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W [F/-o/^i "St. Ja^ies' Mac.aztne ani> I Ixttkd Empire Hkview/' /o/

^ i- J

HON. JOSP^PH HOWE,

L1EIJT.-(J0VERN0R OP' NOVA SCOTIA.

In Mcmoriam.

I5Y MARTIN J. GRIFFIN.

Tins fircat colonial statesman, had he been born in the United States,
would have been at least Vice-President ; had he lived in Eng-land,
he would have occu])ied a place beside John Bright in the affections
of the British people. But he was born and lived in Nova Scotia ;
he ruled in the councils of his Province ; he l)ecame a minister of
the Dominion ; and he came home to die the Governor of his native
land. On the 21st of May last, writing: of the death of another
Canadian statesman, Sir George E. Cartier, I said, opening the
article, —

" It is one of the finest and freest of public tributes to the wisdom and dignity
of age, that we alwa^'s unconsciously associate fulness of dajs with the names of
our public men. When they come to die we are often surjjrised to find that they
were so young.

" Tak(! our present Governor for instance. To the now rising generation he
seems a hundred years old. To one who

' Comes as one whose thoughts half linger,
Half run before —
The youngest to the oldest singer
Our country bore,'
Mr. Howe seems a man of patriarchal age ; for while this generation was in the
nursery the public voice was repeating in different tones, in ' fifty different
sharps and flats,' the political chorus of 'Howe !' ' Howe !' And the budding
interest in public affairs which agitated the school-boy discussions was later
quickened into activity with the same chorus of ' Howe !' ' Howe !' And all the
fleeting months of j^outh, with its studies and pleasures, its conceits and ambi-
tions, were saved from political forgetfulness by this same name of 'Howe!'
' Howe !' And in all the recent years which have added some of life's respon-
sibilities to the prepared energies of youth, no name has been more tossed about
between contending parties than this of 'Howe!' 'Howe!' Till at last the
clamour ceases as the founder of our constitutional system has added the roof and
crown to his labours by becoming the Governor of his native land."

It did not occur to me that within two weeks thereafier I should
have the melancholy task ■/)rced on me of writing lor Colonial
readers in their own jour,\\als the obituary notice of Joseph Howe.
Old, broken, dying as b.e seeme'^^ when he took me by the arm and
talked of my future vj. the railwaV st«t,ion at Ottawajere he left the

capital for Nova

8cotia

he was v**^ ^^^ familiar a name, he was so

^ ■' A

incorporated with the politics of the diiy and the history of his
province that his death seemed a remote eontinj^ency ; it seemed as
if he must never die, but must always be Joseph Howe, tlie man
who in every household in the country was familiarly known, and
in every public matter had a hand, in every dispute a part, and in
every contest a species of candidature.

But the end has come for him. On Sunday morning*, the first
day of June, he yielded up his s})irit. The " g'ood g'rey head that
all men knew " is low enou<j:h now. The tireless hand that per-
formed so much labour as printer, journalist, ])olitician, minister,
lecturer, is powerless. The eloquent tong-ue is still. The eyes that
sparkled so with the li<^ht of humour and the fire of <^enius are
without lustre now. And the ears that for forty years had been so
often filled with the plaudits of shoutin^jj thousands are filled ere
now with dust. The wires carried swiftly to the Continent the
news of his death, and those who were familiar with ]niblic events
in the British Colonies knew at once that a very aljle if not a pi^reat
man was dead. But it was in Nova Scotia that the sense of loss
was most manifest and the regret ji^reatest. The news of his d(?ath
was known at once almost in the country towns; it spread rapidly
to the remote villages, and everywhere there were regretful and
kindly words spoken, and even manly tjars shed, in memory of
Joseph Howe. Those who had followed him to the end politically,
sometimes against their better judgments, found themselves some-
how justified in his death and at his grave. Those who had opposed
him while loving him felt many a pang of regret that, even with a
patriotic purpose, they gave pain to the latest years of the once
popularly worshipped man. The farmers driving along the country
roads stopped each other to tell anecdotes of his contests and to
lament with each other his passing away. The tiller of the soil
driving a-field had his mind full of that strangeness that comes over
one on hearing of the death of a great, tumiliar man. Those whose
thresholds he had crossed in his canvassings, and by whose fireside
he had made himself at home recalled his humour, his kindness, his
sympathy, his winning ways, his many stories that he told them as
the night deepene 1 and the logs in the chimney grew dark towards
the hour of retiring. And I need hardly speak of the regrets of
those who during many years were aided by him who never aided
his own very much, who have lived in positions in which he placed
them, and had a quietude in the pnblic service which he never had
till it came to him for a few weeks at the last, a premonition of the
quietude of the grave.

Between birth and the grave Joseph Howe passed sixty-nine
years. He was born in a cottage on the banks of a beautiful arm
of the sea, which runs in behind Hajfi^x, in Nova Scotia, and in
the invigorating air of the place ar^ am^ all the pleasant possi-
bilities of healthful exercise he laj^ j^^ thwi^ stock of health which
enabled him to endure for so many years the ^vere public labours
which he took upon himself. \

^ vP Q

Concevninti^ the ori<4'iii of tlie Howe finully (to which he reforrcd
at leiij^th in an oration delivered in the United States at a g-reat
Ilowe ^atherin*]^ a tew years ag-o) he said, in a sjjeeeli delivered at
S(»ulhanii)l()ii in 1S,'>|, when he went to Mni;liind l(j impress npon
the (lovernment and the people the necessity lor aiding the railway
])oliey of the colonies, —

" Diniiipf the old tiiiios of persecution, four brotliors, beiu-iii<!: my iiauio, left
till' Soutlicrn counties of England, and .settled in four of tiie old New England
States. Tiieir descendants number thousands and arc scattered from Maine tu
(.'alifornia. My father wiis the only descendant of that stock who at the Revo-
lution adlierc(l to the side of England. Ifis bones rest in the Ifalifa.K church,
yard. I am his only surviving son ; and, whatever tlie future may have in store,
I want, when I stand beside his grave, to feel that I have done my best to pre-
serve the connexion he valued, that the British flag may wavo above the soil in
wiiich he sleeps."

