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Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol -^ (maaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V (maaning "END"). whichavar applias. Maps, platas, charu, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba ontiraly includsd in ons •fAmetlca or Great Britain. Kiilrn'il ui'i'iirilliiir in Act of tin- I'liillmiu'iit of taniMla. in tln' vnii- Nliii'li'cii lltiriilri'il mill 'I'mi, liy (icniiiiK N. Mokanii ami CuMI'any, Uiiilliil, 111 iIk' l)<'|iartiiii'iit iif Ak'rii'iilliin'. ('ii|i>Titfht III till' riiltvil StUtCH, • M13(5 PllEFACK This lime l»ook i« a, i-oiitinuation of ♦ t hildH liist 8tf|) in the study of ffi-o^'rapliy, iw set foitli . -Our Home jMul its Smioiindin^rs." Tlie .same plan has Ijeeii mlopted ... .1 the same piiiiciph's folhiwed. TIio oliJL'ct lias not been to produee a (iazetteer and an Athis of the World, hut to create interest and to stimulate inijuiry. FoKM. — As in the first part, the form is convenient to handle, the type clear to read, and the subject treated in such a manner as to appeal to the child's natural desire to gain knowledge with t' ■ least possible effort. Maps. — These will be .ound to contain all that it is important to know at this stage; not being cumbereNs. — These liave been given, not with tl»e object of sui)plyinI!M AM, .S,ZK OK |„,.: K.uiTU l>A„.v Alor.ox u, ,,„.: Kurvu. .xs^,' ns K,,.,",,s I iiK / TMK \„K,„-UKST TK.:Kn.„MKS H'MT.sM (•o,.,M,„.v AX,. Vkkox TK,Ua,o„V. I- All X..KTII AXI. (JUKKXI.AX,. Xk\VK(>IX,>I.AXI» . TllK i:x,,KI. ,S,.v,KS „K AmK,!KA Nkvv Y<„,k ax„ ,„k Xksv i:x,i,.Ax„ Statks A,,.AXl-,<. SrA,KS .So, ,„ „K Xknv Vn,..K win iv' ^''''^"^^"'"' ^■^"' V AX,. (;, ,.K S.A,KS . A\ III. \\ Ks,KI!\ S,ATKS . XIX. .\l ASKA ... J^- MkM.o ax,. ('KM^iA,. .\MKI!,. A XX • T.iK Wkst Ixiuks ax,. Hk.o,, ,.a I.,.ax,:. A All. S(.(||, .\mKI!I<\ XXIH. K, ,!,„.K ...■■■■•• XXIV. Thk niUTISlI Isi.Ks XXV. ()T„K,! Co, X,,MKS OK K, ,.o,.K XXVI. Asia ' ' ' ' XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. 1 I I -J u; 'J7 •JU ■VJ ••(7 .")U 7.") ss 1(11 Kts 111 IKi li'(t 1L>1 I.JO 1-V2 I.i.-, IK) lis H!» i(i<) 177 VI TABLE OF fOXTEyrs SElTKiN XXVir. India axk Inoo-Ciiixa .... XXVIII. AHMtA XXIX. .Soirii Akkra: Cai-k C'oi.uxy, Xatai.. VAAI. C'ctl.OXY. OlJAXtiK RiVKI! CoI.OXV XXX. ThK C'oMMOXWKAI/iH (»F AlS TK AM A. Nk LAXi), TiiK East Ixdiks, I'lriMn-iNKs. a Otiiku Isi.axds ok thk Paciku UeVIKW QlKSTIOXS Al'I'KXDIX HAUU . 187 . 192 TiiAXs- , KIC. . '2(H) w Zea- XI> TIIK L>(>4 • •2U . 2:J5 LIST OF MAl'8 KllilKK 28. Westkrx IlEMrsi>m.:i!F 2!). Eastekx IIemisi'iikue ;iO. MeKC ATOH MaI' ok TIIK WoKI.I) .... :U. XoHTH Amerua ■V2. Hkmek Mai' ok Xohtii America . . . ()„ •U. DoMixio.v OK C'axada :{!». Ati.axtic Provixce Pkovix( Es OK the St. Eawhexce Uivkk System Maxitoha axi) the North-west Territories rxriEO States ok Ameijk a xoktii-easterx states Mexico, (extrai. America. axi> the West Ixoik 1(17. SoiTii America 17.i. Ecroi'e 174. Rritisii Isi.es 2(»4. Asia 219. Akrua 2:{:{. ArsTRAi.iA axd Isi,axi>s ok the I'acikic . •u. m. l:!4. l.i(i. l.-)9. /'".'/' KAIIM; I'AUK 2() 27 27 28 28 :52 :J7 50 7.") los 111 1:52 140 148 149 177 192 204 f I 01 IJ EARTH AS A WHOLE -•o»:o I. FORM AND SIZK OF THE EARTHS Its Form. — IlniMlred.s of years ago, bcfcu-o AuR'iica was discovered, men thoiif,rl,t the earth was Hat. They travelled so little that they had no idea of its form or (»f its size. A few men who liad studied the matter believed that the earth was a round hall, and that if one travelled straight on in any direction, he would in time return to the place from which he started. Von can uiulerstand this by i)ushing your linger around on the outside of an orange, until it comes back to the starting-jioint. Christ..), h.T C.lim.l.ns Loli^.v-.l this, ami went to Spain, hojiincr to obtain money to .secmv siiips for a Ion-- voya.-f.- to pn.vc it. M'u vv.-r.' at tiiat tin... in the hal.it of .;'„i„j,- t„ a land, .■alh-.l In.lia for spices, s.lks, an.l jew-ls. To n-aeh In.lia fr..n. Spain th.'v travelle.l thonsands of niih-s ,■,,.»,■„,■>/: I.nt Colnn.lM.s sai.l tliat if' the ..arth were ronn.l. like a hall. In.lia n.ioht he r..a.-h,-.l hv o.,!,,.. „..st>rnnf acn.ss the ocean, an.l the ,listan<-e w„„i,l 1„. „,„oh less. He therefore ask.-,! the kin- ..f Spain f..r ships an.l ni.-n t., make sneh a j.-nrney. I he km- refns,.,l th.- r ; l.ut instead of thai he had discov.-red Cuha and other islands near the coast of \orth America; a continent and lar^e ocean still lay l.etween liiin and India. These newly discovered hinds l.ecame known as the Xew WorM, to distin^uisii them from the Ol,/ IVo.M. where all whitn (.f it in the name of tlie king of Spain. After Columbus returned in stifety, other men dared to explore the New World. One of them, named :Magellan, started to sail round the earth ; and though he was killed when he had reached the l*hilipi)ine islands, his ships went on and completed the journey. Since then many p«>oi>le have made the voyaoe in various directions, and the earth has been studied so carefully that every one nf»w knows it is round. The great round earth is also called the n,u-h'r of the earth, or the distance from one side to the other, through the re„tre of the earth is nearly eight thousand miles. Thv rh-riimffrmrp of the ea\ ,)r the di.^ tanee ar.>nn.l theontsid.. of it. isal.out tw.-ntv- «v.. thousan.l miles. This is a littl.. nion'than BOCTII POLK Fig. 2. The sphere. I.;. .'!. Kifjure of the earth cut tl in two, to show the that tl lee diameter, the line passing througli the ^ \\tX\o ni.ire than tl •ee timt.s the .liani.'ter. an.l von will tin.l iinif. rt.nc.. of any spln-r.. i s always Ot'iitre ((•). I' tl lis w ith ee times its " -l ". t„..e eu ,.e to the ..orth ,,ole ; o.-. if ,„• ..„„„,, :,„.,,; ..V s. .th p. e U,ny ...e,. have t.ie.l to e.-oss the ic,v .els (Fi,. , , . n..,..., the ..ortl. pole. „ o..e ever reaches thai poi..t h;.! 1 '; he7 rT' '";^^"-";--^'' sta.-.towanl which the axis poi^^ will l>e alii.ost directly overhead. The Equator. -Midway between these poles, we think of another hue drawn aronnd the earth on the ont.side. 1 Ins IS called the equator, I.e- cause all parts of it are eqntUy distant from each ..f the poles. On pagre ;} the distance around the earth was given ; what, then, is tlie length of the equator ? As the earth spins on its axis, all points on the surface must j-o w,cl. it, as every j.art of the skin of an apple turns with it. Since the ea.th J'''". '>■ makes one co,..plete t,.r.. each day. a That half of the sphere cntain- nian at the ecpiator travels twentv- '"« ♦'"' ^-ew World, to show five thousand niilesevei-vtwentv-fonr ""^ '*"'*'' ' ^^ «l>e poles and }...nrs. Whatawhi.-lin;.n,otionthat """'"■■" is! It is at the rate of over one thonsand mil.., a., hour while the fas e., t,.a,„s n... ,itt,e ,..o,-e than sixty n.iles an ho..,-. "" as ; -div ;r;i:;;:';: r:::;::^ '''-'' "^ -'' "' *'- — — Gravity. -What, then, is to hinder our flying away a sti ing. It flies away the moment the string bre.iks ? And ^vily IS not all the water hurled from the ocean ? Saufh Ont KAIITU AS A WlliH.H Tha reason \h that tlie earth draws evei-ythiiig toward It. If you push a book from y.,ur tlesk, it falls to the floor ; aud wlien you spring into the air, you quickly return to the ground. All objects are drawn ihnvmvard, because the earth is pulling upon them. It attracts them much as a horse-shoe magnet attracts pieces of iron. The force with uhich f e earth draws all objects toward It IS called ijmvity; and it is because of gravity tliat the water, trees, houses, and we ourselves, do not fly off when the earth is turning at such a tremendous speed. Sunrise and Sunset. — The sun aeems to ise in the east and set in the west. This could not be the case if the earth did not turn or rotate toward the east ; for all heavenly bodies nust first ai.pear in the direction toward which the earth turns. This eastward rotation of the earth, therefore, explains why the sun seems to rise and set as it does. Hundreds of years age jw-ople thought that the sun actually rose and, after moving across the heavens, set in tlie west. We still usJ the words "sunri.se" and "sun.set" which they used, although we know that the sun appears to ri.se only hecau.s*' the earth rotates. Day and Night. — It is this rotation that causes day and night. A lamp can light only one-half of a ball at a time, as you know. So the sun can light only half of the great earth ball at one time. That being the case, if our globe stood perfectly still, there would always be day on the half next to the sun, and night on the other half. But since the earth rotates, the place where it is day is constantly changing ; and while the sun is setting for people far to the east of us, it is risin? for those far to the west. When it is noon where you live, it is midnight on the other side of the earth. Tims each place has its DAfLV MOTION OF THE EARTH 7 peri.Hl of daylight an.l .lurkness : an.l a.s the earth n.ak.s one complete rotation every twenty-tV.nr hours, the .U v and n.ont together must la.st just that length of i,„e ' Fui. 6. An apple lighted by a candle on one side, t„ illustrate the cause uf day and night. •' III. Tin-: ZONKS M AUKrH rot » Boundaries of the Zones. — The sun's rays ft'cl warnuT at nnou thiiu in tlu' ni>)rnin^' or evening hecausti tlie sun \h ni(H-e nearly overhesul at noon, and the rays then reac.'i us nearly vertieally. For the same reason the sun seems hotter in sumnie" than in winter, and in some parts of the earth tlian in others. The liottest part of the earth is near the ecpiator, for in that region the sun at midday is di- rectly over the heads of the people. That is the case, for a suKjjest shari, .lifferenees be- i,art of the year, as far north as tween the zones on the two ti i- • ,■.. „ sides of the boundaries; hut the luie 0\\ tlie map ( iMg. () you should remember that the marked tmpie of Cancer, and changes are rery yraduuL ^ ' t- i tor another part of the year, as far south as the one marked tropic of Capricorn. Point to them on Figures 28, 29, and 30. These lines are more than three thousand miles ai)art, a distance nearly as great as that across the Dominion of Canada frtmi Halifax to Van- couver ; and over that vast area the heat is intense, or torrid. Those who live there wear only the very lightest clothing, and the savages have almost none (Fig. 8). But farther north and south the heat becomes less and «ol'TH POLB Fro. 7. A map of tlie zones. The colors THE ZONKS less intfiisi., Lecaus.. the rays of the smi, even at iioon, api)n)ach the earth at a greater shii.t. 'J'he.i" is a iv,ifi.,n, then, on each sich- of this hioatl hut kit, where it is neither very hot r •• very cohl, hut temperate. Finally, near the poles, the rays are very slanting', as they are in our early luoruin^r „i. late afternoon. There It IS so eohl, uvfn;,hl tlnit the ground never thaws out, the iee never entirely «li8ai)pears, and very little vegetal tion can grow. Torrid Zone. — 'I'hus one i)art (.f the earth has a hot elunate. There the noonday sun is alwavs so direetlv over the .'.eads of the ' inhahitants that tlu'v never Imve winter. This hot region ex- tends entirely around the earth, like a great b< It, and the equator is in the middle of it. This is called the tropical belt, or the tropical oi- torrid zone, and sometimes the eiptntorial belt. Why the latter name ? Temperate Zones. — ( )n the north and south sides of this are the two temperate zones. People living Fk;. S. t'l.ilii.pine snvages li.i.itinK; their h,.me i« i„ the torrid zone, ami they ne.-l almost i,„ I'lotliinj;. in the norfh temperate zone find the sun to tl them at noon w sou , even in summer ; and their shadows til of ways 10 nun EARTH AH A WIIOLK fall towaril the north. Hut in tiie mmth tempernlf zone thu iiiiihluy Hun m ulwayM in the noith. Which way inu«t the duuUiWH fall in that /.one ? XuticH tii<- i^tHition of tliu huh at iiiidilay where you liv*\ ami almi tli«> (lircc'tiuii ami leii){tli of your sliadow at that time. In which of the teuiiierate /oiieN do you live? FlQ. ». Cape York Egkiiiios, Ireenlaml, in tlieir suiniiier ilresti, Htanding l>y their HledH on the ife-<-overceaks are called m/canoes (Fit;-. 11), and some of them are many thousand feet hif>h. Ill Canada there are m> vol- canoes. The Earth's Crust. — From a study of the earth it seems certain that, although the out- side is now cold, it was once hot, and that the mass within is still hot. Vesuvius, in Italy, seu.lin- ..nf lava, ashes, and st.'ani dining an eruption some years ago. It may be compared to a biscuit hat 18 still hot inside, although its crust has become cool, in tact this cold outside part of the earth is generally called the earth's crust. ■H M 3 ( 14 OUR EAHTll AS A WHOLE \\ i Cause of Mountains. — It wasstiited (Our Home, p. 18) that some i.arts of the earth have been raised to form mountain ranges, while others liave been lowered to form valleys. We are now ready to explain how this has happened. V^ju have, perhaps, seen a blaeksmith put a tire upon a wheel. He heats the tire so hot that it expands, and it is then easily placed over the wheel. Hut when the iron cools it shrinks, so that the tire then Hts the wheel tightly The hot interior of the earth is under- going a similar change to that of the iron ti^e cooling, since every year it is slowly growing cooler, and herefore, shrinking or contractitiy. 'i iiis allows the cool crust to settle; but, being too large, it wrinkles, or puckers, causing the rocks to bend and break, and form- ing great mountain ranges and valleys. One see.H .soiiiethiiiy; of the .same kind in an ai)i)lethat lias lieconu- dry and wrinkled (Fig-. 12). ft ha« dried because some of the water beneath the tonsh skin has o(„ie into the air as vapor; thus the inside has been made smaller The skin of the apple, like the crust of the earth, has then settled down and become wrinkled. Cause of Continents and Ocean Basins. — The mountains and valleys are not the largest wrinkles on the earth's surface. As the crust has settled, some portions have been lowered thousands of feet farther than others, and in these great depressions the waters have collected, forming the oceans, which in places are four or five miles deep. Those great ])ortions of earth's crust which rise above the ocean are called mntinents ; and the highest mountain Fi(i. 12. An apple wrinkled through dryiiij;. HEAT WITUIS THE EMiTll \r^ peak upon then, is fully eleven nule« alu.ve the deepest part of the ocean. '■ Chunrje iu ,he L.r,-I „f ,1,. Lau.l. - The c,.nt:aeti„s -f th. earth Ir.s cause,! ,na.n- cl.ange^ and i. still eausi„. „.„.,. s^n.e part! of Z It. 1 e, hai..s the place where y.... live, even th.,n,h it he an.un- tl i.iountains. Mas once bel„w the ..cean. • .iy Hndin- certain shells, called fossils. in the i-ocks. Aj;-es aj-o these shells wi re parts of animals livinjr i„ the oc.-an ; l.nt on the.h-atli of their own.-rs thev became I'line,! in the mild and lay there for many centuries until th.- h.v.-rs of itn.d became slowly hardene.l into n>ck-. This was later lifted above the water, and then frost, rain, and rivers wore the upper layers away, brinsin-.- the fossils to light '"-y "■■ k-ins .1,- , piacT,,:;^ ,,;■.'■:■■ "'""■ '"" Fio. i;5. A rock coiitainins: niany fossil shells. f. 11 Fi(i. 14. — Land (on left-hand side) iiail water (nii riglit-Jmnd side) lii'iiii- splieit's. /lemisjilierp means hall-splierc : tliat is, half the earth. V. THE CONTINEN'IS AND OCEANS Land and Water. — Tlie jjreater part of v.\e land is found in the northern hemisphere, the greater part of the water in the s o u t li e r n (Figs. 1.") and 21). It is |M)Ssi- l>lt' to divide tilt* earth into lialvi's, ill one I) f \v Ii i (• li — tile /(iiitl htmi- sjihiri- — near- ly all the land is situated, while in the other— the wiiirr li t iin- spherc — there is very little land. This is s h o \v 11 i II Figure 14. Fic. 15. — The iKirtlieni lieniisi)liere, sliowiiij; the land uliout the north pole. Kuiasia in the eastern hemisphere. and America in the "vesiern. 10 THE (itNTiyEMS AND OCEANS 17 The Continents In Figure lo, „r, better, „n a jrl,.l,e, notice that two f,n-eat masses oi lanil extend from the north pohir zone ( )ne of these lies in the western hemispliere, an )' Notice how much alike they are in .shape; draw triangles to show this. i; 11 .;:i If 18 orn EARTH .i*- a wuolk Through what ^ones .|oe. Xorth A.nerica extendi ..See Fi. " all the time; to the part v Z' , "'V''^'^'^'* ^^■^''''e there h snow must the Vlimoll L \ '/' '''"'' ^"^ •^"°^^- ^Vl^ere Sisters. l.ave 1 a' L;rZ\V"' I't-^'"^' "' "'« «''-' ^^'"'e Tell how the clinufte t 'm e ^.t^'T'^ "' ^'^^^^ "'• the northern end of Vortli x f ^'°" ''■*'''^ *" ^''''^^'^l ^om A.nerica. What chi«e. I'uH v '"' "" ■^"'''"'■" "'^ °^ «-^l' -e,othh,o.,.,;rrwri^^^^^^ i-^ coneetpiL.;^s::?thr' ;j:' i^':;:t »: '• ^•"" ""'^^- any of them? ^ ' "^■''- '''^^« JO" ever seen V fe«- K .iiu( ..). More laiul is found there NORTH SOUTH k;. 17. - A hemisphere showing a part „f Eurasia aud A frica. , J Kio. 18. ■Some ol tlie auiinals of South A iiierica. I li'l 20 Ol'R EAHTII AS A tt'HOLK than in the New World, and the lai^rest ma«8 of it is Hometinies called Humaia. The nortiiern part of Kurasia is in tlie North Frigid zone, on tlie oiiposite side of the north pole from North America (Fijr. 15;, and extends a great distance east and vest. Find for yourself how far south this continent reaches, and through what zones it passes. Long ago, before Columbus made his voyage to the New World, the most civilized people lived in Europe, the western part of this great continent. The homes of Jeanuette and Louise, two of the Seven Little Sisters. Me.-e in that country. If you have read the story, can you not tell some tilings about each of them ? 'i'he eastern part of the con- tinent is called Asia. Read in the "Seven Little Sis- ters " about (ie- mila, the child of the desert, and of Pen-se, the Chinese girl, whose homes were in Asia. Europe is usually consid- ered one conti- nent and Asia another, al- though, as you can see from the uiaps, especially Figure 15, they are not Kio. 1<>. The home of Jeanuette amoiiR the Swiss mountains. Find other pictures of these mountains in Our Home, pages 17 and 22. 77//; roA'/7.VAA'7.s .IA7i (H K.IXS -Jl 8() dearly sqmrated us tlie ..tlu-r conti.ient.s arc. Vuv this reason Kun.i.e an.l Asia are uiwu .-all...! on., rontiiu-nl' hurasia, the name heing nuuh. up of -Kur," tVon. Kur..i,e' and " Asia." ^ ' I'oint toNvar.1 thi. contineat. Walk toward it. Wl.icl. is probal-ly Its warmest part ? •' Africa. — South of Europe is the eontinent of Africa. Here lived the little dark girl Mane„k„, o,,.. of the Seven Little Sisters, and this is the phu-e th.. ne«r.,es eanie from. i 41 ill Flii, M. The tifter, one of thf wil.l animals of Africa and Asia. In What zones does Afriea lie/ How does it eoninare With South America in temperature ? Jn shape ? In what ( irection would you start in order to go directly to Australia. -South of Asia are many large islands calle.l the Last India Islands (Fig. -SO). Find the z.me in which they he. Southeast of these is a large island known as the continent of Australia ( Fig. 29). In what zones IS it .■* 22 Ol li KAinil As A WnOLK Thk OrKANS The Arctic and Antarctic. - Then, «een.s to bo « great eul o huHl; |,ut, UH we l.uve learned (Our Ilo.ue, p ,;„), tlu-ee-K,urths of the earth is eovere.l l.y ocean wate, . ThJ water aronn. the north pole (Fig. \',) is ealled Xh, Arctic Uctan. I'ind it on a glohe. Tl..re an. numy ishnwls in tLi.s ocean, an.l tl... „„ter iH-twen. tlu.,., s cvere,. w.tl. ice. Tl.e oli.nat.. is .. coi.l ,hat tl.-v a " v .: -oj ... a.ui „o cn.i.s „f any kin.I can ..e pown. I|,mv the Fski, , - ...,.., the p..hu- Lea., seal. an., wah's f, ....tain n^:t iwtd lur l..r cl..t.nnK. a.... oil fur i„t,l „,„. lij.|,t (s^e p. .0-2). Mmh k..ss is known al.out the Antarctic Oe,:,n (Vur -1), which surn.nnds the south pole, and on which there IS also a j,'reat deal of floatinjr ice. The Atlantic. - Kxten.linj. from the Arctic to the Ant- arctic .s the Atlautlc O ,. (Fig. 22), having the Old World on the east an.l the New World on the west. This IS the water that we cms in going to Furope, and niany ot the things we eat and wear are brought across it. Can you name .some of them / Fin.l what cmtinenis the Atlantic borders. The Pacific. -The water west of North America is called the Pacip^ Ocean (Fig. 28), which is the largest of all oceans covering more than one-third of the earth's si.rface. W hat continents does it bathe ? Walk towar.l it The Indian - There is still another great body of water called the Luhun Ocean (Fig. 17). It lies south of India in A-sia, and between Africa on one side and Australia and the Last Indies on the other. The Ocean Bottom. -The depth of the ocean water vanes considerably; on the average it is a little over two THE roSTlSESTS ASD orK.i.ys 26 "•ii-0.nt in H,m,e nhues it in nu.re tluu. tivo ...il.s .1.,.., In tluH .mruensc body „f watt-r u.v ,„iIlio„s of uMiu.als «on,eof then,, u« the wlmle, .iuuk, c-culfish, un.l «oal, U-inJ of use to man. ^ The l.e.l of the ..cean is n.uinly a great plain, where it iH UH dark as onr .hirkest night, because the sunlight cannot pass — ""ii^'n through so much water. In conse- quence, tlie fish living Pio. l's. there Imve 0"e "' Um deeiKsea fish. little use for eyes, and some have none The mud which covers the bottom is in n.anv places "mde „p of the shells of tiny animals, n.any of then . snmller than a pinhead. Son.e of the chalk used i •schools wa. just such .muI before it was raised to form rock layers on the dry land. Mountains in the Oceans. - While most of the bottom of the sea is a i)lain, some parts are not so level. Here and there are mountain peaks, and chains of islands, extend- ing above the sen far away from the coiitincnls. Manv of ^^^^ ^_ these are portions of mountain * i . '" " ' c^'^ins rising above the wfitpf • A piece of coral, witJ. the nolyns 1 .,* ,., , ' projeeting from the hard .oral ''"^ "^'^"^'^ ^^^^ ^he Hawaiian iikea_^u„ehofrt.,wers. seeaiso Islands, are Tuicanoes which fl . ' . ^"^^e heeji built up bv lava flowing from the interior of the earth (p. \s) '!i I! i .i\\ m 26 or/.' KARTII AH .1 WHOLE Coral Islands. — In tlie oi)en ocean tlicre is anotlier interesting kind of island known as the coral island (Figs. 27 and '2'^7). Some very tiny crea- tnres, called coral polt/ps^ bnildhard, limy coral, such as you have no doubt seen. Where the ocean water is warm, as in the torrid z(>ne, these little animals live in immense num- bers, millions of them around a single island. Each polyp resembles a fully blos- somed flower ; and they vary greatly in color, l)eing white, pink, purple, red, yellow, brown, and many other colors. It is a truly beautiful sight to see them spread out in the water, looking like a flower garden in the sea (Fig. 26). When these coral animals die, the hard coral part remains. Then other ixdyps build upon these skeletons, and this is continued until the surface of the waier is reached and coral islands are formed. Fill. 27. A ring-like coral island, called an atoll, in the open ocean. « North Poll 4? im ' i I ^ I *!ll t i I North Pole 's — — tt; — - I i 1 1 M VI. MWS Tmk maps tliiit liave het'ii thus far used represent kemi- spheres, and show the earth in relief, as it would ap[)ear if we looked down upon it from ahove. Such maps are especially desirable because they eall attention to the roundness of the earth ; but tiiey are so dillicnlt to make that it is customary to repi'esent the earth on flat maps instead. In Figures 28 and 2J> you can see the difference between the two. While the lower ones, by the shading, show the roundness of the earth, the ujiper two represent it as quite flat. Although they are unlike, the latter show the posi- tion of the land and the water quite as plainly as the former. Since this is true, and since it is much esisier to make the flat maps, these will be the ones chiefly used hereafter in this book. Hut in studying flat maps one should always remember to think of the earth as round, and not as a flat surface.^ Examine Figure 30 also.^ 1 The teacher should see that this is done by frequent use of a frlobe. It is advisable to have one large globe and several small ones, -io that each pupil may have one for frequent use. 2 These maps (Figs. "iS, '20, and ;50) should be carefully studied, the pupil following map questions given by the teacher to cover form, loca- tion, etc., of continent.^ oceans, and important places. 27 Fkj. 32. Relief map of North America. (MoUelled by E. E. Howell.) li luo Luiipiiud» He«t80°frum Grreii-.irh mi" ttf vii. Noirni AMKincA Physical Geography. Uwu u u relief .„m|. „r the c.n- tinent on whirl, wi- live. What j^reut hi^rhla,Kl ,lo vou tuul 111 the west? In the east/ In what diiection does each exteiKl? Which is the broader and hi^dier? Where iH the lowest lan.l between these two hij,diiands? Traee the St. Lawrence River aii.l (ireat Lakes; the Mississippi Kiver. Name some of the larj-est tributaries of the Mis- sissippi River. (Von will find these names on the map, tig. 81.) Find the Rio (Jrande River in tlie sonth; the Mackenzie and the Viikon in the northwes What two great rivers flow westward from the Rocky Monntains to the Pacific Ocean? Notice the slope east of the Appalachian Monntains. Is It longer or sliorter than that west of the Rockies? What, then, are the main slopes in North America '> Lpon which of these slopes do yon live? Point as nearly as yon can to the place where your home is. Fio. ;!;f. Find Halifax an.l Victoria on Fijr.uv :?1. If vo„ were to so we.t- 'A'ard troni the former to the latter, you would travel over »,any hills, valleys, and mountains. Some of the slopes would be .short and geu- 29 \l 30 orrt KAItTII AH A WHOLE tl«'; otluTK wtMilil l.f MTV |.(ii)f. and sdiiiftiiiM's nciillc. sfiiiM-tiiiii'M 8tv»'|t. lltTi' is It ilni\\iii)( Mliowiiiy; tin- cliiff sI(>|n',«i yoii wuiiM crosH in iiiakiii}r iliat jiiiirii»-y. Triu-f on the muii tin- viiiioiis .sI<4m-)« of i\w dniwiii^,'. Draw a Ht'ctiori lik»' this. Political Divisions. — You will reincinhor that Spain was the nation that hrliK'd ('olunil»n,s to make his diseovery of America. The Spaniards afterwanls setth;d in the south- ern [»art of the continent, and introdneetl tlie Spanisli hm- jfuafje there. 'I'his is still the eliief lan^Miajjfe .spoken in Mk.xko and in the .sonthern part of North America. .Mexico hecame imh'pendcnt of Spain many years ago. Other nations also .sent out explorers and made settle- ments. .\inonj,' them were the ltriti.sli ami French, wlio settled chiefly alonj,' the Atlantic coa.st, the French ()ecu- pying tlie mnthern part of tho coiuitry. and the British the central portion between the French and the Spaiuanls. In course of time the British came to own the whole of the continent north of Mexico. Many of the British in the (tentral portion of eastern North .\merica became dis.satistied with the manner of their goveriunent by the mother country. On the fourth of July, 177(), they dechired their independence of Great liritain, and after a .severe struggle they won it completely. 'I'his i)art became known as the rMTED Statk.s of North Ameuk^A. Britain, however, still retained the northern part of the continent, then, as now, called Canada, in which we have our homes. Find each of these countries in the map. (Fig. 81.) Besides these three large nations, several smaller ones occupy Cb:ntkal America, which lies south of Mexico. Of course tliere must be some place where one country ends and another begins. Such a place is called a houndury, an'' the boundary yORTIt AM Kit If A 31 lines between .1... .liUV.vn. „ati,.,.s an- .|.ow„ .„, , .,„. i.,- ,,..„,, llllM. Point thlMll ..lit. • ' In H..1IIH |..irt« you ...... that u „„„„•<,/ honn.lan, Im, l„j^n -hos,^,, .snch an a river or a .-haii, of lak.-s; l.,„ i, i, .,,Vi, oniv a .stra.gl.t ,<„.-' cutt.iiK aoro.. rivr... lak.-s. ami ...ouMtaius. Exaum.. tl..- .H.iin.iarv' ot the Doimmo,, to detenniii.. how iini.-li of it is natural Where the l.ouu.lary is only a .straight li,.... it is n.arke.l In ., ,,,u of ,K>.st.. or .stone j.iliars a few rocN apart, an.l if you were to cto.s,h from one country to another you might .