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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra raproduit en un seul clichA, ii est filmA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'imagas nAcessaire. Las diagrammas suivants illustrent la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 FT I) ^ 1 i ■ tjU-ite:..iX. . ;^SSlSiSKtt V— ■■nm Briti0b Beeociation for the H^vanccmcnt of Science iOI i 66 BRISTOL MEETING, 1898 TWELFTH AND FINAL REPORT ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA 68 LONDON OFFICES OF THE ASSOCIATION BUELINGTON HOUSE, W. ^M Price Is. Qd. mnt. i. i ,-MJ ni»n»^ oectio The 2 th Ci H io mi of I. Ph II. Th III. n IV. Li V. Su The f< the au carrie( sunimi byDr W ledge ( means detailt that 1 ethnol has b cultur have proble Fo ethnol operat logical Unite< t'ons i of the invest! farthei Th arriec Hepor ■?!»S3Esa^s!srn^ffirn oectiou H.— Bristol, 1898. J !, 56 The North'Wesfern Trihes of Canada. — Twelfth and Final Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor E. B. Tylor (Chairman), Sir CuTHBERT E. Peek (Secretarj/), Dr. G. M. Dawson, Mr. R. G. Haliburton, Mr. David Boyle, and Hon. G. W. Ross, appointed to investigate the Phi/sieal Characters, Languages, and Industrial and Social Conditions of the North-Western Tribes of the Dominion (f Canada. I TAOa II Physical Characteristics of the Trihes of British Columhia, htj Fbanz Boas and Livingston Faerand 1 fAe f/»7flo^^», A// Livingston FAniiAND 18 \\\, The Social Organisation of the Haida, hy Yv-k^z BoAS . . . .21 IV. Linguistics, hy Franz Boas 27 V. Summary of the Work of the C'>vtmittee in British Columbia, hy Fbanz Boas 40 Appendix.— Znritfa? to Reports, IV.-XII 57 The following Report contains the results of field-work undertaken under the auspices of the Committee during the summer of 1897. The work was carried out by Messrs. Franz Boas and Livingston Farrand. A brief summary of the results of the work of the Committee has been drawn up by Dr. Boas, and forms part of this Report. While the work of the Committee has materially advanced our know- ledge of the tribes of British Columbia, the field of investigation is by no means exhausted. The languages are known only in outline. More detailed information on the physical types may clear up several points that have remained obscure, and a more detailed knowledge of the ethnology of the northern tribes seems desirable. Ethnological evidence has been collected bearing upon the history of development of the culture-area under consideration ; but no archreological investigations have been carried on which would help materially in solving these problems. For these reasons it is a matter of congratulation to know that the ethnological investigation in British Columbia will not cease with the operations inaugurated by the Committee. Ethnological and archajo- logical work in the Province, in the adjoining States and Territories of the United States, and on the coast of Siberia is being carried on by expedi- tions the expense of which is borne by Mr. Morris K. Jesup, President of the American Museum of Natural History. It is hoped that these investigations may carry the work initiated by this Conmuttee a step farther. M « 0) o a B. 68 mm. 1,640 1,3;{;5 73o l,69(> 1.807 }l '1 I. Physical Characteristics of the Trihes of British Columbia. By Franz Boas arid Livingston Farrand. The anthropometric measurements made during the season of 1897 were •arried out by both of us according to the system applied in the previous Reports of the Couunittee. Before entering into a di.scus.sion of the results II 1 2o REl'OKT— 1898. t it is necessary to show that the mea8ui*ement8 of the two observers are comparable. We have carried out this comparison for the head measure- ments in which the personal equation is liable to attain considerable value. We give here the averages of the various measurements taken on I., StlKniqo'. lEqumQ men ; II., StlRmqo'lBqumQ women ; III., Chilcotin men. When we call A the averages and E the me^in errors, we find : — — I.-ength of Head Breadth of Head Height of Face Boas A. E. Pivrraiul A. E. Boas A. E. Farrand A. E. Boaa A. E. Farrand '■ A. K. i I. . IF. . III. . I860 ±0-9 179-6 ±1-4 187M±lO 187-1 ±0-9 177-9 ±1-4 18(51 ±10 158-5 ±0-8 149-8 ±0-9 l.V.»-6±l-2 157-9 ±1-2 li9-9±l-0 151-9 ±1-1 114-5 ±1-4 157-9 ±0-9 124-3±14 121-;-) ±15 114-5 ±M| 124-3il3 1 — Breadth of Face Height of Nose Breadth of Nose Boafl A. E Farrand A. E. Boas A. E. Farrand A. E. Boas A. E. ■ - Farrand A. E. j I. . II. . III. . 149-0 ±0-8 1380 ± 0-7 1491 ±0-7 148 8 ±0-9 139-9 ±1-2 147 2 ±10 52-5 ± 0-6 49-1 ±1-1 53-4 ± 0-6 50 9 ± 0-8 48-6 ±0-9 52-9±0 6 40-6 ± 0-5 35-5 ± 06 39-9 ± 0-5 39-4 ±05 i 35'2 ± 0-6 387 ±0-5 j The differences between these averages are throughout slight. In order to show the comparability of the measurements still more clearly we give here the Vtalues of the diffen^nces and their errors, and the average difference and its error for each measurement which have been obtainediy weighting the individual differences. Differences between Mfamremnits taheu hy Boas and Farrand and their Errors, — 1 Length of j Breadth of Head 1 Head Height of Face + 1-6+1-8 0±20 0-0 ±1-9 Breadth of Face Height of Nose -1-6 ±1-0 -0-5 ±1-4 -0-5 ±0-8 Brcadtii of Nose I. II. III. + 11 ±1-3 _0-6±l-4 -1-7 + 2-0 1 +21 ±1-4 -0-9±l-4 ! -l-7±l-5 -0-2 ±1-1 + 19+1-1 -1-9+1-2 -1-2 ±0 7 - 3 :l 8 -1-2 ±0 7 Average . + 01 ±0-8 -01 ±0-8 +06+11 -0-3 + 0-7 1 -08 ±0-5 -0-9 ±0-4 It appears from this table that the measurements arc strictly compar- able, and that the personal ecjuation miy be neglected. The tribes which were principally studied are the Northern Shuswap, the Lillooet, the Chilcotin, and the northern tribes of the coast. The Shuswap are divided into divisions in a manner similar to the divisions of the Ntlakya'pamuQ. We have collected measurements of the StlF.m(|0 - iKqumQ, the division of the tribe living on Fraser Kiver, north of the town of Lillooet, of the Sti atKmg of North Thompson River, of the Shuswjipoe of Kamloops, and a few of the group inhabiting Buonaparte River, ^^e have treated the Lillooet of Fraser River, who are mixed with Shuswap, and Ntlakya'pamuQ separately from the purer groups of Seton and Ancler- sou Liikos. 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1 1 t 1 1 I-- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- 1 t 1 1 1 1 t-4 1 1 1 1 1 1- M 1 1 1 1 M — > >3S . 1 ^^ §S i2g.a|H||i sills y ! 1 56 •< ' ) '■+ I O 8 a B. £8 mm. 1,640 ^w 6 REroRT— 1898. ) KiiA n ^ f m 9< « M 9« o A paM ciA^m •*• »— • 1 1 1 1 i 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 »> 1 1 •- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 l»> 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <- 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1" 1 1 1 1 1 1 111'^ § 1 1 1 1 1 1 l» 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 2 I 1 1 1 1 !-<» 1 1 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~i 1 1 1 1-^ I--** 1 1 1 i 1 M 1 1 1 1 |n|i-<||m||||||| 1 rt— 1 s 1 1 1 1 - 1 l-^---' 1 1 1 1 1 III" R 1 »«|>h| l^nl^l |««| 1 |f4.^m i 1 "■"1 l^"'l'*l !'"'! 1 1 1 •-•^-H^ 8 1 |||iHi-i|n||||>-i|>^ i^lJM S 1 1 1 «^ 1 «« 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 |m 1 1 ^ 1 |mt->| 1 \ ■^ \ 1 j'-'i ji*^ |>4i-if-i § 1 |<-<>-ic«|>-i'«|-h| 1 1 1 1 i-<| jot 1 § |||_||m|{{mi-<|| |e<9<9« s f-^n^*-^i-^|94| 1 1 l^"} 1 i-«co|m '^ S l^l'^l'-i.-l 1 |f-i|(-i| «»H| je^Ml-l 5 '"i 1^1 |»«|'-i9'«e4| |c« l^avi^ 1 1— t ^'^'"'1 1 1 1 [»»•-"-' [94 rtie9\n 0k f-4 1^1-4 j 1 |p^,Hi-H|eQi-tff-if-^ i-iMf-ip^ 00 i-i|^^| 1 1 |^|e<5W.-c-H «to| 1 1* 1111-1- !-"- 1- 1 !« 1- 1 - I - II - 1 1 ---- 1 1 1 1 1 lA 1 ^III^^II^I^^^M |m|r-l 1 l«- 1 1 1 1- II- 1- 1 1 1 1 CO ^-1 1 1 1- 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1- 1 1 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l« 1 III- 1 1- 1 1 1 1 M- 1 1- 1 1 -- 1 1 2 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1--- 1- l*« 1 1 8 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III- S ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 & mM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 s ! 1 II 1 II 1 1- 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111111111-1 1 1 1 1 a ■"^ , 4 .1 1.....I l.l- •>•*''• S • ^ •' a S tt^ g §.[3 •^^1 "*S" •"" :: js "ususas?,* i5 7i 1 1 1 1 1 1 iM 1 n rrnr Si 1 1 1 1 1 1 1" 1 1 1 fi fi if; ^ 1 II 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 II 1 iTT § 1 1 1 1 1 1 l« 1 1 1 1 1 M M *^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 M II S 1 1 1 1 1 I-- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M i» 1 1- 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-1 i 3 1 1 1 1 •« 1 1 - 1 1 1 i 1 " M 1 n 1 1 1 I-- 1* 1 1 1 1 1 M — B 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •< 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 ^^^ 1 l^l^l^l ll„l § 1 1 1 1 |>-i<--4f4{ |n{«x — — I— 1 !«'-••'•''-<'" i—wi OC 1 ^^ 1 •-) r* t^ r^ f-i n et 1 1 \ ^ 1 |Mei>« ^ 1 *-4 1 1 « 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 n^ 1 1 Nm«i S ^ jOMr^l |Mn 1 •Irl 1 |i-li-l<-l^ |*w»--<^|.<. 1 1 1 |>^| 1 |i-4niH|»|?IM>' V »H |o«| 1 |i-ir-(| |eo|-«?<''m| 1 2 1— 1 1 1 1— |w««<'-""|'"' S 1— 1 1 1 1 1 |'^1'"*'"> trt n >. >n 1 91 Vi 1 wi «J •™ ,t -*. t t •^ S, < "T ^ ' -r V 1 *M ON THE NOUTII-WESTERN TRIBES OP CANADA. >0f<9 -- l-si 1 1 1 -" 1 1 M CI « |« -" 1 1 won <• 1 - 1 |--„ — 1 1 l-<-|«| -« 1 |«« ^«-«-.|-. -■- -— . ■< «0 iH 1 M n M M « I-W-M 1 immr4.4 I ..H - 1' -w^d^r^ 1 « »■* |^„ — • 1 1- 1— 1 W^ l"|-| 1 1 |-«l 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l-l 1 1 1 l-l 1 1 1 Mill 1 1 -MM rM Mill . ^ • . • « • • • j % a 1 2 fl ■S'2 S3 1 ^^ t2<£ a • i -, ■^^c s \ ZiZ K^sj'Jo , ) id g «i — I- e« '.-5 S ,li S li fa « 91 M y -p ?» a> ci o o> b. « rs — — -< n *i •» ;•: -i « -r « i- c> i r. t 5 A m •i« 2 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 ' ' 153.154 155 156 III 1 1 M- 1 1- 1 1 II II 1 M •] — JJJL-J 1 M 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 M M- 1 1 M 1 1 1 M 1 ^4 1 1- 1 1- 1 1 II II 11 M 1 1 1 1 II II- 1 M II 1 1 II 1 III l»'-- 1 1 1 1 1 1' : 1 1" 1- I-- 1 1 1 1 1 1- 1 1 2? 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I '. 1,640 1,8;):; 73o i,6iii; t807 1^ 1,1 J-TW 8 REPORT — 1898. «4-l o a 5^ 1-1 N .^ ph ,-( 1^ rH « M CO 1 1 1 <» 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO 1 l-« 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-H «o ! 1 1 1 1 1- 1 1 i 1- 1 o 1 1 1^1 1^1 1 1^1 1 g 1 !-^ 1 l« 1 1 1 1 1 1 ao - l-« 1 1^ 1 1 1 1 i 1 * 1 *>• in |.-" 1 1 CO |ei5 |'*t»Ht-l«CN©».-lOOT»-iin| 1 ( j |Nr-i| !-*« 5 N ^ 1 1 1 1 M M 1 1 ^ M 1 I^^l 1^1 |n[ I^^ «0 •*< 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^ 1 Mm Tribe: Haida .... Nass River Indians . Tsimshian . Bilqola Hfe'iltsuk- . Awi'ky'enoq Kwakintl Nkamtcl'nEmuQ . Lillooet (Anderson L.) Lillooet (Fraaer :i.) . Kamloops . StlKmqO'lBqumQ Chilcotin . o So s S5 •tj^eot-io-Hfom^X'c i^ ec i-i — ( w j-< 1 < Npcsoo-*< W3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1'-^- m j to 1 1- |--« i'»'i-l 1 1 — i-i^eoiOUSM«M 00 1* 1 1 1 1^ 1 1^ <*H •-< C4 1 1 1 1 1 1 th eo 1-1 1 K 1 « 1 1 1 1 ■* IM ■«*< ■^ CC '£ "-I -H 0^ -, 3 >-H W 00 -1 \\ t- >h X » 'tl ^ Tjl ^ 1 % w 1 1- 1 till 1 1 1 1 a <-H 1 1 .H I: > PH 1 M 1 1 1«- fH INI •c c X a 1 1 I"* I"* 1 ^-m 6 >-« 1 '»< ^ .2 «5 5^ K « 2 X 1H 1^ 0^ 1 CD ■«*< N >H N lO -H M i-( ^ ^H rt 1- 1-H «'3 ^ c ■«« , :i « - j:- « - /, ^ h *,= 55 X I ITS u !^ = 'fe> R5 o So 3 5zi ao (O O M CO CO ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. Mi-iN •^i-i.-ii-if-a N i-i N •H I eo I I I I I I- I 9) O 11 ^ « .g ^ 5 N^ONOO.-Heoeci*. ao iH M .— CO o 00 Tt* eo rt( (N 00 t- rH ^ .-t .-I eo ■* ^ ©1 1-1 »-t o w i eo CO (N 3 « H 5 S !« -S *J -13 o l<> •S B 9 CT' T' 5 rj ,2 ,2 B H -a "^ I Number of Cases ^eot-^i-ieoo»^ao«o r^ CO i-H 1-^ M i-H < b«CCqDinOQpNOirf 0) o c B. 68 mm. 1,640 i,3;ja 735 l,69(> B07 W\ 10 RETORT— 1898. u in — "^^ i*-M— — - — « a> a2 W »Z5 o t- lO 00 'J* «0 -H ^ on 09 I-H 1* « rH (M o tn iH t- r-t CO (M «j rH fO OS H«« CO U3 lO i-t rH rH s rH O 2 b- Ol 00 U5 (M b- 00 91 00 in •* t» eo CO ■<*< lO ■* 00 S! IM <— t ■»♦< wi eo «o -♦< in eo M 00 «o ».i tH >o «n 00 ao 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 »^ 1 , 1 a> 1 1 1 1 I-H 1 1 1 1 CO . . Op 1 1 I-H 1 fH 1 1 1 1 ta 1 1 1 1 1 1 O) 1 1 1 1 1 I-H 1 1 1 OS i-t rH 1 1 1 r^ 1 rH . 1 ^1 f-< 1 (N N 1 1 r^ to N r-t i-{ o» M rH I-H 1 N M 1 1-H 1 OS CO la I-H 1 «* ^ CO rH o ^ « eo (M 04 1 la N »o •«*< f^ 1 •* i OS 00 1 (N pH r-( (M 1 (O »o ^ I-H rH eo 1 >A ffl IM -* 00 •c 00 00 1^ 1 la 1 ■"* 00 i-i I— ( eo 1 CO ■* "H O eo rH 00 1^ 1 1 1-H ■V) 00 r-i 00 00 1 "* 00 N 00 eo rH CO la WJ «o M 1 OS Eii to 00 f^ »o i-H IN OS i-H 00 1-H 00 T-i 04 «o rH eo eo ■* IS; 1 1-H 1^ In ^ 00 N CO 1-1 i-H 1-H >a «* CO 1-H (O «* CO >* OS 04 ^H OS s eo M •<*4 N eo l-H •<*< •* 00 00 O iQ rH ■* ■* ei 1 I-H CO 1 1-H f^ 1 00 N 00 W eo 1 '* 1 I-I I-H 00 lO CO 91 eo 00 t^ CO ■4U r 1-4 00 1^ N eo f-t « fA 1-t ■* lO N eo in ■a I-H f s o 00 en «o 00 M 1 ^ (M 1-H rH 00 «o t-t o •* f-^ w OS I- r-l •* 1 N 1 r-f 1-H ■* «o « w* ■«*< IN CO CI e< 1 1— « 1 1 I-H «o 1 1 eo e4 1 1 1 eo « f-« 1 b- 1 1 1 1 1—1 1 N 1 lO 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 t^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -t t- 1 i-H 1 j 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 , , 1 . ns 0-. • • • • ■ fl • U ' . • . c 1 0) (V 1.1 05 . (f 0) or • , C 43 fSiV ? a a a a J3 § ^ 1 L--^ .^'S 1— 1 u 01 on 1 s wi'ky'enoq formed . wakiutl, an elta of Fra undeforme i •2 S illooet ( Lake) . illooet River) . — < 1 • i 4^ 1 D a 1 ^« 55 H cq < UJ Q 00 & S^ :zi Uh ^ ^ cc CD w _ J ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBE3 OF CANADA. 11 >A rH in rH i-l t- «p rh 00 >b cb lb 00 QO CC t (N N -* « rt 00 « 1 OS 1 N CO CO CO ^ « ^ 05 1 r-t n ^ 1 CO ^^ 1 »*< i fH I 9) i 5^ 1 i 1 i 1 1 i , • • • ill 1 1 1 <-4 »H iH co 1 00 I- 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 tH 1 1 M 1-t s e« r4 iH I-t i^ i b- 1 1 1 i-t O) b- ^ (N 1 1 co b- 1 rH i-H ?2 1 1 l-( I-H • ^\ g 1 . . d 02 CT- In H V ^ ST^ Tl 2 O t * d M ? la •< fa g -w ;• -i ■ta 45 1 kl •* B 3 £ H H? J s o I 5z; bo I Id ^ CO 05 H^ t- t- lO •<*« O iH 05 o 00 00 to 00 00 CO CO I-H Ol Ol 00 00 05 00 1 1 1 CO ^^ OO 00 1 I 1 1 1 - 00 1 1 - t-i 1 CO 00 I-H Ol 1 1 01 in 00 I-H 1 CO 1 S fH 01 04 o; CO 00 f^ rH Ol ■«*< 04 Ol 00 \ rH IN 1 ta 01 I-H 00 i-t CO I-I 01 I s r-^ I-t CO «* 01 05 t- f-t 1 rH 01 1 00 rH wl rH Ol b- I-H iH 1 1 rH CO 1 1 01 >-i 1 t- 1 1 « 1 II 1 (N t-t 1 1 eo 1 01 1 1 1-* s -a X • 1 § S ^^ ^~' • S 45 45 tn C 9 ao C I-H i-d • H -id p-4 DQ '-^ *H H 1-3 H^ ^ 2 05 P CO ■ 11 ^6 |. I 1 ^56 i 1 i 1 i 1 Canoe Creek 58 mm. 1,640 12 REPORT— 1898. 1 I w No. of Cases 3 s ?• s i"- s - 1 1 1 Sg 1 1 1 1 1 So 1 1 1 1 1 sg 1 1 1-4 ■a •I s 1 1 1 - 1 s I ** I-^ i-t »« CO X 1 1 1 - 1 s r^ "C IH 00 r^ m M s 1 ^^ »i »4 1 *^ rH 1 ?2 1 ^^ 1 e< K 1 1 t-H »l 1 CD p-^ 1 ^ «-« 1 ■a 1 1 r-( CO CO pH ^ »< ■o "%. 1- 1 1 I-H ei CO 1 1 1 1 1-4 CO ^ w^ b- 1 1 *-t M M 1 O 1 1 1 1 « J^ : ,«h 3 3 l-t M i s '§. hi § . 1 i Si "«i U4 "*-^ N-^ ^i-.' o. a 1 ^ I 1 •-( iJ 01 D § ^ (^ OS e o> a Ave- rage I-H 1 1 l-t 1 1 1 101 1 1 1 S 1 1 1 1 s 1 1 1 s 1 1 1 1 1 1 S 1 1 1 1 1 -~ S S 1 1 1 s 1 1 § 1 1 • i-H 0) 1 1 s r^ 1 s 1 s 1 1 So 1 t-H - 1 CO oo »' 1 so 00 II 1 ^ -41 •^ 1 ta Si t- 1- II II ■* 't* c -*• t>. »>• II II -x ■* in o» to «o II 1 -• ■* ■<♦< o •* CO (O « rH (M 1 ^ -f4 lO 3S , lO iO (M 1 M la R •* ■* ^ 0-* in lo CT rH W ■* 'fe' Tt< ■* 10 05 g >* •* i-H cc »o t^ J;^ T(t •* ^ V. 0-* ^ -K i-l CO « IN ^ Tt* <*< >* s ^-S • ^1 • . So «4-l ^ cG^a . • ■^ fe .^ hi ..II HI ijs .^ .,H x; x S| a^ C5 «* X lO rH rH 0 ^ -* •-»<•«*< < ta 05 00 00 rH 1 rH 1 .* »t< ©^ II II 00 00 II II -*' ^ o ■* ,s lO lO rH rH tO i— 1 Nl.. Tt< tt lO 05 "^ 1 M |rH Si © ■* V. Tt^ TH eo N 00 eo '^ -* •<*< '^ lO 05 eo 00 00 N -« ^ -tl t- © ■* r eo CO eo 1 N< -* H lO 05 . "^ (M (M O { 91 ■«t< •* © -^ 1 (M N rH rH ] (M ^ ■>* Tft ^ lO 05 rH ^ ft -*< 1^ 1 1 © ■* 1 1 1 II 1 <^ .,*< lO 05 II II o© II 11 .»«< -f © •* II II ©o II II ■«♦< •* lO 05 II II 05 05 II II eo CO ©•* o: o: ^1 II CO CO /—S a o _ ij/Aa ft c «1H -l-J S3 a»^ »-s-' "C « O" • i ..tttSl s Trihe Lillo Lillo Shus Chile Ph *< © -^ 00 00 ""* 1 1 Tf< <*l a t • • a aii flpH 9 ^^J^ CO u -n S v-^ 'Sa 9 1 c oet (An oet (Fr i-So hi ibe illo illo Ph 1 ^ J Joa o mm. 1,640 1-6 I 1- ' u REroRT — 1898. .5> I 5<5 I i l-l c 0» »«• 00 'l* l-( r-l N •-• 00 5C » -H" ^ iri ifi N us ta >o >Q 9"?* us IQ .-• r-l '.1 .-t 545 54-9 1 1- 1 9 -♦« 10 ICS »H 1-1 rH 1 to to 1 IN eo N ©Tt* M ^ ,^ N 52-5 52.9 M ©? CC Cfl o« ?c N N N ep r: C o C C ? C") -, IM.H 'M'-CJ M M W >H CC •* rt fl ^ »-. X M i-i ffi ri e^ ■«t< fc « M -1 fC M rtC3 ^ *;„ • s ^ a n ,►- " •. o o & § * .- :r i £ .K ^j J c^ O ON THE NORTH-WESTERN' TRIBES C^ CANADA. 15 A short analysis of tlie material contained in the preceding tables and in previous Reports of the Committee allows us to dis- tinguish with certainty three distinct types of man among the natives of British Columbia. These are the northern type, embracing the Haida, Nass River Indians, and Tsimshian ; the Kwakiutl type, embracing the Bilqula, He'iltsuk-, Awi ky'en6q, and the tribes of the Kwakiutl ; and the Thompson River type, embracing the Lillooet and Thompson River Indians. These types may be characterised by the following measure- ments : — Northern Type Average Mean Error wakiutl Type Average Mean Error Thompson River Type Average Mean Error Stature . IiCnp:th of Head Breadth of Head Breadth of Face Ueiyrht of Face I. ]ifen. mm. mm. mm. 1(575 ±7-40 1645 ± 5-90 1634 194-6 ± O-HO 1887 ±1-19 186 5 160-6 ± 0-67 159 ±1-00 155-9 153-7 ± 0-85 151-4 ±0-54 147-4 121-6 ■fcO'87 128-0 ±0-67 1203 II. Women. Stature .... 1.542 ±5-70 U37 ± 5-90 1540 Length of Head 185 6 ±088 186-9 ±1-64 179-5 Breadth of Head . 153 2 ±0 90 154 3 ±1-44 150-0 Breadtli of Face 143 9 ±0-80 144-3 ±0-64 1.38 8 Height of Face 114-3 ±0-C3 119-3 ±0-82 112-5 ±7-90 ± .55 ±0-52 ±0-41 ±0 71 ±5-00 ± 0-53 ±0-41 ±0-40 ±0-54 There are good indications of the existence of other types, but they cannot be distinguished with absolute certainty from the types enumerated here. It seems very probable that an examination of the Lillooet of Pemberton Meadows will establish beyond a doubt the existence of the peculiar type which in the Seventh and Tenth Reports of the Committee was named the Harrison Lake type, which is characterised by a very broad and very short head, small stature, large nose, and small face. Our measurements of the Lillooet were undertaken with a view of determining the existence of this type, but they did not extend far enough south. The characteristics of the Coast Salish of Washington and Southern British Colum'"ia are doubtful, because the prevalent practice of deforming the head does not permit us to compare their head measurements with those of other tribes. Their faces show the same breadth as those of the other coast tribes, but their noses are much lower and flatter than those of the Kwakiutl. The Kamloops and other Shuswap tribes are closely allied to the Thompson River type, but it seems that the dimensions of their heads are a little larger, their statures a little higher. The Chilcotin resemble the Shuswap much, but their faces are flatter, their noses not so highly elevated over the face. A study of the profiles of these types shows several important phenomena that are not elucidated in the tables of measuremeuts. The northern type shows, on the whole, a rounded forehead ; a note which tends rather to be concave than convex, with the exception 66 S eg 1-.^ M s s a 1_ B. i! 68 mm. I ', 1,640 1,333 735 1,696 t807 )( iB-5 16 REPORT— 1898. of a tew individuals ; short point of th«i nose, slight elevation of nose, long upper lip, and rather thick mouth. The Kwakiutl type shows a flat forehead, which is largely due to artiflcial deformation ; a decidedly convex nose with short point, highly elevated over the face, and n less protruding mouth. It is very remarkable that the characteristic features of this type are so strongly marked in the female that the differences between the northern type and this type are more strongly noticed in women than in men. The Thompson River type has a very prominent, convex nose, with long point. The nose has a great elevation over the face. We give the cross-sections of the face, laid through the tragus and lower rim of orbits for the various types. In order to make the differences clearer we have drawn a middle or composite outline for each type, which show clearly the considerable breadth of face prevailing on the coast and the flatness of the nose of the northern type. Cross-sections of Face Laid throuiyh the Traj^us and the Lower Rim of the Orbit. Average cross-section of the Kwalciutl, Haida, and Tsirasliian. Average cross-section of the NtlakyapamuQ and Kamloops. The following table contains a number of repeated measurements, the first measurement having been taken in September 18.4, the second in June 1897, the interval being two years and nine months. It will he seen that on the whole the measurements show a close agreement ; but it appears that the error of observation for the measurements of the body, except for stature and finger-reach, is very considerable. The nasal index is also very unsatisfactory on account of the smallness of the measuro- ments that are contained in it : — ''^mmmmmwaiaff^ ON TriF NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES 01' CANADA. 17 l)jBno.ri xoiv fri ^ « ?t — r-. -M I- '« -^ O •»< 2 3 2 2"" lffi-s«^'i' + + + + + + '»|»+" + ^ X o r: --I r. :■: xj » 1 i 6 s-i I'c « f— 6 + '^ + I + Vjpiiv CO r^ lO ■•ft t- ?5 « »l 3 «! ■« «■< " « "5 ^ « "H I* »» O fl -^ W »-^ F-l i-t rH + + + + I + (- -H »i 4B M -.a Tft ^ <*l x s = s = r ^ ^. ^ 3. T, X -M * r? o h» tc :■: :o ift -^ cc r-f ^ :t CO r> .-t 1^ »t« Ufa d ;o :0 ■* M ■?< X X X Tl i -r •)■ i K Tt — 3 '+2 r i" + X f 55 C-1 U5 t'- !'• 'J TC iC "^ lA «D «1 5C !-• lO CI *»• ift t- t'^ •-. ^H **< r-« CO m t» :t + + r-t CI CI ri 51 : h* ^ >b f— < tt : X I-* ('<. + + 'p X CI f^ -^ ^ ift rs •I" ^ »c i^ ct b "^ o •' + =+-•+'- + lH'OpJ"IITTjI m OUliilll* o CO r-i^i«XCin*«Ci:0'ftOCIt* -*» cs CI ^ CC C» f-* OJ Ift CI •-( CO C^l I i-( r-* i-« -'+ + +^+ + +1 + + + + + + I ^ i 00 b ^1 c-i i r: c A 3 ^ 71 ^1 ^ =« |-+* I I" |2+« i-i f|"fl 9> jopuuxDiv >« ^- I-. t>, CJ lO '.C D O CO T"? O lO TC t^ M X lo 3 e-i -j> rs I j;. i- ,*^ ^ i^, + + + + + +J + I + Oi »^ TC CI «^ SJ CI CO ;Cf-*.— *f-«»rici'—'C' ^+2+-" i" I 1^ - ; 1 ^ ICC inionnQ BIXDtV >:C'fCi»i^i>.c;-t"r-i;-t»CC.7'b-XCI CI r-. O U I oootcMh-aift^ CC«pHC1lrth*t»^»ft«»-tC«1 «^t>»XC5C» — ^ 2 £J "* " !H.5cic)i4(t ciiciiibjci-ii IXX^ v3mci + + + + + +|l + ii+2+"'|-"| ojiasji 05K.-fOr-l«l>H~«CII0lO X in 0> to •-< Ok »1 M M O = CI •<»< O + + c CO CI CI CI t -^f o ^ o m — CI 3 3\\n£ !■- :c X CO i« ^ -^ c- CI w «o re »— ic X •— trt X i"» ci »o " rr r-i ^ CO cciw(ow os^^cix^^^^r*'^^ ^»i-.?>- "' IZ ^ ::^ 2 "^ ^ -^ixci-x + + + + + + + + +'l + l t» »p y< X rH X ^ CI CI i tc cu* 6 o b '+2|'« |" + omnjK — rociwtousoci — ffs^co xm — Tfio-jtxmi-ci-i'^co •It C< (O ift 00 CO !■" irt O M ^ CO ,_ ,-1 _l ,-. + + + + + + t_- es c> X i» o »rt 3 3S t— t^ h- * r 1 '- + t;- CI X h- OC CI O CQ ■'+2 I* r + oiiiisni^nv CI 3 «t ci X CI e * M ix Id vc d «0 CO CI -^ -O 1^ C. t- IC CI CI CI b. •* 3 CI ■o>cociT^ uijnf XCICOtft't*«C»CCb*CO»-*t* fO.-«r-( CO COC*t^ CS CJ X 1^ e: CI r^ U ^ iH X ' X X CO I + o o t- t>- 1'- *r 3" A 4r ,li CI o Ojiitso-jj CO X CI CI X CC CO "^ CI X "3 CO t^ ^ »-• c c> CO 'X c: i-^ 'f '-' CO Ct5,-,,— ,-.CC T h- cc + + K ifl C^ CI CS ! CI o »ft "Jl ^ • X , X ,1^ iCrfCt.--iiO'»fXCS iH A- -^ A< -^ O CI c '+2 i- r + ainn?uiij\; t^COrOMwOCOX iCb-tOCI ,— i,_C;.-«iC»— — "I— 'CO CI ^+ + +- + + + I b.