Ilis wish was fulfilled ; and in further fulfilment of what was the
passion of his lifetime, the desire to preserve the Empire intact
and to live always under IJritish banners, he now sleeps himself in
earth over which the JJritish fla<>;' still lloats, and over his jifrave will
be wafted, mornino^ and evening-, the sounds of the martial music
of Eno'land.

Mr.Howe^s early education was not an eminently scholastic one ; he
had to o-o several miles to school in a time when school-teachin"" was
not a very elevated occupation ; and all that he possessed of culture
and knowledg-e of " sweetness and light ^^ he owed not to schools
or colleg'cs, but to the conversations and instructions of his much-
loved father and to the passion for books and study with which
nature had happily endowed him. He began to work early. At
the age of thirteen he entered into the Gazeite office to learn the
trade of a printer, and for ten years he worked at the case, distin-
g'uishing- himself somewhat and teaching himself a great deal more
by actual hard practice in composition of verse and prose printed
anonymously in the provincial papers. In 18^7 he purchased a paper
called the Chrumcle, changed its name to the Acadian, and took his
first step towards public life. Within a year he sold out the
Acadian, and took up the Nova Scotian, which had been established
for some years, and had been edited by the first talent of the time
in the province. He was a very young man, and people thought it
would not succeed ; but it did ; and for many years the Nova Scotiam
contained an amount of eloquence, ability, force, and knowledge
unsurpassed, I venture to say, by any similar newspaper of that
date in J3ritain. Young Howe worked like the conventional
" nigger," day and night, reading, writing, reporting, compiling,
canvassing, and doing all in his power to mnke his paper successful.
This work was continued for seven years — years tiiat saw his self-
education enlarge, his tastes improve, his style grow more polished
and vigorous, and his views more settled and independent ; for one
thing he became very early a warm free-trader, at a time when men
were shy of committing themselves to what was then a rather novel
theory. During these active years Mr. Howe's name became fami-

•i

liar, nnd liis pnjxT ])()pnl!\r. All llic juildic rpiosiiims of the day,
the privileji'ps of' tho House of Assembly, tiie (h'prpclation of the*
ourreney, and tho rustoms' laws wove treated in his paper hy Mr.
Howe with an ability that slK)ne eonsj)ionons above even the ablest
of an able set of thorouf^hiy educated ;ind polished politicians. As
a matter of course so active a iournalist must neeessarilv have made
enemies. There were all sorts of abuses in a city which was
g-overned and affairs which were administered, by men not respon-
sible to the p<^ople ; and Mr. Howe ])ublished a letter on these abuses
which so incensed the authorities that they had him indicted crimi-
nally for libel at a time when the law of libel was in a dis^-raceful
state of unfairness. He consulted the lawyers; but they told him
his ease was hopeless. His jiroeeedinfrs then may be best told in
his own lively and characteristic lan^-uag-e : — •

" I aski'd tliom to lend me tlieir books, ^rathend an anr.ful, throw mvsolf on a
fiof'a, and read libel law tor a week. Hy that time I Ind convinced myself that
they were wroni,'. and tliat there was a jjood defencd if the ease were properly pre-
sented to tlie court and jnry. Another week was spent in selectin;^ and arranfjfinj?
the facts and pul)lic ditcunienls on wliiuli 1 relied. I did not ^et through before
a late hour of tlie evening before the trial, having only had time to write out and
ooniniit to nicniory the two openijig paragraphs of the speech, all the rest was to
b» improvised as I went along."

The f"neech which he delivered on the occasion of his trial is pub-
lished in full in his " Life and Letters." It is a wonderful " first
speech " for a young" and untried man. It contained all the qualities
of the lawyer, the politician, the oraior, the poet, the humourist. I
might cull from it passages which are unsurpassed in their way. I
shall nuike only two extracts. The first is a specimen of the humour
that crops out continually in all his speeches. It is a description of
the frauds practised on the county of Halifax by the irresponsible
and corrupt keeper of Bridewell : —

" When this man and his family walked abroad their feet were protected b\' the
county; when they gave an entertainment Oau; was despatched from Bridewell
with the celery ; when they were disposed to enjoy the luxury of the bath the
county furnished the tubs ; and even the melod}' of Miss Itoach's canaries was
breathed through the cages manufactured at tiie public expense. They had, some
time ago, a poet in Bridewell, and t am inclined to believe, although without
access to the document 1 would not state it as a fact, that he was fully employed
in writing sonnets ibr the family album. If yoii send me there I shall be com-
pelled to print him a newsjjaper for nothing, and then the list of his luxuries will
be pretty complete. I am afraid, however, that be did not anticipate this day.
He never imagined that this 'Tale of a Tub' would have such a general circula-
tion ; he never dreamt, when retiring to the bath, that he was really ' getting
into hot watei'.' Before we are done with him I fear he will be in condition to
take what poor Sardinia used to call ' one vapour bath.' "

And putting aside the tem])tations which press upon me, I confine
myself strictly to this striking- passage concerning' the liberty of the
press : —

" If for a moment I could fancy that j'our verdict would stamp me with crime,
cramp my resources with lines, and cast my body into prison, even then I would
endeavour to seek elsewhere for consolation and support. J*]ven then I would

not lU'si'if 111^ priiici|)lt'rt nor iibaiidun thi' piith lliiit tlio ^cnorons inipulsf.'j oi'
youth seitH.'ti'u, iiihl wliicli my riper jiid^nnt'iit .siiictioiis iind iipproves.

