GRASSES OF NORTH AMERICA.
BV
W. J. BEAL. M.A., M.Sc. l»n.l)..
J'tofessor e/^ liotiiny and horistry in Mii/tigan
Agricuitiiral CoUege.
CoMtents 0/ Vol. /.-CHAPTERS ON THE PHYSI-
OLOGY, COMPOSITION, SKLECTION. IM-
PROVING, AND Cl'LTlVATION OK OR ASSKS;
MANAGEMENT OF GRASS LANDS; ALSO
CHAPTERS ON CLOVERS, INJURIOUS IN-
SECTS. AND FUNGI. 8VO. $2.50.
CanUxts of Vol. //.—THE GRASSES C LASSIFIED.
DESCRIBED. AND EACH (;ENrS ILI.fS
TRATED, WITH CHAPTERS ON THEIR
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, AND A
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Sv.).
HENRY HOLT & CO.,
Publishers, New York.
il
\
GRASSES
or
NORTH AMERICA
BY
W. J. BEAL, M.A., M.S., Ph.D.
I'ro/esior p/ Hotany niiii J't'ti-stty in
Michigan Agricuiturui College
m
IN TWO VOLUMES
% Vol. II
THE GRASSES CLASSIFIED, DESCRIBED. AND EACH
GENUS ILLUSTRATED, WITH CHAPTERS ON
THEIR (iEOGRAIMHCAL DISTRIBUTION
AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY
►■»»
NEW YORK
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
lSc)6
Copyright, 1896,
BV
HEXRY HOLT & CO.
ROBERT DRUMMOND, KLBCTROTYPHR AND I'H»NTKR, NBW VORK.
PREFACE.
To some extent this volume supplements the first, though in
mosst respects it is an indei)endeiit work. The first volume is in-
teiitled more particularly for farmers and students, and comi)rise8
chai»ters on the jdiysiology, composition, selection, improving, and
cultivation of gras^^es and clovers. A few of the illustrations in the
lirst apply also to species descrihed in tlie .second.
It is ten yeans, lacking less than live months, since the first vol-
ume was i»u]»li.shed. During this i)erio(l many collections have been
added to the herbarium and new ])ul»lications have a])pcared, mak-
iiiir it often ncccssarv to clianw and add lo tiie text. Owiiiif to the
nature of the W(U-k, it seemed necessary to have many specimens
well in mind at one time; to do this it was necessary to limit the
time for study to a few weeks each year. Little o]>portunity could
be found for this work while college classes were to be instructed;
besides a considerable i)ortion of the long vacation was claimed for
])articipating in farmers' institutes.
It has re(piirod some courage and jKirsistence to adhere to the
rtork so long, realizing fully that it must contain many defects, and
that pcriia[)s its chief use would be to serve as the basis for others
in the future to enlarge, correct, and otherwise ihi]»i*ove.
f)riginally it was the intention that I'rol". J'\ L. Scribner should
furnish all the drawings and share as author of this volume, but to
my regret he appeared to be unable to coiu|)li'te his i)art of the
work. As will be seen, he furnished many of the drawings and
^Irs. I). ^[. Ifichardsoji the others, with a single exception which
was nnido by H. (>. Longyear. Prof. Scribner furnished hints
for some of the artillcial keys.
lit
IV PREFACE.
In most cases the generic eliamoters closely follow those given
by Bentham ai:«l Hooker in Genera Plantarnm. Some valuable
extracts from Heiitham will be found regarding the writings of
prominent authorities on grasses ; also notes regarding the tribes
and some of the genera.
Besides the fine herbarium of Micliigaui Agricultural College, I
have been ])ermitted toexanune all the grasses in the herbaria of the
University of Michigan and Harvard University (including the
grasses of the late Dr. CJeo. Thurber), those of the Department of
Agriculture at Washington, and those of Professor Seribner.
Prof. L. II. Bailey rendered some assistance in reporting the
geographical distribution of certain species ; Professor S. j\I.
Tracy furnished some notes on geographical distribution; L. 11.
Dewey looked up a number of authorities and furnished notes con-
cerning a few sjH'cies. A. A. C'rozier rendered valuable assistance
in reading much of the revised j)roof.
I have made an enormous number of measurements, usually
many from several plants for each species, and have recorded the
extremes. With rare exceptions the figures given are the results
of my own measurements. To familiarize readers with the decimal
scale here adopted, the i>ublishers have placed a sheet in the back
part of this volume on which are ruled duplicates that may be cut
out and used to mejisure any part of a grass which is to be com-
jtared with tlie text.
Up to Aj)ril, 1805, when the text was sent to the j)ublisliers, I
had described all species that I was able to obtain that were
native of the T'nited States and northward; all those collected in
Mexico by ('. (J. Pringle and Dr. E. Palmer, but net the meagre
specimens of several of the older collectors in Mexico and Central
America.
Heartily thanking every one who has rendered assistance and en-
couragement, this long-delayed volume is now subject to the in-
spection of all interested in the subject.
W. J. BEAL.
AomciTl.TlU.VI, COM.EOK, Micu.,
S«'pti'inl)er, 1«96.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
GKAMINE.E 1
Iiuporttiiit Works on Graniinooe 3
The Division iiilo Tribes and Subtribes 7
DIVISION I. PANICACE.E V2
TiuuK I. Maydk/K i;5
1 . EucliliiMia i:'.
2. Zc!i 15
3. Tripsivcuin IT
4. Coix li>
TUIBK II. ANI)i:()rO(i<)NK,K 'JO
5. Impi'iatii ',*1
U. Misciuithus i2;5
T. Saccliiirum 25
s. Eriiuitliiis l'(i
y. .Maiiisuris 2!(
10, Ilackflochloa :!'J
11. Ereuiocliloa IM
1 "i. Tracliy pogoii W'l
l;{. Elionunis ;;tt
14. Aiulr(>[)<)U()n ',',U
TlllBK ill. ZuYSIK.K (i5
15. Atlu'iilioiii <!('»
K;. lliiaiiii (IT
IT. yEg()i)(i,!,'()ii . . TO
IS. Nazia (Tnn/us) T:!
li>. SclialTiK ra T4
Thiuk IV. Thistkcixk.k 15
'JO. ArundiiiL'lla 70
TuiiiK V. T'amck.k ~,s
•Jl. Uciinaria (?(►
22. Paspaluin «1
'J3. Antha-imntia !)T
34. Anipliicarpuii Its
25. Eriocliloa loo
26, Paiiic\nn 1 04
2T. Ichnantiuia 115
88. Oplisnuims 140
V
VI CONTENTS.
PAOE
20. Cli.Tliiim 148
30. t'liama'iitp'iis {Setnria) l.jO
ill. C'enclirus IT)!*
3i. Peiiuisi'tuiu , Ki'i
33. Steiiotiipliniiu ... Ki?
34. Olym 1(5H
TiuiiK VI. Oky/.i:.k 1«!)
3.'). Ilyilnu lil.iii 1TI»
3G. IMuinis 171
37. liUziola 171
38. Zizaiiiii 17:!
351. Zi/.aiiinj)sis 17.">
40. On /.a 17(>
41. Hjniialoceiiclnus ( J.ei'r.sin,. 177
DIVISION II. I'OACK.E 180
TitiuK VII. I'ii.\i..\i{inK.K 180
ii. Plmlari.s .... 181
43. Amhoxjuithuni 184
44. Savas-liina ( flieror/i/oP) 18.">
TuiBK VIII. A(iUosTiui;.K 180
45. Aiisticla 193
■16. Slipa 211
47. Ory/ojisis ij'i3
48. Eriocoiiia '2'^i
40. Militim ','34
.■)(). .Muhlciilter.Lna '.'3.">
51. IJealia. . 'J«7
5:?. IJrachyelylniiii 2(')S
53. Lycmiis 270
54. Pi'ieili'ina 271
55. Ilelcocliloa 273
50. PIiUmiiu 274
57. Alopocunis 270
58. ColcantluLS 281
50. Pliippsia 282
GO. Sporobolus 282
01. P^picaiiipts 30()
02. Polyjidj^'oii 312
03. Tlimheria 314
04. Arclagrostis 316
05. C'iiina 817
06. Agrostis 310
07. Gastridii'.iu 335
08. Calaiiiagrostis (l>i>j< ii.viii) 33(»
09. AiniHopliila 353
70. Ciiiiiii>ovilfa 354
71. Ap.-nv 356
72. Lagunis 357
Thiijk IX. AVENK.K 358
CONTENTS. Ml
PAOR
73. HoUus 35!)
74. Aiiii ;{01
75. \\ inui^tVYliMir'ni (Corynep/iorus) ;Hi2
70. Ik'.st:liiimi)siii ;^(i;{
77. Triscluin ',\~'i
78. Avc'im ;{81
7y. Anheimllienim ;i8(!
80. Tristiuliya 388
81. Diiiitlioiiiii mt
Thihk X ;{»;{
83. Micmcliloii '3\)\
83. Ciii)ri()l:i (Jhicti/lou) 395
84. Sp!irtiiiH 390
85. (/'aiiipuln.sus 4(11
80. Cliloris 403
87. Cliloropsis 408
88. Gyinii(in(),u:(>ii 410
89. Sclit'doiiiianliis 412
90. Bout el I) 11 11 413
91. Ik'ckiniiiiiiia 427
93. Eluiisiiic 4.>8
93. Lc'ptochlofi (Dipluc/nif) 430
94. IJvilbilis ( liiK'Idov) 438
95. Opiziii 439
90. IViiliuilKiiiliiH 441
TuiHK Xr. Fksti ci;.!': . 443
97. Piippophoruin 447
98. Cottt-a 4.')0
99. Catlu'sticmu 450
100. Scleropogoii 453
101. MoiiiiiitliocliloO 454
103. Muroa 455
103. OrfuUia 450
104. Soslcria 4.57
105. Ariimlo 45S
100. Pliiugiuitc's 459
107. Su'gliiij.Ma ( Tviodia) 403
108. Kedtii'Ulla 473
109. Dlssanllicliiiin 473
110. Moliiiiu 474
111. Eragiostis 475
113. Eatoiiia 490
113. Kci'lcim 494
114. Calahiosa 495
115. Molka 490
110. Koiycarpu-s (Diarrluna) 51 1
1 17. Zougilis 513
118. Plemopogon 513
1 19. riiiola 515
vm CONTENTS.
■ AGE
120. Disticlilis .^17
121. Hriza 511»
122. DeiniiztTi.i . . 522
123. Ductylis 52:i
124. CyiJosunis .'(24
12'i. Lniimrkia o2.'>
120. P(Mi 52»5
127. Colpoiliuin WO
128. Dupontiii 558
12S». Scoloehloa 551)
130. Gniphephonnn 5G0
131. Piuiiciiliiriii ('»7^''^r<«) .503
1 32. Atropis 570
133. Ffstiicii 5S2
134. Bronius (ii>8
135. liriicliypodium 027
Tribk XII. IloltDK.K 028
130. Lollum 028
137. Juuvi'ii 030
l:;s. Leptunis 031
13!). ScribiiL'iiii 033
140. Aj^J opy roil 034
141. SiTule 040
142. TrllicMiin 041
143. Iloitleiim 042
144. Klymiis 047
145. AsptTclla (Vnmnoxtielnim) 050
TiuiiK XIII. Bamiutsk.k 057
14(i. Aruiuiiiiaria 057
GEOGRAIMIKAL DIS TUllUTION 000
15UJLIOGKAP1IY 071
XLMP.KK HERE DESCRIHED.
Native Species 80!)
Exotie Species 103
Total describuil in lliii vuluuie lU'-i
GKASSES OF NORTH AMERICA.
■ W- J'^"^
GR AMINES. '^' '"^
Flowers perfect or imperfect in litlffe jrreen or more or less sca-
lious spikes, called sjtikrh'fs, consj/Briu*; of a small axis, rachilhi,
beariii<r several scalelike disticbmis bracts called (/liniics, the 2
or sometimes I or rarely 3 or more lower ones and sonietimes 1
or more upper ones empty, the other one or more ffornf or j!oir-
(■riiifi <rlumes with I sessile flower in the axil of each. No normal
l)erianth, but the Hower usually in a '^-nerved ^lumelike scale
called a palm (prophyllum). within which are often found 'I or 3
very thin liyaline scales called laiiirKh's. Stamens usually .'{.
sometimes 'i or 1. in a few genera 0-40 ; filaments distinct, filiform
or rarely monadelj)hous; anthei's usually versatile, rarely attached
at one end. ovate, oblong or linear, with H parallel cavities without
any prominent connective. Ovary sessile or on a short stipe,
erect. 1 -celled. Styles 2, lateral or nirely '.i or 1. distinct or united
at the base into a 'I- or .'M)ranched style, the npper sti<rmatic iM)r-
tion. or sfi(/nnifi, either feathery with simple or bnmched stifjinatic
hairs, or more rarely simple aiul clothed with very short papilhv.
Ovule 1. ascendiiiir. slijrhtly camj)ylotropous. Kruit a rarjfopsis or
^rain. usually small, often eiu'losed in the palea and sul)tendin<f
^lume. to the former (and rarely the latter) of which it sometimes
adheres, the thin membranous pericarp usually closely adnate to
the seed and inseparable from it. in a few genera loosely surround-
iiijr the seed and dehiscent. Seed erect with a thin adnate testa;
end)ryo small, on one side of the base of the endosperm (albumen).
Annual or perennial herbs usually tufted or decumbent, rarely
» CiRAMIXP:.E.
climbing, often creeping and rooting at the base; some of tlie Bton-
buxm shrubby or ahnost arborescent. Steins, cut»'s, simple or
branclied, usually hollow between the nodes. Leaves alternate,
<listichous; the sheatiis while growing often split open opposite
the base of the blade and often terminate within the blade in a
scarious or ciliate appendage, the liyide ; blade entire, parallel-
veined, sometimes with sniiiU netted veins, usually long and nar-
row ; a '2-keeled membranous prophylUdn stands between each
branch and the main axis.
There are in the (Jramiuea? proliably about 3500 species, the
family ranking fiftli in size a.i:ong flowering plants, and among
monocotyledons is only exceeded by the Orchidaceae. The family
is allied most nearly to the Cyperacea'.
IMPORTANT WORKS ON (JKAMINE.E.*
*' A considerable proportion of Graminetv are almost cosmo-
politan in tlieir geograi)hical distribution within or without the
tropics, often covering the ground M-ith innumerable individuals.
(Jrasses are easily dried, abound in herbaria in specimens readily
exhibiting their most essential characters: and every local botanist
considers himst'lf i)erfectly competent to describe as new species or
genera suggested oidy by comparison with the few forms known to
him from the same limited locality. The consequence is tliat tiie
number of bad species and genera of (iramineiv with which science
has been overwhelmed is truly api)alling.
"The paramount importance of the order in an cconomiiial
]>oint of view lias called forth innumerable treatises, memoirs, aiid
essays on cereals, on forage and otiier cultivated grasses, on niciid-
ows and i)astures. on ornamental grasses, on the i)hysio!ogy and
proj)erties of the order.
" In a systematic ])oint of view, the great mistake of Ijinna'us
and the earlier systeniatists was the attempt to regard the whole
spikelet as a single flower, with a calyx and coralla to be compared
♦Notes cm (jlraiuiiieii', by Ueoige Uenthuiu, F.U.S., Jourii. Linn, Soe., xi.\.
]). 18 aUstruft.
IMPOUTANT WOKKS. 3
witli tliose of tlie more perfect ^louocotyledons. Robert Brown,
with liis usual sagacity, pointed out this and otlier errors, and first
hiid down tlie truo principles upon which the order could best be
divided into tribes and genera ; but he unfortunately took uj) the
idea that the so-called lower and upper pakw ro})resentetl three
outer segments of a perianth ; and although this theory has long
since been proved to be groundless, especially by Hugo Mohl,
whose views have been fully confirmed by all subsequent careful
observers, yet so great is the authority so deservedly attached to
everything that has issued from the pen of Brown, that his expla-
nation of the structure of the spikelet is still allowed to influence
the terminology adopted in generic and si)ecific descriptions.
'• Shortly after the publication of Brown's ' Prodromus,' CJramin-
eie were taken up by several French botanists who had acquired
materials, rich for the time, chiefly from North America and the
AVest Indies. Some of these had already been ])ublished by Mi-
chaux or by Persoon, with more or less assistance from Louis
Claude Kichard, to whom the credit of all that is good in Per-
soon's ' Synopsis' as well as in Michaux's ' Flora' has been attribu-
ted by several subsequent writers. Michaux's 'Flora' Mas pub-
lished in 1803, the flrst volume of Persoou's 'Synopsis' in 1805,
both antecedent to Brown's.
"Desvaux published his new genera, first by abstract in 1810,
and afterwards in full in the second 'Journal de Botanique' in
18i;5. Between these two periods Polisot de lieauvois published
his ' Agrostographieie' in which he undertook a general arrange-
ment of the whole order.
" A few years later, three eminent botanists undertook the gen-
eral study of (Jramiiuw. Kunth at P'lris and afterwards at Berlin,
Trinius in (Jermany and afterwards at St. Petersburg, and Nees
von Esenbeck at Bonn, afterwards at Breslau, worked more or less
contemporaneously, but with little or no ('(mimunication with each
other. Kunth's ' Pevisio (Jraminium ' [* Pevision des (iraminces ']
jniblished in 18'-ii> and following years, is a work not only splendidly
illustrated, but renuirkable alike for the accuracy of detail in the
descriptions of species, us for several of the views given of their
4 (IHAMINK.E.
structure aud arrangement. This work is costly, while the more
generally known first two volumes of his ' Euumeratio Plantarum,'
containing the gnusses, were unfortunately a far too hasty compila-
tion. Kunth in all his works fully adopted Brown's theory as to
the homology of the parts of the spikelet.
**Trinius published his • Fundamenta Agrostographia? ' in 1820,
evidently founded on insufficient materials. From that time,
however, he devoted himself with the greatest zeal and increasing
success to the study of the order. I heard him say, a projms of
some rather costly collection of si)ccimcns, that he would willingly
sell his last coat for a new grass; and all his later works published
in the ^lemoirs of the Petersburg Academy are of the greatest
value to agrostologists.
" Nees von Esenbeck entered but little into general considera-
tions of the structure and terminology of the Order; but he de-
scribed with great care the grasses of various troi)ical and other
regions, lie had ample materials from the collections of Martins.
Drege, Preiss, Hooker, Arnott and Lindley, and he came to be
regarded as the great authority for the determination of exotic
<Jramine{i>. His * Agrostographia Hrasilicnsis ' is perhaps the best
of all his works; and his 'Flora Afric{\3 australis' is also very
good. lie showed a tendency to multiply genera as well as
8])ecies. He worked up the grasses of each country separately,
without paying sufficient attention to the cosmopolitan nature of
so many s^jccies.
" The last enumeration of CJramineiV was that of Steudel, who
published in 1S55 the first volume of his 'Synopsis IMantarum
(Jlumacearum,' the worst production of its kind I have ever met
with. He was an excellent mechanical comjuler. . . . but beyond
that, as he was no botanist, he wjus tboroughly incompetent for the
tjisk he had undertaken. Whenever he met with a grass he could
not readily make out. he set it down as new. with new name, and
u character so carelessly drawn up as to render its identification
hopeless without recourse to the specinuMis themselves; ... in
one case describing as a caryopsis the larva which had eaten up the
ovary and taken its place in the enlarged pericarp. Having, more-
IMPORTANT WORKS. 6
Dvor, no idea of methodical arrangement, his work is a perfect
chaos.
'• Mueli has been done, however, for tlie ehicidation of the
order in local flonis. . . . About the close of tlie last century,
several continental botanists proposed new genera for anonuilous
Euroi>cau grasses . . . that were overlooked by Beauvois, Persoon,
"Willdcnow, and other general systematists. Several of the same
genera have since been re-established, but under other names which
have now been so long and so universally adopted that they must
be i;onsidered as having accjuired a right of i)rescrii)tion to overrule
the strict laws of priority. It would indeed be mere pedantry,
highly iMconvenient to lK)tanists, and so far detrimental to science,
now to substitute lilidiwubachia for Sunjlndii, Fihicliia for Ci/iwdo/i,
JSaiitio for PubjpoijDU, or Siu(jlin(ji(t for Triodia.
"Since the days of Kunth, Trinius, and Xees, the most im-
portant local revisions of Gramineaj are: Andersson's '(Jramincie
Scaiulinavia^' I*arlatore"'s first volume of his * Flora Italiana,'
Cosson and Durieu's (Jlumaceous volume of the great unfinished
* Flore d'Algerie,'' Doell's (Jramineae for the great Brazilian Flora
founded by Martins, and Fournier's (Jramineie for the Mexican
Flora he has undertaken; partial revisions by Grisebach in his
* Spicilegium Flora? Kumelica? et Bithyniciv.' in the fourth volume
of 'Flora Kossica,' and by Emile Desvaux in Claude (Jray's
* Chilian Flora,' supplemented by new genera and si)ecies pub-
lished by Philipjti in various papers on Chilian plants. Andcrsson
was a most acute observer, but, for want of access to an extensive
library, his synonyms are often very inaccurate. I'alatore's mono-
graph of Italian gnisses is thoroughly to be relied upon when the
result of his own observations, but old ern)rs have sometimes been
copied from others. Cosson and Durieu's • Moiu)graph of Algerian
Grasses' is a most valuable treatise. Grisebach has also doiie
much for the elucidation of oriental (Jramineic. In Doell's work
I have been disappointed, as he exhibits a general curele-isiicss in
redaction. Advance sheets of Kugcne Fournier's 'Enumeration
f)f Mexican (!raminea>' have k'cn published. Ilis genus Li'soiirdia
had already been published for a southern species by I'hilippi
ORAMINE^.
under tlie name of Scleropogon. His work would liave been muclt
more useful if he had more frequently given the eharaeter of the
tribes, genera, or other groups instead of limiting himself to
diehotomous keys. These keys when carefully drawn up are of
tJie greatest use as guides or indexes to direct the botanist where to
look for his plant, but are wholly insufficient for its identification
either generic or specific. For about sixty years I have had great
experience both in using and in making them. It was with the
aid of the admirable 'Analyses' in De Candolle's ' Floru iM-anyaise '
that I was enabled in 1817 and 1818 to learn botany without any
extraneous teaching. Their principle was developed in the • Essay
on Nomenclature and Classification' which I published in 1823.
1 have introduced them more or less into all my local floras. They
frequently require the repetition of the same plant under different
branches of the key. The best genera and other groups are usually
distinguished by a combination of characters.
" In recent days, however, we had all been led to look up to my
much lamented friend, the late (Jeneral Munro, as the one who was
to unravel the intricate web into which the order had become in-
volved. Ills 'Monograph of' Bumbusea?,' and various detached
papers and communications, were instalments of great promise,
lie was known to have a thorough acquaintance with species, and
to have already formed a well-digested framework for genera and
tribes; he had amassed an immense number of notes, etc., for use
in DeCandoUe's Monograjjlis, but much of his knowledge I can only
gather from his conversation and (iorrespondencc.
[For Dr. lientham's views on the teiminology of various parts of
Graminea? see vol. i. p. 33.] ,
"In Ciraminew we have a new element on the floral axis below
the stamens and pistil or actual flower, in the palen and lo(lirnle.Sy
for which we cannot at once fiiul any parallel in other orders.
They have recently been the subject of a very able paper in Engler's
/iofain'srJio Jalirhilrher (i. p. 330) by Professor llackel of Vienna.
•• He comes to the conclusion that the palea and the pair of lodi-
cules (when only two) are each of them single, more or less bifid
organs, and that they and the third lodicule, when present, must
THIHKS AM) snn'IMUF.S. 7
be roganlc'cl sis two or three bractlets inserted cilti'rnutcly fore and
aft on the Horal axis below the flo ,er. The only representations of
li()niolo<;iies to the pak-a and lodienles in the orders nearly allied
to (Jraniinejt are mentioned in niy paper (Journ. Linn. Soe. (Hot.),
XV. J). 510), where it is eonipared with the hypogynous scales of
J/i/^ti)li//niiii pungens and I'l((fi//i'pi^, and some species of L'n'i)-
caiduit.
"In all cases the palea . . . acquires a certain fixity of char-
acter, and requires mention in all full generic characters, 'i'he
lodicules. on the other hand, are generally rudimentary representa-
tives of suppressed organs having lost all functional powers [*|,
. . . and their slight variations in form or consistency are generally
not even of s[tecilic importance.''
^'ear the end of this volume will be found a [lartial list of works
on Gramineffi, with comments concerning a few of them.
THE DIVISION INTO THIHES AND SI HTIUHES.
"The division of the order into tribes mid subtribes is a matter
of exceptional ditliculty. Whatever tribes have been ]>roposed,
whatever characters have been assigned to them, tiiere have always
been more or less Jimbiguous forms uniting them and preventing
the restricting them within absolutely definite limits. We are
obliged in fJraminea?, more perhaps than in any other order, to
rely upon combinations of characters, allowing for occasional
exceptions in every one of our groups, [(referring those which
exi)erience has shown to jtreaent the fewest aberrations. Following
up these views, none of the general divisions of the order
hitherto proj)osed have proved to be more natural or more definite
than Jirown's original jjrimary one into two great groups or sub-
orders — Pdiifrarece, in which the tendency to imperfection is in
the lower fiowers of the s{)ikelet; and Piuiira'. in wliicli the ten-
dency is in the opposite direction. This indication of the principle
* Tlifi use of lodicules is to sprf-ad tlip ulinncs and pnlca wlu'ti the plants
are in Hower. At such times tbuv are turgestent, liut soon alter witlier.
8 GRAMINE^.
kept in view is too iudefinite to aerve as a practical cluiractor; but
combining it with that proposed by Munro of tlie arti(;ulatiou in
the axis of the spikolet being below tlie spikelet itself (in the i)e(li-
cel) in Pauicacea?, and above the lowest glume or ncme in Poacew,
the exceptional forms are reduced to the lowest possible figure.
" Knnth entirely gave up Hrown's groups and divided the order
into thirteen tribes, many of which were natural, fairly defined by
a combination of characters, and have been very generally adopted.
He attached too much importance to such characters as the separa-
tion of the sexes or the increase in the number of stamens; in the
general arrangement his removal of the Andro()ogoneai to a dis-
tance from the Panicea^ is disaj)proved of: and his describing lh)W-
ers as actually existing when only theoretically imagined is some-
times misleading. Nees generally adopted Kuntli's trihes. but
imi)roved tlie circrmscriptiou of some of them, and added two
or three small ones,
"Fries, fi-llowed by Andersson, proposed for a primary division
of Graminea? that into Clisanthew, witli the flower (i.e.. the flower-
ing glume aiul piiici) closed and the elongated styles protruding at
the ai)ex, and Ei(njaiitli<'a>, with the glume and palea open at the
time of flowering and the short styles ])rotruding laterally. This
division is practically useless, as the flowers of most si)ecies oi)en
oidy for a very short time, and in dried specimens are almost always
closed: besides, the styles are usually sliuler and fugacious. The
long styles, moreover, would place the nuijority of the sul)tril>o
Seslerieii?, for instance, among I'anicacciv, when all their other
characters are those of Poacea?.
" Fournicr rejects both Hrown's and Fries's primary divisions,
but proposes a new one foumled (m the position of the lowest glume
of the spikelet next to the main axis in Chloridcie and Ilordeaceiv,
and averted from it or exteriud in other tribes. Hut this rela-
tive |)osition cannot well be ascertained in loosely i)aniculate (ira-
minea», and in one-flowered spikelets it is often uncertain which is
to be regarded as tlu^ lower ghune. The total number of glumes in
the tribe Paniceae is variable, two, three, or four; the lowest in
h\'inian'(t, the highest in /'inn'nnn, and medium in Paspalnm. All
TlilBES AND SUBTRIBES. 9
these genera are incliuled by Fournler. as by all others, in one and
the same tribe; and if so, are we to repird as tlie outer glume the
small outer one of Paiiiruin, ealled by some an extra bract, and an
imaginary one in Pasjxdinn and its allies, or the outer one of
I'tis/Kf/K/ti, which is second in Paiiicuin? Again, in one and the
same genus the rehitive position of the outer glume iind the main
axis is not always constant, as, for instance, in Paspabim.
" Another character much insisted on of late years for tribal
distinction is still more uncertain, the adherence of the riiie grain
or caryopsis to the palea, as in Festuca, lironuis, etc. This is usu-
ally very conspicuous in a dry state, and the union is perliajis never
truly organic, yet. if not taken too absolutely, the character is
sometimes a useful one.
•' Considerable inii)ortance was attached by tlie earlier agrostolo-
gists to the presence or absence of the awn on the back or ajjcx of
the (lowering glume: l)ut this has subsequently been found to be
subject to great variations.
••The spiral twist, however, in the lower part of the awn in
some genera is more constant. The awn, when present, is generally
twisted in .\ndropogonea>. 'I'risteginea". Agrostidea-. and Aveiiacete.
and nut in I'anicea'. Chlorideas Fcstucea'. or llordea". but tliere
are occasional exceptions. In all the tribes the awn is occasionally
deficient.
•'The [>artial or al)solute separation of the sexes or the increase
in Ihe number of stamens observed in a few genera have l)een occa-
sionally introduced amongst tribal characters ; but they have
proved to be often of no more tlian generic value, although in tlie
tribe Maydeie the absolute unisexuality of the gpikelet may be
constant.
•• Ditferences in the size of the embyro, in the form of the so-
called scutellum on tiie caryopsis. or in the longitudinal groove or
cavity, have been sometimes brought forward as absolute generic,
if not tribal, characters, but, as yet, we know too little about them
to test their value fairly."
•More recently H. Haekel of Austria has demonstrated the
great value of the shai)e of the liilum in detining some of the tribes.
10
UliAMLNE.l-].
See the "True Gnisses." tniuslated by Scribner and South. k-orth,
1890, and publislicd by Henry Jlolt & Co., New York.
" Following out the views of (Jenerul Munro as to tlie general
arrangement of the order, in so far as I have been able to aseertain
them, I have divided it into tribes and subtribes. as follows, giving
the most i)rominent characters, and some other remarks on the pages
referred to in connection with the names as here enumerated : "
Arrangement according to Munro
and Hentbam.
Division Panicace^.
Tribe i. Panicere.
Tribe ii. Maydeae.
Trilje iii. Oryzea?.
Tribe iv. "J'ristegineae.
Tribe v. Zoysiea?.
Subtribe 1. Anthephoreae.
Subtribe 2. Euzoysieiv.
Tribe vi. Andropogone*.
Division Poace.«.
Tribe vii. Phalarideae.
Tribe viii. Agrostide*.
Subtribe 1. Stipeae.
Subtri1)e i. Phleoideaj.
Subtribe 3, Sporoboleae.
Subtribe 4. Euagrosteae.
Tribe ix. Avenea?.
Subtribe 1. Aireae.
Subtribe 2. EuaveneaB.
Tribe x. Chloridete.
Tribe xi. Festucew.
Subtribe 1. Pappophoreae.
Subtribe 2. Triodieae.
Subtribe 3. Arundinefe.
Subtribe 4. Sesleriea?.
Subtril)e 5. Euagrosteae.
Subtribe 6. Meliceae.
Arrangement of tril)es according to E.
Hackel and I'ollovved in this vvorlv.
Maydeie.
Andiopogoneae.
Zoysieffi.
Tristeginese.
Paniceae.
Oryzcae.
Phalarideae.
Agrostideae.
<r^M
AveneaB.
Chlorideae.
Festuceae.
TKIBES AX]) snn'HlBES.
11
Subtribe 7. Centotlieceae.
Subtribe 8. Eufestuce».
Tribe xii. HordeeaB.
Subtribe 1. Triticese.
Subtribe 3. Leptureae.
Subtribe 3. Elymeae.
Tribe xiii. Bambuseae.
Subtribe 1. ArundinerieaB.
Subtribe 3. Eubambusese.
Subtribe 3. DeudrocalamesB.
Subtribe 4. Melocanneae.
Hordeas.
Bambnsese.
DIVISION I.— FANICACEiE.
Spikelets 1-, rarely 2-flowered ; lower flower when present stam-
inate or neuter, at maturity falling from the pedicels entire, in
groups, or together with certain Joints of the rachis. Kachilla not
produced beyond the flowers. (In IsuvIdk' the lower flower is per-
fect and the rachilla is articulate above the empty glumes.)
""This division of Gramineae is very well defined by two char-
acters: the articulation of the pedicel below the spikelet or cluster
of spikelets, and the single fertile flower apparently terminal, with or
without a single male or sterile one below it. Where either of these
two characters fail, the plant should be referred to Poacea?.
** As the spikelet falls away it usually leaves a slight dilation at
the apex of the persistent portion. This kiiul of articulation has
not been observed in any species of Poacea? except in Fi/t(/i-f/nif/iit(,
a genus of one species belonging to South Africa. In the Cciic/irns
group of the tribe I*anice:e, in the sul)tribe Anthe])hore{e of Zoysiea\,
and in some Andropogonea^ the articulation is not under each spike-
let. but under little clusters of spikelets; and in Maydere it is the
whole rachis of the si)ike or ear which disarticulates under each
female spikelet. The articulation is usually under the fertile s})ike-
lets only, and not under the males." Panicaceti? have never more
than four glumes, and sometimes only three, rarely only two. In
Isarhtie and He<k-mannia, and in very rare instances in some species
of Si'fttrid \('h((ma>raphix] and PanicHm, the lower flower may be
perfect, still it is usually sterile, excepting in the first genus men-
tioned.
"The tribes of Panicacea3 run much into each other."
13
MAYDEJi;. 18
Tribe L— MAYDEJE.
Moiut'cious. The staminato spikelets paniculate, spicate or
solitary at the apex of the culm or its branches, the pistillate below,
spicate or solitary, disarticulating (except in Zea) with the joints of
the rachis. firain ellipsoidal, spherical, or obcompresseil, un-
furrowed, with large embryo, and often enclosed in a hard capsule
winch is composed either of the glumes or a part of the articulate
rachis.
Culms usually tall, solid (without cavity); leaf-blades usually
broad and ilat.
A. Pistillate spikes fasciculate, distinct, articulate. . 1. (37)
B. Pistillate spikes of each leaf-axil grown together, form-
ing a compound spike with a very thick axis. . 2. (38)
C Staminate and jiistillate spikelets in the same spike,
the axis articulate between each two fertile spike-
lets 3. (36)
D. Pistillate spike usually reduced to a single spikelet,
wholly enclosed by the indurated sheath of the
subtending bract, the pedicel of the solitary stami-
nate spike issuing from tlie opening at the top . 4. (32)
1. (37). EUCHIJENA Schrad. Ind. Sem. llort. (Ju'tt. (1832).
ReiDia lirign. Ind. Sem. Ilort. Moden. (184{»).
S})ikelets mona>cious, the staminate 2-ilowered. in pairs, one
subsessile, the other pedicellate, in the alternate notches of the
spikes of the terminal panicle; the pistillate 1-2-flowercd on
axillary sjjikes, each surrounded by leaflike bracts. I'he stami-
nate spikelets with 2 outer acute membranous glumes, each floral
glume also acute membranous, enclosing a hyaline palea. Stamens
3. Pistil rudimentary. The pistillate spikelets solitary, sessile on
alternate teeth of the rachis. first emjjty glume very broad, smooth,
coriaceous, enclosing the others and the slender rachis. second
glume not so firm, floral glume hyaline, enclosing a palea, other
glumes thin, empty. The pistillate spikelet nniy be said to con-
tain 2 fiowers, the lower neuter and the terminal fertile. Stami-
14 PANI(A("K.E.
nodiii 0. Stylos very lojijr, (ilirorm, bifid. Oraiii enclosed wifch
the internodi's of the mcliis, not adhere it.
Tenninjd jwnicle niucli resembling that of Maize; tlie fertile
spikes racemose, each enclosed in long bracts. The affinity to Zva
appears to be recognized even by those not botanists, as in its
native country it is known as " Wild Maize."
Leaves much like those of Maize. Si)ecies 3, or perhaps 1 species
and 'Z varieties, all belongiag to Mexico.
1. £. luxurians Dur. et Asch. Hull. Soc. Linn. Par. 1 : 107
(1877). Tkosixte. CJuatemala ouass.
/;. Me.ricaiia Fourn. Bull. Soc. IJoy. Bot. Belg. 15, 4G7. not
Schrad. Henna liixurinns Dur. Bull. Soc. d'Acclim. ser. 2, 0, 581.
'J'he plant considerably resembles Lidian corn, sometimes attain-
ing the heiglit of 4-5 m., branching freely near the ground.
Spikes bearing stimiinate spikclets numer ms, digitate, about 15 cm.
long; stipe of the pedicellate si)ikelet nearly lialf as long as the
spikelet. Spikelcts elliptical, acute, scabrous. 8-10 mm. long;
firet glume pointed, flattened on the back, almost 2-kcelcd, many-
nerved, longer than the others; second glume thinner, broad oval;
floral glume and })alea similar, G-7 mm. long. Fertile spikelets
6, thick, about 7 mm. long, in section almost semicircular, apex
obtuse. Grain 4 mm. long, ovoid, with a broad truncate base and
a short point.
Mexico. Ciiltivated in Florida and other warm regions for
the green fodder. This is the plant in cultivation, and in Index
Ki' ice /IS is is included under E. Mencana Schrad.
2. E. Mexicana Schrad. Ind. Sem. Ilort. Ga?tt. (1832).
Spikes bearing staminate spikelets 5-7, nearly digitate, about
15 cm. long. Stipe of the pedicellate spikelet 15 mm. long, the
si)ikelets 10 mm. long. Empty glumes oval or ovate, sub-equal,
many-nerved. Fertile spike 3-8 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, the
lower portion fertile. Fertile spikelets 2-ranked, usually appear-
ing 4-ranked owing to the production of a grain to each floret.
Grain ovoid, projecting beyond the glumes, 7 mm. long.
Mexico (Michoacan), Pringlc 43iU.
Found on rockv hills.
MAYDE.E.
10
2. (38). ZeaL. Sp. PI. 071 (17on). Indian oorx. Corv.
Maizk.
Spikelcts unisexual, moud'cious. tlie stiiminato in pairs on alter-
iiate si ties of the spikes of a ternunal panicle. '-J-tlowered ; the pis-
tillate borne on the large dense axillary sjjikes ('• the cob"), each
enclosed by an ample involucre ("the husk"), lougitudiual rows
Fig, 1. — EucfUcena Mexicnmi. A, portion of the staminate panicle, x 1; 6j
pistillate Horet, x 3. (Richardson.)
4-40, 1-flowered. Sfaminate spikelets slightly unequal, pedicel-
late, or one sessile. Glumes 4-5, acute, the 2 outer larger, mem-
branous, empty, the 2 inner, the floral and the palea hyaline.
Stamens 3. Pistil rudimentary or 0. Pisfillafe spikelets sessile,
densely imbricated in longitudinal rows, the rachis hard or slightly
spongy, not articulate. (Jlumes 4, all membranous, hyaline, or
16
PANICACE.E.
rarely subherbaceons, short, very broad, obtuse or emarginate, 2-
lobed, the 'Z outer empty sometimes thicker, tlie tliird hyaline,
often protecting tlie short palea, the terminal or floral glume
hyaline, often bifid; the palea equally broad, but not divided.
Staminodia 0. Style very long, threadlike, briefly parted at tlie
apex, rarely separated to the base, stigmatic hairs very sliort.
(J rain, on a short stipe, subglobose or obcompressed, hard, slightly
protected by the delicate glumes and palea? or enclosed or covered
by a variety of acute or subherbaceons glumes.
The terminal staminate panicle with a long showy peduncle,
in some varieties in cultivation bearing some pistillate flowers
mixed with tlie staminate. Staminate flowers at the ajiex of the
pistillate spike are not uncommon. The pistillate spikes usually
solitary or branching in the axils of the leaves, the styles when mature
much exserted, pendulous; at maturity the pistillate sjiike is long,
hard, and entirely covered with the palealike slieaths. It is excep-
tional in the whole order, by the manner in which its pistillate
spikelets are densely packed in several vertical rows around a central
spongy or corky axis. How much of this arrangement is due to
changes brought about by cultivation and selection can only be a
matter of conjecture.
Species "^, possibly 3, all American.
1. Z. Mays L. Sp. PI. 971 (ir*))}). Annual. Most likely a
native of Iropic'ul America; extensively cultivated in the warmer
temperate zones, exceedingly variable,
().5-(! m. high, not known in a wild
state. A very valuable well-known
cereal and fodder-plant. See \'ol. I.
2. Z. canina S. Wats. Proc Am.
Acad. 20 : ICO (1S91).
('ulms several from the same root,
ascending, branched. 2-4 m. high.
Leaves like those of Zea Mays. Stami-
;.ate racemes often elongated and
drooping. S])ikelets 2-4 (usually 3) at each node, one or nn)ro
short-pedicelled ; emjity glume 3-5-nerved, bicarinate. Pistillate
Fk). 2. — Zen Mujix. Staminate
spikt'U't, X 3. (IJirlinrdson.)
MAYDE.E. 17
spikes sessile in the axils and terminal, the terminal staminate at
the apex; pistillate spike (ears) very variable, 5-10 or more cm.
long, abont 2 cm. broad, tapering slightly to an acntish apex, 4-13-
rovvcd, dividing more or less readily at the joints. Kernels 0-8
mm. long, ovoid, white, hard, smooth, aeutish, constricted at the
base.
Specimens obtained from Prof. Duges at Moro Leon near
Wiangato, about four Mexican leagues north of Cape Cuitzo ; near
the boundary-line between the states of Guanajuato and Michoacan,
Mexico.
The natives are said to believe this to be the source of the
cultivated varieties of Maize.
In the report of the New York Agricultural Society for 187S,
there is a statement by Dr. Surtevant from Dr. Brewer to tlie
effect that Koezl, the well-known German collector, stated in 1800
that "lie found in the State of Guerero a Zea which he thinks
specifically distinct, and he thinks undescribed; the ears very
small, in rows truly distichous; the ear (but not each grain sepa-
rately) covered rvith a husk, the grain i)re('isely like some varieties
of Maize, only smaller and harder." Possibly this may be the
original })lant from which our cultivated maize has been derived.
In 1S8!». at the botanic garden of Harvard University, plants
were raised, but the riced failed to nniture. For a fuller account of
this very interesting plant the reader is referred to the original
article above noted.
o. (:!0). Tripsacum L. Syst. Ed. 10, •;2: 1201 (1759).
Spikelets unisexual, mouo'cious, sessile on alternate joints of the
s]iike, the u])per staminate, "i-jlowered, the lower pistillate. 1-llow-
cred. the spikes breaking up at maturity, each piece carrying a
spikelet. Spikes axillary and terminal; the staminate spikelets in
pairs on two sides of a triangular rachis. (ilumes 4, the 2 outer
slender, coriaceous, stiff or membraiuius, empty, the 'i inner
shorter, more slender, usually hyaline, enclosing the iiyaline |»alea
aiid flower. Stamens ;{. I'istils rudinuMitary or 0. The pistil-
lih'"' spikelets single, sessile, embcddi'd in tiu' cartilaginous rachis.
(iliimes 4, broad, concave, the outer coriaceous or becoming
18
PANICACE.B.
woody, the second slender, pointed, the 3 inner hyaline, slender
inclnded with the palea, the third empty, the terminal including
the pistillate flower. Staminodia 0. Styles joined near the base,
much exserted, slender, hispid. Grain enclosed by the hard outer
glume and the internode of the hard rachis, but not adherent.
Peduncles straight, erect, solitary or in pairs in the upper axils or
often bearing 2-3, rarely 4 to many or only one spike, the staminate
portion above witli an articulate rachis, the pistillate portion below
at length breaking up at maturity, each internode carrying one
grain.
Species 2 or 3, American, allied to Euchlwna and Zea.
FlQ. 8. — Tripmcum dacti/loidts. A, staminate spikelet, x 2 ; Zj>', pistillate spike-
let, X 2. (A, Uicbardson ; B, after A. Gray, " Man.")
1. T. dactyloides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1378 (17G3). Gama
Grass. Sesame Grass.
Coix darfi/hides L. Sp. PI. 072 (1753). T. monnstarhi/nm
Willd. TFort. lierol. 1. 'IWi. 1. (1810). T. Innceolafion Rupt., in
Boutli. PI. llartw. 247 (1830-57). T. comprcssiitn Fourn. in Bull.
Soc. Hoy. Hot. Belg. 15 : 405.
Culms stout, 1-2 m. high. Sheaths subcylindrical. keeled;
blades scabrous above. 30-00 cm. long, often 2 cm. wide. Spikes
often iligitate, 2-3 together, rarely single, 10-20 cm. long. Stam-
MAYDE.E. 19
inate spikelets oblong or liuear or acute, 8-9 mm. long, first empty
glume coriaceous, oblong, margins abruptly involute, keeled, ob-
scurely !)-ir»-uerved, second tbiuuer, 5-nerved; tloral glumes bya-
line. oblong, 5-nerved; paleae spatulate oblong, a little longer tban
the glnnu'S. Anthers 5 mm. long.
Fla.. Cin-tit>s',m2(J; Texas, JIallSU; Ala., Winchell; Ind. Terr.,
/'((/iiirr 4'i'i. Moist soil, Conn., 111., and soutli to Brazil. When
young sometimes cut for bay.
\'ar. Floridanum (Porter). T. Floridiouim T. V. Porter,
Vasey in Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 3 : G (1892).
Culm rather slender. Sbeatlis comi)ressed-keeled ; blades in-
voluti", tlie longest about 60 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, with filiform
tips. Anthers -i mm. long.
Fla.. (htrbcr'i':; Texas, XcaUij.
\ar. Lemmoni (\'asey). T. Lcmmoni Vasey Contrib. U. S.
Kat. Herb. 3 : U (1892).
Sheaths sometimes hirsute; blades narrower, often involute.
Joints of fertile portion of spikes 3-4 mm. long. First glume of
the stam inate spikelets membranous, ovate-oblong, about 7 mm.
long. Second glume thinner.
Arizona, Leitimon and icife 2932.
2. T. fasciculatum Trin. Bull. Acad. Brux. 9 : 8 ( ).
T. (iar/i/loidrs Schlecht. (not Linn.) in Linn. G : 40 (1831).
Culms robust. 5-T m. high. Blades lanceolate, often 4-5 cm.
wide, nuirgins ciliate-scabrous. Spikes racemose witb 3-T~20
brandies; joint of pistillate portion 5 mm. long, tlie staminate
portion flexuose. Staminate spikelets 4-5-8 mm. long, first glume
membranous, linear, 7-nerved.
Mexico. Palmer 58, 508, 509.
4. (32). COIX L. Sp. PI. 972 (1753).
Spikelets monoDcious, si)icate, several above staminate, 1-2 of
tlie lower pistillate; the slender raciiis articulate above the pistillate
Bpikelets. 'I'he staminate spikelets in twos or threes, one of them
lu'dicellate, 1-2-ilowered. CJlunu's of the staminate spikelets 4, the
2 outer firm or herbaceous, aligiitly unequal, empty, the 2 inner
hyaline. Stamens 3. Pistil rudimentary or 0. The pistillate
20
PANICAC'E.E.
spikelets one at the base of the spike, 1-2 -flowered, the upper
fertile, the lower neuter, both included in
a hard shining bract, having a small open-
ing above. Glumes of the staminate spike-
lets 4, all slender, hyaline, the 2 outer
empty, broad, acuminate, the 2 inner in-
cluding the hyaline palea and the pistillate
flower or the third empty. I^odicules very
rarely present, 3. Style very long, slender,
parted for half its length, covered with very
short hairs, drain globose or oblong, en-
closed by a smooth, hard globose or oblong
bract.
Culms branching, leaf -blades l)road.
Spikelets often more or less included in the
sheaths of the upper leaves, the staminate
portion at length deciduous. Species 3 or 4,
natives of East India.
1. C. LACIIKYMA L. 1. C. .Toij's TeARS.
Annual; 00 cm. high. Leaf-blades 2
cm. wide.
The hard bract covering the lower flowers
Fui. 4. — Col.v Lachry- ■, , ,. i i • i i -^ i
111(1, X I.'") Portion of ovo;(l. S mm, diaui., bluish white when ripe;
\mmv\v. (Hiclmnlson.) sometimes used for rosaries.
Common in gardens, scarcely naturalized. Native of Southern
Europe. M. A. C. Cult. Xos. 1. 2.
Thiiu: II.— ANDROPOGONEiE.
S]iikelets two (rarely one) at each joint of the rachis, one sessile
and one pedicellate (both pedicellate in 7)'(rrJ/t/jiii(f(iti), often appa-
rently three at the terminal joint. Spikelets usually 1 -flowered
with 3 empty glumes, rarely a floral glume with a staminate flower
instead of the third empty glume; flrst glume always thicker than
the floral gUime. tlie latter often hyaline, usually bearing a bent or
twisted awn. Palea usuallv shorter tlian its glnnic. sometimes 0.
AXDltOPOUONE.E. 21
Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 1. Styles free. Stigmas plumose. Embryo
n(!arly half as large as the unfurrowed obcompressed grain.
A. Spikelets homogamous, paniculate, rarely spicate, joints of the
racliis usually hairy, not much thickened, nor excavated for the
reception of the spikelets.
a. Axis of the racemes continuous, spikelets in pairs, rarely in
threes.
b. Racemes in a spikelike panicle, spikelets awnless. 5. (73)
b. Racemes in broad panicles. Spikelets usually awned. G. (74)
a. Axis of racemes articulate. Spikelets 2-flowered, the spikes
or racemes paniculate, main axis elongated.
b. Spikelets awnless 7. (75)
b. Spikelets av.ned 8. (7<3)
B. Axis of the spikes articulate, somewhat thickened and excavated
for receiving tiie spikelets; fertile glumes awnless.
a. First empty glume of the perfect s[)ikelet flattened or con-
vex !i. (84, 88)
a. First empty glume of the perfect spikelet hard and globular,
externally pitted 10. (s7)
C. Spikelets heterogamous. the sessile perfect (rarely pistillate),
the pedicellate staminate, neuter or rudimentary (\n 7'ntrfii/po-
go)i one spikelet is pedicellate, the other subsessilc).
a. Secondary s])ikelets 2-flowered, sessile, awned. pedicellate
si)ikelets flower-bearing; racemes 3-lG. digitate . 11. (!>1)
a. Sessile or subsessile spikelets 1-flowered. Horal gluine of the
l)e(licellate spikelets awidess. (n)
n. Axis of the racenu'sim perfectly articulate, not brittle,
spikelets all more or less pedicellate . . . . 12. (!I2)
n. Axis of racemes distinctly articulate; spikelets both
sessile and pedicellate, (o)
o. First empty glunu' with abalsam-bearing line along
the nerves ; racemes solitary ; spikelet awnless. I '.]. (s;{)
0. First empty glume ^\itliOut a balsam-bearing line
along the nerve->, racemes in i)airs, often subtende<l by
a leaf-slu'ath or bract 14. ('.•4)
6. (73). IMPERATA (yrill. I'l. Rar. Ic. 2. 2*5, L . 11 (17!)2).
22 PAXICAC'E.E.
Spikelets with 1 or rarely 'Z flowers, usually in pairs, one sessile,
the other pedicellate along the slender continuous rachis of the
short branches of a long cylindrical spikelike panicle, densely silky
with the long hairs surrounding and seated on the spikelets.
Glumes 4, all thin, hyaline, and awnless, 'Z outer empty ones usually
hairy, the third empty, or rarely enclosing a ilowei', smaller and
without hairs; terminal floral glume still smalh'r; palea usually
truncate and jagged at the top. Stamens 1-2. Styles united
below, distinct above. Grain small, encloseil, not adherent.
'J'liere are 3 or 4 species widely dispersed in tropical and sub-
tro])ical regions of Europe, China, Jaj)an and America.
In this genus the branches of the panicle are exceptionally in-
articulate, approaching Tristeginea.% but the long silky hairs and
the very much reduced floral glume and palea retain it in Andro-
pogonea?.
1. I. Braziliensis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (G) 2 : 331
(1833). /. randata Chapm. Fl. S. States. Ed. 3, G08 (1889).
Culms erect, terete, smooth, 30-100-130 cm. high. Ligule
short with long hairs at the base; blades 10-30 cm. long, 4-8 mm.
wide induplicate. Arm, the upper shorter, often 3-5 cm. long.
The dense wliite woolly panicle lO-lo-'iO cm. long, 1.5-2 cm.
diani. Spikelets in pairs, densely covered with silky hairs reaching
1 cm. from tlie l)ase, emi)ty glumes sub-equal, about 3 mm. long,
the tips obtus(! and ciliate, first ovate-lanceolate, and very delicately
5-nerved near the base, second lance-oblong and 3-nerved, third
glume oval, 2.5 mm. long, smooth, without nerves, delicately
hyaline, with a few short hairs above, fourth glume oval, about 1
mm. long, smooth and nerveless; i)alea narrower, otherwise like
the fourth glume. Stamen 1. Styles united for 1 mm., then
distinct, about 4 mm. long.
Mexico, PriiKjIc 515. Florida. Mexico, "West Indies, Brazil.
2. I. Hookeri Hupr. ex Anderss. in n<]fvers. Vet. Akad.
Stockh. 12:1(J0 (1855). /. caiulnfa Scrilui. Hull. Torr. Club,
9 : 8(i (1882). 1. hvvcifoUa Vasey, Hull. Torr. Clul), 13, 2G {l>^^^\).
By some distributions of authors incorrectly called /. a run din area L.
An erect glabrous perennial, 50-120 cm. high. Upper slieaths
ANDUOPOGONE^.
23
lax, very smooth ; ligtile very sliort ; blades erect, flat, some of the
lower W cm. long, 1 cm. wide, tlie upper 1-4 cm. long. Punicjle
dense, 20-30 cm. long, 2-6 cm. diam., more or less interrui)ted
below, clothed with yellowish-white wool, the anthers and the stig-
miis protruding. Spikelets in pairs, bearing at the base a tuft of
silky hairs 1 cm. long, and scattered hairs on the back of tluf outer
glumes; first glume 4 mm. long, oblong, obtuse, ciliate at the ai)ex,
5-nerved, second a little shorter, otherwise like the first, third
empty, smooth, still shorter, fourth and the jjalea 1.5 mm. long.
Fro. 5. — Impenitii Jliokvri. ypiki-lot, x 9. (Uicburdson.)
Stamen 1. Styles united below, 6 mm. long including the ovary.
X. Mex,, Wrif/Iif 'Z()Ol ; Texas, Haranl 24; Southern Calif., Parish
10;51 ; Mexico (Jalisco), /'a/tiier 444.
Arizona, Nevada, West Texjis.
0. (74). MISCANTHUS Anderss. (Efvers. Vet. Akad. Stoekh. Ifi5
(1HS5). /':i(/a/i((Tnn. Mem. Acad. St. IVtersb. (vi.) 2 : XVi (is;i;{)
in i)art. EmiiUiptis Stoud. Syn. I'l. Gram. \'i'.\ (185.5).
Spikelets in pairs une(|ually |)edicellate on tiu^ inarticulate
branches of the sj)reading panicle. First aiul second glumes mem-
24
PAXICACI'LE.
branous, 3-7-nerve(l. awnlcss, third glume smaller, hyaline, awnless;
floral glume delicately hyaline, bitid with moi' or less of an awn in
the notch. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Tall grasses with nai-row
and usually flat leat'-blades. Panicle terminal, large, usually silky
hairy.
It differs from Impevata by its broad panicle, three stamens,
and bifid lloral glume usually with an awn in the notch.
There are 8 species, tall grasses found in Southern and East-
ern Asia, 1 of which is found in Southern Africa.
Fio. 6. — Miscanthua Sinensis, X 9. Spikelet. (Richardson.)
1. M. SiXEXSis Anderss., (Efvers. K. Vet. Akad. Stoekh. 106
(1S.55). See Hack, in D. C. Monog. Phan. : 105 (ISS(i). Eiilalia
Jajionim Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (vi.) 2 : :533 (1833).
EviaHthus Japnninis Beanv. ap. R. & S. Syst. 2 : 324 (LSIT).
Cidms solid, rather stout, 1-2 m. high. Sheaths slightly com-
pressed, smooth, throat ciliate; ligule obtuse, broad, 1-2 mm. long;
blade flat, 3()-<i0 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide. Panicle oval, 20-30 or
more cm. long, rays numerous, simple, bearing spikelets for their
entire length. Spikelets with numerous silky hairs of their own
ANDHOl'OOONE.E.
25
leiigtli. liiicar-lanecoliitc, 4 mm. lon,<f. the twisted awn j^i'otrudiiig
about 4 mm. Cultivated, from Japan.
Var. VAiiiEGATA. Leaf-blades striped. Var. zehrixa. Leaf-
blades contain transverse bands of brown and light color. Culti-
vated for ornament: not hardy, in the northern U. S.
7. (75). SacchaRUM L. Cell. PI. Ed. 1, No. 4!> (1735).
Spikelets awnless in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, on
the jointed branches of a panicle, each containing perfect flowers or
the pedicellate one containing a pistillate flower. The three empty
glumes acute or acuminate, hyaline, or membranous, first and
second equal, third smaller, floral glume unawned. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Grain oblong enclosed, but not adherent.
Fig. 7. — Saccharum officinarum. Spikelet, X 7. (RicLardson.)
Tall perennials with flat or convolute leaf-blades. Panicle termi-
nal, variable, spreading ov spikelike. Spikelets more or less villous.
Species about 12 which are tropical or subtropical, 1 of which
i> extensively cultivated.
1. S. Officinarum L. 8p. PL Ed. 2, 1 : 79 (1702). Sugar-
CAXE.
Culms solid, 2-4 m. high, 2-5 cm. diara. Leaf -Wades long,
2-4 cm. or more wide. Panicle pyramidal. 40-80 cm. long. Silky
hairs twice as long as the spikelets. Spikelets linear, 2.2-2.5 mm.
long.
26 PANR'ACE.E.
Seldom flowering in the United States. Proi)iiji:Mtcd by plant-
ing tlie culms in furrows. Introduced from tro})icul Asia.
8. (70). Eeianthus Michx. F\. Uor. Am. 1 : 54 (1803). Bi-
pidiiiiii Trin. Fund. Agrost. 100 (18'2U), Spodi^jHif/a/i Fourn.
Spikelets in pairs on each joint ol* the slender rachis, one sessile,
the other pedicellate; otherwise alike. Cilumes 4, the 2 outer
men)hranous, often tirm, subequal, empty, first 4-0-nerved (0 in /i'.
stria/tffi), often 2-toothed, second many-nerved, third shorter, hya-
line, empty; fourth or floral glume hyaline, setaceous, or bearing
a straight or twisted uwn; palea hyaline, smaller. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Grain oblong, enclosed, but not adherent.
Tall often reedlike grasses with flat or convolute leaf-blades.
Panicle terminal, narrow and dense or somewhat spreading, some-
times one-sided, often clotlied with numerous hairs. Et'iantlms is
intei-mediate between Savcharum and Full in ia.
Species I'l, widely spread over the warmer regions of Europe,
China, Japan and Nortl) America.
Spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 1
• *' G mm. long 2
" 7 mm. long 3
*' 10 mm. long 4
1. E. RAVEXX.Ti; (Z.) 13eauv. Agrost. 14 (1812). 'Woolly heard
GRASS. A)ifh'(ipof/on liavennm L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1481 (1703).
Sacclianon Rareniiw L. Syst. Veg. Ed. 13, 88 (1774).
Culms 2-3 m. high, recdlike, glabrous. Sheaths smooth;
ligule short, pilose; the lower blados hairy, very narrow, grooved on
the upper side, 1-2 m. long. Panicle 30-00 cm. long, 15-20 cm.
wide when in flower. Spikelets 5 mm. long, these as well as their
pedicels 'lothed with hairs about their own length; glumes nearly
equal, ovate-lanceolate. 3-nervcd, third hyaline, oval, acuminate. 4-5
mm. long, 1-nerved; floral glume broad-oval, hyaline, 3 mm. long,
3-nerved with a straiglit av/n about 5 mm. long; palea ovate, acute,
hyaline, nerveless, 2 mm. long. Lodicules 0.0-0.7 mm. long.
Stamens 3.
Introduced into cultivation from Europe for its stately appear-
ance in gardens.
ANDUOP0(J0NE.B.
27
3. E. alopecuroides (L.) Ell. liot. S. 0. & Ga. 1 : 38 (1816).
Andropogon alopecuroides L. Sp. PI. 1045 (1753).
Pig. B.—Enanthus alopecuroides. Spikelets, X (Richardson.)
E. saccharoules Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 55 (1803). Anthox-
anthum giganteiim Walt. Fl. Car. 05 (1788).
28 PAMCACH.K.
Culms 1-2 111. lu,ij;li, liai'T at tlu' nodes. Piiniclc contracted.
20-(5() em. long. The tawny hairs at the hase and s])arnijj:ly on the
outer <jlumes exeeediiiir tlio spikelets, spreading wlien drv and
mature; first and second empty glumes ecjual. ovate-ianeeohite.
linn membranous, tawny, round, or Hat on the bade. mm. long,
firsts-toothed, o-0-nerved, second mucronale. IJ-nervcd; third and
fourth red. hyaline, ovate-lanceolate. 1-3-nerved, third -i-o mm.
long, with a terminal straight awn nearly its own length, fourth
shorter. 2-tootiieil with a straight awn 1-2 cm. long; palea hyaline,
membranous, about 2 mm. long. Lodicules broad, truncate, ciliate,
0.?" mm. long. Stamens S. Styles distinct.
New Jersey. Srribnci' ;3(J'S7 From Parker; Delaware, Caiihtj;
Fla. Cn-liss 3027.
Dry or wot soils, Xew Jersey to Texas.
3. E. brevibarbis Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : S'j (1803). E. sar-
c/Ku'didcs sub-sp. brevibarbis Hack., D. C. Mouog. Phan. :
131 (188!»).
Culms ratlier slender, tall, sparingly hairy at the nodes.
Sheaths often glal)rous; ligule 1-3 mm, long; blade 30-80 cm.
long. O-lo mm. wide. Panicle 15 cm, long, hairs seldom as long
as the spikelets. Spikelets 7 mm. long, first and second glumes
nearly alike. 3-1-iierved above, 2-toothed. third shorter, hyidine,
fourth still shorter. 2-cleft ])earing a twisted awn 2 cm. long.
The plain resembles Atidntpoffon (C'/iri/spof/oii) nutans, except
that the sj)ikelets are sessile or ou short stilf pedicels.
Virginia to Texas.
Yah. Contortus (Nutt.) Chapm, Fl, S, States, 582 (1800).
Sacrhanini contortum Xutt, Gen. 1:00 (1818). E. eonfoiius Ell.
Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1 :40 (1810). E. sarrJiaroides Miclix. sub.-sp.
contortion Hack,, D, C, Monog, Phan, : 131 (1889).
Culm 00-130 cm. high, leaf -blades smoother. Panicle 20-40
cm, long, narrower, thinner. The third glume white with two
slender teeth, the awu twisted at the base and twined like a cork-
screw aliove.
North Carolina to Texas,
ANI)HOPO(U)NK.E. 30
4. E. strictus Hiildwin, Ell. Bot. S. C. juid Gii. 1:30 (181G).
fiarc/iarutn .s/ fiction >«utt. (umi. I : <)») (1818).
Ci'lins sleiuU'r, i:]()-:240 cm. lii^'h, terete, amootli, slii^^htly luiiry
ttt the nodes. Sheaths terete, i:lightly keeled ubove, ^diibrous,
nodes minutely pubesrent; ligule 1-'^ mm. long, trnneate; blades
smooth. Hat, setaeeo-aeiiminate. iJO-OO cm. long, (j-15 mm. widi',
with a narrow base. Panicle 20—10 em. long, l-H cm. wide, all
]>arts more or less red or carmine. Sessile spikelets 10 mm. long,
linear-ianceolate; first and second glumes about 10 nnn. long, firm.
scabrid, round on the back, involucre of hairs very short or none;
lirst oblong-lanceolate when spread. K-uerved, 2-toothed. second
ovate-lanceolate, '^-toothed, mucroiuite, third memliranous, linear-
lanceolate, T mm. long, 2-3-nerved, fourth shorter, hyaline, :}-
nerved, '^-toothed with a straight awn about 'i cm. long; palea
2-nerved, hyaline, nerveless. Lodicules truncate. 1 mm. long.
Texas, XvaUcy; Tenn., Oattliujcr; Fla., Clinpiiiiiii.
KMver banks. North Caroliiui, Tennessee to Florida and Texas.
!i. (84, 88). ManisUBIS L. Mant. 2: 104 (ITO:) not Sw.
nulthn'JUa L. f. Diss. Xov. Gram, n (irTO)- /l<'i>iarfliria R.
Br. Prod, --ior (1810), Pharehinis Griseb. PeJfuphom Desv.
Spikelets in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate or
almost entire rachis of a sim})le spike, the first sessile and embedded
in a cavity of the rachis, with one perfect flower and sometimes a
staminate one below it. the other on a closely a])pressed or adnato
])cdicel, but often spreading with a staminate or rarely a i)erfect
ilower, or reduced to 1-2 empty glumes, ^Phe spike single on each
])eduncle above a sheathing bract and cylindrical or nearly so.
Glumes in the sessile spikelet 4, the outer one coriaceous, fiat-
tt-ned on the back, closely covering the cavity of the rachis, second
tliinner but often firm, concave or keeled, third and fourth and
the i)alea hyaline, all awidess. Stamens 3. Styles distinct,
(iraiu enclosed, but not adherent.
In addition to the above from Bentham. our 4 species are
smooth, tall perennials, blades compressed and pointed. The
second glume of the sessile spikelets ovate, acute, compressed,
keeled, 3-nerved, third and fourth glumes aiul the palea ovate.
30 PANICACE^.
Third glume flat, 3-uerved, the fourth compressed, 3-nerved.
Lodieules 2, truncate, many-nerved. Bentham in Flora Ans-
traUensis remarks tliat " RottbmlUa was originally founded by the
younger Linnaeus on five species wliich are now separated into as
many genera. Brown's proposed plan to restrict the name to
R. exaUata and allied species since added has now been generally
adopted."
These grasses are mostly tall perennials, with flat or compressed
leaf-blades. Spikes terminal and lateral. Species about 23, ex-
tending over tropical Asia, Africa, and 4 in America.
The characters of this genus have been very differently restricted
by different botanists. I have followed E. Ilackel, and included
Hemarthria R. Br. in this genus.
On this subject Bentham says: *' Hemarthria is separated
from EoWmUia chiefly on account of the flattened and less dis-
tinctly articulated rachis and the curious way in which the stipes
of the sterile spikelet is adnate to the rachis."
a. First glumes of the sessile spikelet
Transversely rugose 1
** and vertical!; rugose 2
Unequally pitted . . 3
a. First glume of the sessile spike.et
Neither rugose nor pitted 4
1. M. rugosa (Chapm.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 780 (ISOl).
R. rugosa Chapm. Hack, in D. C. Monog. Phan. : 308 (1889).
R. rugom Chapm. Fl. S. States, 570 (18r,0), not Nutt.
Culms robust, comjiressed, 40-90 cm. high. Lower sheaths
compressed, equitaut; ligule very short, truncate; lower blades
20-00 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; the upper about 4 mm. long.
Spikes terminal and lateral, 3-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. diam., often
partly Included in the sheaths. Sessile spikelets a])oi'.t as long
as the joints of the rachis. In the acssile spikelets, first glume 4-5
mm. long, including the spongy base, ovate, flat, 2-keeled, bifid,
(5-8-iu'rved, with two or more regular spongy ridges jiassiug more or
less trnnsversely : second glume 3.5-4 mm. long; third 3.5 mm.
long. 2-nerved; fourth broad ovate, obtuse, 3 mm. or less in lengtii.
ANDHOPOOONE^. 31
The wavy cell-walls of the palea and the fourth glume are
conspicuous under a lens. In the pedicellate spikelets, first glume
flat, ovate, 9-11-nerved, over 2 mm. long, a winged keel near
one margin, second glume as long as the first, compressed, keeled?
5-uerved, third glume as long as the others, hyaline, 3-nerved.
Fla., Curtissm%%: G. V. Nash\()l^.
2. M. corrugata (Baldw.) Kuntze, Hev. Gen. PI. 779 (1891).
R. corrugata Baldwin, Sill. Am. Journ. 1:355 (1819).
Culms robust, compressed, 90-120 cm. high. Lower sheaths
compressed, equitant; ligule very short; lower blades 50 cm.
long, 5-8 mm. wide, the upper shorter. Spikes projecting above
the sheaths, 6-10-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. diam., cyindrical. Ses-
sile spikelets about as long as the Joints of the rachis, first glume,
including the callous base. 5 mm. long, concave, ovate, bifid, nerves
indistinct, vertically and transversely rugose, second glume about
4 mm. long, third glume about 3.5 mm. long, 2-nerved, fourth
glume as long as the third. Pedicellate spikelets nearly 3 mm.
long, first glume ovate, G-nerved, a keel near one edge, second
glume compressed, keeled, 3-nerved.
Low j)ine barrens near the coast. South Carolina to Texas.
3. M. cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze, 1. c. Tripmcum cylinilri-
cum Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 00 (1803).
R. cylimlrica Torr. liot. Whippl. Exped. 159 (1857).
Culms slender, terete, simple, GO-90 cm. high. Sheaths gla-
brous, terete or subcompressed; ligule very short, ciliate; blade
15-40 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad. Spikes single, projecting, terete,
10-18 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide. Spikelets sessile, G-7 mm. long,
with a callus 1 mm. long; first glume of the sessile spikelets obtuse,
7-iierved, 6-8 mm. long, very firm, bifid, nerves inconspicuous, con-
cave, with slight pits on the outside; second and third glumes 4
mm. long. Anthers 3 mm. long. The pedicellate spikelets rudi-
mentary, consisting of 2 small glumes 1.5-2 mm. long.
Texas, ff all H-in-, Fla., Chapman.
Dry sandy soil, Florida to Texas.
4. M. compressa (L. f.) Kuntze, 1. c.
82
PANRACE.E.
R. compressa L. f. Suppl. 1U(1781). Xxw. fasciculata {\jim.)
Hack., D. ('. Monog. Phan. G:-^,SO (1880).
R. fascictdata Lam. 111. Gen. 1 : -lO^ (ITOl). Lepturix fascicu-
lafus Trill. Fund. Agrost. 1-^3 (18'^0). llcinarihria ILwan/ii
Vasey.
Culms branching, compressed, 120 cm. or more liigli. ^jowei'
blades few and rather short, keeled, ciliate on the margins, the
sheaths of the other leaves half to two-thirds
as long as the internodes; ligule short ciliate,
blades of the culms 5-7-nerved, more or less
scabrous, usually conduplieate, 10-18 cm.
long, 4-0 mm. wide. Spikes numerous.
terminal and lateral, usually compressed and
more or less enclosed, (5-10 cm. long. Ses-
ailc spikelets about as long as the joints of
the rachis. In the sessile spikelets. first
glume oblong acute. mm. long, about
10-nerved, second glume linear, as long as
„ « ., . . the first, third irlunio linear acute. 5-0 mm.
iui. y.—MiiniKiins com-
pnxm. Portion of a long, fourth oviite-lanceolatc. obtuse. 4 mm.
.si.ik...x3. (Rkluirdson.) ^^^^^, ^^^^^,^ about the length of its glume.
In pcdivellute spikelets first glume fiat, linear-lanceolate, extreme
ti]) obtuse and "2-toothed, 7-nerved, second glume lanceolate, ex-
tending to the apex of the first glume, compressed. .'5-o-nerved,
third glume and palea much alike, about 3 mm. long. Grain
2 mm. long.
S. E. Texas, Havarih XeaUei/ ; Mexico, Pn'iif/k 3132.
Also found in N. Africa and S. W. Europe.
10. (87). Hackelochloa Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 770 (1801).
Jhntisiin's Sw. Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 1 : 180 (1707), not Linn.
Si)ikelets in pairs in the notches of the 1-sided articulate rachis
of a simple spike. 1 sessile and hall" einltedded in a cavity on the
rachis, with 1 perfect llower. the other on a sliort appressed pedicel
reduci'd to 2 em|>ty glumes, or with a staininate fiower, the spike
single on the jieduncle above a sheathing bract. Glumes of the
AXDKUl'OtiOXE.E.
33
sessile spikelet 4, awnless, warty, hard, empty, the second smaller
concave, thiu and firm, third and fourth small, thin and hyaline,
awnless; palea minute or 0. Stamens
3. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed by
the round glume, but not adherent.
Species 11, widely spread over the
warmer regions of the New and the Old
World.
1. H. granulans (L.) Kuntze, Rev.
CJeu. PI. 770 (1801). CeticJirus (jmnu-
loris L. Mant. 2 : App. 575 (1771).
MatdsHi'isi fjratnilat'h Sw.
A slender leafy bninolung annual,
70-90 cm. high. Sheaths loose, com-
pressed, hispid; ligule very short; blades
short flat, ciliate cordate. G-"iO cm. long,
8-12 mm. wide, clothed with spreading
hairs each springing from a tubercle, the
floral leaves generally exceeding the en-
closed sheathing bracts and spikes and
narrower sheathing bracts, the whole in-
floivscence foi'ining an irregular leafy
panicle. S})ikes 1.5-2.5 cm. long.
Si'sxiU' spikelets 1.8-2.5 mm. long,
l.;5 mm. diam. on an cbeonical callus.
0.5-0.8 mm. long, outer glume 11- F'"- 10.— ILn-Mochloa (jrann-
lariK. A, spiko ; a, b, $
nerved, second oval. 1-nerved; pcdicvl- spikflit. x 4 ; c, dr spikelet,
hdr spikelets 2 mm. or more long, first ^ '• («"'''»'^'- )
glume flat-oval, 6-7-n-nerved, with a keel near each nuirgin,
second concave. 7-nerved. the keel winged.
(!a.. ('Nr/iss 3025; Arizona. I'ri)i(/li; Lrmmon 315; Mexico,
Ptthiivr. /'n'ti(/tc '.Wr,x both for U. S. iK-pt. Agric.
In Palmer's specimen there is a thin glume, lu'arly as long as
the outer glume; it is hyaline, broad uval. 2-nerved. A fourth
one is a little shorter, ii\ aline, nervi'lt-ss. Stamens 3. Fn ['ringlc's
34 PANICACE^.
specimens from Arizona, there are three or four empty glumes and
no stamens.
Introduced. North Carolina, Florida, 'I'exas, Mexico.
11. (91). Eeemochloa Buese, Miq. PI. Jungh, 1 : 357
(1854). Ischwmum in part. Pectinaria Hack. Engl, and Prantl.
Nat. PI. 2, 2 : 20 (1887). Vossia Wall.
Spikelets in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate flexu-
ose rachis of simple spikes, 1 sessile with 1 pei'fect terminal flower
and a staminate 1 below it, the outer pedicellate and either similar
or with oidy 1 perfect or 1 or 2 staminate flowers or reduced to 2
empty glumes, the spikes either solitary or 2 or more, sessile or
nearly so on the end of the common peduncle. The outer glume
of the sessile spikelet the largest, awnless, truncate or 2-toothed
at the top. second glume keeled and sometimes produced into a
straight awn, third glume rather smaller, thin, enclosing a palea
and 3 stamens, terminal glume a twisted and bent awn, attenuate
or hyaline and bifid at the base as in Andrnpnr/on; palea small and
thin or 0. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glumes, but not
adherent.
About 30 species, mostly Asiatic.
The above in reference to Ercmnchloa is mostly taken from Ben-
tham's Flora Australiemis. It will scarcely lead one to recognize
our siugle introduced species,
1. E. LEKRSioiDES (Muuro) ILick., D. C. Monog. Phan. : 2G-4
(1880). Isi'lKcinuin lee rsiai ties, Munro, Proc. Am. Acad. 4 : 303
1804-05). This is not Eremnrhloe S. Wats.
Culms slender, spariugly branched, 20-40 cm. high, nodes
ptiberuleiit. Leaf-blades flat or involute, hirsute, setaceous, 0-12
cm. long. 2-3 mm. wide. Spikes curved (looking much like liou-
felona leiiiftsov />.j)uli/iil(trh9/{n). terminal or lateral, 2-5 cm. long.
I'edicellate spikelets reduced to a stipe less than 3 mm. long.
S'.'ssde spikelets 3.5 mm. long, first glume flattened, ovate, about
4 nun. long, 0-nerved. subiioute with two close teetli. margins sup-
l)lii'd with short spiny hairs 2-3 mm. long, second glume elliptical,
acute. 4 mm. long. 3-nerved. third glume and palea 3 mm. long,
hyaline, terminal glume awnless.
ANDROPOUONE.E.
Introduced into California from eastern Asia.
36
Fig. 11. — Ercmochloa leeraioides. A, spikelet, X 10; 6, c, florets. (Scribner.)
13. (92). Teachypogon Nees, Agrost. Bras. 341 (1829), in
part.
Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs at tlie nodes of the rachis of a
simple 1-sided spike, a subscssile staminate awnless s])ikelet and an
awned pedicelled, pistillate or perfect spikelet. Empty glumes
3-4, the outer. 1 firm, awnless, enclosing the others, second nar-
rower but similar, third empty, very delicately hyaline, narrow,
very small ; terminal glume in the sessile spikelet delicately hya-
line, awnless, in the pedicelled spikelet hyaline below, above bearing
a long twisted awn; palca very small or 0. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct. CJniin oblong, included, not adlicrent.
Tall tufted perennial grasses, with long narrow, flat or involute
leaf-blades. Spikes solitary or 2 or 3 and sessile at the apex of
the peduncles. Spikelets slightly imbricated and appressed to
the rachis. Nearly related to Jlcfcro/tni/d)/.
Found in troj^ical America and in Africa and Australia.
Anderss. in (Efvcrs. Vet. Akad. Stocikh. 1857, enumerates
11 species, I of which is African and the rest peculiar to tropical
and subtropical Amenca. including Brazil and Mexico. Ilackel
places them all in one species with many subspecies and varieties.
1. T. polymorphus Hack., Mart, et Eicld. Fl. Bras., 2, pars.
3 : 2(13 (1,SS3).
A sleuder erect perennial grass, OO-IH) cm. high, hairy
at the nodes. Sheaths terete, longer than the inter nodes, more
or less pubescH'iit; ligule firm; blades narrow, ilat or convolute,
glaucous, rigid, tlio lower 20 cm. long, the upper 6-8 (;m.
36
PANICACE.E,
long. Spikes 1-6, terminal, protnuling above the leaves, 8-17
cm. long. Sessile stamiuato spikelet
5-8 mm. long, without a callus, ob-
long obtuse, flat concave, ^-keeled. !i-
ll-nerved, 7 mm. long, second glume
linear, 3-nervecl, as long as the first,
third oblong, 2-nerved, 5 mm. long.
fourth narrower and shorter, :}-nerved.
Pedicellate spikelets 2-'.] mm. long
with a hard oblique point, al)ovo
which are appressed hairs. Flower
perfect, first glume sparsely hairy,
flat-concave, obtuse, 7-!)-nerve(l, 8
mm. long, second round on the back,
oblong, 3-nerved, bifid, as long as the
first, third 3-nerved, the lower portion
hyaline, 2 mm. long bearing a twisted
bent awn 2.5-13 cm. long.
Mexico, Palmer 303.
The species is found in west Texas,
Arizona and Mexico.
Var. Montufari (II.B.K.) Hack.
1. c. Andrcqioyan Monfiifari II.B.K.
Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 184 (1815). T.
Monhifari^coi^, ^Uirt. Fl. Bras. 2 : 342
(1820). lilades all flat or the radical
ones convolute. 2-5 mm. wide; ligulo
2-13 mm. long. Spikes 10-17 cui.
long; staminate spikelets ovate-oblong,
G-7 mm. long, first glume more or
less pilose on the back. Arizona,
Priiif/h'\75: Mexico, Palmer MM.
13. (83). ElionURUS II. & li. Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 941 (1805)
(Elyonurus). CalUcliloea Sprong. Steud. Norn. F]d. 2, 1 : 257
(1840).
Spikelets in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate
Fig. 13. — Trnchypogon poly
morphiiK. Spikelets, X 4
(Hicliardson.)
ANDIiOl'OUONK.E. 37
r;i('l>i.s of a simple spike, 1 sessile with 1 perfect flower, the other
pedicellate and barren, the spike solitary and the rachis densely
silky-hairy. Onter glume of the barren spikelet usually spread-
iiii;-. Fertile spikelet appressed; glumes 4, the outer one firm,
largest, erect and often 2-lobed, with a imlsam-bearing line along
the nerves, second shorter, thin but rigid and pointed, third and
fourth shorter, hyaline, ail without awns; palea none or very
minute. Styles distinct. Stamens 3. CJrain enclosed in the
outer glumes, but not adherent. Culms tufted, usually erect.
Sheaths subtumid; ligule very short, truncate; blades flat or more
or less folded. Tkacemes erect.
They all differ a little from Manisurh {EotfhcelUa). connecting
this with AtKh'opofjonece. Boissier has proposed Lasiurus as a
genus to include the species, having 3 spikelets instead of 3 at each
node of the rachis: but this character is by no means constant.
Species a])out 12, mostly perennials spread over tropical and
subtropical America and Africa, sparingly in western Asia, and
one in tropical Australia.
Pedicellate spikelet neuter 1
" " staminato 3
1. E. barbiculmis Hack., D. C. Monog. Phan. G : 330 (1889).
Aiuh'ojHKjon r(t)i(li(lns Trin. in part.
Culms tufted, slender. 50-70 cm. high, containing 3-4 nodes, one
f»r two of the upper ones bearing solitary branches. Sheaths terete,
loose; blades of the lower leaves verv narrow, often 30 cm. long,
the upper 1-4 cm. long, 0.7-1 mm. wide. Spike 0-8 cm. long, 5
mm. wide, white with dense silky hairs. Sessile spikelet lanceo-
late, much flattened, 7-1) mm. long; first glume lance-eliiptical,
densely hairy, obscurely 7-uerved, the lateral nerves heavy, second
glume h-{\ mm. long, obscurely nerveil. third and fourth about
('(|ual. 4 mm. long, one 3-nerved, the other 3-nerved. Styles plu-
mose, red. Pedicellate spikelets 5 mm. long, borne on pedicels
rather shorter, the outer glume lanceolate, flattened on the back,
hairy, the second acute. 4 mm. long, the third and fourth 3 mm.
long; no flower. E. Ilackel considers the Hrazilian grass, Elionv-
rv.v raiididits (Trin.) Hack., to which our form has been referred.
88
PANIC AC E^.
as a distinct species, and proposes the above name for our
species.
West Texas, U>/^/// S04; New Mexico, Wr if/ht 210Q: Arizona,
Leinmou lim'y, Mexico. Pr ingle 423; Texas, Nealley, Havard;
Arizona, Lane, liolhrock 038.
Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico.
2. E. tripsacoides II.li.K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. 1 : 192 (1815).
Anilropofjon XuttaUii Chapm. FI. S. States, 580 (1860). Elionurfis
NuttaUii Vasey, Descr. Cat. Gr. U. S. 25 (1885).
Cuhns erect, tufted, slender, compressed, sparingly branched from
the upper 1-3 nodes, interuodes but little longer than the sheaths
70-120 cm. high. Ligule ciliate
with long hairs; blades filiform-
involute, glabrous or pilose, the
lower 15-50 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
wide, those of the middle of the
culm 30-50 cm. long, the upper
3-5 cm. long. Spikes axillary and
terminal, 5-14 cm. long. Sterile
sjiikelets 4-7 mm. long borne on
a hairy pedicel 3 mm. long, first
glume flattened, smooth, ovate-lan-
ceolate, obtuse, 5-nerved besides the keel at each margin, second
glume as long as the first, elliptical-lanceolate, keeled near the apex,
3-nervcd, third glume a little shorter, 2-uerved, fourth still shorter.
Stamens 3. Sessile spikelets on an obovate callus, 1-1.5 mm. long,
densely barbate, llattened, 5-0 mm. long, smooth or scabrid, the 2
keels clothed with short hairs, first glume fiat, narrowly ovate,
bifid, 1 l-nerved, second concave, elliptical-lanceolate, nearly as long
as the first, keeled above, third and fourth shorter; flower perfect.
Florida, Cxrfiss 3030, Drummond 344.
Florida to Texas.
Var. Ciliaris (Trin.) E. ciliaris II.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp.
1 : 1J)3 /. 03 (1815).
The first glume copiously clothed on the back with short hairs.
Pig. 13. — EHomirus tripsacoides
Spikelets. (Hichardson.)
ANniK)P(K{ONE.E. 89
Kunth describes this jirass in his supplomont. iiml at the close
remarks that it is liardly distinct from //. tnpmcoides II. B.
It is also so considered by Ilackel.
Texas and Arizona, RnthrocTc 038.
14. (94). Andeopogon L. 8p. PI. 1045 (175.3). DirlianfJiinm
Willoni. Ust. Ann. IJot. 18 : 11 (1700). Snnjlutm Pers. Syn.
1 : 101 (1805). Heterojmion. Pers. Syn. 5i : 533 (1807). Dicdomis
IJoanv. Aj^rost. t. 23. /'. 5 (1812). ('//m/jopof/on Sprens^. Pn.<j:ill.
2 : 14 (1815). f7irj/sopofj(»i Trin. Fnnd. Agrost. 187 (1820).
Lopcoccirix Ti-in. Fund. Agrost. 203 (1820). SrJ/t'zarht/n'nm
Xees, Agrost. Bras. 331 (182!)). Ifi/pof/i/i/ixm Xeos. Agrost. Hra-^.
304(1829). ItJiik/ashuoii Stem]. V\oni.:y.i: 1.229(1850). ayoi-
iKniflielia and llyparrhcma Anderss. Nov. Act. Upsal. 2 : 231
(185(5).
At least twenty other synonyms have been discovered.
Spikelets l-tiowered or empty, in pairs, or by the suppression of
1. single, tlie axis often terminated by 2 pedicellate spikelets by the
side ot: 1 sessile, either in the alternate notches of the articulate
rachis of sim})Ie spikes, or else paniculate, 1 sessile, perfect (or
rarely staminatc) and fertile, the otlier pedicellate and barren,
either staminate or empty. Glumes in the fertile spikelets 4, the
outer 1 the largest, awnless, or with a straight awn, several-nerved,
but often almost 2-keeled, with 2 nerves near the margin mucli
more prominent than the others; second glume keeled, rarely pro-
duced into a short straight awn, third glume much smaller, hyaline
and emi)ty. fourth or terminal glume very slender, flexuose and
stipe-like at the base, or if dilated hyaline, entire or bifid at the
apex, usually witli an awn, either terminal or from the notch, rigid
and twisted in the lower part, bent back and very fine abovt' the
miildle; palea small, hyaline, or 0. Lodicules euneate. (Jlumes
of the barren spikelet 4 or fewer, tlie outer one tlie largest and
muny-ncrved, second keeled, third and fourth, wlien ])resent. small,
thin and hyaline, all awidess. Stamens .3. Stylos distinct, (irain
enclosed, but not adiierent. Culms usually destitute of a hollow
inside, hard, often fiattencd. dark red or brown near the nodes.
Leaf-blades usually very narrow, ni'ver cordate, pedicels and joints,
of the rachis usually ciliate or villous.
40 PANICA^E.^.
The grasses of this polymorphous genus numher about 130
species, are generally branching, often found in poor land, and
vary much in habit. They are widely dispersed in the warmer
portions of Europe, Asia, Australia and America.
Bentham reduces the species of Androjwgon proper to 5 sec-
tions.
I have followed E. Hackel, who places our species of the genus
under subgenera as follows :
Subgenus 1. Schizactiyrium (I^ees as a genus). Spikes slen-
der, single, terminal or axillary, the thickened joints of the rachis
with a cup or toothlike appendage at the apex, pedicellate spike-
lets usually neuter, about as long as the sessile oiies, second glume
of the sessile spikelets awnless or with a very short awn, floral
glume often cleft nearly to the base, bearing an awn between the
lobes; culms usually low and slender.
a. Spikelets and pedicels clothed with soft hairs . . . .(b)
b. Hairs reaching beyond the spikelets 1
b. Hairs not reaching beyond the spikelets 2
a. Spikelets and pedicels containing a few short hairs in rows
or lines (c)
0. Annual, culms filiform, bearing spikes at all the nodes,
blades 2-G cm. long 3
c. Perennial, culms stouter, leaves longer . . . .(d)
d. Lateral spikes all exserted (c)
e. Lateral spikes very few (f)
f. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long 4
f. Spikelets 7 mm. long 5
e. Lateral spikes numerous G
d. Lateral spikes partly embedded (g)
g. Sessile spikelets about 4 mm. long . . 7
g. Sessile spikelets about 6 mm. long . . 8
g. Sessile spikelets about 7 mm. long . .
Subgenus 2. Diectomis (Reauv. as a genus). Pedicellate spike-
lets laterally compressed, neuter, broad, twice as long as the sessile
ones, second glume of sessile spikelets awned 10
Subgenus 3. Artiiuolophis. Spikes mostly in pairs, rarely
digitate or panicled, terminal or axillary, one pedicellate, the other
ANDUOPOGONE.E. 41
sessile, the brandies and branchlets more or less included by a
broad spatlie or slioath bavin*,' little or no blade.