-a^ily see tiiem. - =1 '■/*-••■-•: n^ VIII. THE DOMINION OF CANADA Map (iiKSTioxs. — (1 ) What part of Xoitli America .loes Tanada occupy? (-2) Wliiit wat.Ts honl.T Canada V (:{) What country and ill which diri-ction? (4) Wiiat land is northwest of Canada? (")) Wiiat land northeast? (tl) What is the greatest distance across tlie country from east to west? (Xotice the seah' of miles on the map.) From south to north? (7) What forms the great central basin? (S) The great southern i.asin ? (!») What gre.-'t divide is in the west? (1(1) What two great rivers show the northern slope and the southern basin hetweeu the Koeky Mountains and Hudson IJav ? (11) Wiiat climate might yoii expect in the northern i>ait? (12) Find Ottawa, Montreal. Toronto. Quehec. St. John. Halifax. Winnipeg, Victoria. Ifegina. and state where each is. Fiu. :$,-.. The old .Te.suit Mission Chapel, built by the French at Tadeusac. at the inoutii of the Sagueiiay River in I74(!. 32 Y'oii have alreatiy learnt (Our Ilonie, p. 92) liow the wliole of the Amerieau Continent was peopled originally by the Indians, and how various European nations crossed the Atlan- tic Ocean, and took ^los- session of the land, some- times with the eonsent of the Indians, hut more often atrainst their will. You have also learnt Jiow the northern part of North Anieriea was discovered nearlv 400 years ago by agfo I : ni I e W,-t Wfrom Qr.H.n.l.h i i THE DOMlXloy OF rASADA m Freiicliuien, uikUm- J:i((|ir's Carlit'r. and called Canada, and how settlements were made eliiefly on the sea-eoast and on the shores of the St. Lawrence River. Ki<;. ;>(>. A general view ol Quebec, Irom Point Levis, in 17"..!. From there the early French i)ioneer.s extended their missions far away to the west by the Ottawa River and the (treat Lakes, , and explored the ! Mississippi River to its mouth in the (iulf of Mex- ico. Trace their course on the mai) (Fit^. 31). South of the Great l^akes the ^'"^^'"^^'''•'""^M"' (Kingston). sUowiutr the remains of old Fort Frontenao, in 1783. count rv had been Vui. .17. 84 OUR EARTH AS A WHOLE taken possession of by tlie British, and between them and the Frejich fierce rivalry and warfare continued up to about 140 years affo, when Canada was ^iven up by France to Cxreat Britain, The wliole white i)oi)uhition at that time (1763) was not over 70,000, and tliese were grouped mainly on the banks ot the 8t. Lawrence River, or at a few i.oints on the sea- coast or ..n the (Jreat Lakes, near some fortified post, where ' tliey could de- ; fend themselves against the at- tacks of the Indians. A few years afterwards this population was increased J by a large num- V ,^ r. *'"■ ''^' ^^'" of i-efugees .ew of Fort Ge..rge, at ,hcM„o„tl. of the Niagara River, (about 40,000) y . . , fi"om the United states, who preferred to sacrifice their property and remani under British authority rather than join with the rebels, as the founders of the United States were then called. C anada was not then the great country it is now. Under the French rule, that part of the country bordering on the fet Lawrence River an.l north of the (Ireat Lakes, was calle"t, from .he C. Md.. of „„e l,u„dr«l jear» ago to tl.e fa.mch, of to-.luv. .".d J,ow from a„,all beginnings suci, great resnlt» l.avj been deyeloijed. In onler ,|,e n.ore ea,,il,- to study The subjec tt ■» letter to review the whole and then to t, ke up each section „f the eonntry separately. When Aca' ^^'''^^ "^ the year 18b7 the Dominion of Canada was formed, comprising at ; 1 III; 36 Orn EARTH AS A WHOLE first Ontario (I'l^i^ev ChuhUu), Quel,ec (Lower Canada), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The First of July is now annually celebrated as a pubUc holiday in remain- brance of the formation of tliis union. InlHU it was joined by British Columbia, and in 1H78 by Prince Edward Island. In the year 1869 the rights of a trading company, called - The Hudson's Bay Company," in the vast territory lying north and west of the original Province of Canada, and extending to the Arctic and Pacific oceans, were pur- chased by the (Government of the Dominion. Out of this great tract of land the Province of Manitoba was organized in 1870 ; and afterwards the North- West Territories, as the country was called, were divided into eight Districts and one Territory (Yukon). Name these Districts from the map and tell how they are situated. Four of these Districts, between Manitoba and Keewatin on the east and British Columbia on the west, have since been united under the name of "The North- West Territories" for partial self-government. These will probably soon be formed nito a sei)arate province. Name them from the map (.Fig. 34). * Name tiie difTerent Provinces and tell how they are situated. Each of the Provinces has its own government, as explained in Our Home, page ]l>>. bnt tlie Territories and unorgani.e.l Districts are under the more direct control of the Dominion (Jovernment IX. I'HE ATLANTIC I'I{(>V|\(ks -'"■'tains an. n. ,i w ,. f'rw "'T '""''"'•^ ^'> ^^''"'^ i:^) Wl.at l.av s.pa..at.s ...... J^JuL ^l "n "" "'" ""''-^ J-'-lwanl Island an.i (•„,,. li.. . '"*"'<^'>' (•') H.m aiv I'rinre (10) >vina,...i;;!..r.n..?r '*■'',*' ""• "'""""""^ «iek/ (11) What , wo 1 . i "'""""•;•"'"' "••'•t'' •'»• Xew Hrnns- V«-; »» nai tv\o arc m tic (Jnlf i\>\ ni joucxiH-ct to tin.I ,l.c largest ci.ics^ ,, Z / 'V"''^'" "'•"'^' y.H. sail f.-on. Halifax t.^cacl/^^rcat ^^ J:" -^'r;:?'''' ^^ ••"'•' capital of each Province' rKn \VI, "' ™ " <••') " •'"« ■« the .lirecti. ;„.,,va on.' St 1 V T. " ." '''""'"'• <^"> ^" ^^''"^ t.on. Nt. .John / ( harlottctown f.on. Jlahfax v Acadia. — A short tiiiH* after the (li.scovery of Ainericii hy Co- liinihii.s (j). 2). that part of tlie eoiitiiient now called Nova Scotia wa.s vis- itetl hy John Cahot, a navijTii tor in the .ser- vi.-. .., lie,,,., ,-II. „r ,.:„,j,,„„|. N„ »,,,l,.„,,,„, |,„„.eve, wa, ,„ad.. ,|,e,.e „,„il „„„,. „„„ ., ,„„„|,.^.,, ,.^,^,.^ ^J^' Fi(i. 40. \iew of ,1„. f„,, H„,l pan of ,h,. ,„„„ .,f A.n,a,H.lis III the year IHltl. if 88 nr-R EAHTii AS .1 wiioi.t: (1M ..^ „... tl... K,rh..|, l,u„lf.l at AuMupuIis Hasi,, (Fiir. ■»«». I i-.V ..anaMl tl,,. n,u.,t,y Anuli.- ,„• A.a.lia, an.l it i^oiMI'i - all tlu. laiul iH-tm-tMi tli« watersluMi of the St I ••« . n s.veran.l tl.u Atlantic Ocean. What mountains p *"»>■"' this waterslu'd ' (see map, V\yr. oT)? K<»i' alioiit one Inin- «ln'«l years Acadia le- Miaincd in the possession of Fiance, when it was j,Mven()vcrto(Jreat Hrit- ain (171:{), and was thereafter called iNova Scotia. The most important fortress in North Amer- ica hehmiriiig to the French was built at f ,, „ , '-"ui^burjr, on the island ot Cape Hreton, but this was capture.l by the IJritish, and now It IS only a heap of ruins ( Fit,'. 41 >. Seaports. — If you examine the map, you will notice that the coast is very invt,ndar. with many deep bays promontories, and tine harb.)rs. 'IM.is is especially notice- able in the Island of Cape IJieton. where the IJras d'Or Lake cuts the island in two, bein^ connected with St Peters Hay on the s..uth by the sliort St. Peter's Canal 1 hese ). Draw the coastline showing,' some of these features. sh-lfrr"''"'- '.'■''■'; '■''"■• '■''■' '•' "'""*">'^'l i" the text, the pupils ..hould be reciutred to locate it ou the .nap, giving Province and position. I'm. II. Kfnu.iM.s i.r till' lortri'M of LouLsbm-. once OIK- .,1 tin- .slionuesl ill tlu' woiM. IL, wiill.s foiiiicd a liiviilt of iMj ,„i|,,j,, an.l were ;Ui feet lii^-li. u,,,) 4(»f,.,., ,||i,.k at tlio Imse. Tlie co.s! of tlie foititicati.uis were 8(i,0(lO.0(ltt, nil enorinoiis .sum In those days. Demolished by the liritish in ITfM). THK ATL.Wrtr PltnviSfKS gq •»r (lit'seun. 11 ALII- vv 111,1 «... i .. .. mi^^'csl IliliJnv i , ' ' -^ •""' •^'- John (Our 11 |.j„ ,„, r Fm. 41'. ViMwofH. M.D,K.|cyar.l:.t.Hali,„.v.Xs ^:ij^t:^"^ ""'*^"'-" '^"- ■■'■'"'^■"- "'■■ - A lin.. I„„-Ih„- hy i,,,.|f ,,„„„„ ,„„|.^. ,, I , Fishtag. -Some of ,i,e ,„„ns are ,it„„te,l on M.e eo-,,, be.a„.e man, „, the „,eu who live i„ then, are h^he™:;,' 40 \\ ■ ■ «'»14,)). Much salmon is - ulso taken by gill nets in the tidal watersof the (Jnlf of «t. Lawrence, and l)y rod anil line in the rivers flowing into the (iulf. The latter, on that ac- count have become favor- ite resorts for the angler. Every year nianv men •e attracted there to en- joy the vigorons sport and -;" V" '^^y ^>^^^^lZ:u:Tu^t^i - ■ .' tiii^ii J,. J. are attracted tliere to en- ri , , joy the vig,„.„„, ,|,„,.t ,„,;, :;;'.w c^Mr,:.'!.';"".'?--.' ^:b . Iiealthful reei-Kiti.)!!. "' ■*"""»'■■ Rivers. -The map will show that the river, in V Scotia are all verv short nwl n / ^"*^ "^^'^ «" Nova »i.i^ snoit, and that scarcclv anv mI.-.o ,• Brunswick, l,„«ever. a l,„v l,ei,rl,i ,.f i Howiug .no t>,e «,., of K ;,%:::rr:;v,v:,: ^1 42 Ol'R EART/l AS A WHOLE ! » 111 iii HI Fl(i. 4eii.sioii Bridge over the St. John l.'iv.'r. Notice the tall of the water into the harbor. system occupies the larger part of New Hninswick, and with its iipi)er ti ihutaries supplies the ^n-eat hi«?hway for the himl)ennaii. Ah»iior its h)wer course and in tlte valleys of its trihutaries there are fertile fanuinij; lands. I'racethe course (»f the 8t. John. The St. John Itivcr, iit its (Ml. tiaiiCfiiitoSt.flohii Ilurlx)!-, i.s coiii- l>res.seil into a luu- low channel be- tween hiyh rocky liaiiks, so that the water cannot flow freely away. Here, therefore, i.s seen a reniarkaMe occiirrence of a (h>iilile water-fall at every tide (.see p.4«). .\t high tide ill the harbor, the water there is twelve feet higher than in the river, thus creat- ing a fall of that height from the liar- bor inward ; and at low tide the water in the harbor is about ten feet lower than in the river, thus creating a fall out- ward. Can yon un- derstand this? Fiik.... lands ar •.•a..,! Pro on the Av..„ Kiver. the ho.ne ..f •• Evan«e,i„e." SO many hills an.l mountains in Nova Scotia and in the ...■th-wes ern part <.f New Brunswick that the soil is f t e^ nn an.l stony an\vn for shi})- ment ; deals are chieHy shi[»ped to (ireat liritainfrom St. .Ioiin. Shipbuilding. — Timber is also u.sed for bniklinj; ships, but not so much now as formerly, when vessels built in Xova Scotia and New Brunswick navigated every part of the world. Most of the large ships of the pres- ent time are built of iron, but the smaller vessels f(»r the coasting trade and for fish- ing are still built of wood. Shi])- buildingischierty carried on at St. John, Dhjisv. Yahmoith. LrNKMviiM;, and Windsou. Mining. — Some of the most important products of the Tin: atlamk; ruovrycEs 45 country arc found l„,neatl. th. soil, especially in Nova Iron -In the first ,,laee a .ir.eat amount of iron ore IS found there When du-^ out of the ,.roun,l this oft.-n re«en,l,les reddish earth or stone, an.l it never looks like Tlu. ...usi.le ,.r a blast f.nna.v at Sy.lney. (■„,.. Bret..,,. Tl... ,- m„.1 tower, nre iron, hut l,y puttin- this ore into what is ealled a f.faxf furnace (Kio-. ol ). ^lono- with eo.l or eoke and limestone It IS melted, and ir.m is ol)tained from it. The iron, wlien nudted, sinks to tlie bottom of the furnace, and is run ott throuffh a vent-liole into trenches made of sand where it forms hlocks or pi,„ ( W.. r,o). i„ t],;, ^,,^,j^^. (^ IS then sent away to many places to he matle into rails, car-wlieels, engines, pillars and beams for buildings, ships, 4<; OCR KAIiTIl AS A WHOLE Stoves, and a thousand other thinofs. Steel is also made from iron, of whieii it is, in fact, only a harder quality. See how long a list you can make of articles made of iron or steel. Coal. — In or- der to make the iron ore useful to us as iron or steel, it requires a n i m m e n s e amount of fuel to obtain the heat necessary to melt the ore, so that the metal may be separated from the dross or earthy, rocky matter with which it is mixed. Fortunately, great quantities of coal are found not far Fia. 52. Molten iron running out of a blast furnace into trencbes, where it cools to form pig iron. Fig. 63. View of the iron and steel works at Trenton, near New Glasgow in Xova Scotia. from the iron mines. This is important, as it saves much expense in transporting the bulky raw material a long distance. Sydney, in Cape Breton, and New (tLASgow owe their importance to this combination, and Spring Hill THE ATLASric I'lUtVlSrEs 47 to its coal mines. I'Krroi is tiie shipping port of New Glasgow, Stkllauton, Si-uinu Hill, and the neigh- boring coal ami iron mining districts. Much coal is needed for stoves and for furnaces in houses and the kind used for tliat pur- pose is lianl or anthracite coal, which is brouglit from the United States. But the coal required for snielting iron ore, and for pro- ducing steam in factories, in loco- ^ motives, and on steamships is the kind found in Nova bcotia. There is, therefore, great demand for it, and there are thousands of car-loads and many ship-loads of it sent away to different parts of our own country and also to the L nited States. This is called hituminom coal. Gold, etc. _ Although iron and coal are the most impor- tant products of the mines, tlicre is also cpiite a large amount of the precious metal, gold, found in Nova Scotia, lu the rocky land near the eastern coast. Gyprnm. from wlmh '^ plaster of Paris " is made, is found near Windsor in lAova hcotia, and much of it is exported. Tides in the Bay of Fundy.- There is one peculiaritv of US part of the Dominion, which re(,uires to be noticed -- 1 le remarkable tides in the Hay of Fund v. The water of the ocean is never at rest. F,.r about six hours there is a constant rise, or flozv. as it is called, an.l for the follow- .1 I 'J I . i ' 1 1 f ■ 48 Orn FAUTU AS A WHOLE ins ««x hours there is a stejuly fall, or Mi, just like a great wave passing very slowly over the surface. Farther on, you will learn the cause of this. At the head of the Hay of Funttom, which had been left bare when the water receded. There you will often see vessels float- ing in deep water, which a few hours ! <'r will be lying on the muddy bottom far from any wati • Although the ti'l<' ebbs and flows all over the ocean, t.ie height of its rise and the rush of its (;urrent depend ui)on the obstacles it meets with abtng the shore, and other circumstances, but there are few places where it is so remarkable for its great THE ATI. Ay TIC Plt(fVIX( KS 49 me nn.l fall as ii. the Hny of Fundy. I„ thr (iulf of St Lawrence, at the lsthiuu.s of Chi. rto, only sixteen mil * across, the tide (h.es not rise more than five ft*et. es .»^- The ice-br..akin« stean.shi,. •• Stanl-y. • ..nislnnj; L.t way ..v.-r Nortlnunl,, X. I'UOVINCKS OF TlIK ST. KIVEK SVSTKM LAWUExNCK Map Qi'ESTioNS. — (1) What Provinces are (•oiii]>riM.'(l in tlu' basin of tlie St. Lawrence Kiver system V {'2) What river forms the l>rincipal dividing line between the two Provinces? (:{) What rivers divide them from the Territories on tlie north? (4) Into what bay do these rivers flow ? (.')) Name ^he Oreat Lakes bordering Ontario on tlie south, (ti) From what country do these separate Canada? (7) Which of the (ireat Lakes does not border on Canada? (iS) What Province adjoins Ontario on the west? (!() What plateau forms the height of laud iu the north? (10) What great basin is north of this? (11) What moi'-tains fornj the watershed in the south-east? (12) From what country and province do they separate Quelnjc? (l.l) How is the Province of Quebec separated from Newfoundland? (14) How far is it from Montreal to the Strait of lielle Isle? (15) Name some of the rivers flowing into the St. Lawrence. (IG) In what direction do they flow? (17) Where are Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal, and Quebec situated ? ( 18) Name some of the other prin- cipal towns and tell where they are .'-ituated. Relief. — Ontario, as you see, occupies only the northern side of the liollow tlirough wliich the waters of the (Jreat Lakes and St. Lawrence Kiver flow ; Quebec occupies hotli sides of this iioUow. Each extends a little bevond the height of land on the north side to the valleys through which the Albany River, in the west, and the East Main River, in the e.ast, flow into James Hay. As a natural consequence of being thus situated in a hollow or basin, all the rivers flow towards the centre from the highlands on each side. The distance they have to run is short coni- 50 I 80 Louglluije W«!>l from Oniiiwlcli CiiivN with over 100,000 Nontrral CiiicM niiu :tj,uuuiM luu.ijui Ottiiwa * Cupltal of Cauulry thu«:. . . S!} Cities nitli 10,000 l.j aj.uUO Hrilnlllr Oth'r''piricTX'''"''' '"''**"'* S'U"ll«.'r Places ColliugvvuuJ Rall"o.i(lS™' . "' * CapltaU with le« ihau 10.030 Fredericton 70 H par sou Stei fill an r I I I PnOViyCES OF TIIK ST. LAWUKM'E ItlVKli ')1 pared with the heij,'ht of tlic liiiid in whiili they have tlu-ir sources, and their eour.ses are, therefore, interrupted by Fui. r..s. Steamship " AlbeitJi " t'litciiiisitlu- liiirboiat Fovt Williuin from Laki' Supeiior. falls and rapids whieh prevent eonlinuous navi<,'ation for any jjfreat distance. Let us now start from the liiirhest p;»int in this jjreat I'Ui. .■.'.1. Cttimiliiin I'ai'ilif liuilway Uiiik t-lexulors. Vi. In til)- SuUiiiiii K<>l the waters of these lakes flow? Mining. — The dis- trict in whieh wo stand is called the Uainy River Dis- trict, and here is the chief (wdIiI Mltiinrs at Fort Williaiii. PunviycEs OF rut: sr. lawresvk hiveh o3 Woods, us the centre. Piissiiii; down tlu' Kiuninisti(iuiu River we eonie t4) : for this purpose larufe mills have been Imill at Sault Ste. Maiie (Our Home, Fig. l(l:i^. " I'HOVIWES OF TIIK ST. LAWltESiE ItlVHli no t r Algonquin National Park. — IJftween the (ieorj^iun liuy and tlu* OttiiwH iiiver aiul south-east of I.ake Nipissiiia;, a hirge tract oi laml. more tliaii forty miles sijuare, has been set apiirt as a hoiiu- tor the wihl animals of Canada, where tiie moose and other . Seri<)r. Kki. (>7. View of the Midlantl Furnace, No. l.belonKiii^ to tlie Canada Iron Furnace Company, showing dock, ore piles, etc. PROri.yCES OF TIIK ST. LAWIiK.WK RIVER />7 Our steanisliii) has now hioujflit us to the harbor of OwEX SoiNi) or of C<)hLiX(nv«)<)i), and on the way we passed a steamer and barge carrying iron ort; from Miclii- pieoten to Col- lingwood, or to Midland (Fig. <>7). also on the (Jeorgian Hay, to supply the smelting works there. Islands of the Georgian Bay. — Ahtng thu coast of the (ieorgian Bay you will notice innumer- able islands, forming scenery of great beauty. From the (ieorgian Hay north-east to the Ottawa Kiver and south-east to Lake Ontario, there is a constant succession of hills, lakes studded with islands, and streams with rapids and water- falls ; a region nowhere snrpasse. Name some other towns in the peninsula. Fid. 70. bait works at Goderiub, Out. PROriSCKS OF TJJK ST. LAHUKNCE HIVKH 5J) Petroleum and Salt. — In this pcniimiilii, near (Jod- KKICH, and at Windsoh, dicif an- wells wliere unit is found in tho shape of Imne (Fi<,'. 70), whi^h is puinpeint of the pen- insula, in the neijj hl)orho(Ml of Pktiiolka, many wells have been sunk deej) into the ground, and from these petroleum or coii\ oil is pumped (Fig. 71). This comes out at first b 1 ac k in eolor, and requires t«» lie retijud, wJien it Iwjcomes the clear oil used for burning in lamps. Lake Navigation. — You have learnt how ('anada ',: separated from the liiited States by the (ireat Lai: > md their connecting rivers. On these there are many vessels carrying passengers anli.i\\in« oil tanks an, the larg- est, Ueljiigs to Canada, but the others belong to the I'nited States. These islands are noted for their vineyards and line fruit. To erosH the Niagara River between Lakes Kric and Ontario there are several great bridges (Fig. 73). Hut the difference in the level Nfxv HiuKle arch ^l^•t■l hriiln*- of the (irainl Trunk Kailwiiy. •lossinu tlie Niagara Kiver. Note thf ;;r*-at Falls hi the dis- tanee. rnoi'iytKs of nit: sr. lawuksck itiVKU til «>f tlif two lakes is 327 fcH. In ni-,l,.i-, tln'ivfon-, that vessels limy |tuss fioiii mif lake to tlu' ntlifr. a caiiai lias Ki.i. 71 View of ik .stwuiitT iiiid hiiru'e in u luck mi the Welliiiicl Canal. iK-t'ii luiilt with many locks, so tiiat vessels are lifted or lowered ^nadually. This is the Welland Canal, the Kiii. T.'i. View ii( the Union Station, Toi-ontii. vm MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ■ o ■ 2.8 Lfi "^ l» Im Hi M3A Its IK Ih |2J 1^ ^ xIPPLIED IM/1GE Inc ^^ 1653 East Main Street B^S Rochester, Ne» York 14609 USA ^S (^'6) +82 - 0300 - Phone ^S (^'6) 288 - 5989 - Fax 62 <)UI{ KAUTII AS A WHOLE greatest of all the C'anaduin canals. It is a little over 23 miles long and has 25 lift locks. St. Catharines is the principal city on the line of the VV^clland Canal. Lake Ontario. ^As commerce naturally comes to the most convenient place for ship[)ing and receiving goods, so we lind that Touonto on Lake Ontario is the centre of commerce as well as the capital of the Province of Ontario. This is due partly to its good harbor, and partly to its central position, which jnakes it the meeting-point for Fia. 7(5. View in tlie Lake of tlie Thousand Islands. a number of railways. Other cities are Ha^hltox at the head of the lake, and Kingston at the outlet, where the lake empties into the St. Lawrence River. Besides these there are a number of towns on Lake Ontario. Name some of these. Along the shores of Lake Ontario and for some distance inland there is a rich farming country, but the land beyond becomes rocky and is more valuable for its timber and min- erals. Peteiihoho is a central point for a number of railways, and north of Belleville are extensive iron mines in the neighborhood of Maixk'. Here also gold is found, as well as other nunerals, sucli as arsenic and lead. PROVINCES OF rilK ST. LAWItESCK lilVEIi 63 St. Lawrence River. — 'I'lio outlet of Lake Ontario is by several eluiiuu'l.s, t'xpamliiijr into the Lake ok the Thousand Lslands (Fig. "♦)), one of the most beautiful summer resorts, frecjuented by thousands of pe(.ple for its ever varying and picturesque seen- /*' ery, and for the boating and fish- ing to be enjoyed there. Rocky and wooded islands of all sizes ex- tend for a dis- tance of more than thirty miles, before the waters narrow to form one grand majes- tic river. Then follows a succession of fierce rapids, with intervening 'ake- like expansions, until Montreal, at the head of ocean navi- gation, is reached. Many steamers run the rapids on their downward trips, but to return must come through the canals which are built to enable vessels to pass round the rapids. These rapids supply abundant water-power, and conse- quently many factories are built along the banks of the canals, as at Cornwall, Vallevfield, Lachine, and other places. Montreal is the largest city of Canada, and is built on an island at the confluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers. Being at the head of navigation, the Fio. 77. View ()f a .steamer enter) nj; the Lachiiie Rapids, above Montreal. t;4 Orn EMiTll AS A WHOLE i Vui. 7H Steamship \ancouver, one (.1 the many great steamships canyiiiK Caiuuliai. jtrodiicts to Enroi)e fii>m M Fig. m. View of the lumber piles at Ottawa. dollars ^yorth of l.utter. a ...illion a.ul a quarter .loze,. of eggs, a„d about thuee,. ,n,lhu„ dollars worth of bacou. lu addition to iL Z uouais. liy if you can reckon all this up. Here, too, 111 a n}^ '" - . manufactures are carried on, owinjif to the clieai) 'i»er at Point Levis, opposite Quebec l^Uebec OCCd. red the Note how the lon« sticks of tiniber are loaded last memorr.ble battle through iwits in the bows of the vessels, wliich between the French ^.^^^f ^^^''^'i'' ^*'''f"»y —e^i "^^f"- going 68 OUR EAHTII AS A WHOLE I ami British, when hotli {f 'nenils \V((lfe and Montcalm were killed. Here u monument i.-; erected to their mem- ory (Kig. Hi)). At Quebec a large amount of shipping is done. At Lkvis, on the opposite side of the river, the greater part of the square timber brought down the St. Lawrence in rafts is loaded on sailing ships for Eurojje (Fig. H4). As the river is frozen up in winter, the ports oi Quebec and Montreal are closed to vessels during that Reason. Tributaries of the St. Law rence. — Above Montreal the streams which flow into the St. Lawrence other than the Ottawa River are not important, but be- tween Montreal and Quebec there aie several large tribu- taries. Naturally these have determined the situation of the principal towns, either at the junction with the St. Lawrence, or at the falls in their courses, whei-e the water-power is avail- able for manufacturing purposes. Such are Sorel, Three Rivers, St. Hvacinthe, Sherbrooke, and St. John's. Lumbering in Eastern Quebec. — Passing beyond Quebec you will notice that there are fewer names on the map and you will judge, therefore, that the country is less settled, and this is the case. Lumbering and fishing form Vio. 85. Monument to AVolfe and Mont- calm, Quebec. PBOVINCES OF THE ST. LAWRENCE HIVER 69 the principal occtipatioiis of lli»> people. On the north shore tlie hind is hleak and harren, hut produces a ijreat deal of valuahle tind)er, which, in the shape of logs, isH(»ateddown to the sawmills, generally situ- ated near tlie mouths of rivers as at T H i: k e RiVEU.sand Ta- Fi.;. h\. DOrSAC ; or it is I-og jam <"> the St. Maurice River. made into pulp for making paper as at (iuAND MkijE on the St. Maurice (Fig. 87) and other places. On the south shore the land is better fitted for cultiva- tion, but below RiviEitE uv Loup the mountains approach Fk;. H7. Vietv of wood pulp mill at (Jrand Mere on the St. Maurice River, Quebec. so close to the shore, that settlements, chiefly of fishermen, are only to be found in the coves formed by the vallc>s. i « i '5 70 Of'H EAiriff AS A WHOLE Summer Resorts. — Tlic sinking' of the land which hus foniu'tl u pasMajfe for the St. Lawn-iu-e Www has uUowetl Kic. Sn. View of Miiirtiy Hiiy, ii siiiiiiner resort on the St. l^wrence. tlie salt water of the ocean to enter the hoUow, so that the tide flo./s into the (Julf of St. Lawrence and up the river as far as Thukb Uivkhs. seventy miles above Quebec. - The water at Quebec is. therefore, salt although there is so much fresh water pouring into it ; and there are several l)laces on the river which have become favorite re- sorts for summer salt- water bathing, such as MrKRAYHAi'(Fig. 88), und C A C"j r N A , near Riviere du Loup. The Saguenay River. — This is also a far-famed resort for tourists on account of its majestic scenery, as the river Fio. Sit. Trinity Rm-k and Cape Eternity, on the Saguenay River. r 1 I'HOyiSCKs (tF TI'K SI. LAHHKSf H ItlVKK 71 flows tlirnii^rl, H ,|,.o,, ^,xm>, wIkmo tlu" liiiul ImsHiiiik away ' ii j,'reiit (It'ptli. h'iiviii^r (lark frowning |»it'ii- pices (III t'uch hand. Tln' Sa^'- ueuay and most of til (* rivers flowinjj into the St. Lawrence be- low Quebec, as far as Labrador and Cape Hreton, are noted for sal- mon fis]iing(Fi{if. nO), and are fre- quented l)y many sportsmen during the season (p. 41). Fiji. !«). A Ubrador siilim.n clearing an 18-foot waterfall. F!<; Ml On the beach at Ferce, Que. Note the iK^-nliar wearing away of tl.o Ferce Kock. 7'^ nlH KMtTir .IS .1 wnnl.K i< I I Gulf of St. Lawrence. - I'uHsinjr from tlic <,'i«'!it livttr, which iiirn'iist'H in i-xti-nt till it is alxiiit fifty miics \vi(h'. Fill. !•■_'. S<>ene on Ihf I.abrn(lnr coast. cnrltiK fl»l» i" HUinmer. the Gulf of St. Luwreiice \n reached, fiiniouM as one of the greatest fishing groiuuLs in the worhl. Here cod, hachlock, hali])Ut, herring, and mackerel are caught in enormous quanti- ties. Al)out 20,000 persons a- , enij)loyed in catching ai.d can- ning lohsters alone, of which more than 10,000,000 cans are put uj) every year, besides those shipped fresh t() all parts of (^inada and to the United States. You have seen cans of l»»l»ster in the grocery stores; how long would it take to count ten millions of them ? The e;xtreme eastern strij) of the coast of the Province Frc. <«. View on the Hini Rocks, near the entranct' to the Gulf of St. Ijiwreiict'. Note the numerous gannet.s, .sea-fowl wjiieli nest there and live on tish. pRnvryfKs or tiik st. i.AWitKsrK niVF.it 73 Mf (^iii'ImtuikI of til.. 