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Un dee symbolee suivents apparaitra sur la demi*re image de cheque microfiche, selon le caa: le symbols — ^aignifie "A SUIVRE ". le symbole ▼ signifie "FIN". Lea cartee, planchea. tableeux. ate. peuvent *tre film*e * dee taux de r*duction diff*rents. Lorsque le document oat trop grand pour *tre reproduit en un seul clich*. il eet film* i partir do i'angle sup*rieur gauche, de gauche * droite. et de haut en baa. an prenant le nombre d'imagee n*ceaaaire. Lea diagrammas suivanta illuatrent la m*thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MlCtOCOrV RISOIUTION TBT ^HART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2| !.0 1)0 Hi iii fimm ■ 36 lAO 2.0 1.8 ^ /APPLIED IM/1GE I ^K '653 Eoil Main Street S^S RochMter. Nam York 14609 USA ^S ("6) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^B (7ie) 288- S989 - Fax Notes. B II. FRAN] (PrcMi >- ii» K I ■■ " "^tti— — Ji>i^ es. on the Iron Ore Bilbao, Northern Sj f I'RANK D. ADAMS. M.80.. Pii. D.. F.O.S. (PrcMBUd at tkc Aaoual Mcttlag*t •■ 6th Marcb, i«oi.) At tm O w — m vm <■—?>■», 9mw« \ ' '^.MMtaMiMMMMMMMMlltf juvr^AT* I! i 3 a Z u u* ^ A ■5 m^ •^H « «J 0^> w *^ 0^ N ^ /. 3 S b ^ V ^ *< J3 7. k- u ■^ 4« "s i s u 3 19 u 3 **« "o a« 2 V t( u ^ K J3 •/. Notes on the Iron Ore Deposit, of Bilbao. Northern Spain. m-ll...rM,.rH.,„n,uL.,.h„..,,,.,,,..,„^, -c. ....„...,,,,,,.,,,,.... ,^.,,_ ,..„..„..,....,, .,,..^^, J . -i.o.c l..n,U. .. Uu. Ca,uaU.„ M...... ,„.. „.,„„^^„ ^, , •' ■' " ^'^■^"^••- "'-"«'' "''• "-1- lT-.n...SaM...„,!rr..,.,l *- w..rU..l only „.. .h. n.a... bu. ,„a,.y ,r.at ... b...l .„ , Arv now hciii;,' '>|„nfi| up. » pre..... „„, ,.av. ,..•„ ...,u, ,., ,„.,,. ^^.^,,^,^.^,^, ^,^.^^^ ^^^^'^^^^^^^ are th.,>c wh,. I. ..r. M.ua.nl ,„ „,. .I.Mrk., ..f \ ,.,.,,, ,„ „„ ,,, J rcnw... and whuh. iyM.« near nmuo fro. whi.h ,.n. U^^ ...h.ppccl arc known a. .,.. ,„„mo ,ro„ „.,...„,,.' ,,,,,, ,,,,./,,; are Mtuated on ,h. nor.h.rn slope of ,he ( antal.nan Mourua,n> "J h, «roun.l ,. for the n.o,t pa.t lully or n.oun.ainou... w,,., verv l.t.le ,! „ .even along the sea shore. The ore lies dnefly at al'titu.h. „ - ve „ .00 an.l ...00 feet. The n.o. important of these I.,,,,, n^>r, Ores are those of .Somorrostro an.i , ^..nera. the former of wh„ ,, ..- I.een worke.| . ontinuou.sly for several hun.lre.I years, an-h, . W.cve.l . at .t .s these .leposits wh„ h are referre.l to l.y he Fl,!-' .nym the f.rstcentt.ry of our era when. ..his Natural H.story.L -'>- In the par. of the Cantabr.an coa.t whi, :h ,s washed hv v.- ■ -ea. there r.ses a hi,h an.l steep mounta.n, wh,. h marvellous l relate is composed entirely of iron. ' >^eit. fur. I'rak Cfol., .Nov.. u^.,. The CanaMan Mining Institute. It was from these ores that the nit-tal for tht- < rltl.ratef II in.iuv) speaking of himself as "compassed like a good bilbo in the circumference of a peck,' and in Ifantlft a situation described as " worse than the mutines in the bilboes." These Ijilbao deposits however were first worked on a very large scale when the great demand for ores of tin's particular class was created by the introduction of the Hessemer process, and there are now (iSfjj) in the Bilbao District, no less than .