A. Pedicellate spikelets with 1-2 flumes half as long as the
sessile ones, culms simple below, much branched above.
a. Si)ikes 4-()-jointe(l (b)
b. Spikes 1-2 cm. long, sessile si)ikelots 4 mm. long 11
b. Spikes 2-7 cm. long, sessile spikelets 5 mm. long 13
Spikelets mm. long (c)
c. Spikes ;}-4 cm. long 13
c. Spikes 5-7 cm. long 14
a. Spikes 10-20-jointed (d)
d. Spikes 2 cm. long, mostly raised above the tips
of the long bracts 1,5
d. Spikes mostly wich bracts as long as them-
selves ((.')
e. Spikes about 2 cm. long, sessile spikelets
3-5 mm. long (f)
f. Plant slender, spikes in remote clusters 1(5
f. TMant stout, spikes mostly clustered near
the top 17
e. Spikes 2-3 cm. long, sessile spikelets 3 nun.
long. Some plants of 1!>
e. Spikes 2-3 cm. long, sessile spikelets 4 mm.
long 18-20
B. Pedicellate spikelets staminate, with 4-5 glumes, as long as
the sessile ones, which are 7-11 mm. long, branching little
above,
a. Spikes 2, near or at the apex of the culm or its
branches 21, 22
a. Spikes 3-8, digitate near th.o apex of the culm. . . 23
Subgenus 4. Ampiiilopiiis. Spikes digitate or panicled at the
apex of the culm or branches, all pedicellate. Joints of the rachis
and the pedicels with a median, longitudinal, translucent line.
Floral glume tapering into an awn.
a. Pedicellate and sessile spikelets equal 24
a. Pedicellate sjiikeU'ts shorter than the sessile, sjiikes in a ter-
minal panicle often branched 25
42
PANICACE.E.
Subfrenus 5. Sorgtium (I'ers. as a p:omis). Spikelcts truly and
conspioiioiisly paniculate, rays
consisting of a sessile fertile
one on a pedicel, the branches
pedicellate si)ikelets. First and
spikelcts coriaceous.
slender, the lateral in })airs.
one and a staminate or abortive
terminating in 1 sessile and 2
second glumes of the fertile
Fig. 14.— Spikelets of A. Hallii.
a. Rays of the i)anicle verticellate ; the pedicellate spikelets
staminate witii -t glumes, rarely 1-2 and neuter. ... 26
a. Rays of the panicle mostly solitary, but branching near the
base (b)
b. Pedicellate spikelets none or sometimes reduced to
pedicels merely (c)
c. Panicle oblong, erect or nodding 27
c. Panicle secund, rays variously llexuose 28
Subgenus G. Chkysopogon (Trin. as a genus). Racemes
whorled, pedicellate, spikelets obviously paniculate and laterally
compressed. Our single species is a tall annual; the aAvns 12-15
cm. long 29
Subgenus 7. Diciiaxtiium (Willemet as a genus). Spikes
ANDROPOGONE.E. 43
tisiially 3 to niuny. di^ntutc, all lu'dicelhite or all sessile, not sub-
teink'ti by a leaf-slieath. Floral j^lunie usually .stalklike . . liO
Our single species annual; racemes nodtling on very sleiider
jieduncles. ■
Subgenus S. Hi:tki{oi'()(K)X (Persoon as u genus), lisicemes or
spikes solitary and terminal or lateral. Spikelets imbricated. 1-15
ol' the lowest pairs liomogamous; awns large with sharp barbed
points.
a. Annual 31
a. Perennial 32
Subgenus !». C'YMi!Oi'0(iOX (S[)reng. as a genus). Pacemes in
})airs, terminal or lateral. 1 sessile, always with 1-'^ basal liomog-
amous pairs (of 2 staminate spikelets). the other short-pedicelled,
with or without liomogamous pairs, both together subtended by a
sheathing leaf, frequently arranged in a false panicle, interrupted
by leaves. Floral glume strongly awned 33
1. A. gracilis Spreng. Syst. 1 : -^84 (lS-^4). A very slender,
erect, tufted, glabrous perennial. 3()-()() cm. high. Sheaths terete;
ligule very short; blade convolute-setaceous. l()-'^() cm. long.
Spikes solitary, 3-4 cm. long, the terminal one exserted. the lateral
ones distant, sheathed by narrow bracts 2-4 cm. long, the zigzag
rachis and i)edicels clothed with soft spreading hairs reaching be-
yond the spikelets. Pedicel 4 mm. long bearing an awned sjiikclet
'Z mm. long, consisting of a single glume. Sessile spikelets lanceo-
late, about 5 mm. long, first and second glumes equal, the former
•■i-toothed with 2 nerves toward each margin, the latter acute, 1-
nerved, the bent aAvn nearly 2 cm. long.
Fla., Garhcr. Found in Florida and the West Indies.
2. A. hirtiflorus Kunth. Kev. (iram. 2 : oOO, 1. 108 (1820).
Culms slender, 50-120 cm. high mostly with 2 branches above,
each as well as the main stem bearing a single erect spike. Lower
sheaths often hirsute or barbed at the throat; blades sparingly
hairy, 10-20 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the upper ones slender, 0-4
mm. long. Spike single, narrow, zigzag, 4-G cm. long bearing 5-8
pairs of spikelets, rachis and pedicels hairy throughout. First glume
of sessile sj)ikelet 7-0 mm. long, laueeolate, 2-toothed margins invo-
44 PANICACK.K.
lute, 7-8-nerve(l, second mombraiious, ciliate-koeled, 4-5-nerved,
8 mm. long, third hytilino shorter, fourth G mm. long" hititl over
hair its length bearing a bent awn 1"^-17 mm. long. I'edicellato
spikelets j)rotruding above tlie hairs. Pedicels tj mm. long bear-ng
a lanceolate spikelet a little shorter than itsell* consisting of 'Z empty
glumes.
Texas, Xeallei/j Arizona, Pn'tif/Ic, Leninuhi 0"^5. Tlie latter is
owned by F. L. Scribner and mark 'd " teste E. Ilackel."
\'ar. brevipedicellatus. L blades less than 2 mm. wide.
Pedicels 4 mm. long, first glume of the sessile spikelet G-7 mm.
long.
Mexico, J\-i//(/I(' ;5S:5. Distributed as A. hiflijlin'us Kunth.
Subvar. oligostachyus (C'hapm.) Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. 6 :
372 (1889). A. uliyustachjius Chapm. Fl. S. States, 581 (1800).
Kachis slender, 5-() cm. long with 10-15 joints.
Arizona, Priiiule.
Var. feensis (Fourn.) Hack. D. C. ^lonog. I'lian. : 372
(188!)). .1. frrii.sis Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. (Jram. «",2 (188»;).
Sheaths pilose, "iliate; blades scabrid; racemes 5-7 cm. long,
slender. 10-12-jointed, apex of the joint 1 mm. broad, loosely i)ilose.
Arizona. l.i'iiiDuni 21(25. Mexico, Parri/, Pnhticv !Mi(i.
3. A. brevifolius Sw. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ. 2(i (17!i7). Annual:
culms 10-100 cui. loug. very slender with filiform llowi'ring
branches in twos and threes from nearly all the nodes. Lignle
very short: blade contracted at the insertion, green, glabrous, with
margins scabrous, spathcs reddish green, glabrous, clavatc. IJacemcs
5-10-join;e(K the joints clavatc, 2-toothe(l. about the U'ngth of the
sessile spikeU'ts. Sessile spikelet linear-oblong, pah* green: first
glume lirni. involute, 2-to<(ilu'd. subconvex on the back, obscurely
2-;»-nerv, >I : si-cond glunu' awnless, very acute, 1-nerved: fourth
glume divided almost to the base. Anthers 1-1.5 mm. loug. (Jrain
liiu^ar. Pedicellate spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long, on |)edici'ls which are
us long as the joints of the racemes, first ghnne bearing a slender
awn.
Var. genuinus Hack. 1). V. Monog. IMian. C : 303 (ISS'I).
.1. hrcvifdliiiK var. piilla Franch. et Savat. Enum. IM. .lap. 2, (110
x^N 1)H01»0U( )N ILE. 45
(1875-70). J. tvncUus Pmsl. Rclici. Ilivnk. 1: :}35 (1830). Blados
obtuse. ~-o cm. long, 1.5-5 inin. wide. Hueciuos very sloiulor. \-l
cm. long ; sjKitlic 1.5-'^ cm. long. Sessile spikclcts ;]-• 1 mm. long,
the iiwn 8-12 mm. long.
Mexico, PniKjb 1771.
^lexico to Brazil, Madugiiscar, India. China, and other coun-
t ries.
•1. A. tener Knuth. Rev. Gram. % 5(15 /. 1!)7 (18-^9).
Culms very slender, 20-70 cm. high, branching s})aringly, the
exserted threadlike tips 2-10 em. long, each carrying a single
narrow spike l-O em. long. Sheaths of culm almost carinate;
lignle truncate, glabrous, very short; blades destitute of hairs, the
lower ones 2-5 cm. long, 0.!(-2 mm. wide, the upper bristlelike,
1-2 cm. long. Short hairs on the rachis below the sessile spike-
lets. Stipe 3-(l cm. long, sj)ariugly clothed on one edge with short
hairs, each spikelet subtended by a short 2-i)ointed bra(!t. The
first glnme of the sessile spikelet ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long,
llattened. 2-keeled, obscurely 7-nerved; se(M)nd glnme as long iis the
first, compressed-keeled, )5-nervod, fourth bearing a twisted awn 8-14
mm. long. Anthers 2 mm. long. Pedicellate spikclets flattened,
;j-5 mm. long, of 2-3 glumes only. It resembles considerably A.
eirni/ns J Tack.
Mexico, Pahiier 504.
Florida to Texas a,iid ^rexlco.
Var. flliformis (Nces) Hack. T). C. Monog. Phan. fi : 379
(188'.t). Schizid'lijiriiiDi Jilifoi'me Nees, Agrost. Mras. 338
(I82'.t). Culms tiliforui. 40-(!0 cm. high, branching from the base;
Iciif-bladcs convolute, filiform. 0.4-0.5 mm. diam. ; spikes. 3-4 cm.
long.
Florida, (fiir/iss ; Miss., 7'niri/.
A. cirratus Hack, in Flora (IS : 11!) (1885).
IMant glaucous. Culms sparingly branched, thread-like, t'x-
serted, 3-5 cm. long, each bearing a single spike 4-(i cm. long.
Slieaths terete: lignle 2 mm. huig: blade very sjtaringly hairy, the
"idwcr iind middle oiu's Id 15 cm. lung, 3 mm. wide, the upper
rarely 2 cm. bing. Spiki'S single, tlie rachis at each node and
46 PANICACE.E.
on one edge of the stipe bearing luiirs 2 mm. long. Sessile spike-
let 7 mm. long; first glume flattened, O-nevved, ovate-ljineeohite
witli 2 ciliate keels; second glume shorter, thinner, keeled, 3-nerved;
third still shorter, hyaline; fourth bifid, bearing a twisted awn 1 em.
oi- more in length. Pedicellate spikelets 2—4 mm. long, consisting
of l-o empty glumes.
Mexico, Wriyhf 2105, Primjic 382, Greene 400; Texas, Xe((l-
ley SnS.
A neat slender grass found in Y. . :: Mexico, Arizona, and north-
ern Mexico.
0. A. scoparius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 57 (1803). A. pirr-
jjnr(m-e)is Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 913 (180(i).
Culms slender, (iO-OOcin. high, with numerous branches. Sheatlis
sparingly hairy; l)lades 2-3 mm. wide. Spikes slender, scattered,
usually 2-3 from a single sheath, exserted on slender i)edicels, the
joints of the rachis clothed on the two edges with lax dull-white
hairs. The sterile spikelet consists of a single glume al)out 3 mm.
long, or staminate aiul longer. First and second glumes of tlio
pistillate spikelet lanceolate, mm. long, and awn-pointed: first
glume fiattened on the back, scabrid, obscurely nerved; second
glume tliinner, keeled, 3-nerved ; fourth bifid for one third its
lengtli, bearing in the notch an awn 10-15 mm. long.
From the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. \'ery common on
the prairies, aflFordiug considerable pasture; sometimes cut for hay.
It starts very late in tlie spring and is dunuiged 1)y frost.
Subs[)ecies euscoparius Hack. D. C. Monog. I'han.. 1. c. Low
tufted; sheaths smooth; blades glaucous. scal)rous. 5-7 mm. wide;
first and secoiul glumes of sessile spikelet 8 mm. hiug, with points
2 mm. long. Specimens marked " teste E. Tlackel *' owned by F.
L. Scribner. Sandsof Cape May, N. J. Coll. J. Hurk, Oct. 2, 1888.
Subspecies genuinus lla( k., 1. c.
Pedicellate spikelets 2-3 mm. long, subulate; first glume 3-
nerved, terminating in a ])ristle; branches filiform, glabrous below
the nodes; racenu'S slender; very variable. ^lichigan (M. A. C. 3),
Coo/ei/, />m/o: Illinois, /inil 4; Penu.. .sVv//»av/' 3(135; Vt.. Priti'
ffh>; N. J., U. S. Ihpl. .i(/r}r. from Scriljuer 20(»; Texas, Xealleij.
ANDHOIHXiONK.E. 47
Subspecies maritimus Haek., 1. e. Var. (jciininus Hack. J.
iiKtnlmniH Cluipni. Fl. 8. States. Suppl. Cn-S (KSSi>).
Leaves and si>athes glabrous: blades 10 em. long. Spikelets
s.'ssile. 10 mm. long. Panicles or racemes 2-branclied. Si)atlies
acuminate. I'acenu'S 4-5 cm. long, stout, G-8-jointed; raeliis
subuiululate; pedicels densely clotbed on tlie margins with long
hairs; first glume of sessile spikelet ;i-5-nerved, long, jwiuted; third
light violet, awns 13 mm. long. Pedicellate spikelets 7-10 mm.
long; first glume 7-nerved, very short-awued; fourth also short-
awned.
Florida, (Chapman.
7. A. condensatus (Xees) II. I^. K. Xov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 188
(1815). Schizavhyt'ium condenmiux Nees. Agrost. Bras. 333
(18-.>!)).
(Uilms stout, 30-150 cm. high, paniculately branching. Sheaths
compressed, mostly shorter than the inti'rnodes; blades flat or con-
(lui)licatc, those of tlie sterile shoots 30-40 cm. long, those of the
culm shorter. "2-7 mm. wide, smooth or scabrous. Spathes \-'l cm.
loug, lanceolate, acute. Kacemcs short, loose, 2-8-jointed. more or
less wavy or zigzag; }(edicels of the sterile si)ikelets as long as the
fertile spikelet. Spikelets usually 4 mm. long, linear; first glume
chartaceo-mcml)ranous, linear-subulate, 2-toothcd. or acute; third
aliout the length of the first, lanceolate, nerveless, ciliolute: fourth
about the length of the secoiul, linear. 1 -nerved, glabrous, awn
12-15 mm. long. Palea 0. Stamens 3.
Var. paniculatus (Kunth) Hack. Monog., 1. c. A. pnninila'
tuH Kunth, Knum. PI. 1 : 4!t4 (1S33). Pacemes exserted above
tlie spathes, or the base included.
Mexico, State of San Luis Potosi. Prinf/lc 3134.
8. A. semiberbis (Nees) Kunth. Knum. 1 : 48!) (1833). Srhizn-
chyrium srmihcrfip 'Scvs. Agrost. Bras. 330 (1820). A. oliijostach-
yvsV\\ii\nw. Fl. S. States. 581 (18()!»).
Culms erect, leafy below, branching above. flO-150 cm. high.
Sheaths often barbate at the throat; blades smooth, glaucous,
keeled, the lower 30-40 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide ; s])ikes solitary,
the terminal one barelv exserted. the lateral oiu's often half oi' more
48 PANICACE.E.
covered by the sheath-like bracts, the pedicels and rachis bearing
a few short spreading liairs. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate, about
6 mm. long; first glume firm, scabrous, flattened, obscurely nerved;
second a little sliorter, incurved, compressed-keeled, ;3-nerved ; the
fourth with a thin pointed projection 2 mm. long each side of the
twisted awn, which is about 1.5 cm. long. Pedicels 3.5 mm. long
bearing a rudimentary spikelet with an awn nearly twice its lengtli.
Florida, Chapman, for F. L. Scribner, teste E. Hackel; also
A. P. Garber in 1887, Gariliev in 1892.
Var. pruinatus Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. 370 (1880). Kodes
and blades pruinose. Florida, Simpson.
9. A. Schottii Kupr. Hack, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2; Pars. 3 : 299
(1871).
Culms slender, 40-80 cm. high, compressed; branches single
from the remote nodes. Sheatlis very smooth; blades rigid, acute,
10-20 cm. long, 2— i mm. wide, ghibrous. sometimes thinly hairy to-
Avard the base. Sjjathes 4-G cm, long, narrow, obtuse or acute, as
long as the exserted i)art of the peduncle or longer. Racemes 4-7
cm. long, slender, pilose; joints as long as the sessile spikelets; the
apex 1 mm. wide, unequally 2-toothed, glabrous on the back, ciliate
on the margii s. Sessile spikelets 7 mm. long; first glume firm,
linear, acuminate, subbimucioiuite, glabrous, pale red, obscurely
3-nerveil. the callus with a stout tuft of hairs; second glume acute,
1-nervcd, the keel scabrous; third glume ciliate, the fourth divided
nearly to the base, the awn 15 mm. long. Pedicellate s})ikelets on
slender pedun(!les as long as the joints, ciliate on the edges; spike-
lets suludate, 3 mm. long.
Mexi(!o, Pahncr 7.
10. A. fastigiatus Sw. Fl. Iiul. Occ. 20 : 207 (1788).
Perennial; culms (10-90 cm. high, terete, branching, flower-
bearing brandies in threes, fastigiate, smooth. Sheaths loose,
keeled, scabrous or smooth; ligule acnte, many-nerved, glabrous,
wider than tlie blade, fl-10 mm. long; lower blades sometimes 30
cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, all narrow at the base, setaceously acu-
mimite, flat or loosely folded, glabrons (ir s])aringly ciliate at the
base. Spathes linear-lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long. Kacemes 4-7 cm.
AXI)KOl'U(JONE.E. 49
long, dense, reddish green; joint cuneate, a tliird shorter than the
spikelets, with wliite spreading hairs on tlie edges, the iqicx 1 mm.
wide. Sessile spikelets whitish, 4-5 mm. long: first glume linear-
oblong, obtuse, '^-tootlied ; margins firm, involute, hairy; second
glume as long as the first! obovate-truneate. compressed, ciliate,
bearing an awn 3-4 times its length between the two very sliort
teeth; third linear, the oblong margins involute, ciliate; fourth
elliptical, half as long as tlie second, ciliate, the awn 3. 5-4. 5 cm.
long; palea one third shorter than its glume. Anthers 1. Smm.
long. Pedicellate spikelets twice as long sis the fertile ones, tinged
with red; first glume herbaceous, obovate-falcate. flattish. abruptly
acute, with 15 or more nerves, ciliate, bearing a slender awn its own
length ; second glume half as long as the first, ovate-lanceolate, with
a slender awn half its length or longer. Stamens 0.
Mexico. Pahner r.iW, Prinfjlc; Cuba, Wrinhl :U83.
Found in Mexico, Cuba, (Jentral xiUierica lo Brazil, tropical
Africa, India.
11. A. brachystachyus Chapm. Fl. S. States, Suppl. (iCS (1880).
C'uhrs 100-150 cm. high, with numerous very slendei- branches,
each bearing two short spikes. Leaf-blades snuwtli. the lower 30
cm. long, 3 mm. wide, the upper reduced to nicre short tlireads.
Spikes mostly in})airs. siender, zigzag, 1-2 cm. long, the hairs of the
rachis and pedicels extending beyond the spikelets. First glume of
the sessile si)ikelet lanceolate, 2-keelod, "^-nerved, 4 mm. long;
second rarely as long, compressed, 1-nerved; third shorter, hyidine;
fourth very luirrow. bearing a twisted awn 1 cm. long. Pedicels
bearing no spikelet.
Floridii. rV/7/,s>' 3(532.
VI. A. arctatus ('hai)m. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 3 : 20 (1878).
An erect, smooth perennial, branching above the middle.
Culms hard, cylindrical. Sheaths shorter than the inteniodcs;
l)lades 10-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, often involute. Spikes in
pairs, 2-4 cm. long, the terniimd pair barely exserted, the lateral
with its V)ase enclosed by a sheath, ihe tip of which seldom reaches the
apex of the si)ikes; rachis and ]H'dicels clothed with soft white hairs
extending beyond the spikelets. Sessile spikelet lanceolate, 5 mm.
50 PAXK'AC'E.E.
long; first and second glumes equal, the former with two nerves
near each nuirgiu, the latter 1-uerved. the bent awn i)rotruding one
or more times the length of the spikelet. Pedicel about ;} mm.
long, bearing a minute rudiment consisting of a suigle glume.
Florida, Garber in 1877, Chapman.
13. A. argyreus Schult. Mant. 2 : 450 (1824). A. arr/en-
teus Ell. Hot. S.C. and (Ja. 1 : 148 (1817).
Plant smooth, rather slender, branching above, GO-lOO cm. high.
Most leaf-blades 30-50 c!m. long, 3-5 cm. wide, the upj)er one a
mere bristle. Spikes usually in pairs, mostly exserted, without
bracts. 3-4 cm. long, on slender pedicels: white hairs on rachis and
pedicel longer than the spikelets. Sessile spikelet about mm.
long, 2 outer glumes membranous, hmceolate; first glume 2-keeled,
2-nerved, 2-toothed; second compressed-keeled, 3-nerved; third and
fourth hyaline and shorter, the twisted aw)) on the latter 10-15
mm. long. Stamens 3. -Sterile spikelet composed of 1-2 small
glunu's or wanting.
The ])lant has much the appearance of A. Cahanisii.
Florida, aShhjisoii, Curths 3037; Maryland, Scribner 3G37 from
Brinton.
Delaware to Florida and Texas.
14. A. Cabanisii Hack. Flora 08 : 133 (1885).
Culms erect, compressed, sparingly branching toward the top,
often 120 cm. high. The middle sheaths half as long as the in-
ternodes, which are often 20 cm. long; blades firm, smooth, often
involute, 15-25 cm. lorg. 4 mm. wide. Spikes in pairs, 5-7 era.
long, the terminal i)air barely exserted, the lateral ones more or
less enclosed by the sheathing bracts, the rachis and pedicels thinly
clothed by fine soft white hairs reaching beyond the spikelet. Fer-
tile spikelets linear, acute, mm. long; first glume flat, scabrid,
2-toothed, 8-nerved; secoiul incurved, acute, keeled, 3-nerved;
third elliptical when spread. 2-nerved; fourth bearing a bent awn
about 10 mm. long. Pedicels 4-5 mm. long, bearing a single
awnless glume 3 mm. long. The plant has much the look of
A. avf^./rcKs.
Florida,, (iarbei\ now in Herb. Scribner, named by Ilackel.
ANDHOPOIJONE.E. 61
15. A. EUiottii Cluipm. Fl. S. States, 5S1 (18(30).
Culms sU'iitlcr. «3()-S() cm. high, bnmehing, intcniodes long,
bearck'd at the upi)er joints. Sheaths often hairy above, inflated by
several young or rudimentary sheaths and spikes : lower blades 30
cm. long, tliose farther up 'i cm. long, i mm. wide, the ui)per re-
duced and threadlike. Spikes 3 or moi-e, about 2 cm. long or
tlireadlike, exserted or enclosed, stems zigzag, hairs on racliis and
pedicels exceeding the spikelets. First glume of the sessile s})ike-
It't hinceolate, membranous, 4 or more mm. long. 2-nerved, margins
involute : second glume membranous, compressed-keeled, 1-nerved,
third hyaline. 3-4 nmi. long, fourth bifid, with a hout awn about 15
mm. long. Sterile floret represented by a threadlike pedicel 4-G
mm. long. Stamen 1.
Florida, Chapman, Curtiss 3G3Ga ; Texas, ycallcy ; District
of C oluiubia, Ward.
Mrginia to Florida and Texas, on wet or dry pine barrens.
Vai". laxifiorus Scrib. ined.
Sheaths of spikes shorter and narrower. Spikes 4-6 cm. long,
their ijiternodes twice as long as those of the sj^ecies.
Florida. G. V. Xash 1597 in 1854.
10. A. Virginicus L. Sp. PI. 104G (1753). A. dissitiflnrnm
Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 57 (1803). A. vayinatuH Ell. Hot. S.
C. and Ga. 1 : 148 (1817).
Plant smooth, or sometimes soft hairy, GO-lOO cm. hijrh.
Culms flattened below, })anicle branching much or little. Sheaths
inflated, including spikes and slieatlis with spikes inside ; most
blades 15-40 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, the upper short. Spikes nearly
sessile, slender, zigzag, 2 sometimes 3 together, nearly sessile. 2 cm.
long, shorter than the sheaths the upper of which are 3-5 cm.
long, the soft dull white hairs on the rachis and peduncles much
longer than the spikelets. Sessile spikelet 3-5 mm. long: first
glume ovate-lanceol.ite, 2-keeled, 2-nerv(Hl; second glume com-
pressed-keeled, 1-nerved, 3 mm. long; third and fourth ghunes
shorter and hyaline, the awn straight or slightly twisted and bi-Jit,
1.3-2 cm. long. Pedicel slender, 4 mm. long, bearing a rudimen-
tary spikelet or not. Stamen 1.
52 PANICACE.B.
A very variable species, with many varieties and forms, appar-
ently runninj; into J. macron nt.s Michx. with all its forms. Flor-
ida, Cliapmati ; Louisiana, Lanyhis j Pennsylvania, Garber
319.
Sandy land, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas.
Var. glaucus Hack. I), C. Mono<r. Phan. 0: 411 (1889). Florida,
Cnrtiss 3038b. A slender, glaucous plant.
Var. tetrastachyus (Kll.) Hack. Monog. Phan. 0:-lll. A.
k'fnisfar//i/i(s Ell. Bot. S. C;. and (Ja. 150 (1817). Slender, spikes
usually in clusters of 4.
Florida, J. //. Ciirfiss '^Ct'Mi; Alabama, Moltr.
17. A. macrourus Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 5(5 (1803).
Culms usually erect, stout. Branches numerous, in typical
plants, mostly near the top of tlio culm. Pedicels often 5 mm.
long. After studying many ])lants. tlie above are all the essen-
tial differences that I can discover which hold good between this
plant and J. I'l'iyi/iici/s L. V. S. Dcpt. Agric. 101 ; Florida,
CV^r/Zw for Scribncr oC):}'.): 'i'exas, ^Vw//^// for Nat. Mus.
Xcw York to Florida and west to Southern California.
\'ar. abbreviatus Hack. I). C. Monog. Phan. (> : 408 (1880).
Uatlier low. culms narrow ; ]ianicle dense, obovate-oblong. 10-15
cm. long; rays short, springing from 3-4 nodes ; secondaries
solitary. Spathes about eqiudling the racemes.
New Jersey (A. (Jniy). Plant seen by me now in Herb. Gray.
Var. corymbosus Chapm. The branches borne in one or more
spreading corymbose panicles. Florida, CiirftM 3(')30c.
Var. glaucopsis Ell. Hot. S. C. and (Ja. 1 : 150 (181G).
Plant rather sleiuler, glaucous, the numerous branches ])aniculate
for 30-40 cm. or more at the top. This includes var. riridis
Chapm.
Florida, Ciiiiiss 3<)30b. d.
Var. hirsutior Hack. I). C. Monog. Phan. : 400 (1880).
Sheaths green, villous with tuberculate hairs; l)lades smooth, very
scabrous. Panicles ample, with many branches 20-50 cm. long.
Spathes scabrid.
Florida. Cnrtiss 3030, now in Herb. Grav.
18. A. Floridanus Scribii. incd.
Culms sul)teret(>, braucliiiig inuoh near the top, 90-120 cm.
liigli. Upper sheaths slightly inflated, those of the extreme apex
narrow and extending to the base of the spikes. Spikes in pairs,
sessile, zigzag, 3-4 cm. long; lateral pedicels a little shorter and
stouter than those of A. Vinjinirus. The whole plant is sonie-
vvliat intermediate between A. Virr/iiiicus and A. macrouriis, with
which this has been somewhat hastily compared. Low pine land.
Florida, G. T. X(us/i, 1572, lOSl, in 18!t4.
10. A. Leibmanni Hack. Flora 132 (1885). A. macrothrix,
Fourn. Mex. PI. Fnuui. dram. 00 (188G).
Culms branching sjiariiigly above, 15-20 cm. high. Leaf-
blades smooth, with a few soft hairs, 2-5 cm. long. 2-3 mm. wide.
Spikes exserted or enclosed, 3-4 together, simple or branching, 2-3
cm. long, hairs of the rachis and pedicels exceeding tlie spikelets.
The 2 outer glumes of the sessile s^nkelet nKMubrajious, ovate-acute,
3 mm. long, first 2-keeled, 2-ncrved, second 1-keeled. third and
fourth hyaline and shorter, the awn of the latter 15 cm. long.
Stamen 1. Sterile spikelets 2 mm. long on pedicels 3 mm, long of
one to two glumes.
Mexico, Bo/irr/cfiK 2370, Palmer 227 ; Texas, XcdUcij, sent out
by him as A. niarronnis Miclix. var. pionilus Vasey.
Var. Mohrii Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. G : 413 (188D).
Plant (es])ecially the sheaths) elotlied with numerous soft hairs.
Culm 90-120 cm. high, with many branches above. The lower
blades GO cm. long, 5 mm. wide, the upper becoming mere
sheaths partially enclosing 3 or more slender spikes. Pedicels 4
mm. long. Sessile sjiikelets 4 mm. long, awn 2 cm. long.
Alabama, Mohr.
20. A. longiberbis ITacK. i^lora 08 : 131 (1885). //. fpfra-
sfar/ti/us, var. disfacJn/ns Chapm. Fl. S. States, 581 (1800).
A tufted perennial, sparingly branched above, GO-80 em. high.
Sheaths silky hairy, those on the middle of the culm half as long
as the internodes; blades flat, smooth, or with a few silky hairs
below, 2-4 mm. wide. Spikes mostly in pairs, about 3 cm. long, at
length protruding from the sheath, which is 3.5-5 cm. long; apex
64 PANKACE.E.
of peduncle, racliis, and iK'dici'ls clotlit'd witli soft luiirs lU'iirly 1
cm. long. Sessile spikelet lineiir-liuiceolate. 4 mm. long. Spikclet
like that of J. Virgittivux L. Pedicel 4 mm. long, bearing a very
short rudimentary spikelet. It has the general appearance of
A. {arfjeuteuH Ell.) (irgi/rcii.s Schultz, Curtiss IMioT.
The plant seen is owned by F. L. Hcribner, Coll. by A. 1*.
Garber in 1877 in Miami, Fla., distributed as A. aryoifeus Ell.
Marked •• teste E. Hackel.''
Florida, (Jiii'tiss 30.'39, distributed as A. macronruH !Michx.
var. viridis Chapm. ined.
It is well branched, and too near A. ViryininiH L. Perhaps
my s[)ecimens are not genuine.
21. A. Hallii Hack. 8itzb. Akad. Wien. 89 : 127 (1884).
Plant glaucous, smooth, exce])ting the margins of the blades.
Culms rather stout. 80-120 cm. high, usually branching once or
more near the top. Tjigule 2-.'5 mm. long; blades of the culm 15
cm. long, 4 mm. wide, the upper reduced to mere ]ioints. Spikes
2, at the apex of the cidm and branches. o-O em. long, protruding a
little aI)ove the leaves; rachis and pedicels pubescent on the edges,
the hairs shorter than the s})ikelets. First glume of sessile spikelet
firm, lanceolate, 11 mm. long, a vertical groove on the back, mar-
gins involute, (!-nervcd; second curved towards the flower, ovate-
lanceolate when spread, 10 mm. long, compressed-keeled, a faint
nerve on each margin; third shorter, hyaline, fourth hyaline, bifid,
bearing a twisted awn over 1 cm. long; palea hyaline, 6 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide. Lodicules truncate, 1 mm. long. The first glume
of the pedicellate spikelets lanceolate, scabrous, margins involute, 10
mm. long, 0-nerved; second a little shorter, 3-nerved; third and
fourth hyaline, containing rudiments of stamens and pistils.
Colorado, Vaspi/ ; Texas, XeriJIej/.
Growing from Kansas to Arizona.
Var. flaveolus Hack. Joints of the spikes with yellow hairs;
spikelets 8 mm. long, first and second glumes pilose on the back
or outside; the awn of the fourth 2-5 nmi. long, scarcely extend-
ing above the hairs of the other glumes. B. Hall 651; Barbottr in
1803; Texas, Nealleij.
AND1U)I'0(U)XE.E. 65
Vur. incanescens Hack. 1. c. Joints of tlie spikes clotted with
white hairs ; sessile spikelets 11 mm. long; first glume longer than
the second, ooth sparingly pilose on the keels.
Colorado, Vascy.
Var. muticus Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. 444 (1S80). Like
incnnesrens, excepting that the fourth glume is awnless. Leaves
and spikelets sparingly pruinose.
Moiitana. Ward; Colorado, Vuxey.
'■l-l. A. geminata Hack. ined. A. IlaUu Hack. var. hiqykata
Vasey.
Plant gluiicons, smooth, excepting the margins of the leaf-hlades.
Culms simple, rather stout, GO-lOO cm. high, from hard creeping
rootstocks. Sheaths terete, the lower as long as the internodes,
the upper shorter; ligule ciliate, L5 mm. long; blades setaceo-
acuminate, the lower 30 cm. long. 4-0 mm. wide. S})athes 10-12
cm. long. Spikes 2, at the apex of the culm and one of the two
branches, 3-4 cm. long; i)artially included, racliis and pedicels
pubescent on the edges with white or yellowish hairs. Sessile
spikelets 8 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, green or tinged with red;
first glume firm, minutely 2-toothed, G-nerved, the back with a ver-
tical groove; second as lonf; as the first, lanceolate, compressed,
1-uerved, the margins hyaline: third G mm. long, linear-lanceolate,
3-nerved, the upper third of the margins ciliate; fourth 5 mm.
long, 3-toothed. Pedicellate spikelet as long as the sessile, nar-
rowly lanceolate; first glume flat below, keeled toward the apex,
9-nerved; second mm. long, o-nerved, the margins ciliate along
the upper third. Xmlley, for Xat. Mus.
23. A. provincialis Lam. Encycl. 1:370(1783). A./in-m/i/s
Muhl.; Willd. Sp. 4:nin (1800). Blue Stem. BlueJoikt.
Tlukky Foot. FiNfJEu Grass.
Culms 100-150 cm. high, rigid, branching above. Sheaths terete,
glabrous, rarely villous: ligule 1-1.5 mm. long; blades of thrifty
})lants 00 cm. long, 7 mm. wide, u])per narrow, 1-4 mm. long.
Spikes 3-8, digitate, 3-10 em. long. On the sessile spikelet first
glume O-nerved, otherwise like the first one on the sterile spikelet;
second compressed-keeled, 3-nerved, 5 mm. long; fourth bifid with a
66 PAMCACK.l':.
bent uwn 7-15 mm. long. Pedicels shorter tlnm tlie sterile spike-
lets, which they betir; iirst irltime lliittened. ovjite-laiu'eolate. (!-S
.11111. long. 7-ncrve(l, margins involute: second ;5-nerved. 5 mm. long;
third and fourth as long as the second, and hyaline. Stamens 3.
From liocky ^Mountains and east to the Atlantic; found in good
soil or in poor and dry soils; also abundant on the prairies, where ifc
is the leading grass for hay and very prominent for grazing.
In Coult. Hot. (iaz. 'M)-l (ISSS) A. A. C'rozier states that in
Iowa the plants are largely di(eoious. The fertile plants are smaller
and darker in color than the others.
^[exico, rriiif/le 4294; D. C, McCarthy; Mich., Ural G.
Kansas 7.
Var. pycnanthus Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. : 44.3 (ISS!)).
Silky hairs larger and tawny; first glume of pedicellate spikelet .5
mm. long, .')-nerved. Mex., Urandv(jee 47, teste E. Ilackel iu
herb. iScrihner.
24. A. Wrightii Hack. Flora. (58 : TOO (188,5).
Plant smooth, glaucous, 100-120 cm. high, culms usually sim-
ple above. Leaf-blades 20-30 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, the upjier
ones about 10 cm. long, short hairs at the nodes and ligule; the
latter 1 mm. long. Si)ikes 4-0, digitate. 4-(! cm. long; rachis and
pedicels well clothed with hairs which are shorter than the spike-
lets. On sessile spikelots first glume elliptical-lanceolate, 0-7 mm.
long, tlattened on the back, which contains a round pit one-third
the way from the tip, 11-nerved, margins involute; second ovate-
acute, membranous, keeled, 3-.'erved; third and fourth hyaline,
the latter bearing a twisted awn 2-3 mm. long. On the pedicellate
spikelet first glume 7 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, rounded on the
back. 13-nerved, margins involute; second same shape aud nearly as
large, 4-5-nerved; third hyaline.
N. Mex.. 1IW//7// 2104; Mex., Priin/Ie liOO.
New Mexico to Arizona and Mexico.
25. A. saccharoides Sw., Fl. Tnd. Occ. 1:20 (1707).
Culms stout or slender, 80-120 cm. high, hairy at the nodes,
branching below. Sheaths terete, ribbed, glaucous, glabrous;
ligule short, hairy; blades 8-25 cm. long. 4-7 mm. wide. Spike-
A\PI{()P()(i()NK.K. 57
lets mostly torminiil in ))iiirs or fours. itanicU'tl, with few or niuiiy
brauelic'S, ()-13 cm. loii<r. the white liuirs lon^'er than the si)ikelets
and |>artially concealing them. On the ses.sile s[)ikelets first glume
ovate-lanceolate, witli a vertical iifroove on the hack. 8-ncrve(l,
inarj(ins involute, keeled. 4 mm. ionir; second ovate, acute, mem-
branous, keeled. ;5-iierved: tlie hent awn of the fourth 15--i5 mm.
lon^'. Stamen 1 . Pedicels us lon<r as the si)ikelets ; tii-st glume lance-
elliptical. 11-nerved, margins involute, keeled; second smaller.
Texas, IJ. S. Dr/if. Jijn'ful. 199 from Keverchou and Neallcy;
Arizona, PviiKjIe.
'I'exas to Arizona.
Var. barbinodis (Lag.) TIack. D. C. Monog. Phaii. G : (1889).
A. barbinodis Lag. (len. et S[>. 1:^} (181(5). A. ttrf/otifeiis D. ('.
Cat. llort. Monsp. 77 (ISl.'J). SdrrJidnnii (/ri/r/i/niiH Hrous. El. 50.
Erianthua xaceharoides Willd. Enum. 40 (ISO'.t).
Sheaths densely bearded at the nodes; ligule .'J-4 mm. long;
blade greeu or subglaucous, smooth or sparingly pilose below, 20-40
cm. long. 4-7 mm. wide; panicle 10-15 em. long, sliowy.
Mexico. Pahnrr 1:547.
Var. genuinus Hack. D. ('. Monog. I'han. (;:(ISS9).
Glaucous, slender, hairs on the nodes few and short. Pedicel-
late spikelcts "l.b mm. long, of 'I glumes. Sessile spikolets 3-5 mm.
long; first glume flattened, 3 mm. long, 9-uerved; secoml 3 mm.
long, awn slender, 9-18 mm. long.
Mexico, PrincjJe 31(5.
Vur. submuticus Hack. 1. e., var. />/m/?Av Vasey ined. Xodes
smooth, spikes 1.5-3 cm. long, in about 10 flusters of 4-10 each,
all racemose on a rachis about 10 cm. long; first glume of pedicellate
spikelet 5-nerved, fertile floret 3 mm. long.
Texas, Nenllcf/ in herb. Scribner.
Var. glaucus (Torr.) Scribn. .1. glaurus Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
1:157 (18->4). A. mrrharmdes. var. Torreanvs Hack. D. C.
Monog. Phan. : 495 (1889). A. Torreanus Steud. Nomencl.
Ed. 2. 93 (1841).
East 'J^exas, IlaU 845, Cnrtiss 3633, Wright 2102 Drummond
313.
58 PANICACE.E.
26. A. iiALEPEXsis (L.) Brot. Fl. lusit. 1: 89 ; 1804). TIoUus
Jtalepen.<iis L. S}). PI. 1047 (1753). Sorg/ttan halepeitse Pers. Syn.
1 : 101 (1805). JoiiNSOX G uass.
Culms robust, 0.6-1.5 m. liigli, erect. Sheaths terete, usually
shorter than tlie iuternodes; li<fule round, finn, 1-3 nun. lonjr;
blade narrowed more or less at the l)ase, the longest 20-60 cm.
long, 1-7 cm. wide, flat, Avith undulate margins, the apex droo])-
iug. Panicle variable, more or less drooping, exserted, rays mostly
in verticels of 4, rarely 2-6. Sessile spikelets variable; first glume
firm, more or less shining, margins involute, 5-0-11 -nerved;
second as long as the first, 3-7-nerved, keeled; third. Ojie-tourth
shorter, elliptical, oblong or oval, delicately 2-nerved; fourth half
as long as the second, broadly oval, obtuse, 2-lobed, bearing a short
awn. Anthers 2.5-3 mm. long. Pedicellate s})ikelets staminate
or neuter, much narrower than the sessile ones. Sessile si)ikelet8
hmceolate to elliptical, 4-5.5 mm. long, first glume obs(!urely
5-7-nervcd. Perennial with stout creeping root-stocks. IMades
1-2 cm. wide. Panicle 15-30 cm. long, oblong-elliptical, dense or
rather loose, lower rays 1-6 cm. long, the awns 10-15 mm. long
(see vol. i. Fig. 78. ]>. 171).
Suhsi)ecies sativus Packel, D. C. Monog. Phan. 6:505 (18S!i).
Out of this subgenus Ilackel, in his recent elal)orate moiu)grai)h
has made nine series, containing thirtv-six varieties and twelve
subvaiieties. Many of them are in cultivation in tropical regions.
Some of the common names as we know them are: (Ji'IXKA
('OUNT. (lUKAT ^FlLLKT, InDIAV MiI.LKT, DlRUA OR DoUUA, Im-
I'llKK. ClUM'.SK SroAK-CANi;. EiiVI'TlAN lkI('P:-CORN.
Tile following is a descri})tion of the race known as "Amber
('ane."' Culms 1-2 m. high, leai'-blades broad. I'anicle ere(!t
or included, rather compact, 20-30 cm. long. 6-10 cm. wide.
Spikeicits wlu'ii nuiture round-obovoid, 5 aim. long, the branches
and juMlicels and base of spikelets short-hairy, awn abortive. 'J'he
2 outer glumes smooth, almost black, iiulistinctly many-nerved,
the first ll-13-nerve(l, the second ll-iuM'ved, reddish, with hairy
margins, very variable in size. Lodicules red, hairy at the apex,
truncate, very broail above, 0.7 mm. long. Pedicellate spikelets 5
ANDHOPOOOXE.E. 59
nm. long, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse. Often cultivated in the North-
ern States for syrup and sugar.
"Egyptian Rice-corn:" Panicle dense, ovoid, 15 cm. long,
suspended from tlie "crook-necked *' culm. Spikelets light-colored,
awn I cm. or less in length, the white grain protruding; branclies.
pedicels and outer glumes well clothed with soft hairs, nerves tinged
with red. First glume (in one case) 2o-nerve(l, second 15-nerved.
Otherwise much like "Amber Cane." Cultivated in Kansas, Cali-
fornia and India. The following notes are made concerning a race
sent out by the U. S. Dcpt. Agricul. as "IIt)nduras."
Tall, panicle erect, 30-40 cm. long, about 10 cm. wide, more or
loss s})()tted and tinged with red. Sessile s})ikelets G mm. long,
tliiidy covered with short hairs the awn usually less than 1 cm.
long. Tliere are many races in cultivation in tropical countries
for grain, sugar, and fodder.
27. A. nutans avenaceus (.Michx.) Hack. D. C. ^lonog. Plian.
(!: 0:50 (1S8!I). Amiroiuxjon uvenan'iis Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : aS
(1S():5). Sor(//iN)ii iiiitaiix A. Gray, :\ran. Kd. 1. fJi; (hs+s). S. arc-
iKircinii Cliapm. Fl. S. Spates. b^'.\ (IS(IO). (1injsiip(i<iiin arciHirr/is
Henth. .lourn. Linn. Soc. 19:73 (1881). Lvdiax Grass.
Wood (Iuass.
A graceful perennial 50-150 cm. high, with very hard matted
root-stocks. licaf-blades linear-hmceolate, glaucous, tl.it. 30-00 cm.
long, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Panicle narrowly oblong, nodding, 15-:}0
cm. lojig, pedicels hairy, a little shorter than the s})ikelets. Fer-
tile spikelets shining, yellowish brown, lanceolate, hairy, about (J
mm. long. Kmpty glumes e(|ual, obtuse with involute margins,
first nearly Hat on the back. 5-!>-nerved, second 5-nerved, third
oval, haiiT on the margins, "i-nerved, fourth still shorter, 3-nervcd.
•2-lobed, bearing an awn 0.5-3 cm. long: palea about 1 nini. long.
Lodicules flesliy. smooth, truncate, ovi-r 0.5 mm. long. Tlie ster-
ile spikelets suudl, neuter, deciduous or reduced to a pedicel.
Very variable. Tt is ilitVicult to decide whether the two follow-
ing varieties shoidd not be included as a part of the species.
Vt.. rrinf/Ir; N. J,, Srrifnn'r for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 20: ;
Ala., Mo/ir\'ov Dr. Clark -^^oi ; Texas. A'm/ fori'. S. r)ept. Agrictil.
60 PANICACE.K.
Dry soil, Xew Euglaud to the IJocky Mouutaius, south to the
Argentine Republic.
This grass starts late in spring and is late in flowering. In
some of the prairie regions it i'ornis an important element in the
grazing. "With other wild grasses it is often cut for hay, though at
the east it is considered of poor (piality.
Var. stipoides (Kunth) Hack. Moiiog. Phan. : 530 (I8S!t).
J. s/i/,(>i(f,'s 11. 15. K. Nov. rien. et sp. 1 : IS!) (1815).
S})ikelets 4-<'i nun. long, awn 10-1 o mm. long; ligule 2-3 mm.
long; blades flat or suhconvolute above, scabrous or j)ubescent.
Kodes of the peduncle with short, silvery, silky hairs. Spikelets
chestnut-colored, first glume pilose for two-thirds its length, si.'cond
glabrous.
\'ar. Linnaeanus JIaek. D. ('. Monog. Than, (i: .■);)! (ISS!)), A.
in(/(i/is L. in part. Savglndu tiiilaiti^ Chajjui. V\. S. States 583
(18(jO). Spikelets linear, oblong. 0-7 mm. long, awn 20-30 mm.
long; ligule 'I mm. long; blades very scabrous. Panicle 25-30 cm.
long. Tenn., Scribncr.
Florida, Texas, Maine.
Var. incompletus (Presl.) Hack. 1. c. A. incomjyletus Prcsl.
Eeliq. Ilivnk. 1 : 342 (1830).
Sj)ikelets liiu-ar, oblong. 4 mm. long, brownish, the awn 20-22
mm. long. Sheaths glabrous; ligule 1-2 mm. long; blade 4-5
mm. wide, flat, glabrous or scabrous. Panicle 10-15 cm. long,
rather dense, rachis smooth. First glume truncate, p''ose for two-
thirds of its length, second glabrous.
.Mexico, I'riiujh' 24(;(;, Puhin'V 500.
28 A. unilateralis Hack. I). ('. Monog. IMian. : 533 (1880).
A. Kt'niin/N.s Mil. ]{ot. S. (\ and (Ja. 1 : 38 (LSIO). Sun/funu
xmaiihini. l'hap)n. Fl. S. States. 583 (18(50).
Peri'uniiil; cnbus (lO-lOO cm. oi' more high. Sheaths ghibrons.
nodi'S ])uberulent or smooth; ligule 4-5 mm. long; blades narrowed
at the base, Ihit or subconvolule, 2-5 mm. wide. Panicle 18-25
cm. long, linear, sccund, dense or open, rays capillary, often cnrved.
Sjtikelets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 7 mm. long, lirown. first
glume Arm, truncate, 0-nerved, callus densely barbed; second
ANDHOIHXiONE.E. 61
loiifj^er than the first, liuour-ohloTig. keeled above, 5-norvefl ; third
shorter tlian the first, broadly oblong, obtuse, 2-nerved; fourth and
third equal, lanee-oblong, eiliate, ;3-nerved,
Florida, Chapman, Garber, Curtiss 3044.
Subgenus G. Chrysopo(jox Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. G : 547
(188!)). Chr}jsopo(jon Trin. Fund. Agrost. 187 (1820).
Fertile spikelets l-flo\vered, sessile between two pedicellate,
staniinate or barren spikelets at the end of the filiform, unequal,
simple or divided branches of a true terminal panicle, with some-
times 1-3 pairs of si)ikelets on the branch behnv tlu^ terminal :}.
Sessile spikelets compressed, first glume largest, awidess, nu>m-
1)ranous and numy-nerved, or more rigid witli the lateral nerves
})romiiient and often muricate: second luuTowei'. obscurely keeled,
pointed or obtuse or produced into a fine straight awn: third mucli
sundler. hyaliiu't fourth linear, entire or t>-t()othed. with a sliort
or long awn. (irain com])ressed. Pedicellate spikelets obcom-
pressed. awnless or awned. with reduced glumes and usually one
staminate flower, sometimes reduced to a small rudiment or want-
ing.
Perennials, excepting A. panrif(tnis,\\\i\\ narrow leaf-blades;
mostly limited to tropical regions.
29. A. pauciflorus (Chapm.) Tlack. 1. c. Sorghum paucijlorum
Chapm. Coult. Hot. C.az. 3 : "10 (1878).
Aumud; culms 80-110 cm. high, compressed, smooth, usually
branchiug near the base. Sheaths compressed-keeled, smooth,
shorter than the internodes, ]nlose along the margins above, often
tiuged with violet; ligule siu)rt. eiliate; blade fiat or becoming con-
duplicate, with a broad. siiI)C(»rdate base, attenuate-iiointed, 1'2-18
cm. (the up]ier ones 2-3 cm.) long, 5-8 mm. wide, smooth, or the
mid-iu'rves setaceous, margins eiliate with hairs from tubercled
bases. l*anicle exserted, 14-"*(i cm. long, hi'oadly ovale, very loose,
lover rays in twos to ftmrs. very slender, the longest about 7 cm.
long. S(>ssil(' spikelets 15-17 nun. long, with a callus G mni. long,
densely barbulate with rufons liairs. linear, oblong, obtuse, first
glume linn, truncate, margins involute, shining or punctidatc on
the back. ()liscnri'lv 5-nei'ved ; second as long as tiK) first, firm.
62 PAXicACE.ii;.
linear, truncate, mucronate, 3-keele(i, convex on tlie back, 3-nerved;
third shorter, nerveless, fourth a little sliortcr, linear, entire or
with two short lobes, 1-nerved, the awn 12-15 cm. long, flexuose,
scabrid, stout, 10-15 cm. long; palea 0. Anthers 1.5 mm. long.
Pedicellate sj^ikelets on scabrid pedicels as long as the sessile
spikelet, first glume subulate, 3-nerved.
Florida, Chapman, Garher, Curtiss 30-44*.
Subgenus 7. Dichaxthium Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. : oGO
(18S0). Dirlianthium Willem, in Usteri Ann. liot. IS : 11 (1?!)(;).
Racemes digitate or rarely solitary, terminal or lateral, forming
a true ))anicle. the lower fourtli of the racemes homagamous. The
perfect spikolets obcom[)ressed, awued; first glume keeled above,
second keeled, awnless, third hyaline, fourth very narrow, bearing
a short awn at the tip or between the teeth. Grain eompi'essed,
flat in front, convex on the back; embryo a half to two-thirds the
length of the grain; pedicellate spikelets staminateor rarely neuter.
Perennials, excepting A. pipfafhenis, with fiat leaf-blades.
Culms rarely branching; panicle more or less exserted, the ho-
mogamous part persistent, the rest deciduous. Found in tropical
regions.
,30. A. piptatherus Hack. Mart. Fl. Bras. 3 ; part 3,203 (1883).
Var. Palmeri Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. C : 580 (1880).
Annual; culms erect, slender, terete, .30-40 cm. high, most of
the bearded nodes bearing 1 or 2 c<mii)ound branches. Sheaths
loose, compressed, thinly pilose; ligule short, obtuse: blades thin,
narrow at the base, 8-25 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, nu)re or less
pubescent with tubercled hairs. Kacemes usually corymbose, pedi-
cels very smooth, barbellate in the axils, 2.5-5 cm. long. Fertile
spikelets 4 mm. long, linear-oblong, first glume firm, obtuse mar-
gins involute. 5-7-uerved, pilose on the lower third or half; second
as long as the first, keeled, 3-nerved, irlabrous; fourth bearing an
awn 2.5-3.5 cm. long. Anthers 0.5-1 mm. long. Pedicellate
spikelets weut( ., consisting of two glumes.
Mexico, Pahncr '>'M, Prinijh' MWl.
Subgenus 8. Hktkhoi'Ooon Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. (5 :
683 (1880). ITetoropoijim (genus) Pers. Syu. 2 : 533 (1807).
AM)HOl'0(iUNE.E. 03
Racemes solitiiry, 1-sidecl at the apex of the culm or its branelies.
One to tifteen of the lower pairs of spikelets homoganioiis, the
stamiuate or ueuter awnless. The perfect pistillate spikelets sub-
cyliudrical, awnetl, iirst glume hard, involute, second awnless,
obscurely keeled, third hyaline, fourth narrow at the base, bearing
u protruding awn, the twisted [)ortiou of which is clothed with short
rufous or white hairs; palea or minute. Grain linear-oblong or
oblong, obcompi'essed; embryo e.\. iidiug beyond the middle.
Petlieellate spikelets awnless, staniinite or neuter, culms com-
pressed. Leaf-blades usually narrow.
These grasses are wiilely distiubuted over warm regions of Eu-
rope, Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America.
;31. A. melanocarpus Ell. Uot. S. C. and CJa. 1 : 14G (181 0).
t^fijxi mehmocavpa Muhl. Gram. ISo (LSI?). ViimbuptHjon inelano-
cai'iuis Spreng. Syst. 1 : '2S!i (IS"^4). Tvarhijpmpa si-nihiciihtlus
Nees, Agrost. Uraz. ;347 (lS"i!)). Uvtvvojuujon aniiiiiiiatns Trin.
Mem. Acad. St. I'etei'sl). (VI.) 'l : "^54 (is;}:j). Andropo(/ou .■<n'o-
Mcithifiis Kunth, Eiium. 1 : 507 {18:V.)).
Annual; culms 0.,5-'2 m. high, very smooth, much branched
above, the spikes nearly covered by the sheaths. Slu-aths subcom-
pressed, very smooth, loose, the highest with no bhub' or a very
short one : ligule 1-4 mm. long, smooth at the apex, round ; the
lower blades ilat, lo-40cm. lo)ig, 0.5-1 cm. wide, the base rather nar-
rower, the apex long-pointed, margins scabrous. Racemes within
the spathes borne on short pi'dicels, erect, slightly compressed,
4-() cm. long, besides the awns. Pistillate or perfect spikelets 7-9
mm. long, on a callus 3 mm. long, clothed with appressed, rusty,
brown hairs, first glume obscurely 0-nerved, nmi. long, fourth
glume bearing a bent awn. S-l"2 cm. long, sliortly and sol'tly ))nbcs-
cent with brown hairs ; palea 0. Ovary o])long, with two points,
the staminate or neuter spikelets pedicellate, slightly sigmoid, lan-
ceolate-acuminate. l<i-'20 mm. long; first glunu> herl)aceous. smooth
except the infolded nuirgins, 17-'21 -nerved, second a third or fourth
shorter, lanceolate, )5-nerved. very acute, tliird 1-nerved, 8 mm.
long, fourth very short, hynliiu' : palea 0. Anthers 4 mm. long,
sometimes 0. Widely dis[)ersed. Florida, C/ir/if<s IJ041, A. P.
64 PANICAt'E.E.
Gnrher 300; Aliibimm, McUdr/hij ; Mexico (Ivio Bhiuco), Palmer
679, 580, rr(ii(/k' 820.
South Ciiroliua to Floriclfi, Mexico, and South America.
32. A. contortus L. Sp. PL 1045 ^1753).
Perennial ; culiuri ascending or erect, 40-100 cm. liigh.
Sheatlis compressed, very smooth ; ligule short, truncate, ciliate ;
blades soon condiiplicate, narrow, ciliate with a few hairs, the lower
acute, 8-20 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, the upper very short, erect.
Kacemes (besides the awns) 4-7 cm. long, erect or curved. Pistil-
late spilvelets sliglitly curved, on a callus 3 mm. long, first glume
hard, brown, liaiiy, nerves obsolete, fourth awned, 0.5-12 cm.
long; palea 0. Grain linear, white. The staminate s})ikelets lan-
ceolate, pedicellate, 8-10 mm. long, tii'st glume herbaceous, rather
obtuse, keeled, second inequilateral, obscurely 13-nerved, eciualling
or exceeding the lirst, membranous, acute, 3-G-nerved; palea very
short, ciliate.
Very variable and widely distributed over tropical Asia, Africa,
Australia, Texas and ^rexico of Korth America; also South America.
Ko attempt has been nnule to place these in subvarieties after Hackel.
Mexico, Palmn- 207, 707, 707a. 1150 ; S. Calif., PaJNicr 122;
Nrizona. Pri/if/Ic; Cent. Mex., Pdrri/ and Fitlmer !)55; Cuba,
iVn';/Itf 15!)5.
Sul)gonus 8. Cymhopogon". Hack. D. C. Monog. Phau. : 592
(188!»). ('//nil/opoyon Spreng. as a genus. PI. Min. Cogn. Pug.
2 : 14 (1815).
IJacH'mes simple, in pairs, at the apex of the branches, usually
included by the sheath, one subsessile, the other pedicellate. Two,
rarely 7-9 of the lowest spikelets of the subsessile racemes stami-
niitc or neuter, awnless. The flowers of the upper sessile S2)ikelets
perfect, flattened on the back or subcyliridrical, usually awned.
Tall trojiical or subtropical grasses ; rare in America.
33. A. Ruprechti Hack. Flora OS : 120 (1885). I/i/jKirrlteiita
Jhiprpihti Fourn. Afex. PI. Euum, (Jram. 07 (1880). A. Kit-
fJiisfiroidrs Kupr. Hull. Acad. Hrux. \) : 21:) (1842), '")t Tlochst.
I'ereiinial ; culms solid, simple below, much branched aliove,
l..')-2.5 m. high. Sheaths slightly compressed, more or loss hii'sute ;
ZOYSIE.E. 65
ligule 3-G mm. long, decurrent ; blades rigid, rougli. "^0-40 cm.
long, 4-6 mm. wide. Panicle t^imple, erect, narrow, '^O-iO cm.
long, rays in jiairs ; spatlies yellowish green. 4-5 cm. long, setu-
ceonsly acuminate, usually longer than the I'acemes. IJaeemes 'Z.ii
cm. long, erect, bearing 1, rarely 2 fertile sj)ikelets, two staminate
spike .'tsand other neuter spikelcts. Fertile s])ikelets 11 mm. long,
liueiir-obloiig on a callus 4 mm. long, first glume firm, '^-[Jointed.
grooved on the 1)ack. (1 mm. long, besides the short awn which is
2-0 mm. long; second as long as the first, (U'ltoid. obtuse. ;j-
iierved ; third shorter, fourth 4 mm. long, bearing an awn .")-(■). 5
mm. long. Pedicellate or staminate s])ikelets Il-IT) mm. long, on
filiform [)eilicels, first glume about i;}-iu'rved, second o-uerved,
third and fourth 1 mm. long, narrow and ciliate on the margins.
Anthers ;}..') mm. long.
.Mt'xico (Kio Blanco), Pidincv'tMo, in 188(j ; also I'ouud in tropi-
cal Africa.
Tribe III.— ZOYSIE^.
Spikelets solitary, or often in grou})s of 2-(> at each joint of the
main axis, eacOi grouj) falling off entire from the continuous rachis.
Spikelets usually 1 -flowered, th(i floral glume awidess (awned in
Sfhiilfiivrd), mend)ranous ; emj)ty glumes firmer and often awned,
the first usually the largest. Palea usually shorter than its glume,
sometimes 0. Stamens ;J or fewer. Style free, stigmas plumose.
Endn'yo nearly half us large as the unfurrowed obcomjjressed
grain.
A. rirou]is of spikelets usually numerous, in solitary, terminal
spikes or racemes.
a. Spikelets 8-4 together, each group surrounded by an in-
durated false invohnn'o consisting of the first glume of each
spikelet (l.'))
a. Spikelets ternate, strictly sessile, the outer ones 2-flowei'ctl.
staminate, the inner 1-llowered, pistillate or perfect. (Id)
a. Spikelcts 3 to together, the groups distinctly pt'di-
cellate (b^
66
PANIC ACE.E.
b. Clusters of spikelets socund along the main axis, the
terminal one in each group fertile, with delicate empty
glumes (17)
b. Clusters of spikeh^ts not secund, the terminal one in each
group sterile ; first empty glume minute, the second large
and coriaceous with hooklike spines on the back. (18)
B. Spikelets few, clustered in the axils of tlie upper leaf-sheaths,
1-flowered: t-mpty glume 1, Uoral glume awned. . . (19)
15. ((Jo). AnthephORA Schreb. Beschr. Griis. 2 : 105, t. 44
(1772-7!)). JInpiKlit'iinus Keichb. Norn. 37 (1841). Antcphora
Steud. Syn. PL Gram. Ill (1855).
Fig. 15. — Anthplioni tUganx. A, siiikclins; a, Horet. (Scribner.)
Spikelets l-flowered, :}-4 together, of whieli 1-2 are perfect,
2-3 sterile ; eacli group surrounded by a hard involucre consisting
of the first empty glumes of each spikelet, the groups falling olf
entire from the fiexuose rachis of the single terminal spike.
First glume minute, second largest, third small, floral glume
and palea smooth, firmer, and olu'om pressed. Stamens 3. Styles
slightly united at the base. Grain obcom))ressed, ovate to oblong,
enclosed by the glume and ])alea. but not adherent.
Tufted, brandling grasses, with Hat leaf-blades.
ZOYSIE.E. 67
There are five species known, one ol" wliich belongs to tropical
America, the others to Africa.
1. A. elegans Schreb. I.e.
Plant diffuse, 15-45 cm. high. Leaves pubescent, the slieaths
longer than the intcriioiles ; ligule 1 mm. long ; blades lanceolate,
the longest 5-8 cm. long. Spike 3-f; cm. long, about 4 mm.
broad. Bracts of the involucre erect, obtuse to acuminate, 3-5 mm.
long. First glume 1 -nerved, second 5-nerved, 3 mm. long, floret
hard and shining, obcompressed, 3-5 mm. long. Grain obcom-
pressed, oval, 1.5 mm. long.
Mexico, Pahncr 1255, Prinfjlc (5030; Lower Calif,, XantJnis
114 ; Cuba, Wright 30!)0. Lower California, Mexico, West Indies
to Brazil.
16. (GO). HiLARIA H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : IIG. t. 37
(1815). Pleumphis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1 : 148, /. 10(1824).
llexarrhena Presl. Keliq. IIa}nk. 1 : 326 (1830). Si/iiifmsiandra
Willd. Steud. Norn. ed. (3) 1 : 767 (1840). Spikelcts in threes,
collected in a bractless, deciduous fascicle, the central with 1 pistil-
late or perfect flower, the lateral with 2 staminate flowers, the
fascicles simple, almost sessile on the rachis of the spike. Glumes
4, 3 outer em])ty, firm, delicate, or hardened, forming an involucre,
the first larger and variable, usually many-nerved, entire or bifid,
toothed or torn .it the apex, with an awn on the back between the
lobes, or awnless ; second narrower, ofteii keeled, entire or 3-
toothed, mucronate, short-awned, or awnless ; third and fourth
mend)ranous, hyaline, entire or toothed at the apex, the outer in the
staminate spikelcts enclosing the floret and narrow palea; third in
the fertile spikclct empty (or sometimes wanting?); the termi-
nal flower of tlu^ fertile spikelet sometimes linear-acuminate,
from abroad base, sometimes gradually narrowing or inequilateral,
including the perfect or pistillate flower and the narrow palea.
Stamens 3. Styles briefly joined at the base (or disthict ?), with
stigmas fcithery. Grain ovate or broadly oblong, included by the
involucral glumes, but not adherent.
Grasses with solid culms, decumbent at the base, branching or
in tufts, creeping, often sending out stolons : leaf-blades narrow.
68 PANICACE.E.
fiat, or convolute-terete. Sjjikes solitary, on a terminal pedunele,
short or long, the clusters of spikelets on the jointed raciiis often
surrounded by a ring of hairs. Spikelets of tlie panicle sessile.
There are 5 or species dispersed over western and south-
western North America.
The genus is readily recognized by each cluster consisting of
three spikelets. the central one containing a single fertile flower,
either pistillate or perfect, the two lateral ones staminate.
A. Covered with short dense wool 1
B. Not woolly (b)
b. Stoioniferous 2
b. Xot stoioniferous o, 4
1. H. rigida (Thurb.) Scribner, Bull. Torr. Club, : 33 (1884).
Pkaraphis rigida Thurb. S. Wats. liot. Calif. 'I : '2\n] (1880).
Branching., 40-00 cm. high, covered with short, dense, white
wool. Lisi'ule very short ; lower blades 10 cm. lout', u!)i)er 3-3
cm. long, stiir, involute, bristly-pointed. Spike 7. cm. long, 7-
10 mm. wide, glumes and palea of the lateral spikes nearly equal ;
glumes of the terminal spikelets bifid. 3-nerved. 5-(] mm. long,
central nerve excurrent below the middle, the lateral nerves pro-
duced as setie ; floral glume 3-nerved; palea aljout ecpud to tlie
glume.
California, Jones; Arizona, Lemnion for U. S. Dept. Agricul.
412.
3. H. cenchroides II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1117 (1815).
Culms 10-30 cm. high, stoioniferous, frequently rooting at the
])ubescent nodes. Ligule short, laciniate ; blades flat or invohite,
narrow. 1-0 cm. long. Spikes 3-4 cm, long. Spikelets with dark
glands on the lower half. Outer empty glumes of the empty
si)ikelets about 5 cm. long, elliptical, 4-Jierved, one vein becoming
a short awn, one-fourth of the distance from the apex; inner
empty glume shorter, with a longer awn ; floral glume and palea
nearly equal, hyaline, the former eniarginate, 1 -nerved. Empty
glumes of the terminal, florets 5-6-nerved, an awn extending half
its length above, near the base of which is a ligulate scale ; the
zovsiEj-:.
69
apex of anotluT vein becomes a imicronate awn ; floral glume
a-iu'i-ved for ouo-tliircl its length, broadly oval, tlieii abruptly eoii-
traeted, emarginate ; paloa narrow.
Arizona, Lemmon for Nat. Mils. 415 ; Mexico (Jalisco),
raliiin- 2!)().
\'ar. longifolia Vasey. Leaves thin, numerous, erect, 8-ia
cm. long.
Arizona, Wliccler's Survey 595; Lower California, P(th)ierU7.
Var. ciliatus Scribu. iued. Spikes about 3 cm. long ; empty
Fig. \Q.—IIilana cenehroides. A, B, C, spikelets. (Scribner.)
glumes above strongly ciliatc, awns not extending beyond the lobes
of the glumes.
Mexico, Pvingh 3128.
Var. Texana A^-isey. Leaf-blades mostly 1-3 cm. long ; spikes
narrower.
Texas. Rererclion 1173. Jen»i/ and XeaJJei/ for Nat. Mus.
3. H. mutica (Buck.) Benth. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10 : 63 (1881).
Plenrnphis mutica Buckl. Broc. Acad. Phila. 05 (1802).
Plant smooth, light colored. Culm 40-60 cm. high. Ligule
70 PAXICACE.E.
Bliort ; bliuU's 1-5 cm. long, involute, bristling at the throat.
Spikes dense, 5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide. Empty glumes of tlie
lateral spikelets 1-5 mm. long, cuneate, obovate; tlio outer slightly
longer, with a short hairy awn on one edge below the middle ; 0-!)
diverging nerves disai)i)earing below the rounded, searious apex ;
the inner with 4 diverging nerves, one excurrent. as a short awn ;
floral glume and palea a little shorter, the outer 3-uerved, with
the ai)ex obcordate ; palea emarginate. Empty glumes of the ter-
minal spikelet narrow, keeled, equal, bearing 5-G bristles ; floral
glume and palea of equal length, the former 3-nerved, bifid,
mucronate.
Texas, Uecerchon 1367 ; Arizona, J'ringle in 188-4.
4. H. Jamesii (Torr.) Heuth. 1. c, Plcuraphis Jamesii Torr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1 : U8, i. 10 (1824).
Culms 25-40 cm. high, slender, branching at base, the nodes
pubescent. Ligule oval, laciniate ; blades 1-15 cm. long, appear-
ing glaucous, owing to the numerous very small, stitT prickles, con-
volute, scabrous, luiiry at the throat. Spikes 5-8 cm. long, often
tinged with purple. Lower empty glume of the lateral spikelets
6-7 mm. long, awned above the middle, outer side 2-nerved ; ui)per
empty glume emarginate. cuspidate, 3-nerved on the outer side,
two-nerved on the inner side; floral glume and palea about equal
to the empty glumes. Empty glumes of the perfect spikelet
keeled, ciliate, cleft nearly to the middle, lateral nerves obscure,
3-7 bristles on the back ; floral glume and palea exceeding the
empty glumes, the former 3-nerved, unequally bilid, cuspidate, the
palea a little shorter, bifid.
Colorado, Jones 702 ; Xew Mexico, Vascy for U. S. Dept.
Agricul.
Indian Territory, Arizona and southward.
17. (01). .SooFOOON Heauv. Agrost. 122 (1812) in part.
.Ff/opof/mi H. & li., Willd. Spec. PI. 4 : 809 (1815). Hi/-
monothecinm Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 4 (1810). Schellingia Steud.
Flora 33 : 231 (1850). Goat's-ueard Grass.
Spikelets 1-flowered, in clusters of 2-0, the clusters almost
sessile on the peduncle or continuous rachis of the simple secondary
ZOYSIE.E. 71
spike, rachilla not continued above tlie jjcrfect flower. rTlumos 3
each, more or less 3-tootlied at the apex, the latei-al teeth short, the
middle one extended into a bristle or awn; the 3 outer frlumes
empty, a little shorter, or the empty ones vary, either 1 only, entire.
Fig. n.—Mgopogon cenchrmles. A, spike; a, b, spikelets. (After Doell.)
acute, or all broadly emarginate and awnless at the apex; lloral
glume often larger than the empty glumes an<l prominently ;^
tooth<?d; palea a little shorter than the glume, narrower, '^nerved..
72 PANICAC'E.K
2-toothod, Staiiieiis 3. Stylos disiiiict, stisrniiissplimioso. Grain
obloii<r, enclosed by tlio gliinu's, the (.'liistiTs of spikolets iit leugth
dociduous by ji joint.
Ditruse or tufted, slondor fjfnissos witb flat, narrow blades. Tlio
clusters of s])ikelets finally droopinji:, not unfrequently containing
spikelets, 1-3 of which arc slender, sterile or neuter mixed with
tlic fertile.
The genus has at first sight much the aspect of tlie Asiatic
M<'l(fNiifr)icIiris, or of some of the veiy sh<)rt-s|tik('d species of
JJoNfi'/diia, but the real atlinity a])])ears lo be with llihiriii.
Siiecies ;>. found in Arizona, 'i'exas. ^lexico. and Soiilli America.
1. M. cenchroides II. .S: U. Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : Si»i» (isoc).
Culms :2()-10 cm. high, more or less reddish throughout.
Shoatlis slightly rough, not keeled ; liguie :> mm. long, bilid ;
blades 1-8 em. lojig. Spikes 5-8 em. long, sj)ikelets in threes,
terminal. ])erl\''t, the 2 latenil neuter, llmpty glumes ('([ual,
y-2.r) mm. lonii'. l-newod, each with an awn its own len'''th be-
tween the shorter teeth ; floi'al glunm one-tliird loini-ei-. .'{-awned ;
the lateral awns eijualling those of the outer glumes : the terminal
awn twice as long ; palca with 2 sliort awns between the lobes.
(ihunes aiul ])alea of the neuter flowers smaller, otherwise much
like the fertih'.
Mexico, Parri/ and Palnwr for U. S. Dept. Agricul.
I'cxas and ^IcnIco.
y. m. geminiflorus 11. & li. Nov. Gen. ct Sp l:i;53, t. 43
(18ir,).
A slender grass. 10 'JO cm. high, moi'c or less tinged with red.
Cuhns geniculate. Spikes seeund. ;)--(> cm. long. Spikelets In
threes, tlu; 'I lateral neutei'; empty glumes of the perfei t llower 1.7
em. long. 1 -nerved, cuiu'iform. cuspidati^ belweeii the broad,
roundeil lobes of the margiual(> apex: floral glume nearly twice as
long, 3-nerved, laleral awns short, central awn about twice as long
as ilu' glume; palea ('(pialling tlie lloral glume, with '2 very short
.•;cla', empty glumes of the neuter spikelets ' alf as I ,ng as the fer-
tile; lloi'al cbunes oval. ;t-nerved. miicronate, or with a very short
awn; palea obovate, bicuspidate. Antlu'rs l.^mm. long.
ZOVSIK.R Ti
Arizona, Loiidioii ; ^Fcxico (State of Jalisco). /^(iJini'r \70.
\'ar. abortivus Kouni. Mcx. IM. Knum. (iruni. 71 (ISSO). Awn
of lloral ii'liiine very siiort, scarcely above the obtuse lobes. Mexico,
rri)i!/lr 1-1 OS.
N'iir. unisetus (IJ. iS: S.) Fourn. I.e. yh\ ii/h'si'/hs \{. & S. Syst.
'.':,S(),')(1S17). Tlie central awn of lloral iflnnie of tlie fertile spikeK't
projectiiifi' <• iniii., tlie lateral awns less than 1 nun. Ioml::.
.Mexico, I'l-iiiijir ll(»7.
;5. JE, gracilis \ascy, Hull. Torr. Club. i;5: 330 (ISS(l). lN>r-
eunial; often tiiii^iMJ with red. ('ulius tufted, erect, slender, suutoth,
spariuiily branched. .'{O -10 cm. hi^'h. Sheaths two-thirds ns loii^- as
the interuodes; liy-ule I -*> nini. lone;: blades lint, linn. I-IJ-/) cm.
Iciio-. 1 mm. wi(l(>. I'auicK' racenutsc. IJ-d cm. Ioiil!;, the axis beai'-
iiii;' lO-l'i secuud clusters of spiUclets. the clusters consist ini;' of 1
scssih' and '2 shoi'l. pcdicclhile spikclcts. Spikclet.s 3-15-1 mm.
luui.':, lirst ami second flumes linear, acutely li-lobed, 1 mm. lon<>',
llic u'iilille Idlie (>\t(>iulini;' into an awn. 1 mm. loni;'; tlor.al uliiuu'
dhloiiL!,'. .■)-ncrved. 3 mm. lonu'. li-awned. lateral awns 3 mm. Ioul;',
llic central twice as lon^; j)alea ol»lon_ii:, shortly 3-lootlu'(l. .\nthcrs
O.S mm. lonjjf.
Mc\ico. /'fi/>iirr'l^. 317. aO". and /'/•///-/A' S3:!.
IS. (t;:,). NaziA Adans. Fam. I'l. 3 : :! I (lUV.)). Tnnjits Hall.
Ili>t. Stirp. Ilclv. 3:30:! (KCS). l,ipi>,nji' Schrcl:. (len. :».*) ( I iSil).
Spikclcts l-lldwered. mostly in clusters <if 3 "). at Iciii^th deciduous
hv a joint, the terminal one often sessile, (he others itu'ludiuL;' a
pcrh ct llowcr. the clusters haviuL;' \ery short pedicels on Iheracliis
nf the spike. (l:unu'S 3 :!. the lower minute, often absent, the
si'coiid empty. stilT. its lu'rves covered with stronij'. hooked prickle-;;
till' terminal lloral I shorter, slcndci-; this and die paica hvalinc.
Sianieiis :!. Styles slioi't dislincl. sliiiinas |)inmose with lonu hairs.
<lrain oblon;^-. enclosed by the Li'liimes. Internoiles id'leii calcliin^-
sand ami small insects by means of a sti(d\y substance.
Two species are very widely distributed in the tropics and
uiirmer tenipcfitc eoir i'i(>s.
I. N. raceniosa (L.) Kunl/r. IJev. Ceii. I'l. :so (ISHiV rv,/-
■ ■hrns nirciinisiis L. Sp. I'l. lOlU (IT.MJ). I,(tp/)(ti/ii rocniKisn W iljd.
74
PAXK'ACK.E.
Sp. PI. 1:484 (1T9S). Trwias nicmosm Hall. Hist. Stirp. Hclv.
2:1413 (17G8). A Ioav, hniiiching uiimiiil, 10-30 cm. high, culms
smooth, 2-(5 cm. long. Lcaf-bhulcs ^-4 cm. long, flat, thin, the
margins clothed with prickles. Spikes 3-8 cm. long, 7-8 mm.
broad, with the base included in the swollen sheaths. Spikclots in
clusters of three, 3 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, easil}' detached and
carried away by animals.
Pa. (Phila.). >>•/•//!';/«• 3620a from Dr. Brinton; Texas, Jones;
Mississippi, Tntrii cult. A rare weed introiluced from Europe.
2. N. occidentalis (Nees). 2\ occUlcntalis Nees, Agrost. Bras.
28G (1829). Plant erect, 20-30 cm. high.
Spikes dense, 5-8 mm long, .5-0 nun. broad,
the base often included. S|)ikelets in clusters
of two. ovoid. 2-2.5 mm. long. The [)edicels
with a broad calloused base.
Arizona, Priin/Ic in 18S4; Mexico, Pn"«^?e
Fio. 18. - X<m., ««-*^l; Colorado, Jones.
Spikelet. ]'.). (72). ScHAFFNERA Benth., Journ.
Linn. 8oc. 19: 03 (1881)
Spikelets 1-4, 1-flowered, jointed on very short axillary pe-
duncles, flowers perfect or sterile, fllumes 2-;5; if 3, then the first
is ciliate-f ringed, 3-ner;ed, and about 1 mm. long, second almost
hyaline, 2-3 mm. long, 3-5 awned, third as long as the spikelet,
several-nerved, with an awn back of the apex; palea hyaline. 2-
nerved, 2-tootlied or obtuse. Stamens 3. Anthers long and narrow.
Styles 2, distinct, long and slender.
The above differs in some respects from the description in Oex-
ERA Plantaui'M, but corresponds to the specimen as T observed
it. IJelitham at one time united this with tlie genus Zoi/siu
"Willd. At first sight it seems to resemble Cafhesterlium. It a[)-
proaches sonu^ species of Aiu/ro/m/on {f'i/tiif)o/)o(/on) and of Aphidit.
One species is known, and that is found in Mexico.
1. S. gracilis Benth. hook. Ic. PI. (XIV.) 5!». /. 1378 (1882).
A low, diffuse, branching annual. 15cm. high. Sheaths 1 cm. or
less in length; blades rough, narrow, 2-;j cm. long. Pecluncjts
unequal, partially included in the sheaths. Part of the spikelets of
ciili'ntiilix.
(Kicliarilson.)
TRISTECJINE.E.
75
any cluster fertile, others sterile, spikelets finely pubescent, with a
sheath of very short hairs at the base, linear-lanceolate, 5 mm, lon<^
third glume elliptical-lanceolate, 5-nerved, as long as the spikelet,
witli a straight awn about half its own length : jialea ellii)tical when
spread, 5 mm. long, with % nerves near the middle. Grain linear,
compressed, 1 mm. long.
Mexico, Schaffner 1070.
Fio. Wi.—Scluiffiura oriteiUa. A spikcl.'t dissoctod. (Scribnor.)
'riuiii; IV.— TRISTEGINE^.
Spikek'ts all simihir. 1 "i-llowered, in paniclfd racemes. fallin<T
olT singly from the nltitiiiite l)ran('hes of the continuous axis of (ho
panicle. iMiipt.y glumes three, herbaceous or chartaceou.^, the first
76 PANIC Al'E.E.
narrowest, tlic tliircl sometimes standing as the floral glume of a
terminal staminato Hower; lloral glume and palea membranous, the
former of the perfect ilower terminating in a twisted awii.
Tropieal grasses, somewhat nearly related to Aitdrtipdijoiteit' and
Pan ice m.
This tribe was first proposed l)y Xees, and partly adoi)ted and
extended l)y Muuro and Bentham.
They dilt'er from Panicea? and approach Andropogoneae in the
thin textui'e of the fioral glume and palea, and by the frequent
presence of a slender, often bent awn on the floral glume. They
differ from Aiulropogonea3 in their inflorescence; the spikelets
singly scattered, or clustered along the inarticulate branches of the
panicle. The tribal nanu> comes from TrLsfe(/ii< Nees, a name given
to the genus JleUiiis sui)posing the forms to be new.
20. (51). Arundinella Waddi. Agrost. liras. 37, 1. 1. f. 3 (1823).
Gohlbttrhia'Vvxw. Spreng. N. Entd. 2:81 (1821).
CdlaniurJiIoe Keichb. C'ons]). 52 (182S).
Thymmwhne Presl, Thysan. Nov. PI. Gen. (1829).
Brandtia Kunth, Kev. Gram. 2:511, t. 170 (1830).
Riedelia Trin. Kunth, Enum. PI. 1:515 (1833).
Acmtheniiu Link, Ilort. Berol. 1:230 (183-1).
Sjnkelots acute or acuminate, with 1 tei'iniual, ])erfcct flower
and often a second staminate (»ue below it, in a loose termimd i)an-
iclc. Glumes 4. the three outer ones ofteu pointed, but not awned,
the second longer than the others, the third with a i)alea or male
flower in its axil; terminal lloral glume smaller, thinner, livaline,
with a tine awn twisted in the lower part iind l>eut back at or below
the middle; palea smaller. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain
oblong, included, but not adherent.
Low or tall grasses with a termimd ])anicle. A trojtical or snb-
trojjical genus, containing 25 species, chielly Asiatic, witii a few
African ami American s})ecies.
1. A. Palmeri Vasey iiied.
Culms smooth, sparingly branching, al)out 00 cm. liigh. Ligule
ciliate. about 1 mm. long; blades of the culm rigid, erect, involute,
scabrous. 15-20 cm. long. ;}-5 mm. wide. Panicles rather densely
TUISTECilNPLE.
77
many-tlowered, yellowish, 15-o0 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, rays
bearing spikek'ts along the upper half. S])ik('lets on })edicols 1-2
or more mm. long. First glume ovate-lanceolate, extending to the
top of the florets, 3-nerved, 3-3.5 mm. long including the stout
point, raehilla broad and carrying the second glume 0.3 mm. above
tlie first glume, second glnme linear-lanceolate, 5-nerved, 4-5 mm.
long, including the stout point, third glume (floral glume of tlie
staniiiiato floret) ovate-lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long, delicately 5-nerved,
lateral nerves near each other, its palea 2 mm. long, fourth glume
(floral glume of the upper floret) meml)ranous, delicately 3-uerved,
1.7 mm. long, bearing a tuft of very short hairs at its base, and a
terminal awn 6-10 mm. long, the lower third of which is brown
and twisted.
Fig. 20, — Arundinella Palmeri. A, a, Deppraiia; Ji, l<, spikdets and Horets
respectively. (Scrilmer.)
Nearly allieil to .1. pallida Xeos, of wliich it is pof^sibly only a
variety. Mexico, /'aimer 12.
2. A. pallida Xees. Agrost. liras. ir.5 (IS29).
A rather smooth, stout, erect pen-nnial. Culms hard. 18(1-200
cm. Iiigh. Ligule very short ; blades smooth below, scabrcd or
|iubescent above. 25-40 cm. long. •'» 10 mm. wide. Panicle ovoid
or narrowo., 30-4(» cm. long, rays smooth in thi-ccs to lives, spar-
ingly branched. Spjkelets on pi'dicels 1-2 mm. long, scattered the
78 PANICAtE.E.
Avhole length of tlie bmuclies. First glume ovute-liinceoliite, 3-
nerved, about 3 mm. long, second 5-nervcd, 4 mm. long, third
glume (tloiiil glume of the staminute floret) 7-nerved, 3 mm. long;
[>ak'a nearly as long as its glume ; floral glume of the np[)er floret
round on the back, 3 mm. long, scabrid, very obscurely 5-nerved,
bearing a tuft of short hairs at its base and a terminal awn about
C mm. long; palea shoi'ter, 2-nerved.
.Mexico, Prinyle 1746, Pahner 520.
.1. Cuhi')isiHCiv\sch. in Planta? Wrightiana? Cubensis, No. 1552,
is identical with the above 1T4G of Pringle, 520 of I'alnier.
Found in Mexico and several countries of Soutb America.
3. A. Deppeana Nees, lionplandia 3:84 (1855).
A rather slender, smooth perennial; culms bard, 90-150 cm.
high. Ligule very short and fringed with hairs; blades smooth or
slightly scabrid or pubescent, involute, 20-30 cm. long. Panicle
elliptical. 20-40 or more cm. long, rays mostly in threes to fives,
sparingly branched. Spikelets on pedicels 1-2 mm. long, scattered
the whole lengtli of the branches. First glume less than 2 nun.
long, besides the very short and narrow apex, 3-ncrved, second
lanceolate, 5-nervcd, 3.5 mm. or less long, third (floral glume of
the stuiuiiiiite floret) 2.3 mm. long, floral glunio of the upper floret
2 mm. long, with an awn having one bend above the spikelet.
Mexico, Priiir/Jo 'M'.i'.).
It differs chiefly from A. pallldd in its shorter glumes and
longer awn. with oidy one bend; aiul it is not improbable that a
study of more plants may show that one is only a variety of the
other.
Tribe V.— PANICE-ffi.
Fertile spikelet with one terminal perfect or pistillate flower,
with or without a staminate one below it; arranged in spikes,
racemes or panicles, falling off singly fnnn the ultimate branches;
the axis usually continuous. I'Moral glume and palea of the perfect
flower always firmer than the empty glumes, unawned (or in
BriorJiJoa whh a short straight iiwn); empty ginnu's rarely with
straight awns. Stamens three, rarely fewer, (irain enclosed in
PANK'E.E. 79
the upper gliiiue tiiul ptilea, not adliereut, obconi pressed ; un-
t'lUTowed; embryo large.
A. Spikelets not sunken in excavations of tlie racliis. Some
or all of the flowers })erfect (a)
a. Spikelets not subtended by 1 to many bristles or spines, (b)
b. Empty glume 1 ; spikelets acuminate, 3-ranked. . 21
b. Empty glumes '^; i)erfect flower 1 (c)
c. First empty glume with a swollen ring at the
base, floral glume mucromito or short-awned. . 25
C. First empty glume without a swollen ring at
the base (d)
d. Spikelets usually plano-convex and obtuse,
sessile or nearly so, in 1 to several 1 -sided
racemes or spikes 23
d. Spikelets in panicles (c)
e. All spikelets fertile 2:5
e. Spikelets on the termimd panicle sterile,
the I'cn'tile ones sul)terranean 24
C. Empty glumes 2. with 1 staminate and 1 perfect
flower, or 3 with 1 perfect flower (m)
m. First and second glumes without a callus and
aunless 20
m. KiK'hilla with membranous ajipendages or
pits 2:
m. Spikelets without callus, lirst and second
glunu's awned 28
m. Si)ikelets with a callus, the 3 empty glumes
awned 29
a. Spikelets single or in twos or threes, subtended by
1 to many bristles oi- spines (u)
n. Spike'ets articulating above \\\v persistent bristles. . 30
n. S})ikelets articulating l)eIo\v the bristles or admite
spines (o)
o. 'i'he involucre of spines more or less consolidated. 31
o. The iuvohu'iv of few to many bristles 32
80
PANICACE.E.
B. Spikelets 1-4. on very short bmnchos that are sunken in
the cavities of tlie tliickcned nichis. Some or all of the
flowers perfect 33
C. Plants niona'cious; spikelets in panicles 34
21. (1). Reimaria Fliigge, Gram. Monogr. 213 (1810), in part.
S))ikelets acuminate, subsessilc, api)resse(l, alternately on two
sides of a triangular rachis, with one perfect terminal flower.
Empty gUunes usually one, sometimes another small one, acute,
membranous, o-0-nerved; floral ghnue lirm. a little shorter; palea
still shorter. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, obcom-
pressed, enclosed by glume and palea, but not adherent, t'ulms
ascending, diffusely branching at the base. S])ikes few, simple,
finally reflexed.
