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Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 I. • I i _. -OfK^ — ■T.v-^'^fE-j—ar •"^-"■r^" f 1 \ v' " if i • - '&■ ■ tf « 1 ' -S -.-■ > '' ': ■», 'T ^ / ANNALS OF THE WEST: '^' JriYrJ,^ EMBRACI^O A CONCISE ACCOUNT or v^ ~^- ^ PRIICIPAL EVENTS, ' WHICH HAVE OCC'JKRED IN THE ' - '} WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES, FROM THE DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPri VALLEY TO THE YEAR EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND, FIFTY. COMPILED TROM THE MOST ATJTHEWTIO SOOROES. FOE THB rnojECTon. FIRST EDITION, BY JAMES II; rERKINS. SECOND EDITION, llEVISED AND ENLAROED BY J. M.' PECK. ST. LOUIS: ■ ■ PUBLISHED BY JAMES R. ALBACH. CHAMBERS A KNAPP, PRINTERS. 1850. i\ f ; r L ! I 1 1 ii -='«*T'-.'*Ei^*««'>^^S'rtce^r-;>¥E.«t^/:;a:^«^i:?twt'>- .a-^^fS^WSs^S*?*-??"' - »i*;e5a^w^-!!^^p»w«*5« Entered according to Act of Congrcfis, in the year 1850, by Jahes R. Albach, in the Clerk'e Oi&co of the District Court of the United States for the District of Missouri. PREFACE. R. Albach, in the ct of Missouri. In presenting a second Edition of tliis work, the pro- jector and proprietor believes the occasion appropriate for an explanation of such circumstances as induced the undertaking. From his earliest recollection, the study of the histo- ry ?nd geography of our country, has afforded pleasures to be derived, in an equal degree, from few other sour- ces. The memories of childhood recall the delightful emotions ever experienced from listening to recitals of thrilling events, and descriptions of distant scenes. The gratification of similar emotions, or rather a pas- sion for an acquaintance with historical and topographi- cal facts relative to the " Great West," but particularly such as might elucidate its beginnings, rise, and pro- gress towards its future destiny, has been a principal employment of the publisher for nearly thirty years, during which time he has traversed most of that exten- sive region, and visited nearly every memorable spot, for the means of forming an enlightened judgment, and correct ideas of men and events in times past. Nothing, however, of the materials or knowledge thus acquired, was collected with a view to publication, being solely r ■«'*'i=*S»^ft|te - IV PREFACE. the natural and incidental results of researches, entered upon and pursued for his private gratification. A change of circumstances, however, seemed to jus- tify an alteration of purposes; consequently, in 1844, promulgation was commenced by written and oral lec- tures; as one thought originates another, in 1845 the idea of publishing in book form, first occurred. The proprietor, then residing in Ohio, submitted his plan to several gentlemen of eminent standing, who at once gave it their cordial approbation. A prospectus was immediately circulated, and patrons by hundreds, obtained throughout that community. Demonstrations of future popularity, sufficient to en- sure a successful issue, having thus been made, an en- gagement was entered into in the spring of 1846, with the late Rev. James H. Perkins, of Cincinnati, by which he took charge of the compilation, and prepared the work fsr the press ; and no one acquainted with that deservedly esteemed and lamented gentleman, need be informed, that the trust could not have been committed to better or more able hands. A volume of 600 pages appeared before the Jose of that year : but an obligation to publish at the promised time, made it necessary, somewhat, to depart from the projector's plan, and to present the book in a form not deemed the most eligible. In view of this circumstance, together with a desire to extend and amplify the sketches of Illinois, Missouri, ^if «-, -_^. --. h hes, entered n. Tied to jus- y, ill 1844, lid oral lec- in 1845 the ed. Jmitted his ing, who at prospectus ' hundreds, iient to en- ide, an en- 1 846, with , by which spared the with that n, need be committed PREFACE. V and other communities more recently developed, the present Edition was resolved upon: which is a revision of ihe first, enlarged by the Rev. John M. Peck, of Illinois, a gentleman well calculated for this duty, from his long residence in the West and familiarity with the history of those portions less elaborately treated of in the former Edition. Notwithstanding, this edition is still not ar- ranged in strict accordance with the plan originally pro- jected, yet it is believed that for general accuracy and especial fulness of detail, it may be commended to its readers in its present form as worthy of attention. — Although it is not presumed to be wholly free from er- rors and imperfections, it will be found to contain a faithful narrative of memorable events, deserving the perusal of western people, especially the young, and the descendants of our Pioneers, to whom the volume is most respectfully dedicated. JAMES R. ALBACH. 5"^ Louis, May, 1850. I'*' le close of i promised - from the I form not I :M h a desire Missouri, =;.", ^ ^>« ^, .;, %y -tr^asf^ n\% 1516. I5QS. ISM. 1541. 1543. CURONOLOGICAL TABLE. Ponce de Leon discovers Florida. Diego Miruelo visils Florida. Piinipliilo dc Narvnei goes to Florida. Do Soto asks leave to conquer Florida. May Ue Soto roaches Tampa and Appalaolieo bays. De Soto reaches Mississippi, and crosses it to Washita. DbC o n aches Mavilla, on the Alabama. De Solo diacenda Wasliita to Mississippi. May 21, De Soto dies. His followers try to reach Mexico by land and fall. 1613 July Ho Soto's followers reach Mexico by water. 1544." Do Bicdma presents his account of Do Soto's expeditiou to King of Spain. 1010 Le Caron explores Upper Canada. J530. Charles First grants Carolina to Sir Robert Heath, p. 6J. YQ24, First mission founded near Lake Huron. I54l| French at Fulls of St. Mary, Lake Superior. jjgQ^ First missionary station on Lake Superior. 1004] Colonel Wood's alledged travels previous to this year. 1005* Allouez founds first permanent station on Lake Superior. J668, Mission at St. Mary's Falls founded. ICIq] Porrot explores Lake Michigan ; La Salle in Canada. jg7l' French lake formal posaossion of the north-west. Marquette founds St. Ignatius on Strait of Mackinac. 1673. May 13, Marquette and his companions leave Mackinac to seek the Mississippi. June 10, Marquette and his companions cross from Fox river to Wiscon- Mn. Marquette and his companions reach Mississippi. Marquette and his companions meet Illinois Indians. Marquette and his companions reach Arkansas. Marquette and his companions leave on return to Canada. Marquette and his companions reach Green Bay. June 17, June 21, July, July 17, September, 1675. May 18, 1676. 1677. Marquette dies. La Salle goes to France to see the King. Returns and rebuilds Fort Frontenac. La Salle visits France a second time. > — !> » ' 1G80. Jnn. l, Ffi). an, Marcli, ^■"' (iinnNoi.ofiirAi, tarle. IC7H. July II, UHiillc an.nV.Mli nail fop Cmm.Ia;.-^.!.!. l.'i, »riivo al Quebec. Nov. IH, I,a Salle mid Toiili cro.fs Lake Ontario. 1079. January, I,a Snilo luiui hli itorei. August 7, Tlie CJrimn lails up I.iiku Krit j 27tli, at .Macliiiiae. 1C79. Sept. 19. Tlio Criffiii aeni back to Macarn. Nov. 1 , J.a Sallo at St. Jompli'H rivor, I.ukf Michigan. Dec. ;i, l.u Salle cMiNPi to Knukakt/e. Ln flullt; In Pioriii Lake; Tort Cruvccuur built. Hrnnipin I't'ii*. to (.xploro tin I'ppur Mississippi. I. a Salic returiis to Cuiir.da. AprilitMay, lIuniio|)iii on the I'ppf,' Mis.v|s.Hiiipi. September, Tonti niter conimnvung Fort Si. LouIh (Rock fort,) forced lo leave tilt- Iliini la. Oct. &Nov. I,a Sallo r«turn» to the Illinois, Noveml tr, llcuneplo relurni to Canada and rOutopu. IC81, Juno, Lu Salle and Tont' meet at IVfackinac. .August, La Salle a third time goeH to the Illinois. Nov. 3, La Sullo at St. Joieph'.s again. 1682. Jan. 5 or C, La Salic goes from Chicago westward. February G, LaSullu on banks of 'he Mississippi. Fub. 13, La Salle dt'HConda Missis^ilppi. March 6, La Sulle discovers mouihs of ,"\Ii!(sis.sippi and takes po»»C38i>)ii. September, La Sallo returns to St. Joseph's of Michigan. 16S3. Dec. 13, La Salle reaches France. 1004. July 24, La Sulle sail.s from France fop mouth of Mississippi", La Salic roaches 8t, Domingo, La Salle sails from St. Domingo for mouth of Mississippi, La Salle discovers the main land. The Iroquois place ihemsolves under England. La Salle in the Gulf of Mexico. February 4, La Salle sends pany on shore to go eastward for mouth of Mis- sissippi. La Salle reaches Matagorda Bny. La Sallo left in Texas, by Beaujcu. Aitempts to build a Fort, and is unfortunate, and Ilia men sick and die. December, La Sallo goes to look for Mississippi. 1686. March, La Salle returns to Matagorda Bay. April, La Salle goes again to seek the I\Iissisaipi)i, and And a route to Canada. April, Tonii goes down Mississippi to meet La Salic. August, La Salle returns unsuccessful. Sept. 20, Nov. 25, Dec. 28, 1685. January, Feb. 13, March 15, July. 1687. Jan. 12, La Salle leaves for Mississippi the third time. March 15, La Salle sends men to look for stores. March 17, La Salle follows and is killed by thoso men. May, His murderers quarrel ; seven go on toward Mississippi. July 24, The seven reach the Arkansas. Sept. 14, The ssven reach Fort St. Louis on Illinois river. ^ -a R r j» fr3.- ariivo at Quebec. mac. fort,) forced lo CtiHONOLOOIOAr. TAIll.K. IX 1^ k ii akra poisossijn. isi|ipr. IMissiissippi. moutli of Mis- led Ilia men sick find a route lo Biasippi. 1700. Jnn. .Tli March 3, Sppti'tnUcr, January, lOgg, I,,i irnntuii'i: Irivv.U to il.o " I.-llLt rivrr."--[l>oiili'fiil.l JJ93', Uuforo tliia lima (iraviur, ilie foiimlir of KunUu^kiu, wn among . tlio Illinois. , KHNk«iUii» rouiicl(d,flHsl-ii.ippi. M. Si. Dunnia explored Ued river. De lu Moltii Cmlilliic found* Detroit. D'lberville founds colony on M d.de river. Iroquois iigain pliii;o lli(jin»elvc8 under England. Kottleincnt on Wasbitn. St, Donnia in Texaa and the l're»idie. MisHOurl river cxploreil to KaiiZiis. ^ First grant of lind at Detroit. D'ArtnguBtte in LouhiiinH. Governor Spotswood of Virginii explores the Allegbanien. lionisiana grantod to CrozJl. Fort Rosalio commenced. St. Dennis in possession of Texas. . Cro/.it resigns Louisiana. September, Louisiana trade granted to Company of West. Colonist* sent to I.onisiana, and New Orh-ans luidouf. Fori Cliartrcs commenced. Company of tlie Wfst made Company of the Indiea. La Uarpe builds a Fort in Texus. Renault leaves France for lllinoia. Fort Chartrcs finished. - January, Law made minister of finance. April, Stock of Company of the Indies worth 2050 per cent. Moy, Comi/uny of Indies bankrupt. Renault arrives in Illinois, and sends out mining partiea. ]Mine La Motte discovered. Spanish invasion of tlio Missouries from Santa Fe, defaated and dostroyod. La Ilarpe explores Washita and Arkansaa rivers. 1722. Charlevoix visits Illinoin. J726. Iroquois a ihird time place thomaelvps under England. 1729. Nov. 28, French among the Natchez murdered. 1730. Jan. & Feb., The Natchez conquered and destroyed. 1701. 1703. no5. 1707. 1708. 1710. 1712. 1714. 171G. 1717. 1718. 1719. 1720 M '•■' s ; CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. n.. 1731. 1732. 1735. 1736. May, May 20, May 27, 1739. 1740. Mnrch, I7ja. 1744. 1749. 1749. 1750. 1731. 1752. June, 175.3. Muy, June, August, September, October, Nov J.5, Nov. 22, Dec. 4, Dec. 11, 1754. Jan. C, April, April, April 17, May, June, July, 1. October, Previous to this. Gov. Keith wishes West secured to England. Company of Indies resign Louisiana to King. Vincennes settled according to some, (sse pp. G6-C8.) Daniel Boone born. Expedition of French against Chickasaws. D'Artaguette conquered. Bienville fails in assault on Chickasaws and retreats. French collect to attack Chickasaws. Peace between French and Chickasaws. John Howard goes down Ohio. Treaty of English and Iroquois at Lancaster. Vaudreull fears English influence in West. Renault returns to France. Chickasaws attack Freiuli post on Arkansas. Conrnd Weiser sent to Ohio. Ohio Company formed. Grant of land to Lcyal Company. Celeron sent to bury medals along Ohio. English Fort built on Great Miami. English traders seized on Maumee. Forty vessels at New Orleans. Dr. Walker explores Kentucky. Christopher Gist explores Ohio and Great Miami. French build Forts on French creek. French attack English post on Great Miami, t. J : Treaty of Logstown. Famiiis settle west of Alleghanies. Penn^lvania Assembly informed of French raovementi. Commissioner sent to warn French. Trent sent with arms for friendly Indians. Colonies authorized to resist French by Ijrce. Treaty of Winchester. Treaty with Iroquois ordered by England. Treaty of Carlisle. Ohio Company open line of "Braddock's road.'l. Washington leaves Will's creek for Ohio. Washington reaches Monongahela. Washington reaches Venango. Washington reaches French Commander. Washington returns to Will's creek. Troops called out by Virginia. French Fort at Venango finished. Virginia troops moving westward. Fort at the Forks of Ohio taken by French. Washington crosses Alleghanies and attacks and kills Jumon- ville and his party. New York sends £5000 to Virginia. Washington at Fort Necessity, which capitulates the third. Washington retires to Mount Vernon. French hold the whole West. •'■"^^^iifc.