" I would toil on iuid hope lor betUr tinus. till the principles ol' IJritisli liberty
iind liritisii law had become more p'oendly ilitrused, nnd Imd forced their way
into the hearts of my countrymen. In the mean time I would endeavour to >fuard
tiii'ir interests — to jirotect their libeities, and while Providence lent mo health
mid stren<,'th the inde])rndenceor liie picss sliouid never be violated in my hands.
iVor is there a livin<; thin;; beneath ni}- roid'that woidd not aid me in this struy:;Ie:
the wife who wits by my fireside, the children who ])hiy around my henrth, tlm
or|)han boys in my oHice, whom it is my pride and pU-asure to instruct from ibty
to day in the obli;,'iitioiis they owe to their profession and their country, would
never suifer the press to be wounded throuj.;!! my side."

rrM

riio result of the trial was the ae([uittal of Howe, and his acquittal
was hailed with an almost national rejoieinj^-.

From this period the events of his life be^"an to aeeumulate, and
the net of political life to tlj^hteu about him. The student of his
career may linJ much to interest and instruct him. Nova Scotia
had not a mile of railway in J 8-35. Howe advocated the buildm*^
of what was known years alter as the Windsor line, and which
I'orms now the connectinii" link with the Intercolonial between
Halifax and the Continent. The Le<^islative Council of the Pro-
vince sat with closed doors, vere ap])ointed by the Crown, and were
entirely irresponsible, hauo-hty, and unpopular. Howe, in aid of
others, attacked the system and the Comcil, and, after a hard and
violent liyht, in which were lavished such stores of learning, ora-
tory, and wit as seem ridiculous by contrast with the object the
agitators wished to accomplish, but such as no other colony of the
Empire could show in the speeches of its public men, — the Hun-
tingdons, Archibalds, Haliburtons, Blisses, and Wilkinses of Nova
Scotia were in that early time men of ref' led education, cultivated
intellects, and practised ability, and Howe became ere long the
noblest Nova Scotian of them all, — after a fierce tight the Assem-
bly triumphed, and the doors of the Council were made open to the
])ublic, who I'rom that day to this, content with the theoretic
j)rivilege they had obtained, never darkened the doors of the Council
in numbers greater than might fill a sentry-box, except on the
occasion of the oj)ening of the Legislature, when beauty came to
" rain influence" for a brief moment on the legislative throng.

Out of Howe^s victory over the corrupt municipal officers of
Halifax rose his agitation against the form of our constitution.
The Legislative Coun(!il (the Lords) were chosen by the Crown,
and generally were mere favourites and persons residing in the
capital. They opposed the wishes of the Assembly ; they prevented
the establishment of proper customs' laws, and they were besides a
body almost entirely chosen from the Episcopal Church, which was
in a small minority in the Province — about one-fifth of the whole
population. Moreover the Episcopal Bishop had a seat at the
Council Board, while the Catholic Bishop was excluded. Family
connexions monopolized most of the power and offices. The Chief
Justice was a member of the Council of the Ciovernor, and this

body held their scatM for life. A<rainst tliis fl3-stem IIowc moved
twelve resolutions, and wpuke inaiiy times and wrote very rniicli ;
and, after many years, he had tlie satisfaetion to see his plans
aecomplished, and to feel that he had been foremost in the work of
ncconiplishment. lie won for Nova Seotiii the boon of eonsti-
tutional government.

From tiie very first be led an active existence ; and the student
of his life will find him early in his jxilitieal career ever at tlic head of
every movement agitating for constitutional g(n'erninent, dcfcnd-
inti^ the Province from imputations of disloyalty durlnif the
Canadian troubles of IM30-7, travelling- and jokinj^ with "Sam
Slick," addressing public meetings, entering the ministry, winning
the spe.'.kershi]), going abroad to obtain aid for ilu? Intercolonial
llailway ; in fi le, leading the very active life of a Colonial poli-
tician. In these early years he laid the foundation for nearly every
great political movement that has since taken j)lace. Freedom of
trade with the other Colonies, and with the United States, the
necessity for aiding Uritish emigration to Canada, the Confede-
ration of the British North American Colonies, the Oiujanization
OF THE Emimhe, — all the ideas and arguments that have since been
used and developed on these grand subjects, were chicHy furnished
by Joseph Howe, the printei-^s ai)inentice. Hear him as he talks
concerning tiie carelessness with which British politicians treated
these Colonies : —

"When I liave seen tliem quibljling with the irreat questions of a surplus
population, mendicit}', and crime, I have nsked niyselt", Do these men know that
there is, within the boundaries of the empire, witliin ten days' sail of Enjjland,
emplo^'ment for all ? freehold estates for all, with scarcely a i)rovocative to
crime? I have often thought, sir, how powerful this empire might be made,
liow prosperous in peace, how invincible in war, if the statesmen of England would
set about its organization, and draw to a common centre the high intellects
■which it contains,

'* With our maritime positions in all parts of the globe ; with every variety of
soil and climate; with the industrial capacity and physical resources of two
hundred and sixty millions of p('oj)le to rely on ; what might not this empire
become if its intellectual resources were combiuea for its government and i)re-
servation ? If the whole population were united by common interests, no power
on earth ever wielded means so vast, or influence so iiTesistible. But, sir, let
the statesmen of England slumber and sleep over the Held of enterprise which
lies around them ; let them be deluded by economists who despise colonists, or
by fanatics who preach peace at any price with foreign despots ; while no pro-
vision is made to draw around the throne the hearts of millions predisposed to
loyalty and affection ; and the results we may surely calculate. Should the
other half of this continent be lost for the want of forethought and sound know-
ledge, there will be trouble in the old homestead, ' Shadows, clouds, and dark-
ness,' will rest upon the alx)de of our fathers ; the free soil of England will not
long be unprofaned, and the gratit:ude of Turks, and the friendship of Austrians
or Republican Americans, will form but a po<jr substitute for the hearts and
hands that have been flung away."

