cent ; and if 50 per cent, of the maximum is made 
 on each of such subjects the candidates shall be awarded an " A " 
 certificate. 
 
 [Changes in Authors, etc., from year to year, announced in the 
 Journal of Education, published semi-annually.] 
 
 Common School Leaving, or County Academy Entrance 
 
 Examination. 
 
 At the end of each school year, during the first week in July, a 
 public written examination lasting two days, is held at each county 
 academy (which is the high school in each county receiving a 
 special Provincial grant of money for the free education of all in 
 the county who are qualified to enter). The examination questions 
 are sent out from the Education Department, and cover specially 
 the work of the highest grade of the common schools. The exami- 
 nations are held simultaneously in each county throughout the Pro- 
 vince under strict and uniform conditions. The candidates' papers 
 are examined by the principal of each academy and his staff, 
 according to a prescribed plan. The successful candidates are en- 
 titled to Provincial certificates signed by the principals of the 
 academies, which certificates will admit them without the payment 
 of any fee into their respective county academies. 
 
14 
 
 EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 Provinx'IAL High School Examinations. 
 
 During tlie same week all students of high school grade, 
 whether studying in the academies or other high schools, are allowed 
 to present themselves without fee for examination at one of the 
 thirty Provincial stations, on any one of the four high school 
 grades. The examination papers are sent out from the Education 
 Department, and the candidates' papers are examined by one and 
 the same Board of Examiners. 
 
 Provincial certificates of the first, second, third and last year 
 of the high school, known also as Grades D, C, B, and A, res- 
 pectively, are awarded on the report of the examiners. These 
 certificates indicate definite grades of scholarship and are accepted 
 as such for the non-professional qualifications of the various 
 classes of teachers, for matriculation into the universities and 
 technical colleges. The high school system is virtually a Provin- 
 cial university of high school grade, and every academy and 
 high school an affiliated college, the diplomas being granted on the 
 report of the Provincial Board of Examiners, All teachers for the 
 public schools must obtain a high school certificate of one of these 
 grades before applying for a license to teach. 
 
 Teachers. 
 
 There are four classes of teachers whose qualifications are the 
 high school certificates of Grade A, B, C and 1) respectively, with 
 the corresponding Normal School training. 
 
 1. Class A, (which may be either " A, Classical " or " A, .Scientific," 
 according to the high school certificate). Teachers of this class 
 contribute to the qualifications of county academies for obtaining 
 the Provincial or academic grants when employed in them. When 
 employed in other high school, they are entitled to a Provincial 
 grant approximating S220, $180 or $120 per annum, in addition to 
 salary from their school trustees according to the class of school. 
 
 2. Class B, vvhose Provincial grant as above approximates $120 
 per annum. 
 
 3. Class G, whose Provincial Grant approximates $90, and 
 
 4. Class D, whose Provincial grant approximates $G0 per annum. 
 
 Teachers who have not the prescribed Normal School classi- 
 fication, but who have passed the Provincial examinations on School 
 Law and Management, Teaching, Hygiene and Temperance, can 
 obtain a class of license one grade lower than the corresponding 
 Normal School classification would give. This examination is called 
 the " Minimum Professional Qualification Examination," and with a 
 grade D, will qualify only for a classD, (Provisional), good for one year. 
 Teachers are also subject to strict conditions of character and age. 
 
education.— nova scotia. 
 Provincial Grants to Teachers. 
 
 15 
 
 These giant.s were originally fixed at the figures given above, 
 until their total rose gradually to $167,500 annually. Then by Act 
 of Legislature this sum was fixed as an annual total, and the grants 
 to the various classes of teachers were directed to be paid out of 
 it in the same ratio as before. The advance in the number and 
 rank of teachers tends, therefore, to a reduction of the original 
 amount to each class. 
 
 County Academy Grants. 
 
 Classified by the amounts of the annual grants from the Provincial 
 Treasury, there are four grades of county academies. 
 
 $500. One "Cla.ssA" teacher, a minimum average of fifteen 
 regularly qualified high school pupils, with appropriate buildings, 
 apparatus and salary. 
 
 $1000. 7\fo Class A teachers, a minimum average of forty, and 
 the other requirements in the same proportion as above. 
 
 $1500. Three Class A teachers, and a minimum average of eigf^^y, 
 &c. 
 
 $1720. Four or more Class A teachers, and a minimum average 
 of one hundred and tiventy, &c. 
 
 The School Section 
 
 is the smallest territorial division of the Province, averaging about 
 four miles in diameter, with the school house near the centre. There 
 are 1905 at present. Their boundaries are determined by the Board 
 of School Commissioners, the formation of new sections requirinrj 
 the ratification of the Council of Public Instruction. 
 
 The Board of School Commissioners 
 
 is appointed by the Provincial Government, to adjudicate on matters 
 specially connected with school sections, over a district on an 
 average peihaps equal to half a county. 
 
 The Board of Three Trustees 
 
 is the executive body of the school section. Each year one of 
 the trustees retires at the annual meeting of the ratepayers of the 
 section and a new trustee is elected. The Board of Trustees, 
 through its Secretary, collects and disburses the money voted at the 
 annual meeting to be assessed on the section, engages the teacher, 
 takes charge of the school property, etc. In towns which are incor- 
 porated, a committee of three from the Town Connoil, with three 
 commissioners appointed by the Provincial Government, have the 
 power of this Board. In the city of Halifax, twice as many, re- 
 spectively. 
 
16 
 
 EDUCATION. — NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 The Annual Meeting 
 
 of the school section is held on the last Monday of June. It is then 
 the Board of Trustees reports its transactions for the year to the 
 ratepayers, and brink's down an estimate of the amount of money 
 required to bo raised by assessment for the ensuiui^ year, Jt is 
 then the new trustee is elected, and the njoney to be assessed on the 
 section is voted. 
 