>04 iron mines. The following figures will siiow the rapid increase in the production of iron ore in the District of \izcaya : — 1861 54,0 DO tr)ns. ''*|7o 2()«,5oo '^^o 2,345,000 " '^*^'JO 4,272,918 " '*^y9 (),i4(),542 " .ilmost the entire amount in 1899 was e.xported, only ')2i,i65 tons, or 6.7 p.c. of the total amount mined, being smelted in Spain. The ore is shipped chieHy to England, although a considerable amount is sent also to Germany. In 1899 the shipments to Great Britain, Germany and the United States of America were as follows:— Great Britain ^,^.^00^ ^^^^ Germany 550,000 *' United States of America 75,000 " The small shipments to the United States are owing to great fluctuations in freiglit rates between .Spain and North America. It is important to note that 871^ p.c. of the iron ore imported into Great Britain comes from Spain and chiefly from these Bilbao deposits. Bilbao, which is the chief port of north-eastern Spain, is situated on the River Nervion, 6 miles from the sea; the name Bilbao being derived from tlie Basijue word Bulibao, which means "Town on the Plain." In addition to being an excellent port it has abundant rail- a, a 4> 4 JS '-J ^ ,.^ii^''-*''''%-¥yr'-' Notes on the Iron Ore thfosits of Hilhao. way communication witli the surrounding country. The river all the way down from Uilbao to the sea presents a busy scene, being filled with ships flying the flags of all nations, loading iron ore and other products at the almost continuous succession of wharves and landing sta-es which occupy the bank of the river. The bulk of the Uilbao ore as shown in the accompanying map is in the Somorrostro Di.strict, about Triano and Orcanera, some (. or 7 miles west of the city of Bilbao on a high ridge immediately south of the railway. It is reached by taking the train to Ortueira from which place good roads lead to the mines (Ireat ore dumps are seen by the siile of the railway all along the base of the Somorrostro ridge, the ore being carried dov n from the mines by all sorts of conveyances, from the pictures.jue but slow moving Basque cart drawn by a pair of oxen, (See Plate 6), to great systems of overhead wire rope tramways of modern construction. The most extensive occurrence (Triano, \entura, etc ) is irregular m shape, about two miles long and at Mt. Triano five-eighths of a mile wide, with a maximum thickness according to Kendall « of 220 feet. The country rock is here Upper Cretaceous in age and has the form of a saddle, corresponding in direction with the shore, and the ore deposits are found on both sides of this. The Cretaceous shows the following succession in descending order :— 1. Light grey shale, very calcareous. 2. Orey limestone, (about 250 feet thick). 3. Dark micaceous sandstone, calcareous. The strata where the bulk of the iron deposits occur have a general northeast dip which shows however many variations and dis- turbances. Their present attitude is the result of the upheaval of the Cantabrian Mountains in Tertiary times. The ore occurs exclusively in connection with the limestone and is thus limited in depth at any point by the lower surface of that rock. This^is very important, showing, as it does, that the deposits are I The Iron Ores of Spain. Trans, of