And again hear him as he declaims against the policy whicli
called a new world into existence to redress the balance of the old
— while neglecting to preserve and ensure that other Balance of
Power in America : —

" Eiii;land'rt lumr of cxtroniity sliould iicvor l)e our opportunity for unytliiiig
b»it woi'Jh of clurr and tlie lii'lpnjj^ liinul. iJut, hir, conio poivco or wiir, it is tlie
intcrt'st of Kiij^liiiid tiiiit tin- trutli Ih* told her, Ih the balunci' of power in
Anii'ricii «n unimportant consiilt'ration, and iiow is it to lu* preserved, except by
prc«ervin;if that half of the eontinent which still l)elon<»» to Kn^^land? and that
ean only l)e done by elevatin;^ the inhabitants of these I'rovinces in their own
opinion, and in tliat of the world at lar<^e."

To tdovate the colonist into a 8ii])jc'ct of tlie Empire was a con-
stant oI)ject witli liim, and all his sijccchcs arc full of his pride of
his citizenship of the Jiritish Empire. He says, addrcssinj^ the
lSi)caker of the Nova Scotian Assembly, —

" Uelieve nio, sir, that my obligations to n»y sovereign as her sworn Councillor,
to the liead of the (iovernnient as his constitutional adviser, anil to the party
with which I act, press heavily ujion me. Ihit yet, rising with the magnitude of
this great thenu', 1 shall endeavour to catch its inspiration; remembering only
that 1 am a iS'ova Scotian, the son of a loyalist, a North American, a true
subject of the Queen, but one whose allegiance, to be perfect, must include every
attribute of nuudiood, every privilege of tlie empire."

But his loyalty never made him for<^et the wisdom of conciliating
the o'ood-will of the Americans; and in his several visits to the
United States he made many speeches which were well received.
At one of these semi-festive occasions he said, —

" Our fathers carried the Ked Cross Banner at the (Jrusades, flaunted their red
and white roses in each other's faces at the civil wars ; and at Agincourt,
Crecy, and Poictiers, bent their bows and wielded their battle-axes for the
lu)nour and to the eternal glory of ' our mother countr}'.' In the struggles of the
lieformation, and in the later civil wars, you had your share. At liamillies and
Oudenarde, and at Quebec our ancestors fought side by side. Marlborough and
Wolfe are yours ; Shakspeare and Milton and Si)enser are yours ; Russell and
Hampden, and even Chatham are yours. We have common lot and part in all
the great names that emblazon a common history and have enriched a literature
that we cannot divide.

The dates of his official positions are o^iven in the Parliamentary
Companions and other semi-bioju^raphieal books of the day. He
was a member of the Nova Scotian Assembly from 1836. He was
Speaker from 1810 to 1811. He was Collector of Customs for
184-2-3. He was Provincial Secretary from 1818 to 1851, 3,nd from
1860 to 1863. Political events of a local kind threw him out of
public life till 1866, when he began one of the most stormy and
unfortunate periods of his political existence. It was at that time
that the Union scheme was prepared at Quebec, and the Nova
Scotian delegates came home to prepare to pass the measure in the
legislature, which it was proposed to do without an appeal to the
people. I well remember the anxiety which people felt concerning
the probable action of Mr. Howe. He had been silent for a long
time ; and his silence was felt to be very unworthy of him. There
was relief, even among those who were deeply disappointed in him,
when he took the first step in that opposition to the Union which
carried with him once more, this time not so happily perhaps, the
whole province of Nova Scotia. It was at one of the earliest public
meetings in Halifax that he first declared himself the anti-confede-
rate leader. Dr. Tupper was speaking, and was comparing the

opposition to the union of thi' colonies '.vith tlie opposition io the
less henelieiiil Act ol' Ueciprocity with lh»' I niied States, when iMr.
Ilowe rose and said that he had not opposed the Treaty on its merits,
but on account of its Iniviiif^- been ne<;'()tiated hy Lord I'll^in "witli-
out a Nova Scotian at his aide to <,nve counsel or advice/' This
evi(h^nt reference to tlic acts of tlie delef^-ates wI»o })n)])osed to
have tlie Act of Union passed without an upj)eal to the people was
received as an intimation of his hostility, and jj^reeted with a ^rcat
burst of min<^led surpriK<', pleasure, and resentment. In the subse-
quent election (after the Act had been passed, however), Mr. Howe
was so powerful a leader and was so well supported that oidy one
of the Union members was returned to the first parliament.

Mr. Howe was, in the two years that followed the openiufj^-of the
anti-confederate a^j^-itation, led into courses thut j)erhaps his better
judgment disapproved of, and iK'came the adv<K.'ate of schemes that
were daufij-erous and imi)ossible, and the author of sayinj^s that
seemed strange to come from so loyal and peaceful a man.

The end of the a^'itation had been reached, however, almost within
a year, and after the ilrst flush of victorious excitement in opjiosition
to the f^'rand Confederation scheme had ])assed away, he saw that he
had acted out of hai'tnony with his whole life's history; and in 180!),
after nuikinj^ favourable financial terms with the dominion for the
province, he accepted a seat in the Cabinet of Canada. Not his
leaving", but his joining* the anti-confederate agitation was his
fault. He made a ^reat mistake when he entered on his anti-con-
federate career, and the reparation of his mistake cost him very
dearly in the loss of many i'riends and sup[)orters. But he had the
satisfaction of seeing* that the main body of the most intellig-ent
public men of Nova Scotia followed liis exarai)le without delay, and
entered into an unwritten compact to support and develope, to
strengthen and defend the union that was not to be destroyed, and
that had even within three years proved beneficial instead of ruinous.
Since 1809, when he accepted a cabinet oHice, he had been elected
twice — the first time over a man in whose favour all the political and
mercantile weight of the great anti-confederate party had been thrown
(a fact which shows clearly how deeply-rooted was his popularity),
and the second time by acclamation. His health began to fail, how-
ever, from the time he went to live at Ottawa, and even his intellect
seemed less active than of old. Age had come on ; violent party
struggles, with rough journeys, fierce debates, and severe exertions
of mind and body, had proved too much for Joseph Howe, and for
two or three years past he had been compelled to leave the arena,
and let the younger men wield their weapons — not /lis weapon,
none of them could wield that — in the contests in which he had
early won his spurs, and long remained a famous man and a con-
queror. For a year past it had been rumoured that he would be
the Governor of Nova Scotia on the close of the term of Sir Charles
Hastings Doyle, our last Military Governor. From some not
uninHueniial quarters there came opposition, but the heart of the