^cceOffscO'-«u5'-'«'-'»-« ■ xxxeoco': t>. '^J^ Oi C^ ^ CO iii'— CliAf > ^ b- b- CO X ) C) C". A lA I i-H • C- m ' CI a >!5 L-- o o •a tic be a o T3 be n 3 O 1 rfS •tj «J «4-l s •s ■gl c O .a « o to W 1-1 BC ES fq W m W pp •2 u ■3 -3 g ^ bo 1 X cQ ■4-1 O w J3 ft til, +3 4J IC .a is •4-t Mh "*-( «*^4 O o o o « « K X u 1—3 * .56 'O M o B 6 L 68 mm. 1,640 735 1,69(; 807 M II ]»'6 I Tl^ 18 MF.roRT— 1808. II. The Chifcotin. By LiviNOSTON Farrand. The Chilcotin tribe occupies a territory lying chiefly in the valloy of the Chilcotin River. They are somewhat isolated in Rituation, thoufjh on the east they are only separated from the Shuswap by the Fraser Uivor. Between these two tribes, however, there is little intercourse. Toward the north their nearest neighbours are the related Tinneh tribe of Carriors or Porteurs ; and while distance prevents frequent communication they regard each other as more or less akin, and the relations are cordial On the west a pass leads over the coast range to Bella Coola ; and, as uiany Chilcotin make annual expeditions to the coast, they are fairly familiar with the people of that region. Toward the south the only tribe at present with whom they come in contact is the Lillooet, and with tlieiu but seldom. Intercourse with the coast Indians, and particularly with the Bella Coola, was formerly nmch more frocjucnt than now, for the reason that the early seat of the Chilcotin was considerably farther west than at present, while the Bella Coola extended higher up the river of that name into the interior. The results of this early intercourse is seen very clearly in certain of their customs, and particularly in details of their traditions. In former times and down to within about thirty years the centre of territory and population of the Chilcotin was Anahem Lake, and from here they covered a considerable extent of country, the principal points of gathering beside the one mentioned being Tatlah, Puntze, and Chizaikut Lakes. They extended as far south as Chilco Lake, and at the time of the Ralnion fishing were accustomed to move in large numbers down to the Chilcotin River to a point near the present Anahem Reservation, always returning to their homes as soon as the fishing was over. More recently they have been brought to the eastward, and to-day the chief centres of the tribe are four reservations — Anahem, St«me, Risky Creek, and Alexandria — the first three in the valley of the Chilcotin, and the last named, con.sisting of but a few families, somewhat removed from the others, on the Fraser. Besides these there are a considerable number of families leading a semi- nomadic life on the old tribal territory in the woods and mountains to the westward. These latter, considerably less influenced by civilisation than their reservation relatives, are known by the whites as Stone Chilcotin or Stonies. Although subjected to more or Jess intimate intercourse with the whites for a comparatively short period, the Chilcotin have aasimihited the customs and ideas of their civilised neighbours so completely that tlieir own have largely disappeared except possibly among the families still living in the mountains, whom it was not practicable to reach. The following notes were obtained with considerable difiiculty, but tlie information was for the most part confirmed by the independent testimony of different individuals. As regards the social organisation, persistent inquiry failed to disclose any traces of a clan system. The family unit was the family in the con- tracted sense, viz., the parents and unmarried children. Marriage was ordinarily monogamous, but many men had two wives. Recognised blood relationship was and is always an absolute bar to marriage, and at present thi.s recognition sef-ms to extend no further than first cousins. There poem to have been no local preferences in contracting man-iages. Marriage ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 19 with an individual of the samo village was not regarded as more desirable than one with a person from another locality, nor vice versd. Of laws of inheritance information is rather doubtful. It was stated that in former times upon the death of a man the widow received nothing, while his relatives as far as cousins divided the estate ecjually. It did not descend to the children alone, To-day if a man dies the widow inherits all, apparently in trust for the children, the sons, if there be such managing the property. No information was obtained as to the pro- cedure in case the widow remarries. The above change of custom, if true, strongly suggests missionary influence. If an uninarric'd man dies leaving property it is said that his relatives as far as cousins divide the estate. A man never married his brother's widow — she was still regarded as his own sister Social ranks are not apparent at present, but there were formerly nobility, common people, and slaves, corresponding to a great extent to the system of the coast tribes. Wealth and the giving of feasts were the means of obtaining higher rank, and this seems to !iave been open to the lower class provided they had the means. Slaves were captives. From time immemorial, before the splitting up and settling upon the reserva- tions, there seems to have been a head chief known as A'nahem, whose seat was at Anahem Lake, and whose influence extended over the whole tribe. The last great chief of that name died a few yoars ngo, and his son is now the so-called chief of the Anahem Reservation. Shamans, or medicine -men, are known by the term 'di'yi'n,' which denotes any person of extraordinary powers who is supposed to have extra- human aid, and he becomes such by reason of some remarkable f labrets was obtained. Tattoo 5 appears to have been pretty universal, the face, chest, arms, and legs bi ig the parts most favoured. Little information as to designs could be ol .ined, but it was asserted that there was no difference in the designs use by the two sexes. This is of course doubtful. The materials used in tht tattooing process were bone needles and charcoal. In general the decorative art of the Chilcotin was very slightly developed. They did not carve their wetipons or utensils, and the basketry designs were and are of the simplest character. It was said that in the old days cremation was used in the disposal of the dead, the ashes being afterwards buried. Since the arrival of the am ON THE NUUrU-WKrflEHN IKllJlvS or CANADA. 2l uiisHionftries ordinary burial has been practised, thu grnvos being protected by a low fence of logs. The traditions of the Chilcotin are partiiularly interesting as showing tlio influence of their coast and inland neiglilM>ur8, details of foreign origin Ining clearly traceable. Their chief tradition is of Lendixtcux, a being half man and half dog, who came to the Chilcotin country from the north-west, and is their culture-liero. The story recites the adventures of Lendix'tcux and his three sons on their journey through the land. These adventures are chietly with animals who before that tiuuj had been diingerous to man, but who were now o arcome and made harmless. Methods of hunting and various arts were then taught to t*ie people wao pn>viously had been wretched and ignorant. The widespread c;»nception of the culture-hero as a trickster is especially well exemplified in this tale. In the othin* traditiotjs obtained, none of which an; as full nor as important as the Lendix'tcux myth, but which cover a wide range of subjects, the raven is possibly the chief charact«M", some of the stories in which he figures being identical with the raven tales of the coast, while others are apparently independent in origin. Few myths regarding natural phenomena were heard, and those which were told are of doubtful origin. The general impression was made of a not very rich independent mythology, but of surprising receptivity to foreign influences. III. The Social Organisation of the Ilaida. Ihj Fuanz Boas. In the Fifth Report of the Committee I briefly described the social organisation of the Haida according to information obtained from a few Iiulians f.ora Skidegate. I pointed out (p. '11) that the tribe is divided into two phratries, each of which consists of a number of clans the members of which are connected hy ties of consanguinity, not by an imaginary relationship through the totem. I also pointed out that the clans sometimes bear the names of the places at which their houses stand. Since this statement was made 1 have had opj)ortunity to in- vstigate the social organisation of the Tsimshian and of the Kwakiutl in greater detail. The result of these incjuiries on the Tsinishians was jiublished in the Tenth Report of the Committee, and of those on the Kwakiutl in the Report of the United States National Museum for ISO.') (pp. 311-738). These investigations proved that among the southern tribes of the Pacific coast the village conmiunitywas the primitive unit, and that clans originated through the coalition of village conununitics. During the past summer I had an opportunity of investigating the social organisation of the Haida in somewhat greatei- dttail, altluaigh not as thoroughly as might bo desired. The infornmtion thus obtained cor- roborates *he views expiessed in the Fifth Report of the Committee, and emphasises the fact that the village community is the constituent element of the phratry. In (U'der to make this clear I will first of all give a list of the Haida familiep. The two Ilaida phratries are called CJyit'ina' and K-'oala, and every family belongs either to the one or to the other group. Each family has a number of emblems which are commemorative of certain events in the earliest history of the family. The name of the chief of each family is hereditary. For purposes of comparison I gi\e the list of villages recorded by Dr. G. M. Dawson in his Report on Queen (,'harlotte Islands (Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Canada, 1H78 7D, Montreal, 1880). fi8 -i'R I ! 22 REPOUT— 1898. Kak-ou (Dawson, I.e., p. 162 B). Not in my list ; perhaps identical with la'k'o 1 (see below). Ky'iu'st'a (Dawson : Kioo-sta, p. 162 B). Gyit'ina' : Sta'stas or Safigatl la'nas. Chief : E'dEnsa (=glaci(>i). Crests : Frog, beaver, raven, eagle. Chief's grave : Frog. An ancestor of the Sta'stas family met a giant frog in Tsiqoa'gEts. Girls when reaching maturity wear a hat that is painted green (tlt'E'ndadjang), the paint being obtained in the river NaedE'n. Houses : 1, K''egEngE nas. 2, K'oe'kyitsgyit. 3, Kun nas. 4, Nakhoda'das. 5, Skyil nas. Skyil is the mistress of copper who endows with wealth those who meet her. 6, Sk'olhaha'yut. 7, Naxa'was. K'a'was. Chief : Etltene'. Crests : Beavr- sg'a'ngo, eagle. The sg'a'ngo is a man who was transformed into a monster because he was living on raw fish and birds. He lives in a cave. He has long ears and wears a high hat. He carves birds as though they were large game and carries the parts home separately. When he throws them down it gives a loud noise. House : G'otnas. Chief : Tagyia'. Crests : Frog, eagle, K'a'nguatl la'nai. beaver. Togyit'inai'. Chief : Kuns. Crest : Eagle. K**oa'la : TOstlEngilnagai'. Chief ; GwaisganEngk-'aiwa's. Crests : Ts'ilia'las (killer whale with raven wings), killer whale, bear, thunder bird. (The two last named belong to the village Too of Dawson, p. 170 B.) Ia'k'o and Da'dens (Dawson : Tartance, p. 162 B). K 'oa'la : Yak* la'nas. Chief: GEsawa'k. Crests: Bear, moon, dog- fish, killer whale, wolf, devilfish. Kaok e'owai. Chief; G'atsO'En. Crests: Killer whale, owl, bear, woodpecker. K"'oe'ta8. Chief: HotsElE'ng. Crests: Bear, killer whale, moon. Gyit'ina': Ts'atl la'nas. Chief: Gyit'ingoda' and Kunkoya'n. Crests; Halibut, eagle, beaver, land otter (the last said to have been adopted recently). S'alEndas. Chief: tldzaunak-a'tle. Crests: Frog, beaver, starfish, evening sky. Near Da'dens. K'oa'la: Tas la'nas. Chief; Sk'ana'l. Crests: Land otter, killer whale, woodpecker, cirrus. K'ANQ (Dawson: Kung, p. 163 B). Gyit'ina': Sak 'la'nas. Chief : Gula'c. Crests; Eagle, scnlpin, beaver. K-'oala: Kya'nusla. Chief: Ha'csgyinai. Crest; Killer whale. si^Siamr "■"'tmiimuki^.-,.... «i'^^f?:P!t^sWz:2 ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 23 WiTS'A. Gyit'ina': Wi'ts'a gyit'inai'. Chief: Etlgyiga. ^ Crests : Eagle, hum- Totlgya gyit'inai'. Chief: Stetlta. I ming-bird, beaver, Tsets gyit'inai'. Chief: Nasga'ti. f sculpin, skate Dzos haedrai'. Chief: Gunia'. J (ts'etg-a). These families have the same crests. They live short distances apart. Ia'an (near Wi'ts'a. Dawson : Yan, p. 163 B). K-'oa'la: Stl'EngE la'nas. Chief: Nsnak-'enas. Crests: Killer whale, hawk, bear. Gyit'ina' : (Tsets gyit'inai', moved to Ia'an from Wi'ts'a a few years ago). G'At'aiwa's (Dawson: Ut-te-was, p. 163 B). K''oa'la: Skyit'au'k'o. Chief: Cigai'. Crests: Killer whale, grizzly bear, black bear. Gyit'ina': Gyit'i'ns. Chief: Sk'a-ina'. Crests: Eagle, beaver, sculpin. Sg'adze'guatl la'nas. Chief: Skyiltk-'itsO. Crests: Eagle, beaver, sculpin. K'oa'la: Sgaga'ngsilai. Crests: Killer whale, bear. Hai'ts'au. K''oa'la : G'anyakoilnagai. Chief : Kyilstlak'. Crests : Killer vhale, bear. K-'aya'ng (Dawson : Ka-yung, p. 163 B). K''oa'la : Yagun kunilnagai'. Chief : Skyilk'ie's. Crests : Bear, tsKm'a's, killer whale. Gyit'ina' : Saqgul' gyit'inai'. Chief : Naok'adzo't. "I Crests : Eagle, Ky'ia Itkoangas. Chief: K'odai'. j beaver, sculpin. These two groups are considered branches of one family. K-'oa'la : T'es ku.ulnagai'. Chief : Yatl DFiti'lEn kunilnagai'. Chief ,,A,, rCrests: Bear, S-''A ts'Em'a's, killer : Sena t. I , , ' (^ whale. The three groups Kunilnagai' in K-'aya'ng are branches of one family. Ia'gen (about three miles north-east of Masset). Gyit'ina' : Dl'ia'lEn keowai'. Chief : Ha'yas. Crests : Eagle, raven, Ei;ulpin, frog. Said to be related to the Sta'stas. K-'ua'la : Kun la'nas. Chief : Kogi's. Crests : Bear, ts'Em'4's, killer whale. Nabku'n (Dawson : Nai-koon, p. 165 B). Gyit'ina' : Naeku'n stastaai'. Chief : Ts'on. • Crests the same as those of the Sta'stas, of whom they are the branch from Naeku'n. TsiQua gis stastaai'. Chief : Skyila'o. Crests the same as those of the Sta'stfis, of whom they are the branch from the river TsiQua'gis. 4 . 66 ™ 6 d •o < ■ li i ^ " 1 !» B. 08 mm. 1.640 l,38.J 735 ,69(> )7 1 24 J ■ iMiiMtttliifli-'-^*" REPORT — 1898. k"^" K-'oa'Ia : Qua'dos. Chief: tl'ea'ls. Crests: Bear, killer whale, hawk rainbow, stratus. The StrEiigE la'nas are considered a branch of the Qua'dos, who are at present in Asegoa'n, Alaska. It is said that the Qua'dos were in the habit of catching eagles in snares. One day a man caught a hawk in his snare. Another one stole it, leaving, however, one of the hawk's talons. This led to a quarrel, and a fight ensuod, during which the family divided. Those who emigrated became the Stl'EngE la'nas. For this reason both use the hawk and also the same personal names. (Dawson : A-se-guang, p. 165 B.) K*'oa'la : I was told that there was a branch of the Qua'dos at the place who moved to Skidegate. Tlk-aqIlt (Skidegate). Gjit'ina' : Gyit'i'ns. Na yu'ans qa'edra ; Na s'a'gas qa'edra. Chief: Sg'edEgi'ts. Crests : Raven, wasq, dogfish, eagle, sculpin. Gyit'ingjits'ats. Chief : Sg'a'nigyik'c'do. Crests : Sculpin, eagle, wa'ts'at (a fabulous personage.) Tsaagwi' gyit'inai'. Chief : Wina'ts. Crests : Sculpin, K'o.a'la eagle. Killer Tsaagwlsguatl'adegai'. Chief : Log'o't. Crests whale, gyitg'a'lya (a fabulous being), ts'Em'a's. Tlgaio la'nas. Chief : Do'ana'. Crests the same as the preceding family. Tai'otl la nas. Chief : K-aaga'o. Crests : Black bear, killer whale. K'oga'ngas. Chief: K'oe'sgutnEng'E'ndals. Crests: Killer whale, ts'Em'a's. Tlg-a'it (Gold Harbor ; Dawson : Skai-to, p. 168 B). K-'oa'la : Tlg-a'itgu la'nas. Chief : NEnkyilstla's. Crests : Moon, killer whale. Gyit'ina' : Tlga'it gyit'inai'. Chief : Gana'i. Crests : Raven, eagle, sculpin. K''oa'la : Stasausk'e'owai : Chief : Sg'anayu'En. Crest : Ts'ilia las (killer whale with raven wings). Skoa'tl'adas. Chief : G-OlEntkyinga'ns. Crests : Sea-lion, killer whale, ts'EM'd's, thunder. K'Ai's'un (Dawson : Kai-shun, p. 168 B). Gyit'ina': K 'ai'atl la nns. Chief : Nana' risky ilQo'es. Crests ; Beavor, frog, eagle. (Dawson : Cha-atl, p. 168 B.) K''oa'la : tlga'itgu la'nas. (Same as above, under Tlga'it.) K-'u'na (Skidans, Dawson : Koona, p. 169 B). K'oa la : Tlk-inOtl la'nas or K'agyalsk'e'owai. Chief: Gudck-a ingao, Creats: Boar, moon, mountain goat, killer whale, aUtrm UKHH vm mm*m Ma«^:^ ^M ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 25 cloud, cirrus, rock slide. Part of tLis family is called KyiU qa'edrai. (Dawson : Tlkinool, p. U'8 B.) Gyit'ina' : K-'unak-e'owai. Chief : Gyitk'o'n. Crests : Dogfish, eagle, frog, monster frog, beaver. T'ano' (Tlo, Dawson : Tanoo, p. 169 B). Gyit'ina' : K"'unak'e'owai (same as in K"'u'na). Tsegoatl la'nas or Laqski'yek. K'oa'la : K"'adas k'e'owai. Chief : Gyaqkutsa'n. Crests : Killer whale, wolf, ts'Em'S,'s. Sg'a'nguai (NEnsti'ns, Dawson : Ninstance, p. 169 B). Gjit'ina' : Gyit'i'ns. Chief : NEnsti'ns. Crests : Beaver, eagle. K'oa'la. Qalda'ngasal. Chief : Ts'iiii'. Crests : Bear, killer whale, ts'Em'a's. The villages on Hippah Island are not contained in my list. A comparison of the list of families given here with that of the Skidegate families published in the Fifth Report of the Committee, p. 26, shows that the lists are fairly reliable. I give here both lists for purposes of couiparison : — Skidegate. Gyit'ina K'o'ala Informant: E'densa of Masset ^ ..,A, f Na yu'ans qa'edra Gyiti ns < Tvj •',-, -, , •^ ( Isa sagas q;i eel ra. Tsaagwi' gyit'inai'. Gjit'ingyits'ats. (Fifth Report. Informant Johnny Swan) Nayu'ans qa'etqa. Na'sa'yas qa'etqa. Dj aaquigi ' t'enai' . Gyitingits'ats. Naekun k*eraua'i. Djaaqui'sk-uatl'adaga i. Tsaagwlsguatl'adogai'. Tlqaiu la'nas. Tlg-aio la'nas. K'astak'eraua'i. — — Taiotl la'nas, — K'og'a'ngas. It will be noticed that the Gyit'ina' families agree in both lists, while the K'oa'la show certain discrepancies. It may bo that the Naekun- kerauai' are the family from Asegua'n referred to above as removed to Skidegate. It will be noticed that a great many family names are town names. Such names are Sangatl la'nas, K'a'nguatl la'nas. Yak' la'nas, Tlg-aio la nas, &c. Others signify • the gyit'ina' of a certain place ' ; for instance : To gyit'inai', Wits'a gyit'inai', Tsaagwi gyifinai'. Still others seem to signify « the k-'oa'la of a certain place,' for instance : To stlEngilnagai', Ya'gun kunilnagai, Dl'ia'lEn kunilnagai. Another series of names signify 'the people of a certain place,' or 'those born at a certain place,' such as Dl'ia'lKn keowai', K-'una keowai', and Dzos haedrai'. These facts indicate that each family formed originally a local unit, ,0 that each village would seen> to have been inhabited by one family only. The present more complex village communities originated through th« 166 26 REPORT — 1898. coalition of several families in one village, each retaining its own name and organisation. On the other hand, families divided, and are for this reason present in diflferent villages. This is the case with the Sta'stas, whom we tind under the name of Sta'stas at Ky'iu'st'a, as Naekun stastaai' in Naeku'n, and as TsiQuagis stastaai' in the same village. The Yak' la'nas are partly in their old village Da'dEns, partly in TlEnk-oa'n (Klinquan, Alaska); the Ts'atl la'nas are partly in Da'dEns, ^"rtly in G'augya'n (How-aguan, Alaska). Part of the Stastas have even drifted to the Stikink'oan of the Tlingit. The Yak* la'nas have a branch among the same tribe, where they have amalgamated with the Nanaa'ri family (Haida : Nan'a'ngi). A number of families left Queen Charlotte Islands in consequence of a quarrel, and form now the Kaigani. According to Dr. Dawson the event took place about 170 years ago (about 1730). The following families are said to have emigrated entirely : The S'alE'ndas to iSakoa'n (ShakaTi) ; the K'*oe'tas to the same place ; the K'aok'e'owai to G'augya'n (How-aguan) ; and the Tas la'nas to Kasaa'n. It is clear, therefore, that the present arrangement of families is the result of a long historical development, and that in tlie orginal organisation of the tribe the village community was a much more important element than it is at present. It is also instructive to investigate the distribution of totems among these families. I. Gyit'ina' (18 distinct families). Eagle . 17 families Starfish . 1 family Beaver . . 13 Humming-bird '■ »> Sculpi". . . 9 Skate (1) . * ») Frog . 5 Monster- frog . ^ u Raven . 3 Wa'ts'at . ■*■ >» Dogfish . . 2 Wasq *■ >l Halibut . . 1 family Sga'ngo *■ >1 Land-otter . 1 i> Evening sky . *■ II II. K-'oa'la (22 distinct families). Killer whale . 21 families Devilfish . 1 family Black bear . 14 )) Owl ••■ »j Ts'Em'&'s . . 7 }> Land-otter • *■ >> Moon . 4 >) Grizzly bear . • *■ )» Woodpecker . 2 )> Sea-lion . *■ ti Tsilialas . 2 If Mountain-goat A i> Thunder-bird . 2 » Gyitga'lya * >» Hawk . 2 ti Rainbow . • A >i Wolf . 2 )i Stratus cloud . • A >> Cirrus cloud . 2 M Storm cloud . 1 M Dogfish . . 1 family Rock slide • * )> This table shows a strong prevalence of two crests in each group : eagle and beaver among the Gyit'ina', killer whale and black bear ainong the Tv'oa'la. The sculpin and ts'Bm'ft's, which are next in importance, are not found among the tribes of the extreme north-western part of the islands. All the others occur only once or twice among the different families, and for this reason resemble in character the totems of the '■4»«uMM(Ut£U ON THE NORTH- WESTEIIN TRIBES OF CANADA. 27 Kwakiutl. Since the characteristic features of the traditions explaining the acquisition of these crests are also the same among the Tlingit, Haida, Tsirashian, and Kwakiutl, it is likely that they may have had the same origin. I have tried to show at another place (* Report United States National Museum for 1895,' p. 336) that among the Kwakiutl the crest is the hereditary manitou, and I am inclined to consider the isolated totems of the Haida and of the other northern tribes of similar origin. It is very doubtful if this theory holds good for the more frequent totems which evidently form the bond between the members of each group. It seems more likely that they represent the oldest totemic organisation of the tribe which may have antedated their settlement in their present locations. It is, however, worth remarking that one of the totems of secondary frequency, the ts'Em'A's, is evidently of Tsimshian origin. The name is clearly a corrupted form of ts'Em'a'ks=in the water, a fabulous monster, probably the personified snag. The four primary totems, eagle and beaver, and killer whale and bear, certainly represent the two oldest divisions of the tribe which split up in village communities that later on combined again in more complex groups. 56 IV. Linguistics. By Franz BoAa. The Ntlakya'pamuQ, The material for the following sketch was obtained in j)art directly from Mr. James Teit, in part from Indians whose statements were interpreted by Mr. Teit. The writer is, however, alone responsible for the systematic presentation of the material. Grammatical Notes. THE ARTICLE. The Ntlakya'panouQ has an article which is similar in character to the one found in the dialects of the Coast Salish. In the Sixth Report of tlie Committee 1 briefly described the use of this article in the Bella Coola (p. 128). Its forms in other coast dialects are given in the following list : Bilqula. Masculine ,« Feminine, txi gatlO'ltq. I'entlatc. It 19 ta ti tla tla Nanaimo, t» H „ ne SkqO'mic. »• te tie Lku'ngEii. Tillamook. l> ti ta „ n tla The Calispelm has the article tlu, which is used in the same manner. It is described by Mengarini in his 'Grammatica Lingute Selicaj,' 18(il, p. 80. The Ntlakya'pamug has a number of articles. ta is used for connecting adjectives and nouns : HtE'ptKp (1) ta (2) spKzu'zo (3), a (2) hliu-k (1) bird (3). aqa (1) kEs (2) ta (3) tlOska'yuq (4) kaQ (5) pui'stEmos (6), [it W] Unit (1) had (2) Indian (4) mho (5) killed him (6). ha and a seem to precede nouns that are not accompanied by attributes ; ha(l)chai'tkEnEmuq(2) kaQ(3) tla'katEm (4), the (I) Indians (2) wAo (3) have killed them (4). ha(l) Nkamtcl'nEmuQ (2) ta chai'tkEnEmuQ (3) kaQ (4) tla'katEm (5), ^*» >» lie two forms is ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANAJ)A. 29 deer, crac'its {Nkamtvl'nKmm dialect). elk, stfi.ats oar I ho 11, slKiiuii qnn f/rhzli/ hpur, chqcu'q panther, sino'a hitjf'iilo, ku sp antrlojw, statnfi'luk j>iirntj>i}ie, ciiti'a porcupine, skui rahlrit, sk'ok-ii'ts river, kowe' fire, tuktl'k* nuitcr, kou star, nkoku'iiEn 3. DifTorent stems arc used for forming distributivo, viz. plural and absolute tuniis : , ii.» , . Distributive hime, ntUcaska'qa skarjka'(|a. Indian, tlosk-ai'yuq s'ai'tkeiiE,jjuq. *l >l »» •1 ff fl 1» *l f* >• n >l 1» (), tla'k'umakst 6'pKnakst 70, tcu'^kai o'pBnakst 80, piftpsi t^'pKnakst !