There are four species, all belonging to tropical America. Our
species much reseml)les /^(tspaJ/nn lUstirJiin L. var. raffinahnn.
There are several species of Paspalxin which have oidy a single
lower empty glume, but Reimaria has the spikelets more acumiiuite
and nu)re closely ap})ressed to the rachis than in any PasjHtlnm ;
and the stamens are only two.
1. R. oligostachya Muuro. Bentli. Jour. Linn. Soc. 19:34
(1881).
Smooth throughout, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths slightly in-
flated : blade narrow, acuminate,
(5-10 cm. long, often involute.
S})ikes 2-4. on short peduncles,
exserted or more or less in-
cluded. 4-T CM), loi'.g. Cou-
tigu.ous spikelets of the same
row with a little space between
therd. elliptical-lance(»late. 4-5
mm. loug; tii'si glume minute
or slender and half as long as
the s[)ikelet, often absent,
second elliptical, ovate, acute,
9-nerved, floral glume lirmer and palea firmer and Jihorter, much
Fio. 21. — Riinutrid vU'(ji>^t(U'h}/ii. A,
spikt'It't ; <i, I). Hon'ts. (Scrihiicr.)
PANICE.E. 81
alike, the former T-O-nerved, the latter with 3 obscure nerves near
each margin.
Florida, A. If. ('inii\s d5C,2.*
22. (2) Paspalum L. Syst. Ed. 10. j>:85o (1759).
S'(i0.s(i/j Aihms. Fam. 2:31 (irUo).
Ckaclnic IJoIaud. IJottb. Act. Lit. Univ. Ilafu. 1:285 (1778).
Cercsia Pers. 8yii. 1: 8o (1805).
J.rnjinpiis Hcauv. Agrost. 12 (1812).
Cabrvra Lag. Gt'U. ot Sp. Nov. 5 (181G).
raspdhoitltinm Desv. Opusc. 59 (18;51).
Ma'ur/iid Weiidor. Steud. Norn. ed. (2). 2: 153 (1841).
A)i((c/ii/ris Noes. Ilook. Kew Jouni. 2: 103 (1850).
MaiziUa Seldecht. Bot. Zeit. 8:001 (1850).
An(tsh-(>pliuH^i!\\\w\\i. Hot. Zeit. 8:(J8l (1850).
Cyinatovhloa Sdilecht. Bot. Zeit. 12:821 (185-1).
L((pp(if/()pKis Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 112 (1855).
Wirtip'iiia Xees. Doell. Mart. Fl. Bras. (2) 2:40 (1877).
Spikelets I llowereil, not awned, usually [)laiio-eonvex in 1 or 2
single or double rows, on sliort pedicels. fJluines 3. the two outer
ones eni]>ty. usually membranous and equal or nearly so, the third
or tloral of a tluniu'r texture; palea witliin tlie floral glume, firm,
snudler. nearly Hat. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, ratlu'r long.
Grain eiu'losed. but not adlierent. Some spikelets of some species,
us P. distich HI)}, have an additional small glume on the Hat side,
thus serving to unite this gjuus witli Patucio)).
A large tropical and subtropical genus of about IHO species,
especially abundant in America; also found in Africa, Asia, a few
in Australia, and two in Fiirope. The species vary much in habit,
though in North America many of tliem grow on smuly land.
Most of them are not hardy in the Nortliern Slates.
CoMsidei'ing its great size, the genus is very well defined, and
readily distinguisjicd from Pdin'cuni \)y the inflorescence, and by the
technical character of tlie absence of the fb'st emi)ty ylumc.
Neitlier of these characters is absohitely constant. A few Pinii<it
of the section linirliiiwia liave the infioresccnce i>f Pt/s/xiJini) ,- niid
tlie lowest ghime is fre(iuently reduced to a oiuall callus, or is
82 PANIC'ACI'LE.
eiitiroly deficient iu tlie section Diyitaria ; consequently several
species have been referred bv some botanists to one genns and by
otliers to tlie other. Tliese ambiguous species aj^pear to be best
jilaced in Poniofm.
All the true Paspnhi have the spikelets sessile or nearly so. in
two to four rows along tlie lower or outer side of the rachis or
simple branches of the panicle. Scairely five species can be regarded
as belonging exclusively to tlie Old World. General ^Funro luid
nearly completed a moiiogra])h of the genus, leaving des('rii)tions of
138 species. lie and Dr. Ik'ntham agreed ])erf('ct]y in not making
species to show all slight variations, corresponding to what many
local European b(ttanists describe as critical species.
Trillins subdivided the genns, chiefly according to the size of
the s[)ikelets.
Hentham and Hooker adojited three siictions, founded on Xces's
— Kiipaxpalum. Cahrcnt. and JnafttrojiJnift, subdividing the tirst and
mucli tlie largest into four groups — Anaclnjris, Opistliion, Psendo-
ceri\si((. and Ccn'sia.
J>/(ic/ii/n's\nn purely artificial one, characterized solely b^ having
only a single empty glume below the ilowering one. It was first
]iro])osed as a genus l)y Nees for Pd.ynilinn vuilacophyUum Trin.
Opixlliio)) was j)ropos(.Hl by Doell as a section of PaKjudum,
but Hentham and Hooker use it as a name for a group. It in-
cludes all the tyjiical PaspaJu with two lower emiity glumes, and
tile rachis of the spikes not dilated. The species are numerous and
varied. Pytexdorcresin is the name of the grouj) of species in Mhich
th(> rachis of the spikes is more or less dilated and concave, but
green and herbaceous throughout, and the spikelets are small and
glabrous or nearly so. The species are few. incluuing P. rcpens
IJerg. and its allies. Ccrcsin is the name proposed for a genus by
Persoon. Here the dilated rachis of the spike is bordered by a
colored or smooth membranous margin and the half-enclosed
si)ikelets arc larger than in Psi'in/orcrcsid and densily ciliate.
Cahrera. the second section of f^fsalion, contains a single species,
P. anretdii II.B.K., forming Fiagasca's genus Cahvcra. In thi.^
the direction of the spikelets is nearly that of .l>/rt.s//'6»/^////.s'; but
PAN1('E.E. S:^
instead of being marginal on one side of tlie racliis, tliey are deeply
embedded in alternate cavities on the outer and lower side of that
raehis.
Aii<i.'<froj>Jiu.<i, tlie third section, was pro])osed as a genus by
Sell lech tendahl. In this the s})ikelets are on alternate margins ot*
the narrow, somewhat tlexuose raehis of tlie spike and the back of
tlic floral glume being turned outwards from the raehis. The
spikes are generally several, close together at the end of the
l)ed uncle.
Besides the above valuable notes taken from Bentham, cou-
sideral)le aid has been received from a valuable synopsis of the
genus by Vasey, in ]?ull, 'i'orr. Club, i;}: l(;-2 (1S8(1).
A. Anastuoimus Schlecht. S2)ih;h>t)< almost distichous with
{back of tliv JloraJ (jlut)U') first glume turned outward away
from flic racliis. fA'aces obtuse.
a. Leaves 4 mm. rtide or narrower 1
a. Leaves 5 mm. wide or wider 2
B. Eui'ASPALUM Benth. Spihelcts strictlij sccund iinth{bacJc
of the Jloral (jlumes) first (jlume turned inward toward the
raehis. Leaves sJiarji-jwinted.
a. Kaehis thin, folding towards the small spikelets and
partially enclosing them (o)
o. Spikes 3-G 3
0. Spikes 3-8 4
0. Si)ikes 40-00 5
0. Spikes 75-100 6
a. Kachis not enclosing the spikelets, usually less than 1
mm. wide (b)
b. Kachis not winged 7
b. Raehis more or less winged (c)
e. Spikelets more or less hairy or puberulent. . .(d)
d. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long S
d. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long !)
c. Spikelets glabrous (c)
e. Spike single at the apex of the culm or each
branch ; spikelets 1 mm. long 10
84 PANIC'ACE.E.
e. Spikes more than one to the culm (f)
f. Spikes 1-2 cm. long 11
f. Spikes ;»-4 cm. long, var. oi J*, inops. . . 11
f. Spikes longer (g)
g. Spikelets 1.7 mm. long, spikes 4-15 cm.
long 12
g. Spikelets longer (li)
h. Kacliis more or less pubescent. ... 13
h. Perhaps some plants ot number. . . 17
h. Kachis glabrous (i)
i. Spikes 3-5, s])ikelet8 about 2 mm.
long 14
i. Si)ikes 5-8, spikelets 2-2.3 mm.
long 15
1. Spikes 3-7, spikelets 3 mm. long. . 10
i. Spikes mostly single, sjiikelets 2.2
mm. long 17
a. Rachis not enclosing the spikelets. usually 1 mm. or
more wide (j)
j. Si)ikelets more or less hairy or puberulent (k)
k. Spikelets narrowly elli|)tical. acute, ciliate on the
margins, 3.3 mm. long 18
k. Spikelets oval, acute, 3-4 mm. long IJ)
k. Spikelets oval, obtuse; spikes 3-G 20
j. Spikelets glabrous (m)
m. Spikes 2 (sometimes 1),S-10 cm. long ; spikelets
oval, 2.5-3 mm. long 21
m. Spikes more than 2 to the culm (n)
n. Rachis 2 or nearly 2 mm. wide ; sj)ikelets
2-2.3 mm. long 22
n. Rachis rarely 2 mm. wide in some plant.s of
number 23
n. Ihichis 2 mm. wide; si)ikelets 2.5 mm. long. . 24
n. Kachis 2 mm. wide; spikelets 3 mm. long. . 25
n. Rachis narrower (p)
p. Spikelets subacute, 'i.5-3 mm. long: rachis
PAXICK.E. 80
1 mm. wide ; spikes usually 3 in number,
2-3.5 cm. long 26
p. Spikelets acute, 3.5-4 mm. long: raehis
about 1.5 mm. wide; spikes 2-4 in num-
ber, 2-5 cm. long 27
p. Spikelets obtuse, 3.5 mm. long ; raehis 1
mm. wide; spikes 2, 7-10 cm. long. . . 28
p. Spikelets subacute, 3 mm. long; raehis 1-2
mm. wide; sjjikes 2, rarely 3. 3-0 cm. lojig. 23
p. Spikelets obtuse, 2.2-3 mm. long; raehis 1
mm. wide: si)ikes 3-G, 4-() cm. long. . . 29
p. Spikelets broad, subacute, 3 mm. long;
raehis 1.3 nun. wide; s})ikes 3-4, 0-il cm.
long 30
p. Spikelets subacute, 3.5 mm. long; racliis 1.7
mm. wide: sjjikes 3-4. 10-17 (fin. long. . 31
p. S|)ikelets obtuse, 3.5-4 mm. long: raehis
1-1.7 mm. wide; spikes 3-.^). 10-14 cm. long 33
1. P. compresBum (Swartz) Nees. Mart. Bras. 2:23 (1829).
Milium romjircssion Sw. I*rod. 24 (1788).
J'.phtfi/raiiloii Poir. Lam. Encycl. 5:34 (1804).
Culms fdiform. branching, 12-24 cm. high, usually consisting of
two internodes from a creeping root-stock. Sheaths narrow, com-
pressed, with a few soft hairs; blade narrowly linear, obtuse, smooth,
2-6 cm. long, 2-3 mni. wide. Spikes 2-3, approximate, slender,
2-4 cm. long. Spikelets in two rows, overlapping little or none,
narrowly oblong, 2 mm. long; first and second glumes 2-nerved,
with short hairs above.
Florida, A. II. Cioiiss 3505, J. Tf. Simpson for Nat Mus.
South Carolina to Florida and Texas.
2. P. paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. Mem. Tor. IJot. Club, 5:25
(1894).
Difjitaria paapahiJei^ Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 :4fl (1803).
P. Mii'hauxiatiuin Kunth, Hev. Gram. 1:25 (1S35).
P. Ellioftii S. Wats., A. Cray. Man. Ed. 0.629 (1890). P.
Digitaria Poir. Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4:316 (1816).
86 PANICACE.E.
P. fur cat um viUosnni Vascy.
Culms containin<( 3-linteniocles above the root-stock, 50-80 cm.
high. Sheaths compressed ; blades tliinly clothed with soft hairs,
flat, rough above, obtuse, 10-15 cm. long, 1 cm. wide. Si)ikes
2-3, narrow, 5-8 cm. long. Hpikelets about one third longer tlian
the internock'S of the rachis, ovate-lanceolate, less thtai 5 mm. long;
first glume 7-nerved, second 5-nerved, third 2.7 mm. long.
Florida. A. II. Curtiss 35G5, ticketed P. Diyitaria Poir., 6'. I'.
Nash 50!).
Swamps, North Carolina to Florida and other Southern States.
;3. P. membranaceum Walt. Fl. Car. 75 (1788), not Lam.
(1701). l\ WaUen'anum Schultes, Mant. 2:1GG (1824).
Culms decumljent, from creei)ing rhizomes, much branched,
20-GO cm. long. Sheaths rather loose; blades smooth, acute, -l-G
cm. long, 4: mm. wide. Si)ike.s 3-G, approxinuite, the lowest ones
included by the sheath, about 2 cm. long, rachis thin, 2.5 mm.
wide, clasping the spi Relets. Spikclets in two rows, in each row
overlapping for one half their length, oval, llattoned, nearly 2 mm.
long, first and second glumes thin, 3-uerved or with two outer ob-
scure nerves.
Marylaiul. Srribner 35G4 from Canby; Tennessee, U. S. Dept.
Agricid. 28 from (Jattinger.
New .lersey, Delaware, and Southern States.
4. P. gracile Schlecht. Linnra, 2G: 134 (1853-55).
Culms diffuse or decumbenr, much branched, 15-30 cm. high.
Sheaths rather loose, thickly pubescent; blade ovate-lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, flat, thin, sparingly pubescent, 2-5 cm. long.
Spikes 3-S, scattered, 1-2 cm, long, the lowest ones included by the
sheath, rachis thin, about 2 mm. wide, flat or clasping the spikclets.
Spikelets in two rows, one each side the mid-nerve, those of each row
about 2 mm. apart, elliptical, 2.2-2.4 mm. long, first and second
glumes very thin, 3-nerved.
Mexico, Pri)i()le 3343.
In appearaiu^e considerably like /*. memhmuarcinn Walt.
5. P. mucronatum Muhl. Cat. 8 (1813). Ccresia Jluitans Ell.
I»ANI(K.K. 87
Bot. S. C. and fiti. 1: 109 (ISK). I'aspfduitifuitaus Kunth.. Rev.
Griim. 1:24 (18-^!»).
Culms bninching, ascending;, creeping or flouting from iirliizomc,
30-90 em. long, nodes soft liairy. Upper sheutli extendiug iioiirly
to the spikes; blades flat, thin, acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, about I
cm. wide. S^jikes racemose, 40-GO, alternate and verticilhitc.
spreading, 3-7 cm. long, the thin rachis 1.5 mm. wide, extending
3 mm. beyond tlio spikelets. Spikelets in two vertical rows, pu-
bescent, oblong, acute, 1.5 mm. long, tirst and second glumes very
thin, "^-nerved.
Louisiana, .1. />'. Lnuylois, collected in 18S5.
Virginia to .southern Illinois and southward.
6. P. repens Berg. Act. Ildvet. T, /. T:129 (1772).
P. pyramiiUde Nees, Mart. Bras. 2 : 77 (1829). P. gracilc Steud.
in part.
Culms creeping or floating in water, the ascending portion 20-
30 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the iuternodes, inflated, scabrid,
spotted, the throat bearing two peculiar stipular appendages. .5-7
mm. long; ligule lacerate, truncate, brown, 2-3 mm. long; bhides
flat, scabrous, acute. 10-18 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide. S|)ike3
75-100 or more, ascrending, crowded into an erect, ovoid, spikeliko
raceme, about 9 cm. long; the spike 2-3 cm. long, the thiu invo-
lute rachis 3 mm. wide, the acuminate tip ))r<)jecting 8-10 nini.
above the spikelets. Spikelets in a single vertical row of 5-S in
number, oblong, subacute, 2-2.2 mm. long, first and second glumes
efjual, very thin, 2-nerved, a little longer than the floret.
Mexico (Jalisco). PritKjh' 385-1; also found in South America;
growing in water.
7. P. racemosum Lam. Illnstr. 1: ITii (ITiH).
Culms erect, simple. 00-120 cm. high fi'oni a scaly root-stock.
Lower sheaths thinly clothed with long hairs; blades linear-
lanceolate, glaucous, keeled, 30-40 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide.
Panicle erect, exsertetl, 15-20 cm. long. Spikes 3-4, lax, slender,
4-lG cm. long, rachis tri(|uetrous-terete, flexuose. Spikelets
smooth, in alternate ])air8, distant, pedicels 2-5 mm. long, oval,
obtuse, about 4 mm long, first glume ."i-T-nerved, second 3-5-nerved.
88 PAMCACK.E.
iJeor^ia, CooJey colhrfion Mich. Agr. College in 1863 ; Alu.,
Mohr in 1S88.
North Caroliiiii to Floridii and TiOuisiana.
s, P. virgatum L. Sp. Pi. 81 (1753). Var. pubiflorum Yasey,
Bull. Torr. Club. 13: 1(17 (188<>).
Culms stout, 00-120 cm. high, dark at tlie nodes. Leaf-blades
suiooth, hairy at the throat, 30 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. Panicle
15-20 cm. long. Spikes 12-15, tlexuose, the lower 0-8 cm. long,
those above gradually growing shorter, rachis straight or (lexuose,
less than 1 mm. wide. S})ikelets flattened, soft-hairy, ovate,
acute, crowded in four or more rows. 2-2.5 mm. long, some of
them on pedicels of their own length; first and second glumes
3-nerved, third shorter, obtuse.
Louisiana, A. B. Lauyloi-s. "Cuba, Mexico to Uruguay,"
Grisvbach.
\\XY. platyoxon Doell. Ticaf-blades 1.5-3 cm. wide; si)ikes
about 5, the lower 15 cm. long, rachis 3 mm. wide; spikelets oval
or subovate, smooth, 3 mm. long.
Texas, .Rei'erchon 703. in 18T4, identified by Munro. now in
herbarium of Harvard I'ni versify.
!t. P. caespitosum Fliigge, Monog. IGl (1810). P. Bhthjettii
Chapm. Kl. S. States, 571 (18G0).
Culms slender, of few internodes, 20-40 cm. high. Leaf-blades
flat, acute or a(Uiminate, glabrous except at the base, 3-15 cm.
long, 7-10 mm. wide. Spikes 2-4, 4-G mm. long, one terminal,
the others distant 5-7 cm. from each other, ratrhis less than 1 mm.
■wide. Spikelets minutely pul)escent, obovoid or oval, usually in
pairs in each row, pedicels as long as the spikelets, which are 1.5
mm. long, first and second glumes thin, 3-iu'rved.
Florida, V. S. Dept. Aijt'icnl. from A. 11. Curtiss.
Florida. Cuba, (luiana.
10 P. Pittieri IIacl<. MS.
A slender tufted diffuse grass, branching near tlie base, 15-20
cm. high. Leaf-blades hispid, acuminate, 2-0 cm. long, about 2.5
mm. wide. Spikes single, rarely in pairs, slender, 2-3 cm, long,
PANKE.E. 89
axis thin, wavy involute, 0.5-0.7 mm. Avide. Spikelets 1.4 mm.
long on pedicels 1 mm. long, in two rows (one of each pair abor-
tive), obovate, subacute, puberulous on tlie margins of the couvo
side, first and second glumes thin, 3-nurved.
Mexico, I'rinijle 'IVi'd.
11. P. inops N'asey. ined.
Culms low, spreading, 10-20 cm. high. Slioatlis hairy, the
upper one reaching nearly to the lowest spike, blades Hat, pubescent
on both sides, acute, 1-4 cm. long, 4-0 mm. wide. Sjjikes 2-3,
1-2 cm. long. Spikelets mostly in pairs, smooth, lu-arly heiui-
spbeiical, 2.5 mm. long, iirst and second glumes 5-nervcd, third
and the palea brown.
Mexico (Jalisco), /'afiiirr G17.
\'ar. major Vasey, ined. Leaf-blades sparingly pubescent,
often 15 cm. long, 1 cm. wide; spikes 3-4 cm. long.
Mexico, /'riiii/h- 1875.
12. P. conjugatum Herg. Act. llelv. 7. /. 8: 12!» (1772).
Chdms brandling, 4-7 cu). high from a cree])ing rhizome.
Leaf-bhides Hat, acuminate, nearly smooth, 4-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm.
wide. Si)ikes 2, sleniUir, exserted, cuhns digitate, sometimes with
1-2 lateral ones, 4-15 cm. long, 1.7 mm. wide. Spikelets secund,
in two rows, slightly imbricated, ovate, broadly acute. 1.7 mm.
long, first and second glunu\s thin, 2-nerved, the first ciliatc on the
margins.
Mexico, J\ihuer 3(i7. PriiKjlo 3129; Alabama, Mohr.
Florida to Texas and Mexico.
13. P. tenellum Willd. Enum. llort. Berol. 1:81) (1800).
/'. eh'iians Fliigge. Monog. 183 (1810).
Culms rather slender. GO-!H) cm. high. Sheaths compressed,
tlie lower ciliate at the throat; ligule 1-2 mm. long, blades of
sterile shoots condu|)licate. 4-10 cm. long. .5-8 mm. wide, acute,
imborulent above, those of the culm 1-2 cm. long. Panicle 15-30
"Ml. long. Spikes 0-13, the lower 5-15 cm. long, those above
gradually growing shorter, rachis slightly flexuose, 0.7 mm. wide,
pMbescent at the base and very sparingly along the sides. Spikelets
loosely arrangetl in about four rows, some of them on pedicels
90 PAMCAl'K/E.
exeet'diiig thuir own length, oval, obtuse or subsicute, 2.5-2.7 mm.
long; first and second glumes equal, 3-norved, but little longer
than the lloret.
Mexico (San Luis Potosi), Prinffle 3755, and farther south.
Alkaline meadows.
J 4. P. Drummondii C. Muell. Jiot. Zeit. 19:332 (18G1). /'.
IvutiyiHosKin of Vasey's Catalogue, not Preal.
Culms erect, slender, smooth, often branching below, 60-90 cm.
higli. Siieaths loose; blades 1-3 cm. long, 10-13 mm. wide, one
margin undulate. Spikes 3-5, 2-4 cm. apart, the lowest ones 7-10
cm. long, the upper a little shorter, rachis subflexuose, less than 1
mm. wide. Spikelets in pairs, oboi^ate-oval, minutely jjubescent and
brown-spotted, a little over 2 mm. long. Usually with a minute
sterile glume on the flat side as in Panicum.
Texais, Kealley in 18S8.
15, P. macrophyllum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1:92 (1815).
P. phi It i folium Fourn.? Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:48 (1880).
Culms 90-1-^0 cm. high, smooth. Sheaths hispid, ciliate at
the throiit; ligule very short; blades flat, scabrid or smooth,
18-25 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, acuminate, pungent-pointed.
Spikes 5-8, sessile, scattered, somewhat distant, the lower 6-12 cm.
long, the others gradually shorter, rachis flat, 1 mm. wide. Spike-
lets ])ur])le. more or less in four irregular rows, crowded, ellijitical,
obtuse. 2-2.:'. nun. long, first and second glumes equal, 3-nerved.
Mexi^'o (Siin Luis Potosi), Priixjle 3779.
Low fields.
Tlie ])lants were identified by Professor Scribner; who, on
account of meagre deseriittions, is uncertain as to the correct
name. The type specimens were not at liand for comparison.
16. P. plicatulum Mielix. Fl. Bo:. Am. 1:43 (1803). P. uu-
dttlafiim Poir. Lam. Pmcycl. 5:29 (1804).
(hdms 30-()0 cm. high, simple, smooth. Leaf-blades smooth,
15-20 cm. \m\^, 5-8 mm. wide. I'anicle 10-13 cm. long. Spikes
5-7, recurved, 2-6 cm. long, the upi)er much the shorter, rachis
less than 1 mm. wide, flexuose. Spikelets in pairs, one pair about
3 mm. above or below another f)air, oval, obtuse, convex on the
back. 3 mm. loii^, first and second glumes r)-nerved, the latter
wlicu mature with '^-'-i transverse [»lications on each side, third
fjlume and palea brown.
Mexico (Hio Blanco), PaJiiur 408.
Texas to Florida and Mexico.
17. P. setaceum Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:43 (180.1). P. eiliati-
foJium Michx. Fl. Hor. 1:44 (1S03). /*. debite Michx. Fl. IJor.
Am. 1:44 (1803).
Culms ascending, branching, very slender, 50-70 cm. high,
Tjcaves throughout, or the sheaths only, smooth, 5-15 cm. long,
;)-5 mm. wide. Spikes mostly single, terminal, and one or more
cxserted or included in the sheaths of the upper leaves, 5-10 cm.
long; rachis tlexuose, 1 mm. wide. Spikelets in two or more irreg-
ular rows, broud-oval, 2.2 mm. long, first glume 3-uerved, second
2-nerved.
Delaware. Cmifttf 3.5Tfi.
East Miussachu setts to Illinois and southward.
Var. ciliatifolium (Michx.) Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb.
3:17 (1S!I2). /'. ri/iftfifoliinn Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1:44 (1S()3).
P. dasiiplniUinn VAX. IJot. S. C. and Ga. 1:105 (KSl(i). Cuhns
stouter; leaf-blades nmstly longer, 1 cm. wide: spikelets crowded,
often appearing in more than two rows, owing to the branching of
tlie pedicels of the spikelets.
Florida. V. S. [hpt. Agricul. 3, from .1. //. Cartiss.
Southern States.
IS. P. Humboldtianum Fliigge, :Monog. 07 (1810).
Culms hard, not fiatteued in drying, exserted, branching below,
00-80 cm. long. Leaf-blades numerous, smooth or rough, Hat,
Mcuuiinate. 5-1** cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Spikes 3-4, ajjprox-
imate. 8-10 cm. long, rachis 1.5 nnn. wide. S|)ikelets in i)airs,
4-rowed, not crowded, pubescent, oval -lanceolate, 3.3 mm. long,
first glume with '^ nerves on the margins very close to each other,
o\t r 1 mm. long, second glume smooth, 3-nerved, third shorter,
oval, obtuse.
Mexico (Rio Blanco), P(dine)' i»86.
Mexico to Quito.
92 PAXICACK.K.
It. P. dilatatum I'oir. Liini. Enoyd. 5::}') (1S()4). P.nrnfiim
Nees, A^M'ost. Hnis. 4:5 (IS-JU).
Culms 'J0-i:5() cm. lii^^li, yimpk". smooth. Loul'-bliulos smooth,
"0—40 em. loii^, 7~[) mm. \vi(k'. .S])iki's Il-T, rutlicr irmott', (J-IO
em. long, nieliis over I mm. wide. Spikelets in 4 rows, eom-
prcssetl, oviite, ueiite, pubeseent, ;).5 mm. long, lirst glume
5-nerved, second 3-5-nerved, third orbieuliir, ;.*.5 mm. long.
Louisiiinu, ,1. A*. Lmujlois.
\ar. decumbens N'tisoy, liull. Terr. Club. 13: IGO (188G).
Culms shorter and decumbent. Spikes usually 3-4.
•.'0. P. pubiflorum Hui»r. Hull. Hrux. 1). inirt 2.',>;}r (184;2).
P. Iiiillii \'asey and 8eribn., \'asey in Bull. Torr. Club, 13:05
(I88(i).
Culms geniculate and rooting, branching below, nodes pubescent,
G0-90cm. high. Ligule firm,:.' mm. long; blades smooth, flat, lO-;.'0
cm. long, G-8 mm. wide. Spikes 3-G, approximate, *2-G em. long,
nichis l.T mm. wide. Spikelets mostly in couples, those in direct
lineal line distant about 'Z mm., obtuse, finely pubescent, ovate,
oval or obovate, obtuse, 2.7 mm. long, first and second glumes
3-nerved.
Mexico (Chihuahua), Pringle 374; Texas, Nealley ; Lower
California, Palnwr 45.
Alabama to Texas.
Var. glaucum Scribn., ined.
Glaucous; culms erect, rigid; sheaths hairy; spikelets more
hairy.
Mexico (Coahuila), Pritujle 437.
31. P. rectum Xees, Hook. Kew Journ. 3 : 104 (1850). P.
monostac/n/ittn Vasey, ('hapm. Fl. S. States, Suppl., 6G5 (1889).
A smooth erect perennial, GO-00 cm. high, from creeping root-
stocks. Leaf- blades firm, conduplicate, 30-GO cm. long. 3-3 mm.
wide. Spikes erect, much exserted, mostly single, sometimes two,
approximate. 13-30 cm. long, raehis round on the back, slightly
fiexuose, about 1 mm. wide. Spikelets in pairs, those in lineal
rank nearly touching each other, smooth, oblong, 3.5-3 mm. long;
I'ANUEE. 93
first glume sliortiT tlum the llorct, thin, 3-norvetl, second equalling
the lloret, 5-nerv<'d.
The above nanie is given on the authority of tjeneral Munro,
who liad seen tlie phints of I). (Jarber.
Florida, (iarbcr 'Z'ii, in the year 1877, now in the herbarium
of Harvard University.
2)i. P. Boscianum Fliigge, Monog. 170 (ISIO), P. purpiintx-
cens Ell. Bot. S. C. and (ia. 1: 108 (18iG).
Culms decumbent or erect, (iO-DO em. high. Leaf-blades (hit,
smooth or hairy at the base, often purple, ;>(> cm. long, G-S min.
wide. Spikes 5-7, stmietimes lO-'^O, not crowded, 5-8 cm. long,
rachis Hat, 2 mm. wide. Spikelets smooth, obtuse, crowded in
2-4 rows, oval or obovate, 2.3 mm. long, first and second glumea
5-nerved, third and })alea dark brown or black when mature.
Korth Carolina, IJ. S. Dvpt. Agn'riil. from McCarthy.
North Carolina to Florida and Texiis. TiuTe is considerable
doubt as to the correct name of the grass here described.
23. P. distichium L. AmaMi. Acad. 5:301 (1759).
Culms ascending, 20-(I0 cm. high, from a long creeping base,
extending beyond the upper sheath. Sheaths smooth; blades
linear-lanceolate, crowded below, flat, glaucous, glabrous or rough
above, 4-12 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Spikes 2, rarely 3, 3-0
cm. long, 1 sessile, the other on a short peduncle, rachis flat on
the back, 1-2 mm. wide. Spikelets smgle in two rows (some-
times crowded in more than two rows), those in the middle of a
lineal line overlapping one fourth their length, oval, ovate. 3 mm.
long; on the flat side sometimes a slender, 1-nerved glume, first
ordinary glume 5-nerved, second 3-nerved.
Delaware. Cnnby ; Florida, Curtis^ 3567 ; Texas, Kpnnoijy
Scribner 3567 from Tweedy; Xew Mexico. Vasey ; Arizona,,
PriiKjli' ; Oregon, Howell; Mexico. Palmer 2'i'i. 603.
Virginia, south and west; also East India and Australia.
24. P. lividum Trin. MS. Schlecht. in Linn. 26:383 (1853-5).
Culms branching below. 60-80 cm. high. Leaf-blades 12-20
cm. long, 4 mm. wide. Spikes 4-10, 2-4 cm. long, approximate
or crowded, the whole 8-10 cm. long, rachis flat, 2 mm. wide.
94 PANIC AlE.E.
Si)ikelet8 rutlier iiat, oviil, ubrui)tly jjoiiited, smooth, piilf ^'reeii, in
4 rows or irregularly arranged, 'Z.5 iiiiii. loug, tirst ami st'cond.
glumes 3-uerved, third a little shorter, obtuse.
Mexieo, Pidnur 20C.
Texas to Mexico.
25. P. elatum Uieh. Doell, Mart. Fl. liras. 2, part 2, 78 (IHT:).
Culms erect, glabrous, rooting at the lower nodes, 50-00 em.
high. Leaf-blades 20-1)0 em. long, 1.5-2.5 wide, tlat, smooth
excepting the margins, which are rough, apex narrowly acuminate.
Spikes 5-T, l-:J em. I 'om each other, 4-S cm. long, s])reading,
rachis Hat on the back, 2 mm. wide. Spikclets in pairs, in four
crowded rows, obovate, subacute, li mm. long, first and second
glumes with 1 nerve in the middle and 2 near each nuirgin.
J^ouisiuna, J. />*. Lanylais in lb80.
Found from Florida to Texas.
20. P. Buckleyanum Vasey, Bull. Terr. Club, 13: 107 (1880).
Culms simple, smooth, decumbent ut the base, OO-DO cm. high.
Leaf-blades scabrous, conduplicatc, 20-40 cm. long, 3-4 mm.
wide. Panicle erect. 12-18 cm. long; si)ikes 3-0, altenuite, 2-3.5
cm. distant, tlie lower G-T cm. long, the upper 3-4 cm. long,
rachis straight. S[tikclets light-colored, in four rows, the middle
ones overlapjiing for half their length, elliptical, oblong, acute,
2.5-2.T mm. long, first and secontl glumes sparingly pubescent,
3-5-nerved.
Nearly related to P. liciditiH, from which it ilillers in its longt-r
l)aniclc. more numerous, longer and more distant spikes, and liie
spikclets pubescent.
'I'exas. Jii(ckh>)/ and XcdJ/ci/.
27. P. vaginatum S\v. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1:135 (1797).
Culms from a creej)ing base, intei'nodes short, 10-40 cm. high.
Leaf-blades smooth, distichous, involute, pointed, 3-9 cm. long.
Spikes 2, rarely 3 or 4, 2-5 vm. long, on exserted pedicels. Spike-
lets in two rows, overlapping about one fourth of their length,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, 4 mm. long, first glume 5-uerved, second
2-nervcd.
Florida, J. //. Cnrfitift.
PANICK.E. 95
Florida to 'I'exas in saliiu' swamps.
2S. P. notatum KIiiji:,iri', (irain. N[oiio^'. 106 (1810).
Culnia 50-TO cm. Iiigli, ascc'iidinjf from a stout root-stock.
Leat'-bhules narrow, smooth. Spikes "i. oxsorted, diverjfinj;. 7-1
cm. long, approximate, l)oth sossili', rachis Hat on tlu* back, 1 mm.
wide. Spikelets smootli, sin^de. in two rows, those in tlie same
row in tlie ini(hUe of the spike overhippinj,' one fourtli of their
h'Mi^'th, ovate or oval, ohtust', ',].5 mm. long: tirst ghime tlr'n, with
two prominent nerves toward each margin, second firmer, 5-nerved.
From l)allast f(»und at Camden, N. .1., eoll. l)v Scribner.
Near the (in! f coast, West Indies, Mexi<'o, Brazil.
'.>i). P. praecox >\'alt. Kl. Car. 75 (ITSS). /'. Imtifrrutti Lam.
Illustr. 1: i:,-) (in*!).
Culms simple, smooth. (lO-l'-iO cm. high, much exserted. Leaf-
l)lades smooth or hairy below, lo-.'JO c!n. long. 15 mm. wide.
Spikes 3-(), 4-0 cm. long, separated about their own length from
each other, rachis 1 mm. wide. S})ikelets single, in two rows,
those in a row ovei-hipiiing for about half their length, or some of
the pedicels branching, then 3-4 rows, compressed. lU'arly orbicular,
or broad oval, '^.'^-.'5 mm. long, first and second glumes :}-nerved,
or two outer obscure nerves, making 5 in each.
Florida, J. If. Ciir/iss li'MK Southern States.
30. P. IsBve Michx. Fl. Uor. Am. 1:44 (180:}).
Cidms upright or decumbent, simple, 60-1 '.'O em. high.
Sheaths compressed ; bhides Hat. smootli, 30 cm. long. 7 mm. wi<le.
Spikes 3-5, 5-10 cm. long, approximate, usually widely diverging,
rachis about 1 mm. wide, flcxuose or stiaight. S[)ikelets single, in
two rows, little if at all overhniping. broad-oval. 3 mm. long, first
and second glumes smooth, 5-nerved. Nearly allied to P. Flori-
'hi II II in ^lichx. Pa. (Phila.), Srribncr 3570.
Moist soil ; South New p]ngland to Florida and Texas.
31. P. giganteum lialdwin, ined. ; see Hull. Torr. Club, 13:166
(1886).
Culms simple, 90-150 cm. high, exserted. Leaf-blades flat,
smooth, oreet, 35-50 cm. long, 2 em. wide. Spikes 3-4, 4-5-10
cm. apart, spreading, 15-:iO cm. long, rachis stout, round on the
96
PAXICACE.E.
biick, somewhat floxno^c, l.T mm. wide. Spikelets in pairs, those in
lineal rank with pedicels 5-0 mm. ajjart. smooth, hroad-ovfil,
almost acnte, :>.."»— t mm. long, first and second glumes 5-nerved.
Florida, ('i/rfiss in l'^'^').
Not yet heard from in any other state.
•.VI. P. Floridanum Miehx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:44 (ISO!}).
P. ninrrosjH'niiKs Fliigge, Monog. 17'2 (ISIO).
Cidms erect, simjde. fiO-150 em. high. Sheaths hairy; blades
30-40 em. long. 5-T mm. wiile, hairy or smooth, the upi)er very
short. Spi]<es 3-5, erect, rachis 1-1.7 mm. wide, llexuose, 8-12
Fig. 23. — Paspalum Floridanum. A, spike; a, spikelets; b, c, florets;
d, tlower; e, racbis. (Scribner.)
cm. long. Spikelets in 3 rows, those in a direct line overlapping
for abont one third of their length, smooth, oval, obtuse, 3.5-4.5
mm. long, first and second glumes 5-nerved. Nearly allied to
y. heve Miclix.
PANICIvE. 97
Virgiiiiii to Florida, Arkansas to Texas.
Var. glabratum Eu<rt'lm.
Leaves smooth; spikes 5-T> rachis 1-1.5 mm. wide; spikelets
4 mm. loiiir.
Louisiana.
23. (;5). Anthjenantia Beauv. Agrost. 48, t. 10, f. 7 (IS 1-2).
Anthnmiilia W. Br. Fliiul. Voy. -^ : App. (III.) 582 (ISU).
Aiihuauthus Ell. Hot. S. C. and (ia. 1 : 102 (1810). Auhtxia
Nutt. CJen. 1 : 47 (1818). Leptocornphiuni Noes, Agrost. liras.
83 (1824).
Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, oval, sometimes
acute, racemose or slender, ereet, ])ranches of a loose contracted
panicle containing 1 perfect terminal llower and 1 staminate or
neuter. Em{)ty glumes nearly equal, membranous, hairy, as long
as the llorets or longer ; fertile floret membranous when young,
becoming iirmer with age, the apex soft. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct. Grain enclosed, but not adherent.
The genus is closely related to Panicntn, but lacks the small
lowest glume of that genus.
There are 3 species, 2 of which are f und in North Amei-ica,
the other in South America.
1. A. rufa (Ell.) Schult. Mant. 2 : 258 (1824). Avla.rmitlms
rufuA Ell. 1. c. Panicum rvftim Kiinth, Rev. Gram. 1 : 35
(1829).
A slender tufted perennial, 50-150 cm. high, from creeping
rootstocks, smooth throughout save the spikelets. Leaf-blades
erect, flat or conduplicate. almost obtuse, the lower often 40-00
cm. long, 3-4-6 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, slender, interrupted,
5-12 cm. long. Spikelets 3 mm. long, hairs spreading, outer
empty glumes oval, 5-nerved, red near the apex, with 4 vertical
rows of hairs, third glume (floral glume of the lower floret) thin,
oval, 3 mm. long, with no flower, floral glume of fertile floret
delicately 5-nerved, its palea delicately 4-nerved.
Florida, A. H, Cnrtiss 3003; Mississippi, J. Donnell Smith in
1885.
Pine-barren swamps. Southern States.
98
PAXRACE.K.
2. A. villosa Beauv. Agrost. 48. /. 10,/. 7: 748 (1S12). Aulaxan-
thus ciUattis Ell. 1. c. Pnnicnm if/Honthati Kimtli, 1. c. A slender
tufted perennial with creeping rootstocks, smooth throughout, save
the margins of the leaves and the spikelets, 30-120 em. high.
Leaf-blades Hat, acuminate, the lower spreading, those ou the
middle of the culm 5-H cm. long, 4-0 mm.
wide. Panicle exserted. slender, 10-18 cm.
long. Spikelets elliptical or oval, 3-4 mm.
long, pale green, hairs fewer than on the former
species, usually appressed ; outer glume 3-5-
nerved. with 4 vertical rows of hairs; third
Fk;. 2i>. — Aiitft(rnan- glume (floral glume of the lower floret) thin, en-
tia villosa. Spike- , . . . -i i
let. (Scribiier.) closing a stammate liower; fertile floret much
like that of the former species.
Florida, A. If. ( 'tniiss Dn'M. (iarbcr 198, 2i7; North Carolina,
(r. McCarfJii/; Louisiana. ^1. />'. Ldiiijlois.
Dry gravelly soil. Southern States.
3. A. lanata (H. H. K.) Henth. Journ. Linn. Soe. 19: 30 (1882).
Pasjuihini htiuitini} II. H. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: !»4. /. 2!» (1815).
Lppfororif/i/iium lanafiim Xees, Agrost. Bras. 2 : 84 (1 82ft).
A slender tufted ]M'ivunial, smooth throiigliout, excepting the
margins and the throat of the sheaths and the spikelets. 30-
50 cm. high. Leaf-blades Hat or involute, acuminate. 3-4 mm.
wide. Panicle exserted, erect, rather densely many-flowered. 10-18
cm. Ion?. S]ukelets pale green or straw-colored, linear-lanceolate,
3.5-4.5 mm. long, outer om])ty glumes ovate-lanceolate. 7-nerved.
with 4 vertical rows of hairs, third glume ovate-lanceolate, thin aiul
slightly hairy at the apex, delicately 5-7-nerved. 4 mm. long :
palea much like the third glum?, delicately 4-nerved. Apparently
a s])ikelet with 2 emjity glumes. 1 floral glume, and 1 palea.
South Mexico. Cuba, also in several )>arrs of South .America.
24. (4). AmphiCARPON IJaf. Am. ^lonth. Mag. 2 : 175 (1818).
Amphirnrpnu) Kunth. Gram. 1 : 28 (1820).
Spikelets 1-flowered. oblong or ovoid, articulate with the pedi-
cels, of two kinds, in narrow, erect, exserted interrupted panicles,
containing perfect flowers which seldom bear fruit ; the other kind
FANK'E.E.
99
larger, bearing pistillate or ])orfect flowers at the apex of slender
peduueles, wliieh bear sheathing braets near the base. Glumes 3,
the outer eni})ty, nearly ecpial (sometimes with another very small
one outside), the floral glume shorter, delieately membranous, or in
the fertile flowers soon becoming hard. Stamens or staminodea ,'3,
Styles distinct. (J rain oblong, enclosed, but not adherent.
(Ji'asses with flat or involute blades. ISomewhat nearly related
to Miliut/iiiud /'(uiicKin. There
are 2 species, both found in the
southeastern portion of the
United States.
1. A. amphicarpon (Pursh)
Nash. Mem. Torr. Hot. Club, 5:
352 (1804). Miliian amphicar-
2)011 Pursh, FI. Am. S-pt. 1 :G'2, t.
2 (ISU). Milium v Hi at urn
Muhl. Gram. 77 (18ir). A.
Piirsliii Kunth. Hev. Gram. 28
(l82!)-3r)).
An erect tufted annual or bi-
ennial. 30-120 cm. high. Culms
slender, smooth. JJlade and
sheath hispid with rigid hairs ;
the former 5-10 cm. long, 3-10
mm. wide, the upper blade rudi-
mentary, the next below very
short and narrow. Spikelets on
tlie strict panicle, elliptical, acute,
4 mm. long, first and second
glumes 5-nerved ; floral glume
delicately 5-nerved ; palea 3-
nerved ; subterranean spikelets fig. 2i.- Amphicarpon amphimrpon.
oval, acute, about 8 mm. long, J, si)ik("l.'t on the lop of plimt; <«, 6,
dori'ts; B, subtemncan spikclet.
first and second glumes 15-1 1>- (Sciibner.)
nerved. Grain ovoid, terete, obtuse, 4 mm. long.
100 PANICACE.E.
Some of the plants, wlieii only 15 cir high, with no panicle
above, produce subterranean fertile spikelets.
Specimens collected on the i)inc-barrens, New Jersey, in I8S4.
New .Jersey to Florida.
"•i. A. Floridanum (Chapm.) Anij)Jiirarj)i<ni Horidauum Chap-
man. Fl. S. States 573 (18G0).
An erect pale green perennial, 30-00 cm. high, branching below
from creeping rootstocks. Sheaths fringed on the margins ; blades
linear-lanceolate, rigid, nearly smooth. l*aiucle thin and narrow,
10-20 cm. long, containing spikelets which are lance-ellipticul, <i-7
mm. long. Emi)ty glumes 3, first 1-'^ mm. long, second and third
nearly cciual, 7-8-nerved; iloral glume membranous, 5-7-nerve(l,
its palea with 1-2 nerves toward each margin. Subterranean spike-
lets not seen. Anthers of the radical llowers im})erfect : grain
conipressed, globose, jiointed. '* I'alea> of the radical llowers crus-
taceous at maturity." Ciiapman's Flora. Banks of the Apala-
chicola IJiver. Florida. Sept. and Oct.
35. (5). EriochloaII. W. K. Nov. (ion. et Sp. 1 : 94 (1815).
Momu'lnie Beauv. Agrost, 49. /. 10 (1812).
Hchpux Trin. Fund. Agrost. lO:} (1820).
Guli/m-Jnic Link, Ilort. Herol. 1: 51 nS27).
AgJi/ria Willd. ex Steud. Nom. Fd. 2. 1 : 37 (1840).
A/i/rui Willd. ex Steud. 1. c. (W) (1840).
Spikelets with 1 perfect llower. and in some cases with a second
staminate or neuter one. without protruding awns, with a callus,
annular or almost cupliko base, articulate on a short pedicel, in 1-2
rows, along one side of the simple branches of a simple panicle.
Empty glumes usually membranous, equal or suborpud; floral glume
of the terminal floret shorter, of a firm corioaceous texture, obtuse,
but tipped with a tuft of hairs or a point or short awn, not exceed-
ing the outer glumes: its palea of much the sanu' texture. Stamens
3. Styles distinct, rather long. (J rain enclosed, but not adherent.
Bentham, in Floha Aisthaijkxsis and in (iKXKitA Planta-
RUM, defines this genus as 1 -flowered. In accordaiuic with a sugges-
tion by Vasey. in Botanical (iAZirrn;. p. 90, 1884, I have changed
the generic character to include Panicum inoUe ^lichx., which
PAXICE.E. 101
has ii second staniiiKito flower below tlie perfect one. Tlic genns
has the hubit rather of the section Urachidvia of Pdiiiriiiii than
of PitsjHdiiin. but wants the sinull lower glume of the former genus,
and differs ;om both in tlie peculiar callus. A few species of I'aiii-
cuiii have more or less of a callus.
There are about T species, 5 found in North America. 1 in Asia,
1 in Africa. Some extend to Australia.
The most luitural key for aiding to lind the name of a species
Avoidd start out with a, those in which the fertile florets are mu-
cronate ; b, those in which the fertile parts are awnless. but have a
tuft of liairs at the apex. The following more artificial key may
be found easier and e(pially useful :
A. Spikes f>-7. simple, erect (a)
a. IMades short and l-l.T) cm. wide 1
a. Blades long aiul narrow (b)
b. Lower spikes 'Z cm. or less long 2
b. Lower spikes 4-5 cm. long 3
B. Spikes more than 7 (c)
c. Spikelets abruptly pointc'l, 4 mi; . long 4
c. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long 5
c. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 5 or more mm. long. ... G
1. E. Lemmoni Vas. & Scrib. Coult. Hot. Gaz. 9 : 185 (1884).
Fio. 25. — EHochloa Lemtnoni. A, spikes; n, b, spikelets; c, floret. (Scribner.)
Culms ascciuling. branching below, 50-00 cm. high, and with
the sheaths and blades clothed with fine, soft pubescence. Sheaths
102 PANICACE^.
nitlior loose, mostly shorter than the inteniodes ; ligule a ciliate
ring; blades flat, ueumiuate, 8-15 em. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide.
Panicle simple, 0-10 em. long, rays 4-8, s])ikelike, secund, sjiread-
ing in ilower, erect iu fruit, 2-3 cm. long, clothed with short hairs.
S])ikelets in pairs, 1 a:ubsessile, })ubescent, lauce-elliptieal, acute,
")-() mm. long. Outer glumes soft-hairy excepting the obtuse
tij), ecpuil, narrowly ovate, first 5-uerved, second 8-nerved : floral
glume 2.5-3.5 mm. long, finely wrinkled, oblong or obovute-oblong,
apex subacute, with a tuft of short hairs.
Mexico, Palmer 110% Pringle 2317.
2. E. sericea Munro, Vasey's Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3 : 31
A slender tufted perennial, about 50 cm. iiigh, clothed from
culm to spikelet with very short pubescence. Sheaths reaching
above the nodes ; blades flat or involute, 12-20 cm. long, 3-5 mm.
wide. Panicle exserted or j)artially enclosed, simple, 7-13 cm.
long, bearing 4-G simple, secund spikes about 2 cm. long and dis-
tant their own length fi-om each other. Spikelets narrowly oval,
acute, 4-4.5 mm. long, borne on short pedicels, on whicli some of
the hairs often extend to the apex of the spikelet, first and second
glumes ecpial, 5-nLrvcd; fertile floret oval, very briefly mucrouate.
Texas. L'ererrJion for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 37.
Texas and New Mexico.
3. E. longifolia Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. 3:21 (1802).
E. moUh h»i(jif:>lin Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club. 13:25 (1880).
CuIjus smooth, .dender, braiu'hing, (!0-120 cm. high. Lower
sheatlis nearly as long as the internodes ; blades smooth, e:.cept the
soft hairs at the nodes, 30-00 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Panicle
exserted, slender, 12-20 cm. long, of 5-8 pedicellate alternate
spikes, the lower one 5 cm. long, the others gradually shorter;
general rachis and rays finely pubescent. Spikelets 10-12 to the
sjjike. third glume destitute of a flower, fertile floret short-awned.
Florida, Ciniiss.
4. E. mollis Kunth, Kev. Gram. 1: 30 (1830).
Perennial : culms smooth below, 1-2 m. high. Leaf-blades flat,
30-50 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, throat fringed. The nodes.
PANICE.E. lOJi
»<)
hranclu's of the paniclo and spikclots, villous. Panicle open. '^O-JJO
(in. long. ])ranclies mostly sinii»le, those helov 1-0 em, long, those
ahove 2 em. long. Spikelets "^-Howered. mostly single, some in
pail's or in threes, oval, abrnptly pointed, 4 mm, long ; first and
second glumes membranous, obtuse when spread. 5-nerved : lower
palea as long as the second glume, hyaline, "i-nerved, enclosing a
stamiuate tlower ; fertile floret oval, obtuse or mucronate. .'J n.m.
long.
Much like E. punctata, and in Index Kewkxsis placed with
that species.
"Sea islands of S(mth Carolina.'' Elliott, Florida, CurtisK
;}('.( M».
5. E, punctata (L.) W. TTamilt. Prod. PI. Tnd. Occ o (ISrjr)).
M Hi a in panctatam L. Amo-n. Acad. 5 : :50'-J (1750). I/i'Io/ms
pi'losas 'Vv'u\. Fund. Agrost. 104 (lS"^(t). Outiparlinr jtinir/ata
Link, Ilort. IVrol. 1: 51 (lS-^7). llvlDjms paiidatax Nees. Agrost.
Bras. 10 (18-^!>).
Perennial : culms branching below, smooth or silky hairy, es-
pecially at the nodes and near the panicle. 40-70 cm. high.
Sheaths smooth or soft hairy, reaching nearly to the nodes : blades
Hat, hirsute above, 5-15 cm. long. :{-10 mm. wide. Panicle
simple, narrow, exsertcd or partially included, 7-10 <-m. long,
rachis and branches short-hairy, branches 5-S, secund. subsimple,
2-;{ or even 5 cm. long. Spikelets mostly single, some in pairs, on
])edicels 2-4 mm. long, clothed with short hairs, ovate-lanceolate,
Ji.5-4 mm. long, with an awn 0.5-2 mm. long : the 2 empty
glumes 5-nerved, first the larger : fertile Horet rough, narrowly
oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, very briefly mucronate. or with the awn
longer.
New Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agricnl. 17 : Texas (Fll Paso). Jotien
4177 ; Mexico, Primjle 812 ; Arizona, Printjk ; Lower California,
Patmcr 44.
Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, ^fexico, West Indies, Huenos
Ay res,
0. E. aristata Vasey. Pnll. Torr. Club, 13: 220 (1S8C).
Culms rather stout, decumbent and branchin<r below, nodes
104 I'AMCACK.E.
irlabrnus or finely pnlK'sceiit. !i()-l-20 cm. Iiiirli. Loaf-bliKk's flat,
iiciimiiiiitc, sciihrous iil>()ve, l!^-35 I'lii. loiiii', 1-1. "» inni. wido.
I'iiiiicU' simple, tlio lower branehcs 8-10 em. lon<r. tlio.se above
shorter, raeliis and branelies finely )inl»esei>nt. 15-'.'5 em. lonnf.
S|)il\elets 1 -flowered, pulu'sei'iit. ovato-lanceoiate, S-10 mm. lonir,
iiielndinfr the frnidually ta))eriii_ir awns, first lu'lume wider and lonpcr
than the second, botli o-nerved ; fertile floret roiigli, elliptical,
shortly mueronafe. li.f) mm. lony.
Fonnd in Mexico.
•-m;. (s). panicum l. Sp. ri. 55 (ir5:{).
/>i;/{f(tn'(t Heist, ex .\dans. Kiini. 2 : oS. ood (1T('>3).
Er/iiiiui'/il(n( Mi'anv. Ai^fost. i^'.l t. 11 (isi*,*).
Ililinvnurlnic Heanv. A<rrost. 4S. /. Id. f. S (181*2).
rrorhlaa Heanv. Aj^rost. h'i. /. 11. f. 1 (181-.>).
7'rir/tiir/iiH' Xees, Atjrost. Hras. 85 (182!)).
linichidria (iriseb. I.edeb. V\. IJoss. 4 : 4(10 (1853).
In'DKX Kkwkxsis contains the names of 'ib other synonym.s.
Spikelots with 1 terminal perfect flc.werand often a staminate or
neuter flower below it, rarely awned, variously arranjred alonjj: the.
branches of a jianiele. (ilumes usually 4. the outer one smalleiit.
.sometimes minute or rarely obsolete, the second and third very
variable in relative jtroportions, tlie third often with a palea with
or without :> stamens in its axil, fourth or floral ulume smaller, or
as loiiij as the third, of a firmer texture, enclosinii' a palea and per-
fect flower. Styles distinct or very shortly united at the base,
(irain enclosed, but not adherent.
The jrenus is a very lar<je one. in many resjiects polymorphous.
('ontainin<r 250-'280 sjiecies, thou^irli nearly 800 supposed species
have been published. It is not separated by any universal charac-
fere from l^aspahim. Ko less th m ei<rhteen ijenera have at differ-
ent times been separated from 't, but are now reunited, some of
them as sections.
Their limits are far from being absolutely definite. Plants of
this genus are well represented in the warmer regions of the earth.
Some of our worst weeds belong here, wliile P. miliaceum {Indian
Millet), P. miliare (Lilfle Millet), P. fmmentaeeum {Somoa
PAXICK.K. 105
Mllh'f), P. rnhnium {Shama MiUet), form important articles of
food f<tr man and domestic animals.
A. Dkutvuia (Heist. i\< a <fcnus). Spi'irle/s rroin/nf .?—i fn-
(ji'ther. nnisthj in /xn'rs. aJoiKj llie outer or /oiirr i<i(/f of simple
clustered l-sidvtl spik'es on s/iort jiedirels of inieiiiial lemjlh ;
outer glume rery snuill or obsolete : root most hi aittiual. Some
s|iecics arc very closely allied to I'aspahnii.
a. Spikes erect, racliis less tlian O.o mm. wide 1
a. Spikes spreading,', rachis le.s.s than O.o mm. witle. . . '2, '.i
a. Spikes spreading, racliis abont I mm. wide (!>)
1). Spikelets ol»lon<r. acute, about :> mm. long. ... 4
b. Si)ikelets elliptical or ovoid. . . * (c)
c. Leaves smooth, o-4 mm. wide 5
c. Leaves hairy, 't-7 mm. wide <">
B. TRirn.vt'HN'R (Xees as a genus). Spik-ehis jxniieled. ,silk\>f-
lidini. narrow, slmder. chistrred or nirel/f in pairs alonrf tlie
rarfn's of t/te J-fetr lonff ereet brauehes : fruit imj ijhinie not
aiueh hardened. Species f 4- le 7.8,1)
C. Hu.vcillARiA ((fri.seb. as a irenus). Spik'elets a/rnless, sinr/te or
in twos and t/treea, J-^-seriate along simple spik'es Ixirne on tlie
axis. Xearlg idlied to Paspaluni. differing f root tliat f/enus in
/taring a small first or lower gin/ne. Shading otf with .some of
the sparingly-flowered species into Eupanieum, comprising
many spe( ies.
a. Spikelets single and in two rows (b)
b. Spikes 4-<> cm. long 10. 11
b. Spikes \-'.\ cm. long (c)
c. Spil:es 4-S approximate \l
c. Spikes S-l'.* on about 10 cm. of the axis. . . . \'.\
c. Spikes lO-lo on 20-30 cm. of the axis .... 14
a. Si)ikelets in twos or threes (b)
b. Spikes appressed. the lowest often not overlapping . (c)
c. Plant tall, erect 1,5
c. Plant creei)ing 1(5
b. Spikes spreading, imbricate (c)
c. Peduncles about 0,5 mm. diam 17
106 PAXUACK.E.
c. Podnnclos 1 nun. or nion^ diiim (d)
a. Hliuk'S lant'o-ovuto, 3 nun. long IK
(1. Hliulos muc-li lon«j:cM' Il>. :i()
D. EciiiXociiLOA (Ueiinv. us a gonns). Spik'vh'ls imhriratc, sjn'ket/,
si'ssilc or OH short pediceh on two siites of a triaiiijutar nieliis,
u,snnU{i rough with stiff haim^ the third (/I inne often awl-pointed
or awned. Usually coarse plants; only a slightly distinct sec-
tion of Panicnm.
Spikelets 5 mm. or more long 20
Spikelets less than 5 mm. long (a)
a. Spikes sinij)!!', about 2 cm. long 21,22
a. Spikes more or less comimuiul 22. 2:J
E. I'TYCiioi'iiYLLiM (Hraun as a genus). Tall with ample leaves.
Panicle siinjde or roitipoand, man //-flowered. Spikelets subses-
sile, subtended b// a solilar// bristle, Avhich seems to connect these
species with Chamwraphis {Setaria). The setfe of this section,
however, are merely the tips of the ultimate spikelet-bearing
branches of the panicle, whereas the sette of Channpraphis are
abortive branchlets, forming a kind of involucre below the spike-
let. A small and distinct section 2-i, 25
F. IIymexachxk (lieauv. as a genus). Spikelets small or minute
in a spikelike panicle. Species 5 or (> 20
G. Eri'AxrcrM. Spikelets iu /mnicles, awnless, mostl// pedicellate.
Containing about 2(»0 species, strictly normal in structure.
Several of the cultivated Millets belong in this section. (K. M.)
K. Virgaria 'Vrm. Spikelets pointed, often in pairs. Branches
of the panicle mostl// angular.
Stiff hairs on the pedicels 27
No bristles nor stiff hairs on the pedicels (a)
a. Spikelets conspicuously white, pubescent 28
a. Spikelets with appressed. silky hairs as seen by a
lens 2!>
a. Spikelets not white, pubescent nor hairy (b)
b. Spikelets clothed with short hairs from callus-
bases ;}()
b. Spikelets smooth or slightly rough (c)
PAMCE.K. 107
c. Spiki'lets '.] in number. 5-0 mm. lonjr. very
narrow (some plants of 30) 31, 32
c. Spikclets about 5 mm. long, ovoid or ovul,
acute 33
c. Spikelets 3 in number, 5-6 mm. long, wider . (d)
d. Panicle narrow, simple, bludes smooth. . . 34
d. Panicle diffuse, large (e)
e. Slieatlis pubescent 35
e. Sheaths smooth 36
c. Spikelets about 8 nun. long, ovate-lanceolate. . 37
c. Spikelets usually 4 mm. long or less, . . . (f)
f. Panicle very narrow, simple, culm and leaves
slender 38
f. Panicle spikelike, many-flowered. ... 39
f. Panicle diffuse (g)
g. Si)ikelets less than 2 mm. long, plant
slender 40
g. Si)ikelets about •i.5 mm. long. . . . (h)
h. IJootstocks creeping 41
h. Ikootstocks not creoping. . . 4'^. 43, 44
g. Spikelets acute on very slender pedicels of
a large diffuse panicle (i)
i. Annual : sheatlis usually hirsute, sjjikc-
lets *^-2.T mm. long 45
i. Annual; slu'aths usually hirsute, spike-
lets 3.'-i-3.5 mm. long 46
i. Sheaths usually smooth, spikilets 3.5-
6 mm. long 34
i. Sheaths usually smooth, spikelets 4
mm. long 36
g. Perennial : smooth, bulbous. s))ikelets
terete, 3-4 mm. long 47
g. Perennial ; scaly rhizomes, spikelets 4
mm. long 48
g. Perennial ; tufted, spikelets 3.5-4 mm.
long, blades 3-4 mm. wide 49
108 PAMCACKvE.
<f. I'tTcmiial ; liiivii.c. s|iikcl('ts 4 niiii. long,
IiIikIcs )i-l(i 111 III. \\i<U' r)(i
M. Miliitriii Trill. Spihhis ahovati' or vUijisoidal, ublase or
hni'i'hi /loin ltd.
Spiki'k'ts with 'i proiiiiiiciit rows of Imirs 51
S|)ik('l('ts warty, roii<flu'iu'(| C)'i
Spikclcts tiiiclv <rlainliiliii' on the siirracc. . . ^u\, 54, 5o, ')(>
Spikt'lots inon' or less piilK'scciit 57
Spikclcts unlike citlicr of the 4 previous scctioii.s. . . (a)
a. Spikclets ahout 1 inin. lontT *>(S
a. Spikt'lcts i.4 nun. lon<r. hlades -id-;}!! nun. widi'. . r)!!
a. Spikclcts 'i mm. lonuf. hladcs 'i-\ nun. widi'. . . (lu, (»|
a. S[»ikolcts 1.5-'^ nun. lon<:, blades A-T nun. wide. . (>•>
u. Spikclcts l.('»-l.{» nun. Ion;;, lilades 1.5 nun. wide. . <!;{
a. Spikclcts usually more tiian 2 nun. lon<jf (1»)
I). IMades 2.5 nun. wide, strict, iianiele small, vi-ry
narrow 04
1). Mlades 4,<i nun. wide, includinj; the bases of the
narrow {tanii'les. spikclcts '^.5 nun. lon<i:. . . . (55
1). lilades I-'^ cm. wide, spikelets t>.5-;j nun. loni;';
jtart ol" fi(»
1). Blades usually 7 nun. or more wide (e)
e. I'aniele very siini»le and narrow, sjiikelets ;}
mm. lon^, blades 10-15 mm. wide i)H
c. Panicle eomiiound. spreadin.<r (d)
d. Spikelets 2.2-'.>.3 mm. lonjr, i)lants l>0-l-.>0
cm. hijrh, often hairy (!!>
d. Spikelets i>.:3-;3 nun. lonir, blades 1(1-20
mm. wide, jdant smooth 07
d. Spikelets '] mm. lon,ir. blades 7-13 mm.
wide 70
d. Spikclcts 3-4 mm. lon<>-. blades 15-30 mm.
wide (e)
e. Sheaths often liairy 71, 72
e. Sheaths smooth 73
H. Lasiaces. Spikelets ohovate, hearitiy a tuft of cilloiis ilotrn at
PANKK.K. I (10
lliv siiiiiiiiil ; 1*1' Ivd tij'fi'rlihjJiirt'lijihlioHs tthuiw. Sii'iii slirubby,
\:ii'ial)U'.
(hif spi'cics 74.
1. P. filiforme L. S|». Tl. :.: (It"):;), /'(tsjia/fim fi/i/onnc
Fliic^'ii'i'. (Inim. Mdiid::'. l.')'.i (ISIO). Dit/iftin'ti fi/i/oniiis Mulil.
(Iriiiii. i:il (ISIT). Sipithn-isiiKf rillusa W;ilt. V\. Car. TT (ITSS).
tf>l(' Kuiitli.
Ctilnis very sleiitU'r. tipriirlit. niiu'li hraiicluMl liolow. 30-70 em.
lii;,'Ii. Lower sheaths liairv : hhuU's siiiootli, \-'l'i em. lonj;, '.\ mm.
wi(U'. Spikes •.'-s. erect, apprnxiiiiate. 4-14 tin. hjiijjr, the raeliis
liUrorm. triaiiiruhir, tlexuese. Spikelets in pairs or threes; in tlie
former ease tlie pedieel of one :■; al)out its own U'njifth. of the other
more than twice as loiijr: tirst <:lnme minnte or ohsoh-te. second and
third thin, clothed with minnte hairs with enlarired tips, the former
half or two-thirds as loni: as the spikelet. ;}-nerved, tlie longer 7-
nerved, fonrth and palea siiorter. dark brown.
New Jersey, Svribtivr W'^W, lival fur M. A. C. ; CJeorgia,
('(Hih'i/ : Mexico, Pahiier 454, ")(i'-2.
Florida. 'I'exas, and Mexico.
2. P. Simpsoni (Vasey). /'. stuKjuiuale L. var. Simpsoni
Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb, ^riry (1S!C.>).
Tulms branching and rooting at the lower nodes, more or less
compressed, (»0-l".'0 eni. iiigh. Sheaths about tlie length of the
internodes, softly imliescent with hairs from glandular bases; ligule
ciliate. about 1 mm. long ; blades flat, slightly pubescent. 10-15
cm. long. 4 -('> mm. wide. Spikes S-IO. digitate or approximate,
spreading. T^-lo cm. long, the raehis slightly flexuosc. Hattened,
0.:?-0.4 mm. wide. Spikelets in pairs, one subsessile, the other
raised on a pedicel half or two-thirds its length : empty glumes '2,
suberpial. a little longer than the floret, smooth, linear, -t.'i mm.
long, almost obtuse, when spread. T-nerved ; floral glume obscurely
3-nerved. Anthers linear. H mm. long.
Florida (Manatee). J. If. Sintjison in 1800 for U. S. Dept.
Agricul.
n. P. setigerum Beauv. Fl. Owar. I, /. 40 (1804). Echhwchloa
jetigcni lieauv. Agrost. n'.) (181"2).
110 PANI('ACE.E.
Tiilnis sleuder, ^eiiiculato. briuicliiiis: bi'low. ^'''-f.O cm. hi^h.
Loaves more or less pubescent tlirougliout : blades flat. 3-0 cm.
long, 4-7 mm. wide. Si)ikes 3-8, ap])r()ximate, spreading'', 4-8
cm. long, rachis triangular, flexuoso. Si)ikelets in pairs or threes,
ovate-lanceolate, 2.2 mm. long, pedicels 0.5-1. .5 mm. long, first
glume obsolete, second half as long as the floret, tliird smooth,
5-nerved.
Florida, G. V. Nash 906, in 1894.
High pine land along roadsides.
4. P. SANGiiXALi: L. Sp. PI. 57(1753). Orab-orass. Fix-
GER-(}RASS. Difiitiu-ia sanguiualis Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 1 : 52
(1772). Sipit/icrisma prwcox Walt. Fl. Car. 76 (1788). Paspalum
m)i(iui)w.Je Lam. Tabl. Encvcl. 1: 176 (1791).
Culms erect or decumbent, branching below, rooting at the
lower nodes, 30-90 cm. high. Leaves often pubescent, blades flat,
very variable in length and width. Spikes 4-15, rarely 2-3. erect
or spreading, crowded within 2-3 cm. at the end of a long peduncle.
3-15 cm. long, the rachis usually flattened on the back, flexuose,
1 mm. or less wide. Spikelets in pairs, 1 snbsessile, the other
reaching half its length above the lower, the pedicellate spikelet
containing more pubescence than the other, oblong, acute, 2.5-3.5
mm. long, flrst glume minute, second lanceolate, about half as long
as the spikelet, pubescent or nearly smooth, 3-5-nerved, third
glume pubescent or nearly sn'0.,th, 5-7-nerved. fourth glume and
palea shorter, smooth. Grain flattened, oblong. 2 mm. long, the
embryo less than half its length.
New Jersey, Srn'hurr 95 ; ^lassachusetts. licnl for M. A. CO:
Texas, Jciuipi/ for Nnt. Mus. 10. dcorf/rsoii 22 ; Xew York. Jieitl
for M. A. C. 11: Oregon. Ho well : Mexico. /V////^r 48, 269.
Introduced from Europe into gardens, fields, and Avaste places.
A very common annual weed, thriving in warm weather. The
roots are very strong, making it ditticult to remove the plants.
5. P. LI \KA UK Krock. V\. Sil. 1 :95 ( 1 7S7). Dif/ifaritf liumifHsa
Pers. Syn. 1:85 (1805). Si/iif/icn'sitifi f/hthni Srhviu\. Fl. (Jerm.
1:163 (1806). I'aspaliini nmbir/KHm T). C. Fl. Gall. 123 (1806).
ranicum gJabrum (iand. Agrost. 1:22 (ISll).
PANICE.E. Ill
Culms spreading, j)i'ostrate. or erect wliere crowded or sliaded.
braucliiii<( freely below, 15-30 cm. high. Leaf-blades flat, thin,
smooth, 3-G cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Spikes 2-0, diverging,
nearly digitate, 4-6 cm. long, rachis* flat, thin, 1 mm. wide.
Spikelets 3 together, successively overlapping for half their length,
ovoid or oblong, 2 mm. long, first glume minute and likely to be
overlooked, second and third as long as the spikelet, soft with very
short hairs, some having enlarged ti])s, 5-nerved.
Iowa, Hitchcock; Ontario, Fowler.
Introduced from Europe. An annual grass, common especially
southward.
Var. Mississippiense Oattinger.
Plant 30-50 cm. high ; spikes 7-10 cm. long, ra'-hia nearly
straight; spikelets mostly in pairs or single. Tennessee, Gattinger,
also Minneapolis*, Minn.
0. P. serotinum (Walt.) Trin. (Jram. Panic. lOG (1833).
Sj/iiflierisma serofiiia Walt. Fl. Car. TO (1T88). Jhyitaria serotina
Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 40 (1803). />. rilhsa Ell. Hot. S. C. and
(la. 1:132 (1800). PaspaJum serotiiiuni Fluegge, Monog. 140
(ISlOj.
Perennial ; culms branching below, ascending from a creeping
base, 10-30 cm. higli. Blades and sheaths rough, hairy, the blades
thin, flat, 3-7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wiile. Spikes 3-5, cxserted or
included, spreading, not over 1.5 mm. apart at base, 4-7 cm. long,
rachis thin, flat, 1 mm. wide. Sjjikelets mostly in threes on pedi-
cels of unequal lengths, oblong, acute, 1.5 mm. long, first glume
obsolete, second one-third as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, clothed
with (irooked and knotted hairs, third hairy, about as long as tlio
spikelet, 7-ne''ved.
Florida, Cnrfif^s 3000.
North Carolina to Florida and westward.
7. P. lanatum h'ottb. Act. Lit. Univ. Tlafn. 1:269 (1778). P.
Uncophmun II. li. K. Nov. Cen. et Sp. 1 : !t7 (1815).
Culms stout, erect, 00-120 cm. high. Leaf-blades flat, broadly
linear, scabrous, often 30 cm. long; ligule ciliate. Panicle erect,
contracted, 15-30 cm. long, branches numerous, 5-10 cm. long.
112 PANUAl'E/E.
Spikelets in pairs on uiiet|Uiil iJi'diccls. linear-lanceolate, 4 mm.
long, clothed with numerous soft white or brewn hairs, as long as
the spikclet, first glume minute, second lanoeolate. 3-nerved. nearly
as long as tlie spikelct. third glume ovate-lanceolate. 5-nerved ; no
j)alea : fertile floret smooth, brown, ovate-lanceolate, niucronato,
3.0 mm. long.
Florida, U. S. Dcpt. AgricnJ. Xo. 80 from Curtiss; Texas,
XeaUcy.
8. P. lachnanthum A. firay, Pacif. Kail. IJep. 7:21 (185:).
Culms rather slender, (JO-90 cm. high. Leaf-blades numerous
below, scabrid. 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. I'anicle slender,
contracted, 15-20 cm. long, the branches fewer and shorter than
in the i)receding. Spikelets in pairs, oval-lanceolate. 3 mm. long.
In other respects much like P. hui<rfiaii II. »lt K.
Mexico, PrinyJe 378 ; Arizona, l^rinyh ; California, Palmer
348.
n. P. tenerrimum Kunth. Kev. (J ram. 1 :3n (182!t). Tn'cJiar/ine
tenuis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 80 (1829).
A very slender erect perennial, 30-(;0 cm. high, sparingly
branched at the base. Leaves of the culm 8-12, spai'ingly hairy,
on sterile shoots and the culms alike. Sheaths longer tlian the
internodes ; lignle a mere ring ; blades flat, erect, rather abruptly
pointed, 3-4 cm. long, l.r)-2.5 mm. wide, the npper 5-10 <mii.
long. Spikes 1-3 cm. long, rays ;i-(), single, slender, flower-
bearing for the whole length. Spikelets narrowly elliptical. 2.3-2.6
mm. long, clothed with ajijiressed hairs, first glunu- minute, secoml
and third equal, the former 3-nerved, the latter 5-nerved, floret
brown, nearly as long as the longest glumes.
Texas (IVcor County and Del IJio). XcnJIe i/ iorV. S. Nat. JFus.
in 1892. the oidy localities known in North America. ALso fuuud
in Brazil.
10. P. platyphyllum Munro. Wright, in Sauv. V\. Cub. 107
(1873).
Culms decumbent, branching, 30-00 cm. high. Leaf-blades
and sheaths pale green, firm, smooth or nearly so. blades flat^
broad at the base, G-10 cm. long, 5-8. cm. wide. Spikes 3-7,
PANICE.E. 113
sjircadingf, 2-0 om. from ciicli otlicr, some of tlio lowest euclosed.
H-O cm. long, riieliis flat or involute, about 2 mm. wide. Spike-
lets single, imbricated little or none, sessile on alternate sides of a
ridge of the rachis, smooth, elliptical-ovate, ahnost acute, about -i
mm. long, first glume broad, thin, obscurely nerved. al)out 1
mm. long, second 7-nerved, floral glume of the neuter floret much
like the latter. 5-nerved, its palea a little shorter, upper floret
rugose, oval, 3 mm. long. This much resembles Paspnlnm.
Texas, r. S. Ihpf AyricuL No. 88, eolhcted by ,/. Rever-
rJion. /;. Ho II. (I. ('. Xonllni.
11. P. I'LANTACJINEIM Link, Ilort. Berol. 1:200 (1S27).
Annual; culms branching below. 30-00 cm. high, from a creoji-
ing or geniculate base Margins of the sheaths and the ligule
ciliate-fringed. sheaths mostly longer than the internodes; blades
flat, smooth, 7-15 cm. long. 1-1.5 cm wide. Spikes about four,
3-5 cm. long, secund. the lowest ])artly included, the terminal one
on a pedicel nearly its own length, the others single, sessile, 2— i
cm, from each other. S})ikelets single, alternating in two rows
along one side of a narrow rachis. those of the same row imbricate
or not, smooth, compressed, obovate-elliptical. about 4 mm. long,
first glume very broad, clasping the spikclet, 2 mm. long, 7-uerved.
second glume and floral glunu; of the neuter floret e(|ual, broadly
oval when spread, the fornu'r J»-nerved, the latter 7-uerve(l, the
palea of the latter but little shorter, fertile floret oval, transversely
wrinkled, 3.5 mm. long.
Sparingly introduced and foiiiul on ballast-ground at Philadel-
phia. Penn.
12. P. prostratum Lam. 111. 1: 171 (1701). P. ripspitosnm Sw.
Fl. Ind. Occ. 1:140 (17!>7).
Tufted or creej)ing, much branched below, 30-50 cm. high.
Sheaths inflated; blades thin, flat. ])road at the base, hairy as well
as the sheaths, 7-15 cm. long, O-IO mm. wide. Si)ikes 5-!», alter-
nate, ascending on 2-3 centimeters of the top of the exserted culm.
1-2 cm. long. Spikelets alternate in 2 rows on one side of the
hairy rachis. overlapping for about one-third of their length, sub-
sessile, smooth, oval, awidess. about 3 mm. long, first glunu> thin.
114 PANK'ACI-LE.
acuto, 1-2 mm. loii<j;. ."{-norvod, second o-nervod, tliird or llonil
glume to the neuter lloret like the second empty glume ; pulea iis long
as its glume, oval, hyaline; fertile floret rugose, oval, mueronate.
Mexico, PritKjle ;3T5. Palmer 254.
Found in Mexico, West Indies, Egypt, and India, and very like-
ly in Texas and New Mexico.
13. P. Isachne Hoth, Nov. PI. Sp. 54 (1821). Var. Mexicana
(Vasey). P. crucifurmc Sibth. Fl. Gra^c. 1:44, /. 59 (1806).
Var. Mexicana Vasey, iued.
Culms branching, creeping below, nodes hairy, 20-40 cm. high.
Leaf -blades flat, rough, broad at the base, sometimes hairy, r)-10
cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide. Panicle secund, luivrow, 0-12 cm. long,
sometimes partially included. Spikes 8-12, alternate. 1-2 cm.
long, rachis filiform. Spikelets single, alternate, imbricate for
half their length on pedicels less than 1 mm. long, attached to one
side of the rachis, pubescent, elliptical, almost acute, 1.7 mm. long,
first glume broad, minute, sec -iid ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved, as also
is the fioral glume of the neuter floret, its palea obtuse, shorter;
fertile floret smooth, al)out 1.5 mm. long.
Specimen seen was cultivated from seed obtained in Mexico, by
r. S. Dept. Agricul.. 1887.
14. P. paspaloides Pers. Syn. 1:81 (1805).
An erect stout glabrous perennial. s[)aringly branched, 00-!)0
cm. high. Leaf-blades 20-30 cm. long, mm. wide. S[)ikes
10-20, erect. simi)le. alternate along 2-3 centimeters of the axis.
2-3 cm. long. Sj)ikelets single, subsessile on two sides of a
flexuous. triangular rachis, those in one row overlapping for one-
fourth their length, glabrous, doubly convex, oval, acute, awnless.
2.5 mm. long, containing a staminate and a perfect flower: first
and secoiul emjjty glumes membranous, broad, obtuse, the former
lu'rveless, 0.5 mm. long, the latter twice as long. 4-iu'rved ; floral
glinne of the lower floret 5-nerve(l : palea as long, hyaline, obtuse,
second floret oval.
Mexico. Pdhiirr -^V.). tiilO, Prinnh' XV.\(\\ Texas. Xrallr/f.
In water, Florida to Texas and Mexico; also fouiul in Central
America, Mauritius, Hrazil, Egypt, tropical Africa, and East Indies.
PANKE.E. 115
15. P. Curtisii Steud. Syn. PI. (Jriun. (50 (1855), not Chapni.
(1800).
P. Waltvri Ell. Bot. S. C. and Oa. 1: 115 (1810).
P. laviniitum Torr. Bost. Joiiru. Nat. llist. 1: 137 (1835), not
Presl (1830).
P. diyUarUndex Carpenter, ex M. A. Curt, in Am. Jonru. Sc.
(II.) 7:410 (1849), not Rasp, ex Steud. Noni.
Culms slender, rigid, often rooting at the lower node.s. 100-130
cm. high. Sheaths sometimes hairy ; blades smooth, rigid, 15-20
cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide. Panicle slender, simple. 15-18 cm.
long. Spikes appressed, the lower 2-4 cm. long. 5-8 cm. distant,
the upper crowded and very short, rachis slender, flexuous, trian-
gular. Spikelets mostly in pairs on pedicels shorter than them-
selves, each containing a staminate and a ]ierfect flower, ovate-
lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long; first glume half as long as the spikelet,
acute, 3-nerved, second ovate. 5-nerved: floral glume of the sterile
floret like the second empty glume ; palea oval, as long as its
glume 2-nerved; fertile floret ovate-lanceolate, acute, much like
the preceding.
Florida, Curtim 3585.
Ponds and swamps. North Carolina to Florida and Texas.
10. P. obtusum II. B. K. Xov. Gen. 1: 98 (1815).
A glabrous tut'tod grass, decumbent or creeping, hairy at the
nodes and near the ligule, 15-40 cm. high. Loaf-blades firm,
slender, 5-12 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Spikes 3-5. mostly simple,
erect, usually longer than the internodes, 1-4 cm. long, rachis fili-
form, triangular, flexuose. Spikelets mostly in pairs, smooth,
oval, obtuse, 3 mm. long, first glume ono-tiiird sjiortcr than the
spikelet, ovate with 5 green nerves, second longer, 7-9-nerved ;
floral glume of the staminate fioret like the first em])ty glume, first
palea ovate, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Fertile fioret clli])tical.
Texas, Jones 3103 : Arizona, T. S. Uvpt. At/riciil. 85 from
Lemmon.
Texas, Arizona, aiul Mexico.
17. P. prostratum Lam. 111. 1:171 (1783). P. apspifosmn Sw.
PI. Ind. Occ. 1: 140 (1797), not Spreng.
11(3 PAXK'ACFLE.
Culms slender, usually creeping iit tlu> base, 30-00 cm. high.
Siicaths shorter than the internodes; blades "^-.S cm. h)ng, 5-15
mm. wide, lanceolate, Hat, glaI)rous, except cilia on the margins
near tiie broad l)ase, at the throat and sometimes on the sheath.
Panicle exserted, of 3-10 simple, crowded, si)ikes, 1-4 cm. long,
lS})ike]cts single or 'i-'] together in alternate rows on two sides of a
tlexuosc. rough, triangular rachis, ))ediccls unequal, very short,
often bearing bristles, smooth, llattened, oval, almost acute, con-
taining a staminate and a perfect tlowcr, tirst ejni>ty glume inem-
brajious. very short, broad, second broad-oval, 5-T-nerved; floral
glume of the hnvcr tloret ovate, 5-nerved ; i)alea as long. Stamens
3. I'pper tloret oval, finely rugose, mucrouate or obtuse, 1.5 mm.
long,
Jjouisiana, J. />. fji)i///(iis.
Found in the southern l'. S. , West Indies, Brazil, Egypt,
Arabia, Kast Indies, Australia.
IS. 1*. (iKossAUHM L. Am(cn, Acad. 5: 39-? (1750). /'. rv/'.v-
pifosiiui Sprcng. ex Steud. Nom. Kd. 2, 'i : "353 (1841).
Culms smooth, rather slender. 10-30 cm. high, branching from
a decumbent or cree]>ing base, the lower internodes about 3 mm.
long. Margins of the sheaths and ligulc hairy ; blades Hat, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, 2-5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, the margins near
the base pubescent. I'anicle much or little exserted above l;he short
sheath or the lower partially included, consisting of about (5 ap-
proxinuite spikes, each 2-!} cm. long. Spikelets mostly in j)airs on
two sides of a slender, tlexuose, triangular rachis, 1 subsessile, 1
borne on a pedicel 1-2 cm. long, elliptieal-obovate, mucronate, 3
mm. long, first glume broad, about one-third, of the lengtli of the
sj)ikelet, 5-7-ni!rved, secoiul glume ovate, acute, S-!l-nerved: lloral
glume of the neuter spikelet a little shorter, 5-iierved, its ])alea
shorter and much narrower; fertile floret firm, elliptical, trans-
versely wrinkled, 2.5 mm. long.
/'. (uhpersiim Trin. (Jram. l*ani(!.. as figured, appears to bo tlie
same as *^he above, only the leaves are longer and wider, the spikelets
2-3 in mimber and longer.
Introduced into Philadelphia, Penn., on ballast-ground.
I'AMl'K.K 117
Found also In tlic \\\'st Indii'S.
1!>. P. fasciculatum Sw. Fl. Iiid. Occ 1 : \4:> (ITttT). P.
fitriatuin Clmpin. FI. S. Stativs, Sinn)!. (KiO (1S80). not Liuii,, not
K. Hr.
Annuiil; culms branching, erect, or the base dcciunhent, ;}0-!>0
cm. high. Tjeat'-blades thin. Ilat, cordate, rough or smooth. (I-'iO
cm. long, ^y-'^ mm. wide. l*aniclo contracted, exserted or ])artially
included, branches mostly .simple, erect. S-1.') cm. long. Spikelets
smooth, nerves of the glumes reticulate. ])edicellate. mostly in pairs
on one side of a slender. Hexuose. hairy branch, obovate, almost
acute, 3-3.5 mm. long, first glume broad, irregularly nerved, altout
1 mm. long, second l)road-obovate 7-!>-nerved; floral glume of the
sterile floret broad-oval, 7-nerved, its palea of equal length, oval;
fertile floret witli the sides unequally convex, rugose with trans-
verse liiu's. broad-oval. "^.."j-'^.S mm. long.
Mexico. Pfi/iiicr 15!>. ;!0S ; Lower California, Palmer '^07;
Texas, [\ S. Dcpt. Ai/rinil. from Keverehou.
South Carolina to Florida ami 4'exas.
Also found in the West Indies and in South Anu^rica.
Var. fuscum (Sw.) P. ftisrion Sw. Prod. '^3 (17SS). Plant
smaller; leaves 4-G cm. long: spikes 1-3 cm. long; secoiul glume
and lower floral glume 5-nerved.
Arizona. Priiu/Jr in 1SS4. distributed as P. /(tfirmii Sw.
Var. major (Vasey). P. fuscinn major \'asey. Contrib. V. S.
Nat. Herb. 3: -^7 (I.SIC,'). The whole plant stouter; blades 1.5 cm.
wide; i)anicle VI cm. long.
Lower California. Palmer 158.
Var. reticulatum (Torr.) P. reficiilafttm Torr. Marcy. Hot.
Exp. l{ed l\iv. f.ouis. '299 (KSo'^). Plant strict, blades narrow, 4-0
cm. long, blades and sheaths hairy; panicle contracted. 4-7 cm.
long; second and third glumes 5-nerveil.
Mexico, Prinf/h 37!», 380.
'20. P. Texanum liuckl. Orel. Kep. Cicol. & Agric. Surv. Tex.
(180(;). teste. Vasey Agricul. Orasses U. S. (1S8<)). Tkxas Mil-
let. Coxr.no Ckass.
A stout decumbent and spreading anniuil, smooth or clothed
118 PANU'AC'E.E.
tliroii<i;liout from rulm to spikclet witli sliort soft huirs, sparingly
hrandu'd. l)0-l",'0 cm. liiirh. Lciif-blados numerous, inargitis
rou<rl». 15-'i() cm. long, 2 cm. witlo. Panicle erect, often encloseil
at the base, IS-"*') cm long, the rays mostly alternate, simple,
ro\igh, the lowest 8 cm. long, the ui)per shorter. Spikelets mostly
in pairs on one side of the rather stout rays (u few on the main
axis), the hairy pedicel of one about '2 mm. long, the pedicel of the
other shorter, nerves prominent, reticulate toward the a})e.\ of the
glumes, obovate-obloug, acute, 5-G mm. long; first glume acute, a
little over half the length of the spikelet. r)-7-nerved, second glume
and lloral glume of the sterile floret equal, the former 7-nerved. the
latter r)-nerved, its ])alea but little shorter ; fertile floret oblong,
acute, rugose with transverse lines.
Texas, lieirrrhon 1*22G, yeaUvy.
Texas in dry lands.
It has been cultivated in the Southern States for fodder, and has
received many favorable notices. See \'ol. 1. p. 189, Fig. 84, for a
more extended notice.
•^1. P. colonum L. Sp. PI. 84 (1753). Oplixinenus coJohh.s
II. H. K. Nov. (Jen. et Sp. 1: 108 (1815).
Annual; erect or geniculate and rooting at the lower nodes,
;^0-»iO cm. high. Leaf-blades linear, acuminate, glabrous or rough,
8-l'.i cm. long. 4-0 mm. wide. Spikes 7-10, 1-'^ cm. distant,
borne on the main axis, simple, 1 -sided. 1.5-^.5 mm. long. Spike-
lets crowde<l on the rachis 'i-'.i together, subsessile in alternate rows
along two sides of a rough, triquetrous rachis, flat on one side,
scabrous-pubescent, oblong, acute. ;} mm. long, first glume broad-
triangular, half as long as the si)ikelet, mucronate, 3-nerved, second
concave, broad-oval, acute, 5-7-nerved, third shorter, hyaline,
fourth 7-nerved; floral glume and palea shorter, smooth, ob-
tuse.