-^-l secured to England, ip. G6-C8.) 1 retreats. ter. CII«ONOLOGICAL TABLE. XI 1755. January, Feb. 20, Apcil, April 20, May 21), July 8, 1756. January, April, May, September, I Mil i tnovements. oad. is and kills Jumon- ilates the third. 1757. 1758. June 29, France proposes a compromise. Brad do k Imdsin Virginia. France and England send flo-ts to America. Braddock man lies westward. Expedition ngain-it Nova Scotia loaves Bopton. Braddock reaches Monon^aliela, defeated the 9th, and died the 13lh. Lewis commands an exi edition against the Ohio Indians, and fails. Indians fill the Valley of Virginia. War declitred tietwoi-n France niid England. Armstrong attacks Indians at Kitlaning. First treaty of EuBton. Massacre of Fort William Ilonry. Pilt returns to office. Louisburg and Fort Frontenac taken. Post leavM for iho Oliia nvi-r to conciliate the Indians. '' August 24, Post confers with ludiiins at r ort Pitt. Sept. 21, October, Nov. 5, Nov. 23, 1759 1760. Sept. 8, '- !• Grant defeated. Washington opening a road over the mountains. Washington at Loyalhanna. Washington at Fort Du Quesno, which the French left on the 24th. Second trL-aty of E;iston. P«sl's second mission to Ohio Indians. Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec yield to Eng- li.ih. The French yield Canada. Cherokee War. Ger.era! Monk ton treats with the Indians at Fori Pitt for land. Settlers go over the mountains. Rogers goes to Detroit ; reaches it the lOth November ; returns across Ohio to Fori Pitt in December. Alexander Henry visits north-west. Christian Post goes to settle on '.e Muskingum. Bouquet warns setilers off of Indian lands. Post and Heckewelder go to Muskingum. Preliminaries to peace of Paris settled, Loaisiana transferred to Spain. Treaty of Paris concluded. (-^^ Detroit attacked by Pontiac. ■ -"■ Mackinac taken by Indians. ^• ju..^, Presqu'ile (Erie) taken by Indians. June'to Aug. Fori Pilt besieged and lolicveJ by Bouquet. October, Proclamation to protect Indian lands. Nov. 3, M. Laclede arrives in Ste. Genevieve ; and Fort Chartres. 1764. Feb. 15, St. Louis founded. June to Aug. Bradstreet makes peace with ncrlhern Indians. November, Bouquet makes peace wif.i Ohio Indians. April 21, French officers ordered to give up Louisiana to Spain. Sept. 13, 17GI. 1762. Nov. 3, 1763. Feb. 10, May 9, June 4, June, XII CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 1766. 1767 17C8. Oct. 21, 1769. March, May ] , Juiio 7, Dec. 22, 1770. October, ' '65. April, Sir Wm. Johnson ma\es treaty at German Flat*. May i June, Georgo Croglian goes westward. Captain Stirling for England takes possession of Illinois. Proclamation of Governor Gage. Settlors cross mountains. \^ pole Company proposed. Colonel Jamos Smith visits Kentucky. '■- ' Western Indians grow impatient. Franklin labor.s for Walpole Company. Finley visits Kentucky. Zeisberger founds mission on the Alleghany. Treaty of Fort Stanwix by which the title of tho Iroquois lo all south of the Ohio is purchased. Captain Pitman in Illinois. Mississippi Company proposed. Boono and oliiers start for Kentucky. Boone and others reach Rod river. Boone taken by Indians. Treaty of Lochaber. Ohio Company merged in Walpole Company. Washington visits the West. Tho Long Hunters explore tho West. Tho Zanes found Wheeling. Moravians invited to Big Beaver. Spain obtains possession of St. Louis and Upper Louisiana. The Boones return to North Carolina. Indians killed by whites on Lower Ken»wha. M.)ravians invited by Dela wares, found Shoenbrun on the Mus- kingum. General Gage's proclamition against settlors on Wabash. Fort Chartres evacuated. Boone and others start to settle Kentucky. Boone and others aro attacked by Indians and turn back. Bullitt, McAfee, &c., descend the Ohio. Bullitt, McAfee, &c., survey at Falls, and on Kentucky river. General Thompson surveys iu the valley of the Licking. General Lyman goes to Natchez. James Harrod in Kentucky. Dunmore sends Connolly to take possession of PitUburgh as being within Virginia. Connolly calls out the militia ; ho is arrested by St. Clair; his followers are riotous, and fire on the Indians. Connolly, released on parole, comes to Pittsburgh with an arm- ed force. He rebuilds the Fort and calls it Fort Dunmore. Chorokees attack a boat on the Ohio. Connolly writes to the settlers to beware of the Indiana. , ' Cresap, having Connolly's letter, attacks Indians. Greathouse murders several Indians. Preparations for war. 1771. March, 1772. May 3, April, 1773. Sept. 25, Oct. 10, 1774. January, Jan. 25, March 28, April 16, April 21, Flats. OD of Illinois. of tho Iroquois to >per Louisiana. I. ubrun on the Mus- on Wabasli. d turn buck. n Kentucky river, he Licking. 1 of Pittsburgh ag by St. Clair J his iJians. urgh with an arm- )re. the Indiana, am. ' CIIRONOLOOICAL TABLE. 1774, Logan revenifes his family. ■* June, Boone sent for surveyors in Kentucky. June 10, Friendly Shawanese attacked by Connolly. Traders murdered. July, McDonald attacks Wappatomlca. Sept. 6 &jl2, Troops under Lewis march down Kenhawa Oct. 6, Troops under Lewis reach Point Pleasant. Oct. 10, Battle of Point Pleasant. ' November, xm Dunmore makes peace. Treaty of Wutaga ; purahase by Transylvania Company. Boone goes to Kentucky and founds Boonesboro'. Henderson reaches Boonesboro'. Henderson calls representatives together. Legislature adjourns. Massachusetts Council try to prevent hostility by Iroquoi?. Guy Juhnson influences Iroquois against Americans. Oni'iJasand Tuscaroraa adhere to America. Boonos family and several others reach Kentucky. Congress forms three Indian Departments. Meeting of Commissioners and Indians at Albany. Meeting of Commi.ssioners and Indians at Pittsburgh. Connolly arrested in Maryland. An attack on Detroit proposed in Congress. Washington advises the employment of the Indians. Indians incline to British. Congress authorizes the employment of Indians. July 7, to 21, Indians attack Kontuokians ; settlers leave. George Rogers Clark in Kentucky. Kentuckians petition Virginia for admission as citizens, and choose Clark and Jones members of Virginia Assembly. Clark procures powder from Council of Virginia. Virginia admits Kentucky among her counties. Clark and Jones return by Pittsburgh with powder. Jones killed while going for powder to Limestone. Clark reaches Harrodsburg. Cornstalk murdered at Point Pleasant. -^ Congress of Indians and British at Oswego. Ki'ntucky infested with savages. Kintucky chooses Burgesses. Logan's station attacked. April 20 to June 22,— Clark's spies in Illinois. August, Logan cro.sses the mountains for powder. Colonel Bowman and lOO men come from Virginia. Sep.26&27, Fort Henry (Wheeling) attacked. September, First Court at IJarrodslurg. Clark leaves for Virginia. Brady and party atteck St. Joseph. The attack on Detroit urged in Congress. Clark opens Ins plan for conquering Illinois to Governor of VirginiT. 1775. March 17, Ap.il 1, April 20, May 23, May 27, April, May, June 28, June, July, August, October, 177G. April 29, April 19, May, June 3, June G, August 23, Dec. 7, Dec. 25, 1777. Summer, .r<. Spring, April, May, Oct. 1, October, Nov. 20, Deo. 10, L XIV 1778. January 2, February 7, March 10, June 2i, Juu« 16, May, June 35, July 4, Aug. 1, Aug. 1, Aug. 8, September, Sept. 17, October, December, 1779. January 29, January, Feb. 7, Feb. 24, April I, May, May 21, July, July, August, September, October, Oct. 13, Oct. 30, 1780. Feb. 19, Sjiring, Spring, May, May, June, July, Sept. 6, October, November, December, 1781. Jan. 2, CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Orders issued to (>lark to attack IllinoU. Boone taken prisoner at the Licking. Buone carried to Detroit. Clark passes Falls of Ohio. Buone escapes and relieves Booneiboro' Mcintosh commands at Fo;t Pitt. Fort Mcintosh built. New Jersey objects to land claims of Virginia. Clark takes Kaskaskia. Cahokia joins the Americans. St. Vincents joins the American cause. Buone goes to attack Paint creek town. Boonesboro' besioged. Fort Laurens built. Clark holds council with the Indians. Treaty with Delawares at Pittsburgh. Maize and party attack St. Joseph. Virginia grants Henderson and Company 200,000 acres on Green river. Governor Hamilton takes Vincennes. Clark hoars of capture of Vincennes. Delaware objects to land claims of Virginia. Clark's campaign against Vincennes. Hamilton surrenders the Fort and is sent to Virginia. Americans suspect and attack Iroquois. Lexington, Kentucky, settled. Virair'ia passes land laws. Maryland objects to land claims of Virginia. General Sullivan devastates Iroquois country. Bowman's expedition against Indian towns on Miamies. Fort Laurens abandoned. Indians treat with Broad head at Fort Pitt. Rogers and Benliam attacked by Indians. Land Commissioners open their sessions in Kentucky. Congress asks Virginia to reconsider land laws. Colonel John Todd lu Llinois. Hard winter — great suffering. New York authorizes a ceasii)n of western lands. Fort Jefferson built on Misslsiiippi. Great emigration to Kentucky. Vi-ginia grant:, lands in Kentucky for education. St. Louis attacked by Brirish and Indians. Louisville established by law. Byrd invades Kentucky. ■'" ^ Clark attacks Shawanese. /-^ RosoUuion of Congress relative to western (and«. Connecticut pusses first act of i ejjion of westera reserve. Fort Pitt thraatcned by savages. Kentucky divided into three counties. Clark prepares to attack Detroit. Virginia makes her first act of cession. irgima. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLK. XV ny 200,000 acres on to Virginia. inta. itry. irns on Miamies. in Kentucky. 1 laws. rn lands. ucatioR. 1 landa. restera reserve. 1781. Feb. 15, Mr. Jay instructed that he may yield the navigation of the Mis- sissippi. March 1, New York cedes her western lands. Brodhead attacks Delawares on Muskingum. ^-^ April 16, Mary Heckewelder born ; first white child in Ohio. Americans begin to settle la Illinois. Chickasaws attack Firt Jefferson. /. September, Colonel Floyd rescued by Wells. September, Moravians carried to Sandusky by British and Indians. October, Moravian Missionaries taken to Detroit. Wiiliims( n leads a party against the Moravians, but finds the tcvn deserted. Kentucky organized. Moravians murdered by Americans. .' Moravian missionaries taken to Detroit. Bstit's defeat. Crawford's expedition, taken prisoner and burnt. Attack on Brynnl's station. Battle of the Blue Licks. Clark invades the Miami valleys the second time. Land Offices opened. Provisional articles of peace with Great Britain. Hostilities of United States and Great Britain cease. Kentucky formed into one district. Congress calls on States to cede lands. Peace proclaimed to the army. English propose to carry away negroes. Washington protests against course of English. Rufus Putnam applies for lands in west. Baron Steuben sent to receive western posts. ^- ' Cassaty sent to Detroit. Virginia withdraws Clark's commission. Definitive treaty of peace. Washington writes to Duane about western lands. Congress proposes terms of cession to Virginia. Congress forbids all purchases of Indian lands. Congress instructs Indian Coaimissioners. Virginia grants Clark and his soldiers lands. British leave New York taking negroes. Daniel Brodhead opens a store in Louisville. ^ Virginia authorizes cession on terms proposed. Treaty of peace ratified by United States. James Wilkinson goes to Lexington, Kentacky. Virginia gives deed of cession. Indian Commissioners reinstructed. Pittsburgh r«3-Burveyed. Treaty of peace ratified by England. Virginia refuses to comply with treaty. England refuses to deliver up western posts. -'-— Treaty with Iroquois alFortStanwix. 