>0, tKniKl pcVo'punakst tKniet pi o'pKnakst 100, qatat pfi'k-Bnakst qats> po'kKiiakst 200, sii'as qatst pe'kEnakst .S(K). k-a'akia's qatst pe'kEnakst^ 400, mus qatst pC'k-Enakst The numerals five, six, ten, one hundred, are clearly compounds of -akst, Iiaml. I presume five is a compound of the stem tea, which is found in the numeial one in Siciatl UKtcWle, Snauaimuq nn't/a, Sk-ijO'mic nto'o'i, Lku'np;En in-'tm; so tliiit Ici'fiiM would mean one hand. Nino may be translated literally ' less one.' The same classification tliat is used in the cardinal nutubers is used in iiKlffinite numerals; for instance — Iiianimivte Animate Personal few kwe'niQ kwi'kwinEQ kvvo'ukwinQ. Distributive Numerals. Distributive numerals are formed from the cardinals by means of reduplicitiun. They have the same three classes that were found in the cardinal series. Inanimate Animate Personal 1 to each paupai'a peapai'a papii'pia. 2 „ peasai a asiase'sea siasai'a. 3 „ kaak-aatla's kaatla'a kaak-fiatla's k aak-aatliVs. 4 „ musEmu's moamo'ms nmsmfi'iimust. B ,, tciatd'Ekst \ fi ,, thuitla'k-amakst 7 „ 8 .. tcuatcu't'k-a pepio'pst ^Same as inanimate. « ,. lE'mEt peapai'a 10 „ OpEO'pEnakst ) I thou he we ye they THE PRONOUN. Peusonal Pronoun. Independent ntca'wa awe' tcinl'tl EuKine'mutl pia'pst tcLiiku'st Dependent -(k)Kn. -(k)», Q. -kt. -p or -mp. PossESFivE Pronoun. The pos.'^essivc pronoun has a number of forms analogous to those of the Slinswnp. Their use has not beet me clear to me. I give here the various forms and ;i few examples of their use. my n— tlEn— iKn — QEn- thy a— tla— la- ga hit - s y 3 our — kt,— nt your p, mp tlmir — CQS ON THE NORTH-WESTEUN TRIBES OF CANADA. F^'aiuples : ncu'tKm, my ohject. n8kl'(ja'/.u, viy mother, ntcltQ, my Jiimsc. aqa'ii tlii kamii't, thin h thy hat. i<')'a 1.1 kaniu't. thnt i* thy hat. k;;nu'Q llun ska'tja, my horse in siok. kuuu'y iihka'iia, my hor*e is siok. The two plural forms in -kt and in -ut are not exclusive ami inclusive. pka'tsont, (mr father. ska'tsakt, our father. tci'tQut aqa', that is our house. and Q- which appear combined The close relation between pos- I am inclined to consider the prefixes tl , ^ witli the jjossessive pronoun as verbal particles. scssivo pronoun and intransitive verb becomes clear in the imperfect sense, in which tlio object possessed is incorporated between the verb and the pronominal suflix : kKnuQska'qakEii,, my horse was sick — sick horse I. J)ut kKnu'Q tlEn ska'qa, wy horse is sirk. kEnuQska'qak", thy horse ivas siek = sick horse thou. hut kKnu'Q tla .ska'qa. or kEnu'y a ska'qa, thy horse is sick. Those constructions may be compared with the inflexion of the adverb that iiccnriipani(^s the verb (see below). The prefix Q- seems to indicate the relation to the indirect object of the sentence : p5pin'tsEn Qa kamu't, T lo.st it for thee thy hat. plpsta'na nkamu't, / lost my hat. But I found also : tla ska'qa pu'istQtcEms tlEn katsk, thy horse killed for me my elder brother. Intbansitive Vebb. The intransitive verb may be indccted by means of suffixes or by means of auxiliary verbs, wliich latter form various tenses. Aorist Present klonu'QkEn, I am sich. (o)acikEn kEnu'Q, I am, nick. kKnu'Qk", thou art sick. (o)aqk'' kEnu'Q, thou art siok. kKnu'Q, he is sick. («)' i)7 82 REPORT — 1898. The verb with negative is troateil in the same manner : taiiVkEn skKnu'Q, I am iwt sick. &c. The conditional mode is characterised by the prefix a- and the silIIx -m. tcu'ktccn, to finish eating {sitojinuh with month). atcu'ktcHnuKn, if T finish eating. atcn'ktcBnug, i/fhoufi/iishcst eating. ntcii'ktcKnus. i/hefinishis rnfirig. ntcu'ktcKnut, if we finish fating. atcu'ktKnup, if ye finish eating. atcuktcu'ktcEnus, if they finish eating. The n?gative conditional present is formed in the following way : atK'mosCti)kKn skKiui'Q, if I am not siek. ati;'nios(ta)ka skKnu'g, if thou art not siok, atK'inos(ta)k skBnu'Qs, if he is not sieh. atE'ranskakt skp:nn'Q, if we are not siek. aiK'moskap skEnn'Q, if ye. are. not siek. atE'mos(ta)ks kEnkEnu'ys, if they are not sieh. The negative conditional past : taskEta'kEn skEnu'Q, if 1 had not been siek. The interrogative is formed by the suffix -En : kKnu'QkEnEn, rt/H I siek? kEnii'Qkoan, art thou siek? kEnu'QEn, is he siek ? kEnu'QktEn, are we siek ? kEnn'Qp'En, are ye siek? kEnkEnu'QEn, are they sick ? A periphrastic interrogative is formed by the duhitative particle ska : skaka skKnu'Q, perhaps thou art siek. skagap skEna'y,/;erAa/7S ye are sick, skaak skKnw'iis, perhaps he is sick. It will bo noticed that wherever the verb appears with an adverb or a particle it has the prefix s-, which makes vcibal nouns, and that the third person has the suHix -s, which corresponds to the possessive pronoun. These forms are therefore identical with possessive nominal forms. Transitive Verb. Tlie transitive verb incorporates the pronominal object as follows to see. Object 1 Subjec^t I thou he wo ye 1 they 1 me 1 thee him us ye them 1 wi'ktcKii Wi'kKIlK wi'ktimKii wiktC't^sKiiK wi'ktcKmuQ wikty ? wikto'iisEmuy wi'ktcEma wiktst wJkts wl'ktis wI'ktlaiKs ( wlkts 1 1 wlktiViysEtBm ) wiktst wi'ktEm _ wI'ktimKt wite'ysEtEm wi'ktoEp wiktp wi'ktip (?) wiktp wikte'QsKtciiiii wiktO'ysEt.-t 1 wiktf-'ysKtEm wiktf'QsEtf'is wiktOysKtKuiis wikte'gsEtKin ■iMHtl iktO'gsKtKiii ON TIIR XOKTII-WESTEUN TRIBES OF CANADA Verba which have the accent on the last ayllahle form tlic following series ; k'oiKntofi't, to talk to xonirntie. Object Subject I tlmn h(! wo yo me tlioo IlilU lis yo tlicm k-nil-.Mtcl'n k'oii'.iita'iiiv k'olniito'iinp.n k'i')ii;iiti''iisi;iiii kolKiitcK'miui k-riiKiitii'iKi k'l'ilKiiteO'iii k"oii:iiti"'(j.m;mu(j k'ii;iit:i'p An analysis of these forms sliows thiit most of them originate by composition, the pronominal object following the verb, the pronominal subject following the pronominal object. The pronominal object sulHxcs seem to liavo the following furnis : vir, — tcicm ?/,s", — ti flicc, — tc j/r, — tim (for —tip) him, — tficm, — tOQs Tlio pronominal subject suflixes have the following forms: I, — En wv, - t thou, — Q yp, — p he, — 8 they, — s Hut they are much more irregular than the objective sutRxes. The conditionnl is formed in the same manner as that of the intransitive verb by means of the prefix a- and the sutlix -us: a\vl'lii tsuklu''tcr:muQ, )viite me a Irttrr. Qui taiik-Q^'tcKmuQ, write a Irtter for mr. puists ska'k'qaH, he /.//At hix own dog. pu'istQta sk-iVk-qas, he kills hii> {another viiin'a) dog ( => he kills his dog for him). Dkhtvativks. I recorded the foUowintJ derivatives: Quntative — oko kEiin'. — ap stlahans'a'p, to eat mueh. nnianqEma'p, to smoke viuch. — a-us stlk'a'us, together. ctnzia'ns, brothers. snukua'us, friends. qarnatia'as, enemies. kt<,;ia'usEs, he breaks it in two ( = he halres it). — tuaQ qatstua'Q, tied to each other. )ui8tua'Q, to kill one another. thi'ktuaQ, to kill each other. iamintna'Q, to have friendly feelings towards one another. stlk auzEmtua'Q, to put together. — tcut BQEQEtcu't, to kick oneself (also to kick without hitting anything). wikEntcu'tkEn, I see myself. Ti.\V.v.nicvii^v,Q, I cut myself. The reflexive is sometimes used as a simulative : nikiapEntcu't, to make oneself like a coyote = to 'ict foolishly. kKnuQHtcii't, to make oneself sick, or to act like <( .nek 2>erson, Durative Frequentative ; Potential Facultative Desidcrativo Intensive Copulative Reciprocal Reflexive u, w\, tO) tu, tut,/ Examples pEt, and, snukua'u! Frie Et, and, CO sqii'its Et T designat specifying adj — ken, head. — US,/o<'fl. — ane, oar. — aka, nose. — tcin, mouth, — anz, tooth. — iapsam, ncci — aqEn, upper — iiqkEn, body — ikEn, back. — akst, hand. -ist, stone. -uciap./w. -k6, atko, — uiniuQ, luna ON THE NOUTII-WESTEUN TRIBES OF CANADA. 86 rREPOSITIONS. n, ul-, towards, to. tu, tu^,/n»»^ Examples: uii'a, torvardt here, this way. u^QkKti III IcitQ, 7 go into the haute. ul wtkamltt'ps nne'soan, (wfien) I went to Kamloopn. tfl'a kaka'o awrkKnauH, (when) I taw it from fur away. tugai'a, tukui'a,/rr»» here. tutci'a, tukt(n'a,/w»j there. tuto'a, tuklo'a, from there, tla'kKn tiii Nkaiiitcrn, I cams from S/iencat Tiridge. ktcl'QkKn tut Nkamtcrn, I departed from Spewes JJ ridge. tlak tiitcstcltQ, I came from the house. tlak tua tcitci, / came from a houte. CONJUNCTIONS. pEt, and, connecting words designating j)ersont : snukua'u9(l) ao't (2) a (3) Si:Qua'parauQ (4) pRt (5) Irn ((>) PsqIl'.jBnRm (7), Friends together(l) now{2) the(Z) Shuswaj>(l) and{5) the((i) Chilcotin{l). L't, and, connecting all words not designating persons: squ'its El cS^Gaq, wood and stone. SUnSTANTIVALS. T dcsif^natc by the terra substantivals nominal suffixes, which are used for siHicifying adjectives, substantives, and verbs : — ken, head. —wi,face. — ane, oar. — aks, nose. — tcSii, mouth, language. — anz, tooth. — iapsam, neck. — aqEti, upper part of arm. — iiqkBn, hody. — ikEn, lack. — akst, hand. — ist, stone. — uciap, /i>t'. — ko, atko, water. -uimuQ, land. qazumk'G'n, hig-headed. ihas, pretty. qazuina'ne, big ear. k'oa'netEm, he has piercing pains in his ear. tclawa'ks, nose bleeds. ntlakyapaiMUQtcl'ii, NtlakyapcmvQ language. tcuktcin, to finish with mouth, i.e., to finish eating. peatcl'n, one word. kliQutltcl'n, anot/ier language. zaqiapsa'm, long neck. nzaqiapsa'm, long-necked. kaupa'qEn, broken arm. tska'qEn, wing, armpit. zaqa'qEn, long-armed. qzumif'qkEti, big body. piil'qkKu, one body. mitcaki'kEn, to sit on back. pauta'kst, swollen hand. tcuinEna'kstEn, to point with hand. kaupa'kstkEn, 7 hare broken my hand. pie'ist, one stone. piu'ciap, one fire. nkui'sko, to fall into water. qazunia'tko, great lake. nza'qko, long lake. ntlk'a'tko, wide lake. ksu'imuQ, had land. ihu'iiiiuQ, nice la,nd. kaQu'imuQ, dry land. pifi'imuQ, one country. II 1—6 f 66 I 1 i B. 88 0103. 1,640 1 86 REPORT — 1898. -atlQ, Tifluse. -aus, trail. -iiiuk-, tree. — tip, sj)ecies of trees and hushes. — atldziQ, hush. — zanz, driftwood. — qans, hoard., flanh. — alks, clothinij for tipper part of hody. — Itsa, covering for hody. ■ — autl, canoe. — als, knife. — iKmuq, sack, hottle, hox. — ka, S2)oon, cup, hiicket, pail. — akEn, hag, bundle. — jiiqion, rope. — ttm, hollow thing. — uza, round, thing. — uzEm, grouj) of. — aski, song. — men, instrument. qaziima'tlQ, large house. oopiVtlQ, house hum:: down. Enifiniir.'i'vs. trail fvr hauling = rvaggon-rond. tcutkiua'iisEiiuq. tf.ov. pointest out the way to him. iliii'iuk", a nice tree. kiinEQil'iuk-, how many trees? niitcaka'iuk-, sitting on a, tree. okona'yuk', rotten tree, wood. kaya'yuk-, green wood. k't'qiuk', hard wood tree. za'cjiak", long tree. s'atk-tlp, ytllow piJie. sk'atlp.yfV. pea'tldziQ, one husJi. IcunEqa'tldziQ, horn vtany hushes? k'utiEqa'ns, how many p^lanks ? smfitlatsa'lks, rronian^s gown. spEk'i'tsa, white blanket. ntltsask'aqai'tsa, horse skin. pak-ui'tsa, to shirer with fear. qzuma'utl, big canoe. pia'atl, one canoe. spoia'ls, one knife. qzuma'Is, large knife. tlina'tlEmnq, birch bark ressel. pia'ka, one spoon. pia'ken, one hag. piil'iqRti, one rope. ntsikti'ni, empty ressel. piu'za, ohc round thing. speko'za, white round thing. piu'zEin, one group of things. stliiea'ski, dancing song. tsukmO'n, pencil. niajue'n, tool for hauling. Suhiffantivals sometimes appear in eombinalion : — tclnatlQ door = mouth of hov.'^e. Dkamtcina'tlQ. entrance of house. mitcaktcina'tlQ, to sit in the doorway, 8ome of the siibstantivals are developing into claxfificatory terms, sncli as ;no found in the Tsimshian : — m — aks — k en — ikEn — aiuk' — a-itQ -ken note ; point of a horizontal ])ole. niitcak-a'ks, to sit on a point. head ; top of a long, upright object. niitcak'k'e'n, to sit on top of. bach ; middle of long thing. mitcak'i'kEn, to sit in middle qfa long thing. tree, long thing. piai'uk- tik sqets, one (long thing) salmon. piai'uk" tik tInQ, one (long thing) vein. flat thing. pi.'i'itQ stsuk*, one sheet of paper. pia'itQ ma'nta, one piece of canvas (vianta, Spanish). head, roimd thing. piak'e'in tkau'za, one (round thing) egg. ■■rnrrj ' *HWt?wjr5l!(»*Sy^'- WVk^j: 5, such as ;ivo ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRllJES OF CANADA. Vocabulary of the Chilcotin Language. 37 The Chilcotin form a branch of the Tinneh stock. The following vocabulary is designed on the lines of the vocabularies given in the Sixth and Tentli Reports of the Committee. (Since I am not familiar with the grammatical structure of the language, tlie vocabulary must be held subject to revision : English man ivoman hoij 1111/ girl father thy mother my hushand my wife my child my elder brother my younger brother my elder sister my younger sister Indian my jHvple my head my hair luyfaee my forehead my ear ■my eye my nose my mouth my tongue my tooth my heard my iieek my arm- my hand my fingers thy fingers my thumb my first finger my second finger my third finger my fourth finger fiiujer nail mi/ body my chest my bcllg my hreastt my leg my foot hig toe toe nail my bone my heart mi/ blood chief It use Chilcotin tinne, ta'yaii. tse'k-e. kyenl. 6ske tse'ke ( - fe- male child), a'pa I'nku'l. saka'n. saa't. sEsk e'i. sO'nar. sik-i'I. sii'te. sitG'z. tentlxOte'n. setlte's. SErtSE'. sErtsa'ra. sEuu'm. sEtseKku'tl. hctsa'ra ('). sEna'ra. Betsl'niu". sEro'. sErtsoll. BErO'. sEta'ra. sEku's. sEka'n. sKla'. sMiats'e'i. m";lat.sV''i. sElaitclior. sulfiskE't. sElane'. r'i'ara'. .■>EliistE't. .\ik'i;'n, sKiio's. sOdzl'y. HF.bE't. s.'otso'r. sEtis'l.n. oEk'e'. kelaitcho'r. kclak'E'u. EEku't. si;lsi'y (.' sec chest) sEli'l." nctc'il'i'n. k-ho. EngliBh all houses Mtlo botv arroiv axe hi ifc jack-knife canoe moccasins pipe wooden pipe tobacco glare sky sun inoon star cloud sinohe day night morning erening noon midnight spring summer autumn n- inter wind thunder lightning rain siitin) fire water ire earth sea river lake snow mountain hill isUind salt St 0)1.0 free Much /tine all trees fuel Chilcotin kaunetlan k-ho. nosai'. atlthe'n, datsa'nk'a. k'a. tshcntl. pahV. gyi'nalki'k. ts'e. ke. k'a'tsai, (ItcBn k'a'tsai. t.srilyo'. bat, yo't'a. sha. a'hUi. sEn, k'os. tlit. k'antsi'n. Ctrl'. k'apEna'q. ngaratha'tl. SiU Sana's. sOtezni'. Erotlts'E'n. dan. d'Enkl'z.' qa'i. nc'nts'E. t'lulT. tAu'c. nagutUT'x'. nfvlju's. k'on. tlir.. ku'dlu. nEn. ya the'). tsire'nli, yik o'. pel. tsatl. tetlku'tl. nnu. lEsa'l (Chinook jar- gon), tshe. titci'n. tcintr (?). titcinga'ts'ei. ts6z. 4" 58 mm. 1,640 1,33:5 i ' This 'z' is exceedingly weak, so much so that part of the breath cscapcii liilerally, giving it a decided ' 1 ' tinge. 38 REPORT— 1898. :| English Chilcotin EngliBh Chilcotin 1 tail kye. cold gEzk'a'z. i dog tlen. n-arm goze'lgun. i hlaek hear sEs, tayS'a. I Bl'it. E deir, buck nesi'ny. thou ne'ln. fly asts'E'z. he gn'yifi. mosqvito ts'lH. we two nantini'Itg (?). make tlarasE'n. we kaqonetla'n. lird pE (/). all kats'o'i. feather tcus. viany tlaa'tla. iHng pEt'a', pEt'sE'n. far tlaagosE't. tail of bird pEkye'. near intltldyil. foot of bird. pEk-6'. below kflgyaq. i foflUien diH. to-day k'andzi'n. 1 goose qaq. to-morrow k'apE'n. j j duck nfit'e'l. yesterday atlqatlda'. 1 hon dandzB'ii. he spealis the truth atl'a'risEn. teal dtich nad'atsE'l. yes ha'a. I hald-headed eagle da'kiH. no qa'tada'. young eagle shaiky. nothing dag. fsh tla'i. one entJi'y. tahnoH ky6r9. two na'k-g. t ™i troxt dEk'a'i. three tha'i. t M fsh tail pEkyilarai't. four de'i. m ivhite tlSyG'l. five ftskOnla'. 1 |K black tlEfg's. Sim tlgyantl.ni I H red dildi'l. seven gyetlqatlg;. n nS'It'e. 1 H blue detltsa'. eight k'aiiine'lfd. ', 1 W yellow, green dElt.s6'r. nine tlgjalagOntanfe'lt. ^ 'Zar(/e Intca'. ten tlt'a'una. ■ IPI /ar^'c Wr^ kuntcak-6. twenty natl'a'una. small ntsodl. thirty thatlya'una. Binall lalw pengO ntsodl . forty dEtlyauna. small creek tcarenligo ntOdl. one hundred nelagau'nfildetrauna strong nadent'i'. to eat ats'iyS'. old man dagOldnin. to drink thatsStS. young k'a'neralitl (?). I ivalk setrasts'a'tl. good tlaagO'su. to dance tsEnadai'H. bad pekunidyl't. to sing tsigdye'n. a bad man dene'tla atltsE'n, I want to sleep ntastne'tl. dead daltsha'n. J sleep satlagaitlqe'n (?). tick dEneita'. to speak iazetld'i'ky. In the Tenth Report of the Committee (p. 33) I have compiled the known words of the Tinneh dialect that in former times was spoken in the Nicola Valley. I liii'e compared these words with Chilcotin and Nfetca'ut'in words, first by asking for the equivalents of the English words, then by pronouncing the Nicola Valley words, In a number of cases I obtained equivalents which showed close correspondence. English Nicola Valley Chilcotin Netca'ut'in woman tsik'hi, tee -akai' tse'k-e ts'e'ku black hear sass, rus, . sas SES sas ram of mountain sheep sisia'ni cicia'n sriya'n ewe of mountain sheep tpai 96pai' spai'a mountain sheep ti-pi tK'pi — lake trout sipai'i sa'pai sapai' snake tlosHo' tlarasE'fi tlagE's bear herry li'nEH ti'niH tEni'H horn (ate) ate' atfi arrow ke ka k'a child (qe) k-6i — take it ! ctltcot.(I may give jou) Cntltcfl'i- ylfW"'itltcut P'n- ■m mmmi>i^mM^A-.',^^'..>^^iiiliM:i!i^«^m^ ON THE NOKTH-WESTEUN TRIBES OK CANADA. 39 These words agree very closely on the Nicola Valley dialect and in Chilcotin. Only three among these twe.ve words difl'er in a manner which cannot well be explained by difference of perception and transcription. They are the following : ewe of mountain ihecjf snake lake trout Nicola : tpai tlosHo' sipai'i Chilcotin : ^opai' Netcd'ufift tlaraisE'n sa'pai spai a. tlaPK's. sapai'. Since three words were collected from more than one individual, and by three different collectors, it seems likely that there existed an actual difference between these dialects in regard to these words. The following words of the Nicola Valley dialect was not understood by either Chilcotin or Netca'ut'in when read by me. In a number of cases 1 obtained the etjuivalent^i of the English words in the two last-named dialects. Nicola Valley t-haeh tet'-hutz tliatc nootl lu'ilhultu'tjii taki'nktcin zuike'ke tsho tE(io'ztz notl-ta-ha't-se notlqa'tzi qllona'zi ta-ta-ney,' ti't-ta-a-ne' ta-a'-ni tsae ska-kiMli-kane naltsi'tse tlntl ti-U-lsa-in n-shote piii-a-lc-el-I-Itz a' we qe English viati vian man man a Jish a Jink ground-hog buck of deer soajy-burry \ wild currant knife sjfoon rush mat arrow-head packing line give me the sjwon ! give it to me ! take care ! come here, child Chilcotin tinne, ta'yaii Netca'ut'in tine' teti'fiy nosl'iiy no'ruc tijaltsE'l (?) pala' tetni' yests'etine' nawa'c all's ka'niH sE'nts'atl gultl'i's hutlE's duntai' nu'ntai qella'nL'iy qctla't'iy niian to k a'niH — nna to sOtselnc'tle wo'nli I have omitted the numerals in the comparison, because I suspect that those record* d by Mr. Mackay {I.e., p. 33) are not numerals, but vfirious words wliich the siiformant enumerated as known to him. 1 think that this is llie case, becaus-e liiaTiy of them agree nearly or cjuite accurately with otlier words of our list. Mr. James Teit, who collected a number of words from the Indians, tir.st called my atten- tion to this fact. The following list shows these agreements : Other words ea-pie, trout. tin-ill, hear-hemj. tlotl, packing line (Teit). Numerals w^ . 'ia-po I '(•/*, tun-ih three, tlohl four, na-hla-li-a tire, e-na-hle SIX, hite-na-kc seven, ne-shoto eight, k-pao nine, sas n-shoto, give it to me ! t-pae, I we of mountain shiep. sa.^s, bear. Tlic?e agreements and the fundamental dilTcicuccs between these numerals and those of all other Tiiineh dialects make the faeries more than doubtful. Although the apparent differences of a small vocabulary like the present have no groat weight, I am inclined to think (hat there was a difference between the Chilcotin and the Nicola Valley dialect. The language was, however, evidently very closely related to the Chilcotin, while it differed considerably from the Currier dialects. 4 66 IS 1 * M o o B. 68 mm. 1,640 1,33.-} 735 l,69(> t807 Y h •»& I), ■^ns»r..iJK!«r.i7:miX£m 40 BEPORT— 1898. V. Sicmmary of the Work of the Committee in British Columbia. By FiiANZ Boas. At Ihe ti»ne when the Committee instituted their investigations, tlio 'Inhabitants of the Pacitic coast of Canad? A"ere less known than those of any other part of the North American Oontii ent, with the exception, perhaps, of the tribes of California. What little we knew was based on the biief descriptions of early travellers, or on indirect information obtained from investigators who had been working in the regions to the north and to the south. The only noteworthy work done in recent times was that by Dr. G. M. Dawson during his frequent geological expeditions to British Columbia. But three important problems remained to be solved ; the numerous languages of the coast were still unclassitied, and the number of their dialects was not definitely known ; the physical characteristics of the tribes had never been investigated ; it was not known if they repre- sented one homogeneous type, or if several types were found in the Province. Finally, the study of the customs of the various tribes oHbred a number of d'tiicult problems in regard to the origin and signiHcauce of several ph< crnora. Material a>.l has been made by the efforts of the Committee in all these direction... The number of languages and dialects is now known, and it does not seem likely that additional ones will be discovered. The following languages are spoken in British Columbia : — Athapaskan or Tinneh in eight dialects ; Tsimshian in three dialects ; Haida in two dialects ; AVakashan in two divisions, the Kwakiutl with three dialects. and the Nootka with two dialects ; the Salisli in four main divisions with eleven dialects, and the Kootenay. In this enumeration, dialects which may be classed as well developed and pronounced provincialisms have not been counted, but ozdy such dialects as show distinct differences in voca- bulary and grannnar, so that intercommunication between the tribes speaking them is, even in the case of the most closely atfi Hated dialects, not easy. We count, therefore, in all, thirty dialects, which have been here classed, according to their athnitit;,ei, uiider six linguistic stocks. Grammatical sketches of all these dialects have been obtained ; but a few only are known tolerably well. These are the Kwakiutl and the Tsimshian. All the others requii'e much fuller investigation than they have heretofore received. While the present state of our knowledge of these languages does not permit us to assume that the nuinber of stocks to ^^'hich they belong is smaller than the number given above, we may call attention at this place to the morphological relations of some of those languages, which suggest the desirability of further inquiries into their early history. Haida and Tlingit — which latter is spoken in southern Alaska — have a number of morphological traits in common. AMiile all the other languages of the North Pacitic coast use reduplication for granunatic.il purposes, no trace of reduplication is found in these two languages. There is no gender, and no well-defined form for a plural or dictributive. Com- pound nouns are very numerous, the composition being effected by juxta- position. Words of two, three, and more components, which do not modify eacli other, occur. Local adverbs, which always retain their independent forms, frequently enter into compound words of this kiiul. In both languaget: there are four forma qf the personal pronoun. In the ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 41 independent pronoun, the selective and the ordinary forms may be dis- tinguished. The pronoun of the transitive verb differs from that uf intransitive verbs, the latter being identical with the objective form of the former. In this respect there is a close analogy between the Haida and Tlingit, and the Siouan languages. The Tsimshian presents an entirely different type of language. We find a plural based largely on reduplication. The pronouns are suffixed to the verb. Words are formed almost exclusively by means of prefixes. The system of numerals is very complex, as there are different sets of numerals for various classes of objects. The southern group of languages — the Kwakiutl, Salish, and Chemakum (which last is spoken in the northern part of the State of Washington) — have a series of very peculiar traits in common. Most prominent among these is the occurrence of what Trumbull has called ' substantivals,' which play so important a part in the Algonkin languages. Such are, primarily, parts of the body ; furthermore, designations of localities, of fire, water, road, blanket, domesticated animals (i.e., in olden times, the dog), and many others. These substantivals do not occur in any other northern language, and must be considered one of the most important character- istics of the languages in question. All these languages use reduplication and diairesiK'. i.:r forming collective forms and plurals of verbs. The demonstrative pronoun is used very extensively, and serves for distin- guishing locations of object or action according to the three forms of the personal pronoun ; namely, such as are located near the first, second, or third person. Besides these, a great many locative suffixes are used. Whenever an adverb accompanies the verb, the former is infiected, while the verb remains unchanged. When a transitive verb is accompanied by an adverb, the latter always takes the suffix of the pronominal subject, while the verb takes that of the pronominal object. The Kootenay presents still another type of language. It incorporates the object in the same way as the Mexican does, the noun itself being embodied in the verb. It has very few substantivals, if any, but forms compounds by verbal composition, like the Tinneh (Athapascan) and iSiouan. AVhile in the preceding class we find, for instance, compounds expressing stiites of the hand, of water, fire, ttc, we find here compounds expressing actions done with the hand, the foot, or other instrument- alities ; and in the water, the fire, or in other localities. It seems that there is no reduplication. It is worth remarking that these types of language are characterised by a few very general features that they have in connnon, and that dis- tinguish them from the other groups that are found in contiguous areas. Tiie Haida and Tsimshian are spoken in the extreme north ; the Ivwakiutl, Salish, Chemakum, in the whole southern portion of the Province, and they adjoin the Algonkin, with whom they have a few peculiarities in common. The Kootenay is not far separated from the Shoshonean languages, which resemble it in several particulars. We may therefore well say that the languages of the North Pacific coast belong to several iiiorpho'ogical groups, each of which occupies a continuous area. The jnvestigation of the physical characteristics of the Indians of British Columbia has resulted in establishing the fact that the people are by no meaiis homogeneous. As compared to the Indians east of the llocky Mountains and farther south, tlioy have in common a lighter com- plexion and lighter hair ; but the shapes of their heads and faces differ 4 56 B. 68 mm. 1.640 42 EEroRT — 1898. I u ' 'j considerably. Three types may easily be distinguished— the nortlicrn typo, represented by the Haida, the Indians of Nass River, and the Tsimshian ; the Kwakiutl type ; and the Thompson River type. These types may be characterised by the following measurements : — Northei ■n Typo Kwakiutl Typo Thompson River ! Type 1 1 Average Moan Error Average Mean j Error 1 Average Moan Error I. Mm mm. mm. mm. Stature. KJT") ±7-40 1645 ±5-90 1 1634 ±7-00 Lenpfth of hearl . l!)4-6 d 0-80 188-7 ±119 1 1H6-0 ± 0-55 Bread! h of head . 