the Fed. Inst. Mining I'ne I Thf CiDiiii/iiin Minings Imtitnte. r>>rr'ially .MipertK ial in cliaractcr and extent. I'he erroneous noiion til it in the case uf the llilhao deposits we have to do with " mountains of ore," arises mainly from the fact that the hl«»pes of the hills coincide 111 -.ome places witii the dip of the hmestone, and this rock having I'lin replaced by ore, tho whole hill or mountain seems to tlie casual 'liierver to l»e a mass oi iron ore, while, as a matter of fact, the ore is present tnerely as a superfu ial < rust or coating. I'he various ore bodies have an irregular elongateil form, their longer axes coinciding with one another and with the strike of the strata. The relations of the sandstone, limestone and shale to one another and to the irf)n ore are well seen in acnt 55 to ;S p.c. of iron with 4 to 8 p.c. of lime. 1 n* • Profilt c^ t"fit Triono Dislricr, Ue^wun, San Miqu«\ Mine* Son Ftrnm Mine. Profile of hlae Tria-ho DishricV bt^wnYi Ortutlla * tk Adtia Ort Bed. ProHlc skowinq Hu relation btUttw Hie IVliTa-uilla <»■ El Motto de)Joaif& 1. Sandstone 2. Cotr.^'>uct Limestone 3. flTqillactoui Limtbhcni 4 Iron Ore, a. o ^ "U ■« -Jo ^ S S b •& a. - C JS a •- " « : k. -- »< 2 *~ •- .2 ** 2 5 s .5 - 2 O J3 "- « 2 o = c i -C '-' J - S, « 5 s s ^-^ 2 = 5 J! g5 ® ■« n ii ^ 13 ■- a "C c .= o « — * ■;: V ^ u X u X■/,■^ ,»i III, I, oil (h, />,/,.,//! , / /;.'//>,,,.. I A'///|,^ - |,i,n..nitf. rarryin^j al..,Mt 5; p.,. of irut.. |„it umi.,11v more nr le.s> Mlireoiiv 4. C/ur/.r—A fiiiuainou* .lay. with limomtt- iLxlulfs Hcattm-.! tliirkly throu^li it. 5. CnhoN.Uo Sidi-rite, rarryiriK ■•'•out \\ p.. . of iron. I-<.uii, almost .•xrliiMvtly at or n- ir tlit- l.a>e of tin- Jiernalii.' ,.r limonitf .li-po.Mt^, and .an he s-en to pass into thrm. Ii was iin.loiil.t..lIy the primary ore and has h\ its altcrati.i, Kiven ri.se to the /;■„,/, r./w/,///// and A*////,..' The.se .)res are all very low in pliosph..rus. The farl.onato oft.n • ontains a small amount of sulphur, l.ut as it is roasle.l before e.xp..rt. ati.m. this impurity is for the most part .iriven off. The following are analyses of samples of the several varieties : — Vena. Cnmpanil kul)io. Carbonato Ferric oxiib' IVrroiis oxide .M.inf.;anuus t)xiile .\Iiimiiia I.iine Maffiiesia . .... Silica Ct»rt)oiiic acid Sulphuric aci.l Suljiliur Ph.jsplioric acid Water and carbonic acid. Water Metallic iron. «i 50. 1 > 1.30 1 90 ■7" : I.oo .',S 1.44 I. a) 4 60 I 00 .87 .oa • • ss .V2I I. OS 3 ao 8,10 .10 { .V'« ■".^ .... 1 trace trace ■0.; 54" 6. 00 ■s:a5 ! .^haS <»<)65 W 70 100.!^ Km. JS 6349 5«. So 5462 1 43 The workings are practically all open cuts with a few short tunnels. The accompanying photograph-s* show some of the principal occurrences in the Triano Distrirt. The first of these ( Plate 1) shows the Esperanza •• mine. ' .An open cut in Campanil mixed with streaks ofjellow ferruginous .lay and limonite. I'he ore contains the little * lor those photoj^raphs I am indebted to Professor Ries of Cornell Ini- versity, m! wh^'sc conip.tu;, 1 h.id the picasuic- last summer of visiting the deposits described in the present paper. 'Ihf L'ti'uhli'tn Mtmtiji lnstitHlt. • Iru^y r.iviiit«i linril with < .»!