Texas, T. S. Ihpf. Af/rirul. 55 from Huckley; Mexico. Palmer
ltt;j; (Julf of California. Pahncr 51.
Alabama to Florida, Texas, Arizona, Mexico. Also found in
the West Indies. S))ain, Italy, Egypt, Arabia, Australia.
Var. zosALE (Giiss.) L. 11. Dewey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
PAXICK.E. 119
:}: 50^ (1S!»4). 1\ timalc (iuss. FI. Sic. IVod. I : S-> (IS-Ja). "A
form witli luirpli" zoiiato lenvi's." (irisb. Cullivatcd.
'li. P. Schiedeanum Tiiii. ex Stoud. ^■olu. Ed. ,.', "Z-.'liV:* (1S41).
1\ /'rijiif/ci Vasey. iiu'd.
Auparontly |K'reiiniaI ; dilTusely braiichiiiif near llic ba.sc, alioiit
20 (Mil. liijrli. Slicatlis smooth : lijrulc a ciliato ring; blades flat,
seabroiis above, lanceolate. 'I-'.] cm. loiifj;. raiiicle about 4 cm.
long, eoiisistiiig of :>-.") secund spikes 1-x* cm. long, with a scabrous.
tri(|uctr<)us or llatteiied wavy axis. Spikeli'ts crowded, single. 4.5
mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, eacli very short |)e(licel bearing a bristle
4-G cm. long: tirst glume broad-oval, thin. ;)-nerved. l..')mm. long,
second ovate, siiltaciite. 11-iierved. 4 mm. long; iloral glume of the
lower staminate lloret Itiit very little longer. r)-nerved, upper lloret
pistillate, narrowly ovate, scaltrid, mueronate. '2.7 mm. long.
^lexico (.lalisco). /*iiiti//r ■^4'.*:5.
23. P. Crus-galli L. Sp. I'l. SC (Ko:}). 1?.\I!NVai!I»-(;h.\ss.
Opii swell IIS Cnis-iiiilli Dum. Obs. (irani. lielg. liJS (iJS'^o),
EehiiKicldiiii ('nis-t/ii//i Ueauv. Agrost. 5)5 (1S12).
A coarse erect or decumbent aniiual, branching l)elo\v, oO-l'.'O
cm. high, i.eaf-blades lanceolate. lO-'-iO or niori' cm. long. .'>-!."»
mm. wide, margins rough, otherwise usually smooth ; ligule ol)so-
li'te. Spikes (h'lise, alternate, simple <>r compound. "^-S cm. long,
forming dense, secund panicles l(>-"^Ocni. long. Spikelets crowiled,
'i-',i together, subsessile in alternate rows along two sides of a rough,
tri(iuetrous rachis. Mat on oiu- side, ovoid, acute, stout, luiiry. :)-4
mm. long; first glume broad, triangular, half as long as the spike-
let, mueronate, ;J-nerved. second con<'ave. bi-oad-oval. acute. 7-
nerved, third shorter, o-iierved, fourth hyaline. "^*-iu'rved; floral
glume and palea smooth, acute or obtuse.
\'ery variable in size; color green or ])uri)le. Widely distributed
in warm and tropical countries, it makes a very good forage-plant
when grown on rich, moist soil.
Michigan. Farirel/ fov M. A. C. ; Montana. Amlvrson: Mexico,
/'(iliiicr 430, 4:U)a; New .Jersey, Iln'iifoii for V . S. Dept. Agricul.
58; New ^lexieo. ./o//r.s 4ri."'»: I(»wa. Ililchroi-k; Washington, Lakw.
Var. hispidum (Muhl.) Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2 : 4:.'4 (1843). /*.
120 I'AN1CA(K.E.
/iisj)i'ili(ni Mulil. (Iniiii. l(»l (isiT). /'. iinn'irdfinii Miolix. Fl.
Hor. Am. 1 : 47 (iSo:}). 'I'iill mul coaivst', witli uwns sonu'tiincs 1-2
cm. Ion;;. Kouml with the .species.
Miciii.iriiu, IViil f(.r M. A. ('. i:5.
Var. sabulicolum (Nws) Triii. in llorl). Pdiiinini sd/n/licuJiDii
'Seoti, A<r\'()s{. Hras. 2: •.'.'iS (lS'*!t). O/i/isuwiifis sidndiraliis Kuntli,
Eiuim. IM. 1 : 14.") (is;5:5). Stout. Cd-lto cm. liigli. Spikdcts
laiico-olli[)tical. .")-(> mm. loniif.
Mexico, /'ri/ii/lr 1404.
Wet places. Mc\ic(t to South America.
r>4. P. Palmeri Vasey. Contrib. V . S. Nat. Ilcrh. 1 : -^Sl
(ISIKJ).
Aiimial ; culms r.'O-KSd cm. Jii,t>-li. erect, slciulcr. Liijulc
.short ; l)la(les smooth, ;5(i-4() cm. loiiii'. 2-4 cm. wide. Panicle
pyramidal, lo-'.H) cm. loiiir, rays siii;ude. the lon<;est 5-10 cm. long,
ilower-bearing to the base, rachis rough, ti(pietrous, less than 1 mm.
wide, straight or ilexuose. SpiUelets single. iml)ricate, alternate
on two sides of the rachis. snbsessile, t'ach s{)ikelet subtended ]>y a
bristle exceeding its own length, ovate-laneeohite, about 4 mm.
long: lirst glume about 1 mm. long, l-:5-nerved. second ll-i;{-
nervctl; iloral glunu' of the sterile tloret mu(di like the latter. T)-
nerved ; palea broad-oval, fertile lk)ret nearly smooth, ovate-ellipti-
cal, mucronate, 2..") mm. long.
Mi'xico, PaJiinr IJT-.*; /'. S. Ih'pl. A;/riciiL, a specimen culti-
vated IVom seed sent from Mexico.
'io. P. Reverchoni N'asey, Hull. l)ot. Divis. 1'. S. Dept.
Agricul. S: -'a (ISS'.l).
A rather slender, sparingly branching perennial, '25-()(> cm. high,
Avith short, stout rootstocks. LiguK' a ciliatc I'ing ; l)lades firm,
llat, or involute, mostly scalirons, 1(1-15 cm. long, 1-2..') mm. wide,
points slender. I'aiucle very sim]>le, spikelike, much interrupted,
r)-!5cm. long, the longest ray 2-15 cm. long, the short pedicels
ea(!h bearing a short bristle below the apex. Spikeliki', oval, obtuse,
2-3.0 mm. long, tirst glume deltoid, o-o-nerved, less than half as
long as the sj)ikelet, second and third e(|ual, .">-"-nerved. fertile
lloret oval, i>lano-couvex, subacute, rugosi' with line transverse
1>AM('K.K. 121
linos. Kovorc'liou distributed this us Srfnrid inn'i^i'ta. Nearly
allied to P. fascicuUttuin and joininj,' I'dnicKin and ('hanurr iphis.
Mexico, PriiKjle 381. 2:)r7 ; Texas, IIV/V//// 1S4!I. Hecerc/wn
:\r>, lO'.MJ.
'Zi\. p. Myosurus Hich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. I'ar. 1:10(1 (i:!)'^).
y. Mininis Lam. 111. I: 17'^ (KKl). J/i/nHiitic/iiifMi/iirn.s Meaiiv.
A.-rrost. 4!», /. 10: I". S (1812).
('idms erect, robust, without cavity. Sheaths smooth, but little
shorter than the internodes (at least al)ovi'); li<,'ul(' broad, entire,
1.5 mm. long: blades cordate, with elaspiui^ base, laneeolate-linear,
some near the top. ;)0-4() em. lonj,'. -)-') cm. wide. Panicle
cylindrical, dense, sliiiiitly branching near tiie base. ']0-:5() cm.
long. S-1'^ nun. broad. Spikelets linear, acuminate, I-. 5 mm. long,
tirst glume broadly ovate. 3-nerved. about l.o mm. long, set'ond
and third. S-iu'rved : floret acute at both ends, I) mm. long, lloral
glume and palea thin, the former delicately o-nervi'd.
Martiiu(|ue, I/u/nt l'^.')!); Mexico. Pdhin'r \:2i)U.
Mexico. West Indies to Urazil, East Indies.
•i:. r. MOUA-: Sw. Prod. 2-1 (KSS). pAUA-fiUASs. /'. /jur-
hlHot/i'Tvin. Mem. .Vcad. St. Petersb. (VI.) :]:2. 2')(; (18:55).
A stout asceiuling or erect iierenuial. sparingly branched.
• in -ISO cm. high, nodes villous. Leai'-bhuh's 'iO-oO cm. long.
1-1.5 cm. wide. Hat. glabrous, or with a few soft, short hairs.
Paiucle loose. 1-sidcd, "^0 vu\. long, i)urplish, lead-colored, the
lower branches 8-10 v\u, long, simple or branched, the upper '2
em. long. Spikelets glalu'ous. subsessile in clusters of •-i-4 or single
<m 'I sides of a rough, llexuous. ti'iqueti'ous rachis. oval or elliptical,
aeute. 3 mm. or more long, containing a staminate and a })erfect
llower: tirst glume deltoid, membranous, 1 -nerved, 1 mm. long;
second membranous, obtuse when spread, 5-uerved: lloral glume of
the lower floret like the second empty glume ; palea elliptical,
hyaline, 2-nerved; floral glume ana )alea of the perfect flower firm,
obtuse.
Alabama, Afohr in 1883.
Introduced into Alabama from South America and succeeds
well on low lands.
122 PAXU'ACK.E.
'•Also found in Jiimiiica, Tririidiid. ('iil»ii, Hnizil. Africa. East
Inilii's." (irit'sl).
UK P. Urvilleanum Kuntli. Uv\. (iniin. 1::;') (l8-.»!>).
A stout briiucliiii^' perennial, 4(>-T() cm. liixli. fi'oni a rootstock:
ewlins and slieatlis clothed with soft, whitish, ret rorse hairs. Jjcat-
blades 30-50 cm. lon<r. 1 cm. wide, ri.yid, often convolute with
setaceous [loints. I'anicle dilVuse, l5-o<> cm. lon<;, rays often
naked for the lower tiiird. Spikclcts hairy, ovate, acute, T-S mm.
lon<;; first and second <rlumes nearly e(iual, ovate, acute, the former
7-'.i-iierved, the latter ir)-lT-nervetl ; lloral jrlunu' of tlu' stamiiiute
floret ovate, about (5 mm. Iniijf, 1 l-lo-nerved. its palea nearly as
lon<r. ovate, jmbescent; fertile tloret ovjil, 4..') mm. loii'i, rmooth
outside, but lloral glume and palea pubescent on the inner or ujiper
side.
California, PrimiU' SST. S. M. '/'ntci/, l.enniiini, Parisli,
Southern California to Ciiili.
2l>. P. autumnale M(»sc. Spreiii:. Syst. 1: \Vl^) {\>>-lh). I\ t'ni-
giloKwnXh. Hnum. IM. 1 : ;3(J (I8'2!i). I\ ilit'i'njnis Muhl. (iram.
120 (1S17).
Perennial: culms erect, ascendiiiif. branching at the base. 2-4
cm. high. Ligule obtuse, blades numerous, flat, smooth or
s])aringly hairy, •2-.") cm. long. ',\-'^ mm. wide. I'anicle ))artially
included by the upper sheath, elTuse. rays capillary, few flowered,
bearded in the axils. Spikelets 1-0 cm. long, single at tiu' end of
rough, unbranched pedicels, lanceolate-oblong, about ;i mm. long,
first glume minute, secoiul glume lance-ol)l()ng, miuuti'ly hairy
along the margins and between the nerves, ."J-.o-iu'rved, third glume
little longer, 5-nerved, otherwise like the former glume; fertile
floret lanceolat(>-oblong, brown. 2.0 nnu. long.
Illinois, r. S. Ih'pl. At/ricffL 44 from Patterson; J'afierso)!
;Jo81.
Sand hills. Illinois and southward.
;50. P. brachyanthum Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. GT (1S55). /*.
^parsijhrum Yasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:34 (18!»2). /'.
(iHHustifoUum Chapm. Fl. S. States. 574 (18G0) uot Ell.
Culms w-eak, slender, ditTuse, branching, 50-80 cm. high.
PAMCK.K. 123
Lt'iiM»Ia(lt'.s sinootli, 7-12 cm. Ioiilt. 'i'-^ mm. wide. I'aiiicU's miii-h
fxst'rtctl. simple. S-i;» cm. loiijr, nns few, donpitcd. lu'ariiij;
2-4 rtpikclcts near llic tips. Spikclots elliptical, acute, papilloso-
hispid, over ;5 mm. l()ll^^ lii-st .<>liime minute, second and third
broud, oval, obscmvly o-T-nerved, palea to the lower lloret (>: fer-
tile spikelet smooth, elliptical, nearly .'{ mm. lon^'.
Te.xas. Svrihiirr.
South Carolina to Florida and Te.xas.
31. P. gymnocarpon Kll. iJot. S. (". and (ia. 1 : lir (ISIO).
Perennial; culms i'ii,nd. erect. (i(i-I(i(» cm. liiiih. nodes brown.
Sheaths shorter than the internodcs; blades v»()-:)(l cm. lon^. 2-3
cm. wide, lanci-olate. ilat, broad at the base, smooth excej)t the
xo\\)l\\ inaririns. Panicle pyramidal, risjid. the fi'W spi-cadin<:f ni)'S,
mostly two oi more, from nodes 'I-') cm. distant, ."JO cm. loni;, 18
cm. diam. Spikelets on short pedicels, usually in scattered clusters
of :>-('». lanceolate, about •! mm. loiii:', l.rst <i:lume narrow, awu-
pointed, ;i-nerved, 4-."t mm. hmi;. .seccmd and third loiiiror,
')-nerved. ])alea for the third (tloral) ^lume about half as .lonif as
the lloict: fertile ilorct very smooth, obovoid, obtuse. 2 mm. Ion*,';
rachilla about 1 mm. loii<;. .separatin<,' perceptibly the ylumes and
florets.
Louisiana, V. S. Dr/)/. Af/riciil. T") from Tianiilois.
l^anks of rivers. South Carolina to l-'lorida and Texas.
'Vi. P. virgatum L. Sp. I'l. ')U {\:y.]).
Culms _s:lal)rous. firm, lOd-ltio cm. hi^ii. from tufteil, jieren-
nial rootstocks. Liirule often silky-bearded; blades of culm .'Ki-oO
cm. lon^, flat. firm, with a wide white midrilt. the lower oiu's I m.
lon<>-. 5-10 mm. wide. Panicle I'xserted, compound, loo.se and
.spreadino:, droopinir or erect, 2l)-")(>cm. long. Spikelets scattered,
often ]Mir])lish. mostly in pjiirs on pedicels 2-.") mm. long, very
variable, ovate-acute to ovate-lancjolate, iJ.o-fJ mm. long, first
glume deltoid to ovate-acute, 2—1.5 mm. long, o-O-T-nerved,
second glume ovate, acute or acuminate, 3.5-5.5 mm. long, o-T-
nerved; floral glume of the staminate floret shorter. 5-7-8-nerved,
fertile floret ovate, acute or obtuse, 2.3-2.7 nnn. long.
The above measurements were (-arefuUy nnide after examining
124 l'.\NICA("K.K.
several spiki'lots from livi' dilVi'iciil plants taken from dilVoront lo(!ali-
ties. A lar^t' iiiimlu'r of forms could Ite sclectcil. I'laiits from
Colorado have heeii st'eii in wliiiih there were "^ r (lowers and some
empty <;lumes to the spikelel, all staminate.
A tall jijniss, (iulms and leaves too toiiyh t(» make tlii' hest of I'et'd.
l-'lorida. Ciir/iKs :!(i()li; New Jersey, Srrilnicr for l". S. I)(>pi.
Ai^rieid. idl ; Colorado, ('(tssiiit/; Mexico, Pidmrr olO; Florida,
Siiiipsuii for Nat. Mns. Ui^^); Arizona. Tokiiicii \i^\ \ Illinois, Unil
for M. A. ('. 11: Michi.iian, IlirLs for M. A. V. lA.
("oiineeticnt. Northern Indiana. Kansas. Missouri.
Mexico to l"'lorida. and west to the Ifocky Mountains.
\V.\. P. capillarioides \'asey. Contrih. V. S. Merit. l:,".l (ISKO).
A rather slender perennial. ."JO ('»() cm. hiyh. with much the
uspoct of /'. capillitrc. Shi'aths pid»escent. aliout the length of tli(«'
internodes; li,i>ule a ciliate rim; ; Itlades Hat. nearly smooth, 10 ".',">
em. lonji', S-iii mm. wide. I'anicles at length harely exserli'd,
mostly terminal, pyi'amidal. S -1;") IJO cm. lonif. r.'-".M) 10 cm.
broad, rays often in |)airs, nn»stly sinj,de. rather stilT with pnhesccnt
^danils in the axils, hranehes diverifiiii;-. sti'aijiht or slightly llexnose.
ilower- hearing mainly above the nu(ldk^ Spikelets siuiile, or :»
near the ends of the branches, ifreon or purple, linear-lanceolate,
5-»» mm. lo"i;, first jflnme ovate, 'Lit mm. lony, 5-nerved, second
and third iintrr. scarcely atMite. i l-l.'J-iu'rved. fourth or palea of
the sterile s, Kielet ovate, "^ mm. lony-; lloret mottled with brown,
oval. 1.8 mm. lonjr.
Texas, /iiir/>/n/, Nctdlji 'M), Miss Cro/f.
.14. P. amarum Kll. Hot. S. ('. and (ia. 1 : I'.M (ISK).
A robust glabrous creeping,' perennial, ;{0-!)() cm. liiyh. Leaf-
blades '-itMO (iin. lon<;\ 7 -I'i mm. wide, glaucous, lirm. often invo-
lute, with lon<j:. slentler points, some of them rea<'hin,if above the
panicle. I*anic,le lO-IJO cm. long, racemose, sim|)le, smooth with
the appressiul rays soniet'imes included. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate,
about ■> mm. lonj;^, lirst j^lume (.vatc, acute. I mm. loiii,'. li-m-rvcil.
second lon<;er, 7-nerved : lloral {^lume of the sterile lloret like the
latter, oidy r)-nervoil, its palea as lonjjf; fertile lloret oval, ;{.5 mm.
lonL"".
PANUK.K. 125
South Caroliiiii to |''loi'iil;i in tlio saiuls of the cojust. Ia'hvi's
bitliT.
\';ir. minor \'. ^ S. Coiitril). l'. S. Nut, IIitI.. ;5 : ;><; (lS!i-v>).
A sinallor I'onii witli liirm'r spiki-lcts, jj^rowiii^' Iroiii Coniu'cticut.
to Mortli (!aroliiiii.
New Jt'fsi'N , /. S. /h/i/. .\(/ririi/. 11 iVoin Isaac Murk.
;!"). v. Mii.iA.KiM L. Si». IM. :.s(i;r»;{). iMii.lkt.
Aniuuil ; culius stout. citi'I. Itraucliiiiy, ol'tcu I'ou^li. (Id-TiO
ctii. liiiifli. Slicaths often 'trsct with lairs from warty hascs;
Itladcs minuM'ous. Mat, hairy or sukxmIi. ;{(>- ")(I cru. lonu;, ■•.* 'A cm.
wide. Panicle usually exsei'leil. couipouiid. pyraniidal or ovoid.
s|>rt'adiiiif and in most races noddiui:; in fruit. I") ;!() cm. lony-.
SpikeU'ts all |)(>dicelled. mainly home towards the ends of the
branches, nu)stly ol)l(Ull,^ elliptical, acute, I mm. lon^. lirst i-iuine
ItroatI, acute, "j-ncrvcil. aliout '.) mm. lonij'. second ulunu' aiul the
lloral ,<.'lume of the neuler tloret much alike, the former 7 l»-iu'rved,
the latter KJ-iicrved, its |)alea ahout •.* mm. lonix; Icrlile lloret,
smooth, shiniuu;, oval, almost acute. ') mm. lonir.
Said to 1k^ a native of India. Kxtcnsivcly cultivated in tropical
and temperate rei:;ions.
Turkey for 1'oulrii \\\ Sitrl/rr// : I^ouisiana. l.dintlitis.
;>»■>. p. arenarium Chain. ^ Schleclit. Liiiii. (>::)*) (is:!!),
/'. Kitiilhii l-'ourn. Mex. IM. I'aium. (iram. ••'••(iSSC).
Culms stout, tall (?), hiwer sheaths loose, smooth, about as lontf
us tho intei'nodes; li^ide a ciliate rim;'; blades Hat. smoolli or pilose
at the base. ".Ml lit) cm. loiiLr. .'• I(> mm. broad. Panicles terminal,
spreading', •*(• .'ir> cm. loiiij:, rays erect. sini,dc or in p:iirs. Iho Ionis-
es! (wo-thirtis as loni;' as the pani(^lc. bcariii"^ ;>-S spikelets above
tlio midille on its rather stilT but slender branchos. Spikelets in
pairs, linear-lanceolate I mm. lonij, pedicel of one of them 1 mm.
lon<j^. the other 4 5 mm. loiii^; first jj^lunu' deltoid, IJ-nerved, about
l.T) mm. lonir. second ami third suhiMjual. the foi'iner 7'-niM'ved, the
latter !>-uerv(Ml ; lloret liiu'ar, acute, the lloral i-ltimc .'5 mm. lonjf.
7-!>-nerved. (Jrain elliptical. l.T '.' mm. lon;,^
Mexico, /lotin/nn/ "•'Jl>.
;{:. p. Havardii Vasey, Unll. Torr. Club. 14:0.5 (IHS7). /'.
126 I'ANRACE.E.
virf/tt/mti. \'iir. oKirrnsprniiioii \'iisoy, t'oiitrib. I'. S. Nat. Herb.
3:;3G (18it2).
I'ereuiiiiil: culms stout, 100-180 cm. liigli. FJgulc a tliick
ring of short hairs; blades thick, rigid, often involute, smootli or
liairy near the ligule, iJO-GO em. long, o-lO nun. wide. Panicle
exserted, smooth, dilt'use, })yramidal, oO-SO em. long, rays single
or in twos or threes, often naked for the lower third. Spikelets
smooth, ovate, acute, S-9 mm. long, fi'""t glume over lialf as long
as the spikelet. ovate, acute, 5-T-nerved, second ovate-acute,
8-0-nerved; tloral glume of the staminate spikelets nearly as long as
the second glume, 5-T-nerved; i)alea nearly as long as its glume,
membranous, ovate when spread, fertile lloret smooth, 5 mm.
long.
31exico. Pn'/ifjlc 1 1 24.
It was lirst cultivated in S. W. Texas in 18S1 l)y Dr. Ilavard.
Texas and ^lexico.
US. P. stenodes (Jriseb. Fl. W. Ind. 54: (18G4). /'. nm-eps
sfrir/Kin Chapm. Fl. S. States. 073 (1800).
A tufted slender glabrous erect annual, sparingly branched
above. 50-80 cm. bigii. JMadcs erect, involute, setaceous, 12-20
cm. long. I'aiiicli' c\sertc(l oi- tiic lower partly included, narrow,
simple. 4-8 cm. long, with 5-(') slender I'ays. Spikelets ova'te-
lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long, first glume oiu'-tbird to two-thirds as long
as the spikelet. acute. 1 -nerved, second glume and floral glume of
the sterile floret tliin. ovate, acute. 5-iu'rved: palea much shorter
than its glume; fertile lloret firm, half-terete, oval, obtuse, 1.7 mm.
long.
Texas. XeaJh-i/, V. S. Dept. Agricul. Oil; Alal)ania. .Vd/ir.
Pojids and wet places, Florida to 'I'exas.
3'.). P. gibbum Kll. Hot. S. C. & (la. 1 : 11(1 (isiti).
Culms slender, branching below, 30-50-00 cm. or even 2 m.
high. IMades aiul sheaths smooth or soft hairy, blade flat, acumi-
nate, T-12 cm. long. 4-12 mm. wide. Panicle close, spikclike
above, interrupted below. 8-10 cm. long, 13nim.diam. Spikelets
caducous, each on a short, slender pedicel, oblong, obtuse, or some
of the lowest narrower and acute, 3.5 mm. long; lirst glume about
PANICE.E. 127
1 mm. long, 1-3-iiervecl, second oval, ll-nerved, tumid at the base;
floral glume of the neuter spikelet 5-nerved; its palea membranous,
3-nerved; fertile lloret smooth, ilat on one side, ovoid, obtuse, l.o
mm. long.
Florida, C/irfiss 3o!)l.
An anmuil, thriving in wet ground.
South Carolina to Florida and Texas.
40. P. melicarium Miehx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:50 (1803). /'.
dehila Poir. Lam. Enevel. Su])i)l. 4: 283 (181()). /'. /lafoifissimiiin
R. & S. Syst. 2:448 (1817). /'. Iiunis Ell. Hot. S. C. and (ia.
1: 118 (181(5).
A slender glabrous rennial. with a creeping or decumbeiit
base. Culms slender, lo-.")!) cm. high. Jilades 8-15 cm. long, 2-3
mm. wide, the u))per reaching to the i)aniele. Panicle simple,
spreading, rays few, cajjillary, single or in pairs, naked below,
0-15 cm. long. Spikelets inostly in distant clusters, on pedicels
1-2 mm. long, ovate, subacute, nearly 2 mm. long, first glume
broad. 1-3-nerved, 1 mm. long, second oval, 5-nerved; iloral glume
of neuter floret 3-r)-nerved, its palea firm, large aiul as long as
itself, broadly obovate. gajiiug at the apex, 2-4-nervi'd; fertile floret
smooth, elliptical, l-(! mm. long and usually causing the outer
glumcis to op(!n.
Low grounds. North Carolina to Texas.
41. P. repens L. Sp. Pi. 87. Kd. 2, 87 (17(;2-03).
Culms stiff, leafy, ;50-(iO cm. high, asceiuling fnun a creeping
rhi/ome. Ligule ciliate; blades glabrous or softly hairy, involute,
7-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle 7-15 cm. long, witli a W'W
long, erect or spreading, flexuous brunches. Spikelets smooth,
irregularly crowded, oii short, slender j)edic(>ls. oblong jiointed. 2.5
mm. long, first ghuue thin, broad, not half as long as the spikelet.
obtuse or acute, nerved or not; second and tliird floral glnnu's
acute, broad-ovate, 7-'.*-uerved ('* ;)-5-iu;rved."' Henth.). ])alea of
the staminate floret oval, nearly 2 mm. long; fertile flon^t oblong,
obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, with a thin Iloral glume ami ])alea.
Stamens 3.
Alabama, Mo/ir; Louisiami, Lfnir/Jnis.
128 PAXICACE.E.
Introduced along tlie Gulf coast, near salt water; also found in
Mexico, Brazil, Euroiie, Asia, northern Africa and Australia,
Var. confertum A'asey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. ]Ierb. '3:'2S
(18!)'i).
(Julnis 7-;}0 cm. higli. blades spreading, 3-G cm. long, 3-5 mm.
wide; })anicle simple, 2-7 cm. long; tirst glume longer and less
obtuse.
Louisiana. LuHijlois.
Near sailt water on the Gulf coast.
\-l. P. anceps .Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 48 (1803).
A rather sleniler erect i)ereuuial, GU-'.)0 cm. high, culms
flattened from stout, scaly rootstocks, the internotles of whicli are
2-3 mm. long. Slieatlis often hairy ; blades scabrous or not,
slender, 30-1:0 cm. long. 5 mm. wide. Panicles terminal, 20-40
cm. long, rarely one or more lateral ones, rays erect or spreading.
S|)ikelets ovate-oblong, acute, often bending sidewise from the ap-
pressed branches at a wide angle. I)ringing pedicel and first glume
into line. a})ex often curved, 2.2-2.5 mm. long; first glume over 1
mm. long, 3-nerved, secoiul ovate, 5-T-i\erve(l ; floral glume of
sterile spikelet like the latter, only a little longer, its palea two-
thirds as long; fertile floret smooth, hard, elliptical, 1.5 mm. long.
Some forms are much like /'. a (j fast aides Spreng. District of
Columbia. V. S. Dvpt. Afjrieul. ^'rom Gerald McCarthy.
Alabama, Mohr.
Massachusetts to Texas.
43. P. agrostoides Muhl. Gram. 119 (1817).
An erect branching perennial, with smooth, flattened culms,
S()-180 cm. high. Sheaths often compressed, softly hairy; IjJades
flat, smooth or rough, 40-80 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide. Panicles
20-40 cm. long, usually reddish or purple, terminal and lateral,
rays numerous, spreading or erect. Si)ikelets elliptical or lanceo-
late, nsually in line with the very short ])edicels, apex straight,
2-2.5 mm. long; first glume acute. 1.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, second
5-nerved; fioral glume of sterile floret like it, only shorter, its palea
two-thirds as long; fertile floret smooth, oval, 1-'1.5 mm. long.
Quito variable.
PANICE^iS. 129
New Jersey, U. »V. Dcpf. Ayricul. 39 from Scribuer; Aliibaina,
MoJirj Mic'liigau, Couley.
A tall leafy grass, growing in wet places. Massachusetts to
Texas.
44. P. proliferum Lam. Encycl. 4: V47 (1707). /'. ntiUareum
Walt. Fl. Car. 1'Z (17S8), not L.
Annual; mostly smooth throughout. Culms branched, ascend-
ing, very variable in size at the nortli, 30-50 or more cm. high.
Sheaths flattened; ligule ciliate; blades flat, 10-20 cm. long, 5
mm. or more wide. Panicles terminal and lateral, compound,
pyramidal, rays rough, slender, spreading, exsertcd or partially
included, 10-20 cm. long. Spikelets jtale green or ])ur|)le,
crowded, appressed on short pedicels, lance-ovate, acute, 2.0-3
mm. long; iirst glume broad, reniform. 1 mm. or less long, .1-;J-
nerved, second glume as long as the S[iilvelet, 7-nerved. tliird
5-nerved; fertile floret oval, smooth, 2 mm. long. Sometimes there
is a palea for the neuter floret.
Dam}) places, ]S'('W England to Texas; also in Illiiu)is.
Var. geniculatum (Muhl.) Vasoy, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:
34 (18!)2). P. ;/(')! ii'iilaf 1(1)1 Muhl. (iram. 123 (1S17).
" This is sometimes called 's[»r()uting Crabgrass.' "J'iie stems
are at first erect, then become decumbent ami spreading, fre(|ueutly
attaining a length of (i-7 feet, bent and rooting at the lower joints.
It has much the sanu' habit as /'. Ti'.rainniK but the stems are
smooth and more flattened; the leaves also are smoother and
larger. 'JMie stems are sometimes nearly an inch thick at the base,
and very succulent. The panicles are sonu>tiines 2 feet long."
N'asey, Desc. Cat. Orassi's V. S. Leaves rough nbove.
District of Columbia, l'. S. Dvpt. At/ricti/. coll. \'asey.
Southern States; common.
45. P. capillare L. Si). JM. 5S (1753). Olimvitch ({uass.
Annual; culms erect or spreading, branching below, mostly
30-GO cm. liigh. Sheaths hirsute with hairs having tuberculous
bases; blades thin, flat» usually hirsute. 15-30 em. long, 1-1.5 cm.
wide. Panicle 2(l-;}0 cm. long, contahiing many capillary rays,
partially included when young, sju-eading when old by the action
180 PANK'ACE.E.
of the enlarged callous bases, ovoid when mature, then easily broken
off and earried by the wind. Spikelets smooth, ovoid, acute, oblonjr-
lanceolate, 2-3.7 mm. long:, iiedicel 1-10 nnn. lonfj, lirst glume
1-5-nerved, about 1 mm. long, second glume 5-nerved, third
longer, 5-7-nerved; floral glume of fertile floret elliptical, 1.5 mm.
long.
\'ery variable in size and appearance, as are most annual grasses
which are found in such a wide range of country. A'ery common.
Philadelphia (Pcnn.), Swibiier 48; Michigan, Clark 744,
Fanrell for M. A. C, Beal 17; Washington, Lake ; ]\Iinnesota,
lMzi)Hjer 0. 10 ; Utah, J<j)ics 1313 ; Oregon, Howell ; Montana,
Audersnii 73.
Michigan Agricul. College in 1885.
^'ar. vulgare Scribn. (Irasses Tenn. 2: 44 (1894). Var. ar/rcsfe
Oattinger, Tenn. Flora, 04 (1887). Stout and very hairy; panicK>
very large and widely spreading; forming no tufts. Spikelets 1.7
mm. long.
In flelds and gardens. Tennessee. Galliiir/t'r.
Var. campestre Ciattinger, Tenn. Flora, 94 (1887). Var. (iciii-
nihf/inn Scribu.
Culms mostly simple, slender. 20-30 cm. high. Root-leaves
lorming flat tufts appressed to the soil. Spikelets 1.7 mm. long.
Tennessee. Gafliiu/rrj Virginia, MUlsj)an(jh.
Var. flexile Gatt. Tenn. Flora, 49 (1887). Paninim Jlcrilr
Scribn. Grasses Tenn. 2:44 (1894).
A slender plant, thin, elastic and upright, sparingly hairy,
panicle thin, smaller, spikelets rather large, acute, much like /'.
(Ht/Huniale l?osc. Tennessee, Dr. d'alfiin/rr. V. S. Dept. A(jr\cnL
4!i from Gattinger. Found in the cedar glades.
Var. minimum Engcl. (Jatt. Tenn. Flora. 94 (1887). /'.
niiiiiman} Scribn. A slender plant, 10-00 cm. higli ; i)anic]e
simple, with G-10 single rays; spikelets usually less than 2 mm.
long.
Tennessee, (jafliin/cr 17 \ Xew Mexico, Lcmmon ^Xhl.
Pcrhai)s only a form grown on poor soil or where much crowded.
4(i. P. sonornm. P. capillare miUacvum. Vasey ined.
PANICE.E. 131
A stout annual, 30-100 cm. liigh. Culms sparingly brancheiU
and tliese. as well as the sheaths, clothed with stiff hairs coming
each from a prominent tubercle. Sheaths mostly longer than the
internodes, rather loose; ligule a ciliate ring; blades more or less
hirsute, flat, cordate, 30-40 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide. I'aniclB
usually included at the base, obovoid, '20—40 cm. long, rays very
numerous, rather stiff, mostly single, branching freely and bearing
an immense number of spikelets. The pedicels of the spikelets 1-7
mm. long. Spikelets linear-oval, 3,2-3.5 mm. long, first glume
ovate, 2.2 mm. long, 5-nerved, second and third equal, O-ll-nerved.
fourth or palea of the neutral floret 1 mm. long; fertile floret oval,
2.2-2.5 mm. long, Horal glume T-nerved.
The plant is more robust than that of /*. capiUare; the spike-
lets are larger, first glume longer and 5-nerved, instead of 1-nerved,
second and third glumes (»-ll -nerved.
Mexico (Sonora) and Lower California, Palmer,
Seeds sown in wet places to raise grain, which is used by the
Cocoi)a Indians.
47. P. bulbosum \L li. K. Nov. fien. et Sp. 1: 0.0 (1815).
(!ulms !»()-120 cm. high, glabrous, erect, flattened, from a
perennial bulbous base. Hlades flat, scabrous or pilose, 30-40 cm.
long, 2-5 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, com]>ound, spreading,
20-40 cm. long, tiie main rays single or two or three at a node,
scabrous, the ultimate branches short and scattered all along tlie
main branches. Spikelets usually gri'cnish. often in \y,\\\r, one of
which is borne by a i)edicel usually 2 mm. or longer, the other on
a longer pedicel, ol)lcng-linear, terete, al)out 4 mm. long: first
glume ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved, over half as long as the spikelet,
secontl 5-7-nerved; floral ghune and jieuter spikelet reaching
beyond the second glume, 5-nerved. its ])alea shorter, 3-nerved;
fertile floret soft, ovate-lanceolate, 3.5 mm. long.
Mexico, Pahncr-iO:^: Texas, Xealh't/.
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico.
Var. minor Vasey Contrib. V. S. Xat. Ilerl). 3:35 (1802).
P. maximum var. bnJbosiim Munro. Culms more slender, panicle
narrow, 15 cm. long; spikelets 3.5 mm. long.
132 PANICAC'E.E.
Arizona, Pritujh'.
Var. avenaceum (II. U. K.). /'. (wpnareum II. H. K. Nov.
Gen. ot Sp. 1 : 99 (1815). Si)ikelut8 siibsessile, about .'} nun. long,
ot'ton purple; first gjlume scarcely half as long as the spikelet, the
lower iloret often stain inate, fertile tloi'et 3 mm. long.
Mexico, Pri)i(]h> 377.
Arizona, ^lexieo, Quito. (Juyana.
48. P. MAXiMiM Jacq. Ic. I'l. Har. Coll. 1: /. 13, 7G (178G).
(iiiXKA (Jkass. J\ Jititipufonnii IVrs. Syn. 1:83(180.5).
A stout perennial, from scaly, creci)ing rootstocks. C'ulnis
smooth. 8(1-1 50 cm. high, nodes smooth or silky hairy. Leal'-
blailes smooth, JJ0-3() cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; ciliate at the
liijule and on the niar<iins of the smooth sheath. Panicle larjre,
lo-'^O cm. or more long, erect, the numerous rays erect or spread-
ing, bearing spikelets above the middle of the main branches.
8i)ikelets on pedicels, usually 1-5 mm. long, smooth. elli|)tical or
oval, acute, 4 mm. long; first glume ovate, rounded, acuminate.
7-nerved, ;)-4 mm. long; second glume and lloral glume of the
staminate floret broad-ovate, 3-7-nerved, the latter a littU^ the
shorter: palea ovate, as long as its glume. Stamens 3. Fertile
llortt smooth, transversely wrinkled, •■i.a-;} mm. long.
Cultivated in the warmer States; also found in Mexico. West
Indies. liuenos Ayres. Introduced from tropical Afi'ica.
Tliis must not l)e confounded Avith Sorylmm haJepenxc, often
called JiiJnisdti (I'nifo'.
4lt. P. Hallii Vasey. Hull. 'Von: Clul). 11: CI (1884).
Culms ca^spitose, slender, erect, smooth, branching below,
30-00 cm. high. Ligule a ciliate ring; sheaths smooth or
pubescent; blades ilat, nearly smooth, light green, about 4 to
each culm. 8-15 cm. long. 3-15 mm. wide. Panicle exserted or
the lower ))artially included, 8-15 cm. long, simpU>. spreading;
rays mostly single, naked below and few-flowered. Spikclrts very
smooth. ])ale green or pnrjile. single or in ])airs. mostly borne
above the middle of the branches, lanceolate-ovate, acute. .3-4 mm.
long: first glume acute or obtuse, one-third to one-half as long as
the sjjikelet. 5-nerved; second glume ovate-lanceolate, aimte,
PAXICE.E. 133
0-nervetl: floral glume of the neuter floret a little siiortt-r,
7-!»-nerveil, its piiiea inueh shorter; fertile floret half terete,
smooth, ovul. 'i-'i.o mm. long. This was distributed by the U. 8.
Dept. Agricul. at one time as /*. f/if/a»feiiiti Seheele.
Mexico. Pn'tif/Ie :}70. PaJmcv 108'', 20G; Arizona. Priiiifh'.
distributed as /*. rdpillure (var.?); West Texas, yeallei/, llitniril.
Fouiul in many parts of Texas and Mexico.
A plant named as above is in the lierbarium of the late
Dr. G. Thurber, fnmi Kotschyi, iter Nubicuni, One very closely
resembling it is named J\ /isilnpodiinii. Trin. ^ISS.. idcntitii'd by
tJeneral Munro and now in Herb. Gray of Harvard University.
In the description aliove considerable use was made of Vasey's
contribution as above referred to.
The specimens resemble No. 497 of Pringle's Mexican plants
named /*. <liJ}'i<sNm Swartz.
Found in nniny parts of Texas and in ^Mexico.
50. P. diffusum S\v. Prod. 23 (KSS).
A tufted jierennial, hirsute throughout, except the spikelets.
sparingly branching below, about 60 cm. high. Leaf-I)lades flat,
erect, 10-20 cui. long, H-IO mm. wide. Panicles ])yramidal. much
cxserted or the lowi-st jiartially included. 10-15 cm. long. sinipU'.
open: rays mostly single, stifl", si)reading. S])ikelets pale green,
very smooth, single or in i)airs. on short pedicels, lanceolate-ovate,
about 4 mm. long: first glume acute, half as long as the si)ikelets.
5-nerved: second ovate, acute, 13-nerved: iloral glume of the lower
floret equal to the second and 11-nerved, its palea half as long:
fertile floret oval, almost acute, 2.5 cm. long.
^lexico, Priiif/Ir 4'.iT.
Much like /'. Jlol/ii Vasey; but this plant is liirsute. blades
longer and wider, the spikelets larger, second glume lo-nerved
instead of 9-nerved, third glume 11-nerved in })lace of li-nerved.
Mexico, West Tiulies.
51. P. ciliatissimum Buck, fide Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 3:20 (1802).
Culms slender, procumbent or erect. 30-40 cm. high, nodes
pubescent. Leaf-blades flat, pubescent, rough with stout hairs on
the margins near the base, 4-0 urn. long, 5 nun. wide. Paniule
simple, narrow, i-i) cm. long. S])ikulots ovato or oblong, piibi's-
cent or smooth, acute, -t mm. long; first glume ovate-acute,
3-6-nerved; second glume aiul tlie lloral glume of the staminate
spilvelet ovate, acute, with a crest of close luiirs a little way from each
margin, U-lIJ-nerved; jialea oblong, acute. 5-nerved, as long as its
glume. Stamens ){. Fertile floret oval, almost acute, 3 mm. long.
East Texas, Htirklci/, Hall &Z\, Aeallei/.
5'Z. P. velutinosum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 121 (1820).
A branebing, somewhat diffuse annual, 30-00 cm. high.
Culms hirsute more or less. SheatJjS smooth or nearly so; ligule a
ciliate ring; blades hirsute, flat, cordate, acuminate, 7-13 cm.
long, -i-G mm. wide. I'anicles thin, 10-17 cm. long, linear or
si)reading; rays hirsute, distant, slightly spreading, the longest
3-.") cm. long, bearing 8-14 spikelets. Spikelets mostly subsessile
(the pedicel hairy), clothed with short, spreading pubescence, oval,
subacute at both ends, about 3.4 mm. long; first ghune very Inird,
5-nerved, 3 mm. long, secon<l 7-nerved; floral ghune of the mniter
floret oval, mucroiuite, 2.5 mm. long, finely rugose with transverse
lines.
Arizona, Pringle, Lenimon 3002; ^Mexico, Palmer 150, 208.
53. P. microspermum Fourn. llemsl. Biol, t'ontr. Am. Bot.
3:492 (1880).
Culms branching below and decumbent, 30-70 cm. or more
high. Sheaths slightly ciliate on the margins, about two-thirds as
long as the internodes; ligule a ciliate ring; blades smooth, flat,
linear-lanceolate, contracted, but cordate at the base, 0-15 cm.
long, 12-15 mm. wide. Panicle diffuse, broadly ovoid, 10-20 cm.
long, the rays mostly single, but some of them in pairs, very soon
branching near the base, diverging or reclined, the axils eidarged
and glandular; rays stiff, spreading at wide angles, hairlike, straight
and flexuose. Spikelets all p^'dicellate, broadly oval, scarcely
pointed, 1.1-1.2 mm. long, yellowish green with a finely glandular
surface; empty glumes brittle, first minute, second and third
equal, 5-nerved ; floret persistent, as long as its glumes.
Cuba, Wright 753; Mexico, Pcthncr 1257.
PANKK.K. 135
Owing to the meagre descriptions anil the few and incomplete
epeciniens seen, there is c'Oiisi(U'ral)le doubt as to the correct iden-
tilicution of this species. Possibly other ])lants would unite it to
P. brcvifoUuin L., after tlie manner of numerous puzzling forms
of P. ilichotuinum L.
54. P. neuranthum Griseb. Tl. Cub. 'Z:n (ISOG).
A smooth slender erect or ascending grass. o0-50 cm. higli,
considerably branched near tlie top. Ligule a mere ring; blades
rather iirm, ilat or subinvolutc, acuiniuiite. 5-10 cm. long. "^-4
mm. wide. Terminal panicle much exserted, sim[)le, o-o cui.
long; rays diverging. Spilvclets pedicellate, softly pubescent, oval,
obtuse, 2.0 mm. long; first glume very thin, delicately ."J-nerved. 1.3
mm. long; second and third glumes T-nerved; fertile llorct bioad,
oval, suu)oth, obtuse.
Var. ramosum Oris. Much branched, blades very narrow,
spikelets 'I mm. long.
r. S. Dei)t. Agricul. 84.
Texas, Jti(/(js.
This seems much like a form of P. (Jirliotomitm, so far as T have
studied the few specimens seen.
55. P. pedicellatum Vasey, Bull. 8, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 28
(1880).
A slender erect light green perennial. .30-00 cm. high, branch-
ing but little, lilades of the culm thin, nearly smooth, erect,
acuminate. 4-7 cm. long. 4-0 mm. wide, those of the sterile shoots
much shorter, thicker and pubescent. Panicle mucOi exserted,
simple. :)-5 cm. long; rays 4-5. spreading, each bearing 2-3 s()ike-
lets. Spikelets on pedicels 4-10 mm. long, oblong-obovate, obtuse,
sparsely pubescent, 3 mm. long; first glume at souu^ distance from
the others, ovate, 1-nerved. l.G nnn. long; second and third glumes
oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved.
Texas. P. S. Depf. Agricul. from Keverchon. In herl). Gray
is an identical plant from the same source ticketed, by mistake most
likely. P. Peverclioni Vasey.
50. P. verrucosum Muhl. Gram. 113 (1817). P. ilehile Ell. Bot.
S. C. andGa. 1:129 (1817).
130 PANI('A('K.E.
A very sliMider smooth bniiicliiii^ poronnial. ;{0-8(>-120 cm.
hi^fli. Loar-hliulos smooth, shinin<f, flat, taporinj; at tho base, 0-15
cm. loiif,', 5-7 mm. wulo. Panicli! oxserted, ])yrami(hil, H-'iO cm.
lou<,'; rays few. ca|)inary, mostly siiiffle, bearing few spikeh'ts.
Spikek'tsdark <,M'eeii, ohovateoroval, subacute, warty-rougheiu'd, l.»!
mm. long; tirst glume very small, second and third equal, tho
uerves obscure, long enougli to barely cover the fertik! floret.
Delaware, Canby ; Florida, Curtiss 3608; New Jersey, U. S.
Dejit. Agricul. 103 from Seribner.
Sandy low land near the coast, from New England to Florida
and Texas.
57. P. brevifolium L. Sp. PI. 87 (1753).
A slender geniculate branching anniuil, rooting at the lower
nodes, 30-(i0 cm. high. Sheaths pilose; ligulo very short; blades
flat, oblong-lanceohite, acuminate, rounded at the base, ine(|ui-
lateral, 2-5 cm. long, more or less hirsute. Piuicle difl'use, apex
oval, 8-12 cm. long; rays branching for most of their length.
Si)ikelets borne on stiff, capillary pedicels, obovate. obtuse, 1-1.3
mm. long, pnborulent; first glume half to two-thirds as long as the
si);kelet, 3-nerved; second and third equal, 3-5-nerved; floret ellip-
soidal, subacute. 1 mm. long; palea slightly convex.
^[exico (Jalisco), l*rin(jle 3S'>S. I'olmer 1083; also in tho AVest
Indies and Brazil. Shaded places.
58. P. ramulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:50 (1803).
A slender tui'ted perennial, 10-30 cm. high, culms erect,
smooth, exserted. Blades linear-lanceolate. 3-4 to a culm, rather
firm, flat or becoming involute, scabrous on the nuugins, with a
lew hairs near the base and at the ligule. 2-3 cm. long, about 3
mm. wide. Panicle diffuse, oval or ])yramiilal, 3-5 cm. long; rays
ca)>illary. flexuose, bearing numerous spikelets. Spikelets oval or
obovoid. about 1 mm. long; first glume broad, one-third as long as
the spikelet; second and floral glume of the neuter floret similar,
7-nerved, or the latter 5-nerved; palea half as long as its ghnne;
fertile floret smooth, broad, oval. By some believed to be a form of
P. (lirliotomum Ij.
Florida, Curiiss, Chapman, Canby
PANIC K.K. 137
So far us observed tliis seems to u f-ood si)e(!ies.
Soiitlieni 'l\'\as.
5!t. P. microcarpon Mulil. (irmu. Ill (1817).
All erect stout iiereiiiiial ; culm smootii. sometimes hairy at
the nodes, perhii|)s s|iariii<,dy hniiiehed. :5()-'.t() em. Iii<,'h. Sheatlis
as loiif^ as the internotles; hlaties ohlon<f-laiu('olate from a narrowed
cordate base, smootli exeept the rougli marjjins and eiliate base,
!)-13-iierve<l, 10-18 em. lon^, "Z-'-i cm. wide, usually a tuft of thiek
ovate leaves near the grouml. the apex much the sha]te of the leaves
of /*. clandcsfhiiiiH. I'aniele mueh exserted on a slender |)edunele,
oblong or oval, 8-18 cm. long. Si)ikelets often |)urple. smooth or
nearly so, very numerous on very slender pedicels, obovoid or oval.
1.4 mm. long: lirst glume less than one-third as long as the sj)ike-
let; second and floral glume of the neuter floret similar. 7-nerved.
the palea for the latter very small, liyaline. tlie fertile floret smooth,
the sliajie of a hemisj)here slightly con, pressed.
Specimens from the U. S. Dept. Agrimil., no locality; Dis-
rri<'t of Columbia. McCnrfJij/.
Wet ground. Massachusetts to Michigan and Texas.
Var. sphserocarpon (Ell.). P. sp/icrrocrn'/mii Ell. Hot. S. C. &
fJa. 1 : 1 ■.*.') (I81T). Plant shorter, more slender; blailes (5 cm. long,
8 mm. wide; sheaths shorter than the iuternodes. which are often
puliescent; panicle 5-7 cm. long; spikelets smooth or shortly pubes-
cent.
District ot' Columbia, U. S. Dept. Agricnl. from Dr. TV/wy/.
Same range as the s})ecies.
60. P. Chapmani Vasey. Bull. Torr. Club, 11:01 (188+). P.
tennicnhmm Chapm. Fl. S. States. 5:2 (I SCO), not Meyer.
Culms tufted, erect, slender, mostly simple. Sheaths ciliatc on
the margins: lignle a eiliate ring; blades of sterile shoots lirm.
mostly involute, usually smooth l)elow. scabrous above, 20-30 cm.
lomr, 2—1 mm. wide, those of the culms shorter or about the lenjrtli
of the interuodes. Panicle slender, simple, racemose. 15-30 cm.
long composed of 8-10 appressed. sessile spikes, which are distant
below and a])])roximate above, 1-3 cm. long; rachis triquetrous,
scabrous, flexuose, terminated by a short bristle. Spikelets oval.
138 I'ANU ACIvK
almost acute, ii tniii. loim; lirst •iliiinc broad, ohtuso, li-iuTvcd,
about 1 mm. lou^; si'coud and tliinl t'(|iial, with cross nerves, 7- and
5-uerved respectively: fertile llorel oval or ovate, abruptly acute,
linely striate, "i mm. lou<,'.
Florida, Ciir/iss ;}»)():', BIihIiiiII. .1. /'. (nir/tfi; all in iicrh.
CIray.
C.l. P. iNDKUM li. Mant. -.': lS-1 (im).
Culms slender, l)ran(•llini,^ erect or dilTiise. 40 (iO em. Iiiuh.
Sheiillis smooth; li.iiule 1 mm. loiii;'; blades and piiiucles ot'lcn
])urplisli. smootli or scii.rid, the roriner Hat. I.")-'-iO cm. loni;'. ".* I
mm. wide. I'anicle strict, dense, s[)ikelike, o -ir» cm. loni:'. li-'* mm.
diani. : i.„». 1-.") nuu. lonu;. S[)ikclcls cuneate-ovate, smiooiIi, •* mm.
lon<;: lirst, ulume iJ-.Viiervcd, i.)) mm. loni4'; second and Moral
^dume of lower lloret e(pial, 7-'.l-nerved : fertile liori't smooth, shin-
iny, oval, almost acute at both ends. 1. t mm. lon;^'.
Mexico (Jidisco). /'ri/ir/lr 'i'MV.i.
]Sear shallow pools, probably introduced from the Old World.
(\'i. P. dichotomum li. Sp. IM. 1 : .^.S (i; ■»:;).
IVrenniid; cidms smooth or softly h:ury. slciidi'r. simple or later
in the season briiiicliin<;- freely alony- the nuddle, '^O-AO cm. \\\<i]i,
rarely \-'t '.'(» cm. hi,<ih. licaf-blades near the base, tufted, lirm,
ovate-lanccohde, {).i)-'.\ em. loni;-. the (tthers Hat. lanceolate, usually
5-7 cm. loiii;', o-T mm. wide, holdiiijjf their width well to the I>ase,
some not over ;{ cm. loni;-, others I'i cm. lonn-; blades and sheidhs
usuidly eontainin,!; some soft hairs, somi'times suuioth, and on short,
])lants sometimes roun'h. 'IMu' terminal panicle exserted. spreadiny',
compound, ovoid or pyramidal, :> -!) cm. lon,i,s the lateral ones
smaller, partially or wholly included. Spikelets few ( 10) to many
(■•i.-)!)). on slender |)e(licels. oblon.ii-ovate. obtuse, downy, less often
smooth, 1.5-'^ mm. lony; lii'st .irlume broad, l-nerve<l, minute to
one-third tiie lenufth of the spikelet; second empty {jflume and lloral
fiiuim^ of the neuter lloret e<|ual. usually 7-nerved, occasiomilly with
one or two or more nerves; palea small, hyaline, the fertile lloret
smooth, oval as \ou<x as the second and third ifbmu's.
Most partf of iNorth .\merica.
I'lants of various forms ami perhaps varieties or even species
I'AXU'K.K.
139
from wiiloly sopanitcd lociilitu's too nunu'rous to inontion luivo ro-
ocivi'd protnictod study, so fur witli resiilt.s quito iiiisiitisfiU'lory.
It is ;i |»ity that soiiio of tlu'so forms over rcwivod distinct iiiiiiu's.
For I'Xiimpli'. |tlunts in \vlii(di the nodes urc clotlu'd with dcnsi',
straight iiairs liavi- lu'cn called /'. bnvbuhthon iMx.. often witiioiit
nmcii regard lor other peculiarities. In a similar manner, if
shajijjjy-hairy or villuus. the plants have been known as /'. iiithrscviix
Mx. or /'. riHosi'.iH KlI.. or. if the leaves were smooth except
straight hairs on the inaruins, /'. cilidhtiii KlI., or, if the culms
and sheaths' were softly hairy, /'. Itivuijiiiostitti KM. IMaids with
smooth leaves varying considerably in other respects h;ive received
the name of /'. iiitiihiiit Lam. If the leaves be smooth. Iliit. short,
taperiui"' much like a we(li;e. the plant, is /'. nislfoliiiin Ualdw. In
ii lar^'c collection there will be numy spi'cimens, each answeriii',' to
one and often two or more of these nami's; and there will be others
showinsj var.ous c()mi)inations of peculiarities expressed in the
names aliove j^iven.
\'ar. laxiflorum (Lam.). /'. Itij-ijlunnii Lam. Mncycl. I:7IS
(IT'.'I). Leaves numerous; blades thin, lanceolate. 10 11 cm. louij;;
panicle thin.
|)r. Watson, in (iray's Manual. ImI. (i. describes the forms or
varieties as: [a) conuintiii', with simple culms erect or asccndiiii,',
and li'avi's sid»er"ct, usually pale ^reen, (A) /W.vr/Vv/A///////, with clus-
lei'cil leal'y branches and short peduncles, a common autumn slatt*,
and {(■) (/nti'i/f, the culms lax, very slender and eloufj^ated, with
rather distant s|>readin,<; leaves (usually brii^ht iffecn). and nmstly
louii- pedunculate panicles.
iCJ. P. rhizophorum I'ourn. Ih'uisl. hiol. Centr. Am. Mot.,
:!:l!ir) (ISSO).
Culms rather slender, sionieidate, rootinjjf at tlm lower nodes,
oO (iO cm. Iiiirli. slightly branchiiii;-. mcuv or le.ss pubernleut.
Sheaths puberulent. m!iri;ins pilose; lijiide a mere riiii?; blades Hat,
<i 10 cm. loni,', l.A mm. wide, ovatc-laiuseolato, acumimite, iiu>(pii-
luteral, subcordale. I'anicl(>s mostly terminal, simple, l-T em.
Innijf; rays pubescent at the axils, sprcadiiifj, single, the lonjjfest
^'. .")-;> cm. lonif, the rays bearing clusters of s[>ikelets on the ends.
140 PANICAC'E.B.
Spikelets smooth, oval or obovate, obtuse, 1.0-i.O mm. long;
second and third glumes equal, 5-nerved; Horet Jiispidulous, oval,
1.4 mm. long.
Mexico (San Luis Potosi), Prinfile 3S17, Hourg. 30:55. liott.
150, 151, 427. Bel. 390.
Shady rocky slopes.
64. P. depauperatum Muhl. (!ram. 112 (ISIT). P. Wikox-
ianum Vasey, Bull. 8, U. S. Dept. Agric. iiot. Div. 32 (188!»).
A tufted perennial; culms slender, simple, erect, branching
below, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths mostly pubescent; blades 3 to a
culm, narrowly linear, erect. Hat or involute, beset with long soft
hairs. Panicle 3-0 cm. long, simple, contracted on long peduncles,
above the leaves or some of them mucli lower. Spikelets mostly
acute whei! young, some of them becoming obtuse when mature,
oval-ovate or oval-obovat'.'. 2-3.5 mm. long; tirst glume 1-2 mm.
long, 1-5-nerved, second 7-10-nerved; iloral glume of tlie neuter
spikelet 5-!>-nerved, its palea small; fertile floret oval, smooth,
1.7-2.7 mm. long.
The plant varies much, especially the spikelets. In the above
measurement of spikelets the larger is from a plant collected by
Dr. Vasey in 1). C, and named by Vasey & Scribner; the snudler
is one of the Cooly collection, from Deertield, Mass.
New York to Texas. Michigan, Wheeler for :M. A. C. 17. lUal
18, !'.», Cuoleii for M. .\. C. 20,21; Massachusetts, Shtrtvcant;
Texas. Jenneij for Nat. Mus., Xetil/ei/.
\ar. laxum Vasey. Hull, 'i'orr. Club, l(i:8 (188!)). ''Weaker
stemmed; i)anicK' with longer and more spreading branches
(1.5-2 inches), the lower ones single or verticillate; s})ikelets
smaller."
Virginia. Florida, Texas. Arkansas, Missouri.
(>5. P. Vaseyanum Scribn. ined.
A geniculate puri)lish branching annual. 50-80 cm. high,
smooth throughout, except the nnirgins of the blades and the
hispid branches of the panicle; nodes light-colored. Sheaths loose,
ciliate; ligule very short; blades thin. Hat, 10-15 cm. long. 4-ti
mm. wide. Panicles terminal, or wilh two or three lateral,
PANK'K.E. 141
partially iiichuled by tlie leaves, narrow, erect, compact, 4-7 cm.
long, 5-7 mm. wide; rays rather stiff, appressed, 1-2 cm. long.
Spikelets smooth, oval or ovoid, 2.5 mm. long; first glume thin,
deltoid, 1-uerved, about 1 mm. long; second and third glumes
equal, delicately D-l 1-uerved; fertile floret smooth, subacute,
2.3 mm. long.
Mexico, Fringle 1415.
Wet places, pine plains, base of Sierra Madre. Sep. 30, 1887.
The above description was made entirely from the single specimen
above noticed.
()G. P. commutatum Schultes, Alant. 2:242 (1824). P. ncrvo-
suni Muhl. Gram. IIG (1817), not Lam.
A rather slender, erect perennial. Culms simple, smooth,
40-00 cm. higli ; nodes dark pur2)le. Sheaths smooth or softly
ciliate, some of the lowest shorter and thicker and rough, covering
about half tlie internodes; blades ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate with
the base cordate, smootli, except the ciliate margins, 11-nerved,
7-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide. Panicle exserted, pyramidal or oval,
spreading; branches slender, flexuous, smooth, (j-12 cm. long.
Spikelets numerous; capillary pedicels 2-15 mm. long, elliptical,
subacute, minutely hairy under a lens, or smooth. 2.5-3 mm. long;
first glume broad, thin. 1-nerved; second ghnne and floral glume of
the neuter floret equal, 7-nerved. the palea to the latter half as long
as the spikelet; fertile floret smooth, oval, obtuse. 2.3 mm. loug.
U. S. Dept. Agricul. no locality, (Jeorgia, Coohnj; Kentucky,
hrrh. Michigan Univ. from Houghton; Texas, Xnd/i'i/.
By some this is included with /*. dichotomy di L.
Michigan, Pennsylvania, to Louisiana.
Var. consanguineum (Kunth). /*. ('onsnnfjui)icum Kunth, Rev.
firam. 1:36 (1829). P. viUoxuni Ell. Hot. S. C. & Ga. 1:124
(1810). r. aiKjHstifoJium Ell. Hot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 121) (1810).
('ulms branching. Sheatiis ])ubescent; blades villous on the
margins near the base, 5-8 mm. wide. Panicle sometimes partially
included.
Virginia, U. S. Dept. Agricul. from Vasei/ ; Florida, Ciniiss
3583.
142 PANICACE.E
The latter specimens are more slender in every way, not
protlucing panicles, a feeble growth reminding one of the sickly
growth of peach-trees having the yellows.
South Carolina to Florida.
Ur. P. Joorii Vusey, Bull. 8, U. S. Dept. Agric. 31 (1889).
Perennial; culms branching, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths
crowded and overlapping toward the top of the culm, ciliate on the
margins; ligule a mere ring; blades Hat, linear-lanceolate or oval-
lanceolate, G-10 cm. long, 1.3-2 mm. wide, wavy-margined, the
cordate base ciliate. Panicle often partly included, Avhen exscrted
ovoid, about 5 cm. long; rays bearing a few pedicelled spikelets
from base to apex. Spikelets linear to oval, acute, 3 mm. long;
first glume deltoid, 1.3 mm. long, obscurely 5-nervcd; second and
third or lloral glume of the lower floret oval, subacute, 0-nerved,
2.7 mm. long, its palea narrow and more than half as long; fertile
floret oval, 2 mm. long; floral glume and i)aloa membranous,
ratlier soft.
Mississippi. *S'. M. Tracy in 1888.
()8. P. xanthophysum A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:233 (1835).
An erect yellowish -green perennial, sometimes sparingly
branched near the base, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths hairy, usually
covering all the culm, except above the u})per leaf; blades 4-6,
smooth except the margins and the ciliate, boarded, elasi)ing base,
lanceolate-acuminate, 9-11 -nerved. 7-15 cm. long. 1-1.5 cm. wide.
Panicle erect, much exserleil, very simple: branches appressed,
5-8 cm. long. Spikelets 5-15, broad-ovate, minutely downy, a
little over 3 mm. long; first empty glume ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved,
reaching near to the middle of the spikelet; second 9-13-nervedi
floral glume of sterile floret 9-nerved, its palea nerveless, 2.5 mm.
long and when spread of equal width below; fertile floret smooth,
2.5 mm. long.
Xew York, U. S. Dept. Agricul. lOG from Dndki/; Vermont,
Pringle; New Jersey, Britten; New York, Clinton for Dr. Clark
2499; Michigan, Whcehr iov U. A. C. 19.
Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts, New York, northern Michigan,
to Minnesota and northward, rare.
PAMCE.E. 143
69. p. viscidum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:123, /. 7, /. 3 (1817).
P. scoparium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:49 (1803), not Lam.
(1797).
A robust branching leafy perennial. 90-120 cm. high, softly
hairy throughout, except the nodes, branches of the panicle and
sometimes the upper surface of the leaves. Leaf-blades flat,
lanceolate, narrowed toward the base, 12-24 cm. long, 1-2 cm.
wide. Panicle comjiound; branches glandular, diffuse, the base
included by the upper sheath, 12-18 cm. long. Spikelets borne on
capiUary flexuose pedicels, elliptical, subacute, about 2.5 mm.
long: first glume thin. 1-nerved, less than 1 mm. long; second and
iloral glume of the neuter floret 7-9-nerved: palea much shorter
and narrower; fertile floret ovate-oblong, subacute, 2 mm. long.
Alabama, Mohr; District of Columbia, McVartlnj. Wet places
near the seacoast.
New England to Florida and Texas.
Var. scabriusculum. P. scahriuftrnlum Chapm. Fl. S. States
576 (1860), no] KU. /'. XeaUt'/fi Vasey.
Sheaths and lower side of the blades smooth, rough or more or
less pubescent. Spikelets smooth or minutely i)ubeseent under a
lens.
Alabama (]\[obile), Mohr; Texas, Nealley; Florida, Chapman
31.
Xorth Carolina to Florida and Teras.
70. P. scoparium Lam. Encycl. 4:744 (1797). P. pauciflorum
Ell. Bot. S. C. iS: (ia. 1: 120 (1817).
A tufted upright perennial, branching much or little, 30-60
cm. high. Culm rough or smooth, rather stout, internodes longer
than the sheaths. Sheaths hairy; blades flat, firm, lanceolate,
mostly hairy beneath, faintly 7-11-nerved. 6-14 cm. long, 7-13
mm. wide. Panicles exserted, simple, ovoid or pyramidal, 4-7 I'm.
long. Spikelets all pedicelled, obovate-obtuse, pubescent, 3 mm.
long, often purple at the base; first glume broad, 1-nerved, over 1
mm. long, second not longer than the fertile floret, 9-n-nerved;
floral glume of the neuter floret 9-nerved, its palea thin and much
shorter; fertile floret firm, smooth, broad-oval, 2.5 mm. long.
144 PANICACE.E.
Now Jersey, Scribner 3601 from Parker, named by Vasey
and Scribner ; Micbigan, Wheeler j District of Columbia, Va/^ei/ ;
Arizona, Pritiyle.
In all tbe above there is a remarkable uniformity in size of
S])ikelets.
Massachusetts to Oregon, (leorgia and Arizona.
71. P. clandestinum L. Spec. PI. 5S (17"):$).
Perennial, from tufted rootstocks. Culms stout, erect, very
leafy. Sheaths rough with papilltB bearing stiff spreading hairs;
bhides oblong-lanceolate, 12-15 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, from a
heart-shaped base; apex long, wedge-shaped, rough or smooth.
Panicles terminal and usually cxserted or lateral and included, the
terminal one spreading and pyramidal, 12 l)y 10 cm. Spikelets
oblong, mostly smooth, '.\-',].i\ mm. long; iirst glume acute,
1-nerved, second !)-ll-nerved; floral glume of staminate lloret
7-11-nerved, its palea present; fertile floret oval, subacute, 3.5 mm.
long.
Much like P. htfifdJium. Culm stouter, branching more
freely; panicle with more branches and more spikelets, which
are oval.
Distri(>t of Columbia, IT. S. Dept. Agricul. 54 from CJiirlrrhifj;
Philadelphia, Pa., Scribner 358;); ^lassachusetts, Sturtevauf for
M. A. V.\ Pennsylvania, Dr. Clark 2371; New Jersey, Herb.
Univ. of Mich. Also No. 125 presented by S. S. Garrigues to
Univ. of Mich. The sheaths of the latter feel smooth to the touch.
Low land, Massachusetts, ^lic^higan, Texas.
72. P. Oaxacense Steiul. Syn. PI. Gram. 73 (1855).
Culm smooth, erect, stout, 2-2.5 m. high. Sheaths shorter
than the internoues, ciliate on the margins above; ligule 1-2 mm.
long; blades smooth or very s})aringly })ubes('ent, eonlate, acumi-
nate, at least 10-20 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide. Panicle ojien,
pyramidal, ab(nit 30 cm. long; rays smooth, rigid, in twos, threes
or single, 3-5 cm. distant; l)ranches few. sju'eading, bearing 2-10
spikelets. Spikelets subsessile or on pedicels 1 mm. to 4 cm. long,
globose, oval, 4 mm. long; first glume concave, ovate-deltoid when
spread, 7-nerved, 3 mm. long; second glume and floral glume of
PANK'E.K. 145
the neuter floret equiil, tlie foriner 7-nerved, the hitter 9-nerved;
fourth glume ([uilea of tlie neuter iloret) ohovute, '.) mm. long,
Avitli ii long ciillous base ; ui)per floret shining, smooth, oval, sub-
acute, ^.T) mm. long.
Mexico (Jalisco), />rin(/le i:;}3.
r;{. p. Walter! I'oir. Lam. Envycl. Suppl. 4:282 (1810).
J'. latifoUuiii Walt. Fl. Car. 73 (1788), not Jj., teste Swartz.
I'orennial, fi'om tufted rootstocks. Culms sniooth, erect, simple
orsparingly branching, 30-70 cm. high. Leal'-blades ll-lS-nerved,
(»-lI cm. long. 2-3.5 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
rather abru[)tlv' taper-pointed, the base cordate-clasping, mostly
smooth (.'xcei)t the throat, margins near the base, and lower end
of the sheath near the nodes, which are villous. Panicle simple,
usually exserted, often on a long ])ednncle: rays spreading, 7-12
cm. long. S[)ikelets often downy, obovate, 3-4 mm. long (mostly
3.5); first glume 1-nerved, 1 mm. or moic long, second !)-13-
nerved ; lower floret staminate, floral glume 7-1 ;{-nerved, its palea but
little shorter: fertile floret elliptical, subacute. 2.5-3.3 mm. long.
Much like /'. claiide.sli/nitii. but blades more tajjeriiig below the
middle, tapering more abruptly, with concave margins above,
mostly shorter and wider.
A plant from Dr. Vasey, collected at Washington, ]).C.,
I8S4, marked '* typical "" has hairy sheaths, blades 10 cm. by 2 cm.,
panicles snudi, branches stout. Spikelets 4 mm. long.
Michigan, /it'dl 2\, A ns/i/i ; Ma>*sachusetts, Benl 22; New York,
Jical 23 ; M innesota, Uolztxticr ;}2 : District of Columl)ia, Mr('(ii't/ii/.
Fouiul from New England to 'I'cxas.
Var. molle Vasey. Contrib. V. S. \at. Tlerl). 3:33 (1802).
Smaller, more slender, soft velvety-pubescent throughout. District
of Columbia, Vnseif for U. S. Dept. Agricul.
Vinfinia to Louisiana.
27. (;») ICHNANTHUS Heauv. Agrost. 50, f. 12,/. 1 (1812). Xa-
viciihirid Uaddi. Agrost. Hras. 38 (1823).
Spikelets ovate or acuminate, short-pedicellate on the branches
of the panicle, with one perfect terminal flower and a lateral stami-
nate flower.
146
PANICACE.E.
The two lower empty glumes subequal, membranous, the floral
glume of the staminate or neuter floret about the length of the two
lower glumes; floral glume and palea of the fertile floret usually
shorter and harder, and the racliilla below supplied with membran-
ous api)endages or pits. Stamens 3. Styles distinct at the base.
(J rain oblong, enclosed by glume and palea, but not adherent.
Grasses with much the habit of Eupaniciim in the genus Pani-
ciim; blade usually broad. Panicle rather dense.
There are about twenty species found in tropical America, and
one of them is also found in India.
1. I. pallens (Sw.) Munro, Henth. Fl. llongk. 414 (1861).
Paviciim pallens Sw. Prod. 23 (ITSS).
A rather slender grass, the leafy branching culms 30-40 cm.
high, from creeping bases. Slieaths half as long as the internodes;
ligule very short; l>hides flat, ovate or ovate-lanceohite, more or less
hirsute, 5-9 cm. long. Panicles terminal or lateral, linear or
slightly spreading, 8-13 em. long; rays single or in twos, the
longest 6-8 cm. long, bearing scattering spikelets on the branches
for the whole length. Spikelets oval, 3-3.5 mm. long; iirst empty
glume 3-nerved with a slender beak, second and third 5-nerved;
fertile floret oval, obtuse. 2 mm. long.
Mexico (San Luis Potosi), Prlngle 3827, also found in the West
Indies and in Brazil.
A
Fig. 86 — lehnauthus pallens.
A, B, spikelets.
B
(Hichardson.)
28. (10) Oplismenus Heauv. Fl. Owar. 2:14, t. 58 (1807).
Poniculafnm Ard. Animad. 2:14 (1764). Otihojwgon R. Br.
Prod. 194 (1810). Ophiwicnus Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 4:271
(1816). Hekaterosachne Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 118 (1855).
PANICE.E.
147
Spikelcts Avitli 1 terminal perfect flower and a rudimentiiry 1
below it, awued, clustered along the secund distant rays of a simple
])aniele, articulate with the pt'dicels. (Jlumes 4, the 3 outer ones
membranous, the lowest empty one not much shorter than the
others and with a lonjrer awn, floral ji^lume awuless and hardened
witli the palea as in J'aiiinnii. to which it is very nearly allied, in
the section Brachiaria. Stamens ;5. Styles distinct.
A small tropical and subtropical genus of 10 to 10 s])ecies, found
in both hemispheres. By some botanists they have been sc])arated
as tliough there were thirty species. The genus diifers fnmi Pani-
ciDii in the greater development of the lowest empty glume, which
is always awned.
1. 0. undulatifolius ]?eauv. Agrost. 54.(181'^). O. sctarins K.
& S. Syst. 'Z-ASY (181 :). Panicnm sefariNui Lam. 111. 1:170
(i:i»l).
Culms weak, sparingly brariched,
20-50 cm. high, ascending fi'om a long
creei)ing base. Sheaths ciliate, about as
long as the internodes; blades reticu-
late-veined, ovate-lanceolate or lanceo-
late, acute. 2-4 cm. long, 5-12 mm.
wide, sparingly ciliate. Spikes 5-8, on
3-8 centimeters of the axis, 5-8 mm.
long. Spikelcts ',\-7, glabrescent, oval,
!) mm. long, first glume 1-nerved. 2
nun. long, with a stout, straight,
smooth, blunt awn, 1 cm. long, second
ii little longer, ovate, 5-nerved, bearing
iui awn its own length, third glume
l)road-oval, still longer, 7-0-nerved,
with a short awn; fertile floret ovate, Fig. 27.—Opli8memts undulnti-
•iboiit -^ mm loner Z"^*'"*- -b spike; a, spikek-t;
.loout ^ mm. long. ^^ ^^^^^ (Scribner.)
Florida, Curfiss 3595.
2. 0. Liebmanni Fourn. Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:502
(1880).
Culms simple excepting at the base, 40-60 cm. high. Sheaths
148 PANIC" ACE. 15.
slightly (.'iliate, mostly shorter tluiu the internodes: blades reticu-
late-veined, elliptieal-laiiceolate, acuminate, i-S cm. long, 8-14
mm. wide, sparingly ciliate. Spikes 5-8, on 7-10 centimeters of
the axis, tiio longest 15-5 cm. long. Spikelets in clusters of 2-5
on the primary branches, ellii)tical. 15 mm. long, first glume '.i-
nerved, 2 mm. long, with an awn 3-5 mm. long, second a little
longer, 5-nerved, unawned, third still longer, 7-9-uerved, uuawued;
fertile fioret 3.5 mm. long.
Mexico (Oaxaca), Priiif/Ie 494-i.
Texas, Mexico to Brazil.
Anotlier form or variety is No. 4G3, Dr. E. Palmer, Jalisco,
Mexico, in 188(i. In tlie latter the rachis is clothed with hairs ex-
tending beyond and covering the spikelets. Spikelets 13-20 in an
oblong spike 1 cm. long, oval 3 mm. long, awns very slender and
rough, third glume awnless.
21). (11) Chjetium Nees. Agrost. liras. SCO (1829).
Herchtohlia Presl, l^>li(|. Ihvnk. ;J23, /. 43 (1830).
Spikelets narrow in a close panicle, the pedicel articulate near
tlic middle, 1-tlowered with 3 empty glumes (the third standing for
a second tloret), first aiul second empty glumes termiiuiting in
l)ristle-like awns, second usually larger witli a longer awn, third
sliorter witli a shorter awn; fertile fioret firm, shorter, acuminate.
Stamens 3. Styles disiinct. (irain ol)long, enclosed, but not
adiiereiit.
Kather stout grasses with narrow leaf-blades Panicle terminal
and ([('ii^i.' with slender rays.
There are two species known, one belonging to Mexico, the other
to Brazil.
('lupfium has nearly the spikelets of Oplismonus, the outer
glumes being well developed aiul awned; the infioresceuce is
(|uite different. Kunth places it with OpJistnenua, Doel with
Pdiiirtfiii. Fournier retains Chwtium for one of two species and
places the other in the genus Berrhtohliit.
1. C. bromoides (Lam.) Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 19: 46 (1881).
Paniann hromoiden Lam. 111. 170 (1791).
Culms hard, smooth, compressed, about GO cm. high, from pe-
PANU'EiE.
149
rennial rootstocks. Sheaths loii<;er tluin tlie intornodes; li;nrulo,
maririns of the sheaths, and the nodes sliort-liairy; bhides nearly
smooth, sparingly soft-pubescent, fhit or condui)lieate, 30 cm. long,
6 mm. wide. Panicle partially included by the upper sheath.
Pig. 28.— Ch(Ptium bromoides. Spikelet. (Richardson.)
15-18 cm. long, rachis and rays triangular and liispid. pedicels
clothed with short, stiflF, erect hairs, and separating obliquely near
the base. Spikelets rough, compressed, narrowly elliptical, with a
150 I'AMCACK.E.
furrow on each side. T nun. loii<r. lu'sides the burbcd points at tho
base and the awns above ; awns lU-'-iO mm. loiip:, ilnst and second
glumes T-nerved ()} nerves near the middle and 2 toward each ed<re) ;
third glume (lloral glume of the rudimentary lloret) delicately ')-
nerved; fertile lloret rough, elliptical, 5-0 mm. long, terminatiug
in a sluirt spine, the lloral glume 5-nerved.
Mexico, J'dhnn' C>\\K Prinyle 2;{;31.
:?(». (r*) ChamjerAPHIS K. Mr. Trod. 1:193 (1810). Svtaria
IVauv. Agrost. 11:5 (KSl:i), not Ach. (ITDS).
Spikelets with one terminal perfect tlower, aiul a staminatt' or
neuter one below it, crowded into a cylindrical dense or soniotinies
interrupted spikelike panicle, awnless, articulate with the pedicel,
sonu> or all of which bear 1 to several persistent, awidike, iiarren
branches; lirstouti'r glunu' snudl. sccoiul larger, lloral glume of the
barren lloret equalling the second oi' longer, all three membranous;
lloral glume of tlu^ fertile lloret llrm,. StanuMis ',\. Styles distinct,
(irain enclosed, but not adherent. Annual grasses with Hat leaf-
blades. Panicle terminal.
Specii's very variable, about 35, though lientham said, in fien-
cra riantarum, ''Hardly more than 10 that are well dciiiied.'" Ex-
tensively distributed over tlie warmer and temperate regions of the
globe. ^lost of them are considered weeds, thougli the young
j)lant ami the seeds make wholesome food for many domestic ani-
.mals.
The older authors included Chamivraphis {Setaria) in Pani-
cum, aiul it has been restored as a section by 8tudel and Doel. It
is easily recognized by the dense spikelike panicle, usually bristling
with numerous setae issuing from the pedicels below the spikelets.
The setie are not epidermal, like the hairs of many plants, but are
thought to represent abortive branchlets inserted bc/owthc articida-
tion of the pedicels. A few species have the lower llower perfect as
well as tho ui)pcr, which is quite exceptional in Pionrew. Ptniir/nn
n>n's(>tu)» Trill, has a single awn on some of the pedicels, and on this
account has been by some called Setaria imiscta, while Presl called
it Urochloa uniseta, and Schlecht founded a genus for it called Ix-
ophorus.
PAXICE.E. 151
A. Lciif-bliulcs plioato , 15
li, Hristlos with fine teeth pointinj; downwards 1
C. liristles witli lino ttoth jtointiiif,' upwards (a)
a. I 'hints ;]-() meters lii«fli )t
a. IMants 25-00 eni. higli. Slieaths eoniprossed. . 3. 4, 5, <!
a. Plants usually S-:.M) cm. lii^jli (No. 7 often taller). Sheaths
compressed little if any (}i)
b. Exotic, cultivated, •^(»-4(> em. or more hiffh
e>'
t
b. Native in Florida and 'IVxas 8
a. Plants usually ;50-G0 em. hi<,di. Sheaths comjjressed little if
any (c)
c. Spikes tawny yellow when mature !)
c. Spikes ffreen or reddish brown when mature. . . . (d)
d. Fertile lloret stron<;ly wrinkled transversely, as \n ('.
l//ii>trti 10, 11
d. Fertile lloret not wrinkled transversely, or only as seen
under a lens (e)
e. Spikes dense I'l
e. S|)ikes interrupted (i)
i. Sp<ikelets 3 mm. long 13
i. Spikelets 2 mm. long, bristles single. ... 14
1. C. verticillata (L.) Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20:196 (1893).
Panicum vertidUatHm L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 82 (1T62). Pcnnhe-
tum verticiUiitum R. Br. Prod. 1: 195 (1810). Setaria verticillata
Jieauv. Agrost. 51 (1812).
Culms erect or ascending, brauching and cylindrical below,
30-60 cm. high. Sheaths smooth, loose; ligule ciliate: blades flat,
rough, twisted (?), broad at the base, of large specimens, 15 cm-
long, 12-15 mm. wide. Spikelike panicle green, often rather
loose and interrupted at the base, the s[)ikelets densely clustered,
each pedicel bearing 1-2 bristles twice as long as themselves
with the asi)erities directed downwards. Spikelets oval, aiiout 2
mm. long, first glume one-half the length of the spikelet, 1-nerveil,
second nearly as long as the third, broad. 7-nerved, the latter 5-7-
nerved; fertile floret smooth, the minute transverse wrinkles
scarcely visible, even under a lens.
152 PANICACE^-
New Jersey (ballast), Scribner 3613 + for U. S. Dept.
Agricul. 117; Iowa, Hitchcock; Mexico, Vasey for U. S. Depto
Agrieul.
The plants have much the habit of C. viridis. A weed in
cultivated grounds of warm countries.
2. C. magna (Griseb.). Setaria magna Griseb. Fl. Brit. W.
Ind. 554 (1864).
Culm compressed, robust, 3-6 meters high, pubescent below
the nodes, having much the habit of 6^. Italica. liigule oblicjuo,
ciliate; blades flat, scabrous. Spikes cyliudrical-clavate, 4-5 (an.
diam., rays crowded or the lowest somewhat remote, bristles 1-3 to
the spikelot. roughened upwards, 10-15 mm. long. Spikelets ellip-
tical, about 2 mm. long, first glume 3-uer\ed, half the length of
the floret, all others nearly equal in length, second 7-nerved. third
6-nerved, with a palea; fertile floret smooth.
Florida, (/. F. Nash 1279 in 1894; also found in Cuba and
Jamaica swamps.
3. C. latiglumis (Vasey). S. latiglumis Vasey, Bull. Torr.
Club. 229 (1886).
Cnlms erect, simple or sparingly branched, slender, 25-45 cm.
high, nodes finely ])ubescent. Sheaths compressed, narrow,
sparsely scabrous-pubescent, shorter tliaii tin; iiiteniodes; ligulo a
ciliate ring; blade scarcely smooth, 10-15 cm. long, 4-6 cm wide.
Spike erect, loosely flowered, 5-10 cm. long. 0-S mm. diam.. rays
short, 1-6-flowered, usually with 1 l)ristle to each spikelet, the
bristles 15-20 mm. long. Spikelets broadly ovoid, obtuse, 4 mm.
long, glumes thin, first ginme sul)reniform, concave, 7-9-13-
norved, 3 mm. long, second cordate, shaped like the first one,
15-23-28-nerved, third tumid at the base, truncate. 11-13-nerved,
witli a thin .ihort palea; fertile floret ovate, abruptly acute or
mucronatc, 3 mm. I'^ng.
Nearly allied to C. pauciseta, and perhaps one is a mere variety
of the other.
Mexico, Palmer in 1885.
4. C. pauciseta (Vasey) Kuntze. T?ev. Gen. PI. 769 (1891).
Schn'a pt'uciseta Vasey, Bull. Tor. Club, 13:230 (1886).
PANICE.E. 153
A ratlicr slender, erect grass, 30-40 cm. high. Culms branched
at the base, compressed. Sheaths compressed-keeled e(|iialling, or
the upper longer than tlie internodos; ligule a ciliate ring; blades
erect, acuminate, 10-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide. Panicle erect,
loosely flowered, 6-10 cm. long, G-10 mm. diam., rachis and rays
angular, scabrous, bristles about twice as many as the fertile flowers,
1-2 cm. long, rays irregular, 6-12 mm. long, 1-5-10-flowered.
Spikelets ovoid, acute, about 3 mm. long, first glume very broad,
obtuse, concave, thin. 5-11-nerved, 1.3 mm. long, second obtuse,
thin (with cross nerves), subreniform, 13-19-nerved, third ovate,
obtuse when spread. 7-0-nerved, with or without a palea; floral
ghinie ovate, mucronate. 2 mm. long. Spikelets appear acute,
owing to the involution of the apex of the glumes. In the above
description, Dr. Vasey is followed rather closely, though the ])lant
was examined.
Nearly allied to C. latiyhimis, and perhaps one is a mere variety
of the other.
Mexico, PdJnwr 78.
5. C. Ventenatii (Kunth).
Sctaria Ventetiatii Kunth. "Rev. Cram. 1 :251. t. 37 (1829).
Culms erect, glabrous, slightly compressed. pul)escent at the
nodes, 40-00 cm. high. Slieatlis compressed; ligule a fringe of
hairs; blades scabrous, flat, narrow l)e[ow, 15-30 cm. long. 5-7 mm.
wide. Spikes much exserted, thin, purplish. O-Scm. long. Spike-
lets 2-4 in a cluster or single, having 2-3 bristles 15 mm. long, each
(including those abortive) with asjierities ])ointing upwards, oval,
almost pointed, gibbous, 2.5 mm. long; lirst glume deltoid, half as
long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, second longer, 5-7-nerved, third
5-nerved: fertile floret slightly wrinkled transversely. Index
Kowensis includes this under Si'larid (/hiKca.
Florida. <!. V. \asJi 1382 in 18!)4.
6. C. flava (Kunth) Kuntze, l{ev. Cen. PI. 770 (1801). Sefnria
jiara Kunth, Rev. Cram. 1 : 40 (1820). Pnnicum Jlavum, Nees,
Trin. (;ram. Panic. 1G2 (1833).
Culms erect, comjtressed, smooth, branching below, 30-60 cm.
high. Sheaths com[)ressed; ligule a mere ring, thinly pubescent;
154 PANICACE^.
blades flat, nearly smooth, twisted, 10-17 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide,
the tips slender. Spikes liglit green, rutlier dense, 5-8 em. long, 7
mm. diam. Spi^elets 2-4 in a cluster, having 3-3 bristles (3-10
mm. long), each with asperities pointing npwards, oval, almost
pointed, gibbous, 2.5 mm. long, tirst glume lialf the length of the
spikelet, 3-nerved, second but little longer than the first and 5-
nerved, third 5-nerved, as long as the fertile floret and including a
palea of its own length; fertile floret very slightly wrinkled trans-
versely when seen with a lens. Index Kewensis includes this under
Setitriti jJava.
Florida, G. V. Nash 5GG in 1804.
7. C. iTALiCA (L.)Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PI. 7G8(18r»l). Italian
MiLLKT. J'aiiicnw Jfalicwii L. Sp. PI. 5(3 (1753). Sctaria Jlalica
liciuiv. Agrost. 51 (1812).
Culms smooth, stout, branched, 90-240 cm. high. Leaf-blades
flat, rough, lanceolate. 20-40 or more cm. long, 15-25 mm. wide.
Spikes compound, green or purplish, the rays well filled and con-
tiguous, or the lower ones a little distant, nodding, 20-40 cm. long,
15-25 mm. diam., bristles 1-3 for each spikelet, with asperities
pointing upward, very variable in length. Spikelets narrowly obo-
void when in flower, 3 mm. long, first glume one-third the length
of the spikelet, 3-nerved. second three-fourths as long as the spike-
let, 5-7-nerved ; floral glume of the neuter floret 5-nerved, its palea
small or wanting; fertile floret finely rugose transversely under a
lens.
A very variable plant, as m.^^H be expected when we consider
the wide range of soil and climate in which it is cultivated.
Introduced from the East Indies. For a more extended account
consult Vol. 1, p. 175.
8. C. compo8ita(H. B. K.). Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 709(1801).
Setaria composita II. H. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1:111 (1815).
PanivuH) couipnsi'fuDi Nees. Agrost. Bras. 244 (1829).
Culms smooth, CO-130 cm. high. Throat and margins of sheath
hairy; l)lades rough, linear-lanceolate, 20-30 cm. long, 15-20 mm.
wide. Spikes loose, compound, slightly nodding. 2(^-30 cm. long.
some of the rays often 15-20 mm. long; bristles single or in pairs.