1«06 ± 0-G7 15!t-0 ±100 1 155-9 ± 0-52 Breadth of face . 15:V7 ± 0'S5 151-4 ± 0-54 147-4 ± -l I Height of face 121-6 ±0-87 1280 ±0-67 120-3 J-. 0-71 II. Wimien. Stature. 1542 ± 5-70 1537 ±5-90 1 1540 ± 5-00 Length of head 185-6 ±0-88 186 9 ±1-64 ! 179-5 ± 0-53 Breadth of head . 153-2 ±0 90 1.54-3 ± 1-44 1500 ±0-41 Breadth of face . 143-S) ±0-80 1443 ± 0-64 138-8 ±010 Height of face 1143 ± 093 119-3 ±0-82 112-5 ± 54 They may be described as follows : All these types a e of medium stature, and their arms are relatively long, their bodies short. Among the northern type we find a very large head. The transversal diameter is very great. The same may be said of the face, which has an enormous breadth. The height of the face is moderate, and therefore its form appoars decidedly low. The nose is often concave or straight, seldom convex. The noses of the women are decidedly concave. Its elevation over the face is slight. The point of the nose is short. The dimensions of the head of the Kwakiutl are similar to those of the northern types, but the head seems to be slightly smaller. The face shows a remarkably different type, which distinguishes it fundamentally from the faces of all the other groups. The breadth of face is nearly tlie same as that of the northern type, but its height is enormous. The same may be said of the nose, which is very high and comparatively narrow. The point of the nose is short : its elevation is also very great. The nasal bones are strongly developed, and form a steep arch, their lower ends rising high above the face. For this reason convex noses are found very frequently among this type. Convex noses also prevail among the women, and for this reason the difference between the female form of the Kwakiutl and the female form of the northern type is very great. The Thompson River type is characterised by u very small head, both diameters being much shorter than those found on the coast, while the proportions are nearly the same. The transversal diameter of the face is much shorter than that of the coast Indians, being nearly the same as thfit found among the Indians on the plains. The face is much lower than that of the Kwakiutl type, and also slightly lower than that of the northern type. The nose is convex and heavy. Its point is much longer and heavier than the point of the noses of the coast types . There are good indications of the existence of a few other types, but they cannot be distinguished with certainty from the types enumerated ""^"WWdRki^^- rhoinpson River Type verage Mean J'ilTin- mm. ()31 i700 H6-5 ± O'flt-) 55 1) ± Oo2 •17-4 ± 0-1 1 20-3 -H 0-71 540 ± 5 '00 79-5 ± {}-r>:\ 50-0 ±0-41 ;t8-8 ±010 125 ± 1 ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 43 here. It is probable that further measurements will show that the tribes of Harrison Lake and the (xulf of Georgia represent a fourth type. The distribution of the types of man in British Columbia has an important bearing upon the much discussed question of the classification of mankind ; while some anthropologists have maintained that all classi- fication must be based upon considerations of language, others maintain as rigorously that the main consideration must be that of physical type. The data collected by the Connnittee show clearly that neither of these contentions is entirely correct. We have seen that certain tribes — such as the Bilqula, who linguistically belong to the Salish group— physically belong to another group. This shows that the two phenomena do not go hand in hand, but that they constantly overlap. The classification of mankind according to physical characteristics takes into consideration only the effects of heredity and environment upon the physical type of man. Race mixture, isolation, and effect of environment will be reflected in the results of these classifications. But there are evidently cases in which a slow infiltration of foreign blood takes place, while language and customs remain unaltered or changed to but a slight extent. The Bilqula branched off from the Coast Salish at an early time, and retain the Salish language ; but there has been an infiltration of Kwaniutl blood and of Athapaskan blood, which has entirely changed the physical features of the tribe. With this infiltration of foreign blood came foreign words and foreign cultural elements, but they were not sufficiently powerful to change the original speech of the people. It is clear, from these considerations, that the three methods of classi- fying mankind — that according to physical characters, according to lan- guage, and according to culture — all reflect the historical development of races from different standpoints ; and that the results of the three classifica- tions are not comparable, because the historical facts do not afiect the three classes of phenomena equally. A consideration of all these classes of facts is needed when we endeavour to reconstruct the early history of the races of mankind. It will be sufticient to point out in this place a few of the more general results of the studies conducted by the Committee on the cultures of the primitive people of British Columbia. In the Reports of the Committee only brief abstracts were given of the mythologies and traditions of the tribes, but full collections were made ; and a comparison of these has led to the following results : — The culture of the coast tribes of the Province is quite uniform. It has reached its highest development in the district extending from Queen Charlotte Islands to northern Vancouver Island. As we depart from this region, a gradual change in arts and customs takes place, and together with it we find a gradual diminution in the number of myths which the distant tribes have in common with the people of British Columbia. At the same time a gradual change in the incidents and general character of the legends takes place. We can in this manner trace what we might call a dwindling-down of an elaborate cyclus of myths to mere adventures, or even to incidents of adventures, and we can follow the process step by step. Wherever this distribution can be traced, we have a clear and undoubted example of the gradual dissemination of a myth over neighbouring tribes. The piienomena of distribution can be explained only by the theory that the tales have been carried from one tribe to its neighbours, and by the tribe which has newly acquired them in turn to its own neighbours. It is not i 56 a HO) B. B8 Dim. 1,640 i,3;w 735 l,69(> B07 U If* «»-o I 11 ll 44 KEPORT — 1898. w necessary that this dissemination should always follow one direction ; it nia} have proceeded either way. In this manner a complex tale ni.iy dwindle down by gradual dissemination, but new elements may also be embodied in it. It may be well to give an example of this phenomenon. The most popular tradition of the North Pacific coast is that of the raven. Its most characteristic form is found among the Tlingit, Tsimshian, and Haida. As we go southward, the connection between the adventures becomes looser, and their number less. It appears that the traditions are preserved quite fully as far south as the north end of Vancouver Island. Farther south the number of raven-tales which are known to tho Indians diminishes very much. At Nahwitti, near the north point of Vancouver Island, thirteen tales out of a whole of eighteen exist. The Comox have only eight, the Nootka six, and the Coast Salish oidy three. Furthermore, the traditions are found at Nahwitti in the same connection as farther north, while farther south they are very much moditied. The tale of the origin of daylight, which was liberated by the raven, may serve as an instance. He had taken the shape of the leaf of a cedar, was swallowed by the daughter of the owner of the daylight, and then born again ; afterwards he broke the box in which the daylight was kept. Among the Nootka, only the transformation into the leaf of a cedar, which is swallowed by a girl and then born again, remains. Among the Coast Salish the more important passages survive, telling how the raven by a ruse compelled the owner of the daylight to let it out of the box in which he kept it. The same story is found as far south as Grey's Harbour in Washington. The adventure of the pitch, which the raven kills l)y exposing it to the sunshine, intending to use it for calking his canoe, is found far south, but in an entirely new connection, embodied in the tradition of the origin of sun and moon. But there are also certain adventures embodied in the raven myths of the north, which probably had their origin in other parts of America. Among these may be mentioned the tale of how the raven was invited and reciprocated. The seal puts his hands near the tire, and grease drips out of them into a dish, which he gives to the raven. Then the latter tries to imitate him, but burns his hands, &c. This tale is found, in one or the other form, all over North America, and there is no proof that it originally belonged to the raven myth of Alaska Other examples may be found in the collection of traditions published by F. Boas.' The proposition that dissemination has taken place among neighbour- ing tribes will probably not encounter any opposition. Starting from this point of view, we may advance the following considerations : — If we have a full collection of the tales and myths of all the tribes of a certain region, and then tabulate the number of incidents which all the collections from each trilje have in common with any selected tribe, the number of common incidents will be the larger the more intimate the relation of the two tribes, and the nearer they live together. This is what we observe in a tabulation of the material collected on the North Pacific coast. On the whole, the nearer the people, the greater the number of common elements of traditions ; the farther apart, the less their number. ' Indianiscke Sajen von der Nord-PacHisahcn Kiiste Amcrihxs, pp. vi-363. Berlin, Ib'Jo. .•V ..i-. ■ lrf«^:^^|a•; «i_^ ON THE NORTH- WEPTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 45 But it is not the geographical location alone which influences the dis- tribution of tales. In some cases, numerous tales which are common to a certain territory stop short at a certain point, and are found beyond it in slight fragments only. These limits do not by any means coincide with the linguistic divisions. An example of this kind is the raven Ipgond, to which reference has been made. It is found in substantially the same form from Alaska to northern Vancouver Island ; then it sud- denly disappears almost entirely, and is not found among the southern tribes of Kwakiutl lineage, nor on the west coast of Vancouver Island, although the northern tribes, who speak the Kwakiutl language, havo it. Only fragments of these legends have strayed farther south, and their number diminishes with increasing distance. There must be a cause for such a remarkable break. A statistical inquiry shows that the northern traditions are in close accord with the tales of the tribes as far south as the central part of Vancouver Island, where a tribe of Salish lineage i? found ; but farther they do not go. The closely allied tribes immediately south do not possess them. Only one explanation of this fact is possible, viz., lack of assimilation, which may be due to a difference of character, to continued hostilities, or to recent changes in the location of the tribes, which has not allowed the slow process of assimilation to exert its deep- acting influence. The last may be considered the most probable cause. The reason for this opinion is, that the Bilqula, another Salish tribe, who liave become separated from the people speaking related languages, and who live in the far north, still show in their mythologies close relations to the southern Salish tribes, with whom they have many more traits in common than their neighbours to the north and to the south. If their removal had taken place very long ago, this similarity in mythologies would probably not have persisted, but they would have been quite amalgamated with their new neighbours. VVe may also extend our comparisons beyond the immediate neighbours of the tribes under consideration by comparing the mythologies of the tribes of the plateaus in the interior, and even of those farther to the cast, with those of the coast. Unfortunately, the available material from tlipse regions is very scanty. Fairly good collections exist from the Athapaskan tribes, from the tribes of Columbia River, and— east of the mountains— from the Omaha, and from some Algonkin tribes. When c()m{)aring the mythologies and traditions which be'ong to far-distant regions, we find that the number of incidents which thoy have in common is greater than might have been expec^,ed ; but some of those incidents are so general that we may assume that they have no connection, and may have arisen independently. There is, however, one very character- istic feature which proves beyond cavil that this is not the solo cause of tlie similarity of tales and incidents. We know that in the region under discussion two important trade routes reached the Pacific coast -one along the Columbia River, which connected the region inhabited by Shoshonean tribes with the coast, and indirectly led to territories occupied by Siouan and Algonkin tribes ; another one which led from Athapaskan territory to the country of the Bilqula. A route of minor importance led down Fraser River. A study of the traditions shows that along these routes the points of contact of mythologies are strongest, and rapidly diminish «'ith increasing distances from these routes. On Columbia River the points of contact are with the Algonkin and Sioux ; among 4 J '1 ^ ''^ « 1 rl 46 REroRT — 1898. !: i be explained in any other way than by assuming tliat the myths foUowod the line of travel of the tribes, and that there has been dissemination of .tales all over the continent. The tabulations which have been mado include the Miomac of Nova Scotia, the Eskimo of CIreenland, the Poiica of the Mississippi Basin, and the Athapaskan of Mackenzie River ; ami the results give the clearest evidence of extensive borrowing. The identity of a great many tales in geographically contiguous aroas has led to the assumption that, wherever a great similarity btt-ween two tales is found in North America, it is more likely that it is due to dissemina- tion than to independent origin. But without extending these theories b3yond the clearly demonstratod truths of transmission of tales between neighbouring tribes, we inuy reach some further conclusions. When we compare, for instance, the legend of the culture hero of the Chinook, and that of the origin of tlio wliole religious ceremonial of the Kwakiutl Indians, we find a very far- reaching resemblance in certain parts of the legends, which makes it certain that these parts are derived from the same source. The grand- mother of the divinity of the Chinook, when a child, was carried away by a monster. Their child became the mother of the culture-hero, and by her help the monster was slain. In a legend from Vancouver Island a monster, the cannibal spirit, carries away a girl, and is finally slain by her help. Their child becomes later on the new cannibal spirit. There are certain intermediate stages of these stories which prove their identity beyond doubt. The important point in this case is that the myths in question are perhaps the most fundamental ones in the mythologies of these two tribes. Nevertheless, they are not of native growth, but —partly at least — borrowed. A great many other important legends prove to be of foreign origin, being grafted upon mythologies of various tribes. This being the case, it follows that the mythologies of the various tribes as we find them now are not organic growths, but have gradually developed and obtained their present form by accretion of foreign material. Much of this material must have been adopted ready made, and has been adapted and changed in form according to the genius of the people who borrowed it. The proofs of this process are so ample that there is no reason to doubt the fact. We are therefore led to the opinion that, from mythologies in their present form, it is impossible to derive the con- clusion that they are n)ythological explatiations of phenomena of nature observed by the people to whom the myths belong, but that many of them, at the places where we find them now, never had such a meaning. If we acknowledge this conclusion as correct, we must give up the attempts at ott'hand explanation of myths as fanciful, and we must admit that also explanations given by the Indians themselves are often secondary, and do not reflect the true origin of the myths. It may be well to explain this point of view a little more fully. Certainly the phenomena of nature are the foundation of rmmerous myths, else we should not find that the sun, moon, clouds, thunderstorm, the sea, and the land play so important a part in all mythologies. But it seems that the specific myth cannot be simply interpreted as the result of observation of natural phenomena. Its growth is much too complex. In most cases the present form has undergone material change by disintegra- tion and by accretion of foreign material, so that the original idea is at best much obscured. Perhaps the objection might be rai.sed to this argument that the siini- liieMlK ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 47 larities of mythologies are due, not only to borrowing, but also to the fact that, under similar conditions which prevail in a Hmited area, the human mind creates similar products. While there is a certain truth in this argument, so far as elementary forms of human thought are concerned, it socnis quite incredible that the same complex product should originate twice in a limited territory. The very complexity of the tales and their gradual dwindling down, to which reference has already been made, can- not possioly be explained by any other theory than by that of dissemination. Wherever geographical continuity of the area of distribution of a complex ethnographical phenomenon is found, the laws of probability exclude the theory that in this continuous area the complex phenomenon has arisen independently in various places ; but they compel us to assume that the distribution of this phenomenon in its present complex form is due to dissemination, while its composing elements may have originated here and there. In the Old World, wherever investigations on mythologies of neigh- bouring tribes have been made, the philological proof has been considered the weightiest ; that is to say, the proof ai borrowing has been considered the most satisfactory whenever, together with the stories, the names of the actors have also been borrowed. We cannot expect to find such borrow- ing of names to prevail to a great extent in America. Even in Asia the Ixirrowed names are often translated from one language into the other, so that their phonetic resemblance is entirely destroyed. The same pheno- menon is observed in America. In many cases the heroes of myths are animals, whose names are introduced in the myths. In other cases, names are translated, or so much changed, according to the phonetic laws of various languages, that they can hardly be recognised. Cases of trans- mission of names are, however, by no means rare. We will give only a few examples from the North Pacific coast. Almost all the names of the Bilqula mythology are borrowed from the Kwakiutl language. A portion of the great religious ceremony of the Kwakiutl has the name ' tlokoa'Li.' This name, which is also closely con- nected with a certain series of myths, has spread northward and southward over a considerable distance. Southward we find it as far as the Columbia Kiver, while to the north it ceases with the Tsimshian ; but still farther north another name of a part of the ceremonial of the Kwakiutl is substi- tuted, viz., ' nO'ntlEm.' This name, as designating the ceremonial, is found far into Alaska. But these are exceptions ; on the whole, the custom of translating names and of introducing names of animals excludes the application of the linguistic method of investigating the borrowing of myths and customs. We will next consider the social organisation? uf the coast tribes in connection with certain peculiar customs which have been described in the Reports of the Conmiittee, viz., the secret societies. The northern tribes have maternal institutions, and are divided into a number of clans, which have animal totems. The clans are not con- sidered descendants of the totem animal, but claim that the ancestor of each clan had a meeting with the totem animal, in which the latter became his friend and helper. The Kwakiutl are divided into a number of clans, most of which have animals for their totems. Most of these totems are explained in the same manner as those of the northern tribes, while others are considered direct descendants of the totem animal. Arnong the Br T'r- 1,3 48 REroRT— 1898. g tho Kwakiutl wo find a mixture of paternal and maternal insiitutiuns, Itut the son is not allowed to use his father's totem ; he acquires the ri;;Iit to his totem by mania(l * an old man's name,' wliich does not behmg to the names constituti'i nobility of the tribe. Among the Kwakiutl and Bihiula this social organisaticm hoMs good during the summer, while during the winter ceremonials it is suspciulod. During tiiis time the secret societies take the place of the clans. Accord- ing to tradition, these societies have originated in the same manner as the clan originated. One of the ancestors of the clan met tho presiding s{)irit of one of the societies, aiid was initiated by him. This seems to be the general form of tradition explaining the origin of secret societies anion;,' all Noi-th American tribes. All those who have been initiated by tho same spirit, and who havy received from him the name, privileges, and secrets of tlie ceremonial, ff»rm a secret society. The most important among thn societies on the North Pacific coast are those of the cannibals, the bears, tin; fools, and the warriors. Tlio number of names composing a secret society is limited in the same manner as tho number of names composing tho clan. Membership in a secret society may be obtained in two ways : by marriage, in the same way as the acquisition of the totem ; and by killiii!,' the owner of a certain name. Totem and secret society are "i connected inseparably ; but the one may be transferred to one pers( o other to another. In order to understand this curious system clearly we must remember that the Salish tribes which are found south of the Kwakiutl are dividcil into village comnmnities ; while their northern neighbours — the Tsimshian, tho Haida, and tho Tlingit — are divided into maternal clans. The Kwakiutl have been strongly influenced from both sides. The traditions explaining the totems and the secret societies refer, as stated before, to the initiation of the ancestor of the clan. They arc analogous to the traditions of the acquisition of the Manitou. All the tales referring to this subject liave approximately tho following incident : A youth undergoes a ceremonial fasting and purification, and thus acquiivs the faculty of seeing a spirit, who becomes his protector. The traditions of the coast tribes explaining the origin of clans have the same contents. Tlicro is only one difference : the protecting spirit has appeared to the ancestor of the clan, and is now inherited by their descendants without personal initia- tion. In this respect the similarity between the traditions of the secret soL-ie- tiesand those referring to the Manitous is much closer, since it is necess.iry that each new member be initiated by the presiding spirit of the society. Therefore every new member has to undergo the same ceremonies which other Indians undergo at the time of reaching puberty. The beliefs of the Chinooksof Columbia River are similar to those of the northern tribes, although among them the idea of the acquisition of the totem has been more clearly pr<;serAed. They believe that a man can acquire only tli.at spirit who belonged to his a)icestors in the paternal line, but the relation «CaMaU&u£HU^.: -, U..