'h'liit.Mv of lii;,MVi! HrulltMl Lai). iiidor, iiiid I'xtrmiH iioitli from the S( ii( (.f \W\\v i.sl»! to IIikImoii Strait, 'IMiis ih in. .lor the ^ovormindit of New- f(niii(llaii(l. aii) IIii. elect members to a legislative assembly, where laws may be passed concerning local aifairs. This is the case with Thk Nohth-West Tehritokies, which comprise the Districts of Alberta, Assini- boia, Saskat- che wan, an d Athabasca. The capital of these united Districts is R EC IX A. In course of time the North- West Territories will become a Province of the Dominion. MANITOBA AM) TflK .S(H{TII WEST TEItRlTOniKS 77 Reasons for so Few People. —As tlie eastern part of the Doiiiiiiion was tlie first t(. I)e reached by iinmigrants coin- ing from Europe, it was natural tliat the tirst settlements siiould be made there. Knteri)rising far-traders, or great eompanies, like tlie Hudson's IJay Company, might pene- trate into the almost unknown western country to trade for furs, of wliich a large value might be contained in small bulk ; but of what use to farmers would this country Fig. !Mt. A reaping scene on the prairie in Manitoba. be, no matter how fertile it might be, if they could not get their grain or cattle to market ? It was necessary then, in order to open up the country, to j.rovide means for trans- portation, and so the Canadian Pacific Railway was built, forming a connecting line between the AtlantiJand Pacific Oceans, and affording an outlet for the products of the fertile prairies of the north-west. Just as, in the earlier days of Canada, the first settle- ments were made where comnuinication was most easy — on the coast or lake shore, or on the gr.at rivers — so the principal towns and settlements in the north-west are found 78 OUli KAItril AS A WIKH.K along tilt* line of the lailwiiy or its blanches. In the same way the largest settlements are located in the eastern part of this territory, in the Province of Manitoba, becanse this was the first part reached. Here Wixnipko, whi'jh thirty years ago had a population of only 240, has now over 40,000 inhabitants, and • > is the main point for dis- tributing goods through- out the whole territory. In 1870 when the Prov- ince of Manitoba was organized, the whole white i)opulation did not number more than 1000 persons. Now it is -250,000. Farming. — What is the inducement that attracts people to ]\Iani- tol)a and the North- West? This is found in the re- markable fertility of the soil, more especially in the great southern valleys. Through these the Saskatchewan, Assiniboine, and other rivers flow eastward, and the Red River northward from the United States, into the great lakes of Manitoba. What are the names of these lakes ? To what other great valley or river system could you compare this in the eastern Provinces (Our Home, p. 4')) and in the United States (Our Home, p. 29) ? Lakt' Winniiiej; is wr\ iieaily a« \A\y,f ais lake K:ie, aiul the ^laiiitoba Lakes are fainou.s for their whitefisii, wliich are shipped in Fjg. 1(K). Flour mill and elevator at Portage la Prairie MAMTon.t A.\n riiF. sonrii west THiiitrrnniHs 70 n.frig.-ni(nr ••ars U, tl M,,.,- pn.vin.vs aii,| („ tli- i-.il..,! Statrs. SKf.KiHK is Ml., fliiff .I'litn- for til.' fisliiiin iii.ln.stiv. Fi.i. 101. Haivestiii}; at Indian Head, Assa., N.W.T. As you luive learnt, th « richest and deepest soil is found in tl.e river-volleys, and this is the case here. There are Fi(i. 1()*_». Horse-ranch on the Bow Kiverin Alberta, X.W.T. no forests to be cleared as in the east, for the country .„ all open, grassy land, called prairie, requiring only to he IS so (Hit KAUril AS ^ WIKiLE I ' fl ploujjlu'd and sown to piodnci' ui, ahinnlant crop of wheat, oats, and barley, t»r of iititatoes and t»tlier roots. As a natural conse- (UMice, store- houses and elevators ar* re(iuired to re- ceive tiiis prod- uce, waiting for shipment by the railway; and many towns andvillagessuch as BUAN'DOX and Portage la Pkaiuie, liave sprung up as centi-s to which the neighboring farmers may bring their produce. Tell where some of these are situated. Railways. — Twenty-five years ago there were no rail- ways in Manitoba, r Now, by i glance at the map, you will see that it is covered by a per- fect network of lines. Thci^ehave become necessary in order to carry off the abundant r 4 , aiii. 104. crops. In August „ , ^„ . . . " Horse roiiml-up at Elbow River, C'iilgatv. X.W.T. it IS a marvellous p'ght to view the miles of golden grain extending as far as tue eye can see. FiMONTON. At the latter place the Hudson's Hay Company still carries on a large fur-trade. Hudson's Bay Company. —The whole of this great country, including Manitoba and the Territories, organ- ized or unorganized, was formerly under the control of a trading company, called the Hudson's Bay Company, Fl«i. 108. All old view (if York Factory, on the Nelson River, Hudson Bav- MANTTOHA AXn TUK XORTfl WKST TKHKIKHdEs 83 which huilt tnii /«r<*. at u jriviit many place • whi-ie it kt-pt blankets, guns, powdt-r. Hour, piv.visions, an riiH \oniii-\\ t:.si it:iiiiiiriii«s, Banff, Alta. i ^ 8H orn EAinii as a wiiolk is so great that the fur-traile is still of niuch importance. Some of the animals of this region are shown in Figure 109. Rocky Mountain Park. — This is a tract of land situated in the Rocky Mountains in western Alberta (Fig. 110), which has been set apart by the Dominion Government as a national pleasure ground, where, howevei-, no huntijig is allowed. For natural beauty of scenery, — mountain, lake, Fig. 111. Eskimos near the inoutli of Doobaiint River, Mackenzie Territory. and river, — it is justly noted, and it is visited every year by Iiundreds of travellers. The park is 20 miles long, and 10 miles wide, and in it is situated Hanff, a station and a health resort on the Canadian Pacific Railway, near the hot Sulphur Si)rings (Our Home, Fig. 21. p. 28). Tlie surrounding mountains rise to a height of nearly 10,000 feet, and al)ound in wild game, bear, elk, carilxm, and big-horn sheep. Provisional Districts. — The Districts of Keewatix, Mackenzie, and I'ncjava are only inliabited by a few MANlTOItA ASH TllK \OI{TII-\VEST TElllUTOltlES 87 Iiidiiuis iiiul Eskimos, with luTe and there a Iludsoirs IJay Company's fort at h)ng intervals. The District of FKxVXK- LiN consists of iniinhabited ice- and snow-covered ishmds in the Arctic Ocean. In tlie southern part of these Districts there are some farmini,' hinds and valuable forests, but toward the north these give way to the •• Barren Lands," the haunt of the caribou and nuisk-ox (Fi<,^ 112). At tlie extreme jiorth the land consists of tundra, or frozen swampy plains, bordering on the Arctic Ocean. m Fi(!. 112. A herd of ciiribou in the Barren Lands. ' :il XII. HRITISII COLl MHIA AND VrivOX TEHRI- TOUY, TIIK FAR NORTH AND GREENLAND Mai' QiKsrioxs (Fi- -M). — (1) In what '];:ection do the mouii- tains of Hriti.sh Coliiml.ia generally extend? (l') Xame the two prin- cipal ranges. (;5) What r?\ers flow soutliward between these ranges? (1) What rivers pass through the Hocky Mountains eastward? (;">) Of what great river are the latter tributaries ? ((i) What great river has its source in the north ? (7) Into what country does it flow ? («) Make a drawing of the principal mountain ranges and rivers. (0) How far is it across British Columbia (see scale on nuip)? (10) How far from north to south ? (11) What shape has the Yukon Territory? (12) What large island forms part of British Columbia? (i;3) How is it separated from the mainland? (14) Compare the coast with that of Nova Scotia, and state wherein the difference lies. ( 1 ")) AVhat does the coast suggest about harbors ? ( Ki) Where are Vic- toria, Vancouver, New Westminster, Xanaimo and Dawson situated? Mountains. — A glance at the map will show that this great country is appar- ently covered with mountains. The two j)rinci- pal ranges are, respectively, i n y,f, J,.. the east and west Mount Sir Donald and Eagle Peak, in tlie Selkirk (^(^me them), and Range of the Koeky Mountains, lo.tkili teet lii{,'h. between them 88 BRITISH COLUMItlA, rUKOX TERRITORY, ETC 80 are several sliorter ranges. Vou can trace them by the courses of the rivers, which flow between. 'J'lie moun- tains of Hritisli Columbia are the continuation of cliains in the Fnitecl States and extend to the Arctic Ocean and to Mehrin^r Sea. They are sometimes called the Western Cordilleras, a ^ Spanish word, . meaninj^ ! ng continuous • c?es. >ome of these mountains, un- like those you have hitherto studied, are more than two miles high, and many are, for tins rea- son, covered with snow all the year round. In the high valleys between the loftv moun- tam peaks there are many >/lacier8, which are enormous rivers of ice of great depth. Although these glaciers may thaw to some extent under the summer sun, and thus bt.ome the sources of many mountain streams, they never seem to diminish in extent. To compare the mountains about which you have liitherto leanit with these moun- tains of the west, would l>e like comparing a little cottage to a gi'cat church. Farming and Navigation. — Vou have alreadv learnt that where there are mountains, the soil is not favorable for farming or cattle raising, and so you will generally Fig. 114. View of tlie Great (ilaeier in tlie Selkirk Range ol ihe Rocky Mountains. Note the railway station at the foot of the mountain. ,;i 00 OUli EARTH AS A WHOLE find it here. But there are iiiaiiy viilU'ys between these niountainis whicli are very fertile and suitahU' for farniin«r. Kxtensive [jastoral hinds also are found in the interior, both in the north and soutli. In the lower valley of the Fraser River and in the southern part of Vaneouver Island, alluvial or tlood l)lains have been formed, where the same fruits and fjfrains are «,'r()\vn as in Southern Ontario. Vki;- NON and Kamlooi's in the southern interior are the principal aj,M-ieult u ral towns. Nkw Wkstmin- STKi!, Vi("T<»i;iA,and Van- couvKi; are the thief mar- kets for farm-produets. You have also learnt that navijifation on rivers among mountains is ah lost impossible, owing to the ra[)ids and falls ; and that jjravt'i coiitainiiig piirtides of j;oi ain vabaa- ble de[)Osits o{ ijoid and other minerals. When gold was tirst discovered in the Fraser and F:g. 115. SIniciiij; on Bonanza Creek. Yukon Ter- ritory, sliowiug mode of wasliim; BRITISH < OU'MRIA, Yl'KOX THIIRITORV, ETC 01 Thompson rivers, news of tlie discovery si»reii(l (init-kly tlirougliont the world, and men hastened to the fjold tiehls hy thonsands. At that time there was no railway across the Dominion, and the ^'old seekers had to travel overland thron<]fh the United States, or sail round Cape Horn, or eross the Isthmus of Panama to the Paeilie eoast. 1 here they wouhl take a steamer to Victoria, then afterwards make their way to New Westminster and up the Fraser Uiver as best they could, in small steamers or boats. Many were the hardships they had to encounter in order to reach the locality where the precious metal was to be found. The method of min- ing, as it may be calleuver Ishiml. Mininjr und prospeitinj,' are carried on in many districts. Fig. lis. View of Rossland , B.C., the centre of the gold mining region of British CoItinil)ia. Coal Mining. — Still better to develop the resources of this country, vast deposits of coal have been found, both on the mainland and on Vancouver Island. The coal mines at and near Naxaimo in Vancouver Island turn out more than a million tons every year, and the extent of the mines of the Chov.-'s Nest Pass on the mainland is as great as any in the world. Most of the coal u.sed in the smelters i.s made into ookp. as a more mtense heat can be got from coke than from coal and it is therefore better for smelting. It 94 Of'/? EAIiril AS A WIKHE Cok*' is coal liijjiily lioatfil tr) drive off tlit- giiso.s, pMicrallv in ovpiis fioiM wliifh the air is almost entirely excludwl. Coke will Inirii with- out flame or smok*-. Ik'sidt's heiiiff useful for sineltiu<' ore, the coal niiues • Fi«. nil. View of the coke ovens, at Feriiic. K.C. are valuable for supplying the Avants of the railways and steamships. (Jreat (piantities are exported to the cities of the United States alont,'' the Paeitie coast for this purpose. The Canadian Pacific Railway. — When British Columiiia was admitted as a province of the Dominion of Canada, one of the first things necessary was to connect it with the Eastern Provinces. This was brought about by the build- ing of the Canadian Pacific Hallway, which now extends in one continuous line from Vancouver in British Colum- bia to St. John in New Brunswick, a distance of 84 '^ miles ; passing in its course through the wild gorges an. nnmsff rouyrnu. rrKo.x TEnunottY. nrr. M i^auous ir.n,.,,on.) of ti.,- U.„.|arly all the vessels for ooaii navigation and ;ui the great navies of the woiUl cu st of steamships, voii can see tlie in,- portance of coal, and now fortunately (•ana(hi is situated with •JHttTk •_:'-• i 08 orn KAIITIl AS A It' HOIK iinliiiiitnl NiipinieN at th« twu extreinn p«>iiitM, BritiNli Cnluiiihia and Nova Si'otia. Fisheries. — The waturH of HritiHit Columbia abo teem with the wealth of their imturnl product — fish. The mo8t important of these is the salmon, and the illustration (Fig. 123) will give you some idea of the importance of the salmon fishery and of the canning industry. New We«tmin8TEK, at the mouth of the Fraser River, is the chief centre of the fishing industr}'. Like tlie salmon of the St. Lawrence, these fish in British Columbia pass from the salt water to spawn in the rivers and ascend the Fraser River as far as (MX) miles from its mouth. They also pass up the Fio. 123. A sitiKle train on tho <'anndian Pacific Railway loaded wttli :{74,400 cans of salmon. Fid. 124. The " Empress of India." One of the Canadian I'aeifie Railway .steamships, nmuing tu China and Japan. I BttiTisii ((n.iMHi.i, riKoy tkhuitohy, ktc. 1»1> Coluinliia Uiver thrmiKli th»' I'liite.! StateH into CaiiMliuii tfrritory. Unlike tliH fastfiii mtlinon, lidwevMi-, they <'<>nu< in nninfn.s(< NhnalH, the run lantinK for wwks. 'I'lii' ilt*e|>-H«a Hull, liulihut uml nnl. art- iil.so very abundant and large, imrtionlurly in tlie vicinity of (jueen Char- lotte iMlaniU. Foreign Commerce. —As Montmil jiiid Qiu'bec, Hulifax and .St. J(»lm, «i*e the seaports for commerce by way of tlie Atlantic Ocean, so VicToitiA and Vancoiveh are the seaports on the I*aciHc Ocean. Steamers sail from these cities to China and Japan, and to Anstralia and New Zealand by way of Hawaiian Islamls. Tracie these routes on the map (Fig. 80), They take away Hsh, timber, manu- factures of wootl and iron, atid many other things ; and bring back tea, silk, matting, rice, etc., besides carrying many articles for the people in the I'nited States. They also carry much merchandise Iwjtween (Jreat Britain and other countries of Kurope and the conntries of the east, by way of the Canadian Pacific Railway and Atlantic steamers. A telegraph cable is lieing laid to connect Vancouver Island with Australia, just a-s Britain is connected with Newfoundland by cable, so that Iwfore long a telegraph message can be sent entirely round the world under the ocean or over British territory. Seal-fishing. — The fine sealskin used for caps and cloaks comes from the fur seal oi the Pacific Ocean. These animals are taken all along tiie coast from San Francisco in the United States to Behring Sea in the nortii, and thousands of them come every spring to the I'ribilof Is- lands (Map, Fig. 31) to rear their y«)ung. As the skins are very valuable, a considerable fleet of vessels go out to the sealing-grounds from Victoria every year and bring in usually from 80,000 to 40,000 skins. Yukon Territory. — This territory has bewmo faniou.s on I' ' 100 or II KAHIIl AS A WHOLE Fig. IJ.-.. Rockiiij; on (Jold Hill, Yukon Territory. This is the simplest and most primitive way of cold seeking. Plaeing some of the gravel in a trough of water, it is rocked back and forth in such a way as to cause the heavier particles of gold to separate from the gravel, wliile the lighter materials are thrown away. account of tlio valuable //o/(7 mines discovered in tlie Klonoikr region, so called from the Klon- dike River, a tributary of the Yu- kon Hiver. Althoujrh the weath- er there, owinof to the country beincr so far north, is intensely cold during the greater part of F'« I2fi. the year, many peoi)le have ^l^tl^rt^^^ «-'-kea to the country in search Territory. of the precious metal. BRITISH COUMIilA, VIKON TEURITOHY, KTC 101 III the year liXM) al)out !$L'r},()UO,()(M» worth ol jrold was takt-ii out of this region. The livers are covered \vi li i'e, ami tii:' land with snow for most of the time. In addition to thi.s, the ground is always frozen hard many feet below the surface. The miners, therefore, have great dif- Hculties to encounter; and until lately all their su[)plies had to be l)rought by boat during the short summer, or packed, tliat is, carried by men or horses over the rough mountain passes. To accommodate the great number of peo- ple crowding to the gold fields a railway has been built nearly all the way from Skagway on the coast to Dawson. Dawson is the principal town and the centre of govern- ment where the Commissioner representing the Dominion Government and other officials have their residences. From here a large amount of gold is shipped by Skagway to Vancouver and Victoria, where assay offices are located. The Far North. — In the far north is the District of Fkanklix. where there live only a few hunters, trappers, and Indians (Fig, 84), Along the northern coast are found scattered groups of Fiu. I'JT. View on the railway from Skagway to Dawson City, Yukon Territory. 102 OUR EAUrir AS A WHOLE Kskimos, who jiret their liviiifr almost tiiitirely from the sea. 'J'lieir food is obtsiiued from the seal, walrus, polar bear, and reindeer ; their clothes, summer tents, and boats are made from the skins of these animals ; and their oil for liin!4' to France are near the soutli-east coast? (()) What is tlio cai)ital amk where is it situated'.'' (7) What part lif Labrador is under the governnu-nt of XewfonndlandV Newfoundland is the oldest colony of (ireat Britain in America. This large island, altiiongh standing at the mouth of the (iulf of St. Lawrence, does not belong to the Dominion of Canada, but forms a separate British Province. Fisheries- — There is a cold current flowing slowly alonsr the Labrador coast from (ireenland, which brings down many icebergs from the glaciers in Baffin Bay (Figs. 128 and 12it). This current strikes the north-east of Newfoundland. On the south there is a warm current which flows nurth along the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of Mexico, and is called the (lulf Stream. These two currents meet to the east and south of Newfovmdland, and there are formed the Banks of Newfoundland, a wonderful place for cod-fishing, where many vessels for hundreds of years have come from Europe, as well as from Canada and the United States for the summer fisheries. The meeting of the warm and cold currents? causes frequent fogs on the Banks. The Banks of Newfoundland are so called, not because they appear above the surface of the ocean, but because they form a great plateau 104 XEWFOUXDlAyn 105 6()0 miles lonj; l.y "JOO iiiilt's wide, risiiiM; re tliiin two miles from the hottom of the oceaii. The water covering them is from (>(» to lU(M) feet (leep. Seal-fishing. — In the winter and spring vast num.icrs of seals are found on the ice north of Newtoundhmd. Tlie seal of the Atlantic is different from tlie seal of the Pacific N Fig. i;il. Newfoundland sealers killing seals t>n the Hoe ice off the coast of Labrador. Ocean. The fur is of comparatively little value, and the Atlantic seal is hunted chiefly for the layer of fat or blubber, which is just beneath the skin and is useful for the manufacture of seal-oil. The Labrador seals rear their younj^ on the fields of floating ice that drift southward in the cold Labrador current. The hunters generally go out on steamers strongly built to break their way through the ice. St. John's, the capital, has a fine harbor (Fig. 132), and is the principal port for the fishino- fleet. It is also the nearest port to Europe, being distant from Ireland 106 Ora EARTH AS A WHOLE about IHOO miles. Hauboh (iuacr, Hrkjus, and Twil- lin«;atk are important tishinj; towns. Fi(). V,i>. View of the harbor of St. John's Newfoundland. Interior. — As most of the people are engaged in the fisheries, they have naturally settled along the coast, chiefly on the southern and east- ern shores, and the interior has been comparatively little ex- plored. The cold Labrador current makes the north-eastern shore inhospitable. Lately, val- uable mines of iron, copper, and other minerals have been found, and enterprising efforts have been made to develop the min- eral resources of the country. The main railway line ^"*' Fio. i:«. Steamship crossing from Sydney, C.B., to Port aux Basques, Newfoundland. XEWForxnLAxn 107 extends fiom St. John's through the niinenil region in the centre of the island, 'AH miles, witii various branches, and is connected hy steanishii) at Port aux Biwques with Cape Breton. Siil.iiiariiic tflcgraph cuMes coiintTt Tiiiiity May. north-west of St. .Folm's. in Newfoundland, with Ireland, and a siiorl line ('(innefts the island with Cape Mreton, .so that messages can be sent from CanatUi thruii^ii Xewfonudlaiid to Kiinnie. Labrador. —This is a strip of the coast of the mainland, extending from the Strait of Belle Isle to Cape Chidley, and is under the jurisdiction of Newfoundland. It is valuable for its fisheries, and is inhabited chiefly in the fishing season, when the poi)ulation may amount to 10,000 persons (see p. 72). St. Pierre and Miquelon. — Near the south-east coast of Newfoiuidland are two small groups of islands, of which the largest are St. Pierre and Micpielon. These belong to France, and are valuable as a basis for the French cod- tishery on the Banks of Newfoundland. ) i .. i XIV. rilK I'MTKI) STATKS OF AMKUKA Mai- (^i kstions. — (1) Wliiii wiilfis honLr tlit- I'liilcd Siiitcs? (!') Wliat (■oiiiitiii's? (;i) Wliat is tin- >;ri'iit<'st distiiiici' ucioss tlu' liiilftl Slates Iroiii cast li> west? From iioitli to soiitli? ( }) Wlu-iv iiiv the main divides ? (o) Do yon see any jiait that lias very few streams:' What es lliat siiyycst to you? (ti) Find \e\v Yorlv, IMiiladelphia. Hostoii. I'orthiiiil, IJaltiiiim-e. Wasliinijtoii, ('iMeaj;(). New Orleans, St. F..oiiis, Denver, San Franciseo, and tell where each is. (7) U'hat state's l)order Canada'.' Previous to the war for independence (p. oO) the Tnited States of America were cohmies of (Jreat Britain. They tlien numbered thirteen colonies, eacli with its own .sei)arate Cfovernment. Having jifained tlieir independence, these colonies were named States and their I'nion — the United States of America. The fori'i of government in tlie I'liited States is different from that of Canada. Kacli State has its own government, like eaeii jirovince of Canada, and eacli State also elects rei)resentatives to Congress, which meets at Washington and legislates for the whole country, like the memhers of the Dominion Parliament do at Ottawa. But the heads of the government — the (iovernor of a State, and the President and Viee-Presi(h'nt of the Itiited States — are also elected hy the votes of the people. How does this differ from the form in Canada.'' For a long time after the war for independence, the interior of the country was, like that of Canada, an unknown wildernes.s, inhabited chiefly by Indians. In the south and south-west, tiie French and Spaniards occupied 108 MP . Marjl.od. COXX.. Connwllcut. U I.. Rl.udf laUad. UAIUI.. MuMcliumta DIU, Il«Uwai.. JJ.HAJIS.. Ne. n.Q,~ _ -igitni)!' IW Mr.i |„„|| rum 96' Orecnwlr I I • --■I ■= U if, - If III (if -^IQ or It EAlVni AS A WHOLE . -, ,..r l»iit of this the L'uited States has since Tla al tls have been added to the original thuteen n here re now forty-hve States. There are stil untd theie ^''^''^^ ? ,vhich, like the Territories of ,ee„ made into State.. ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^^_ ^^^^^ "'r;r;:InonUen.p.Hon.er„.eaS...W^ „„1 Canada, the. --Xrr j""^^ :: \ oirSy b;taki„g U-e state, in group.. h ! mbcraburf (-FmlerUk ■If 'pvi - Jon\tUmm -iJcilft • ljiiiU» t»r • I H lllw ' Ckr^Kai^ Cuaiiir* re -Ork >ORTHKASTKKS PART OF rhfit*^ UNITED STATES, ^ AND ADJOIM>fl ^^ PROVIXCES OF CANADA. 'C, Mai V RnhofiniM. 104 7!)° Oreenolch Cities with iivpr I.nno.ooo \<>>V V'orlC CjtiM wilh over 1(111,000 Kmlon Cities with 25,000 t« 100,000 ilium Caiiltals with Icti (hail !S,000 Dover Small, r Placw. >•„ l.,Jo. Ca|iit»|, uf Coumriea thus : . . . gi Capitals of Slat«« thus : , , . . ■ • ■ ^ Other Clilc. • -»8 l=: XV. NEW YORK AND THE NEW EN(iLAM) STATES Mai' QtKSTioNs. — (1) What State borders on New l?rmiswickV (•>) Wliat States on Quel.ec? (:i) On Ontario, soiitli uiul east? (4) Wliat States are east ,f New York? (o) Wl.iel. State is the smallest? («) Which does not horderon theocean? (7) W hat isthe capital o|- each State? (S) in what direction is New York fron. Mon- treal? (!•) Buffalo fronrroronto? (10) Portland from Fredencton .' Names. — Tlie tii-st seltlers who came to the eastern irdvt of the I'liited States were Enfj^lish, and so the country east of New York State re- ceived the name of New England. New- York State was first settled hy the Dutch, and the city of New York was then called New Amsterdam, but this natne was changed when the city was taken by the liritish. Y'ou will find several other names beginning with y>'H\ as New Hampshire ami New Haven. What reason can you give for the word yefc being used so often? Ill .Fio. 1H7. Fislierinen hoisting halibut from a fisliinj; vessel lit (tloticester. Nidice that these fish are as large as a man. 112 or It EAirrn as a whole Seaports. — You will see l>y the luiii) that the coastline reseiul>les that of Nova Scotia, with numerous hays, prom- ontories, and harhors. Here, too, excellent harhors have determined the places where some of the greatest cities shall grow up. Thus, on the New England coast. Pout- land is the terminus of the (irand Trunk Railway of Canada, and the winter port for many Canadian steam- Fio. i;58. Bridge between New York City and Brooklyn. ships sailing to Europe. Boston is the largest city, and Gloucestku the principal port for fishermen (Fig. 1.37). New Yohk, owing to its splendid harhor, has hecome the largest city on the continent and is situated on Man- hattan Island, at the moutli of the Hudson River. In Gkeateu New Youk is included the large city of RuooK- LYN, on the opposite shore of the harbor. What is the cause of so many people crowding together at this point ? Resides the extent and convenience of its harbor for the accommodation of shipping to and from other countries, New York possesses the best water conununications with the north and west by way of the Hudson River. The Hudson River and the Erie canal from Albany to Buffalo .VA;H' VoltK AMi AA'ir EM^LA.M) «'• I'/A'.s 113 and the (ireat Lakes afford cheap transportation for the products of the West ; and l^akes (Jeort,'e and Chaniphiin with the Richelieu River form a cheap water way for great (pxantities of Canadian luinher. New York hns also become the terminus of many great railway systems and is thus the receiv- ing and distributing point for the greater part of the northern and central I'nited States. Lumbering. — T h c Notre Dame .Mountains between Quebec and New IJrunswick are con- tinued into New Kng- land and New York, under the names of the White Mountains. (Jreen Mountains, and Adirondack Mountains. As in Canada, so here, this mountainous region is valuable for hunbering. This is carried on most extensively in Maine, where I}an«^!ou is the chief shipping port. Farming. — In the New Kngland States there are so many hills and mountains that the soil is generally poor and the surface rocky. Farming, therefore, is not very productive, although nearness to large markets makes it still profitable. In New York State farming is of greater importance, as most of the state is more level and has a rich soil, producing abundant crops similar to those of western Ontario. Fio. i.