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( 
 
 
Caimton Grammar S:|boI Classics. 
 
 
 ^r 
 
 P. OVIDII Nasonis 
 
 Fastortjm 
 
 Q0' 
 
 LIBER PRIMUS. 
 
 WITH ENGLISH NOTES, 
 
 BY 
 
 F. A. PALEY, M.A. 
 
 «■■ 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 JOHN F. TROW, 50 GREENE ST, 
 
 TORONTO: 
 ROLLO & ADAM. 
 
 1862. 
 

 NOTE. 
 
 This series is intended to supply, at a cheap price, the admit- 
 tedly best and most accurate editions of the Classics, designed for 
 the use of schools and students. 
 
 The series will comprise many of the Greek and Latin authors 
 of the approved editions of the scholarly contributors to the " Biblio- 
 theca Classica," the English " Grammar School Classics," and other 
 suitable editions, critically annotated, which will be published from 
 time to time. 
 
 The Text followed by Mr. Puley in this work is that of Merkel 
 (8vo., Berhn, 18il). 
 
 THE PUBLISHERS. 
 
Y^T^ 
 
 P. OVIDII NAS0NI8 
 
 FASTORUM 
 
 LIBER I. 
 
 »♦• 
 
 Tkmpora cum caiisis Latiuoi digcsta per annum, 
 
 Lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa caiiam. 
 Excipe pacato, Caesar Germanice, vultu 
 
 Hoc opus, et timidae dirige navis iter ; 
 •^ Officioque, levem non aversatus honorem, 
 '*:^ Huic tibi devoto numine dexter ades. 
 
 \^ Sacra recognosccs annalibus eruta priscis, 
 
 Et quo sit merito quacque notata dies. 
 Invenies illic et festa domcstica vobis ; 
 
 Saepe tibi pater est, saepe Icgendus avus. 
 Quaeque ferunt illi pictos signantia fastos, 
 
 Tu quoque cum Druso praemia fratre feres. 
 Caesaris arma canant alii, nos Caesaris aras, 
 
 Et quoscumquo sacris addidit ille dies. 
 Annuo conanti per laudes ire tuorum, 
 
 Deque meo pavidos excute cordc metus. 
 Da mihi te placidum, dederis in carmina vires ; 
 
 Ingenium vultu statquc caditque tuo. 
 Pagina judicium docti subitura movetur 
 
 Principis, ut Clario missa legenda dec. 
 Quae sit enim culti facundia sensimus oris, 
 
 Civica pro trepidis cum tulit arma reis. 
 Scimus et ad nostras cum se tulit impetus artes, 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
^M 
 
 P'll WW 
 
 FASTOKUM 
 
 ,r^' 
 
 Ingenii currant flumina quanta tui. \ 
 
 Si licet et fas est, vates rege vatis liabcnas, ■* 26 
 
 Auspicio folix totus ut annus oat. 
 Tempora digereret cumconditor urbis, in anno 
 
 Constituit mens^es quinque bis esse suo. 
 Scilicet arm{v.magis quam sidera, Komule, noras, 
 
 Curaque fmitinios vincerc major erat. SO 
 
 Iktjiamen et ratio, Caesar, quae moverit ilium, 
 ' xllrroremque suum quo tueatur liabct. 
 Quod satis «?st utero matris dum prodeat inflms, 
 
 Hoc anno statuit tcmporis esse satis ; 
 Per totidem menses a funere conjugis uxor 85 
 
 Sustinet in vidua tristia signa donio. 
 Haec igitur vidit trabeati cura Quirini 
 
 Cum rudibus populis annua jura daret. 
 Martis erat primus mensis, Vencrisque secundus ; 
 
 Haec generis princcps, ipsius ille pater. 40 
 
 Tertius a senibus, juvcnum do nomine quartus ; 
 
 Quae sequitur numero turba notata fuit. 
 At Nutna nee Janum nee avitas praeterit umbras, 
 
 Mensibus antiquis praeposuitquc duos. 
 
 Ne tamen ignores variorum jura dierum, 46 
 
 Non habet officii Lucifer oinnis idem. 
 Ille Nefastus erit, per quern tria verba silentur ; 
 
 Fastus erit, per qucm lege licebit agi. 
 Neu toto perstare die sua jura putaris ; 
 
 Qui jam Fastus erit, mane Nefastus erat. BO 
 
 Nam simul exta deo c!ata sunt licet omnia fari, 
 
 Verbaque honoratus libera praetor habet. 
 Est quoque quo populum jus est includere septis ; 
 
 Est quoque qui nono semper ab orbe redit. 
 "Vindicat Ausonias Junonis cura Kalendas ; 55 
 
 Idibus alba Jovi grandior agna cadit ; 
 Nonarum tutela deo caret. Omnibus istis, 
 
 Ne fallare cave, proximus Ater erit. 
 Omen ab eventu est ; illis nam Roma diebus 
 
 Damna sub ad verso tristia Mar to tulit. 60 
 
 Haec mihi dicta semel totis haerentia fastis, 
 
 Ne seriem rerum scindere cogar, erunt. 
 
w^ 
 
 •«■■■*•■ 
 
 LIBER I. 
 
 > KAL. 1st. 
 
 Eccc tibi faustiim, Gcrmanice, nuntiat annum, 
 
 Inquo meo primus carmine Jaiuis adest. 
 Jane biceps, anni tacite labentis origo, 
 
 Solus de superis qui tua terga vides, 
 Dexter ades ducibus, quorum secura laboro 
 
 Otia terra ferax, otia pontus agit. 
 Dexter ados patribusqne tuis populoque Quirini, 
 
 Et resera nutu Candida templa tuo. 
 Prospera lux oritur ; linguisque animisque faveto : 
 
 Nunc dicenda bono sunt bona verba die. 
 Lite vacent aures, insanaque protinus absint 
 
 Jurgia ; differ opus, livida turba, tuum. 
 Cernis odoratis ut luceat ignibus aether, 
 
 Et sonet accensis spica Cilissa focis ? 
 Elamma nitore suo templorum verberat aurum, 
 
 Et tremulum summa spargit in aede jubar. 
 Vestibus intactis Tarpeias itur in arces, 
 
 Et populus festo concolor ipso suo est. 
 Jamque novi praeeunt fasces, nova purpura fulget, 
 
 Et nova conspicuum pondera sentit ebur. ^ 
 Colla rudes operum praebent ferienda juvenci, 
 
 Quos aluit campis herba Ealisca suis. 
 Juppiter, arce sua cum totam spectat in orbem. 
 
 Nil nisi Romanum quod tucatur habet. 
 Salve, laeta dies, moliorque revertere semper, 
 
 A populo rerum digna potentc co]i. 
 
 Qucm tamcn esse dcum te dicam, Jane biformis ? 
 
 Nam tibi par nullum Graecia numen habet. 
 Edc simul causam cur de caelestibus unus 
 
 Sitque quod a tcrgo sitquo quod ante vides. 
 Hacc ego cum sumptis agitarem mente tabellis, 
 
 Lucidior visa est, quam fuit ante, domus. 
 Turn sacer ancipiti mirandus imagine Janus 
 
 Bina repens oculis obtulit ora meis. ' 
 
 Extimui, sensique metu riguisse capillos, 
 V Et gelidum subito frigore pectus erat. 
 "^ lUe, tenens dextra baculum clavemque sinistra, 
 
 Edidit hqg nobis ore priore sonos ; 
 
 66 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 100 
 

 
 FASTORUM 
 
 Disco, mctu posito, vntcs operosc dleruni, 
 
 Quod potis, et voces perclpo mcntc mcas. 
 Me Chaos antiqui, nam sum res prisca, vocabant. 
 
 Aspice, quam longi tcmporis acta canam. 
 Lucidus hie aer et quae tria corpora restant, 106 
 
 Ignis, aquae, tellus, unus aeervus crant. 
 Ut semel hacc rcrum sccessit lite suarum, 
 
 Inquc novas abiit massa soluta domos, 
 Altum flamma petit ; propior locus aera cepit ; 
 
 Sederunt medio terra tVetumquc solo. ^ HO 
 
 Tunc ego, qui fueram globus et sine imagine moles, 
 
 In faciem rcdii dignaquc membra deo. 
 Nunc quoque, confusae quondam nota parva figurae, 
 
 Ante quod est in me postquo videtur idem. 
 Accipe quaesitae quae causa sit altera formac, 115 
 
 Ilanc simul ut noris officiumque meum. 
 Quidquid ubiquc vidcs, caelum, mar'.^, nubila, terras, 
 
 Omnia sunt nostra clausa patcntque manu. 
 Me penes est unum vasti custodia mundi, 
 
 Et jus vertendi cardinis omne meum pst. HO 
 
 Cum libuit Pacem placidis emittero tcctis, 
 
 Libera perpetuas ambulat ilia vias. 
 Sanguine lotifero totus miscebitur orbis, 
 
 Ni tene it rigidae condita bella serae. 
 Praesideo foribus caeli cum mitibus Iloris ; 128 
 
 It, redit officio Juppiter ipse meo. 
 Inde vocor Janus : cui cum Cereale sacerdos 
 
 Imponit libum farraquo mixta sale, 
 Nomina ridebis : modo namquo Patulcius idem, 
 
 Et modo sacrifico Clusius ore vooor. 130 
 
 Scilicet alterno voluit rudis ilia vctustas 
 
 Nomine diversas significare vices. 
 Vis mea narrata est : causam nunc disce figurae ; 
 
 Jam tamen banc aliqua tu quoque parte vides. 
 Omnis habet geniinas hinc atque hinc janua frontes, 136 
 
 E quiblis haec populum spectat, at ilia Larem. 
 Utque sedens vester primi prope limina tecti 
 
 Janitor egressus introitusque videt ; 
 Sic ego prospicio, caelestis janitor aulae, 
 
 Eoas partes Hesperiasque simul. 140 
 
LIBEK I. 
 
 Ora vidcs Ilccatcs in trcs vorgcntia partes, 
 
 Servct ut in ternas conipita sccta vias ; 
 Et mihi, no flexu cervicis tenipora perdam, 
 
 Ccrncro non moto corporc bina licet. 
 Dixerat, et vultu, si plura requirerc vellem, 146 
 
 Difficilem mihi se non fi)ro fassus crat. 
 Sumpsi animum, gratesque deo non territus egi, 
 
 Verbaquo sum spectans paiica locutus humum : 
 Die, ago, trigoribus quaro novus incipit annus. 
 
 Qui melius per vcr incipiendus erat ? 160 
 
 Omnia tunc florent, tunc est nova tempoi is aetas, 
 
 Et nova do gravido palmitc gemma tumet, 
 Et modo formatis operitur frondibus arbos, 
 
 Prodit et in summum seminis herba solum, 
 Et topidum volucres coneentibus aura mulcent, 166 
 
 Ludit et in pratis luxuriatque pecus. 
 Turn blandi soles, ignotaquo prodit hirundo, 
 
 Et luteum celsa sub trabo figit opus ; 
 Turn patitur cultus ager et renovatur aratro ; 
 
 Haec anni novitas jure vocanda fuit. 160 
 
 Quaesieram multis : non nmltis ille moratus 
 
 Contuiit in versus sic sua verba duos : 
 Bruma novi prima est veterisque novissima solis ; 
 
 Principium capiunt Phoebus et annus idem. 
 Post ea mirabar, cur non sine litibus esset 165 
 
 Prima dies. Causam percipe, Janus ait. 
 Tempora commisi nascentia rebus agendis, 
 
 Totus ab auspicio no foret annus iners. 
 Quisquo suas artes ob idem delibat agendo, 
 
 Ncc plus quam solitum testificatur opus. 170 
 
 Mox ego : Cur, quamvis aliorum numina placem, 
 
 Jane, tibi primum tura merumquo fero ? 
 Ut possis aditum per me, qui limina servo, 
 
 Ad quoscumque voles, inquit, habere deos. 
 At cur laeta tuis dicuntur verba Kalendis, 175 
 
 Et damus alternas accjpimusquc preces 1 
 Tum dcus incumbens baculo, quem dextra gerebat, 
 
 Omina principiis, inquit, inesse solent. 
 Ad primam vocem timidas advertitis aurcs, 
 
 Et visam primum consulit augur avem. 180 
 
8 
 
 FASTOnUM 
 
 Tcmplta patent aurosquc deuin, nee llngim cadncas 
 
 Conclpit iilla prcccs, (lietiuiue pondus habont. 
 Deslcrat Janus ; noc lonj^a silcntiu foci, 
 
 Sed totij^i verbis ultima verba mcis: 
 Quid vult palma sibi rugosa(piy oarica, dixi, * 186 
 . Et data sub niveo Candida nielia cado? 
 Omen, ait, causa est, ut res sapor illo sequatur, 
 
 Et pcraf^at coeptum dulcis ut annus iter. 
 Dulcia cur dentur video ; stipis adji^e causam, i) 
 
 Pars mihi de festo no labet ulla tuo. 190 
 
 Kisit, et, () quam to fallunt tua saecula, dixit, 
 
 Qui stipo mel sunipta dulcius esse putes ! 
 Vix ego Saturno qurniquain regnanto videbam, 
 
 Cujus lion aninio dulcia lucra forent. 
 Tempore crevit amor, qui nunc est summus, habendi ; 196 
 
 Vix ultra quo jam progrcdiatur habet. 
 Plurisopcs nunc sunt quam prisci tcmporis annis, 
 
 Uum popidus pauper, dum nova lloma fuit, 
 Dum casa Martigenam capicbat parva Quirinuni, 
 
 Et dabat exiguum fluminis ulva torum. 200 
 
 Juppiter angusta vix totus stabat in aede, 
 
 Jnquo Jovis dextra fictile fulmen crat. 
 Frondibus ornabant, quae nunc Capitolia gemmis. 
 
 Pascebatque suas ipse senator oves ; 
 Nee pudor in stipula plicidam copisse quietem, 205 
 
 Et foenum capiti supposuissc fuit. 
 Jura dabat populis posito niodo praetor aratro, 
 
 Et levis argenti lamina crimen erat. 
 At postquam fortuna loci caput extulit hujus, 
 
 Et tvtigit suminos vertico Roma decs ; 210 
 
 Creverunt et opes et opum furiosa cupido, 
 
 Et cum possideant plurima plura petunt. 
 Quaerere ut absumant, absumpta requirere certant ; 
 
 Atque ipsao vitiis sunt alimenta vices. 
 Sic, quibus intumuit suffusa venter ab unda, 216 
 
 Quo plus sunt potae, plus sitiuntur aquae. 
 In pretio pretium nunc est ; dat census honores. 
 
 Census amicitias ; pauper ubiquo jacet. 
 Tu tamen auspicium si sit stipis utile quaeris, 
 
 Curaue invent nostras acra vetusta manus. 220 
 
 ,Jl^ak 
 
LIBEU I. 
 
 
 
 226 
 
 230 
 
 235 
 
 "M' 
 
 Aora dabant ollm ; melius nunc omen in auro est, 
 
 Victaquo concessit prisca moncta novae. 
 Nos quoquo templa juvant, quamvis antiqua probcmus, 
 
 Aurca ; iiiajestiis convcnit ista deo. 
 Laudainus vetcres scd nostris utimur annls ; 
 
 Mos tanicn est aequo dignus uterquo coll. 
 Finicrat monitus ; plaeidis ita rursuM, ut ante, 
 
 Clavigerum vcrl)is alloquor ipse deum : 
 Multa quidem didici : scd cur navalis in aero 
 
 Altera signata est, altera forma biceps ? 
 Noscero mc duplici posses in imagine, dixit, 
 
 Ni vetus ipsa dies cxtenuaret opus. 
 Causa ratis superest : Tuscum rate venit in amnem 
 
 Ante pererrato falcifer orbc deus. 
 Ilac ego Saturnum memini tellurc rcceptum ; 
 
 Caolitibus regnis ab Jove pulsus erat. 
 Indo diu gonti mansit Saturnia nomc ; 
 
 Dicta quoque est Latium terra latcnte d*^-^. 
 At bona posteritac puppim formavit in acrc-^ 
 
 Ilospitis adventum tcstificata dei. 
 Ipse soliini colui, cujus placidissima lacvum 
 
 Radit arenosi Tlbridis unda latus. 
 llic, ubi nunc Jloma est, inci. dua silva virebat, 
 
 Tantaqiw res paucis pasoua bubus erat. 
 Arx moa collis erat, quern cultrix nomine nostro 
 
 Nuncupat haec aetas, Janiculumquo vocat. 
 Tunc ego regnabam, patiens cum terra deorum 
 
 Esset, et humanis numina mixta locis. 
 Nondum Justitiam facinus mortale fugarat : 
 
 Ultima dc supcris ilia reliquit humum. 
 Proque mctu populum sine vi pudor ipse regebat ; 
 
 Nullus erat justis reddere jura labor; 
 Nil mihi cum bdlo, pacem postesque tuebar : 
 
 Et "lavem oMendens, Ilaec, ait, arma gero. 
 Press at ora dei*-* : tunc sic ego nostra resolve, 
 
 Vot mea voce olicientc dei : 
 Cum tot "nt Jani, rur stas sacratus in uno, 
 
 Hir- ub juncta foris tcm])la duobus habes 1 
 Illc manu n ulcens pi pexam ad pectora barbam, 
 
 1 lotinus >ebalii rcttulit arma Tati, 
 
 245 
 
 250 
 
 255 
 
 260 
 
 1* 
 
10 
 
 FASTOKUM 
 
 Utque levis custos armillis capta Sabinis 
 
 Ad summaj. tacitos duxerit arcis iter. 
 Inde, velut nunc est, per qucm deseenditis, inquit, 
 
 Arduus in vallcs et fora clivus erat. 
 Et jam contigerant portam, Saturnia cujus 265 
 
 Dempserat oppositas insidiosa seras. 
 Cum tanto veritus committere numine pugnam 
 
 Ipse meae movi callidus artis opus, 
 Oraque, qua pollens ope sum, fontana reclusi, 
 
 Sumque repentinas ejaculatus aquas. 270 
 
 Ante <^amen madidis subjeci sulfura venis, 
 
 Clauderet ut Tatio fcrvidus humor iter. 
 Cujus ut utilitas pulsis percepta Sabinis, 
 
 Quae fuerat tuto rcddita forma loco est. 
 Ara mihi posita est parvo conjuncta sacello : 275 
 
 Haec adolet flam mis cum strue farra suis. 
 At cur pace lates, motisque recluderis armis ? 
 
 Nee mora, quaesiti reddita causa mihi est. 
 Ut populo reditus pateant ad bclla profecto, 
 
 Tota patet dempta janua nostra sera. 280 
 
 Pace fores obdo, ne qua discedcre possit : 
 
 Caesareoque diu nomine clausus ero. 
 Dixit, et att'^'llens oculos diversa tuentes 
 
 Aspexit toto quidquid in orbefuit. 
 Pax erat, et vestri, Gcrmanico, causa triumphi 285 
 
 Tradidcrat famulas jam iibi Rhcnus aquat<. 
 Jane, face aeternos pacom pacisque ministros, 
 
 Neve suum, praesta, deserat auctor opus. 
 
 Quod tamen ex ipsis licuit mihi discere fastis : 
 
 Sacravere patres hoc duo tcmpla die. 290 
 
 Accepit Phoebo nymphaque Coronide natum 
 Insula, dividua quam premit amnis aqua. 
 
 Juppiter in parte est ; cepit locus unus utrumque, 
 Junctaque sunt magno templa nepotis avo. 
 
 Quis vetat et Stellas, ut quaeque oriturque caditque, 295 
 
 Dicere ? promissi pars fuit ista mei. 
 Felices animae, quibus haec cognoscere primis 
 
 Inque domos superas scandere cura fuit. 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
4 
 
 LIBER I. 
 
 11 
 
 265 
 
 210 
 
 215 
 
 280 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 « 
 
 285 
 
 290 
 
 '■S.&' 
 
 4 
 
 [ue, 295 
 
 800 
 
 806 
 
 810 
 
 815 
 
 Credibile est illos pariter vitiisquo locisquo 
 
 Altius humanis exseruisse caput. 
 Non Venus et vinum sublimia pectora ''.'cgit, 
 
 Officiumve fori, inilitiaeve labor. 
 Nee levis ambitio, perfusaquo gloria fuco, 
 
 Magnarumve fames sollicitavit opum. 
 Admovere oculis distantia sidera nostris, 
 
 Aetheraque ingeuio supposuere suo. 
 Sic petitur caelum, non ut ferat Ossan Olympus, 
 
 Summaquo Peliacus sidera tangat apex. 
 Nos quoque sub ducibus caelum metabimur illis, 
 
 Ponemusque sues ad vaga signa dies. 
 
 III. NON. 3rd. 
 
 Ergo ubi nox aderit Venturis tertia Nonis, 
 
 Sparsaque caelesti rorc madebit humus, 
 Octipedis frustra quaerentur brachia Cancri ; 
 
 Praeceps occiduas ille sulivit aquas. 
 
 ,NON. 5tii. 
 
 Institerint Nonae : missi tibi m.bibus afcris 
 
 Signa dabunt imbres exorientc Lyra. 
 
 V. ID. 9th. 
 
 Quattuor adde dies ductos ex ordine Nonis, 
 
 Janus Agonali luce piandus crit. 
 Nominis esse potest succinctus causa minister, 
 
 Ilostia caelitibus quo feriente cadit ; 
 Qui calido strictos tincturus sanguine cultros, 
 
 Semper Agone ? rogat ; nee nisi jussus agit. 
 Pars, quia non veniant pecudcs sed agantur, ab actu 
 
 Nomen Agonalem credit habere diem. 
 Pars putat hoc festum priscis Agnalia dictum, 325 
 
 Una sit ut proprio littera dempta loco. 
 An, quia praevisos in aqua timet hostia cultros, 
 
 A pecoris lux est ista notata metu 1 
 Fas etiam fieri solitis aetato priorum 
 
 Nomina do ludis Graia tulisse diem. 330 
 
 Et pecus antiquus dicebat Agonia sermo : 
 
 Vcraque judicio est ultima causa mco. 
 Utque ea nunc certa est, ita Rex placare Sacrorum 
 
 Numina lanigerac conjugo debet ovis. 
 
 820 
 
12 
 
 FASTORUM 
 
 Victima quae dextra cecidit victrico vocatur ; 
 Hostibus a domitis hostia nomcii habet. 
 
 335 
 
 Ante, dcos homini quod oonciliare valerct, 
 
 Far erat ct puri lucida mica sal is. 
 Nondum pcrtulerat laerimatas cortice myrrhas 
 
 Acta per aoquorcas hospita navis aquas ; 
 Tura nee Euphrates, nee miserat India costum, 
 
 Nee fuerant rubii cognita fila croci. 
 Ara dabat fumos, berbis contcnta Sabinis, 
 
 Et non exiguo laurus adusta sono. 
 Si quis erat factis prati de florc eoronis 
 
 Qui posset violas addere, dives erat. 
 Hie, qui nunc aperit percussi viscera tauri, 
 
 In sacris nullum culter habebat opus. 
 Prima Ceres avidae gavisa est sanguine porcac, 
 
 Ulta suas merita caede nocentis opes. 
 Nam sata vere novo teneris lactentia succis 
 
 Eruta setigerae eomperit ore suis. 
 Sus dederat pocnas : exemplo territus hujus 
 
 Palmite debueras abstinuisse, caper. 
 Quem spectans aliquis dentes in vite prementem 
 
 Talia non tacito dicta dolore dedit : 
 Rode, caper, vitem : tamen hinc, cum stabis ad aram, 
 
 In tua quod spargi cornua possit erit. 
 Verba fides sequitur ; noxae tibi deditus hostis 
 
 Spargitur aftiiso cornua, Bacche, mero. 
 Culpa sui nocuit : nocuit quoque culpa capellae : 
 
 Quid bos, quid placidac commeruistis oves ? 
 Flebat Aristaeus, quod apes cum stirpe nccatas 
 
 Viderat inceptos destituisse favos. 
 Caerula quem genitrix aegrc solata dolentem 
 
 Addidit haec dictis ultima verba suis : 
 Siste, puer, lacrimas : Proteus tua damna levabit, 
 
 Quoque modo repares quae periere dabit. 
 Dccipiat nc te versis tamen ille figuris, 
 
 Impediant geminas vincula firma manus. 
 Pervenit ad vatem juvenis, resolutaque somno 
 
 Aliigat aequorei brachia capta scnis. 
 Ille sua faciem transformis adulterat arte ; 
 
 I 
 
 340 
 
 345 
 
 350 
 
 355 
 
 860 
 
 365 
 
 i 
 
 3*70 
 
LIBER J. 
 
 13 
 
 335 
 
 340 
 
 345 
 
 350 
 
 355 
 
 ram. 
 