«v^u^aeSi^iJ»«CKt ON THE NORTII-WESTEFtN TRIBES OF CAVADA. •10 stituti»tna, hut jiroH tlio rij^rlit, I of liis wife's to tlio t»i(0lil vsceiuls i- ' ertain K a timo. Tilt; icn a man iv- le recoivos liis what is c'lllcd tustituti'ig tlio on holds ^'Oi»(l is suspondod. ^ns. Accttrd- nianner as tlio residing spirit snis to be tho oieties atiioni^ itiated by the ;es, and secrets ut anioni,' tlie the bears, the secret society amposing the ;wo ways : liy ind by killin;,' *; connected other to ist renieiiil)er 1 are divided leTsimshian, clans. Tiie ties refer, as They are All the g incident : lus acquires raditions of ents. There ancestor of sonal initia- secret socie- is necessary the soiiety. onies which beliefs of lern tribes, 11 has been I only that he relation •u of this spirit to the individual is identical with that of tho Manitou to tho eastern Indian. It can be clearly sliown that the development of the family Manitou into the family totem has taken place owing to the influence of tho northern tribes. In order to make this clear, it is necessary to consider for a moment the clans of the Kwakiutl somewhat closely. In examinin<» the names of the tribes, it will be seen that very often the name of tho tribe is the collective form of the name of its ancestor. At the same time a subdivision of the tribe, one of its clans, may have the name 'Tho Family of the Ancestor,' while the other clans have diflferent names. It seems that this proves that the first clan fori.::>fl <^ho original stock of the tribe, and that the other clans joined it later on. This theory is strength- ened by two considerations : first, it is stated that each clan originally had its village at a certain place, which it left later on in order to join others. Almost all these places can be proved to be ancient village sites. Secondly, many clans have names which may be translated, as * Inhabit- ants of such and such a place,' while nowadays they live with the rest of the tribe in the same village, and have no distinct claims to the territory thv" name of which they bear. This seems to prove that tho {iresent social organisation of the tribe is a late development, and that originally the Kwakiutl were in the same stage of development as their southern neighbours, among whom the social unit is the village commu- nity, and who have no crests. The northern tribes have clearly defined totems, which are inherited in the maternal line, and which have animal names and animal crests. While among these tribes the totem of the whole clan is founded on the tradition belonging to the whole clan, the subdivisions of the latter are explained in exactly the same manner as those of the Kwakiutl clans. The artistic bent of these people has taken hold of these traditions, and has thus formed the crest for the clan and for its subdivisions. There is little doubt that the plastic art of the northern tribes was a most import- ant factor in developing their social system. In the south, where this art begins to disappear, the village community takes the place of the clan with animal totem, while among the tribes located between these two groups, among whom the plastic art is well developed, although not as highly as in the north, there is an intermediate form of social system. It is therefore likely that the development of the social system discussed here has taken place in the northern part of British Columbia. The northern tribes of Kwakiutl lineage show clearly that their ideas have been influenced by the animal totem of the northern tribes. They have adopted to a great extent the maternal descent and the division into animal totems of the northern tribes. The social organisation of the He'iltsuk*, one of the most northern tribes of Kwakiutl lineage, is similar to that of the Tsimshian, while their southern neighbours, the inhabit- ants of Rivers Inlet, who speak the same dialect, retain the more complex organisation of the Kwakiutl ; but they have mainly maternal descent. It is an interesting fact that a great many of the clan legends of the Kwakiutl are very insignificant, while others have important mythical bearings by which they are closely connected with the mythological concepts of the people. It seems probable that clan legends first found their way to the Kwakiutl by marriages with women of northern tribes, whose traditions, according to the customs of the northern region, were inherited by the woman's children. This must have given an important II 1—7 1 I 6 B" I.S fl -I- 50 REPORT — 1898. impulse to acquiring or inventing similar traditions on the part of other clans, since their possession was undoubtedly considered a prestige. Probably the fastings of young men and the subsequent hallucinations have furnished the greater part of the material for these legends. It is necessary to consider at this place a few characteristic traditions which belong to the cannibal society of the tribes of the northern and central parts of the coast. The most widely diffused tradition on this subject seems to have originated among the He'iltsuk', but it has spread southward to the Kwakiutl. It is told that a young girl was carried away by tlie cannibal spirit. Her four brothers searched for her, and with difficulty escaped the pursuing cannibal spirit. Finally, they succeeded in killing him, and his ashes were transformed into mosquitoes. In the course of their visit to their sister the brothers learned the songs and secrets of the cannibal society. This tradition is given in most cases as the origin of the secret society. A number of other members weie initiated in other ways, one by stealing the cedar-bark ornaments of the bathing cannibal spirit, another one by ascending the sky and obtaining the secrets of the society. These customs have also spread to the northern neighbours of the He'iltsuk', the Tsimshian. They have the following tradition in regard to the origin of the society : —A hunter pursued a bear, which tinally led him into the interior of a rock. Inside he saw people performing the ceremonies of the society, and he was instructed by their chief to repeat the same ceremonies at home. In all the traditions of the Kwakiutl the cannibal spirit presides over the society, while he does not appear in the Tsimshian tradition. This shows that different traditions are used for explaining the same ceremonial. In connection with these facts we will consider the conclusions which were drawn from a consideration of the mythologies of the tribes of British Columbia. We saw that none of these could be considered as the product of a single tribe. All the tra ditions were full of foreign elements, which it was possible to trace over wide areas. If, therefore, tlte samo ritual is explained by different traditions, we may conclude that the ritual preceded the tradition ; that tUo former is the primary phenomenon, the latter the secondary. It seems that the development of the ritual, as well as of the tradition.s connected with it, is founded in the prestige given by membership in a secret society. There must have developed a desire to become a member of a society, which led, wherever the number of societies was insufficient for the tribe, to the establishment of new ones. It is not meant, nf course, that the Indians intentionally invented new traditions, but that the desire stimulated their fancy and excited their mind, and that in this manner, after proper fastings, occasion was given for hallucinations, the material of which was naturally tiiken from the ideas found among the tribe and its neighbours. Similar phenomena have been treated, from a systematic point of view, by Stoll in his book on Suggestion, and byTarde in his book on the Laws of Imitation. It is easily understood how the exciting ceremonial of the canniVtal society may have given rise to hallucinations in which a young man thought to see the same spirit under new conditions, and that after his return from the solitude he told his visions. Since the opinioTi prevailed that the spirit which appeared in this manner had a tendency to reappear to thf deicendants of the person to whom it once appeared, ON THE NORTH-WESTERX TRIBES OF CANADA. 51 art of other a prestige, xllucinations ids. ic traditions artliern and bion on this t has spread sarried away r, and with succeeded in es. In tile 5 songs and most cases mbers were lents of the i obtaining ours of the in regard to I finally led orming tlie f to repeat vvakiutl the pear in (he .re used for tions which B tribes of ered as the n element;,, tlie same that the enomenon, traditions rship in a a member insufficient meant, of but that lat in tliis itioiis, the iniong the ed, from a by Tarde cannibal ung man that after opinion tendency appeared, opportunity was given for the formation of a new place in the secret societies. We may assume, therefore, that, psychologically, the develop- ment of the complex system of membership in the secret societies must be explained as due to the combined action of the social system and the method of acquiring guardian spirits. While these considerations may explain the variety of form of the secret societies, and show that the myths on which a ritual is founded are probably secondary, they do not explain the origin of the societies themselves and of the peculiar customs connected with them. There are, however, indications which lead to the opinion that these societies developed from methods of warfare. First of all, I is important to note that the deity Wina'lagyilis of the Kwakiutl pr<^jides over the whole ceremonial. This name means ' the one who makes war upon the whole world,' and his spirit controls the mind of the Indians also during the time of war. For this reason the secrot societies are in action also on war expeditions, no matter at what season of the year they may occur. All tl>f 'idest songs of the secret societies refer to war. The cannibal, as well as the bear dancers and the fool dancers of the Kwakiutl, are con- sidered warriors, and go into ecstasies as soon as an enemy has been killed. All this indicates that originally the secret societies were closely connected with war expeditions. One thing more must be considered. The customs which we observe to day are evidently the modern development of ancient forms. It is known that the ceremonial canniVjalism, which nowadays is the principal part of the whole ceremonial, has been introduced very recently among all the tribes. The Kwakiutl state that this custom was introduced amona; them not longer than sixty years ago, and that it originated among the He'iltsuk". We also know that the custom spread from the He'iltsuk* to the Tsini'^hian not longer than a hundred and fifty years ago. There fore there is no doubt that the custom was originally confined to the small territory of the He'iltsuk". Among the southern tribes tlie cannibals originally confined themselves to holding with their teeth the heads of enemies which had been out off. The form in which the cannibalism spread from the He'iltsuk" is mainly the following : — A slave was killed by his owner, then he was torn to pieces and eaten by the cannibals ; or pieces of flesh were bitten out of tho arms and the chest of people ; or, finally, corpses which had been prepared in a particular way were devoured l)y the cannibals. The first of these customs clearly bears some relation, to war. A slave was obtained in war by the relative of a cannibal, and by killing him the owner celebrated the victory before the asserrbled tribe. It is not possible to prove definitely that the secre'o societies developed in this manner from customs related to war expeditions, but th> close relationship of the two cannot be doubted. We may say, therefore, that the investigations of the Committee have proved that dissemination of cultural elements has taken place all along the North Pacific coast, and also that the most distant parts of the American continent, and probably even parts of the Old World, have contributed to the growth of the culture of the Indians of British Columbia. This fact shows that we cannot accept the sweeping assertion that sameness of ethnical phenomena is alwaya due to the sameness of the working of the human miud^ but that it is necessary to consider in all ul— 8 rl b: mi l,6j tI ,68 m II 52 REPORT — 1898. anthropolo;^ieal invest ig.ations the important element of dissemination of cultural elements. The decorative art of the Indians of the North Pacific coast differs from the arts of other primitive people in that the process of conven- tionalisation has not led to the development of geometric designs, but that the ornaments mostly represent animals. It is generally assumed that all the animal representations found on totem poles or on decorations of household utensils and of wearing apparel represent the totems of the various clans. While it is certainly true that in most cases the artists decorate the objects with the totem of the owner, there are a number of cases in which the reason for applying certain animal designs is founded on other considerations. This is very evident in the case of the fish-club, which is used in despatching halibut and other fish before they are haule^l into the canoe. Aln>ot>t all the clubs that I have seen represent the sea-lion or the killer-whale— the two sea animals which are most feared by the Indians, and/which kill those animals that are to be killed by means of the club. 'I'he idea of giving the club the design of the sea-lion or killer- whale is therefore rather to give it a form appropriate to its function, and perhaps, secondarily, to give it by means of its form great efficiency. Another instance in which a close relation exists between the function of the object and its design is that of the grease dish. Small grease dishes have almost invariably the shape of the seal, or sometimes that of the sea-lion ; that is, of those animals which furnish a vast amount of blubber. Grease of sea animals is considered a sign of wealth. In many cases abundance of food is described by saying that the sea near the houses was covered with the grease of the seal, the soa-lion, and whales. Thus the form of the seal seems to sjmbolise affli»enoe. Otlier grease dishes and food dishes have (he form of canoes, and here, I believe, a similar idea has given rise to the form. The canoe symbolises that a canoe load of food is presented to the guests,, and that this view is probably correct is indicated by the fact that in his speeches the host often refers to the canoe filled with food which he gives to his guests. The canoe form is often modified, and a whole series of types can be established forming the transition between canoe dishes and ordinary trays. Dishes of this sort always bear a conventionalised face at oaL'h short end, while the middle part is not decorated. This is analogous to the style of the decoration of the canoe. The design represents almost always the hawk. I ajn not certain what has given origin to tlio prevalence of this design. On the whole, the decoration of the canoe is totemistic. It may be that it is only the peculiar manner in which tli(! beak of the hawk is represented which lias given rise to the prevalence of this decoration. The upper jaw of the hawk is always shown so that its point reaches the lower jaw and turns back into the mouth. When painted or carved in front view, the beak is indicated by a narrow wedge- shaped strip in the middle of the face^ the point of which touches the lower margin of the chin. The sharp bow and stern of a canoe with a profile of a face on each side, when represented on a level or slightly rounded surface, would as»un>e the same shape. Therefore it may be that originally the middle line was not the beak of the hawk, but the foreshortened bow or stern of the canoe. This decoration is so uniform that the ex.planatioa given here seems to be very probable. Pil" ON THE NORTH-WESTEUN TUIBES OF CANADA. 53 On halibut hooks we find very often decorations representing the squid. The reason for selecting this motive must be looked for in the fact that the squid is used for baiting the hooks. I am not quite certain if the decoration of armour and weapons is totemistic or symbolic. Remarkably many helmets represent the sea- lion, many daggers the bear, eagle, wolf, and raven, while I have not seen one that represents the killer-whale, although it is one of the ornaments that are most frequently shown on totemistic designs. I presume this piienoinenon may be accounted for by a consideration of the ease with which the conventionalised forms lend themselves to decorating certain parts of implements. It is difficult to imagine how the killer-whale could be represented on the handle of a dagger without impairing its usefulness. On the other hand, the long thin handles of ladles made of the horn of the big horn sheep generally terminate with the head of a raven or of a crane, the beak being the end of the handle. This form was evidently suggested by the slender tip of the horn, which is easily carved in this shape. The same seems to be true in the cases of lances or knives, the blades of which are represented as the long, pro- truding tongues of animals ; but it may be that in this case there is a complex action of a belief in the supernatural power of the tongue, and in the suggestions which the decorator received from the shape of the object he desired to decorate. To sum up, it seems that there are a great number of cases of decoration which cannot be considered totemistic, but which are either symbolic or sugg(!sted by the shape of the object to be decorated. It seems likely that totemism was the most powerful incentive in developing the art of the natives of the North Pacific coast ; but the desire to decorate in certain conventional forms once established, these forms were applied in cases in which there was no reason and no intention of using the totemistic mark. The thoughts of the artists were influenced by considerations foreign to the idea of totemism. This is one of the numerous ethnological phenomena w' rh, ulthough apparently simple, cannot be explained psychologically fruin a single cause, but are due to s(;veral factors. The treatment of the animal design is wiy peculiar. We may distinguish two principles which govern the form of reprc utation : First, the animal is characterised by a number of symbols ; .secondly, the artist does not endeavour to roider a perspective view of the animal, but rather to show the whole animal. The first of these principles is probably founded largely on the difficulty encountered in designing realistic representations of various animals which would be clearly recognised as specific animals. For this reason the most characteristic peculiarities of each species become the symbols l>y w hich it is recognised. Thus the beaver is always symbolised by two lai-ge incisors and a scaly tail ; the dog-fish, by an elongated forehead, a mouth with depressed corners, and tiv'e curved lines (the gills) on each cheek ; the killer-whale, by its tail, flippers, and its large dorsal fin ; the sculpin, by two spines which rise over the forehead ; the hawk, by a large beak, which is turned backward so that it touches the chin. Probably all these symbols were originally applied to charact'rise a portion of a quadruped, bird, or fish ; but in course of time they )ame to be considered as sufficient to call to mind the form of the wh.de animal. We find, therefore, that gradually the symbols were to a great extent substituted 54 REPORT — 1898. m < for representations of the whole animal. A dorsal fin worn on the blanket of a dancer, or painted on his face, indicates that the person so decorated personates tiie killer-whale. A strongly curved beak painted on a gambling- stick symbolises that the stick is meant to represent the thunder-bird. A protruding tongue painted on the chin symbolises the bear. The second principle seems to be quite opposed to the first one. When the artist decorates any object with the representation of an animal, he distorts and dissects the animal in such a way as to show the whole body on the decorative field ; but a closer examination of this tendency proves that it originates mainly in the necessity felt by the artist of introducing all the symbols, which are distributed over the whole body of the animal, in the decoration. To give a few instances, bracelets are decorated in such a way that the animal is split along its back, and then represented in such a manner as to make it appear as though tha arm were pushed through the opening. On tattooings the animals are shown as split through along their backs or along their chests, and then flattened out, so that a symmetrical design results. Carvings on totem poles must lie interpreted in the same way, the animal being represented as bisected along the rear side of the totem pole, and extended so that the two margins of the cut appear on the borders of the carved portion of the pole. The distortion and section of animals is nowhere carried further than in representations on boxes, on slate dishes, and on Chilcat blankets ; but in all these decorations we recognise the endeavour to bring such forms of the animal into view as are essential for an understanding of the design — that is to say, all those parts of the animal are represented which serve as its symbols. So far as I am aware, the process of conventionalising has not led to the formation of geometrical designs, which are exceedingly rare on decorated objects from the North Pacific coast. They are found only in certain kinds of basket work and in mattings. Finally, it may be well to add a brief explanation of the econo.nic system prevailing among these Indians, which was fully set forth in the Fifth Report of the Committee. This system finds its expression in the so-called 'potlatch.' The meaning of this custom has been much mis- understood, and the recent enactment of a law making the potlatch a criminal offence is probably in great measure due to a misconception in regard to its meaning. The economic system of the Indians of British Columbia is largely based on credit, just as much as that of civilised communities. In all his undertakings the Indian relies on the help of his friends. He promises to pay them for this help at a later date. If the help furnished consisted in valuables, which are measured by the Indians by blankets as wc measure them by money, he promises to repay the amount so loaned with interest. The Indian has no system of writing, and therefore, in order to give security to the transaction, it is performed publicly. The contracting of debts, on the one hand, and the paying of debts, on the other, is the potlatch. This economic s,ystem has developed i o such an extent that the capital possessed by all the individuals of the tribe combined exceeds many times the actual amount of cash that (>xists ; that is to say, the conditions are quite analogous to those prevailing in our community : if we want to call in all our outstanding debts, it is found that there is not yO—WJf j< JiJlL'HWIJ ON THE NORTH- WESTEttN TRIBES OF CANADA. 