1782. March, March, March 23, June, Aug. 14, Aug. 19, September, November, "' Nov. 30, 1783, Jan. 20, March, April 18, April 19, May, June, July 12, August, Sept. 3, Sept. 7, Sept. 13, Sept. 22, Oct. 15, Nov. 25, Dec. 20, 1784. Jan. 4, February, March I, March 4, April 9. _ June 22, July, Oct. 22, I XVI CiinONOLOOICAL TABLE. [ Dee. 27, 1785. Jan. 21, April, May 20, May 93, July, Augast 8, August, 1786. January, January, Jau 10, Jan. 31, March 1, May, 16, May, ^ May 26, June 30, July 29, August, — Sept. 14, October, 8, November, November, Dec. 22, 1787. January, March 8, May, June, July, •——July 27, July 13, July, August .18, August 29, Sept. 17, Oct. 27, Oct. 2, Oct Oct. 5, Nov 93, Logan calls meeting at Danville. First Kentucky Convention meets. Kentucky receives many emigrants. Treaty with Delawarcs, &.c, at Fort Mcintosh. An attempt to settle at mouth of Scioto. .4- Ordinance for survey of westorn lands passed. Second Kentucky Convention meets. Don Gardoqui comes from Spain. Third Kentucky Convention meets. Colony emigrates from Virginia to Illinois. _, Indians threaten hostility. Great confederacy of north-western Indians formed by Brant. Fort Harmar buill. Brant visits England to learn purposes of ministers. Virginia agrees to independence of Kentucky. Putnam and Tuppercall mectii.g to form Ohio Company. Treaty with Shawanese at Fort Finney, (mouth of Great Miami.) Oliio Company of associates formed. Governor of Virginia writes to Congress respecting Indian in- vasions. The negotiations as to Mississippi before Congress. Resolution of Congrass produces cession by Connecticut. Congress authorizes the invasion of north-western territory. Pittsburgh Gazette first published. Mr. Jay authorized to yield navigation of Mitsissippi for a term of years. Connecticut makes second act of ces'^ion. Clark seizes Spanish property at Vincenucs. Virginia protests against yielding navigation of Mississippi. Great diusatisfaction in the west. Governor of Virginia informed as to Clark's ninvoments. Great Indian Council in north-west ; they address Congress. Fourth Kentucky Convention meets. Ohio Company chooses Directors. Meeting in Kentucky relative to navigation of Mississippi. Wilkinson goes to New Orleans. Dr. Cutler negotiates with Congress for lands for Ohio Com- pany. Congress make order in favor of Ohio Company. Ordinance passed for government of north-western territory. Harry Innis refuses to prosecute invaders of Indian lands. Kentucky Gazette established. Symnies applies for land. Entries of Virginia Military Reserve, north of Ohio, begin. Fifth Kentucky Convention meets. Ohio Company completes contract for lands. Symmes' application referred to Board of Treasury. Troops ordered west. . "" St. Clair appointed Governor of horth-western territory. PrepaiRtious mude by Ohio Company to send settlers west. 5-.**-^ -I --r^HW'AflSftMia^fciftaifP**?.^^— iT» oah. id. B formed by Brant. misters. , Hiio Company. , (mouth of Great ospecting Indian iii- jngress. Connecticut. \resteru territory. [i:8issippi fur a term 1 of Mississippi. 8 ninvoments. address Congress. of Mississippi, nds for Ohio Com- pany. ivcstern territory, r Indian lands. 1 of Ohio, begin. reasury. 3rn territory, lid seitletj west. - ^ CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. XVII 1787. Nov.i2G, December, 178?. Summer, J innary, Feb. 29, April 7, July 2, July 3, July 9, July2S, July 25, August, i■"" Harmar leaves Fort Washington. Colonel Hardin with the advance reaches Miami villages. ^ Main army reaches Miami villages. Trotter goes after Indians. '■ •^'' • ' Hardin's first defeat. Hardin's second defeat. »>*'^ ■ if- 1; I r XVIII CIISONOLOGICAL TABLB. 1 79U. December, Kentuckiani petition Congresi to fight Indiani in their own way. December, Admiiiion of Kentucky to U. States brought before Congrese. December, Mauie and others contract to settle Manchester. 1791. Jnn. 2, Feb. 4, March ;i, March 9, March 13, April 27. May 5, May 15, May 21, May 23, July 27, August I, Sept. C, Sept. 7, Sept. 17, Oct. 12, October, - Nov. 4, Nov. 8, December, 1792. Jan. 7, Jan. 9, February, Fab. 1. March, April 3, April 3, May 8, May 8, May 22, May 22, June, June 20, July 7, Aug. 21, Sept. 15, Sept. 27, Nov.- 6, Nov. 6, December, Dig Bottom settlement destroyed by Indians. ^ — Congress agree to admit Kentucky. Excise laid on spirits. Scott of Kentucky authorized to march against Indians. Procter starts on his western mission. Procter reaches DufTuio creek. Procter is refused a vessel to cross Lake Erie. Si. Clair at Fort Washington preparing his expedition. Procter abandons his mission. Scott marches up Wabash. ^. Meeting at Brownsville against excise. Wilkinson marches against Eel river Indians. Collector of Alleghany and Washington counties (Pennsylva- nia] attacked. Meeting at Pittsburgh against excise. St. Clair commences his march. / Fort Jeflerson commenced. Wilson maltreated in west of Pennsylvania. St. Clair's defeat. i^ ""' The remainder of the army at Fort Washington. Convention elected to form Constitution for Kentucky. Peace offered by the United States to the Indians -through the Senecas. Pond and Stodman sent west. / ', Brant invited to Philadelphia. Wilkinson sends to field of St. Clair's defeat. Gallipolis settled. ^^r-- Iroquois chiefs visit Philadelphia. t> Instructions issued to Trueman. Kentucky Constitution prepared. Excise laws amended. Captain Hendrick sent west. Instructions issued to Rufus Putnam. Trueman leaves Fort Washington — Hardin also. '"' General Wayne moves westward. Brant visits Philadelphia. Fire lands given to sufferers, by Connecticut. Indians seize 0. M. Spencer, &c. Great anti-excise meeting at Pittsburgh. Washington issues proclamation on excise law. R. Putnam makes a treaty at Vincennes. Adair attacked near Fort St. Clair. 4- Opposition to excise law diminishes. United States troops at Legionville, on the Ohio. 1793. March 1, Lincoln, Randolph and Pickering, appointed to treat with In- dians. April, United States Legion goes down to Ciacinnati. y' >S8!«M*lni»«*S>lP)il!»»S9»«eS«(l^">1*-- - lans in their o« n beforo Congress, er. t Indiani. '' podilioD. / iltui (Pennsylya- an. entucky. lans -through the 4 CIIRONOLOOICAL TABLE. XIX 1793. April 8, Oenei rcaohea United States. iMay 17, Commlisioners roach Niagara. May 18, Genet if presented to Washington. jMay 30, First Democratic society in Philadelphia. June, CominiiHioners correspond with Governor Simcoe. July 15, Commissioners meet Brant and hold a council. -^ July 21, Commissioners at Elliott's house, mouth of Detroit liver. July 31, Commissioners meet Indian delegates. Aug. 16, Final action of the Commissioners and Indians. Oct. 7, Wayne leaves Cincinnati with his legion. Oct. 13. Wayne encamps at Greenville. Oct. 24, Wayne is joined by Kentuckians under Scott. Oct. 17, Lowry and Boyd attacked. November, French emissarlus sent west. Doc. 25, Field of St. Clair's defeat taken potsesalon of by Wayne's troops. Dissatisfaction in the west. 0. to treat with In- Dec. 25, 1794. January, February, February, Spring, April, April, May, May, Summer, June 30, June, July 16, July 23, July 26, July 26, Aug. 1, Aug. 7, Aug. 8, Aug. 13, Aug. 18, Aug. 20, Aug. 21, September, Sept. 11, Sept. 25, Sept. &. Oct Dec. 28, 1795. Jan. 24, Spring, — May, June 16, Jnly, July, Aug. 3, Aug. 10, Whisky riots recommence. Lord Dorchester's speech to Indians. The Mingo Creek Association formed. «' Wayne prepares for his campaign. General Simcoe builds a Fort on the Maumee. Democratic society formed at Pittsburgh. Spaniards offer help to Indians. French emissariei forced to leave west. Contest respecting Presqu'isle. Indians attacked Fort Recovery. Suits commenced against whisky rioters. First gathering about Neville's house; burnt 17th. Meeting at Mingo Creek. -' Mull robbed by Bradford. Scott, with 1600 men, joins Wayne. ■' • Great gathering at Btaddock's field. Washington issues proclamation against whisky rioters. Wayne near Maumee. Wayne sends his last peace message to Indians. ■^—^ Wayne builds Fort Deposit. Wayne meets and conquers Indians. Commissioners of government meet committee of rioters. British try to prevent Indians making peace. Vote taken upon obedience to the law in Pennsylvania. Washington calls out militia. Fort Wayne built. Indians ask for peace of Colonel Hamtramek. '"' Indians sign preliminaries of a treaty. Prisoners are interchanged. Connecticut prepares to sell her reserve. Council of Greenville opens. The Baron de Carondelet writes Sebastian. Jay's treaty formed. ,. Treaty of Greenville signed. Council of Greenville closed. ^ XX CIIBONOI OUICAL TADI.R. I79S. Aiiguit, '— Sept. 5 or 9, Oct. a7, Nov. 4, I79G. S«pt. July, Auguil, August, August, 1797. Oet. Oct. 1708. Dee. 1799. Feb. 4, Feb. Sept. 24, Oct. 6, 1800. May 7, May 30, Oct. I, Nov. 3, Nov. 3, 1801. Dec. 1803 Janaary, January, April 30, Oct. 16, Nov. 1, Nov. 29, 1803. April, April, April, April, Oct. 21, Grant by CmiKreM to Gullipolii irttlrra. Conncciioiit sell* Wuitcrn Ki-iiMivfl lo Lund Company. Pinckni'yoonoluJea treaty wUhSpuln. Duyton laid out. .^^-^ ChilllcothB founded. M. Adet, French Minister, sends oniUsaiies to (liKuflecl the west to the Uiiiuu. Sebastian visits the south-west. Cleveland Inid out and iminud. British give up posts in north-west. DifBculties with Spain begin. General Wayne died. .^ >• First paper mill lu the west. Power visits Kentucky, and writes to Sebastian. Daniel Uoone moves west of Alisxliisippl. Occupying claimant law of Kentucky passed. W. n. Harrison appointed Secretary of North- west territory.' Alien and sedition laws pnsscd. Nullifying resolutions in Kentucky. Death abolished in Kentucky, excrpt for murder. ReproHcnIativca for north-west territory first cliosen. Representatives of north-west territory meet to uominutc cau- didate.s for Council. Kentucky Constitution amended. Assembly of nortli-wcat territory org:anizes at Cincinnati. W. H. Harrison ai)puiiit«d l)elrgute in Cungre.sa for north- west territory. Indiana territory formed. j;, Connecticut yields jurisdiction of her reserve to the U. States, and United States gives her patents for the soil. Treaty of St. Ildefonso. Assembly of north-west territory meets at Chilllcothe. First missionary iu Con leciicat Reserve. W. H. Harrison appointed Governor uf Indiana territory. , St. Clair re-appointed Governor of nortli-went territory. Cincinnati, in place of Cliilliuotlie, aj{uiu made saut of govern- ment for north-west territory. Thomas Worlhington goes to Washington to procure the erec- tion of Ohio into a State. Uciversity at Athena, Ohio, established- First Bunk in Kentucky. Congress agree that Ohio may become a Slate. The Spanish Intendaut forbids the use of Now Orleans by the Americans. Convention meets to form a Constitution for Ohio. Constitution formed. New Orleans opened to Americans again. Livingston and Monroe in France — purchase Louisiana. Lands locitiedd for Miami University. Miami Eiporting Company chartered. Ttie Senate ratify the purchase of Louisiana. htvr " an.i a; ' .) iy» n '»ea<«g>WsaB3 Company. I to (likufTecl the m. (h-wost lurritory. tier. clioien. lo uominutc cbu- t CincinnHti. Dgreiia Tor uorlh- to the U. State*, the soil. illieothe. iia territory. t territory. de aaut of govern - procure the erec- w Orleans by the Ohio. Louisiana. ■<*. Michi({auform«aCoii»lituilonBud inaken npplicallon to join tha Union, Con((reH propoifi* coiuliiiiins. Stata Uiink of lllinoii ohartiri-d. Miobigan r«jecti tliu ooudJiioiTi. Adoptad in as«'CondCiin»enlioii. Terriioiy of VViiooniin (inoluiilnj; Iowa) organUaa. Illiiioiiand Michigan cuiial cuminanced. Mlchlinan recfivodinto llie Union. Internal Improvement f»yatein adopted In Illinois. Riots at Alton, III., and Lovfjoy kilM. Slate Homo of Miaaourl.at Jofferaon City, barnad. Territory of Iowa organized. Mormoii war la Minsoiirl. Deatli of Govt' rnor William Clark. Hink Comnilssioueraappointtd in Ohio. Mormon* retreat to IlllnolH, locate at Commerce, nnd coll it Nauvoo. Iowa City locaUd and made the seat of novnrnment. Great polliioal excltument In the presidential cuuTai. Deathof W. H. IlarrlHon, Pruiident of the United Siatea, at Waahington City. Canal, Internal Improveuent System, and Banks in Illinola slopped. Groat depreaaion in flnancial affaira throughout the we»t. Cinclnratl Aatronomical society founded. Death of General Henry Atkinson at Jefferson Barracks, Mit- ■•""■'• . „ . • Death of Hon. Mary P. Leduc, first Secretary of Upper Louis- iana, and an old citizen of St. Louis. Death of Hon. A. W. Snyder, Belleville, III. Death of Hon. J. B. C. Lucas, at St. Louis, aged 80. Illinois Banks accept of an act by the Legislature and close their business. Corner stone of Cincinnati Observatory laid in November. i Mormon troubles in Illinois. Great flood on the Mississippi— American Bottom pubnierged. Steamboats ./ent from St Louis to the Illinois bluffs. Mormon war in Illinois ; Joseph Smith, tho leader, and othern killed. State Constitution formed In Iowa; boundaries not approvej by Congress, Banking law of Olilo creating a State Bank and branches, and indnpendent Banka passed. Illinois negotiates with bond-holdera to finUh canul. Work on Uie Illinois canal resumed. Convention in Wisconsin form a State Constitution; rejected by the people. Convention in Illinois form a new Constitution. Constitution of Illinois adopted by the people, and went into operation. ' Wisconain formj anew OonsiUulion; approved by the people, and accepted by Congress. Cholera on the western rivers, and in many cities and towns. Deaths from all diseases in St. Louis, 8,603; choler«, 4,800. Great fire: 23 ateamboats, 400 buildings, and $2,750,000 worth of property burnt. Great Convention in St. Louis on Rail-roai to the Pacific. • Hfp*^ ERRATA. In a book like the "Annals," it is hardly possible, between authors, crmpositors and proof readers, to avoid some typographical errors. The most frequent thai occurs in this work, are misplacing the brackets, 'ntendcd to distinguish the composition of the Etiilor from that of Mr. Perkins. Page 29, Nicholas Parrot, should be Perrot. 