coiiiitrv fairly bt'iit re^jponsive to the laiit,''un^<? of tliosc who said,
" Vca, let {\u'. veteran have; honour ami )>e;iee aft«!r his hiiiidred
lields ; let the Man of the People ho the (fovernor of the lV()i)le;
let the Nova Scotia boy, wlio went to the printer's case at thirteen,
and who foii«^ht so well for his country, have at last, ere the
end, the hij^hest place which the Province can ^ive hiiu." This
was (lone; and but four weeks a<i^o this day, as I write almost,
Mr. Howe came to Nova Scotia its (rovernor. Without having
taken part in one ])ublic ceremonial, without havinyf appeared onco
in his olhcial capacity in [)ublic, without havini^ left more than his
name on record as (iovernor of Nova Scotia, he passed away from
ymon<^ us. Of his rank as a statesman, his eloipuMK'c as an orator,
his capabilities as a poet (whicli were f]^reat in their way), his style
as a man of letters (he wrote the tinest oration on Shakspeare, on
the occasion of the Tercentenary celebration, that was j)ublished on
this side of the Atlantic or the other side either), I have left myself
no space to speak. It is enou<j;'h for the present that 1 have
recorded imperfectly and baldly the chief (!vents of his life.

Over his ^-rave many tears were shed, many faults for«4-iven him,
many a kind word s[)oken. The memories of many who followed
liim to the <j;Tave went back over a (piarter or half a century and
recalled the time when they cheered, loved, and honoured him ; and
for the sake of what was noble and brilliant in that old time, for the
sake of the mutual co-operation, the friendly intercourse and the en-
thnsiastic admirations of the lonj,' past, for<^ot the strife, the anj^er,
the harshness of the strug<,^les that have just terminated, and the time
that has but just f^one by. And if one of the old men and reverend
who followed the hearse to the grave should have desired to sa<?-
g-est to the youn<4'er men who joined in that sad procession any
sentiment appropriate to the occasion, perhaps in all the writings
of the dead he could find nothing mere appropriate than these lines
from a poem written by Joseph Howe in 1851 : —

" The Roman pfather'd in a stately urn

The dust he honour'd— while the sacred fire,

Nourish'd by Vestal hands, was made to burn

From age to age. If fitly you'd aspire,

Honour the dead ; and let the sounding lyre

Recount their virtues in your festal hours ;

Gather their ashes ; higher still and higher

Nourish the patriot flame that history dowers.
And o'er the old man's grave go strew your choicest flowers."

OBITUARY OF THE MONTH.

]\Iay 17th. — The death of John Stuart Mill is announcod, at
Avi<^iV'. He left En<4land recently in excellent health, and
purport makin<4- a tour in Russia durinf^- the present summer, and
liis unexpected death has <^-i-eatly moved his many admirers and
friends, and, indeed, all intellectual and literary circles in Europe and
America. As is well known, Mr. !Mill rej)resented Westminster in
the late Parliament, but was defeated by Mr. W. II. Smith, the
eminent bookseller and newsvendor of the Strand, at the last (Ji-ene-
ral election. The truth is, however, that Mr. jMill did not make a
j^ood member of Parliament, and his very advanced views on social
(piestions sta<»-gered sober-minded men of all parties. Of Mr. MilFs
books his " System of Lo<j;'ic^^ has always been the most popular —
it is now in its eig-hth edition ; but it is stated on authority that his
return for Westminster increased greatly the sale of this, and,
indeed, of all his works. Mr. Mill's correspondence was extensive
and various, and efforts are being- made to collect it with a view to
publication. Some very remarkable letters are said to have passed
between himself and Auguste Comte respecting women. Mr. Mill,
as is well known, had an exalted opinion of the sex, and Comte con-
troverted it by maintaining- that "the intellig-ence of women
amounted at best to only a small instantaneous sagacity." Mr.
Mill had also a long- correspondence with M. de Tocqueville on
political questions, and it is hoped that the letters of both are
extant. The place which Mr. Mill will take in the ranks of literary
men of fame must, however, be decided by posterity. At present
society is too much divided between those who revere his memory
highly and those who love it not. The author of his obituary notice
in the Times (Mr. Hayward, Q.C.) thinks that " to class him with
Locke, Bentham, Adam Smith, or Malthus is preposterous."
Meanwhile a committee, of which the Dukes of Devonshire and
Argyll, and the Marquis of Salisbury, and Lords Derby and Russell
are prominent members, and which comprises Mr. Alfred Tennyson,
Professors Jowett, Huxley, Bain, and Cairnes, Mr. Lecky and Mrs.
Garrett- Anderson, with Sir John Lubbock for its treasurer, and
Messrs. Arthur Arnold and W. T. Thornton for its honorary
secretaries, has been formed " to consider the most fitting- mode of
expressing- the national respect for the memory " of the departed
Thinker and Philosopher. It is pleasant to find amid this contro-

versy an anient frienil and admirer of Mr. Mill payin<^ a just,
tribute to his ))rivate wortli and kindly disposition. After record
of a pleasant day spent with tlie ^-reat ]ihilosoi)her in makin*j^ the
descent of the Asian Olympus, " with views at every o))enin<»' over
the (glorious plain of Jiroussa, with the Sea of Marmora <>-lcamin,i>' in
the distance, a sig-ht comparable only to the oasis of Damascus," he
g-ives an account of their table-talk, and says, " Very false will h(»
the conception of Mr. Mill if he is thoug'ht of oiily as the dry
log-ician and political economist. In him a tender and ])assi()nate
heai't was united with a splendid intellect, liut was it not neces-
sarily so? For truth and justice were at once the g^reat aim of his
intellect and chief feature of its results. And is truth and justice
possible without the larg-e-heartedness of love?"