65 worn on the the person so beak painted represent tlie iynibolises the it one. When an animal, he le whole body idency proves f introducing f the animal, decorated in i represented were pushed own as split lattened out, oles must he 1 as bisected two margins ^ pole. The her than in kets ; but in ich forms of the design — lich serve as IS not led to ?ly rare on und only in le econo.nic forth in the ssion in the Hiuch mis- potlatch a nception in is largely In all his e promises d consisted :ets as wo )aned with in order to ontracting ■her, is the t that the id exceeds say, the lunity: if ere is not by any means money enough in existence to pay them, and the result of an attempt of all the creditors to call in their loans results in disastrous panic, from which it takes the community a long time #o recover. It must be clearly understood that an Indian who invites all his friends and neighbours to a great potlatch, and apparently squanders all the accumulated results of long years of labour, has two things in his mind which we cannot but acknowledge as wise and worthy of praise. His first object is to pay his debts. This is done publicly and with much ceremony, as a matter of record. His second object is to invest the fruits of his labour so that the greatest benefit will accrue from them for himself as well as for his children. The recipients of gifts at this festival receive these as loans, which they utilise in their present undertakings, but after the lapse of several years they must repay them with interest to the giver or to his heir. Thus the potlatch comes to be considered by the Indians as a means of insuring the well-being of their children if they should be left orphans while still young. It is, we might say, their life insurance. The sudden abolition of this system — which in all its intricacies is very difficult to understand, but the main points of which were set forth in the preceding remarks — destroys therefore all the accumulated capital of the Indians. It undoes the carefully planned life-work of the present gene- ration, exposes them to need in their old age, and leaves the orphans unprovided for. What wonder that it should be resisted with vigour by the best class of Indians, and that only the lazy should support it, because it relieves them of the duty of paying their debts 1 But it will be said that the cruel ceremonies connected with some of the festivals make their discontinuance necessary. An intimate know- ledge of the Indian character leads me to consider that any interference with these very ceremonials is unadvisable. They are so intimately con- nected with all that is sacred to the Indian that their forced discon- tinuance will tend to destroy what moral steadiness is left to him. It was during these ceremonies that I heard the old men of the tribe exhort the young to mend their ways ; that they held up to reprobation the young women who had gone to Victoria to lend a life of shame ; and that they earnestly discussed the question of requesting the Indian Agents to help them in their endeavour to bring the young back to the good, moral life of old. And the cruelty of the ceremonial exists alone in the fancy of those who know of it only by the exaggerated desuriptii>ns of travellers. In olden times it was a war ceremony, and captives were killed and even devoured ; but with the encroachment of civilisation the horrors of the old ceremonies have died out. An old chief has been heard addressing his people thus ; ' How lovely is our time ! No longer do we go in fear of each other ; peace is everywhere. No longer is there the strife of battle ; we only try to outdo each other in the potlatch,' meaning that each tries to invest his property in the most profitable manner, and particularly that they vie with each other in honourably repaying their debts. The ceremony of the present day is no more and no less than a time of general amusement, which is expected with much pleasure by young and old. But enough of its old sacredness remains to give the Indian, during the time of its celebration, an aspect of dignity which he lacks at other times. The lingering survivals of the old ceremonies will die out quickly, and the remainder is a harmless amusement that we should be slow to take away from the native, who is struggling against the over- powerful influence of civilisation. mi 66 REPOUT — 1898. Papers based largely on Investigations carried on for the Committee on the North- Western Tribes of Canada. 1.— Reports I.-XII. of the Committee on the North-Western Tribes of Canada. 2. — Alex. F. Chamberlain. Der Wettlauf. Eine Sage de Kitonaqa. Am Ur- Quell, Bd. III. (1892), S. 212-214. 3. — Einige Wurzeln aus der Sprache der Kitonaqa-Indianer von Britisch- Columbien. Verh. d. Berl. Anthrop. 6es. (185)3), S. 419-425. 4. — Notes on the Kootenay Indians. 15d. I. The Name. Amcr. Antiquarian, vol. XV. (1893), pp. 292-294. 5. — Notes on the Kootenay Indians, their History, &c. Bd. II. Linguistic Data. Ibid., vol. xd. (1894), pp 271-274. 6. — Notes on the Kootenay Indians. Bd. III. Mythology and Folk-lore. Ilnd., vol. xvii. (1895), pp. 68-72. 7.— Sagen vom Ursprung der Fliegen und Moskiten. Am Ur-Quell, Bd. IV. (1893), S. 129-131. Contains abstracts of Kootenay legends. 8 The Coyote and the Owl (Tales of the Kootenay Indians). Memairs of Intern. Congr. of Anthrop. (1893), Chicago, 1894, pp. 282-284. 9. — A Kootenay. Legend: The Coyote and the Mountain-Spirit. Journ. Amer. Folk-lore, vol. vii. (1894), pp. 195, 196. 10. — Words Expressive of Noises in the Kootenay Language. Amer. Anthnij), vol. vii. (1894), pp. 68-70. 11. — New Words in the Kootenay Language. Ihid., pp. 186-192. 12. — Beitrag zur Pflanzenkunde der Naturvolker Amerikas (list of Kootenay Plant-names, with notes on their use). Verh. der Berl. anthrop. 6es. (1895), S. 551-5.'56. 13. — Alex. F. Chamberlain. Sulle significazioni nella lingua degli indigeni americani detti Kitonaqa (Kootenay) dei termini che denotano gli stati e le con- dizioni del corpo e dell' animo : saggio di psicologia tilologica. Arch, per V Antropal. (Firenze), vol. xxiii. (1893), pp. 393-399. 14. — Incorporation in the Kootenay Language. Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., vol. xliii. (1894), pp. 346-348. 15. — Word- formation in the Kootenay Language. Ibid., vol. xliv (1893), pp. 259, 260. 16. — Kootenay Indian Personal Names. Ibid., pp. 260, 261. 17. — Franz Boas. Development of the Culture of North-West America. Science, vol. xii. p. 194. 18. — Petroglypli on Vancouver Island. Traditions of the Kootenay. Verhand' lungen der GeselUchaft fUr Anthropologie (Berlin, 1891), S. 158-172. 19. — Vocabularies from the North Pacific Coast. Proc. Amer. Phil. S0O. (1891), pp. 1 73-208. 20. — Chinook Jargon. Science, vol. xix., No. 474. 21. — Vocabulary of the Kwakiutl Language. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. (1802), pp. 34-82. 22. — Classification of Languages of the North Pacific Coast. Memoirs of the International Co ngrei^s of Anthropology. Chicago, pp. 339-346. 23.— Bella Coola Texts. Proc. Amei-. Phil. Soc. (1895), pp. 31-48. 24. — Indianische Sagen von der nord-pacifischen Kiiste Amerikas (Berlin, Asher & Co., 1895), S. vi-l-363. Map. 25. — The Social Organization and Religious Ceremonialj of the Kwakiutl Indians. Pep. U.S. Nat. Mux. (1895), pp. 311-736. 26. — Sprachen-Karte von Britisch-Columbien. Petermann's Mittheilungen (1896), No. 1. Map. 27. — The Decorative Art of the Indians of the North Pacific Coast. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (New York, 1896), pp. 123-176, 28. — Franz Boas. Die Eniwicklung der Geheim-Biinde der Kwakiutl Indianer. Bastian-Festschrift (1896), S. 435-444. 29, — Songs of the Kwakiutl Indians. Intemat. Archiv fur Ethnog., Supplement (1896), pp. 1-9. 30.— Traditions of the Ts'ctsa'ut. Journ. Amer. Folk-litre (1896), pp. 257-268; and 1897, —■II 1 1. 1., liar si '"""«*««»,» lr^Wl■■O^P^■■»^' '-^*^'^ ON THE IfORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 67 INDEX TO REPORTS, IV.-XII. Adoption among Kootenay, viii. 14. Awlky'en6q: Physical characteristics, xii. table. Beliefs: Bilqula, vii. 15; Kwakiutl, vi. 61, zi. 10 ; tShuswap, vi. 92 ; Songish, vi. 25 ; tribes of Lower Fraser River, ix. 11. Hilqula: Birth, v. 41, vii. 11; current beliefs, vii. 15 ; death, vii. 13 ; houses, vii. 4 ; linguistics, vi. 127 ; marriage, vii. 12; maturity. V. 42, vii. 12; n\edi- cine, vii. 17; potlatch, vii. 6; mytho- logy, iv. 8, vii. 6, 13; physical charac- teristics, v. 12, vii. table 3; religion, vii. 14; secret societies, vii. 6 ; shaman- ism, vii. 15; social organisation, vii. 3; tribes, vii. 2; wars, vii. 15. Birth : Bilqula, v. 41, vii. 11 ; Coast Sal- ish, V. 44 ; Kwakiutl, v. 42, vi. 58, xi. 5 ; Nootka, vi. 39 ; Shuswap, vi. 89 ; Songish, vi. 20 ; Tlingit, v. 40 ; Ts'Ets'- &'ut, X. 45 ; Tsimshian, v. 40. Boas (F.): Report on Indians of British Columbia, iv. 1-10, v. 5-97 and 6 plates, vi. 10-163, vii. 2-43, ix. 1-11, x. 2-71, xi. 1-23, xii. 1-17, 27-56 ; social organisation of Haida, xii. 21-27. Boas (F.) and L. Fahuand : Physical characteristics of the Tribes of British Columbia, xii. 1-17. British Columbia: Comparative vocabu- lary of languages spoken vi. 140, x. 68 ; food of Indians, v. 19 ; government and law v. 34 ; hunting and fibbing, V. 19 ; implements of Indians, v. 19 ; mythology, iv. 6 ; phj sical characteris- 1 ics of coast tribes, v. 11; potlatch V. 38 ; senses and mental character of Indians, v. 18; topography of coast, V. 6; tribes, v. 8 ; wars, v. 39. Canoes, Chilcotin, xii. 20; Kootenay, viii. 22 ; Songish, vi. 14. Carrier: Physical characteristics, xii. table 8. Chamberlain (A. F.) on KoDtenay, viii. 5-71. Charms of Kootenay, viii. 25. Chilcotin: L. Farrand, xii. 18; ai-nour, xii. 20 ; canoes, xii. 20 ; death, xii. ^0 ; dress, xii. 20; houses, xii. 19; indus- tries, xii. 18 ; inheritance, xii. 19 ; lo- cation, xii. 18 ; marriage, xii. 18 ; mythology, xii. 21 ; physical character- istics, xii. table 9 ; shamanism, xii. 19 ; social organisation, xii. 18; vocabu- lary, xii. 37. Childhood of Kootenay, viii. 13. Children, growth cf Indian, xi. 15. Clothing of Ts'Ets'a'ut, x. 39. Coast Salish: Birth, v. 44 ; death, v. 45; houses, V. 22 ; marriage, v. 44 ; religion, V. 51 ; shamanism, v. 59 ; social organ- isation, T. 32. Colour perception of Kootenay, viii. 11. Columbia River : Physical characteristics of tribes, vii. 24. Comox : Physical characteristics, v. 17, xi. 16. Comparative vocabulary, vi. 140, z. 68. Crania from North Pacific coast, de- formed, vi. 95. Crime among Kootenay, viii. 14. Customs of barcees, iv. 12. Death : Bilqula, vii. 13 ; Chilcotin xii. 20 ; Coast Salish, v. 45 ; Heiltsuk*, vi. 58 ; Kootenay, t. 4(5, viii. 16 ; Kwa- kiutl, v. 43, vi. 58, xi 7 ; Nlska', x. 52 ; Nootka, vi. 43 ; Sarcees, iv. 15 ; Shus- wap. vi. 91 ; Songish, vi. 23 ; tribes of lower Fraser River, ix. 5; Ts'Ets'a'ut, X. 46 ; Tsimshian, v. 41. Deformed crania from North Pacific coast, vi. 96. Dress : Chilcotin, xii. 20 ; Kootenay, viii. 24. Ethnology, linguistic, Horatio Hale on, viii. 1-5; of British Columbia, Horatio Hale on, v. 1-5, vi. 1-10. Faekand (L.) and F. BoAS, Phj'sical characteristics of tribes of British Columbia, xii. 1-17. Faeband (L.), Ethnology of Chilcotin, xii. 18-21. Festivals of Niska', x. 52. Fishing: Kootenay, viii. 20 ; Songish, vi. 16 ; tribes of lower Fraser River, ix. 7. B'ood : Indians of British Columbia, v. 19; Kootenay, viii. 27; Shuswap, vi. 85 ; Songish, vi. 15. Future life among Tlingit, v. 46. Gambling: Sarcees, iv. 14; Songish, vi. 19. Games : Kwakiutl, xi. 10 ; Ntsk-a', z. 61 ; Nootka, vi. 38 ; Shuswap, vi. 89 ; Ts'Ets'a ut, X, 47. Genealogies of tribes of lower Fraaer River, ix. 3, table i. Gitamat : Physical characteristics of, vii. 20. mi M HJEESWTOBff^J :j 58 REPORT — 1898. , ( /.' Government and law among Indians of Britisn Columbia, v. 34. Governmtnt of Shuswap, vi. 86. Haida : Houses, v. 22 ; linguistics, v. 71 ; mythology, iv. 7 ; physical characteris- tics, V. 12, 15,vii. 20, xii. 15, 42, table 11; seoret societies, v. 58, vii. 48 ; shaman- ism, V. 58 ; social organisation, iv. 4, v. 23, 26 ; worship and prayers, iv. 9. Hale (Horatio), Introductory letter, iv. 1-4 ; ethnology of British Columbia, T. 1-5, vi. I-IO ; linguistic ethnology, viii. 1-5 ; Sarcees, iv. 21 23. Harrison Lake: Physical characteristics of tribes, vii table 5. Heiltsuk- : Death, vi. 58 ; physical cha- racteristics, xii. table 11 ; social organ- isation, iv. 5, v. 23, 29. History of Ts'Etsa'ut, x. 35. Houses: Bilqula, vii. 4; Chilcotin xii. 19 ; Coast Salish, v. 22 ; Haida, v. 22 ; Kootenay, viii. 22 ; Kwakiutl, v. 22 ; Niska', xi. 12 ; Nootka, v. 22 ; Shus- wap, vi. 80 ; Songish, vi. 11; Tlingit, V. 22; Ts'Ets'a'ut, x. 40; Tsimshian, V. 22, xi. 12. Hunting and fishing in British Columbia, V. 19. Hunting: Kootenay, viii. 19 ; tribes of lower B'raser River, ix. 7 ; Ts'Ets'a'ut, X. 41. Implements of Indians of British Colum- bia, V. 19. Indian children, growth of, xi. 15. Indian words, transcription of, iv. 4, vi. 10, vii. 2, X. 2, xii. 38. Indians of British Columbia, reports on, iv. 1-10, v. 5-97 and 6 plates, vi. 10- 1(53, vii. 2-43, viii. 5-71, ix. 1-11, x. 2- 71,xi. 1-23, xii. 1-61. Industries: Chilcotin, xii. 18; Shuswap, vi. 83. Inheritance: Chilcotin, xii. 19 ; Kootenay, viii. 14. Introduction to report of Committee, by Sir Daniel Wilson, vii. 1. Kootenay : Adoption, viii. 14 ; canoes, viii. 22 ; charms, viii. 25 ; childhood, viii. 13; colour perception, viii. II; crime, viii. 14; death, v. 46, viii. 16; dress, viii. 24 ; fishing, viii. 20 ; food, viii. 27 ; ho jses, viii. 22 ; hunting, viii. 19; linguistics, v. 93, viii. 45; manu- factures, viii. 23 ; marriage v. 46, 13 ; matuiiiy, v. 45; medicine, viii. 29; music, viii. 17; mythology, iv. 9, viii. 81 ; ornameuls, viii. 25 ; painting, viii. 16; physical characteristics, viii. 38; property and inheritance, viii. 14 ; reli- gion, viii. 15 ; report of A. F. Chamber- lain, viii. 5-71 ; senses and mental character, viii. 8 ; shamani.«im, v. 5t), viii. 15; sign language, viii. 36; social organisation, iv. 6, viii. 12 ; tattooing, viii. 16 ; terms of relationship, viii. 12; tribes, viii. 6 ; worship and praveis, iv. 10. Kwakiutl : Birth, v. 42, vi. 58, xi. 5; cur- rent beliefs, vi. 61, xi. 10; death, v. 43, vi. 58, xi. 7 ; games, xi. 10 ; houses, v. 22; linguistics vi. 103, xi. 17; mar- riage, V. 42; mythology, iv. 7; physi- cal characteristics, v. 12, 15, vii. 21, x. tables 3, 4, 5 ; xii. table 12 ; religion, v. 51, vi. 58 ; secret societies, v. 52, vi. 62 ; shamanism, vi.59, xi. 2; social organi- sation, V. 29, 33, vi. 56 ; tribes, vi. 52 ; worship and prayers, iv. 9. Kwakiutl type, xii. 16. Languages spoken in British Columbia, comparative vocabulary of, vi. 140. Linguistic stocki, iv. 4. Linguistics: Bilqula, vi. 127; Haida, v 71 ; Kootenay, v. 93, viii. 45 ; Kwakiutl, vi. 103, xi. 17; Ntlakya'pamuQ, xit. 27; Nisk-a', X. 62, xi. 18; Nootka, vi. 116; Okanagon. vi. 135 ; Salish languages, vi. 127 ; Sarcees, iv. 17 ; Shuswap, vi. 131; Snanaimtiq, vi. 128; Stla'tlumii, vi. 133; Tlingit, v. 60; Ts'Ets'ft'ut, x. 66; Tsimshian, v. 81. Lku'ngen. See Songish. Location: Chilcotin, xii. 18; Sarcees, Iv. 10; Shuswap, vi. 80 ; Ts'Ets'a'ut, x. 34. Lower Fraser River : Physical rharacter- istics of tribes, vii. 22 ; tribes, ix. 1. Ly I ton, Physical characteristics of Indians of, v. 18. Manufactures: Kootenay, viii. 23; Song- ish, vi. 14. Marriages : Bilqula, vii. 12 ; Chilcotin, xii. 18 ; Coast Salish, v. 44 ; Kootenay, v. 46, viii. 13 ; Kwakiutl, v. 42 ; Nlsk a', X. 54; Nootka, vi. 42; Sarcees, iv. 14 ; Shuswap, vi. 90 ; Songish, vi. 23 ; tribes of lower Fraser River, ix. 4 ; Ts'Ets'a'ut, X. 45 ; Tsimshian, v. 40. Maturity: Bilqula, v. 42, vii. 12; Koo- tenay, v. 45; Nootka, vi. 40 ; Shuswap, vi. 89 ; Songish, vi. 22 ; Ts'Ets'a'ut, x. 45 ; Tsimshian, v. 40. Medicine: Bilqula, vii. 17; Kootenay, viii. 29 ; Songish, vi. 24. Mental character : It'dians of British Co- lumbia, V. 18; Kootenay, viii. 8. ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRr"''-S OF CANADA. 59 Music: Kootenay, viii. 17; Nlska', x. 50, fil ; Nootka, vi. 36-38, 41, 44, 46, 48-50 ; Ts'Bts'a'ut, X. 46. Mythology: Bilqula, iv. 8, vii. 6, 18; Chilcotin, xii. 21 ; Haida, iv. 7; Koo- tenay, iv. 9, viii. 31 ; Kwakiatl, iv. 7; Nlska', X. 50; Nootka, iv. 8, vi. 43; Ntlakya'pamuQ, iv. 8 ; Salish, iv. 8 ; Kongish, vi. 27 ; Tlingit, iv. 6 ; tribes of British Columbia, iv. 6 ; tribes of lower Fraser River, ix. 9; Ts'Bts'a'ut, x. 47; Tsimshian, iv. 7. Nasil index of skulls, xi. 16. Nicola Valley, Tinneh tribe of, x. 30-34, xii. 18, 38. Nlska': Death, x. 52; festivals, x. 52; games, X. 61; houses, xi. 12; linguis- tics, X. 62, xi. 18 ; marriage, x. 54 ; music, X. 50, 51 ; mythology, x. 50 ; physical characteristics, x. tables 1, 2 ; xii. table 1 1 ; religion, x. 61 ; secret socie- ties, X. 54 ; shamanism, x. 5*J ; social organisation, x. 48 ; totem poles, x. 52. Nootka : Birth, vi. 39 ; death, vi. 43 ; games, vi. 38 ; houses, r. 22 ; linguis- tics, vi. 116; marriage, vi. 42; matu- rity, vi. 40; music, vi. 36-38, 41, 44, 46, 48-50 ; mythology, iv. 8, vi. 43 ; omens relative to birth of twins, vi. 39 ; paint- ings, vi 35, 40 ; physical characteris- tics, v. 12, 15, vii. 21 ; pot latch, vi. 36; religion, vi. 43; secret societies, vi. 47 ; shamanism, vi. 44 ; social organisation, vi. 32; tattooing, vi. ,38; tribes, vi. 31. Northern type, xii. 16, 42. North Pacific Coast : Deformed crania, vi. 95 ; physical characteristics of tribes, vii. 18, X. 3. Northern Oregon : Physical characteris- tics of tribes, vii. 26. Ntlakya'pamuQ: Linguistics, xii. 27 ; my- thology, iv. 8 ; physical characteristics, X. tables, 7-11, xii. table 10. Okanagon: Linguistics, vi. 135; physical characteristics, x. table 11. Ornamentation, Ts'Bts'a'ut, x. 43. Ornaments, Kootenay, viii. 25. Painting: Kootenay, viii. 16; Nootka, vi. 35, 40; preliminary notes, iv. 6. Physical characteristics : Bilqula, v. 12, vii. table 3 ; Chilcotin, xii. table 9 ; coast tribes of British Columbia, v.l 1; Comox, V. 17; Gitamit, vii. 20; Haida, v. 12, 15, vii. 20, xii. t ible 11; Indians of Lytton, V. 18 ; Kootenay, viii. 38 ; Kwakiutl, v. 12, 15, vii. 2), X. tables 3-5; Nlska', X. tables 1, 2; Nootka, v. 12, 15, vii. 21; Ntlakya'pamuQ, x. tables 7-11; Okanagon, x. table 1 1 ; Oregonian Tinneh, vii. table 9; Kanitch, v. 17; Sarcees, iv. 16; Shuswap, viii. 71, x. table 11 ; Sishiatl, x. table 5; Songish, v. 17; Ttt'Kts'a'ut, X. table 1; Tsim- shian, v. 12, 15, vii. 20. Physical characteristics of tribes : Coast of Washington, vii. table 6; Columbia River, vii. 24; Harrison Lake, vii. table 5 ; Lower Fraser River, vii. 22, x. table 6; North Pacific coast, vii. 18, x. 3 ; Northern Oregon, vii. 26 ; Southern Oregon vii. 28. Potlatch : Bilqula, vii. 6 ; British Colum- bia, V. 38; Nootka, vi. 36. Preliminary notes on mythology : Bilqula, iv. 8; British Columbia, iv. 6; Haida, iv. 7; Kootenay, iv. 9 ; Kwakiutl.iv. 7 ; Nootka, iv. 8; Ntlakya'qamuQ. iv. 8; Salish, iv. 8; Tlingit, iv. 6; Tsimshian, iv. 7. Preliminary notes on painting, iv. 5. Preliminary notes on social organisation : Haida, iv. 4 ; Heiltsuk', iv. 5 ; Koote- nay, iv. (5 ; Salish, iv. 6 ; Tlingit, iv 5. Preliminary notes on tattooing, iv. 5. Preliminary notes on worshipand prayers: Haida, iv. 9; Kootenay, iv. 10; Kwa- kiutl, iv. 9 ; Salish, iv. 10 ; Tlingit, iv, 9 ; Tsimshian, iv. 9. Preliminary report by F. Boas, iv. 1-10. Property among Kootenay, viii. 14. Relationship: Kootenay, terms of, viii. 12; Salish languages, terms of, vi. 136. Religion: Bilqula, vii. 14; Coast Salish, v. 5i ; Kootciuiy, viii. 15; Kwakiutl, V. 61, vi. 58; Nlska', x. 61; Nootka, vi. ^^3; Shuswap, vi. 93; Songish, vi. 28; trioes of Lower Fraser River, ix. 9; Ts'KtsA'ut, X. 46; Tsimshian, v. 49. Reports ou Indians of British Columbia, iv. I-IO, V. 5-97 and 6 plates, vi. 10- 16H, vii. 2-43, x. 2-71, xi. 1-23, xii. 1-61. Salish languages : Linguistics, vi. 127 ; terms of relationship, vi. 136. Salish : Mythology, iv. 8 ; social organisa- tion, iv. 5 ; worship and prayers, iv. 10. Sanitch : Physical characteristics, v. 17. Saic^es: Customs, iv. 12; death, iv. 15; gambling, iv. 14; linguistics, iv. 17; location.iv. 10; marriage, iv. 14; origin, iv. 1) ; physical characteristics, iv. 16 ; remarks by Horatio Hale, iv. 21-23 ; report by E. F. Wilson, iv. 10-5^1; shamanism, iv. 15 ; traditions, iv. 12. b; 301 60 REPORT— 1898. 1 'I i^'. \m Secret societies ; Bilqula, vii. 6 ; Haida, v. 58 ; Kwakiutl, v. B2, vi. fi2 ; Niska', x. 64; Nootka, tI. 47; Songish, vi. 26; Tsiinshian, v. 5(5. Senses and mental character : Indians of British Columbia, v. 18; Kootenay, viii. 8. Shamanism, Bilqula: vii. 15 ; Chilcotin, xii. 19 ; Coast 8alish, v. 5'.) ; Haida, v. 58; Kootenay, v. 59, viii. 15; Kwa- kiutl, vi. 59, xi, 2; Niska'. x. 59; Nootka, vi. 44 ; Sarcees, iv. 15; Shus- wap, vi. 9H; Hongish, vi. 28; Tlingit, T. 58 ; tribes of lower Fraser lliver, ix. 9; Ts'Bts'ft'ut, X. 45; Tsimshian, v. 58. Shuswap: Birth, vi. 89; current beliefs, vi. 92 ; death, vi. 91 ; food, vi. 85 ; games, vi. 89; government, vi. 86; houses, vi. 80, industries, vi. 83; linguistics, vi. 131 ; location, vi. 80; marriage, vi, 90; maturity, vi. 89 ; physical characteris- tics, viii. 71, X. table 11, xii. table 7 ; religion, vi. 93 ; shamanism, vi. 93 ; sign language, vi. 87 ; social organisa- tion, vi. 85; war, 86. Sign language : Kootenay, viii. 36 ; Shus- wap, vi. 87 ; Songish, vi. 25. Sishiatl, physical characteristics, x. table 5. Skulls, nasal index, xi. 16. Slaves of Chilcotin, xii. 19. Snanairauq : Linguistics, vi. 128. Social organisation : Bilqula, vii. 3 ; Chil- cotin, xii. 18; Coast Salisb, v. 32; Haida, iv. 4, v. 23, 26 ; Heiltsuk-, iv. 5, v. 23, 29 ; Kootenay, iv. 6, viii. 12 ; Kwakiutl, V. 29, .33, vi. 56; Niska', x. 48 ; Nootka, vi. 32 ; Salisb, iv. 5; Shus wap, vi. 85; Songish, vi, 17; Tlingit, iv. 5, v. 23, 25 ; tribes of lower Fraser River, ix. 3 ; Ts'Ets'a'ut, X. 44 ; Tsimshian, v, 23, 24, 27, Songish: Birth, vi. 20; canoes, vi. 14; current beliefs, vi. 25 ; death, vi. 23 ; fishing, vi. 16 ; food, vi. 15 ; gambling, vi. 19; houses, vi, 11; manufactures, vi. 14 ; marriage, vi. 23 ; maturity, vi. 22 ; medicine, vi. 24 ; mythology, vi. 27 ; omens relative to birth of twins, vi. 22 ; physical characteristics, v. 17 ; religion, vi, 28 ; secret societies, vi. 26 ; shamanism, vi. 28 ; sign language, vi. 25; social organisation, vi. 17 ; tat- tooing, vi. 22, Southern Oregon : Physical character- istics of tribes, vii. 28. StI'atEmQ : Physical characteristics, xii. table 6. Stla'tlumH : Linguistics, vi. 133; physical characteristics, xii. tables 1, 2, 3. StlKniqft'li!X]umQ : Physical charac.ter- ibtics, xii. tables 4, 5, 6. Summary of the work of the Committee, xii. 40-56, Tattooing: Kootenay, viii, 16; Nootka, vi, 38 ; Songish, vi. 22 ; preliminary notes, iv. 5. Teit (James) : Tinneh of Nicola Vallcv, X. 31-33 Terms of relationship : Kootenay, viii. 12; Salisb languages, vi. 136. Thompson River type, xii. 15, 42. Tinneii of Nicola Valley, x. 30-34 ; James Teit on, x, 31-33, Tinneh, Oregonian : Physical character- istics, vii. table 9. Tlingit : Birth, v. 40 ; future life, v. 46 ; houses, V. 22 ; linguistics, v. 60 ; mytho- logy, iv. 6 ; shamanism, v. 58 ; social organisation, iv 5, v. 23, 25 ; worship and prayers, iv. 9. Totem poles of Niska', x. 52. Traditions of Sarcees, iv. 12, Transcription of Indian words, iv. 4, vi. 10, vii, 2, X, 2, xii, 38, Tribes : Bilqula, vii, 2 ; cotast of Washing- ton, physical characteristics, vii. table 6 ; Columbia River, physical character- istics, vii, 24; Harrison Lake, physical characteristics, vii. table 5 ; Kootenay, viii, 6 ; Kwakiutl, vi. 52; Nootka, vi. 31 ; Northern Oregon, physical cha- racteristics, vii. 26 ; Southern Oregon, physical characteristics, vii. 28. Tribes of Lower Fraser River, ix. 1 ; cur- rent beliefs, ix. 11 ; death, ix. 5; fisli- ing, ix. 7 ; genealogies, ix, table 1 ; bunting, ix. 7 ; marriage, ix, 4 ; my- thology, ix. 9 ; physical characteristics, vii. 22, X, table 6; religion, ix. !t; shamanism, ix, 9 ; social organisation, ix, 3. Ts'Ets'a'ut : Birth, x, 45 ; clothing, x. :?!