«>. One ) Which is the smallest '■' (;{) Name the chief livers^and tell where they are. (I) Whicli is the most southern Atlantic State? (.">) Wiiat laiKP island is south of it? (d) What mountain ranj,'e do you find extending thronj,di some of these States? (7) Wliich States iiave no mountains? The Coastline. — In tln' iioitlu'ni part <»f these States yoii will observe that the cuastliiie, as in New Kiijjflaiiil, is veiv iiTej,Mihir. At tliree places the siiikinj,' of the land lias caused the ocean to reach Jar into the land, fonninir Chesa- l)eake, Delawaie, and New York bays, barther south, there is a strip of low, level, swampy land, known as the coaatal plaiuH, extending,' to the Peninsula of Florida. From the coast the plains frnidnally r.se towards the mountains. Coal, Oil, and Iron. — The Appalachian Mountains, which extend frcnn I'ennsylvania to Alabama, alitmnd in coal, oil, and iron. These bein<,' found n( ir toi^ether have led to extensive mamifacturinj]f. I'ittsiuim; is the centre of the coal and iron trade in IV isylvania: IJlUMi>■ \ Tin* cotton plHiit gniwN to n lu-iKlit ol tv\ Fio. 144. A Hiimll ciittoT) Held and a ii«Kr<^lioiii«. The bnllN look likn white tfowers. ion lo fiiiir fwt. Ft haM n white bloMMiiii, and, jfter tlie tluwur ih gone, ' Hninll poil growH. < hit* |km1 cnlargeH tin- il it ri{)enHans. Farther north, in northern California, Oregon, and Washington, the moist winds from the ocean i-ender irrigation unnecessary. On the mountain slopes arc ex- tensive forests, and in the valleys wheat is lai-gcly cultivated. Mining. — But if much of this country is rocky and arid, there are, as in British ('olumbia, valu- able minerals under the surface. In 1848 gold was discovered in California, and men hastened there in thousands from all over the world, by sea and by land, in spite of great hardships. Ever since then California has been one of the leading states in the Fio. 152. production of gold. Now Col- The Beehive Geyser, in tiie Yei- orado has taken the lead both in lowstone National Park, in .1 i x- c ^ ^ 1 -i eruption ^'^® production ot gold and silver. Denver is the principal centre of the mining region in Colorado, and some of the greatest copper mines in the world are at Bi'TTE in MontJina. Ranching. — Here, too. the climate and products of the States at the base of the Rocky Mountains resemble those of the North-West Territories, and ranching is the chief occupation from Montana to Texas. The animals raised, cattle, sheep, and horses, are finally shipped eastward to TIIH UESTEIiX STATES 127 furnisli meat, leather, ami wool. It is in these States that the cowboys live, speinliiio- most of their days on their horses (Fig. ir,l). Wonderful Scenery. — Some of the places in this western country are among the most interesting in the world. In Fio. 1.-.:?. A view ill the Colorado Canyon. north-western Wyoming, in the Yellowstone National Park, are hundreds of springs where the water is so hot that it boils. At some points boiling water and steam shoot upwards with a roar, from holes in the ground, and rise frequently to the iieiglit of one or two huudretl 128 OUB KAHTII AS A WHOLE feet. These are called ijeytem (Fig. 152). Through this park the Yellowstone Kiver flows, falling 308 feet at one leap into a deep gorge. No place, however, is more interesting to view than the wonderful Colorado Canyon in Arizona and Utah (Fig. 153), an immense river valley cut in the rocks of the plateau to the depth of over a mile in some places. Trace its course on the map. In California there are some groves of extraor- dinary gigantic trees, their straight trunks rising to a height of 300 feet. A summer house, built on the stump of one which was cut down, was over 30 feet in diameter. As all the trees near the " big trees " grow to an immense size, from the same cause as in Hritish Columbia (p. 96), it is difficult to realize the wonderful size of tliese giants. Seaports. — Comparing the Pacific with the Atlantic coast of the United States, one sees some striking diifer- ences. The Atlantic coast is low and very irregular, having many fine bays ^md harbors, with numerous great cities about them. But the Pacific coast is regular, has Fio. 154. One of the " big trees." Notice that through a Hole In the trunk a large waggon can be driven. THE U'ESTEHy STATES 129 steep mountaiiiH rising in many places directly from the sea, and has few fine harbors. San Francisco is the most im- portant. From there steamship lines cross the Pacific to China and Japan, Australia, and South America. Portland, near the mouth of a small branch of the Columbia River, Tacoma, and Seattle are also important shipping towns. The Mormons of Utah, a people holding peculiar reli- gious views, who were driven out of the Eastern States many years ago, and who settled in that barren region, have changed tlie desert to a garden by irrigation. They have built the Ijeautiful Salt Lake City near Salt Lake. FiQ. IM. A Spanish mission in Southern California — a re He of the days when that section belonged to Spain. ' Fio. 15G. The desert of Utah, near Great Salt Lake, where there is no fresh water, where It rarely rains, and where there is very little vegetation- XIX. ALASKA Alaska, which you see on the map (Fig. 31), although belonging to the United States, is separated from them by the intervening provinqe of British Columbia. This cold barren land was pur- chased from Russia. It is so far north that it is partly in the Arctic zone, and many j)eople thought that the money paid for it (*7,200,000) was wasted. In spite of its inhospi- table climate, on account of which few food pro- ducts can be raised there, it has proved val- uable in several ways. Much gold is mined on the coast just north of Sitka, and during the last four yeai-s, thousands of men have gone there in search of gold, just as years ago thousands rushed to California. It has also gained some prominence from possessing the most convenient routes to the Klondike gold region of Canada, either by way of the Yukon River, or by the railway lately constructed from Skagway (Fig. 127)" 130 Fig. 167. Some of the fur-seal on the PriWlof Islands. ALASKA 181 A few humlrtMl iniU-s south-west of the mouth of the Yukon are the small Prihilof Ishmtls, to wliieh thousands of seals come every year to rear their young. These supply the Ixiautiful fur-sealskin for cloaks and caps, and are a diflTerent species from the seal of Newfoundlan'1 in this way Iwtween New York and San Francisco. In Central America are dense tropical forests from which hard woods (such as mahogany and rose- wootl), dyes, rubber, and other valuable j^roducts are obtained. Bananas and other tropical products are exported. XXr. THE WKST JNDIES AND HERMUDA ISLANDS Mat Qi-KSTiONs.— (1) Xaine the lar^.'st islands. (2) What jfioup is farthest north ?— nortli-east? (M) Into what groups are tlie otlier islands divided ? (4) Wiiat waters do the West India Islands enclose? (5) How far is it fn>m Florida to Cuba V (»i) What is the capital of Jamaica? Of Cuba? (7) What large island is close to the South American coast? The ishmds extendinj]^ from the peninsula of Flonda to the coast of Soutli America form an archipelago, called tlie West Indies, from the mistake made by C'ohindnis in sup- posinjf that he had reached the coast of India. These ^ Fig. l(i.'. View of the city of St. Pierre. Martinique, and of the voh-ano, Mt. Pelee, whieli in Mav. 11102. fX|>lof every livinR creature, about .W.fKX) in nunilter. A similar outltreak took place at almost the same time in the adjoining island of St. Vincent from the volcano, Im Soufrii're, causing the d>;ath of nearly 2(X)0 pereoDs. l;i5 ! il 136 OUR EARTH ASi A WHOLE islands are very ininierous, altJiough many of them are mere rockw. Tliey are really the highest parts of moun- tain ranges projecting above the sea, many of tliem of vohanic creation, aiid so situated that they separate the ('ariW>ean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico and from the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the |i«aks in the larger islands Fi(i. K^i. A Held of Easter lilies at Beriim.la. These are sent to New Yorl* aii» ■ ■ I ■'"» , , 100 Capiuli* UtlMrCi'M. f-KLAND K./ /•OUTH OfOReM\ / / * " - » -^ ^^ =^i_J. >0 Tm I SOl'Tll AMEItH'A 141 Climate. — The jnoductH of the thi«'«' valleys j^iciitl}' ilepeiid upon their cliinute: let U8, therefon-, nee how iiiucli heat anil moisture they luive. Where does the »'<|Uiitoi' cross the continent ? Where does the tropie of Capricorn iross it ? How much of the continent, then, is in the torrid zone '! Where 18 the coldest part? In which zcme ? From the answers to these (|Uestions we see that much more than half the continent nnist have a warm climate ; but that the southern part has a temperate climate more like our own. h\ which months does summer come to I. .18 region ? In regard to the moisture in the torrid or tro[)ical part of South America the ruins are very heavy. The reas(»n for this in that the air heccmies heated and is thus made very light ; it is then forced to rise to such a height that the vapor is condensed, causing heavy showers (see Our Home, p. 74). There is less rainfall in the south temperate zone, and still less in the narrow strii) west of the central part of the Andes, in Chile and I'eru. There the clinmte is quite arid because the principal winds arc from the south and east, so that the air loses its vapor in passing over the mountains and descends upon the Pacific slope as dry, parching winds. Hktory. — Knowing now the chief facts about the relief ar.d climate, let us look at the countries themselves. After the discovery of South America by Columbus the Spaniards settled in many parts, obtaining great quanti- ties of gold and silver, esi>ecially in the Andes. Nearly all of South America once belonged to Spain, excei)ting Brazil, which was settleil and for a long time owned by Llil MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A APPLIED IIVMGE 1653 Cost Main Street Rochester, New York 1*609 USA (716) •*82 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288- 5989 -Tax 142 or/V EAHTir AS A WHOLE I i i the Portuguese. Although the South Auiericaii countries are now independent nations, the Spanish hinguage is still spoken nearly everywhere, excepting in lirazil, where Portuguese is used. Brazil. — This is tlie largest country, being nearly as large as Canada or the United States (including Alaska) ; Fig. l(j«). A path through the dense tropical forest of South America. but it has more than three times as many inhabitants as Canada. Much of the great Amazon valley consists of forest-covered plains, called silvas, in which the trees are so close together, and there is such a mat of vines and underbrush, that it is extremely difficult for one to make his wa}'^ througli. From what was just said about the climate, you may be able to give the reason for such rank growth. You will find pictures of some of the wild forest animals in Figure 18. page 19. What are their names? SOUTH AMERICA 148 Of course this forest is not a good home for men, espe- cially since much of tlie laud is frequently flooded ; in fact, Indians are almost the only people living' there. They make a living by hunting, fishing, and selling rubber from the rubl>er tree that grows in the woods. Rubber is obtained by cutting a hole in the bark and catcljing the milky fluid that flows forth. After being warmed over a fire to make it more solid, it is sent down the river in boats to Paka and then shipped to many parts of the world. Bicycle ti es and overshoes are made from it. See how long a list of other rubber articles you can name. Another common tree is the cocoa tree, on which grow the beans from which cocoa and cliocolate are made. The rivers are almost the only roadways in this great section, so that it is mainly a great wilderness. Most of the inhabitants of lirazil live in the eastern part along the coast Some of them are white people, but many are either Indians or negroes, or of mixed blood, as in Mexico. You will notice several cities on the coast, of which Rio de Janeiro, the capital, is the largest, being more than twice the size of Montreal. It has a splendid harbor. There must certainly be some important industries in this region to cause a city to become so large. Besides the raising of cattle upon the plateau of Eastern Brazil, farming is an important industry there. The principal crops are the same as those which you have already learnt are found in warm countries; namely, cotton, sugar, tobacco, and coffee. The last is most important, and Rio de Janeiro is the chief export town, which is the reason why some of our coffee is called Rio coffee. % 144 Ol'R EARTH AS A WHOLE If!!:;! M v\ \\ Venezuela and Guiana. — North of Hiiizil is V'^euezuela, which includes most of the Orinoco valley. Here are broad plains, called llanos, producing excellent grass, so that cattle raising is one of the iuiportant industries. Cof- fee and cocoa are also cultivated. The capital and largest city is Caracas, which is located several miles from the coast upon land more than half a mile above the sea. What advantage do you see in such a position ? Just north of tlie mouth of the Ori- noco River is Trin- idad Island, which belongs to Great Britain. On that island is a great pitch lake, from which much of the asphalt used in our street pavements is obtained (see p. 138). All of the countries of South America are republics excepting Guiana, east of Venezuela, which belongs to three European nations. What aie their names? And what is the capital of each section of Guiana ? The pro- ducts of these countries are much the same as tliose t. Brazil and Venezuela. La Plata Countries. — The country south of Brazil, drained by the Plata River and its tributaries, is one of the most productive parts of South America. Here, at the mouth of the Plata River in Argentina, is Buenos Aikes, the largest city on the continent. Across the wide river mouth is Montevideo, another large city, in Uruguay. Fi(J. 170. Native Indian women washing clothes in Vene- zuela. Do you see in the picture any reason for thinking it is warm there ? SOUTH AMERICA 145 Wliiit other siniiU country lies between Ar^entiuii and liii.v.il .' The phiins in this section of the country are called [Himpm ; and because of their excellent ji^rass (jne of the chief industries is ranching. Since most of the country is in the temperate zone, corn and wheat are important farm products; and in the warm northern part, near the tropics, tobacco and sugar-cane are raised. This part of IP Fid. 171. A scene on the pampas of .\rgentina. South America corresponds most nearly in climate and products to Canada and the United States. (ioods are still carried upon the rivers in Argentina, but there are also many railways in that country, more, in fact, than in any other part of South America. Andean Countries. — The countries in the western part of South America are very mountainous, since each of them includes a part of the Andean chain. As you might expect, then, one of the princii)al industries is mining; and immense quantities of gold and silver have been found there. What are the names of these countries? 146 nUB EAUTII AS A WHOLE i As there are iiuuiy active volcanoes in tlie Andes Mountains, the countries of that part of Soutii America are subject to eartliiiuakes, some of whicli have been very disastrous, destroying much proiierty and many lives. Observe that most of the t'ities are not upon tlie coast. This is partly because the}- have grown up in the mining districts among the mountains, and partly bectause tiiere are so few good harbors. Many of the interior cities have FiNs. — (1) On pajj^ -'• it was Htated that KuraHia con- sisted of two coutiiierits, Vluroiif and Asia. Traw the l»oiindary line *>etween them, naming the mountains and waters that form it. (•J) One of the s»'as has no outlet; wliich one is it? What kind of v,Tect to find in that sea? (:J) How does the coast line of Euroi»e comj re with that of South America? Of North America? (4) Wou.d you exi)ect to find many gooeaks is Mt. Blanc. What have you already learned alwiut it? (See Our Home, p. ■_*(>.) (H) Where are the plains? Which very large country is made up mainly of plains? Find the {xisition of Sicily and of Sardinia. (») In vhat zones is Eurojte? (lO) IIow do you think its climate would compare with that of Canada? (11) With what part of Canada do the British Isles correspond in the temiwrate zone ? (12) What countries in Europe do you know something about? (18) By what route would you go from Montreal to one of them ? (See Fig. -iO.) Europe is only a little larger than Canada, or than the United States with Alaska, but contains more than four times as many inhabitants as the whole of North America. These are separated into a score of nations with a different language for nearly every one. (Our Home, Fig. 94, p. 95.) Inasmuch as our country and this continent were first discovered by Euroj >ans, and as various European nations hav furnished most of the civilized population, Europe may be regarded as the Fatherland of us all. 148 la coii- iiKliiry >rm it. ;iu(l of • coast North rbors ? I show of the alMiut Which DHition ) How mada ? and in know mtreal n the four lerica. terent r- 94, ! first itions urope ii 1 1 11 ': I iil' I mu If ! ■ i' «0F=:: 1 r SBFTISH ISLES X Longlmac fi Wi»i i ruiii 4 nrcciiwich J . ^ tHiTlAHo", (•LANDS B»le of Hlln. ^ ..»».."» CM« witk mi i,onn.om. , . . LODdOIl CltlM witk 900,000 ts i,oiw,nw. . Liverpool Cliln Willi loo.nnn u> srio.raio , , Pertaaeuth Siulln PiKti Pljinoutll cur^ Cl|iluli uf Couatriei t 00m tA .y XXIV. THE BRITISH ISLES Map Qukstions. — (1) Walk towards th»' British Isles. (-J) What two la.-s^e islands do they include? (:{) What watt-rs separate these two? (t) What three groups of islands are north of Scotland? (5) What island is in the Irish sea? (fi) What s«'a is east of (ireat Britain? (7) What country of Europe is nearest to England? (8) What waters separate the two? ((•) Make a sketch map of the British Isles. (10) Compare the west coast with the east. (11) What islands near the French coast belong to Britain? Our Mother Country. — Tlie people in Europe to whom we are most closely related live on the small group of islands, called the British Isles, which lie just west of the mainland. This is often called our "mother coun- try." Canyon tell why ? Extent. — There are two large islands, Great Brit- ain and Ireland, besides many small ones. Into what two parts is the island of Great Britain divided ? 149 Fid. 17.-.. London bridge across the Tliames, over which a busy throng is almost constantly passing. 150 OUR EARTH AS A WHOLE Although tlie British Isles do not comprise much more than one-half the area of Ontario, they contain seven times as many people as the whole Dominion of Canada. They are the centre of the British Empire, and the centre of the commerce of the world. Position. — Judging from their position one might expect these islands to be too cold for agriculture, for they Fi(}. 176. The House of Parliament. are farther north than the month of the St. Lawrence River, and occupy the same position as bleak and barren Labrador. But the climate is not colder than that of southern Canada. The reason for this is that the western coast of Europe is warmed by a broad current or drift of warm ocean water, known as the Gulf Stream. This flows from the warm Southern Seas north-easterly along the North American shore, in the Atlantic Ocean, and con- tinues across to the c<^ast of Europe. The air above it be- comes warmed, and, since the winds of Europe blow chiefly THE BRITISH ISLES 151 from the west, they cany the wannth with tliein and piciliu-e a climate iniicli milder than one would otherwise expect. Commerce. — In spite of the small extent of the Jiritish Isles, the position they occupy is most favorable for com- merce, and the largest city in the world is Loxnox, the capital. Here, although it is more than three hundred miles farther noi-th than Quebec, snow is rarely seen. Fiu. 177. The Thames River and Windsor Castle, a royal palai-c. London is the central seat of government for the British Isles, as well as for the whole British Empire. Here are situated the House of Parliament (Fig. 176) and Buck- ingham Palace, the city residence of the King. Besides th; latter there are Windsor. Osborne, Balmoral, and other royal palaces in different i)arts of the country. You liave n-iul alM.iit the Canadian form of j^ovminient for the Dominion (Onr Home. ,,. lo:{). This has heen modelled on tlie British system: the Kiiij,' (in Canada rej.res..ntek, I Fui. 17!t. The Manchester Ship Canal. DrxDEE, and Ahehdeen in Scotland. At Qr^ .towx, and MoviLLE near Londondekrv, the steamsi.. , call on their way to and from Canada and the United Stales. Agriculture. — Walks aiid much of Scotland are too hilly to be well ar, a British fortress, guarding the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea. This view is taken from the Spanish coast, showing the narrow neck of land which connects it with the mainland. THE liUiriSU ISLKS \."i i lie eaclj otiicr. It was the Scotsimin, James Watt, who in- vented the modern steam engine, and it was (ieorge Stephenson wlio invented the first locomotive. The very smaHness of the country is another advantage ; for, no matter where a factory may he situated, it is near the coal fields and within a few miles of a shijjping point. Fio. IM. Harbor of Valetta, the chief town of the island of Malta; the headquarters for the Britis> fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. Shipping. — To guard the coast against enemies made a fleet necessary. This fleet made Great Britain mistress of the seas. To build, equip, and maintain this fleet, great dockyards and arsenals have heei^. built at Portsmouth, Plvmoith, Chatham, and Woolwich (near London). Havitig so many ships, the British liave been led to explore countries and to carry on trade in all parts of the world. 1 1 11 I, • 15K (Uli KAinn AS A WnuLK The imrrow limits of their own country cansed many to look ont for other lands, and so tlif foundation of Britain's Colon al Empire was laid. Thus, (treat Uritain has uomt' into possession of ("ana hilly and rocky for tHriiiiii^, ulthonjfh koiiu' j^niiii, cattUs ami Hhef|t are nuHetl, especially on the lower land of Houthern Sweden aloii^ the Haltic. Few people live " the hi},'hlandH, and ahout one-fourth of Norway m coveretl by forests, which supply timber and wood pulp for making pajK-r. This is sent chiefly to (ireat Britain. In Sweden there are valu- able iron and copper mines, and the Swedish iron and steel are famous. The coast is very irreRiilnr, iiixl iimiiy deep, imrrow ImyH, or finnh, reacli into the hiiul, i.iiikiiig tine harborH. As a result, Xorwej^iaiiM aikI Swedes are skilfii) sailors. In the early days these \(»rthiiien were tlie l)cst sailors in the world, and they came to the American shores lon^ Iwfore C'olumhus discovered America. Fishing for cod and herring is now one of their imlmrtant industries. The principal cities are Stockhoi.m and Chui.stfaxia. Find each on the map (Fig. ITo). They are the capitals of Sweden and Norway, but the en- tire peninsula is ruled by one king, the government being a monarchy. Dknmauk. just south of Norway and Sweden, is inhabited by people similar to those in Scan- dinavia; in fact, these three are often called the Norse nations, or the nations of the Northmen. The Danes, also, have been great sailors, and now have possession of Iceland and the west coast of (ireenland. Their country presents Fia. IS". One of the deep, narrow flonls of Norway. 1()2 or It EARTll AS A WHOLE Km. 188. Danish women selling fish. a very different apjiearaiice from Norway ami Sweden, for the land is low and level, and farming is the occupation of about one-half the people. Large quantities of farm and dairy products are exported, chiefly to (ireat Britain. Fishing is also an impor- tant industry. The government is a monarchy, tlie capital and largest city being Copenha- tiEN, situated on one of the islands belong- ing to Denmark, be- tween the mainland and Sweden. Russia. — The Russian Empire not only includes great plains in Europe, but extends several thousand miles beyond the Ural Mountains to the eastern coast of Asia ; it is nearly as large as the whole of North America and contains a greater ninnber of inhabitants. Most of TJnssia in Europe is a level country. The northern part, like northern Norway, is in the frigid zone, and so far away from tlie ocean that the climate is extremely cold. The plains there, called tiiniirntt. like the far northern part of Canada, are too cold for trees, and the frost never leaves the ground except at the very surface in summer. Nevertheless, a moss flourishes and supports numbers of reindeer, which are used as draft animals by the natives of Lapland, as the northern part of the country is called. The south-eastern plains, called steppen, are so far from the ocean that the west winds can bring them little rain. They are therefore dry like the nrid region cast of the Rocky Mountains. But the central and southern parts oriiEii rousTiuEs of kurope 1»{8 ! well e: of Volga, the greatest river in Kurope, fajiious for its sturgeoji fisheries. What others do you find ? Since the Cas- I)ian Sea lias no outlet, and the Arctic Ocean on the north side is frozen much of the time, the chief ports for foreign »-ommerce must he either on the I'.altic or the Hlack Sea. This explains the location of St. Pktkmsiu'Hg, the capital and largest city, which ranks fifth in size among the large cities of Kurope. Odkssa, on the Hlack Sea, contains many Hour-mills and is the most imuortant port for the export of wheat. Fkj. 1S<». Greek Chiireli at Moscow. The Greek fiirin of tlie Cliristiaii reli^rjon is the estalh lished fhiirch of Russia. ill The chief railway centre is M cpoi oscow in the interior. 104 nun EARTH AS A WHOLE which is nearly as large as St. I'ktkusbukg. Warsaw is another large city, formerly the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Poland. A great railway is being built (see map, Fig. 204) to coiinect St. Petersburg with Vladi- vosTOCK and Pout Authuu on the Pacific Ocean. This will be nearly twice as long as our Canadian Pa- cific Railway. Tht jjreat mass of the people were formerly serf's, and were virtually slaves like the negroes of America. Although they received their freedom some time ago, they are not al- lowed to take any part in the govern- FlG. l'.«. A family "f Russian peasants. ment. and, unlike most of the Kuropean people, are kept in ignnrance- and subjection. The ruler of Russia is called the Cznr, who makes and executes laws very much as he pleases. That kind of government is called an absolute monarchy, or desiwtism, and is very different from the limited monarchies thus far studied. Germany. — The general slope of the land in Germany is shown by the rivers ; in what direction do most of them flow ? The southern part of the country consists of moun- tains and highhiuds, but the nortliern part is a great plain, a continuation of the plains of Ru.ssia. As in Russia, there is much agriculture, one of the chief products being grain. Much of their bread is made from a grain called rye, and is so dark that it is called " black OTHER COryTlllES OF EUHOPE 166 bread." Beets are grown in enormous quantities, and sujrar is manufactured from them as it is from su,<,'ar-cane in the West Indies. (irai)es tlourish aloiifj the upper Rliine River, and from these wine is made ; and more hops for making beer are raised in (iermany tlian in any otlier country of the world. Both coal and iron ore are mined in abundance ; and many articles are manufactured, such as the famous Krupp guns and many kinds of ma- chinery. (Tcrmany is noted also for its manufacture of cot- ton, woollen, and linen goods, rank i iig next to Britain as a manufacturing country of Europe. The chief seaport is HA>iBrRG on the Elbe River, a city about the same size as Liverpool. Why should the chief port be at this point rather than farther east on the Baltic Sea? A ship canal has recently been dug across the peninsula, from Kiel to the mouth of the river Elbe, south of Denmark. What are the advantages from it ? The schools, universities, and museinns of Germany are among the best that exist, and are attended by many students from otlier coun- tries for the purpose of studying music, painting, and other subjects. Tiie hirgest university is in Bkrmx ; I.KiPZKi also has one. and there are many more. Munich and Dresdk.x are noted for their fine Fi(i. I'll. A castle on the Rhine. 