May 20th.— At 17, Welbeck Street, the lion. Sir Geor<j^e Etienne
Cartier, Bart., Minister of Militia and Defence in the Dominion of
Canada, ag-ed 57. He had recently come to Eng-land for the benefit
of his health, and, under medical treatment and a careful reg-imen,
had so far improved that he had arrang-ed his passage to Canada in
the mail steamer of the 21)th of the month, which, however, was
destined to carry his remains. A week l)efore his death Sir Georg-e
suffered a relapse, and sunk rapidl\^ under his ailment — disease of
the kidneys. Sir George Cartier was descended from a brother of
the celebrated navigator Jacques Cartier, of St. Malo, to whom the
lionour belongs of having discovered Canada. The nephews of the
discoverer finally became residents of the colony which their illus-
trious uncle had added to the kingdom of France, settling at St.
Antoine, on the Chambly lliver, Lower Canada, since the residence
of the family. From one of these ne])hews the late Minister was
descended, and he v.-as born in his native parish of St. Antoine in
1814. Having been educated for the bar, Mr. Cartier early in life
ai)plied himself to the reform of the law with respect to the status
of French Canadians in their own " old country," allying himself
with Monsieur Papineau, the acknowledged champion of that pro-
scribed race, whose then position is thus described by Morgan in his
"Celebrated Canadians :" —

" In 1832 tlie population of Lower Canada was abont 500,000, of whom
425,(XK) were of French descent and spoke the French languaj^e, while tlic
reiraining 75.000 comprised the whole English population ; yet the latter
monopolized 157 otKces, while hy the former only 47 were held, and these were
generally of an inferior order, which often made the holders dependent on the race
which monopolized nearly all the principal situations. Of the judges only three
were French, although in the seigniories the civil laws of France were in force,
and with these English judges were necessarily but little acquainted. The
practice once resorted to by James I , of interrogating the judges in private
upon cases on which they would afterwards have to adjudicate, was frequently
resorted to, and it was complained that a disposition was shown to screen
criminals who had rendered themselves conspicuous in the serv'ce of the Govern-
n\ent. As late as 1843 only four French judges occupied seats on the bench of
Lower Canada, and one of these. Judge Vallieres, had only been appointed
second judge in Quebec by Lord Gosford. Before then, Quebec, Montreal, and

Throe Rivers districts liad each hut one French Ciinadiiin judge to ii(hiiinister
French law — Panet, Bedard, and lioUand. An attempt was nia<h' to impose
upon the French Canadians tlie Kii<;lish law of primogeniture (which has since
been aholislied even in Up|>er Canada), dowry, and several otlier customs that
were repui^nant to the |2^.reat majority of the population. Lord (fostoi'd was
probahly. to a certain extent, duped by the pretence of the oligarchy that the
preservation of British interests required the systematic exclusion of Fi'ench
Canadians from real legislative influence or executive position; and, as if he
expected to conciliate tlie proscribed race by the most transparent of exjiedients.
he procured the appointment to the Legislative Council of a few perscnis who
had been favourites of the people and leaders in the other house. But when
they found that the number of those who had received such appointments was so
small that they were rendered powerless by the superior number of the ]n'ops of
the oligarchy, they resolved to abstain i'roni taking part in the ])roceedings of
the Chamber of which tliey were nu-mbers. The judicial and legislative functions
were united in the persons of some legislative councillors; aliens were, contrary
to the const itutioniil Act, appointed to that Chamber; pluralists grew fat on
public plunder; and ])artisan return ing-othcers attempted, but in vain, to force
unwelcome representatives upon the people. To the exeiiions of Lord Durham
is due the change of system which had produced such a numerous train of evils,
culmiuiiting in insurrection both in Upper and Lower Canada. His re])ort, as
High Connnissioner i\.v inquiring into the condition of the country, dealt the
death-blow to the oligarchy. Jn 1S41, seven years before INI. Cartier entered
Parliament, responsible government ha been established. In 1H48 he was first
elected for the county of Vcrcheres. succeeding the Hon Mr. Leslie, whom ihe
Crown had appointed member of the other Chamber. ]\I. Cartier continued to
represent that constituency until the general election of 18(51, when he contested
Montreal with the leader of the Rouge or Lower Canada Opposition Party,
M. Dorion, who had hitherto always been returned for that constituency' with
tremendous majorities, and defeated every candidate that cuuld be brought
against him ; after a hard struggle the victory was declared on M. Cartier's side.
Tliis has been declared the greatest election triumph ever achieved in Canada,
giving, as it were, the death-blow to the Lower Canadian oppositionists. At the
election in 1857 he contested Montreal as well as his old constituency, and
although he did not secure his own election for the city, his object in standing a
double conteat was generally considered to have been secured in the defeat of
Mr. Holton. On the 25th of January, 1856, M. Cartier was first appointed to a
Ministerial office ; be became Provincial Secretary in the McNab-Tache Ministry.
On the 24th of May, 18.'(i. he succeeded Mr. Drumniond as Attorney-General
for Lower Canada, on the fuini;ition of the Tache-Macdonald Ministry. In
November, 1857, he became leader of the Lower Canada section of the Govern-
ment, the Hon. J. A. Macdonald becoming Premier, and the Ministry, under its
new phase, being known as the Macdonald-Cartier Ministry, wl.ich in 1858
became the Cartier-Macdonald Administration."