■ itr, mniti'ituil m drxi riltinj{ the orr, in grrat .tidniil.un ••. onr nr riinn- l)« w^ \ixv>vn\ in rvrrv h.tinl ^jurimrn. Anejtlirr oirnil.ir ii< < iirr. n< k- nf ( unparul, wnrked by a grral ojitn rut ami timiH-l*. mar the K»|»rran/ i, i"» •ihown in Plate i, Tlir mxt wllrkitl^;•. whi< h wrrr vi»itf«l itrrwrntFil a ilrpotit of a «Iilli'ie-nt ( h.irai trr, the v> ralletl ("hirta. It it a yrllow firrunin<>f iii.inniti- .st atttreil ai)itn(latitly thriiUi;h it. It lay upon the liin»->tunf, tn:intlinj; it dfcply, the hcil rock however pro- truilin^' in places., as >ern in ilir hai kjjroiind of the picture. The face of the I lay li.ink was htiiij; torn ijown liy workmen with pickx, the material liciiin then tli')n>iij.;h!y disintejjrato! iiy means of imjilements re>.eml)ling forked mattoi k>, and then screened. The several processes are shown in the photoj^rapli (I'late u. In this way the limonite noearinp clay was mixed with water .ind |ia>sed throu^di an inclined revolving tylinder, the inner surfa< e of which was .itudded with spikes. As the material passed out of the lower end of the cylimler and down a gently inclined shallow trouj'li, any lart;e unbroken clay masses were picked out by a numbt-r of men anil boys, and were thrown aside to be crushed and once more passed tiiroMgh tile cylinder. The finer washed stuff con- sisted of the limonite nodules and the water carried away the clay. A rather clumsy process, entailing much labour, the wages of a man, however, bejng only two pesedas a day. The origin of this Chirta is well seen in some or the neighbouring occurrences. (Plate j). The niideriyitii; lirnotoiie where it is exposed on the higher ground or when- it is laid bare !)y the removal of the Chirta by the pick of the workman, is seen to have undergone superficial solution giving ri.se to tiiat peculiar siirtare form, often .seen in the bare lime- stone di-.fricts of the Upper Al[» and known as Karren structure. The edge? iif t'le iiiin -I'hh- ln-ds >tanil up like sharply pointed slabs, a form evidently produced by tlie solvent action of the rain or percolating waters upon the .-.u.'face .if the limestone, while the Chirta representing the in.soluble residue, which has gradually accumulated from the solution ft:-.^±. Notft OH Ih, ft.'H Oil /V/»|..//l ,./ /lltiHt,'. m( « very tonMitrratiU- iMnly itf limrMotir. rrtttaiiu ** a rn.tnitr iijum the turfatr <>( wilutmn .ucl iti |i\ i <.im rfiinnary |.f..n»»r>. ini«« tt.e timoiHtr noilulr-. whu h < otutUiHr ihc «>rr. In atioihrr imm^n»r t»|irii « lit or tiuarry. wnrknl m l>rruhr<» ami known an the S.in Henito properly, tlir Kuino 41x1 I'.irlH.tuio werr foiin.l. A phr.ii.nr.iph of ilii^ i., iihown in I'l.itr s,. I he CarlMuuto or Siilcrilc hai a liandtil appr.iratx «.* ami ^nrnv in pl;u ri. .11 Ir4»t. «n 1.. intrrbedilrd with the limeMonr. It i<. ^ccti .ml/ in thr lower IfVrU of tin- cut, iieing covered hy the iMmms litnonite known .is Ruhio, whirh is th.