 860 
 
 365 
 
 3'70 
 
 3T5 
 
 380 
 
 385 
 
 390 
 
 Mox domitus vinclls in sua membra redit, 
 Oraque caerulea tollens rorantia barba, 
 
 Qua, dixit, reparcs arte requiris apes ? 
 Obrue mactati corpus tellure juvenci ; 
 
 Quod petis a nobis, obrutus ille dabit. 
 Jussa facit pastor ; fervent examina putri 
 
 De bovc ; mille animas una necata dedit. 
 Pascit ovem pratum : verbenas improba carpsit 
 
 Quas pia dis ruris forro solebat anus. 
 Quid tuti superest, animam cum ponat in aris 
 
 Lanigerumque pecus ruricolaeque boves ? 
 Placat equo Persis radiis Ilyperiona cinctum, 
 
 Ne detur ccleri victima tarda deo. 
 Quod semel est triplici pro virgine caesa Diunae, 
 
 Nunc quoque pro nulla virgine cerva datur. 
 Exta canum vidi Triviae libare Sapaeos 
 
 Et quicumque tuas accolit, Haeme, nives. 
 Caeditur et rigido custodi ruris asellus : 
 
 Causa pudenda quidem est, sed tamen apta deo. 
 Festa corymbiferi celebrabas Graecia Bacchi, 
 
 Tertia (^uae solito tempore bruma refert. 
 Di quoque cultores in idem venere Lyaei, 
 
 Et quicumque joci non alienus erat, 
 Panes et in venerem Satyrorum prona juventus, 
 
 Quaeque colunt amnes solaque rura doae. 
 Venerat et senior pando Silenus asello, 
 
 Quique rubro pavidas inguine terret aves. 
 Dulcia qui dignum nemus in convivia nacti 
 
 Gramine vestitis accubuere toris. 
 Vina dabat Liber ; tulerat sibi quisque coronam ; 
 
 Misccndas large rivus agebat aquas. 
 Naidcs cfTusis aliae sine pectinis us"i, 
 
 Pars aderant positis arte manuquo comis. 
 Ilia super suras tunicam collecta ministrat, 
 
 Altera dissuto pectus apcrta sinu. 
 Exserit haec humerum, vestem trahit ilia per herbas." 
 
 Impediunt tcncros vincula nulla pedes. 410 
 
 Hinc aliae Satyris incendia mitia praebent ; 
 
 Pars tibi, qui pinu tempora nexa geris ; 
 Te quoque, inexstinctae Silenc libidinis, urunt : 
 
 395 
 
 400 
 
 405 
 
 •:Jiiif^i- 
 
14 
 
 FASTORUM 
 
 Nequitia est, quae te non sinit esse senem. 
 At ruber hortorum deus et tutela Priapus 416 
 
 Omnibus ex illis Lotide captus erat. 
 Ilanc cupit, banc optat, solam suspirat in illam, 
 
 Signaque dat nutu, sollicitatque notis. 
 Fastus inest pulchris, sequiturquc superbia formam ; 
 
 Irrisum vultu despicit ilia suo. 420 
 
 Nox erat, et, vino somnum fuciente, jacebant 
 
 Corpora diversis victa sopore loeis. 
 Lotis in herbosa sub acernis ultima ramis, 
 
 Sicut erat lusu fessa, quiovit humo. 
 Surgit amans, animamque tenens vestigia furtim 425 
 
 Suspense digitis fert taciturna gradu. 
 Ut tetigit niveae secreta cubilia nymphae, 
 
 Ipsa sui flatus ne sonet aura cavet. 
 Et jam finitima corpus librabat in herba : 
 
 Jlla tamen multi plena soporis erat. 430 
 
 Gaudet, et a pedibus tracto velamine vota 
 
 Ad sua felici coeperat ire via. 
 Ecce rudens rauco Sileni vector asellus 
 
 Intempestivos edidit ore soncs. 
 Territa consurgit nymphe, manibusque Priapum 435 
 
 Rejicit, et fugiens concitat omne nemus. 
 Morte dedit poenas auctor clamoris ; et haec est 
 
 Ilellespontiaco victima grata deo. 440 
 
 Intactae fueratis aves, solatia ruris, 
 
 Assuetum silvis innocuumque genus. 
 Quae facitis nidos, et plumis ova fovetis. 
 
 Et tacili dulces editis ore modos. 
 Sed nihil ista juvant, quia linguae crimen habetis, 445 
 
 Dique putant mentes vos apcrire suas. 
 Nee tamen hoc falsum : nam, dis ut proxima quaeque, 
 
 Nunc penna veras, nunc datis ore notas. 
 Tuta dia volucrum proles turn deniquc caesa est, 
 
 Juveruntque deos indicis exta sui. 450 
 
 Ergo saepe, suo conjunx abducta marito, 
 
 Uritur Jdaliis alba columba focis. 
 Nee defensa juvant Capitolia, quo mmus anser 
 
 Det jecur in lances, Inachi lauta, tuas. 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 
LIBER r. 
 
 15 
 
 ■5* 
 
 460 
 
 466 
 
 Nocte deac noctis cristatus caeditur ales, 455 
 
 Quod tepidum vigili provocat ore diem. 
 
 lutcrca Delphin clarum super aequora sidus 
 
 Tollitur, et patriis exscrit ora vadis. 
 
 IV. ID. IOtii. 
 
 Postera lux hicmem medio discrimine signat, 
 
 Aequaque praeteritae quae superabit erit. 
 III. ID. IItii. 
 
 Proxima prospiciet Tithono Aurora relicto 
 
 Arcadiae sacrum pontificale deae. 
 Te quoque lux eadem, Turni soror, aede recepit, 
 
 Hie ubi Virginea campus obitur aqua. 
 Unde petam causas horum moremque sacrorum 1 
 
 Dirigat in medio quis mea vela freto 1 
 Ipsa mon ), quae nomen habcs a carmine ductum, 
 
 Propositoque fave, ne tuus erret honos. 
 Orta prior luna, de se si creditur ipsi, 
 
 A magno tellus Arcade nomen habet. 470 
 
 Hie fuit Evander, qui, quamquam clarus utroque, 
 
 Nobilior sacrae sanguine matris erat. 
 Quae, siraul aether ios animo conceperat ignes, 
 
 Ore dabat vero carmina plena dei. 
 Dixerat haec nato motus instare sibique, 
 
 Multaque praeterea, tempore nacta fideri. 
 Nam juvenis nimium vera cum matre fugatus 
 
 Dcserit Arcadiam Parrhasiumque larem. 
 Cui genitrix flcnti, Fortuna viriliter, iiiquit, 
 
 — Siste, precor, lacrimas — ista ferenda tibi est. 
 Sic cat in fatis, nee te tua culpa fugavit, 
 
 Sed dous ; offenso pulsus es urbc deo. 
 Non meriti poenarn pateris sed numinis iram ; 
 
 Est aliquid magnis crimen abesse malis. 
 Conscia mens ut cuiquc sua est, ita concipit intra 
 
 Pectora pro facto spemque metumque suo. 
 Nee tamen ut primus maere mala talia passus ; 
 
 Obruit ingentes ista procella viros. 
 Passus idem est Tyriis qui quondam pulsus ab oris 
 
 Cadmus in Aonia constitit exul humo. 490 
 
 Passus idem Tydeus, et idem Pagasaeus lason, 
 
 475 
 
 480 
 
 485 
 
IG 
 
 FASTOllUM 
 
 Et quos praeterea lonr^a referre mora est. 
 Omno solum forti patria est, ut piscibus aequor, 
 
 Ut volucri vacuo quidquid in orbe patet. 
 Nee fera tempestas toto tamen horrc^: in anno, 
 
 Et tibi, crede mihi, tempora veris erunt. 
 Vocibus Evander firmata mentc parentis 
 
 Navo secat fluctus, Ilesperiamque tenet. 
 Jamque ratem doetae monitu Carmentls in amneiii 
 
 Egerat, et Tuscis obviiis ibat aqiiis. 
 Fluminls ilia latus, cui sunt vada juncta Tarenti, 
 
 Aspicit et sparsas per loca sola easas. 
 Utque erat immissis puppim stetit ante capillis, 
 
 Continirtque mar.um torva regentis iter ; 
 Et procul in dextram tendcns sua brachla ripam, 
 
 Pinea non sano ter pede texta ferit ; 
 Neve daret saltum properans insistere ter rae, 
 
 Vix est Evandri vixque retenta manu. 
 Dique petitorum, dixit, salvete loeorum, 
 
 Tuque novos caelo terra datura deos, 
 Fluminaque, et fontes quibus utitur hospita tellus, 
 
 Et nemorum silvae, Naiadumque chori, 
 Este bonis avibus visi natoque mihique, 
 
 Ripaque feliei tacta sit ista pede ! 
 Fallor ? an hi fient ingcntia moenia colles, 
 
 Juraque ab hac terra caetera terra petet ? 
 Montibus his olim totus promittitur orbis. 
 
 Quis tantum fati credat habere locum '? 
 Et jam Dardaniao tangent haec litora pinus. 
 
 Hie quoque causa novi femina Martis erit. 
 Care nepos, Palla, funesta quid induis arma ? 
 
 Indue : non humili vindice caesus eris. 
 Victa tamen vinces, cversaque Troja resurgcs ; 
 
 Obruet hostiles ista ruina domos. 
 Urite victrices Neptunia Pergama flammac : 
 
 Num minus hie toto est altior orbe cinis ? 
 Jam plus Aeneas sacra, et sacra altera patrem, 
 
 Affcrct : Iliacos excipe, Vesta, deos. 
 Tempus erit cum vos orbemque tuebitur idem, 
 
 Et fient ipso sacra colente deo ; 
 Et penes Augustos patriae tutela manebit. 
 
 495 
 
 500 
 
 505 
 
 510 
 
 515 
 
 520 
 
 525 
 
 530 
 
LIBER I. 
 
 17 
 
 585 
 
 640 
 
 650 
 
 Ilanc fas imperii frena tencro domum. 
 Indo nopos natusquo dci, licot ipso rccuset, 
 
 Pondera caelesti mentc paterna feret. 
 Utque ego pcrpetuis olim sacrabor in aris, 
 
 Sic Augusta novum Julia numen erit. 
 Talibus ut dictis nostros descendit in annos, 
 
 Suhstitit in medios praesoia lingua sonos. 
 Puppibus egrcssus Latia stetit exul in herba. 
 
 Felix, cxilium cui locus ille fuit ! 
 Nee mora longa fuit ; stabant nova tecta, nee alter 
 
 Montibus Ausoniis Arcade major erat. 
 
 Ecce boves Hluc Erytheidas applicat heros 
 
 Emensus longi elaviger orbis iter. 
 Dumque huic hospitium domus est Tegeaea, vagantur 545 
 
 Incustoditae lata per arva boves. 
 ^lane erat : txcussus somno Tiryntliius hospes 
 
 De numero tauros soiitit abesse duos. 
 Nulla videt quaerens taeiti vestigia furti ; 
 
 Traxerat aversos Cacus in antra feros, 
 Caciis Aventinae timor atquc infamia silvae, 
 
 Non leve fuiitimis hospitibusque malum. 
 Dira viro faciea, vires pro corpore, corpus 
 
 Grande : pater monstri Mulciber hnjus erat. 
 Proque domo longis spelunea recessibus ingens, 
 
 Abdita, vix ipsis invenicnda feris. 
 Ora super postes allixaque bracliia pendent, 
 
 Squalidaque hunianis ossibus albet humus. 
 Servata male parte bourn Jove natus al)ibas ; 
 
 ^lugitum rauco furla dedere sono. 
 Aceipio rcvocamen, ait, vocemquc secutus 
 
 Impia per silvas ultor ad antra venit. 
 Ille aditum fracti praestruxcrat'objice mentis : 
 
 Vix juga movissent quinqiic bis illud opus. 
 Nititur hie humeris, caelum quoquo sederat illis, 
 
 Et vastum motu collabeflictat onus. 
 Quod simul cvulsum est, fragor aothera terruit ipsum, 
 
 Ictaque subsedit pondere molis hnmus. 
 Prima movet Cacus collata proelia dextra, 
 
 ^ ferox sa 
 
 555 
 
 5G0 
 
 565 
 
 V 
 
 stipi 
 
 iqi 
 
 610 
 
18 
 
 FASTORUM 
 
 Quis ubi nil agitur, patrias male fortis ad artcs 
 
 Confiigit, et flammas ore sonantc vomit. 
 Qiias quoties proflat, spirare Typhoua credas, 
 
 Et rapidum Aetnaeo fulgur ab igne jaci. 
 Occupat Alcides, adductaque clava trinodis 8V6 
 
 Ter quatcr adversi sedit in ore viri. 
 Ille cadit, mixtosque vomit cum sanguine fumos, 
 
 Et lato moriens pectore plangit humuni. 
 Immolat ex illis taurum tibi, Juppiter, unum 
 
 Victor, et Evandrum ruricolasque vocat ; 880 
 
 Constituitque sibi, quae Maxima dicitur, aram, 
 
 Hie ubi pars urbis de bove nomen habet. 
 Nee tacet Evandri mater propo tempus adesse, 
 
 Hercule quo tellus sit satis usa suo. 
 At felix vates, ut dis gratissima vixit, 886 
 
 Possidet hunc Jani sic dea mcnse diem. 
 
 IDUS. 13X11. 
 
 Idibus in magni castus Jovis aede sacerdos 
 
 SemimariiS flammis viscera libat ovis ; 
 Redditaque est omnis populo provincia nostro, 
 
 Et tuus Augusto nomine dictus avus. 590 
 
 Perlege dispositas generosa per atria ceras ; 
 
 Contigerunt nulU nomina tanta viro. 
 Africa victorem de so vocat : alter Isauras, 
 
 Aut Cretum tlomitas testificatur opes ; 
 Ilunc Numidae faciunt, ilium Messana superbum ; fiOS 
 
 Ille Numantina traxit ab urbe notam. 
 Et mortem et nomen Druso German ia fecit. 
 
 Me miserum, virtus quam brcvis ilia fuit ! 
 Si pctat a victis, tot sumat nomina Caesar, 
 
 Quot numero gentes maximus orbis babet. 600 
 
 Ex uno quidam celebres, aut torquis adomptae, 
 
 Aut corvi titulos auxiliaris habent. 
 Mfigne, tuum nomen rerum mensura tuarum est ; 
 
 Sed qui te vicit, nomine major erat. 
 Nee gradus est ultra Fr^bios cognominis ullus ; 60.") 
 
 Ilia domus mcritis Maxima dicta suis. 
 Sed tamen humanis eelcL^antur hoaoribus omr.es ; 
 
 Ilic socium summo cum Jove nomen habet. 
 Sancta vocant avrfvsta patres : augusta vocnntur 
 
LIBER I. 
 
 10 
 
 Templa sacerdotiim rite dicata manu. 610 
 
 IIiijus et migurium dcpciidct origino vorbl, 
 
 Et quodcumque sua Juppiter auget opo. 
 Augeat imperium nostri ducis, augeat aniios ; 
 
 Protegat ct vcstras querna corona fores. 
 Aiispicibusque deis tanti cognominis heres 615 
 
 Omine suscipiat, quo ^ iter, orbis onus. 
 XVIII. KAL. 15tii. 
 
 Rcspiciet Titan actas uLi tcrtius Idus, 
 
 Ficnt Parrhasiae sacra relata doae. 
 Nam prius Ausonias niatres carpenta vehebant : 
 
 Ilacc quoquc ab Evandri dicta parente reor : 620 
 
 Mox honor eripitur, matronaque dcstinat omnis 
 
 Ingratos nulla prole novare viros ; 
 Neve daret partus, ictu temeraria caeco 
 
 Yisoeribus crescens excutiebat onus. 
 Corripuisse patres ausas immitia nuptas, 625 
 
 Jus tanien exemptum restituisse, ferunt. 
 Binaquo nunc pariter Tegeaeae sacra parenti 
 
 Pro pueris fieri virginibusque jubent. 
 Scortea non illi fas est inferrc sacello, 
 
 Ne violent puros exanimata focos. 630 
 
 Si quis amas veteres ritus, assiste prccanti ; 
 
 Nomina percipies non tibi nota prius. 
 Porrima placantur Postvcrtaque, sive sorores, 
 
 Sive fugao comites, Maenali diva, tuae. 
 Altera quod porro fuerat, cocinisso putatnr : 635 
 
 Altera venturum postmodo quidquid crat. 
 XVII. KAL. IGtii. 
 
 Candida, to nivco posiiit lux proxima tompio 
 
 Qua fert sublimes alta Moneta gradus. 
 Nunc bene prospicics Latiam, Concordia, turbam ; 
 
 Nunc te sacratae restituere manus. 610 
 
 Furius antiquam populi superator Etrusci 
 
 Yoverat, ct voti solvcrat ante fidcm. 
 Causa, quod a patribus sumptis secesserat arm is 
 
 Vulgus, et ipsa suas Roma timebat opes. 
 Causa recens inelior : passes Gcrmania crines 645 
 
 Poirigit auspiciis, dux venerande, tuis. 
 Inde triumphatae libasti munera gcntis. 
 
20 
 
 FASTORUM 
 
 Tornplaquo fecistl, quam colis ipso, cleno. 
 Ilaoc tiia coiist'tuit Genitrix et rebus et ara, 
 
 Sola toro iiuigni digna reporta Jovis. 650 
 
 XVI. KAL. 17th. 
 
 Ilacc nl)i transierint, Capricorno, Phoebo, rdicto 
 Per juvcnis curres sigiia gorentis aqimm. 
 X. KAL. 23rd. 
 
 Septimus hinc Oriens cum so clemlserit undis, 
 ^ Fulgebit toto jam Lyra nulla polo. 
 
 IX. KAL. 24tii. 
 
 Sldere ab hoc ignis venienti nocte, Lconis 055 
 
 Qui micat in medio pectore, mersus erit. 
 
 Ter quater evolvi signantes tcmpora fastos, 
 
 Nee Sementina est ulla reperta dies : 
 Cum mihi, sensit enim, Lux hacc indicitur, inquit 
 
 Musa : qiiid a fastis non stata sacra petis ? 660 
 
 Utque dies incerta saeri, sic tempora ccrta, 
 
 Semiuibus jactis est ubi fetus agor. 
 State cororiati plenum ad praesepe juvonci ; 
 
 Cum tcpido vestrum vere redibit opus. 
 Rusticus eineritum palo suspendat aratrum ; 666 
 
 Omne reform idat frigida vulnus humus. 
 Villicc, da requiem terrac, semente peracta, 
 
 Da requiem, te/ram qui coluere, viris ; 
 Pagus agat festurn ; pagum lustrate, coloni, 
 
 Et date paganis annua liba focis. 670 
 
 Placentur matres frugum, Tellusque Ceresque, 
 
 Farre suo gravidae visccribusque suis. 
 Officium commune Ceres et Terra tuentur ; 
 
 Haec praebet causam frugibus, ilia locum. 
 Consortes operum, per quas corrccta vetustas, 675 
 
 Quernaque glans vieta est utiliore cibo, 
 Frugibus immensis avidos satiate colonos, 
 
 Ut capiant cultus praemia digna sui. 
 Vos date perpetuos teneris sementibus auctus, 
 
 Nee nova per gelidas herba sit usta nivea, 680 
 
 Cum serimus, caelum ventis aperitj serenis ; 
 
 Cum latet, aetheria spargitc semen aqua ; 
 Neve graves cultis Cereal ia rura, cavete, 
 
■^^ 
 
 LlBKIt I. 
 
 31 
 
 Agininc lacsuro depopiileiitur aves. 
 Vo.s qiiocnic, fortnicae, sulyi'ctis parcitc graiiis ; 
 
 Post messem praedae copin major crit. 
 Iiitorca crescat scabrae rohiglnis expors, 
 
 Nee vitio caoli palloat iilla scjjos, 
 Et ncque dcfieiat macio, lUMpio j)iii«ruior aequo 
 
 Divitiis poroat liixuriosa suis ; 
 Et caroant loliis^oculos vitiantihus ngrl, 
 
 Nee sterilis culto surgat avena solo. 
 Triticeos fetus, passuraquc fai'ra })ls igneni, 
 
 Ilordoaque ingcnti fenovc roddat agor. — 
 Ilaeo ogo pro vo]>is, haec vos optatc coloni, 
 
 Efficiatquo ratas utraq:.c^ diva prcces. 
 Bella dlu tenuero viros, erat aptior ensis 
 
 Vornerc, cedcbat taurus arator cquo ; 
 Sarcula ccssabant, versiquc in pila ligoiies, 
 
 Faeta([ue do rastri poiiderc eassis eral. 
 Gratia dls domuique tuao ! religata catonis 
 
 Jam pridem vestro sub pedc bella jacent. 
 Sub juga bos vcniat, sub terras scmeu aratas : 
 
 Pax Cerercm iiutrit, pacis alumna Ceres. 
 
 VI. KAL. 27tii. 
 
 At quae vcnturas praecedit soxta Kalendas, 
 
 Tlac sunt Ledacis templa dicata dels. 
 Fratribus ilia dels fratres do gcnte deorum 
 
 Circa Jutuniae composuere laeus. 
 
 III. KAL. SOtii. 
 
 Ipsum nos carmen deducit Pacis ad aram. 
 
 Haec crit a mcnsis fine secqnda dies. 
 Frondibus Actiaeis comptos redimita capillos 
 
 Pax ades, et toto mitis in orbc mane. 
 Dum dcsint liostes, desit quoque causa triumphi ; 
 
 Tu ducibus bello gloria major eris. 
 Sola gorat miles, quibus arma coerceat, arma, 
 
 Canteturque fera nil nisi pompa tuba. 
 Ilorreat Aeneadas et primus et ultimus orbis ; 
 
 Si qua parum Romam terra timebat, amet. 
 Tura, saccrdotes, Pacalibus addite flammis, 
 
 Albaque perfusa victima fronte cadat ; 
 
 686 
 
 690 
 
 696 
 
 too 
 
 '705 
 
 710 
 
 '715 
 
 '720 
 
m 
 
 bASTOKUM LIBEll I. 
 
 Utquo doinus, qimo pracstat cam, cum pace pcrcnnct 
 
 Ad pia propcnsos vota rogato dcos. 
 Sed jam prima mci pars est cxacta laboris, 
 
 CuriKpio siK) finem mcnse libellus habct. 
 
 
:n^otes. 
 
 l. Tempora'] Uiulcr this gen- 
 eral term tho poet includes not 
 only tho months and their divi- 
 sions, hut tho different kinds of 
 days, festivals, half-holidays, and 
 those for ordinary husiness. Caii- 
 gae are the reasons or grounds on 
 which tho distinctions were es- 
 tahlislied. It is probable that 
 the word has reference ti the 
 Atria of Callimachus, a losi epic 
 poem, explanatory of tho arcient 
 Greek legends, whence Proper- 
 tins avowedly borrowed the idea 
 which Ovid has more fully de- 
 veloped in his Fasti. The last 
 book of Propertius, containing 
 some portions of a metrical his- 
 tory of Rome, is clearly the 
 model on which our poet com- 
 posed tho present work. In 
 Prop. V. (iv.) 10. 1, wo have 
 ' nunc Jovis incipiam cauaas ape- 
 rire Feretri.' — nigna. This im- 
 plies that astronomical observa- 
 tions will be interwoven with the 
 historical narratives (inf. 295), so 
 that the work may be at once 
 useful and amusing. This part 
 of the poet's information, Avhich 
 is occasionally inaccurate, was 
 derived from a contemporary 
 grammarian and friend, Clodius 
 Tuscus. lie is mentioned as 
 Tuscus in Epist. ex Pont. iv. 16. 
 20 ; and an account of Lis trea- 
 
 tise on tho risings and settings 
 of the stars, a Greek translotion 
 of which was first published in 
 1823, is given by Merkel, Praef. 
 p. Ixvi. seqq. A specimen of a 
 practical lioman calendar for the 
 whole year, compiled from au- 
 thentic data, will be found in the 
 'Dictionary of Antiquities,' p. 
 183. The Fasti of Ovid em- 
 bodies the notices of festivals, 
 &c., in precisely the same way, 
 but enlarges on tho circum- 
 stances, so as to verify the open- 
 ing words tempora cum caunis. 
 
 3. l7a!sar Oermayiice^ This 
 was the son of Drusus, and the 
 adopted son of Tiberius, who is 
 called pater in ver. 10, as Au- 
 gustus is avun, Tiberius being 
 step-son of the latter, and adopt- 
 ed by him. His history forms 
 a prominent part in the early 
 books of the Annals of Tacitus. 
 The first twenty-six verses are a 
 formal dedication of the poem to 
 Gormanicus, and must be regard- 
 ed as a postscript, with the ex- 
 ception, as Merkel thinks (prae- 
 fat. p. cclxvi.), of ver. 1, 2. 7, 
 8. 13, 14, which perhaps form- 
 ed the original commencement, 
 written between the years 7r>3 — 
 755. The object of the new de- 
 dication, which was made shortly 
 after ihe death of Augustus in 
 
 - .^.t^l^^uJ.kld.^^A'w^k' 4^ .f 
 
•*4 
 
 TASTOIiUM IJIJi:i; I. 
 