The prominent features in the programme of this Government
were, the Confederation of the British North American Provinces
(for the first time adopted as a part of the policy of a Canadian
Government) ; the construction of the Intercolonial Railway, and
the maintenance of the Queen's decision in favour of Ottawa as the
permanent seat of Government of Canada. Mr. Cartier came to
England in 1858, to bring the two first-named schemes under the
attention of the Imperial authorities, as a means of settlement of
the vexed constitutional difficulties which then existed in the Pro-
vince of Canada ; also the question of the acquisition by Canada of
the Hudson's Bay Territory. The suggestions contained in the
letter addressed at that time to the then Secretary of State for the

l;'>

Coloiiios (the lato Tjonl Lytlon) by llie (k'l('ii;"a<t's, constltilocl the
l)asis of tlie ])oli(*y of the (^niiidiaii ('oalitJon (iovernnient ot" 1S()4,
f'ovmofl tor the purpose ot" se('nrini»' the Contcih.M'utioii of British
North Anieriea. Mr. Cartier was made a member ot" the Queen's
Privy Conneil in Canada, and a))|)ointed Minister of ^Militia and
Defence in J8()7, and created a Baronet of the United Kingdom
Aug-nst, 1S68, in which year he aiifain came to En^-land to confer
with the (Jovernment respecting" the defence of the Dominion and
the acquisition of the North-West Territory. To dwell on tlie
h'O'islative achievements of Sir (jeorg-e Cartier would be to write
the history of Canada during* the past twenty-tive years. He had
a hand in all the great works of the time, and a very prominent
hand in many of them. Although his name is not inscribed with
that of Stephenson and of Ross on the Victoria Bridge, we must
not forget how much the successful carrying out that g-reat
work is due to his perseverance and energy ; and connected with
it we may relate a story which is current in Canada respecting Sir
George. He was dining* with her Majesty, when the Queen ques-
tioned him respecting tlie Victoria Bridge, and desired to know it?
length. Sir (ieorge told the Queen that it was a very long bridge,
spanning" the St. Lawrence at its widest part at Montreal. Her
Majesty, however, asked how many yards long" it was, and Sir
(jeorge's answer is always dwelt on by Canadians with symptoms
of real pleasure. "Ah, Madam,'^ he is said to have replied,
" when we Canadians build a bridge, and venture to name it after
your Majesty, we don't measure in yards — but in miles." Cana-
dians have also to thank Sir George for the following public
measures which may be said to owe their existence to him:— The
promotion of education and the establishment of Normal schools;
the im])rovement in several particulars of the criminal laws ; final
iibolition of feudal tenure; decentralization of justice in Lower
Canada ; determining" and settling the laws witli regard to lands in
the townships of Lower Canada ; the codification of the civil law
and the civil procedure of Lower Canada; the Conliederation of
British North America ; the reorganization of the Militia of the
Dominion ; and the erection of fortifications for the defence of the
country. A funeral service was given at the French Catholic
Church, King Street, Portman S(juare, on the Tuesday following
Sir George Cartier's decease, preparatory to forwarding his re-
mains for interment at Montreal. The chapel was draped in
black, and the coffin, placed in the centre, was surrounded with
lights, and many wreaths of flowers and immortelles were placed on
it to his memory by his family and friends. The lie v. Vicar
Joursell officiated at the Requiem Mass. The Miss Cartiers were
present, and the following noblemen and gentlemen, amongst
others, attended the ceremony : Lord Lisgar, late Governor-General
of the Dominion of Canada, Sir Hugh Allan, the Hon. A. G,
Archibald, late Governor of Manitoba, Sir Henry Havelock,
General MacDougall, Sir John Rose, Sir Petor Tait, the Hon. J. S.

jMactlonald, (>)lonol Creorc^c Donisoii, Sir Ricliard AracDonnell,
Major Walker, and Messrs. \V. 11. Smith, M.l\, Knatelibull-
1 1 ii<»essen, M.P., Alex. Uivin<yton, J. Staiulish Ilaly, R. (1. Herbert,
J. j\I. (jrraiit, J, Ross Ri/bertsoii, McAdain, Richard Potter, Robert
(lillespie, John rriestnum, 11. liiirkholder, D. JJryner, Joseph
Nelson, William Dixon, F. (jauthier, John Cameron, Hector S.
Robertson ; Major Hope, ex-town Major Quebec, Capt. Hender-
s(m, 60th RiHes; Messrs. John Cameron, AV. Cmiard, and Henry-
Poole. Lady Rose, Mrs. Ap])leby, Miss Macdonald, Miss Gauthier,
Mrs. Joseph Nelson, Mrs. John Ross, Mrs. Cuvillier, and JNIrs.
J. Ross Robertson, were also present.

May 28tli. — At Laughton Lodj^e, Hawkhurst, Alderman Su*
James Duke, Rart., the senior Alderman of the City of London,
aged S'. Li early life Sir James Duke served in the Royal Navy,
liaving acted as Secretary to Admiral Sir John Gore, but quitting
the service, he eL.barked in his commercial career in ISll). He
filled the office of Sheriff' of London and jNIiddlesex in LS^iO, when
he received the honour of knighthood, and in 1840 he was elected
Alderman of the ward of Farriiigdon Without, a post he held until
his death. In ISIS Sir James Duke became Lord Mayor, and in
ISI'J, on the opening of the new Coal Exchange in Lower Thames
Street, of which he was a prominent member, was created a Baronet.
Sir James Duke represented Boston from 1837 to 18 iO, and sat for
the City of London from 1810 until 1805. He married in 18():J
Miss Jane Bennett, by whom he leaves three daughters and a son,
now Sir James Duke, ^nd Baronet, born June :i5th, 18(55.