16«; OUIt EARTH AS A WHOLE V' picture galleries, and so is Bkhi.in, which also has several large mu- seuiiis. Find these cities on tiie map. Heulin, the capital of (Jermany, is the hirgest city. Fici. Iit2. The Royal Museum at Berliu. Tlie government is a limited monarchy, and the present ruler is Emperor William II. Holland, or the Netherlands (a word that means lotv- land»), is a low. Hat country, much of it being lower than the neighbor- ing sea. The inhabitants have built enibank- uients, called dikes, to keep the sea out, and have dug canals across the country to drain it. The water that collects inside the em- bankments is pumjied out by windmills, or by steam, into tiie canals, and these canals form the chief roads . Fi3. A canal in Holland. (niitni roryrinKs of EiintpK 161 l>eing used in sun.nier by boats and in winter bv people on skates or on sleds. The damp soil furnishes excellent grass, so that cattle raising and dairying are the principal occupations. The Hollanders, or Dutchmen, living so near the .sea, were at one time noted sailors and explorers. like the Hritish. For this reason tliey came into i>os.session of .some of tlie richest islands in the Kast Indies, from which are obtained valuable i>roducts. such as coffee, spices, and precious stones. On the map, Figure l';}:{. facing p.age •>(>» find the names of .some of the Dutch Kast Indies. Find out about the early Dutch .settlements in America. What great .Vmerican city did they found? 1 he chief city is Amstekdam, which is more tluin tui.„ the size of Montreal. The govertiment is a mona ... and tlie hiws are made at The Uavak, on tlie coast." Belgium, like Holland, has some land that is lower than the sea and protected hy dikes ; hnt tlie eastern part is much hifrher. The people arc c.-owded together more closely than in any other country of Kurojje. Many live on farms and rais" much tlje same products as tho.se of Holland and (Jer- many. What are these ? Flax is an important farm pro- Fn;. vm. • bict. Iti> a plant about two feet high, A win.In.ill. i„ H,.|j;i.u,., like tlu«,. the fibre of which is used in making s" '•"niinoii in Holland, linen and fine laces. The Belgians have long l,een .skilful in such work, and it was fron, them that the Ilntish received son.e of th.-ir knowledge about manufacturing. Briss , the largest city, Ls famous for its fine laces, linens i.ii; r 168 N 1 r «i, '■• i • ' 1 ! ! OUli EAirni AS A WHOLE the hitler being u>;ule of wool on a mat and Brussels carpet - of linen. There is a great ainoimt of coal and iron in this little kingdom, so that tlie iron indnstry is extensive, as in Gerniany. LlKUE is the centre of the iron mannfaetures. The goverinnent is a monarchy with Bkussels for its capital. Antwkki' is the chief seaport. France. — The slope of the land in France you may learn by the course of its rivers. Wliat are their names? Where do they rise and in what direction do they flow? In the cool northern part the crops are similar to those of (iermany ; but in the southern portion the climate is warmer and the crops somewhat different. (irapes are grown in great quantities, especially in the champagne country of the north-east and the region of Bordeaux. These are made into wine that is sold in every part of the world. Much silk is also produced. Silk is manufactured from cocoons spun by a caterpillar called the silkirorm. Kach one of the cocoons is made of a fine thread several thousand yards long, looking somewhat like the thread of a spider's web. After the cocoons have been softened in hot water the threads are unwound and then wound upon spools. They are later made into thread and woven into silk cloth, ribbons, handkerchiefs, and other silk goods. Much depends upon the proiier care of the silkworm. Their prin- cipal food is the leaf of the niull>erry tree, which is planted in great groves in tiie Rhone Valley, in Southern France. The leaves are plucked and the worms fed with them. LvoN, the centre for the silk industry, and the greatest silk market in the world, is next to the largest city in France. Pauls, the largest city in France, is the third in size in OTllKi: ViiUNTlHEs OF EUHOPE l*ii> Fig. 1<»5. A view (ff the ureat eity of Paris. the world, and one of the most beautiful. Like several cities in (iernany, it has fine picture jralleries and muse- ums, and many foreigner.s go there to study painting, music, and other sub- jects. It is situ- ated upon the Seine Hiver, and its chief port is Haviik, at the mouth of the Seine. From St. Malo, a small port between Havre and Brest, Jacques ('artier started on the vovage which led to the jhscovery of Canada. HoKDEAl-x, already mentioned, is an important ship- ping port for wine, and M AIJSK I LLK the i)rineipal port upon the Mediterranean coast. From these three harbors France ships goods to and from jier several colonies and other countries. Toilov, on the Mediterranean, and IJijust, on the north-west coast, are the most important naval stations. The French government was formerly a monarchv. bn! Kiti. V.*;. The liarbor of Marseille. .1 i; 9 il^ 170 turn KAIiTlI AS A wnoLK is now a republic with PAiiis as its capital. The island of CoitsKA in the Mediterranean belonjjs to France. Spain and Portugal. — The Pyrenees Mountains form the boundary between France and Spain, rising like a great wall to separate the two countries. You may remember that Magellan was a Portuguese and that it was to Spain that Columbus went for help. These were once among the most i)owerful nations in the world, and they ruled much'of North America and most of South America. Ivittle by little they have lost their cohmies in the New World, the last to be taken being Cuba and Porto Rico. Like Mexico, which was settled and for a long time owned by the Spaniards, Spain has a dry, mountainous plateau or table-land in the .nterior, with low land along the coast. Being so much like a desert, one would expect few people to make their homes in the interior; and this is the case, al- though, strange to say, the greatest city, Madku), is found in the centre of this table-land. Its importance is due to the fact that it is the capital of Spain. As ui)on the dry Western plains and plateaux of our con- tinent, cattle and she* > raising are important industries on this highland. But th ocks of this region contain its chief Fig. I!t7. A view ot a part of Madrid and the f;reat plateau oil whicli it is situated. OTllElt COUNrniKS OF KVIiOl'K 171 Wfiiltli, for Spain pioduce.s more .luicksilvtT iuul lead tlum any other imtion, and more eoppenmd iron tliiiii most others. TliHie is cii.sideral.l.. Uxrmiv.^f in th .untain valleys and on the low laii.ls along the n.a.st. One ..f the nn.st vah.ahle crops is grap-s; y..u hav.. .loubtiess H.vn Mala-a paiK,s. na. I from the city of y\AhM.K on the soutliein coast. Many g.ap's are ina.le into u'ine- others are .Iried to make raisins, which are .shipi^-d chiefly from Va- i-K.MiA. Other fruits grown there i.re olives, lemons, oranges, and figs; l.esi.les these, much cork is obtained from tlie hark of the cork-<.ak. Uakcklona. on the eastern side, is the chief port of Spain. From l'aU)s near Cadiz, ("ohimbns started to ('.is- eover America. The principal city of Portiifrul is Lisnox, the capital: port wine is shipped fr(»m Ol'Oirro. The Bai.kaki.' Fsi.ands in the Me.literranean and the Canahy Isi.AN,.s of! the coast of Africa belong to Spain. The AzouEs. west ot tlie .Strait of (Jibraltar. andthe C'ai'k Vkkkk and .Madkiua Islands off the coast of Africa, belong to Portugal. Hoth gov- ernments are limited mon- archies, like those of most kki. iiw. E U r o p e a n «»• ft-ters lathedral on the left, and tlie Valican, the conntries. residence of the I'ope, on tlie riRht. Italy was once tlie most powerful country in the world. Its i)rincipal city was Rome, and the Homalis ruled nearly all the (ilher countries then known. IJut, like Siiain, it has lost much of its importance. i 1 : t , i 111 OUIi KAHTII AS A \V!HHE KoMK is still the capital and tlif n'sidi'iirc of tin- king; also of the Pope, wh(» is tlie head of the Uoinaii Catholie Chiireh. 'i'he eity is especially noted for its many niiiis of buildings erected hundreds of years ago. Vknuk, at the headuf the Atlriiitic S-a. is aiiotlu'V iiitHrestiiij,'ci»y. It is liiiilt ii|i();i iiiaiiv islands jdiiicil liy limi'lrt'iU of liriilj^fs. ami its Fi(i. \w. One of tlie canals of Venice with a ;;iiudiilii tioatiu^ uiKin it. chief streets are canals, where bouts called (jiiiuliiliin are used in place of waggons and carriages. Naples, which is on the coast south-east of Konte. and near Mt. Vesuvius, is the largest city in Italy. The steam risintr from the crater of Vesuvius is easilv seen from the city (Fig. 11). Volcanic ash from Mt. Vesuvius has entirely hurieil some of the towns near by, such as the ancient city of Pompeii, fr«)m which the ashes have been dug away so as to bring to light the buried buildings and streets. The best farm land is in the valley of the Po Hiver in th, nortliein part, w) wheat and other grains, and mulberry trees for silkworms, nniKtl i OVSTUIES oF ElitOl'E 17:{ art' rai.,t..l. M„.,vn. lik.. Lyon in FruncH. is a ^reat centre f„r .ilk. Ih.> lat-K.' islands of S.vki.ima and Sitii.v Lelong to Italy. 'III.- <-linnit.> in inil.l ,.,i..nKli U, piodnc.. tli.> .same fruits that ,w grown III FInri.la and Sontli..rn (•a!if..rnia. Nam., sonif of ti.eni. Switzerland. — Any one who Ims heard tljt story (.f Williiiiii Tfll, or who hiw read ah.uit the St. Hernard (h.gs kept hy the iiionkH, ha.sM(>int' idea of how Switzerhiiid hujks. Here are tlie sijow- cap|.ed Alps, witli many hikes and fer- tile valleys between them, and views so beantitul that thon- saiids of people go every year to enjoy them (Our Home, p. •20). One of the oc- cupations of the Swiss is t.) provi.le for these visitors, and the Swiss mountaineers are famous iill over the world. The green grass in tin- low-lying valleys and on tl.e mountain sides provides excellent foo,! for cattle and goats, so that l.utter aiul ,heese are made, as in Holland. IVobal.ly yon have heard of Swiss an.l i'litcli cliees*'. Watch-inaking an.l wood carving are also important industries. During the ong winters the woo.i grown upon the mountains is carved into toys, cocks, and many other articles. Have you ever seen a Swiss clock? ' Name the countries on each side of Swit/.erlan.l. and notice that it .8 surrounded by people who sjH.ak German. French, and Italian In consequence, instead of having one langn.g. of their „wn. (he Swi.3 have these three, those living in each j.art speaking the language of the foreign country nearest to them. Tlie snow-capiH-d Mafterhorii, oi f tlie Ali>ine I)eaks. it* tS I 174 lUJIl K.lltril AS A WIIOLH hi The SwiMM ^niveniinent has luii^r Imvu u repubUc, lik«! that of the I'liiti'd Stuti's, iiiid ItKicNK is the capitiU. Kind oil th«' map (Ki^'. I'^J) the cliit-f cities, '/A HUH, (Jkxkva, and IJaski.. Austria-Hungary. — Austria and ll.inpiry aro united under one inonarehy, although they have dift'erent eiistoins and hmguages. Many of the Austrians are elosely rehited to the (iennans; but the Hungarians are a very diiTereiit Fig. L'OI. A view on the Danube In Austria. race. Tlie cajjital and hirgest city is Viknna, the fourth in size in Euroi)e. It is situiited on the Danube River, the great central water highway, so that it lias water connec- tion with many other phices. Hrn.M'Ks'i, tliec.aj)ital of Hungary, is next to Vienna in importance. It is in the midst of a great wlicat region, an) What lar<{< inland seas do y<>u find? (()) What three large j)eninsulas on tiie southern sich'? (7) What three were founil on the south si(ie of Eun)jie? (S) How does Asia coiujiare in size with Eurojte? (!t) Find Asia on a jilolie. (1(() How could you reach it from Canada, if you wished to go there? Physical Geography. — Like Europe, the coast of Asia is veiy irregular, with many peninsulas and islands. Draw an outline map of it, sliowing these with the larger bavs and seas enclosed bv them. Ki(i. -tt.'). The snowy range of the lofty Himalayas. Note the di'-ection in which the many mountain ranges extend. The loftiest among them, and in fact the liighest in the world, are the Himalaya Mountains (Fig. 205), tl)e highest peak. Mount Everest, being over twenty-nine 177 fiil 178 or/.' KAltril AS A WHOLE thousand feet, or abinit five tiiul one-hiilt" miles, above the sea. Where is it? How does it compare in lieight witii Mt. Hhinc? (See p. 24»;.) North of tlie ilimahiyas are h)fty plateaux, one of them, tlie plateau of Tibet, being about three miles in height. Fio. 200. Tlie market-place at Jaffa (the ancient .loppa). From here a railway runs to .Jerusalem. How does th.at compare with the Spanish plateau (see \^. 248) and with the western Rocky Mountain plateau in the United States (see p. 248) ? It is so high that the winter climate is very cold ; and since the winds fi-om the ocean have lost their moisture in passing over the moun- tains, these plateaux aie also dry. Farther north it is drier still, and we find there the great desert of Gobi. ASIA 170 Tlie.sf m.miitaiiiH and platfiiiix fcrm tin- w.if.-rslifd nf tin- cmiti- iit'iit. Find tlin-e j,'reat riv.-rs tliat How nortliwa.d fn.ni th.- wat.Tsli.d througi. the vast plain of Sih.-ria. Xam.- tin-.... that How ..astward into the I'aclHe Ocean. What otiieis flow southward .' The .south-western portion of Asia is niaiiily a desert, Itecause the winds blowing over it eonie from tiie hind instead of from the sea, and therefore have little vapor. From what lias heen said alioiit the climate it is plain that the iidial.itants of this continent must l.e found chieHv in the easter;i F«;. 207. A picture of a part of .lerusaleni. an.l southern j.arts. There they liv in vast nund.ers alon- the coast an.l l,y the lar-e rivers; in fact, nearly one-half of all the people in the world are found in these rejjions. South-western Asia. — Rome and Athens have been mentioned as cities that have had a great influence upon other countries. But the part of the wr.rld which has probably had the greatest influence of all is that at the ea.stern end of the Mediterranean Sea. Here is the lan.l that u.sed to be called Palestine, the liome of the Jews; and here is still the city of Jkhusalem (Fig. 207), near which Christ was born about nineteen hundre.l years ago, I ri^ 180 OUIl HARTII AS A WnoLK anil in which lie was crucified. The Christian churches and Christmas arc in His nieniory. The home of Christ, wiicre the Christian religion was founded, is now a part of the Turkish enii)ire which extends into Asia. Turkey fXtciuls down th»> wt'stcrii cDiist of the Araliian |ifniiisiilH, and ini'liiilt's anothfi- famous city, callfd Mk( < v. 'V\w Turks arc iiol Cliristians l>ut MohauiMiedaus. or fullovvprs of Mohaniuu'd. wlio was 1 '^.^rX, A n^:, M^^' Fl(i. -JlXS. The home of a group of Persian noinails. horn at Mecca nearly fourteen liujidred years asjo- T)ie Mohani- medans lielieve in (iod. and tlieir holy liook is called the Koran. A j^reat many other )>eople in Asia and northern Africa are followers of Mohammed. The western part of Asia, including Turkey, Arabia, and Persia, has a very dry. arid climate. This is par- ticularly true of .Arabia, which is mainly a desert plateau much more arid than Spain. In this desert country agriculture is not a very impor- tant industry : but dates and cottee are raised there, espe- cially near the rivers and along tlie coast. You have AsfA IHI [HThups lieanl of Mocha coffee, and if vi.ii look on the ni.ip you eun find the phiee from whicli it ;,'et,s its name. M.'ioiijrh SI) iniicli of this ri'n'utu U .l.-wrl, thcif art' |ilac.'s call.Ml oifsr.'i, wluTf water is fi.mi.l. As tlK-sc arc usually too sniail to fur- nish watt-raiid «:m«'< for iar^'c iii-nls ihirini; a loui; tinii-. lii.- Aral's are forct'tl to waniicr from phuv' to plaec. liaviu;,' no fixt'd li.uufs. On that account tlii'v an- called uoiikhIs or wandt-n-rs (Fij;. "JOS). Tlicv lake special pride in raisinj,' horses, which inive heconn' famous throuj,'h- out the world. They also keep cattle, sheep. i,r„ats. and camels. Fi(i. 'JOii. A Siberian three-horse waggon. Much of Persia is also a de.sert ; but some parts are well suited for grazing, and the climate is warm enough for such fruits as figs and dates. What is the capital ? Tlie nder of the Persians is a despot called the S7i<(h. The people of the.se countries are not civilized enoufrh to carry on much inanufacturinR. although l>eautiful carp'ts, rugs, and shawls are made in great luunLers, csjiecially in Persia and Turkey. Tliis work is donel.y hand, and th )ugh it is well done, it re.piires a great deal of time, while in our great factories carpets are (luickly mach' l.y machinery. Railways are almo.st unknown. ans. callod nm,nt„s (Our Home, Fig. (5!). p. 72). and men travel uiHiu the hack.s of iuirses and camel.s. !(' 182 (Uli KAinil AS A WlliiLK . \ I Siberia. — SilH-riii Welongs to K«w.sia. It is a region of extuiKsivt* plains and ih iiiucli lar^'er than the whole of lluHsia in Kuro[H'. Like the northern regions of the Dominion much of it is so eold that few people ean live there, and it has been made a })rison for many Russians who have committed crimes, or who have oft'ended their despotic rulers. A larjjc |M>Hiniu>f sdiitli-wcsttTii Silit'riii isadt'sj-rt liiiviii;,' iiiiiiicroiis hik«'s without oiitli'ts. Would yon t'X|. salt or fn-sh? iKJ. -JK!. Houseboats on the Tientsin River of China. Between this arid section aiul the lih-ak uortlieni i)hiiMs, or tundras, whicli resenihle tliose of northern KurojM-, is a rejjion where tlu're are extensive forests, and hroad plains suited for gra/in<,' and farming,'. One of the chief sources of wealtli of Siberia is in tlie o(»ld mines of the I'ral Mountains. Grajiliite, from wliich the "lead" in lead jiencils is made, is also found there. Many of the prisoners from Russia are compelled to work in these mines. Xear Baku, on the Caspian Sea, i>etroleum is found in large quanti- ties, similar to the oil from the wells of Ontario and the I'nited States. The Russian government has built a great railway a!! the way from .St. Petersburg eastward to Vladivostok and to roar Aktiiuu in China on the Pacii ;oast. How far is that? The Chinese Empire and Korea. — Some of the most im- .I>/,1 is;; IK>rtiint iirts that we lia\e evtT loanitMl Jiist caiiif liuiii thr ('hint's*'. Vol- iiistaiice, they uuuh' poicflain dishes Um'j; liefore Kuropi'aiis knew how to (h. so, aii*l on that accoiuM those (lishea are still callfd ,'hiii(iinn>\ even thou^'h niann- factuml in otlu'i- conntrics. They invcnte«l j^'unixtwch r, and our tire-crackers for llie (^nccn's hirthdiiy used to conic from China. Tiiey also discovered how to make silk anroad. nor have they allowed foreigners t;o visit theni. ^ Hut recently many Chines*- have come to this eoiintry and to the Tnited States, working as servants. esiM-eially on the l'aeiH(- coast, and as laundrymen in all parts of the country. Besides that, they now allow foreijrners to live in some of their coast cities and trade with the people. Canton, in the southern part, larfrcr than any citv on this continent, except j,Meater New V(.rk, and Shancjh.vi, a city twice tlie size of Montreal, are the jM-incipal ports for foreign trade. Hongkong, an island at the mouth of the Fio. 211. Temple in Pelting. ■ i! Hi II P I \ t^: ! fi ■ • 1 I' ■ 1M4 (Hit HA Hill .IS .1 WIIULK C'liu-Kiaijj^, lu'iir Cunton, Ix-lon^s to (ireat Hritiiin. Tlu- principal town is N'urnnjiA. 'I'lie stt'uniHlui)8 frnnj \'an- eouviT rail lieiv. Much i)f (lie iiDrtJH'rii iiml wi'Htcni iK>rtioii» (if tlu' Chiiifw Kiiii»in' iiri' s() lii^li uikI dry tliut, t'tvv imts<»iis cmi live tlicn-. Fiiul the miint'H of tlios«' |>iiits. Milt tilt' lower plains m-jir tlu- coaMt, <'.siH'<'iully th«' frrtilc HckmI pliiiiiH hikI (It'ltas of tlic gfat rivt-rs. siij>|K»rt u vast |k»|iu- > latioii, iH-cikiisi' tilt' Hoil is ffrtilf,antlal>iiutiaiit ruin- fall is su|i|ilit'tl liy the liaiu]) wiiiils from the I'ufitic. UtTf livt' nt'urly ont'-fourtli of all the iii- haliitants of tlit- ^IoIh', crowtit'il tog ft her so closely that many thon- santls ilwt'll in hoats on the rivers. In the no it hern part a great deal of wheat is raised ; but farther south, rice, millet, tea, and silk are important products. China produces more raw silk than any other country in the world. What other regions are noted for these same products? The government is an absolute monarchy, with the capital at I'ekinc, which, like Tientsix, its .seaport, is more than three times us large as Montreal. Tlie govern- ment is so weak and corrujit that European nations are able to seize and hold parts of the country, so that the once great empire is in danger of being destroved and the different parts made subject to various European nations. Fi(». 212. A Japanese woman being carrietl in a travellint; chair by two Japanese men. ;; i: A.sl.l Is,-. KoHi-.A i^*iilHii II vi'iv iiii|ir«>j;if>*-i\<' iiiilimi, ^jinilui iii inum.. r> ati.')«. wiieu a rfv..|iiti-.ii occiinci. .Japan ha,-< .shown a most rtMiiarkalilt- iHiwt-r of a|.tiiij,' wtstfiii know- ledge and exiH-rieiKv. Vf rv s.M.)ii after that. •V.I, t the ,Iai.an.s«- not only ii. WP mm im OUR EARTH As A WHOLE allowed foreigners to enter their country, but invited them to come as teaciieis, and even sent some of their own younji; men abroad to study. By treaties witli (Jreat Britain, the United States, and other countries, many ports are now ojxjn to foreign trade, and the Cana- dian Pacific sttiinisliips from Vancouver call at Yokohama and other ports on their way to Shanghai and Hongkong in China. The result is tliat Jai)an is now far in advance of China, and in fact of al 1 other {)arts of Asia. Railways, t*'le- pliones. and newspa- jH'rs are common, and there are many good schools, while rapid progress has been made in manufactur- ing. Tliat the Japan- ese are very skilful in many kinds of handiwork is sug- gested by the Japanese fans, par- asols, napkins, dolls, and screens so often seen in this country. What- ever they make they try to make beautiful, being one of the most artistic races in the world. Japan, like (Miina, produces large quantities of silk, rice, and tea. There is also considerable mining. The principal city and capital is ToKio, which is twice as large as Liverpool in England, ajid is the home of the emperor, called the Mikado. Its seaport is Yokohama, a city as large as Toronto. Fm. 214. The way .lapaiiese babies are carried by the yuung girls. The baby leaning back is asleep. I iiii' i XXVII. INDIA AND INDO-CHINA India, the central one of the three peninsulas on the southern side of Asia, is- the country that Columbus thought he had reached when he discovered America Hence the name " Indians " for the savages whom he met. The greater part of this vast country, including India and Burma, is now under the influence and governn.ent of Great Britain. From it our late Queen Victoria received the title of "Empress of India," and our present king is "Emperor of India" as well as "King of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British dominions be- yond the seas." It contains a population three times as great as the whole continent of North America, and next to China is the most populous country in the world. Great ranges of mountains separate the peninsula from the rest of Asia. What are their names? These can only be traversed by two or three passes, the most noted of which IS the Khaibak Pass, on the north-west. South of the fertile plains, or valley of the Ganges, the country forms a low table-land, l)ordered by the eastern and western Ghats (an Indian word meaning "stairs"). 187 Fic. '^15. Idols in a cave near Bombay. 188 OUR EARTH AS A WHOLE m The damp winds from the Indian Ocean, called " r ..soons," furnish the plains and mountains of India with so much rstiu that in places the forests form a jxirfect tangle or jumjle of luxuriant vegeta- tion, in which live tigers, elephants, and many other wild animals Have you ever read Rudyard Kipling's "Jungle Book," which tells of this region? Shoidd these winds tail during the season, the ccnintry is liable to fearful drought and famine. Fia. 21ti. The Taj-Mahal at Agra. Several very large rivers rise in the Himalayas and flow across the plains. One is the Indus, from which the words India and Hindustan come, and also the word Hindus, as the inhabitants are sometimes called. The river flowing south-east is the sacred river of the Hindus, the Ganges, on which is Bknarks, the holy city of the Hindus, and Cai.ci'tta. the capital and largest city of India. What other great river joins the Ganges near its mouth? The next city in size on the ea.stern coast is Maohas, far to the south, while the lar ^est city on the west side is Bombay, which has the best harbor of all. INDIA AND INDO-CUINA 189 The government is administered l>v a Viceroy and cuiincil. whose residence is at Calcutta. A large army is maintained. eomiH,st.d largely of native troops, with British officers. These native soldiers are called " SeiK>ys." The Hindus are great architects and liave built many wonderful palaces and temples ; one of the most beautiful is the Taj-Mahal (Fig. 216) at Agra, the mausoleum, or tomb, of the Great Mogul (the title of the former great native ruler in India). Under British influence great progress has been made in the country, — roads, railways, and irrigation works hav been built, and manufactures established. One great railway extends from Bombay to Calcutta. How far is that ? One advantage to Great Britain, in the possession of India, consists in the important products of the country. Cotton, one of the principal, is shipped to Britain to be made into cloth, and then some of this cloth ia shipped back to India and sold there. Where else have we found a similar situation ? Rice is the most important product of India and forms the largest item of export. It is also the staple food of the people. Wheat is another great product, and since Britain does not produce enough of that food for home use, much has to be imported from abroad, and India supplies the largest amount next to the United States. Other crops are poppies, from which opium is made, silk, jute, tea, coffee, millet, and indigo. The peninsula east of India, called Indo-China, and the East Indian Islands south of it, are other places that Columbus wished to reach. Here are found precious stones, pepper, such spices as nutr meg and cinnamon, and other valuable products, which were carried 'I' 190 3. ()UI{ EARTH AS A WHOLE Ity caravans to Eiiroin? lonj,' U-Um- the time of Colimilms. XIany of the.se iiroducts are now shii.i»i'd from Sin<;ai'<>uk, a .strongly fortified city belonging to Britain. It is .situated on an island at the stmtliern end of the .Malay i)eninsiila, and i.s one of the most busy seai)orts in the world. The greate.st city in Indo-China is BAx(>n the seaport, from which much rice is e.\iK)rted. Bluma and the Stkaits Sktti.kmkxts belong to (Jreat Britain. Fig. 217. A view in the palace jjrounds at Bangkok, Siain. East of Siam is French Indo-China. a province belonging to France, of which Saigon is the capital. Ceylon. — South-east of India is the Island of Ceylon, the " Garden of India," almost joined to the mainland by a coral reef and rocky islands, called " Adam's Bridge." It is a colony of Great Britain, and is famous for its INDIA AND IND()-('ni\A 1!H lovely scenery, iU piecmus stones, and tropical products. It exports crreiit quantities of tea, coffee, (piinine, cinna- mon, and other spices. Colombo, a city one-half th of Montreal, is the capital. ne size FiQ. 218. Picking tea in the Island of Ceylon. Steamships come from Britain to IJomba}-, to (^olombo, and to other Indian ports through the Suez Canal. Trace their conrse on the map. Figure 204. Ill m ■t: ; i XXVIII. AFRICA Map Qukstions — (1) What continent does Africa most resem- ble in sliajie? (2) In what parts are the chief mountain ranges? (;}) Find the main slopes yn tlie continent l)y a study of the rivers? (4) Name and trace the tliree largest rivers. (5) About how much of Africa lies in the torrid zone? (6) How does its coast line com- pare with that of Europe as to regularity? (7) What influence must that have upon the harbors ? The Dark Continent. — Althougli Africa is so near Europe that they almost join at the Strait of Gibraltar, and although it is one of the oldest continents that history tells about, it is the least known of them all. There are several reasons for this. In the first place, south of the Mediterranean Sea is a broad desert, extend- ing entirely across the continent. This, a part of which is called the Sahara Desert (Our Home, Fig. 69), is about a thousand miles wide, and very ditticidt to cross. South of this desert for more than a thousand miles the country is covered with a forest where the rainfall is heavy ; and near the equator the vegetation is so rank that an almost impenetrable jungle is formed, like that of the Amazon. It is inhabited by large and fierce animals, such as the elephant, tiger (Fig. 20), and lion. The rivers offer further obstacles to travel. The con- tinent is mainly a plateau, varying from one-fourth to one and one-half miles in height ; and its rivers on approach- ing the ocean have numerous rapids and falls, so that boats cannot make their way continuously up-stream. 