 767 (see int". OS), was probably 
 to induce Tiberius, on the inter- 
 cession of Germanicus, to rccul 
 the poet from his exile. We 
 know from Trist, ii. 551, that 
 the work was at first inscribed to 
 Augustus : — 
 
 ' Jdque tuo mipor "criptum sub 
 nr.mine Caesar, 
 Fa tibi sacratum sors niea 
 rupit opus,' 
 
 It was therefore laid aside un- 
 finished at the time of his ban- 
 ishment in 7C2, thoui^h he seems 
 to have completed the first 
 draught or outline of the twelve 
 books. See on vi. 812. After- 
 wards he resumed it, intending a 
 revision ; but he only lived to ro- 
 ?',cdol the first book. He died, 
 it is thought, at the close of the 
 year 770. Merkel has treated 
 the question of the cura pruna 
 et secuni^a with great caie and 
 at considerable length, and con- 
 cludes that in all but the first 
 book Augustur and not Tiberius 
 is alluded to ; in a word, that 
 with the exception of four verses 
 inserted in iv. 81 — 84, they were 
 not touched by the author after 
 702, A.U.C. 
 
 0. inuninc iJextcr adifi] A 
 mere metrical expression iorfare 
 or aiinuc. Officium (for opijici- 
 iim) is properly the personal ser- 
 vice of a client to his patron, 
 as in attending him in public : 
 hence 'u comjdimcnt' of any 
 kind. Some MSS. and odd. give 
 officii, and in tibi dei'otn intiin're. 
 
 7. rccorpioxccx] ' You shall 
 go over again,' ntractabis. Inf. 
 iv. 4. 18, ' phira recognosccs : 
 pauca docendus eris.' (iermani- 
 cus, as a literary man, is presumed 
 to be already acquainted with the 
 
 facts which are now presented, 
 as it were, in a new dress. The 
 prisci annalcs probably refer not 
 only to the writings of Knnius 
 and Fabius Pictor, but to the 
 yearly state records or chronicles 
 properly so called, and to the 
 books of the Pontifices, iiidir/ifa- 
 moita, containing lists of the 
 gods, and instructions as to their 
 worship. To such records cruta 
 is obviously applicable, as they 
 were not likely to be generally 
 known, or even generally acces- 
 sible. 
 
 1). doinrsfica vobisi Instituted 
 by or in honour of your own 
 gens, the Julian (by adoption). 
 Those days are especially meant 
 in Mliich the name of Augustus 
 occurred In the calendar, i. e. 
 ferine in commemoration of his 
 exploits, llor. ()d. iv. 14. 4. 
 
 11. si{/naiitia] Like notnfa, 
 ver. 8, this refers to the marks 
 made in the Fasti against holi- 
 days. See on iii. 42'.). — picto/f. 
 They were distinguished by red 
 letters, a custom which has been 
 continued through the MSS. of 
 the middle ages almost to the pres- 
 ent day, as in the instance of ' ru- 
 brics ' from rubrics. Juvenal has 
 'rubrae majorum leges,' xiv. 191 ; 
 and Martial twice uses the term 
 ' piirpurei fasti,' xi. 4. 5, and xii. 
 26. f). The Drusns here men- 
 tioned was the son of Tiberius. — 
 feres means that hereafter they 
 will obtain tlie same honours 
 (praemi(i) in the Ivimau Cal- 
 endar which their s lors have 
 already secured. — ferre is not un- 
 frequently used for co)>KC<jui. 
 
 13. <iras\ ' Temphi aedificata 
 et restaurata,' e. g. that of tl;Q 
 Palatine Apollo. See Siicton. 
 Oct. t; 29. Infra ii. 03. 
 
N(1TES. 
 
 
 rliir, i. e. 
 
 ru- 
 
 in, movetur] Tliis is usually 
 expluinod ' coinmovetur,' ' tre- 
 iiiit.' 15ut the ellipse of incta, 
 to be supplied from ver. 16, is 
 harsh, and unlilve the generally 
 easy style of Ovid. Rather, ' is 
 put forth,' emittUur. Inf. iii. 11, 
 'quid enim vetat inde mnveri?' 
 i. e. carmen ; iv. 820, ' inde mo- 
 vetur opus.' Her. xvi. 78, ' banc 
 esse ut scires, unde movetur 
 amor.' Virg. Aen. vii. Girl, 
 ' pandite nunc Helicona deae can- 
 tusque movete.' The fulsome adu- 
 lation of comparing Germatiicus 
 to Apollo need not surprii-e any 
 one acquaiutcd with the poetry 
 of the Augustan age. 
 
 21. seimi/iwi] 'We (the Ro- 
 mans generally) are well aware.' 
 Keightloy limits the sense too 
 closely : ' I have heard of/ r,s 
 Ovid was in exile. — pro tvcpidk 
 rris. The Romans had a feeling, 
 in which we do not now share, 
 that nothing Avas more hon<;ur- 
 a1)le than to devote time and tal- 
 ents to the defence of culprits. 
 Gicrig compares Hor. Od. ii. 1. 
 13, where PoUio is called ' in- 
 signe maestis praesidium reis.' 
 Like the Greeks, they were very 
 soft-hearted in tliis matter ; but 
 it arose from the unjust accusa- 
 ti>Mis, ra/uiiinide or (ruKOcpavrlai, 
 so often brought by the powerful 
 against the weak and defenceless, 
 and was a natural result of the 
 jealousies between plebs and pop- 
 ulus. — tidit, sc. facundia tua. 
 
 28. ad Jiostfan artcs] Poetry 
 as distinct from eloquence. Sue- 
 ton. Calig. ij 3, ' Omnes Germa- 
 nico corporis animiquo virtutes, 
 et qnantas nemini cuiquam, con- 
 tigisse satis constat : formam et 
 I'ortitudinein egregiam, ingenium 
 jn utro(|ue eloipientiae doctrinae- 
 
 que gencre praecellens. — Oravit 
 causas etiam triumphalis ; atque 
 inter cetera studiorum monumen- 
 ta reliquit et comoedias Graecas.* 
 In Epist. e\ Pont. ii. 5. 49 — 56. 
 Ovid speaks of Germanicus's elo- 
 quence in exaggerated terras : 
 
 ' Mox ubi pulsa mora est, atque 
 OS coeleste solutum, 
 Hoc i>upero3 jures more s)- 
 lere loqui,' &c. 
 
 Tacitus, who is more to be relied 
 on, merely says, Ann. ii. 73, 
 ' dementia, temperantia, ceteris 
 bonis artihus praestitit.' He 
 translated the Phaenomena of 
 Aratus, parts of which version 
 are still extant. 
 
 24. Iiifffnii] On this genitive 
 see iii. 422. 
 
 2").] Of the two readings of 
 this passage, ' scilicet ut fas est,' 
 and ' si licet et fas est,' the latter 
 seems to give the better sense. 
 The poet apologises for preferring 
 a request whicli he pretends to 
 fear may be thought derogatory 
 to so high a dignity. Wo may 
 perhaps understand it thus : ' Si 
 licet mihi rogare, et si fas est 
 tibi conceilere roganti.' Fas 
 is used with reference to the 
 nninen of Germanicus. The for- 
 mer reading is preferred by Mer- 
 kel. Keigiitley says, ' scilicet, 
 tlierefore. The use of scilicet in 
 this sense is very rare.' Nothing 
 but undoubted examples would 
 make such a sense credible. 
 
 20. aiispicio] Another read- 
 ing is auspice tc. There is. a 
 sort) of play on felij- atuius cat, 
 which in fact is meant to refer to 
 the poem only ; but the success 
 and prosperity of the current 
 year are also implied. See inf. 
 16^, where avspiriin)) is 'the 
 
26 
 
 FASTORUM 
 
 LIBER I. 
 
 opening-day.' Hero he only- 
 means the patronage of Germu- 
 nicus. On the question of his 
 consulship see inf. G3. 
 
 27.] Whatever opinions may 
 exist on the old cyclic or ten- 
 month Roman year, it is an ac- 
 knowledged fiction to attribute it 
 to liomulus. See inf. iii. 75. It 
 seems to have been adopted either 
 from the people of Alba or P^tru- 
 ria, and may even have co-exist- 
 ed, as a sacred divL-ion of time, 
 with a civil year of twelve 
 months ; or there may have been 
 a want of uniformity resulting 
 from the mixed nature of the 
 early Roman population. It is 
 difficult to explain the numerical 
 terms which we still employ, viz. 
 September to December, except 
 on the theory that, like the Greek 
 frytanies, there were in actual 
 use tev divisions of the year. In- 
 stances have been adduced of 
 treaties which seem to have been 
 reckoned by ten-mouth years, 
 such years amounting to 304 
 days each. But in the case of 
 the Veientian treaty, made with 
 Rome in 280 for forty years, and 
 either concluded or broken in 
 317, Dr. Arnold (Hist, of Rome, 
 i. p. 384) inclines to the latter 
 view against Niebuhr, who main- 
 tains that the vcars were cyclic 
 years of ten months ; so that this 
 instance proves nothing. See 
 also ihid. p. 388. One thing at 
 least seems certain, that the year 
 must always be regulated bv, or 
 more or less accurately adjusted 
 to, the recurrence of certain sea- 
 sons, so as to be of the same 
 length into whatever parts it is 
 arbitrarily divided. Hence ten 
 lunar months could not possibly 
 constitute a year in themselves. 
 
 If they Averc made up by inter- 
 calating, it seems likely enough 
 that the intercalated days after- 
 wards became two new months 
 wiih regular names like the rest, 
 January taking the precedence 
 of all, because Janus was the 
 god of opening (ii. 51). See inf. 
 on iii. 121, and the Dictionary 
 of Antiquities, art. Calendar, 
 where this intricate subject i.s 
 fully discussed. 
 
 31. quae moverit^ Keightley 
 says that this and the following 
 tuealur are potential. He means, 
 perhaps, to translate, ' there is a 
 re:ison which may have moved 
 him.' Movcrit belongs in fact to 
 the idiom est quifaciat, aunt qui 
 dicajit, &c., the only diflference 
 being that the action here is one 
 of mixed time, ' there are rea- 
 sons which moved him,' for ' ha- 
 buit rationes quibus moveretur ;' 
 while in the next verse it changes 
 to the ' praesens historicum.' 
 
 37. haec vktit] ' Haec re- 
 spexit,' ' non putavit negligen- 
 da.' — trabcati. The origin of the 
 striped toga so culled was tradi- 
 tionally assigned to Romulus, 
 Avho was said to have appeared 
 in it after he had been tal<en up 
 to heaven. Seii ii. 503 ; vi. 375. 
 — annua jura bears an unusual 
 sense, wliicli however is deter- 
 mined by the context, ' leges ad 
 anni tenipora pertinentes.' — jura 
 dare is properly ' to legislate ;' 
 JHH dare ' to decide causes.' Inf. 
 207. 252. 
 
 39. primns, dr.] See iv. 25 — 8. 
 40.] As Romulus was descend- 
 ed from Aeneas through Ilia or 
 Silvia (iv. 55), he referred his 
 origin to Venus as the author of 
 his race, but to Mars directly as 
 his father. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 27 
 
 41. saiibus] Miiius was fan- 
 cifully derived a mojnribus, as 
 Junius g. jiinioribuH. See v. 73 ; 
 vi. 88. — turha, as tiie Greeks use 
 t»x^os» when things or persons of 
 secondary importance are spoken 
 of collectively. — numero; as Sep- 
 tember from sej)tem, October from 
 oeto, &c. 
 
 43. avitax iimbrasi The shades 
 of his ancestors, which were paci- 
 fied hy februa. See on ii. 19. 
 49. 533. 
 
 4.5 — 49. ue ignores^ — neii pn- 
 taris] ' But, that you (the read- 
 er) may not he ignorant, — nor 
 suppose,' &c., (you are to observe 
 that,) &c. Kc^ightley is surely 
 wrong here : ' Do not then be 
 ignorant, for,' &c., adding, ' ta- 
 inen is merely emphatic, like the 
 Italian ^*<re.' The word is some- 
 times used elliptically, and re- 
 quires something to be supplied 
 before it ; but there is no reason 
 to doubt that it always bears its 
 proper meaning. See inf. 447. 
 495. — -jura means the lawful- 
 ness of doing this or that on par- 
 ticular days. — idem officii is like 
 ' soporis idem,' ii. 334 ; ' turbae 
 idem,' v. 110. It follows the 
 analogy of nifiil, luultuin, pa- 
 rum, &c. — On variorum see inf. 
 132. 
 
 47. tria verha\ The techni- 
 cal words do, dieo, addico used 
 by the I'raetor, viz. ' do bonorum 
 possessionem, dico jus, addico id 
 de quo ambigitur.' Those days 
 on which the Praetor could sit 
 for the transaction of ordinary 
 business at the usual time were 
 fanti, those on which there was 
 no sossion were iief'asti. The 
 words are Irom fus and fart, 
 which have a common root, found 
 also in <^7j/x/. Varro, do LiuT. 
 
 Lat. vi. § 30, ' Contrarii horum 
 vocantur dies vefasti, per quOs 
 dies nefas fari praetorem : do, 
 dico, addico ; itaque non potest 
 agi ; necesse euim aliquo eorum 
 uti verbo, cum lege quid pera- 
 gitur.' The Romans seem to 
 liave kept their fcriae or holidays 
 strictly ; and as usual when holi- 
 days accumulate, they greatly 
 interfered with business, so that 
 Augustus found it necessary to 
 curtail them. Suet. Oct. § 32. 
 Virgil speaks of certain works 
 being lawfully done on festivals, 
 Georg. i. 268, in terms which 
 justify the conclusion that they 
 were generally observed as strict- 
 ly as our Sundays. 
 
 50.] He speaks of half-holi- 
 days, nefasti parte, or nefasti 
 priores, in which only the morn- 
 ing was exempted from legal 
 duties. There were also dies 
 intereisi, v.hich it is hard to re- 
 concile with the statement in 51, 
 52. In these, according to Var- 
 ro, L. L. vi. § 31, there was a 
 legal interval of some hours be- 
 tween killing the victim and offer- 
 ing the exta : ' intcrcisi dies sunt 
 per quos mane et vesperi est 
 nefas, medio tempore inter hos- 
 tiam caesam et exta porrecta 
 fas.' See also ib. § IC, 'inter 
 quojus exta caesa et porrecta 
 1^'lamen primus vinuni legit.' 
 But Ovid says what is clearly 
 different, ' in the afternoon, after 
 the exta have been offisred, busi- 
 ness may proceed as usual.' Ei- 
 ther then he omits all mention 
 of the intercixi, or if he thought 
 they were the same as nefasti 
 parte, which is not improbable, 
 he omits to state that business 
 must stop at sunset ; perhaps bo- 
 cause such was generally tliQ 
 
28 
 
 FASTOKUM LIDER I. 
 
 custom on all days. Ovid was 
 indebted to Viuto for mucli of 
 his information, and it is dilficnlt 
 to believe that the discrepancy 
 ai'ose from ignorance. Merkel 
 (p. xxxvii) denies that dies ne- 
 fasti parte and intercisi were 
 the same. The tbnner are mark- 
 ed in the old calendars NP ; the 
 latter EN {endo for iv) which 
 fact alono seems to indicate a 
 distinction. 
 
 53. septis] lie now speaks 
 of thf dies vomitiales, or regular 
 days for holding assemblies cf 
 the people. These are marked 
 in the calendars with the letter 
 C. These were not ou]y fasti, 
 fit for legal business, but for all 
 ordinary duties whatever ; where- 
 as nefasti dies precluded only 
 legal, but admitted of other af- 
 fairs being done, either public or 
 private (Merkel, p. xxxiii). The 
 septa were the inclosures (tem- 
 porary ?) in the Campus Martins 
 for the voting of tlie centuries. 
 It appears that similar septa, for 
 the Comitia Curiata, occupied a 
 part of the forum which was 
 famed for its fine shops (Martial, 
 ix. 60 ; X. 80. 4). 
 
 5-t. no^io ah oi'be^ The nun- 
 dinae {novcndinae), or irarket- 
 days ; so called, like the vones 
 of the month, which alsvays fell 
 eight days before the ides, from 
 the principle of inclusive count- 
 ing familiar to the Romans. To 
 prevent the coincidence of nonne 
 and muidinae, which they thought 
 unlucky, a day was interpolated 
 in some years. They seem .ilso 
 to have avoided beginning a new 
 year with this day. In the old 
 calendars the letters of the al- 
 phabet from A to II inclusive arc 
 prefixed to the days of thfi month, 
 
 some one of which was the nun- 
 dine letter for the whole year. 
 
 55. Knlendas'] The goddess 
 Juno, who in her Pelasgia char- 
 acter was sometimes the earth, 
 sometimes the moon, claimed as 
 her own the first day of every 
 month {vovixtivia), on which i 
 sacrifice was offered to her by ouo 
 of the subordinate pontiflFs. On 
 the ides Jupiter was similarly 
 honoured ; wliile the nones, being 
 less important than either the 
 new or the full moon, were not 
 dedicated to any particular deity. 
 The meaning of these terms may 
 be given in Varro's words, L. L. 
 vi, § 27: ' primi dies mensinm 
 nominati Calendae ab eo quod 
 his diebus calantur [i. e. koXovv- 
 Toi] ejus mensis nonae a pon- 
 tificibus, quintanae an septima- 
 nac sint futurae [i. e. fall on the 
 6th or the 7th], in Capitolio in 
 Curia Cahibra sic : dies te quin- 
 que calo, Juno Covclla [i. e. luna 
 cava, Kol\ri\, septem dies te calo, 
 Juno Covella. Nonae appellatae 
 aut quod ante diem nonum idus 
 semper, aut quod ut novus annus 
 calendae Januiiriae ab novo sole 
 appellatae, novus mensis ab nova 
 luna.' The former is evidently 
 right. Jdus is from an old verb 
 idno (whence dividuus and diri- 
 do), because it fell on the middle 
 of the month. Others however 
 derived it o7rJ> t7]s ttSovs, from the 
 full moon. The Roman way of 
 counting days prospectively is 
 nothing more than our expression, 
 ' it wants so many days to the 
 full moon,' or, ' to the holidays,' 
 or, ' so many miles to London.' 
 
 58. Atcr] The day after the 
 kalends, nones, and ides in every 
 month was more than nefastus, 
 it was rrfiffinsHi^, or ' unlucky ' 
 
NOTES. 
 
 29 
 
 ntid allowed of no public or state 
 btisincss of anv sort. Hence the 
 poet adds nc faUnre care, mind 
 yon do not forget the precept or 
 miss the count. Varro, L. L. vi, 
 § 29, ' dies postridie Calendus, 
 Nonas, Idus, appellati atri quod 
 per eos dies novi inciperent.' 
 Plntarnh, Quaest. Rom. § 25, in- 
 quires why these three days in 
 each month were &i/^^oSoi Kal 
 av(KS-f]lj.T]Toi (unfit for expedi- 
 tions\ and after as«i<Tnin«T tlie 
 above as a probable reason, con- 
 cludes that they were regarded 
 as sacred to the dead and the 
 powers called Sa(fjiov(s (genii, ii. 
 /)45), like the second month after 
 the commencement of the year. 
 He also suggests that they wished 
 to leave tlie interval of a whole 
 day unemployed between a holi- 
 day and the resumption of ordi- 
 nary busine-es. The day after 
 the kalends and nones was kept 
 sacred, as Keiglitley remarks, on 
 the analogy of the unlucky ideo. 
 The ' dies Allicnsis,' or defeat by 
 the Gauls at the Allia, July 16th, 
 81)0 n. r., is mentioned bv Varro, 
 vi. g 32. Compare IbYo, 221, 
 ' haec efst in fastis cui dat gravis 
 Allia nomen.' The belief in 
 * black days ' is very ancient. 
 IJotii Hesiod and Virgil treat of 
 them ; and like many other 
 ancient superstitions, it remains 
 to this day in the reluctance 
 which sailors have to commence 
 a voyage on a Friday. A dif- 
 ficulty arises fi om the fact that in 
 the ancient calendars these days 
 arc generally marked F (fasti) ; 
 which Merkel (p. xxxiii) re- 
 moves, or endeavours to remove, 
 by the supposition that the rule 
 was relaxed by Augustus, or 
 that tliey were pub'ice reliqiosi. 
 
 ]. e. unlucky for public business, 
 thoug'i only marked as unfit for 
 meetings of the Senate and Co- 
 mitia, which di<l nst take place 
 on dies fasti. 
 
 (52. (■>•««<] The sense is, 
 ' these remarks, though applic- 
 able to all the months alike, 
 shall be made once for all,' and 
 not repeated. He proceeds ac- 
 cordingly with the srriex rcruin, 
 an account of the festivals in 
 their order. 
 
 G3. nuntiat. annwn] Keight- 
 lev thinks this was the year of 
 hi's consulship 770 (771); but 
 the dedication seems to have 
 been made when Germanicus 
 was going into the East in 770. 
 His second consulship was en- 
 tered when on that expedition, 
 Tac. Ann. ii. 53. The poet 
 would probably have been more 
 definite in his allusions had Ger- 
 manicus then been more than 
 consul de-signatus : the point 
 however seems not clearly de- 
 termined. To the question, AVho 
 was Janus ? it may be replied, 
 that primarily an/ in his sim- 
 plest attributes he was the sun, 
 as Diana, or Jana, was the moon. 
 Keightley says, ' a curious but 
 accidental resemblance has been 
 traced between him and the Hin- 
 doo Ganesa.' We may safely 
 allirm that, whatever resem- 
 blance there may be, it is not 
 accidental. Tlie Pelasgi came 
 from the confines of India, and 
 brought with them a mixture of 
 Persian and Hindoo customs, 
 among which that of sun worship 
 was conspicuous. See inf. 385 ; 
 iv. 777. Now Plutarch, Quaest. 
 liom., § 22, states that Janus 
 TsS fjLiv yivei "EAXtji/ iK Ilfp^at- 
 Slas 9>v. and .^Kschvlus, .Suonl. 
 
30 
 
 FASTORUM UnKll I. 
 
 252, includes the Perrhaebi in 
 the Pelasgiiin district. If Janus 
 then was the snn, tlie whole pas- 
 sage which follows becomes at 
 once intelligible; which it cer- 
 tainly is not if we regard him as 
 * an ancient king of Italy.' He 
 is anni origo ; he was produced 
 out of chaos (inf. 103) ; he opens 
 and shuts the world by the alter- 
 notions of his light, and governs 
 the whole universe (118 — 120). 
 He is united with the seasons in 
 presidiing over heaven (12/>), and 
 his double face evidently arose 
 from the notion that as the sun 
 passed from east to west ho 
 showed his disc both behind and 
 before at the same time, tims 
 contemplating ' eoas partes hos- 
 periasque simul' (140). Yet it 
 does not appear that the poet 
 was at all aware of his true char- 
 acter as the sun-god. All that 
 be says about opening the year 
 and the sky is in reference to 
 jaivM. In fact, as in the simi- 
 lar case of Anna Perenna, t'le 
 moon, iii. 523, we must conclude 
 that as the relations between the 
 numerous deities became more 
 complex and their attributes en- 
 larged, the original and simple 
 meaning of the names was not 
 only obscured, but often wholly 
 lost. 
 
 07. ducibus] Tiberius and 
 Germanicus. Dux is not unfrc- 
 quently used for imperatnr, i. e. 
 princeps, inf. iv. 408. Here it 
 refers more especially to tho vic- 
 tory gained by the latter over 
 the Germans in 769. See Tae. 
 Ann. ii. 41; inf. 285. — otia agit, 
 as agcre vitam, aenun, ferias, 
 &c., and even ver agerc, Georg. 
 ii. 338. Cf. iv. 92G. 
 
 70. nutu, tao\ Janus bore a 
 
 koy as a symbol (ver. 99), whence 
 rcwra, to whiclj is added the 
 notion of favour and good will. 
 Candida probably alludes to the 
 white to^jas of the people keep- 
 ing holiday. 
 
 76.] This expression, which 
 is not an obvious one, was prob- 
 ably borrowed from Propertius, 
 V. (iv.) 6. 74, ' terque lavet nos- 
 tra spica Cilissa comas.' Inf. v. 
 318. Ibis, 202, ' quotve ferat, 
 dicam, terra Cilissa crocos.' .Saf- 
 fron is meant, or the dried pistils 
 of crocus sativus, imported from 
 Corycus in Cilicia. Whon burnt 
 on hot embers it makes a crack- 
 ling noise, which was considered 
 a good omen. Tibull. ii. 5. 81, 
 ' laurr.s, io, bona signa dedit : 
 gaudeto coloni.' Inf. 344 ; iv. 
 742. 
 