- »uperfi»ial alteration prinlm t of the CarlMinato atid .an I.e observed 1.. paw into it, working «|.)wnward alonn joint planes and fissures m ilic- -iderite and ofteti em losii ■; hlo. ks oi the latter not yet niiirely altered. At the tune of our vimt, ti whilr Carbonal.. an.l dark Kubio were beinK worked together ah)ng a face in the t uttinn where they o( c iirred intimately issoriated, erne passing into the other. The Carbonati» is cal< imd b.fore being shippe.l, in furn.i. compounds. The country during later Tertiary am' (Quaternary linu s w,-\8 sut)jected to long continued denudation. The the primary ore, being the first ore concentrated in bodies of considerable size. As the denudation proc ceded, the calcareous shales and the lime stones, being thoroughly leached out, left their insoluble residues as a mantle of residual clay, and under the oxydizing influence of the air and cxygenated waters, much of the iron instead of being removed by tiic waters was icft behind in the fcjrin ul insoluble o.xides. — I.imonite or Hematite, "Chirta" or •' Campanil"— mi.ved with ferrugincjus clays. The CiiHit.iuin Mi>nH)^ institute. '''-a,o also ,..-ame oxi,Iu.. r. K„,.,,. ,„ , u,e ...pLts a.^^^^^^ -■n-s..n, ,..n„. '11,.. ,...„. .„„,„„„,, .ub...lly goin. forwanl •" Kit- pri-st-nt •iiiif. - n .•- '•■-th.r .„ the ..as, ai.,„, ,1,.- san.e lu.e .,f fol.l.n,. ,„ the l-yr..nees - f'.r ...Man... a. „,.. .... kn.-wn Ran.ie Mines near ViCessos, therJ ar.. als., ,ron ore ..epn.i.s ,n ,l.e f..rm ..f ......e,! ve,n. ,., .„„,.nite oc.urnn, ,n ..me...n. an.. pa.,n, ...r ,n .-ept.. i„t,. .•.,.,„.. "J s rata lu.v.ever l.er^ ...in, .,.«...>• ti.te-l, the deposits foLow the .nne- s ones ....... to ,rea, ,.ep,hs an., are not .cnf.ne.. to the su.fa.-e as in Ihe case of ih.' liill.ao .,res. The Um.ao ores .n their re.ations an.! mo.fe .,f o.mrren.e l.e.r ■. •stron.u reseml-.an.e t., the .i.non.te deposits of th.- . ;-a...ys of .entra. an., eastern ,Vnns,.va.!,a;;:h:;/h:.t ':;;::: •or .he pro,.n,.t,on of iron ever sin.-e ,ne r.se of ,.„s ,n.,„s,rv .n A^^ " ! I>ese have ..een ma.le the sni.e.. of a re.ent paper „v Mr C Hopkms.^ who shows >ha, ,.,ey ,.c.:ur chie.lv in he r;su..u . 1. s ..rn.e l.y the soiu.u.n or ..isnue.ration of the On.ovinan n C -an h,ne.ones an,, s.ates un..er.yinK th.-s.- portions of I'et ^vlv^i ' the or,„na. sour., of ,he iron ,,ein, t.,.- strata l,v wl,ose ,,e.-ay , , "^ .. ....est,on we,-e forme... an,, through whi.-h strata i, .as'., ^i^; cl.ssetnniate.i .hiet.y in the form .,f carl.onate. ' It is state., that the Bi.l.ao ores are s,ea,.i.y ..et^enera.in.^ in .iua.ay.| an.. a.so t.,at the ..eposits are rapi.,.v'ap,to '.: haustu^n. I.ymg a.together in the Iimest..nes ar...' l.e n . tlm e t.a..y superficia. deposits, expose,, an,, worke.. over U^i. rsX ..mn.taneous.y, U wou..i seen, that they have seen t.,e,r best .t; Ue are continually ..earing that the ..eposits are a.most ev" ::™:::' ^n''^"'"' r ^"^^'-^ ""-^^-^ '>y year t^v;^ larger output. 1 h>s very fact, however, is hastening on the en,. I'„t wh.le these .leposits n.ay be an., probably are approaching elustio many new .ep.xsus. as ..as ..een n.entione,., are being ope j fa..her m.an.,, so that the supp.y of Spanish ore wi.. probtb.v . on tnt^e wthout s..r,ous Cnninution f.>r at .east some years to .-ome ; hee Pap,.r by Kayser, i„ Stahl an.l Kisen. vol. xviii, p. 373 e Ceol. :_ 2 y. ■= ■A " M H o y. f. ^w Si H ^ Z < s --- >l J fc ni W u Lj o H «^ 05 "S >% /^ o. W V is ■g H n U pq 3 -> V f^ -1 -tj cr m a: CQ z', o w 'A K o x