37, A part of the last paragraph should have been in brackets. 47, The asterisk after " Hidden Eiver," should be out. 66, Read, "all was ttitt wild except those little spots." 70, Third paragraph, read 1752 for 7732. 71, A bracket after second paragraph. 133, The brackets in the middle of the page should be out. 134, Brackets out at close of first paragraph. 142, Third paragraph read " a few days after that in the boat," instead, " after that at Captina," 167, Put a bracket at close of the page. 171, A bracket should be out at the commencement of paragraph second. 187, A bracket should be at close of the chapter. 201, A bracket should be at close of first paragraph. 209, A bracket at close of the page. 609, Chickasaw Blufis in line 16 from the top, should be Iron Banks situated a few miles below the junction of Ohio and Mississippi rivers. 261, A bracket should follow asterisk, after last paragraph. 311, A bracket after third paragraph. 349, A bracket after third paragraph. . 399, A bracket after first paragraph. 447, A bracket after first paragraph. 604, A bracket should be out at first paragraph. 527, The date should be 1803, instead of 1793. 634, A bracket at close of tb6 page. 609, A bracket at the close of last paragraph but one. 670, Bracket ohould be left out at the end of second paragraph, "fter "Illinois." 674, 575, The captions over these pages are wrong. " Organization of lUinoU Terri- tory," is found on pp. 676, 577. 677, Abraoketis wanting at the close of fourth paragraph. " Fort Wa^ne, August 7, 1818, in some copies should bo 1810. 505, The brocket should be left out at the commencement of the paragraph. 602, "Fort Wayne" should read "Sandwich," at the 13th lino from bottom. 616, In third paragraph after Cahokia, reod Creek. 619, The bracket should be put at the close of the last of last paragraph. 636, The caption is wrong. It belongs to page 633. 643, The bracket at the end of first paragraph, should be left out. 709, 711, and 713. The captions over these pages should be " Sketchei of Indian Hit- tori/." 744, "Cape au Gris," should be Cape au Gret. It was so called from the gray rock there. 795,' Second paragraph read "Sautcaurs." 796, In third paragraph, read retailed for "retained this story of Black Hawk." ^*aii»Prsv)stim >A^ - jjii,tmjv»Ht ttm ff M ^ ' :hor8, crmpositors and nt thai occurs in thii osition of the Etlilor ," instead, " after that pb second. Banks situated a few ra. )h, -rter "Illinois." ion of IltinoU Terrl- 'Fort Wa^no, August e paragraph, from bottom. sragraph. ut. ■.elchei of Indiun Hit- d from the gray rock >f Black Hank." ANNALS OF THE WEST. CHAPTER I. SPANISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES, A. D. 1512 TO 1750. Discovery of Floridn— De Soto's Expedition and Discovery of the Missi^ippi — Marquette and Joliet's Expedition — Enterprise of La Salle — Visit to Illinois — Fort Crovecteur — Hennepin's voyage up the Mississippi — La Salle's Expedition down the Mississippi to the Gulf — "Proees Verbal" — Returns to Illinois and starts to France — La Salle returns to the Gulf of Mexico— Discovers and takes possession of Texas — His Assassination — Tonti's Acliiovemcnti — La Ilontan — Kaskaskia Founded— D'Ibl)er\'ille's A'^oyage— Grant to Crozat — Mis-siseippi Company — New Orleans Founded — The Natchea Extermination — War with the Chickasaws — Mississippi Valley in 1750. In the year 1512, on Easter Sunday, the Spanish nantie for which is Pascua Florida,* Juan Ponce de Leon, an old com- rade of Columbus, discovered the coast of the American con- tinent, near St. Augustine; and, in honor of the day, as well as because of the blossoms which covered the trees along the shore, named the new-found country Florida. Juan had been led to undertake the discovery of strange lands, partly by the hope, common to all his countrymen at that time, of finding endless stores of gold, and partly by the wish to reach a fountain that was said to exist, deep within the forests of North America,, which possessed the power of renovating the life of those who drank of, or bathed in, its waters. In return for his discovery he was made Governor of the region he had visited, but various circumstances prevented his return thither until 1621, and then he went only to meet with death at the hands of the Indians. In the Clean time, in 1516, a roving Spanish sea captain, Diego Miruelo, had visited the coast first reached by Ponce de Leon, and in his barters with the natives had received con- siderable quantities of gold, with which he returned home, and spread abroad new stories of the wealth hidden in the interior. *Pa«cua, the old English "Pasch" or Passover; "Pascua Florida" is the "Holy-day of Flowers." i ^'■ and, if these dangers were passed, there were heats there that would infallibly kill them.* "I thanked them for their good advice," says Marquette, "but I told them that I could not follow it; since the salvation of souls was at stake, foz' which I should be overjoyed to give my life." Passing through Green Bay, from the mud of which, says our voyager, rise "mischievous vapors, that cause the most grand and perpetual thunders that I have ever heard," they entered Fox river, and toiling over stones which cut their feet, as they dragged their canoes through its strong rapids, reached a village where lived in union the Miamis, Mascoutensf and "Kikabeux" (Kickapoos.) Here AUouez had preached, and behold! in the midst of tiie town, a cross, {une belle craix,) on which hung skins, and belts, ai\d bows, and arrows, which "these good people had offered to the great Manitou, to thank him because he had taken pity on them during the winter, and had given them an abundant chase." beyond this poin* no Fienchman had gone; here was the bound of discovery ; and much did the savages wonder at the hardihood of these seven men, who, alone, in two bark canoes^ were thus fearlessly passing into unknown dangers. On the 10th of June, they left this wondering and well-wish-^ tng crowd, and, with two guides to lead them through the lakes and marshes of that region, started for the river, which, as they heard, rose but about three leagues distant, and fell into the Mississippi. Without ill-luck these guides conducted them to the portage, and helped them carry their canoes across it ; then, returning, left them "alone amid that unknown country, in the hand of God J' > - .' • The Bllusion hero is to the legend of the Piajoti— or the monstor bird that devoured men.of which some rude Indian paintings were seen thirty years since on the clifis above the city of Alton, and Indians as they passed in their canoes made offerings by dropping tobaoeo and other articles, valuable in their estimation in the riv. r. John Russell, Esq., of niinois, wove this "Indian Tradition" into a beautiful story that went the rounds of peri- odical literature, in 1840.— Ed. t In Charlevoix's time these occupied the country from the Illinois to the Fox river, ani ficom lake Michigan to the MissiBsippi. — See his Map. JassSsr-iSf 1673. ins, they said, oa without the least sters who T/ould n, who shut the ut him, all who issed, there were ^*I thanked them told them that I was at stake, for f which, says our } the most grand d," they entered heir feet, as they reached a village ■ and "Kikabeux" id behold! in the on which hung lich "these good lank him because r, and had given le; here was the es wonder at the two bark canoes^ Qgers. ng and well-wish- through the lakes jr, which, as they and fell into the inducted them to es across it ; then, m country, in the Bstcr bird that devoured s since on the cliffs above de oflerings by dropping r. John Busscll, Esq., of went the rounds of peri- nois to the Fox river, onl 1673. Visit to the Illinois. 31 With prayers to the mother of Jesus they strengthened their souls, and committed themselves, in all hope, to the current of the westward flowing river, the "Ouisconsin"* (Wisconsin;) a sand-barred stream, hard to navigate, but full of inlands covered with vines, and bordered by meadows, and groves, and pleasant slopes. Down this they floated until, upon the 17th of June, they entered the Mississippi, "with a joy," says Marquette, "that I cannot express." Quietly floating down the great river, they remarked the deer, the butValoes, the swans — "wingless, for they lose their feathers in that country," — the great fish, one of which had nearly knocked their canoe into atoms, and other creatures of air, earth and water, but no men. At last, however, upon the 21st of June, they discovered, upon the western bank of the river, the foot prints of some fellow mortal?, and a little path leading into a pleasant meadow. Leaving the canoes in charge of their followers, Joliet and Father Marquette boldly advanced upon this path toward, as they supposed, an Indian village. Nor were they mistaken; for they soon came to a little town, to which, recommending themselves to God's care, they went so nigh as to hear the savages talking. Having made their pres- ence known by a loud cry, they were graciously received by an embassy of four old men, who presented them the pipe of peace, and told them, that this was a village of the "Illinois." The voyagers were then conducted into the town, where all received them as friends, and treated them to a great smoking. After much complimenting and present-making, a grand feast was given to the Europeans, consisting of four courses. The first was of hominy, the second of fish, the third of a dog,t which the Frenchmen declined, and the whole concluded with roast buffalo. After the feast they were marched through the town with great ceremony and much speech-making; and, having spent the night, pleasantly and quietly, amid the Indians, they xeturned to their canoes with an escort of six hundred people. • Cttlled"Mi8con3ia"in the printed Journal. — Ed. ■\ A dog feast is still a feast of honor among the savages. See Fremont's Beport of Bxp«- ditions of 1842, 'W, and 'U, printed at Washington, 1845; p. 42. F«;omont says the meat is somewhat like mutton. See, also. Dr. Jarvis's discom-se before :he N. Tf . Historical Society in 1819, note R; Lewis and Qark's Journal, II. 165; Qodman's Natural History, I. 2M. S'D m m iiifc. 1. <* ; i Hi Arrive at the Arkansas. 