 79. intactisi ' Clean,' newly 
 scoured, and unstained by use 
 since they left the hands of tho 
 fuller. So ' lilium non taotum,' 
 Martial, v. 37. 6. Vest is is 
 more commonly used of the tunio 
 than tho toga. See on vi. 623. 
 New togas may also be meant ; 
 for these were frequently required 
 in the city, though not in tho 
 country, whore they were seldom 
 worn. Martial, x. 96. 1 1 : — 
 
 ' Quatuor hie aestato togae plu- 
 resve teruntur : 
 Auctumnis ibi me quatuor una 
 tegit,' 
 
 i. e. in Spain. — Tarpeias nrces, 
 the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 
 —fcsto concolor. Dies atri (58) 
 were contrasted with dies candidi. 
 They marked lucky days by a 
 white score, or by setting-by a 
 white pebble as a memento. 
 Martial, xi. 36. 1 : ' Gains banc 
 lucem gemma mihi Julius alba 
 
NOTES. 
 
 01 
 01 
 
 Signat.' Ihid. xii. 3^, 5—8. 
 Pcrsius, V. 108, ' illn priiis creta, 
 mox linec cnrbone notasti.' 
 
 81. jmnqnr, d'c] 'And now 
 the procession is in si^ifht, iitteiul- 
 jug the new consul who is to be 
 inaugurated tliis day.' The nova 
 purpura is the trabea (37), worn 
 by the consuls on solemn occa- 
 sions, Virg. Aen. vii. 012. — c/tur, 
 ' sella cumlis.' Virgil combines 
 these two as badges of sovereign- 
 ty in the speech of king Latinus, 
 Aen. si. 334, ' ct scliam regni 
 trabeamque insignia nostri.' In 
 the consul it denoted the pro- 
 regal authority. 
 
 82. pomkra] Sec on iv. 300. 
 
 83. pracbcnt fi'rlemhi^ 'Lend 
 their necks to the blow.' For 
 the rcstiveness of a victim at 
 the altar was a bad omen. Tac. 
 Hijt. iii. 50, ' accessit dirum 
 omen, profugus altaribus taurus, 
 disjecto saorificii iipparatn, longo 
 nee ubi feriri hostias nios est 
 confossus.' — herha Falhca. The 
 district of Falcrii, near the Cli- 
 tumnus, was famed for a variety 
 of white oxen. The Itomans had 
 a foolisli notion that cattle and 
 sheep changed their colour by 
 drinking certain waters, Juvon. 
 xii. 13 and 42. This pontametcr 
 occurs also in Amor. iii. 13, 14, 
 and ex Pont. iv. 4. 32. Most of 
 the Roman poets occasionally re- 
 peat verses, citlier accidentally or 
 after the example of Homer. 
 
 S."*, 80.] This distich has no 
 direct connexion with what pre- 
 cedes. It is added to express 
 the grandeur and majesty of the 
 spectacle. 
 
 89. Quon (Ucaml This ques- 
 tion has been answered on 03. 
 The mention of Greece shows 
 how comoletelv the old Italian 
 
 mythology liad become identified 
 with the Greek. ' Tell us Avho 
 you aro, for we find nothing like 
 you in (Jreece.* The fact, that 
 the Greeks had no counterpart 
 to Janus, is remarkable, and the 
 more so as the worship seems to 
 have been Pelasgic. 
 
 93. nffUaremmcn/el He asked 
 the question mentally as he had 
 his book in hand in the act of 
 writing ; not that he went pre- 
 pared to take down viva voce 
 notes. — Lticidior. A supernatu- 
 ral light was believed to attest 
 the presence of a deity. Gierig 
 refers to Aen. ii. 590, ' pura per 
 noctem in luce refulsit Alina 
 parens, confessa deam.' 
 
 90. repetis'l Virgil lias * re- 
 pons discordia' for repentina. 
 Tlie more common form is the 
 ablative reprnlc. Compare spon- 
 tc from spons (Varronianus, p. 
 314), i. e. expons. It is said to 
 be the participle of ftirtdi, mean- 
 ing that which falls suddenly. 
 
 101). ore priorc] ' His front 
 mouth,' i. e. mihi obverso. 
 
 101. dkrum'l Tlie genitive 
 depends on vafen rather than on 
 operose. The phra-^e occurs again 
 iii. 177. 
 
 103. vncahant Chaos] The 
 name Janus was thought by 
 some to be connected with xal- 
 veip, ' to yawn.' It has been 
 sugge-ited by the present editor 
 (Praef. ad Prom. Vinct. p. xx) 
 that it is connected with taiyeiVf 
 ' to warm,' ' to cheer.' 
 
 105. restant'] * Remain to com- 
 plete the number of four ele- 
 ments.' By igriLi the bright 
 ether is meant, which is always 
 to be distinguished from air, the 
 atmosphere. Lucret. v. 498, 
 ' inde mare, inde aiir, iude aether 
 
32 
 
 FASTORUM LIBEU I. 
 
 ignifor ipso.' Ilcnco hi 100, 'al- 
 tiiin flamnia petit.' Humboldt, 
 Cosmos, vol. iii. p. 84 : 'As the 
 elements of the ancients signify 
 not so much diversity, or even 
 simplicity or indecomposibility of 
 substance, as staicH of matter, 
 the idea of tho upper ether (the 
 fiery celestial atmosphere) had its 
 root in the first and normal anti- 
 theses of " heavy" and " light," 
 " under" and " upper," " earth " 
 and "fire." Between these two 
 extremes are two *' middle ele- 
 mentary states ; " water, more 
 nearly akin to the heavy earth ; 
 and air, nearer to the light fire.' 
 By this doctrine the meaning 
 of ' propior locus,' sc. flammae, 
 ' at'ra cepit,' is made clear. Lu- 
 cret. V. 458 : 
 
 ' ideo per rara foramina terrae 
 Partibus erumpens primus so 
 
 sustulit aether 
 Ignifer, et multos sccum levis abs- 
 
 tulit ignes.' 
 
 HenC'^ the notion of Prometheus 
 bringing fire from heaven. Tha 
 ether was the vast and inexhaus- 
 tible magazine of that commod- 
 ity, so essential to the life of 
 man. 
 
 108. rnasftci] This word, from 
 /i({^a, a lump of dough, implies 
 something of which the compo- 
 nent parts are so thoroughly amal- 
 gamated that separation is no 
 longer possible. It is often used 
 of hot iron (fxvSpos), and Virgil 
 has ' atrae massam picis,' Georg. 
 i. 275. It is well applied to the 
 chaotic mass while its parts, 
 though separable, were inti- 
 mately blended. 
 
 110. terra /reiti7nqve'\ What- 
 ever is meant by the obscure ex- 
 pression in the Mosaic account 
 
 of the creation, ' the waters were 
 above the firmament,' we are 
 struck by its resemblance to the 
 views of cosmogony here given, 
 principally, perhaps, from the 
 Ionic philosophy. Tiie snlid 
 earth settled down lowest, then 
 the sea : while the lighter ele- 
 ments remained aloft, — like strata 
 of sediment from muddy water 
 containing particles of different 
 gravity. 
 
 112. redii] * i. q. ivi. Ctm- 
 pounds in re are frequently used 
 for the simples.' Keightley. A 
 more satis-factory view is that 
 of Mr. Long on Caesar. B, G. iii. 
 17:' rei'ocnre is not only to " Re- 
 call," or " withdraw from a 
 thing," but to "draw a mim into 
 a new or fresh direction," to a 
 thing which is not his usual or 
 proper object.' See the note on 
 vi. 535, infra. — It has been al- 
 ready remarked (63) that Janus 
 is the Sun-god. We here find 
 him identified with the earth, or 
 rather universe, under his attri- 
 bute of Opener or Originator of 
 created things. lie associates 
 his own figure with that of the 
 earth in rather a confused way. 
 But the principle is the pame as 
 that by which Juno was both 
 Moon and Earth (supra 55). We 
 must not forget that the ancients 
 regarded the earth as the great 
 centre of all things, and the sun 
 as quite secondary in importance. 
 See Virg. Eel. vi. 3h— 38. 
 
 114.] 'quod est ante et quod 
 est post idem in me videtur.' 
 'His front and back were the 
 same, as all had been when he 
 was Chaos.' Keightleji. 
 
 115. causa altera] This is 
 given in ver. 135, In the mean- 
 time he explains his office of 
 
NOTES. 
 
 Janitor in heavon nnd earth. — 
 ut noris, ut noscas. This tenso 
 is necessarily employed for the 
 present subjunctive in defective 
 verbs like novi, vicmini, &c., and 
 Keightley is wrong in translat- 
 ing ' 80 that you will know.* So 
 in Juven. vii. 231, the parent is 
 said to exact from the teacher, 
 'ut legat historias, auctores 
 noverit omnes.' 
 
 120. vertendi cardinixi] Of 
 turning the earth on itT axis: 
 see vi. 271 ; or perhaps of turn- 
 ing round t!ie heavens (jr<JAoj). 
 So infra, ' Ter sine perpetuo 
 caelum versetur in axe.' 
 
 121. Cum libuit] This by 
 way of an example of his power. 
 ' He represents his temple as be- 
 ing the abode of Peace and War, 
 who dwelt in it alternately. It is 
 shut, to keep War confined ; but 
 when it is open, and War is at 
 liberty. Peace remains within.' 
 Keightley. Hor. Epist. ii. 1. 255, 
 ' Claustraque custodem pacis co- 
 hibentia Janum.' Inf. 281. 
 The splendid lines of Virgil, Aen. 
 vii. 601 — 014, should bo read 
 along with the present passage. 
 t?ee inf. 257 — perpduus^ like 
 contimina, is used indiscriminate- 
 ly of time, and place or position, 
 and properly means what is un- 
 interrupted by intervals {per and 
 pc(o). Neither of these words 
 contains any notion of what is 
 unlimited, lilio our 'perpetual' 
 and ' continual ;' i. e. they do not 
 signify what has no eml, but only 
 what has no break so long as it 
 lasts. — viae perpctuac are there- 
 fore the paths of peace, unbroken 
 by war so long as she w.is abroad, 
 and he was shut up. Applied to 
 things, we have ' trabes perpetuae 
 hi longitudinem,' Caesar, IJ. G. 
 
 2* 
 
 vii. 23, and ' perpetuae mensae,' 
 Aen. vii 176 ; ' perpetui tergum 
 bovis,' ib. viii. 183 ; ' continui 
 montes, nisi dissooiontar opaca 
 Valle,' Hor. Epist. i. 16. 6. 
 
 127. Inde\ It is not clear 
 whether he means from jatiua, 
 implied in ^oribua (125), or from 
 CO, quasi ' £anus/ the derivation 
 given by Cic. de Nat. Deorum. 
 — libum. It was called janual, 
 according to Festus, quoted by 
 Gierig. 
 
 \2b. ridebis'] From this wo 
 may infer that the terms used by 
 the Kex sacrificus (ii. 21) were 
 almost obsolete, and founded bar- 
 barous to educated and Grecised 
 Roman ears. Core pa ;e inf. 632. - 
 Patulcius is for patul-icius. 
 Compare patidus^ and Elicius, 
 iii. 328. 
 
 1 32. diversas vices] ' The 
 alternation of opposite duties.' 
 Vices means ' the laws of 8uc» 
 cession,' i. e. the law which de- 
 termines that some one thing 
 shall always follow another, 
 whether as a natural conse- 
 quence, or an arbitrary adjust- 
 ment of duties by turns. Pro- 
 pertius has ' miseras vices,* ' pun- 
 ishment for causing unhappi- 
 ness,' and Horace ' vices jiilper- 
 bae,' ' retribution for pride,' Od. 
 i. 28. 32. Diversxis is properly 
 said of a direction, adversus of a 
 point, which is opposite to the 
 speaker. Thus Eurydico, jjrhen 
 she leaves Orjiheus, and returns 
 to Hades, ' fugit diversa,' Georg. 
 iv. 500. Compare Aen. vii. 132. 
 150 ; xi. 201. More rarely it is 
 transferred to quality, like con- 
 trarins, Varius implies diver- 
 gency, or slight difference. Inf. 
 v. 5, ' diversae causae ' answers 
 to our use, ' diverse (i. e. several 
 
 f 
 
 *■ 
 
wm 
 
 34 
 
 FASTOllUM LIBEIl I. 
 
 « 
 
 distinct) reasons ; ' while * varii 
 dies' (sup. 4ii) nrc days liaving 
 dc'jrrees or grndiitions of differ- 
 enco from cacli oilier. 
 
 IJl.'j.l To understand tliis pm- 
 safTQ nriglit tlie student should re- 
 fer to lieeker's Kxcursus on tlio 
 Roman liouses, Galliis^ p. 2517, 
 scqq. Tlie jaima, or street-door, 
 opened into a space a little re- 
 tiring from the street, called 
 vcHt'ibu^uin : whence Virgil says 
 tliat a palm-treo should over- 
 shadow tha vestihuhim of the 
 bee-hive, Georg. iv. 20. Varro, 
 L. L. vii. § 81, ' vostihuluni, 
 quod est ante domum.' See inf. 
 vi. 303. Behind tho janua was 
 ^ a celhi for the porter (janitor), 
 precis ly where it is placed near 
 college gates to this day. It 
 afforded access either at once or 
 througli a small hall or inner 
 portico, osfiuin, to the principal 
 saloon, atrium (still represented 
 by the patio or inner court ot 
 Spanish liouses). lieyond this 
 was the eavwu aeiUuiii, or pri- 
 vate family apsirtment, opening 
 into bed-rooms, and other smaller 
 rooms at the sides, lioth of 
 these apartments, in ace rdanee 
 with a primitive eastern construc- 
 tioii, had a hole in the roof, or 
 rather, were oidy partially roofed 
 in. In the afriuiii, this aperture 
 was designed at first to let out 
 the smoke of the fire kindled bo- 
 low it, on the prhiciple of the 
 gipsy's hut, or the louvre (lantern) 
 above the brazier in a college 
 hall. Hence atrhtm has been 
 plausibly derived from afcr, as 
 fjLt\a9poi' from ix4\as, though 
 others with equal probability de- 
 duce it from aXOpiQv, sub dlo. 
 Close to the fire-place (J^ocns) 
 stood the Penates and tlie tute- 
 
 lary or family Lar, to which 
 Ovid hero alludes, though it 
 does not follow from his words, 
 as Becker thinks, that it was 
 close to the door ; only that it 
 was opposite to it. In his time, 
 however, a different arrange- 
 ment had become general, at 
 least in the larger houses, the 
 images of the Lar, &e , being 
 kept in a separate sacellum or 
 ' larariimi,' which seems to have 
 been opened only once a month 
 (Propert. v. (iv.) 3. 54). Tibul- 
 lus, i. 10. 11), ' paupero eultu 
 stabat ill cxigna llgiieus aedo 
 dens.' Where aede may mean 
 lai'Hfio, or be used for aedibvs, 
 i. e. doino. The focua was then 
 trant^ferrc'd to anotlier apartment 
 for culinary purposes only (inf. 
 vi. 302, ' qui tamen in primis 
 aedibus ante fuit '). This is the 
 ' novus rltus ' of^ the atrii n 
 mentioned by Horace, Od. iii. 1 . 
 4r>. In Ovid's house, however, 
 the old arrangemcot was pre- 
 served ; for ho says (Trist. i. 3. 
 43) of his wife : — 
 
 ' Ilia etiam auto Lares passis pros- 
 trata capillis 
 Contigit extinctos ore tre- 
 mento focos.' 
 
 The exact position of the focus 
 ill the old atrium cannot be de- 
 termined. 
 
 141. j trcs and trrnas are em- 
 phatic, and contrasted with hiiia 
 in 144: 'If Hecate looks in 
 three directions at once, why 
 should not I look in two V ' Tliis 
 goddess, the infernal representa- 
 tive of Luna, and called 'Trivia,' 
 from the Greek t/>/o5os, used to 
 stand, like the Ilermae, in the 
 streets of Greek towns (Varro, 
 L. L. vii. § G), and perhaps gen- 
 
xNOTES. 
 
 35 
 
 orally where throo ways mot. 
 A (lonf was sacrifiLod to her, inf. 
 H8'J, either because d(*g8 hay at 
 the moon, and were thouj^ht to 
 luinounce her presence (Theocr. 
 ii. 35), or in her character as the 
 huntress Diana. It h a natural 
 impulse to erect some kind of 
 pillar or statue at the intersection 
 of cross-roads. In this case three 
 hoad.s, a horse, n lion, and a dog, 
 were so sculptured as to present 
 n diflPercnt appearance at each 
 point of divergenco. Pausanias, 
 ii. 30. 2, 'AKKa/xfi^ris 8i, ifnol 
 SoKuvy irpuTOS iy({\juoTO 'EKdrifs 
 rpla iiToir)(re vpoctx^t-ttyct i\- 
 A'/jA.oiy, ^v 'AdrjpatOi KctXovaiv 
 'EviirvpyiStav. 
 
 152. palmite] 'Palmes' is 
 the new shoot formed iu tho 
 spring, from which the grape- 
 blossom (gemma) is protruded. 
 Cf. iii. 238, ' vividaquo e tenero 
 palmite gemma tumet.' It ap- 
 pears to bo the same as ' sarmen- 
 tum.' Cic. de Senect. 15, ^ 53, 
 • Itaque incunte vero in lis quae 
 relicta sunt exlstit tanquam ad 
 articulos sai*mentorum ea quae 
 goinma dicitur, a qua orieiis uva 
 s'j osteiidit.' The gouts, Avhich 
 are fond of vine-loaves, used to 
 eat the paliiiiteK, and so diminish 
 the crop. Inf. 354. See iv. 128. 
 Virg. Kcl. vii. 48, 'jam laeto tur- 
 geiit in palmite gemmae.* 
 
 153. uperitur frondibnsi An- 
 other reading is ' amicitur viti- 
 bus,' which is less appropriate, 
 for the mention of the vinos has 
 just been made; though Gierig 
 lias adopted it for that very 
 reason, (fperitur points to that 
 ancient idea of leaves which re- 
 garded them as ' little scales ; ' 
 i'orfo/uDn is (poKlov, the diminu- 
 tive of <po\\s, contracted into 
 
 (f>6\\ov. — hcrba, as frequently, 
 is tho blade of corn. 
 
 103.] The answer, it will be 
 observed, in fact assigns no rea- 
 son at all ; for tho assumption 
 that tho sun begins a now course 
 after the winter solstice is both 
 arbitrary and fanciful. Hut the 
 llomans were accustomed to 
 reckon thus, perhaps from re- 
 mote tradition. Varro, L. L. vi. 
 J5 8, ' Tempus a bruma ad bru- 
 mam dum sol redit, vocatur an- 
 nm, quod ut parvi circuli anuli, 
 sic miigni dicebantur circltes ani, 
 unde anvits.^ Lucretius, i. 312, 
 has, ' multis solis redeuntibus 
 annis,' i, e. ' many circles of the 
 sun.' Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 
 § 19, Ka96\ov fiiv yhp oviiv dart 
 (p6(T(i rwy iv k6k\(i) Tept<f>?pofA4' 
 vuv oSt' (ffx^fov oUre irpuroVf 
 v6fxtfi S' &\\y\v 6,\\oi ToD xp^*"*^ 
 Kaixfiivovffiv apx^iv- 
 
 1G5. lUibus\ Hero used in 
 the technical sense, and to bo 
 distinguished from lite in vor. 73. 
 Tho meaning is, that a mere 
 semblance of business was al- 
 lowed on New Year's day, lest it 
 should be a bad omen to begin 
 with idleness. This was called 
 auxpicari. See Tac. Ann. iv 
 36, where Lipsius refers to Suet. 
 Ner. g,^ 7 and 46. 
 
 167. cnjntnisi] ' Mandavi,* 
 'constitui.' — aiiKplcio, 'die au- 
 spicali.' 
 
 1G9. oh i(k7n] i. e. 'ob ean- 
 dem causam,' sc. ominis gratia. 
 There is another reading obiter. 
 — dalibat means, ' takes a tasle 
 of.' Scd ii. 653. Suetonius, 
 Oct. § 57, 'delibante tantum- 
 modo eo summarum acervos, 
 aequo ex quoquam plus denario 
 auferente.' — ii'.c plus qnam testi- 
 ficatur must bo taken together : 
 
30 
 
 FASTOllUM LIBEIl I. 
 
 ' IIo docs no moro tlinn afford 
 evidonco of Iiis \i8unl employ- 
 ment,' — ns if a cobl)ler wore to 
 Btnnd at his door and set a dozen 
 stitches to a shoo, nnd then close 
 his shop for the day. 
 
 171. quam visplacem] ' Thongh 
 the primary object is to pruy to 
 some other god.' This custom is 
 reodily explained by Jann.s's pre- 
 rogative us the initiator and be- 
 ginner of every thing (112). 
 
 172. tura] 'Tus' cr 'thus' 
 is the Roman form of 0vos. The 
 hard dental was preferred to th, 
 except in such words as are 
 directly Greek, as thalamus^ the- 
 atrumf themnrus. 
 
 175, 17G.] This passage shows 
 the antiquity of the custom of 
 * wishing a happy new year.' The 
 addition of some trifling gift (185 
 — 189) is more generally ob- 
 served on the continent than with 
 us. See also on ii. 617. 
 
 179. Ad primam vocem"] The 
 Greek doctrine of <^^/iai and 
 K\rfi6v(s resembled this. Sec on 
 Prom. Vinct. 494. In much tho 
 same way tho Romans drew 
 omens frou; greetings, as * salve,' 
 or from lucky names, such as 
 Valens, Salvius. See Cic. de 
 Div. i. 45. Tac. Hist. iv. 24. 53. 
 
 181. templa patenf] sc. illo 
 die, Jani festo. — caducas, irritas. 
 — pondus habent. Vain prayers 
 were said to be carried away by 
 the wind. 
 
 184. teligi] There is no con- 
 nexion between the reply of Janus 
 and the question whicn follows. 
 He means therefore ' continuavi 
 orationem,' sc. nuUam moram 
 interposui quin statim quaere- 
 rem. 
 
 185. pahna] Probably the 
 date, ' caryota,' which was gild- 
 
 ed and sent for a now year's gift. 
 Martial, Ep. viii. 83. 11 : — 
 
 • Hoc linitur sputo Jani caryota 
 Kulendis, 
 Quam fert cum parvo sordi- 
 dus asse clicns.' 
 
 76. xiii. 27 :— 
 
 ' Aurca porrigitur Jani caryota 
 Kalendis ; 
 Sed tamcn hoc munus pau- 
 peris esse solct.' 
 
 It was of no value, but merely a 
 symbolical giil, like our ' Easter 
 eggs.' Presents were sent on 
 tiie Saturnalia, Mart. iv. 88. 1 ; 
 on birthdays, ib. viii. 38. 14 ; 
 and on the Matronalia, or first 
 of March (the first of the cyclic 
 year), Tibull. iii. 1. 3 :— 
 
 festao venere 
 
 • Mortis Roman! 
 i ilendae : 
 
 Exoriens nostris hie fuit an- 
 nus avis. 
 Et vaga nunc certa discurrunt 
 undique pompa 
 Perquo vias urbis munera 
 perque domos.' 
 
 186. nivco cado] A jar of 
 white term cotta. 
 
 187. segnatur'] ' Scqui ' is 
 properly ' to keep up with,' ' to 
 attend,' rather than ' to go be- 
 hind,' KflnfffOai. It has (in 
 other words) the notion of fol- 
 lowing without losing ground. 
 They gave sweetmeats us an 
 omen, that tne sweets of life 
 might predominate over tho bit- 
 ter throughout the year. 
 