• ; death, x. 46; games, x. 47; hiHtoiy, X. 35; houses, X. iO ; hunting, x. 41; linguistics, x. 66; location, x, 'M; marriage, x, 45; maturity, x, 45; music, X. 46 ; mythology, x. 47 ; orna- mentation, X. 43 ; physical character- istics, X. table 1 ; religion, x. 4f) ; shamanism, x. 45 ; social organisation, X. 44 ; villages, x. 39. Tsimshian: Birth, v. 40; death, v 41; houses, V. 22, xi. 12 ; linguistics, v. HI ; marriage, v. 40; maturity, v. 40; my- thology, iv. 7; physical characteristics, V. 12, 15, vii. 20, xii. table; religion, V. 49 ; secret societies, v. 56 ; shaman- ism, V. 58 ; social organisation, v. 21', 24, 27 ; worship and prayers, iv. 9. Twins : Omens relative to birth, Nootka, vi, 39 ; Songish, vi, 22. ■jmamm -IM ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 61 ill. 16; Nootka, 22 ; preliminary •f Nicola Vallcv. Villnpe of Ts'Bts'a'ut, x. 30. Vocabulary of Chilcolin, xii. 37. comparative, x. H8; languages spoken in British Columbia, vi. 1(0. War of Shuswap, vi. 80. Wars : Bilqula. vii. 15 ; Indians of British Columbia, v. 39. Washinfjton : Physical chanicteristics of tribes of coast, vii. tuUc C. WIL80N (E. F,), Report by, on Sarcees, iv. 10-21. Wilson (Hit Daniel), Introduction by, to Report of Committee, vii. 1. Words in language of Tinnoh of Nicola Valley, x. 33, xii. 38. Worship and prayers, llaida, Kooteuay, iv. 10 ; Kwakiutl, Salish, iv. 10; Tlingit, iv. 9 shian, iv. 9. iv. 9; iv. 9; Tsim- sical character- iture life, v. 46 ; :8, V. 60 ; mytho- ». V. 58 ; social 23, 25 ; worship mi !,a 73 M HIINIED BY BPOTTISWOODK AND CO., NRV.'-STREET SQUARE LONDON Il • ii^i V I. Malos o a I F. 14 mm. 1,4G(5 1,183 650 1,527 751 328 178 161 110 141 49 36 905 780 73-5 431 1041 511 22-3 a o *^ 0) F. 18 ram. 1,654 1,353 658 1,692 849 390 183 157 118 149 65 39 85-8 792 70-9 421 102-3 61-5 23-6 W 'J o •-9 C3 O en u -«-> a* 23 ^ a 7i ^ Q 1-3 ■ji es /-\ '*-' n s> s la >j a a 3 % ■/3 S c ! 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F. 30 3-1 mm. mm o I 'Si M '-A ^ F. 35 20 -a a B. 40 186-5 162 127 148 53 35 368 182 164 120 150 47 42 mm. : mm. 1,601" 1,618 1,700 1,310 j 1,321 1,306 61" : 594 , 614 l,6oi 1,72;: ,1,792 850 865 415 880 38.} 87-6 90-1 86-8 I 80-0 66-0 89-4 46-6 109-9 63-2 24-8 46-0 108-3 540 23-3 18i i53 115 143 61 38 8-1-1 8U'4 IH iW2 103-1 e.rO 23-8 21 a a a a o a Ho 22 S3 PI a o 1-5 a F. 60 nun. I mm. lo7« ' 1,582 « 1322 603 1,299 572 1693 1,681 BOH 828 365 23 -3 Pi ■t « «-! C.-/3 F. 65 190 164 122 155 57 42 86-3 78-7 73-7 ' Son of No. 16 ; measured with shoes on spruce boughs. 24 25 SI 1 n ■*:> «J S ■s o M ■s x s oT M a 1 o Ki M a l-a 14 [49 i37 ItK) 138 42 32 F. 18 mm. l.f.S2 1,322 686 1,62-i 789 373 c o F. 20 mm. l,r.20 1,268 I G95 ! 1,592 I 839 365 } 22 mm 1 1,504 F. 23 27 s c •2i ■a c < F. a "3 a < 28 28 ■a 29 mm. I mm. I,t«.l3 , 1,5H5 a '-¥. 29 1.212 1,223 : 1,323 i 644 I 650 j 718 1,544 ; 1,C08 1,605 '; 1,594 1,558 mm. ! mm. 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K. 50 181 148 I 106 '113-5 SO I 38 81 8 728 76 180 157 124 147 56 38 87-2 84-4 67 9 mm. mm. 1,463 1,474 1,186 42-8 103-2 63-4 23-5 48-5 ?| .W-2 107-2 I 101 61-3 I 52 9 19-9 71 23 9 636 1,461 744 323 172 157 120 139 56 32 91-3 86-3 58-2 436 lOO-O 51 22-1 1,226 688 l,rs.s 762 330 178 15.5 101 137 49 37 87-1 737 75-5 46-8 1078 51 H 224 51 62 '■A y, V 2 t a F. 60 mm. 1,429 1,180 6S2 I. .139 718 3;t5 18:i 151 lis 112 53 39 H(l-3 s:!-i ■:>-6 F. 70 : mm. i,:n.H 1,(196 I 631 , 1,161 666 345 \ 183 I 148 I l;!9 ! 11(1 j 53 { 3t; Hd'.l 79-2 I 67 9 48 467 107-7 IIIH6 50-6 49 3 23-6 256 spruce boughs. " l-'ali.erof Si,. 41. u I m in. 82 10 ■OG .46 <00 130 155 ,M !:■<"» ini h. , [A^orth- Western Tribes of Canada. 2 ^ B. 60 im. 586 ,322 748 ,733 815 369 195 158 119 153 54 44 810 77-8 81-5 471 109-2 61-3 23-2 10 17 4 n 5 4 16 .9 9 19 U i2 5 •9 ■7 1-5 !0 J-9 J2 97 § ^ i 0) pq B. 40 mm. 1,570 1,274 662 1,560 866 372 186 150 118 142 45 37 80-6 831 82-2 42-2 994 552 23-7 98 s a 11 > be 'C PQ F. 60 mm. 1,328 1,056 584 1,375 708 295 164 163 101 133 45 36 86'8 77-9 67-3 933 76-9 800 439 45-3 1036 ' 105-6 632 I 51-3 22-2 22-8 99 a a 100 a c a o B. 60 mm. 1,487 1,205 675 1,571 764 340 176 151 109 140 52 36 '9) CS -^ a a o B. 60 mm. 1,517 1,241 671 1,555 793 319 183 148 114 140 45 33 80-9 81-4 73-3 44-1 102-5 522 210 101 a o « p o o B. 60 mm. 1,563 1,281 667 1,560 792 348 190 159 113 150 54 44 837 75-3 81-5 42-8 1000 50-8 223 102 a a ce -a ■»:> 4^ a a fl o o i^ pc, B. 65 mm. 1,480 1,226 634 1,456 760 313 178 153 126 144 54 37 86'0 875 42-8 51-4 21-1 103 (4 O 104 a B. 65 *3 V o o F. 70 mm. 1,492 1,229 654 1,508 746 336 182 155 114 141 52 38 mm, 1,480 1,194 676 1,545 720 332 180 148 113 143 48 41 85-2 I 82-2 80 9 ' 79-0 73-1 I 85-4 43-9 45-7 01 1 104-4 50-1 48-6 22-6 224 105 I a ! o •»3 B. 70 mm. 189 154 109 144 50 40 81-5 75-7 80 f f. B. 68 mm. 1,640 1,333 735 1,696 1 ' .807 s 369 ) 178 s 155 118 7 148 ;i 53 18 42 •1 87-0 .•6 79-7 1-3 79-2 1-3 5-6 1-6 !-3 44-9 103-4 492 22-5 b(o.\ Mother of No. 56 6Sth Report, /j,.,. Astoc, 1898 ] 1. Sllatliumii (continued). lb. Lillooct, Bridge River, Fountain, Pm 53 63 LMa 64 s les * ~m 7 Number 54 65 66 57 68 69 60 61 62 65 66 67 a 68 69 B 70 1 74 'S s> •a -C n 4» '>3 ^4J 13 43 r ■a 3 'u n 1 1 - 1 a 3 a s & Observer .... F. F. B. F. 11 B B. B. 20 B. B. 23 B. B. n. B. B. 40 B. 40 B. B. i. 1 B. B. 1 B. 60 70 ! B. 6 B. 8 I 15. Age 7 7 9 9 11 13.1 20 28 35 35 40 40 40 so 1 60 12 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. im. mm. mm. 1 mm. 1 mm. ~ mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. ram. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mrt Height standing . 1,204 l.KiO 1,275 1.203" 1,348 1,296' 1,453' 1,712 1,603 1,774 1,601 1,(M5 1,603 1,631 1,569 1,607 1,625* 1,670» 586 i 1,570 1,665 1,643 1 oit 11,111 ■,- Height of shoulder 938 926 1,007 960 1,080 1.033 1,190 1,398 1,320 1,451 1,.309 — 1,340 1,324 1,266 1,294 1.332 1,354 322 1,285 1,260 ,1,376 ' 747 j 948 l.Oi < Longtli of arm 510 490 567 522 578 550 658 775 715 815 698 — 712 725 691 709 712 711 7.18 761 700 735 ; 411 r."a ^ o Finger-roach .... 1,230 1,156 1,311 1,212 1,.380 1,306 1,631 1,813 1,661 1,922 1,666 1,738 1,654 1,679 1,650 1 ,630 1,720 1,718 733 1,722 1,639 1,681 ! Olio 1,163 1,3 '815 '792 828 845 625 ! 615 ; 6 Height sitting . . , 593 596 650 622 698 704 731! 920 853 923 886 83.-) 8J0 850 8»:i 376 863 908 Width of shoulders 2f)l 174 254 298 ^66 294 294 312 391 182 380 408 191 402 382 187 386 ; 189 368 192 385 182 363 190 396 192 384 369 400 355 844 222 j 258 j 2 196 — — j ■ i 1 . Length of head . 168 176 170 173 J 72 187 179 180 188 192 185 1 187 1 164 ! 157 Breadth of head . 157 152 160 153 155 149 145 158 kfi2 167 151 1.'.6 162 157 147 163 154 1.59 158 151 157 ! 130 ! 148 139 Height of face 99 101 104 105 105 102 118 120 126 123 118 119 118 123 111 129 123 130 119 119 116 121 ij 91 101 Breadth of face 127 126 127 126 130 131 128 ; 151 148 153 138 150 156 1 141 139 149 146 147 153 16C 153 144 ' 119 lio Height of no.se 42 40 60 42 1 *" 44 51 60 62 55 61 53 54 i 56 50 57 67 57 64 5^ 57 66 { 1 38 1 ti Breadth of nose . 34 90-2 31 38 31 38 89-6 34 86-6 32 42 38 90-6 39 38 1 3:< 40 i 85'7 38 43 80-8 89 86-8 34 80-2 35 84-6 44 sl 81-0 44 37 38 28 : 26 90-2 88-6 ' 765 87-1 78- Length-breadth index . 90-6 90-9 90 77-5 ' 86-8 87-4 83-9 88-4 81-8 5 84-9 j 80-2 Facial index .... 780 80-8 810 83-3 80-8 770 92-2 79-8 861 80-4 86-5 793 75-6 87-2 ! 799 86-6 84-2 88-4 s' 77-8 79-3 75-2 ! 840 Nasal index .... 810 42-5 77C 422 760 446 738 43-5 79-2 1 77-3 62-7 840 ! 45-3 731 70-9 74-5 43-6 691 741 67-9 860 1 44-0 68-4 69-6 61-4 77 81-B ^4 47-1 81-5 64-9 ! 691 48-6 44-9 44-8 1 73-7 59-5 i 42-2 i 42-9 000 99-4 Index of arm .... ' 428 423 45-4 447 460 44-6 44-6 440 43-7 42-6 Index of finger-reach . 102 2 99-7 102-8 1008 102-4 KO-S 105-4 , 105-9 103-6 108-4 103-9 105-6 103-2 102-9 105-2 101-4 106-8 102-9 104 109-2 ! 109-7 ! 1047 102-3 Index of height sitting Index of width of shoulders . 49-4 21-8 514 21 9 612 236 61-8 22'2 51-7 218 54-2 22-6 60-8 21-5 ' 53-8 ' 22-9 53-3 23-8 62 1 230 66-4 25-1 ! 60-6 232 62-6 24-1 58-1 22-6 61-2 24-6 54-3 22-5 630 24-3 54-7 23'1 62i51-3 i 60-4 ; 531 I 61-6 |i OAV • 00 i 24 \83-2 1 25-5 j 22-8 | 21-0 jj 22-8 \ 22-1 ' Son f) f No. 9 3. ir*«**- ' Bono f No, 6 9 ' Son of No. 70. , Kg. 58. ■ *«>" 1. Stlalliumii (continued). Bridge River, Fountain, Pavilion. [A'ort/j- ITeWern Tribes of Canada. 11. Females 75 .S 8 1 ra 77 « .9 m I % 78 1 79 80 i 1 81 82 1 83 1 84 ; 85 80 1 CO 87 5 88 89 90 91 92 1 93 IV 1 94 S 1 96 96 1 I 07 1 1 98 < 99 4) 'a a < 1 1 100 1 ! < 1 101 j 102 103 104 at .5 < 105 0) a 1 6 1 ^ 3 3 i •A 1 1 .2 .* 3 cr 1 1 i a "v X 1 i 1 J3 1 3 u % S 8, ! IS 1 'u a a 1 a B c 1 a 3 a 3 a B g 1 a 1 a a i a 3 1 1 i a 1 a e •s 1 ' a .9 > > i n 13 3 03 CI 1 1 0) > s 1 'S pa 1 d 'S e 1 1 □ 1' a *3 1 '5 1 1 1 r-4 B. B. B. B. B. B. B. F. B. B. 1 1 B. B. B. B. B. B. B. B. B. B. ¥. B. B. F. B. B. B. 11. B. F. B. 60 mm. 1,565 70 ' mm. I 1,643 5 mm. 974 8 mm. 1,174 12 mm. 1,284 13 mm. 1.528 14 15 mm. 1,469 16 mm. 1.6-23 18 20 20 mm. 1,550 20 ram. 1,470 22 mm. 1,532 22 mm. 1,633 22 23 j 25 mm. : mm. l,.-)32' 1,575 26 30 80 mm. 1,494 36 mm. 1,650 40 60 mm. 1,328 60 mm. 1,487 60 mm. 1,517 60 mm. 1,503 65 mm. 1.480 66 mm. 1,492 70 ' mm. ,1,480 70 mm. mm. 1,520 mm. 1,570 mm. 1,5.52 mm. 1,006 mm. 1,568 » mm. I,.i03 mm. 1,570 1,260 1,376 747 948 1,030 1,243 1,227 1,182 1,317 1,319 1,250 1,290 1,200 j 1,276 1,282 1,328 1.280 1,320 1,282 l,2.-)2 1,238 , 1,297 1,274 1,056 1,'205 1,241 1,2H1 1,226 1,229 1,194 — 700 735 411 502 669 662 687 640 712 084 693 693 651 j 088 672 675 ()97 716 089 6S9 618 6T4 002 584 675 071 0(!7 034 054 070 — 1,039 1,681 I 9l>5 1,163 1,307 1,577 1,583 1,515 1,075 1,602 1,590 lOOG 1,548 1,617 1,603 1,607 1,000 1,040 1,614 1,000 : 1,485 1,581 1,560 1,375 1,571 1,555 1,500 1,4.^6 l,.-)08 1,545 — 828 845 1 526 615 690 793 785 749 870 827 780 807 764 813 823? 831 80S 794 804 , 774 808 835 860 708 764 793 792 700 740 1 720 1 355 186 344 222 1 164 258 ; 286 330 342 177 329 16(i 376 185 856 172 358 185 340 345 i;4 369 316 370 300 181 382 108 380 181 338 179 336 344 180 H72 180 295 340 176 319 ; 1H3 348 313 830 1 332 1 187 157 j 166 ' 181 181 178 170 181 i 173 190 178 182 ! 180 189 157 ! 150 ! 148 139 141 150 l.'i3 146 156 1 VST, 165 154 155 157 149 149 ! 149 140 156 148 1 150 159 150 ■ 153 161 1 148 159 153 155 1 148 154 115 121 1 91 101 ! 101 i 112 1 108 114 119 109 116 112 105 107 111 117 117 108 118 113 j 112 119 ' 118 ' 101 ' 109 114 113 120 114 113 109 163 144 119 116 1 123 i 13:-: 131 135 141 144 138 143 138 144-5 140 134 HO 135 142 i 141 : 139 149 142 i 133 140 140 150 144 141 1 M3 144 67 66 38 42 \ 46 41 52 46 51 44 40 40 ; 42 ! 42 46 ' 48 49 39 45 I 40 ! 49 61 45 ! 45 62 45 54 54 52 48 50 37 84-9 38 80-2 1 28 i 00-2 26 1 1 2G ' :i2 8'i-9 33 86-4 36 39 84-3 37 90-1 30 83-8 36 86-1 i 36 ! 36 88-2 34 84-7 1 33 33 34 34 86-2 i 36 1 30 ■ 1 _____ 32 37 80-6 36 93 3 36 j 85-8 83 80-9 44 37 ; sfl'O 38 . 8,52 41 M2-2 40 81-5 88-S 84-9 88-0 89-7 823 82-3 86-9 j 82-7 80-7 j 85 5 837 752 1 840 ' 76-5 87-1 82-1 81-2 82-4 844 84-4 76-7 84-1 783 76-1 74-1 79-3 87-3 i 83-0 ' 80-0 83-1 ' 80-1 800 79-9 • 8.31 75-9 77-9 : 81-4 75-3 87-5 80 U 1 79-0 75-7 64-9 44-9 ■ 691 44-8 73-7 695 42-9 66-5 ' 7'.;-7 433 63-6 78-2 43-6 76-5 440 841 43-6 78-3 44-7 783 833 85-7 45-0 74 1 43-9 68-8 1 ! 67-4 87-2 75-6 44-2 78-3 466 735 ' 62-7 41-6 ' 4.3-5 82-2 42-2 80-0 48-9 67-3 46-3 73-3 44-1 81-5 42-8 08 5 73-1 85-4 80 II 1 1 42-2 44-6 ' 46-2 447 44-8 41-9 45-6 ! 46-6 1 42-8 43-9 146-7 104-7 102-3 99 99-4 { 101-8 1032 104-1 103-1 103-2 102-0 102-5 103-6 ' 105-3 105-0 104-6 103-8 104-4 104-5 103-6 i 106-3 997 1020 • 99-4 103-0 105-6 1025 1000 i llOl-l 1 104-4 1 i 531 j 61-6 63-9 86 1 ' 63-9 61-8 61-n 1 Cl-0 53-7 627 60-3 52-1 \ 620 53-1 53-8 61-6 52-8 ' 60-6 51-6 51-3 : 54-2 5S-9 56-2 I 53-2 61-3 ' 522 50-8 51-4 501 480 1 22'8 1 21-0 22-8 |2a-l i oo.;^ ; 21-6 22-5 1 j 22-4 331 1 "■' j 23- 1 223 ' 23-5 24-1 1 20-7 1 23-0 1 23-5 1 24 3 244 1 22-4 1 22 22 2 1 23-7 22-2 , 22-8 210 223 21-1 220 124 ~ » Fttther of No. 69. • One Ivin 1 stiff. Uaiightci- of No. 10(11.). Mdtlinr of No. 50 T7 m. 82 40 .55 AG i3( ni fc- — »^ [N'orth- Western Iribes of Canada. 3 Tribes. }f Canada. 4 II. Females 16 i re y J2 11 1 a < 12 13 S 14 a. cr :^ 15 3 .2 < a> ll X rt 1 a S g d Sis X ^ a £ = B. B. B. B. B. 11 19 23 40 45 55 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 1,343 1,587 1,5")3 1,(512 ],5U3 1,592 1,080 1,285 1,2(53 1,3(50 1,220 1,310 586 (582 690 681 (572 (5G2 1,373 1,(543 1,(525 1,(518 1,(512 1 ,(505 711 786 794 8(50 800 793 284 372 332 328 337 354 170 174 174 174 186 185 149 147 147 143 148 157 107 11(5 114 120 103 106 128 13(5 133 137 141 145 45 48 48 54 47 46 29 34 34 41 36 36 84-8 87-6 84-5 84-5 82-1 79-6 83-6 85-3 85-7 87-(5 73-0 73-1 64-4 70-8 70-8 75-9 76-6 78-3 43-7 42-9 44-5 42-3 44-8 41-6 102-2 103-5 104-(5 100-4 107-3 l()0-8 531 49-4 51-2 534 53-3 49-9 21-2 23-4 21-4 20-4 22-5 22-3 64 i 65 56 a o a es a> M ca 1-9 09 a s A «j » ^ Wil F. F. 55 56 mm. 1 a:m mm. i 1 fr-£i £ o a 6 B. 58 mm. I 'I 1,639 I 1,578 1,640 t.361 : 1,254 J 1,333 704 I 703 ' 735 .704 1,666 1,69(5 860 i 84(5 807 875 I 353 i inrrMB* I ml 68«A Eeport, Brit. Assoc, 1898.] 1. Stlatliumn. c. StlatliumH Half-hloods. 2. StlatliumH mix Males I. Males Number 1 2 1 2 3 a *A 4 5 6 7 [ Name •< 1 .a OQ '3 o a o 8 3 Q u II 3 CO a o / 1 1 Tribe . , . . ■ F. English M. StIa'tliumH F. (?) M. StIa'tliumH 1.2 5 &w ^ 3 — F. Shuswap M. StIa'tliumH CO .C 'ft X icS 73 B. IS a 3 r' B. F. Shuswap M. StIa'tliumH is . CO \ Observer . ... F. F. H. 9 B., B. B. 30 B Age 7 25 11 15 20 mm. 24 3( mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mr Height standing . I,l4(i' 1,592 1,240 1,347 1,582 1,702 1,771 1,679 1,61 Height of shoulder 901 1,298 — 1,098 1,294 1,398 1,462 1,390 1,2 Length of arm 471 671 — 604 704 718 759 765 6 Finger-reach .... 1,160 1,606 — 1,390 1,659 1,750 1,834 1,764 1,6 Height sitting 636 864 635 704 830 900 940 864 8 Width of shoulders 253 392 274 297 377 378 410 394 3 1 Length of head 176 184 170 177 185 182 191 18(5 Breadth of head . 145 165 151 158 156 164 157 160 1 Height of face 91 117 96 105 114 116 122 123 1 Breadth of face 122 147 127 138 139 161 149 149 : Height of nose 35 52 44 43 45 46 49 53 Breadth of nose 31 35 33 31 89-3 40 43 39 39 8 Length-breadth index . 82-4 89-7 88-8 84-3 90-1 82-2 86-0 Facial index .... 74-6 79-6 75-6 76-1 82-0 76-8 81-9 82-6 9 Nasal index .... 88-6 67-3 750 721 88-9 93-5 79-6 73-6 4 Index of arm .... 410 42-2 — 44-7 44-6 42-2 42-9 45-5 Index of finger-reach . 101-2 100-9 — 103-2 104-9 102-8 103-6 105-1 1( Index of height sitting 55-3 54-3 51-2 52-1 52-5 53-0 53-1 51-4 f Index of width of shoulders . 220 24-7 22-1 22-0 23-9 22-2 23-2 23-5 ' > Son of No. 37 (I. a). n cf 1 J- . » -t . [yorth- Western Tribes of Canada. 2. dtlatUumH mixed with Shuswap and other Tribes. ■ Males II. Females 1 ° 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Daniel 3 s a o pq 1—4 X "7, s < .2 es .a < "u a o Tea 1 1 i o a a fe.3 CCS .CQ ^1 is .2 cots X ^ S b CO w X Of -^ J? s 9 & « fl "1 .2 :s a £ = .2 &2 'cs b ■" cc ST --IC1 B. B. 30 B. B. 40 B. 65 mm. B. 70 B. 11 mm. B. 19 mm. B. 40 mm. B. 45 ram. B. 24 30 23 mm. 55 mm. mm. mm. ram. mm mm. 1,771 1,679 1,603 1,609 1,495'^ 1,343 1,587 1,553 1,612 1 ,503 1.592 1,462 1,390 1,290 1,293 — 1,222 1,080 1,285 1,263 1,360 1,220 1,310 759 765 682 677 — 686 586 682 690 681 672 <)62 1,834 1,764 1,627 1,645 1,586 1,373 1,643 1,625 1,618 1,612 1,605 940 864 880 873 — 783 711 786 794 8«!0 800 7 0. 91 (I. 1 J- K=r I [North- Western Tribes of Canada. 42-9 104 61-8 22-9 810 807 35:5 369 190 178 158 155 120 118 147 148 51 53 43 42 831 87-0 816 79-7 84-3 79-2 44-5 44-9 105 C io:^-4 53-5 49-2 22-3 22-5 ** Father of No. 15. " Father of No. 8>. mh Rejxirt, Brit. Auoe., 1898.] I \ Number 1 1 ' 1 1 1 » 8 4 i 7 8 8 10 U 12 la 14 IS 16 17 18 19 SO SI Hi S3 24 36 26 27 Xaiiie 1 1 1 4 "s 1 b a u a 1 1 1 n 1 1 t •I 1 1 .1 a M >n 1 a Tribo , . , . , i 1 i : •] 1 rs i 6 1 mm. 1 B. 8 mm. 1 1 < B. 1 5 M I 1 h 1 < 1 B, \ \ 4) 3 1^ B. 16 i 3 B. 1 i B. t i B. B. •JO mm. i a I 1 1 fc B 1 1 1 ji F. 27 1 •a B S « j Obierver .... B. B. 9 B. B. B. 12 B. 12 B. B. B. F. F. B. B. B. B. B. 80 B. Age 8 mm. 9 to 10 1 '» 14 mm. 14 IS 16 17 18 20 20 mm. 21 22 24 mm. 26 mm. 32 Hei).flit filanding . mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. l,l7r> 1,145 1,2HB' 1,246 1,277' l,l.'84> 1,347 l,;i«3 ' 1,447 > 1,107 1,660" 1,611 1,460 1,612 1,706' 1,638 1.669 1,640 1,642 1,703 1,B96 1,612 i,7;io 1,612 1,670 1,666 1,1:',;^, Ueit.'lit (pf shoulJer 918 y>o 9(iO 983 987 1,023 1,07« 1,115 1,187 1,160 1,280 1,213 1.181 1,212 1,408 1,245 1,356 1,364 1,330 i.:i76 1,404 1,31S 1,440 1,332 1,348 1,370 ;,373 Length of arm SI4 507 510 51l> 541 663 578 620 636 606 700 658 657 670 774 707 763 744 714 747 786 686 735 716 731 722 734 * ingcr- reach . 1,21H 1,182 1.203 1,243 1,301 1,326 1,340 l,4.-.2 1,483 1,402 1,B,36 1,573 1,604 1,647 1,786 1,666 1.716 1,732 1,713 1,765 1,869 1,606 1,744 — 1,770 1,697 1,695 Height sittinK ■ Width of shouMere BOti 6.-)l 628 698 098 672 677 705 778 71!t 834 770 780 798 868 837 875 890 864 894 867 885 908 860 882 904 862 1 2«S 2BS ICO 263 275 263 286 173 300 171 303 179 272 182 304 178 328 289 312 336 362 878 881 367 881 403 192 406 179 360 186 422 187 878 431 879 398 187 Lengtli of licad 168 176 178 188 178 177 173 189 180 182 183 183 184 184 184 Breadth of head . 143 131 155 151 150 147 146 155 154 160 148 156 164 156 153 149 167 168 160 158 164 163 161 160 169 163 160 Height of face OR 93 103 96 110 99 104 101 109 103 114 114 111 108 121 117 115 120 116 128 124 119 130 118 120 124 12(1 Breadth of face 134 128 126 128 132 130 130 134 134 128 139 142 134 138 143 139 143 160 144 144 163 148 164 146 148 160 M8 Height of nose 31) 37 46 42 49 40 41 42 48 44 48 43 49 45 49 48 47 51 49 67 66 61 61 52 48 64 51 Breadth of nose . 32 8(1-7 34 34 31 35 36 34 36 35 32 37 37 870 38 38 38 41 40 42 42 41 82-3 42 44 87-6 48 37 87 40 39 86-6 I.t'ngth-l)rendth index . 94-3 92-8 8r.-8 87-B 84-9 86-4 866 846 84-2 78-7 870 901 809 82-7 86-2 86-3 87-4 91-6 86-1 869 86-4 88-6 Facial index .... 774 727 , 81-7 750 833 761 80-0 764 81'3 80-4 820 80-2 82-8 78-3 84-6 84-2 80-4 80-0 799 88-9 81-0 80-4 84-4 808 81-1 82-7 81-1 Nasal index .... 821 919 739 738 71-4 900 82-9 86-7 729 72-7 771 860 77-6 84-6 776 85'4 861 454 82-4 454 86-7 7r9 76-4 462 8C'3 42-6 689 712 771 741 76 5 In(iex of arm. 4;iB 44f) 411 41-5 42-3 440 42-4 46-6 43-9 430 45-3 436 45-3 444 453 45-9 4.35 4S-9 424 43-7 13-8 43-2 44-0 Inde.^ of finger-reach , loa B 103-2 97-3 99-8 1018 103-.1 996 106 5 102-6 99-6 104-9 1041 103-7 '.ii2-3 104-7 108-3 103 4 1056 1043 1030 110 2 99-8 100-8 — lOfi'O 101-9 1018 Index of height sitting . 61-4 571 606 56-8 64-5 52-5 60-1 51-8 63-7 610 63-5 51-0 53-8 62-8 502 64-4 52-7 64-3 62-7 62-6 610 65-0 62-4 524 52'8 541 61-6 Index of width of siinulders . 24-1 1 23-2 21-2 220 1 20-6 22-3 222 22-3 18-8 21-6 210 19-1 21-5 222 21-2 24-2 23-0 22-4 232 23-6 23 9 224 24-4 23-0 25-2 22-7 23-8 ' 'i-Ji! of N'os. 43 and 94. ' Urol her of No. 9. • Brother ol Nos. 8 and 69. ' Urother of Nos. 6 and 69. > Brother of No. 5. 3. SUKina'uh:iiunni, I. Miitoi [Xorlh- Wfitcrn Ttibei u/ Canada. m 17il 11)0 17S 107 Kil ir.s 1.") 115 110 12(1 IIH \U 152 147 HH 6:i 4'.l 61 511 40 42 43 42 8l.'-2 80» 831 87 7'JU 724 81 G 7'J-7 7n-6 85-7 84-3 792 42-7 42 9 44-5 44!l 97-7 1(140 1050 ll):i4 601 eis 5:i-5 49-2 214 22-9 22-3 225 cr of No. 6. • Urothor of No. 73, ' Son of No. 46. ' Father of No. I (IV.), ' Katherof No. 81, I I '''^mmm^fi'^mmmmmmm mB-Ti . Iforth • Western Tr ibes of Canada. 5 N u 78 102 Oi 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 CO 110 Ill 112 4J 113 Oi a M >, >, >> 0) >, 4) V N 3 OQ be < s ■5 a < a a < ID 2 eg bD 73, s a M M (U M M M M M « 7i a Tr i ^ O a c Hi u O E a c3 a -a s h3 (-1 s C cS c c3 % 3 be a 0. < O a ;/} 01 B. 1 ' 12 F. F. F. B. B. F. B. B. F. (iO mm. F. B. F. 50 mm. 50 50 50 50 55 mm. 55 58 mm. 65 mm. 65 70 i mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. m 1,441* 1,589 1,534 1,500 1,470 1,510 1,551 1,520 1,617 1,614 1,495 1,525 — H( 1,1«■ Os^/i Rrport, r.iil. Assoc, 18'Jt<. i. St I. Males Number. N;une riibo Observer .\;:e !li.i._lit >iaii> =5 n a a s < j2 w , B. F. B, 60 mm. 1„'J12 1,185 (;'.i2 60 mm. l..-.-l,5 1,2711 704 60 II. ra. 1,.V.)1 1,.305 1,683 11,602 767 78i-. 356 3;i'.) 1,67;! «3;t 380 65 I mm. 1,704 1,31)7 735 1,703 855 358 F. 65 mm. 1,528 1,2HK 737 i F. B. a 65 68 75 mm. mm. mm. c 'A <1 o ^ M u .3 -3 < ■Xk B. B. 5 6 mm. mm. .9 !3 .1 QQ 4) *-i '3 *JS M "J 0) 3 73 74 i ^ B. B. a < F. mm. 1,662 1,660 mm. ; mm. mm. | mm. 10 70 a 77 78 79 80 F. 11 I.OIH y!)2 1,084'M, 185" 1,226 : 1,164 1,175'- 1,174", 1,233 1,349 722 1,595 1,681 774 ' 816 368 376 1,362 ! 731 ' 1,692 866 361 195 188 165-5 149 117 ' 117 153 119 56 44 198 166 114 147 69 43 781 396 998 572 220 194 164 123 157 157 115 79 111 32 31 754 107 985 541 210 159 141 91 116 39 29 860 I 451 1,101 I 592 j 227 I 166 148 91 121 37 31 934 511 969 ,521 1,194 1.215 636 647 273 271 173 172 143 149 93 92 917 921 487 ' 505 1,1H4 1.214 628 652 261 266 83 4 i 861 i 79'3 8«0 81-8 76-5 786 j 776 74 5 78-6 ' 72-9 84-6 I 92-2 88'7 78-3 825 441 458 4«-7 4H2 i:i-5 ! 44 — ,52 4 210 •fS'S I 43^ 111-3 103 7 i 105-2 1 100-0 I 101 4 1011 1101-9 .-jO.h 51 52-4 ' ,503 | .50-6 49 2 5»-l L'3 6 22-0 ' 2311 21 1 24 1 22 7 21-7 693 96-9 39-2 980 65-9 21 6 78-1 744 41-0 120 33 i 127 37 33 168 114 mi 122 37 29 89-1 82 6 86-6 857 75-2 838 414 73-8 917 72-4 89-2 78-7 167 141 9S I'J.'t 35 34 945 ! 967 503 544 1,219 1,276 636 268 170 146 91 123 39 34 84-4 86-8 76 6 43-2 I 42-4 99-3 ' 101-8 100-7 101-5 54-8 j 54-8 53-4 j 620 21-2 '■ 21 (I 22 9 22 78-4 97-2 42-0 42-8 101-7 103-3 54-1 5.5 3 225 21 7 73-9 87-2 657 273 175 158 102 134 45 36 90-2 764 77-8 mm. 1,273 986 544 1,288 670 290 173 162 102 131 40 31 878 J5 M ^ a .- c« ^ M 'C < R. n mm. 1,451 1,184 672 1,522 767 318 174 148 103 132 46 38 86-0 B, 12 mm. 1,364 1,107 603 1,413 735 310 B. 12 F. 14 16 mm. j mm. mm. 1,449 I 1,436 1 180 1,166 ! 1,142 ' 1,219 I 649 1,536 735 599 1,410 806 310 323 175 154 102 ; 139 ! 41 ' 38 88-0 I 177 151 102 1311 43 35 174 163 108 138 17 35 661 1,638 793 342 170 145 110 132 44 88 76-1 78-0 73-1 86-0 8 43-0 14-2 42-8 46 3 103-8 ; 103-5 ' 101-1 ; 101-7 61 4 i 53-1 1 62-8 j 62-9 22 2 22-8 21-9 22-9 927 81-4 44-3 44-8 103(1 106 610 50-8 228 21-4 87-0 87-9 85-2 73-4 I 78-3 83-3 73-5 ; 86-1 447 81 UJltt. 