1673. The Illinois, Marquette, like all the early travelers, describes as remarkably handsome, well-mannered, and kindly, even some- what efFeminate. Leaving the Illinois, the adventurers passed the rocks* upon which wore painted those monsters of whose existence they had heard on Lake Michigan, and soon found themselves at the mouth of the Pekitanoni, or Missouri of our day ; the character of which is well described; muddy, rushing, and noisy. — They next passed u dangerous rook in the riverf and then came to the Ouabouskigou, or Ohio, a stream which makes but a small figure in Father Marquette's map, being but a trifling water- course compared to the Illinois. From the Ohio, our voyagers passed with safety, except from the musquitoes, into the neigh- borhood of the "Akamscas," or Arkansas. Here they were at- tacked by a crowd of warriors, and had nearly lost their lives; but Manjuette resolutely presented the peace-pipe, and some of the old men of the attacking party were softened, and saved them from harm. "God touched their hearts," says the pious narrator. The next day the Frenchmen went on to "Akamsca," where they were received most kindly, and feasted on com and dog till they could eat no more. These Indians cooked in and eat from earthen ware, and were amiable and unceremonious, each man helping himself from the dish and passing it to his neighbor. Fi-om this point Joliet and our writer determined to return to the North, as dangers increased towards the sea, and no doubt could exist as to the point where the Mississippi emptied, to ascertain which point was the great object of their expedition. Accordingly, on the 17th of July, our voyagers left Akamsca; retraced their path with much labor, to the Illinois, through which they soon reached the Lake; and, "nowhere," says Marquette, "did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wild-cats, bustards, swans, ducks, pavroquets, and even beavers," as on the Illinois river. In September the party, without loss or injury, reachedGreen Bay, and reported their discovery ; one of the most important of that age, but of which we have now no record left except the brief narrative of Marquette ; Joliet, (as we learn from an abstract of his account, given in Hennepin's second volume. *Pia£a Rock, at the present city of Alton, lUinois. t The Grand Tower. ■■'S*'""; m^ 1673. rs, dcscM'ihes ns lly, even some- he rocks* upon itence they had ijselves at the the character 1 noisy. — They 1 then came to kes but a small trifling water- ), our voyagers into the neigh- thoy were at- )st their lives; )e, and some of ned, and saved says the pious ar.isca," where I corn and dog iked in and eat emonious, each to his neighbor, ed to return to I, and no doubt >pi emptied, to leir expedition, left Akamsca ; llinois, through owhere," says , woods, stags, ks, parrocjuets, , reached Green nosl important >rd left except learn from an econd volume» The Grand Tower. 1676. Death of Mnrqwtte. S8 London, 1698,) having lost all his papers while returning to Que- bec, by the upsetting of his canoe. Mnnjuette's unpretending account, we have in a collection of voyages by Thevcnot, printed in Paris in 1681.* Its general correctness is imques- tionable ; and, as no European had claimed to have made any such discovery at the time this volume was juiblished, but the persons therein named, we may consider the account as genuine. Afterwards Marquette returned to the Illinois, by their request, and ministered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing with his boatmen up I.akc Mich- igan, he proposed to land at the mouth of a stream running from the peninsula, and perform mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he went a little way apart to pray, they waiting for him. As much time passed, and he did not return, they called to mind that he had said something of his death being nt hand, uiiu anxiously went to seek him. They found him dead; where he had been praying, he had died. The canoc-mcn dug a grave near the mouth of the stream, and buried him in the sand. L'ere his body was liable to be exposed by a rise of water; and would have been so, had not the river retired, and left the missionary's grave in peace. Charlevoix, who visited the spot some fifty years afterward, found that the wa- ters had forced a passage at the most difficult point, had cut through a bluff, rather than cross the lowland where that grave was. The river is called Marquette .f While the simple-hearted and true Marquette was pursuing his labors of love in the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were preparing to follow in his footsteps, and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him and the Sieur Joliet. These were Robert de la Salle and Louis Hen- nepin. ' ^ "^ • *TbU work U now very rare, but Marquette's Journal has been rcpublieUed by Mr. Sparks, at least in substance, iu Butler's Kentucky, 2d Ed. 492; and in tlio American Biography, 1st series, vol. X. A copy of the map by Marquette, is alxo given by Mr. Ban- croft, Tol. III. We have followed the original in Tbevenot, a copy of which is in Harvard Library. tCharlevoix'g Lettert, vol. II. p. 96. iVeio France, vol. VI. p. 20. Mnniuette spells the name of the great western river, "Mississippy;" Hennepin made it "Meschasipi;" others have written "Mesohasabe," Jco. Ac. There is great cuufusion in all the Indian oral names; we have "Kikabeaux," "Kikapous," "Quicapous;" "Ottaoucts," "Outnovas;" "Miamis," "Oumamis;" and so of nearly all the nations. Our "Sioux" Charlevoix tells ns, 13 the last syllable of "Nadouessioux," which is written, by Hennepin, "Nadoussion" and "Nadouessious," in his "Louuiana," and "Nadoua88ans,"and in his "Nouvellt Dtcou vtrtt," The Shawanese are always called the "Chouanouas," I i J- Robert dc la Salle. 1676 La Sullo was u native of Normandy, and was brought up, as wc learn from Charlevoix, among the Jesuits;* but, having lost, by Hoino unknown cau8C, his patrimony, and being of a stirring and cncrgetir* disposition, he left his homo to seek for* tune among the cold and dark regions of Canada, rhis was about the year 1670. Here he mused long upon the pet pro- ject of those ages, a short-cut to China and the East ; and, gaining his daily Inad, we know not how, was busily plan- ning an expedition up the great lakes, and so across the con- tinent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mis- sissippi. At once the hot mind of La Salle received from his and his companion's narrations, the idea, that, by following the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the streams which joined it from the westward, his aim might be certainly and easily gained. Instantly he went towards his object. He applied to Frontenac, then governor-general of Canada, laid before him an outline of his views, dim but gigantic, and, as a first step, proposed to rebuild of stone, and with improved fortifications. Fort Frontenac upon Lake Ontario, a post to which he knew the governor felt all the aflection due to a namesake. Frontenac entered warmly into his views. He saw, that, in La Salle's suggestion, which was to connect Can- ada with the Gulf of Mexico by a chain efforts upon the vast navignble lakes and rivers which bind that country so won- derfully together, lay the germ of a plan, which might give unmeasured power to France, and unequalled glory to him- self, under whose administration, he fondly hoped, all would be realized. He advised La Salle, therefore, to go to the King of France, to make known his project, and ask for the royal patronage and protection ; and, to forward his suit, gave him letters to the great Colbert, minister of finance and marine. With a breast full of hope and bright dreams, in 1675, the penniless adventurer sought his monarch; his plan was ap- proved by the minister, to whom he presented Frontsnac's letter; La Salle was made a Chevalier; was invested wilh the seignory of Fort Catarocouy or Frontenac, upon condition he wguld rebuild it ; and received from all the first noblemen and princes, assurances of their good-will and aid. Returning to Canada, he labored diligently at his fort till the close of 1677, when he again sailed for France with news of his pro- *Cbarl«roix'3 New France, Pods edition of 1744, vol. II. p. 263. '^'^^r 1676 ^as brought up, ;** but, having and being of a me to seek for- ida. rhia was on the pet pro- tho East ; and, 'as busily plan- across the con- 1 from the Mis- ceived from his y following the of the streams jht be certainly his object. He >f Canada, laid igantic, and, as with improved tario, a post to ction due to a his views. He :o connect Can- 8 upon the vast ountry so won- lich might give d glory to him- ed, all would be go to the King ik for the royal I suit, gave him i and marine, ns, in 1676, the 3 plan was ap- ed Frontenac's invested with upon condition first noblemen id. Returning ill the close of sws of his pro- 1678. Father Louis Hinnepin. 35 gress. Colbert and his son, 8«'ign«lay, now minister of niarin'', once more received him with favor, and, nt tht'ir instnnco, the King granted new letters patent with new privileges. His nuHsion having sped so well, un the 14th of July, 1(178, La Salle, with his lieutenant, Tonti, an Italian, and thirty men, sailed again from Rochclle for (Quebec, where they arrived on the 16lh of September ; and, after a few days' stay, proceeded to Fort P'rontenac* Hero was quietly working, though in no quiet spirit, the rival and co-laborer of La Salle, Loui.s Hennepin, a Francis- can friar, of the RecoUet variety ; a man full of ambition to be a great discoverer; daring, hardy, energetic, vain, and self- exaggerating, almost to madnes.s ; nnd, it is feared, more anx- ious to advance his own holy and unholy ends than the truth. He had in Europe lurked behind doors, he tells u>>, that he might hear sailors spin their yarns touching foreign lands; and he profited, it would seem, by their instructions. He came to Canada when La Salle returned from his first visit to the court, and had, to a certain extent, prepared himself, by journeying among the Iroquois, for bolder travels in the wilder- ness. Having been appointed by his religious superiors to ac- company the expedition which was about to start for the extreme West, under La Salle, Hennepin was in readiness for him at Fort Frontenac, where he arrived, probably, some time in October, 1678.t •Chorlevolx'g Jfew rrance, 1744, vol. II. p. 2«4, 208. Sparks' lifo of La Salle. Ameri- can Biography, new series, I. 10 to 15. t Uennepin's Wmo DUcoverg, Utreoht edition of 1097, p. 70. — CharloToix'K -Vf lo France Tol. II. p. 266. We give the name«of the lakea and rivera aa they appear in the early travel:. . < j Lake Ontario was alao Lake Frontenac. Lake Erie, was Erike, Erige, or Eric, from a nation of Erie^ deetroycil l>y the Iro- quoia; they lived where the State of Ohio now is (Charlevoix's ATfin JVoncc, vol. II. p. 62;) * it was aldo the Lake of Conti. Lake Huron, was Karegnond! in early times ( Ma]) of 1656 ; ) and also, Lake of Orleans. Lake Michigan, was Lake of Paans (Map of 1656; ) also, of the Illinois, or Illinose, or minouacks; also Lake Mischigonong, and Lake of the Dauphin. Lake Superior was lake Supcrieur, meaning the upper, nut the larger lake — also, lake of Conde. Ornen Bay, was Bale da Fuans. Illinois River, in Hennepin's Louitiana, and Joutol's Jouma/, is River Seignclay; and the Mississippi river, in those works, is River Colbert; and was by La Sallo, called River Colbert. Ohio River was Ouabonskigon, Oubaohi, Oubache, Oj-o, Ouye, Bollc Riviere ; and by La Salle, River St. Louis. Missouri River, was Pekitanoni, Riviere des Osascs ct Massourites ; and by Coxo is oallad y«Uow River. i \ -'3;g 36 Firit S< fifioncr on the Laics. 1679. The Chovnilcr's first st»»p was to Nond forward rnon to pre- pare the minds of the Indians along the lakns for liis coming, and to soften their heart i>y well-chosen gifts and weirds; an^antino Ucrs landed ; s the ground akcs or posts er ; and then e of Niagara, ^alle founded ; but, finding , and merely •s; and then, irned to Fort for his forth- ! frozen river fine polished ed upon tho ;o be named, the good will irtered ; and 79. On that all his goods, The vessel in eked through gh the more her provision r, a very nice in the spring tenac to get !our the lake sent before, 1 thus coming year slipped 1679. hi Siil/c in U'inoh. away, and it was the 7th of August before the Grijpn was ready to nail. Then, with Tc-Dtums, and the discharge of aniuehuNcs. she began her voyage uj) I^akc Krie. Over Lake Erie, through tlie strait beyond, across St. CInir, and into Huron the voyagers passed niost happily, in Huron they were troubled by storms, dreadful as those upon tho ocean, and were at last forced to take refuge in the road of Michilimackinac. 