 188. dulcis] This word con- 
 nected with yKvKvs, always 
 means ' sweet to the taste,' ' sug- 
 ary ; ' while siiavis (rfivs) is 
 ♦ agreeable to the senses,' applied 
 to sounds, fragrance, &c. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 97 
 
 1R9. «<//)m] Small brass coins 
 were given (the ' parv'us as ' of 
 Martial, ut sup.) on this day, 
 called ftrrnne, either alone or in 
 conjunction with other trifles. 
 The origin of the word, and its 
 connexion with gtrenuna is not 
 very clear. See Varro7nanii9, 
 p. 114. arfn\v^s seems to mean 
 ' coarse and rough,' and the word 
 was not inaptly applied to the 
 old coinage. The French Hrenne 
 preserves n record both of the 
 word and the custom. The em- 
 perors themselves did not disdain 
 to receive this dole, perhaps to 
 patronize a popular custom. The 
 notion was, that to take money 
 on new-year'a day would insure a 
 supply during the year, just as 
 some say that it is lucky to hear 
 the first cuckoo with money in 
 your pocket, Sueton. Oct. ^5 
 57 : ' Omnes ordines in Iticum 
 Curtii quotannis ex voto pro 
 salute ejus stipemjaciebant; item 
 Kalcndis Janunriis atrenam in 
 Capitolio, ctiam abseuti.' lb. 
 55 91: 'ex noctumo visu etiam 
 stipem quotannis die ccrto emen- 
 dicabat & populo, cavam manum 
 asses porrigcntibus praebens.' 
 lb. Calig. § 42 : ' edixit et stre- 
 nas iueunte anno se rccepturum : 
 stctitquc in vestibulo aedium Ka- 
 lendis Januariis ad captandas 
 stipes, quas plenis ante eum ma- 
 nibus ac sinu omnis generis 
 turba fundebat.' The etymol- 
 ogy of atips, whence stipc7idiu)n, 
 is rather uncertain. Varro, L. 
 L. V. § 182, writes: 'nam quod 
 asses libralcs pondo erant, qui 
 acceperant majorem numerum 
 non in area ponebant, sed in 
 aliqua cella stipabanij id est com- 
 ponebant, quo minus loci occu- 
 paret ; ab stipendio stipem dicere 
 
 coepcmnt.' Ho adds, a« an aOer» 
 thought perhaps, ' stipa ab arroifiii 
 fortasse, Graeco verbo.' Stipare 
 and artifidv are in fact the same 
 words. 
 
 191. f(ilhint'\ XavBivoutri et. 
 ' How little you understand the 
 spirit of the age, i. e. the. preva- 
 lent love of money, if you think 
 the honey stands first, the coin 
 only second as an offering ! ' 
 
 194. lucra] See on v. 292. 
 
 199. caHo] On the 'casaRo- 
 muli ' see note on Propert. v. 
 1. 9. It was kept up in its 
 original state, or according to 
 some traditiotial standard, till a 
 late era of the empire, though 
 its site seems to have been more 
 than once changed. Inf. iii. 184. 
 Virg. Aen. viii. 654. On ulva 
 see v. 519. — duin capiebat, ii. 
 263. 
 
 201. viw totm stabat] The 
 tem.ple was hardly largo enough 
 to contain the statue. Gieiig 
 makes stabat imply a standing 
 as opposed to a sitting posture. 
 Compare Martial's amusing ac- 
 coimt of his little farm, xi. 18. 
 10:— 
 
 ' In quo nee cuoumis jacere rec- 
 tus, 
 Nee serpens habitarc totii pos- 
 sit.' 
 
 Ovid probably had in view the 
 similar verses of Propertius, v. 
 (iv.) 1. 5:— 
 
 ' Fictilibus crevere dels haec 
 aurea templa. 
 Nee fuit opprobrio facta sine 
 arte casa ; ' 
 
 and ib. 7, ' Tarpeiusque pater 
 nuda de rupe tonabat,' viz. whore 
 the temple of Jupiter Tonans 
 was afterwards erected. 
 
38 
 
 FASTORLM LIBEIl I. 
 
 207. praetor] This was the 
 ancient military title of the con- 
 sul. Varro, L. L. v. i^ 87 : ' in 
 re militari praetor dictus, qui 
 praeiret exercitui.' There is 
 another reading consu'. In 
 either case Cincinnatus is al- 
 luded to. On jtira dahat see 
 sup. 37. The praetor urbanus 
 was said jus dare or diccrc in a 
 very different sense. — lamina. 
 ' Nempe Cornel. Rufinuni, bis 
 Cons, et Dictatura functum, Fa- 
 bricius Censor A. u. 478 senatu 
 movit, quo'l decern pondo liliras 
 facti argenti haberet. Gellius, 
 N. A. iv. 8 ; xvii. 21.' Ukriff. 
 
 2 1 2. cim\ ' Whereas ' or ' al- 
 though.' 
 
 214. vitiiii] 'Luxuria* and 
 ' avaritia ; ' which thrive by a 
 mutual relation and dependence, 
 tliough apparently contrary. 
 
 215. ob u)ul(i] ' Ab' is some- 
 times added with neuter verbs, 
 and even with active, when the 
 cause rather than the instrument 
 is implied. So Propert. iv. (iii.) 
 2. li) : ' at non ingenio quaesi- 
 tum nomen ab aevo Excidet.' 
 Tibull. i. 5. 3 : ' turbo, Quon 
 celer assueta versat ab arte puer.' 
 Inf. iii. 321. For the simile of 
 the dropsy compare Hor, Od. ii. 
 2. 13. 
 
 217. In prctio pretiiDit'] Te- 
 cuuia aestimatur.' Gieri<f. Tlie 
 play on words is illustrated on 
 iii. 113 and 8.j7. 
 
 218. Jacct] Kurai, surgere ne- 
 quit. 
 
 219. 2u tamen] 'And yet 
 you, as if the matter were not 
 obvious, ask whether,' itc. This 
 refers to v. 191. — cnr^pic, &.C., 
 ' and also why the old form of 
 coin is preferred as an offering.' 
 He means, that the latter Doint 
 
 was a distinct question. — nostras 
 manus. This seems to mean 
 that some siips was put into the 
 hand of Janus on this day. He 
 can hardly be supposed to identify 
 himself with the citizens, when 
 he might so easily have said ves- 
 tras. I'erhaps tliis was done by 
 way of a beginning, as sup. 172. 
 
 222. Jiioueta] This word, 
 whence our ' iiioneif,^ properly 
 signifies the Mint, which derived 
 its name from being close to the 
 temple of Juno Moneta. Inf. 
 GUS; vi. 183. 
 
 223. ic7npla Aiirea] This al- 
 ludes to the temple of Janus de- 
 dicated by Tiberius in 770, and 
 consequently the passage musi 
 have been inserted in the second 
 edition or revision of the poem. 
 Tac. Ann. ii. 4'J : ' isdem tempo- 
 ribus deum aedes vetustate aut 
 igni abolitas coeptasquc ab Au- 
 gusto dedicavit, — et Jano tem- 
 plum, quod apud forum Olitorium 
 Gai>is Duilius struxerat, qui pri- 
 mus rem Romanam prospcre ge.s- 
 sit triiunphumque navalem de 
 Poenis mernsrat.' The comple- 
 tion and adoruncnt of this tem- 
 ple would probably have been in 
 progress in the preceding year. 
 See on ver. 3, sup. Ini'. 2;>7. 
 
 229. navalis forma] An en- 
 graving of an '/„<(, preserved in 
 tlie British Museum, and bearing 
 the iwo-faced Janus on one side 
 and the prow of a ship on the 
 other," is given in the I)ictlo,:iry 
 of Antiq (in v. as.) Plut. Quaest. 
 Rom. c< 41: Sjo t( rh nahaibv 
 vSfiifffia irP) fxeu flx^" 'lavov 8j- 
 irpSacoTTov iiK6va, irff Se v\oiov 
 irpvfxvav ey/cexapoyjuri/rjj/ ; iroVe- 
 pov {ws oi iroWol Kiyovffiv) iitX 
 Ti/j-fj Kp6uov ir\oi^ Siairepdffavros 
 els 'IraKiav ; He adds another 
 
NOTES. 
 
 39 
 
 explanation, that whereas good 
 hiws and plenty of means are the 
 chief blesshigs in a city, the one 
 Avas due to Janus, the other to 
 the river which conveyed supplies. 
 231.) lie replies lir»t to the 
 qnestiou about the two heads. 
 In imayiuc is the reading of good 
 ]\ISS., and seems to give a better 
 sense. Merkel has nt, which im- 
 plies some ellipse: 'That you 
 might recognize me by the dou- 
 ble image (as you would still do 
 on the old coins), did not age 
 render the impression indistinct.' 
 
 238. I.atiiiv)'\ Dr. Donaldson 
 has shown ( Varroniinms, pp. G 
 and 61) that the words Latium, 
 Lavinium, Latiims (Latvinus), 
 the ancient 'Latuinians,' and the 
 modern ' Lithuanians,' are all 
 different forms of the same word, 
 signifying ' freed-meii.' Virgil 
 gives the absurd derivation from 
 latere, Aen. viii. 321, seqq. : — 
 
 ' Is genus indocile ac dispersum 
 
 moutilms altis 
 Composuit, legesque dedit, La-- 
 
 tiumque vocari 
 Mahiit, ins quoniam lutuissct 
 
 tutus in oris.' 
 
 239. in acrc^ on the brass 
 coin. Cf. 22!). 
 
 2il. lacvuin hifiix'^ The Ro- 
 man side of the Tib(,'r was ' sin- 
 istra I'ipa,' Ilor. ()d. i. 2. I') ; 
 conseqViCntly the left side of Etru- 
 ria, in which Janiculum stands, 
 is that across the water. 
 
 243. silva] Infra v. G3!t, 
 seqq. The subject, as Gierig ob- 
 serves, was a favourite one Avith 
 the Roman poets ; and the fact 
 .seems attested by such names as 
 Ksipiiliae (aesculus), (.^ucrquctu- 
 Innus, Viminali", iico on I'ro- 
 pert. V. (iv."* ''. 1. 
 
 21 ">. ndtrix^ ' Incolens mon- 
 tcra.' Gieriff. It may also 
 mean ' cultui meo dcdita.' Cf. 
 395. The idea is, that Janicu- 
 lum, quasi Janicolum, comes 
 from Janum colcrc. So Aequi- 
 cic'us and Acqtdcolns ; cf. iii. 
 S3. 
 
 249. JnstUlam} So Met. i. 
 loO: 'ultima caelestum terras 
 Astraea reliquit.' It was a com- 
 mon saying of the ancients, that 
 Justice was the last of 'he celes- 
 tials to leave the earth. The 
 * golden age ' was an age of 
 primitive simplicity, which is 
 often accompanied with the prac- 
 tice of natural virtues, and cor- 
 responding happiness. ' When a 
 rude people,' says Dr. Arnold 
 (Hist, of Rome, i,' p. 436), 'have 
 lost somewhat of their ferocity, 
 and have not yet acquired the 
 vices of a later stage of civiliza- 
 tion, their character really ex- 
 hibits much that is noble and 
 excellent, and both in its good 
 and bad points it so captivates 
 the imagination, that it has al- 
 ways been regarded by the writ- 
 ers of a more advanced state of 
 society with an admiration even 
 beyond its merits.' With the in- 
 crease of the vices attendant on 
 civilization evils beijcan to multi- 
 ])iy (sup. 195) ; but it wan long 
 before re.^pect for the rights of a 
 neighbour (which is jusUtkt) be- 
 came wholly obliterated and lost. 
 This is in fact one of the first 
 and most deeply rooted of all 
 principles, insiamuch as the very 
 existence of society, before the 
 institution of coercive laws, de- 
 pends upon it. See inf. 'i. 630. 
 
 251. J'i'o vidu pndot'l • i'u- 
 dor ' is ' self-respect, ' honour,' 
 which is ahvay.'s joined witli 
 
40 
 
 FASTOllUM LIBEli J. 
 
 respect for others. The Greek 
 philosophers considered alSioi koI 
 heos inseparahle : so inf. v. 29 : 
 'consedere simiil I'udor et 
 Metus ; ' so also Hesiod joins At- 
 Siiis Koi Uffieffis, 0pp. 198. But 
 there was another view, that 
 virtue should be practised for its 
 own sake, not from fear of pun- 
 ishment. See Hor. Epist. i. 16. 
 52:— 
 
 * Tu nihil admittes in te formi- 
 
 dine poenae : 
 Cderunt peccare boni virtutis 
 amore.' 
 
 Propert. v. (iv.) 11. 48 : ' ne 
 possem melior judicis esse mctu.' 
 
 253. cum hello] Sc. ' tunc 
 non erant hella quibus inter- 
 essem.' Compare sup. 121. 
 
 257. tot Jaiii] Any archway 
 or close thoroughAxie was called 
 
 • a Janus ; ' but in one place only 
 was there a statue of the god, 
 viz. in the temple between the 
 Forum Romanum and Forum 
 Julium. But even this, properly 
 speaking, was not so much a 
 temple as a portico or grand 
 gateway, affording communi- 
 cation between the two. Hence 
 Varro, L. L. v. § IG.j : ' Janualis 
 (porta) dicta a jfano ; et ideo ibi 
 positum Jani signum ; et jus in- 
 stitutum a Pompilio, ut scribit 
 in Aqnalibus PUo, ut sit apcrta 
 semprt-, uisi qnoni bellum sit 
 nusquam.' To this statue Virgil 
 alludes, Aeii. vii. GIO: ' tiec 
 custos absistit limine Janus.' 
 When the great gates were closed, 
 it is probable that a -wicket or 
 side-door allowed the people to 
 paes through. It was known as 
 the temple of Janus Bifions or 
 (ieminus, and was built by Numa 
 (Livy, i. 1!)) 'ad infinmni Argi- 
 
 letum,' i. e. the part between the 
 Bouthem horn of the Quirinal 
 and the Forum Romanum, or, 
 in the other direction, between 
 the Capitol and the Subura. 
 This must be distinguished from 
 the temple of Duilius, supra 223. 
 Merkel, p. cclxiii : 'Probabile 
 est Ovidium, cum primum ver. 
 257 scriberet, unum tantiim Jani 
 sacellum, sive templum, inter duo 
 fora novisse, et ver. 277 ad hoc 
 retulisse veterem ritum claudendi 
 et aperiendi, prout etiam, paulo 
 aliter fortasse, fecit Varro, 5. 165.' 
 He appears to consider the 
 temple built by Numa as the 
 same spoken of in ii. 201, and 
 distinct from this ; whereas 
 Keightley (Excursus i. p. 226) 
 identifies them. Mr. Macleane on 
 Hor, p. 496 (school edition), 
 .seems to agree with Merkel. 
 The subject is full of doubts and 
 difficulties. 
 
 260. Oebalii] Titus Tatius 
 king of the Sablnes, is called 
 Oebalius from some legend, prob- 
 ably derived from Magna Graecia, 
 that the fc'abines had Spartan 
 blood in their veiTi-i See iii. 
 230. 
 
 262. arch itcr\ 
 up to the Capitol.' 
 which I'ropertius 
 scribes as a concealed and thorny 
 track, Tarpeia is said to have 
 led the Sabiiies ; the tn th be- 
 ing that the Capitoline hill w!>5 
 a Sabine settlement from the 
 first. See Prop. v. (iv.) 4. 48. 
 &c. Keightley has an idea, but 
 surely a wrong one, that ' iter ' 
 signifies ' the level of the Capitol 
 at the head of the clivus.' 
 
 263. I)tJe] ' a summa arce.' 
 He means that the regular psith- 
 ways from tlie Capitol to the 
 
 i.i Uie way 
 
 Ta '"lus path, 
 
 minutely dc- 
 
NOTES. 
 
 41 
 
 or. 
 
 . 
 
 Foniin Romaiium and F. Boarinm 
 did not exist, though tlie slope was 
 the same, Morkel gives per fora 
 with the best MSS., and explains 
 it of the F. Ibomamnn and the 
 F Piscatorinm, immediately un- 
 der the Carinae, to the east (p. 
 cxx). 
 
 2G5. portam'\ From the con- 
 tort, this would seem to mean 
 the gate of the arx, and the gush 
 ol water to be that which Pro- 
 pertius describes as running down 
 tlie slope. But it rather means, 
 ' The Sabines had now reached 
 the gateway in the Forum, 
 which has been left open, when,' 
 &c. — Benipscral, because the 
 sera was a bar placed across the 
 door, and wholly removed when 
 it was opened, as may still be 
 seen in old churches and castles. 
 Juno is said to have done this, 
 because she was hostile to the 
 Trojugenao. 
 
 207. n?imine'\ It was the rule 
 for one god never to interfere di- 
 rectly with the designs of another, 
 though he might thwart them. — 
 cum means * with :'scc on iii. 34. 
 Arnold, Hist. K. i. p. 9. gives 
 the legend thus : ' As the Sabines 
 were rushing in, behold there 
 burst forth I'rom the temple of 
 Janu?, which was near the gate, 
 a mighty stream of water, and it 
 swept away the Sabines, and 
 saved the city. For this it was 
 ordered that the temple of Janus 
 should stand ever open in time 
 of war, that the god might be 
 ever ready, as on this day, to go 
 out and give his aid to the people 
 of Romulus.' From this event 
 the temple or gateway was culled 
 Lautolac. Varro, L. L. v. i; li>(J : 
 ^ Lauto/ae a hi'itido, quod ibi 
 ad Janum Geminum aquae cal- 
 
 dae ftierunt.' Nor need we doubt 
 that some truth lies at the bottom 
 'of this story, as in that of the 
 Lacus Curtius, vi. 403, inf, for 
 the site and neighbourhood of 
 Rome are volcanic, and ancient 
 outbreaks of this kind might have 
 been speculated on apart from 
 history or tradition. See Hum- 
 boldt, Aspects of Nature, ii. p. 
 219. — meae arlis, sc. that of 
 opening. 
 
 274. tato loco] i. e. a mo 
 servato. The meaning is not 
 quite plain : ' The sito was 
 afterwards left clear and unoe- 
 cnpied, and a temple and altar 
 erected to my honor ; ' i. e. the 
 buildings were removed that it 
 might be consecrated to me. 
 
 270. stnie] Keightley quotes 
 Festus in v. : Genera liborum 
 sunt, digitorum conjunctorum 
 non dissimilia, qui supeijecta 
 panicula in transversum conti- 
 nentnr.' Suis Jfammis, meaning, 
 of course, those of the altar. 
 Merkel conjectures ferta, for 
 Festus and Paul the Deacon speak 
 of both striics and fertum as two 
 kinds of llba offered together. 
 
 281 possit] sc. Pax. See 
 on 121, sup. — Cacmrco iiomhie, 
 i. e. sub imperio Tiberii. He 
 prophesies thus much of the new 
 reign, deriving an omen from the 
 victory gained by Germanicus 
 over the Germans. Augustus, 
 it is well known, had closed the 
 temple of Janus three times. 
 See llor. Od. iv. 15. !). Sueton. 
 Oct. i; 22 : ' Janum Quirinum, 
 scmel atque iterum a condita 
 urbe a!ite memorium suam 
 cinsum, in multo breviore tem- 
 poris spatio, terra mariquo pace 
 pnrta, tor cluslt.' 
 
 "JM. diversa^ i. c, before and 
 
42 
 
 FASTORUM LIBEU F. 
 
 behind. See supra, 132. — vcstri 
 trinmphi, i. e. Germanicus and 
 Tiberius. The triumph here 
 mentioned was celebrated in 
 770, but had been decreed two 
 years before, so that the poet 
 speaks of it prospectively. See 
 Tac. Ann. ii. 4 1 : ' Gaio Caeoilio, 
 Lncio Pomponio Consulilms, 
 Germanicus Caesar ante diem 
 septimum Kalendas Julias tri- 
 umphavit de Clieruscis Chattis- 
 que et Angrivariis, quaeqne aliae 
 iiationes usque ad Albini colunt. 
 Vecta spolia, captivi, simulacra 
 montium, fluminum, proeliorum : 
 bellumqiie, quia conficere pro- 
 hibitns orat, pro confecto acci- 
 piebatur.' This explains \er. 
 '2SG. The Rliinc was actually 
 represented in the spectacle. 
 See Ep. ex Pont. ii. 1. 39, where 
 it is described ; and as the poet 
 was in exile at the time, the 
 prof^ramme had probably been 
 published before : ' Fluminaque 
 et montes, ct in altis pascua 
 eilvis.' So we must literally 
 understand Propcrt. ii. 1. 31 : — 
 
 'Ant 
 
 canerem 
 
 Nilnm, 
 
 cum tractus in urbem 
 Septem captivis dtbilis ibat 
 aquis.' 
 
 2S7. aetcrnoii] 'Sia.y the house 
 of Caesar never fail. Auctor is 
 Tiberius, anr" by smiuii opus the 
 poet perhaps humours the em- 
 peror's jealousy of Germanicus, 
 to whom the peace was really 
 due. 
 
 291.] In an island (/so/a), 
 near the mouth of the Tiber, 
 stood two temples or sacella, 
 dedicated to Aesculapius and 
 Jupiter, or, as Merkol thinks, p. 
 cxxiv,, to Vedjovis (iii. 443). 
 Besides these there was a tem- 
 
 ple to I'aunus, ii. 194. Keightley 
 suspects, from J HHctn sunt in 294, 
 that the two former stood close 
 together. That of Aesculapius 
 was dedicated in or about the 
 year 4C0 (Livy, x. fin.), that of 
 Jupiter in 560 (ihid. xxxiv. 53). 
 See Met. xv. 739 :— 
 
 ' Scinditnr in geminas partes cir- 
 
 cumfluus amnis ; 
 Insula nomon habet, laterum- 
 
 que a parte duorum 
 Porrigit aequales media tellure 
 
 lacertos. 
 Hue se de Latia pinu Phoebeius 
 
 anguis 
 Contulit ; et finem, specie cae- 
 
 leste resumpta, 
 Luctibns imposuit, venitque 
 
 salutifer urbi.' 
 
 200. prominni vici'] See sup. 
 2. The following verses to 311 
 are an introduction to the astro- 
 nomical part of his work, as 
 45— C2 explained the general 
 principles of the festivals. The 
 Roman poets often express their 
 aspirations for a knowledge of 
 nature, in which they seem to 
 have been conscious of their in- 
 feriority to the Greeks. Ovid 
 describes the first astronomers as 
 exalted far above all suldunary 
 things, and as having climbed to 
 heaven more effectually than did 
 the giants of old by piling Ossa 
 on Olympus. 
 
 305. Admovfi'cl A word 
 more applicable to our telescopes 
 than to the mere unaided science 
 wliich brought the motions of 
 the planets within human ken. 
 — RupposHcre, ' subjected.* 
 
 307. von lit fcrnt] ' Non 
 vero ea rationc ut,' &c. 
 
 309. (fuclbua illis] The early 
 professors. — mclabiinur, ' we will 
 
NOTES. 
 
 43 
 
 (inurje the heaven' (to use a mod- 
 ern term). The word is, how- 
 ever, taken from the division of 
 tlie sky into tcnipla or rcpionen 
 by the aujTur's lituus, not from 
 Ciistrametation, as Kcightley 
 tliinks, misled by ,iir/7in. The 
 latter are the Zodiacal signs, 
 which appear to rise or set, and 
 so are in a sense varfa ; and the 
 meaning is, 'we will assign their 
 proper days to certain ce'estial 
 signs.' 8hhh has often the sense 
 of propnm in the Fasti. Gierig 
 reads statu Hvjun, 'fixed stars.' 
 Cf. OGO. 
 
 311. J^i'ffo] i. e. to proceed at 
 once to the promised observa- 
 tions. 
 
 81o. Listitcriiit Konael 
 ' Should the Nones he at hand.' 
 So ii. 453, ' orta dies fiierit.' 
 We can hardly say in such cases 
 that si or cidh is to be supplied. 
 A hypothetical event is assumed 
 as prospectively realized, and a 
 consequence deduced fron it. 
 There is a slightly different usage 
 in iv. 487; v. 113. Merkel 
 gives, ' Institerint imbres missi 
 tihi nubilms r.tris : Nonae signa 
 diibunt,' &c., which is the reading 
 of most MSS., with some minor 
 variations. Yet the order in the 
 text seems far more probable in 
 itself. It was tlie rain which 
 gave signs of the Nones, not the 
 Nones of the rain, for alr/iin are 
 visilde marks. Sirjna dabtint 
 may also mean ' ostendcnt se.' 
 See iv. 904. 
 
 319. sncchicfus mhiisfti'^ 
 Compare iv. 413. We have 
 'succincti popae ' in Propert. v. 
 (iv.) 3. 02. Suetonius says of 
 Caligula, § 32: ' Admota al- 
 taribus victima, succinctus po- 
 parum habitu, ehito alte malleo, 
 
 cultrarium mactavit.' It thence 
 appears that two parsons werr, 
 employed to kill at h'ast t '. 
 larger) victims, one of wlr.. 
 felled the animal, the ether at 
 the throat, Ovid either spe.iKS 
 of one and tlie same mhiister in 
 ' quo feriente,' and ' tincturus 
 cultros,' or fci'i re must be under- 
 stood of the blow of the knife 
 (see iv. 415), and cadit bo taken 
 for viactniu)', S^tccinctus refers 
 to the short apron worn round 
 the loins of the popa. 
 