1,553 1,293 701 1,616 822 362 180 157 111 140 46 38 87-2 78-1 82-6 82 83 81 < a O ■3 .2 a B. 17 17 mm. I mm. ' mm. J, 1,570 ,1.551 1,590',\ V 1,280 1,256 1,2.56 688 702 706 1,590 1,673 1,689 826 S12 826 340 372 182 365 175 185 116 119 156 116 115 121 138 137 143 45 17 50 37 38 35 83-4 81-8 84-3 84-1 83-9 84-6 82-2 80-8 ' 700 451 11-6 96-8 I 103-9 I 105-9 66-0 I 53-6 I 63-0 22-4 I 23-1 23-4 82-2 hO-8 700 j 43-8 463 44-4 1 101-3 107-7 106-2 626 52-1 62(1 21-7 24-0 23-0 '• Mister of No. 78. >' 8i8tor of N(w. 6 and 8, - '■' ,yi8tcr(if No. 68. Silkier of No. U. 3. SllKinQu'lEQUtHii (coiitinuod). [North- Western Tribe.i 0/ Caiiailn. II. Females Ml 81 s 1 Pn a fl c^ •^ ^ !3 _ U tL s n. B. 82 Pauline g? 81 85 86 b 87 i ■5 athcrine 2 1 u a 2 IS 3 B. 17 mm. 180 UIl.l. i,r,-,;i mm. 1,570 ,210 1,'J'j:! 1,280 fifil 701 K8S ,538 1,1145 1,51)0 7!i:! S22 82(! 312 3U2 340 170 IHO 176 145 157 146 110 114 111! 1H2 14(! i;ia 44 46 45 38 38 M7-2 37 85-2 834 8:i-3 78-1 841 86'4 82-6 822 147 4.5 1 438 OHll 105!t 1013 .'•.;ic. Slid 626 2;m -•'•' 21'7 101 102 V 0) 0) ■s s g 1 ^ u c M ^ ■n hj 3 % > < F. F. 50 mm. 46 mm. 1,673 l,58',l 105 a O 106 107 c •o S3 rt a 1 a M ■■a n < 108 B. CO F. 60 66 65 109 1,28U ; 1,240 l,2;i2 1 1,208 , 1,245 , 1,2118 ; 1,234 703 I 065 708 686 1,510 1,507 f 1,670 1 1,650 780 314 •153 "44T 463 077 106-2 105-5 62-4 52(1 51-7 24 230 Oil - 43 1! 1(W 1 454 imu .-.•-'-2 111 8 { 70-2 69-8 ' 16'3 42-9 IO0-5 100-5 64-6 52'7 ' 241 21-7 4.12 43-8 43 6 lOJ-4 ao3-2 102-6 63-4 62-8 610 24-* W-3 23-1 702 769 333 318 172 180 143 150 112 110 137 135 49 60 36 32 84-3 83-3 81-8 81-5 71-4 64-0 -14 47-8 100-0 106-8 62'5 62-3 221 216 l,i;2i ; 1,671 812 ' 800 328 I 330 174 149 111 1.36 46 36 856 178 I 154 i 114 I 137 51 37 8G-5 81-6 I 83-2 77-8 ! 72-5 178 153 116 139 50 39 859 82-7 78-0 51'7 20-8 62-4 21-2 45 1 103-4 52-6 21-9 mm. 1 mm. I mm. mm, mm. 1,470 j 1,510 1,331 1,520 ] 1,617 1,323 707 1,633 842 332 183 146 117 137 54 38 110 F. 60 mm. 1,6M 1,332 751 1,644 790 346 111 F, 65 mm. 1,495 1,226 670 1,520 750 312 175 I 170 155 I 143 117 147 ! I 52 I I 37 79-8 88-6 85-4 I 79-6 70-4 I 71-a 43-6 I 46 6 103 138 43 39 811 78-3 907 112 H. 65 mm. 1,525 1,543 8(17 337 187 149 109 141 52 35 79-7 \ 81-5 77-3 I 86 3 67-3 I 85-4 4,5-0 101-0 101-9 ; 101-7 I 101-2 62 I 49-1 j 50-3 63-4 20-6 21-4 I 20-9 223 Sifter i>f No. U. Uiiiiphter J H< \f " DaiUflittr of No. 7 (IV.) i« .\lotliOi- iif Nil. 3. TT iS5rsfflcs!sc»w««" 11. O')- fAV. •V'it QSth Report, Brit. Assoc, 1898.] 4. SlJ Emno'l EQumii and Other Tribes mixed Number. N'ame Tnbe Observer Aije Hoijht standing ilcicbt of sliouUlcr [.■njth of !iriu Fii!j;or-rpafb . Height sitting Wiilth of shoulder- I. Males S o H 3 4 1 Q 1 Si M I ' o ^, 1 1 o ^ \ u »' d?" q -3 =5 1 rt =1 = a S j \4 B. 10 9> c 4 831 88-4 7'.)-7 71)-6 75-9 83-6 83-3 85-5 70-4 90-6 '.)0-7 78-4 76-4 83-3 82-6 80-4 79-7 87-2 : 80-6 78-3 81-1 84-1 84-1 90-0 83-0 78-1 1 U 1 '.>7'5 72-4 68-6 75'0 85-4 45-5 ! ! a 2 -d in .rH is -4-1 3 b-H <\ o IV 1 Triho ^ .S ^ o O Q B. I O a o 01 'a ei y .it > a a o u 1 1 1 O a Q 13 o o a G o 1 J^ i a a fi 1 11 "^f a Hi O -ilCT « a .-^ V (4 c ()!)scrvcr . • . . B. F. F. F. B. 1'^ ! 34 1 B. 9 F. B. B. B. B. B. B. B. Age 1 ' 9 mm. 10 13 mm. 15 mm. 21 10 ■ 11 13 13 mm. 6 7 8 8 nun. mm. mm. mm. ram. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. min. mm. \h' (\\t standinijj . ; l,(iL'2 1 , 1 .->.-) ' 1,1118 1,378'^ 1.127-' 1,720 1,(173 1,183 1,308 1,323 1,414 1,3G6 1,037 ' 1,277 1,192- 1,184 Hoiglit of shouliler 75.5 901 9(;2 1,111 1,112 1,405 1,330 ; [ 932 1,042 1,058 1,113 1,094 1 803 1,033 930 912 Lengtli of arm 404 490 527 G27 G41 746 G(;7 ; 510 592 582 630 GIO j 427 541 514 501 Finger-reach .... 1,0(U 1,1 fi:'. 1,215 1,410 1,50G 1,800 1,727 : 1,210 1,328 1,382 1,.500 1,445 ! 1,014 1.288 1,205 1,182 i Height sitting 552 g:56 G33 730 758 913 858 ; 6G3 722 71 G 7GG 727 585 G69 652 665 Width of shouldtxs t 2;]2 2()(J 250 310 325 173 397 189 3S5 I 181 ; 274 304 350 332 318 230 276 244 258 1 Length of head IGl 173 1(17 174 IGG 171 176 181 ! 168 174 174 176 litoa an fe B. 1 B. 14 15 180 152 105 1^8 4c 34 13 mm ' mm. 1,44 1 1 1,422 l.lfii '1,135 (!ij;t I <)35 l,r)45 1 1,493 , 7r.)i 750 U)! i :!25 82'8 90-3 844 82-9 7C-i^ 820 i 69-6 82'5 75-5 43 2 42-5 44-6 101-1 9 9 '8 1041 54-8 564 500 205 21'9 220 a a o 1-9 B. 23 mm. 1,737 1,450 705 1,703 877 371 195 152 124 141 52 42 77-9 88-0 80-8 40-5 98'0 504 21-3 10 11. Fl'llllllcd 11 re Is d -a m .a o a 4) fe .2 'n -<(» B. B. 30 mm. mm. l,6t;0 i, 1,053" 1,336 744 1,760 895 375 189 i 162 ! 128 ; 152 '' 57 39 i 857 i 84-2 i 68'4 i 806 432 1,052 578 231 IGO 139 91 116 88 27 44-8 1060 53 9 226 86'8 78-4 711 41-1 1000 55-0 220 12 13 o 'o a. CL, a re \f s; tn (A a a .G CO M 1-100 1-1* ^ ^ 0) m -»-» -M trH xi ,q a - a a .5 '■J 'jO 14 re a c a , ' - o 13 o o 3 4i' B, F. mm. I mm. 15 f;) it's 1 M K <: 7i ^ a 0) Uh a. r^ •; d */i 71 -a 3 ^ (/. -«i fe 1 16 a H|»l 17 N rt a I a F. 11 mm. F. 11 mm. -» ,1,336 "'1,475 ",1,328'- i 1,074 F. B. I 600 1,380 702 300 174 147 93 124 38 35 84-5 75'0 92-1 167 154 104 135 38 34 92-2 770 89-5 44-8 103-3 52-4 22-4 1,195 j 1,039 662 1,467 764 320 177 158 106 136 47 36 89-2 77-9 766 45-0 99 5 52 218 571 1,:'.62 704 292 11 mm. 1,308 177 14S 100 127 42 34 13 mm. 1,492 1,102 1,208 602 685 1,376 1,573 739 797 293 358 1G9 144 105 129 46 31 83-6 78-7 80-9 42 9 102-5 62-9 220 85-2 81-4 67-4 43-9 100-8 72-9 21-4 181 153 107 141 45 37 84-5 75-9 82-2 46-0 105-7 53-5 24-0 18 a o -4-1 o o B. 14 19 a B. 14 20 ^ I a a fe 21 \4) O o B. 22 li. mm. 1,601'=' ' Brother of No. 3. « Brother of No. 5. '» yistcr of No. 4. » llrciitTof No. 1. => Brother of No. 13. ' ||*ot ;e«l ground {"measured with shoes. •f|Sis;eril No. 18. ' '- Sister of No. 6. ^ Brother of No. 7. « Sister of No. 12. '= Sister of No, 14. mm. 1,582 1,290 706 1,645 830 374 rnm. ; 1,522 I 1,255 I 682 ! 1,603 i 808 I ! 331 182 144 110 140 49 34 181 158 108 110 51 36 791 87-3 78-5 77-1 69 4 70-6 44-7 44-9 104-0 105-3 52-5 53-2 23 7 21-8 rother of No. 15. » blister of No. 1 1 . IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 121 125 m 1 2.0 1 1.25 1 1.4 1 ,.6 ^ 6" ► <^ 'n /. '/ /A HiotograjJiic Sciences Corporalion 23 WISV MAIN STRIET WnSTH.N.i. 1 >V<9 (716)«73-4S0a '^ piiiiHviiMpn Ml uiMjUf)nijiii'."iiii.qiippap|pi Ml«l*il M / « [I^orth - Weaterii Tribes of Canada. 8 11. Females 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 \ a a) V * ei V « a O a a a JS o Q .2 '3 Cbarli .2 Q S 02 a a B 1^ 1-:) a a a a d ca a a 4^ -^ *^ 4J -u -M -4-J w ■tj o o o o , O O o o o q s u o o ' o O o s o u »— t •—4 r— . 1— « !73 a ji ja JS ■a i r^ ^ ^ Xi Xi A O W y W 1 y Q O O U U F. B. F. l^'. 1 r.. 6 B. F. B. F. F. 55 55 55 55 i 1 mm. '■' 9 11 12 13 20 mm. mm. mra.> mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. )» 1,580 1,594 1,588 1,635' 1,097 l,3'-'0" : i7o'' 1,317 1,487 1,580 1,283 1,293 1,315 1,353 840 1,037 1,131 1,045 1,210 1,315 . 705 708 693 731 ! 454 575 647 596 670 722 1,63G 1,686 1,591 Ifi'Mj ' 1 ,092 1,348 1,504 1,383 1,518 1,652 "■ 825 835 839 845 618 727 724 717 788 799 . i 3C3 380 346 323 245 167 266 296 298 300 314 181 1 1 183 186 188 184 170 173 169 181 •l 1G2 158 165 157 140 151 149 146 142 145 12!> 112 121 125 92 95 110 112 106 112 149 150 151 145 117 134 133 127 132 133 50 51 54 57 40 40 47 42 42 40 41 43 39 87 8 40 29 83-8 36 88-8 34 33 36 36 88-5 84-9 85 3 1 86-1 86-4 78-5 80-1 86-6 74-6 801 86-2 78-6 70-9 82-7 88-2 80-3 84-2 820 843 445 72 2 436 701 44-6 72-5 41-3 900 72-3 78-6 45-2 85-7 45-0 900 446 43-6 47-2 45-7 1035 105 8 100-2 103-7 99-5 102-1 109-8 105 102-1 104-6 ) 52-2 52-5 528 51-5 56-2 551 52-8 54-3 52-9 50-6 I 23 239 21-8 19-7 22-3 1 20-2 21-6 22-6 20-1 19-9 n 10. '* Duugb ter of No. 68. 1 TtfiHB 15 D ^ auyiitei • of No. 38. i: .> •■a m \\ 68(A Report, BriW Assoc, 1898.] f 9a. Chikofin ] Number 1 2 S 3 Is 3 4 5 1 6 7 8 u 1 1 10 a ".-3 Uh 1 11 12 13 14 i 15 16 « 17 < 18 1 a 3" 19 1 Johnnie g 21 2 5 22 1 23 1 24 1 25 26 Name . . . . - 1 '5 c ■3 1-5 1 1 in 1 2 i ^ J Alexander S H 1 1 1 1 a a 5 S a c a s 1 1 a .5 1 c C e s a a a a = 1 a d G c c *J 'I'rilie ....,' "5 rt a ^ a s 8 5 S P> ?, rS 8 u 8 8 8 g s '^ 8 ?, a ti ^ S, — ' a 3 ^ ra 173 < \ 1 1 < J3 J3 _^ 2 i la « Ic rj ja j: j: JS j3 le Si j2 JS IS J= 5 U ;j U V 1 ^ U u s^ U (J U U Observer .... i ''• 11. 7 mm. 1). B. mm. B. 10 mm. B. "lo"" B. 11 mm. 1!. 12 liiiii It. 1 14 mm. V. 16 mm. B. mm. B. 19 mm. if. 20 mm. 11. 20 mm. B. 20 mm. 20 mm. F. B. F. a F. 25 mm. B. F. F. F. B. ; Age 6 nun. 8 mm. 20 mm. 20 26 26 25 26 26 28 28 mm. mm. mm. ran» mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. llciglil st.'inilii'p . 1,101' l,0;i()-' l.liOti- \:M6 1 ,2W < i,:i(i:i 1,:183 i,L';i; :> 1,1154" l,ii;i:i 1,6113' 1.5.-.3 1,7311 1,722 1,7116 1,677 1,683 • 1,745 1,82( ■ 1,727 1,712 1 670 1,652 1,6,16 1,643 I!ei'_'lit 1)1' slii'iildors H55 1,014 1,U!I4 l,(ir,2 l,(i:!7 1,120 1.00:1 1,386 1,371 1,338 1,260 1,440 1,393 1,378 1,367 1,327 1,444 i,6or 1,426 1,424 1,379 1,340 1,378 1,353 Length of Mini 474 r.:tr. 671 566 5:1.-. 600 .";:r, — 721) 716 757 707 752 7ti5 735 787 746 789 77{ 755 762 737 710 723 743 Kintrcr-ri'ju-h .... 1,120 1 .Olit! 1 ,-'11.1 1,336 1,335 l.'ilHl 1,373 i.:;ii — 1,728 1,682 1,7.')2 1,624 l.soo 1,805 1,752 1,777 1,738 1,832 1,84.'- 1,826 1,773 1,733 1,)>57 1,724 1,805 Ill ight >illiiipr 606 CUli — 735 — 710 724 ii-i) — 857 843 !)l)7 848 862 912 S91 877 876 887 94! 912 — H68 892 825 870 Width of slidiildirs 251 llUl — 274 172 27» 176 276 178 277 167 285 175 |il:i 176 332 1!)0 355 385 181 355 376 192 368 192 380 188 360 :I67 808 1^2 40) 19( 372 187 376 366 181 370 .326 372 183 l.ciiKlh of liiiid 158 190 1K7 184 186 190 183 184 Urcadtli of head . 163 141 152 l.J5 148 152 147 11:1 i:.2 14!)'5 1.56 157 l.V.) 161 162 160 157 160 133 16( 157 153 155 156 150 158 Ik'inlit of fare 101 96 01 103 104 11) 101 '.IS ■ 103 U!) 110 130 123 126 109 137 115 180 HU 131 130 127 123 120 132 119 lirc-vdib of face 127 117 131 12!) 130 131 130 1:12 132 142 140 147 145 147 151 144 1.13 147 1.50 161 151 147 146 144 143 1 147 tli'igbt of nose 40 3fi 3<.l 44 43 46 46 :it) 14 47 44 49 60 63 47 53 61 87 56 51; 65 49 4!) 55 65 57 jiicailtli iif iioso 32 '.i:t!) 30 32 8HI 35 881 31 83 1 32 !I10 31 84 35 38 38 34 30 80-7 42 85 89 33 38 85-1 41 «5-3 87 38 41 38 , 81-0 38 36 8.-1-6 39 85-2 41 81-5 39 1,1 iiRlb-brcadtb indo'! . : 86 '4 78-7 82-1 83-9 84-4 86-6 84 9 84-2 805 86-3 Va.'i.il iridi'X .... 7'.t.") 821 704 79'8 800 84-7 800 712 780 M3-8 786 88'4 84 8 857 72 2 95-1 752 88-4 800 86-1 86-1 86-4 84 8 83-3 !)2-3 80-il N:i-al index .... soo 1 431 83-3 82 i 421 71l'6 423 721 43S 6!)6 674 43'6 .S'.IS 1 1 •!) srt4 80'8 442 77-3 43» 7»6 45B 84 456 736 43-6 80 8 44-6 71-7 43-0 Hl)-4 46-8 64-9 67 9 732 42-6 ! 691 776 73-5 709 74 6 68-4 Index of arm .... 46-7 46 3 43 6 441! 441 430 436 45-; Index of tint.'(r-reaeh 1017 9!l-6 !)!> 8 9!l-3 102!) !t!)ri !)!)3 jMltO 1045 103 105-4 104-6 104 104-8 102-7 106-0 I06-4 106-0 lOlB 105-7 103-0 103-8 100-3 1011 109! Ihdix of beigbt .■•itiinp . ' .WI SS-0 544 — 5 1 6 .VJ-5 .■:18 51 9 ' 51-7 51-6 54-7 49-8 53-0 o2 1 52-2 ■>3 7 610 62-1 52-7 — 620 54 1 49-7 53 ( Index of widili of >lioiililer8 22H - 21 6 20 21 2 '.'13 No. 2i 20 7 < r.i;i •-'.n ..f No. 48. 201 > 1 21-8 23-2 22!) 21-7 21-4 222 21-4 21-6 220 823 21-5 22 21-9 224 19-6 22-; ' Son of So. 18. •' Son < 3f No. 2 0. " .Son Iiinchb ack. • Son 0! No. ' Couijin of N }. 18. • ratbw of No. 1 ; cousin of No. 12 ; son of Nos. 41 il [iVor/A- Wentern Tribes of Canada. 8 IL'I l.;r lie ll'.l 57 no 36 " 87-1 ss-:. 8-t-l' S(i-(i fiiVV 820 41^ iir, — 1035 5:1 (1 :,-i'i •rA-\ •j;iO HHS i K6-1 1 8(>-l 7(l-',l HL'-7 8S'2 UOO I 72a \ 76(1 78-6 803 85-7 •U-5 43« 44't! : 41 a l:ii; 47 2 45-2 lU.-> 8 100-2 ioa7 U'J .J 11121 loO'.s M.VO r,2-i" ■■",■8 ■)ir. -,('.•2 .-.,vi ri2'.s «4a -M-'.l -.■8 11) 7 22a 20-2 2ir, 221! 4r)0 102- 1 5211 20- 1 801 84-2 aoo 4->7 io4t; noG cousin of No. " Father of No. 18. " Father of Nos. 5 am' 10. l)illlgllt(.T of No. i\S. Hiiiitrlilur uf No. at*. I. i: P I i ( t ! [Nm'th- Western Tribes, Canat 9b. Chilcolin, Half-blood. 10. Carrie Mother of No ,m. : \ 68«/t Report, Brit. Assoc., 1898.] 9a. Chilcotin (conti Females (< omtinufd Number 55 56 57 58 59 1 60 1 (il i 62 63 64 65 66 Name a) a 'C .£3 O 1^ a a 5? „ 1 CC 1 ,2 1 0) 1 1 1 .2 "V, 1 Tribe -. c 1 s a o a 1 i o O a o a o u IS O .S J .a d I •Ft .2 8 .a o o i a 8 o j Observer .... B. B. B. F. B. B. 1! F. B. B. B. B. Age 22 22 mm. 25 mm. 25 mm. 26 mm. 30 HO 30 35 38 45 47 1 n:m. ram. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. r 1 Height standing . 1,547 1,621 1,.'>56 1 .604 1,575'" 1,602 l..'),S2'" 1,571 1,508 1,550 1,555 1,543 1, ' Height of shoulder I,2.-,7 1,322 1,284 1,364 1,303 1,306 \,m 1,294 1,228 1,281 1,308 1,264 1, Length of arm 61)4 733 655 756 733 (IDO liiU 680 657 683 664 681 Finger-reach .... 1,590 1,718 1,560 1,018 1,679 1,635 \m i 1.567 1,524 1,639 1,616 1,592 1, Height sitting — 8()l 85S 84 6 852 811 852 836 784 799 813 799 Width of shoulders 348 182 337 186 336 179 332 180 1 326 i ^^^ 343 176 373 172 346 180 337 362 184 340 317 171 Length of head 183 174 [ Breadth of head . 163 ' 150 152 149 \ 146 ] 146 l()2 157 155 101 157 153 Height of face 1 110 ! 113 1 108 114 1 114 1 117 120 116 114 131 118 116 Breadth of face 150 14.-. ! 139 1 138 134 141 11(5 i 139 143 148 144 135 Height of nose 49 44 ■. 43 45 49 49 50 ' 39 51 51 51 46 Breadthofno.se Length-breadth index . 36 896 80 80-6 1 37 35 82-8 88 30 830 38 37 1 36 41 35 32 84-9 85-4 !'42 87-2 84-7 87-5 90-2 89-5 Facial index .... 73-3 77-9 77-7 82-6 85-8 83 : S22 83-5 79-7 88-5 81-9 85-9 ! Nasal index .... 73-.') 44-8 81-8 452 800 420 77-8 77-6 46-4 61-2 43-1 (hi( ! 94-9 70-5 80-4 68-6 42-8 69-6 44-2 1 Index of arm .... 47-3 •I37 43-3 43-5 441 Index of finger-reach 102-8 1060 100-3 100 9 106-6 102-1 : 01 -7 99-7 1011 105-7 103-9 103-2 Index of height sitting . — 531 65-0 52-9 53-9 507 53'1) 53-2 51-9 515 52-5 51-9 Index of width of shoulders . 22-5 1 \ 20-8 21-5 20-7 20-6 214 23 6 22-0 22-3 23-4 21-9 20-6 '• Partly mixed with Carrij:!. " Daughter of No. 69, "• Mothc 1 9a. Chilcutin (continued). [North- Western Tribes^ Canada. 9b. Chilcotin, Half Mood. 10. Carrier, Females (ooiitmiu-d) (i8 69 70 Male Males 64 65 66 67 71 0) 72 73 a 74 76 76 be 1 2 3 4 6 .2 ;* >> .2 23 "3 J* V Nel C3 •c B 'A s -4) :2 '0 % i .a V ■n < 8 '4-2 H ^^ 1 O^ o o o d -t-t o a o ■tmi o a o .s o c 3 a o o Is J3 a 1 o o o o o o o o o o y (U rs c3 c3 rt w a E u •FN -3 iq •FN 1— ( 'xi .FN JS r3 F— < "FN fC M ^^ O 4-1 4-* i^ a o O O O ^ O O "" o o O U •< » 'A En < <; -Ni« ^S B. 38 B. B. F. B. B. B. B. B. F. 70 mm. B. B. B. 12 mm. B. B. B. F. 55 ! B. 45 47 mm. 55 ram. 55 mm. 58 mm. 60 65 mm. 65 mm. 70 75 mm. 17 18 50 13 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. ],550 1,555 1,543 1,527'" 19 1,560^" 1,543 1,540 1,502 1,548 — — 1,495 1,685 1,654 1,775 1.535 1 1,423 1,281 1,308 1,2(54 1,273 1,255 1,264 1,293 1,223 1,288 — — 1,192 1,364 1,.328 1,477 1,265 ' 1,170 G83 ()G4 681 674 655 692 716 697 710 — — 658 751 725 717 , 700 658 1,639 1,616 1,592 1,586 1,576 1,644 1,632 1,595 l,t!24 — — 1.577 1,757 1,702 1,705 : 1,647 1,496 79!) 813 799 780 785 823 778 787 818 — — 763 855 862 931 775 i 765 3()2 184 340 317 350 336 345 308 325 330 — — 339 373 363 374 355 24,8 174 171 178 172 183 184 172 176 171 169 175 185 190 185 196 ; 179 180 161 157 153 15.'. 150 160 157 154 155 154 149 149 151 164 156 160 '' 153 159 131 118 116 123 109 117 122 111 129 114 127 106 107 129 121 141 1.30 112 148 144 135 139 142 147 144 1.39 144 14:5 140 136 1.36 152 146 155 140 131 61 51 46 52 50 54 53 51 58 54 58 53 47 1 59 51 58 53 44 41 35 32 34 37 90-7 40 39 37 37 36 90-1 39 39 35 1 1 36 86-3 37 39 37 ; 85-5 1 32 87-5 90-2 89-5 86 87-4 85-3 89-5 88-1 88-2 85-1 81-6 1 84-3 81-6 88-3 88-5 81-9 85-9 88-5 76-8 79-6 84-7 79-9 89-6 79-7 90-7 77-9 78-7 i 84-9 82-9 910 92-8 85-5 80-4 68-6 42-8 69-6 44-2 65-4 74-0 741 42-0 73-6 72-5 63-8 6fi-7 45-8 67-2 73-6 74-5 610 72-5 67-2 69-8 72-7 46-3 441 44-1 — 44-9 46-5 46-5 — — 44-2 44-7 43-9 40 3 45-5 105-7 103-9 103-2 103-9 — 101-0 106-6 106-0 106-2 104-9 — — 105-5 104-3 102-9 96-1 107-3 105-1 51-5 52-5 51-9 510 — 50-3 53-4 50-5 52-5 52-8 — — 51-2 50-9 52-2 52-3 50-3 53-9 23-4 21-9 20-6 22-9 — 21-5 22-4 20-0 21-7 21-3 — — 22-8 1 22-2 220 210 231 17-5 of No. 69, '» Mother of No. 18. •» Mother of No. 50. «> Mother of No, 6J. iij 4 11 1 i i ii f • '( 1 1 i : ■ V ! Ug. llh NkamtcVi\ Intel uEviuQ. mixed witt akuawap. mm. ; 1,«70 mm. l,t>74 1,418 j 1.304 813 737 i,8r>o 1,748 — 893 385 3'.)8 188 j 188 155 1 158 10(5 i 119 150 143 48 49 37 36 82-4 84-0 70-7 83-2 771 735 48-7 441 110-8 104-4 „ . 53-5 231 ■ 23-8 of No. 4. -I 68. B. F. B. 15 ! ^• B. j B. F. 40 50 60 «)0 30 16 14 1 mm. 11 14 ! mm. 13 12 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. ram. mm. mm. 1 mm. mm. 1,540 1,660 1,467 1,670 I,«i74 1,412 1,393 1,402 l,29li 1.412 1,554 1,432 1,278 1,273 1,185 1,418 1.364 1,142 1,112 1,127 1,024 1,142 1.256 1,172 3 688 668 624 813 737 609 619 599 564 602 i 084 634 1,600 1,563 1,471 1,800 1,748 1,476 1,434 1,433 1,323 1,452 ' 1,622 1,446 — 844 786 — 893 724 746 739 i 683 783 836 726 338 350 322 385 398 321 186 320 180 1 316 155 1 285 296 188 362 179 310 173 173 183 188 176 146 147 153 155 158 153 151 143 1 150 146 155 146 117 122 117 106 119 107 104 ' 99 100 115 1 110 95 136 136 136 150 143 132 133 127 128 127 1 141 129 CO 52 49 48 49 43 45 41 42 47 44 43 32 34 37 37 36 84 33 82-3 34 29 92-3 31 82-0 3!t 77-7 32 31 830 84-4 850 836 82-4 83-9 866 860 89-7 860 70-7 83-2 81-1 78-2 78-0 78-1 90-6 78 736 64 65-4 75-5 77-1 73-5 1 767 75-6 ;4-5 70 7 42-8 73-8 83-0 72-7 441 721 44-7 42-2 42-4 48-7 44-1 43-2 43-7 41-8 443 103-9 100-2 100-3 110-8 104-4 104 5 102-9 102-2 102-4 100-7 104-4 1010 54-1 63-5 — 53-5 51-3 53-7 52-8 52-9 64-4 53-9 50 8 ?l-9 22-4 21-9 231 23-8 22-8 230 ! 22-6 22-1 20-6 23-4 21-7 1 « Sister of No. 4. ^: 'i fP^ ' ■ i 1 . ; < ■ inshian. II. Females 3 4 5 « >-r « N a a 4) 2 U) P o Jane Ida o 05 « ^ «3 <0 .^ is r- m bo a 15 ^ .:« c3 3 en *- O ^ s^ O ^ 1^ f^ J. B. B. ;o 15 50 A * m. mm. mm. 1 .U4 1,015 l.ot).'^ r 1 :()3 1,220 1,2(J8 23 CG8 1 ()88 [.Vo/VA n''e.^f,'rn Tribes oj Canada. 1 1 ik. C cr iC s 3" Oi p— 1 "^ ^ 1.) 08 36 S-J 11) 18 37 19 34 9 1 4 8 4 2 6 1,G13 818 347 190 155 115 148 51 39 1,(138 826 3G!) 187 15G 121 14G 50 42 81'G 77 7 765 442 10G5 54'2 23 83-4 82-9 840 441 ^.04-8 530 23-7 i F. 70 mm l.G.i! 1,32() 713 1,771 358 190 170 127 159 52 42 : 89-5 799 f ! 80'8 ] I 45-9 I '■ 109 3 22' I a o 03 10 -4^ F. mm. 1,571 i,:uii 718 l.Gol 810 375 185 IT) 5 112 14fi 45 37 83-8 7G-7 82-2 F. 25 mm. 1,114 1.158 6133 1,1 8G 332 II. Females Half, breed 45-7 105 1 olG 239 84-5 fv") 1 449 105-1 11 a v. a a: 12 c9 73 13 a a 14 B a 15 b , F. 35 — mm. j mm. 1,533 1,165 1,205 1,210 633 j 640 1,528 1,543 838 755 351 I 360 mm. mm. mm. 1,443 :j,iii:j 1,181 j 1,305 667 733 l,'"i35 J,72;{ 181 179 181 153 162 155 120 123 113 141 155 152 50 52 48 40 38 905 i 85-6 7!i 4 \ 74-3 76 9 j 79-2 4 14 i 435 99 7 ' 105-3 5 IS 51-4 184 167 j 118 ! 148! 49 I 43 ! I. 90-8 I 87-8 186 157 114 160 47 40 84-4 7t;o 1^5 1 I 46-3 ~ 106 4 31)3 185 1 56 124 143 52 33 84 3 86-7 63-5 15-5 106 8 LM t • Mother of No.i 68-port, liilt. Anmc, 1898.] 12. riingit. 13. Ila'ida. 14. Txiiiiiltinn. I. Males 2 3 4 s J3 ^ 1^ So « x =» = ■= •7ii o - 53 *-i *» 1 2 >\ a W B a» 'r i (ji " 1 d 1 i Or Observer * Age Height st:iiiiliiinf . Height of sliouMer Length of arm Klnger-roaili . Mcighi silt ill).' Width of lihoulilcr* Lcngl h of IioikI Hi-fiultli (if liea.l II(>iglil (if fuoe lircadi \\ (if face Height (if nose Itreartth of nose l.oiigtlih.-oailtli iiidox facial index . Nasal Index . Index of arm Index of lingei-rca :li B. 28 nun. I.'.'.'.:) r,."i7 1 ,a5.-| H17 ' ilj'J 179 151 ! I vn 13S 61 35 U i 8!)U I It. 4.-. tiiin. 1,710 i,i;ii) 7i'i.") l,si" !)J.-. 425 liil 17(1 I3;t 155 50 39 li. i:i 3 r. li. B. 1 20 45 nun nun. 1, 1 71' i.ii;:i- l.Uiili l.l'.K) Ci."!.") (Hi:; i,is;i i.i.'-c 86-8 Index (if length sitting ludix (if wdlli (if .slididd . ' 68« 6fi'l 43-6 i 410 1H3'.' 101 (1 fiC, 1 51 H 2;)S 211 rs . Height of jKiinl of second tin er (lit 11. Females a n •5 = •^ 7:) » /, Q \^ '0 IS 3 -^ ■^ PS ■< J5 ■■i : o 50 -« ' ^ '^ M c 2 - 't >* ■'• , Q o'-= >^ r^i i ^- B. ■J ■>. ^ 22 24 mm I,.-. I.-) 1,220 COS 1,U13 mm mm. l,.-)iri l,t)25 l,l!(!8 :l,3:!3 j 08.S j 780 \ l,(j:)8 j 1,705 mm. l,(;21l 1,'-'1I7 G«7 1,(!77 25 mtn. l.tiSO^ 1,3(11 7 111 1.7-'2 1,81 800 7!t3 023 328 320 382 1S8 188 180 1,-)1 151 1(13 Hi III 120 138 1,17 110 44 42 52 38 35 30 .S(i;i 80;i 8i;-2 82(i 81 '0 80 6 750 83-3 750 4l(i ■13-3 ■135 1011-8 101 fi 102-8 ■) 1 1 .■ii:t 5.V0 22:1 22 5 23 2 45-3 107-8 53-3 2lfi 818 826 1 817 317 i 300 350 100 1 187 192 165 160 156 115 121 131 118 140 150 61 60 57 80 42 89 81fi 83-4 812 77 7 82-9 87-3 76-5 84-0 68'4 442 441 47-9 10(1-5 104-8 108-C 64-2 ; 580 601 230 j 28-7 220 802 803 8 373 375 4 IS.') 100 1 1 157 104 1 118 114 1 140 l.Vl 1 61 60 41 87 - 84-0 86-3 8 79-2 74-0 7 - 80-4 740 42-8 8 42-1 103 1055 10 : 54-7 63 2 5 229 22-3 2 if Niis, and 1 1. ' Father (jf No. 2, Mother of No. 2. [Noi-tlt KVv^oi Ti-i'ifg i,f Canivlii. 1 1 15. GyUkHhnn. Ki Mail's 16. XUta'. 17. Bi'lqula. 11. Fe- 1 .Males I 2 3 al 1 -r 3 ►^ ,-j Q - J3 ■o ? ^ S3 i "^ H I J (" i -u: i^ ^ A 5 ?iiS ^ 6 7 Q» fe o c t: £ V :a , O I!. B. 1 I. Mateii male -a a z.r I' o 2 3 18. Ileillsiik. I. Males F. fiO. tMDI. M'lli. l.iiTii 1.7:;.", 11. Femnleg 10 11 I 12 : 13 : II S' 1 5 Half- breed l.l a. 5 3 X rt X a- -i ^ a ^ £ .r .5 ' _ n :« 01 a ^ ^- = . -^ ►i .i n » » V. K. F. F. K. F. K. F. r,o a.'» 55 m) 7i> 20 25 ■10 '. I F. 60 iiini. mm. l.oitii 1,1 (•..-, F. 55 F. CO F. 35 1!10 180 1(17 ii;7 U'lP ii:, l.-C 1.-.:) 61 -.1 42 ■i:! 870 !l'.' K 849 ".■>:' 821 84 3 i;i!t 40 l(l(!l ions 23-8 IT'5 110 I S(,-|) 80 400 101-3 .",1 :; LI I 41 41 80 9 na-K 81 6 7(10 83 80 4 45'5 45-0 10B-: r.2'.i 1058 .-,1. 4 LMI 81(. 48-0 llli •jr, I 7it :• 80-8 lO'.KI 111 4:i mm. mm. 1,1 1:; i,iii:i 1 IM 1,30.-, <1'17 733 l..",:i.-, i.7i;:t I 1 — i 3113 185 ir,(i I'Jl I 13 \ 184 180 : ! 107 1.17 118 111 11- l.Vi 47 4(1 3:', 838 84 5 11(15 85-6 7(1-7 S5 1 711 1 74 3 82-2 70 11 "'J-2 457 1 1 !l 41-4 43-6 1(1.-. 1 UhVl l(!l 7 1053 51-fi - .■| s .Ml 23 !i 23 5 22 11 215 iMis SI 4 f^i:j i-.ii Si; 7 5 1 i;.::, 878 4(1 :i 15 5 1(11 I lilil.s _ - '.'11 lor of No. 2. • lirotbcr of No """'"^■•""■■•iti'i'nifiivi ,"! [North-Weatern Tribes oj Canada. 12 20. Kwakiutl Men. 1 BS 18 19 20 21 22 1 2 3 1 o -^ S 'i p SI CO a "is Tin CO B to lb en <^ ,21! ^r ^T c '01 a a .0) lr-4 IS 0) ^ re 03 cS * 149'^ 157'^ 156 : Height of face 114 126 123 135 134 131 115 128 115 134 111 ' Breadth of face 138 147 147 152 1,53 155 156 154 148 156 140 ' Height of nose 4ti 54 47 56 57 56 53 56 50 57 49 1 Breadth of nose 37 ^1 36 41 40 41 796 « 40 85-4 43 38 40 33 Length-breadth index . 832 84-1 85-9' 8M 84-4 « 89-4 ■■' 82-3 ■' 81-8« 88-6 Facial index .... 82-6 85-7 83 7 88-8 87-6 84'5 73-7 83-1 77-7 85-9 79-3 Nasal index .... 80-4 68-5 76-6 73 2 70-2 42-8 73-2 75-5 76-8 760 70-2 67-3 1 Index of arm .... 43 1 42-5 432 47-8 45-4 441 41-8 42-3 45-9 447 ! Index of finger-reach . 102-4 101-3 1050 1101 1043 104-4 109-6 106-2 101-9 108-6 105-0 , Index of height sitting . 54-3 55 56-0 510 55-5 542 52-3 56-4 53-8 52 8 54-9 Indexof width of shoulders . 21-4 20-8 23-3 244 23-3 237 25-1 23-9 22-3 20-9 20-8 ' fclightly deformod. * Deformed. " Strongly deformed. * Head somewhat asymmetrical. 1 " Mother of No. 11. » Brother of N' 19. Awl'ky'endx. \North-We8tern Tribes oj Canada. 12 20. Kwakiatl Men. II. Females 9 10 11 12 13 1 14 15 33 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1 2 3 "D et _ •» ■s 1 •0) < H a o H S 'A 1—* '3 1 PQ Is % o 1 1 P is (3 in MM 53 Id a c3 w W «u o ! 91 "2 6 5? 1 i-? H|C<| «3 9 '?,S H|(Sl4l ^ "t^^ tijo S-21, s a Si c irH Id a 14) Id a lOJ c a V. a 10) is .So' C.5 < 49 49 62 64 56 68 53 [3 38 40 33 35 35 85-2 31 35 37 35 « 84-2 ; 36 35 35 38 36 37 36 42 •4 ' 82-3 ' 81-8 « 88-6 89-4 96-4 ' 83-0 » 88-3 ■ 88-0 '^ 950 ' 85-2' 88-1 •' 87-4" 84-2 ■■' 85-2' 76-6" •1 77-7 85-9 79-3 83-9 76-1 81-3 86-9 77-7 79 2 , 82-3 82-6 80-3 78-4 79-3 89-2 91-8 82-8 : •8 760 70-2 459 67-3 74-5 87-5 58-5 63-6 72 5 7O0 ; 80-0 71-4 71-4 73-1 66-7 66-1 62-1 79-2 i ■8 423 44-7 42-8 42-4 41-9 43-4 44-5 42-3 ; 42-4 449 40-9 44-9 46-5 43-6 46-3 45-7 •? 101-9 1086 1050 101-2 1031 101-2 101-2 107-4 1039 ! 103-3 104-0 98-3 105-8 106-6 104-2 107-3 107-4 ••4 53-8 52 8 54-9 54-5 55-8 65-6 53-3 55-6 665 1 52-2 53-7 54-8 52-5 53-7 56-0 62-4 ? 48-3 J-9 22-3 20-9 20-8 21-2 23-0 22-7 20-8 23-1 24'0 23 5 20-7 23-6 22-3 23-3 24-0 23-6 23-4 m Bwhat a symme V Rrnt trical. her of 1 Imbeci "To. 2. le? » Fal 10 her of Brothe No. 11. r of No . 1. Daugh ter of 1 slos. 6, ] L7. ' Hea id flatte ned bel lind.