7'his was upon the 27th of August. At this place, which is described as one *' of prodigious fertility,'* La Salic remained until the middle of September, founded a fort there, and sent men therefrom in various directions to sp}' out the state of the land. He then went on to Circi-n Hay, the " Baio dcs Puan8,"t of the French ; and, finding there a large quantity of skins and furs collected for him, he determined to load the Grijfin therewith, and send her back to Niagara. This was done with all promptness; and, upon the 18th of September, she was dispatched under the charge of a pilot, supposed to be competent and trustworthy, while the Norman himself, with fourteen rnen, proceeded up Lake Michigan, paddling along its shores in the most leisurely manner; Tonti, meanwhile, having been sent to find stragglers, with whom he was to join the main body at the head of the lake. From the 19th of September till the 1st of November, the time was consumed by La Salle in his voyage up the sea in question. On the day last named, he arrived at tke mouth of the river of the Miamis, or St. Josephs, as it is now called.J Here he built a fort and remained for nearly a month, when hearing nothing from his Gr'tffin, he determined to push on before it was too late. On the 3rd of December, having mustered all his forces, thirty laborers and three monks, after having left ten men to garrison the fort. La Salle started again upon "his great voy- age and glorious undertaking.' Ascending the St. Josephs river in the south-western part of Michigan to a point where, oy a short portage, they passed to the *^The-au-ki-ki," (now corrupted into Kankakee,) a main branch of the Illinois river. Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to *In reality a very storila spot. tSo called from the fllthlnesa of the tavagct, who lived principally on fish.—Ed. JSce on this point, North American Beview, January 1839, No. CII. p. 74. ,,.■^1: «.■. • 'i ■',. - f yt'- 36 Fort Crevcceeur Built. 1680. observe that country, about the last of December, reached a village of the Illinois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but, at that moment, no inhabitants. The Sieur La Salle, being in great want of bread-stuffs, took advantage of this absence of the Indians to help himself to a sufficiency of maize, of which large quantities were found hidden in holes under the huts or wigwams. This village was, as near as we can judge, not far from the spot marked on our maps as Rock Fort, inXa Salle county, Illinois. The corn being got aboard, the voyagers betook themselves to the stream again, and toward evening on the 4th of January, 1680, fell into a lake which must have been the lake of Peoria. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them. La Salle deter- mined in that neighborhood to build another fort, for he found that already some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed; and, moreover, some of his own men were disposed to complain. A spot upon rising ground, near th s river, was accordingly chosen about the middle of January, and the fort of Crcvccaur (Broken Heart,) com- menced; a name expressive of the very natural anxiety and sorrow, which the pretty certain loss of his Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment (for there were no insurance offices then,) the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny on the part of his men, might well cause him. Nor were his fears by any means groundless. In the first place, his discontented followers, and afterwards emissaries from the Mascoutens, tried to persuade the Illinois that he was a friend of the Iroquois, their most deadly enemies ; and that he was among them for the purpose of enslaving them. But La Salle was an honest and fearless man, and, as soon as cold- ness and jealousy appeared on the part oJ his hosts, he went to them boldly and asked the cause, and by his frank state- ments preserved their good feeling and good will. His disap- pointed enemic's, then, or at .some other time, for it is not very clear when,* tried poison; and, but for "a dose of good treacle," La Sajle might have ended his days in his fort Crevecoeur. Meanwhile the winter wore away, and the prairies were •Charlevoix says it was at the close of 1679; Hennepin, that they did not reach the Il- linois, till January 4tli, 1680. We have no means of deciding, but follow Hennepin, whg it particular as to dates, and was present. "l"S6S5ii(f -■' tf' - k t 1680. jer, reached a five hundred rhe Sieur La advantage of sufficiency of dden in holes as near as we maps as Rock ag got aboard, tn again, and ;11 into a lake re the natives re gentle and a Salle deter- t, for he found ying to disturb )me of his own rising ground, the middle of Heart,) com- il anxiety and 'ri^Ti, and his no insurance of the Indians, ell cause him. s. In the first rds emissaries )is that he was lies ; and that ig them. But 3 soon as cold- hosts, he went 3 frank state- [1. His disap- r it is not very good treacle," yreveccEur. prairies were did not reach the II- low Henucpin, who is 1680. Loss of ihe Griffin. 39 getting to look green again ; but our discoverer heard no good news, received no reinforcement ; hist property was gone, his men were fast deserting him, and he had little left but his own strong heart. The second year of his hopes, and toils, and failures, was half gone, and he further from his object than ever; but still he had that strong heart, and it was more than men and money. He ^aw that he must go back to Canada, raise new means, and enlist new men ; but he did not dream, therefore, of relinquishing his projects. On the contrary, he determined that, while he was on his return, a small party should go to the Mississippi and exploie that stream towards its .source ; and that Tonti, with the few men that remained, should strengthen and extend his relations among the Indians. For the leader of the Mississippi exploring party, he chose Father Louis Hennepin ; and, having furnished him with all the necessary articles, started him upon his voyage on the last day of February, 1680.* Having thus provided against the entire stagnation of dis- covery during his forced absence. La Salle at once betook himself to his journey eastward : a journey scarce conceivable now, for it was to be made by land from fort Crevecoeur round to fort Frontenac, a distance of at least twelve hundred miles, at the most trying season of the year, when the rivers of the lakes would be full of floating ice, and offer to the traveler neither the security of winter, nor the comfort of summer. But the Chevalier was not to be daunted by any obstacles ; his affairs were in so precarious k state that he felt he must make a desperate effort, or all his plans would be for ever broken up ; so through snow, ice and water, he won his way along the southern borders of lakes Michigan, Erie and Ontario, and at last reached his destination. He found, as he expected, every thing in confusion : his Griffin was lost ; his agents had cheated *Tho commander was NAcau, corruptly made Sacan by many modern writers. Our authority is Dr. Sparks. In a manuscript correspondence on the subject, with the editor, Dr. S. says : "In my French MSS., I find the word written D'Acau, and I suppose it was commonly called Acnu. Hence Hennepin writes it from the sound Ako; and from the blind manner in which the name was written in Tonti's oiiglnal MS., D'Acau, was mistaken for JhuMj and here we have the origin of the conflict between Hennepin and Tonti, in regard to this, name, which has puziled the subsequent writeni." ■ Hennepin wns notorious for misstatements, and Jclaims to authority he neTcr possessed. He was with the expedition and the historian of it.— Ed. m Hennepin with the Indians. 1680. him ; }iis creditors had seized his goods. Had his spirit been one atom less elastic and energetic, he would have abandoned the whole undertaking ; but La Salle knew neither fear nor despair, and by midsummer we behold him once more on his way to rejoin his little band of explorers on the Illinois. This pioneer body, meanwhile, had sufTere 1 greatly from the jeal- ousy of the neighboring Indians, and the attacks of bands of Iroquois, who wandered all the way from their homes in New York, to annoy the less warlike savages of the prairies. Their sufferings, at length, in September, 1680, induced Tonti to abandon his position, and seek the lakes again, a point which, with much difficulty, he effected. When, therefore, La Salle, who had heard nothing of all these troubles, reached the posts upon the Illinois in December 1680, or January 1681, he found them utterly deserted ; bis hopes again crushed, and all his dreams again disappointed. There was but one thing to be done, however, to turn back to Canada, enlist more men, and secure more means : this he did, and in June^ 1C81, h''.d the pleasure to meet his comrade. Lieutenant Tonti, at Mackinac, to whom he spoke, as we learn from an eye-witness, with the same hope and courage which he had exhibited at the outset of his enterprise. And here, for a time, we must leave La Salle and Tonti, and notice the adventures of Hennepin, who, it will be remem- bered, left fort CrevecoBur on the last of February, 1680. In seven days he reached the Missis.sippi, and, paddling up its icy stream as he best could, by the Uth of April had got no higher than the Wisconsin. Here he was taken prisoner by a band of northern Indians, who treated him and his comrades with considerable kindness, and took them up the river until about the first of May, when they reached the Falls of St. Anthony, which were then so named by Hennepin in honor of his patron saint. Here they took to the land, and traveling nearly two hundred miles towards the northwest, brought him to their villages. These Indians were the Sioux. Here Hennepin and his companions remained about three months, treated kindly and trusted by their captors ; at the end of that time, he met with a band of Frenchmen, headed ' by one Sieur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had penetrated thus far by the route of Lake Superior ; and, with these f(!llow countrymen the Franciscan returned to the bor- 1680. his spirit been ave abandoned leither fear nor jce more on his 5 Illinois. This from the jeal- cks of bands of homes in New irairies. Their luced Tonti to a point which, eforc, La Salle, ached the posts 1681, he found led, and all his ane thing to be more men, and , 1G81, h-'.dthe ti, at Mackinac, itness, with the ;d at the outset i and Tonti, and vill be remem- uary, 1680. In paddling up its pril had got no n prisoner by a id his conu-ades I up the river led the Falls of r Hennepin in ) the land, and the northwest, v^ere the Sioux, led about three captors ; at the ichmen, headed and game, had rior ; and, with •ned to the bor- 1682. La Salle on the Mississippi. 41 ders of civilized life, in November, 1680, just after La Salle had gone back to the wilderness as we have related. Hen- nepin soon after went to France, where, in 1684, he published a work narrating his adventures.* To return again to the Chevalier himself, he met Tonti, as we have said, at Mackinac, in June, 1681 ; thence he went down the lakes to fort Frontenac, to make the needful prepa- rations for prosecuting his western discoveries ; these being made, we find him, in August, 1681, on his way up the lakes again, and on the 3d of November at the St. Josephs, as full of confidence as ever. The middle of December had come, however, before all were ready to go forward, and then, with twenty-three Frenchmen, eighteen eastern Indians, ten Indian women to wait upon their lazy mates, and three children, he started, not as before by the way of the Kankakee, but by the Chicago river, traveling on foot and with the baggage on sledges. It vas upon the 5th or 6th of January, 1682, that the band of explorers left the borders; of lake Michigan ; they crossed the portage, passed down to fort Crevecoeur, which they found in good condition, and still going forward, on the 6th of February, were upon tht banks of the Mississippi. On the thirteenth they commenced their downward passage, but nothing of interest occurred, until, on the 26th of the month, at the Chickasaw Blufis, a Frenchman, named Prudhomme, who had gone out with others to hunt, was lost, a circum- stance which led to the erection of a fort upon the spot, named from the missing man, who was found, however, eight or nine days afterwards. Pursuing their course, they at length, upon the 6th of April, 1682, discovered the three passages by which the Mississippi discharges its waters into the Gulf; and here we shall let La Salle himself tell his story, as it is given in the •This volume, called "A doscriptioi of Louisiana," he, thirteen ycnra atlcnrardB, en- larged and altered, and publiehed with the title, "New Discovery of a Vast Country situated in America, between New Mexico and the Froien Ocean." In this new publication, he claimed to have violated Ln Safe's instructions, and in tho first place to have gone dowa the Mississippi to its mouth, before ascending it. His claim was very naturally doubted ; and examination has proved it to be a complete ' ble, the materials having been taken from an occount publish )d by Lo Clcrcq in 1891, of La Salle's successful voytigc down the great river of the West, a voyage of which we have presently to spealt. T'-is account of La Clercq's was drawn from the letters of Father Zenobe Membre, a priest who was with La Salle, and is the most valuable published work in relation to the final expedition from Canada, made by that ranch-tried and dauntless commander. The whole subject of Hen- nepin's credibility, is presented by Mr. Sparks, in his life of La Salle, with great finitnen and irwisioa, and to that we refer all curious readers. 