 322. Agonc?] 'Am I to 
 strike ? ' Merkel edits atfatne, a 
 very inferior reading, but ho has 
 recalled arfone, in his preface, 
 from one of the best MSS. The 
 indicative is rather unusual, but 
 may have been adapted to the 
 sound of the word. It is more 
 likely that it comes from 07011', 
 whether in the sense of ' agony,' 
 or the more comm«n one of 
 ' an assembly.' Varro, L. L. vi. 
 § 12 : ' AfionnleK per quos Rex 
 in llogia arietem immolat, dicti 
 ab (trfouc, eo quod interrogatur a 
 principo civitatis, et priuceps 
 gregis immolatnr.' This account 
 is confused, if not corrupt: the 
 question was put to the Hex sac- 
 riticus, not 5// him ; and the 
 'princeps gregis' introduces a 
 totally different etymology, from 
 &yeiv or Ofjcre, Keightley ex- 
 plains strictos cultros ' grasped,' 
 ' held in the hand.' But strin- 
 ffcrc cultruin or gladliun 's ' to 
 draw it,' properly ' to strip it ; ' 
 for the verb implies the friction 
 caused by passing one thing 
 roujjhlv over another. So ' strin- 
 gere glandes,' ' to strip oflF 
 acorns,' (Icorg. i. 305; ' slrin- 
 gere ri])as,' s;iid of a river, Aen. 
 viii. G3; of a weapon which 
 
 i 
 
44 
 
 FASTOIUIM LIBEli I. 
 
 grazes the skin, Aeii. ix. 377 ; 
 of an idea which leaves an im- 
 pression on the mind, Aen. iv.294, 
 
 325. Af/nalia] The argument 
 is futile : if this was the true an- 
 cient name he would have to ac- 
 count for the insertion of o in 
 the later form. Conversely, the 
 case might really have been so. 
 
 327. praevisos in aqua] Cf. 
 Met. XV. 134 : ' victima — per- 
 cussa sanguine cultros Inficit in 
 liquida praevisos forsitan unda.' 
 Animals have an instinctive pre- 
 sentiment that they are going to 
 he killed, which was wrongly at- 
 tributed to the reflection of the 
 knife in the vessel of lustral wa- 
 ter which stood near the altar. — 
 metu, ' the agony of fright.' 
 
 331. Agonia] The word is 
 recorded by Festus, ' liostiam an- 
 tiqui Agoniam vocabant,' but 
 not by Varro. It does not sound 
 like a genuine Italian terra. 
 
 334. covjuge ovii\ Like ' olen- 
 tis uxores mariti,' said of goats, 
 Hor. Od. i. 17. 7:—K(x Sae- 
 roruw, inf. ii. 21. The mean- 
 ing of debet is, that no victim 
 but the goat is allowed. This 
 leads to a long digression on the 
 different kinds of victims offered 
 to the gods (337—456). Former- 
 ly, he says, neither incense nor 
 bloody sacrifices were in use; 
 only meal and salt. Men lived 
 simply, and had no foreign lux- 
 uries. This was one of the fa- 
 bled beatitudes of the golden 
 age. 
 
 Virg. Georg. ii. 53G : — 
 
 ■ Ante etiam sceptrum Dictaei 
 
 regie, et ante 
 
 gens 
 
 est 
 
 Impia quain cae.sis 
 
 epulatd juveucis. 
 Aureus hanc vitam in terris 
 
 Satnrnus agebat.' 
 
 342. fin crocQ Sup. 70. 
 
 343. hcrbu Sahinu'] * Sa- 
 vine ' (Juniperus Sabina). Like 
 vervain (381). it was a sacred 
 plant, for some unknown reason. 
 Perhaps it was first used in phil- 
 tres, as it has strong medicinal 
 properties then in incantations, 
 lastly for reli<;ious purposes. — 
 lanrtis, &c. See sup. 76. 
 
 347. pcrcussi taurQ See on 
 ver. 319, Aperit viscera is said 
 of cutting lip the victim, which 
 was done immediately (Met. xv. 
 136) and probably by the same 
 adtcr which had killed it. 
 
 349. Prinui\ He shows that 
 the first sacrifice of an animal 
 arose from a desire to get rid of 
 it as injurious, and by way of 
 punishment, ratlier than from 
 any appetite for blood. This 
 holds of the sow and the goat. 
 For the slaughter of oxen and 
 eheep other reasons are assigned 
 (inf. 361 seqq.), for that of the 
 latter, however, not a very differ- 
 ent one, v. 381. 
 
 854. debneras abstinnuHe^ 
 Accurate latinity reqiu. . :lebm~ 
 rns or dehcbas abatinere. But in 
 the poets the perfect infinitive of 
 the one verb and the pluperfect 
 of the other are often combined. 
 Hcroid. xii. 4 : ' debuerant fusos 
 evoluisse meos.' Tri.st. iii. 13. 
 4 : ' debueras illis irnposuisse 
 manum.' Tibull. iii. nit. : ' de- 
 bueram sertis implicuisse comas.' 
 Similarly inf. iii. 480, ' potui de- 
 doluisse.' — Varro (L. L. v. i^ 97), 
 * caprOf carpa, a quo scriptum 
 otrmicarjiae caprae.' On palinea 
 see sup. 152. The goats not 
 only eat. the young shoots, but 
 they nibble the bark Irom the 
 stems, which is alluded to in the 
 next verse. Martial, iii, 24. \, 
 
NOTES. 
 
 45 
 
 Vite nocens rosa stabat moritu- 
 ms ad aras Hircus, Bacche, tuis 
 vlctima grata sacris.' Virg. 
 Gcorg. ii. 374 : — 
 
 ' Frigora nee tantum 
 
 Quantum illi nocuere greges, 
 
 durique venenum 
 Dentis, et admoi'so signata in 
 
 stirpe cicatrix. 
 Non aliam ob culpam Baccho 
 
 caper omnibus aris 
 Caeditur.' 
 
 Tlie Romans did not know that 
 a tree cannot live when the con- 
 tinuity of circulation has been 
 interrupted in the bark. Hence 
 they fancied that the mischief 
 was really < aused by the poison 
 of the bite. 
 
 359. noxae deditufi] i. e. ad 
 poenam traditus. It appears to 
 be a law term. 
 
 3G3. A riKtaeus] This account 
 is in great measure borrowed 
 from Virgil, Georg. iv. 315, 
 where there are some slight va- 
 riations in the narrative. 
 
 379. /)a^•i] The word prop- 
 erly means ' soft,' * crumbling,' 
 or ' not cohering,' and is oppos- 
 ed to laitus, ' sticky,' ' tough.' 
 Hence it expresses the softening 
 of decomposition. But ' putrid ' 
 is a secondary and not a common 
 meaning. It is of course an im- 
 possibility tliat bee3 should real- 
 ly be so produced. Either the 
 maggots Avere mistaken for the 
 grubs of bees, or a nest of bees 
 found in a dry carcase gave rise 
 to the idea that they had been 
 spontaneously generated there. 
 
 381.] The common reading is 
 poscit ovem/atum, which Keight- 
 ley retains. The best MSS. give 
 pascit ovis prato (thus Merkel), 
 or pratnvi. There seems no r,h- 
 
 jection to the latter : ' the field 
 feeds the sheep,' while pascit for 
 pnscitiir is at least unusual. Cf. 
 Hor. Carm. i. 31. 15, 'me pas- 
 cunt olivae. Mo cichoroa le- 
 vesque malvae.' — verbenas. See 
 on 343. Keightley says, ' the 
 legend here alluded to is not 
 noticed by any other writer.' 
 There is no legend to notice. 
 Sheep were fond of the plant, 
 and were slaughtered for eating 
 it. It is said that verbena means 
 any plant or shrub used for sa- 
 cred purposes. 
 
 384.] The epithets are not 
 otiose : — ' when even the wool- 
 bearing sheep and farm-tilling 
 steer do not escape, what animal 
 can expect safety ? ' 
 
 385. Persis] Ueptrh ala, 
 Aesch. Pers, 252. (The name 
 Persia is said not to be classical.) 
 Keightley thinks Ovid had in 
 view Herod, i. 216, who says of 
 the Massagetae, Oewu fiavvov 
 "WKiov (TffiovTaiy Ty dvouffi 'iimous. 
 vSjuos Si ouTos rrjs dvfflris' rwv 
 Bewy rtf raxlcTCfi itivTuv rwv 
 BvTiTuv rh rdxKTToy Sareovrai. — 
 Ht/periona, the sun ; the Persian 
 Mithras. In Homer it is an epi- 
 thet of i)A(Os, 6 virepi<i>y, or 
 rather an adjective formed from 
 the participle. Hesiod makes 
 the Sun to have been born from 
 Hyperion and Theia, Theog. 
 371 — 4. A feminine Hyper lonis 
 occurs in v. 159. 
 
 387. triplici I}ianae'\ See on 
 141. Hero the Greek Artemis 
 is meant. — pro nulla vivgine, 
 'quamquam non, ut olim, pro 
 virgine.' Gierig. 
 
 389. Triviae^ Trivia or He- 
 cate (sup. 141) was a really Thra- 
 ciaii, i. c. Pelasgic, goddes?, and 
 in tins passage is rightly distin- 
 
40 
 
 FASTORUM LIBER I. 
 
 guislied from Diana. The 8a- 
 paei were Ji Tlirucian nation, 
 Ilorod. vii. 110. — vi<U means 
 that lie had been on eye-witness 
 to tJie fact ; for he landed in 
 Thrace when first sent into ban- 
 ishment. Trist. i. 10. 28. Pau- 
 sanias, iii. 14. 9, says that the 
 Spartan youths sacrificed a dog 
 to Knyalius, and th&t no other 
 Greeks used this victim except 
 the Colophonians, who offered it 
 to Hecate. 
 
 81)1. custodi ruris] Priapus; 
 see V. 416. 
 
 392. pudenda] sc. ipsi. 
 
 394. tcrtin brurna'] He means 
 the Tpi€TfiplSes, or leasts wliich 
 recurred after an interval of two 
 years, and in the season of the 
 year which was during the 
 months nearest the shortest day. 
 It does not appear that any one 
 of the four Dionysia is meant. 
 
 397. J^aneit] TlaviaKoi, coun- 
 terparts of the god Pan, wliose 
 connexion with satyrs and rev- 
 ellers made him a fit associate for 
 Bacchus. — Silenus, inf iii. 750. 
 
 398. deae] The Naid and 
 Dryad nymphs. To the former 
 class the name Lotis (AwtIs) be- 
 longs, from the water-lotus (Si^i/in- 
 phnea Lotus). 
 
 399. pando] Curved in the 
 back. Virg. Gcorg. ii. 194, 
 'luncibu^ et pandis fumantia 
 veddimus exta.' Iliid. 445, 
 'pandas ratibns posuere carinas.' 
 See inf. iii. 749. 
 
 403. viita dabat] For the god 
 used to make wine issue from 
 the ground for the use of his vo- 
 taries, ^'ee iii. 785. 
 
 404. larr/e] There is another 
 reading parcc. Either larr/c age- 
 bat or parce miscciidas gives a 
 satisfactory sense. 
 
 407. iunicain collecta] Not 
 * tucked up as to her tunic,' but 
 ' havhui her tunic tucked up.' 
 The idiom appears to represent 
 the Greek avffrtihafifvTi rhy x*" 
 ruya, or ffvvtaTaXiJL^vr]. The 
 (Jreek perfect passive participle 
 often has this middle sense ; and 
 its great elegit ncc and convenience 
 tempted the Roman poets to imi- 
 tiite it. The following are exam- 
 ples : inf vi. 507 : ' dissimulata 
 deam.' Virg. Georg. iii. 307 : 
 ' Tyrios incocta rubores.' Jb. iv. 
 337 : ' caesariem tffusae niti- 
 dam.' Eel. i. 55 : ' florem de- 
 pasta salicti.' 76. iii. IOC: 'flores 
 inscripti nomina regum,' like Sf\- 
 To,' iyyfypafifitvriv ^vvB-fifiara, 
 Soph. Trach. 158. Aen. vii. 
 503 : ' palmis percussa lacortos.' 
 Jb. X. 157: ' rostro Phrygios sub- 
 juncta leones.' Hor. Ep. i. 1. 
 5G : ' suspensi loculo?.* Propert. 
 i. 3. 11 : ' sensus deperditus om- 
 nes,' SiftpdapfifvL riis (pptvas. 
 Jb. 34 : ' fixa cubitura.' Jb. i. 5. 
 8 : ' nixa caput.' Jb. iii. 7. 24 : 
 ' fusa brachia.' This remark 
 does not necessarily apply to 
 pectus apcrta in the pentame- 
 ter. There are many participles 
 wliich have passed completely 
 into ordinaiy adjectives, like 
 acutns., tutus, rectus, beatus, &c. 
 
 Jbid. mittistyaf] It was the 
 custom for fair girls to serve at 
 banquets. Theognis, v. 995, 
 X^pvi^a 5' o7if a Qvpa^e <p(poi ffrt- 
 tpapdixara S' tXau EueiS^s paSivais 
 Xepffi A<£KOi»'a K6pr}. 
 
 409. exscrit] As Greek dresses 
 are described, we must think of 
 the x'Tci*!/ or xiTuviaKos rather 
 than of the Roman tunica, which 
 however was derived from it. 
 The former was fastened over 
 the shoulders by clasps, so tliat 
 
■P 
 
 m 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 47 
 
 Not 
 ' but 
 
 if one side wns left loose, the 
 shoulder would protrude : ills- 
 suto sinii ennnot easily be under- 
 stood unless wo suppose tluit it 
 was laced up in front. — vcatcm 
 trahit means that it was not tied 
 round the waist with the zonn, 
 which so held up the long x'Tiv 
 that a part of it was overlapped, 
 and hung from it in folds or 
 tucks. See on ii. 321. 
 
 410. vinculo nulla^ Their 
 feet were not encumbered with 
 sandals or shoes, but their legs 
 were bare below the knee. See 
 iii. 823. 
 
 411. Hive] fc. from their ne- 
 gligent attire. — qui pivu, &c., 
 i. e. Pan. 
 
 414. Nequilia ei^t] He means 
 that in all but lust lie was an old 
 man. Neguitia is a synonym 
 cf libido, though it often refers 
 to actions rather than propensi- 
 ties. 
 
 416. hortorum dcvs] His fig- 
 ure was indecently represented 
 and placed in gardens ~ 
 iv. 110:— 
 
 Et 
 
 Georg. 
 
 custos furum atque avium 
 cum falce saligna 
 Hellespontiaci scrvet tutelu Pri- 
 api.' 
 
 He was worshipped at Lampsa- 
 cus on the Hellespont. S'^c inf. 
 440; vi. 341—345. Murtial tells 
 of an impudent thief, who, find- 
 ing nothing else to steal in a 
 garden, stole the tutelary Priu- 
 pus, vi. 72. — ruber, ' rubicun- 
 dus,' vi. 311), compared with 333. 
 416. Lotkk captux] The 
 preposition is omitted for obvious 
 reasons, though generally added 
 with persons. He was not ' takeu 
 6y,* but ' captivated with,^ Lotis. 
 In other words, Lotis is not the 
 
 agent, but the object. Pee on ii. 
 85. 
 
 418. notis] This was a spe- 
 cies of ' ncquitia ' well known to 
 the Romans in their mixed ban- 
 quets of both sexes. Sometimes 
 they wrote on the table certain 
 private marks. TibuU. i. 2. 
 21:— 
 
 ' Hla viro coram nutus conferre 
 loquaces, 
 Blandaquo compositis abdero 
 verba notis.' 
 
 Ibid. i. G. 19 :— 
 
 ' Neu te decipiat nutu, digitisque 
 liquorem 
 Ne trahat, et mensae ducat 
 in orbe notas.' 
 
 Trist. ii. 1. 454 : ' et tacitam 
 mensae ducit in orbe notam.' 
 At other times they made signs 
 with their fingers, &c. 
 
 419. Fastun] This is often 
 used of contempt shown to a 
 lover's addresses. Propert. i. 1. 
 3, where see note. 
 
 429. librabat\ ' balanced,' as 
 those do who walk on tip-toe. 
 
 440. JleUespontiaco^ Catul- 
 lus, xviii. r 
 
 ' Hunc lucum tibi dedico, conse- 
 
 croque, Priape, 
 Qua domus tua Lampsaci est, 
 
 quaque silva, Priape ; 
 Nam to praecipue in suis urbi- 
 
 bus colit ora 
 Hellespoutiu, celcris ostreosior 
 
 oris.' 
 
 Ovid, Trist. ii. 10. 26: « et to 
 ruricola, Lampsace, tuta dec' 
 
 Ail. Jntactae] The argument 
 is resumed from v. 391; 'birds 
 also are slain as victims to cer- 
 tain deities.' 
 
 447. ta^lle»^ Some anticipated 
 
48 
 
 FASTOIirM LIBEri I 
 
 objection is implied ; • (Qnod ut 
 teincr'5 (lictum vidcatur,) non 
 tamen piano fulsuin est, nam,' 
 &c. Soe sup. 45 — (Uh proximn, 
 8C. ut qnnoque altius volut. The 
 nearer they were to heaven tho 
 more closely they were acquaint- 
 ed with tho conversation of the 
 gods, which they ^ ?ro thought 
 to communicate by voice {os- 
 cities ; whence omen for oscimen, 
 Vairo, L. L. vi. § 76), or by 
 flight (praepetea). 
 
 452. Idnliia focin'\ Tlie dove 
 M'as oflfered to Venus. Propert. 
 V. (iv.)5. G5:— 
 
 * Sed cape torquatne, Venus O re- 
 gin a, columbao 
 Ob mcrituin ante tuos guttu- 
 ra secta focos.' 
 
 453. anser^ Tho goose was 
 sacred to lo, or Isis, and Osiris. 
 Juv. vi. 540 : * ansero magno 
 Scilicet et tenui popano corrup- 
 tus Osiris.' Keightley refers to 
 Pausan. x. 32. 9, who says that 
 the rich used to sacrifice to Isis 
 (in Phocis) oxen and stags, but 
 tlie poor only geese and guinea 
 fowls. — tauta alludes to the fond- 
 ness of the liomnns for the liver 
 of the goose as a dainty movcean. 
 Juv. v. 114, ' anseris ante ipsura 
 magni jecur, anseribus par Al- 
 tilis,' &c. — lancet is used instead 
 of aras, as if the goddess was to 
 be regaled with the delicacy, 
 rather than propitiated by the 
 sacrifice. The stoiy of the geese 
 awiiking the guards in the Cap- 
 itol when nearly surprised by the 
 Gauls is well known : see tho 
 fine passage, Aen. viii. 655, seqq. 
 
 459. medio discrimine^ The 
 division is quite arbitrary, and 
 does not coincide with bruma, the 
 sliortest day. The comraenoc- 
 
 ment of spring was dated from 
 Feb. 9 (ii. 150). 
 
 462. Arcadiac ihae] Car- 
 menta or Carmcntis, tho mother 
 of Evandcr, and called dea as 
 one of the Caraenae. (On tho 
 participial form, like aemcntis, 
 see Vnri'onianuH, p. 298.) Both 
 names are connected with car- 
 men : see inf. 632. Varro, L. L. 
 vii, § 26 : ' Casnienarum pris- 
 cum vocabulum ita natum ac 
 scriptum est ; aiibi Carmenae ab 
 eadem origine sunt doclinatae. 
 In mtiltis verbis, in quo antiqui 
 dicebant a postea dictum r. — 
 Quare est Casmcnn <^armena, ut 
 carniina, carmen ; /• extrito Ca- 
 mena factum.* A similar change 
 is Camilla from Caxmila, which 
 is said to be a Pelasgic word, 
 Virg. Aon. xi. 543. If a real 
 person, Kvander was a Pelasgiiin. 
 See Ileyno on Aen. viii. 51. 
 The Carmental gate at Rome 
 derived its name from an altar 
 erected near the spot to this 
 prophetess. Virg. Aen. viii. 
 337: 
 
 ' progressus (Evander), 
 
 monstrat et arara, 
 
 Et Carraentalem Romano no- 
 mine portam, 
 
 Quain memorant Nymphae 
 priscum Carmentis honorem 
 
 Vatis fatidicae ; ' &e. 
 
 463. Tumi soror] Tho 
 nymph Juturna. See ii. 585, 
 Aen. xli. 138, seqq.; inf. 708. 
 Her temple was in the Campus 
 Martins, and was erected by Lu- 
 tatius Catulus ; but the spring or 
 spa so called was in the Forum. 
 Perhaps the name i-i a corrup- 
 tion of ' diuturna,' or ' jugiturna ' 
 (jugis), i. e. 'perennis aqua.' 
 But it was usuallv derived from 
 
NOTi-:s. 
 
 V.) 
 
 this 
 viii. 
 
 juvnre, as by Varro, L. L. v. 
 § 71. 
 
 i 4G4. Vii'f/lneii aqua] ' The 
 aqua Vir;j;o brought by Agrippa 
 through aquotinctM from a marshy 
 place cjiglit miles from Rome on 
 tlie Collatiuo road, for the supply 
 of his thermae. It was conducted 
 below the gardens of Lxicullus, 
 which were on tlio Pinciaii hill, 
 and so compassed the Campus 
 Martius. It still supplies tho 
 beautiful Foutana Trevi. Its 
 name, Froutiuus (do Aquaed. 
 10) says, was owing to its springs 
 having been pointed out by a 
 maiden ; but it more probably 
 came from the supposed purity 
 of its waters.' Kdghtley. Mar- 
 tial, xi. 47. 6, ' corpus perfundit 
 gelida Virgine ; ' cf. ibid. v. 20. 
 9, and vi. 42. 18. Trist. iu. 12. 
 22, ' defessos artus Virgine tingit 
 aqua.* Ep. ex Pont. i. 8. 38, 
 •stagnaquo et Euripi Virgi- 
 neusque liquor.' (It is difficult 
 in some places to say whether 
 virrfo may not be a general 
 epithet, like ' virgo charta,' Mart, 
 i. 67. 7.) 
 
 4G9. Orta prior luna\ This 
 absurd legend seems to have 
 arisen from a misapprehension of 
 itpoa4\r\voif an Arcadian word. 
 Etymol. Mag. in v. irpovfffWttv 
 \eyov(ri rh vfipl((iv koI ol 'Ap- 
 KoiSfS, iireiii} KoiSoprfriKol eltri. 
 Other grammarians, quoted by 
 Hcnnaim on Prom. Vinct. 439, 
 repeat the statement. See inf. 
 ii. 21K). — Arcade. He was the 
 son of Callisto, ii. 153. 
 
 471. clarus ntroque] His 
 father was Mercury, who was 
 worshipped with special honours 
 bv the Ajcadians. See Aen. viii. 
 l'38. 
 
 47r». dixcrat] • She had pre- 
 3 
 
 dieted that she and her ion 
 would hiive to fly ; and the event 
 proved her to bo right.' It is 
 not noce8-<ary to supply eat with 
 II acta, which refers not to the 
 time when she spoke it, but to 
 that of the poet, who knew that 
 it had been realized. ' Dixerat, 
 ct tempore faetuni erat, ut cre- 
 deretur ei, cum nonnulla ex 
 j)raedictis jam evenissent,' 
 
 482. deo] Tho ablative ab- 
 solute. — urbc, for ex urbe, as the 
 Greeks say Sjci/curfloi ir6\tus. 
 Aesch. Cho. 281. luf. iii. 6f-9, 
 ' pellitur Anna domo.' 
 
 483. tiuminia iram] In this 
 Ovid alludes to his own baaish- 
 ment, as inf. 540. 
 
 485. Conscia] As a man 
 feels his guilt or innocence, so he 
 either despairs or hopes. He 
 was said to have killed his father 
 accidentally. 
 
 488. Obruit] The perfect 
 tense. — procella, sc. raalorum 
 exilii. 
 
 490. Aonia] Boeotia, tho 
 country of the Muses, called 
 Aonides. Cf. Eurip. Phoen. 
 640 : KdSfios HfioKe rduSe yau — 
 ou KaroiKlaai ireS/a viv rh 0e<T- 
 (parov iTvpo(p6p' 'Advwy ^XPV 
 (MSS. irvpo(p6pa S6fi(iov expTlc^-) 
 
 403. Onme solutn] This fine 
 sentiment is from the well-known 
 fragment of Euripides : — 
 
 iiras /u^f a^p iertp irepAffinoiy 1 
 &7ra<ra Be x^*^" o.vtpl ytvvaitp 
 varpts. 
 
 495. tainen] See on 45, sap. 
 The sense is, ' nee tempestas, 
 quamquam saepe furit, toto ta- 
 men anno horret' Compare 
 Propert. ii. 4. 9 : — 
 
 'Quippe ubi nee causas neo 
 apertos cernimus ictus. 
 
50 
 
 l^ASroiilTM 
 
 LlBEIt I. 
 
 Und(^ tamen veniant tot mnla, 
 caeca via es| ; ' 
 
 and ib. 5, R, * invtiiiiam tamen e 
 multis fallacibus unam,' i. c. 
 quumvis pleraeque sint fullaces, 
 tamen,' &c. For the sentiment 
 of. Hor. Od. ii. 9. 1, 'non semper 
 imbres nubibus hispidos Manunt 
 in Rgros.' Keightley adds Thcocr. 
 iv. 44, x^ Zci/s HWoKa n^y iriKti 
 atdpioSf &\\oKa S* Sti. 
 