1»2 Hi AFliK A !!»:{ Not only are there (U-scrts. iiiumvigiible rivers, and dense forests with fierce animals, but there are hordes of siivuijes Fui. .L'O. The Great Fyraiuid and the Sphynx. What animals are those standing cm the desert sands near the Sphynx ? belonging to the black race. It was from Africa tliat negroes were first bronght to this continent as slaves, and on that account those now here are often called Africans. Here, then, are several reasons why we know so little about Africa, wliich, because of this, and because so many blacks live there, is sometimes called the ''dark continent." Northern Africa. — The African side of the Mediter- ranean Sea, being so close to Asia and Europe, has long been settled by the white race. Manv of the inhabitants < >l I i hi 194 OUR EARTtI AS A nifOLE I' I are Arabs, who, Ijfing believers in \Ioljainmep>!l,.,i to ^o all the wav- romid Africa; hut in 1«0J) a canal one hundred niih-s 1 Fio. 222. Climbing the pyramifls. plet^'d across the isthmus, so tliat vessels Estimat:' how many mih l-oiidon to Calcutta. loni; was com- can now make a short cut. s are siived l>y the Suez Canal in going fn)m IP or It HAiiTii AS .1 n//f>A/.; A »lii|i imsmiuK lliritals ? 'I'rip- oli and Harca, like Kgyjjt, are nominally tribu- tary to Turkey. Al(jeuia is a province of France, which country also con- trols the greater [)art of the Sa- hara Desert. .MoHO<'ro is an independent ab- solute monarchy, governed by a Sultan. Their products are sim- ilar to those on K^vpt is iKiiiiiaHlly j,'iiv»'rn»'(l l»y tin- K/if- tlirr, who OWt'H allt'- •fih\m' to tli« Siilfiiii of I'lirkey. but it is. in liici. j^ovcriifd liy a Mritisli omciiil. iiiider tile antliority of tlie Hiitisli (ioveriiint'iit. Name the coun- tries west of Kgypt along the Mediter- -'TJ^'^'w^'- Fi-red America. On the desert of Sal.ara few jx^ople nn> uii,. m Ijv... s„.n.- part, are sandy plains, while others are ro<-kv mvI hiilv. an.l in places even mountainous. H„t h.-re an.l ther-. as in Arabia, are „«x.s w h.n- water comes from underground, so that j,n-ass and daf pahns ar.- able to Srow. Sometimes these oases an- so large that villages are Ku.lt upon them: and the caravans that cross th,. .lesert to l)rin- ivory and other products from the south, make their st..ps at these places". .S.me of tiiese caravans con.sist of hundreds ..f camels, so that there . need of nuich food and water. Central Africa. — Tntil a few years ago this was i wil- 9 I. the size of Ontario, has sprung out of the discoveries of Sir Henry Stanley. It is founded on the principles of free trade, and is recognized by the leading powers of Europe and by the United States. It is under the i)residency of the King of Belgium, and will probably be made a Belgian colony. Abyssinia. — This is a mountainous territory in the east, and is the only central African country where the natives are at all civilized and partially Christianized. 3 I I XXIX. SOUTH AFRICA : CAPE COLONY, NATAL, TRANSVAAL COLONY, ORANGE RIVER COLONY, ETC. Southern Africa is the best developed section of the con- tinent. It was oiij^inally settled by the Dutcli, though the greater part has now come under the control of Great Britain. Part of it is a high plateau, with a warm tem- perate climate, having many of the same products as this continent. Most of the peoi)le are engaged in farming and ranching, producing grain, wool, and hides. Wool is one of the principal articles of export. Ostrich farming is also an important industry in Cape Colony, the beautiful feathers of the male bird being very valuable. ^^viPll^pi^fSiki^'' 11 Fm. "-"JT. A group of ostrii'heB in South Africa. 200 niurisn sorrii afiu< a 201 The dominant native races are various tril..-s f)f Kaffirs, a warlike people, far sui)erior to the neyroes of Central Africa. Th.-r.- arc also some Hottentots, a stunted race, but they are gradually disappearing. Portions of South Africa have been \o\\<^ settled by Europeans, and are divided, as you will see by the map, be- tween the liritish, (ier- mans, and Portuguese. The larger part, as well as the most valuable, belongs to Great Britain Fio. L'-js. Kaffirs, South African savages, in full ilress. Capk Colonv and Natal are British colonies, having tlieir own governments as in Fio. '.".'y. A picture of the !>• Beers dianiond mine at Kiniberley. Canada. The other parts of British South Africa are still under the direct control of the Imperial (Jovernnient, but 202 ! 1 ■ ,- '■ II ! iff Hf 1 1 il l-l " .: (Hit EAIiril A.S A WHOLE m in the ease of our Territories, will be formed in course of time into separate self-governing colonies. The Tkansvaal ane Town. Tlie Government buildings; ' Table Mountain in the background, until lately independent Dutch Republics. They declared war against Great Britain, and attempted to raise an in- surrection in Cape Colony, but failed in their object. Via. 2:ti. Johannesburg in IWK). iiiiiTisn sorrii afiuca 203 FiQ. •_'3'.'. Travelling in a jinrickslui at Durban. These republics have now been nmde into Britisli e.ilonies under the direct control of the Hritish government. The people of these rei)ubli{s are jjenerally called Boem, which is the Dutch word for farmer. A railway is now in course of construction by (Jreat Britain from Cape Town in Cape Colony to Cairo in Egypt. How will this compare in length with the Canadian Pacific Railway (see p. 94) ? Cape Town is the capital of (^ipe (^)lony and the prin- cipal seaport and centre of commerce. JoHANNESTUK{j is tlie centre of the richest gold-mining region in the world, and more diamcmds are obtii ed from near Kimhehlkv tnan from any other i)art of \ .• globe. PiETEUMARiTzmKO is the capital of Xatal. and Di hban the chief seaport. Islands near Africa. —The large ishuul of Mai)A(!AS(au is two hundred and forty miles from the mainland, and is five times as large as Newfoundland. It is chiefly inhab- ited by a tribe of Malays, called Hovag, but is controlled l)y France. What is the chief town ? What islands near Madaga.scar belong to Britain ? What islands are near the west coast of Africa? To whom do they l)elong ? St. Helena is noted as having been the prison home of Napo- leon Bonai)arte, and later of many of the Boers from tlie Transvaal and Orange Free State in Africa. i Si I, . \'l ill i| XXX. THK ( OMMONWEALTII OF AISTKALIA. NEW ZEALAND, THE EAST INDIES, PHIL- IPPINES, AND THE OTHER ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC Mai' QiESTioNs. — (1) Find Australia on a jflobe and show how you would reach it from Halifax in a vessel. ThnMij;li what waters would you pass? (See Fig. :}().) ("J) From Vancouver? From London? (8) In what i)art are nu)st of the mountains? (4) The rivers? (5) The cities? ((») In what zones is Australia? (7) Will there he any cold winter on this continent? (S) Lnok on a globe, or on map. Fig. ;J0, to see what other continents are in the same zones. (!•) Which are the principal islands of the Fast Indies? Find Batavia. (10) In what direction are the I'hilipiiine Islands from .Vustralia? (11) Estimate the distance. (1l>) What is the capital of the Philippine Islands? (1:J) Find the Hawaiian Islands. The Commonwealth of Australia. — This is another im- portant part of the British Empire, or Greater Britain. The whole of the colonies of the great island continent of Australia were formed in VM)1 into a Confedera- tion, similar to that of Canada. Name these colonies from the map. Name their capitals and tell where they are situated. In the commonwealth is also included the Island of Tasmania, south-east of Australia. What is the capital ? Australia is the smallest of the continents, being rather le.ss in size than Canada, or about the size of the Tnited States, not including Alaska. It is a low plateau, with 204 i: ^ l« h ? "■11 COMMoy UK. I /. 77/ Of . I r s V a . I A /. I . A/7 •. w,,.- the cliit'f moimtuin raii^r,. ,;i„s,. t.. the oi.stern sliore. Tlu's.- mountains have miich inthiencc ..n the climate: for. sin.-e the prevailinj,' winds are from the south-east, as they reach this rancfe, and rise to pass over it, thev ^low cooler an.l h>se n.ost of their moisture. If the m.mntains were .m the western side, as the Andes are in South America Fio SM. A forest of tret' funis in Australia. nearly tlie whole country mijrlit be well watered, like the Amazon Valley. As it is. however, the eastern coast of Australia has abundant rain, while farther westward it becomes drier, until, at a distance .)f one hundred and fifty miles from the coast, farming is almost impossible. Surface. —What about the country farther west ? With what part of Africa shouhl it be conipared ? Where must the chief rivers b.. ' Where might we expect to f.nd salt hikes ? The best farm land ? The principal cities and most of the people'/ ill 206 OUli HAUTII AS A WHOLE Now exjiiuine tlio intip to see if yoii are right. Where is the hirge deHert / (It is »U)tte«l.) What is the iiauie of the main river ? There is often so little rain, even on the lower part of the Mnrray River Hsisin, that the river grows smaller tovvaird its ujouth ; and its chief tributary, the Darling, dries up almost entirely. Fio. 233. A Hheep run f |M)rcius rcH'k over six hundred feet below the surface. T..akes are numerous, but nearly all are salt, and indeed scarcely deserve the name of lake, as they are dependent on the rivers and floods. At one time they form immense reedy swamps ; at another, vast areas of submerged flats, with broad mud banks for shores that render the water quite unapproachable. Why are these lakes salt ? In many districts artesian wells have been sunk (Fig. 2'^/>), and the.se supply abundant water. In Queensland there are over 350 of these. COMMOX UK. I /. Ttt OF Al sTUA I L I , KH . •jo; PUnt. «d AninuU. - W I...,. „... lin.i.l, Ih-.u,. to n,lu„i... u.i. country. tl..-y fo.in.l ,t inlmhit...! I.y a v.-rv luw Huss-.f sivuL-.w ainl tl». j.ltti.ts and uniin.tlH w..r.. .liH.Mvnt f.„n, .l.os,. i„ ,„l„.r ...u'ls of tl... worl.l. A K,>-ut par. of tl... interior was ,.,h..,v,| with a low Im.sI, called ...HcrnI,." Laving hanl. ,.rirkly U-hv.-h uu.I oft.M. L-rowi,,.. s,! dense that it was tlirticiilt for one to make hi.s way throu>;li it. It <'an.s.'d ilif country to look de.solate inileed. Almost all the trees are evergreens. Sovf jiave ver- tical leaves, whicli cast no shade, and shed their hark instead of their leaves. The characteristic; trees an* the eucalyptus or ji;um tree, which does not p )w in ih'iise forests, hut thinly scattered over the surface; and the acacia or wattle, the leaves of which have siirunk to thorns. There are none of the fierce animals common to other countries. The larj,'est is the kanjfaroo, which is furnislieil witli a sack or jM.nch f.,r carrying its young. InM ,„ of rumnn t-'iirs. It jumps along on its hind legs, „sing its tail for (^lg. uatj). Fiiuling the native plant.s and animals of little „se. the settlers began to import some. Sheei) were taken there and found to thrive; for the temperature is .so mild that they are not expo.sed to cold, and some of the plants fur- msh excellent food, ('on-secpiently, great .sheep ranches or sheep runs, as they are called there, have Keen cstah- An .Au.straliiui kaiijf.iiiK. on all ipl«irt M ! 1 i i 'l! ■ n • * it 208 or// KAItTll AS A WnOLK UsIumI. The iK'st sertions for tliiM purpoHe are Victoria niul New South Wales, where wo«)l has Iwcoiue one of the . chief exports. Indeed, Auh- traliun wo(»l is the best in the worid. Fui. '£Ti. An AuHtraliaii Hheep run. TIh' JiuiHirtwl cattlf liavf Iik«»- wis*' iiiiilti|ilu>il. m that hi«l»'.s and meat ar»« |>nMliic«Ml in al)Uiiiianef. U'lieat and corn hIm> flonrish. and many friiitH, siu-h u.s we know, art* now plt-ntifn! in tiiat region. AinonffMf otIieraninialH imiiorted into Anstraiiu. tlie ralihit is l ^^,.1,1 in Australia (iHol ), Hlu.rtly after the .lise..very(.t' ihr same prtrions metal in California, led to a K'teat immii^'i.itii.n from (Jreat liritain. The neeessity of providing [.n.vlsion.s for llie miners next led to the introduction .,t muu- i.;..l .i.,.,|> and to farming. Many shiploads ol fiu/eii Ik it .oiit inution are now being sent fontinually to (iieat i>:itaiii. Since these iinliisii it'-; l,ji\.. Ix come very extensive, es|)ecially in the rainy soui h-eastern part, we see whv several great cities have grown up in that -^ec- i. The largest is Mkijm.i hnk. the capital ol v'i-t.;- which is more than twice as large as Monu u! i ;,^. next is Svi.nkv. the capital of New South V. :, as large ; anarts of the world where irj-ysers are lound. ; : ii' 1 f] [1 ;f ;,.i i 210 01' R E ART If AS A WHOLE Tilt' N'.-w /.'iilaiul Isliin.ls aiv inomiluinoiis. un.l coiitaiei niiicli iM'a.itiful sc,.n.-ry. Th.-y aiv n.-arly as larj;.. as Mi.. Hriiisl, Islands. Althou^rh coiupunitively so nciir to Australia, tlie native plant and animal lift' are different, there hein^r „„ native tree like the euealyptus. nor animals like the kanjran-o. The native inhabitants, called Maoris (Kijr. 2.'5Jt). are also of u iniicli superior race to the native Australians. The East Indies.— Metween Australia ami Asia arc a laifje nnndu'r of Islands, many of them to<» small to place upon the map. What are the names of some of the larf these islands are n.any differ.-nt kinds of valuable tr..,H leal woo,ls. Su.i.ar, tohac.-o, ,„.,,,„,, spices, un.l i>reci..us stones are ..tlier valuable i.r..ducts. These islan.ls, like those ,.f the Japanese Knu.ire, are the crests of n.ountains in the sea. Am.,n- tliem are Ki ..f Maoris in New Zi-ajjiml. COMMONWEALTH OF ArsriiM.iA, ly,,-. -^W many vt-rv iictive volcai»(H-s, som,. „f tli.-iu luivin-r ,..i,h,.,i ten-ible (L-stniction by tlu-ir lVijr|,tli,l nuptiuns."' 1„ H,,. s<.utli ure the loftiest peaks, en.wne.l with perpetual snow. The islands helonj,' to Kuropean cuuMtiies. an.l v.mi will find tlie names of these canntries marked on the map. 'rhen- is a larj;*' imtivf IK)iiiilutioii. cliifHv Malays, ill ail tilt- islaiids. Init tiit- whole wliitf |M)jiiiialii>ii in tilt- Stiiula IslaiKis (I)iit<-Ii) ilocs not fxct'f«l 7(MMMl. The Philippine Isl- ands. — These islands were taken possession • 'fin the I'nitedStiitts durint,' the late war with Spain, and tin- principal eity is .Ma- nila, on I.u/.on Island, where the I'nited States fleet under Ad- miral I )e'vey destroyed the Spanish fleet. Notiee (Fijr. 204) that they lie between li.e Japanese Islands and the Kast Indies, both of which were said t<. be mountain ran,i,'es in the sea. The I'hilippines are also njountains, formiiif,' a pnrt of the same chain. 'I'here are valuable kinds of wood in the forests, and many min«'ral deposits; but these were never much used l>y the Spaniards. Tlu- chief products have been su,t,Mr, A KMvc i>r i|iiiiiiiic jlVriniaii l>aik I tic's in llic iHlaiKJ >>r .lava. m\ t*r» --aaa. -^ 212 OIH EAHTII AS A WHOLE if tobacco, and Iumiij), which is nsfd in making ropes. It is probable that now their mineral and other resources will be developed. On these islands dwell several different races. There are still many savages there, especially in the dense forests of the interior (Fig. 8). Some of them are called Negritos, or little negr(.es. On the Snln Islands are Mohammedans, called Moros. The Tagalogs l)elong to the n)o-e advanced tribes, v»ho Jiave learned some of the arts of civilization from the Spaniards. Islands of the Pa- cific. — 'I' he re are many hundreds of islands in the Pacific Flu, 241. Ocean, some of them A imtive honw ill Manila. In order to lie well being tiliy COHll isl- aliove tilt' ilainp Kn.im.l, tlic ix-oiile live in ..,„i , , ,, '. , , tlie u,.p,.r part. X..,i..e tli. l,aml..lo fe.K-e. '""''• ^'^''^''^ ^''''^^ *""» moiintuinous. Thev are all located where mountain ranges or volcanic peaks rise from the grext plain of the ocean floor. Find the |»()sitio- of the Fl.Ji Isf.ands. They are alsu Mritish. What other groups of small islands do you see in that region? What large island is just north of Au.s- tralia ? In what zone does it lie? One jiart is Hriti.'^h. one part Dtitch, and one part (Jermaii. All of its products are tropical, and it is covered with a den.se forest and iuhaliitcd by fierce savages. \'ciy few Hiiropeans live there. IsLAyns OF THE PACIFIC, ETr. 213 Among tlie islands of the PaeiHc wf must n(»t for^^.t to mention the Hawaiian Islands, which belong' to the United States. They are situated in the mid-l'acitic on the way from Vancouver to Australia, and consist of a number of islands, the lari,'est being Hawaii. All of them are volcanic, and on Hawaii are two of the largest vol- canoes in the world (Fig. 10). Being in the torri.l z.me, their climate is warm enough for sugar raising, and this is one of the principal industries of the islands. Where else have we found this industry? HoxoLiLf is the capital and largest city. The steamships to and fn.m Australia and Vancouver call here. Fannix(j Island, a small island belonging to (Ireat Britain, and situated south of the Hawaiian Islands, is to be a station for the Pacific telegraph cal»le between N'aii- (!ouver and Australia. il f • IIKVIEW QIESTIONS r. FORM AND SIZK OF THE EAKTH Kkvikw rn>xs. — (1) Wiiiit did jwople foiim'rly know al>out tilt' shiipt' of the earth V (!') Wliat is its loriu'.'' (:{) Tell the story of ('oliiiiitms. (\) Why did he call the .savages Indians'.'' (."») Why was the hind he di.scovered called the X;»w World? ((i) Tell al>out Ma- }>ellau'ii voyage. (7) Exphtin why the eartli does not apjH'ar to ns to he a sphere. (S) What is the diameter of the earlii? The circnni- ference ' {!•) The latter is iiow many times tlie former? Si7«;(iKsM»)XS. — (1) R«'ad something about the life of Colnmbus. (2) Head iihout .Maj;ellan. (;i) Fine to see where he actually went. Find India in order to see where he thought he had gone, iind notice how one can go to Iiulia by travel- ling eastward as well jis westward, ('i) Make a sphere in clay. Measure its diameter with a needle. ((() How many proofs can yon tint! that the earth is rouml .' Find out how we know that it is like a ball and not like a cylinder. (7) Write a story about ('olundius. {>>) Trace on a globe the route followed by our soldiers wlio went to South .\frica. How many days are nHpiircd for such a journey? (!•) Obtain a telescope or an o|«>ra-glass and look tlni'iigh it at the moon. II. DAILY MOTION OF rilE EAKTH AND ITS HEsn/rs 1 I Hkvik.w ■2\r, plftcly around onof '.' (S) WU-.a r.iU- of travel i> that lor a )ioint tilKiii the ciiiiatoi ' (!») Wliy an- we not tlir<)\vn away I'roni tlie earth? (Id) (iiw s«'Vfral exaniidfs showinj^ wh;'» is MK-ant liy j;Tav- itv. (11) in what diifction is the the result if the eartli did not folate? (!•")) When it is noon liere, what time i> it on t lie other side of the earth? (Ki) lIow lonj^ must tlie day and ni^hi tojjether last? Wiiy? Sl'; of a rotating hall; of a s|iiiining gh)i>»*. (■_') Marl; the t«o poles on an apple or hall, and then a line for the equator. (;>) Mould a sphere in elay, ami show tlie poles ami the eipiator. Cut it in halves, and nntrk a line fur the axis. ( t) Find exaetly how many miles a point on the eipiator moves each hour. (.">) \'st' a horse-shiH' niagnei to attract pieces of iron. (••) I'm- a gloU', or aj^ple. and a hinip to show why the sun apjK>ars to rise and set, and why it is day on one siile while it i- night on the other. (7) Watch the stars in the east sonn' night, to s«'e which way they ajijM-ar to mo\e. (S) Uliy do not the clouds apjiear to move westward also? (!•) Is the sun always shin- ing dining the day? Why, then, do we not always see it? (lH) Who was Atlas? Who was Aurora? (11) Find out what the ancients supposed liecanie of the sun each night, (ll') When it is noon here, what time is if one-fourth of the ) In uiiich direction do th<» sha4lows then fall? (<•) Why should llir heat giow less, the farther one travels from the etpnitor ? (7) Wiiy iias no one ever iieen aide to reach either pole? (X) Which part of the earth has no cold weather? (ii) Which p.art has no hot weather? (lo) I'oint out the zones in Figure 7. (II) Kepresei-i them in a drau ing i.f your own. (12) XauK^ the hemisphi'ri's and tell win re e;ieh is. rays are hotter when the sun is ovi-rhead than when it is low in the s^^3?sisr.,; 216 Ol'H EAUTll AS A WHOLE i !! -J i 1. i ;lrt heaveiiH. ('_♦) Write a story telling altout tlie cliaiiges in clothing you would need to make in pa8.sing from the north to the south pole. (;{) In which direction would you look to see the sun at noon on such a journey? (4) How might the changes in heat affect the growth of trees and other plants? (5) How would the direction of your shadow change? Its length? (»$) If there were no watches or clocks, how couh) you tell the time of day from the sun? (7) Find out about some of the men who have tried to reach the north pole. (H) In which zone should you prefer to live? Why ? (0) Kxplain how some places in the temperate zone are warmer than .some in the torrid zone. IV. HEAT WITHIN THE EARTH AND ITS EFFECTS Review QrESTioxs. — (1) What is known al)out the tenii»erature of the earth below the surface? (:*) What does that 8ugge.st? (H) What other proof of this conclusion is there? (4) What is a volcano? (">) What is the crust of the earth ? (R) What happens as the interior cimiIs? (7) Compare this with the drying of an apple. (8) How have the ocean basins and continents been formed? (l») What do fossils in the rocks prove? Suo«iESTi<).\s. — (1) Collect pictures of volcaTioes ; of earthquakes. Read about some volcanic eruption. (•_*) Make a drawing of a vol- cano. (•■{) Dry an apple and notice the change. (4) Xot all rocks contain fossils; but examine those in your section to find if they do. (.'>) If you live near a lieach, notic«; how shells are covered by the sands. (tJ) If a mine were a mile deep, what would be the temjiera- ture at the bottom, if the average temi>erature at the surface is 45^? V. THE (OXTINENTS AND OCEANS Review (ii'ESTioxs. — (1) Xanic the five continents, counting Eurasia ivs one. (2) Write their names. (:{) Walk toward each of them. (4) Tell what you can about each. (5) Where is the Arctic Ocean? The Antarctic? (ft) Tell something about the people and animals of the Arctic region. (7) What oceans touch North .Vmer- ica? (8) Name five oceans. Which is the Largest? (0) IIow di'ep is the ocean water? (10) Nanie !«ome of (he animals thai live in il. (11) What are the conditions on the ocean bottom? (I'i) In what UKVIKW iiUKsTKiSS 'IVi ways are islands in the open ocean fonned.' (IM) Kxiilain liuw coral islands are made. .Si«i«iK8Tiox». — (1) Make an outline drawing (»f cacli of the lon- tinents. ('J) Of each of the oceans. (;t) Collect pictures of the animals. |)eoj>le. and scenery of the different continents. Many such pictures are printed in the magazines. (I) Write a story ul>out one of the pictures. (.")) Write a story about sonu'thing that you have learned concerning one of the continents. (.H8essit)n of Great Britain? (■')) What event caused a large increase in the early population of the country? ('») What part of the continent did Canada occupy when it came into the pos- session of the British? (7) What part was included in .Acadia? (8) When wa.s the Dominion of Canada formed? SrcajKSTioxs. — (1) Write a short description of ilie ^railual for- mation of the Dominion. (2) Find out what you can about .Jacques Cartier, Wolfe. Montcalm, and other historical characters connectefl with Canada. IX. rilK ATL.WTIC I'UOVIXCKS Hkvikw (^rK.mioxs. — (1) Who was the tirst navigator, of whom we have a record, to visit Nova .S'otia? (•_') What nation tirst made a settlement there? (:{) IIow was the country named ? (I) Descrilte the fortress at Lonisbnrg. (.')) Why is it an advantnge that llie coast is so irregular? (♦•) Why cannot vessels go up the rivers of the .\t- lantic IVovinces? (7) For what are the rivers useful ? (^) Mention some of the large seaports. Why are they important? (!>) What fisJjeries are im|tortant ? Name some of the principal jiorts for fisher- men, (lif) What :Ur dihrd laild:^? (! 1 ) W!:;tf raSi Vmi t"!l ''f !ni!r"^ and minerals in Nova Scotia? (12) Why is it important to have coal •21H (Kit EAllTIl AS A WHOLE iiiines near iron iiiiiieH.'' (l:t) Xaiiie Home uf the flipping poriH for tiinlier — fur ileitis. (H) llow can you reucli I'rince Kdward iMland ill winter time? .Sr) (Jet some siieciniensof iron and oth' i ore:;, (ti) (iet up a school collection oi minerals. (7) What minerals can you name? Are any of them louiid in your province? (8) Kxplain the ebb and tlow of the tid* ; why are they greater in one place than in another? i Wt 11 if SI if X. PROVINTKS OF THE ST. LAWRKN'CK RIVER SYSTEM Rkview tiiKSTioNs.— (1) What is meant by the St. Lawrence River System (see Our Home, p. 4.'))? (•_>) What position does tiueliec occupy in this system? Ontario? (:{) What effect has the ]H>sition of these provinces on the rivers? (4) How is this advan- tageous for manufacturing? (5) Name some of the rivers that furnish water-jHiwer. ((!) Where is the highest navigable point in the St. Lawrence River System? (7) For what is Fort William imiH>rtaiit? (H) What precious metal is found in the Rainy River District, near the Lake of the Woods? (!») What oth.-r minerals are found in the St. Lawrence River Uasin? Wh're? (10) What are the principal jxiints in the St. Lawrence River Hasiii for lunil)er? For pulp wood? F'or square timl)er? (11 ) What are the most impor- tant imliistries of Ontario? (12) What products are pum|>ed from wells ill western Ontario? (lH) How do railway trains pass the rivers l)etween the (Jieat flakes? (14) Wlmt cinals must you pass through between Montreal and Fort Williiin? (1")) Name the largest cities of Ontario: of (Jn^-Wc. (1'?'. What river joins the St. Lawrence at Mohtr»»nl? (17) For what is Ottawa noted? (18) For wlial i~ the city •►f Qiiel«M- noted? (1!() What islands are in the (Iiilf of St. LawiiMKH-' (■_'(») What large island at the mouth of it? Sr»;*JKHTT«»K!». — (1) I)escril>e the hike fisheries and the fish found tlw^!^ (•_') Make a f--)!!F--{i'-.H r.f 0::',an«> Rnd Qlfulu-C »t!!!»T:lk. (3) Find out to how many uses the nickel from the mines of Sud- RKVIKW urKSTInSs 21 !» hiiiy run W put. (I) .Maki- ii ••(•llectioii of (lifTfivnt w.xmIs aiiiotuiV8 illustrating tlit- giowtli of tin- lives iin<| their ai>iH'iiiiu.ie. (')) Write 11 (lfscii|itioii of the Algoncjuin Turk. (•») iK'scrilM- a trip throiigli the islands of the (Jeor^ian Hay ; tiiroiigh tlie Lake of a Tlioii- sand Islaniis. (7) Visit a cheese factory ami creamery. (S) Tell how a raft passes the Cliaudiere Falls on the Ottawa Kiver at Ottawa. (!•) Write an account of how a vessel passes throu>;h a canal. (10) What is the chief difticulty in liuildinj; acanal.' (11) iH'scrilie sulniuh fishiutj. (Jive an account of the I.alirador ami (Julf fisheries. XI. .M.\N!Ton.\ .\NI> TMK XOKTH-WKST TKUHITOHIK.S Hkvikw QiKHTiuNs.— (1) CtMnpare the size of Manitol.a and the Xorth-West Territories with the Kastern IVovinces. (:.') What about the huinl>er of peojtle there? (U) Why are there .S4» few there? (I) IIow are the Xorth-West Territories governed? (.">) Where are most of the people to be foimd? (li) What great enterpris*; wa.s neces,sary in order to ojwn up the country? (7) What is the chief attraction that draws jieople to this country? (S) Xarne some of the animals of the Xorth-West. (!t) Tell something ;.f the lakes of Manitoba. (10) Where is Winniin-g situated? (11) (Tive a reason for it,s imi>ortance. (IJ) Where is cattle-rani hing carried on? (l:J) Why i.s that part of the c. (15) What Provisional Districts are there in the Xorth-WesI V (lit) Describe the " llarren Lands." Si'(i»iKSTH>Ns. — (1) Write a story describing a journey from Winnii>eg to the Kcn-ky Mountains. (J) How diil |ieo|ile formerly travel in summer? — In winter? (;') Descriln* a journey from York Fort to Fort .McPherson. (I) What is the distance froni Winni|ieg to Calgary? (."») What stories jiav \ou read aboiii Ih" fur traders? — .Vlxuit the lludsoii's May ( ompany ? — .