 The S<;hool Funds 
 
 are not dependent on the .sectional asses.sment alone. In the county 
 assessment, an amount equal to thirty cents per head of the popu- 
 lation is levied to form a fund called the county school fund. At 
 the end of the year, when the section returns are approved, on the 
 order of the Superintendent, twenty-tivo dollars are paid out of this 
 fund to the Board of Trustees of each section for each teacher en- 
 gaged, and the balance of the fund is divided between tho sections 
 in proportion to the total days' attendance made in each school. The 
 trustees, then, obtain money from the sectional assessment and the 
 county fund. The teacher in addition to the salar\' paiii from the 
 funds of the trustees receives a grant, already referred to, from 
 the Provincial Treasury in proportion to the class of license held. 
 Assessment last year on sections for support of schools, over 
 $313,000; for building and repairs, about 897,000. Total assess- 
 ment on sections, S4 10,000. Received from county fund, over Si 20,- 
 000. Total raised by assessment, over $530,000. Government ex- 
 penditure, over .S216,000. Total annual expenditure, over !*'74G.OO0. 
 
 The School Year 
 
 begins on the 1st of August, and consists of a maximum of forty- 
 four teaching weeks, commencing towards the end of August, six 
 weeks after the closing of the schools at the end of the tirst week in 
 July previous. There are two weeks of vacation at Christmas, and 
 certain other days throughout the year are holidays. 
 
 The Attendance 
 
 at school is .stimulated by the provisiori making the major portion 
 of the county fund payable in proportion to the attendance. There 
 is also a local option law, by which a school section at its annual 
 meeting may make attendance compulsory within certain limits. 
 The City of Halifax, which has several minor modifications of the 
 general law, has a specially elaborate and effective law for securing 
 at least a common school education for every child within its juris- 
 diction. 
 
 The Inspection 
 
 of the .schools is performed by a staff often inspectors, most of whom 
 include two counties within their inspectorates, approximating two 
 hundred schools and teachers each. They inspect the schools, direct 
 teachers and trustees when necessary, and send monthly reports, &c., 
 to the Superintendent of Education. They receive and tabulate 
 teachers' returns for the Education Office, and pay the Provincial 
 
EDUCATION.— NOUA SCOVIA. 
 
 17 
 
 grantH within their districts according to pay lists transmitted to 
 them. They nre also eic >^clo secretaries of the Boards of Commis- 
 .•<ionors within their dist.icts. 
 
 The Council of Puuijo Instkuctiox 
 
 is the head of the Educational System, and consists of the Executive 
 of the Provincial Government with the Superintendent of Educa- 
 tion (appointed by the Oovernor-in-Council,) as Secretary. The 
 Council has very extensive powers, and its regulations, although 
 under the statutes, are equally as voluminous and important. 
 
 It has power to regulate the Normal School, inspection, classifi- 
 cation and licensing of teachers, meetings of commissioners, time of 
 teaching, books and apparatus, registers, county academies, Provin- 
 cial examinations of high schools, to determine cases of appeal, etc. 
 
 The Superintendent of Education 
 
 in addition to the executive duties implied in the secretaryship 
 of the Council of Public Instruction, has general supervision and 
 direction of the inspectors, the Normal School, county academies, 
 and of public education in general. 
 
 SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS 
 
 (Formiwj part of the Public Free School System.) 
 
 The Provincial Normal School at Truro, for the purpose of 
 training teachers for the public schools. No tuition fees. In- 
 struction brought to the door of every candidate teacher by the 
 regulation ordering the payment of travelling expenses to and 
 from the Institution. Staff of six regular instructors, '.v^ith model 
 school of two departments and a kindergarten with their respec- 
 tive teachers. 
 
 The Provincial School of Agriculture at Truro, with model 
 farm, partly affiliated to Normal School for special subjects. 
 Teachers with "agricultural"' diplomas receive a special Provincial 
 grant. 
 
 The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Halifax, where 
 extensive piovi.-.ion is made for the free education of the Deaf and 
 Dumb. 
 
 The School for the Blind at Halifax where the fullest pro- 
 vision is made for the free education of the Blind. 
 
 Mining Schools at the principal coal mining centres, for the 
 preparation of overmen, &c., for the mines. 
 
 Government Night Schools, for the benefit of those at industrial 
 centres needing elementary education who cannot avail themselves 
 of the free day schools. 
 
18 
 
 EDUCATION.— NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS 
 
 (Aided by Provincial (frantf< of Alonei/ to tiome extent.) 
 
 The Victoria Scuool ok Art and Dksion, at Halifax. 
 
 The Halifax Medicaf, College, at Halifax. 
 
 The Summer School of Science for the Atlantic Provinces of 
 Canada. A peripatetic institution, designed and utilized for advanc- 
 ing the scientific and literary culture of teachers during the holiday 
 season. 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND DEGREE-CONB^ERRING COLLEGES 
 
 (Not receiving any j^ufAlc Provincial funds.) 
 The University of Dalhousie College at Halifax. 
 
 The University of Kings' College at Windsor. 
 
 The University of Acadia College at VVolfville. 
 
 St. Francis Xavier College at Antigonish. 
 
 The Presbyterian College at Pine Hill, Halifax. 
 
 St. Anne's C-olIego at Church Point, Digby. 
 
 In addition to these there are several ladies' colleges, convents, 
 seminaries, and commercial colleges, »fec., which are independent of 
 Government grants and control. These, are doing valuable educa- 
 tional work ; and are not only useful in .supplying a demand, but 
 in sometimes throwing light on problems in our public free school 
 Gvstem. 
 
 A. H. MACK AY, 
 
 Superintendent of Education. 
 

 
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