 501. I'areiiti] Very little is 
 known of this place, which seems 
 to have been a plot of low ground 
 in the Campus Martius, occasion- 
 ally overflowed by the river. 
 An altar of l)is existed on the 
 spot, siiid to be concealed, per- 
 haps by the alluvial deposits. 
 Martial, i. 70. 2, writes ' Taren- 
 tos,' as also in iv. 1. 8, according 
 to the best MSS., but ' Terento ' 
 in X. 63. 3 Varro, in a corrupt 
 passage, L. L. vi. § 24, mentions 
 Tarentum in connexion with cer- 
 tain sacrifices to the Dii Manes. 
 Morkel (p. cxlvii) quotes Servius 
 on Aen. viii, 63, '(Tiberis) in 
 aliqua etiam urbis parte Taren- 
 tum dicitur, eo quod ripas terat.' 
 
 604. Continuit manuvi\ As 
 if to stop the ship, or bring it 
 ashore, in her eagerness to land. 
 The prophecy of Carmentis is a 
 fine and wild strain ; and like 
 that of Anchises at the close 
 of Aen. vi., is ingeniously turned 
 into a glorification of the reign- 
 ing en)peror. 
 
 605. dextrain] To one as- 
 cending the river, Rome was on 
 the light bank. See sup. on 
 241. — pinea texta, the deck, or 
 perhaps generally for navim. 
 
 509, 10. dii—(kos] She 
 greets the indigenoixs gods al 
 ready there, and foretells the ad- 
 
 dition of others, such as "Vesta 
 from Troy, and Komulus and 
 tlio (^acHnrst. 
 
 613. Kste vini] Tiie impera- 
 tive is used, as not uiifrc(|uently 
 in the Greek tnigcdios, for the 
 optative. The sense, indeed, is 
 nearly equivalent to naivete, fa- 
 vete, &c. 
 
 617. o/m] In the present 
 tense prnmittitur futurity is 
 clearly implied. Not that olim, 
 wliich is the locative of ole for 
 ille, properly means anything 
 more than ' that time,' where 
 the speaker is supposed to point 
 eitlier before or behind. It cor- 
 rcspor''s to irori, and often means 
 ' sor iay,' aliquando, as in 
 Hor iv. 4. 5. On the 
 
 propiiecy see vi. 869. Virg. Aen. 
 viii. 340. 
 
 519. ^awt tangenf] 'Jam 'is 
 used even with a future tense 
 when an event is impending, 
 and so already all but realised, 
 as Pers. ii. 'jam dabitur, jam- 
 jam.' Aeneas arrived but a few 
 years later than Evander. Vir- 
 gil describes their interview in 
 Aen. \m.—femina, Lavinia, the 
 daughter of Latinus, who was 
 sought in marriage by both Tur- 
 nus and Aeneas. 
 
 621. funesta arma] Pallas, 
 the son of Evander, was slain by 
 Turnus, while fighting on the 
 side of Aeneas, but was avenged 
 by the latter when he killed Tur- 
 nus. It is evident that in all this 
 the poet had the Aeneid in mind. 
 
 624. ista i-uina] The full of 
 Troy will eventually bring about 
 the fall of Greece, because that 
 nation will be subjugated in its 
 turn to Rome, built, as it were, 
 on the ruins of Troy. Propert. 
 V. (iv.) 1. 58:— 
 
 son 
 
NOTES. 
 
 r>i 
 
 • Vortite eqnntn Danai, male vin- 
 oitia. Ilia tollua 
 Vivet, et huic cineri Juppiter 
 arma dabit.' 
 
 526. ^wn minus, Ac] ' Nl- 
 hilo tamen minus ex illo cincre 
 imperium orietur, totum terra- 
 rum orbem occupans.' Oieruj. 
 
 B28. Iliaeos deos^ This seems 
 to mean the Palladium (vi. 422), 
 which, thouj^h not brought to 
 Rome with the Penates by Aeneas, 
 was kept in the temple of Vesta. 
 Some have thought from Tac. 
 Ann. XV. 41, 'delibnuti Vestae 
 cum Penatibus populi Romani 
 exustum,' that the Penufcs also 
 were kept there; but liitter 
 shows that the writer means 
 ' cum delubro Penatium,' from 
 Varro, L. L. v. § 54. — patrem 
 afferet is not more accurate, 
 since Anchises died before he 
 reached Italy. 
 
 529. idem\ This is applicable 
 cither to Julius or Augustus Cae- 
 snr, in their capacity of Pontifex 
 Maximus. The latter transferred 
 the custody of the sacred fire, on 
 which the destinies of the em- 
 pire were said to depend, to his 
 own house on the Palatine, iv. 
 049. — ipso deo, Augustus, now 
 dead, but a deus even when alive, 
 according to the extravagant as- 
 sertion of Koman flatterers. 
 
 533.] Tiberius, the adopted 
 eon of Augustus, and therefore 
 grandson of Julius, affected hesi- 
 tation to accept the onerous du- 
 ties of the empire. Tac. Ann. i. 
 11, ' Versae indo ad Tiberium 
 preces. Et ille varie dlsserebat, 
 de magnitudine imperii, sua mo- 
 destia. Solum divi August! mcn- 
 tem tantae molis capacem ; se in 
 partem curarum ab illo vocatum 
 
 expcriendo didicisse quam ar> 
 duura, quam subjectum fortunao 
 regendi cuncta onus.' Epist. ex 
 Pont. iv. 13. 27:— 
 
 * Esse parem virtute patri, qui 
 frena coactus 
 Saepe recusati ceperit imperii.' 
 
 This passage, 531^536, was add- 
 ed on the revision of the poem. 
 For Livia, wife of Augustus, was 
 not called Julia and Augusta till 
 after the will of the late Em- 
 peror had been read. Tac. Ann. 
 1. 8, * Nihil primo senatus die agi 
 passus nisi de supremis Augusti ; 
 cujus teiitamentum, inlatum per 
 virgines Vestae, Tiberium et Li- 
 vium haeredes habuit. Livia in 
 familiam Juliam nomenque Au- 
 gustae udsumcbatur.' She was 
 not deified till the reign of Clau- 
 dius. Suet. Claud. § 1 1, * Aviae 
 Liviae di vinos honores — decer- 
 nendos curavit.' 
 
 637. Talibns, &c.] 'When 
 by such sayings she came down 
 to present times, her prophetic 
 tongue stopped short at (i. e. 
 when it had got to) the middle 
 of her speech.' This is a Greek 
 idiom, ' to end at a subject.' 
 See ii. 755. 
 
 540. ejcifiuni] This is said 
 feelingly, us he revised the poem 
 in his exile at Tomi. See iy. 
 82. 
 
 643. Erytheidas'] Erythea 
 was on the south-west coast of 
 Spain, probably the small penin- 
 sula on which Cadiz stands. The 
 arrival of both Evander and Her- 
 cules was a ready way of ac- 
 counting for certain Gr'»ek rites 
 and names which were really due 
 either to the Greek colonies in 
 the south of Italy, the Sicilian 
 Greeks, or the Pelasgic immi- 
 
52 
 
 FASTORUM LIBEll T. 
 
 grants of very early times. The 
 Romans of the empire laboured 
 not only to identify themselves 
 with the Greeks, but to make out 
 a plausible story for every char- 
 acteristic they possessed in com- 
 mon with that nation. Their 
 religion, as Merkel well observes, 
 p. lii, was essentially historical; 
 they took nothing without know- 
 ing, or trying to know, whence it 
 came. In the present narrative 
 Ovid must have had Virgil, Aen. 
 viii. 190, &c., and Propertius, 
 V. 9, in his view, and perhaps 
 also Ennius. Hercules, having 
 brought from the west the herds 
 of Geryon, is entertained by 
 Evander at his new town on the 
 Paliitine. — applicat. See on iii. 
 750. 
 
 fi.^O.l This verso occurs with 
 little difiference in Prop. v. 9. 12, 
 and Martial, v. G5. 6. The idea 
 was probably borrowed from the 
 Homeric hymn to Mercury. It 
 was not that lie found no foot- 
 marks, but that those which were 
 there only perplexed him, as 
 leading in the wrong direction. 
 The legend of Cacus, so evi- 
 dently connected with Vulcan 
 and volcanic fires (iuf 573\ per- 
 haps records some ancient out- 
 break in the Campaniau Solfatara 
 or I'hloijrraean plains, destructive 
 ^KaKhv) to herds which had re- 
 cently been placed there. See 
 Merkel, p. ccxxxvi'. 
 
 .5/>3. pro co/yovc] Karh rh 
 cwfia, ' in proportion to his sta- 
 ture.* 
 
 5r)9. Seriiata malr'] The sense 
 is, Hercules was going away 
 ?iiinv.s his two bulls, when the 
 bellowing of the lost aiiimjils to 
 the herd as it passed the cave 
 aroused his attention. — accijno 
 
 revocamen, like the Greek Jf'xo- 
 juot rhv oiuvhv, said when any 
 one acts on a hint dropped or an 
 expression used which can be in- 
 terpreted as an omen. 
 
 .5G5. caelum guot/ne^ 
 validi erant,' is implied. 
 ix. 17 :— 
 
 * adeo 
 Her. 
 
 ' Quod te latunim est, caelum 
 prior ipse tuHsti : 
 Ilerculc supposito sidera fulsit 
 Atlas.' 
 
 6G8, aubscdil] i. e. o depression 
 was made. 
 
 574. fulffur] * Flashes of 
 forked lightning, issuing from 
 the column of ashes, darted in 
 every direction ; and the rolling 
 thuuflers were distinctly heard, 
 and distinguished from the sounds 
 which proceeded from the interior 
 of the volcano. In no other 
 eruption had the play of tho 
 electric foreco formed so strikirg 
 a feature.' Humboldt, describ- 
 ing the eruption of Vesuvius, in 
 1822. He adds. ' This phenome- 
 non is associated in all climates 
 with the close of a volcanic erup- 
 tion.' Fu/ffur, however, may 
 here mean only ' brightness,' 
 <T€\as. Lucretius uses ' Hammai 
 fulguM,' i. 720. 
 
 575. Occnpat] This word, 
 as observed on ^'roport. v. h). 
 11, nienns ' closos with him,' 
 i. o. anticipates the blow before 
 harm can be inflicted. Keight- 
 ley quotes (.}. Curtius, ix. 1, 
 ' jussit — (juatuor admovori canes, 
 qui celeriter occupaverant feram.' 
 So Propeit. v, 4. 84, 'nee mora, 
 vociiles occnpat eiise caues.' So 
 also Metatn. xii. .^42, ' conantem 
 etipite duro Occuput Alcides.' 
 It is nearly tho Gre^ k (pOdyfiv, 
 or Kiyxi'-^iiv. Thus Ovid speaks 
 
 pli 
 
 nicl 
 
 04; 
 
 cesi 
 
 sen I 
 
 in 
 
 tusi 
 
 j)at| 
 
 tniJ 
 
■■■ 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 53 
 
 word, 
 
 of his ship outstripping others, 
 Trist. ii. 10, 5: ' Noc cc.mites 
 vohicri oonteiita est viiicero civr- 
 su ; Occupat egressas quanilihet 
 ante rates.' 
 
 581. Connfittat sibi] i.e. ' stio 
 mimiiii postea coletido, quan- 
 quam adhuc niortali.s.' Sec Pro- 
 pert. V. 10. 7. A en. viii. «t sup. 
 l?ut tlie present saeriflco of a 
 hull is not to be confounded with 
 the Ara Maxima. It was merely 
 in thanksgivinj; for the victory. 
 — de bove. The Fofum Boariuhi. 
 
 683. Ncc tacct] The tnean- 
 ingis, that Hercules erected an al- 
 tar to himself, and Evander knew 
 the reason of it from his niothnr, 
 who foretold that the time vas 
 at hand when the earth should 
 have done with Hercules, and he 
 would becotne a demigod. 
 
 nSrt <] ' Postquam et ipsa 
 dea . a est.' 
 
 r>87. M6?/,v] The ides of 
 every month were sacred to Ju- 
 piter, sup. 50, where it is said 
 that a full-grown lamb, grandior 
 nf/»(i, was offered on tliat day. 
 It must there he niulerstood as a 
 general term, or rather, as a me- 
 trical license, for the sort of vic- 
 tim is here dcfmr d, viz. a vcrvex^ 
 or castrated animal. Caxtus im- 
 plies the virtuous life of a priest, 
 and certain ccremoi.iiil obser- 
 vances which he wa'< bound to 
 keep. See inf. ii. 2G, and Pint 
 (^laest. R. ^ \()9.—'lbtif here 
 means simplv ' offers.' See inf 
 047 ; ii. 6^3.' 6r>;]. 
 
 /iSfl. provincin] This con- 
 cession of the provinces to the 
 scnnte and people was a chnngo 
 in the origiiuil jmlicy of Augus- 
 tus. At first he consiilere<l the 
 patronage too important to be 
 tnisted out of the imperial hands. 
 
 3* 
 
 But Merkel fp. Ix) observes that 
 all the provinces never were re- 
 signed by Augustus ; and lio 
 would read hnvmnis, i. e. ' belli 
 immunis, quieta.' Supt. Oct. 
 ij 47, ' Provincias validiores, et 
 qUas annuis magistral -urn im- 
 perils regi nee fac'' .'c tutum 
 erat, ipse suscepit ; ceteras pro- 
 consulibus sortito permisit ; et 
 tamen nonnnllus commutavit in- 
 terdtim ; atque ex utroque gcnere 
 plernsqne saepius adiit.' This 
 was R.c. 27, when the title of 
 Augustus Was conferred \ipon 
 him. — Invsf nvuK. See sup. 3. 
 
 59!.] He proceeds to show 
 tluit ont of many honorary titles 
 that had been conferred none 
 ever equalled the dignity of 
 'Augustus.' — ceras, i. e. 'ima- 
 gines,' waxen masks of ancestors 
 kept in the atria (sup. 135) of the 
 great. They were probably real 
 likenesses taken during life, and 
 painted artistically (Trist. ii. 
 5211 Wax was used, as being 
 durable and easily moulded into 
 any shaie. The figures were 
 ranged round tlie atrixuu, with 
 the name written under each ; 
 whence perlepr in the present 
 passiige. Sometimes they were 
 so numerous or so large as to he 
 quite an encumbrance. Martial 
 ii. ;!0. r>, ' atriaque immodicis 
 arctat imagiuibus.' The making 
 of them, as so many were re- 
 quired, must hr.ve formed a reg- 
 ul'ir trnrle Hence Juven. vii. 
 237, ' ICxigitc ut mores teneros 
 CPU pollice ducat, Ut siquis cera 
 vultum facit.' Cf. ibid. viii. 2 
 and I'J. Martial vii. 4i : — 
 
 ' Maximns ilie tuns, Ovidi, Caeso- 
 niu"* hie est, 
 Cujus ndliuc vultum vivida 
 cera tenet.' 
 
54 
 
 FASTORUM LIBER I. 
 
 Hence also any ordinary portrait 
 was called cera, as Her. xiii. 152. 
 Virj^il had these imarfines in 
 view, Aen. vii. 177, ' Quin etiam 
 veterum effigies ex ordineavorum 
 Antiqua e cedro.' Further in- 
 formation will be found in Beck- 
 er's (rallus, p. 512. 
 
 593. 1 Examples are given of 
 honourable surnames {agnotnina) 
 conferred for great public ser- 
 vices. The Scipios had the title 
 of Africanus. Publius Servilius 
 that of Isauricus, from the Isau- 
 rae, a Ciliciau people conquered 
 by him ; Q. Caecilius Metellus 
 was styled Creticus, for his con- 
 quest of Crete, B.C. 6G. though he 
 did not take the title till b.c. G2 ; 
 another of the same name, who 
 was consul in 109, was called 
 Numidicus for defeating Jugur- 
 tha. M.' Valerius Maximus ob- 
 tained the title of Messala from 
 Messana in Sicily. Scipio (P. 
 Aemilianus) was called Numan- 
 tinus from Numantia in Spain. 
 Compare Propert. v. 11. 29 : — 
 
 ' Si cui fama fuit per avita tro- 
 paea decori, 
 Afra Nuiiiuutiiios regna lo 
 quuntur avos.' 
 
 Martial ii. 2 : — 
 
 ' Creta dcdit magnum, mtijus de- 
 dit Africa noinen, 
 Scii)io quod victor, quodque 
 Metellus habet.' 
 
 59G, no^nf7«] W^xc (or f amain. 
 More commonly it means oppro- 
 
 I. 18. 8, 'nunc 
 cogor habere no- 
 
 hrhoii, as Propert, 
 in amore tuo 
 tarn.' 
 
 597. Druso] This was the 
 father of Germanicus, and broth- 
 er of the EmptTor Tiberius, and 
 must not be confounded with the 
 
 Drusus of ver. 12, supra. He 
 was bom shortly after Augustus 
 had married Livia, who had been 
 divorced from Tib. Claudius No- 
 ro. It is to his honour that 
 Horace wrote Od. iv. 4, to cele- 
 brate his early victories. He 
 died near the Rhine of a fall 
 from his horse, in the . year 
 B.C. 9. 
 
 599 Caesarli He appears to 
 mean Julius, as he has been con- 
 trasting with others the title of 
 Augustus — 81 petal, because in 
 fact he had no agnomen. 
 
 GOl. £.1' uno] From gaining 
 a victory over a single champion, 
 as Manlius Torquatus and Va- 
 lerius Maximus Corvinus. 
 
 G03. Magne] Pompey the 
 Great, who, however, was less 
 great than his conqueror, Julius 
 Caesar. The sense is, ' magnae 
 erant res tuae,' i. e. facta tua. 
 Pompey was a man the Uomans 
 thoroughly loved and admired ; 
 Julius was a man whom they 
 feared (Juven. x. 109), and Au- 
 gustus one whom they disliked 
 and flattered. Propertius can 
 hardly restrain his enthusiasm in 
 speaking of Pompey, 
 
 Gi >5 gradun \ The commen- 
 tators have noticed the climax in 
 Magnus, Miijor, Maximus. The 
 Fabian house obtained the latter 
 title from the Censor Fabius, who 
 in the year b.c. 304 gained great 
 popularity by confining the liber- 
 tini to the four city tribes. Livy 
 ix. 4G. 
 
 G09. anguiitd] Whatever be 
 the real origin of this word, 
 Avliich is uneertain, it is clear 
 that aui/urimn is, at b( st, but in- 
 directly connected with it ; at 
 least if <iut/ur is for avigcr (Var- 
 rouianus, p. 2G3). Suet. Oct. 
 
mm 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 55 
 
 s^ 7, ' Praevaluit ut Augustus po- 
 tius vocaretur, non tantnm novo 
 sed etiam ampliore cogiiomine : 
 quod loca quoque relijjjiosa, et 
 iu qui bus augurato quid conso- 
 cratur, augusta dicantur, ab 
 aiictu, vel ab avium gestu gus- 
 tuve, sicut etiani Enuius docet, 
 scribens, Angusto augurio post- 
 quani incluta condita Roma est,' 
 Perhaps, as robustus is from rohoH 
 (anciently robots), so nngustus 
 may be from atigurs, and imply 
 the religious respect in which the 
 soothsayer was held. Pausauius, 
 iii. 11. 4, AijyovffToSy h /carA 
 7\6i>TTaj' Svyarai t^v 'E\Ki\v<t)v 
 ceffaarSs. 
 
 614. querna corona] This 
 was the civic crown, assigned as 
 a reward 'ob servatum civem.' 
 It was v)ted in pcrpctnum to 
 Augustus, to be fixed in the vesti- 
 bule of the palace, as a token of 
 liis protection of the citizens in 
 general.' See on iv. 9.j3. lleio, 
 of course, the allusion is to Tibe- 
 rius, tanti cogHoinlnis fie res ; and 
 Merkel (p. ccixiv) has well ex- 
 plained the passage in reference to 
 his having declined rhis honour. 
 Suet. Tib. j^ 2(>, ' Civicam in ves- 
 fibulo coronam reousavit.' The 
 poet, therefore, in protegat, ex- 
 presses a hope that he will con- 
 descend to retain it. — restras, 
 i. e. Tiberius and his successors. 
 
 018. re/ata] Not only the 
 11th, but the loth of the month 
 was devoted to the Carmentalia. 
 There may have been some con- 
 fusion between two distiuct t'ar- 
 mvutac ; indeed Ovid himself 
 do.\s not Mentify them, but 
 makes them suters or compan- 
 ions, inf. G34. The larincnta 
 of tills latter festival was not a 
 proi)hetcss, but a sort of Lucina. 
 
 The carpcnta were state-car- 
 riages, chiefly used for conveying 
 women in sacred processions, 
 but also driven by wealthy fop.s, 
 Propert. v. 8. 23. It will be ob- 
 served that Ovid wrongly derives 
 the \tord from Carmenta. The 
 root is car, as in carriage, carrus, 
 carruca, &c., and has no connex- 
 ion with carpo (inf. G32). 
 
 G21. honor cripitur^ This 
 was done by C. Oppius, tribune 
 of the people, among other 
 sumptuary enactments pa.ssed A. 
 u. 538. Plutarch, Quaest. R. 
 § 56 : Aicb rl rh Trjs Kap(ievTT\s 
 iephv i^ apxv^ SoKovtriv at firfre- 
 pes iSpvaaaOai, Koi vvv fidKiara 
 (Tf$ovTai ; Ae'7€Tai ydp tis \6yos, 
 <i)S fKuKvOj^aau vvh rijs PovKrjs al 
 yvvaMis ox^C-o-ffi XRW^f^^ C*"*" 
 Tots, ffvvfBeuTO aWijKais /arj Kvt- 
 ffKeadai fnjbe TiKTtiv, afivvSjxtvai 
 reus df^pas, &XP'^ "" ixfreyvuffau 
 Kal avvex'i^PVO'f'ty avrais ' yevofit- 
 vwv Se ira(Sctfc, eurcKcoOcrai Koi 
 TToKvreKvovffai rh rrjs Kapn^vTtis 
 iephv ilpvaavTo. — dcstinat, ' fixes,' 
 ' determines ; ' the true sense of 
 the word. Compare obstinatus, 
 ' resolved against.' 
 
 627. Biiut] i. e. * altenim 
 pro pueris, alteram pro puellis* 
 (so. pro partu felici). There is 
 no allusion to the two festivals 
 of the same name (sup. 618). 
 
 629. Scortca] Varro, L. L. 
 vii. 4^ 84, ' etiam nunc dicimus 
 scortea ea quae ex corio ac pelli- 
 bus sunt facta ; inde in aliquot 
 sacris ac sacellis scriptum habe- 
 mus, 
 
 Nc quid scortcum adhibeatur, 
 ideo nc morticimun quid adsit.' 
 
 lie derives srortuin, i. e. ' mere- 
 trix,' from the same word. The 
 sacellum was near the Carmen- 
 
mm 
 
 56 
 
 FASTORUM LIBER I. 
 
 ♦al pntp. — vr riohnf, &c. They 
 fearefl lest tlipy should gi%'e hirth 
 to dend children. 
 
 Gi\2. vov tibi 7)ota'] Here, 
 as supra 1119, words are cited as 
 obsolete except in sncrifioial Inn- 
 puajre. ' Curtnentis ' Feems to 
 have had tvo distinct attrihutes; 
 that of a p' ofihetess, from car- 
 vicii, and that of u Piirca, or 
 Destiny, from canniiiare, ' to 
 card wool,' in allusion to the fatal 
 thread. Hence riutarch, Quaest. 
 Kom. i? 56, oi §€ yioipavriyoivTai 
 riju Kap/xfVTap eivai, noi iik 
 TovTO 6vfiv ainfi ras firiTfpas. 
 The two words are probably in 
 fact identical ,; i'or there was a 
 common expression ' deduccre 
 carmen,' tSrc, ' to spin a sonp; ; ' 
 and jMr. Long (on C'ic. Cat. Maj. 
 g 61) seems right in deriving 
 carmen from ('arpcre. We have 
 'cai-pere pensnm,' Georg. iv. 284. 
 Hor. Od. iii. 17 . 64. C<ir?nc7i 
 is therefore for carpitncn, as ar/- 
 mcn for afr/men, Karmmtwn for 
 sarfiinicnfinn, &e. 
 