3 ^ Mouth of the River. 1682. "Procos-verbal" which Mr. Sparks has translated from the original in the French archives. It thus proceeds : "We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about throe leagues from its mouth. On the .7th, M. de La Salle went to reconnoitre the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti likewise examined the great middle chan- nel. They found these two outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th, we reascended the river, a little above its con- fluence with the sea, to find a dry place, beyond the reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to the said column we affixed the arms of France, with this inscription : LOUIS LE GRAND, RIO DE FRANCE ET DE NAVARRE, REGEN; LE NEUVIEME AVRIL, 1683. The whole party, under arms, chaunted the Tc Dcum, the Exiiudiat, the Dominc satvum fac Regcm; and then, after a salute of firearms and cries of Vive le Roi, the column was erected by M. de la Salle, who, standing near it, said, with a loud voice in French : — " 'In the name of the most high, mighty, invinciWc, and vic- torious Prince, Louis the Great, by the Grace of God, King of France and of Navarre, Fourteenth of that name, this ninth day of April, one thousand six hundred and eighty-two, I, in virtue of the commission of his Majesty, which I hold in my band, and which may be seen by all whom it may concern, have taken, and do now take, in the name of his Majesty and of his successors to the crown, possession of this country of Louisiana, the seas, harbors, ports, bays, adjacent straits ; and all the nations, people, provinces, cities, towns, villages, mines, minerals, fisheries, streams and rivers, comprised in the extent of the said Louisiana, from the mouth of the great river St. Louis, on the eastern side, otherwise called Ohio, Alighin, Sipore or Chukagoua, and this with the consent of the Chaou- nons, Chickasaws, and other people dwelling therein, with whom we have made alliance ; as also along the river Colbert or Mississippi, and rivers which discharge themselves therein, from its source beyond the country of the Kious or Nadoues- sious, and this with their consent, and with the consent of the Montantecs, Illinois, Mesigameas, Natches, Koroas, which are ■1 ■ 1682. latcd from the !cds : jsterii channel, £5 .7th, M. de La eighboring sea, ,t middle chan- largc and deep. ! above its con- ad the reach of was here about . column and a irms of France, ^RRE, REGEN; e Tc Dcum, the d then, after a 16 column was it, said, with a inciWc, and vie- , of God, King of lame, this ninth ;ighty-two, I, in ich I hold in my it may concern, his Majesty and " this country of ent straits ; and (Villages, mines, ed in the extent } great river St. I Ohio, Alighin, nt of tlic Chaou- g therein, with the river Colbert mselves therein, ous or Nadoues- le consent of the oroas, which are 16S2. Takes Possession of the Country. 13 the most considerable nations dwelling therein, with whom, also, wc have made alliance either by ourselves, or by others in our behalf;* as far as its mouth at the sea, or Gulf of 3Iexico, about the twenty-seventh degree of the elevation of the North Pole, and also to the mouth of the river of Palms ; upon the assurance, which we have received from all these nations, that we are the first Europeans who have descended or ascended the said river Colhert ; hereby protesting against all those, who may in future undertake to invade any or all of these countries, people or lands, above described, to the preju- dice of the right of his Majesty, acquired by the consent of the nations herein named. Of which, and of all that can be needed, I hereby take to witness those who hear me, and de- mand an act of the Notary, as required by law.' '•To which the whole assembly responded with shouts of Vive le Roi, and with salutes of firearms. Moreover, the said Sieur de la Salle ca.used to be buried at the foot of the tree, to which the cross was attached, a leaden plate, on one side of which were engraved the arms of France, and the follow- ing Latin inscription. LVDOVICVS MAGNVS RECENT. . , , NONO APRILIS CID IDC LXXXII. ROBERTVS CAVELLIER, CVM DOMINO DE TONTY, LEGATO, R. P. ZENOBI ME.MBRE, HECOLLECTO, ET VIGiyTI GALLIS PRIMVS HOC FLVMEN, I.NDE AB ILINEORVM PAGO, ENAVIGAVIT, EJVSQVE OSTIVM FECIT PERViVVM, NONO APEILIS ANNI CIO IOC LXXXII. After which the Sieur de la Salle said, that his Majesty, as eldest son of the Church, would annex no country to his crown, without making it his chief care to establish the Christian reli- gion therein, and that its symbol must now be planted ; -vhich was accordingly done at once by erecting a cross, before which the Vcxilla and the Domine sulvum fac Refcm were sung.— Whereupon the ceremony v/as concluded with cries of Vive Ic Roi. ■ * ' "Of all and every of the above, the said Sieur de la Salle having required of us an instrument, we have delivered to him i There is an obscurity in this enumeration «i lUicc ? id Indian nation", which may ha ascribed to an ignorance of the geography of the coiibc-y ; but it seems to bo the design of the Sieur de la Salle to take posaef'ion of the whole territory watered by the Missitsippi from its mouth to its source, and by the streams flowing in .o it on both tides.— Sparbe. . i(f^s ' ««," '!•'/,'• I ,^?, 1 111 44 Returns to Illinois. 1682. the same, signed by us, and by the undersigned witnesses, this ninth day of April, one thousand six hundred and eighty-two. "LA METAIRE, Notary. Dc La Salle, p. Zksore,' Recor.-d Missionaty^, Henry de Tonty, Fbancois de Boisrondet, Jean Bourdon, SiEuu d'Autray, jAaUES CACCHOId. Pierre Yoc, Giles Meucrat, Jean Michel, Surgeon, Jean Mas, Jean Dulignon, Nicholas de la Salle." Thus was the foundation fairly laid for the claim of France to the Mississippi Valley, according to the usages of European powers. But La Salle and his companions could not stay to examine the land they had entered, nor the coast they had reached. Provisions with them were exceedingly scarce, and they wei<^ forced at once to start upon their return for the north. This they did without serious trouble, although some- what annoyed by the savages, until they reached Fort Prud- homme, where La Salle was taken violently sick. Finding himself unable to announce his success in person, the Cheva- lier sent forwa/d Tonti to the lakes to communicate with the Count de Froutenac : he himself was able to reach the fort at the mouth of the St. Josephs, toward the last of September. From that post he sent with his dispatches, Fath Zenobe, to represent him in France, while he pursued the more lucra- tive business of attending to his fur trade, in the north-west, and Completing lus long prqjected fort of St. Louis, upon the high and commanding bluS" of the Illinois, now known as Rock Fort ; a bluff two hundred and fifty feet high, and acces- sible only on one side.* Having seen this completed, and the necessary steps taken to preserve a good understanding with the Indians, and also to keep up a good trade with them, in the autumn of 1683, the Chevalier sailed for his native land, which he reached, December l3th. At one time he had thought probably of attempting to estab- ••After exchanging views and faoU with Dr. SimrkJ, he writes, Nov. 26, 1846. "It ap- jv>v8 to m« that "Buflalo Rock," from your description, is most likely to have been the site of Ld SaUe's Fort St. Louis." B^ffa^o Jloek is a singular promuntory on th^ north side of the Ulinois river in La Salle county, six miles below Ottowa. It rises nearly 50 or 60 feet nearly perpendicular on three sides, and contains on its surface about 800 acres, of timber and prairie.— Oa». of Illinoia by Ed. 1682. d witnesses, this and eighty-two. AIRE, Notnry. r)L', L'CRAT, lEL, Surgeon, I CGNON, DE LA Salle." ! claim of France ages of European could not stay to le coast they had liiigly scarce, and ir return for the 3, although some- ached Fort Prud- ly sick. Finding ;rson, the Cheva- luntcate with the to reach the fort ast of September. , Fatlv Zenobe, d the more iucra- n the north-west, :. Louis, upon the , now known as it high, and acces- )mpleted, and the iderstanding with ,de with them, in r his native land, :empting to estab- I, Nov. 26, 1846. "It ap- likoly to haro been the IllinoU river in La Sails 'ly perpendicular on ttiree prairie.— Oai. of Illinois 1684. La Salle sails to France. 45 lish a colony on the Mississippi, by means of supplies and per- sons sent from Canada ; but farther reflection led him to believe his true course to be to go direct from France to the mouth of the Mississippi, with abundant means of settling and securing the country ; and to obtain the necessary ships, stores, and emi- grants, was the main purpose of his visit to Europe. But he found his fair fame in (tanger, in the court of his king. His success, his wide plans, and his overbearing character were all calculated to make him enemies j and among the foremost was La Barre, who had succeeded Frontenac as Governor of Canada. But La Salle had a most able advocate in France, so soon as he was there in person ; and the whole nation being stirred by the story of the new discoveries, of which Hennepin had widely promulgated his first account some months before La Salle's return, our hero feiind ears open to drink in his words, and imaginations warmed to make the most of them. The minister, Seignelay, desired to see the adventurer, and he soon won his way to whatever heart that man had ; for it could not have required much talk with La Salle to have been satisfied of his sincerity, enthusiasm, energy, and bravery. The tales of the new governor fell dead, therefore the king listened to the prayer of his subject, that a fleet might be sent to take possession of the mouth of the Mississippi, and so that the great country of which he told them be secured to France. — The king listened : and soon the town of Rochelle was busy with the stir of artisans, ship-riggers, adventurers, soldiers, sailors, and all that varied crowd which in those days looked into the dim West for a land where wealth was to be had for the seeking. On the 24th of July, 1684, twenty-four vessels sailed from Rochelle to America, four of which were for the discovery and settlement of the famed Louisiana. These four carried two hund..id and eighty persons, including, the crews ; the.e were soldiers, artificers, and volunteers, and also "some young wo- men." There is no doubt that this brave fleet started full of light hearts, and vast, vague hopes ; but, alas I it had scarce started when discord began ; for La Salle and the commander of the fleet, M. de Beaujeu, were well fitted to quarrel one with the other, but never to work together. In truth La Salle seems to have been no wise amiable, for he was overbearing, #•1 |;"v«-- / f 46 Rctiini!' tn the Guff of Mexico. 1694. harsh, .ind probably sflfish to the full extent to be looked for ill a man of worldly ambition. However, in one of the causes of quarrel whioli arose during the passage, he acted, if not with policy, certainly with boldne'^s and humanity. It was when they came to the Tropic of Cancer, where, in those times, it was customary to dip all green hands, as is still sometimes done under the Equator. On this occasion the sailors of La Salle's little squadron promised themselves rare .sport and much plunder, grog, and other good things, the for- feit paid by those who do not wish a seasoning ; but all these expectations were stopped, and hope turned into hate, by the express and emphatic statement on the part of La Salle, that no man under his command should be ducked, whereupon the commander of the fleet was forced to f(3rbid the ceremony. With such beginnings of bickering and dissatisfaction, the Atlantic was slowly cro.ssed, and, upon the 20th of September, the island of St. Domingo was reached. Here certain ar- rangements were to be made with the colonial authorities; but, as they were away, it became necessary to stop there for a time. And a sad time it was. The fever seized the new- comers ; the ships were crowded with sick ; La Salle himself was brought to the verge of the grave ; and when he recov- ered, the first news that greeted him, was that of his four vessels, the one wherein he had embarked his stores and implements, had been taken by the Spaniards. The sick man had to bestir himself thereupon to procure new supplies; and while he was doing so, his enemies were also bestirring them- selves to seduce his men from him, so that with death and desertion, he was likely to have a small crew at the last. But energy did much ; and, on the 25th of November, the first of the remaining vessels, she that was "to carry the light," .sailed for the coa.st of America. In her went La Salle and tlie historian of the voyage, Joutel.