PANICE.E. 155
serrate, 1-2 cm. long. Spikelets elliptical, acute or narrowly oval,
3.5 mm. long, glumes reticulate-veined, first glume broad, 1.5 mm.
long, ;}-5-nerved, second 3 mm. long, 5-nerved ; floi-al glume of the
neuter floret like the second and empty glume, only a little longer,
its palea slender, "Z mm. long; fertile floret with faint transverse
ridges, llesembling Hungarian grass. Index Kewensis in one
place includes this under Setaria vmcrostaehya.
Pennsylvania, Scn'buer 3018; North Carolina, McCarthy;
Iowa, Hitchcock; Michigan, M. A. C. 23, 23, 24:, Cooley, Clark
753.
Florida, Curtif^x 3017.
Florida to Texas.
9. C. GLAUCA (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 707 (1891). Fox-
tail. Panicum (/hiiicion L. Sj^. PI. 56 (1753). Setana (jlauca
Bt'uuv. Agrost. 51 (IS 12).
Culms erect, branching and compressed below, 30-00 cm. high.
Slieatl)s smooth, loose, the lower ones compressed and more or less
tinged with red; blades scabrous, flat, twisteil once or moi-e around,
broad at the b:ise, scabrous and, on large plants, often sparsely cili-
ate. 20-.')0 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. Spike simple, cylindrical,
usually tawny yellow, 3-10 cm. long, awnlike branches 0-13, with
the asperities directed upwards, 2-4 times as long as the spikeiet.
Spikelets solitary, flat on one side, oval, obtuse or almost acute,
2.5-3 mm. long, lirst glume broad, one-half to two-thirds ;is long
as the spikeiet, 3-iu'rved. second wider and a little longer, 5-iierved;
floral glume of neuter floret as long as the spikeiet, 5-nerv('d, its
l)alea nearly as long; fertile floret gibbous on one side, marked with
])roininent transverse wrinkles.
A common weed found in many parts of the world in which the
climate is temperate or tro[)ical. Starts much later and flowers
much later in the season than (\ riridls.
District of ('olumbia, Vasri/ for U. S. Dei)t. Agricul. Ill;
Mexico, Prliif//c 131; Delaware, Canhy for Dr. Clark 1930;
Michigan, ('/(irk7o\, /Mr/ 24; Alabanni, Mohr.
Var. leevigata (Muhl). Fanicuni livr'ujatum Muhl. Gram. 100
(1817).
156 PANIC ace.t;.
" lias a more flattened culm, longer, narrower, and smoother
leaves, and the i)erfect flower obscurely wrinkled. In damp soil
along the coast, Florida to North Carolina." (Cliapman's Flora.)
A plant from Dr. Mohr, Mobile, Alabama, has the smooth
slender leaf, but is otherwise like (\ glanca.
Two plants collected in llarrisburg, Texas, by Prof. Mark W.
Harrington, answer to Chapman's ilescription of C. heviyata, with
the addition that the spikelets are considerably narrower than those
of C. glanca.
Var. geniculata (Beauv.). Sefaria genicidata Beauv. Agrost.
51 (1812). Fmiicmm geiticniatuvi Lam. ^ncyc\. 4:-. 727 (17"J1).
Pennhetiwi genicitlatum Jacq. Eclog. Gram. /. 27 (1813).
Culms slender, often ascending; sheaths glabrous ; blades slen-
der, smooth; spike yellowish green, more slender, 4-5 mm. diam.,
bristles usually shorter.
Texas, Heverchon; Mexico, Bonrgeau 231, 2031, Wright 3'472,
Palmer 293.
Texas to South America.
Var. perennis (Curtiss). A blender-leaved perennial plant,
coming from scaly rootstocks.
Florida. Curtiss 3014*; Texas, BeverrJwn; Cuba, Wright.
10. C. corrugata (Schultes). Kuntze, Kev. Gen. Tl. 770(1891).
Sctaria corriignta Schultes, Mant. 2:27G (1824). Panicum corru-
gata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 123 (1816).
Culms slender, branching below, long exserted, about 60 cm.
high. Leaf-blades Hat, twisted as in C. glanca. slightly rough, nar-
row, tapering towards the base, 20-30 (;m. long, 4-7 mm. wide.
Spikes conipouiul. green, densely cylindrical, 2-10 cm. long, 7 mm.
diam., not counting the bristles, which are often 1 cm. in length.
Spikelet;. 0-10 in a cluster (developed and abortive), having 1-2
bristles each, with asperities pointing upwards, oval, almost pointed,
gibbous, 2 mm. long; first glume deltoid, half as long as the spike-
let, 3-nerved, second broad, longer, concave, 5-uerved; floral glume
of the neuter floret as long as the spikelet, 5-nerved, its palea mi-
nute; fertile floret strongly wrinkled transversely.
Florida, Curliss 3010.
PANICE.B. 157
Georgia to Florida.
11. C. imberbis (Poir) Kimtze, IJev. Gen. PI. 767 (1891).
Pat/icion iniberbe Poir, Lam. Encyl. Suppl. 4:272 (1810). Sc-
taria imberbis, R. & S. Syst. 2:891 (1817).
Culms oroet. slender, branching sparingly, 30-50 cm. high.
Sheaths often longer than the internodes; ligule very short; blades
flat, smooth or scabrid or soon involute, 6-18 cm. long, 3 mm.
wide. Spikr simple, cylindrical, green, 4-5 cm. long, 4-5 mm.
diam., awnlike branches about 5, with the asperities directed u])-
wards, branches 4-6 mm. long, Spikelets flat on one side, ovoid,
pointed, about 2 mm. long, first glume broad, half as long as the
spikelet, 5-nerved, second longer and wider, 5-7-nerved; fertile
floret gibbous on one side, marked with transverse wrinkles.
Texas, Xealley.
Mississippi and Texas.
12. C. viRiuis (L.) Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20:196 (1893).
Pigeon-(;rass. Bottle-grass. Greex Foxtail. Panicnm
viride L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2 : 83 (1762). Setaria viridis Beauv. Agrost.
51 (1812).
Culms erect, branching below, 30-60 cm. high. Ligule and
margins of sheaths ciliate; blades flat, scabrous, not twisted while
growing, acuminate, tapering toward the base, on large })lants
15 cm. long, 10 mm. wide. Spikelikc panicle erect, green, nearly
cylindrical, 3-8 cm. long. The lower spikelets in small clusters,
the upper fewer or single, the bristles, 1-5 for each spikelet. often
10 mm. long, the asperities directed upwards. Spikelets oval, 2
mm. long, first glume one-half as long, 1-nerved, second and third
glumes equal, 5-7-nerved; fertile floret oval, the surface containing
minute vertical lines, seen only under a lens.
Very common in fields which are in cultivation, resembling con-
siderably small forms of C. Ifalica. It starts earlier in the spring
and flowers much earlier than C. glauea in the Northern States.
Michigan, M. A. C. Beal 25, 26, Far well, Clark 752; Montana,
Anderson 17.
13. C. caudata (Lam.). Pamcum caitdatum Lam. Til. 1:171
(1791). Setaria caudata R. & S. Syst. 2: 495 (1817).
158 PANICAOE^:.
Culms slender, erect, flattened and branching below, 60-90 cm.
high, from creeping rootstocks; nodes glabrous. Leaf-bludes
scabrous, twisted, flat, some of tlie largest 20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide,
having a very long slender apex. Panicle cylindrical, pale green,
interrupted, 15-*20 cm. long, 7 mm. diam., maii\ axis pilose, bris-
tles 1-3 to the spikelet, the asperities pointing upwards, some of
them as long as the spikelets, otliers 10 mm. long, with all grades
between. Spikelets oblong, moderately acute, nearly 3 mm. long,
first glume broad, nearly half the length of the spikelet, 3-uerved,
second glume and floral glume of the neuter spikelet ef[ual, 5-7-
nerved: }ialea small; fertile floret acute, finely transversely
wrinkled. A good forage grass.
Arizona. Pritujh', Lower California and Mexico, Palmer 340.
New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona; also West Indies, Brazil, and
East Indies.
Var. pauciflora Vasey, ined.
Much moi'o slender. 30-40 cm. high, blades thinner, nearly
smootli. 10 cm. long, 8-10 nun. wide; panicle more interru])ted,
some of the lower branches 1 cm. long.
California. Palmer 1!>I.
14. C. uniseta (Presl) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 770 (1801). Uro-
chJoi uniseta Presl, Peliii. Ihvnk. 1:319 (1830). Panicum nnise-
tum Trin. et Pupr. Mem. Acad. St. IVtersb. (VI.) /. 3:217
(1835). Sefariu iiniseta Fourn. Ilemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot.
3:50(; (1880).
Culms slender, smooth or rough, branching below, 40-70 cm.
high. Leaf-blades flat, twisted (?), scabrous. 10-14 cm. long, 10-15
mm. wide. Spikes interrupted, the larger branches 3-5 mm. long,
Ijristles single, finely serrulate, 10-15 nun. long. Si)ikelets oval,
hardly acute, 2 mm. long, first glume less than half as long as the
spikelet, 3-nerved, second and the floral glume of the neuter spike-
lot 5-nerved, the former a little the shorter; palea small; fertile
floret with very slight transverse ridges as seen with a lens.
Mexico, Pr ingle 381.
15. C. sulcata (Raddi). Setaria sulcata Raddi, Agrost. Bras.
50.
PANIC E.E. 159
Culms stout, 90-120 cm. liigli. Sheatlis hispid; ligule a fringe
of hairs; blades glal)rouH, folded, grooved. 30-120 cm. long, 3-4
cm. wide, acuminate at both ends. Panicle dense, lanceolate, the
apex nodding, 30-60 cm. long, the longest rays 2.5-3 cm. long, the
branches and pedicels bearing scattered slender bristles 1-3 cm.
long. Spikelets elliptical, acute, 3 mm. long, first empty glume
ovate, 3-nerved, 1.5 mm. long, second ovate, obtuse or subacute,
5-nerved, 2 mm. long, the third ovate-acute, 5-nerved, a little ex-
ceeding the acute lloret. Floral glume and palea not very firm.
Near streams.
Mexico (San Ijuis Potosi), Pritigle 3921.
31. (13). Cenchrus L. Sp. PI. 1049 (1753). Linn. Coroll.
Gen. 20(1737). 7i'a;T//* Adans. Fam. 2 : 35 (17(33). Echisacluis
Neck. Elem. 3:228 (1790).
Spikelets with one terminal perfect llower and sometimes a
staminate one below it, not awned, single or 2-3 together within
an ovoid or glol)ular involucre of numerous bristles, the inner ones
usiuilly broad and llattened, connected at tlic base and ha.'<k'ned
around the fruit; the involucres sessile or pedicellate in a simple
spike or raceme and falling off with the spikelets. (ilunies 4. the
outer one much smaller or minute, the second and third nearly
equal or the second shoi'ter; a palea and sometimes 3 stanu'ns in
the third iloral glume of the perfect floret rather firm, but not so
hard as in most species of Pdiiicion. Styles mostly shortly united
at the l)ase. Grain enclosed, but not adherent to the glume and
palea.
There are about 12 si)ecies of annuals or perennials, widely
scattered over the warmer regions of the New and the Old World.
Most of them are troublesome weeds on sandy land.
Cenchrus is perhaps most nearly related to Pennisetiim, also re-
lated to Chamwraj)}) is xiwiX Panicion.
a. Spike cylindrical, burs containing 1 spikelet which is as
long as the spines 1
a. Spike cylindrical, burs containing 2 spikelets, blades con-
duplicate 3
160 PANICACE.E.
a. Spike ryliiulricjil. burs conttiiuing: 3-5 spikelets, with a row
of biiiiiL'd bristles below the spikes 3
a. Burs (5-20 or more, 1 em. loug including spines. ... 4
a. Burs "^-3, 3-3 em. dium. including stout spines ... 6
1. C. myosuroides II. & K. Nov. Gen. et 8p. 1: 115, t. 35
(1815). Fennisefum niyosu7-ohles8\)reug. Syst. 1: 303 (IS'^-l).
An erect, robust perennial, sparingly branched, 60-180 cm.
high; culms smooth and hard. Sheaths smooth, rather loose,
about the length of the internodes; ligule a fringe of hairs; blades
30-40 cm. long, about 10 mm. wide, flat or involute, scabrid above
and below, the a])ex long drawn out, Spike dense, usually
wholly exserted, cylindrical. 12-20 cm. long Involucre a wide
row of erect spines and bristles placed around the margin of
the broad apex of a short pedicel. Spikelets single, as long as the
spines, ovate-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, first glume fl-ncrved, second
5-nerved, third (palea) present; floral glume of the fertile floret
5-nerved, its palea 2-3-nerved.
Mexico, Fn'iif/Ic 420, Palmer 765; Lower California, PuJnier
327.
Wet land, Florida to Mexico.
2. C. incertus M. A. Curt. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1 : 135
(1837). C. strUiuK Chapm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 3: 20(1878).
A smooth, nearly simple erect grass, 45-!i0 cm. high. Lower
sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule very short; blades con-
duplicate, 2-3 mm. wide. Spikes cylindrical, 5-8 cm. long, invo-
lucre at the base for 2-3 mm., the large spines 6-12 in number,
4-6 mm. long, ciliate. Spikelets in pairs, sniooth, the sterile one
bearing 3 stamens. Sandy coast.
Mississippi, Tracy; Florida, G. V. JVasJi 288.
3. C. echinatus L. Sp. PI. 1050 (1753).
An ascending annual, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths loose, about
the length of the internodes; ligule ciliate; blades flat, rough above,
often 25 cm. long, 10 mm. wide. Spike cylindrical, 5-12 cm,
long. Involucre about the IcJigth of the spikelets, many-lobed,
downy, lobes lanceolate-acuminate, spiny above, with a row of rigid
PANICE/fi.
161
barbed bristles above the base; lieads 5-6 mfti. long, beside the
Bi»ines, containing 3-5 sjiikelets. Spikelets ovate-laneeolate. 5 mm.
long, llrst ghime 4: mm. long, 5-nerved, second like it only a little
sliorter; palea 5 mm. long, 2-nerved, containing 3 stamens; fertile
floret ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 nmi. long or more.
•' N'ariable in the length of the spike, the size of the spikelets. the
length of the lowest glume, the number of glume-nerves, and in the
development of the palea in staminate or
neutral flower." Grisebach's Flora of
the West Indies.
North Carolina to Florida and Texas,
West Indies, Mexico to Brazil, tropical
Africa, East Indies.
4. C. tribuloides L. Sp. PI. 1050
(1753). Bur-grass. Sand-kur. Hedge-
noG-GRASS. C. Caroliniamis Walt. Fl.
Car. 79 (1788).
A branched ascending annual, 30-00
cm. high. Sheaths loose, about as long
as the internodes; ligule ciliate: blades
linear, flat or condiiplicate, about 10 cm.
long, 5 mm. wide. 8i)ike usually oblong,
with G-'iO spherical heads about G mm.
long, besides the spreading barbed spines;
heads more or less downy. Spikelets '2-3
in each head, ovate, 5-7 mm. long, first
and second glumes subequal, 5-nerved
and 3-nerved respectively, third glume
(palea of the neuter floret) hyaline, 2-
nerved ; fertile floret ovate, briefly acu-
minate, about 5 mm, long.
New Jersey, V. S. Depf. Agricul. Fig. 2d.—Cendtorus tribuloi-
Vl-l, identified by Vasey and Scribner; b,\ixme iii^^'it'ctiou-' \',
Michigan, Conhy; Illinois, Beal 25. spikelet. (Scribner.)
Number 341*, of Dr. E. Palmer, Souora, Mexico, is a more
.slender plant, the heads scarcely more than half the size of
162 PANIC ACEiE.
tlic preceding, spikelets much snuiller, fertile floret 3 mm. long.
This corresponds witli the remark of Grisobuch in his Flora of the
West Indies, "All West Indian specimens agree in the small size
of the spikelet, while in the northern, original form, the si)ikelets
are usually twice as large; the species, however, is as varial)le as the
preceding (C ev/iinatiis L.) and often ditiicult to be distinguished
from it."
A plant from Mobile, Ala., sent by Dr. C. Mohr, is no doubt
C. incertus Curtiss. The second glume is 6-nerved, third glume
or paleaof the lower floret contains astaminate flower. Most likely
C inecrtun Curtiss. also C. paucijlorus Benth., should be included
in the al)()ve variable s})ecies.
A troublesome weed on sandy lands found from Xew England
to California, West Indies, ]\[exieo. Brazil, Africa, East Indies.
5. C. Palmeri Vasey, Proc. Cal. Acad. (II.) '^: 211 (188!»).
Annual; culms rather slender, geniculate, branching, about 30
cm. high. Sheaths loose, about as long as the intcrnodes; ligule
hairy; blades numerous, rough, flat, 10. cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide.
Peduncles exserted, bearing 2-3 twinlike downy burs 2 cm. long,
including the stout spines before they are bent and hardened,
each bur including 5-7 spikelets. Sj)ikelers ovoid, acute.
mm. or more long; flrst and second glumes alike, ovate-cuneate,
obtuse, truncate or irregularly divided with o strong green nerves;
palea of the staminate flower about the length and shape of the
empty glumes. 2-nerved; floral glume of the fertile floret oval,
as long as the empty glumes, acuminate with 7 ])rominent nerves,
its palea with 2 strong nerves. When mature the burs are often
3 cm. diam. from the tips of the stout spines. Spines yellow or
black.
Lower California, Palmer 089: Mexico, Pdhner 271.
Abundant on sandy bottoms, where it must be a formidable
nuisance to man and beast.
32. (1-4). Pennisetum IJich. Pers. Syn. 1: 72 (1805). Peni-
cillaria Wild. Euum. Ilort. l^erol. 1036 (1809). Gi/nniothrix
Beauv. Agrost. 59. /. 13, f. C, (1812). ('atathcroplun-a Steud.
Flora, 12:465 (1829). PentastacJnja llochst. Steud. Noni. Ed. 3,
PAXirE.E. 163
2:299 (1841). Serimra Ilassk. Flora, 25 (1842). Bcckeropsis
and Ih-ioclncta Fig. »& De Not. Mem. Ace. Torin. (II.) 14:30.5,
374 (1854). Macrocltada Steiul. Zoll. Syst. Verz. lud. Archip.
6(» (1854). Amphocliaeta Anderss. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh.
1853, 130 (1855).
Spikelets 2-ilowered, the lower neuter or etaminate, the terminal
one [lorlect or pistillate, solitary or 2-3 together, sessile or nearly
so. eaeli one enclosed in an involucre of several usually numerons
simple or plumose bristles (probably awnlike branches of the pani-
cle), the involucres crowded in a spike or spikelike simple panicle
falling off from the main rachis with the spikelet and short pedun-
cle, the outer glume shorter or minute, short or nearly e(jual to the
floral glume, the palea of the sterile floret smaller, fertile floret
sometimes more or less hardened. Stamens 3. Styles distinct or
united near the base. Grain enclosed, but not adherent.
Aninuds or perennials; blades flat.
There are about 40 species, mostly found in Africa, a few in
Asia near the Mediterranean, two in Australia, two or throe in
troj)ieal America. Some are cultivated as ornamental grasses.
It has been at various times proposed to separate several genera
from it. G'l/mnothrix was proposed as a genus for those species in
which the bristles are perfectly glabrous, but this is not a constant
character.
a. Bristles not plumose (b)
b. Bristles mostly shorter than the spikolets. . . . 1, 2
b. Bristles mostly as long as the spikelet, plant 120-150 cm.
high 3
b. Bristles mostly 2-3 times as long as the spikelets. . . 4
b. Tiristles some shorter some longer than the spikelet. 5,
a. liristles more or less plumose (c)
c. Bristles as long as the spikelet 7
c. liristles very much longer than the spikelets. ... 8
1. P. durum. P. crimtnm Scribn. ined.
A tufted glaucous perennial, 60-120 cm. high. Sheaths loose;
blades smooth, long-pointed, 30-40 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide.
164 I'ANlCACEiE.
Spikes exserteil, interrupted below, 7-15 cm. long, 8 mm. diam.,
l)ristles all simple (not plimiose), all sliorter than the single spike-
lot or one of them longer. 8])ikelet elliptical, acute, about 7 mm.
long, first and second glumes ovate, 1-nerved, the former about 2
mm. long, the latter 13 mm. long; lloral glume of the neuter floret
acute, -i-Q mm. long. 4-r)-nerved, its paloa about I mm. lojig;
fertile Horct acute, 5-0 mm. long, the glume 5-nerved. drain
obovute. 2 mm. long.
Mexico, PriiKjU' 480. 817. 'J'he name given by Scriljuer had
been used by Sprcng and is a synonym for Sehtria pui'2)ut'ca.
Found uiuler clitfs of ledges.
2. P. multiflorum Fouru. Ilemal. IJiol. Coutr. Am. Hot. 3 : 508
(1880).
("ulms erect, solid, 30-40 cm. high. Sheaths smooth or sca-
brous; ligule a fringe of hairs; blades Hat, scabrous or hispid. 30-40
(Mil. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Spikes exserted. !t-15 mm. long. 10-13
mm. diam. Involucre consisting of about 30 jiectinate bracts, all a
little shorter, or some of them as long or some longer than the 5
spikelets, except one that is larger; many smaller bristles below.
S})ikelets ovoid-laiiccolate, about mm. long, iirst glume ovate, 1-
nerved, 3 mm. long, sei'ond ovate acute, 5-nerved, 5-G mm. long;
Horal glume of ni'Uter floret 5-nerved, 5.5 mm. long, that of the
terminal Horct a little longer,
.Mexico (.lalisco), Priiir/h' 3818.
Wet slopes ot' Hai'i'anca near (Juadalajara.
:'.. 1'. i.ATiroMiM Sprcng. Syst. 1 : 3()-> (1824). fli/mnolJn'ix
Z^///o/m Sciiull. Munt. 3:(;oi (18-.'4).
Culms stout and tali, branciiing above, 120-150 cm. high, the
nodes i;lothed with siioi't hairs. Leaf-blades Hat, IJO-tJO cm. long,
2-;) cm. wide, narrowed into a petiole, midrib ])roniinent. white.
Spikes 4-() cm. long, protruding from the upjier sheaths, invo-
lucre consisting of about 20 simple bristles as long as the spikclets,
and one bristle much longer (15 mm. long). Spikelets linear-
lanceolate, not far from (J mm. long, first glume 1 mm. long, second
ovate-acute, 3-nerved, 2-3 mm. long; floral glume of the neuter
PANICK.K. 165
floret oviito-limceolutc, /i-nerveil, 7 iiini. lonp;; floral glume of the
teniiiiiul lloret S-norved, 5-() iiiiu. long.
Sometiiiu'!^ (uiltiviitud us uii onmniciitiil i)liint.
South Aniorioii.
4. P. cenchroides IJich. I'ers. Syu. I : T'^ (1805). Gymnothrix
cencliroides l{. Ot S. Svst. 'i:\W (ISli).
('ulnis sleiuler, gonicuhito. brunching Ir'Iow, 30-()0 cm. liigh.
Slieutlis about luilf us long us the internodes; lijjfule eiliute; bhules
tlut. smooth or nearly so, 8-1"^ cm. loii^j, ;5-5 mm. wide. Spike
dense, exserted. ovate, !i-4 em. long, the involucre usually contain-
ing 2-;{ spikelets, consisting of simple spreading bristles below,
and erect plumose bristles united mori' or less at the base, the latter
2-.'5 times as long as the spikelets. S|)ikelets ovate-lanceolate, 4-5
mm. long, first glume thin, ovale, 1 -nerved, ahnost 'I mm. long, sec-
ond a little longer, l-;)-nerved; floral glume of staminate spikelet
broad-ovate, with 5 |)rominent nerves, its palea ovate, nearly as long;
floral glume and palea of terminal floret much like those of the
lower floret, oidy a little longer.
Plant from the l'. S. Dept. Agricul. grown from seed from
Mexico.
5. P. Mexicamim llemsl. l?iol. (\>ntr. Am. Hot. :5: 508 (ISSO).
Gymnotliri.i.Mcxifditti Fourn. Mex. IM. Knuni. (iram. 48 (ISSO).
Culms snu)oth. !iO-i:iO cm. high from a branching base. Ligule
a mere ring; blades s( abrous above, long-pointed, 40-50 cm. long,
10-15 mm. wide. S|)ikes terminal, jtartially enclosed at the base,
yellowish white or light straw-color. '^0 cm. long, 1 cm. diam., bris-
tles of the involucre K-'25, some shorter, some as long as the
spikelet, and some longer; one of them 10-15 mm. long. Si)ikelets
solitary, linear-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, tii'st glume cuneate-ovate,
obtuse, 1-uerved, 3 mm. long; second aiul third equal, linear-
iMiiccolate before s])reading, 5-nerved; floral glume of fertile floret
hyaline, otherwise much like the second and third glumes; jialea
of the lower neuter floret short, of the fertile floret 3.5 mm. long.
Mexi'jo, Palmer 514, Prinyh' 4:510.
6. P. bambuBiforme llemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 507 (1880).
166 PANICACE^.
A reedliko grass 1-2 m. or more high., culms hard. Ligule a
fringe of liairs; blades flat, long-pointed, some of the upper 20-30
cm. long. 2 cm. wide. Panicle of spikes GO-90 cm. long, consist-
ing of 100 or more s])ikes which are 3-G cm. long, 10-15 diam.
Uristlos of the involucre 5-1.") mm. long, 25-40 in number sur-
rounding each spikelet. Spikelet linear-lanceolate, 5 mm. long,
hi'st glume minute, second 1.5 mm. long, tliird as long as the
lloret. 5-ncrved.
^le.xico, Pri iHjIe ()0',o.
Rocky slopes of ^Mexico.
:. P. setosum (8\v.) Kieh. Pers. Syn. 1:72 (1S05). C'ci/r/inis
.vr/asv/.s- S\v. V\. Ind. Occ. 1:20 (1797). I\ pwjmrascens II. B.
K. Nov. (ien. et Sp. l:li;5 (1815).
Perennial; culms branching, 90-120 cm. high. Sheaths
smootli; ligule ciliate; blades rough or glabrous, 20-50 cm. long,
10 mm, wiile. 8[)ike scarcely exserted, cylindrical, dense, about S-15
cm. long, 1 cm. diam., bristles often as long as the single s])ikelet,
with one or more 2-3 times as long, plumose below. 8i)ilvelet
liiu^ar-ovate, 4 mm. long, first glume delicate. 2 mm. long, second
and floral glume ot the neuter floret equal, delicately 5-nerved, the
tormer ovate-cuiuMite, the latter oval, obtuse, emi'rginate, or irreg-
ularly toothed, palea of the lower floret 3 mm. long, 2-nerved; fer-
tile lloret smooth, narrowly ovate, 2.5 mm. long, flora^ glume deli-
cately 7-nerved, its palea obtuse, truncate, fringed.
Mexico (Jaliseo), /' ih'v 677.
Florida, Mexico, ^\ . jt Indies, Brazil, tropical Africa, East
Indies.
8. P. LoyoisTYLUM Iloclist. Flora, 24:1 (1841). I. Intell.
10, name only.
Cnln.s branching, erect, 90-120 em. high, from a branching
rootstock. Sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes; ligule
ciliate; blades Hat, hispid, 30-40 or more cm. long. 3-5 mm. wide.
Spikes dense, exsertod, ovate or oblong, 5-12 em. long, the short
sti])es covered with still hairs 1 -2 mm. long, involucre surrounding
a single spikelet, 3-4 cm. lorig, the bristles plumose for one-third
their length, the ])ur))lc styles ])roJecting for 15 mm. Spikelets
PANICE.E. 167
lanceolate, 10 nini. or moiv long:, first glume 1 mm. long, second
aciuniniite, l-nervecl, 3—4 mm. long; floral glumes of both llorets
ovate-lanceolate, about 10 mm. long, 7-U-nerved; palea but little
sliorter.
Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental grass.
Abyssinia.
00. (-^1). Stenotaphrum Trin. Fund. Agrost. 175 (IS'^>(>).
Diaslcmtoithe Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 3G0 (1S55).
8[)ikelets with one terminal perfect llower and a staminate or
neuter one below it, usually 2-4 together in very short spikes em-
bedded in the alternate notches of the broad rachis of a spikclike
])ani(!le, the rachis of the partial spike usually extending as a short
I)oint beyond the base of the terminal spikclet, the common rachis
often breaking into pieces when mature. The first empty glume
very small, the second empty, and tl;e largest membranous, but
rigid, 3-5-nerved : iloral glumes of both florets rather smaller, with
the nerves loss prominent, and of a somewhat firmer texture: paleae
similar. Styles distiiict. Graiii enclosed, but not adherent.
(Jrasses with a creeping habit. I'iu^re are two or throe species
widely spread over tropical and subtropical regions of the Eastern
and the Western llomispheres.
1. S. secundatum (Walt.) Kuntzo, Kev. (ien. PI. 794 (ISOl).
JsclnviDiii}! sr('ii)i(l((tiiii> W'dt. l-'l. Cai'ol. 240 (17S8). S. Anwrint-
tniiii Schrank. Klor. Monac. /. OS (ISll-lS). nidsfonaufhe phitij-
xhii'lijis Stoud. 1. c. liottba'Uiu coDipi'i'ssa Beauv. Agrost. 100
(lsi->).
A glubrous ascencling perennial grass, about 30 on. high.
Culms slightly flattened. Sheaths compressed, loose; ligulc a ciliate
ring; Idades obtuse, flat oi' involute, 10-1.5 cm. long, 5-7 nun.
wide. Spikes solitary aiul terminal, 5-7 cm. long, convex on both
sides or t'lliptic^d in cros.s-section, axis sligiitly lleMio.se, 4 mm. wide.
Spikelets 2 or 3 together on angular branches, sessile, oval-oblong,
iicute or acuminate, 4 mm. long, the ])artial rachis reaching nearly
to the top of the s})ikelets.
Florida, (itirbor, Ciirtif^s 3021; Ijouisiana, Latujlois; Cuba.
]\'rujhf 34! 10.
168
PANICACE^.
Found along tlie coast in the Southern States, also in the West
Indies, Mexico, Buenos Ayres, Sandwich
Islands, Australia.
34. (25). OlYRA L. Syst. Ed. 10. 1201
(1759). Mapira Adans. Fam. 2: 39 (1763).
Lithachnc Beauv. Agrost. 135, /. 24, f. 2
(1813). liuddia 15ertol. in oinise. Sc. Bologn.
3:410 (1819). Sfrepfiium Sehrad. Nces,
Agrost. Bras. 298 (1829).
Spikelots 1-flowcred, nionweious in ])ani-
cles, those which are staminato, on tlie iowor
portion of the panicle or in soi>arato panicles,
destitute of empty glumes, lloral glume uar-
row and acuminate, l-nerved. palca 2-nerve(l,
nearly as loug as its glume. Stuuiens 3,
Pistillate spikclets usually in the upper por-
tion of the i)anicle. ovate: euipty glumes her-
haceous, pointed or awiu'd. cipial, or the first
longer; floral ghime and paloii much shorter,
obtuse, cartilaginous. Stamens 0. Styles 2,
united at the base, (iraiu firndy enclosed,
but not adherent. lilades of the leaves
broad, netted-veined, often borne on short
Fig. 'm.—Stniotaplirum petioles; panicles terminal or axillary.
sccun,h,tnm. A v'fion Si)ecies al.out twentv; one of them be-
ot spike; a, spikelnt. '
longs to tropical Africa, the others to tropical
America. Some authors reduce nearly all of the species to varieties
of O. hiflfoJia.
1. 0. latifolia L. 1. c. 0. 2io,niciilata Sw. Obs. liot. 347
(1791).
Culms hard, branched. Leaves more or less puherulent;
sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a mere rijig; blades flat,
ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 7-14 cm. long. I'anicles terminal
or axillary, simple, oval, 10-17 ctn. long, rays scattered or in threes
to sevens, rather stout. Fertile spikclets ovoid, acuniimite, em})ty
glumes with involute ti})s; first 1 1-13-nervt'd. 7-12 mm. long.
ORYZE^.
169
with the beak 5-8 mm. long, second 7-nerved; floret ellipsoidal, 5
mm. long, shining, hard, of a dull ivory
color.
Mexico, Pringlc 3705. Also found in
Cuba, Trinidad, Central America to
Brazil.
Tribe VI.— ORYZEiE.
Spikelets laterally compressed, with one
terminal perfect or unisexual flower, en-
closed by a floral glume aiul palea, the lat-
ter usually 1-nervod. Empty glumes two
or more, very seldom numerous. Stamens
frequently six. Stigmas more or less elon-
gated. Grain usually with a snuiU embryo
and long, linear hilum.
The close atllnity of Oryzeaa and Pba- Fm. 31.— O/.v^w hitifolia.
I . 1 , I'. 1 1 rni Pistillate spikelet.
laruleie luis olten boon recognizod. Tiie
essential eluiraotor of botli resides in having the scale immedi-
ately under the single terminal perfect llower koolod or 1-nerved,
like the glumes, so as to make it uncertain whether it is a
glume or palea, — that is, whether it is attached to the raohis or
primary axis of the spikelet, or to a secondary or lloral axis reduced
to ii mere point. Uentham considers the scale in question .i floral
gUnne, and considers the palea as deficient. With this view the
OryzofB have 2-4 or rarely 3 glumes, all above tlie articulation of
the i)edice], and the PhalaridciB 4-G or rarely 5 glumes, the 'owest
pair persistent below the articulation of the rachilla.
A Plants monoecious; anthers six or more.
a. Spikes terminal and axdlary, the former pedunculate and
stamimite, the latter sessile 35
a. Inflorescence paniculate {b)
b. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the branches of the pan-
icle, one sessile and pistillate, the other snudli'r podicol-
late and staminate; iloral glume linoar-oblong. . 36
170 I'AMl'AClvE.
b. Spikolots not in pairs; empty glumes none. . . . (c)
c. Pistillate spikelets all above the stamiuate in the
panicles, linear, subterete, embryo as long as the
grain 158
c. Pistillate spikelets terminal and the staminate at the
base of each branch of the j)auicle; grain subconi-
pressed, ovate, embryo much shorter. . . ;]{)
c. Stamiuate and pistillate spikelets in separate panicles,
rarely in the same, when the staminate are
terminal 37
B. Spikelets in panicles, all perfect, much compi'essed. . . (e)
e. Empty glumes two; floral glumes of tun awucd. . . . -tO
e. Empty glumes none or minute, floral glume awuless. . 41
35. (39). HydrochloA Beauv. Agrost. 135, t. 24, f. 4 (1812).
Spikelets snuill, unisexual, monu'cious, spicate, the staminate
terminal, the pistillate axillary. Glumes 2, slightly unequal, mem-
branous, concave, awnloss, the lower one a little the larger; palea
0. Stamens 6. Styles short, distinct, sublatcral; stigmas elongated,
shortly ])lumose. Grain included by the glumes, but not adherent,
A slender, branching grass, floating or creeping, with flat and luir-
row leaf-blades. The ])eduncle terminal, slender, the staminate
spikelets few (3-5), towards the apex, subsessile. 'J'he pistillate
spikelets subsessile in the upper axils, few-tlowered, slightly j)ro-
truding from the sheath of tiie upper leaf, the stignuis j)i'otrudiiig
for some distance beyoud the glumes. Seed flat, oval, with a thin
translucent ridge on one side, loose in the Ijrittle pericarp. Only
one species, which is found in the southeastern })art of thel'nited
States.
It dilVers from Zizania chiefly in the reduction of the 2- to few-
flowered spikes, of which the terminal one is stauiinate aiul pedun-
culate, the lower one pistillate and sessile in the axils.
1 H. Carolinensis Beauv. 1. c.
An aquatic, 20-00 cm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 cm. long; very
seldom bearing good flowers.
Infrequent. ^I'orth Carolina to Florida, July and August.
OHYZK.E.
171
30. (20). Pharus v. P.r. J list. Jaiutiic. 34-1: (1T5G).
Spikolets 1- Howe red. nioiKPcious, in pairs on a .spreading pani-
cle; one pedicellate and staminate, the other sessile and pistillate.
The two empty glumes membranous, many-nerved, the iloral glume
in the stamiuate spikelets membranous, in the pistillate coriaceous.
Stamens 0. Stigmas 3. Grain enclosed, but not aiUiereut. Jjcal'-
blades petioled, l)road witli many straiglit nerves gradually diverg-
ing from a midrib. The i)istillate spikelets 'Z-'S times as long as
the stamiiuite.
There are thought to be 5 species, belonging to tropical America,
from Florida to Brazil.
1. P. glaber 11. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 190 (1815). /'. la-
tifolim Trin. Griseb. Fl. Brit. Ind. 530 (1804).
Culms 40-90 cm. high. Leaf-blades lanceolate-oblong, acumi-
nate, 15-30 cm. long, 3-0 cm. wide, small transverse nerves
numerous. Panicle s[)reading, 25
cm. long. Staminate spikelets on
pedicels as long as tlie pistillate
spikelets or shorter, oval, about
3 mm. long, glumes thin and
brittle; pistillate spikelets linear,
acute at both ends. 13 mm. long,
first and second glumes nearly
equal. 5-0 mm. long, 3-5-nerved;
t'rrtilc llorct villous, the Iloral
glume involute, enclosing a nar-
r'>\v. ■2-nerved palea of its own
length.
Southern l''lorida,West Indies,
\ I'lHv.ucJa. Brazil.
■W. {j\\). LuziOLA .Fuss. (}en.
I'l. :;:; (i:S!)). Cn-nurhh,,! Trin.
I'l--. ■.' : 54 (IS'.'0). Arrozia
Fia. S2.~Phiir>is glabra. A, stiiini-
Mate spikelel: Ji, pistillate. (Ricii-
ardsoii.)
S'lii'iid. Kunth. Kiium. PI. I : 11
ll-s:;;i).
Spikelets ovate, small, unisexual, mono'cious, l-llowered, subses-
172
PANKACE.E.
sile or pedicellate on the joiiitless branches of the jointed panicle.
Staminate s])ikelets witii 2 glumes that arc narrow, membranous,
awnless, tlie outer one broader and empty, the inner lloral one
narrower, but scarcely shorter; palea 0. Stamens (5-18. Pistil
rudimentary or 0. i'istillatc s})ikolets smaller than the stami-
nate, the outer glume broader and ap[)arently many-nerved.
Staminodia 0. Styles short, distinct, with simple ])lumoso stig-
matic hairs, (jlrain ovoid, loosely enclosed in the membranous
glumes. Seed plano-convex. Tree from the pericar]). Creeping or
floating grasses, low or tall, witii flat blades. Panicles terminal or
axillary, spreading, witli tilit'orm rays.
Nearly allied to Zizania, but tlie spikelets are smaller, not awned,
the styles short, distinct, and there are usually more than six sta-
mens to the flower.
Species six, all American.
Fig. 33. — Luziola Alahamenais. A, stauiinate spikelet; B, pistillate spilie-
let. (Richardson.)
1. L. Alabamensis Chapm. Fl. S. States, 584 (18G0).
Culms 5-15 cm. high, branching near the base, from a creeping
rhizoma. Leaf-blades flat, smooth, the upper partially included
by the purple sheath of the one below. Base of panicle often in-
cluded in the sheath. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, shorter than tlieir
pedicels. Glumes of staminate spikelets lanceolate, 7-nerved:
those of the pistillate broader, 11-13-nerved, twice the lengJi of
the smooth mature grain.
Alabama.
2. L. Peruviana,!. F. Gmel. Syst. 637 (1778).
ORYZE^. 173
Culms 30 cm. high, branching from a creeping rliizoma. Leaf-
blades flat, smooth. Base of panicle scarcely above the sheath.
Spikelets lanceolate, generally equal in length to tlie pedicels.
Outer glume of staminate spikelot 7-nerved, 6 mm. long; inner
glume 9-nerved, emarginate; ghinies nearly equal; pistillale s])ike-
lets 50-80. Panicles about the size of the former species, glumes
much alike, 7-nerved, and half us long as those of the staminate
spikelets.
Florida, Mexico, to Brazil.
38. (40). ZiZANiA L. Sp. PI. 991 (1753). Wild Rice. In-
dian KicE. Wateu-oats. Ilydr02)iih(v} Link, Ilort. Berol. 1 : 253
(1827). Mclinnm Link, Ilandb. 1; 90 (1829).
Si)ikelets narrow, monrocious, 1-flowored, sessile or with short
jiedicels on the jointed branches of the jointed panicle. CJlumes 2,
surrounded at the base by a more or less prominent cartilaginous
ring, sliglitly unecjual, membranous, convolute, concave or slightly
compressed, the outer broader, acute, or in tlie pistillate spikelet
awned and empty, the inner floral glume scarcely sliorter, and awn-
less : palea 0. Stamens G. Styles more or less joined at the base, stig-
matic hairs simply plumose. Grain included by the membranous
glumes, but not adherent. A large aquatic grass with long flat in-
equilateral leaf-blades. Panicle terminal, ample, loosely flowering,
having numerous long slender rays.
One well known species found in North America. An impos-
ing plant with a subtropical aspect.
1. Z. aquatica L. Sp. PL 991 (1753). Wild Rice.
MrlitiHiii jjithifttfe, Link, 1. c. Z. pnlustris L. Mant. 2:295
(1771). Z. clavulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:75 (1S()3). Uydi-o-
pyvum csculentuni Link, llort. Berol. 1 :252 (1S27).
Z. A^/Z/b/m (iriseb. Turcz. Mull. Soc. Aat. Mosc lO,') (1S38).
Annual: 1—4 m. high, cidm hoUovv with nuuuTous delicate trans-
verse partitions within the internodes. Ligule acute. 1 cm. Ioul;-:
]o\\vv blades 0.4-1 metre lona. wit li winged i)eti()les. ujipei- Id'oad at
the base. Lower part of the pyrainidal pjiniele stiimiiuite. spi-eailing;
the upper part pistillate, erect: pedicu'ls slender, clavale, outer-
174
PANICACE/E.
glume with a rough awu 3 mm. long. Outer glume of the stami-
nate flowers 5-nerved, inner S-nerved. Styles stout, united for one-
FiQ. M.—Zizaniaaquaiica. A, staminate spikelet; Ji, pislillute spikelet; b,
pistil. (Ricliardson.)
third of their length, diverging. Gniin sIcikUm-. dark brown, linear,
10-15 mm. long. Seed adherent to the thin pericarp.
OinZK/K.
176
Common northward in sliiillow hikes jind in the herders of slow
streams, also found in Siberia and Japan. Qual.ty of grain fully
equal to the common rice, but dark in color; more difficult to col-
lect, as the grain dro])s, a few kernel.' at a time, as soon as ripe.
Gathered by Indians; attractive to water-fowl. At the South it is
cut for hay, offering two large crops in one season.
Vermont, Pri/if/le; Ontario, Fowler; Michigan, Clark 688;
Wisconsin, Heal %iS; South Dakota, />iiffci/.
39. (40). ZIZANIOPSIS Doell. & Aschers. Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: Part
2, U (1871).
Perennial with much thehabit of Zizania. Thepistillate spike-
lets terminating the branches of the panicle. Styles united for
three-fourths of their length. (Jrain not adherent to the glumes,
hard, ovoid, smooth, shining. Seed easily se])arating from the
pericarp, with 3 vertical ridges. Tnternodes destitute of transverse
partitions.
¥\Q.'db.—Zizaniopsis miiincea. Pisiillalespikelet. (Richardson.)
One species with two varieties found in the Southern States and
extending to Brazil.
1. Z. miliacea (Michx.) Doell. I'v: Aschers.; Baill. Hist. PI. 12:
176
PANICACEyE.
21)3 (1893). Wild IUce. Zizania niiliacea Michx. Fl. Am. Bor.
1:74 (18U3).
Culms 0.5-3 m. high; blades narrower than those of Zizitnia
atjuatica. Outer glumes 7-ncrved, terminating in a short uwn,
inner gluini's 3-nerved, acute.
Florida, Scribnev 3005; Louisiana, Langloix; Texas, XetiUi'i/.
40. (44). Oryza \j. Syst. Ed. 1 (1735). liioE. FaUia ZoU. &
Mor. Syst. Vor/. Pt'l. ZoU. 103 (1840).
Spiklots l-llowored, llat,articulato on short pedicels or sessile along
the ilexuose branelies of a terminal i)aniclo. Cilumes 4, 5J outer
ones very small, lanceolate, 2 inner ones eonii)licate and keeled,
coriaceous, the outcM'onc the largest, IS-o-norved; no ^-nerved palea.
Stamens G. Styles sliort. l)arely united at the base, (irain oblong
or narrow, enclosed in the hardened almost coherent upper glumes,
but free from them. Pericarp thin, lloxible, and, wlien wet, easily
separating.
Large marsh cereal grasses with long flat, slightly inequilateral
leaf-blades. Spikelets covered with minute scars.
There are 5-20 species, or possibly all belong to one variable
species. Found in the East Indies and Australia; a cereal much
cultivated in warm countries, where the land is wet
or at certain times inundated.
1. O. SATivA L. Sp. I'l. 333 (1753). Rice.
Stems with the base creeping or floating, ascend-
ing, GO-120 cm. high. Ligule often 2.5 cm. long,
on the lower leaves, scabrid and jagged ; blades long
and rather broad, very scabrous, especially on the
upper side. Panicle narrow, erect, 15-30 cm. long.
Spikelets ovate-oblong, 7-10 mm. long. Upper
Fio. 36.— Or.vza glumes very prominently nerved, the keels usually
tativa. SpiKe- ^. . , "^ ^ •'. , , . -^
let. (Ricliurd- cuiate, tlie outer one with 1 nerve on each sule,
^°°'^ beside the nerve-like margin, closely embracing and
almost connate with the inner glume, which is as long, but nar-
rower, with only 1 nerve on each side near the thin margin, both
glumes either shortly awued or, in some cultivated varieties, awn-
OHYZEiE. 177
less, or the outer one with a straight awn, 1-10 cm. long and the
inner with only a short point.
Rice feeds more people tliun any otlior grain, excepting sorghum.
41. (+5). HOMALOCENCHRUS Miey, Hall. Hist. Stirp. liolv. 2: 201
(17()S). False Rick. White Grass. Ztw.sm Soland. Sw. Prod.
Ve,;:. Iiid. Occ. 21 (1788). Ehrhartia Wigg. Prim. Uolsat. (V.l
(HSU).
AspreUa Schreb. Gen. PL 45 (17S!i), not Willd.
Eiidodia Ralln. Keogcnyt. 4 (18^*5).
Brepharochloa End). Gen. PI. 1352 (1841).
Pscddoniza Griff. Ic. PI. Asiut. /. 144 (1847).
Lncrtia Grcmow, Trautv. in Act. Hort. Petrop. 0:354 (1884).
Spikelets l-llo\vcred. flat, articulate on short ])c'di('ols along the
slender branches of a terminal panicle. Glumes 2. cninjilicate and
keeled, the outer the larger, surrounded at the base by a carti-
laginous ring, which is often obscure; outer glume 5-ncrved,
broadly wing-keeled or with tlie margins ciliate, the inner 3-nerved.
No 2-nerved palea. Stamens G, 3, or fewer. Styles short, dis-
tinct, (xrain enclosed in the slightly hardened glumes, but not
adherent.
Marsh grasses, with narrow leaf-blades which quickly close when
warm, if briskly nibbed. The main nerve one side of tlie middle
of the blade. Panicle terminal, slender, with erect filiform rays.
Spikelets smaller, more slender, and neai*er together than in Ovyza,
and in //. lenticnlaris almost imbricate. Nerves of the glumes
not very prominent.
Six or more species, five at least common to America. Nearly
allied to Orj/za, though having thinner glumes, a different inflo-
rescence, and no small outer glumes.
The old and long-used name Lccrsia was first used to designate
a genus of mosses, and therefore should not be used for any other
jilant.
S])ikelets lance-oblong, 3 mm. long, scarcely imbricate. , . 1
Spikelets oval, 5 mm. long, imbricate 2
Spikelets broad-oval, 6 mm. long, closely imbricate 3
178
PAXICACK.E.
Spikelets lanceolato-oblong, 3.5 mm. long, loosely imbricate. . 4
Spikelets semiovate. 1.5 mm. long 5
1. H. Virginicug(\Villd.) Hritton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 14
[reprint 13] (1889). White Rice. Lccrsia Viifjinica Willd. Sp.
PI. 1 : 325 (1797).
L. Viryinica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 37 (1S03).
Asprella Vinjinica K. & S. 8vst. 2:2G0 (1817).
Culms 40-70 cm. high, often nearly smooth, liootstocks 5 n»m.
diam., covered with closely imbricated scales. Loal'-blades 5-13
cm. long. Spikelets linear-oblong, 3 nun. long, scarcely imbri-
cate, in slender simple j)anicles, the compressed floral glume curv-
ing to one side, becoming concave next to the axis, to wiiich it is
closely apprcssed; lloral glume and palea ciliate. Stamens 2.
Michigan, Cooleii. Clark 680, Beal 27, 28; North Carolina,
Mc('((rf/n/; Minnesota, HolziiKjer 12; South Dakota, l^nffcy;
Texas, Reverchon 103fi.
Wet woods, Canada to Florida and westward.
2. H. oryzoides (L.) Mieg, Toll. Hist. PI. Palat. 1:52(1770).
Rice-cut Grass. Kick's Col si .v.
Plidhivis orj/zoitfrs L. Sp. PI.
5r) (IToo). Klirluirtid rldiKh'sfina
Wigg. Fl. liolsat. (JKo (17S0). As-
prvUa o>'i/zoi(/('s Lam. 111. 1 : 1(;7
(1791). LcerKtd oi\i/xt>it/rs ^\\. Fl.
I lid. Occ. 1:21 (17;»7). Ori/za
cJdiidesiiiia A. Br. Asch. Fl. Brand.
7'JO (18<;4).
Culms 00-150 cm. Iiigli. Hoot-
stocks narrow, with internodes 2-3
cm. long. Leaf-blades l."»-'>0 cm.
long, 10-25 mm. wide, supplied
with stout recurved prickles. Panicles 15-20 cm. long, with cal-
lous glands inside the base of the rays. Spikelets oval, flat, some-
what ciliate, 5 mm. long. Stamens 3.
Kio. 37. — FTomalocenchrus orf/Mt'des.
A, spikelet; a, Hoiet. (Scril)iu'r.)
OHYZK.E. 179
Michigan, rVr/;-^-687, Ikal, 27, 29; Ontario, Fowler; California,
Parish 1752, Sonvs for M. A. C. 28.
Wet places, somewhat common ; also found in Soutli America,
Euroiie, and Asia.
3. H. lonticularis(Michx.)Kuntzo, Rev. Gen. PI. 777 (181)1).
Catch-fly (jiKAS.s. Jjcersia lotficiilitris Michx. Fl. Hor. Am.
1:39 (1803). AspreUu lenticular':' W. & S. Syst. 2: 2G7 (ISIT).
Culms stout, GO-lOO cm. high, bruncliing. Leaf-blaues 15-20
cm. long, 10-13 cm. wide, smooth or witli small recurved prickles.
Panicle simple, 3-12 cm. long. Spikelcts very flat, broadly oval,
closely imbricate, 6 mm. long; floral glume and ])alea bristly cili-
ate. Stamens 2. A grass of striking appearance.
Wet grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and southward.
4. H. hexandra (K. & S.) Britton, 1. c. A.^prclln hexandra
R. & S. Syst. 2:267 (1817). Lcersia hexandra Sw. Prod. 21
(1788).
Culms stout below, branching, 30-20 em. high. Ligulc of large
plants G mm. long; blades narrow, firm. Panicle 15 cm. long,
contracted, erect, simple. Spikelets lanceolate-oblong, ciliate, 3.5
mm. long, loosely imbricate. Stamens 6.
Lakes and ponds. Florida and westward. Buenos Ayres,
Africa, East Indies, Australia.
5. H. monandra (R. & S.) Britton, 1. c. Leersia monandra
Sw. Prod. 21 (1788). Ai<prella monandra R. & S. Mant. 551
(1817).
Slender erect perennials, 30-50 cm. high. Leaf- blades flat or
conduplicate, 12-15 cm. long, 5.3 mm. wide. Panicle exserted,
about 10 cm. long, with 4-G single spreading rays bearing spikelets
beyond the middle. Spikelets smootli, pale green, mostly imbri-
cate, broadly semi-ovate, pointed, 1.2-1.5 mm. long, glumes com-
pressed, not winged-keeled, first 5-nerved and second 3-nerved.
Stamen 1.
Texas, NeaUey in 1888.
Florida, West Indies, Texas, Mexico.
180 POACE^.
Division II.— FOAOEJE.
SpikeletB one to many-flowered, the rachilla often produced
above the single or terminal flower; when more than one-flowered,
the imperfect flower, if any, is uppermost (except Hierochh>e)\
rachilla usually articulate above the lower glumes, which remain
after the fall of the grain and floral glumes (except Alopecurus,
Cinna, Polypogon, Beckmannia, Thurberia, IIolcus).
TRifiE VII.— PHALARIDE^.
Spikelets each containing 1 perfect flower, or with 1-2 staminate
flowers below; empty glumes usually 4; floral glume and palea
alike, compressed, nerves one or none. Grain uufurrowed, embryo
small.
The following notes concerning this tribe are adapted from
lientham :
The close affinity of this tribe and the Oryzem has been generally
admitted, and Bentham in his Flora Australiensis even proposed
their consolidation. In common, the scale under the single jierfect
terminal flower is keeled and 1-nerved. .- j as to make it a matter
of discussion whether it be a glume terminal on the main axis
of the spikelet, or a palea at the base of a secondary floral axis.
The deciduous part of the spikelet of Phalariffecp with its 4 ^ 'umes
is precisely as in Oryzem; but there are in addition, below the ar-
ticulation, the 2 persistent empty glumes characteristic of Poacm,
The spikelet in this tribe consists of 6 glumes (or 5 and a palea),
the lowest pair empty below the articulations ; the second pair above
the articulation, corresponding to the lowest 3 glumes of OryzeWf
1 usually empty and small, sometimes reduced to a small bristle,
rarely enclosing each a palea or male flower.
A. Third and fourth glumes empty, reduced to small bristles,
awnless. Plants not particularly fragrant 42
B. Third and fourth glumes equalling or exceeding the fifth.
Plants particularly fragrant (\^\
PIIALARIDE.E. 181
b. First glume about half us long as the second, third und
fourth empty, awned on the back 43
b. First and second glumes subequul, third and often the
fourth containing a staminate flower 44
42. (102). Phalabis L. Sp. PI. 54 (1753). (Canary-grass.)
Typhoides Mcench, Moth. 201 (1794). Baldinyera Ga*rtn. Moy.
& Schreb. Fl. Wett. 1 : 43 (1799). Digriiphis Trin. Fund. Agrost.
127 (1820). Endalh'x Uafin. Sor. Bull. IJot. 1: 220 (1830).
Spikelets l-flowered, flat, densely crowded in an ovoid or cylin-
drical spike or spikelikc panicle, the rachis articulate above the
outer glumes. Glumes usually 6, two outer larger ones thin, com-
plicate, 3-nerved, the keel sometimes winged, the third and fourth
small, lanceolate or reduced to small bristles or one deficient, the
fifth smaller, complicate, delicately 3-5-nerved, or apparently 4-
nerved, the central nerve short and ol>scurc, enveloping tlie sixth
glume, which is also complicate, enclosing tlie flower, apparently 2-
nerved, the external angle between the nerves longitudinally ciliute.
No ordinary palea. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong,
enclosed in the 2 upper glumes, but not adherent.
Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades. Panicle
either strictly spicate or in the form of a head, or having branches
which form dense clusters.
There are ten species, found in Southern Europe, North Africa,
and North America.
In this genus it is the lowest two i)eisistent empty glumes that
are the largest, the second pair very narrow, sometimes reduced to
sni'iU bristles, tiiose of the upper pair thin and hyaline; and some-
times in both of them the central nerve is very faint or quite obso-
lete, a character adduced as an argument that this uj)per one is a
two-nerved palea on the floral axis, and not a glume on the main
rachilla.
A. Outer glumes with a broad-winged keel 1, 2
B. Outer glumes with a narrow-winged keel above the middle. 3
C. Outer glumes not winged-keeled (a)
a. Panicle short, dense 4
a. Panicle slender or brandling 5
182
POACE.E.
1. P. Caxariknsis L. Sp. ri. 54 (1753). Canary-orass.
r. ai'kithiris Sulisb. Prod. II (17!)0). P. ooiUa MaMicli, Metli.
208 (i;j>4). /'. aqmaica Delilo, Hoiss. Fl. Orient. 5:471 ( ).
An croi't leafy iinnmil, 30-GO cm. high. Upper shcatlis in-
Ihited; ligule 4 mm. long; blades ^0 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide.
Spike ovoid, pale green, 4 cm. long. Spikelets nearly G mm. h ng.
broadly ovate; lower glumes 5-G mm. long, white, membraiicus,
with 3 green nerves and a very broad or winged keel, third and
fourth glumes lanceolate, half us long as the floral glume; floral
glumes acute, three-fourths the length of the lower glumes, 5-
uerved.
Massachusetts, Ikml 30; District of Columbia, McCartliy;
Michigan, 67«/*^4047; Dakota, iJuJfcy; Arizona, Tuumej/ 763.
Introduced from Europe. Kaised for canary-birds.
2. P. intermedia Bosc. Poir. Eucycl. Suppl. 1:300 (1810).
SouTiiEKN IJkki). Canary-grass. Gilhkut's Kkmkf-orass.
Stewart's Can A uv-(atASs. California Timothy. /'. CaroJiiii-
am Walt. Fl. Car. 74 (1788). 7'.
anrfnatata Nees, Agrost. liras. 2 :
391 (18211). P. micros/arJij/d \)V.
Cat. llort. Monsp. 131 (1813). J\
Americana Ell. liot. S. C. & (la.
1:101 (1817). P. animlinai'ca
Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 1:43(1803).
An erect annual, G0-30O cm.
Fia. 38. — Phalaris intermedia. • „ , i ,, ,
Spikelet. (Richardson.) high. bJK^aths mflated ; blades ol
the upper leaves 0.5-2.5 cm. long. Spikes 2-3 cm. long, 13 mm.
diam. Spikelets 5 mm. long, oval when closed ; lower glumes acute,
membranous, with 3 green nerves and a broad-winged keel, third
and fourth glumes lanceolate, half as long as the floral glumes;
floral glumes acute, the length of the lower glumes.
Texas, Jenney; Oregon, Howell; Arizona, 2'oumey, Pringh for
U. S. Dept. Agricul. 214.
Var. anguBtata (llort.). P, angustata Hort. Gryph. Schlecht.
Linn. 24:187 (1851).
1MIAI-AU1I»K.K. 183
S|iike.s narrow, 5-15 or more, 20 cm. long.
C!ulifornia, Prinyle in ISS*,*.
Some consider it u good griiss for winter pasture. Probably it
is not very nutritious. Wot places, South Carolina, Texas, Oregon,
California.
3. P. amethystina Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 3:50
(1H:»5). a stout grass, TO-'^50 em. high. Sheaths inllated: upper
blades about 2.5 cm. long. Spike 3-4 cm. long, oblong. S])ikelets
4.5 mm. long, oval when closed : lowcrglumes membranous, scarcely
acute, 3-nerved, third and fourth glumes lanceolate, half or more
the lengtli of the tloral glume. Oregon, Uoiirll.
Wet i)laces, California and south wanl.
4. P. Lemmoni Vascy, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 42 (1802).
Cidms »)() cm. high. l'|)pcr sheaths noi inllated; blades short and
narrow, 5-!> cm. long, the ui)per 2 cm. long. Spikelike panicle
dense, 4 cm. long, 1 cm. broad. Spikelets elliptical: 2 lower
glumes membranous, acute, with 3 strong nerves, keels not winged,
ciliate above the middle, first a little less, second a little over 5 mm.
long; third and fourth I mm. long, fifth broad-oval. 4 mm. long,
including the abrupt point, silky hairy.
Found in Arizona.
.">. P. arundinacea L. Sp. PI. 55 (1753). Reed CANARY-r.R.\ss.
Annuh co/oni/n Ait. llort. Kcw. 1 : 1 1() (1TS9). /'. rolorata
Heauv. Agrost. 172 (1S12). Dh/rdp/tis urunditiarca Trin, Fund.
Agrost. 127 (1820). liahlinijvta anindinmea Dumort. Obs. Gram.
IJelg. 130 (1823).
Culms 70-200 cm. high. Sheaths scarcely if at all inflated.
Spikes 10-20 cm. long, often with some distinct spikelike branches.
Spikelets 3 mm. long, oval: lower glumes acuminate, membranous,
3-nerved, third ami fourth less tium half as long as the floral
glume.
Vermont, Pntiylv; Michigan, Beal 31, FariirU, Wood 3550,
Clark 1300, Couhy; Minnesota, /{ai/ct/ li 440; Iowa, llitrhnirk-;
Illinois, Heal; Montana, Anderson; Wyoming, /injf'uin C 03;
Washington, Suksdurf 118(5.
Wet places. Often called " Crazy (Jrass " in the Northwest, as it
184 I'OACE.K.
is thouglit to injuro liorses. Of sonu' promiso for niiwlow iiiul
pustuiTs. (Jraiii j?oo(l lor lislii-s. Viir. picta is known us •• IiIKHOn-
<juash" or '* Stuii'KI) (Jkass," " Ladiks' Tkacks."
Uced cuniiry-j^niss is very widely tlistrihuted north in tlio tem-
l)eraU' and urctic rej^ions, extending into three continents.
4;}. (103). ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sp. IM.-^iS (175;}). XnnlliotKtn-
IkoH St. Lug. Ann. .Soe. IJot. Lyon, 7: U'J (IHHU). A'anthiinthos
I.e. 8:18J) (1S81).
Spikelets 1 -(lowered, narrow, slightly conipres.xed, pedieellute,
orowded into u cylindrieul spikelike puniele; ruchillu urticulute
ubove tlie '^ lower glumes, rjlnines 0, 2 outer persistent helow the
joint, ueute, keeled, inucroiuite, or very short uwned. seeoiul longer
thun the others; third and fourth inueh shorter, empty, nurrow,
keeled, with an awn on the buck or near the base, lifth broad,
obtuse, hyaline, awnless with three very fine nerves, enveloping
the sixth, which is narrower, with a very fine central nerve or
keel, enclosing the fiower. Stamens "1. Styles distinct Mith long
])lumose stigmas. CJrain oblong, enclosed in the two up])er
glumes, but not adherent.
Aromatic or sweet-scented annuals or perennials with flat leaf-
blades. The terminal panicle spikelike, pedunculate, dense, or
rather loose.
Four or five species found in Europe. Introduced into culti-
vation.
In this genus at least one of the glumes of the lowest pair is the
largest of the spikelet; those of the second pair, though small and
without flowers, have dorsal awns.
1. A. ODOHATLM L. 1. c. SwEKT Veunal Gkass. A. ftlpifintll
Schur., Enum. 1*1. Transs. 735 (186G). A rather slender erect
j)crennial, 30-70 cm. high. Sheaths slightly inflated; ligule
oblong, obtuse; blades slightly hairy, the up})er ones about 2.5 cm.
long. Spikelike panicle 3-8 cm. long. Spikelets 7-!> mm. long,
linear-oblong, first lower glume ovate-acute, 1-nerved, as long as the
.second, which is elliptical when spread, third and fourth emargimite,
obsiuirely 5-nerved below the apex; the straight awn of the former
above the middle projecting half its length, the twisted awn of
IMIALAHIDK.K. 185
tlie latter below the middle projecting twice the length of the
gill nil'.
Widely dispersed in temperate Asia, North America, Aiistniiia;
often sown for pastures and lawns. See popular atcount in Vol I.
p. 155, Fig. 73.
Vermont. J'n'uf/le for Pelton; Massachusetts, /leal Xi; Penn-
sylvania, ^vn'/juer lor U. S. Dept. Agricul. 217; Micliigan, C/urk
110J>.
Var. PLELii (Lecoq & Lamolte). A. /V/r/// Li'coq & Lamotte,
Cat. 1*1. Auver. 385 ( ). An annual 15-40 cm. high. SiiiaUer,
more slender, with shorter leaves. Spikes '^'.5 cm. long, second
lower empty glume when closed lineai-lanceohitc. wlicn spread
about two-thirds as wide as the corresponding glume of A. otlnra-
tuni; third and fourth glumes narrower, darker, and closetl; lower
part of the twisted awn almost black. Of no value, thougli the
setids are often sold for those of the species.
Michigan, (M. A. C.) Heal 34.
44. (104). SAVASTANA Schrank. Ikier. Fl. 1: 100, 337 (1789).
Holy (Jkass. Vaxilla-ouass. IHeroclihw Gmel. Fl. Sib. 1 : 101
(1747). Torresia Ruiz & Pav. Prod. Fl. Peruv. 125 (1794). />/>-
xarrvnum Labill. Nov. lloll. PI. 2:82,/. 232 (1806). Diincsia
Kafin. Am. Monthly Mag. 175 (1818). Afa.ciu U. Hr. Parr. 1st
Voy. App. 193 (1824). Diowrin Endl. Gen. 81, in Syii. (1830).
Spikelets with one perfect flower, slightly coni})ressed, panicu-
late, rachilla articulate above the lower glumes, terminal llowre
jiorfect.
Empty glumes persistent below the joint, keeled, acute, gla-
brous, obscurely 1-3-nerved. Floral glumes of the staminate
florets villous, scarcely shorter, obtuse, emarginate or bifid, keeled,
the main nerve often e.xtendiug into a short awn. Floral glume of
the ui)per floret keeled, 5-nerved, ol)tuse, the keel often extending
into a short awn; inner glume narrow, 3- nerved, or nerveless
beyond the keel. Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the fertile
often only 2. Styles distinct, very long, grain oblong, enclosed by
the upper glumes, but not adherent.
Sweet-scented perennials with flat (and often broad) acuminate
186 I'OAtK.K.
Iila«K-.s. Panicio |\vi'aiiii(l;\l. s|»iva(liii;; or coiitnicteil, the 8]>ikulet8
ol'tcii sliinin^' and scaltritl.
'riii'ic arc eight or ttii sjM'cie« I'ouihI in the Southern us well us
in tiie Northern lleMiirtphere.
In Nortliern Kuro|K' it was lorinerly strewn lu'l'ore the doors of
churches on Clirislnias and other iioly-(hi_vs. iienee one of its coin-
nion names.
a. Spikeh'ts 4 mm. h)n<f, no projecting; awn 1
a. Spikeh- s I mm. h>nj.', awn projectinj; '.'-;{ mm. . . . ',*, ',)
a. S|»il\clcts ."» mm. hmi:'. no project in,<r awn 4
a. Spikelets 5 mm. htn^', awn projcctinf; slightly 5
1. 8. odorata (L.) Scrihn. Mem. Hull. 'I'orr. (Mnh, r^-.U
(ls!t4). NouriiruN IIoi-y (iUAss. Si:\i:rA ok \ amij.a (iuAss,
Ihtlrvs (K/iinifii.s L. Sp. I-'I. l(i4S (r;.");{). //. fi'/wtis Host. (iram.
:k;{. /. ;} (ISOl). Ilivmrlihw humilis \\. k S. Syst. •.'.•.".i;j
(ISir).
A smooth tufted ^n-ass. '.20-70 cm. hij,di. Li^uli' 4-r» mm. long;
hiatk'S Ihit, short. Panich' pyramidal, .")-l".> cm. lon^', slijfhtly 1-
sided, rays smootli, in pairs. Spikek'ts hroadly ovate, I'ldvous or
brown, shinin^f. empty };lumes acuminate, about 4 mm. h)n<,', second
one the lonjjer. membranous, translucent; lloral <,dumes of the
lateral llorets mucronate or short-awned at or near the apex,
eiliate on the margins; floral glume of the terminal floret
smaller, nearly glabrous, hairy above; jnilea narrower and l-*^-3-
nerved.
Oanada {Anti(,'osti Islaiul), VcrrvlJ : Vermont, PriiKjlr ; Massa-
cliusetts, Fd.raii, SlKftcnntt: Ontario, Fowhr; New York, Heal
37; Miehigau, ('oolcif, /lailcf/ iov M. A. C. 35, llV/^r/ry for j\I. A.
('. 36; Minnesota, iStnlvij li 451, //(ib:itif/rr ; Colorado, Cassidji ;
Wyoming, liiiffum ; Mcmtana. Andvrmn; Alaska, Funstun for
Nat. Mils. 30 ; Oregon, llonrll.
'* Refused even by hungry mules,'" says Sereuo "Watson.
Dr. I. A. La])ham is authority for the statement that this is the
sacred grass of many of the Indian tribes, as of our own European
ancestors.
Northern and subuli)iue.
IMlAI-AIMhK.K. 1S7
'-*. 8. alpina (S\v.) Sniltn. Mfiii. 'roir, Clul*. r»: •,'.•) (1S!)4).
Alimn'i; Vanilla ok Holy (iuvss, llnhns d/jnints Sw. WilM.
S|». IM. 4: .*)•.• r (IHUti). Uiet'di/iloc a/jiitut l{. .& S. Syst. •,':Jl.>
A smooth brown (»r purplish ;:niss, 15-40 ciu. hi^'h. Loaf-
bhitlos short, narrow, involute. I'anick's contractt'd. 2.5-.') cm.
loii^j, ray.s in pairs. Spiki'lcts over ] mm. lonjr. oval, sprcaditig;
llorai ^lunio of the first lateral llorel with a short awn •^»mm. lon^',
ht'low the hilitl apex, awn of the second lateral floret lon<rerand ono-
thinl or more helow the apex; both lateral floral ".diimes ciliate on
the miir;;ins. fnlvous brown; floral j;lunu! of the terminal ll-jretcili-
ate and mneronate, awned above; palea 1-nervod.
Vernutnt, Fujou. J'n'iii,lc ; Hhode Island, C'ongdon fur (7nrk
4:i(ift.
" Alpine mountain-tops. New England and Now York and
northward. (Kn.)" A. (iray.
;}. S. Mexicana (Menth.) Illi'i-oihloi' Mvxlnmn Bentli. Journ.
Linn. Soe. 11) it? (18HI).
An erect tufted perennial, (50 cm. hiixh. Leaves seal)rou3
throufihout, li>i;ule 7-8 mm. long; blades flat. S-1,') em. iong, ;{-• I
nnii. wide. I'anich* spikelike, interrupted, lO-I") em. long, rays
in pairs, the longest 4-5 cm. long. Spikelets oval, brownish -green,
T mm. long, first glume oval when 8[)read. 1-nervi'd. U mm. long,
second 3-nerved, I mm. long; lateral florets eipial. 5 mm. long,
awn of floral glume of first floret near the apex but slighly project-
ing, aM'n of floral glume of second floret stout. atta(!hed ju-ar the base,
jtrojecting :i mm. ; floral glume of terminal floret 3 mm. long, gla-
brous, lateral nerves very obscure.
Mexico, Pi'innh 4100.
Dry ridges under i)iiu's. 0500 ft. altitude.
4. S. macrophylla (I'hurb.). Ilirrorlilur mnvrophijJhi Thurb.
Holand. 'I'rans. Calif. Agrl. Soc. G5 (18G4-5). Lai{(;i;-m;avef)
Holy CiRas-s.
Culms 40-00 em. high. Ijcaf-blades 150-50 cm. long. 11-1 3 mm.
wide, with rough margins. Panicle thin, rays in pairs, or the
lowest single. Kmjjfy glumes about 5 mm. long, greenish along
188 I'OAIK.K.
tho nerves, pnrpliah, ohtiiso, tlu' iiuiur one a little longer, barely
equiillinj? the lulenil llonil ^'liiuiea; lloriil ;,'liiines of the lateral llor.
ots with ciliatt; niar;;ins, and a sli^'ht awn from the broad eniar^i-
nat(f apex; lloral ^'huno of the terminal llort-t Hhinin<r. ciliate al)ovc;
palea 1 -nerved. Lodieules half as lon^' as tho palea.
Oregon, IIoivill,
Fio. 39. — Siimstana maerophi/Ua, Spikclet. (liiclmrdsoii.)
A very robust species, foiuul in tho redwoods of the Coast liauge
of tho Western United States.
5. S. pauciflora (K. Br.) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, ri.'i'.VS
(18SI).
Ilk'rovhhc pauciflura R. Br. App. Parry, 1st Voy. 193 (1824).
Culms erect, *^0— iO em. high. Leaf-blades of the sterile shoots
involute, subulate, the upper one of the culm very sharp. Panicle
erect, simple, contracted, .3.5-8 cm. long, containing about 4(t
spikelets, lower rays single, the upper in ])airs. Spikelets broadly
oval, about 5 mm. long. Empty glumes broadly ovate, acute,
brownish purple, with tips and margins scabrous; floral gliinico <»f
the lateral florets scabrid throughout, as seen uiuler a lens, cluir-
taceous, ciliate on tho margins, apex scarious, entire, mid-iiei've
stout, extending into a slight awn; palea linear; floral glume of
the terminal floret brown, membranous, nerves distinct, slightly
ciliate above; palea three-fourths as long as its glume, oval, 1-2-
uerved, linear, hyaline. Lodieules acuminate.
Melville and Auticosta Islands and probably in many interven-
ing places.
A«il{()STII»K.K. 1H:>
T
TuiHK VIII.— AOROSTIDEiE.
Spikclcts usually coutuiniiix 1 luTt'ocit n«)wer each, racliilla
Hoiiu'tiiucs prolon^'iMJ bcyoiid tlu> paU'U. Kinpty jjluinos tj (none iti
('nhaiilliiis, \ in rtoiiu' spocit's of S/itiro/ni/iis and Miililvulivri/iti),
usually iw lonj; us tlu' lloral «;lunu' or loiijrer; paU>a (wautiiij; in
MdjirrnfHs aiul some spccit's of Ajiroslis) S-iutvim! or ncrveli'ss
(l-iHTVi'd in ('iiin(i). (Jrain not furrowed, embryo small.
This lariji' tribe is one of the most iliHicult \*> cireuniscribe satis-
factorily, or to divide into delinite ^jjenera. 'i'lieir jreneral charaeter
is to have a single flower in each spikelet. either terniinal or with a
slijjht bristle-likt' continuation of the ruchilla. The sin^rle (lower in
the spikeli't which separates the tribe from the following ones is
not so positive a character, a-s it occurs also in one<,'enusof Aveiuw,
in a few genera of Chloridea*. and occasionallv in Kestucea'.
Trillins divided this triiio into three sul>tribes: Vilfeiv. with the
callus scarcely ]>roininent or oltsolete: Agrostea'. with the callus
globular; and Stipea*. with the callus ol)coiiical. lint the callus is
not an appendage to the Ijase of the lloral glume, as he would have
termed it. but only the upper jjart of the racliilla. to which the glume
and the enclosed floret are attached. Its shape depends on the dis-
tance at which the lloral glume is attache(l above the emi)ty ones, a
distance very variable throughout the Order. The length of the
joint of the raehilla ;s a useful chari>cter, but never ranks as sub-
tribal.
A. Floral glume firmer than the empty glumes and very closely en-
veloping the grain.
u. Spikelets each containing 1 perfect flower (b)
b. Floral glume entire, bearing a terniinal ;}-brancluMl
awn. the lateral branches often very short or some-
times obsolete 45
b. Floral glume 3-toothed, awn usually simple.
twisted and bent (c)
e. Lodicules usually 3. floral glume ai;d palea be-
coming very hard (d)
11)0 I'OACK.K.
(1. Klonil .uliiiiic na'.''")\v. ut^iiully with u tnirvcMl
sliiirp-pointod hairy callus, iinil a stout, twisted
and iHTsistoiit awn 4(i
d. Flonil tjhiiiu' broad, with a very stout blunt
callus, and a weak terminal eadueous tortuose
iiwn 47
d. Floral <jhnne ventrieose. with a short, stout.
Hat, obli(|Ue callus and a short, straight or
curved awn 48
c. Lodicules 'i: awns slender, sometimes minute.
Palea nu'mhranous, closely enclosin<j the grain.
Spikelets small 50
c. Floral glume broad, deeply "^-toothed and with
palea oidy loosely enclosing the grain. . . .51
b. Floral glume awnless 4!)
p"
b. Floral glume with a straight terminal awn. liachilla
prolonged above the palea 51
a. Spikelets in pairs, one containing a perfect ilower. the
other staminate or sterile, forming the spikclike pani-
cle 5;{
a. The spik(>lets containing perfect flowers surrounded at
the base by numerous sterile (and a few staminate) spike-
lets which are red uci'd to bristles or bracts 54
B. Floral glume usually hyaline or membranous at maturity, not
so firm as tiie I'lnpty glumes; grain loosely or not at all en-
closed (a)
a. Empty glumes none; s])ikelets in umbel-like clusters,
pauictdate; stanu'us '2, plants very small 5S
a. Empty glumes present (b)
b. Falea ^-nerved; stamen 1; floral glume raiseil on a
distinct naked (^allus, panicle loose 05
b. Palea usually none, if present small ami keeled;
spikelets in a dense spikelike panicle or head; floral
glume usiudly with a bent dorsal awn 57
b. Palea usually present, 2-nerved (c)
A(iH(>STll>K.K 101
C. Empty gluiiies sai-eatc :it tlie liiiso, iiuirli loni^cr
tluiii the llural «;liiiiu's {>','
O. Empty ^luiiu's not tiaccuto at the baso. . . (d)
d. Empty «jlunn's snhiM|ual, hdijji'r than the Moral
glume, each ahniptly terminating in a short
awn; inllorescenee spikelike .")('»
d. Empty ghiines sul)e(pial, h)nger than the lh>ral
glume, usually bilid, each terminating in a
slender awn; inllorescenee spikelike, often
interrupted •'»•!
d. Emi)ty glumes slightly unc<|ual, a little
shorter than the tloral glume, acute; inllores-
cenee spikelike ."»,")
d. Empty glumes or inllorescenee or both un-
like those of '^< . — '- — '■ r~: — r- 55. 5(5, Cri (e)
0. Plant anujud. dwarf, 5-(J('m. high, empty
glumes minute, awnless; spikelels 1.5
mm. long, awnless. Stamen 1. . . . 51*
c. Plant annual, taller, empty glumes plu-
mose ]•*
C. Plants usually much larger. Stanu'us "i -IJ ;
grain dehiscent, .seed esciiping, at least
when wet, glunuvs all awidess (io
e. Plants uidike 5'.>, Hi) (I)
1'. Floral glume bearing a prominent awn
2-4 times its own length, a little below
the apex (g)
g. Awn twisted (i;;
g. Awn ii>t twisted "il
f. Floral glume without an awn or oidy a
short slender awn (g)
g. Callus or prolongation of the rachis
bearing a tuft of hairs, at least one-
third as long as the tloral glume. . (i)
i. Floral glume and palea thin,
membranous (iS
192 PO.UE.E.
i. Floral glume and palea char-
taci'ous, panicle spikelike. . . G9
i. Floral glume and palea cluirtace-
ous panicle open 70
g. Callus naked or with a very few
short hairs (i)
i. Spikelets in a long narrow pani-
cle V)l
i. Spikelets in a pyramidal or oval
panicle, or short and spikelike. . (n)
n. Empty glumes shorter than
the floral glume. Spikelets
large 04
n. Empty glumes longer than the
floral glumes, with no exten-
sion of the rachilhi above the
palea 66
45. (108). Aristida L. Sp. PI. 82 (1753). Kiclboul Adans.
Fam. 2:31 (1TG3). Chwtaria, Ciirtopoyoii, Arthratherum Beauv.
Agrost. 30, 32 (1812). Streptachne II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et. Sp.
1:124(1815). Moulinsia Rafin. Ser. Bull. Bot. 1:221 (1830).
Stipagrostis Nees, Linn. Soc. 7:290(1833). Sc/n'sfacli no Figaw
& De Not. Mem. Acad. Torin. (II.) 12:252 (1852). Orfarhm
Xees, Seem. liot. ller. 225 (1857).
Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow on blender pedicels or nearly sessile
in a terminal panicle, rachilla articulate above the empty glumes.
The 2 empty glumes persistent, keeled, awnless: the floral glumo
usually with a blunt hairy callus at the base, narrow rigM entire,
with a terminal trifid awn, or the lateral awns erect or obsolete.
Palea small or obsolete, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain narrow, enclosed in the hard floral glume, but free from it,
the whole falling off with the stipes and awn.
Tufted grasses, with the narrow blades often involute, usually
flowering late in the season. In the dry regions of tlie Soutlnvest,
including ^lexico, many of the species contribute largely toward
the upland pasturage.
AUROSTIDE.E. 19'S
There are over 100 species widel}' spread over the tropieiil and
temperate regions of the New and tlie Old World.
The genus is nearly related to Stipu, though separated from it
hy having triple awns.
With few exceptions it is most leadily recognized by the long
fine three-branched awns, the lateral ones opposite and spreading.
The genus is divided into three fairly marked sections, wliich by
some have been raised to the rank of genera.
1. Arthrathemm (Beauv., as a genus). — Here the awn is decid-
edly articulate on the glume, tlie three consolidated below and. much
twisted above the articulation below the branches, the floral glume
much shorter than the lower empty glumes, instead of exceeding
them as in Chwiaria.
2. Chwtaria (Beauv., as a genus). — The floral glume is contin-
uous \viil\ the awn without any articulation, and is neither quite
awnlike in ^ decidedly twisted below the three subequal branches.
Amongst its species, Curtopoyon was proposed as a genus, in Avhich
the lateral branches of the awn are short and erect. Orfachne
(Nees, as a genus), Slreptachne II. B. K., are two other old generic
names.
3. Stipayrostis (Nees, as a genus). — The awn is articulate on
the glume jis in AHhratherum, but scarcely twisted, and above the
branches elegantly plumose. /ScJiisfac/itie was once proposed as a
genus, in which the central awn above is plumose, the lateral ones
short and glabrous.
Not represented by species in our flora.
A. Arthrathenim.
a. Floral glume 10 mm. or more in length to the joint, (b)
b. Empty glumes 10-15 mm. long, })aniele few-flowered. 1
b. Empty glumes 15-17 mm. long, panicle larger. . 'l
a. Floral glume 8 mm. or less in length to the joint, the twist-
ed beak 15 mm. or more in length (b)
b. Second empty glume 10 mm. long 3
b. Second empty glumes 13-18 mm. long, variety of 3
B. Clurlai'ia,
a. Awns united, solid and twisted at the base. 2 or more em.
long 4
194 POACE/K.
a. Awns united, solid und twisted at the base less than 2 cm.
louK (b)
b. Floral glume to tlie base of the diverging awns 30 mm.
long 5
b. Floral glume to the base of the diverging awns 15 mm.
long
b. Floral glume to the base of the diverging awns 10 mm.
long.
b. Floral glume to the base of the diverging awns 6-10
mm. long H, 9
a. Base of one or more awns with one or more wide curls at
the base when dry (b)
b. Spikolots in a long strict spik*^ 10, 11
b, Spikelets in simi)le panicles 1*^
a. Base of the awns spirally curled little if any, though often
bent when dry (b)
b. Lower empty glume the longer (c)
c. First glume 12 mm., second 7-9 mm. lon^, tloral
glume H mm. long 13
c. First glume 7-13 mm., floral glume 4-1 mm. long. 14
b. Empty glumes equal or the upper one longer. . . (c)
c. First glume half as long as the second, some of . 26
c. Less than half ditt'erence in the glumes of any spike-
let (d)
d. Floral glume 15 mm. long, lirst glume 3-"-
nerved 15
d. Floral glume 4 mm. long, first glume 1-nerved. 16
d. Floral glume 4.5 mm. long, first glume 1-
nervod IT
d. Floral glume 5-14 mm. long, first glume 1-
nerved (e)
e. Panicle 20-60 cm. long. rays 10-15 cm. long,
flower-bearing above the middle. , . .18
e. Also some plants of 19
e. Panicle spikelike 30 cm. long with no rays
which are 10 cm. long or much interrupted. 20
A(iU<)STll)E-K. 105
e, Panicle branched, little iiitcrrupte'l rays 2-15
cm. long (g)
g. Floral glume 10 mm. long. . . . 11>
g. Also some i)luntsj of tJo
g. Floral glume less than 10 mm. (exci'])ting
some of 23) (h)
h. First glume 3-5 mm., floral glume o-O
mm. long 21
h. First glume 4-6 mm., floral glume 5-G
mm. long. . 24:
h. First glume 7 mm., floral glume 5-0
mm. long 23
h. First glume 8-10 mm., floral glume T-8
mm. long. 22
h. First glume G-0 mm., floral glume T-14
mm. long, and in some varieties flrst
glume 9-13 mm. long, floral glume 18-
20 mm. long; very variable. . . .25
Awns three, not jointed with the floral (jJmne, the lateral
ones very short or obsolete.
a. Central awn stout, 2-3 cm. long, hooked-recurved at the
base when dry 26
a. Central awn 5-6 ihm. long, reflexed and twice coiled at the
base when dry 2T
a. Central awn not hooked nor coiled at the base when
dry (b)
b. Floral glume 6 mm. long, culm erect filiform. . . 28
b. Floral glume longer, culm stouter (c)
c. Emi)ty glumes equal, or the first one longer. . (e)
e. First empty glume 7-8 mm. long or often
obsolete 32
e. Empty glumes nearly equal, 6-8 mm. long. 29
e. Emptyglumesnearly equal, 9-11 mm. long. 30
e. First glume 10-12 mm., second 7 mm. long. 31
e. First glume 8-13 mm, long 33
c. Empty glumes unequal, second one longer. . (d)
196
POACE.E.
d. Panicle spikelike, rays mostly sessile, first glumo
4-5 mm. long 21
d. Panicle racemose or spreading, first glume ?-!>
mm. long 32
1. A. desmantha Trin. & Uupr. Mem. Acad. St. Pctersb. (VI.)
MOO (1841)).
A slender sparingly-bniuched grass, 30-50 cm. high. Sheaths
mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule short clliate; blades in-
volute, setaceous, smooth below, S-'^O cm. long, nnirgins of the
blade and sheaths also sometimes ciliate. I*anicle -iniple, few-
flowered, 8-15 cm. long, rays scabrous, remote. Empty glumes
ciliate, 1-nerved, etjual, 2-tootlu'd, 10-13 mm. long, besides short
bristles; floral ghnne about 10 mm. long to the jointed, separate
awns, V. Inch are equal and horizontally s})readiug when dry.
Texas, livt'crrhon 105 T.
Texas and Indian Territory.
2. A. tuberculosa Nutt. (ien. 1:51 (1818).
Culms 2-5 cm. high, branching below, nodes tumid; the inter-
nodes mostly naked, as the l)ranches crowd the sheaths away.
Sheaths smooth, twice as long as the
internodes, to which they really belong;
ligule a ciliate fringe; leaves of sterile
shoots very few and short, those of the
<'ulm 2-3 in number, blades involute, se-
taceous, 10-20 cm. long, scabrous above,
smooth below. Panicle rigid, open, spar-
ingly bnmched, 10-18 cm. long. Empty
glumes brown, 15 IT mm. long, tlie
strong nerves scabrid; first glume
shorter, the awned tips 5-10 mm. long;
floret nearly 15 mm. long, with a hairy
pointed callus at the base, and at the
apex the three awns are twisted and
Fio.40. — Anstida tuberculosa.
A, spikelet; a, Horet; 6,cftl- anchylosed or soldered together Tor
lous be«rd,.a base. (Scribner.) ,^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ .^^^^^ ^^jji^j^^ ^^^ maturity,
the three nearly equal tips become divergent or reflexed for 3-4 cm..
ACJHOSTIDE.E. 197
the awns uud tlie twistod base separating by a joint from the
glume.
Mussaeluisetts, A'. Fa.voii 'iO; New Jeriiey, /y^/ 37 ; Minnesota,
Ifolzitujer for Nat. Herb.
Sandy soil. Eastern irassaclnisetts to Xew Jersey, also in Mex-
ico, Wisconsin, westward, and soutliward,
3. A Californica Tliiirb. Boland. in Trans. Calif. Agr, iSoe.
134 (1SG4). A. Jonexii Vasey, C'ontrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:48
(1S!»2).
A slender densely tufted geniculate and niucli-branched grass,
often pubescent at the nodes. Siieaths loose, shorter than the
internodes, often jmbescent; ligule ciliate; blades smooth or sca-
brous below, involute-setaceous, those of the sterile shoots 3-('» cm.
long, those above shorter. Panicle racemose, few-tlowered. 3-<5
•cm. long, the lower spikelets in i)airs. Empty glumes 1-nerved.
first () mm. long, second 10 mm. long; floral glume minutely
scabrous, about the length of the first glume, often spotted; awns
united below from the joint upwards for neai'ly 10 mm. bearing
nearly ecpud spreading tii)S 2.5-5 cm. long.
California. State Survvij 'I'll"! \ Arizona, ./owe*' 3895.
Arizomi, California and Mexico.
Var. fugitiva Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. 3: 49 (1892).
" DitTers from the type chiefly in the lower and more condensed
habit, and in the longer empty glumes." Vasey 1. c.
Lower California, Palmer 501.
Sand-beaches near the sea; seeds easily blown about ; spikelets
varying from greenish yellow to purple and brownish blai'k.