 6J53. I'nrrima^ The names 
 here invoked evidently imply 
 certain circumstances favourable 
 to easy birth. Gierig quotes 
 Varro ap. Gell. xvi. 16: 'hujiis 
 periculi deprecandi causa ariie 
 statutae sunt Romae duabus Car- 
 meiiribus, qiiarum una Postverta 
 nominata e.-<t, I'rosa altera, a 
 recti jierversique partus et po- 
 testate et nomine.' J^rosiis or 
 prorsiis is for proversvn ; Varro, 
 L. L. vii. Jj 81. Merkel (p. 
 cxcix) suggc-ts with great proba- 
 bility that those terms originally 
 had reference to the metliods of 
 writing, viz. cither intm left to 
 right and back again, or In one 
 uniform direction, since Kvander 
 was said to have brought the use 
 
 of letters into Italy. The phrase 
 'prosa oratio' confirms this, 
 Ovid's mistake is curious, and 
 we might even criticise his La- 
 tinity in making porro mean 
 ' prius,' and postverta * quae 
 postea vertent.' His words are 
 rather obscure : he may mean, 
 ' the one foretold thing? remote- 
 ly future, the other, things soon 
 about to happen.' But Gierig 
 takes porro of past time. 
 
 087. Candida'} A general 
 epithet for fansta, alma, &c., 
 like ' candide Bacche.' iii. 772, 
 and Horace's ' candide Bassareu.' 
 At the same time he makes use 
 of the circv'U. stance that the 
 temple it.self was nirei/m, newly- 
 built. See sup. 80. — Moncta, 
 sup. 231. This temple of Juno 
 stiiod or. the Capitol, and a fligl.t 
 of steps (.sup. '263) led up to it 
 from the Forum. Near to these 
 steps was fbe old temple of Con- 
 cord. Both were vowed by M. 
 P'urius Camillus the dictator. 
 Infvi. 183:~ 
 
 ' Arce quoque in summa Junoni 
 temphi Monetae 
 Ex voto memorant facta, Ca- 
 mille, tuo.' 
 
 Merkel assigns the year of the 
 city 388 (n.c. 36(5) to the dedi- 
 cation of Concordia, and 763 to 
 that of the rebuilding on the 
 same site by Tiberius. — bi''?ie 
 pro.spiries, because tlie new tem- 
 ple faced the Fonun, and thus 
 there was a kind of omen in the 
 prosprrlns Concordiae. The 
 site has been discovered, behind 
 the arch of Severus (Merkel, p. 
 cxxv). 
 
 641. Ji!(ru,vi] He capttired 
 Falerii in I^truria, n.c. 31)4. 
 
 643.] pafribiis, the patricians. 
 
^^OTES. 
 
 57 
 
 edi- 
 
 i to 
 
 tlie 
 
 bnie 
 
 tcin- 
 tlms 
 tin; 
 Tlie 
 hiiui 
 
 b1, p. 
 
 — rul(jii!>, the plebeians. Tliis 
 was one of the many mptures 
 between the two orders whirh 
 took phice during the early his- 
 tory of Rome. The occasion 
 was the efforts of the pleheiiins 
 to carry the ' rogationes,' i. e. 
 agrarian and other measures of 
 C. Licinius Stolo, against the 
 patrician influence headed by 
 Camillus. The temple of Con- 
 cord wavS intended to cement the 
 vmion finally effected between 
 the two parties. 
 
 G46. t'fiusa rcccvn'] See Suet. 
 Tib. § 20: 'a Germania in 
 urliem post biennium regressus, 
 trinmphum, quern distnlerat, 
 egit; prosequentibus etiam lega- 
 tis, quibus triumphalia ornamen- 
 ta impetrarat. Dcdicavit et 
 Concordiiie aedem ; item Pollu- 
 ci.s et Castoris suo fratrisqne 
 [Djusi] nomine de manubiis.' 
 The expedition took place in 
 763, to avenge the defeat of 
 Quintilius Varus in the preceding 
 year. Suet. Tib. jj 18. Tac. 
 Ann. i. 3. The words of Sueto- 
 nius, as Merkel observes, p. cclxii, 
 might lead one to suppose that 
 the dedication did not take place 
 till TfiT), when he triumphed for 
 the Pannonian conquest.-"— /ri'/w<- 
 phatne rfniti.t, the same authority 
 states, are the Sigam])ri, though 
 the participle must not he taken 
 literally, but simply for victac. 
 Tlie words of Siu'tonius, ' de 
 manubiis,' &c., seem clearly to 
 refer to the .same circumstance. 
 - — pnssos criues jiorH(/it, what- 
 ever be the exact moaning, refers 
 also to tlie defc:it oU the Sigambri 
 in 747. (jiierig quotes Amor. i. 
 U. 45:— 
 
 ' Jam tibi captivos mittet iJer 
 mania crines : 
 
 Culta triumphatae munere 
 gentis eris,' 
 
 which inclines Keightley to take 
 the present passage literally, as 
 implying an annual tribute of 
 flaxen hair, of which the Romans 
 were very fond; see on iii. 493. 
 But pasxi rrines were a sign of 
 woe often attributed to captives; 
 and the poet probably means 
 that the women held out their 
 long streaming locks to excite 
 compassion in the conqueror. 
 Compare Trist. iv. 2. 43. 
 IMerkel edits corrifiit, which he 
 thinks can mean ' desecat ; ' but 
 this is rightly rejected by Keight- 
 ley. — <ln,r veverande, i. e. Tibe- 
 rius, now Emperor. 
 
 647. lihasti] See on 587.— 
 qunm colin, sc. 'you set the ex- 
 ample of Concord in your own 
 family and conduct.' 
 
 649. itta Oenitnr'\ Livia, 
 wife of Augustus. — rebus et am. 
 These words are obscure. 
 Keightley understands by res, 
 • proiierty ; ' (lierig says, ' con- 
 eordiam rebus ipsis Augusto ex- 
 hibuit.' He seems to mean that 
 both Tiberius and Livia patron- 
 ized Concord in two ways, by 
 exhibiting it in their lives, and 
 by joining in the ex])en.se of the 
 temple. Jithim perhaps repre- 
 sents tpyo.', 'in fact,' 'in reality.' 
 — dffpin rcperra. In allusion to 
 Augustus' (liX'orce from his former 
 wife Scribonia. See Trist. ii. 
 162. — )nar/ni Jorin, sc. Aujrusti. 
 
 6r)2. per juvenix «?'//««] The 
 sun will enter the Zodiacal sign 
 Aquarius. 
 
 (if);"), Sidere ah hoc] The 
 night after Lyra has set the star 
 wliich shines in the breast of the 
 Lion will be no longer visible 
 
 6i)7] The J'triac Scinen^innr, 
 
58 
 
 FASTORUM LIBER I. 
 
 As this was kept at the end of 
 the sowing season, which de- 
 pen ed in great measure on the 
 weather, it was not assigned in 
 the calendars to any fixed day, 
 hut was one of the conce/itivKC, 
 i. e. appointed hy authority of 
 the Pontifices. Varro, L. L. vi. 
 i^ 'iCi, 'Sementinae feriae dies is, 
 qui a pontificihus dictus: appel- 
 lutus a semonte, quod sationis 
 causa suscotae. Pa'janicae 
 cjnsdeni agriculturae causa sus- 
 ceptae, ut haberent in agris 
 omnes pagi, unde paganicae 
 dictue sunt.' Properl}', accord- 
 ing to Alerkel, p. cliv, indici 
 was used of extraordinary feasts, 
 i. e. not lerfithiiae, or ' reguhir,' 
 but 'subito ad praesens tempus 
 constitutiie,' e. g. when any 
 prodigy had to be expiated (pro- 
 curari). These were also called 
 iinperativae. 
 
 GG3. coronati] The crown or 
 chaplet was a sort of acknowl- 
 edgment of the successful ac- 
 complishment of a tusk. On 
 this principle the sterns of ships 
 returning from a voyage were 
 crowned. Compare with this 
 passage Tibull. ii. 1. 8 : — 
 
 ' Solvite vincla jugis : nunc ad 
 praesepia debent 
 Plena coronuto stare boves ca- 
 pite,' «&c, 
 
 664. Cum vere'] Fallow lands 
 received their second ploughing 
 in spring. "Eopi TroActv, llesiod. 
 Op. et 1). 460. 
 
 665. sunpendatl^ The ancient 
 ploughs were very light. In 
 Spain, where so many Komuu 
 customs remain unaltered to this 
 day, the Castilian otten carries 
 the plough to the field ou his 
 shoulders. 
 
 666. reformidai] ' Shrinks 
 from being stirred at all in the 
 winter.' The first ploughing and 
 sowing were completed in late 
 autumn in ordinary seasons. 
 Virg. Georg. i. 210, * serite hordea 
 campis usque sub extreinum bru- 
 mae intractabilis imbrem.* He- 
 siod. Op. et D. 448, &c. Speak- 
 ing of the proper time for prun- 
 ing vines, Virgil says, ' ante re- 
 fort/iidimt ferrum,' Georg. ii. 369. 
 
 669. Faffus] The question 
 here arises, whether the poet is 
 speaking of the same feast as 
 above, or the Paganalia. The 
 words of Varro, ut sup., evident- 
 ly prove nothing. Merkel's view 
 is given in these words (p. civ), 
 
 ' Non de diversis feriis intelligen- 
 dum putaverim Ovidium, sed de 
 cisdem diverso modo in urbe et 
 in iigris celebrai dis.' 
 
 670. paganis focis] Each pa- 
 gus had a common altar for the 
 use of the inhabitants. The sa- 
 crifice was of a propitiatory char- 
 acter, and as at the Palilia (iv. 
 73o) there was a iuslnitio, a 
 ceremonial purifying or ' bless- 
 ing ' of the fields and the people. 
 To mother earth especially a 
 cake was offered of her own pro- 
 duce. The nature of the Roman 
 paffi will be best understood 
 from the account of Dr. Arnold, 
 Hist, of liome, i. p. 79. They 
 were strongholds erected by the 
 country tribes on high ground, to 
 afford retuge both to husband- 
 men and cattle in case of a hos- 
 tile invasion. ' Here they all 
 met once a year, and every man, 
 woman, and child, paid on these 
 occasions a certain sum, which 
 being collected by the priests, 
 gave tlie amount of the whole 
 population.' 
 
 bo 
 
NOTES. 
 
 59 
 
 674. causa7n'\ ' Originem, 
 i. e. ' semiiia.' The usual rule 
 respecting hie and ille is here 
 violated. 
 
 679. perpetuos"] ' Unchecked,' 
 
 • uninterrupted.' Supra, 122. — 
 nata. This word, like torrco and 
 torriduH, is used alike of cold and 
 heat, the eflR'Cts of which on ve- 
 getation are nearly the same. 
 Inf. iv. 917, ' adusta gelu.' 
 Trist. iii. 2. 8, ' ustus ab assiduo 
 frigore I'ontus.' Georg. i. 186, 
 
 • neu horeae peuetrabile frigus 
 adurat.' Though snow does not 
 hurt our cereals, the ntaize and 
 millet of the Italians eeem to 
 have suffered from it. 
 
 684. avcs] Here also we 
 must not think of rooks and 
 sparrows, the real or supposed 
 enemies of our farmers, but the 
 
 • improbus anser Strymoniaeque 
 grucs,' of Virgil, Georg. i. 1 19. 
 
 6S5. parcife (jr(aiis\ Ants do 
 not really store up corn, as the 
 Romans seeui to have believed 
 when they saw them carrying 
 their eggs ; nor is it very prob- 
 able that they ever eat it. 
 
 687. scabrne robirfi)ii,s^ Pee 
 iv. 921. CatuU. Ixvi'ii. 151, 'ne 
 vostrum scabra t.mgat robigiiie 
 nomen.' — ritio cae'i. Virg. Eel, 
 vii. 57, ' vitio moriens sitit aeris 
 herba.' They attributed to the 
 air effects which were probably 
 due to the want of draining or 
 other causes. 
 
 689, pingnior ac(fUo'\ Cf. iv. 
 644, ' nunc ager assidua luxuria- 
 bat aqua.' (icorg. i, 112, 'luxu- 
 riem segetum tenera depascit in 
 herba.' lbi<L 154, ' infelix loli- 
 uin et steriles doniinantur ave- 
 nue.' 
 
 693. jyaxsura bis iffuetn^ viz. 
 both in the kiln and iu the bak- 
 
 ing. It is remarkable that the 
 Romans treated their bread-corn 
 nearly as we treat malt, — they 
 dried it in a kiln before grinding 
 it. The latter art was but 
 rudely performed, and would 
 have been difficult if the grain 
 had been moist and clammy. 
 See inf. ii. 620, seqq., Georg. i. 
 267, ' nunc torrete igui fruges, 
 nunc frangite saxc' Aen. i. 1 78, 
 ' friigesque receptas Et torrero 
 parant Hammis etfrangere saxo.' 
 The word frugesy which is gen- 
 erally, like /*•«c^M«, derived from 
 fruor, is perhaps connected with 
 (ppvyeiv, 'to toast.' 'Thucydides 
 speaks of wetppvyfAevas Kpidai, 
 vi. 22. 
 
 698. nptior ensis] This al- 
 ludes to the troubles of the civil 
 wars. The same complaint oc- 
 curs in Georg. i. 507, ' Et curvae 
 rigidum falces conflantur in en- 
 seni.' 
 
 701. domui tunv^ The words 
 are addressed to Germanicus, 
 hut may have been originally 
 meant for Augustus. 
 
 706. Ledaeix deiii] Castor and 
 Pollux. See Suetonius, quoted 
 on ver. 645. It was vowed by 
 A. Postumius, B.C. 498, in con- 
 sequence of the aid rendered by 
 the twin deities at the battle of 
 Lake Regillus. See Livy, ii. 42. 
 It stood in the Forum, connected 
 with the spring of Juturna (sup. 
 463), at which Pollux was fal)led 
 ti) have watered his horse after 
 the battle. Wlience Propert. iv. 
 (iii.) 22. 26, • potaque Pollucis 
 lympha salubris equo.' 
 
 707. frati'cs] Tiberius and 
 his vounj'er brother Drusus, who 
 rebuilt the temple, or rather, the 
 former in tiie name of the latter, 
 for he was dead when it was de- 
 
 / 
 
 ..> Ai^l: 
 
mm 
 
 t 
 
 60 
 
 FASTORUM LIBER I. 
 
 dicatcd, A. u. 759. See Merkel, 
 p, exxvi, Flip. 597.— cowpo.sMcre, 
 Gierig snys, ' coiijuncti posuere. 
 Nove sic dictum.' Some explain 
 constitnit, sup. 649, in the siime 
 manner. But there is author- 
 ity for ' componere temphi,' ' to 
 build,' Propert. ii. 6. 5, and v. 9. 
 74. 
 
 711. Frondibus Adincis] As 
 the civil wars were terminated 
 by the deciHve victory at Actium, 
 and as Augustus, alive to the 
 blessings of peace, had dedicated 
 an altar to that goddess in the 
 year 741, the poet elegantly rep- 
 
 resents her as crowned with bay, 
 and invokes her to preside over 
 the reign of Tiberius. See inf. 
 iii. 882. 
 
 716. nil nisi pompa] May 
 the tuba be used only in religious 
 processions. 
 
 719. Pacalihus] A word 
 coined perhaps on the analogy 
 of Compitalia, Floralia, Matra- 
 lia. He means nothing more 
 than ' imponite pacis arae.' 
 
 721. perennet] 'Per totum 
 annum eat.' See iii. 623. 
 
 722. propensos] ' Alret-dy 
 disposed to lend a favouring ear.' 
 
■■^■•■pi 
 
 WRHi 
 
 mmm 
 
 
 ay, 
 
 iver 
 inf. 
 
 fay 
 
 uus 
 
 ord 
 
 tra- 
 lore 
 
 ^ 
 
 INDEX TO THE NOTES, 
 
 AND OF PROPER NAMES. 
 
 :;um 
 
 pdy 
 sar.' 
 
 Ab, redundant, 38 
 
 Accipere omen, 52 
 
 Actiam, 60 
 
 Adv^rsus, 33 
 
 Aeneas, 51 
 
 Aer, aether, 31 
 
 Aesculapius, 42 
 
 Agnalia, 44 
 
 Agnomina, 54 
 
 Agonftlia, 11 
 
 Agonia, 43 
 
 AlSus Kol S4os, 40 
 
 Alcidcs, 52 
 
 Aimus, 35 
 
 Anseris jecur, 48 
 
 Aoiiia, 49 
 
 Aqua Virgo, 49 
 
 Aquarius, 57 
 
 Ara maxima, 53 
 
 Arcades, 49 
 
 Areas, 49. 51 
 
 Aristaeus, 45 
 
 As, ancient device on, 38 
 
 Atri dies, 28 
 
 Atrium, 34 
 
 Augur, 54 
 
 ATigurium, 54 
 
 Augusta, 51 
 
 Augustus, 54 
 
 Auspicari, 35 
 
 Aventinus, 17 
 
 B 
 
 Bees, breeding of, 45 
 
 Cacus, 52 
 Cadmus, 49 
 Callimaclms, 23 
 Calumniae, 25 
 Camenae, 48 
 Caniillus, 56 
 Capra, caper, 44 
 Capricornus, 57 
 Carica, 36 
 Carmen, 56 
 Carraentalia, 55 
 Carmeiitis, 50. 56 
 Cnrminare, 56 
 Carponta, 55 
 Caryota, 36 
 Casmeuac, 48 
 Castor and Pollux, 59 
 Cavum aedium, 34 
 Cerae, 53 
 Chaos, 31 
 Civic crown, 55 
 Clusius, 33 
 
 Coniponere templum, 60 
 Continuus, 33 
 Corona civica, 55 
 Coronis, 10 
 Corvinus, 54 
 Cretes, 54 
 
 4 
 
62 
 
 INDEX TO THE NOTES. 
 
 Cultrarius, 43 
 Curtius lacus, 41 
 
 D 
 
 Debneras facere, focisae, 44 
 Delphin, 48 
 Destinare, 55 
 Diana triplex, 45 
 Dies AUiensis, 29 
 
 utri, 29 
 
 candidi, 30 
 
 fasti, nefasti, 27 
 
 intcrcisi, 27 
 
 Diversus, 33 
 
 Do, dico, addico, 27 
 
 Do<;, sacrifice of, 46 . 
 
 Dove, offering of, 48 
 
 Drusus, 3. 54 
 
 Dulcis, 36 
 
 Dux — imperator, 30 
 
 E 
 
 Elements, the four, 31 
 Erythea, 51 
 Esquiliae, 39 
 Etrusci, 5G 
 Euphrates, 44 
 Evander, 16. 18. 19. 48 
 Exile, Ovid's, 51 
 
 Fabius, 54 
 
 Falisci, 31 
 
 Fasti, 23 
 
 Fastus (superbia), 47 
 
 Fastus, nefastus, 27 
 
 Feriae, observance of, 27 
 
 indictiie, imperutivae, 58 
 
 . couccptivae, 58 
 
 sementiiiae, 57 
 
 Taganicae, 58 
 
 Focus, 34 
 
 Folium, 35 
 
 Fruges, 59 
 
 Fuerit (si or cum understood), 43 
 
 Fulgur Aetnaeura, 52 
 
 Furius, 56 
 
 Germanious, 23. 25. 41. 54 
 Gifts, New year's, 36 
 Golden Age, 39 
 Greek influence in Italy, 51 
 
 H 
 
 Haemus, 13 
 
 Hecate, 34. 45 
 
 Ilellospontus, Priapus worshipped 
 
 at, 47 
 Herba, 35 
 
 Sabina, 44 
 
 Hercules, 38 seqq. 51 
 Hostia, 12 
 
 House, plan of Roman, 84 
 Hyperion, 45 
 
 lason, 15 
 
 Idalium, 48 
 
 Idem (with genitive), 27 
 
 Idus, 28 
 
 Imagines, 53 
 
 Inachis, 14 
 
 India, 12 
 
 ludictus, 58 
 
 Indigitamenta, 24 
 
 Insula (Tiheris), 42 
 
 Intcrcisi dies, 27 
 
 lo, 48 
 
 Isaurus, 54 
 
 J 
 
 Janiculnnj, 39 
 Janual, 33 
 Janualis porta, 40 
 Janus, 29 
 
 temples of. 38. 40 
 
 when shut, 33. 41 
 
 general term for porta, 40 
 
 same as sol, 30 
 
 Jullii, 51 
 
 Juno Covella, 28 
 
 Moneta, 56 
 
 Jupiter Tonans, 37 
 Jus dare, 20. 38 
 
INDEX TO THE NOTES. 
 
 63 
 
 pped 
 
 i 
 
 a, 40 
 
 Justice, 39 
 Juturna, 48. 59 
 
 K 
 
 Kalendac, 28 
 Kilns (for corn), 69 
 
 Lacus Curtius, 41 
 
 Jutumae, 59 
 
 Lnmpsacus, 47 
 Lar i'aniilinris, 34 
 Latium, 39 
 Lautolae, 41 
 I.avlnia, 60 
 Leiaei dii, 59 
 Le >tus, 45 
 Lib are, 63 
 Livia, 51. 57 
 Loiis, 47 
 
 M 
 
 Maenalis, 19 
 Martius, 26 
 Massa, 32 • 
 
 Messana, 18 
 Metari caelum, 42 
 Metellus, 64 
 Mithras, 45 
 Moneta, 38. 66 
 Movere opus, 25 
 
 N 
 Naides. 13. 16 
 Nefastus parte, 27 
 Nsquitia, 47 
 New-year's gifts, 36 
 Nonae, 28 
 Nota vino facta, 47 
 Numantia, 64 
 Numidae, 18 
 Nuudinae, 28 
 
 Occupo, 52 
 Oebalius, 40 
 Officiura, 24 
 
 O 
 
 OHm. 60 
 Olyinpns, 42 
 Omen, 48 
 
 of names, 36 
 
 Oscines, 48 
 Ossa, 42 
 Ostium, 34 
 Ovid, his exile, 24 
 
 Paganicne feriae, 68 
 Pagasaeus, 16 
 Pagus, 58 
 Palladium, 61 
 Pallas, -antis, 60 
 Palma, 36 
 Palmes, 36. 44 
 Pandas, 46 
 Parrhasius, 15 
 
 Participles, transitive use of per- 
 fect passive, 46 
 Patres, 56 
 Patulcius, 33 
 Pax, 21 
 Pelion, 11 
 Perpetuus, 33 
 Persis, 46 
 Phlegra, 62 
 Ploughs, 68 
 Pompey, 54 
 Pontifex Maximus, 51 
 Popa, 43 
 Porrigere, 67 
 Porrima, 66 
 Porta Carmentalis, 48 
 Postumius, 59 
 Postverta, 56 
 Praepetes, 48 
 Praetor, 38 
 Priapus, 47 
 Prorsus, 66 
 Prosa oratio, 66 
 irpoffcKrjvoi, 49 
 Proteus, 12 
 Provinciae, 63 
 Pudor, 39 
 Putris, 45 
 
64 
 
 INDEX TO TflK NOTES. 
 
 Q 
 
 Qncrquotiilanii'", 30 
 Quirinufl, 4. 8 
 
 R 
 
 Rcjrilltis, no 
 Repons, 81 
 Rox sacronitn, 44 
 Rlii'nu.a, 42 
 
 Rivers, represented in tri- 
 umphs, 42 
 RoMg.-., 59 
 Rubricn, 24 
 
 Snpaei, 46 
 Savmonta, 85, 50 
 Saturn, 8. 9 
 Satyri, 40 
 Saviue, 44 
 Scipio, 54: 
 Scortum, 55 
 Scribonla, 57 
 Sella cv.ni,:- 31 
 Scmontiniifl f'jriae, 57 
 ScquT-, ;iG 
 Serviliu^, P., 54 
 Sijxambri, 57 
 Silenus, 40 
 Spica Cillssa, 80 
 Sponte, 31 
 Stips, 37 
 Strena, 37 
 Strinj^ero, 48 
 Struos, 41 
 Suavis, 30 
 SuccinctuR, 48 
 Suns — proprius, 48 
 
 Tarc'iit-um, 50 
 
 Tarpoia, 40 
 
 Tarpeiao ar-es, 30 
 
 Tatius, U. 40 
 
 Tcgeaeus, 17. 19 
 
 Tims, 30 
 
 Tiberius, 51 
 
 Titan (sol), 19 ' 
 
 Titus Tatius, 1 1 40 
 
 Torquatm, 54 
 
 Trabea, 26. 30 
 
 Trieterides, 46J 
 
 Trivia, 34. 45 
 
 Tunica, 46 
 
 Tunicam coUecta, &c., 46 
 
 Turnus, 48 
 
 Tus, thus, 30 
 
 Tydcus, 15 
 
 Typhoeus, 18 
 
 U 
 
 Urere gelu, 59 
 
 Valerius Maxim us, 54 
 Varius, 38 
 Verbena, 45 
 Vestis, 30 
 Vices, 33 
 Victima, 44 
 Vincula (calcei), 47 
 Virgo aqua, 49 
 
 w 
 
 Waxen portraits {imagines), 58 
 Wine, writing with, 47 
 
 Year, solar and lunar, 26 
 cyclic, 26 
 
 . Atf>lk:£i^, . .du^ 
 
1