\bout (lie Indians? (0) Write to the office of the ''anadian Pacific Railway Company \nv their inu*trat»>d cin'sila!*, in «•!!!<•!! ar;' 'iinny vWw-^ r.f •A«>:{pr!i scenery. V.1 220 OUIt KAHTII AS .1 WIIOLK XII. HlilTISlI ( OH MiUA AND YIKON TKKKITOKY. TIIK FAR NORTH AXI> (MIKKXLANI) Kkvikw >H(.Ma|>, Fijj. ;U).— (1) What w tlio elii«'f f«'iitiiro of tlie Ncem-ry of Hi ilish Culuinliiu aiii'inci|)itl inouiitaiii miigeH. (:t) Wlit-vt- m fiiriiiing cui ri)'d oiiV (I) What aiv Ihf prwliu'ts'.' (.">) Wlmt is .««aul al><>ut iiihtiid iiavi};ation ? ( goUl iniiiiiig in HiitiHh Cohiiiiliia. (S) What other iiiiiicrulH are fuuiiil there? (ft) Where are tlie princi- pal iiuning ceiitreH? — The j|iriiioii>al eoal mines? (lu) Ilcjw is coko proiliiced? (11) Why are the coal mines of Hritisli Cuhimhia iminir- tantV (I'J) I>(*st;rilH> the course of the Cainuiian I'acific Kail- way. (1;J) Why is the railway of great value to Hritish Colninhia? (11) How art of the country (••mii'are with th«>se in the eastern jirovinces? (!.')) Wliere is 11. M. ihv-al fishing industry? (17) II. . are the fish shipi>ed awayV (iJ^) What foreign commerce is carried on from Victoria and \'ancouver? (1}») Where is the seal fishing in the I'aciP" carried on? ("JO) What is the Klomlike region famed for? (•_•!) How much gold has Iwen taken on' of this region in one year? (iJ'J) Mow is the climate there? (I'H) Mow can you get from Dawson to Victoria? (iM) What is the district in the far north called? ("i.")) What i>«n|»le live there? (I'll) UescrilH' (Jreeuland. SrooKSTioNH. — (1) Write an account of dimliing a high moun- tain (see Our Home, p. '_'(>). (•_') What stories have you read of mountain:-? (:J) Make a list of articles made of gold; of silver; of copi>er; of lea»l. Collect some ores of these for your scIhmiI. (4) Make a drawing of the Pacific coa.st; of the Yukon territory. (5) Visit a fish market to see some salmon ; or. find a picture of one in tii3 dictionary. (6) Write an account of what yon know ahout tlie salmon. (7) What have you read al>ont coal mines? (S) How- are iceln'rgs formed? (!•) Write an account of the Eskimos. (Iti) Why is there so much ice in (Ireenhmd inid in the .Arctic regions? (11) Draw a map of Canada, showing the IVovitices. Territories, and the capitals of each. (I'J) Write the ahhreviations used for each Province or Territorv in addressing a letter. neviKiv t^rKSTinys •221 XIII. NKWFOL'XDLAXI) Rkvikw (iiKHiioxH. ~(|) On what in.luHfry dm's NVwfuiiii.l. land fhii'Hy deiHMuIV (:,') What curivntM meet at N.'wfoiin.niin.l? (.J) Where are the liiinkt* of X.'wf<)undhin«l furnu'd? (I) What ar.' th.' principal fl.Hii.Ties? (.-.) Why is tli.- harUir of S|. JohnV ini|K.rtttnt? («) How i, the interior of tlic inland In-in^ d..v.-ln|«.d ? f>j(»;KHTioxs. — (1) Write an account of what yun know alwHit cod finhinK on the Hanks of X.'wfoiindh»nd ; alxuit the si-al fishery. (•-') What iH tile difference l^twwn tiie j^niIm of Xewfoundhind and thoneof the Pacific Ocean (we p. lM)f (:i) (an you tell anvthin^ of tlie discovery of Newfoun.liand? — Of th« early navigators who came tin-re from Kurojie'.' XIV. TIIK rXITKI) STATKS OF AMKHICA XV. XKW YORK AX1> TIIK XEW KX(;LAXI) STATKS KnviKW (JiKHTioxh. — (1 ) To what country did the I'nited States ori};inaI!y Imlong? (J) How have they increased tlieir territory V (3) Wliat people originally settled Xew York State'.' (|) In what way dfK's the coast resemhle Xova Scotia'.' (."») Why is this an advantage? (fi) Mention some of the largest cities? (7) IX-scriU- New York, and how it has grown so large. (,S) Tell what vou can about farming in these States; al)out lundiering; about manufac- turing. (f>) Why cannot vesw-Is go uj* the Xew Kngland rivers? (Ill) Why are many manufactories on these rivers? (II) Xame some of the ])rincipal manufacturing cities; the principal .shipping ports; the principal fishing and lumlx'r iH)rts. SrooKSTKtss. — (1) What do you know about tlie early .struggles between the French of Canada aii ? Of the war for Indejwnilence ? (i') Who were the Puritans? XVI. ATLANTIC STATKS .SOITII OF XKW YORK Rkvikw liiKSTioxs. — (1) l)escril>e the coast line of these States. (!') Name the chief .seajHjrts. (:{) What reasons can you give for the growth of the.se cities ? (I) What has made the iron manufac- iure.s so im^Kjrtant in Pennsylvania and in Alabama? (o) Name the MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 ■a MM 12.5 116 14.0 2.0 1.8 ^ >1PPLIED IM/1GE ^^^ 1653 East Main Dtreet g*.^ Rochester, New York 1*609 USA ■^S (716) «82 - 0300 - Phone ^S (^16) 288 - 5989 - Fax 222 OUB EARTH AS A WHOLE principal cities for tlie manufacture of iron. (<5) Where are coal^ and petroleum chiefly found? (7) For what industry is Richmond noted? (S) Name the principal cotton shipping iwrts. (!») What is the capital of the United States? (10) Where is it situated? Su«J(}K8TioNS. — (1) Write an account of the cotton plant; of the tobacco plant. (•-') Visit a cotton-mill, if there is one in your neigh- borhood. (3) Make a list of the different articles made of cotton. (4) Where does rice grow? (5) What people are the principal laborers in these States? Have you read "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and of the war that made all the slaves free? («) Find out some facts about Washington and the people that live there. (7) On the map (Fig. 136) there are abbreviations such as Del., Md., Mass.. Conn., N. llamp., N.J., because there is not room for the complete names. What do these staiM for? (8) Tell what you know about the fruit from Florida and why it is cultivated there. XVII. THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY Revikw Qukstions. — (1) How far does the Mississippi Valley extend north and south?— East and west? (•->) What other great valleys have you learned about, similar to this, although not so great? (3) What are the principal products of this great valley? (4) How do they change as you go south from Manitoba? (5) Where are the chief centres for milling?— For cattle ? (6) Name some of the large cities on the Great Lakes ; on the Ohio, Missouri, and JVIississippi rivers. (7) What is the seaport of the Mississippi Valley? (8) What minerals are found in the northern part of this valley? Suggestions. — (1) Find out about sugar and sugar-cane. From what root is sugar extracted equal to that from sugar-cane ? (2) Visit a flour-mill and see the process of making flour. (3) Find out how cattle are shipped to Europe; about refrigerator cars; and cold storage. (4) How are grain and cotton packed for shipment across the ocean ? XVIII. THE WESTERN STATES Review Questions. — (1) Compare these States with British Colunibia. (2) Name the principal mountain ranges. (3) What can you tell about farming in these States?— About mining ?- ■ About REVIEW QVESTIONS 223 rauchingV (4) What metals are found in the West? (.")) Where is each found? (6) What city have the Mornions built? (7) Why cannot the whole desert be irrigated? (H) Wliere is Los Angeles? (9) Where is the Yellowstone National Park? — The Colorado Can- yon? (10) What is a i>eculiar feature of the Yellowstone National Park? (11) What are the chief products of California? (12) What 8ea].)orts are on the Pacific coast? (\'i) Where are they situated? (14) What large river rises in British Columbia and flows into the Pacific between Washington and Oregon? (15) For what fishery is it noted ? Suggestions. — (1) What stories have you read about the Rocky Mountains? — About the Western Indians? ("i) Find out somethuig about the Yosemit:- Valley in California; about the Yellowstone National Park, (i) Write to the Northern Pacific Railway at St. Paul, Minn., or to the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fc Railway at Chicago, 111., for their illustrated circulars, in which there are many views of Western scenery. (4) Make a drawing of the Pacific Coast, showing the cities. Add the rivers. (5) Find out what large ani- niials live among the mountains. XIX. ALASKA REVfKw Questions (Fig. :)\). — (1) Where is Alaska situated? ('2) HovN was it obtained by the United States? (;5) In what zones is it ? (4) What is done there ? Suggestions. — (1) Draw the Yukon River. (2) Find out some- thing about a journey to the Klondike. (■!) Read something about the fur-seal. (4) Compare it with the Newfoundland seal. XX. MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA Review Questions. — (1) Tell about the climate and relief of Mexico. (2) About the industries. (H) About the products. (4) About the inhabitants. (.">) What cities are there ? (6) What is the form of government? (7) How is the capital situated? (8) For what is Central Ann i ica important at present? Suggestions. — (1) What reason can you see for digging the Nicaragua Canal at the place wheie it is shown on the map? tri^ 224 OUR EAHTH AS A WHOLE (2) Why are there no large rivers in Mexico? (U) Head an account of the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards. XXI. THE WEST INDIES AND BERMUDA ISLANDS Review Questioxs.— (1) Describe the AVest Indies. (2) AVhich was the first land discovered by Columbus V (:J) What are the chief products of the AVest Indies? (4) Of what race are most of the inhabitants? (5) What two negro republics are found in the West Indies? (t5) Tell what you can about Cuba and Porto Rico; about Jamaica; about Trinidad; al>out Barbados; about the Bermuda Islands. Suggestions. — (1) At *hat time of the year would it be best for people to visit these islands?, (2) What have you already learned about the cultivation of sugar-cane and tobacco? (•\) Why is Ber- muda of imj)ortance to Great Britain ? (4) Describe a field of Easter lilies ; a sugar plantation ; a banana tree. XXII. SOUTH AMERICA Review Questions. — (1) Describe the highland regions of South America. (2) What three great valleys are there? (3) In what zones are the different parts of the continent ? (4) Which is the rain- iest region? Why? (5) What about the rainfall elsewhere? (6) Compare Brazil with Canada in size and number of inhabitants. (7) Tell about the silvas and the valuable products obtained from them. (8) Where are the chief cities in Brazil ? AVhich is the largest ? (9) Name the main industries in that section. (10) Where is Venezuela? (11) Tell about the industries there. (12) Where is Caracas? (1=0 For wha' is Trinidad noted? (14) Which is the most productive part of South America? What are the products? (1.5) Name and locate the largest city on the contir (16) Name the countries along the western side of South Anie.-oa. (17) Why are most of the cities not directly on the coast? (18) Which is the largest port? (19) What are the products of these countries? (20) What part of South America and what islands near the coast belong to Great Britain ? Scggestions. — (1) Draw the outline of South America. Put in the drawing the mountains, chief rivers, and cities. Add the country RKViKW QiEsrioys 225 bouiidaiies. (2) Miike a siuid model of the coiitiiieiit. sliowinj,' tlie highlands and lowlands. (;J) What large cities were found in the in- terior of North AniericaV llmv about South America in that resi>ect? What are the causes for the difference'.' (4) Brazil is in the torrid zone, while tlie United States is in the temperate zone. Which coun- try ha.s the advantage iu temperature? Why? (■'>) Write a story telling of a journey by land and river from the mouth of the Orinoco to the mouth of the Plata. («) Finany issues a jiamph' with illustrations of rubber making. You could probably obtain one if you wrote for it to the Toronto Tire Company at Toronto or Montreal. XXIV. THE BRITISH ISLES Rkview Qukstioxs. — (1) What are the divisions of the British I.sles? ("2) Where is each? Qi) Why have not the British Isles a colder climate? (4) Why are they favorably situated for commerce? (;■)) Tell about the commerce of Great Britain ; about London ; about the government. (G) Of what value are the coal and iron mines to (ireat Britain? (7) Where are the chief iron industries carried on? (8) Where is coal shipiied from? (!') Na'ue some of the principal seaports. (1(») Tell about agriculture; about manu- facturing. (11) Name some of the principal centres for manufactur- ing. (12) Tell about Ireland, (bl) How have the British come to be such a manufacturing nation? (14) How have they come to have so many ships?— So many colonies? (15) Name all the cohmies you have learned about in the Western Ileinisphere. (Hi) What fortresses does Britain possess to protect her commerce in the Mediterranean Sea? SroGESTioxs.— (1) What British navigators and explorers have you read about? (2) Make a list of all the articles you can think of that have come from Great Britain. Tell, if you can, Troni what port. C^) What books have you read that were written by British authors? (4) Describe the British form of government. i|'l ■226 or II HAirni as a wholh XXV. OTIIKH CorNTIMKS OF lUUlU'K Norse Countries. (2rKSTio:,>. — (M What alioiit tin- cliiiiiite of Norway uiitl Swcd.-n ? (2, Tell aiiuiil tlie aiiriiMiltiire ; tiic otli.T iiiilustrifs. {■■'>) W'h'wh art- tiie N'orse nations? (I) Wliat coh.ni.-s have tlie Danes? (.")) Name tiie chief industiies of Denmark, (ti) What kintl of ,i;overiiinent iiave these Norse countrie.s, and what is the capital of eaeliV (7) What is the most northerly point of Norway'.' Tiie most northerly town in KuroiieV Slgukstioxs. — (8) Find out something ahoiit Iceland. (!•) hi what other section that you have studied is tishinj; imimrtant? (1(1) Find out about tlie length of days and nights in Norway. (11) Draw a map of the Scandinavian peninsula, (ll') Of what parts of Canada ilo the fiords «)f Norway remind you? Russia. (iiKsrioxs. — (1) 'Pell about the size of Russia. (•_>) What parts of Russia in Kurope are not fitted for farming V Why 'i {-i) What is the main occupation of the people? Name the imi>ortant products. (4) What are the tundras V— The steppes? (.'>) Which is the large.st river in Europe? («) Where are the leading Russian ports? (7) Locate three of the largest cities, and state for what each is important. (S) Tell about the government ; about the great mass of the people. SiTioxs. — (!») Why would you not expect Russian sailors to be as numerous as the British sailors? (10) Name some city of Ca-.'ida which is cbout as far south as Oilessa. (11) Mow does the northern location of St. Petersburg interfere with its commerce by sea'. (12) What cape in Labrador is as far north as St. Petersburg? (i:5) Show the route a vessel would take in going from Odessa to London; from Odessa to St. IVterslmrg. Germany. giKsnoNs.— (1) Where is the highest land in (Jer- many? The great plains? (2) Tell about the chief farm products. (:5) What are the principal manufactures in (Jermany? (4) Where is Hamburg? (•')) What advantage has it as a seaport. (<>) For what is Berlin noted? Leijizig? Munich? Dresden? Locate each. (7) Tell about the government. St'G<;K.>*rioxs. — (H) Do you know any songs or stories about the Khiiiu River? (!»> Make a drawing showing tl;e course of this river. M Rh:\'ih:\v Qi Ksrntxs 227 (10) Do you know of any (HMuiiin l.ainfin^'s■.' Of any nnisi-' wrill.-n l.y (ii'iniiins-.'' (11) Makf a collfction ol' (Ifiinan piclmt'^^. Holland. (irKSTioN>. — (1 ) T.-li al.ont 111.- ilikes and .anals of Ilolltnid. (•-*) Wliat is the principal imlnstry ? Wliy'.' (:'>) Wl"iH inipoitant colonies has lloUanilV (0 Whicii arc the nmi. cities? SidiiKsTioNs.— (.■>) Write a stoiy telling what yon tiiink inigiit result if a dike were to give way. (»!) Kind a picture of a Dnicli windwill. (7) Tell what you would expect to see in crossing Hol- land on a railway train. Belgium. (iiKsrio.Ns —(1) What are the farm products of Hel- giuin? (2) 'Pell what you cai> ahout Hux. (l) Name and locate the two principal cities. (4) What ahout coal and iron'.' SucGKSTioxs.— (')) Kxainine a piece of Brussels carpet; a j.iece of lace also. France. (iiKsrii.ss.- (1) lK.scril>e the chief sIoih-s of France. (•_>) What are the products in the northern part? In the southern part? (:5) Tell about the silk industry. (I) What can you say about the capital? (o) -Vbout any of the other cities? (<)) What kind of a government has France? SiMJOKSTioxs. — (7) Kxainine a cocoon and a piece of silk. < H-tani a caterpillar, if possible the silkworm, and raise it in the scliool. to see how the silkworm forms silk and what happens t.. the -worin." (8) Why would ihe value of a cocoon be destroyed if the chrysalis in- side were to break thrmtgh in order to get out ? (!•) Can you find any pictures of Paris? (10) Write an accuut ..f Jacpies Cartier's voyage from St. Malo. Spain and Portugal. Q.ksti.ins. -(D Where are the i>yrenees Mountains? (-') Tell about the former jKiwer of these countries. (:n Describe the relief and climate. (4) What are the in.liistries on the plateau? (:.) What minerals are foun.l there? (d) Where is most of the farming ? What are the chie." products ? ( . ) N ame ;'". locate the most important coast cities: the two capitals. C^) /J '"'* islands belong to Spain and I'ortugal? (!') t''-^"' ^^''^'^ "'"^ ^ "'"'"■ bus start in his vovage to .liscover America ? SrGOKSTi..Ns.-(l<») Would you expect the rivers f. be naviga- ble for any considerable distance from the Spanish coast .' ^^ iiy . li i; V •J'JS nil! IMHII I"" IN //"/./■ (11) M;iKf a Main! Miii|> of S|>ain. -Imwiip^ tin- lii'^li aii'l lnw lain!. yV2) I'AamUM' mxih- <|iii.'l.>il\<'r. I'm w lial is il iis.'.l .' (M) Canvnii liiul Mill aii\tliinu aliont llii' M.xhs ami llu' Allianilna in SoiiIIhtii Spain ' I'l'iliaps voii ran liml |>iitin>'> I'lnni (lirn'. \\ asliini^lnn li\ in;; lias xM-illrn -iMni' i«ranliliil stmii's alxml (lie Allianil'i a. Italy. «^ii>iioN~. (1) \\ Ih'H' is IJ.inn' ' N'lniir':' Naplis .' Ml. \i'sii\ ins'.' Milan? (-) I'cll sninclliini; alniMt rarli nl' llirsf. (.t) NVhiTi' arc tin- MMinnlains'.' (I) W'li.r.' i- Ilii' !'<> \'alli'\ '.' (.".) What is .nllixad'tl in llal\ V (li) W lial islmiils form pail of llic kinijtloMi of tialv '.' Si«i(ii>i IONS. (7) l'"intl pii'liin's of soim* of lln' ruins in Koinr. (S) Of soiin> oi lii.' I>nililiiij;.s in Venire, (it) Look on ii nlolic to see inwliieli .lin-i'lioii Home is from N<'\v York (or s<'e maps, l-'igs. :ilt an«117;l). (lit) Draw ii imip iif hilly. Switzerland (^ri si ions. (1) W'hal arc some of (lie imlnslries of I lie Swiss',' (•_') >>' hat lan;4na!;es are spoken '.' (:() Name I lie prin- eipa' eilii's. ( 1) Wlial is tiie kind of ;.;i>veinineiii .' Si ) 15e.nl tlie slory of William 'i'ell. (li) Tinil other stories alioni Svn it/erland. (7) W'iial tlisaiU antat;"' do yon see in liavini; so many lanenam's'.' (.S) What Iarj;e rivers rise in Swil- zerliiiid'.' (!•) Write a slory tleseriliiiii; a \ isit to the Alps. Yi>u will net some sn^eesiioiis from Ki;.;nre !!•. pa.ue '_'(•. also Irom Onr Home. Figure l.'^i, pa,u<' 17. and Figure "JO. page '2'2. Austria-Hungary. (^nsrioNs. — (1) Name four leading cities in .Xustria-llnngary. ("_') Tell why each is important. Sr«;'ii srioNs. (^i) Tiaee thi' Mannhe Kiver from its source to its mouth. (1) How far is Trieste from N'enice'.' (•">) Through whai waters would a vessel pass in sailing from Halifax to Trieste'.' (li) \\\ using the scale on the map. tind out how far \ienua is from l.ontlou ; from Munich: from Leipzig: from 15erlin : from Paris; from St. I'etcrslmrg. (7) In what direction is it from each of these'.' Greece. QfK>ri«>xs. (1) What can you say ahouf the inlluence of Crcece uiHUi the world'.' ('-') Find .\then>. (:i) Tell ahout the climate and jModucts. SriitJKSTioNs. — (1) Where can you read iiliout riysses'.' (.")) Have some one teil v«^l. the story of the Trojan War. (li) Fiiul .som^^ other stories alxmt tl r.ncieiit (Jreeks. /.•M//;il <,>rh:sl !n\s •»_Mt Turkey. ii >>r llif |MM.|.|r ' (I) Willi i.iiiiilrH'- li:iv -aiii.cj lli.ii ilii|.'|M'iiil.'mT I'intii Tiiik'S ' (•-) II' A I-- III" iU;p k S«ii luiihiilr.l vsilli llic Mi'ililiir.iiMMii .' Sliitil'HI IONS. (ti) W'liiil in tlic l.iiiiliil.iiN liiluiiii TiilKi'V i:i I'liimi..' :iihI 'rmUi'V ill A>i;i ' (7) lixiiniin.' ■< TiirKi^li ni.;. (S) Wliill. li'HsoiiH r;iii \ia Wniilci jil..' !•• ouii ( '(iiisliiiil itii>|i|i''.'' i( Villi Limu ut ;iiiy |«'i-. il>k llnlll to tril voii III I IIk'Iii. Ah.. Ii;iv.' lln'iii .s|i.';ik in llii'ir niilivi- l;in- ^iiii^jc. (-) Ask siiiir Nlnrcki'i|ii'r In nIhiw vmi mhih' huimI- Ihhii Imi- ni|M'. (:l) \Vii;it iliHii'illli''- wnlilil vnii cxiiirl (o fl il Voii wi'lf l(» Iriivfl Ihiuir^li i;iiii.|i<' williiiiil kiiowiii;; ;iiiy ruii'i;,'ii liiii;;iiii'4i- V (I) ItoiiiMl I'lH'li ol' 111"' "'"Miiiliii's '>r l'",mi>|i"'. (•">) l>i:iw an ..iilliu"- iii:i|i i>r Knni|M', inillin:; in tin's"' IioiiimIiii i"'s iiinl lln' |iri)u'i|ial livi-rs. ((() Milk"' il "lilt t'l i"'|«r"'S('nl il liirt;"' "ilv. Mark tln' "'iiiiilals willi sliirs, (7) Ciilli'i'l |>ii'liin'- <>l' Kni">|i"' fur Hi"' sclim.! iiil|i'"'ti III"' si'ImmiI I"> I"' ki'i't liii II-"' ill III"' '.;"'i)'4ii'|'li,v ilii- Tlii'V can II"' ariiinj;"'"! I>y i"iiinti ii- ami will !>"' V"'iy iim'TiiI. XWI. ASIA South western Asia, (^isrios-. (1) Wlial |.:iil, "if .\>iii liii- li.nl lli<> ;;r"'iit"'sl inlliicn"'"' "Hi lli"' "■i\ ili/."'"l \\<.rl"i? 'I'l'll almiit it. (■_') Towliiil iialion iIih^s I'iil. -liii"' I "'inn-? (■'>) What ".tluT I'iiits ..f Asiii l»'lunn- I", it'.' (I) 'IVii iil.Diil .M"'"'('a. (.">) I)"'s.'rili"' Aiiil.iii. (ti) How "I", til"! Ariil.iiins liv"-? (7) Wliit "l"> you kiH.w al.oiit I'lTsiii? (X) How "lo |>"'oiil"' Iriiv"'! in tlio-"' "'oniitrit's'.' Sriitir.sTio.Ns. - (!») What is tint l.y tln' "liil.- I!""!.' (Ki) Wlnit luiil'l iiav"' l."'i'ii civit"'"! in tin- UM'tiKny "it Cliri.st? (11) W'liiit aUtr'u's in tin- IV\]>U'. liav"' y"iii n-inl lli:it t".'ll ill t j.liiws iiuMitiontMl in tliis Look or on tin- luiip'.'' (I'i) Wlutt r"'i"^o"s V".ui gru.er ■2W nri; H. s .1 wnoi.t: If> ■ . i M 1 ^^^K< lli ; ^^■i T.lS 1 V .i: sfll MiM'liii. riiH'"!-'.' (II) l'".\alii .If ;i l'i'r>iaii nr 'l'iiiki-*li in;;. (l."i) Learn lii>\\ faiiii'ls aii- f>|'i'ciall; illcil id Vwr in (IcnciI ciinnliirs. Siberia, (jri >: i)).\>. (I) I'oinI lnwanl Silxi ia. (J) Till alxiut till' cliniali-. (■>) In what i>ri'n|iati(ins arc llie |H'ii|iii' .•n^^a);!-)!'/ (1) How ilofs Silirria conn. an' in si/t( with l«u-isia in l''-nni|M'? Srii(ii->rii>Ns. (.'•) Wliiil a'l\anlat;i' will tin' railway l»' to IJiis- ^ia? ()i) Mow (liH'^thi>t railwas ('oin|iarc in irii'^lii with the Canailian I'iicilii! llailwavV (7) O.'lial oliji'i-l do voii sfc in havini;; llic Iciininns. I'ort Artiiur. no fur >onlli '.' Chinese Empire and Korea, (^ri -riuNs. - (1 ) Name .>*o,n. of tin- art.- tliiit wf inivf irarntil I'roni the Chint'.si'. (!') Wiiat lian niailr tlit'in .so )iark>\arii y (:>) What spfcial ports art- oj«'n to t"oi«'ii;n tiiulcrs? (I) In what i>arl iff China ilo nio.-st of the iM-opjc iivf? Why ilicn-? (.">) What arc the principal pimlnctsV (fi) What . iml of a jiovcriniu'nt lias China V (7) Ti'll uhout Korea. S>(:«,i srioNs. -^ (S) Ilow Clin voii tlistin^nish a ChinainaM from other iiicn'.'' (!•) Ilov docs the nuiiihcr of pco])|e in China compare with the nninlier in the v hole of Kinope? (See lai>lcon pp. L';>."). 2:W!.) (Ill) Write a story telling some of the ditferences Ix^twecii life in Canada and in China. (11) Miaw the two chief rivers in China. (!•_') Ilow might lailways in China help to prevent the awful fiMuines th.'' they have there? (1:5) Find ont about Confucius; nhnut the great wall of China. Japan. (iiKsrioNs. — (1) Where is .Fapan .■' (•_') What islaiuls of Kurope compaie with flapan '.' How'' (o) In v hat way were the ilapanese like the Chinese '.■' (I) Ilow have they differed '■' (■'>) Why are they called an artistic race? (t!) Ul'at are their products? (7) Xame and locate the chief cities. Si(jlii'. (1(>) Collect pictures of .Iapane.se houses and l)eople. XXVII. IXDIA AXI) IXDO-CIIIXA Revikw QrKsrioxs. — (1) To what nation does Iiidia helcng? (2) Wiiat title does King Ktlward VII. take from India? (:{) What mountains are in the north? ( () Which is the highest nu>iintain in r! I 4 iiKViiw !,n i:srin\'s 231 till' \\i>rl«l ( <•<• I'. ;.'•<») .' (•"') Wliiil riviMs iin' in ihmIIiiii liMlia.' (' llii'ir |H.*iii..ii. (7) ll..\\ i> Imliu j;u\.Min'«i':' (») Wlial aif III.' cliir! ikmIiu-I-'.' {'■>) Wliiil ;i.lviiiil;i.;'' iliM'M ISiiliiiii I'liji.N l>_v |i<«>-r>siim liiili;i'.' (''■) N'uMii' llic |K'iiiiiMil,i ciist 111' Imliii. (11) 'VIkiI I'imI l-clnr^- I" Hi il:iiii .' In Iiiinc. '.' (12) N:.iiir IIm' I'liifl' loNMi^ in lni|<>-( liina. (!■'.) Wliat ••(.nii'> tnxn liii'ih'.'' (II) Wlifiv is ('cyi'in'.' (l.">) W lial c.inii^ linni lii.Mv? SnuiKsi ION-.. (I) liow lar trnni India «a- Colnniliu^ wii.'n In' • liscovfK-d AinfricaV (•_' ) Wliat iiuiti- siiu.il.i li • lia\i- lakfn il' lir lia) Wlial i>lli.' >lii.ilr>l n>ut<> Ir 1 Inn tn nnnitiav'.' (I) ll"\\ lar i^ it fr Mnndiav In Cil- ciitla liv rail'.' (■'>) Have vmi nad i>t' tlic iflii'lKf Liirknc.w and (In' sicp' of Dfllii'.' (ti) l!''ail some uf Kiiilin.!.;'> >"<>ii«'> ii'i;4ii lnis^i(lns in .Vsia. XXVlll. Al'ltll .\ Ukvikw (iriiMioxs.— ( 1 ) Why is > littlo known alioul .Vfrica? (■_') Why is it called tl dark conliii.-nt "■.' (:'.) Which is lii • h.'sl known country in northi'iii Africa'.' (I) Name anm the ,si„ z Canal. (7) Ahoiil the .Sahara Desert. (S) Where is the .s udan .' What animals live there? (!t) What two -real rivers are ni {\n- tral Africa'.' (1<>) How are i;oo'!> carried from j'lace to p' <• ' (11) What influence are ihi- nations of Knrope having ni«iii Arica'.' (1_>) Descrihe the Kon-o hve State. SfciiiKsrioxs.— (1 ) What reasons can yon j;ive why Timl.uki should he an iiuporl,.iit tratle centre'.' (J) The caravans r'.)ini.o- .1 of camels travel at the rate of about sixteen miles a day. How Ion- wou'il it proliahly take for a caravan to travel from Timluiktu to Tripoli on the .Mediterranean coast '.' (;() One camel ' mi carry ahout four hundreil pounds. How m.inv Ions could a caravan of six hun- dred camels carry V (I) What a:v some oi the .lanj;ers of a j.nrney across the desert 'f (•')) He^innin.'; with llie western Sahara, trace the desert country thai extends across .\fricaanlants have been imported? (S) What industries have resulted? (0) Name the principal exports. (10) What peculiar formation is thereon the north-east coast? (11) What first attracted people to Australia? {VI) Name the chief cities and state where they are situated. (US) How is Tasmania situated? (14) What is the chief town? Suggestions. — (1) Sketch Australia, showing the divisions, the Murray and Darling rivers, and the principal cities. (2) What other places in th'^ world are noted for sheep .and cattle r.tisjng? — (:J) F(»r gold mining? (4) Which form part of the British Empire? iiHViKw urh:srn>\s (.'») Ufiul iilKHit tli«' tiimlile im|M)il*'.l r..lil'it>* havf i-aii'i'il in .»ii- tiiiliu. (\ ix Auck- laiiil ill Nfw Z«'ii!iiii«l fiiM Ss.lnt'V in New S.iitli Wai.'H? f_') \\ lia' i(* (Ml*- of tli«* peculiiir iVatiiifs ..f NfW Z*'alanyanc-« i>f Cai-taiii took. The E«it Indies. Kkvik.w rn>xs. - (1 ) Xanit- sonii' of tin- 1 nUtT ixlanilsof tli«' East Indi»'s. (■-') •• ' 1 out to wlioiii each of tliH laiger i.-slaiul-i Leloiigs (s.-o on tlif i- i . "ig. LM:!)- (:») ^Vllat are tlicir protliictH? Sr(i»iK!*TH»xs. — (1) Why wfri- tlipy named tin? "K:;4 Indies"? (L') Find out vviiat Kpirt's are used in ciMikini; at ymir house. (:t) Why was iiuinine called " IVruvian liark'".' (I) 'Ihere are volcaii«K«s in theso ishmds; are tliere any volcanoes in Canada V (.')) Find out where the tea and "offee used at your home come from. Puilippine Islands. Hivikw al city. (4) How far is Manila from China? (.'>) What native races occupy the islanilsV St(i) Ib.w far is it from Vancouver to Sydney by way of Honohdu? il Jl II 'v APPENDIX COXTIXKXTS AND IMIIXCMI'AL (OrXTRIKS XoTE. — Tlie figures 1S97, l!»(t(), etc.. refer to the e.stiiiiate was made. ^lost of tlie tigiires are "Statesman's Year Hook " for l!(»..S7s IS! (2 18,000.000 Argentina l,77s.l!i.-. ISii.-) :i.9-">l.!'n Peru . lUt.oiio 1S!I7 :i,ooo.ooo Chile . •2!M».S2!t 189.^) •J.r>-_>7.:ii'0 iiruorK 3.850.000 1897 374.000.000 Russia . •_>.(t!l.").(il() ls!i7 10(i.l.'>9.110 (Jerman Empire . •J(t.s.s:5(» moo .-)(!.:{ I.'.OU Austria-Hungary . •_>Kl.itl-J I'lOO 47.01 :i.s:i.