4. A. spiciformis Ell. Bot. S. C. & (Ja. 1 : 141 (1810).
Culms rigid, erect, sparingly branched, 30-00 cm. high. Sheatiis
shorter than the internodes: blades smooth, rigid, erect, involute,
those of the culm 2 in number. Panicle dense, spikelike, 15 cm.
long. Empty glumes narrow. 1-nerved; first 4 mm. long, with an
awn 10 mm. long; second 10 mm. long, witli an awn still longer;
floret slender and with its beak 3-3.5 cm. long, the awns diverging,
the central one stouter ami as long as the floral glume, the lateral
ones a little shorter.
108 POACK.E.
Florida, Curtiss Wll, Chtrk 5050.
Low pino-lmrrt'iis. South Curoliim to Florida.
5. A. appressa N'asev, ("ontril). U, S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 283 (1893).
Culms sli'iuU-r, (JO-ISO cm. lii;;li. Tiowor leaves uot seen, the up-
per narrowly setaceous. 10-1, "» cm. lon<r. I'anicle narrow, !.*0-30 em.
lonjr, naked below. Empty <,dumes setaceous, suboqual, about 10
mm. lon^'; floral glume 30 mm. Inn":, ])iirple, beak somewhat
twisted; awns nearly equal, 10-1'^ mm. long.
Alexico, Pidntcr in 1IS85.
The long stilT culms are tied together by the natives for brooms.
Var. brevior ^'asey 1. c.
Culms tufted, 00-90 cm. high. Leaves of culm 3-4; sheaths
glabrous; ligule obsolete; blades Hat or involute, 15-'^ 5 cm. long.
Piinicle 17-24 cm. long; rays aj)pressed. S])ikelets nearly as in the
l)receding, but the floral glume a little longer than the emi)ty ones;
awns a little longer,
Mexico (Hio Blanco), Ptiliiwr 510.
0. A. Arizonica Vasey, Hull. Torr. Club, 13:27 (1880).
An erect smooth unbranched grass. 30-00 cm. high. Ligule
short; leaf-blades of the culm usually four, ])ecoming involute. 10-
20 cm. long. Panicle much exserted, narrow, simple, 10-25 cm.
long, the lower internodes 5-7 cm. long; rays in twos below, the
longest 8-10 cm. long, bearing a fewspikelets along the upper half.
Empty glumes nearly equal, hispid on the keels, toothed, 14-15
mm. long, besides the very short awns, first 1-nerved, second 1-3-
nerved; floral glume including the hairy-beaked callus and the
twisted apex to the base of the separate awns about 15 mm. long;
awns divergent, the lateral ones 2 cm. long, the central a little
longer.
Dr. Vasey says: " This species differs from A. purpurea 'Knit.,
in a more rigid habit, longer leaves, more erect and rigid panicle,
and especially in the comparative length of the glumes, in the larger
flowering glume, and in the shorter awns."
New Mexico. Vaxeji; Texas. Xealley.
Texas to Californiu.
7. A. Reverchoni Vasey, liull. Torr. Club, 13: 52 (1886).
A(il?(»STll)K.E. 199
A slciidci' siiinotli iHTcmiiiil. ;>()-.'>() nil. lii<;li; ciilins unltraiirlu'd.
Sliciitlis sliortcr tliaii tliu iiitfi'iiodt's; li^'uli' si ciliutL' riiij;; bliides
of sterile shoots iiivuiuti', lilit'(»riii. orteii llexiiose. I'-'M) cmii. lonj;.
tliose of the culm about 3 cm. lou^^ I'auide erect, sjiikelike.
narrow, 10-1.5 cm. loii<jr. ravs erect aiul nearly sessile, closely ap-
[U'es.sed. Empty <;liinu's purplish, lirst (1-i mm. loiij,', second
lO-I".' mm. loii^'; lloral ;rlume 10-11 mm. lon<,'; awns sii^ditiy
united and twisted at the base, sjireading, nearly equal, "^5-3"^ nnu.
long.
Vascy states that this grass *' DilTers from .1. purpurea \utt.,
in the narrower, denser i)anicle, with sessile branches, smaller
flowers and .shorter awns."
Texas, Hcrerc/wu l'i't7.
S. A. barbata Fourn. .Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 7H (188G). J
itciiru Va.sey, ined.
A rather stout i»erennial, G0-90cm. high ; culm simple, smooth
or jinbescent. Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth, filiate
with short hairs; ligule very short; blades involute. 30 cm. long,
the lower setaceous, those on the culms "^-3 mm. wide. Panicle
narrow; lower rays 3-5 cm. below the next above. Empty glumes
narrow, involute, 1-nerved, first 8-10 mm. long, second as long
or a little longer and bifid with a short awn; floret G-10 mm. long
to a twisted beak 4 mm. long; lateral awns 8-15 mm. long, the
central one 3-5 mm. longer.
Mexico, Puhiicr 5"-20. J'n'/if/Ie 1889, ticketed .1. lanu<iiuos(i
Scrib. n. sp.
9. A. Nealleyi Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. 3:45 (18!»-2).
A. xlrirla var. Xcallej/i Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Herb. 1:55
(1890).
A slender strict light-colored i)erennial,, 40-00 cm. high.
Culms with about three nodes. Sheaths half as long as the inter-
nodes; ligule a mere ring, sometimes ciliate; blades smooth, invo-
lute-setaceous, pungent-pointed, 10-30 cm. long. Panicle spike-
like, very slender, interrupted, 10-30 cm. long; rays in twos, the
longest about 3 cm. long, bearing three spikelets. Empty glumes
mucronate, lirst about 5 mm. long, second 8 mm. long; floret
200 POAi'K.K.
Hpottcd, rtcubrid. ultoiit '.» iiiiu. loiij;, iiicludiiijr tlio sliort twisttMl
li<>ul\: liitcml awtiri divurgin^, 10 iiiiii. luii*;;. the ccMitnil oue ti little
lon^'cr.
West Texas, XcaUvij 514 in IH.SO.
Ahundunt on rocky soil.
10. A. simplioifolia Clui(in). Coult. Hot. (ia;;. :): IH (1878).
Culms erect, lilit'orni. .^^parin^'ly lirain-lied, TjU-HO cm. Iiij,di.
Hlatles of sterile shoots (J-l*^ cm. lon<;, those of the culm 2-;5 in
number, involute, 10-20 em. lonjj;. 1-;.' mm. wide. Uaceme much
exscrted, simple, straijjht, 15-25 cm. lon^s spikelets mostly sinjilo
on short jiedicels; empty <;himes lu-arly e<|ual, 1 -nerved, extending'
a little above tiu' base of tiie awns. 10 mm. lonj;. The awns widely
8|)rea<lin^', nearly e(|ual, a little lon<,'er ihan the »'mp*y <.'lumes, all
curved in a semicircle at the l»ase when dry. Chapnum says:
"Tile lateral one strai<i;ht, the midille one curving."
Alabama (M<»bilc), Malir.
Alabanui and Florida.
11. A. gyrans Chajun. Coult. Bot. Ciaz. :'): IS (18:8).
A slender glabrous strict ))urplish grass, ;»0-4r> cm. high.
Culms with about three nodes. Sheaths two-thirds as long as the
iuternodes; ligule very short; blades involute-lilirorm, .shorti-r tliaii
the culm. I'anicle simple, strict, narrow, 12-I.'> cm. long; rays
mostly single, the longest 2.5 cm. long, bearing 2-IJ spikelets.
Em|>ty glumes very une((ual, short-awned. first as long as the floret,
7 mm. long, including the i)oint 10-11 cm. long; awns nearly
ecpuil, slender, loosely twisted at the base, diverging, 12-15 mm.
long.
IT. S. Dept. Agricul.. Cliapman.
South Florida (Robert's Key).
12. A. basiramea Vasey, Coult, Hot. Gaz. 0:70 (1884).
An erect slender annual, 20-70 cm. high, much branched,
bearing flowers from very near the roots to the apex of the culm;
nodes tumid; iuternodes naked, as the branches crowd the sheaths
away. Ligule very short; blades becoming involute. 8-18 cm. long,
setaceous above, sparingly hairy on the nnirgins below. Paiucles
erect, loose, simple, the lateral ones sheathed by the leaves, the lat-
A<il{«>STII>K.K.
201
tt'i" ;}-H cm. Ion;;, tlu' tiTiuiiiiil one soiiu'tiiiu's ]()-]'i ctn. Ion;;:
lowiT riivrt in twos or tlircus, tlio iippcr sin^li". Spikcli'ts with iin-
t'qnal I-ntTved ^flui.U'.s, llrrtt A-lO nun. lon^'. si-i^ond H-i:{ mm. long,
tlu' awns vi'i-y short; tlort't spotted, ^-U mm. Ion;,'; liitcral awns
*<pirally twisted helow when mature and dry, 7-i'.i mm. long, the
<entral one ii titird Ion;rer.
Mearly related to .1. tlivhuloma Miehx.
Illinois, /'(iftn-Ktiii lor U. S. Dept. Agrieni. 'i'.Vi; Minnesota,
Jl(ihini/er 24.
Illinois to Minnesota.
13. A. Floridana (("hajun.) Vasey, flmm. V. S. 21 (IH.S.'J).
StreptarltHc F/oridniid Chapm. Kl. S. States, 554 (IHtiO).
Cidms simple, ereet. slender, GO cm. high. Sheaths hairy at
the throat; hiades smooth, lilirorm. l')--,'.") em. long. Panicle ereet,
narrow, slender, 'M) cm. long; rays mostly in pairs. Spikelets on
short pedicels, first glume T^'-IIJ mm. long, second 7-!t mm. long,
obtuse or l)ifid, with a very short beak ; lloret S mm. long; bent
awn l-"i cm. long.
South Florida. /Umh/rff.
14. A. purpurascens Poir. Kncyc Suppl. 1:40-3 (1810). r/nr-
taria affinis W. &. S. Syst. 'l: Mant. ".'10 ( ).
An erect glabrous perennial, (»0-l".M) cm. high. Sheaths some-
times downy, longer than the internodes; ligule very short ; blades
about .") to a culm. •^(►-:>0cm. long, the lower portions tardily invo-
lute. Panicle exserted, purple and brown, sleiiiler. *~'0-4(icm. long;
rays solitary, in pairs or rarely in threes. Kin|»ty ghnnes each with
1 scabrous lu'rve. and a very short awn, first \'l mm. long, second
about 10 mm. long: lloret ol'ten spotted. 5-7 mm. long, the lateral
divergent awns 2 cm. long, the central one longer.
New .lersey, Scribnrr for V. S. Dept. Agrieul. 250: ^[ichigan.
Clark 2020.
New Hngland and Michigan to Texas; also West Indies.
Var. depauperata N'asey, ined. Panicle slender; lirst and sec-
ond glumes T and 5 mm. long, ves[)ectively ; tloret 4 mm. long.
Mississippi, Tn/ri/.
Var. minor Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. 3:40 (1892).
Panulc rtltiiih'r. K-I^riii. loii;r; lirst ;'limic T iiiiii. loiiju, HiK'oiul G
tiiiii. U*\i}i; iiwiis (>r llorct I..') nun. U>u<^.
NorilicuMl Kloriilu, ('niiit<,i '.U'i*.*; ^liMim\i\n, '/'nirif \',\:\\ Now
ir». A. oligantha MuUs. V\. Mor. Am. 1:41 (iso.l). .1. A,f.
ftiriisioHi'M Willi, Kl. Cur. 74 (1188), not L. (hivlariii (i/{i/<iii///tf
lU'uiiv. A;ri-osi. :>(! (isr,'j.
AppiiD'ntly iinnniil ; riilnis with tumid nodes. s|mi'in;j:ly liranclicd.
'iO-50 nil. Iii;;)). Slicatliri iil)ont a.s lon<; as the inlcrnodcs some of
which uiH' naked, as the hranciies crowd the sheaths; li;;iile \crv
short, with a few hmj; hairs ahove it. Panicle loose, few-lhiwi-red.
racemo.se, lO-lT) cm. lon^'. Knipty jjiunies nearly e(|nal. 'i cm.
lonjf, llrsl Jl-.^-nervi'd. with a very short awn. second I-iierved, with
an iiwn I cm. lon«i:; lloret ir» mm. lon<,'; awns diver^'infi; when mii-
ture, the central one 4 cm. lonjj. the lateral ones ii little shorter.
District of Coliimhia. McCari/ty; Ma.ssachu.sett8, ('. JJ. Fiuon
8; Mississippi, Tniri/.
Vir^'inia. Illinois, .\rkanaas and southward.
Var. nervata. Kmpty ;,dumes shorter thuu the lloret, iirst T-
nerved, tlie divergent awns \-i cm. lon^.
()re<;on ((Jrant'rt I'as;;), /Imrc/L
10. A. Palmeri Va.sey, Hull. Torr. Club. 10: 4'^ (1S8;J).
Perennial; I5-;U) cm. hi^'h. Leaf-hlades involute, setaceous,
the lower '^-5 cm. l(.n;r, some of those altove lO-T,* cm. loiiir.
Spikelets S0-1()() to a culm in .some cases, in terminal and lateral
j)anicles, 12 cm. lonjiif, (> (!m. wide; l)ranclies sctahrous. Some of the
lower spikes often nu)re or less reduced or abortive. Spikelets
mostly in pairs; lirst glume linear-lanceolate, l-nerved. al)out ','
mm. long. 1 mm. wide; second membranous, narrowly linear. S-!)
Him. long; lloret (iylindrical, 4 mm. long, the awns nearly e(iual,
erect or diverging, 10 mm. long.
Colorado, Junes 4138; West Texas, Ilavard; Nebraska,,
Dupij.
Nebi'aska. Arizona and Texas.
17. A. virgata 'i'rin. Sprang. Neue Entdeck. 2 : 60 ( ).
Culms erect, slender, naked above, sparingly branching belnv.'.
AtH{«»srii>i;.K. a<>:{
l()-»»Ocin. liijjh. Slu'uths not crowded from tin- intcinodcs: li^'uU>
very Hln)rt; Idiidos ;j. Ilat, 1(»-IS i-ni. I<»ll;.^ I'miiclforifii on a pcdi-
i-r\ of its own l«'n;,'tli. spiki'liki', iiiti'rniptcd, the a|i|ircss('d ray.s
riHistly iit coiiiilcs. S|.ikcU-l.s S nun. lon;^ to tlio tips of tiii' siilt-
t((ual. l-iU'i'Vfd, i-inpty j.'lunie-»; lloivt 4.5 mm. lou^j; tlio lalt-ral
awMs lu mm. loii)^', tl>o central one a third lon^jfor.
New .Icrsey, ./. //. I/in'mis for Nat. Miis. N'asey says it has
liccn chi>-i'd with .1. ///v/</7/.v. and with forms (»t" J. /tin /mm', lnit
it is prolialdy 'I'rinius* old spirii'S. ll mnch rcsenihKs .1. aliirhi
Michx.
IH. A. Humboldtiana 'I'rin. and Knpr. Mem. Acad. St. reter>l>.
(VI.) : : lis (lS4;t). .1. ,li,'(irir,ihi 11. H. K. Willd. Knum. '.)!•
(I80!l). Clnrliuiii dirarini/,/ Heauv. ,\,u'rost. :{() (IST.').
An erect {jniss. :)(>-!M) cm. hi;,'ii. Shcalhs cowriii;,' the nodes;
Mades eonvolntc. ri«rid. l','-*^()cm. lon^'; li;/nle ciliate, short. I'ani-
(tlc often partially included. "^O ;5(> cm. '.oii.i,', narrow or widely
spreading;; rays mostly in twos helow, sinjjle ahove. some of them
10- ri cm. lon<;, sparsely flower-hearinj; alon<; the upper two-lifths.
Kni|)ty ^ilunies purplish. 1 -nerved, ecpial. or the lower a little tlu'
lon^jfi'r. about 1"' mm. lonjf, liesides a very short awn; florets often
seal)ri(l and spotted, '.» mm. lon<f, .some of them sterile and shorter:
awns erect, the lateral oiu's ahout as lon<>- as the spikeh't. the cen-
tral one 'i-G mm. lon^ror; paK-a 1 mm. lonjjj.
.Mexico, /'(thiiir '^S4. KiS; Arizona, Toitnii'ij 7H4; California,
Junes; New Mexico, \'<isci/.
New Mexico, Arizona to California.
1!>. A. lanata Poir. Encycl. Sujipl. 1:4.5:) (ISIO). Chwhirid
f/(>f<ni//n')ia lieauv. Agrost. 30 (1S1',»). ArisliilK hniasK Muhl.
(Jram. IT4 (1817).
An erect rather stout perennial. (JO-r^O cm. high. Sheaths
covering the nodes, often woolly; ligule very short; blades :{ or
more in number, rough or smooth above, smooth below, rigid,
usually becoming involute. 30-00 rm. or more long, I'aniclemuoh
exserted, ;J0--60 cm. long, sjiikelike; rays in couples, some of them
10-15 cm. long, tlower-bearing alojig the upper two-thir<ls. Empty
glumes with scabrous keels and straight awns, l-Z mm. long, the
204 roACE.E.
body of the first glume 10-12 mm. long, of the second 13-15 mm.
long; floret nearly 1 em. long, with the lutenil divergent awns as
long as the floret, the middle one a third or more longer; palea
about 1 mm. long.
Florida, Ci(rh'i<s 3430; Mississipj)!, I'racy; Maryland, Canby,
Chd-k- Ii)84 from Canby.
Delaware to Texas.
20. A. stricta Miohx. Fl. lior. Am. 1:41(1803). Chcetaria
stn'cta Heauv. Agrost. 30 (1812).
A slender striet perennial, 00-90 cm. high. Culms with about
three nodes. Sheaths half as long as the interuodes; ligule very
short; blades involute, setaceous, downy, 10-40 cm. long. Panicle
spikelike, interrupted, very slender, about 30 cm. long; rays appar-
ently 2-3 together, some of the longest 5-0 cm. long, bearing a few
flowers above the middle. Empty glumes scabrous on the keels,
bifid, bearing an awn 2-4 mm. long, first glume (not including its
awn) 7 mm. long, second 2-4 mm. long; floret as long as the sec-
ond glume; the lateral divergent awns over 10 mm. long, the cen-
tral one a little longer.
Florida, CurtisH 3420; Georgia, Tracy; Mississippi, Tmcy.
Virginia to Florida and Alabama; iilso in West Indies and Cuba.
Var. condensata (Chapm.) Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:45 (1892). A. condensata Chapm. Coult. Bot. (Jaz. 3:19
(1878).
Leaf-blades rigid, soon convolute, those of the sterile shoots 30-
50 cm. long. Panicle contracted, densely many-tlowered, 30-45
cm. long; empty glumes subequal, about 9 mm. long; awns 10
mm. long.
Florida.
21. A. Americana L. Ama^n. Acad. 5: 393 (1759). .1. dispersa
Trin. & Kupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 7:129 (1849). A.
bronwides H. B. K. 'Sov. (Jen. et Sp. 1 : 122 (1815). A. niffrcftcens
Presl, Reliq. lltenk. 1:223 (1830).
A slender grass branching below, often geniculate, 8-35 cm.
high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule reduced to a
short fringe. Sterile shoots very few, the blades 2-8 cm. long, those
AUHOSriDE.K. 206
of tlio culm two or tliroc in nuniber. 2-0 (soinotinies 10) cm. lon^%
involute, setiicoous, scabrid above. Panicle exserted. j)iir|>lislu
spikelike, secund. rays solitary or clustered, branch in*,' near tlie
base, 3-U) cm. or more loui;. Spikeli'ts on short pedicels, empty
<;lnmes narrow, linear, abruptly pointed when spread, scabrous on
the back, tirst ;)-5 mm. lonj;. second A-'.t mm. lon<;; floret linear,
scabrous on the keel, about as lonj; as the second glume, with a
short hairy callus, central awn shorter to a little longer than its
glume, the lateral ones a little shorter, all scabrous; palea less than
1 mm. long. Grain 7 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. diam.
Very variable ami formerly described under several ditTerent
names. " The same tuft has culms from :{ inches to a foot high;
in the shorter ones the base of the panicle is included, but in tlio
taller it is long exserted.'' Dr. Thurber in 8. Wats. I?ot. Calif.
2:2S9 (1S80). In the above some use also was made of his de-
scription of this species.
Colorado, Orciiff: ^fexico, Puhtier oO;?; West Texas, Wrif/fti
T-il ; Arizona, Lcnitixni IJST.
'' The dilVerent forms of this species, of which the A. hrnmnidea
II. H. K. is oiu'. were all united by Trinius & Kuprecht uiuler their
A . disperm. (Jenl. Mnnro, in his catalogue of the grasses in the her-
barium of Linnanis, says that .1. Aiiien'rana L., from Jamaica, is
called ,1. di,'iperf<(t, but Liiuuvus' nanu' ought to take precedence.
(Jrisebach. in Flora of the Jiritish West Indies, unites A. Amer-
ica nit L., ,/. (lisjiersit Trin.. J. hroinoides, A. hinitulift, A. coiirctata
II. H. K., ami .1. nxjnitlu Trin. under A. sfrida Michx."
Dr. Thurber 1. c. : also see Scribner in Hull. Torr. Club. 0:87
(1SS".»). I am unable with data now at hand to perfect u list of
synonyms that is reliable.
Colorado, (hrutt; Mexico, Pnhiier 60',).
New Mexico, ^fexioo to Calfornia.
22. A. Havardii Vasey, Hull. Torr. Club, 13:27 (1880).
A smooth slender grass, sparingly branching below, 20-40 cm.
liigh. Ligule very short with a ciliate fringe; blades erect, invo-
lute, setaceous. 8-15 cm. long. Panicle sometimes with its base
included by the upper sheath, open, 12-15 cm. long, rays slender.
206 PUACE.E.
mostly ill }xiirs, sprciKlinjif or cvt-ii rofloxod witli a spoil, cy eullus in
the Jixilri, tlio largest fuw-llowt'ivil. i)-(\ ciii. loii;^'. braucliiiig about
1 cm. from llui base, em^jty gliimcs nearly ecuial. scabrous on tho
keels, l-nerved, 8-10 iiiiii. lon^j;; lloral uluiue spotted, smooth, the
apex scabrous, 7-8 mm. long, lateral awns 10-15 mm. long, tho
middle one a very little longer.
Western Texas, Ihirard; Arizona. Tuiniirii IS,").
'I'.). A. palustris Vasey, Cat. (ii'ani. V . S. '■):) (ISS,")). A. I'lryata
var. jxiliis/rift Cliaitm. Fl. S. States o')5 (18<iO).
("ulms branching near the base, 00-150 cm. high. SheatlKsclose;
ligule very short; blades tlat or involute, rigid. lO-'iO cm. long.-;}
mm. wide. l*aiiicl(( loose, interni[>te(l, iJO-TO em. long. Emjity
glumes comi)ressed, keeled, nearly ecpial or the second longer, 1-
nerved. 7-9 mm. long; iloret 5-0 mm. long, the lateral awns 12-15
mm. long, the central a little longer, and when dry spreading more
than the others.
Mississippi, Trari/; Northeast Florida. Ciir/iss 3425.
I'inc-barrens, West Florida and South Alabama,
U. A. setifolia H. H. K. Xov. CJen. et Sp. 1:123 (1815).
Cha>tariat<efifnU<( \\. &. S. Syst. 2 : ;{1)0 (1817).
A tufted branching perennial grass. 30-00 cm. high. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes; lower leaf-blades nnmerous, narrow,
involute, 15-20 em. long, those of the culm ;> to 4 in number.
Panicle but little exsertcd, often included at the base, rather thin
and spikelike, 12-15 cm. long, branches compound, 14.5 mm.
from each other, 3-4 cm. long: empty glumes scabrous on the keel,
abruptly pointed when spread, l-nerved, first 4-0 mm. long, second
0-8 mm. long; lloral glume scabrous, linear-lanceolate, 5-0 mm.
long, the awns diverging, nearly equal, or the middle one slightly
shorter or longer, 8-15 mm. long.
AEexico, Palmer 501, 709.
Also found in Jirazil.
25. A. fasciculata (H. & S.) Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1:154
(1824). Chcpfaria fascicuhtta U. k S. Syst. 2 : Mant. 578 (1817).
A. purpurea ^wii. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. (II.) 5:145 (1837).
AGROSTIDK.E. 207
An extremely variable perouuial ; culms simple, slenrler, erect,
15-40 cm. high. Sheaths longer thuu the iuteruodes, pilose at the
throat; blades Hat or involute, the lower numerous, 3-10 cm. long,
those of the culm about 3 in number and variable in length.
Panicle slender, loosely few-llowei'ed, 7-15 cm. long, interrupted
at the base; rays nearly sessile or on slender flexuose pedicels.
Empty glumes l-nerveil, often bifid, with a very short straight
awn, lirst 0-9 mm. long, second 9-18 mm. long; floret 7-14 mm.
long, awns equal, si)reading, 15-70 mm. long. A polymorphous
species, with the extremes of which I am not certain that I am
familiar.
Colorado to 'I'exas.
Var. Californica Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:47(1803).
Culms about 00 cm. high; pauicle rather densely maiiy-Uow-
ered, 15-20 cm. long; lower rays in clusters of 7-10, the longest
4 cm. long; first glume 8 mm. long, second 10 mm. long; floral
glume 10 mm. long; aAvns 3-4 cm. long.
Arizona, Lemmon 402; California, IT. S. Dept. Agricul. 1540
from Pari>ih.
Yar. Fendleriana (Stcud.) Vasey, 1. c. A. Fendkriana Steud.
Syn. PI. Gram. 420 (1855).
Culms 10-20 cm. high; rays short, erect, mostly 1-flowered.
Mew Mexico, C. Fendler 973.
Var. Hookeri Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 5:120
(1842). Sixty cm. high; first glume 9-13 mm. long, second 8-20
mm. long; floret 13 mm. long; awns 5-7 cm. long.
It contributes to the forage on the plains, though rather dry
and tough.
Kansas, Drummond 203, Wriglit 336, 2000, 2003, 2004;
Montana, Scribner S3 ; Mexico.
Var. micrantha Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. 47 (1892).
Culms erect to decumbent, much branched below. 30-50 cm.
high. First glume 3.5-4 mm. long, second 7-8 mm. long; floret
7 mm. long; awns equal, spreading, 2 cm. long.
West Texas.
208 POACE^.
Var. Nuttallii Tluirb. .1. hnujisda Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 420
(1855).
Culms 15-30 cm. long, rays in twos and threes, the lower flexu-
ose, the upper uppressed ; awns ()-8 cm. long.
New ^Icxico, Fendhr 987; Idaho, F. E. Wilcox in 1883.
20. A. ramosissima Engelm. A. (Jray, Man. Ed. 5:G18 (1807).
Var. unisefa and uniarisfafa Engelm.
A diffusely branched annual, 12-40 cm. high, the main inter-
nodes naked. Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule
very shortly ciliate; blades involute, setaceous, 3-0 cm. long. Pan-
icle racemose, 3-8-llowered, 4-8 cm. long; first glume of the spike-
let 3-nerved, 12-15 cm. long, second equal or a little longer, 5-
nerved; floral glume nearly as long -is the second glume; awns not
jointed, the lateral ones erect, 1-4 mm. long or shorter, the central
hook-recurved at the base when dry, 2-3 cm. long.
Illinois, Jical 31).
Dry prairies, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri.
27. A. dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:41 (1803). Ciuio-
pogon dichotomus Peauv. Agrost 32, I. 8, f. 7 (1812).
A tufted erect or ascending annual, 30-00 cm. high. Culms
slender, dichotomously branched for most of their length, nodes
tumid, internodes naked, as their leaf-sheaths enclose the branches.
Sheaths less than half the length of the naked internodes; ligule
very short; blades involute, setaceous, those from the sterile shoots
10-20 cm. long. Panicles termiiuil and lateral, simi)le, very nar-
row, 3-8 cm. long. Spikelets with 1-nerved equal empty glumes,
about 7 mm. long, or the lirst a little shorter, scabrous on the
keels ; floret 5-0 mm. long, the erect lateral awns minute, the mid-
dle one reflexed and twice coiled when dry; about the length of the
spikelet.
Connecticut, PvingJe; Massachusetts, Cooht/j Delaware, Clark
1910; District of Columbia, McCarfhy, Vasey for U. S. Dept.
Agricul. 237.
Dry sandy or gravelly soil from Elaine to Texas.
Var. Curtissii A. Gray, Man. Ed. G: 040 (1890).
A(a{OSTIDE.B. 20^
Culms more slender; panicle slender, thin; first glume 7 mm.
l()ii<,', second 10 mm. long: floral glume 8 mm. long.
Bedford Co., Virginia.
38. A. gracilis Ell. liot. S. C. & Ca. 1: U2 (1817).
Culms erect, filiform, naked above, brandling below, 15-50 em.
long. The lower blades borne by the branches, leaving the main
internodes naked; ligule very short; blades of the culm about 5
in ninnber, erect, filiform, -1-0 cm. long. l*anicle exserted, very
slender, interrupted, spikelike, the appreased branches mostly in
(iouples. Spikelets about mm. long, the one-nerved empty
glumes and the floret nearly equal ; the lateral awns one-third to
one-half as long as the middle one, which is uncoiled, usually
10-] 5 mm. long.
New Jersey, Scrihner for U. S. Dcpt. Agricul. 240; Delaware,
Clark 2950; Pennsylvania. Scribner 3424; Khode Island, Clark
4301 from Congden; New York, Clark; Iowa, llitthcovk.
Sandy soil, New England to Illinois and Texas.
Var. depauperata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 0:040 (1800).
More slender, the lateral awns erect, 1-3 mm. long, the middle
one 0.5 cm. long.
Mississippi, Tracy; New Jersey, Beal.
Found with the former, into which it jiasses.
Florida, Chapman.
29. A. divergens Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 48 (1892).
A. Sehiediana minor \'asey. Bull. Torr. t!lub, 13:28 (1880).
An erect perennial, 30-45 cm. high. Sheaths mostly longer
than the internodes; ligule shortly ciliate; blades involute, 15-20
cm. long. Panicle included at tlie base, pyramidal, 15-17 cm. long,
rays in pairs or solitary, 3-8 cm. long, flower-bearing fi-om near
the middle. Spikelets diverging, empty glumes subequal, 0-8 mm.
long; floral glume 10 mm. long, becoming twisted with age; lateral
awns obsolete or nearly so, middle arm 10-17 mm. long.
Very nearly allied to A. Schiediana Trin. & Rupr., and possi-
bly hardly a good s]>ecies.
Arizona, Jones 4234 in 1884, Pringle.
Texas to Arizona.
I'OACE.E.
'«ic^S>--~ 30^A^J$chi«dianaTiiii. cS^ Uupr. Mem. Acad. St. Potersb. (VI.)
A stm{,'<j:liu«; })eruiinial, soinotiinosi spiiringly briiiu'liiiig, G0-!)0
cm. liiyli. Slictiths usually shorter than the intcrnodes; li<fulc
short; leaves of sterile shoots few, those of the culm 3— i in number,
scabrous, fiat or involute, setaceous above, *^0-3() cm. long. Pani-
cle little cxserted, thin, widely spreading, '^0-40 cm. long, rays
slender, in twos and threes, or even fours, llower-bearing from
near the middle; some of them 8-i;J cm. long. Spikelets few,
appressed to the branches, em])ty glumes awidess, 1-nerved, nearly
ccpial. !»-li mm. long; Horal glume spotted, hispid, scabrous above,
11-20 mm. long to the aduate lateral awns; middle awn about 10
mm. long, twisting at the base when mature.
Mexico, Priiif/h' 387 ; Lower California, Palmer 2G8.
Texas to Arizona, ^rexico, and Lower California.
Var. minor Vasey, Bull, 'i'orr. Hot. Club, 13: 28 (1880). Culms
30-50 cm. high; panicle 12-18 cm. long; rays single, but dividing
immediately. Vasey thinks it might bo considered a distinct
species.
Arizona, Pn')n/Je, Jones in 188-1.
31. A. Oreuttiana Vasey, liull. Torr. Club, 13:27 (1886).
A leafy tufted perennial, stout below, slender above, 40-()0 cm.
high. Sheaths longer than the intcrnodes; ligule very short and
ciliate at the throat; leaves of sterile shoots numerous, blades tar-
dily involute, 2-3 mm. wide, those of the culm narrower, 20-30
cm. long. Pani(^le exserted, open, 10-12 cm. long, rays distant,
flexuose, usually single, some of the longest 8 cm. long. First
glume 3-nerved, 10-12 mm. long, second 1-nerved, 7 mm. long;
lloral glume spotted, 12 mm. long to the apex of the iulhereut
lateral awns, central awn twisted and bent when dry, about 5 mm.
long.
Arizona, Jones 4233 ; Southern California, Orciitf ; Mexico,
Fn'ngle 38(5, Palmer 709.
32. A. manzanilioana Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:282
(1893).
ACiHUSTlDKl-:. 211
A slendor difTu.se tiil'tt'duiimial. imicli braiiflied tit tho base. 30-
75 cm. liigli. ("ulnis t'oniprt'sseil. the upper node 0-10 cm. from
tlie roots. Slieutlis '2 in number, tlie lower loose; ligule very short,
slightly eiliate; blades flat or involute, sleniier. (J- 10 em. long.
Panicles sim])le, s[)ikelike, O-lO cm. long, rays single or in twos
and tiirecs. the longest ;.'.") cm. long, bearing T)-! sessile diverging
clusters, eacli of 3-5 s])ikelets; the pedicels and a])e.\ of the em])ty
glumes usually containing a few hairs. Kmi)ty glumes narrowly
linear, 1-nerved, apex acute, obtuse or 2-toothed, with a nnu-ro or
short awn. first ghune (wanting in most si)ikelets) 7-S mm. long,
second 5-6 mm. long: floret liispid on the back and near the
imirgins, very gradually tapering into a short, stout, slightly-
curved central awn, the whole 2-3 cm. long; lateral awns obsolete.
Mexico, Palmer 10H4.
33. A. Bcabra Kunth, Kev. Gram. 1: (j-i (1820). Shrpfachne
scabra H. li. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 124, /. 40 (1815). (h-farhne
umbra Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. SO (IHSG). Pro])ably also J.
tentiis Kunth, Streptuchne tenuis II. B. K., Ortacline Ivnids
Fourn.
Perennial; culms erect, simide, terete, 00-100 or more cm.
high, scabrid or smooth. Sheaths striate, glabrous or scabrid,
mostly longer than the iuternodes; ligule very short, eiliate: blades
ascending, loosely involute, 30-(iO cm. long, 2-4 nnn. wide, sca-
brous above and on the margins, ])ilose near the base, scaljrid or
glabrous below. Panicles little exserted, or the base included,
diffuse, 30-00 cm. long, rays in twos or threes, scabrous, tricjue-
trous, spreading, the longest 15-30 cm. long, sparingly branched
and bearing a few spikelets along the outer third or half. Empty
glumes tinged with purple, subequal, S-13 mm. long, linear,
acute, short awncd, compressed, 1-nerved, the keel scabrous; floral
glume spotted, coriaceous, scabrous, 13-15 mm. long to the tips of
the verv short lateral awns, the central awn slender, straight or
slightly curved, not twisted, 10-15 mm. long.
Florida, Garber. r«r//.v.s 3431 : Arizona, 'Joudh'i/ 7oG; Mexico,
Fahner 115, 101, Pringle 387, 3770.
40. (101)). Stipa L. Sp. PI. 78 (1753). Jarava Ruiz & Pav.
*212 POAC'E.B.
I'rodr. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1T94). Strvptarhne W. Wv. Prodr. i:i:-4
(ISIO). Ac/iiKtf/icnii/i Boiiuv. Agrost. 10 (1812). Lasiufirostis
Link, llort. Ik-rol. 1:!)!» (182:). PrusfeUa Jk'rtol. Fl. It. 1 : «{)0
(is:5:{). Mavrui'ldoa Kunth, Kev. (iram. 1:68 (1830). Ortho-
rdjthium Nei'S, Proc. Linn. Hoc. 1:0-4 (1841). PtilagroKtis
(irisi'b. in Led. Fl. IJoss. 4:447 (1853).
Spikc'lets l-llowcrt'd, on slender spreading pedicels or nearly
sessile iu a terminal panicle, raichilla articulate above the empty
glnmes. The two empty glumes persistent, membranous, keeled,
unawned or rarely with a slender awn; the floral glume narrow,
rigid, rolled around the tlowiT. usually with a curved sharp-pointed
hairy callus at the base, and a terminal unilivided bent awn spirally
twisted below the bend, sometimes with a tooth on eacli side the
base of the awn, the awn tardily se})arating by a joint or rarely
persistent. Palea enclosed by the floral glume, 2-nerved; lodicules
often 3 and large. Stamens 3 ; anthers often tipped with a tuft of
short hairs. The awn by twisting and untwisting often buries the
fruit in the soil.
Tufted, usually tall grasses, the narrow leaf-blades often involute
or convolute. There are about 100 s[)e('ies widely dispersed over
the tropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres.
Stipa is strongly chiiracterized as to the great majority of its spe-
cies by the narrow rather hard fruiting glumes, carrying otf a
rather long or obconical internode of the rachilla or callus, by the
long undivided awn more or less articulate on the glumes and
usually twisted at the base, and by the presence of the lodicules;
but there are numerous exceptions to one or more of these charac-
ters. The internode of the rachilla varies much in length and
shape; the articulation and twist of the awn gradually disafipear in
some species. The genus is not very clearly divisil)le into sections.
There are generic names wliicli have been projjosed for certain
species of Stipa and now reduced to synonyms.
Stipa is closely allied to Or t/zop.si,s' Michx. and more remotely to
Aristida L. and Mn/ih'>it)erf/ia Hchreb.
A. Awn plumose, hairs over 1 mm. long (a)
a. Awu 10-15 cm. long 1
AGKOSTIDE-E. 213
a. Awii mucli shorter (b)
b. Floral <i;lume G-8 mm. long, hairs on the awu 1
mm. long 'i
h. Floral glume 8-13 mm. long, hairs on the awn 3-0
mm. long 3
B. Awn not plumose, pubescence, if any, less than 1 mm.
long (c)
C. Awn 5 em. or more long (d)
d. Awn stout, 9-17 em. long, empty glumes 30-45
mm. long 4
d. Awn weak, tortuose, 10-15 cm. long, empty glumes
20-30 mm. long 5
d. Awn weak, tortuose, 10-15 cm. long, empty glumes
5-6 mm. long 6
d. Awn capillary, 7-8 cm. long, empty glumes 5-8
mm. long 7
d. Awn capillary, 13-18 cm. long, emi)ty glumes 6-7
mm. long 8
d. Awn of medium size, 6-10 cm. long, empty glumes
16-30 mm. long 9
d. Awn of mediuni size, 4-6 cm. long, empty glumes
10-13 mm. long, floret 9-10 mm. long. ... 10
d. Awn slender, 6 cm. long, empty glumes 7-13 mm.
long, iloret 6-7 mm. long 11
C. Awn less than 5 cm. long (possibly excepting some of
No. 16) (e)
e. Floral glume 9-10 mm. long, empty glumes unequal,
first one the longer by 2-4 mm 13
e. Floral glume 4-7 mm long (i)
i. Floral glume 7 mm. long, first empty [glume
12-15 nun., second 10-11 mm. long 13
i. Floral glume 7 mm. long, first empty glume 13-
16 mm., second 10-14 mm. long 14
i. Floral glume 4-6 mm. long (m)
m. First glume 8-10 mm., second 6-8 mm.
214 I'OACK.E.
loiif?. awn sluiuler, bent and flcxuosc. 25
niin, long 15
m. Empty j,'lnnu's siiboqual, awn twice bont. . (n)
n. Empty glumes S-IO nun. long, awn
•,2(>-4() mm. long, panicle very variable,
nnmy-llowereil 10
u. Empty glumes 5-10-13 mm. long, awn
*^0-40 mm. long, panicle I'ew-llowered. . 17
n. Empty glumes 8 mm. long, awn 15-50
mm. long, culm braacliing, leaves oF
the culm 7 18
n. Empty glumes G-7 mm. long, awn 2-2.5
cm. long. S. I'liiini'Hs var. Andcrsoni. 15
n. Empty glumes 5mm. long, awn lG-18
mm. long 19
1. S. var. pennata. Neo-Mexicana Thnrb.
A rather stout erect smooth grass, 40-GO cm. high. Sheaths
mostly longer than the internodes ; leaves of sterile shoots numer-
ous, strict, blades narrow, 30-40 cm. high, those of the culm 4 in
number. Panicle partly included by the upper sheaths, simple,
few-tlowered, 10-15 cm. long, besides the long awns. Empty glumes
eqnal, C-8-nerved, 3 or more mm. wide, and 3-4 cm. long includ-
ing the long-drawn-out point; tlorct pubescent, 15 mm. long, includ-
ing the long callus; awn pubescent or tlexuose, plumose through-
out (the hairs near the middle 'i mm. long), twice bent, the lower
l)art 3-4 cm. long, the whole awn 10-15 cm. long.
Texas, Revcrchon 1365; Arizona, Jones, Pringle.
Found in West Texas, Xew Mexico, Arizona, Colorado.
2. b. occidentalis Thurb. S. Wats. Bot. King's Expd. 380
(1871).
Culms erect, slender, scabrid, pubescent at the nodes, 30-60 cm.
high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 4-5 mm. long;
blades rigid, slender, involute, scabrid, the lower 6-15 or more cm.
long, those of the culm usually two in number, 1-10 cm. long.
Panicle exserted or the base included, simple, narrow, 5-15 cm.
long, the lower rays in twos or threes. Emi)ty glumes thin, first 5-
AdUOSTIDE.E. 215
nerved. 10-1"2 mm. lonp, second 3-nerved und 8-10 mm. lon^'j
floral glume pubescent, C-8 mm. long, including the short iicuto
callus and the crown of hairs at the ajjcx; uwn 2-4 cm. long, twico
genicailate and plumose to the nppcr bund, the longest hairs about
1 mm. long. Anthers beardless.
"Washington, Sanilbcry 209; Oregon, Cuxick 1320, Ihwell ;
California, Jones 2583, Pringle, Parish 2491; Southern California^
Palmer 232.
Found in Nevada, California, and Oregon.
3. S. speciosa Trin. et Rupr, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.)
6:45 (1842). .V. chrysophjUa Desv. C. (lay. Fl. Ciiil. fi: 278.
Perennial ; culms erect, densely tufted, 20-50 cm. high. Sheaths
tawny, shorter than the internodes, the upper one inflated; upper lig-
ule 2 mm. long, the lower minute and fringed; leaves of sterile shoots
erect, scabrid, blades half or two-thirds as long jis the culm, those of
the culm three in number, 5-15 cm. long, closely involute. Pani(;le
often partially included, spikelike, G-20 cm. long, the rays usually
in pairs bearing 1-3 spikelets. Empty glumes nearly equal, hya-
line, acuminate, about 16 mm. long, first 3-nerved, second 5-7-
nerved; floret silky pubescent, 5-nerved, 8-12 mm. long including
the short curved callus and the 2-toothed hairy apex; awn 3-4 cm.
long, geniculate below the middle, the twisted portion plumose with
the white hairs 3-6 mm. long. Anthers beardless.
California (Mojave Desert). Parish Brothers 879, Pringle;
Nevada, Shockley, Jones; Arizona, Letnmon 279.
Found in Arizona to California, and in Cliili.
4. S. spartea Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1 : 82 (1831),
Porcupine-grass.
Culms rather stout, 50-120 cm. Mj-h. Sheaths about the length
of the internodes; ligule 3-5 mm. long; blades 3, smooth, all seta-
ceous, the lower two-thirds as long as the culm, the upper one 10-
20 cm. long. Panicle exserted, when mature contracted. 12-15
cm. long, rays usually in pair- '^ single, some of the longest 10
cm. long, bearing 1-2 flowers nv.u- the end. Empty glumes sub-
equal, first 3-6-nerved, second 7-8-nerved, 30-45 mm. long includ-
ing the long attenuated joint; floret about 2 cm. long, pubescent on
216 POACK.E.
tlio lower liiilf, smooth uhovcs except u sliort thin row of luiirrt, the
nUlus hunl, aeiuninute, iiwn !)-17 cm. long, usually witii two bomU
uuur tho middle;, uhout 2 cm. distant.
Illinois, Clark 1!K)» from Uchh, hval 41; Iowa, I'. S. Dept.
Agricul. 2S',*, from ,/. (-\ Arthur ; liritish Columbia, Mavnun.
The long awns when alteriuitely wet and dried bore their way
for several inches into tho sand. They nuiy also penetrate the llesh
of sheep and dogs, causing much annoyance and even death.
Sandy oak-land or prairies; Mi(!higan, Illinois, to California.
6. S. oomata Trin. & Kupr. Mem. Acad. St. I'etersb. (VI.) 6: 75
(1843). HuNcii-(fu.\88.
A rather stout and usually scabrous grass. 30-120 cm. high.
Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule acute. 3-4-0
mm. long; leaves of sterile shoots a fourth to half the length of the
culm, tliosoof the culm 'l-b in number. Panicle partially included,
open, 20-30 cm. long, rays distant in twos or threes, few-flowered.
Empty glumes nearly equal. 5-nerved. 20-30 mm. long including
the long slender point; floret pubescent with no crown of hairs at
the apex. 10-13 mm. long including a long sharp callus, awn ob-
scurely twice bent below, and variously curled and twisted above.
10-15 cm. long, sparsely pubescent to the second bend, shining
above or minutely pubescent; palea as long as itt: glume. Sta-
mens 3.
(y'olorado, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 208; Oregon, Howell; Montana,
Anderson.
Found along the Rocky Mountains, furnishing considerable
pasture.
6. S. mucronata H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 125 (1815).
A tufted erect perennial, 40-00 cm. high. Leaves of sterile
sboots numerous, ligule a ring with very short hairs; blades con-
duplicate, 5-10 cm. long, 0.0 mm. diam., those of the culm 2 in
number; upper ligule oblique, adherent, very short; blades 3-0
cm. long. Panicle exserted, simple, narrow, interrupted, 8-13
cm. long, rays in twos to fours, the longest 3-4 cm. loTig, bearing
3-4 spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets purplish brown, empty
glumes chartaceous, linear-acute, subequal, 5-0 mm. long, 3-nerved,
AuuosTiin:.!-:. 217
first oval, lUiute, hccoiuI imrrower; lloral jjliimo about I luui. lonjj,
iiii'ludinj; tho very abort curved biwc, dolbetl witb very sbort
hairs; uwn twice l)eut, 10-15 mm. long.
Mexieo, /'ritif/li' 4*,'-.M).
Mountain meadows.
7. S. tenuissima Trill. Midi S(!. A<ad. St. Pctersb. 1 : cr (Ks:5()).
Culms very sleiuh-r, »!()-.S(i em. bi^,'b. Sbeatbs sliorti-r tban tbe
iiiteniodes; ligule '-,'— i mm. long; bbides scalirid. lilit'orm. involute,
about (•..'» jum. dium. even near the l)ase, sonu' of tbe b'jives usidgli
u.s tbe culm. Paidelo more or less iiu luded. very slender, inter-
rupted, 15-:i() cm. long; rays in threes, lours, or lives, sonu' almost
sessile, tho largest 4 em. long. Kmpty glumes lanei'-acuminate,
witb bristle-like points, thin, white, tinged witb jturple, :5-nerved
near tbe base, first 5-S mm. long, or tbe liristie sometinus making
it •■>0 mm. long, second about 5 mm. long; lloret scabrid. 'I mm.
long, including tbe abruptly-pointed hairy callus, a short (;rown of
hairs at tbe apex; awn 7-H cm. long, ().•,* mm. or less iliam., with
one bend a third of tbe distani-e from the l)ase.
West Texas, llamrd, litivklcy; New Mexico, Wriyht, llMiO;
Mexico, Prinijlc \Vl'!\.
Western Texas, New Mexico and Arizoiui.
vS. S. Jarava lieauv. Agrost. 1!) (ISl-,'). S.eriosfdvhua If. li. K.
Nov. Gen. ot Sp. 1: irJr (1S15). S. Ic/tu Kunlh, Rev. (iram. 1 : GO
(IS-.'!.).
A tufted erect perennial. Culms (50-180 cm. high, nodes 4-5
in number. Blades of sterile shoots involute, -iO-fiO cm. or more
long, 0.5-0.7 mm. diam. Sheaths of the culm longer than the
internodes (or shorter in tall i)lants). scabrous; ligulo oblicpie,
o])tuse. '^ mm. long; blades involute, scabrous on tbe uiuler side,
l-".* mm. diimi. Panicle but little exserted, contracted, i)ale
puri)lish green, IJ()-40 cm. long; rays in threes and fours, the long-
est 10 cm. or more long, branching aiul bearing numerous spike-
lets from a little above the base. Empty glumes subetpud, nar-
rowly lanceolate, delicate. U-7 mm. long, 3-nerved, tbe upper
sometimes 1-nerved ; lloral glume linear, 3 mm. long, clothed with
short appressed hairs, the apex bearing a tuft of liairs as long as
'J18 POACK.E.
tilt! <,f|niii('. ciipillai'v iiwM 1".' IS cm. loiifj;. t.li(f huso abruptly
j)()iiil(Ml. Anthers linear. I mm. l<tM.i;'. apex iieneil-tut'ted.
Mexico, I'riiKjIi' I'.'Sl; also in WCstern Sontli America.
Cool le(l,i;(!S.
it. S. setigera I'resl, lleli(|. ila'tik. 1 : '.»•.'() (is:;()).
A rather stout and ol'teii scahrid yrass. .'5()~!)(i em. hi<,di; (Uilms
often pubescent at. the nodes. Slieal lis hairy ut the throat, thelowei-
shortor than the intenioih's; liyuk! truncate. )l mm. ion^s lilades ot"
sterile shoots mostly involute, one-tiurd as hi<fii as the (Milms. those
on the culm -2 15 in numl)er, often Mat. l-C) mm. wide, tlie upper
oiu) ir)-;{() em. Ion;;-. ranieU' mostly inchidetl at the l»ase by the
lo()S(! sheath, tlexuose, sonu'what one-sided. r^-llOcm. lon<,'. the rays
slender in pairs. Kmj)ty flumes suhecpial or the upper sliorter.
lonj^-acuminate, ^{-iierved. second j,dum(( sometimes witli several
liner intermediate nerves. 1(J-;.M) mm. 1<mi^; l]or(>t 10 mm. loii<r.
silky hairy on the nerves, the callus curved iind sharj), u crown of
hail's at the apex, awn tfcuicidate. above tlm middh* bent auaiu.
twisted and pubescent below. (>-I(i cm. lon<j^. Anthers bearded at
the u]H>x. A comnio'i iiuncli-^rrass i»n the dry hills.
(Jalil'oruia. /'ri. n/r -fours: also in Kansas.
Kansas, Ti'.xas. >. -w Mexico. I'tali, Californiii and Orejjjou.
10. S. avenacea L. Sp. IM. IS (17r»;5). I^i.ack Oat-kkass. ,s'.
hnrh(if(t Michx. V\. Mor. Am. 1 : .');{ (iS();{). S. I'irf/iiiin/ IVrs.
Syn. 1:!»!) (IS05). .S'. hirnhr I'ursh. Kl. Am. Sept. 7:\ (1H14).
(hilms slender, 40 !>() em. hi^di. Sheatlis half as loni; as the
interiuxles; blades liliform, the larf^esl when spread scarcely 2 mm.
wide, those of the sterile shoots about half as lon<^ as the culm,
those on the culm l{ in luimber, the u[)per 4 7 cm. \o\\<i. rauicle
much exserted, open, \)i-ZO cm. lon^; rays very slemler, mostly
in twos, the larfj^est <» cm. lonj;. including.,' the two braiudu's, each
2-3 (!in. lon^f, bearinj; a sin^de llower. Empty fjjlumes whitish.
sid)e(puil, liiu'ar-hineeolate. .'i-nerved. lO-DJ mm. lonjj; lloret
brown, scahrid, 9-10 mm. lonj;, indudinj,' tlie sharp curved callus,
the Ji{)ex bearinj; a short crown of luiirs, and an awn 4-0 cm. lonjj^,
once or twice bent above the middle.
AOIJOS'I'IDK.K. 210
Peiiiisvlviiniii, Scrihiirr '-.MWJ; Dcliiwiirc. ('(in/ii/: also Lake Co.,
MicliiiTini. ,
Nt'W l')nj^laii(l, Miclii<j;aii. Wisconsin, and soutliwanl.
U.S. flexuosa Vascy, Hull. 'I'orr. Club, 15:4!» (IS.SS).
Culms crei'l. scaln'itl. ?(»-!»(> cm. hi^li. IShcallis lon^'cr than tlio
intc;rn(Ml('s; lower li<,MiU^ 1 mm. lon;,% the ujipcr .5 mm. loiii;; Madcs
(»r sterile shoots about half as loiij^ as the culm, those on the culm
:> in numher, the upiier lO-lS cm. Ion;;. Panicle exserted when
nuiture. thin, l;.'-5i") <'m. lon<,'; rays in threes, fours, or lives,
sprcadini;. the lower clusters T-',> cm. distant from the next above,
loni^'est. rays 10 cm. \o\\;j:, lie;irin<,' a few sjtikelets near the apex.
Kmpty .triumes [)urplish. linear-lan(!eoIate, :{-norvcd at the base,
lirst ll-i;{ mm. Ion;,' with a very slender apex, secoiul 7-10 mm.
lonu:; tloret pul)escent. (i-T mm. lon<r. including; the curvt'd acute
callus below, and a short crown of hairs at the apex; awn once
bent, about (;m. lon^°: palea 'i mm. lon;^.
Mexico. Priiifili' '.WA.
V>. S. coronataThurl). S. Wats. Hot. Calif. '^:r>sr (IHSO). .s'.
SIHIiiKiiniii Holand. I'roc. Calif. Acad. 4: Hi!) (IHTO).
An erect j^rass. l'.'(»-|SO cm. hi,<;h. the culm (»fien Ti-S cm.
diaiti. Sheaths v(M'y loose; li^j^ule very short and a ciliatc frin<;e;
blades about 1 in nund)cr. scabrid abov<f and si>metimes below, the
lower often !)() em. loufj, S-T* juni. wide, from tlu^ base ixradually
taperiuf^ into a very slender involute j)oint, the upper one lilil'orm.
If) cm. lonjf. I'aiiicli! often partially included by the inllated
upper sheath, narrow, many-llowercd, :50-|o cm. IcMiir. lower
branches in twos or threes, sonu' of tluMu often l,") cm. lon^.
Empty jflumes pale ^reen, tinired with |)urple. acuminate an<l
bristle-pointed, lirst o-rt-nerved. l<I-'^2 mm. lon;.r. se(!ond r)-iu'rvc(|
and VI- W mu). Ion;;; lloret to the joint, includini; the short sharp
curved callus, !»-10 mm. lony, clothed with silky hairs. \\w ujiper
of which are 4 nun. Ion;;; apex bilid. hairy, awn slender, twice
bent near the middle, about ^.T) cm. long; i)alea 4-5 mm. long.
Stamens .'}; anthers nakcil.
S. SlillmtuiHii Holauder is a snuill form of this species.
220 POACE.E.
California (Passadena), Jones 3545; U. S. Dept. Agricnl. 269,
from Pringle.
Arizona and California.
13. S. Scribneri Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 11: 125 (1884).
A stout smooth erect grass, (50-90 cm. high. Sheaths longer
than the internodes; ligule less than 1 nnn. long, hairy at the
throat; blades flat below, involute and slender above, the lower half
as long as the culm, 2-3 to the culm. J*aniele ])artially enclosed
by the upper narrow sheath, erect, spikelike, 15-"20 em. long; rays
in twos and threes. Eriii)ty glumes acumiuate and 3-nerved. lirst
12-15 mm. long, second 10-11 mm. long; Horet about 7 mm.
long from the tip of the short, sharp callus to the joint, thiidy
clothed with appressed hairs, the ui>per ones numerous and bearing
a crown 2-3 mm. long; awn once or twice bent, 18-20 mm. long;
palea about 2 mm. long.
New Mexico, Vasvy; Colorado, Patterson 273.
14. S. Parishii Vasey, Coult. Bot. (iaz. 7: 33 (1882).
Perennial; culms stout, 30-45 cm. high. Hheaths smooth.
longer than the internodes; the margins of the throat pubescent ;
ligule very short; blades involute or convolute, rigid, smooth be-
low, scabrous above, the lower ones 12-18 cm. long, the upper 8-10
cm. long. Panicle with the base enclosed, contracted or open. 12-
15 cm. long, the lower ra3's in threes, those above in twos or single,
the longest about 5 cm. long bearing 5-8 spikelets more or less
tinged with purple; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, smooth. ;5-
nerved, first 12-lG mm. long, second 10-14 mm. long; floral glume
about 7 mm. long, including the short stipe, densely clothed with
silky hairs often 5 mm. long. 2-toothed, awn 10-20 mm. long.
California, Parish, 1079, 2487, Sliorkley 283.
Arizona and California.
15. S. eminens Cavan. Icon. 5: /. 407./. 1 : 42 (1799).
A slender scabrid erect grass, 30-90 cm. high, nodes often pu-
bescent. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short;
blades involute, erect, slender, those from the sterile shoots as long
as the culm; leaves of the culm four in number, 15-20 cm. long
and 4 mm. wide, the terminal one 5-8 cm. wide. Panicle often
AUUOSTIDK.E. 221
partially incliuled, open, thin, lO-'^O cm. lon<if, rays very slender,
mostly in pairs, the lonj^est 10 em. lon^% tlower-hearing aloij; the
upper hair. Empty <>lumes purplish, aeuminate, :j-nerve(l, tlrst 8-
10 mm. long, seeond G-8 mm. long; iloret pubescent, hearing a
short awn, crown of hairs 5-0 mm. long, including the short sharp
callus, and the crown; })alea one-third as long as the glume, awu
slender, scabrid, bent once or twice near the middle, '^5 mm. long.
Stamens 3, anthers pencil-tufted. Some authors say " Stamen 1.*'
(.California (Passadena), Jones 3544.
Found in Arizona and C- ornia.
Var. Anderson! Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Xat. Herb. 3: 54 ()8!)2).
Culms more slender, blades narrower, panicle snuiller, much
exserted, 5-13 cm. long, longest rays 4 cm. long; empty glumes u-8
mm. long. The plants seen were from F. L. Scribner's herbarium,
collected in California by Anderson and pi-esented by Dr. Vasey.
10. S. stricta Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 10:43 (1883).
An erect slender grass, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths longer than
the internodes, tlie upper one dilated; ligule very short; blade*
luirrowly involute, those of the sterile shoots extending nearly to
the panicle, those of the culm 3-4 in number. Panicle strict, nar-
row, partially included by the upjier sheath, 8-30 cm. long, lower
rays iu twos or threes. Empty glumes thin, mirrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, 3-uerved, subecpud, 10-13 cm. long; floret pubescent,
about 6 mm. long, including the callus and the very short 3-
toothed apex, awu twice bent, 30-40 mm. long, pubescent to the
second bend, 1-3 mm. long.
Washington, Sukmlorf 385.
AVashingtou to California and Nevada.
Dr. Vasey observes that '* It has been mistaken for Stipa occi-
(lenlitUs, which has longer plumose awns. 5-nerved glumes, a con-
spicuous ligule, and a shorter looser panicle. It has shorter more
slender culms, narrower glumes, and shorter awns than S. viridula.''
17. S. viridula Trin. Bull. Sc. Acad. St. Petersb. 1 : 07 (1830).
S. imrvijloru Xutt. S. Bloomeri Boland. Proc. Calif. Acad. 4: 108
(1870). S. tijmrfca Hook. Fl. lior. Am. 2:337 (1840), not Trin.
Culms stout, strict, simple, 40-70 or even 150 cm. high.
222 POACE.E.
Sht'iiths imioli sliorter than the intoniodcs; lif,'ule very sliort, with
soiiio Imirs ut the tliroat; Ijhidos pale <,M-oeii, smooth or scabrul, in-
vohite-sotaceou.s at tlie apex, those of sterile slioots about one-third
as k)n<^ as the cului, tiiosc of the culm 3-4 in numher, aud 2-6
mm. wide, the upper one 3-(» cm. lon^. raniele exserted, narrow,
l',*-40 cm. long, the short erect rays in twos or threes. Empty
glumes subecjual, ovate, bristle-pointed, often tinged with purj)le,
5-13 mm. long, first 3-5-nerved, second 3-nerved; floret pubescent,
5-G mm. long, including the very short acute callus and the 2
minute teeth concealed by the thin short crown of hairs; i)alca
about half as long as the glume: awn slender, llexuose, usually
twice bent, 20-40 mm. long. Anthers naked.
California, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 23T, from Jones; Montana,
Catiby 340.
Some use is made above of Dr. Thurber's description in 8.
Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:288 (1880). Prof. Scrihner, Coult. Hot. (iaz.
13:171 (1880), says: "It is a valuable forage plant, as it does not
])ossess the long and very sharp-])ointed rachilhi below the llowei'ing
glume which renders S. sparlm Triu. ('Porcupine-grass') so inju-
rious to stock."
Kooky Mountains.
Var. Lettermani Vasoy, Coutrib. U. S. Xat. Mus. 3: 50(1892).
X Lctfermnni Vascy, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 53 (188(;).
Leaf-blades fdiform: panicle slender, 10-15 cm. long, inter-
rupted; lower rays 3-4 cm. long, mostly single.
Utah, Jones; Idaho, Letterman 102 for U. 8. Dept. Agricul.
Var. minor Vascy, Contrib. Nat. Herb. 3 : 50 (1892). Culms,
leaf, and spike slender.
Kocky Mountains, Wciman; Oregon, Jones.
Var. pubescens Vasey. 1. c. Awn pubescent to the second bend.
West Washington, Sid-sdorf.
Var. robusta \'asey 1. c. Culms very stout, 1 cm. diam.; spike
30 cm. long.
California, Vasey.
18. S. multinode Scribn. ined.
Culms erect, slender, branching once below the middle, about
A(J1U)STIL)E.K. 223
90 cm. high. Sheaths hjii<,'er than the internodes; upper ligule
less than 1 mm. hmg; blades of the sterile siioots few, those on the
culms 7 in nunihcr, rigid, iuvohite, the middle ones 15-5J5 cm.
long, the upper about 12 cm. long. Panicle narrow, thin, inter-
rupted, 10-20 cm. long; rays in fours, lives, and sixes in distinct
half whorls, the longest ray 7 cm. long, Jlower-hearing above the
middle. Empty glumes hyaline, tinged with iturjtle, eijual, or the
lower a little longer, 7-1) mm. long, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
merging into the central one before reaching the middle; iloret
pubescent, narrow, 5 mm. long, including the blunt callus ami the
crown of short hairs; awn twice bent. 15-50 mm. long; ])alea
pubescent, 2.5 mm. long. Stamens )]; anthers pencil-tufted.
Mexico, PriiKjlc IJSo m is.S.").
Distributed as Sfi/xi, without a specific name.
19. S. Hassei Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Xat. Herb. 1 : 2G7 (1893).
Culms very slender, erect, densely tufted, bran(;]iing below, 30-
45 cm. high. Sheaths narrow; ligule short; blades setaceous,
10-20 cm. long. Panicle open, luirrow, erect, 5-7 cm. long, rays
mostly in twos and threes, the longest 3 cm. long, iiaked below.
Em[)ty glumes linear-lanceolate, sube(iual, about 5 mm, long, first
1-3-nerved. second 3-nerve(l: stijte short, bearinga few sliort hairs;
floral glume thin. al)out 4.5 mm. long, 4-nerved, the awn 10-18
mm. long, twisted below and bent above tlie middle; palea about as
long as its glume. (Jrain obhmg, about 2 mm. long Nearly allied
to S. vminens Aiulersoni Vasey.
California (Santa Monica), Dr. 11. E. ]lti,ssv, for whom Dr.
Vasey named it.
47. (110). OryzopbiS Michx. Fl. P.or. Am. 1:9 (1803).
DiUpijrum liafin. Med. Ke[)OS. \. V. 5:352 (1808). J'i))(<i///en(m
Beauv. Agrost. 17, /. 'k f. 10. 11(1812). r/w//>/e Trin. Fund.
Agrost. 109 (IS-JO). Cariiovhhni Spreng. Syst. 4: Cur. Post. 22, 30
(1827). Pip/ocJupfium .1. & C. Presl, Ifel. lltenk. 1:222. (1830).
A7f.s.sW/« ¥.. Desv. C. Gay, Fl. Cliil. 6:2(J3. /. 7J, /. 1(1853).
Fendlcrin Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 419 (1855).
Si>ikelets 1-tlowered, usually ovoid or oblong, paniculate, rachilla
articulate above the lower glumes, not produced above the floret,
224 POACE.E.
with a very short blunt callus. Enipty glumes 2, persistent, equal
or the outer a little shorter, convex on the back, floral glume broad,
shorter or longer than the other glumes, membranous, becoming
hard, obtuse, truncate, usually producing a caducous awn, which is
more or less bent near the base; palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Lodi-
cules 3, conspicuous. Styles short or long, distinct. Grain oblong
or ovate, enclosed by the hardened floral glume and palea, but not
adherent.
Tufted perennial grasses ; leaf-blades broad and flat or narrow
and involute. Panicle terminal, lax.
There are about "Zi species, mostly found in the temperate and
subtropical regions of the northern hemisphere. The genus diil'ers
from Sfipa in having a shorter awn, but little twisted or tortuose,
a broader floret, the callus siiorter and broader and obtuse. It is.
certainly very convenient, so far as our species are concerned, to
leave Eriocoma as a genus; then Oryzoi^sis can be more clearly
defined and separated from Stipa.
IJentham observes that it is nearly allied to Milimn. Tlie
genus divides readily into three sections, regarded by some as dis-
tinct genera, but Triuius and Beutham and others agree in uniting
them.
1. Piptatherum (Beauv., as a genus), often included in NiJnini,
with awned glumes. The obliquity of the fruiting glume is much
less marked tlian in the typical species of Ori/zopsin:
2. Enort/zopsis includes CarijorhJoa Spreng., Pipfnchclinm
Presl and Nusmlla Desv., iXvd rachilla bearing a ring of hairs under
tlie floral glume.
:5. Eriocoma Nutt., Eendleria (Stcud.), difi'ers from Eiioryzopsis
in the long silky hairs clothing the fruiting glumes.
A. Leaf- blades broad, flat, no rudimentary blades, ligule cil-
iate I
B. Leaf-blades long, involute, petiolate, evergreen, upper
blades midimentary 2, 3
0. Leaf-blades very narrow, involute (a)
a. Floret clothed with dense white conspicuous hairs,
panicle open, rays diverging, awn 2 cm. long. ... 4
A<iH(^STIDE.K. 220
a. Hairs of floret not dense nor conspicuous (e)
c. Awn plumose 5
c. Awn stout, persistent, scarcely as long as the empty
glumes, curved in one i)Iane, spikelets o mm. long,
panicle 2-5 cm. long (»
e. Awn deciduous, not over 4 mm. long, spikelets 4
mm. long, panicle 4-8 cm. long 7
e. Awn 10-12 mm. long, spikelets 4 mm. long, panicle
narrow, 5-8 cm. long . 8
c. Awn i»-lG mm. long, spikelets 4-5 mm. long, panicle
T-13 cm. long 9
c. Awn 10-15 cm. long, spikelets 4 mm. long, panicle
8-12 em. long 10
c. Panicle 8-lG cm. long, awn deciduous, 5-10 mm.
long II
c. Leaf-blades flat or involute, ligule not ciliate. . .(d)
d. Panicle 15-20 cm. long, awn 20 mm. long. . .12
d. Panicle 10-13 cm. long, awn 1.5-2 mm. long. 13
1. 0. melanocarpa Muhl. Gram. 79(1811). Milium mcemosutn
Sm. Rees, Cyc. 23 :n. 15 (1810?). Piptalherum nigrum Torr.
Fl. U. S. 1:79 (1824). Vrachne racemom Trin. Unifl. 1:174
(1824).
Culms erect, slightly rough, leafy at the top. 60-100 cm. high.
Sheaths scabrous, about as long as the internodcs; ligule short and
bearded; blades flat, lanceolate, not quite smooth, tapering towards
each end, 25-30 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide. Panicle simple, nar-
row, scarcely cxserted, 12-20 cm. long. Si)ikelcts elliptical, acute,
about 7 mm. long, empty glumes sube(|ual, reticulate-veined, 7-
nerved; floret with a few appressed hairs, blackish, the awn 1.5-2
cm. long.
Vermont, Prinyle ; Delaware, Canhy ; Ontario. Fowler; Xew
York, Be(d 42 ; Michigan, Clark, 703; Iowa, Hitchcock ; Minne-
sota, IlobJnger 20''.
NeAV England, Delaware, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin.
2. 0. asperifolia [Rich, in] Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:51 (1803).
Vrachne ((sperifolia Trin. Unifl. 174 (1828).
S2() POACE.T?.
Ciilins erect, scubrid. *iO-70 cm. lii;j:li. Slieatlis over liaU' as
lon;.^ as the iiiternotles: ligule a ciliato riii^jj; blades scabrid. those ol"
tlie culm very short or rudimentary, those below tapering into a
long petiole, iinn, involute, IJO-f)!) em. long, ."i-T" mm. wide. I'ani-
ele exserted, simple, narrow, (5-10 cm. long. Spikeli'ts elliittical.
uciite, ubout 7 mm. long, empty glumes suberpial, reticulate-veined,
7-nerved; floret whitish, with a lew appressed hairs and at the base
a conspicuous tuft of dense hairs 1 mm. long, the awn ubout 1 cm,
long. Lodicules ahnost as long as the paleu. The lirm leaves
lusting through winter.
Vermont, U. S. Depf. J(jn'niL "iDl fi'om Ifosford, Hdrk from
Congden; Ontario, Fowler; Michigan, Cooki/, Wuod, Far well,
Clarh r04. Heal 43,
Northern States to Colorado.
3. 0, Pringlei Scribn. n. sp. ined.
Culms erect, nearly smooth, 40-00 cm. high. Leaves of sterile
shoots scubrid, 25-30 cm. long, the blades 2-3 mm. wide, involute,
pungent-pointed, those of the culm 3 in number, some of the
sheaths shorter than the iuternodes; ligule 5 mm. long; the upper
blade 1-5 cm. long. Panicle thin, spikelike, 12-l(!cm. long, rays
in twos and threes, the longest 4 cm. long, beuring four spikelets oji
the outer half. Spikelets purple or l)rown. elliptical, 5-.'). 2 mm.
long, empty glumes subequal, broad near the apex, first 5-nerved,
second 7-nervcd; floret brown, clothed with short ap2)ressed hairs,
awn 12-24 cm. long. Lodicules one-third the length of the pulea.
Crowing at an altitude of 10.000 feet.
Mexico (Oaxuca), Prinyle 4750.
Professor Scribner identifies this grass as Oriizopsifi, near Stipa
mucronata, and at my request consents to give it a specific name.
4. 0. Sibirica (Lam.). Stipa Sibirica Lam. 111. 1 • loS (1701).
Stipa Bloomeri Boland. Proc. Calif. Acad. 4:1G8 (1873). 0. ca-
daca Beal, Coult. liot. Guz. 15: 111 (1800). Stipa cadaca Scribn.,
Vasey Contrib. U, S. Nat. Herb. 3:54 (1802).
Culms erect, rather stout, about GO cm. high. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes, ciliate on tlie margins; ligule 3-4 mm. long;
blades of the culm 3, smooth, involute with long slender points,
AOHOSTIDK.E, ^2-^7
the second n'aoliiiifr neiirly to tlu; base of the ])aTii('lo, third 12-lS
cm. loii^x. sometimes exteiidin«j; beyond the puniele. I'aniele bill
little exsorted, open, lO-:.'0 cm. lonjr, rays in twos or threes, the
half whorls o-i cm. distant, llower-bearing alon;; the iijtper thii'd.
Kmpty j,dumes dull <;reen, tinged with {)iir])le, e(iiial, or the llrst a
little lonjier, elliptical-lanceolate when the apex is s])reail, stronirly
3-nerved, tJ-T mm. long; floret narrowly elliptical. "> mm. long
from the short scarcely acute callus to tlie joint of the awn. clothed
with prominent white silky hairs over 1 mm. long; awn slightly
twisted and bent, about ii cm. long, caducous.
California. IhtUnulvr (JlKi. seen by Scribner.
•Montana. Scvilnivr in ISSIj.
T). 0. Mongolica (Turcz.) Heal, I'oult. Hot. <Jaz. 15: 111 (IS'.Mt).
Sfijm MoiKjiilira Turcz. Trin. liull. Soc. Acad. St. I'etersb. 1 : (i?
(is;5i;).
A slender erect grass, about 30 cm. high. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes; ligule 2 mm. long; l)lades rigid, very slendei'. in-
volute, ',1 in number, those of the sterile shoots half as long as tiie
]>laiit, those of the culm 3-5 cm. long. Panicle ex.serted. loose, fcw-
tlowered. 4-8 cm. long, the lower rays in twos or threes. Knipty
glumes membranous, subequal, ])ur])lish, obtuse^ 5-(') mm. long,
lirst 3-nerved, second 3-5-nerved ; lloral glume slightly hairy, about
•1.5 mm. long including the short almost obtuse callus, and the 2-
toothed apex; awn irregularly bent and plumose throughout, the
longest hairs below and nearly 'I mm. long; palea as long as its
glume or longer. Stamens 3.
Mountains of Colorado, lf(tU and Ilarhour (i4(i.
0. 0. exigua Thurb. Wilkes Expd. 481 (1854).
Culms very slender. 15-30 cm. high. Ligule not ciliate. about
3 mm. long; blades scubrid, those of the culm l-(j cm. long, those
below G-15 cm. long, all of them conduplicate and cylindrical,
threadlike. Panicle exserted, very simple and narrow, 2-5 cm.
long, containing 4-8 spikelets. Spikelets linear-oldong. about 5
mm. long, the awn rather stout, curved when mature, and some-
what persistent, nearly as long as the spikelet, empty glumes sub-
equal, oval, a little shorter than the floret, acute or irregularly
228 POACE.E.
toothoil, fleliciitc'ly o-iiervt'd nour the luise. greenish wliito; floral
glume elotlied with short hairs and very siiort tufts near the base.
'' It has much the habit and appearance of (). Cdnmh'nsis
Torr., but dilTers essentially in its simple and contracted panicle,
its shorter outer glumes, and its longer and somewhat persistent
uwn." Sciibn. Coult. Hot. (iaz. Jl: 1G1> (1S80).
Montana, Williams ; Wyoming, Ihifftiin c 2, c 71. Oregon,
Cunirk- for U. S. Dti)t. Agri(.ul. 2!)4.
Oregon to Montaiui.
7. O.juncea (Michx.) U. S. V. I'rel. (^at. N. Y. G7 (1.S8S).
Stipa juiicea Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1: 54 (180:5). Stijiti Cauadciixis
Poir. Lam. Encyl. 7: 452 (180(.i). A/ilium ptoujens 'Vow. Fl. U. S.
1:78 (1824). O. Catiai/oisis 'Vow. Fl. N. Y. 3:4;31J (1843).
Culms slender, 20-40 cm. high. Hheaths rough; ligule not
ciliate. ;i-4 cm. long; blades scaltrid, those of the culm very short
or sometimes long, those below tapering into a i)etiole, firm, invo-
lute, 15-20 cm. long. 2 mm. wide, when spread. Panicle exserted,
simple, narrow or diffuse, 4-8 cm. long. Spikelets elliptical, acute,
about 4 mm. long, awn short and deciduous or wanting, empty
glumes subequal, first oval, truncate, membranous with 5 incon-
spicuous nerves below, second a little narrower; Horet whitish,
pubescent, with a very short thin tuft at the base,
Vern)ont. U. S. Dei)t. Agricul. 292, from Prinyle ; Massachu-
setts, Coolcy ; Tihode Island, Clark 3207; IMichigau (Keweenaw),
Wood, Wheeh'v ; },l'umcsota, Sfa/r Siiri'ey '38.
Northern States to Colorado, May.
8. 0. Hendersoni Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:267
(1803).
A densely tufted grass. 15-20 cm. high. Lower sheaths rather
loose; blades scabrous, conduplicate, rigid, pungent, 8-10 cm. long.
Panicle narrow. 5-S cm. long, rays mostly in twos, the longest .3-5
cm. long, bearing 2-4 spikelets near the apex. Spikelets 4 mm.
long, em])ty glumes broadly oblong, obtuse and toothed, first .'5-
nerved, second 5-nerved; floral glume linear-oblong, 3.5 mm. long,
smooth, coriaceous, obscurely 5-nerved, bearing 2 lateral teeth, awn
curved, caducous, 10-12 mm. long.
AUUOSTIDE.E.
229
Stamens 3, barbate.
llcsemblin^' A'. W'ebberi and small forms of 0. exigua, but the
florets are smooth.
Washington, Ilendemtn 2249, in 1892.
9. 0. Macounii (Soribn.). Slipa Macounii Scribn., Macoiiu.
Uat. Can. PI. 5: a!»0 (1890). Slipa
liirliardmnii A. Gray, Man. Ed.
2:249(1850), not Link (1833).
O. lik'hardsonii Heal, Coult. Bot.
Gaz. 15: 111 (1890).
Culms ratiier slender, 50-90
cm. long. Sheaths much shorter
than the internodes; ligule about
2 mm. long on the lower leaves,
and 5 mm. on tlie upper; blades
of sterile shoots seabrid, slender,
20-40 cm. long, those of the culm
three, flat or soon involute, the
longest 2 mm. wide, the upper
one 10-20 cm. long. Panicle ex-
serted, loose, slender, 7-12 cm.
long; rays mostly in pairs, the
longest 2-4 cm. long, bearing a
few spikelets near the apex.
Empty glumes subequal, oblong,
acutish, brittle wlien mature,
mostly 3-nerved, 4-5 mm. long;
floret pubescent, linear-oblong,
hecoming dark brown, about 3
mm. long; callus short and blunt; A
awn tortuose, slightly twisted, 9- p,^ AX.-Oryzapsis Macounii. A,
IGmm. lonff. spikelet ; «, Horet. (Scribuer.)
Maine, C. E. Faxon, collected near Sebago Lake.
Maine, Lake Superior to Montana.
10. 0. Kingii (Boland.). Stipa Kingii Boland. Proc. Calif.
Acad. 4:170(18rO).
230 POACE.fi.
A Hleiulor erect tufted grass, '^0-40 cm. higli. Sheiith.s of tlio
culm extending well up the culm; ligulo 1.5-.'3 mm. long; hludes of
the sterile shoots involute, filiform, somewhat llexuose, l.')-2&
cm. long, those of the culm 6-H cm. long. Panicle simple, thin,
linear, ti-Vi cm. long, the lower rays in pairs, the longest 2.5-',i cm.
long, bearing 1-2 spikelets. Empty glumes membranous-cihar-
taceous, purple at the base, linear, 1-nerved, first IJ-3.5 mm. long,
second 4 mm. long; floral glume sparsely clothed with short haira
on the lower half, ovate when spread, 3.3 mm. long, including the
short obtuse callus and the 2-toothed apex; awn scabrous, irregu-
larly bent and slightly twisted, 10-15 mm. long; palea o\al, 2.5
mm. long. Grain elliptical, compressed, 2 mm. long.
California, Bolander G097.
California and Nevada.
11. 0. micrantha (Trin. et Rupr.). Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila.
1863, 78 (18G3). 0. micrantha Thurh. Porter and Coult. Syn. Fl.
Colo. 145 (1874). Urachne micrantha Trin. & llupr. Mem. Acad.
St. Petersb. (VI.) 5:10(1842).
Culms slender, GO cm. high. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligule membranous, not ciliate, 1 mm. long; blades scabrid,
involute, or flat, 10-30 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, in some cases,
reaching as high as the panicle, in others much shorter. Panicle
exserted, thin, diffuse, 8-lG cm. long, rays mostly in pairs. Spike-
lets ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long; awn deciduous. 5-10 mm.
long; empty glumes ovate-acute, hyaline, chartaceous, shining, sub-
equal, 1-2-nerved near the base on either side of the mid nerve j
floret smooth, elliptical, 2 mm. long.
Moniiiwa,, Anderso7i, Williams; Colorado, Xe//erwan 31 ; Utah,
Jones ; Arizona, Vasey for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 296, Jones 4034.
Colorado to Arizona and Montana.
12. 0. erecta (Scribn.) Beal, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 15:112 (1890).
Stipa Prinylei Scribn., Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:5i
(1802).
Culms erect, rather slender, GO-120 cm. high. Sheaths longer
than the inteniodes; ligule 2-3 mm. long; blades of the sterile
shoots numerous, half or two-thirds as long as the culm, scabrous.
AdUoSTlDlO/K.
'X\\
tint or involute, tlu' liir;,'e!it 'I nun. wiili', tliosi- of the culm .'J, tho
iippcr one lllirurrn, ri^'iil. ;J-»J
(in. Ion;,'. I'unicle much ex-
serted, open, thin, lloxuod'', 15-
'.'() em. lon^', niys .slender in
two.s, threes or lonrrt. acme of
them half us lon^'iw theimniele,
hearing a few flowers above the
middle. Empty ^dumes equal,
;,'reen on the haek, brownish
towards the thin nuir^ins and
apex, elliptical-lanceolate. 5-
nerved, S-10 mm. lon<r; lloret
lance-obovate, flattened, pubes-
cent, becoming dark brown, 6
mm. long; awn irregularly bent,
twisted for the lower half, about
'^0 mm. long; palea firm, nearly
as long as its glume. Stamens 3.
Mexico, Pritufh 1410.
Arizona and Mexico.
13. 0. fimbriata llemsl.
liiol. (Jentr. Am. Hot. 3:538
(1880). SI ifxt fimbriata II. H.
K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 12(i (1815).
A slender tufted erect perennial, 50-80 cm. high. Sheaths of
the culms smooth, shorter than the intcrnodes; ligule very thin. 3
mm. long; blades of the sterile shoots numerous, softly smooth, erect
or curved, involute, 15-40 cm. long, \.'i mm. wide, the upper blade
5-10 cm. long. Panicle slightly exserted, simple, lax, secund. 10-
13 cm. long; rays scabrous, mostly in remote pairs in the axils of
the membranous bracts, the longest ray about 5 cm. long bearing
3-5 spikelets. Empty glumes chartaceous, oval, abruptly })ointed,
3-nerved, about 5 mm. long; floret 4 mm. long, oval or obovoid-
oval. clothed with short fuscous hairs; awn green, tortuose, irregu-
larly twisted. 1.5-3 mm. long.
Fio. i'i.—Oryzopsis Pringlei. Spikelet.
(liicliurdson.)
232
POACE^E.
]^ow Mexico, IIV/V//!/ 19!t7; Ca\\(on\in, Lcnimon 2023; Arizona,
Prhif/h:
Tim liJis hoon found in partial simile of calcareous cliffs.
New Mexico to Arizona.
48. (110). Eriocoma Nutt. (Jen. N. Am. PI. 1 : -10 (1818).
Panicle few-llowered with still", sleiuler, llexuosc, dichotomously
branched rays. Spikelets e^olitary, 1 -flowered. Empty glumes
membranous, alternate, rostrate, first 3-, second 5-nerved. floret be-
coming coria. 's, ventricoso, clothed with long white silky hairs,
bearing at the base a short, stout, chisel-shaped callus and at or
just below the apex a short straight or curved, obscurely trique-
trous, caducous awn. Lodicules '.], as long as the ovary. Stamens 3.
1. E. membranacea (i*ursh.). S/i/xi nieni/tniiincm Pursh. Fl.
Am. Sept. 3:728 (1814). K hynioiuides \\. & S. Syst. 2:339
(1817). Eriocoma ruspidata ^wii. iWn. i: 40(1818). Milium
cuspidal urn Spreng, Syst. 1 : 251 (1825). rraclnie Janata 'Yv'm.
Act. Pctrop. 12(5 (1834). (h\)/y,opt>is cnspidata I?enth. Vasey,
Gram. U. S. 23 (1883).
Culms hard, smooth or scabrous, nearly solid. 30-GOcm. high.
Sheaths scabrous or smooth,
mostly shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligule acute, 3-5 mm.
long; l)lades scabrous, narrow,
involute, the lower often equal-
ling the culm, the uppermost
very short or nearly as long as
the ])anicle. Panicle often in-
cluded at the base, diffuse, 12-
15 cm. long; the rays llexuose,
each bearing one si)ikelet, whicli
is oval, acute, becoming ventri-
cose, pubescent, G-7 mm. long;
empty glumes subequal, attenu-
ate-rostrate, 1-2 nerves at the
base on either side of the prominent mid-neive; floret hard, oval,
3-4 mm. long, densely clothed with white hairs, often extending 2
Fio. 43. — Kriocoma memhranacca . A
spikelet ; «, Horot. (Uichurdson.)
AGROSTlDEiaj;. 233
mm. above the apex, the stout awn usually extending beyond the
glumes and hairs.
Montana, Andvrxou; Colorado, Jones 200; Arizona, Jones 4764;
liritish Columbia, Macotoi ; Oregon, JloioeU.
A grass of peculiar apj)eara»H'e. prominent as a " buneh-grass ''
in poor land, from Missouri to the Sierras, New Mexico, Texas.
3. E. Webberi Thurb. S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:283 (1880).
Ori/zopsis Webberi IJenth. Vasey, Gram. I'. S. 'V-\ (1883).
A densely tufted slender perennial, 8-15 cm. high. Sheaths of
the sterile shoots smooth, crowded, the old ones often destitute of
the deciduous blade; ligule rounded, obscure; blades scabrous, in-
volute, rigid, pungent at the apex, 4-7 cm. long, 0.4-O.G mm.
diam.; upper ligule I mm. long; blades of the culm 3-4, the upper
one 2-3 cm. long. Panicles narrow, simple, 3-0 em. long; rays
slender, erect, the lower in threes, bearing 1-3 spikelets. Empty
glumes acuminate, often tinged with ])iirple, about 8 mm. long;
floret 6 mm. long with a sliort callus, deciduous: floral glume 5-
nerved, the lateral nerves above approaching the central one, apex
minutely 2-lobed, clothed with copious silky white hairs. 2 mm.
long; palea as long as its glume aiul hairy on the back; awn 4 mm.
long, sleiuler, curved, caducous. Anthers naked.
California (Sierra \'alley), Balirndcr and KcUtifjfi in 1871; Ne-
vada. .h))te!< IS'.n.
4!). (111). Milium L. Sp. PI. Gl (1753). Miliarium ^Wnch,
Meth. 204 (17!»4).
Si)ikelets l-tlowcrcd. loosely paniculate, racliilla articulate above
the lower glumes, not exteiuling above the lloret. Km])ty glumes
membranous, convex, obtuse, awnless, ])ersistent, sube([ual, floral
glume and i)alea coriaceous, the former awnless with 3 obscure
nerves, the latter 2-uerved. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct.
Grain ovoid or oblong, enclosed in the shining floral glume and its
palea, but not adherent.
Annuals or perennials with flat leaf-blades.
There are 5 or G species found in Europe and Asia, one of which
is also widely dis[)ersed in \orth America.
"Theoretically the lower glume is wanting, while the empty
284
POACE.E.
sinj^le palet [floral glume] of the lower [neutral] flower, resem-
bling the upper glume, fulfils its office, and stands opposite the nar-
row upper palet of the terete fertile flow-
er.'' A. Gray, in Manual. This view
places Milium near Panicum.
1. M. effusum L. 1. e. M. trans)iiU
vaiiicnm Schur. Enum. PI. Transs.
741 (18G6).
An erect tufted perennial, smooth
Fio
A
44 — Milium effusum,
sp'kelet; h, c, tiorets.
throughout, 90-150 cm.
high.
Sheaths
two- thirds the length of the long inter.
(Scribner.) nodes; ligule about 3 mm. long; blades
thin, flat, 13-20 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide. Panicle ovoid or oblong
in outline, 15-18 cm. long, the slender rays in half-whorls of 2-<!,
bearing spikelets beyond the middle. Spikelets pale green, finely
scabrid, ovoid-oblong. 3 mm. long. Empty glumes 3-nerved; floret
elliptical, about 2.5 mm. long. Grain obcompressed.
New Hampshire, Faxon 21 ; Vermont, Pringle, Clark; ]\Iichi-
gan, Wheeler for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 208, Beal 4-1, 45, Cooleij,
Faricell, Wood.
Cold woods. New England, New York, Illinois, and northward ;
also in northern Europe and Asia.
Bentham observes as follows: *' Milium was formerly extended
to sever;;! uiuiwned Panicete with only two empty glumes, but it is
now reduced to five or six species, all removed from Panicaceai as
having the empty glumes persistent below the articulation. Tliey
differ from Oryzopsis chiefly in their obtuse absolutely unuwned
flowering glume."
50. (113). MUHLENBEKGIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 44 (1789). DiJepj/-
riim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 40 (1803). Clomena Beauv. Agrost. 28,
/. 7, /. 10 (1812). Tosagris 1. c. 29. t. S. f. 3 (1812). Trichochha
1. c. 2 (1812). Podostvmnm Kunth, Mem. Mus. Par. 2: 72 (1815).