June 1st. — At Halifax, Nova Scotia, his Excellency the Hon.
Joseph Howe, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province, aged 69. Mr.
Howe luul recently been appointed Governor of Nova Scotia, in
succession to Lieut.- General Sir Hastings Doyle, and had arrived
at Halifax only a few days previously to his sudden death. The
late Governor Howe was a self-made and, indeed, also a self-edu-
cated man. He was a native of Nova Scotia, and began life, like
Eranklin, as a printer^s apprentice. His vigorous intellect, united
with great industry and perseverance, led to his advancement, and
finally promoted him to the head of the Government of his native
country. Early in life, when an apjirentice, young Howe attracted
attention by bringing out a poem called "Melville Island/' and,
after ten years' hard labour as a printer in the ILcdlfax Gazette
office, he became part proprietor of the Weeklij Chronicle^ the nanie
of wdiich paper lie changed to the Acadian. The subsequent sale
of this journal realized for him a handsome sum of money, and
enabled him to start a newspaper on his own account. In 1827
he became sole proprietor and editor of the Nova Scotian, and it was
through the jiages of this journal that the humour and wit of Sam
Slick of Slickviile — "The Clockmaker" — was first introduced to
the world. Eor twenty years Mr. Howe persevered in his inde-

pendent conrsc as a journalist, duriuf^ wliich time he conferred real
benefit upon the liteniture (►!' his country by bringing* out, at a
heavy loss to himself, llaliburton's " History of Nova Scotia,"
which has ever since been regarded as a standard work. It was in
I8ti5 that Mr. Howe lirst o])ened up to himself a new career — that
of a public orator. This distinction came upon him unawares. He
had to defend himself in an actiou for libel, and made so admirable
a speech of six hours and a half's duration that he won a verdict
and established his reputation as a speaker at the same time. As a
conseciuenee, Mr. Howe almost immediately obtained a seat in the
local Legislatiu-e, and soon after became a member of the Govern-
ment of Nova Scotia. He was subsequently chosen Speaker of the
House of Assembly. In 1 858 Mr. Howe's " Sj)eeches and Public
Letters" were deemed worthy of collection and publication. When
Nova Scotia came into the Confederation Mr. Howe was elected a
Member of the Dominion Parliament, and soon afterwards, in 1870,
appointed Secretary of State for the Provinces. In May last
he was nominated Governor of Nova Scotia by Sir John Mac-
donakVs Administration. Mr. Howe was well known and highly
esteemed in England, having otiiciated on several occasions as
Colonial Agent for the Lower Provinces.

June 5th. — The death of Urban Ilattazzi, the Italian patriot, is
ann(ninced at Frosinone. He was nominated, first, Vice-President,
and then President of the Italian Chambers in 1852, and, throwing
himself energetically into the work of Church and State reform,
won a popularity which may be said to have been universal, excej)t
amongst the clergy themselves, throughout Italy. The separation
of Church and State in Piedmont was a work accomi)lished by him;
he also contributed to the abolition of convents and monasteries in
the kingdom. In l8G:i Ilattazzi was not only President of the
Council, but held the offices of Minister for Foreign and also for
Home Afiairs ; but in the winter of that year he had to succumb to
the many influences combined against him, with Minghetti at the
head of his adversaries. He, however, obtained the Presidency of
the Council again in 18(37, but his administration was not for-
tunate, and its termination may be said to have closed his public
career. Ilattazzi married the Princess of Solms, daughter of
Letitia Bonaparte and Sir Thomas VVyse. Madame Rattazzi is
well known as a versatile writer, and adaptations from her romances
keep possession of the French stage. The King went to Frosinone
to see Ilattazzi shortly before his death, and the Chamber ordered
that the flag which floats on Monte Citorio should be draped with
black for fifteen days. The funeral took })lace at Alessandria on
the 1 1th June, and was a grand and touching spectacle. The town
was in mourning and the shops closed. Forty thousand persons
were present, including members of numerous working men's
societies, representatives of municipalities, senators, and all the
civil and military authorities. Ladies scattered flowers along the

wliole line of the procession. The Raltazzi family is an ancient and
noble one in Italy.

June 8Ui. — At Woodrisinj^' Hall, Norfolk, the Rij^ht Hon. Henry
Charles, 4th Earl Cado<^'an, a^-ed (51. The deceased Earl was
educated at Oriel Collejii-e, Oxford, where he j[?radnated R.A. IS;}2.
He afterwards entered the Diplomatic service, and was an aHache
at St. Petersburg^ from June, IS.'H, to July, 1S.'J5, and subsequently
from March, 18.'38, to July, 1S50, was Secretary of the British
Embassy at Paris. In IHll he entered Parliament as Member
for Reading, and he represented that borough in the House of
Commons up to the general election of ISj./. From July, 185^, to
April, 1857, he represented Dover. He succeeded to the family
honours on the death of his father, the 3rd Earl, in September,
1864. The family of Cadogan derives its descent from the British
Princes of Powys. William Cadogan, a member of the family,
settled in Ireland about the year 1600, and established himseli at
Lismullen co. Meath. He became M.P. for Monaghan, and
distinguished himself during the civil war by a gallant defence of
the Castle of Trim. His grandson, William Cadogan, entered the
army, and rose to high distinction in the wars of Marlborough,
becoming a general otficer; he succeeded as Commander-in-Chief of
the army on the death of the Duke of Marlborough, and was
created 1st Earl Cadogan 1718. His Lordship died without issue
1726, when the Earldom, together with his title of Viscount
Caversham and Lord Reading, became extinct ; but the Barony of
Cadogan devolved on his brother Charles, second Baron Cadogan,
who married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Hans
Sloane, Bart., by which he became possessed of the Manor of
Chelsea. His only son, Charles Sloane, 3rd Ijord Cadogan, was
created Earl Cadogan and Viscount Chelsea, 27th December, 1800.
The late Earl married, 1836, Mary, third daughter of the late Hon.
and Very Rev. Gerald Wei lesley, D.D., Dean of Durham, and neice
of the great Duke of Wellington. By this lady, who only died a
few months ago, the late Lord leaves three sons and one daughter.
The eldest son. Viscount Chelsea, now 5th Earl Cadogan, has only
recently been returned M.P. for the City of Bath.