-) France . •_>04.(t02 I'.IOl :j.s.(! 11. :•,:{:! British Isles . li>l.:!77 i!t(i; n.i.-.i.ti-ji Italy . lUMUti 1!KH) ;5±loo,o(Mi Spain . in7.f>7(» 1S!I7 1S.OS9..")00 i Turkey in Europe (i(J,.),(t.Siv>00 230 V ): 236 APPENDIX Continents am» I'Rixtii'AL Countries. {Con in lied) Art'ii in Scjiiaro MiU't* l'ii|iiilati(in Asia (with Islands) . 17,255,890 1897 831,000.000 Chinese Empire . 4,4(i8,7oO 1807 :{0:Vi41,0(iO India . . ■ ■ l,70(t,0(K» 1001 •J!)4,-.>(5(i,70l Japan .... l(i-J,(!5r) 18!»(i 4;5,75!),577 X Turkey in .\sia . t)80,0(M) lOOO l(i,:i:3:},(K)0 Russia in Aisia (;,:5(ii),f)85 18!)7 •j:i,051,972 Akrica .... . 11,508,793 1897 170,000,000 Kongo Free State 1)00,000 1808 14,0(K»,(MK) Egypt .... 4(M),(M)0 18!)7 0,734,405 Cape Colony L'77,077 1801 l,5-.>7,224 Natal .... *. :irj,oia IJiOO 020,!)7O Orange Hiver Colony . 48,:«() 18i)0 207,503 Transvaal C^olony 110,10!) 18!)ti 807,807 Rhodesia 750,000 18!»8 1,350,000 Australasia 3,077,547 1901 4,604,130 Commonwealth of Australia •J,!)7:{,078.4!t7 1000 408,240 South Australia . no:$,«no 1001 3f)2.(i04 Tasmania L>(!,:58."i 1001 172,475 Western Australia 07r).0-_»0 1001 187,(iG0 New Zealand . 104.471 1001 815.820 SIZE OF THE EARTH Length of the Earth's Diameter at equator (miles) Length ok the Equator (miles) .... The Earth's Surface (square miles) Pacific Ocean (square miles) Atlantic Ocean (.square miles) .... Antarctic Ocean and tlie great Southern Sea sur- rounding the south pole (square miles) . Indian Ocean (square miles) Arctic Ocean (square miles) The Sea 7.026 24.002 196.940.000 55.000,000 33,720.000 30,(i05,000 1(5,720,000 4,781,000 141,486,000 !J APrKSDIX •J37 AUKA AM) roriLATlOX OF ( ANADA - IJiOl Dominion of Canada . IJritisli Colmi'liia Manitolia New Hniiiswick Nova Scotia Ontario . . . , Priuci- Kdward Islaml Qiit'bfu . . . . Nortliwt'st Territories Unorganized Territories >i|iiuri- \lilr> rii|iiil;iliiiii 3.606.546 5.390.740 ;js;j.:;(i() 177.J7L' 7:l,!i.'.ii L':>I.!»I7 •_'s.-_'( l( > :i:!l.l-JO •_'(m;(i(i J.-.!»..-.7» L'L'( ».( I( l( » •_MS-J.!»t:i L'.l l( l( » l(i:i.L'."i!i :H7.:;.'t(i l.tlis.s'ts ").").').(; i(» l.')S.!)|0 1.77.">.L'Oit .V_'.7(i!i rolTLATION OF IIIF riMNCIl'AI, CAXADIAX CITIKS AND TOWNS— 1!»(>1 Montreal . . . •J(i7.7:io Valleytield . . . ll.(».V> Toronto . . . •_'us,(»4() Ste. C'nnegondc . l(t,!H-J QuelM'c . . (iS,)S4(> Three Rivers . . !».!ISl Ottawa . . .")!t.!»-_»s Stratford . . . 0.!ir.!» Hamilton . . .-)•_'.( i:M St. Catharines !).!iii; Winnip'.y; . . 4-_'.:54<» Sydney .... !).!!( l!l Halifax . . l(t.s:{-J Herlin" .... !».717 St. John . . 40.711 St. Hyacintiie . . It.L'lO London . . :i7.!».Sl Dawson .... !t.l4-J Vancouver . •Ji;.i:5:{ Helleville . . . !t.ll7 St. Henri . . •21.1!fJ Cliathani. Ont. . !».lttiS Victoria . . L'(».Sl{! .Moncton . . . !l.(i Kingston . . 17.!»(J1 Hrockville . . . s,!)4o IJrantford l(i.(il!» Westnionnt . . S.,S.")(i Hull . . . l;i.!»!i:! Woodstock . . s.s:i:! Windsor, Ont. l-.M'):} Owen Sound . s.77i> Charlottetown l-_\(»S(t Sarnia .... s.i7<; Sherbrooke . 11.7\v Wt'stiniiistcr Yiirinoiitli . • • UoHslauil . • • Xiinaiiiu) • • ■ Toronto .Imictiou 'I'riiro . . • • Barrie . . . • Collinswooil • Lacliine . . ■ • Brandon • • • Nelson . . . • Hat Portage . Spring Hill • renil)roke . • Smith's Falls . Amherst • • Orillia . ■ • Chatham, X.B. Ai'i'h:ynix C'rriKs AM. Towns. I'.tOl. (('»„tinn.,l) 7,0.) < 7.tM«:{ (•..!»».'» (J.TOl (i.Mt'.l ilV-W ti. !.'>!• (t.l:i(t (i.O'.tl .-).!•!•:? .->.!» lit ."),7 ■")•') .-)..")(il .•■.,:$«> .-..•27:5 .■).-2<»-i .-..17.S .">.!. "it! .-).1.V) 4.!Mi:5 l.!K>7 Darl mouth . • North Sydney liigersoll . • • F rase rvi lie . . • Nt'W (ihisg'nv . . Osliawa . . • • Niagara Falls . • Cohourg . • • .Folit't . . . • Trenton ■ ■ Port Hope . . ■ (i ode rich . Calgary . . •• Ilawkeshnry . • i A rn prior . • ■ I'ftrolea . . • • Carleton Place ■ i St. John's, (Jne. • I Portage La Prairie I Pictou . . • • I Hegina . • • • Edmonton . • ■ l.SOt! 1.(1 IC l,.->7:{ 4,.">ti!» 1.117 4,:l!H 4,_'14 4,-j:5i> 4.L»-J»> 4,--'17 4,1 ss 4.1.-.S 4,1 VJ 4.1 .-)•-> 4,150 4.1:5.") 4,(i.".ft 4.(>:Mt :}.nol :5.-2:5o 2.(>l") SOMF STATISTICS OF CANADIAN TRADE Total Imports. I!t0l Total Exports, I'.Hll !aiUMl.41-")..VJ.'i l!»ti,4.S7,t>:W SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EXPORTS- llK.l P.ovisi.ms -cheese, l.ntter. bacon, etc. Animals — living . • • • ' Hides, and mannfactnres of leather Breadstuff s . • • • • " L.nnher. wood-pulp, and articles ot wood Metals — gold and silver .|;:{!).:')7').l')'^ ll.(;!i:t.!)2!» 4.i;i-',t»-'>l l!»,Ol-J,!t.'.0 :V2.8.V2.ino •2t),8t5r»,i)O0 AI'PKMnX •>:',9 SoMK OK Tin: I'ltl Metals— iron. cupiM-r. ii anil iimnamit'actiirfil Coal ami ('i>l<>' Fish Fruit Furs CI I k.-l SMKIMKS OF (AN A I I. Km'oIMs— l!»lll. {(uiitiinnil) IfUil. I'tc. iiiaiiiit'aclmfil VAI.UK OF rilK Fl Salmon . fo.l Lobsters . Ilcrrinj; . MackiMfl Whitefisli Trout Other Fish Fur Seal (Hriti-.ii Culiiinliia) MIXKKAI. I'KODICTS OF CANADA - 1!H)1 Mktai.i.K' (;oi.i. Silver >! 11 i(»:).s.'..") .".,:)o7.!'iHt Iti.c.Td.llI J.(il(i.s7!» i.ii.v.),.")!; \ — 1!HH» s:;.s!t:i.-JlT :'..•; II. TT.'t ;i.(».V(,:).'>(> l.s.-,:i.-_>:i7 1..-) lit. I is 7(i.").:ii':' (i.-.T.-'ls :i.r)(;-_».!Mi(; .'.(i-j.si:) Col.l.er Niekel Lead Fig Iron NoX-Ml TAI.l.K Coal Coke Petroleum antl Natural Oas . Asliestos . . . ■ • Salt (iypsuni Cement Structural materials an.77 I l.lsc.l:',! •Jt;-_'.:i-_'s :5l(i.l h: li:iil.li:i() .-).s:il. •_':'.! sid.Odi; !? 2(5,L' •*-2,:5:J;{ n l! •240 Ari'kWlUX TIIK IMUIlSIl KMI'IUK Ana ill S,|iiiiir Mlh- riipiiiHtiiMi The British Empire 12.171.120 i:ri!()i'K 1901 395.960,000 Tin: Uurrisii Isi.is (iiicli iiliii^ till' (.'haiii:"! Ishimls iiiid Isli ulMaii) 121.377 1901 41,454.621 ICiij;laii7.!»l I Wal.s 7.-i7>i 11(01 l.iilts.ltil Sftitliiiitl :i(i.(»M» 1!)()1 I,I7--',(MK» Ir.'liiii.l ;!1.7.'.!t IIIOI l.t-lti.-VIO Kimn-KAN l'(>SSH>SU>NS (;ilii altar . .' •-' 1!M)I •_>(!.,s:}(» Malta anil (Jo/.o 1 •-».'> ASIA 1!MI(I l!iL'.(>7naii. and Sarawak ..... I't'vlon t'vpnis Ilong' Kont; . . . • • India and Hurniali . ■ h' Straits St'ttU-nu-nts and Kciidatory States Wei-liai-wei A Fine A CoLOXIKS ('ajH' Colony .... Natal (witii Znlnland) . Orango River Colony Transvaal Colony Basiitoland .... West Africa ((ianihia. Sierra Leoiio.CJold Coast. and Liigo-^) Mauritius, etc. Sevclielles Islands . l.lti ISKS r):j.!il(l s|.(»:51 IS! IS (JSS. i 1 1 •.'.'>,:5<>.'> IJKIl :{,r)7-_' l.'i; 1S!IS :{:M,l(Mt IMXIIK) lllOl L'!IJ.L'(i(i,7 :i.-..(il!i l!l(IO !»-J!l.!l7<> |s.:!-_'(i IS! Ml •_'07..")it:[ ll!l.l(l!l is!)(; S()7,S!)7 l(i.-_>!t:'. .... 2ls,;L»l S7.'i(MI UMK) :].((.-.( ».(MM> l,os.-> 1!K)0 ;{8(M»t(> 118 1!HM) •i(>.:27') M'PF.SinX 241 'I'liK ISitnisii lOMi'iirK. (CitiitiniiPil) AKIUCA — rm>TK«;TOUATK> \iiii ill >i|iiiirc Mill > l'lllutll>ll Rliodesia . , ti(:(,(Kio lM!»h l.:l.")0,(MM» Ceiitnil Africa I'lotectoi •alt; .")S,(KMt 1.INHI.(HM» KiiHt Africa I'rotcctoratt •_>70,(MMt !'..'.< KMMM» Xijf<'iiiv riiilcctuiatc :iJti,7:i(> ■J|.i»; 1<((I| r,.:«M»,7»o NewfomidlaiMl 4J,7:U 1S!»,S •J(IH,(MMt Labrador (Dt'i).) . iL'IMHMt .... J.UHi West India l.sland.s 1-J.:{L'!» l.slts l.H-J.H2!t Honduras 7.:.t'.-_' isiil :il.l71 British (iuiaiia 1 ()!),()( H) 1;S!».S (.■st.)-'H»i.|S| Al'STKALASIA t'oninionwealth of Australia Xcw Zealand . •-'.!»7:l.(»7(i 1((4.I71 :{.7HH,:n(» ^(l.j,H-Jo South S«;a Islands . Indian Ocean Islands Atlantic Islands ISLANDS :'-.vni 1 .1 >«•'» 4..s!ll 101, ii»; -'.■..110 SOMK OF TlIK LAUOKST (ITIKS OF TllF WOULD I'lipulatioii L London, England. l!t(H l..-):i(i,<»(;:! •J. New York, United States, l!tO(» :3. Paris, France. ls!»!i 4. Canton, China 5. Berlin, (Germany, 19(H) :{.4:{7.-JO-_> ■i.'.ll. 242 .1 1'l'K.XDIX S(».MK OK TIIK L.\U 18. Ilankau. Ciiina. 1S!»7 . 1!». Boniliay. India. l!t(»l . •_>(►. Ilaiuhnrt;. (Jennany. l!HMl . 21. (iiasjrow, Scotland. l!»i"t "22. Buenos Aires. Aij;enlinii. IS'.IS L':{. Ilangchan, China. ISilS •Jl. Liverpool, Kuj-iaiKl, 1!»()1 . '2'>. Uio de Janeiro. Hra/il, iSilS 2(5. Fuchau, China. l.si)7 . 27. Buda-IVslii, Austiia-IInngaiy. l!i(i. Cairo. Kj,'ypt. 1S!»7 :51. Boston, United States, l!l(«» :{2. .Manchester, Enj,'laiul, 1!MH» ;5:5. \ai)les, Italy, l.S!t7 ;{1. Brussels. Belgium, l.S!»7 :5."). Amsterdam, Holland, 1S!»S . :J(i. Birmingham, England, 1!H)1 ;J7. Madrid, Spain, 1887 a». Baltimore, L'nited States, 1!hh) :5!t. Rome, Italy, 18!»7 40. Melbourne, Australia. 1!»01 . (f 'olltilliltil) l'ii|!» 1..')07.."'.7 l.:m,7((:l 1.2!t:{.'>it7 1.2(i7.(>2;{ 1. 121. tit! 1 1.02:5.817 !(.'i0,t)tK) !»;n..')li8 !MM),tNIO 87:J,.")t).") 8tHMMI0 77tl,8l:{ 7ti8.;i}!t 71)0,422 7.'):{,0(K> 7tMMMM) ti84.!)17 II74.!(72 ti.'ttl.tltM) fl4s,M!( t;:i8.2ll!> .")7r),2:!8 r)70.t((i2 .")li().8!t2 oiij.nti!) ."):5ii.t;7:! .■):!l.tlll ,">2:5,.V.S .')22.182 ril:5.000 ."»(l8.!»,-,7 4f»!l,!lti.'> 4iW,ii;^ Al'I'hShlX •2A. orilKK I.MI'OUIANT I TIIKs Alierdffii. Scotland. lliOd Ailt'liiiilf, Australia, l!MM» Ajriii. Iixlia, llttil Albany, liiilfd States. 1!MM Alexamlrlu. K^vi't, 1"^!»7 .\nt\verii. l$t'li;imii. I>i!t7 AtiuMiw, (Jn-ccc. IsiMi . Bahia. Bia/.il. isiMt llarccldiia. Spain. 1>«>>7 IJaslf, Switzerlanil. 1!H»1 Belfast, IielaiKJ. lltol . BelniaiU', S'lvia. 1!IM Benari-s, India, litol . Bcrnt'. Swil/erland. ls!i7 Bordeaux. Kraiice, \s'.i<; Bradford. Kn-land. liMMI Brenie.i, (iemiiuiy. IIMHI Breslau. (ierinany. li'HO Brisl.aiie. Australia. llMll Bristol. Kuylantl. l!»ll Bucharest. Koiiniauia. I^!t7 Buffalo. United Slates, llioii C'allao, I'eru. 1S!HI t"ui>e Town, (."ape Colony. l>i!M Caracas. Venezuela. ls!»;i Cawnpore. India. l!t(tl Cettinje. Montenegro, 1S!)7 Chemnitz, (Jennaiiy, 1!K»1 . Christiania. ..'orway, IJMtl . CinciniKiti. I'nited States. 1!H»() Cleveland. United States, l!H»ii Cologne, (lerniany, l^!*'! Coloinho, Ceylon, l!)i)(» Copeidiagen, Denmark. \su7> Damascus. Turkey. l.S!»s Delhi, India, litOl l'"|.ulllt|nfl l.Vi.los 1i;m.<;!ii l>is,:i(Mi !il,l.-d :tl!t.7ti ll!».l: :(L>s,,s|_> •_».■>(»,( Kin :;.VJ.:!S7 :!.".. I !»!' .'d ,•.'.-. 1 MI.IMId l!»7,(H»n ■_'.:')( Ml L'(ll!..')Sl L'-_*7.t!(l(l :ii'.').!io2 ;i.sl,7(is :i-'l..')ti4 ].')»..").")(! }ii.s.:;(«i l.'it 1,(11 1(1 •J(is.:{6.j 244 AI'l'EMHA '\ t OriiKH Imimihta.n Detroit. I'liittMl Stutt'M. 1!MM» Diewleii, (ftMiiiaiiy, l!"Ml DuWIin, Ireliiiid, 1!HM) . Dundee, Scotland. liKHI Dusselilorf. (icnnaiiy. liKKJ Ediiibiir^di, .Sfothmd. IIMMI Florence, Italy. ISltH . Frankfort, (iernruiy, 1!HMI (Jeneva. Swit/.eilaml. 1!HH (ienoa, Italy. 1 ''"^ (Georgetown. liritHh (iiiiana, iKi) Hanover. (Jerniany, lIMHt Havana, Cuba, !«!»!» . Havre. France. IHSKi . Hohart. AuMtralia, iHits Hull, England, liHMI . Hyderabad, India, liMIl .leru.saleni, Turkey in A.-ia, is.s Johannesburg, Transvaal Colon Kiinlwrlev, Cape C.)lony. 1M!M Kingston, Jamaica, isits Leeds, Kngland, 1!KM) . [ieicester. Kngland. VM't Leipzig, Gerinany. Idol Lille, France, lS!»(i Lima, Peru, 1H!»1 Lisbon, Portugal, ISilO Lodz, Russia. 18!)7 Louisville, I'nited States. lliiMl Lucknow. India. !!K)1 . Lyon, France. liSitfl Madras, India, lUOl . Malaga, Spain, IHS? . Mandalay, Burma, liiOl Manila, Philippines, 1887 Marseille, France, lS!Hi Mecca, Turkey in Asia, 188. Cn IS'tt y.s. (t'oiilinueil) I'lipiilatlnn ■JH."),7(H :jlt.'),:»4l» :'":», 171) l«(t,H71 214.fM)0 :il(i.47!» JlL',Hf»8 •J8H..VMJ l(ir>,(MN) •_':W,777 5;J,17« •.>:j.j,l»8l 11M7(» LMO.tilS 41(I.J!»1 41,tXM> 1U1'.(I78 L'8,718 4(i..-)4-J 428.iir):J 2ll,r)74 21(i,l>70 1(»;{.!».")« ;«l7,t!.-)i 4(!(>,0-J8 ."»0!».;{!t7 l:U.(H(i 182,488 154.(MiL> 44-_'.-i;}9 60,000 M'i't:.\in\ •J4a OTIIKU iMI'nlMAN MpU»ourin', Aiistiiilia, I'.hH Mfxico, Mt'xico. I'.HMi . Miliin. Italy, 1H!».H y-viiukee. liiil.'.l Stutfs. 1!MM» NiiniH'iiiMilis, liiit.-.l Stat.>. 1!mm MtH'liu, Turkey in Asia Montevideo, rinjjuay, I^*!l7 Miiiiicli, (Jeiinany. 1!»'M> Newcastle, Knglaiid, 1!MM» . New Orleans. Inited Stat.'s. l!«M NottiiiKlniin, Kn^'lanil. 1!HM» OdesHa, Russia, 1H!»7 . Palermo, Italy. !«»« . I'ara. IJrazil, 1M»-' I'ernaniiiuco, I'razil, !?»!is St. I'aiil. I'nited States. l!»Oll Sail Francisco, ('niled States. l!i Santiago, Chile, 1S!I7 . Shanghai. China. l.S!i7 Sheffield, Kngland. 1 !»(>•» . Singapore. Straits Settlements. 1 Sofia. Bulgaria. liUMI . Southampton. Kngland. l!»Mi Sinyrna, TiirkcN. l^jis Stockholm, Sweden, 1!MM) . Sydney. Australia. l!»m Telieran, Persia, 1S!17 Cri IKS. ( f 'iiiiliiniiil) !HHI III Kll ro|H||||l|M|l l!):l.!i.'il.-'!»7 •>.-,.;( I. "> -'ti-_'.7ls •_' I !»,•_'.". 1 His..">:.,iin •.»!Mi.!l'>l ti.'i.uiMl in.:M 70,0<» isl.ldM '.':!l'.:'.J.'> L».'>t!,l!>7 ;5ls.Kis :M.lt-J Hi;i.(ir.i :i|-J.7s-J ;10-.M:!1 l.".7.n(Mi :;s(i.717 -'•_'S..'..M ti7.!tJit Idt.'iil L'lHI.IKIII :5l 4)SS,:i.s-_> •JKMKKI I ) 240 Al'PKyiilX f)riiKii Imi-okiam CniKi*. {dmlinuetl) The ifa^iie, Xcllu'rlamlM, Hhn) . 'I'lieHti', AuHtriii-lIiihuary, iHlHt 'rmiii, hilly, 1W>8 Vulparaiso, (Jhilf. lHi»7 Vciiicf, Italy. iHiis Vera Cni/, Mexico, iSiCi Vietiiiia. Iluii^r Koii^s (liiiia. l^ifH WiLsliiiigtuii, I'tiiteil Statex, IIHK) Welliiigtoti, New Zealaixl. liNIl . Yokohainn, Japan. IHIh Zurich, .Switzeilaml, IfSlKS . IIKKUIT OF A KKW MOUNTAIN I'KAKS Mt. Kverent. Iliiiinlaya Mountains, Asia Aconca;;ui>. Amies Mountains. Chile . Mt. .MoKinlev, Alaskan .Mountains. Alaska .Aft. l^o«;an. Coast Ranges. Yukon Teiritoi y Mt. Klliiii'x. Caucasus Mountains, |{ussia . Orizaba, Sierra Madre. .Mexico . Mt. .St. Klias, Coast Uanjjes, Alaska . .Mt. HIanc, Alps .Mountains, S\vit7,erlan;» l.-.H.:jn 1.'>7.(I!I!I L'iH.7n» •J7H.71H 4)).:ltl lit:t.7tt-.' 1.-.1.Iih;| K...t •_'u',sti(» 20, It! I 1 !»..')) HI lH.:ni is.ioo l.').7Hl il,rc>(( M,:iS(i i !,l(ts |:i.07."» l;{,7!tO 1-VU!» Ki.tiiy l(».l-_'.-) l(l.:S(N> »i.711 «,•_>!):: o,:544 Ari'KMHX '241 SO.Mi: OK TIIK LAlUiKST UIVKUS IN TIIK WOKIJJ Nan..' t iiuiilry In Mill . llii>iii Ann (Irian MisMi>iiri-Mi.<«NiM.>ii|i|)i I'liiteti State* t.:|o*i l.l'.'iT.tMMI Atlantic Nile . Africa . . :l.l,:»(MMHMI Atlantic Obi . . SilM'iia . . :!.•_'< N» l.tMMI.IHNI Arctic Yanj{t!*o . . Cliiiia . ;l/.»(M» ."(IS.INHI Pacific Koli^o . Africa . . J.IMMI l.L'IMI.IMHI Atlantic l^t'iiii . SilM'iia . . 'J.Htm il.'MMNMI Arctic ll()uii;;-lli< . Cliiiin . . I'.T'Mt 'iTU.tMNI I'acitic \iK.T . Africa . . L'.IMMI 'it>:|,:t(Mi Atlantic riatii . South AiiH-ri ••a . L'.AHO l.L'(MI,(MMI Atlantic V<>l;;ii Unsnia . . •_'.!< Ml .'>»i:!.;inu (asiiian St. LawiiMicf Caiiatia . •_'.*_'• Ml :tl!l.(MMI Atlantic Mackt'ii/it' Canada . J.' M M 1 r>!M).(NHI Arctic Yiikdii . Alaska . I'.tMMI nB . . KiUDite 1.77n ■ KHI.IMMI Atlantic (Jangps India . l..")0(l IIU.fMKI Indian tin: (il.KAT LAKKS OF TIIK WoKIJ) N'aiiu Caspian Sii|«'rior Victoria Nvanza Aral Micliigan Ihiron 'I anj^anyika Haikal " Kric WinniiH-jj Chad (a shallow lake which ^rows very large in the rainy season and shrinks in the dry season) l..rii' ' In Mill" ti.SII :!!Mi •_>:ln :{:{.-) 1-J(i :t!i7 L>:)(i 1*75 Itnailtli III Mil.'^ •_>7i> IfiO IS.-, s.", KMI .■)ll i:> .'iS (Id lUai'i' Alia In Mllis lliil.lMIO :U.-_'i«» :;ii.iMMi •Jti.iMMI L>(I.(MHI 17.ltKI ll'.trMI I •-',.')< HI lll.lHIII ! I.I MM) alMiiit ll),(l(NI Russia Canada ami I'.S. .Vfiica Asiatic Kussia I'nitcd States Canada and 1'.*^. .\frica .Siberia Canada and I'.S. Canada 3 •248 A PPKNinX AI'l'liOXIMATK AVKIIACM-: UKIGllT OF SOMK PLATEAUS Tibet .... Holivia .... Aliyssiuia Mexico Western I'liiteil Stiites I'latf Spain .... Mrazil .... Laiirentian . I' fft (».000- !.'),( MM) 0.(1(10- |:!.0U() .").(»(»(»- 7,(MK) o.OOO- (!,(HM) o.OOO- (i,(MM) 2.000- :!.(MM) ■J.OOO- •_'..')(H) .')(I0- •_>,(MM) la 'h In INDEX OF PLACES AND PUONOUNCING VOCABILAKY KEY TO I'HOXl NCIATION u, as in fin ; 1, as in piin' ; u, as in imt ; fi. as in note; '(>, as in movi- ; n, as in tiih ; d, as in mutt ; I'l, as in pull; ) indicates that its sound is shortened to that of H in but. Italicizeil lettera are silent. The sign ' tells upon which syllable the accent is placed. The inniibers refer to pages in the book, excepting where Fig. is before them, when they refer to figures in the book. Ab-er-defu'. lo-S. Ab-ys-sin'-i-a. 105, 190. A-ca'-tli-a, ;}7. A-crop'-o-Iis. 175, Ad'-e-laKh>, 200. Ad-i-ron'-dacks, 11.3. Ad-ri-at'-ic, 172. Af-g/ian-is-tan', Fig. 204. Af'-ri-ca, 21, 158. 192. Al-a-ba'-nia. 116. A-las'-ka, 1:50. Al-ber'-ta. 82. Aleutian (a-lfi'-shun). Fig. 204. Al-ex-an'-dri-a, 104. Al-ge'-ri-a, 100. Al-go'-nia Hills. .")4. Al-gon'-quin (kwin) Na-tion-al I'ark, 65. Alps, 17;5. Am'-ft-zon, 140. .Vni'-ster-dani, 107. Annir (ii-nioor'). Fig. 204. Ardes (an'-dez). 140. 140. A»-nap'-o-lis, "7. A)i-nai)'-o-lis l{iver, 42. Antarctic (aut-ark'-tik). 22. An'-ti-cos-ti. 74. Ant'-werp. 1()8. Ap-;)a-lach'-i-ans. 110. ,\-ra'-bi-a, 180. Ar'al. Fig. 204. Ar'-a-rat. Fig. 204. Arctic (iirk'-tik). 22. Ar-gen-ti'-nn (te). 145. Ar-i-zo'-na. 128. Asia (a'-sh/a), 177. Ath-n-bas'-ca. Fig. 31. A.><-sin'-i-boi-a. 70. A.'!-sin'-i-boine. 78. Ath'-ens (enz). 175. 240 iliii i 250 Al-lau'-tic, 'i-J. Ans-inV-U-iX, -il, K.H, 204. Ans'-Ui-a. 174. A'-vou UiVfT, 4:!. A-zoiTs' (zorz), I'l- Hnl'-/i» Hay, 74. Ba-ha'-ina«i ^'•^^■ Uaikal (l-i'-kal), Vx'A- 2*)4. Biv-ku' (k(-.), 1H2. Ba-lf-av'-ie Islands. 171. iv.a'-tk-, Kio. lial'-li-i»t>i'''' 111»- Han'-gor, 11:5. Banj;-k..k', IW. Bivr-ba'-dos ('^'''z)- ^^^• Biir'-ca, IVKi. Biir-cc-lo'-iia. 171. Ba'-sel (zel). 174. Bal'-..:'.. 1 •'>•''• Be\'-i:i-ui»i l'*'- Belk' Isle (bel'eol')- 7:5. Bi'-iiii'-i'i's (vex), 1*^><- Beu-srvV. Fifl. 204. Be'-rin^ Sea (M). Fill. Ber-liu'. 10'>. Iti'"'- Ber-n.u'-il«- i:M>. 158- Benv, 174. Bir'-niinil-baiu (Bev). Biv'-iuing-liani (um). Black Sea. W"^- Bo-^o-tii', Fi.ii. li>7- B.Mse (boi'-ze). Fis:. 1 Bo-k/ni'-va. Fifi. 204. Bo-liv'-i-a, Fis. lf)7. Bom-ba;/'. I****- Bonleaux' (bor-do'), Boi'-nf-o, 210. Bos'-ton. 112. ishHX Fis. i:i4. 204. llti. Kni;. 1 V,. 14. 108, Hi'.'. Bra.r-for.l. 15*. Brii/.-n.a-l'"'-tiaa'"'")-»"'S- -'"■'• 1 Brati'-doii, HO. I Braiil'-foril. .'>H. Brasd'Or (biii-doi' ). :18. 1 Br!(-zil'. 142. 1 Bvest. KV.t. I \ivi'-fjus. 100. 1 Bris'-ti.l. l.'':5. iBril'-isli rr.-hiu.'-l)i-a (be-i.O >*^ ttO. 04. Brit'-ish l.tb'S, 140. I Brook'-lyu (IbO- 11-- liBrus'-.sels. lt>H. Bu'-div-pfst (Boo). 174. ,Bu.nos. s0.va'-nOsi'-res), 144. Buf'-/!\-i 'I-''- Bul-iia'-ii-a. 17«. _ Burma (bei'-"'=A). 1*^'' l-^' , Butte (but), 120. Ca-pou'-na. 70. Cii'-tUz, 171. Cain. (kV-ro), E-ypt, l.>4. Cal-cut'-'i.». 18H. C'al'-,!ia-ry. »2. Cal-i-fuv'-ni-H, V^-^- l'-^'^- ("iil-la'-o, 140. Ca„'-a-aa. :'.0, :V2. l-^**. Ca-na'-ry(vi) Islands. 1.1. ran'-?ei% Tropic, 8. Can-ton'. 1H4. Cap. Col-o-ny, 200, 201. Ciip'- Town, 20:'.. Cap^ ^i'l■lI''l»'>'^"•^'''*'^•- Cap'-ri-corn. Tropic. H, 141. Cii-ra'-oiis, 144. Car'-diff, lo:!. Car-i'-be'-an. i:V). Car-pcn-ta'-ri-a, 208. i.snKX •251 Caucasus (Wfi'-k,.-8UH), K^.l ' ren'-tral At'-vi-'«' l-»'- (•en'-lnvl A-uuv'-.-ca. .1*', l-- (\.y Ion (se-lou' )•»'•"• , Cham-piam' CSluuu), -.• ChavW-lou (chart/.), 11'- Chat'-liaui, "iH. t-hal'-liam. Kns;- l'''^- Chal'-ham, N.H., 40. 44 Chauaifev.(sho-*l'f)' ^--• Chile (chil'-'M, ^-^'• (Mii'-iia. !>*:•• _ . Chvis-.i-a'-m;;v O'*-^)' ^^^• gin-qi»-i'i^'-^'' 1-2. (^\f;v^'-land, Vii. coast Uanii'', 4-'^-_ (•Ol'.nnil-^vooil, •")". Col-oiii'-ho. V.tl.^ Col-ft-ra'-'h->, VJO. Co\-r.-ra'-.h-,("an'-y..»,1^»- C64uui'-bi-a (bc-«) l»«".c C6-Uim'-bi-u (bP-a) l^iver. Con-nerl'-i-cut. 114 _ Con-stau-ti-no'-l'h-. 1'^'- Co.V'"-l»a'-S''»' ^f'^- Ciir'-'' Islands, 21). Cor-(\il-ler'-as, 124. Cor'-inlh, ITo. Covn'-walK •'•'■ Cor'-si-ca, !''>■ Crow's Nest I'ass- «3- Cu'-ba, 1 :'.»>• Dii-ko'-ta. 121. Dan'-ub<\ 1T4. :t, ll'.». 12'.". Dav'-lin- Kiver, 20«5. \)a\v'-80U, 1<»1. ; i)v• Kdinbuvgl. (ed'-n-lau-o). lou. 1 Ka'-n\i>n-t<)u. H2. jp/.uypt. 104. 1 VA'-\n: W'y. iKl-bnvz'Cb-'rt-''-''^''--- ^* 1 Kn-land (ins'-l«>''^-- i K'-ri''. l.al^»'- *•'*• l-'s'-ki-mris (luo/.). 1**- F,s'..im-n»aU, 07. K.H. Kuvasia, (u-va'-sl.e-«). !»• F.uvoi.e(u'-vor).20, 14H. Kv'-ev-..st. Mt.. !"»• Fa/k'-land, 147. Fal/ Hiver. Ho- Fann'-ins: Island, 21.5. Fiji (lie'-F)'-l-- Flor'-i-dii, 110.^ Fov-nio'-sa. IH-'). Fovt (;ar'-ry 80. F,,rt WiU'-iani, ■>■>. « 252 lyDKX i^i I France (frttiis), 168. Fiencli KiviT, 't4. Fiui'-dy, Hay. 4H. (iaiij;e.s (i;iiii'-ji'z), IH«. Cii-ue'-va, 174. (iior'jte, Lakf. Ii;). (icor'-gi-a, Fij:. l;J4. (J«c;'-vii-an Bay, o7. Ger'-iiia-ny (iia). 1(14. (■;ib-rar-tiir, loS. (ilas'-f;o(f, \i)'-i, lo"). (iluucesUT (ftlos'-ter). 112. liotl'-er-ic'li, 59. Grand Mere (Man). (i'.». Grand Hai)'-id.s, Fij;. \M. Great Biir-rl-er Ueef, 208. (ircat Britain (brit'-n). 118, 14!>. (ireilt Lalves, 50. Grf-at Salt Lake, 125. Greece (gres), 174. Green'-liind. 101. (ireen Mountiuns, llo. Grecn'-ock, 15;>. Guiini ((iwiini), Fig. 288. Guiana (g«'-ii'-ua). 144. <;uth'-r/e. Fig. 18'. Haiti (li!'-ti). 180. Hal'-i-fax, 80, 40, 00. 158. Ham '-burg (berg). 105. Hani'-wer-fest, Hl(». llam'-ii-ton. G2. Haui'-il-ton, Bermuda. 130. Ilar-bor (irfiee, 100. llart'-f(prd. 115. Ilii-vau'-a. 137. Havre (ii'-vr), 100. Hawaii (liii-wa-e), 218. Hawaiian (ha-wii'-yan) Islands, 12, 90, 213. Hel'-e-na, Fig. 134. lliih-a-lft'-ya, 178. Hr)-ang-ho', Fig. 204. Ilol'-Ziind, 100. H(mg'-kung, 184. HO-mVlu'-lu (loo'-ltx)), 218. Ihid'-.son Hiver. 112. Hul/. gue., GO. Hnl/, Fng., 158. lluin'-boldt Biver, 125. Hun'-ga-ry (rayj. 174. Hu'-rou, Lake, 50. !(;.''-laud, 101, 200. I'-da-ho. Fig. 184. Illinois ( . noi'), 128. In'-di-a. l-.H, 187. lii'-di-an, 22. In-di-an'-a, 128. In'-di-nn 'ler'-n-tO-ry. 123. lu'-dr. Clii'-na. 187. In'-dus, 188. I'-r)-)''!!, Fig. 184. Ireland (i'-er-land), 140. 155. Ir-kut.sk' (kiitsk), Fig. 204. It'-a-ly (la). 171. .Jamaica (ja-ma'-ka), 188. .ranif>.s Bay. 54. .liv-pan'. 185. .lii'-va, 210. Je-ni'-sa-lem (ro). 180. .Inlianneslmrg(yo-lian'-es-berg),203. Kam-cliat'-ka. Fig. 204. j Kiim'-loops. 00. ■ Kanunistiquia (kahm-in-is'-ti-kwft). \ 58. Kan'-sas (zas) City. 122. Keewatin (Ke-wft'-tin), 87. Ken-turk'-y. 121. fe IM)EX '2:'y6 Khrtl'-bar Pass, 187. KiW-iir'-ney, 50. Kiin'-ber-ley, 20:5. King'-stijii, 02. Kins'-stoii. Ja., i;J8. Kloii'-dlkf, 100. Kon'-go. 1<.)8. Ko-re'a, 18:!. Koo-te-nay'. 02. Lab-iH-(loi'. 7:'., 1(»". i.a-bu-au', 210. Lachine (lii-sheu'), o:j. Lachiiie (la-.slifMi') Kapids, 04. La-drone', Fig. 2;{;{. Lefds, 154. Leipzig (lip'-tsig), 105. Le/th, 15;5. Le'-iia, Fig. 204. Leth-bridge. 82. Levis (le-ve'). 08. Liege (le-ftge), 108. Li'-inii (le). 140. Lis'-buii (liz), 171. Liv'er-pool. 1o4. Loire (Iwiir), Fig. 173. Lon'-doii (lull). Kiig., lol, 15:',. Lon'-don lun), W. Loii'-don-der-ry , 1 •">.']. Los An'-ge-les. 125. Louisburg (lo'-is-burg), .18. Louisiana (lo-e-zi-an'-a). 121. Loui.-.ville (l(3'-is-vil), 122. Lof'-eU. 115, Lu'-iien-burg (lij). 4o. 44. Lu-zon' (lo), 211. Lynn (lin). ll-">- Lyon di'on). 168. Mackenzie (ma-ken'-ze). 87. Mad-H-ga.s'-ciir, 203. Miv-dei-rii, 171. MiV-doc', 02. .M«-dra.s'. 18H. .Mi(-drid'. 170. Miig-da-len' Islands, 74. .Maiiif', li;5. •Mal'-ii-ga. 171. -Ma-la*/, Fii;. 204. .Mal'-ta, 158. Man'-elie.s-ter, Kng.. 154. .Man'-ches-ter, N.Il., 116. Man-cliu'-ria, Fig. 204. Man'-da-lfi//, 100. .Ma-nil'-i|. ■^l'- Man-i-tr)'-ba, 75, 120. Marseille (niiir-sal'), 1i('-n, 122. Mo-l)iU'' (bel). 117. Mo'-ville (vel), IM. M(V-c/(H. 181. Mo-liam'-wL'-daiis, 17(i, 180. Mon-Rrt'-li-a, Fig. 204. Mon-tiv'-na. 120. Mont Hlanc (l)liln. Mrt-roc'-.'o, UWi. Mfl'-ir>.s. 212. Mo.s'-cr)»r, 1C..3. Mu'-uic//, Kio. Mui'-ni// Bay, 70. Mur'-»w/ River. 20(5. Xaiuiimo (N'a-ni-ino), ft:!, '.t7. Xau-tuck'-t't, Fig. 1:!<1. Xa'-ples (iilz), 172. Na.sii'-vil?e. Fig. i:U. Na.'i-saK. 138. Nautili', 200, 201. Ne-bras'-ka. Fig. 1:^4. Ne-gri'-tos (gre-to/.), 212. Nel'-.soii. 02. Xetli'-er-laiuls, 100. Xe-va'-da. 12^). Xew IJiuus'-wirk, 42, 4.3. Xe\v-cas'-. Xew Or'-lP-rtii8, 117, 123. Xew iSoutii Wales (wftlz), 20H. Xew West-iiiiii'-ster, 00, 08. Xew York, 111. 112, 11 H. Xew Zw'-laml, 204, 200. Xi-ag'-a-rn, Fall.s, (iO. Xic-it-ra'-gua (gwii). Fig. 31. Xi'-ger, 108. xib', lor,. Xip'-i.v-sing Lake, T)'). Xortli A-""'''-'"''il< 17, 20. Xorth Car-o-li'-na, Fig. 1-34. Xorth l)ii-ko'-ta. Fig. 1:54. Xorth West 'It-r'-ri-to-ries, 7"), 70. Xor'-wil'/, 1()0. Xotre Dame (iiolitr-daluii) Moun- tains. 113. Xo'-Vii Seo'-tia (scn-shft). 37, 38. (l-des'-sa. 103. O-lii'-o. 123. Ok-la-iio'-niu, 12.3. O-lyni'-pi-n, Fig. 134. O'-niu-liii. 122. On-ta'-ri-o, Lake, 02. O-por'-to. 171. Orange Kiver Colony, 200, 202. (>r'-e-gon, 120. O-ri-nfi'-co. 140. Ot'-^a-wa. 00. Ot'-M-wa River, O.'i. r)»ren Sound, 57. l'a-9if'-ic. 22. ra-?if'-ic. Islands of the. 212. I'al-a-wiin'. Fig. 233. Pal'-es-tluc, 180. Pii-lo-s'. 171. Pan-a-niii' Is^/i-mus, 134. 147. Pii-rii'. 143. I'ar-a-niar'-i-lio (ebfi). Fig. 107. IMJHX '2i).> I'ar'-is. Ifl^ I'ar'./'V Suuiiil. o4. I'at-ti-go'ni-a. V\ii. 1"". I'e-kius', 184. I'e-lee Island*-., (Ml. I'enii-syl-va'-ni-a, IKJ. l»er'-sia (sliiO- l*^*- l»e-ru' (ri.), 14t>. re'-ter-bo-ro, &2. Petrolea (pG-tio'-le-ii). 50. Phil-a-der-phi-iv, 11!>. Phil'-il>-;)iiic, 2, 204, 211. Pic-tou' (tii). 47. Pje-tiT-inai'-itz-bui!; (il8-boif{). 20;5. Pit<8-burg (berp). 110. Plii'-tii. 144. Plj'-inouth (i>liui), 15'- Po-po-cat-e-pet ; ' . 1 ;'.2 . Portage La Prairie (por-taj-la-pra'- rP), ^0. port Ar'-thiir, o:J, 1(54. port Cnl'-bi>riie (bern). (Ht. port Ilu'-ron. ii<». POrt'-land, Me., 112. Port'-land, Orejjon, 12!t. POr'-to Ri'-co (re-ko), VUi. Ports'-inouth. 157. Por'-tfi-iruU 1"1- PO-tO'-niac. 110. Prag»c, 174. Pribilof (pre'-be-lnf) Islands, VM. Prov'-i-dence, 115. Pn'-get Sound, Fig. 34. Pyrenees (pir'-e-nez), 170. Quebec (kwe-bekM, fifi. 00. Queers' -land, 2). 7ti. Rocli'-es-ter. 115. Rock'.y Mountains, 81, 0«1, 124, 12ti. Rock'-y Mountain Park, >*0. ROnif', 171. 172. Ross'-l«nd. 02. i{ou-niA'-ni-a. 17<>. Russia (rvish'-a). Hi2. Sac-rn-nien'-to. Fig. l:>4. Sug'-Hc-imy River. 71. Sa-lia'-ra. 102. I St. Claa- River. 60. St. lle-le'-na, 2()A. I St. Ilyacintbe (hi'-sinth). :5. St. Pierre (pe-air'). 107. St. Tlionias. 58. Saigon (si-gon'), 100. Salt Lakf- t'ity, 'iO. Sa-niiir', Fig. 2:!:!. f'flrtH •2')r> IXDEX San Fran-^is'-cA. 12l>. Siiii'-tft tV (fft), Fig. VU. Han-ti-ii'-Bfl (tf). 14«. Santo Dominjro («an'-t5 dfl-ming'- gO), \m. Sar-din'-i-Hi \''-i- Sar'-ni-H. , 1211. Seine (sftn). ltll». Seoul (sol). Fig. 204. Sel'-kirk, 7!t. Shang-hai' (lil), 184. Shas'-ta, Fig. 1:54. Shed'-i-ac, 40, 44. Shef'-^Cld, 154. Sher'-brooke, 08. Sl-an»', 100. Sl-be'ri-a, 182. Sicily (sis'-i-li). 173. Si-er'-ra (sP) Miid'-re (rft), Fifr. 'M. Si-er'-i-H (se) Xe-viv'-dH, 125. Sin'-gH-pOre, 100. Sit'-kfl. 1:50. So-rel', 68. S«-dan' (sii), 108. South Af'-ii-c-M, 2f>0. South A-nu>i'-i-CH, 17, 140. So\ith-ainp'-ton, l."):!. South Car-o-li'-na, Fig. 134. South Da-ko'-tfl. Fig. 184. South Geor'-gi-a, 147. Spani, 170. Span'-ish Hiver. 54. SpO-kanp', Fig. 1?.4. Si.ring'-f/eld, 115. Spring Hill. 40. Stell'-iir-ton, 47. Sto.k'-h(Mni, 161. Straits Set-tle-nieuts, UK). Strat'-tord, 58. Sucre (8o'-kra), Fig. 107. Sud'-bu-ry, .53. Sn-ez' (sii), 106. Sulu (sii-lii'), 212. Su-ma'-tra (sii). Fig. 2:!."i. Sun'-da Islands, 211. Su-i)f'-ii-or, Lake (no), 52, 123. Swe'-den, 160, 101. Swit'-zei-land, 173. Syd'-ney, Australia. 200. Syd'-ney, (,'ape Breton. 40. Syr'-a-cflsf, 115. T«-(o'.nia, 120. Tii-gal'-pgs, 212. Tas-mft'-ni-fl (taz), 2(i4 Te-hwan', Fig. 204. Tem-is-ca-niingue' (niang). 05. Ten-He-s-Kfe', Fig. 134. Tex'as, 120, 120. Thames (tcniz), 151. The Hague (hag), 107. Thoii'-sand Islanil.s, Lake of die. 03, Three Hiver.s, 08. Tib'-et, Fig. 204. Tientsin (te-en'-tsen'). 184. Ti-er'-ra del Fue'-gO (fua). Fig. 107. Tim-buk'-tu ftii). Fig. 210. Ti-ti-ca'-cii (te-tf), Fig. 107. Tfl'-ki-r) (k6), 180. TO-le'-do, 122. Tf)-pf'-ka. Fig. 134. Tf)-ron'-to, 57, 02. Toulon (to-long ), 160. LSDHX •2'u Traim-viiHl', •2Q(), -'0-.'. Triest*' (trf-esi'j. Fiji. 178. Tiin-i-tlad'. l.'iH. Trip'-iVli (IP), liHl. Troy, 11'.. Ta'-iiiH, V'lu- :il!». Tur-kt'«-tttii (ler), Fi^'. '-'04. Turkey (ter'-ki), 17'>, 1»0. TwilMn-Kat/-'. 10<». I'li-iiii'-vii, 87. r-ui'-tfd States, ao. 108. C'-rftl Mouiitiiiiw. H\-J. l''-ru-jruay Ni-rii-gwl). 144. V'-t&h, l--'8. V'a-leii' Jill (sheu), !"!• Valleytield ( val'-le-tieltl), •;:!. Val-pft-n, it;, !«>. Ven-e-ziie'-la (zwil). 144. Veu'-i?*'. 17'_'. Ve'-ra Cruz (kriiz), i;}4. Verde, Cape, 171. Ver'-nioiit', Fig. 184. Ver-non, IK). Ve-su'-vi-u8 '^zo), i;5. 172. Vic-tr)'-ri-n, Australia. 208. Vic-to'-ri-!',. Canada, iK), !>".•. Vic-tf>'-ii-!\ \y-an'-za, Fi-. 210. Vi-en'-«a (vC). 174. Vir-giu'-i-i! (ver). 117. Vis'-ta-JH, Fij:. 17;t. Vladivimtok (rta-dO-viw-tok ), IHI). Voi'-fja, Ki;;. Wales (walzj. \'>.). Wdr'-sAf, 104. WaHh'-iiiK-ton (city). lOH. lUt. \Vi\Mli'-iii.«-t(.ii (statf), VM. Wf!'.li.,nd Canal, f.l. West liidit's (iii'-'ii/), i:!.'. Western Slates. 124. West Vi,-.Mii,'.i-„ (ver). 11(1. Wheel'-in^'. lHi. Wliltf Mouiitaiiis. 1 1:5. WilVes Barre (wilks'-bar-fi). 116. Wind'-s,>r. Mt. Wind'.s()r. N.S., 44, 48. Win'-((i-i)ef;. 78. Wis-ioii'-sin, 12:>. W