J)actylof/ramnia Link, Hort. Berol. 2:248 (1827). Diplachyrium
Nees, EI. 11 : 303 (1828). Cahjcodon Nutt. Joii;-. Acad. Phila. N. S.
1: 186 (1847). Vaf^eya Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila. 79 (18031
Spikelets 1-flowered, small, variously paniculate, rachilla articu-
agrostide.t:. 285
late above tlie empty glumes, not exteiuling above tbe floret, floral
glume witli a minute callus, usually bearded at the base. Empty
glumes 2, persistent, membranous or hyaline, often unequal, the
lower sometimes minute or obsolete, keeled, acute, mucrouate, or
sometimes extending into a short awn, first 1-nervod. set'or.d l-H-
nerved: floral glume o-5-nerved. firm or slender, obtuse or acute,
'2-tootlied, mucronate or very often exteiuling into a slender awn;
palea hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens usually 3. Styles distinci, stig-
nuis plumose. Grain narrow, subterete, enclosed by the floral glume
and i)alea, but not adherent.
Grasses very variable in habit, rarely annual, culms often wiry,
leaf-blades often very thin. The genus includes GO or nu)re species,
most of which are peculiar to North America. Some are I'uund in
South America, a few in Asia.
Bentham observes: '* They connect in many rcsjjccts. S/ipn with
J</ms/KS approaching very nearly to the small-flowered Sfi/xr. though
having thinner fruiting glumes, and usually with a luore or less
hairy rachilla. From AijroKfis they may be distinguished by their
narrow oppressed fruiting glume witb a terminal, never dorsal, awn.
A very few unawued species are nearly allied to Epicampoi. The
infiorescence is very variable."
A. First glume 2-nervcd, second l-nerved, floral (jhtme 3-
nerretl (a)
a. Ligule a mere ring, empty glumes 2-3 mm. long, floral
glume 2.5-3 mm. long 1
a. Ligule 0.5-1.5 mm. long, emi)ty glumes 3-4 mm. long,
floral glume 3 mm. long 2
B. Firsf t/hinie sometimes ,i-)ierveil, second l-nerved, floral
glume o-nerrcd (b)
b. Ligule 2 mm. long, ^nnpty glumes 0.5-L7 mm. long,
floral glume 3.5 mm. long 3
b. Ligule 5-7 mm. long, empty glumes 1.2 mm. long, floral
glume -i.4 mm. long 4
C Second glume usu(dlg J-o'-nerrrd, florrfl glume -f-nerred. . (c)
c. Ligule 1 mm. long, empty glumes 1.5 mm. long, floral
glume 1.5 mm. long 5
236 POACE^.
c. Ligiile 3 mm. long, empty glumes 1.6-2 mm. long, floral
glume 3 mm. long ^
c. Ligule 5-10 mm. long, empty glumes variable, floral
glume 3.5 mm. loug '^
c. Ligule 10-12 mm. long, empty glumes 4-C mm. loug,
floral glume 4 mm. loug ^
e. Ligule 10-18 mm. long, empty glumes 3.5-4 mm. long,
floral glume 5-5.5 mm. long ^
c. Ligule 3-5 mm. long, empty glumes 1.5-3 mm. loug,
floral glume 3 mm. long "^
D. Floral glume o-ncrved, -' mm. long (m)
m. Ligule very short, floral glume 2 mm. long. . . .10^
m. Ligule 5-7 mm. long, floral glume 13 mm. long. . .11
E. Floml glume S-nerved and otherwise vnlike those above. . (e).
e. Floral glume 2 mm. or less in length (f)
f. Floral glume about 1.5 mm. long, ligule a ring,
perennial ^'^
f. Floral glume about 1.5 mm. long, ligule 0.5 mm.
long, perennial ^'^
t Floral glume 1.7-2 mm. long, ligule a ring, peren-
nial 1^
f. Floral glume 2 mm. long, ligule 2-3 mm long, per-
ennial ^^
f. Floral glume 2 mm. long, ligule 5-G mm. long, per-
ennial ^"
f. Floral glume 1.5 mm. long, ligule a ring, annual. . 17
f. Floral glume 1.5 mm. long, ligule 1 mm. long, an-
nual 1^
f. Floral glume 1.5-2 mm. long, ligule 1.5-2 mm. long,
animal ^"^
e. Floral glume usually more than 2 mm. long and less
than 3 mm. long (g)
g. Floral glume 2.2-2.5 mm. long, ligule 2-3 mm.
long, awn 10-20 mm. long 20
g. Floral glume 2.7 mm. long, ligule 1 mm. long, awn
3-6 mm. long ^1
AdUOSTlDE^E. 237
g. Flonil glume 2.5 mm. long, ligule 3-2.5 mm. long,
awn 'Z-'i mm. long 22
g. Flonil glume 2.5 mm. long, ligule 2-2.5 mm. long,
awn 1 mm. long 23
g. Floral glume 2-2.7 mm. long, ligule 2-3 mm. long,
l-:} mm. long 24
g. Floral glume 2-6 mm. long, ligule O.G mm long,
awn 1-3 mm. long 25
g. Floral glume 2.3 mm. long, ligule 5-8 mm. long,
awn 2&
g. Floral glume 2-2.5 mm. long, ligule 0.5 mm. long,
awnO 27
g. Floral glume 2.5-3.5 mm. long, ligule 0, awn 2-5
mm. long Zo
e. Floral glume 3 or more rarely i mm. loiig (h)
h. Florai glume 3-4 mm. long, ligule 1.5-2 mm. long,
awn 20-30 mm. long 29
ii. Floral glume 3 or less mm. long, ligule 1 mm. long.
awn 10-30 mm. long 30, 31
h. Floral glume 3 nmi. long, ligule 8-10 mm. long,
awn 6-16 mm. long 33
li. Floral glume 3.5 mm. long, ligule 1 mm. long, awn
10-15 mm. long 33
h. Floral glume 3.5-2.5 mm. long, ligule 1 mm. long,
awn 10-15 mm. long 28"
h. Floral glume 3.5 mm. long, ligule 3-1 mm. long,
awn 6-15 mm. long 34
h. Floral glume 3-4 mm. long, ligule 1 mm. long, awn
8-12 mm. long 35
h. Floral glume 3 mm. long, ligule 2.5 mm. long, awn
20-30 mm. long 3G
h. Floral glume 2-3 mm. long, ligule 2-6 mm. long,
awn 6-10 mm. long 37'
h. Floral glume 3.7-4 mm. long, ligule 5-6 nnn. long.
awn 1-2 mm. long 3a
238 POACE.E.
h. Flonil glume 3.7-4 mm. long, ligule 5-7 mm. long,
awn 'J0-'2o mm. long 39
h. Floral glume 3.5-4 mm. long, ligule 3-5 mm. long,
awn 4-10 mm. long 40
h. Floral glume 3 mm. long, ligule 1 mm. long, awn
3-8 mm. long 41
h. Floral glume 3 mm. long, ligule 3 mm. long, awn
3-G mm. long 42
h. Floral glume 3-4 mm. long, ligule a ring, awn 2-'l
mm. long 43
h. Floral glume 3 mm. long, ligule 4-7 mm. long.
awn 1-3 mm. long 44
h. Floral glume 3 mm long, ligule 3 mm. long, awn
3 mm. long 45
h. Floral glume 3 mm. long, ligule 0.7 mm. long, awn
1-2 mm. long 40
h. Floral glume 4 mm. long, ligule a ring, awn 1-2
mm. long 47
h. Floral glume 3.7 mm. long, ligule a ring, awn 1-1.5
mm. long 48
h. Floral glume 3.5-3.8 mm. long, ligule 3 mm. long,
awn 1.5-2 mm. long 49
h. Floral glume 3 mm. long, ligule 1.5-2 mm. long,
awn 0.5-1 mm. long 50
h. Floral glume 3.5-3.5 mm. long, ligule a ring, awn 0. 28
e. Floral glume 4 mm. or more in length (i)
i. Floral glume 3-4 mm. long, ligule 1.5-3 mm. long,
awn 20-30 mm. long 29
i. Floral glume 3-4 mm. long, ligule 1 mm. long, awn
8-12 mm. long 35
i. Floral glume 3.7-4 mm. long, ligule 5-6 mm. long,
awn 1-3 mm. long :i8
i. Floral glume 3.5-4 mm. long, ligule 3-5 mm. long,
awn 4-10 mm. long 40
i. Floral glume 3-4 mm. long, ligule a ring, awn 3-(')
nun. long 43
A(JKOSTII)E.E. 239
i. Floral glume 4 mm. loug, ligule 3 mm. long, awn
lO-'iO mm. long 51
i. Floral glume 4 mm. loug, ligule 1.5-2 mm. loug,
awn 10-20 mm. long 53
i. Floral glume 4 mm. loug, ligule 2 mm. long, awn
4-G nmi. loug 53
i. Floral glume 4 mm. long, ligulo 1-1.5 mm. long,
awn 8-12 mm. long 54
i. Floral glume 4 mm. long, ligule 1.5 mm. long, awn
8-12 mm. long 55
i. Floral glume 4 mm. long, ligule a ring, awn 1-2
mm. long 47
i. Floral glume 4-5 mm. long, ligule 5 -G mm. long,
awn 2-0 cm. long 56
i. Floral glume 4-5 mm. long, ligule 1 mm. long, awn
10-15 mm. long 57
1. M. lycuroides Vasey, ined.
A densely tufted, diliuse and prostrate, much-branched, glaucous
green ainiual (?), 10-18 cm. high. Culms slender, compressed.
Slieaths shorter than the internodes, ligule very short; blades with
white thick margins, scabrous, conduplicate, pungent-pointed,
1.5-3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide. The terminal panicles spikelike,
2-3 cm. lojig, 4-(} mm. diam., the lateral ones more slender and
often i»irtially enclosed by the slieaths. Si)ikelets i)urplish, sub-
sessile; empty glumes scabrous on the keels, first 2-nerved, about
2 mm. long, including the short unequal bristles, second 1-nerved,
about 3 mm. long; floral glume linear, acute, pubescent on the
margins, 3-nerved, 2.5-3 mm. long, with a curved stout awn 1-2 mm.
long; palea as long as its glume, si)aringly pubescent, narrowly
elliptical, terminating in 2 short seta? between the two thin lobes.
Anthers nearly 2 mm. long.
Nearly allied to M. Schajfneri Fourn.
^fexico. Palmer 489.
2. M. Schaffneri Fourn. Ilemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:542
(1880). M. depouperaia Scribn. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 9: 187 (1884).
A light green or purplish densely tufted, much-branched an-
^40 POACE.E.
nual, 3-12 cm. high. Sheaths inflated; lifjule variously cleft,
1.5-2 cm. long; blades scabrid on both sides, with white tiiickened
margins, involute, pungent-pointed, 1-2.5 cm. long. I'auielc erect,
narrow, simple, 5-10 cm. long. Spikelets erect, sessile or on short
stout pedicels in tlie notches of the rough, stiff, triquetrous rachis;
empty glumes rigid, scabrous, linear-lanceolate, first iJ-nerved,
l-;j-4 mm. long, terminating in two unequal points, second a little
longer, lanceolate, awn-pointed, 1-nerved; floral glume smooth or
sparingly hairy below, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 1-3 mm. long;
many of those of the sessile spikelets shortly nuicronate, those of the
pedicellate spikelets terminating in an awn, 2-6 mm. long; palea
about the length of its glume. Nearly allied to M. lyeuroiiles \'asey.
Mexico, ScJiaffner 1065, PringleMi^; New Mexico, Wright 2017,
Palmvr 3" ; Arizona, Pringh, Jones.
Arizona and Mexico.
3. M. pulcherrima Scribu. ined.
A reddish liglit green tufted and much-branched diffuse annual,
20-40 cm. high. Ligule thin, 2 mm. long; blades scabrid, flat,
involute, or conduplicate, 4-6 cm. long, 1-1.3 mm. wide. Pani-
cles red, slender, contracted, 6-10 cm. long, rays in threes and
very unequal, the longest about 3 cm. long, l)earing 8-12 spikelets.
on tlie outer two-thirds, Spikelets 1-3 mm. long, on rather stout
pedicels; empty glumes 1-nerved, rarely 2-uerved, lanceolate, oval,
or sometimes 2-lobed and 2-nerved, first about 0.5 mm. long,
second 1.2-1.7 mm. long; floral glume thinly pubescent on the
margins of the lower half, lanceolate, 2-toothed, the keel serrulate,
3-nerved, 3.5 mm. long, the awn tortuose, 8-16 mm. long; palea
linear, almost obtuse when spread, 2.7 mm. long. Anthers 3, oval,
0.6 mm. long.
Mexico, Pringh 1416.
Dry ledges of jiorphyry.
4. M. rigida (II. B. K.)Trin. Unifl. 194 (1826). Podoscvmnm
rigidiim II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 129 (1815).
An erect glaucous and scabrous tufted perennial, 90-120 cm.
high. Sheaths often crowded from the culm, involute; ligulo
thin, acuminate, 5-7 mm. long; blades 3, rigid, conduplicate, 30-
AOIiOSTIDKiE. 341
50 cm. long, 0.8-1.5 mm. diam. I'liniclo red, slonder, !.'5-35 cm.
loiip^, rays mostly scattered, capillary, sparingly branched, the long-
est 13-16 cm. long, bearing 15-20 spikelets on the outer half.
Spikelots on pedicels 3-10 mm. long; empty glumes eubequal,
ovate, apex variable, obscurely 1-2-aerved, about 1.2 mm. long;
floral glume soabrid, lance-elliptical, 4.4 mm. long, 2-toothed, the
awn 15-25 mm. long; palea linear, abruptly acute when spread,
nearly as long as its glume. Anthers 3, linear, 3 mm. long.
Mexico, Pringle 401.
Mexico.
5. M. Clomena Trin. Unifl. 194 (182G). J/, nana Benth.
Plant, llartw. 2G2 (1846).
A slender tufted light reddish green annual, 10-15 cm. high,
branching near the base. Lower sheaths inflated ; ligule about 1
mm. long; blades thin, scabrous above, involute, 2-5 cm. long, 1
mm. wide. Panicles rather dense, linear to oval, 1-2 cm. long,
the axis, rays, awns, and often the pedicels flexuose. Spikelets sub-
sessile on the rather stout rays; empty glumes soft, seabrid, first
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1-nerved, 1.5 mm. long, second oblanceo-
late or obovate, truncate or 2-3-lobed or toothed, 2-3-nerved, 1.5
mm. long; floral glume pubescent, lance-oval, the apex with 2 lobes
or truncate, obscurely 3-nerved, 1.5 mm. long, the awn coming
from below and bacsk of the tip, 1-1. o cm. long; palea oval when
spread, 1.2 mm. long. Stamens 3, anthers 0.5-O.G mm. long.
Grain lance-oval, 1 mm. long.
Mexico, Pringle 824, 1411.
Thin soils. Mexico and South America.
6. M. Bourgsei Fourn. Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:539
(1880),
A slender annual. Culms much bi'anched and leafy below,
naked above, 15-30 cm. high. Sheaths slightly distended; ligule
acute, hyaline, 3 mm. long; blades flat. 1-3 cm. long, 1 mm. or
less wide, very finely scabrous on the margin and minutely pubes-
cent on the upper side along the nerves. Panicle rather narrow,
3-5 cm. long; rays solitary, ascending, the lower 1.5-2.5 cm.
long, flower-bearing from near the base. Empty glumes unequal^
ii42 I'OACE.K.
first lanceoliito, l-iiervod, about l.5n)in. loiij:^, second niiicli broiider.
2 mm. loiif?. 3-n('rvctl, iiiul iicutely ;5-tootlu'(l ; lloriil j,'lumo ."{ mm.
loiifj, pilose below iit tlio buck imd sides, aciibroius above, awned just
below tlie entire or bidi'ntatc! apex; awn S-12 mm. lon<,'. stroiifjly
llexuoao. For another deacriptiou see Scribuer in IMiil. Acad. Sci.
1891, p. 2!»7.
Mexico, lionrf/vdii 1155, I'rini//r .iAU).
7. M. gracilis (II. M. K.) Trin. Unill. 1!)3 (KS-.'G). J'odo-
smmum {jracHe II. H. K. Nov, Gen. et Sp. 1 :131 (1S15).
An erect pale ri;,'id tufted perennial, 15-60 cm. Iii<ih. Sheatlis
ronghish, longer than the internodes; ligule 5-10 mm. or more ( I)
long, withered sheaths of the sterile .shoots numerous: blades
usually involute-fdiform. scabrous, (i-10 cm. long, l-;i mm. wide.
Panicle very narrow, becoming dark with age, 8-15 cm. long,
rays usually single, ap{)ressed, ilower-l)earing for nearly their whole
length. Spikelets sessile or pedicellate; empty glumes very vari-
able, more or less acute, first usually the shorter, second obtuse,
erose or with several teeth, sometimes first and second both termi-
nating in l-2-!3-uerved awns, 2-3 mm. long; floral glume with a
short callus, bearded at the base, more or less pubescent, 3-nerved,
3.5 mm. long, the awn 8-20 mm. long. Grain l.G mm. long.
Arizona, U. S. Dept. Ayricul. 316; Texas, Jones; Mexico,
Pringle 392, 393.
British America to Mexico.
Var. breviaristata \'asey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3 : 07
(1892). M. HuhalpiHit Vasey, Cat. Gram. U. S. 40 (1885).
Slender, 18-30 cm. high; panicle about 5 cm. long; awn 2-4
mm. long.
Colorado, Vasey, 642; New Mexico, Vasey in 1889.
High altitudes. Colorado, New Mexico to Wyoming.
Var. enervis Scribn. ined. Em})ty glumes distant, destitute of
nerves or the second obscurely nerved.
Mexico, Pringle 1413.
8. M. virescens (tl. li. K.) Trin. Fnifi. 193 (1826)> Podo-
smmum virescens II. 13. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 132 (1815).
A slender tufted erect perennial, 10-70 cm. bigh. Sheaths
A<iU(>STII»K.K. 248
loii^rer than tlie intevnodes; ligulc lanooolate, lO-l'^ mm. long;
li'jivcs of sterile shoots numorous, the Idiidea firm, Hat or iiivoliito,
l{(M() cm. long, 2-U.5 mm. wide, those of the culm *^*-3 in niiniher.
I'iinioles pale straw-colored, strict, 1'2-lH cm. long, rays up|»res3cd,
single or in pairs, densely flowered to near the base, the longest 4-5
cm. long. Spikelets sub.sossile or on rather stout pedicels, 1-3 mm.
long; empty glumes sometimes tinged with purple, Iniu'eohite, first
l-nerved, 4-4.5 mm. long, second 3-nerved, 6-0 mm. long, apex
sometimes 3-toothed; lloral glume pilose for the lower two-thirds,
rather firm, ovate- lanceolate, 4 mm. long, the awn 13-20 mm. long;
palea pilose, narrowly linear, acute, as long as its glume. Stamens
3 mm. long, (^rain linear, terete, 2 mm. long.
Arizona, Priiif/Je.
New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico.
9. M. firma. .1/. smht'it Scribn. n. sp. ined.
A rather stout erect tufted perennial, 90 cm. high. Ligule
firm, acute, 10-18 mm. long; blades firm, closely involute, sca-
brous, 20-35 cm, long, pungent pointed, 1-15 mm. diam. Panicle
brownish purple, erect, spikelike, the base very thin and inter-
rupted, 15-18 cm. long, 1-2 cm. diam. Spikelets olive-brown,
empty glumes equal, 3.5-4 min. long, first l-nerved, second 2-
nerved; floral glume 5-5.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, the stout awn
1-3 mm. long; palea nearly as long as its glume.
The specific name proposed by Scribnor luid been used by S.
Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 174 (1883).
Growing at the altitude of 10,500 feet.
Mexico (Oaxaca), Pr ingle 4914.
Scribner identifies it as Tiear M. Palmeri Vasey, from which it
differs in having a much longer ligule, second glume two-nerved,
floral glume longer, awn shorter.
10. M. ciliata (11. & K.) Trin. Unifl. 103 (1826). Poilosmmm
ciUatnm II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 128 (1815).
A very slender geniculate or diffuse light green or reddish an-
nual, branching near the base, the culms and leaves more or less
pubescent with very short fine hairs. Sheaths half as long as the
internodes; ligule a ciliate ring; blades thin, convolute, invo-
244 I'OACK^J.
lute or flat, often rpcurvcd, I 5 'i.rt om. lonpf. about 1.5 mm.
wide. I'anido simplo, nicuiiioMo, D-O cm. lon^; rt.^3 single, hiiIisc-
c'uiul, rocurvi'il. nowcr-bourinj,' tliroii^'liout, 1 -2 ru\. Ion;;. S|)ikelt!ts
mostly sossiliv. oiiipty ^'Iuimcs sub('(|uiil. l-rjcrvcd, 1. :{-!.<> iimi. Ion;;,
hull' of which is thf iiwn ; lloriil ;;Mitiio thin, lincur-hincRoiuto, pubes-
cont on 2 ol" the lutiTiil iicrvi'S, .O-iuTvod, the intorniodiiito hitorul
nerves obscure, 2 nun. Um^, the iiwn 1-20 mm. Ion;;; ])ulea linear-
lauceolate, 2-toothed, as long us its glume, (irain linear, 1.5 mm.
long.
Mexico, Prinf/h WMi. lH4r>; tlie later luis the longer awns witli
floral glume less pubescent.
Mexico.
11. M. stipoides (II. H. K.) Trin. l^iifl. 104 (1824). Pofln-
S(Pmuni slijwides II. H. K. Nov. (Icn. et. Sp, 1: \',\\ (1H15).
A strict tufted grass 40-(5() (^ni. high. (Julnis rather stout.
Loaves of the culm 4, sheaths riblu'd, mostly longer ihan tiio inter-
nodes; ligule narrow, 5-7 mm. long; bhides strict, scabrid, invo-
lute, 0-15 cm. long. I'anicle simple, narrow, (J-IO cm. long; rays
in threes, the longest 5-(( cm. long, including the 3-4 spikelets on
the outer half. Spikelets olive-green, brown lit the base, empty
glume 1 -nerved, ovate-lanceolate, (irst 5 nmi. long, second 7 mm.
long; tuft of hairs at base of floret 2 mm. long, floral glunu' I".' mm.
loiig. 5-nerved, the twisted aww ratlier stout, 12-15 mm. long,
starting 4 mm. below the slender ujjcx of the glume; palea about
the length of its glume.
(Irowing at the altitude of 10,;U)0 feet.
Mexico. Pri)if//c 4005.
12. M.sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Unifl. ISO (1824).
Agrosfix solmlifcva Muhl.; Willd. Knum. 05(1800). Trirhn-
chloa ftoholifeni Trin. Fund. Agrost. 117(1820). Ciiiufi suhlifera
Link, llort. Herol. 1:71 (1821).
A slender ascending perennial, rarely branching, 30-(iO cm.
high, from creeping, scaly rootstocks. Sheaths longer than the
internodes; ligule a mere ciliate ring; blades flat, scabrid, pungent-
pointed, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle very simi)le, slen-
AdltOSTIDK.K. 240
Ocr, cniitniotcd, A-IO -2(i <;m. Ioii;j, loiif^ost niys iipprosscd. i-»;cin.
lon^'. Spikclcts sulMcssilc or on juMliccls \-'i iiiin. loiij,'; (Miiply
^'liiiiics mostly su1km|iiuI. miicnumtc. l-iiorvcd, two-tliinia iis loiigiw
the llorct; flonil ^'lumc tliiiily liiiiryon tho lower half, ovate, abrupt-
ly sliort-mucroiuiti', or iK'ariiij? a slciultir awn l-O nun. long, 3-
nervi'd, l.'j-S mm. lon^'; palou as lon^j us its j;liiim'.
Tilt' eastern plants have an awnless floral j,'lumo; thoso from
Texas have the awn.
Alabanui, Mo/ir.
Open rocky woods. New Kn<?huid to Texas.
i:{. M. breviseta firiseh. Ilenisl. iiiol Centr. Am. liot. 3:5;{(t
(ISSO).
A densely tufted perennial, braneliinji; near the base, 10-lS cm.
hij,di. Li^'ule 0.5 mm. long; l)lades glabrous, involute, recurved,
1.5-3.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Panicle simple, linear, the
base included by tiio sheath, 1-3 cm. long, longest rays half as long,
each bearing l-:{ spikelets. S|)ikelots liiu'ar. l.'i-l..') mm. long,
tinged with violet; empty gUunes ovate, acute when spread, 1-
iiorved, first O.G mm. long, second 1 mm. long; lloral glume cllio-
latc on the margins, ovate when spread, mucronate, 3-nerved, 1..*)
mm. lotig.
.N[exi('0 (Miclioacan). /'/•//////*' :{!I44; also, according to Fournier,
Mid)l.. numbers UJ3. •^003, '2()'.t3; SItaffiicr 111.
Di-y cool .soils, and hills.
U. M.Schreberi (imel. Syst. 171 (ir-ir). Dhoi'-sked. Ximhle
AViLL. .]/. (Ilirtisii Schrel). Hesch. (Jrils. 2:143, /. .-)1 (1772-7!)).
nUcpjinoii iiiitiiifijlonon Miclix. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 40 (1H03).
Culms slender, hard. dilVuse. much-branched, sometimes genicu-
late, 20-00 cm. higli, from knotted rootstocks. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes; ligulevery short; blades Hat, thin, .s'-abrid, ])uu-
gent-pointed, 3-H cm. long. 2-3 mm. wide. Panicles terminal and
lateral, slender, contracted, rather loosely numy-tlowered, 10-lS cm.
long: rays slender, in twos and threes, very unequal, the longest 4-5
cm. long: spikelets subsessile or ou short pedicels; empty glumes
very minute, first obsolete, second truncate; floral glume sparingly
246 POACE.E.
hairy below, ovate-lanceolate. 3-nerved, l.T-2 mm. long, awn 2-4
mm. long; palea nearly as long as its glume.
Vermont, Priiiijk : Pennsylvania, U. S. Dej)t. Agriciih 313
from Scribn. ; iVIichigau, C'oolcy, Beal 45; Indiana, Bcal -i^ii; Texas,
Xealley.
Dry Woods, New England to Iowa and New Mexico.
15. M. elata Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. 1:283 (1893).
A harsh tufted erect perennial, 1)0-180 cm. high. C'ulins
slightly compressed, almost solid, leaf-bearing only below. Lower
sheaths compressed ; ligule decurrent, firm, acute or 2-toothed, 2-
6 mm. long; blades scabrous above, mostly conduplicate or involute,
30-90 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide. Panicles brownish or of a red-
dish lead-color, terminal, narrow or spreading, 30-50 cm. long;
rays numerous, scattered, capillary, G-9cm. long, bearing 2-0 spike-
lets to each branch of the ray. Spikelets on very slender pedicels
that are 4-10 mm. long; empty glumes nearly equal, ovate, 1-
nerved, 1-1.5 mm. long, often irregularly lascerate and terminating
in a bristle, 0.2-3 mm. long; floral glume linear-lanceolate with a
few short hairs at the base, 3-nerved, 2 mm. long, the awn 5-10.
mm. long; palea oval, acute, as wide and as long as its glume.
Mexico, Pal»ier52^, 770; Pringle 2351.
lb. M. scoparia Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 283 (1893).
An erect nearly smooth tufted perennial, 80-100 cm. high.
Culms compressed. Ligule acute, 5-6 mm. long; blades of sterile
shoots compressed, rigid, conduplicate, 30-50 cm. long, 3-4 mm.
wide, those of the culm 2 or 3, nariower and 15-20 cm. long.
Panicle linears or narrower, 30-00 cm. long, reddish brown, rays
mostly scattered, numerous, erect and spreading, branclu'.- panicu-
late, thinly flower-bearing fur the upper three-fourths, the longest
6 cm. long, bearing 50-70 spikelets. Spikelets on pedicels 1-4 mm.
long; empty glumes subequal, 1-nerved, 1.5 mm. long, besides
the bristly points; floral giume elliptical when spread, obsi.urely
3-nerved, about 2 mm. long, the awn 1-1.7 cm. long; palea acute,
about the length of its glume; the anthers 1.3 mm. long.
Mexico, Priiigk 2350.
17. M. exilis Fourn. llemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. 3: 540 (1880).
AGliOSTIDE.E. 247
A soft slender light reddish-green, mucli brauehed and dill'iise
unnnul, 15-30 cm. higli. Sheaths loose, sniootli or tliinly j)nb('S-
cent, about the length of the internodes: ligule very short ; blades
scabrous above, involute, sjjreading, 2-3 cm. long. Panicles mostly
terminal, exsertcd, slender, 8-12 cm. long, rays in twos or single,
uppressed, 1-3 cm. distant, 0.5-3 cm. long. Spikelets in sessile
tufts on the shortest rays or on the sides and apex of the longest
ones. Empty glumes unequal, hyaline, with 1 stout nerve, oval,
the first about 1 mm. long, second 1-1.4 mm long, including the
awnlike points; floral glume thin, linear-lanceolate, oidy a pencil-
tuft of hairs at the base, 3-nerved, 1.5 )nm. long, the awn 1.5-2.5
mm. long; palea and grain linear, about the length of the iloral
glume.
:dexico. rriiKjiv i:;5, 2747.
Wet ledges. Mexico.
18. M. nebulosa Sctribn. ined.
A slender purplish densely tufted much-branched diffuse
annual, 8-12 cm. high. Ligule hyaline, 1 mm. long: blades soft.
scal)rid, involute, luirrow, 1-2 cm. long. Panicles open, linear.
3-5 cm. long, rays single, rather stout, spreading, branched, bearing
5-10 spikelets each. 8i)ikelets on short jjcdicels; empty glumes
ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved. first 0.5 mm. long, second O.T mm.
long: floral glume lanceolate, hyaline, pubescent on the margins, 3-
nerved. 1.4-1.5 mm. loiij. 2-toothed. the awn 3-5 nun. long; palea
as long as its glume, (train lance-ovoid 0.!) nnn. long.
Mexico, I'n'iif/Ie 230G, in lS8!t.
Wet places, hills near Cimidalajara.
lit. M. Buckleyana Scribn, Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:G!) (1802).
A slender diffuse freely-branching annual, 20-40 cm. high, often
purplish. Ligule acute, 1.2-5 mm. long: blades scabrid. convo-
lute or flat, 3-6 cm long, 1-2 mm. wide. Panicles mostly included
at the base, slender, open, linear to oval, 10-25 cm. long, rays sin-
gle, scattered, capillary, sparingly branching, the longest 5-8 cm.
long. Suikelets mostly on pedicels 1-3 mm. long, from branches
along the upper three-fourths of the rays; empty glumes hyaline.
248 poACE.^i:..
subequal, shortly hairy, ovate, l)ristle-pointt'(l or mucroiuito, l-nervcd,
1-1.5 mm. long; Honil glume almost hyaline, oval, aeute, pubescent
on the margins and keel for the lower two-thirds. ;5-ncrved, 2-
toothed, 1.5-'^ mm. long, the awn 2-'^. I nun. long; palea oval,
obtuse or abruptly acute when sj)read. nearly as long as its glume.
8ee note under J/. Pur/ en' Scribn.
Mexico, PriiKjU 3!)1), 400.
Wet ledges, rocky hills, gravel bars or streams.
30. M. AlamossB Vasey, Coult. Uot. (niz. 10: UO (18!>l). Once
distributed as M. inJunuiyrustided Kuntli, Rev. (J rum. 1 : 03 (1829).
A slender reddish scabrid erect sparingly-ljninched peiviinial,
60-80 cm. higli: the nodes tumid. Slu'iitlis two-thirds as long us
the intei'nodes; ligule thin, lascerate, about 2 mm. long; l)lades
thin, Hat. or convolute, 5-12 cm. long. 1.5-2.5 mm. wide. I'unicles
slender, linear or lanceolate. 12-16 cm. long; rays rigid, rather dis-
tant, solitary or in twos or threes, branching sparingly and tlower-
bearing from near the l)ase. Spikelets subsessile, at length spread-
ing, recurved: empty glumes unequal, oval, acute, obtuse or 2-
toothed, mucronate with one strong nerve, first about 1 mm. long,
second 1.5 mm. long; floral glume shortly hairy for the lower third,
scabrid above, linear-lanceolate, 2-toothed, 3-nerved, 2.2-2.5 mm.
long, the awn 10-20 mm. long; palea linear-elliptical, acute, ii little
shorter than its glume, drain linear-lanceolate, terete, l.;} mm.
long.
^Fexico, Prinfjle 30:, 428, Palmer 407.
Kocky Hills, under shrubs, etc.
Texas to Arizona and ^Fexico.
'21. M. sylvatica ]\Iuhl. A. (Jray, N. A. Oram, and Cyp. No.
13 (1834). A. diffusa Muhl. dram. 04 (1817), iu)t Host.
Culms hard, ascending, much branched and diffusely spreading,
60-120 cm. high, from scaly creeping rootstocks. Sheaths id)out
the length of the iuternodes; ligule less tluin 1 mm. long: blades
flat, thin, scabrous, pungent-pointed, 5-8 cm. long, 3 luni. wide.
Panicles spikelike, slender, interrupted, 8-12 cm. long, 5-7 mm.
diam., rays mostly in threes, very unequal, the longest slender,
spikelike, flower-bearing from near the base. 3-4 cm. long. Spike-
AdHOSTIDE.E. 249
lots subsessile or ou short pedicels, einjjty glumes subeqiuil, 1-
nerved, bristle-iioiuted, ncurly as long as the floral glume; tloral
^lume thinly pubescent on the lower half, 3-nerved, 2.7 mm, long,
the awn 3-6 mm. long. Fig. 82, Vol. I. p. 184.
A very variable s})ecies. Low open woods.
Xew York, Beal 47 : Michigan, Chirk (idS; Iowa, Hitchcock.
New England to the Kocky Mountains.
Var. Californica Vasey, Coult. Bot. (iaz. 7:93 (188-.»). M.
rarishiiXimy, liull. Torr. Clul), 13:53 (1880).
JJays mostly single, the empty glumes ratlier exceeding the
floral glume without its awn. and in the same panicle are s])ikek't3
in which the empty glumes including the awn are no longer than
the floral glume: awn of floral glume about 3 mm. long.
'J'his plant corresponds very well throughout with one collected
by the author at Union Springs, Cayuga County, X. Y., about
18(35.
California, Parish 1076, also for Nat. Mus. ; Arizona, Lemmon
for Nat. Herb.
Yar. gracilis Scribn. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. D: 116 (1883-8i).
"It resembles somewhat M.monticoht liuckl., butin that species
the empty glumes are much shorter than the floret, while in this
they nearly equal it (exclusive of the awn), as in M. sylvaticn.'"'
Yar. setarioides (Fourn.). .)/. setarioides Fourn. llemsl. liiol.
Centr. \m. Hot. 3:542 (1880).
Culms persistent and rooting: empty glumes slightly unequal,
1-uerved, 1-1.5 mm. long, awn of floral glume 5-10 mm. long;
otherwise like the si-»ecies.
Mexico, Botteri 70, 638. 098, ; Borgeau 3662.
Yar. setiglumis S. Wats. l?ot. King's Exi)d. 378 (1871).
Culms shorter, blades 8-15 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; panicle
shorter; empty glumes two-thirds as long, but the awn longer, ex-
tending a little beyond the floret; floral glume scarcely pubescent.
Agricul. College, Mich., in 188-5-86.
23. M. flavida Vasey, Con trib. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1:282 (1893).
A slender rather soft annual, 30-50 cm. high, branching
throughout its length. Sheaths half as long as the internodes;
250 I'OA("E.E.
liuule hiscerate, 2-'^. 5 mm. \on^; bliulori thin, involute or flat. 8-l;i
cm. long, 1.5-'^ nun. wide. Piinicles slender, linear (or sj)read-
ing?), 10-15 cm. long, rays single or more or less clustered, the
longest rarely brauching, 4-5 cm. long, bearing 4-8 spikelets along
the outer half or two-thirds. 8})ikelet3 racemose on pedicels about
1 mm. long; empty glumes equal, hyaline, awl-shaped, 1-nerved,
1.5-ii mm. long; floral glume .'{-nerved, almost hyaline, linear-
lanceolate, pubescent on the margins, ::2-toothed, 2.5 mm. long, tiie
awn about the same length; j)alea 2-toothed, as long as its glume.
Antliers oval, 0.4 mm. long.
Mexico (Jalisco), rahncr 045.
23. M. filiculmis Vasey, C'ontrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, 1 : 267
(1893).
A slender erect smooth glauc(ms perennial. 20-30 cm. high.
Tiigule 2-2.5 mm. long; blades involute, about 0.5 diani. before
spreading, none extending more than one-third the heiglit of the
culm. I'anicle simple, narrow. 3-4 cm. long, longest ray 1-2 cm.
long, flower-bearing for the outer two-thirds. Spikelets with first
empty glume 1-nerved. 1 mm. long, second 3-nerved, 3-toothed. 5
mm. long; floral glume ciliate on the maigins of the lower half, 3-
nerved, 2.5 mm. long, shading into an awn about 1 mm. long;
palea linear to ellii)tical when spread, as long as its glume. Anthers
3 in number. 1.4 mm. long.
Colorado (Fte Pass), ('. S. SheUon in 1802, at 8500 feet alt.
Nearly related to M. gracili.-i breviaristata Vasey, but more
slender.
24. M. monticola Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 91 (1862).
An erect or decumbent branching glabrous light reddish-green
[)erennial, 30-00 cm. high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes.
the lower ones crowded off by branches; ligule thin, lascerate, 2-3
mm. long; blades involute, 5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. Avide. Panicle
slightly exserted, or the base included, slender, interrupted, loosely
spikelike, 4-10-15 cm. long; rays simple, appressed, flower-bearing
for the entire length, 0.5-3 cm. long. Spikelets on pedicels 0.5-2
mm. long; empty glumes thin, linear, acute or obtuse, 1-nerved;
first 1 mm. long, second 1.5-1.7 mm. long; floral glume acute.
ACJUOSTIDE.E. 251
laiioeolato, pubescent on the margins, ;3-nerve(l, 2-2.7 mm. long,
the awn 1-2-3 cm. long; palca of same shape and nearly as long
as its glume. Antliers 3 in number, 0.8 mm. long.
Arizona, Pn'nr/k in 1884; also, No. 39G, Santa EulaliaMts. ;
Mexico (Chihuahua), Priiifjh in 1885; Xew Mexico, Jo //e.s in 1884.
West Texas to Arizona.
25. M. Wrightii Vasey, Coult. Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 409
(1885).
An erect or vlecum])ent perennial, 30-T5 cm. high. Culms
firm. comj)resseil. Sheaths keeled, shorter tlian the internodes;
ligule 0.0 mm. long; blades involute, rigid, 8-12 cm. long with
filiform tips. Panicle spikelike, cylindrical, densely fiowered, more
or less interrupted below, 5-9 cm. long. 4 -G mm. diam. or more
slender and interrupted; lower rays spikelike, appressed, 1-2 cm.
long. Spikelets often 2-flowered; empty glumes sul)equal, 1-nerved,
about 2 mm. long, base thin, ovate, awn-pointed; floral glume a
little thi(;ker and longer, very shortly pubescent, 3-nerved, ovate,
acute, tipped with a very short stiff awn; palea ovate, acute, nearly
as long as its glume. Anthers 1.3 mm. long.
Arizona, U. S. Dept. Agricnl. 334, from Loiwion ; Mexico,
PriiujJe 1419.
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico.
2G. M. elongata Scribn. iued.
A dcTisely tufted erect rutlier slender hard-stemmed light
green perennial, 80-120 cm. high. Sheaths involute, leaving the
culm for a third of their length; ligule lanceolate, 5-8 mm. long;
blades rigid, involute, 20-35 cm. long, 0.3-0.8 mm. diam. Pani-
cle terminal, often partially included by the sheaths, linear (or
spreading (?), 25-35 cm. long, lower rays in clusters of 3-5, branch-
ing near the base, and mostly flower-bearing for their entire
length, the longest G-8 cm. long. The lateral spikelets on ])edi-
cels about 1 mm. long; empty glumes almost hyaline, obscurely 1-
nerved. linear, acuminate, second a little the longer, 2-2.3 mm.
long; floral glume thin, linear, a pencil-tuft of hairs at the base only,
rather abruptly acute when spread, obscurely 3-nerved, 2.3 mm.
long; palea acute, a little narrow, but about as long as the glume.
2r)2 POAt'E.t:.
Mexico, Pri)if/hnU^, 347 T.
3:. M. Mexicana (L.) Triii. Uiiitl. 180 (1H'2+). Jf/rosfi.s Me.r-
icana L. Miint. 1:31 (1707). A. /ofcn'jlora Miclix. Kl. lior. Am.
l:r)3(1803). a >i ua Mcrirn ltd Mvinw. Ji'^voat. :\'i (ISI-^). M/ih-
kiihenjia fuUosa Tvin. Unill. 190 (18-^8).
Culms slomler, wiry, useciuling, mudi-bnincliod, (iO-lOO em.
liijili, from scaly creeping rootstocks. Slieatlis about two-tliirds as
long as the internodes; ligule 0.5 mm. long: blades thin. flat, sca-
brous, i)ungent-pointed, 10-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle
often jmrplish, lateral and terminal often included at the base, con-
tracted, 10-18 cm. long, rays mostly in threes, two of which are
very short, the longest linear, 3-5 cm. long, and densely ilowered
nearly to the base. Empty glumes shai'p- pointed or short-awned,
slightly unequal, the lower a little longer than the floret, 2.5-3 mm.
long; floral glume thinly pubescent on the lower half, lanceolate,
very sharp pointed. 3-nerved, 2-2.5 mm. long.
Vermont, Prinyle ; New York, Beal i8; District of Columbia,
McCarfhy; Michigan, Z?m? 49, Wheeler ^iO; Minnesota, /Ittilei/ X
28, n 422.
Found rather abundantly on low lands from Xew England to
Nebraska and Mexico; flowering too late in autumn to be of much
value for hay.
Var. filiformis (Muhl.) Scribn. iiied. Ayrosfis fih'foniiis ]\Iuhl.
(Jram. 60 (1817).
Panicle very slender and simple, borne on long filiform i)edicels.
Illinois, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 318, from Wolfe.
28. M. racemosa (Michx.) li. S. P. I'rel. Cat. X. Y. 07 (1888).
Agrodix rncemoxa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:53 (1803). Pohjinujon
(jhmemtux Willd. Enum. 87 (1809). TrirhorhJoa (jhnnerata Trin.
Fund. Agrost. 117 (1820). M. (jltmerafa Trin. Unifl. 191 (1824).
Ci)iiia racemom Kunth, Enum. 1:207 (1833).
An erect simple sparingly-branclied perennial, 00-90 cm. high.
Sheaths nearly as long as the internodes; ligule a ciliato ring;
blades flat, scabrous, pungent-pointed, 8-12 cm. long, 3-5 mm.
wide. Panicle 5-10 cm. long, often purplish, exsertcd, oblong-
linear, often interrupted below, rays very short and densely
A(iH()STii)E.i:, ^na
tlowcriHl, SpikeU'ts sessile cr siibscssile: empty ^duiiies liiiKHMilate,
iieurly e^iual. I-iierved. about t\v(»-tliirtls asl(m<>' as tlie lloret, besides
tlie awns, wliieli ure 2-5 nun. long; floral glume luncc-ovate. niu-
croiiate, thinly pubeseent on the lower two-thirils, 3-nerveil. 2. '»-;{, 5
mm. long; palea obovate, laneeolate but little shorter than its
glume.
Massachusetts, Cuoh'i/, lira? .')1; Ontario, Fowhr; Michigan,
r. >'. Ih'pt. Jfjrinil 3U, from ('. F. Wheeler, riarl' 1101, Coohy ;
Iowa, Ililrlivofk; Minnesota. Sitndhenj 42; Colorado, Citssidji ;
Montana, WiUiams; \ew Mexico, .hnivs 415S; liritish Columbia,
Mdcduii.
Found in Avet ground from New England to Canada, Colorado,
Nevada, and Texas. Although the culms are hard and the leaves
thin, the grass is much prized I'or hay for horses. See \'ol. I. Fig.
81.
Var. brevifolia Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 7:92 (1882). M. Cali-
foniira Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 13:53 (1880). Blades 4-8 cm.
long, 4-6 mm. wide, floral glume usually bearing an awn 1-2 mm.
long.
California, ParisJi Brothers 1028.
Var. ramosa Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3:08 (1892).
A taller nuich-branehed plant, leaves longer, empty glumes about
as long as the floret, the awn shorter.
Colorado, Tract/.
Found from Illinois to Montana.
29. M. microsperma (D C.) Trin. ITnifl. 193 (1824). Trirho-
chloa itiicrospenna DC. Cat. Ilort. ^[onsp. 151 (1813). Agroxtis
microsperma Lag. Gen. et Sp. 2 (1810). I'odoswmain dehile 11. B.
K. Nov. (Jen. 1:128 /. 081 (1815). Muhlenberg ia dehilis Trin.
Mem. Acad. St. Tetersb. (VI.) 0:295 (1841). Mahlenheryia pur-
purea Nutt. Jonrn. Acad. Phila. (II.) 1: 180 (1S48).
Culms slender, ascending from a geniculate or stoloniferous
much-brancbcd base. Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes,
inflated or often crowded from them by the shortly calloused, bulb-
like branches, the sheaths of Avhich firmly enclose the fertile floret:
ligule lascerate 1.5-2 mm. long; blades usually flat, often purple.
2M ruAi'K.K.
puhosociil iihovo iiiid below, 4-<) vm. long, 1-1. 5 nun. wide. I'an-
ic'li' ot'len iiieliulod at the base by tlie iiijpei* sheath, slender, race-
mose, S-IT) em. long, rays mostly solitary, erect or spreading, dis-
tinct, distant. S[)ikelets mostly snbsessile and extending the whole
length of the branches, )i-{i mm. long; empty glnmes ovate, 1-
uerved, subecpnil or the lirst shorter, 0. ")-(». S mm. long; lloral
glume 3-4 mm. long, scabrous, H-nerved, linear-lanceolate, the slen-
der awn 3-.'} cm. long; ])alea scabrous, lanceolate, little shorter than
its glume. (Jrain l.fJ mm. long.
Arizona, PriiKjlv; California, T. S. Ikpt. Jffn'cuL 310 from
Jones, Orcuif; Mexico, /'alincr 510.
Texas to California and Mexico.
30. M. spiciformis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 2:42 (1841). Mem.
Acad. St. I'etersb. (VI.) 6, 2:2^') (184.")).
A very slender, much-branched and dilfuse annual, 30-GO cm.
high, sheaths smooth, half to three-fourths the length of the intcr-
nodes; ligule 1 mm. long; blade thin. Hat. 0-10 cm, long, 1.5-2
mm. wide. In some of the lower axils are short turgid sheath-like
bracts containing fertile flowers with hyaline glumes. Above are
fdiform Ijranches bearing each a single spike, M-15 cm. long with
more or less distant spikelets which are single or branching once or
twice. Terminal panicles thin, linear, 10-15 cm. long, rays in
twos or single, the longest 2-3 cm. long, bearing short branches and
10-20 spikelets, snbsessile or on ]iedicels 2-3 mm. long. Eni])ty
glumes of these spikelets 1-nerved. the second less than 1 mm. long,
but longer than the iirst; lloral glume thiidy ])ilose on the lower
half of the central nerve and the margins, scarcely 3 mm. long, gra-
dually tapering into an awn 1-2 cm. long; i)alea2 mm. long, grain
nearly as long as the palea. Sessile spikelets borne on a bearded
pointed callus 2 mm. long in tlie axils of stiif lanceolate bracts
about their own length, first glume awl-shaped, 1-3 mm. long, sec-
ond linear-lanceolate. mm. long, with a single double nerve; lloral
glume as long as the secoiul glume, 3-nerved; ])alea pilose, rachilla
constricted, 1-2 mm. long, bearing 3 awns 5-10 mm. long.
Mexico.
31. M. brevifolia Scribn. ined.
A(f|{()STIl)i;.K. 'if).")
A sinootli sk'iidcr l)riincliiiig <,a'niciilate pcri'iiiiiiil, 1(1-40 <iii.
lilgli, tilt' iiitiTiiodt'S about 2 cm. loiij;. Sliciitlis mostly shorter
tliiiii tlio iiitiTiioili's; li^'uk' 1 mm. or less in Iciij^'th; hhuic involutt.',
ohtiisc, 1-1} cm. long. IV'ilunc'lo slonder. l()-ir» cm. long, bearing an
open ovoid piinielc :5 cm. long. Km[)ty glumes ('((uul, 1-iierved,
'.'..")-:{ mm. long; llond glume '-i mm. long, ;{-ucrved, the uwn H-14
mm. long.
Wet ledges.
Mexico (.Tulisco). Priiif/h- 4130.
'.Vi. M. argentea Viisey, Bull. 'Joir. Club, 13: 2;J;» (ISSO).
A slender glaucous ascending perennial, 4()-fiO cm. high.
Leaves of sterile shoots few and stout, short; sheaths of the culm-
leaves about (!, longer than the internodes; ligule lam-eohite. S-lO
mm. long; blade nearly smooth, loosely involute, S-I.' cm. long,
1..")-".' mm. wide. Paidclo narrow or s])reading (y) j)artly included,
l','-IS cm. long, vays single or in twos, capillary, branching, tiie
longest 5-7 cm. long, thinly llowi-r-bearing for most of their length.
Spikelets on pedicels .'J-.s nim. long, light, silvery green or tinged
with red; emi>ty glumes subequal, linear-lanceolate, the apex more
or less irregularly !i-toothed, l-nerved, ;.'.5-;{ mm. long; floral
glume broadly linear, thiidy pubescent on the lower half. 3 mm.
long. :5-nerved, with two broad teeth at the i\])v\, the awn (1-15
mm. long; palea oval, obtuse, nearly as long as its glume.
^lexico, /'(i/iiicr KiO.
:;3. M. tenuiflora (WiUd.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. (17 (1SS8).
Jf/rosfix tcnuijhira Wild. Sp. PI. 1: 'MW (ITftS). (Jinua tenuijiura
Link, Knum. 1:71 (IH:.'!). MHlileiiben;i(( UV/AA-^/f//-// Trin. Unill.
ISS (lS-34).
Culms upright, rather slender, simple or only sparingly branched,
05-90 cm. high, from scaly creeping rootstocks. Sheaths scabrous;
ligule about I mm. long; blades flat, thin, pungent-jiointed, sca-
brid, 10-14 cm. long, 4-T mm. wide. I'anicle very slender, loosely
flowere(l, 20-40 cm. long, rays distant, mostly in pairs, the longest
H-10 cm. long, slender. Spikelets on pedicels, the shortest of which
are 1-2 cm. long, em])ty glumes subequal, ovate, short-jwinted, 1-
nerved, about 'I mm. long; floral glume ovate-lanceolate, IJ-nerved,
2r)« POACK.E.
pulK'sccnt on the lower third, iihoiit 3..') nun. lon;^, the uwn 10-
15 mm. long: \ni\vii pubescent on the nerves, nearly us long iis its
glume.
I)rv wood lands.
Pennsylvania, ('/<n-A- VM}.\: District of Columbia, McCarthy;
Michigan, Clark i\\)\^; Indiana, lUal.
Mew England to Arkansas.
:}4. M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Unifl. 191 (IS-M). S/i))a ra/iil-
laris Lam. Illnstr. 1 : l.*)S (i:!ll). S/ijia <liffuKa Walt. Fl. Car. IH
(17S.S). Slijia scrirea Midix. Kl. Hor. Am. 1 : 54 (KS0;5). Ayroxlix
.scrinv Ell. IJot. S. C. & Ga. l-.VA^t (1817).
A tufted erect perennial, (JO-lOO cm. high; roots librous.
Culms hard, simi)le. straiglit, erect. Ligule :J— t mm. long; blades
conduplicate, rigid, those of the euhn 15-20 cm. long, those of tl.o
sterile shoots 25-40 cm. long, all j)ungent-pointed, sub(.'\lindrical,
about 1 mm. diani. Panicle often purple, very loose, erect, o])en,
ovoid or narrow, 25-.'35 cm. long, rays in twos, threes or single,
spreading, branches diverging, very slender, stilT or floxuose. Spike-
lets single, pedi(!elsl-3 cm. long; empty glumes subequal, 1-nerved,
1.5-3 mm. long; first awned or not, second awned; lloral glume
smooth except the hairy tuft below, linear-lanceolate, 3-ncrved, 3.5
mm. long, the central awn G-15 mm. long; palea as long as its
glume, sometimes awned.
Georgia, T^. S. Dept. Ayricul. 300, from Latimer; Florida,
Curtiss 3401.
Mew England to Florida. Missouri and Texas.
Var. filipes (C'urtis) Cluipm. J/. Jilipes M. A. Curt. Am.
Journ. Sei. (L) 44:83 (1843).
En)pty glumes about 1 mm. long, each with a slender awn 3-20
mm. long, floral glume with lateral awns 3-5 mm. long.
Florida. CiirHs.s 3401.
Var. trichopodes (Ell.) Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 06
(1802). Ayrns/is trichopodes Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 135 (1810).
Leaf-bhuh's flat or conduidicate, floral glume with an awn l-(i
mm. long, palea a little longer than its glume.
AtilJOSTIDK.K. ',>r»7
Soutli Carolina, linn-nel; Florida, J. II. Curliss \VH)\\ 'rcxas,
11 ■/•//////.
;}:.. M. Pringlei Scribn. liull. Torr. Club. !): S!» (lSS->).
A sU'ikUt erect nitluT rigid di'iisi'ly-tufled ]>i'roiiiiiiil, .">()-40
cm. liigli. Shcatliri loii<,'cr tliun tlic iiitcriiodcM; li^Milc broad, dc-
(!urrt'iit. irrei^Milurly cut. I mm. lotij;: l)ladt's involute, lilit'orm. sca-
brid, al)out 7 to cucli culm. (i-lT) cm. \in\\i, tbc lower ones sliorlcr.
Panicle slender, contracted, ratber detiselv llowered. G-10 cm. lonj;.
Spikeletri subscssile or on sbort pedicels, empty glumes subcfpial. !-
nerved, witb slender ucumimite points, 2-.*J mm. b)ng; tloral glume
laiu'eolate. nearly or fpiite smootb at tbe base. ;}-nerved, scabrous
on tlio keel above, 15-4 mm. long, the awn H-lt» mm. long: paleu
nearly as long as its glume.
Arizona, /'n'tit/lc.
;}G. M. parviglumis Vasey, Monog. CJrasses U. S. and lirit.
Am. 71 (ISlio): Contrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. :5:71 (lWf2).
A branching scabrous grass, 50-70 cm. high. Slicatbs rather
loose, the lower ones longer than the internodes; ligule luscerate,
2.5 mm. long; blades flat or involute. 4-8 cm. long, about 2 mm.
wide. Panicle partially enclosed, narrow, thin, 15-20 cm. long,
rays single or the lower in twos, branching and flower-bearing to
the base. Empty glumes 1-nerved. subequal or niu>qual 0.5-0.8
mm. long: floral glume liiu'ar-lanceolate. 3 mm. long. ;}-nerved,
pilose below, scabrous above, awn just below the acute bitid a[)ex;
awn hyaline, straight, 20-30, mm. long,
Texas, \eiiJh\i/.
37. M. longifolia Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat. Mus. 1 : 2S3
(1893).
An erect light-green sto.it tufted perennial, 120-180 cm.
high. Culms hard but hollow. Sheaths sometimes spreading
from the culm, slightly involute; ligule stout, decurrent. 2-0
mm. long; blades of the cului scabrous, convolute or conduplicate,
80-100 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. diam., with very long slender i)oints.
Panicle yellowish brown, linear-lanceolate (or spreading?). 40-60
cm. long, rays scattered, appressed, capillary, branc'hing, mostly
flower-bearing on the terminal half, the longest 10-15 cm. long.
Spikt'K'N <»ii j)('«li('i'l8 5-15 iiini. loiij,'; oiiipty pliiincrt Kt'rrnliitc oti
the Hiii^ili" luTVf. .sccoiitl tlio longer, about 1 iiini. loiiif. iK'sidcs a
short brislNs llonil ;;liiiiie lunci'olutc, ;{-nervi'(l, 'Z-',] iiiiii. loiii,'. tlif
awii (i-10 iim). loii;^'; imlt-ii ueiite. us wkk- uiul lus long as its gluniL'.
Antlicrs ;J ill ntiniliiT. 1.4 mm. long.
Mexico (I?i() HlaiKo). I'ltlnwr 523, b'lWrx.
WH. M. laxiflora Srrihn. inol.
A rather slender erect light green tufted [)erennial, about 90
em. high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule tliin, la.sce-
rate, acute. 5 (i mm. long; blades scabrous, involute or condu|)li-
cate, those of the culm \\-\, and 4-1.') cm. long, O.A-O.T rum.
diam. Panicles terminal, thin, purplish, lanceolate (or spreading?),
about 15 cm. long, rays mostly in twos and threes, erect, sparingly
branched, bearing 8-15 spikelets on the ternunal lialf. Spikclets
on pedicels 1-4 mm. long, empty glumes ovate, acute, obscurely
1-nerved, set^oml the longer. 1.5 mm. long. 3-nerved; iloral glinne
seabrid. o-ncrvt'd. ;?.T-4 mm. long, linear wlu'ii spread, acute or
bearing a short briatlc; i)aloa obtuse when spread, as long as its
glume.
Mexico, J'riiH/h- 141 "3.
Cool sloj)es of {\h' Su'rra Madre, Mexico.
30. M. articulata Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila. 208 (1801).
An erect densely tufted perennial, GO-SO cm. high. Tjcaves of
sterile shoots nearly as high as the culms; shciillis com[)ressed. 12-
18 cm. long; ligule very stout, rigid. 5-7 mm. long; blades strongly
involute or condu])licate. smooth, 0.7-1 mm. diam.. long-pointed,
articulate at the sheaths, leaving the stout ligule proje(!ting. Pan-
icle loosely spikelike, about .'50 cm. long, longest rays ;>-G cm. long.
Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 4 mm. long; empty glumes hmceo-
late, 1-nerved, first 2.5 mm. long, second 3.2 mm. long; Iloral
glume with a tuft of short hairs at the base, 3-uerved, bearing a
slender tortuose awn 2-2.5 cm. long.
Mexico (San Luis Potosi). Prinijh 3013.
On dry calcareous hills.
40. M. Berlandieri Triu. Mem. Acad. St. Petcrsb. (VI.) 0.2 : 209
(1845).
A(ilt(>S'l'll)K.K. di'iO
A (li'iisi'ly tul'ti'tl strict lijjht-<;rei'n scabrous iicrcuuial. about
12<> cm. liij,'li. Sbcatlia aliortiT or louifcr tluiu the iiitcrnoih's;
li;,Mil(' lirui, ;{-5 nun. loug; blades coiiduplicutc, ri;;i(l. '^r) 40 nn.
long, about 1 nun. diain. i'aniclo slender, spikclike, li.irlil ;irecn
or purple, ^O-IJO cm. Imuj,', 5-10 mm. diani.. rays numerous, erect.
I-;{ cm. lonj,'. Spikelets on pedicels l-;{ mm. Ion;,', i-mpty ;;lumes
nerveless, seabrid toward the tip. oval. l.;5-l.l nun. hmu; lloral
;;lume\vith a very . nudl pencil-tul't of hairs at the base oidy. linear,
:{-nerved, '.i.,'i—i mm. lon;r, ape.x 2-toothed, the awn 4-10 mm,
1( ii;:; paleii linear ucuto, us long us its glume. Neurly allied to .1/.
(fjfiiiis.
Mo.vit'o, Prinf/h' 40;j.
Texus to Arizomi und ^rexico.
41. M. comata (Thurl).) Uenth. Va.sey. IJep. Dep. A^rric. /.
5:24T (1H81-82). Vtmya vomuta Thurb. Proc. I'hila. Acad. 7!)
(18(53).
A ratlier stout simple erect ))?rennial, :5()-!)0 cm. lii^rh. with
creeping scaly rootstocks. Slieaths about G, mostly snKMjth, shorter
than the internodes; ligulc u lasceratc; fringe 1 mm. or less in
length; blades dull green, rough on both siiles, Hut or convolute,
pungent-pointed, 8-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle })ale
green, lead-colored or I'urplish, 8 12 cm. long, 1-1.1} mm.
diam., often with intcrrujjtions and short si)ikes below. Spikelets
on very short pedicels; empty glumes conduj)licate. liueur-laneeo-
lute, the single nerve serrulate, mucronate. first 2.5-;5.:j mm. long.
second u little longer: lloral glume thin, linear-lanceolate, ,'3 nerved,
'.\ mm. long, with silky hairs from the callus as long as the floret,
the awn 3-S mm. long; jxilea acute, as long as its glume, (irain
linear 1.3 mm. long.
Colorado, Patterson, ('assidij; Montana. WiUiams; California,
Kellogg <ni(l Jlanird lOitT, Ilall and JfartxHtr 185.
Colorado to California ou alluvial baid\s of streams.
•12. M. Porteri Scribn. in ^IS. M. Temna Thurb. Gram. Mex.
Bcuud. ined. Porter and Coult. Syn. Fl. Col. 144 (1874).
A branching dilTuse or decumbent perennial, often more or less
purple or red, 30-GO cm. high. Culms solid or nearly so, nodes
260 POACE.E.
numerous. Slieatlis mostly half the length of the intcrnodos;
ligule ciliate. about '2 mm. long; blades Hat or involute, bristle-
pointed, 2-0 em. long. 1.5 mm. wide. Panicle thin, pyramidal or
ovoid, 8-10 cm. long; rays about 10 in number, single, the longest
sparingly branched, bearing 5-10 spikelets. Spikelets on pedicels
•^-5 mm. long; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved. 'i.'2-)l.b
mm. long; lloral glume thinly and shortly pubescent on the lower
hall", ovate, acute, '^'-toothed. 3-nerved, 3 mm. long, awn 3-G mm.
long; palea much like its glume, excepting in the luimbur of nerves.
Antliers 1.8 mm. long.
The following is a note from Prof. Scribner: " 'J'hurber's .)/.
Te.ratid was first described and published in Porter tS: Coulter's
Syiu^psis of the Flora of Colorado (187-1), It is there given
' Muhletihvrgia Tcxana 'i'hurber in (}ram. Mex. Bound, ined." From
this it appears that liuckley'sname should stand, with M. JUirk-leij-
ana Scrib. as a synonym, while a new name must be given to
Thurber's grass. We will name this last M. J^oiieri, as it a[)pears
that Dr. T. C. Porter first described it."
Arizona, V. 8. Dei)t. Agricul. from Ihisby, Priiiglc ; Texas
Ncidlcij.
Texas to Arizona, (yalifornia. and Mexico.
43. M. dumosa Scribn. Vasey. Contrib. 17. S. Xat. Herb. 3:71
(1892).
An erect jierennial. 120-150 cm. liigh, profusely b •iiMching
toward the toj). from woody rootstocks. Culms very hard, nodes
unusually numerous. 2")-,'")() ■;ome of the sleiuler upper branches
with 35 nodes. Sheaths hai. or two-thirds as long as the inter-
nodes; ligule a mere ring; blades lanceolate, flat. 25 cm. long,
passing gradually to those much shorter, those on tiie very slender
branches often deciduous. Panicles very mimerous, simple, 1-2.5
cm. long; rayn single, about 5 in number, bearing a few sessile
single or clustered spikeitts, Spikelets often purplish: emi)ty
glumes nearly equal, ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, the single nerve
ending in a mucro; tlora' glume pubescent on the niai'gins along
the lo)ver half, oval-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 3-4 mm. long, the awn
A({U()STI1)K.E. 261
;3-G mm. long; palea as long as its gLi. torminating in two seta\
Grain linear, terete, 'Z mm. long.
Arizona (Santa Catilina Mts.), Pringle S84.
Var. minor Seribn. ined. Plant more slender, spikelets pedicel-
late, the bristles of the empty glumes often as long as the rest of
glume, lloral glume 2 mm. long, the awn more slender, often 10 mm.
or more long.
^lexico. Pn'u(/Ic '2'-)i')').
44. M. arenicola Buekl. Proc. Phila. Aead. 91 (186'3). JA C(pf<-
pifom Chapm. Coult. liot. (ias. 3: 18 (1S|8). .)/. xctifitlia Vasey,
C'oult. Hot. (Jaz. T:l>-,' (1882). J/. L\rerc/iuni V. t\: S. C'outrib.
U. S. Nat. Herb. ;5:G(] (1882).
A slender erect tufted simple glaucous-green perennial, ;50-G0
cm. high, with fibrous roots. Sheaths half the length of tiie inter-
nodes; ligule thin, 4-T mm. long: leaves of sterile shoots short,
blades conduplicate, rigid, almost fdiform, 8-1.") cm. long. I'anicle
terminal, slender, dilTuse, the base sometimes included, ".'O-IIO cm,
long, rays in twos or threes, capillary, s])aringly ilowercd on short
branches above the middle. Spikelets on pedicels 1-10 mm. long;
empty glumes oval to lanceolate or bristly pointed, subequal. 1-
nerved, one-fourth to two-thirds as long as the lloret; iloral glume
thin, shortly hairy on the nerves for the lower two-thirds, linear,
'^-toothed, 13-nervcd, ',] mm. long, awn 1-3 mm. long; palea linear,
)i-toothed as long as its glume.
Mexico, Prinyle from I^itterson.
Texas, Wri(//i(, Rcrcrr^nn. Ilovarth Xeallcy.
Texas and ^lexico.
45. M. gracillima Torr, Pacif. Rail. Pej). 4:155 (1857).
A slender glabrous densely-tufted perennial. '.'0-40 cm. high.
Ligule 3 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots numerous, conduplicate,
2-5 em. long. 0.3 mm. diam., those of the culm 2-3 in number and
nnu'li the same. Panicle (-'.nder. often purple. ]nrami(lal or con-
tracted, about 15 cm. long, rays ca{>illary. mostly solitary, the
lower in twos and threes, sparingly branched, the longest 5-0 cm.
long, bearing 4-8 spikelets above the middle. Si)iki'lcts on pedi-
cels 4-10 mm. long, empty glumes thin, equal, 1-nerved, lanceolate.
262 PUAl'E.E.
a\vl-s]iii}H'(l, filiout 2 mm. long; ilonil <rlunK' and palca lanceolate^
2-to()tlK'(l, ;5 nun. long, the former :5-nervetl, nearly smooth, ami
bearing an awn about its length.
New Mexico, /'. S. Jh'pl. A<jricuJ. 317; New Mexico, Jo)u'f<;
Cobjrado, Citxs idi/.
Plains of Colorado and >>'e\v Mexico.
4G. M. Lemmoni Scribn. ; Vasey. Contrib. V. S. Xat. Herb.
',}: TO (18!):3). .)/. lIuarhiiaiHd Vai<ey, Monog. brasses T. S. cS: lirit.
Am. 0!) (1890); Contrib. U. S. Xut. Herb. ;i:G9 (189-^).
A slender npright scabrous much-branched grass. oO-TO cm.
high, with cree}>ing rootstocks. Sheaths longer than the in-
temodes; ligule I'ringed, 0.7 mm. long; blades numerous, erect,
loosely involute, 8-15 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide. I'anicle nar-
row. interrui)ted, 8-20 (!m. long, consisting maiidy of interruj»ted,
appressed, spikelike rays 2-4-7 cm. long. 8])ikelets sessile or nearly
so; empty glumes equal, l-nerved, scabrid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long,
sometimes including a bristle one-third as long as the glumes; floret
pubescent for the lower half, the glume strongly 3-nerved, 3 mm.
long, linear, obtuse when spread, or with two short blunt barbs,
the awn 1-2 mm. long; palea scarcely obtuse when spread, equal
or a very little longer than its glume.
It differs from M. paiiriJJora lUicklcy in having shorter awns,
longer and more pointed empty glumes, and a hairy floral glume.
Arizona, Lcmnion 392, 2-418, 2915, 4GG3; Texas, XeaJ/ei/;
^fexico. Pn')if/(c 395.
47. M. pungens Thurb. Proc. Phila. Acad. 78 (18(i3).
A tufted erect pale green perennial, 30-50 cm. high. Sheaths
longer than the inteniodes; ligule a ciliate ring; blades firm, invo-
lute, rigid, pungent, those of the culm 3-0 cm. long. Panicle open,
thin, ovoid, about 15 cm. long, rays solitary, branches capillary,
spreading. Spikelets mostly with })edicels 2 cm. or more long, in-
cluding the awn. 5-(i mm. long; emi)ty glumes subequal. l-nerved,
bristly-]iointed, about 2.5 mm. long; floret sometinies with a very
minute rudiment of a second floret, iloral glume very sparingly
bearded at base, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 4 mm. long, the awn 1-2
mm. long; palea nearly as long as its glume, bearing 2 setose teeth.
AliUOSTlDE/E. 20;^
Arizona. f\ S. Dcpl. Afjn'ciih ;522 from Jonos.
Neltruska, Colorado, Now .Mexico, Arizona, Utah. Known in
Arizona as Hhifk (lanm or (lama China.
4S. M. tenella (II. \\. K.) Trin. Unifl. 103 (18-^4). Pudnsn'-
iinini ti'ncUuiii II. W. K. Xov. (ien. et. Sp. 1:1:28 (1815).
Trirhorhlm tviivlht W. & S. Syst. ;.' : ;}8.-) (181 1).
A slender liirht rcddish-g'rcen. mnch-branclicd and dilTusc an-
nnal. lo-'^O om. high. Sheaths rrt'qnently erowded from, and bnt
little lon<!:er than, the iuternodes; lignlea filiate rin<r; blades thin.
Hat or involnte, often pubeseent, :l-i) cm. long. 1-1. o mm. wide.
J'anieles lateral and terminal, slemler, interrupted, spikelike. 8-1^2
cm. long; rays single or in twos, the longest 1 cm. long. 8j)ikelets
sessile or on pedicels \-'l mm. long; empty glumes l-nerved, sub-
equal. 1.0-3 mm. long, incliuling the bristle-point or awn; lloral
glume lanceolate, o-nerved, about \\.\ mm. Avhen spread. aj)[)earing
shorter, graduidly tapering to the awn, which is 1.5 cm. long; i)alea
very narrow, as long as its glume. (J rain hmeeolate, 5i.O mm. long.
Mexico, Pahner 481. Pri»>/h ITo, 1745.
4i>. M. 8trictior(Scribn.). .]/. Jlnridn yav. s/ rid ior Scrihn. ined.
A soft annual, much branched from near the base, "^'O-^O cm.
high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule acute, 3 mm.
long: blades scabrous, involute or tlat, 2-5 cm. long, i-'i mm.
wide. Panicle linear, erect, yellowish or reddish green, 4-8 cm.
long, rays single or clustered, s})aringly branching, bearing 10-15
si)ikelets along the entire length. Spikelets on pedicels mostly
about 1 mm. long; empty glumes equal, thin, linear-lanceolate, 1-
nerved, 2.5-3.8 mm. long; tloral glume almost hyaline, lanceo-
late, pubescent on tin? nnirgins, 2-toothed, 3.5-3.8 mm. long, the
awn 1.5-2 mm. long; palea 2-toothed, as long as its glume. An-
thers linear, 0.8 mm. long.
Mexico, Prinyle 1418.
50. M. Arizonica Scribn. Hull. Torr. ("lub, 15: S (1888).
A densely tufted perennial; culms slender, erect, 15-35 cm.
high. Ligulo thin, 1.5-2 mm. long; blades scabrid on the mar-
gins and keel, flat or conduplicate. 3-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide,
pungent-pointed. Panicle purjjle. thin, ovoid, 8-18 cm. long, rays
2R4 I'OACEvE.
mostly sin^'lo. capillary, with very sloiulcr scattered spreadiii":
branches. Spikelets on pedicels "-.'-lO mm. long, empty glumes
subequal, ovate, obtuse or acute, obsourely 1-uerved, about 1.3 mm.
long; tloral glume linear when s])read, tinely pubescent on the 3
Tierves, 3 mm. long, minutely 3-toothed, the awn 0.5-1 mm. long;
palea linear, nearly as long as its glume.
Mexico, PriiKjlo Ai)'i\ Arizomi, I 'riii(/Ie.
Arizona and Mexico.
51. M. affinis Trill. Fund. Agrost. 2:55(1841). Mem. Acad.
St. Tetersb. (VI.) 0. 2:391 (1815).
Culms hard, scalirid, simple, erect, GO-00 cm. high, from peren-
nial tufts. Sheaths longer than the internodes; ligiile lirm. 2 mm.
long; blades light-colored, scubroiis above, becoming involute. 20-
40 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, with long setaceous points. Panicle
l)urp[e, slender, narrow or open, 20-30 cm. long, rays finely (^ai)il-
lary, in rather distant pairs, the longest 10 cm. long, sparingly
branched, flower-bearing above the middle. Spikelets on jiedicels
8-20 mm. long; empty glumes equal, ovate, apex variable, obscurely
1-nerved, about 1 mm. long; floral glume pencil-tufted at base,
scabrid, linear-lanceolate, 3-iierved, 4 mm. long, awn 10-20 mm.
long; palea lineiir, very nearly as long as its glume. Nearly allied
to M. Palmeri Vasey and .)/. lierlandieri.
Mexico, Palmer 522. 954.
52. M. implicata (Wilhl.) Triii. Uuifi. 193 (1824). Af/rns/is
impUmta Spreng. Syst. 1 : 2(i2 (1S25). Podnxivinuin. impJicatiDii
11. n. K. Xov. (kMi. et Sp. 1: 127(1815). Trichochloa inipUcala K.
it S. 2:385 (1817).
A slender, rathersoft, pur})lish, braiieiiing annual (?), 50-70ciii.
high. Sheaths about as long as the internodes; ligule thin. 1.5-2
mm. long; blades coiidu[)licate or flat, scabrous above. 10-15 cm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide. Panicle thin, slender, ovate-lanceolate. 15-20
via. long, rays single with sjjreading capillary liranches. few-
ilowered. Spikelets on very slender flexuose, curved pedicels,
which are 5-10 mm. long; empty glumes broad, truncate, erose,
second 1-nerved, about 0.5 mm. long and longer than the flrst one;
floral glume linear-lanceolate, scabrid, 3-nerved, 4 mm. long, in-
AOHOSTIDE.E. 20;*!
eluding the 'i slender bristles; iiwn very slender, 10-20 mm. loni,';
paleti laneeoliite, iioute, nearly as long as its glume. Anthers 3 in
number, 0.5 mm. long.
Mexico, Pn'tif/Ic 818.
53. M. Palmeri Vusey, Bull. Terr. Club, 13:231 (1886).
Culms rather stout, simple, erect, 05-120 em. high, from creep-
ing rootstocks. Ligule firm, 2 mm. long; blades firm, scabrous
al)ove, becoming involute or condu})licate, 30-(iO cm. long, the
jioint setaceous. Panicle often purple, erect, spikolike, 18-30 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. diam., rays very numerous, erect, mostly llower-
bearing to the base. Spikelets on pedicels 1—4 mm. long; empty
glumes sube([ual, 1-nerved, about two-thirds as long as the tlorcts,
including the awn-i)oint; Horal glume scabrous, oblong-lanceolate,
3-nerved, about 4 mm. long, apex 2-toothed with an awn 4-0 mm.
long; palea scabrous, linear, acute, as long as its glume. Nearly
allied to M. affinis Trin.
Mexico. Pfingle 1417.
54. M. pauciflora liuckl. Proc. Phila. Acad. 91 (1802).
An erect perennial, rather sjiaringly branched for the whole
length, 50 cm. high: culms hard, sculjriil. nodes tumid: siieaths
mostly shorter than the internodes, some of them crowded ot? by
the branches: ligule lascerate, 1-1.5 mm. long; blades of the culm.-?
.smooth on the lower side, rather setaceous, O-K) cm. long, those
near the roots few and short. Panicle spikelike, slender. (i-S cm.
long, rays mostly single, a])pressed. tlower-bearing to the base, the
longest 2 cm. long. Spikelets on very short pedicels, emj)ty glumes
ef|ual, lanceolate. 1-nerved. 2.5 mm. htng; lloral glume with a few
short hairs at the base, linear-lanceolate, 3-norved, nearly 4 mm.
long, the awn S-12 cm. long; ])alea linear, 4 mm ig.
Much like .)/. Xco-Mcjinina. of which it . perhaps only a
variety.
Arizona, XeaUfi/ in 1801.
55. M. Neo-Mexicana Vasey, Coult. Bot, fJaz. 11 : 337 (1880).
An erect i)erennial. branching near tiu' base. C'uims hard.
•scabrous. 30-(;o cm. high. Siieaths longer than the internodes;
2(\6 POAfE.E.
lij^nle lascoriito, 1.-5 mm. Icniii : blades of tlio culm soiibrous, eroct,
setaceous, (I-IO cm. Ion*:, tlio.^e of the sterile shoots about 1 cm.
loujf. Panicle narrow, thinly spikelike, 10-15 cm. lon<j:, rays
mostly in twos, appressed, llower-hearin<j: at the base, the longest
'.\-o cm. long, branches closely ilowered. Spikelets on very
short i)edi(!els or sessile; em})ty glumes c(|ual. ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate or awl-jjointed, 1-nerved, ;.'-;.'. 5 mm. long; iloral glume
sparingly liairy at base, linear-lanceolate, o-nerved, al)out 4 mm.
long, the awn ti-l'-l mm. Ittng; palea linear, nearly as long as its
glume.
Kew ^lexico. r. S. Depf. ^tt/rind. from Vasey.
New Mexico and Arizona, on rocky hills and mountain-sides.
o(i. M. longiglumis Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:28:!
(180:J).
A rather sleiuler tufted unbranched light green perennial.
00-100 cm. high. Culms solid, 'i'he ui)per sheaths spreading from
the culms and involute; ligule thin, decurrent, and o-S mm. long;
blades of the sterile shoots conduplicate, scabrous, thickly clothed
with silky hairs. 30-40 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, those of the cidm
about '.\ mm. wide. Panicle often purplish, slender, loosely spike-
like, 20-40 cjn. long; rays scattered, numerous, appressed, sparing-
ly brauchod, the longest about 4 cm. long, bearing 5-8 scattered
spikelets. Spikelets on pedicels mostly about 1 mm. long; empty
glumes scabrid or pubernlent, thin, sube(|ual, lanceolate, obscurely
1-nerved, 5.5-0 mm. long; floral glume ovate-lanceolate when
spread, obscurely 3-nerved, 4-5 mm. long. 2-toothed. awn "~*-0 cm.
long; palea acute, as long and as broad as its glume. Anthers 3
in number, nearly 3 mm. long.
Mexico, P<(h)}('r TOO, Pnnyle 2305.
57. M. Trinii Fouru. llemsl. Jiiol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:543
(1880). Braclnn'hjlnun Pritujlei Vasey, ined.
A very slender ditTuse grass, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths and
nodes mostly pubescent; ligule ciliate, less than 1 mm. long; blades
mostly inibescent, flat, acuminate, 2-4 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide.
Panicle termimil and axillary, the ;atter mostly enclosed by tlie
sheaths, the former exserted, 8-12 cm. long. Spikelets racemose
AOUOSTIDK.K. 207
in pnirsnr threes in ii l-sidcd ])iini(;le. the lowiT on short bent capil-
hirv pedieels, wl)ieh hroiik at iniitnrity; llowers of the h)\ver spikelet
sniidl. ot' the u[)per perfect; empty ^duine.s (»f luircr xpikrlrf e(|u;d,
lividine, 1-nerved or not. tnuu^iite, (>.:5 nun. Ion;;, floret ohtuse; lh»r:il
jjlunie tluii. ;j-nerve(l. nnir^diiid nerverf serruhite-eiliiite. 4-5 mm.
long, often term iiiiitini; in sliort stout awns, eenti-al nei've extend-
ing into an awn 10-15 mm. long; palea lanceolate, its two awns
about 0.5 mm. long; uppvr f(i>ikfli't with emj)ty glumes 1-nerved,
truncate. 0.:> mm. long; iirst outer ghune beai'ing a bristle-like
awn about 'X mm. long; lloret about 1 mm. long. Stamens ;> in
number, anthers oval, 0.:5 mm. long. (Jrain linear-lanceolate,
round on the back, ;>.:> mm. long: embryo oblong, 1 mm. long.
Mexico, 7)VV/r;-/ Too, /loiirt/rdH XW,), /'riiit/Jf 1 ::i'.i, -^.Hil. The
hitter distributed as Jlrdi-Jii/eli/fnitn /'ri/if/Ii'i \'asey.
51. (li:5a). BeALIA Scribn. Hack. Truedrasses, 10-1(1800).
8pikelet3 l-tlowered, loosely paniculate; raehilla articulate above
the lower glumes, not extended above the llower; lloral glume with
a minute callus, bearded at the base. Emi)ty glumes 2, ])ersistent.
mendjranous softly hairy, slightly une<iual, round on the back.
1-nerved or nerveless; lloral glume a little shorter than the empty
glume, soft, pubescent, 3-nerved, 2-lobed, a slender awn between
the lobes, oi\ly loosely enclosing the grain; jialea pubescent, round
on the back, delicately 2-nerved. Stamens :?. Styles distinct:
stigmas racemose. Grain oval, oidy very loosely, if at all, enclosed
by glume and i)alea.
There are two or more species fonnd in Mexico.
1. B. Mexicana Scribn. 1. c.
An elegant tufted perennial, 20-40 cm. high, densely bi'anched
at the base, usually light green mow or h'ss tinged with red.
Sheaths short, mostly distended, iliose of the culm 2 in num-
ber; ligule acute, 2-3 mm. long; blades Hat. conduplicate, 1-4
cm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Lower panicles partly enclosed,
tbe upper much exserted. simple, thin, linear to ovoid. :l-8 cm.
long; rays single, sparingly branched, the longest 1-3 cni. long.
flower-bearing on the outer two-thirds. Spikelets on pedicels 1-;)
mm. long ; e.npty glumes linear, subacute. 4-5 mm. long.
268
POACE.E,
l-nerved; floral glume 3-lo])e{l, ;5— i mm. long, the uwn flfxii-
081', ',1-5 mm. long; i)alc'ii liiicar, obtuse,
ulmost us louj,' its its glume. Authors lin-
ear, 1.4 mm. long.
1'hin soil of dry })orphyry on mountains.
Mexico (Chihuahua), I'rinyle 819.
2. B. speciosa (Vascy). }fuhlenher(jia
sjjeclom Vasey, liull. Torr. Club, 13:231
(18Sn).
A robust erect ])erennial, 00-120 cm.
high. Culms, sheaths, and lower side of
blades shortly tomentose. Sheaths com-
pressed-keeled, longer than the internodes;
ligule very short, ciliate; blades scabrous
above, involute, GO cm. long more or less.
3—4 mm. wide. Panicle 50-(i() cm. lojig,
linear; rays numerous, mostly single,
branching freely, 8-10 cm. long, llower-bear-
ing along the upper three-fourths. Spikclets
on pedicels 1-3 mm. long; empty glumes
subequal, linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, flexuose, nerveless,
about 2 mm. long; floral glume pubescent, oval, 2-toothed, 1.7 mm.
long, awn 1-1.5 mm. long; palea linear, obscurely nerved, nearly as
long as its glume. In texture the glumes and palea are much alike.
Anthers linear, 1 mm. long.
Mexico (Chihuahua), Palmer 301 in 1885.
52. (lU). BrACHYELYTRUM Ik^auv. Agrost. 39. /. 9. /'. 2 (1S12).
Spikclets l-flowered, narrow, with a slemler rudiment of a
second llowcr along a groove on the back of the palea in a simple
racemose panicle, raclulhi articulate above the lower glumes. Empty
glumes nnequal, minute, persistent; floral glume chartaceous, in-
volute, rigid, acuminate, 5-7-nerved, oxtemling into a long straight
awn; palea sliorter. delicately 2-nerved, with a groove along the
back. Stamens 2. Styles short, distinct. (}rain linear, oblong,
inclosed, but not adherent. Rachilla ciliolate.
There is one species and that peculiar to North America; nearly
Fm. 45. — Bealia Men-
cana. a, eiii])ty fjluiues;
b, Horet. (Scribner.)
A(JU<)STII>E.K.
2«9
allied to some spcoios of Sliixi, hut tlu> racliillii is produoed lu-vond
tho lloral f,duiiio into u little bristlo, sometiiiiL'.s bouriiig u iniuiito
nidiincntary ^'liinic
1. B. erectum (Sdirob.). l^ciuiv. A<,'rost. 39
(181^). Miihlnihcniid vralo Sehreb. Grils.
2:139, t. i'to (IT72-T9). DUvpntntm aristuHvm
Miohx. Fl. lior. Am. 1:40 (1803). Muhh'uhvnfm
arlsfafa Pers. Syii. 1 : 73 (IfiOA). llrarlinvhilnua
urlslatiun 1{. iS: S. Syst. 2:413(1817). Mnhh-n-
hcrffia bnir/n/eli/fnim Tvhi. Unifl. 188 (1H24).
^lom, Ac'iid. St. Tetcrsb. (\'I). <!, 2:300 (1X45).
Culms sUmder, erect, tufted, 3()-f;() riii. iii<rli.
comin<( from ii dense pereiiniiil rootstock. often
finely pubescent, especiully at the nodes. Sheaths
shorter than the iuteruodes; liyulo 2 mm. loni--:
b a
Fm. A(3,—Br<ichyelytmni erectum. A, spikelet; a, horul glume; b, palea and
bristle, (liicliard.son.)
blades Hat, elliptical-lanceolate, scabrid, 9-nerved, C-12 cm. lonj?,
1-1.5 em. wide. Floret appressed, more or less scabrous, linear-
oblon<,^ about 1 cm. long, bearing an awn 1-2 em. long.
\'ermont, PruKjIe; Pemisylvania, Scribncr fu. I.^ S. Dei)t.
Agrieul. 330; Virginia, Simill; Michigan, Clark 1003, 1103,
FarwcU; ^Minnesota, lUaley B. 397.
Dry rocky places and m woods, usually in scattered bunches.
Florida and northward.
270
POACK.K.
5;}. (lie). LycuRUC II. I{. K. Nov. (Ion. ct. Sp. 1:141
(ISI.')). (1coj>,);/„H >iut(. ,I(juni. Acad. IMiil. (II.) 1:1S!) (1847).
Spiki'lets l-ll(»\v't'ri'(i, inirrow, siii^Mi' or in pairs, sessile or on very
short hnuu.'lu'S of the spikeliko panicle, raehiilavery short, sultartie-
ulate aliove the empty <f|unies und not produced l)eyond the llower.
Knii)ty ^'lunus 2, inenil>ran()us. the outer with 'i-',\ nerves, exti-nd-
JUiT ii>to bristles, second shorter, narrower. !-awned: lloral 'dnmo
uwiied, lon^'er and wider than the others, ;{-nerved : palea sh'nder,
:3-nerved, or "J-kei'li'd. briefly •.'-toothed. There are sonic sterile
8pikelets. Stamens ;{. Styles short, distinct, drain inclosed l)y
the firm lloral <rlume and ])alea, but uot adherent.
These f^rasses are tul'teil. asoendin.Lr. or erect with solid cnlms,
leaf-bhaU's soon eonduplicale. Spikes eylindrieal. narrow, exserted
or partially included by the .sheaths.
There are two 8[)ecies found in Mexico so nearly alike that it is
ditlundt to distinjifnish one Trom the other.
Following,' a su<;<jestion of lientham, I make one u more variety
of the other. As lieutluim stiites: ''The loui? dense cylindrical
spike with sterile spikelets intermixed with the perfect ones brin^
the <(enu8 in connection with the subtribe Sesleriea' of Festucete;
but there is never more than a sinj^de flower in a spikelet."
1. L. phleoides II. H. K. Nov. (Jen. et. Sp. 1:14',' (181.5).
Culms compressed, scabrous, branch-
in*]^ sparingly, iJO-AO cm. hi«rh. Sheaths
compressed, about half as loni;' as the in-
ternodes; li<iule 3-4 mm. lon<,'; blades
mostly scabrous above, smooth on the
lower side, the lower ones 4-7 cm. long,
3 mm. wide, termimiting rather abrupt-
ly in a short bristle; the lon<fest on the
culm are 12 cm. long. Spikes cylin-
drical, clavate or tapering each way
from the middle, })artially included
Fig. 47. — Lycurus phleoides. when in flower, 4-7-10 cm. long, 5-8
Spikelets. (Richardson.) ^^ ^^j.^^,^ Spikelets narrowly elliptical,
acute, 3-3.5 mm. long, a ring of dark color at the base and apex,
first glume 1.5 mm. long, with 2 })ristl('.s 3-3 mm. long, second
with un uwn 4 luiii. long; llonil gluniu t'llipliciii, hairy on the hack
near tiie margins; tiieawn 2 mm. long; paleu uwnless, ])nhescent on
the hacl<. \ cry variahie.
Colorado, .fours j Arizoiui, Priinjli' in lS8-t; Mexico, Piihnii'
451). I'rinijh' 4'^G.
On plains and foot-liills, a plant of some value furnishing con-
siderable [)astnre. mndi resend)ling timothy.