* For a whole month were the disconsolate sailors sailing, and sounding, and stopping to take in water and .shoot alliga- tors, and driftir g in utter uncertainty, until, on the 28th of De- cember, the nr. lin land was fairly discovered. But "there being," as Jou el says, "no man among them who had any knowledge of that Bay," and there being also an impression ''Joutel accompanied La Sallo, and tv was published in Paris, 1713. In the mau uently wrote his "Journal HUtoHque," which appears to to a truthful narrative.— Ed. 1694. II be looked for no. of the causes lie acted, if not nanitv. It was where, in those vnds, as is still is occasion the themselves rare things, the for- sj ; but all these iilo hate, by the f La Salle, that , whereupon the le ceremony, satisfaction, the ;h of September, lere certain ar- lial authorities ; to stop there for seized the iiew- lia Salle himself when he recov- that of his four his stores and The sick man w supplies ; and bestirring them- with death and ■ew at the last, vember, the first carry the light," La Salle and tlie ! sailors sailing, and shoot alliga- n the 28th of De- ed. But "there n who had any so an impression •tmal HUtoHque," which [hful narrative.— Ed. 16S5. Lnnds in Texas, 47 that they must steer very much to the westward to avoid the curroiJts, it was no wonder they missed the Mississippi, and wandered far beyond it, not knowing where they went; and so wore away the whole month of January, ltt85. At last, La Salle, out of patience, determined to land some of his men and go along the .shore toward the point where he believed the mouth of the ^Mississippi to be, and Joutel was appointed one of the commanders of this exploring party They started on the ith of February, and traveled eastward, (for it was clear that they had pas,scd the river) during three days, when they came to a great stream which they could not cross, having no boats. Here they made fire signals, ind, on the L3th, two of the vcs-^els came in sight ; the mouth of the river, or entrance of th<» bay, for such it proved to be, was forthwith sounded, and the harks sent in to be under shelter. But, sad to .say, La Salle's old fortune was at work here again ; for the vessel which bore his provisions and most valuable stores, was run upon R shoal by the grossest neglect, or, as Joutel thinks, with malice prepense; and, soon after, the wind coming in strong from the sea, she fell to pieces in the night, and the bay W(w full of casks and packages, which could not be saved, or were worthless when drawn from the salt water. From this un- timely fate our poor adventurer rescued but a s:.iaU half of his second stock of indispensables. And liorc, for a moment, let us pause to look at the Cheva- lier's condition in the middle of March, 1685. Bcaujcu, with his ship, is gone, leaving his comrades in the marshy wilder- ness, With not much of joy to look forward to. They had guns and powder, and shot; eight cannon, too, "bu*^ not one bullet," that is, cannon-ball, the naval gentlemen having refused to give them any. And here are our lonely settlers, building a fort upon the shores of the Bay of St. Louis, as they called it, known to us as the Bay of St. Bernard, or Mata- gorda Bay, in Texas. They build from the wreck of their ship, we cannot think with light hearts ; every plank and tim- ber tells of past ill luck, and, as they looked forward, there is vision of irritated savages, (for there had been warring al- ready,) of long search for the Hidden River* of toils and dart- gers ill its ascent when reached. No wonder, that "duriaig that time several men desertt d." So strong was the fever for * So tbo Spaninrdi called the Misiissippi. % I 41 DiJficuUus in Texas. 1685. desertion, that, of some who stole awny and were retaken, it was found necessary to execute one. And now La Salle prepares to issue from his nearly comple- ted fort, to look around and see where he is. He has still a good force, some hundred and fifty people ; and, by prompt and determined action, much may be done between this last of March and next autumn. In the first place, the river falling into the Bay of St. Louis is examined, and u new fort com- menced in that neighborhood, where seed is planted also ; for the men begin to tiro of meat and fish, with spare allow- ance of bread and no vegetables. But the old luck is at work still. The seed will not sprout ; men desert ; the fort goesi forward miserably slow ; and at last, three months and more gone to no purpose, Joutel and his men, who arc still hewing timber at the first fort, are sent for, and told to bring their tim- ber witb them in a fioat. The float or raft was begun "with immense labor," says the wearied historian, but all to no pur- pose, for the weather was so adverse, that it had to be all taken apart again and buried in the sand. Empty-handed, therefore, Joutel sought his superior, the effects being left at a post by the way. And he came to a scene of desolation ; men sick, and no houses to put them in ; all the looked-for crop blasted ; and not a ray of comfort from any quarter. "Well," said La Salie, "wo must now muster all hands, and build ourselves 'a large lodgment' " But there was no tim- ber witbin a league; and not a cart nor a bullock to be had, for the buflaloes, though abundant, were ill broken to such labor. If done, this dragging must be done by men ; so, over the long grass and weeds of the prairie-plain, they dragged some sticks, with vast suffering. Afterwards the carriage of a gun was tried; but it would not do; "the ablest men were quite spent." Indeed, heaving and hauling over that damp plain, and under that July sun, might have tried the constitution of the best of Africans ; and of the poor Frenchmen thirty died, worn out. The carpenter was lost; and, worse still. La Salle, wearied, worried, disappointed, lost his temper and insulted his men. So closed July ; the Chevalier turned carpenter, marking out the tenons and mortises of what timber he could get, and grow- ing daily more morose. In March he thought much might be done before autumn, and now autumn stands but one month removed from him, and not even a house built yet. '•'i'mimMms, y«""f» j y- 1685. kere retaken, it nearly conple- lle has still a by prompt find en this last of lie river falling new fort corn- planted also ; th spare allow- luck is at work ; the fort goes onths and more ire still hewing bring their tim- as begun "with it all to no pur- t had to be all Empty-handed, 8 being left at a B of desolation ; 1 the lookcd-for my quarter, r all hands, and 5re was no tim- ck to be had, for n to such labor. 0, over the long ged some sticks, J of a gun was :rc quite spent." lain, and under n of the best of died, worn out. Salle, wearied, suited his men. er, marking out I get, and grow- much might be but one month yet. 1680. Disastrous Ejrj)cdition. \0]. And August soon passed too, not without results, however; for the timber that had been buried below was got up, and a second house built, "all covered with ])lanks and bullock*^ hides over them." And now once more was La Salle ready to seek th« Missis sippi. First, he thought he would try with the last of the four barks with which he left France ; the bark La lit.lk, "a little frigate carrying six guns," which the King had given our Che- valier to be his navy. But, after having put all his clothes and valuables on board of her, he determined to try with twenty men to reach his object by land. This was in Deccm- ])or, 16S5. From this expedition he did not return until March, 16N6, when he came to his fort again, ragged, hatless, and worn down, with six or seven followers at his heels, his travels having been all in vain. It was not very encouraging; but, says Joutel, " we thought only of making ourselves as mer- ry as we could." The next day came the rest of the party, who had been sent to find the little frigate, which should have been in the bay. They came mournfully, for the little frigate could not be found, and she had all La Salle's best cfl'ccts on board. The bark was gone ; but our hero's heart was still beating in his bosom, a little cracked and shaken, but strong and iron- bound still. So, borrowing some changes of linen from Joiiul, toward the latter end of April, he again set forth, he and twenty men, each with his pack, "to look for his river," as our writer aptly terms it. Some days after his departure, the bark La Belle came to light again ; for she was not lo.st, but only ashore. Deserted by her forlorn and diminished crew, how- ever, she seems to have been sufliered to break up and go to pieces in her own way, for we hear no more of the little frigate. And now, for a time, things went on pretty smoothly. There was even a marriiige at the fort; and "Monsieur le Marquis la Sabloniere" wished to act as groom in a second, but Joutel absolutely refused. By and by, however, the men, seeing that La Salle did not return, "began to mutter." There were even proposals afloat to make away with Joutel, and start upon a new enterprise ; uio leader in which half-formed plan was one Sieur Duhaut, an unsafe man, and inimical to La Salle, who had, probably, maltreated him somewhat. Joutel, however, e& Allcwjtt an Orrrland Juurnei/. 1687. loarncd tlio sfato of mnttcrs, and put n stop to nil such pro- ccediii;,'-*. Ktiowinij idlciirsts to bo n root of couiitlcNs evils ho mndt' liin in«n work nnd dnnco as long as there was vigor enough ill thoia to keep their iiinhs in motion; nnd in such inaimcr the Mumincr passed away, until in August T>a Salle returned. Ho had been as far as the sources of tlje Sahine, probably, l)ut had suffered greatiy; of the twenty men he had taken with him, only eight eame hack, somo having fallen sick, some having died, and others deserted to the Indians. He had not found "his river," though ho had been so far in that direction ; but ho camo back full of spirits, "which," says our writer, "revived the lowest ebb of hope." He was all ready, too, to start again at once, to seek tho Mississippi, and go on- ward fo Canada, and thence to France, to get new r«>cruits nnd sui)plies ; but, "it was determined to let th«! great heats pass before that enterprise was taken in hand." And the heats passed, but with them our hero'.s health, so that the proposed journey was delayed from time to time until the 12th of Januarv, 16S7. On that day started the last company of La Salle's adven- turers. Among them went Joutcl, and also the discontented Duhaut ; and all took their "leaves with so much tenderness and .sorrow as if they had all presaged that they should never sec each other more." They went northwest along the bank of the river on which their fort stood, until they came to where the streams running toward the coast were favorable, nnd then turned eastward. From the 12th of January until the loth of March did they thus journey acro.ss that southern country, crossing "curious meadows," through which ran "several little brooks, of very clear and good water," which, with the tall trees, all of a size, and planted as if by a line, "aflorded a most delightful landskip." They met many Indians too, with whom La Salle established relations of peace and friendship. Game was abundant, "plenty of fowl nnd par- ticularly of turkeys," was there, which was "an case to their sullerings ;" aiid so they still toiled on in shoes of green bul- lock's hide, which, dried by the sun, pinched cruelly, until, following the trac!cs of the buffaloes, who choose by instinct the best ways, they had cume to a pleasanter country than they had yet passed through, and were well on toward the Iong-.?ought Father of Waters. 1687. > all such pro- nuiltlrss I'vils 'TO was y'l'^nr 1 ; niid in such i^'iist r.a 8nlle of th»' Sahiiu', ty men he had haviii},' fallen e hidiaiis. He 1 so fur in that hieh," says our Wfis nil ready, )j)i, and go on- t new reeruits he great henta n