V'ar. brevifolius (Scrihn.). //. Inrrlfoliiis Scribn. ined.
Ijeaf-blades l-S cm. long. U.A-l..') mm. wide.
Mexico, /'ri/it/h' 'U70, JMleri OHO. /'ahtier 48!).
\'ar. glaucifolius nov. var. Glaucous, blades of sterile slioots
conduplicate, falcate, 1-5 cm. long, 'Z-'.i mm. wide, those of the
eulni 5 cm. long.
Mexico, rriiiijle A'H\\ Texas, Ifavtinl, Xedllei/.
54. (115). Peeeilema J. & C. Presl, lieliq. llauik. 1:233
(18:50).
Spikelets 1-flowered, borne on short spikes, which are hranches
of the main dense spike; rachilla articulate above the empty glumes,
not produced ahove the llower; sterile or stamiiuite s[»ikelets inli-r-
mixed with the fertile ones. The 2 outer empty glumes delicately
hyaline, keeled, the nerve produced into a long slender awn, some-
times short or very short awns at thehase; floral glume hyaline,
3-nerved, apex entire or 2-toothed, the awn much longer than
those on the empty glumes; palea hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles short, distinct, (irain ovoid-ohlong, scarcely inclosed, but
free.
Annual tufted or diffuse grasses, with narrow flat leaf-blades.
Panicles terminal, spikelike, continuous or interrupted.
There arc three or four species belonging to tropical America
from Mexico to Brazil. Nearly allied to Midili'iiberr/ia, but with
the empty glumes awned as well as the floral one.
1. P. crinitum .T. & C. Presl, 1. c.
The whole jdant light-colored. Culms slender, 50-80 cm. liigli.
Sheaths scaberulous; ligule less than 1 mm. long, ciliolate; blades
thin, narrow at the base, 10-15 cm. long. Empty glumes oval,
272
POA(E.K.
1-1.5 mm. long, the awn 1.5-3 mm. long; llonil glume ovate, acute,
with stil! hairs at tlie biise, scabrous above, 2 mm. long, the slender
wavy awn 1-^ cm. long; palea ovate, 1.5 mm. long, nerves veiy
Fig. 48.— Pereilema crinita. A, spike; li. sjiikelet; c, floret; d, floral glume;
e, grain, ('rrinius.)
near each other. Grain nearly 1 mm. long. The sterile spikelets
reduced to clusters of awns.
Mexico, Priiif/Ie 1744.
2. P. ciliatum Fourn. ITemsl. IJiol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:543
(1880).
Culms branching freely. Leaves like those of P. criuitiim. Pan-
icle with the base inserted or but little exserted, spikelike, 6-8 cm.
A(JH()STir)E.E. 278
long, 3-5 mm. broml. Sterilo nulimonts of spikelets numerous,
ciliate, empty glumw ciliiitc, bristlos about as long as the tlorets;
floral glume oval, ^ mm. long, the awn 2-20 mm. long; palea
nearly as long as its ghime.
Mexico, l*rin(jic A{'A)i\\ also found in Panama.
Dry sliaded ledges.
55. (120.) Heleochloa llo^^t, Gram. 1:2.3, .'. QO, iiO (1801).
Crypsis Lam. Tubl. Encyd. 1: 100 (1701), not Ait. I'vrlwa Pour.
Chlor. Narb. ex Kunth, Knum. PI. 1: 22 in Syn. (iSUa). Wtizo-
cephalvs Boiss, Diagn. (I.) 5:08 (1S44); i;{:4;j (185;3).
Spikelets with one perfect llower crowded in a spiko or dense
spikelike panicle which is sometimes partially included in the
enlarged sheath of the upper leaf, racihilla subarticulate above the
lower persistent glumes and not extended beyond the llower. The
2 empty glumes slightly unequal, membranous, acute, coiulu plicate,
awnless, with a keel more or less ciliate: floral glume similar, per-
haps a little longer; palea shorter, hyaline, emarginate or 2-lobed,
very delicately 2-nerved. or keeled. Stamens :{. Styles distinct.
Grain oblong, loos ly included, but not adherent. When soaked
in water fne ovary swells and the seed escapes, much as in
Tufted perennials, usually low with spreading bases. Spikelike
panicle ovoid or usually oblong or cylindrical.
There are 7-8 si)ecies found in the vicinity of the ^rediterranean
Sea and in Central Asia.
Kunth referred them to a section of Cn/psis. but the resem-
blance is superflcial. The axis of inflorescence in Crj/psis is a flat
disk; in Ifelenrhha it is a more or less elongated ra(!liis. In Cnip-
siH the empty glumes are above the articulation and fall off with the
spikelet, and the glumes are quite those of OryzciP without any two-
nerved palea; in Heleochloa the emi)ty glumes persist below the
articulation, and the glumes and palea are entirely those of Phleoi-
dea?. Beauvoisgave the same name Heleochloa to a supposed genus,
apparently made up of a Sporohohis and a Phhum.
a. Spikes mostly exserted \
b. Spikes with bases included ->
274
POACE.E.
1. 11. ALOPKcruoiDKs Host, riiam. 1 : -2;] /. 20 (1801). Crypsis
aIo/)('Cin-(ii(h'.-i Schratl. V\. (ienii. 1: Kil (ISOO).
Culms <,'i'niculate, T-'^O cm. h'v^h. Sheaths about half as lou^ as
tlu' iutiTuodi's; li^nile a fringe of hairs; blades scabrid above, soon
involute. ',*— t em. long, 3-:5 mm. wide. Spike exserted, 1-4 cm,
long, 4-5 mm. diam. Sjtikelets oval or cuneate-ol)ovate. about 2
mm. long, empty glumes 1-nerved; floral glunu- longer, incurved.
1-nerved; palea deeply '2-lol)ed.
Sparingly introduced along the coast on ballast.
'i. II. sciKKNoiKKs ],. Host, (Jnim. I:2:J. /. :5(»(1S01). I'/iIrinii
ftchu'itdides 1j. Sp. IM. »;o (175:5). ('/•///i.sis .sr/io-)ioi(les Ijum. Tab).
Encycl. 1:100 (IMM).
Culms 7-'rlO cm. high. Sheaths inflated, less than lialf the
length of the internodes; ligule a fringe of hairs; blades scabrid
above, soon involute, '^-4 cm. long, ■^-:{ mm. wide. Spikes termi-
nal aiul axillary, wholly or with bases inchuled in the sheaths,
0.5-*^ mm. long, 4-5 mm. diam. Spikelets elliptical or obovate,
Fio. 4Q.—IMfocIil()a nchanoidfs. A, spikelets;a, 6, empty plumes. (Richardson.)
about 2.5 mm. long; empty glumes 1-nerved, about 2 mm. long;
floral glume and paleasubequal, the latter emargimite.
Sparingly introduced along the coast on ballast. Our ])lants
were collected on waste ground ne.'ir Philadeli)hia.
50. (122). Phleum I.. Sp. PI. 59 (1753). L. Syst. Ed. 1 (1735).
S'fehpJiuros Aduus. Fam, 2:31 (1703). Achnoilonton lieauv.
Agrost. 24, t. 7,/. 5 (1812). ChilochloaX. c. 37, t. 7,/. 3 (1812).
AUHOSTIDK.E. ^To
Achufxhtn Jiink, Ilort. IWrol, 1:05 (If^^T). Plantinia lUibaiii. in
Ntiov. (iiorn. liot. Ital. 5:317 (isr;j).
S|tikt'l('ts l-flowiTcd, Hat and tTowded into a cvlindrieal or ovoid
sjtiki'liki' jianic'le, racliilla very sliort. articulation above tlu; lower
glumes and sometimes extending bevond tlielloweras a sliort s))iiu\
Outer glumes 'J. persistent, nearly e(|ual. membranous, com-
pressed-keeled. l-;}-nerved. subtniiu-ate, tlie keels projecting into a
point or very slutrt awn: Moral glume very tliin, shorter, broader,
truncate or denticulate, eiicbtsing a narrow liyalinepalea and a per-
fect llower; the ])alea sometimes containinga minute bristle on tlie
l)ackand near the base. Stamens ;5. Styles distinct. (Jrain ovoid,
enclosed by the delicate palea, but not a<llierent.
Kre(!t annual or ])erennial grasses; bhides flat; s])ike l)(»rne on
a long peduncle, often pubi'scent.
A snudl genus containing about U) species found in Kuroj)e,
Central ami Western vsia, Northern Africa, and the northern jiart
of Nortli America, lientham says: •' It has l)een proposed to se)»-
arate generically Chihiclihid Heauv. {Arhnodon Link) for the few
species in which the racliilla is produced beyond the flower into a
minute bristle; the character is, however, in this instance very
trifling and uncertain."
1. P. alpinum L. Sp. I'l. r>!t (1T5:}). ^Moixtaix-timotht.
An erect perennial, 30-riO (;m. high. Sheaths two-thirds as
long as the internodes; ligule short, truncate: blades smooth or
scabrid, .^)-8 cm. long. Spike ovoid or oblong, usually tinged with
])urple, 1.5-:} cm. long. Spikelets oblong, 3—1 mm. long, teeth
lu'arly 1 mm. long, the keels strongly fringed with hairs, empty
glumes 3-ncrved: floret about 2 mm. long, floral glunu' .'■)-nerved.
Plants from the White Mountains. N. II. ; Montana. Mt. Hood,
and Oregon have spikelets 3 mm. long, while some from Colorado
have spikelets 4 mm. long.
Vermont. Ifosfonl for TJ. S. Dept. Agricul. 341 ; New
Ilampsliire, Clark 4304; Colorado, Camlihi; Montana, Anderson
'23. Utah, Jones 1201; Alaska, Fitnsfon for U. S. Nat. Herb.
110: British Columbia, Macottn; Oregon, lloiveU; Behring Sea,
Mcrriam. ,
276 POACE.E.
Found in the ulpino regions of North America. P^urope. Asia,
and in Antarctie America.
i. P. pratense L. Sp. Tl. 50 (1753). Timotjiy. IIkkd's
Grass.
Perennial; scabrid or smooth, 30-100 cm. higli, one or more of
the lower internodes swollen into ti corm or solid bulb. Sheaths
close, shorter than the internodes; blades smooth, or scabrid if grown
in u dry wai'm climate, lo-;iO cm. long, T-lOmni. wide. S})ike
cylindrical, 3-9-17 cm. long, G-8 mm. diam. Si)ikelets oblong,
nearly 3 mm. long, ciliate on the keels, the teeth 1-1.5 mm. long;
empty glumes ecjual, 3-nerved; iloral glume )l mm. long, delicately
H-!t-nerved. Stamens and styles protrude from the top of the
spikelets. Fig. (51*. Vol. I.
Massachusetts, Beal 50; ^fichigan, Agrl. College, 7>m/ 54;
'i'exas, (lillespic; Iowa, Ilikluovlc; Montana, Andi't'i<on 25; Ari-
zona. Tuiimeji 151.
Tlic well-known meadow-grass, much cultivated. Fouiul in
Euroiie, Kussia. Asia, and cultivated in North America. See Vol.
I. for a more eom})lete account of its value.
57. (107). AloPECURUS L. Sp. PI. (50 (1753). FoxTAiL.
CoJobachne Heauv. Agrost. 'I'l (1812). Tazzettia Savi, Mem. Ital.
Soc. Sci. 8:477 (1808).
Spikelets 1-ilowered, flat, crowded into a terminal liead or cylin-
drical si)ikelike panicle, articulate on the apex of the enlarged pedicel,
{{lunies 3 or 4, the 2 outer emi)ty, conduplicate, acute, awnless. or
sliort-aAvned, flat-keeled, the keel ciliate or slightly winged, floral
glume shorter, broad, obtuse, hyaline. 3-5-nerved. with a short
awn on the back, or mncronate, the margins joined at the base in-
closing the flower; fourth (or jialea) sometimes present next to
the flower, narrow, hyaline, keeled, acute. i)artly iiu-ludcd by
the third; other palea or lodicules 0. Stamens 3. Styles distinct
or rarely joined at the base or to the middle, stigmas shortly hairy.
(J rain enclosed in the scarcely hardened glumes, but not adherent.
Annuals or perennials, erect or decumbent at the base, leaf-blades
either flat or involute, upper sheaths often inflated.
This genus has much the habit oi,PJileum; the structure of the
AOROSTIDKvK • 277
8i)ikelots that of Oryzeiv. It has by some been i)hiceil in the tribe
Orvzejv.
There about '^0 species found in temperate and cold countries of
l)oth the Northern and the Southern Ilemispiiere.
A. Spike 2 cm. h)n<^ or h'ss (a)
a. Spike T-i:} mm. diam 1
a. Spike 5 mm. diam 2
B. Spike "^.5 cm. or more h>n_<r (b)
b. Empty <;lunu'S not ciliate 3
b. Empty jjlumes ciliate (c)
c. Siieath much inlhited, enclosing the base of the
spike 4
c. Sheath moderately or little inflated, mature spikes
not included (d)
d. Erect, spikes 4-8 mm. diam o-fi
d. Erect, sj)ikes lO-I,") nim. diam 7
d. Base procumbent, spikes about mm. diam. . S
1. A. alpinus .1. E. Sm. Kngl. Hot. /. 1I-,MJ (ITD.-J). Alpixk
Foxtail.
A rather stout perennial, procumbent at base, 10-50 cm. liigh.
Sheaths much inflated, longer than fhi' blades: ligulc 1 mm. long,
obtuse; blades flat. )}-() cm. long, 4-.") mm. wide. Spike 1--3
cm. long, 7-V> mm. diam., dense, branches with 4-() spikelets.
Emi)ty glumes slightly uiu'(pud. connate at l)ase, about 3 mm. long,
ovate, purplish, silky all over the outer side.
Alaska, Miirdai'k-; Colorado, ('(issitlij.
l?ocky Mountains.
2. A. Howellii Vasey. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, l.'):12r (IS88).
A. Mariiiuiii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, IT): U (ISHS).
Annual: culms fi-fO cm. high, erect or geniculate. Ligule 2
mm. long; lower blades narrow, exceeding tlus culm, the upper
one short, those of the culm usually )*. the uj)per inllated. Spike
oval-oblong, \-l cm. long. 5 mm. diam., often partially included.
Empty glumes oblong, nearly 3 mm. long, obtuse, slightly united
below, sti'ongly ciliate on the keel; floral glume as long as the
empty glumes, smooth, obtuse, edges united to the middle or higher,
278 POACK.E. , *
r»-iit'rv('(l, iiwii from near the base about tlireo tinics as loii<^ as the
Oregon, lldtriU; \'aiicouver Island, Mucouuj Kocky Mountains,
Vase If.
\'ar. Merrimani nov. var. Sheaths sli^'litly inflated, spikes ex-
serted. cblong or eylinclrieal. 1-2 em. long. 4-.') imii. wide; spikes
t*-"».l{ mm. long; em})ty glumes a very little shorter than the Ih.ral
glume, awn from the middle of th.c glume barely extending to its
tip or a little higher.
Pribyloir Islands, Hering Sea, J>r. C. II. Mvn'iitiaii in 1S91.
;i. A. AouEsTis L. Sp. PI. Kd. 2:80 (ITO'i). Slkxi)i:k Pox-
tail.
An annual, 30-(50 em. high. Sheatlis long, seareely inflated;
blades Hat. Spike fl-S em. long, slender, eurved, aeute, often pur-
])lish. Empty glumes 7 nun. long, lancolate, aeute. incurved,
connate to the middle, not ciliate, nerves green or jyurplish, wing-
keeled above the middle; floral glume exserted, glabrous, awn [U"o-
truding half its length.
A troublesome weed in Europe, northern Africa, Siberia; intro-
duced into Nortii America.
New Jersey, Scribncr IJaOTa, for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 222;
Colorado, ( 'assidi/.
4. A. saccatus Vasey, Coult. Hot. fJaz. 0:200 (ISSl).
Culms 12-25 cm. high, erect, simple. Sheaths mueli inflated,
generally including the base of the spike: blades of the culm al)out
:{ in number, short. Spike oblong, 2-5 cm. long, ratiier loosely
flowered. Sjjikelets 4 mm. loiig, clothed with silky hairs; empty
ghnnes shorter than the floret, 3-5 mm. long, obtuse, sligiitly united
at the base; floral glume oblong, obtuse, glabrous, the margins
united half their length or more; awn one-fourth the distance from
the base and protruding two or three times the length of the glumes.
This has much the general appearance of J. uiririihthis Sch.
Oregon, J/ourU ; California, Jiolander 35 ; Japan, li. Ohlliam.
5. A. pitATKNSis L. Sp. PI. (U) (1753). Meadow Foxtail.
A soft erect i)erennial, 30-00 cm. high. I'ppersheath inflated,
longer than its blade; ligule oblong truncate; blades flat. Spikes
A(»U(»STI|)K.K. 279
6-8 cm. long, 4-7 mm. or moro broati, dciirfi', ohtu-so. soft, piilo
grtrii. Spikoluts 5-0 mm. long; t'in|tty gliimtvs nu-mln'anous, i-iliatu
on the kt'i'l only, ovate-lancicolate. uuimatt' iit the base; lloral glume
ciliatf, a.s long as the empty glumes, awn near the base and projeet-
ing half its length. Anthers iJ.rjinm. long.
Massachusetts, />(n'/i'i/ ; Pennsylvania, (lurk V.H', ; Oregon,
llnnrll : Michigan, livan)"!.
Found in Kurope. northern Afri.-a, western Asia; introduced
into America. Much cultivated in cool moist elinuites. For a
popular account see Vol. I, p. 15^. Fig. T",*.
G. A. Californicus \asey, Mull, 'i'orr. Club, 15:i:j (ISSG).
Culms more or less geniculate, 30-r>0 cm. high. Leaves of the
culm 5-0. sheaths over hall' as long as the iuternotles, the upper con-
siderably inilated; ligule obtuse. 3 mm. long, blades scabrid, the
upper ;i-0 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Spike exsertcd. 'J-4 cm. long,
5-8 mm. wide. Spikelets oval, empty glumes ciliate, very slightly
united below, cllii»tical when spread, about 3..") mm. long; lloral
glume elliptical liefore opening, unitetl for half its length, ;i.8 mm.
long, awn attached one-third the way from the base, and iirojecting
about 4 mm.
California, Dr. J. .1A. liif/ehir, Hohuuler, Dr. C. L. Anderson.-^
r. A. occidentalis Scribn. Coult. Jiot. Ciaz. 11:170 (1880). A.
prafi'iisis aJpeHfris Wald. Fl. Lapp. 21 (1812).
A glaucous erect grass, 30-00-1)0 cm. higli. Sheaths much
shorter than the internodes, loose, but not inflated; ligule 1-2 mm.
long; blades flat, except near the tips, 5-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide.
Spikelike panicle 2-3 cm. long, 10-15 mm. broad. Spikelets 3.5-4
mm. long; empty glumes subequal, tinged with purple and reil,
ciliate on all the nerves; floral glume nearly as long as the empty
glumes, the margins connate to near the middle, delicately 5-7-
uerved, awn about G mm. long. Anthers 2.5 mm. long.
Professor Scribner says: "It diifers from A. pratcvsis in its
shorter and more ovoid spikes, more l.eavy, less conspicuously
nerved and shorter empty glumes, in the shorter and more obtuse
flowering glume.*' This closely resembles .(. dnnulineceus Poir.
Montana, Williams 835.
280 POACE.K.
Viiliiablo for pasture in the regions in which it is found.
('olorudo to Montana.
8. A. GENICULATL8 L. Sp. Pi. CO (1753). Floatino or
Watku Foxtail.
A perennial ; culms procumbent at base, 30-50 cm. high. Up-
per siieaths loose, with blade 4-20 em. long, 1 cm. wide or less.
Spike a. 5-5 cm. long, D mm. broad, obtuse, palo green. Spike-
lets 4 mm. long; empty glumes scarcely connate at base, silky-
ciliate, on the lateral and mid-nerves, obtuse; floral glume slightly
shorter than the empty glumes, its margins united one-third their
length; the awn starting one-fourth of ihe way from the base and
projecting half its length.
^Massachusetts. Mann; Pennsylvania, Srrihner for U. S. Dept.
Agricul. )i'i^y; Iowa, Hitchcock^ Missouri, O. G. Comstock;
Montaiui, MiUiaots.
Wet meadows and ditches; found in Europe, northern Africa,
western Asia, Australia; introduced into North America..
Yar. fulvus (J. K. Smith) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5:38
(1894). A.fnlvus Smith, Engl. liot. t. U67 (1793). A. (iristu-
latns Michx. Fl. Ror. Am. 1:43 (1803). A. genicuhtus arisliila-
tus Torr. Fl. U. S. 1:97 (1824).
Blades of the upper leaves sometiiwes exceeding the spike.
Spikes 5-8 cm. long, 1 cm. or less broud. Spikelets two-thirds as
long as those of the species; empty glumes slightly shorter than
the floral glume; awn starting very little below the middle of the
glume and scaroely projecting at the apex.
\'ermont, Priugle; Massachusetts, Heal 58; New York, Clark
1682, Heal 60; Pennsylvania, f^cribner ^\\^^\ Michigan, Heal 59,
Clark 689. Cooley, Anstin; Minnesota, Ifolzi tiger 35; Utah,
Jotii'.s 1074; Arizona, Tourney 759; Oregon, Howell; California,
Parish, Palmer 234: Montana, Williams, Anderson 34; Wash-
ington. Suksdorf 1066; Wyoming, Ihiffnm c 146.
Wet places. New England to California.
Var. robusttts Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:13 (1886).
Culms thick, sometimes branching below, 30-45 cm. high,
smooth. Sheaths loose, smooth, 8-12 cm. long, the lower longer
A<»U«»STIIU:.K
281
than the internodos; ligiilc unite, 4 inin. lonp; hhidcs 8-15 cm.
long, 6 mill. wiiK'. Spike exscrtetl when iiiuture,5-H cm. long,
6-8 mm. wide, dense. Spikelcts ovail. uhout ',' mm. long; empty
glumes little united below, the keels and lateral glumes eiliate-
pul.p-oent, obtuse and truncate; floral glume nt-arly as long as the
empty ones, ovate, oblong, obtuse, smooth, edges unitcil to the
middle, awn startin;.' from the middle, little exceetling the glume.
Calit'ornia, Lrtnninn in 1HT4. /'nffttn in IHS4.
5H. (1','4). COLEAHTHUS Seid. K. & S. Syst. 2:270 (1817).
Srhiti'iffid Trait. Fl. Austr. 1: 1'2, t. 451 (1811). II/V/W^A/ Sternb.
in Fl. 'iA\ (181!)).
Spikelets very small, with one perfect flower, pedicellate in um-
bellate clusters. Kiiipty glumes 0; floral glume hyaline, persistent.
ovate. keele<l. slmrt-awned; palea shorter, broader, persistent,
2-keeletl, d'viled or 3-4-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain narrowly oltlcmg, slightly <onii)res3ed, deciduous. I'anicle
partly exserted from the upper inllateil sheaths. Sihutiiltid Tratt.
is now applied to a very difTereut genus of grasses. There is oidy
one species known.
1. C. subtilis Seid. 1. c.
Culms slender, forming loose tufts in tlio
mud, geniculate, often branching below, only
2-7 v.\\\. high. Sheaths loose with margins
scabrous, the upper much inflated; ligule elon-
gated; blades smooth, curved, conduj)licato or
involute, 1-1. 5 cm. long. Panicle usually 3imj)le,
1-3 cm. long, bearing :]-.5 umbels; ))edicel8
scabrous, I-:.* mm. long. Floral glume iuinv)w,
1-nerved, longer than the ripened grain, which
is about 1 mm. long.
It is very nearly allied to Phipjma and
Sporobolus ; but the lower glumes are wanting.
Hohemia and Norway; also in Oregon Fig. 'tO. — Coleanthua
(Sauvie's Island), where it was discovered by (Uichardsou.r ^*''
Thomas Ilowell. It may have escaped notice
in other places, owing to its small size.
282
roAt i:.i:.
69. (135). PhippbIA K. IW. biippl. Api). Parry's Voy. 'iH5
Spikck'trt l-ll()Wer(M|. in a slioit spikt'likc (tr iiilt'iTiiptod piiiii-
cle, nicliillii iirticiiliiti' ubovu tlic lower ^flumes ami imi imHliici'd
above tlio llorrt. Knipty gliiims iiiiiiiitt' scali's. "v* in niinil)tT ami
iim'<|iial, or only ont": lloral j;lunit' liroad-oval. kct' ••!. tliin, ;{-
ntrvcd, l.T) mm. loii<f; [tali-a sliortcr, oval, hyaline, trunraie,
irre;;ularly tootlietl, the two keels diver^dn;^'. tStamen I or rarely
2-;{. Styles short, distinct. (Jrain ohhjiig, free.
It is allied to Co/eaiif/ms and Sporo/xilus. One sjiecies uiul that
ia found in the arctic regions of the northern hemisphere.
1. P. algida (Soland.) I{. I'»r. I. e. Anrosllnahjida, Wold. IMiipp's
Voy. ;.MtO (1810 ?). 'J'n'r/tix/itiiii (ilijiihini W. & S, Sy.^t. 3::.*83
(IHIT).
A smooth dwarf tufted annual. 5-7 cm. high, with sliort flat
obtuse leaf-blades. I'aniclo erect, narrow, scarcely exceeding the
leaves: chietly distinguished from Sporubolus by the minute lower
empty glumes.
Point Barrow; arctic co'ist, Dv. .]fiir(/ork iu
1883. See Rot. fJaz. p. 25. 1886. A note by
Scribner, to the etfeet that tlio plant was col-
lected in wet gravelly places in Colorado, at
Chicago Lake and Georgetown, by 11. N.
T ^\^^^ Patterson, of Illinois.
Pio. 51. —rhippna 00. (I'^fi). SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prodr. 1 : 109
afS^4I;'';o■ ^^■''^'*)- ''V/W Hemn. Agrost. le (ISl^). Ag-
rostirula Kaddi, Agrost. Bras. 33 (1823).
r/w//v;v/m lloehst. Flora 24:1 (1841).
Spikelets small, 1-3-flowered, in a narrow or loose and pyram-
idal panicle, rachilla very short, glabrous, scarcely articulate, not
continued beyond the flower. Empty glumes membranous. ))er-
sistent or se]iarately deciduous, unawned, slightly keeled or convex,
obscurely 1-3-nerved, or the first nerveless; floral glume as long
as the empty glumes, or longer; palea as long as its glume or
shorter, with two nerves usually j)rominent, and readily splitting
A(il«»STII)K.K. 283
between tlicm. Stnniens 'i-'.\. Stvlcs very sliort. (Jrain free,
ivatlilv fallin;; away I'roni tlie jjhinic. tlio pericur]) loosely ciiclod-
inj,' the see«l or very tliin and I'vaiicseent.
IVreiinialrt or rarely appearing' to lie aiiiiuuls, ol'teii slender, the
leal-liladea Hat or iMnivolntc-lerete.
There are ahoiit SM species widely sjtread over the tropical,
Miihtropieal, and ti'iuperate re;rion8 of botii the New and the Old
World, mostly, however. Aineriean,
S/)(iro/)tihi:< was iiiclnded by the older anthors in .if/rosfi'n. R.
Itrown lirst pointed out the dilVerences in the fruit and took as tlio
principal character ilie loose nieniitranous pericarp readily detach-
al>le from the seed, but this is not apparent in the dried state in jiU
species. When soaked in water the pericarp is easily removed. As
a whole. Spovdiniliis is diielly distin^Miished \\'un\ .\(fi'ns/is Ity the
total absence of any dorsal awn, and by the^rrain so loosely enclosed
in llie ^dunie that it usually protrudes from it wiii-n I'ipe. and
often falls away. See \'ol. 1. }). 4'\. The palea also <:enerally splits
icadily into two. a character which (Jrisebach took f(»r a new^'enus.
f>i(ir/ii/riin)i. and which Nees tl<rured and described as a two-valvcd
pericarp, a character unknown in (iraminejv. Two species, S.
cottiprrssits and .S'. scrofiiiits. occasionally have two llowers to a.
spikelet.
A. IMant slemlor, oidy 2— t em. high, spikelets 1 mm. lon<i:. 1
li. Plants taller and stouter (b)
b. Floral <rlunie ry-(\ mm. long (c)
c. Panicde terminal 2
c. Panicles terminal and lateral 3
b. Floral glume '3-4.5 mm. long (d)
(1. Empty glumes subequal (e)
e. Floral glume 4-4.;') mm. long 4
e. Floral glume 3-3.5 mm. long 5, G
d. Emi)ty gUunes unerpud (f)
1". Floral glume ;{.5 nmi., first glume 1.6 mm.,
second glume 2.5 mm. long 7
f. Floral glume 3-4 mm., first glume 2-3 mm.,
second glume 3.5-5.5 mm. long 8
284 POAC'E.E.
f. Flviral glume 4 mm., first frlumo :5.5 mm., sec-
ond <rliime 4-4.3 inm. long 9
f. Floral glume 3 mm., first glume 1.5-2 mm.,
second glume 3 mm. long, piuiide l)r()wnish. . 10
1 Floral glume J mm., first glume -i mm., sec-
ond glume 3-3.3 mm. long, light lead color. . 11
b. Floral glume less than 3 mm. long (g)
g. Floral glume prominently pubescent I'*
g. Floral glume ])ubescent little or none (b)
h. Floral glume 3-nervcd, second glume 1-nerved. (i)
i. First glume nerveless, about 0.5 mm., floral
glume 1.5 mm. long 13
i. First glume 1-nerved (j)
j. Floral glume -^'-3.7 mm. long. . . . (k)
k. Leaves of sterile shoots GO cm. or
more long 1-^
k. Leaves of sterile shoots G-10 cm.
long 15, 10
k. Leaves of sterile sboots 1-3 cm.
long 17, 18
j. Floral glume less than 2 mm. long. . . (1)
1. Floral glume 1 mm. long or less. . . 1!>
1. Floral glume 1.7 mm. long. . . . (m)
m. Panicle 1-3 cm., floral glume
1.7-2 mm. long 20
m. Panicle 2-5 cm. long 21
m. Panicle 8-20 cm. long 22
1. Floral glume 1.5 mm. long. . . . (n)
n. Lower sheaths flattened over flat
culms (o)
o. Leaf-blades 4-12 cm. long, 1-2
mm. wide 23
o. Leaf-blades 30 cm. long, 3 mm.
wide 24
n. Lower sheaths not prominently
flattened » . . . (p)
ACJUOSTIDK.K 285
p. licaf- blades of culm ubout 2 cm.
lonj; 25
p. Ijeaf-bliiik'S of culm 3 or more
cm. loiij; (<|)
q. Annual, roots ilbrous. . . 20
q. IVreunial, with creeping
ro<)tst<»cks 27
h. Floral glume 1-nerved or nerveless (r)
r. Empty glumes both nerveless (s)
s. Pciuicle terminal, 20-;i(» cm. long. . . 28
8. Panicle terminal, 8-10 mm. long, . . 29
s. Panii'les terminal and lateral, 4-8 cm.
long :50
r. Empty glumes one or both 1-nerved. . . (t)
t. Panicle spikelike, 1-4 cm., floral glume
2.7 mm. long 31
t. Panicle at length pyramidal, 3-5 cm.,
floral glume 1.5 mm. long. . . . 32, 33
t. Panicle ovoid, 4-G cm., floral glume 1.7-
2.3 mm. long 34
t. Panicle spikelike, 3-7 cm., floral glume
2-3 mm. long 35
t. Panicle more than 7 cm. long. . . . (u)
U. Panicle broadly pyramidal, 10-10
cm. long, rays rigid, first glume 1
mm., second and floral glumes 2-2.3
mm. long 36
u. Panicle slender, pyramidal, 10-18 cm,
long, flrst glume 0.5 mm,, second
glume 1 mm., floral glume 1.5 mm.
long 37
u. Panicle slender, 15-25 cm. long, first
glume 1 mm,, second glume 1.5 mm.,
floral glume 1.7-2 mm. long. ... 38
U. Panicle spikelike or pyramidal, G-10
cm. long, first glume 0.6-0.7 mm..
286 POACE^.
second glume 3 mm., floral glume
2 mm. long 39
u. Panicle usually narrow, 8-'i0 cm.
long, first glume 0.5-O.T mm., second
glume 1 mm., floral glume l.T mm.
long '11
u. Panicle usually narrow, 12-20 cm.
long, first glume 0.5-1 mm., second
1.5 mm., floral glume 1.5 mm. long. 40
u. Panicle usually narrow, 30-4.J cm.
long, first glume 1 mm., second
glume 1.5 mm. long 41
1. S. Wolfii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 10:62 (188:5). Vilfa
minima Vasey.
A very slender and small annual, branching at the base, only
2-4 cm. high. Lower sheaths inflated; blades mostly radical, flat
or involute, 3-12 mm. long. Panicles spikelike, very simple, the
lateral ones partly enclosed by the sheaths. Eini)ty glumes oval.
subc(|ual, 0.7 mm. long; floral glume about 1 mm. long; palea as
long as its glume.
'IMie plants seen were from the herbarium of Prof. Scribner,
No. T04, collected by J, Wolfe in 1873, on wet shores of Twin
Lakes, Colorado; also No. 1, 1077, J. Wolfe in the Gray herba-
rium.
2. S. interruptus Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:8 (188G). S.
Arizonicits Thurb. of some collectors.
A rather stout erect tufted pereimial, culm solid as in Maize,
about 40 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the internodes, throat
and back of the throat ciliate: ligule very short; blades of sterile
shoots scabrid above, flat or conduplicate, 10-15 cm. long, 2 mm.
wide, those of the culm 2-3 in number, the upper 3-5 cm. long.
Panicle terminal, barely exserted, interrupted, 10-18 cm. long, 1-2
cm. wide; rays mostly single, rather stout, erect. 3-5 cm. long,
flower-bearing along the upper half. Spikelets often crowded
toward the ends of the branches; empty glumes broadly lanceolate,
acute, 1-uerved, first 3-4 mm. long, second 5 mm. long; floral
AUUOSTIDK.E.
287
Fig. ii2.~Sporoboliis interrnplni^.
A, sitikelt't; b, floret. (S('ril)iu'r. )
jifhimo oval, acute, I-irtvchI. 5 mm. long: palea but little shorter,
eniiirjriiiato, infokled on the back between the nerves.
Arizona, .Ioiivk, Coucs d* Pul-
iiier uO, (J().
3. S. asper (Miclix.). Kunth,
l{ev. Gram 1 : (58 (18-,>!»). A(/ro,sfi.s
uspcrn Michx. Fl. ]5or. Am. L.
5'2 (ISO;}). ]'ilf)i uspera lieauv.
Af,n-o.st. IG (1812). Atjrosfis
cUnulcstina j\Iuhl. (h'am. 73
( 1 8 1 T ) . A. loiir/i'foh'a Torr. Flor.
U. S. 1 : 90 (1824). Muhlenheniia
vlandcxtina 'J'rin. rnifl. 190
(1824). *S'. itirolu/a Muhl. Gram.
72 (1817).
A very variable tufted perennial, GO-lOO cm. liigh ; culms solid
as tliose of !Maize. Leaves of sterile shoots as long as the culm,
or more tlum half as long, Ijlades involute, tapering to a long thr nid-
like point, tliose of the culm 5-7 in number, narrow with slender
points, all blades rougli on the edges, sheaths often distended with
lateral paiiicles ; ligule very short, throat ciliate. Panicles terminal
and lateral, partly or almost wholly enclosed in the sheatlis, spike-
like, 5-15-30 cm. long, the rays erect, 3-8 cm. long. Empty glunu's
ovate-lanceolate, keeled, 1-nerved, first 2-3 mm., second 3-4-5 mm.
long; fioral glume pubescent or smooth, like the second glume, oidy
1-2 mm. longer; palea pubescent or smooth, acute, extending
beyond its glume, or else obtuse, and equalled l)y or even shorter
than its glume. Grain broadly elliptical, 1.5 mm. long.
Massachusetts, Cooky; Alabama, McCarthy; Texas, Kealley\
Arkansas, Harvey 22.
Found from New England to Texas.
Yar. Drummondii Yasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3 : 60
(1892). Vilfa Drvmmondii Trin.
Culms very slender; panicles mostly terminal, only exserted or
partially included ; no lateral panicles, or very small ones.
Texas, lieverchon 1047.
288 POACE.E.
Var. Hookeri (Trin.) Vascy. T7//>« llookeri Trin. Fund.
Agrost. 1:84 (IS-,H)).
Bladi'S of sterile shoots G-15 cm. long, first glume 1.5 mm.
long, sccoml '~J-l*.5 mm. long, llorul glume 3.5—1 mm. long.
Mississi])])!, r. S. Dcpt. Ayrirul. from Jolmson.
4. S. flliculmifl (Thurb.) Nusey, Cat. Grasses U. S. 44 (188')).
Vilfa jUicuhn is Tiiurb.
A very tjlonder tufted perennial, 15-20 cm. high, coming froui
stout rootstocks. Some of the sheaths sliorter than the iuternodes;
ligulo about 1 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots strongly involute,
recurved, 1t-~ cm. long, those of the culm 3-4 in number, mucro-
nate. Panicle terminal, much exserted, narrow, spikelike, inter-
rupted, 3-5 cm. long. Empty glumes equal, 1-nerved, ovate-lance-
olate, 3 mm. long; floral glume thinly pubescent on the lower
half, lanceolate, cuspidate, 3-nerved, 4-4.5 mm. long; palea thju)}
pubescent on the lower half, linear, nearly as long as its glume.
New ^Mexico, Scrihner, from Thurber, collected on the Whipple
expedition Sept. 1853. A note by Munro with specimen reads:
" A good species, very close to V. faxtitjiata, principally differing
in size and having a hairy palea, in Avhicli resjiccts it appi'oaches
V. vuspidata.^'
Texas, New Mexico.
5. S. brevifolius (Nutt.) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5:105
(1894). Agrostis Am'//b//« Nutt. Gen. 1: 44 (1818). Vilfa nis-
pidata Torr.; Hook. Flor. Bor. Am. 2: 238 (1840). S. cnspidatiis
AVood, Am. Bot. i!fc Flor. 385 (1871).
A very slender nearly smooth branching perennial, 30-40 cm.
high, often with stout rootstocks. Sheaths two-thirds as long as
the internodes; ligule very short; blades not over 3-4 cm. long,
those of the culm 5-6 in number, erect, involute, filiform, 3-8 cm.
long. Panicle terminal, interrupted, partially included by the upper
slieath, consisting of 4-G slightly overlapping spikelike branches,
2-5 cm. long, or in small plants reduced to a slender spike 3-5 cm.
long. Empty glumes subequal, 1-nerved, ovate-lanceolate, 1-3
mm. long, floret with a callus; floral glume dark brown, slightly
pubescent under a lens, lanceolate, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves ob-
A(iKosTii)E.ii;. 289
scure, 3-3.5 mm. long, cuspidate or appearing so before flattening
tlie involute tip; palea nearly as long as its glume, often terminat-
ing in two points.
Northern Maine, Prinyle; Dakota, U. S. Dcpt. Agricul., from
Dr. I 'list'!/.
Found in Maine, Kansas, Colorado, and northward.
6. S. inflata ^'asey & Deway, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:
2G5 (1893).
Perennial, with knotted rootstocks. Culms slender, simple, 30-
45 cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, blades mostly in-
volute, 10-30 cm. long, 2 nmi. wide, those of the culm 2-3 in num-
ber, sheaths equalling or exceeding the long internodes, the upper
often extending to the panicle; ligulo lacerate, 4-T mm. long. Pan-
icle narrow, dark green, 10-15 cm. long, bearing spikdets to near
the base. Si)ikelets 3-4 mm. long, subterete ; empty glumes subequal,
oval, nerveless, about half as long as the floret ; floral glume lance-ob-
long, 3-3.5-nerved; palea much like its glume, the 2-uerves adjacent.
Texas (Presidio County), XcaUci/ 127.
Nearly allied to S. Jvnesii, but this has longer leaves and.
spikelots.
7. S. Bolanderi Yasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 11:337 (1880).
Culms slender, smooth, the upper half naked, about 30 cm.
high. Sheaths smooth; ligule about 0.5 mm. long; blades of
sterile shoots flat, flaccid. 10-15 cm. long, 0.8-1.3 mm. wide, those
on the culm 2-3 in number. 3-5 cm. long. Panicle open, lax, 5-8
cm. long, lower rays in twos and threes, filiform, 2-3.5 cm. long,
flower-bearing above the middle. Spikelets on pedicels 3 or more
mm. long; emi)ty glumes unequal, ovate-lanceolate, first 1-nerved,
l.Gmm. long, second 3-nerved. 2.5 mm. long; floral glume oblong-
lanceolate, 5-nerved, softly pubescent on the nerves below, 3.5 nmi.
long; palea as long as its glume, 2-tootlied, ciliate on the keels,
sterile pedicel 1.5 mm. long.
Collected at Oregon, BoJander for U. S. Dept. Agricul. and
now at ITarv. Univ.
8. S. heterolepis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1:576 (1848). Vilfa
keferolojm A, Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 233 (1836).
290 POACE.E.
An erect perennial, 30-1 "20 cm. high, cuhn solid as in Maize.
Li<?uIo very sliort: bhuU's sniootii below, scabrid above, all cxct'pt-
ing 'I of tboni crowcU'd at the Itase of the culms, involute, rigid with
very long sleiuk'r points, the lower 10-70 cm. long. Panicle>; ter-
minal, exscrted. thin, 15-){0 cm. long, rays scattered, very slender
with elongated bases, the longest 3-5 em. long. Empty glumes
olive-green or brown, 1 -nerved, lirst lanceolate or awl-shaped, '2-3
mm. long, second ovatu-lanceolate, 3.5-5.5 nnn. long; lloral glume
1-nerved, acute. 15-4 mm. long; })alea oval, obtuse, as long as or
nearly as long as its glume. Grain spherical, shining, thick, coria-
ceous, nearly 2 mm. diam.
Arkansas, /'. S. Dcpt. Af/ricuL; Minnesota, llulziiifjcr.
New England, New York, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and south to
Texas.
9. S. Floridanus Chapm. Fl. S. States, 550 (1860).
An erect perennial, 00-lf.O cm. high. Ligule very short; blades
flat or condui)licate, sc.ibrous on the margins, those of sterile shoots
30-00 cm. long, those on the culm 3 in number, 8-20 cm. long, 3-3
mm. wide, holding their width well to the abrupt tip. Panicle
slightly exscrted, dill'use, 30-50 cm. long, rays ii'ostly in threes, the
longest 7-10 cm. long. Spikelets purplish, single at the ends of the
stiif rough hairlike pedicels; empty glumes obovate-lanceolate. 1-
nerved, first 3-5 mm. long, second 4-4.3 n^m. long; floral glume 1-
nerved, oval, scarcely acute when spread, 4 mm. long; palea oval,
obtuse, reaching as high as its glume, infolded on the back between
the 2 nerves.
Florida. Curtiss 3378.
Var. Curtissii Vasey, ined.
Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; panicle more slender, glumes lanceo-
late, first and second 4-5 mm. long, floral glume 3-3.5 mm. long.
Florida, Curtiss.
10. S. junceus (Michx.) Knnth, Rev. Gram. 1:68 (1835).
Agrostis jnncea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 52 (1803). Vilfa juncea
Trin. Unifll. 157 (1824).
An erect rather slender, smooth perennial. 30-70 cm. high.
Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligule very short;
AiJHOiSTIDKJi;. 291
bliulos of sterile shoots nuiiu'roiis. eivct, narrow, involute, elonijiit-
eil, those of the euliii :» in number, slender, o-lO em. lonj;. I'lin-
iele exserted or ineliuled at the l)ase, open, oviite-huiee<>l;ite, lO-i:{
em. lonj;, nivs in wliorls of 5-10, diver<,Mn_«:, llower-hearin;,' alonji;
the ui»})er two-thirds. Si)ikelets reddish t)rown ; empty glumeti ovate
ueute, 1-nerved, lirst 1.5-3 nun. lonj.', soeond about 3 mm. long;
lloral glume like the second empty glume; paleaa little shorter than
its glume, broadly oval when spread, truncate, folded in from the
baek between the 2 nerves. CJrain compressed, obovoid.
Florida, Curfiss 3377 ; Georgia. Coulci/.
Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward to Florida.
11. S. purpurascens Hamilton, Prod. 5 (1S25).
Culms simple, (J0-!>0 em. high. Sheaths smooth or hairy; lig-
ule a villous ring; blades slightly scabrous above, smooth below,
those of the sterile shoots '^0-50 cm. long, fiat or involute. 3-5 mm.
wide, the upper one of the culm 1—1 em. long. Panicle race-
mose, simple, 10-15 cm. long; rays in close whorls of about 0. the
longest 3 cm. long, flower-bearing for nearly its whole length.
Spikelets short-pedicelled, smooth, shining, light lead-color; empty
glumes l-nerved, first ovate-lanceolate, 'Z nun. long, second ovate,
barely acute when spread, 3.3 mm. long; floral glume 1-nerved,
oval, obtuse or refuse, nearly as long as the second glume; palea
broad, a little shorter than its glume.
Cuba, Wright 3427; Texas, liurkley.
Some use has been made of the meagre description by Chapman
found in Coult. Bot. Gaz. 3: 18 (1878).
Texas and South Florida.
VI. S. tricholepis (Torr.) Coult. Man. Rocky Blount. Rot. 411
(1885). Vilf a tricholepis Torr. Pacif. II. M. Uep. 4: 155 (1857).
A tufted erect perennial, 40-60 cm. high; culms solid as in
Maize. Sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule short, or 2.5
mm. long on the Mexican specimens mentioned below; blades glab-
rous, strongly involute and curved, those of sterile shoots numer-
ous, mostly 1.5-3 cm. long, those of the culm 4 in number, 8-15 em.
long. Panicle barely exserted, linear, or becoming ovate, 10-18 cm.
long, rays mostly single, erect, some in twos or threes, the longest
292 I'OACK.Ti:.
/)-7 cm. long, their brunches very sleTulcr, bearing .singU'-iiedicellod
Kpikelcts which sire liglit k'iul-color. Kni[)ly ghiines elliptical or
ovate-liinceolate, l-nerved, llrst about "-.* mm. long, second *~'.5-;j
mm. long; Uoret clothed with Imirs on the nerves, 0..") mm. long;
llural glume ovale, acute or obtuse. ;{-nerved, '2.7 mm. long; palou
nearly as long, though mirrower.
Arizona, LeiiiitKin :JT(), .lones; Mexi(!o, Prinffle H'l'ii.
VI. S. rlACtilKMONTll Kunth, liev. (Irani. 2:4'.'; (IS'.'O).
A tuTled slender erect })erennial, OU-JJO cm. high. Sheaths u
little over hall' the length of the internodes; ligule very short;
leaves ol' sterile shoots lew, those of the culm 4, erect, involute,
seabrid a])ove. 10-15 cm. long, ^ mm. wide. I'anicle exserted,
erect, sjtreading, at length contracted, about ^0 cm. long, rays
slendei', .scattered or in twos and threes, the longest ;J-4 cm. long,
bearing scattered appressed spikelets for the entire length. Spike-
lets light brown, empty glunu'S l)road, first a little less, the .second
a little more than (1.5 mm. long, the latter l-nervc(l; lloral glumo
ovate, a(Uite, obscurely IJ-nerved. 1..5 mm. long; i)alea oblong, trun-
eate-erosc, 1.') mm. long. (Jrain oblong, 1 mm. long.
U. S. Dept. Agricul., collected in Jamaica.
A good pasture-grass in .Jamaica, Haiti, etc., where it is found.
14. S. tenacissimus Ueauv. Agrost. 2(1 (1812). Vi/f(t /c/Ktrisiii-
nia, II. B. K. Nov. (len. et. Sp. 1 : DJS (ISI,*)). Likxdkii.i.a.
An en'ct stout grass. '.tO-I4() cm. high ; culms smooth. Sheaths
smooth; ligule less than 1 mm. long; blades smootli except the
ujiper side, those of sterile slioots <i(* cm. or more long, those of the
culm 4 in number, iry-'.ib cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide at the base, tajier-
ing into fine })oints. Panicle but little exserted, erect, ;}0-50 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. diam., some of the lower appressed, rays 7-12 cm.
long, those above gradually becoming shorter. Spikelets very
numerous ami crowded; empty glumes almost hyaline, obtuse, 1-
nerved, first 0.7 mm. long, second 1-2 mm. long; lloral glume oval
when spread, concave, ;5-nerved, 2.3 mm. long; palea nearly as long
as its glume, 2-nerved. Grain broadly obovoid, pericarp persistent.
Mexico, Palmer 205.
Dr. Palmer reports that the Mexicans twist these grasses into
AiMtOSTlDE.M. 293
roi>e8, which, howovor, i\o not lust Ion . Of little value forgmzing
except when young und lender.
15. 8. Jonesii Vasey. Coult. Itot. (iaz. 0:"2{>r (18SI).
A densely tufted, erect slender j»erennial, ;i()-40 cm. Iiigli; culm
8olid as in Maize. Sheaths seahroiis, S-12 cm. long; ligulo ',i~i ?nni.
long; blades of sterile siioots numerous, rigid, involute, excejjt the
lowest, whieli are flat, G-10 cm. long, those of the culm 1 or "Z in
number, setaceous, '^-.'5 cm. long. Panicle much e.xserted, erect,
thin, elliptical, 5-8 cm. long, rays solitary, the lowest and longest
ti-;{ cm. long. Spikelets streaked with light purple: empty glunu'S
broad, sube(|ual, 1-iierveil, about I mm. long, tirst obtuse, narrower
and a litth; shorter, second Iruncate-erose: lloral glume scabrous
and slightly pubescetit, 2.'.i-'-\.7 mm. long, ovate, acute, 3-nerved,
tlui lateral nerves obscure: palea scabrous, as wide and nearly as
long as its glume, elliptical, harilly acute when spread.
<'aIifoniia (Soda Springs), Jones.
10. S. vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Vasey, Cat. Cr. V. S. V) (1885).
VUfa raf/itta'l!(ini Torr., A. (iray, (Jram. et. Cyp. l:n. 15 (1834).
Agrosds Viryiniiti Muiil. (iram. 74 (1817) iiot li.
A slender much-bninclied ascending annual, 15-IJO cm. liigh.
Sheaths one-half to one-third as long as the internodes. most of
them swollen, each with a lateral spikelike panicle; blades involute,
slender, scabrid, 3-10 em. long, those of the culm about 7 in num-
ber. Pani(!les entirely or partially enclosed by the sheaths, 1.5-4
cm. long. Empty glumes keeled, 1-nerved, acute, subequal, 2-3 mm.
long; floral glume and palea (the former 3-uerved, lateral nerves
obscure), pubescent with short hairs as seen under a lens, acute, 2.7
mm. long. The spikelets in the termiiuil spikes are longest and
often sterile. Grain oval, about 2 mm. long.
Pennsylvania, F. S. Dept. AgricuJ. 374, from Scribner; Michigan,
Clark 2639; Cooley, Heal.
Barren soil from Maine to Texas.
17. S. gracillimus (Thurb.) Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 9:103
(1882). Vilfagranllinia Thurb. S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:268(1880).
A densely tufted annual, 7-15-30 cm. high. Sheaths about as
long as the internodes, loose, witli hyaline margins; ligule obtuse,
294 I'OACE.E.
larorate, (locnrrent, about 2 mm. long; blados flat, involute at the
uptsx, rtcabrid aljovo, i-'i cm. Ion;;, about 1 mm. wido. I'anirlo
nuu'li t'xsorted, few-llowi'iTil, spikcicts scattered, interrupted Ijclow,
anil on plants of medium hei^xlil, .j-7 cm. Inn;,', about :!inm. <liani. ;
ray.>< erect, mostly in })airs, some (»f the lower '^-'.\ cm. Ion;;, llowcr-
bearin;; nearly to the base. Empty ;,'lumes subecpuil. the lower a
little the shorter, meml)ranous, l)roadly ovale, 1 -nerved, obtuse,
erose ormucronato, a little less than 1 mm. Ion;;, lioret with acallus
at the base, minutely pubescent; tl(»ral ;;Ium(! ovate, acute, mucro-
natc, :)-nerved, H mm. ion;;: palea mend)ranous, broadly oval,
scarcely acute when si)read, a little shorter than its glume.
California, Jours 2401; Oregon, llowell.
Oregon and Caliroriiia.
18. S. auriculatus Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:64
(1S92). S. (fspt'n'/o/in.s xar. breri/oliits Xiiscy, Contrib. U. 8. Nat.
Herb. 1:50 (l.S!M)).
Culms much branched below, 15-25 cm. high, with short creep-
ing rootstocks, nodes of the branches short and numerous. Leaves
glaucous; sheaths scabrous or smooth, longer than the short inter-
luxles; ligule lacerate, 1.5 mm. long; blades of the sterile shoots
scabrous, Hat, subarticulate, 1-3 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, those of
the culm 3-6 cm. long. Panicle mostly included at the base, thiu,
ovoid, 7-10 cm. long; rays single or in pairs, scabrous, some of them
rellexed, bearing single spikelets at the ends of the stiff slender
bramdies. Si)ikelets purplish; empty glumes 1-nerved, subequal,
oval, nearly 1 mm. long; floral glume broadly oval, obtuse, 3-nerved,
2 mm. long; palea oval, as long as its glume. Vasey says: "^S*.
asperifoUns var. hrcvifoUus of contributors." Perhaps a variety of
>S'. asperifoUns.
Texas, NeaUey for Nat. Museum.
19. S. confusus Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:293 (1888). *S'.
ramulosus of authors, not of Kunth.
A very slender tufted annual, much branched below, 8-20 cm.
high. Sheaths loose, longer than the internodes; ligule thin, 1.5-2
mm. long; blades scabrid above, flat, coiuluplicate or involute, 2-4
cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide. Panicle exserted or partially included,
A(iU«»STIl>K.E. 295
pyramitlal or ovoid, S-15cm. loiij;. the niyn very sIoikUt, 8olitary,
8j)r(.'!ulin^', Hiid llu-ir l)niMclies iM-ariii;,' iVw llowi-rs ul tlinonds (»r tlio
loii^ piMiicols. S|iikelcts purplish; empty j,'IunH'S .suIk'(|IuiI or the
lower .HJiorter, often ciliate at tlie aj)ex and on tlu' hack, ovate,
l-iiervetl, 0.5-0.7 inin. lon<r; Moral {jliime oval, olweurely U-iierved,
1 nun. or lus» in len<^th : palea as lon^ and as wide as its ^lnin(>,
2-nerved ; lloral ;,dunie and palea Ixtth thinly jjiiheseent on the
nerves.
Texas, XeaUcji tor Nat. Mus. ; Colorado. John Wolfv; Arizona,
Priiiiilr in 1SS4.
A delicate little annual found in moist places; Colorado. New
Mexieo, Arizona, 'i'exas. Mqxieo,
20. S. Sacatilla Griseb. Sclied. Fourn. Mex. PI. Knum. (Jram.
101 (ISK(i).
An erect leafy and branching perennial. 20-40 em. high, with
cree])ing rootstocks. Culms with 10-12 nodes, each hearing a slen-
der branch 12 cm. long, and ea(;h again usually branching. Leaves
very numerous, sheaths mostly about the length of the internodea;
ligule al)ruptly acute, less than 1 mm. long; blades involute,
S2)reading or recurved, 0.5-3 cm. (mostly 1 cm.) long, 0.5 diam.
Panicle very sim])le. spikelets termimil or lateral. I-.'{ cm. long.
Spikelets l,T-2 mm. long, oval; empty glumes sulie(|ual, about 1
mm. long, 1-nervetl. ovate; lloral glume 3-nerved; palea nearly as
long. Anthers 1.2 mm. long,
'J'exas (Del Ifio). Xctdhy for U. S. Nat. Mus.
Also found in Mexico.
21 S. depauperatus (Torr.). Scribn. ]Jull. Torr. Club. !):103
(18S2). Vilfa (U'lutupcmta Torr.; Hook. Flor. Bor. Am. 2:257
(1840). Vilfii iifuis Torr. Pacif. K. U. Rep. 5: 305 (1853). \iffa
plunihea Triu. teste Fourn. Mex. PI. Elnum. Cram. 101 (188G).
A very slender and variable tufted decumbent and much-
branched perennial, 10-GO cm. high, often with stout rootstocks.
Sheatlis loose, about as long as the internodes, which are from 4-12
in number, margins hyaline; ligule 0.5-3 mm. long, obtuse or
acute; blades scabrid above, usually involute, recurved, 1-5 cm.
long, about 1 mm. wide. Panicle but little exserted, slightly in-
200 I'OACK.K.
tcrnipfod. 2-li ctii. 1<»ii^'. I iiini. wide; i'iivh I.Tmh-Icsh iu Icii^'tli,
rnvcrrd with HpikdctH. Kmpty ;:limn's rolorlcss or li<,'lit lojul-i-olor.
I'fjual or sii1>('i|iial, I -mrvi'd, ovate, almost iiciitc, I nun. Ion;.': Iloiot
with II cuIlnH, Hniootii. Ilorai ^durnc ovutr, acute. IJ-nerved, l.T turn,
ion;;; ])aU'ii as Ion;; as ita ;;Iurne, l»roadly oval, acnto.
(h'c;:oti. Iloirrll; Mexico (Cliilmaliua), /*i'in(/h' 4\H.
A line low ^'rass tilling much tho place in grazing of .S'. asprri-
fob us.
Ko(!ky Mountain rcirion.
Var, flliformis nov. var. Tulni 10-12 cm. long, cxsortcd for
nearly half its length: panicle much reduced, 2 I'ln. long.
Montana. Williams: I'tah. .lours.
i>2. S. IvDicis (L.) |{. Hr. I'rodr. 1 : 17(» (ISIO). Smit-
ORAss. .\f/ri)slis Indu'ii L. Sj). PI. 015 (1753). A. vliniijittn Lam.
111. 1: lt;-i (I :!))).
An eri'ct rohust grass, .'JO-.OO cm. high. Sheaths long, .some-
times ciliato at tho throat: ligule very short: blades chielly at the
base of tho culms, smooth helow. scahrid above, tho.se of sterile
shoots extending to the base of the ])anicle, 2-4 mm. wide at tho
base, tapering into tine pnint.s. those of the culm 2-3 in number.
Panichi spikeliko, but little exserted, .sometimes internii)ted, 8-20
cm. long and 3-0 mm. diam.. or sometimes with diverging rays 1
cm. long. Si)ikelot3 very numerou.s and crowded: empty glumes
almost hyaliiu', obtuse, 1-nerved. first 0.5-0.7 mm. long, second 1
mm. long: floral glume oval, concave. 1-3-nerved, 1.7 mm. long;
palea nearly as long as its glume, 2-nerved. Grain broadly obo-
void, pericarp often evanescent.
Hentham in Flora Australiensis has been followed in the de-
scrii)tion to some extent.
Florida. Cvrtiss 3383.
It was introduced from India, and has become naturalized in
many warm countries, such as Florida, tiie Carolinas, etc. It is
called Snnif-f/rass in the South, as smut very often develops on it.
The grass is esteemed for pasture and mowing when not too old.
^ 23. S. serotinus (Torr.) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1:577 (1848).
'\ Agrostis serotina Torr. Flor. U. S. 1:88 (1824). Vilfa serotina
AOKOSTIDK.K. • 297
T(.rr. ; A. (Jniy. Gmru. i-t C.vp. ii. '■* (\sM). \,7/„ Iviifni Tiiii.
M.'iii. Anid. St. IVtersl). (VI.) f*:.s; (1H40). Von imile.sltt
TuckiTm. Am. .lomii. Sci. (I) 14:4.'. (IHi:!).
A .slender tufted erect lu'rciiiiiiil. 20-40 ctii. Iiij,'li; ciilriw cotn-
prcHsod utid solid ud in Miii/c Slii-iitli.s short: li<;ule L-2 iiiiii. Ion;;:
Itliidcs Hut or coiidiipliciitt', 4-12 ciii. loii^'. 1-2 nitii. wide. Panicle
iiiucli exserted, thin, .')-l(l cm. lonj^', narrow iind Tcw-lloworcd when
short, ovate-lanceolate when hir^fe; rays single, very sleiuler. Spike-
lets 1-, rarely 2-llowered. dark brown or purple; empty glumes
oviite, ohtusc, 1-nervcd, lirslu little inorc! than 0..') nnu. long: second
a little longer: lloral glume ovate, concave, 3-nerve(|, 1.5 tuni. long;
palea broad-oval, obtuse, nearly as long us its glume. CJruin oval,
ilattencd, 1es.s than 1 mm. long.
Maine. V. S. Ihj)!. A(/rini/. :{71 from Scribner; New Jersey,
Scrihiicr .'J.'>S2: Delaware, ('(iii/ti/.
Maine to Delaware and Northern Michigan in samly wet pla.;es.
24. 8. compressus (Torr.) Kunth, Knum. IM. 1:217(18:5:5).
Af/rosfis roiii/)trt<.siif< Torr. Cat. PI. N. V. 01 (IHl'.i). AfirostiH
7orm/inin Scliult. Mant. 2:20)5 (1824). I/Z/W amipressa Trin.
Unitl. 1.58 (1S24).
Culms tufted, erect, stout, flattened, solid, as in Maize, ;50-G0
cm. high, from a perennial rootstoiik with short joints covere<l with
scales. Sheaths couduplicate, much longer than the internodes;
ligule very short; blades erect, condupli(;ate, al)0ut .'{0 cm. long,
3 mm. wide. Panicle exserted. open, ovate-lanceolate, 10-:S0 cm.
long; rays spreading, lilil'orm, mostly scattered or some in twos and
three. Spikelets brown, often 2-llowen,'d ; empty glumes subequal,
ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1.5 mtn. long; lloral glume ovate, con-
cave, 3-nerved, as long as the empty glumes, though overreaching
them by one-third as united in the spikelet; palea oval, obtuse, as
long as its glume. Grain oval, flattened, 1 mm. long.
New Jersey, Scribner 3381; U. S. Depl. Agn'cul. 353 from
Scribner.
Bogs in the pine-barrens of New .Jersey.
25. S. repens Presl, Keliq. Hffink. 1:241(1830).
A slender creeping grass, culms 0.5 mm. diam., rising 1 cm.
298 I'OACK.K.
above the ground I'roin a loiij; prostrate portion. Slicaths loose,
half as long a.s the iiitoniodos; liirule nearly "i nun. long; blades
thin, scabrid, llator 'u.olute. abont 2eni. b»ng, nearly 1 ninu wide.
Panicles terminal and lateral, all more or less included by the
sheaths, spikelike, about 1 em. long. Kmply glumes sulu-qual. 1-
nerved. very broad, erose, about 0.5 mm. long: lloret olive-green
tinged with red; lloral glume ovate when spread. .'J-nervcd. 1.5 mm.
long; i)alea like its glume excej)ting the nerves, whieh are )i in
number.
Mexico, lUiio'nean 3'^85. Tracy from Palmer, rrimjlv XWH.
2*'.. S. Shepherd! Vasey, Ihdl. Torn Club. 14: S (1887).
Apjiarently annual, branching at the base; culms smooth or
scabrid. '^0—10 cm. high. Sheaths loose, about the length of tlie
intornodes; ligule lacerate. '2-;J n)m. long; blades of sterile shoots
few anil short, those of the culm IJ-4 in number, involute. 4-iS cm.
long. '2 mm. or less wide. I'anicle exserted, open, S-i".* em. long,
rays mostly single, the longest 5 cm. long. Spikelets often nod-
ding oil extremely slender pedicels, which are thickened above;
empty glumes obtuse when spread. ol)scurely 1-nerved, lirst oidy a
little shorter than the secoiul. which is 1.5 mm. long; lloral glume
hairy, oval, ;5-nerved, as long as the second glume; jtalea hairy,
broadly oval, obtuse, as long as its glume.
The plants examined were reddish throughout.
Mexico. Pn'iit/Ic 14:24.
'^:. S. asperifolius (Nees) Thurb. ; S. Wats. Hot. Calif. 2:'^(1!>
(18S0). \'i/f(i (iKju'rifdJia Meyen, KVise 1 : :54!t, 408. Trin. Mem.
Acad. St. IVtersb. (\'I.) ('):!I5 (1840). Sporobnlus areiiacviix
IJuckl. IVoc. IMiila. Acail. \>^iVl. 8!) (18»j;5).
Culms branching, '20-40 cm. high, asceiuling from stout creep-
ing rootstocks. Sheaths smooth, loose, longer than the numerous
short intornodes; ligule very short; blades llat. scabrous, l{-8 cm.
long. 2 mm. wide. Panicle included at the base; open, pyramidal,
10-17 cm. long; rays single or in pairs, scabrous, bjaring single
spikelets at the ends of the very sleiuler still" branches. S])ikelets
lead-color, tinged with purple; empty glumes colorless, lanceolate,
scabrid under a lens, 1-nerved, lirst 0.;{-0.5 mm. long, second but
AliHOSTlDK.E. 299
very little lonjjer; floral jrlunu' broadly oval, obtuse, sometimes
witb a niuero, obscurely IJ-nerveil, 1-1.5 mm. loii«f; ])alea obovato-
oval, as loii^j as its glume.
'I'exas, U. S. Dept. Agrieul. from liVirrr/ion : Colorado. Siri/i-
iicr IJIJSOa Wolfe; (.'alil'ornia, J'an'sh 1030; Southern California,
I'a/iiu'i- 2;J().
Two plants from dilTercnt places in Colorado have !i-;> llorets to
i.iie s])ikelet. and most of them distended with smut.
Hritish America to Arizona. California and Texas.
A wiry-stemmed species restricted to very wet places, contribut-
ing H little to the forage.
28. S. airoides 'I'orr. Pac. 1{. M. Kep. 7: Part !{. 21 (185(5).
Jf/nistifi airoides Toir. Ann. Lye. X. Y. /.•151 (1824). \'i//(i.
airoidexTv'm. Steud. Syn. IM. (;ram. 1G2(I855).
An erect rather stout tufted j)erennial, 40-lK) cm. high; culms
enclosed below with prominent wide sheaths. Sheaths a little
shorter than the internodes, the throat ciliate; ligule very short;
blades light green, soon fading, convolute, tapering to a filiform
iipex, those of sterile sliects 2-5 cm. long, l? mm. in width; those
of the culm 4-5 in number, the upper filiform, 2-;J cm. long.
Panicle termiiud, ovoid, often partly included at tlu^ base, 2()-;U>
cm. long, rays solitary in twos or threes, again branching and bear-
ing scattered spikelets above the middle. Spikelets light lead-
color or brown; empty glumes obovate, without nerves, first 0.5-!
mm. long, second 1.5-2 mm. long, floret with a callus; floral glume
concave, broadly oval, 1-nerved, 2 mm. long; palea broader than
its glume and a little shorter, truncate, infolded between the nerves
on the back.
Kocky iMountains, IT. S. Dept. Agricul. M5; ^fontana. Srrihicr.
Kansas and Nebraska, Montana, California, Texas, and New
Mexico.
29. S. minutiflorus (Trin.) Link. TFort. Berol. 1:88 (1827).
Vilfa miniilifloruH Trin. Unifl. 158 (1S2G).
Culms slender, snn)oth, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths 2, ligule very
shortly ciliate; blades flat. 3-10 cm. long. 3 mm. or less broad.
Panicle terminal, exserted. i)yramidal. 8-10 cm. long; rays solitary
300 . POACE.E.
or rarely in pairs, tlie lower 4-6 cm. long, tlie lower two-fifths
naked. Si)ikelets somewhat crowded, on sJjort unequal pedicels, 1
mm. long; second glume nerveless, about 0.5 mm. long, obtuse,
broader and a little longer than the first ; floral glume and palea
equal, obtuse, nerveless. Nearly allied to *S'. atrovirens Kunth.
See notes by Prof. Scribuerin Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 299. 1891.
Mexico, Prinffle S130.
Thin soil of limestone ledges, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
30. S. racemosus Vasey, Hull. Torr. Club, 15:9 (1888).
A slender erect or decumbent freely branching annual, 18-35
cm. high. Sheatiis loose, shorter than the internodes; ligule less
than 0.5 mm. long; blades 4-7 in number, thin, flat or involute,
2-4 cm. long, 1mm. wide or less. Panicles terminal and lateral,
the former exserted, the latter more or less included, open, 4-8
cm. long, rays mostly single, simple, the longest 2-3 cm. loug and
few-flowered. Spikelets racemose on short, slender, glandular
pedicels ; empty glumes broad and obtuse, usually nearly equal, not
over 0.5 mm. long; floral glume and jialea ovate, smooth, nerves
obscure, about 1 mm. long. Anthers 3, red, 1.8 mm. long, 1.8
mm. wide, very exceptional in the genus. So far as observed, the
anthers of all other species have been linear. The plants through-
out tinged with red.
Mexico (Chihuahua), Pringle 1425.
Cool, gravelly slopes, near water.
;U. S. ovatus. S. mi nor Vasoy. A. Gray Man. Ed. ('. : 646
(1890).
A slender geniculate scabrous perennial, 10-30 cm. high.
Sheaths half as long as the internodes; ligule very short near it
and above and below are scanty hairs with warty bases; blades in-
volute, those from sterile shoots 1-4 cm. long, those of the culm 3-5
in number, and 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Panicle scarcely
exserted, very simple, 1-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; empty glumes
nearly equal, ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, keeled toward the apex,
about 3 mm. long; floret clothed with very short hairs as seen under
a lens; floral glume ovate, acute, somewhat compressed toward the
apex, 1-nerved, 2.7 mm. long; palea as long as and as wide as its
ACJUOSTIDK.E. 301
glume, folded in on the back. Vivsey's name of tlie species was
occupied by Kunth, Enum, PI. 1:212 (1833), hence tlie selection of
a new one.
Texas, Neallcy ; Mississippi, Tracy, both for U. S. Dept.
Agricul.
\\2. S. argutus (Nees) Kuuth, Enum. PI. 1:215 (1S33). Vilfa
ar(jHfa Neos, Agrost. Bras. 3:395(1820). V. Avkansan(i'\!v\n.
Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 5:04 (18-10).
Culms spreading or erect, 20—40 cm. high. Slieaths loose, a
little shorter than the internodos, tliroat ciliate; ligiile very
short; leaf-blades of sterile shoots numerous, flat, or the apex invo-
lute, 2-4 cm. long, glaucous, scabrous, the margins ciliatc-serrulate,
2-4 cm. long, those of the culm 3-4 in number, tbe ui)j)er one 3-10
mm. long. Panicle usually exserted, spikelike or pyramidal on tbe
same plant, 3-5 cm. long; rays in half-wborls of 3-0 or even 8,
flower-bearing on tbe upper two-thirds, tbe half-whorls 1-2 cm.
distiint. Spii<elets shining, lead-color; first empty glume 0.4-0.5
mm. long, second and floral glume elli])tical-hnu'eolate, 1-nerved,
1.5 mm. long; palea bi'oader, a little sborter, sjditting in the back
by the maturing grain, Avhich is compressed and broad, 0.7-1 mm.
long.
Florida, Palmer 294; Texas, Xealley for Nat. Herb., RevcrcJioii;
Lower California, Palmer 188; Mexico (Chihuahua), Pringle 810,
Texas to Arizoiui and Mexico.
Very variable; number 224, of I)r. Palmer from Lower Cali-
fornia has thicker rougher leaves and broader spikes.
33. S. Nealleyi Vasey, Coult. Bot. Oaz. 16:48 (1891).
A slender glaucous perennial, 10-20 cm. high, from strong
rootstocks. Slieaths of the culm about 5 in number, mostly longer
than the internodes; ligule a ciliate ring; blades involute, rigid,
pungent-pointed, diverging almost at right angles to the culm,
0.5-3.5 cm. long, 0.5 mm. diam. Panicle slightly exserted on a
capillary peduncle, simple, erect, racemose, oval or linear, 3-5 cm.
long; rays 6, the longest about 1.5 cm. long, bearing a few spike-
lets on the outer two-tbirds. Spikelets pur[)lisli, linear, about 1.5
mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, 1-nerved, first glume half as
302 POACEiE.
long as the floret, second as long as the floret; ilorul ghime ovate-
acute, 1-nerveil.
Texas, JS'eaUcij in 18.S7 for U. 8. Dept. Agricul.
34. S. macrospermus Scribii. iued.
A slender erect branching annual, ^*0-40 cm. high. Sheaths
subcompressed, sparingly villous at the throat; ligule a ciliate ring,
also ciliate above and below to a varying degree, "^-4 cm. long, 1-"^
mm. wide, upper blades narrow, 1 cm. long. Panicle exserted,
open, narrowly ovoid, 4-0 cm. long, lowest rays in halt'-wh(n'l,s of
4-7, the longest 1.5 cm. long, bearing two s})ikelets near the apex.
First glume awl-shaped, I mm. long, second and floral glume
yellowi.sh, 1-nerved, linear, acute, 1.7-^.'^ mm. long; palea broad,
oval, about as long as its glume, split by the nuituring ovary. Seed
oval, flat, brown, translucent, l.G mm. long.
Mexico (Jalisco), Pringle 2447.
35. S. Virginicus (L.) Kunth, Rev. (iram. 1: 67 (1835;. Ayros-
tis Virfiitiica L. Sp. PI. O.*} (175:3). A. barbnta Wn^^. Syn. 1:75
(1805). A. lif/oralis hiuu. 111. 101(1791). Vilfa Vircji iii en Boauv.
Agrost. 10 (1813).
A smooth erect or decumbojit perennial branching grass, 15-40
cm. high. Ligido very short, throat ciliate or glabrous; iHadcs of
the culm 14-10 in number, convolute or involute when dry. rather
rigid, ascending, distichous, the longest 5-15 cm. long. 3-5 mm.
wide. Panicle spikelike, dense, 3-7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide.
Empty glumes 1-nerved, almost keeled, ovate when s])ri'ad. first
glume 1.5 mm., second 2.2 mm. long; floral glume 1-uerved, ovate,
2.3 mm. long; palea a])out the length of its glume, folded in from
the back between the 2 nerves. (Jrain broadly obovoid, the very
thin ])ericarp separable when softened, but indistinguishable in the
dried state.
Florida, Curfiss 3370; Mexico, Palmer 328.
Virgina to Florida, Texas and IMexico, near the coast; also found
in the West Indies, Brazil, Africa and Australia.
30. S. Texanus Vasey, Contrib. II. S. Nat. Herb. 1:57 (1890).
A glaucous tufted perennial, 30-40 cm. high. Sheaths of the
culm 4 in nund)er, longer than the interuodes; ligule a ciliate ring;
A(JHUST1I)K.E. 303
blades of tho culm flat or involute, 5-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide;
blades and sheaths nu)ro or less eiliate with tubercled hairs. I'ani-
cle enclosed at the base or but sliifhtly exserted, broadly ])yraniidal,
lU-10 cm. long; rays diverging, slender, rigid, the longest S-IU
cm. long, bearing a few spikelets on long pedicels on the outer
half. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, empty glumes 1-nerved, first
about 1 mm. long, second equalling the tloret, 2-Z.3 mm. long;
floral glume and palea equal, the former 1-nerved.
Texas (Presidio County), NeaUey for U. 8. Dept. Agricul. in
1800.
Texas and Iiulian Territory.
3?. S. capillaris Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:283
(181(3).
A rather sleiuler erect tufted perennial with few culms. 30-GO
cm. high. Sheaths slij'htly compressed, longer than the iuternodes,
throat eiliate; ligiile very short; blades of sterile shoots numerous,
3-30 cm. long, the 1)ase flat or involute, 2-3 mm. wide, the point
longaiul filiform, those of the culm 3 in number, the upper liliform,
1-3 cm. long. Panicle exserted, often ovate or ])yramidal. 10-18
cm. long; rays mostly single, some in ])airs, the longest 4-7 cm.
long, the brandies diverging, very slender. Spikelets dai'k lead
color or brown; empty glumes broadly oval, first about O.o mm.
long, second 1-nerved, 1 mm. long; tloral glume broadly oval,
l-nerv(!d, sometimes with an obscure nerve on each side, obtuse
when spread. 1.5 mm. long; palea emarginate, as broad and nearly
as long as its glume.
Mexico (Jalisco), Palmer 512; Pringle 1426.
Found so far only in Mexico.
3S. S. Buckleyi Vasey, r.ull. Torr. Club, 10:128 (1883).
Culms slender, com])rcssed, solid as in Maize, 40-00 cm. high.
Sheaths compressed; those of the culms about 4 in nuud)er, with
sheaths nearly as long as the internodes; ligule a short eiliate fringe;
blades smooth, those of sterile shoots two-thirds as long as the culm,
flat or conduplicate. 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle but little exserted,
open, oblong, lax, 15-25 cm. long, rays single or in twos, cajiillary,
the lower the longer, 8-10 cm. long, flower-bearing for the upper
304 POACE.E.
two-tliirda. Spikelots i)urple; empty glumes ovate-lanceolate,
1-iiervetl. first glume about 1 mm. long, secoml 1.5 mm. long;
floral glume ovate, acute when spread, l-uerved, 1.7-2 mm. long;
palea hut little shorter than its glume.
Texas, Xvalley.
A small i)lant seen from the IT. S. Dept. Agricul. Discovered
by Dr. S. H. Buckley, i'or whom Dr. Vasey nauied it.
39. S. Domingensis (Trin.) Kunth, Enuni. 1:3U (1S3;5). 17/-
fi( DdnnnfjvHsi.s Trin. Spreng. Meue Entdeek. 2:50 (IMio).
Aijroslis DoniiiKjoisis Schult. Mant. 3: 570 (1S24).
Culms erect, slightly compressed at the ])ase, 20-40 cm. high.
Sheaths crowded, compressed, throat ciliate; lignle very short;
blades flat or becoming involute, 7-10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide,
with filiform points, those of the culm 2-3 in number, the upper
1 cm. long or less. Panicle but little oxserted, erect, sj)ikelike or
sjireading, G-10 cm. long, rays in threes to lives, the longest 3-5
cm. long, naked for a third of its length. Spikelets light lead-
color or straw-color; emi)ty glumes scabrid, membranous, first
glume 0.()-7 mm. long, second ovate, acute, 1-nerved, 2 mm. long;
floral glume like the second glume, only a little shorter; palea
broad, enuirginatiN 1.5 mm. long, (jrain broadly oval, 1 mm. long.
Florida, Cnrtiss for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 259.
40. S. cryptandrus (Torr.) A. CJray, Man. Ed. 1:570 (1848).
Af/rosfis cnjpt(()ulra Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1:151 (1824). Vilfa,
cvupttDulni Torr.; Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 5:69
(1840).
An erect perennial, 60-90 cm. high, usually branching below,
culm solid as in Maize. Sheaths smooth, bearded at the throat;
the lowest shorter than the internodes, the upper 02ies longer; lignle
very short; blades 7-9 to the culm, flat or involute, scabrous above,
15-30 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide. Panicle 10-20 cm. long, narrow,
more or less enclosed in the upper sheath, which is 20-35 cm. long;
rays mostly in pairs, often hairy in the axils, spreading, 3-8 cm.
long, flower-bearing for the entire length. Spikelets numerous,
lead-color, or fading to a straw color; empty glumes acute,
1-nerved, first 0.5-1 mm. long, second 1.5 mm. long; floral glume
AQROSTIDE^. 306
much like the second empty glume ; palea as long as its glume, split
in the back by the enlarged grain, whicli is broad oval and O.G mm.
long.
New York, Beal 61; Michigan, Clark 1293, 1293; Illinois,
Patterson for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 354; Texas, XeaUey; New-
Mexico, Jones 4161, 4126; Montana. Anderson 69; Wyoming,
Bvffuni C. 13; Washington, Snksdorf 1019; Lower California,
Palmer 65; Mexico (Chihualiua), Pringle 419, also collected by
the author at Chicago, 111., 1869.
In sandy soil, New England to Michigan, British America and
Oregon to Mexico.
Var. flexuosus Thurb. Vasey, Wheeler's U. S. Geol. Surv. 6: 282
(1878).
Panicle often elliptical or lanceolate in outline, rachis very
slender and flexuose, the exserted portion 20-40 em. long, besides
the part included by the long sheath, which is 10-30 cm. long; rays
very slender, spikelets darker; second empty glume 2.6 mm. long,
floral glume 2 mm. long.
Mexico (Chihuahua), Pringle 815; New Mexico, Jones.
New Mexico, Arizona.
V^ar. Btrictus Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 9:103 (1882).
Culms erect, robust, 10-20 cm. high. Panicle light-colored,
enclosed below by the sheath of the upper leaf, erect, densely flow-
ered, spikelike, 40-50 cm. long; second glumes 2.3 mm. long.
Banks of the Rillita, near Camp Lowell, Arizona; collected
by Pringle.
This species and some of the varieties in Mexico and the warmer
dry regions north of there contribute a little to the support of
herds roaming over the plains. In quality it ranks as poor.
41. S. Wrightii Muuro, MS. Bull. Torr. Club, 9:103 (1882).
An erect robust perennial, branching below from creeping
rootstooks; culms solid as in Maize, 90-140 cm. high. Sheaths
mostly longer than the internodes; ligule a mere ring producing
hairs 3 mm. long; blades involute, scabrous above, smooth below,
those of the culm 6-7 in number, and some of them 50-80 cm. long,
including the long slender point, 5 mm. wide at tlie base, the upper
:J()6 POAfE.E.
leaf 20-30 cm. long. Panicle with the base enclosed, laneeolato^^
t{(»-45 cm. long; rays very numerous, mostly single, or some in half-
wliurls of 3--5, the longest 8-10 cm. long, Hower-bearinj^ for nearly
their entire length. Spikelets light lead-color tinged with red;
empty glumes very thin, ovate-lanceolate, tirst 1 mm. or less long,
second 1-nerved, 1.5 mm. long; floral glume a little longer and
wider, otherwise like the second glume; i)alea with a groove on the
back between the nerves, notched at the tip, wider and a little
shorter than its glume.
^e\v Mexico, Vasei/ ior IT. S. Dept. Agricul. ; Arizona, PriiKjIe.
New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.
This grows along watercourses, principally forming great
clumjjs nearly contiguous, four to six feet high, on which stock browse
down to within a foot or two of the ground. Though the leaves
are tough, they seem to be acceptable to animals. It is to this
species mostly that the Mexicans apply the name of Zacaton. The
name is also given to other tall grasses.
(51. (127). Epicampes Presl, IJeliq. Hsenk. 1 : 235, /. 30 (1830).
CrypsmnaYowYW. Jieuth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 19:87 (1881).
Spikelets with one perfect tlower, collected in a long and narrow
or spikelike panicle (diffuse in E. Bourgiei), rachilla articulate
above the persistent lower glumes, but not extended above the floret.
Empty glumes more or less unequal, membranous, convex or almost
keeled, delicately 1-3-nerved; floral glume usually about the length
of the empty glumes, 3-uerved. obtuse or emarginate, with or with-
out a slender dorsal awn a little below the apex; palea hyaline,
about as long as its glume, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct, short. Grain narrow, included, but not ndherent.
The panicles of our species are usually of a light lead-colored hue.
There are about IG species peculiar to California, Mexico, and
western South America.
Some species seem nearest to Citma, others to Muhlenberyiay
others to Sporoholns and all near to Ayrostis. It seems to connect
Muhlenhergia and Sporobolus, with Ayrodis. The chief general
feature is the long narrow dense panicle with very numerous rather
snudl spikelets, the awn of the floral glume, when it exists, much
A(Hi()STlDE.E. 807
smullor thau in Miilleuheryia and often not quite terminal; the nn-
awned species are distin«;uislied from Sporohohis by the fruiting
glume and ^rain which are nearly those of Agroslis.
A. Empty ghimes 7-8 mm, long 1
B. Empty glumes sliorter (u)
a. Plant softly pubescent, awn 1-0 mm. long 3
a. Plant not pubescent (b)
b. Awn 2-10 mm. long 3
b. Awn 10-18 em. long 4
a. Plant unawned (c)
c. Some i)lants of 2
c. Ligule 'Z()~'M) mm. long 5
c. Ligule 10 mm. long 6
c. Ligule shorter (d)
d. Panicle 7-0 mm. broad 7
d. Panicle broader (e)
e. Ligule a mere ring 8
e. Ligule \\ mm. long 9
1. E. stricta (II. H. K.) Presl, 1. c. Cri/psi's strida H. B. K.
Nov. Gen. et. Sp. 1 : 140 (1815). Crypsinna stricta Fourn. Ilemsl.
Biol. Centr. Am. liot. 3:54!) (1880).
An erect tufted perennial, 50-80 cm. high. Sheaths scabrid;
ligule 1-1.5 cm. long, decurrent; blade involute, about 1 mm.
diam., those of the sterile shoots 30 cm. long, tliose of the culm
10-15 cm. long. Panicle plumbous, dense, 5-10 cm. long, nearly
1 cm. diam.; empty glumes subequal, 1-nerved, 7-8 mm. long;
floral glume about 5 mm. long, 3-nerved, with an awn below the
tip 1 mm. long.
Mexico, Priuyle A^W.
Cool slopes under pines, 11,000 feet altitude.
2. E. lanata Presl, Keliq. IIa?nk. 1:235 (1830).
A tufted erect perennial, clothed throughout with soft short
pubescence. Culms compressed. Sheaths longer than the inter-
nodes; blades flat, conduplicate and distichous, scabrous on the
margins and keel, 20-50 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle ex-
serted, erect, 30-40 cm. long, 3-4 mm. diam.; rays numerous, erect
308 POACE.E.
or ascending. Spikelots linear-limceolatt', 2.5-3 mm. long, the
awn i-G mm. long (rarely unawned), thinly dollied witii soft
short hairs, empty glumes snbe<iua1, longer than the lloret, elliptical,
thin, soft, nerves obscure; lloret pubescent, linear, about 2 mm. long.
.Mexico (('hihuahua), l^rinyle 391.
This grows on cool mountain-slo])e3, scattered in slight clumps;
a beautiful grass, soft, velvety, with purple panicles and of average
quality for grazing pur|)oscs.
3. E. distichophylla (l*resl) Vasey, Cat. Gr. U. S. 45 (1885).
PodimvniKin (lishchopliijUuni Presl, IJeliti. Ila-'nk. 1:231 (1830).
Muhk'iihertjiti (lislii-ltophyUa Muiiro. Vasey, Cat. (Jram. U. S. 45
(188">). not Kunth. E. Emerslcyi Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3: (JO (1802).
A stout erect perennial, 1-2 metres higli, culms and sheaths
more or less c()nii)ressc'd, the former hard and solid or with no
hollow. Ligule thin, 5-15 mm, long; blades hard, scabrous, con-
duplicate below, above variously folded, 30-GO cm. long, 3-5 mm.
wide, with long narrow points. Panicle contracted, lanceolate,
or slightly spreading, purplish or phunbous, lo-30-GO cm. long;
rays scattered, numerous, appressed, branching, llower-bearing
along the upper three-fourths, the longest 8-10 cm. long. Spike-
lets on pedicels, which are 1-3 mm. long; empty glumes thin, sub-
equal, oval, obtuse or acute, scabrid on the back, 1-3-nerved, 2-2.7
mm. long; floral glume obscurely 1-nerved, as long as the empty
glumes or a little longer or shorter; floral glume shortly pilose on the
margins below, oval, or with an obscure nerve on each side, apex
split, the awn 5-10 mm. long; palea oval when spread, as long as
its glume. Nearly allied to E. grandis (Vasey).
Arizona, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 379; Mexico, Parry £ Palmer
920, 928, Pri)igh 2356.
Arizona, Mexico.
Var. mutica Scribn.
Emi)ty glumes a trifle longer than the floral glume; floral glume
obscurely 3-nerved, 1.5 mm. long, awnless or with a mucro; palea
oval, obtuse or as long as its glume.
AUHOSTIDK.K. 3()9
Arizona, Toum'i/ 740, Jonch 4'^11); Mexico, Pringh 1427, '^:UG,
2:^0(5.
4. E. grandis (Vascy). Miihlenbvryia grandiii Vusey, Contrili.
U. S. Nat. Ik'il). 1:-.'S:{ (l,s!t:j).
All eroct stout Ii>.'lit <,'ri'en iRTcnTiial, 120-lUO cm. hi;,'It. Ciiliiis
solid, roiiiiire.sseil. Slieaths llattuneil; ligulo lirni, 11-5 nun. loiii;-;
bhuU'S revolutc or involute or coiului)li('ato, lianl, scabrous, 40-70
cm. lout,', .')-!() mm. wide. Panicle terminal, linear-lanceolate,
brownish-yellow or i)uri)le, 40-70 cm. long; rays erect, 10-1 ;J cm.
lon^f, numerous and freely branching and with the spikulets con-
cealing the main axi:4, llower-bearing to near tlio base. Spikelets
on pedicels 1-4 mm. long; empty glumes ecpjal, scabrid, ovate-
laiu-eolate, nerveless or very obscurely 1-nerved, about 2 mm. long;
iloral glume ovate, acute, obscurely 3-nerved, about 2 mm. long,
the awn 10-18 mm. long; palea as long as its glume. (Jrain linear,
1.4 mm. long. Nearly allied to E. (listichojtlijilhi \'asey.
^lexico, Palmer ol'>, 515a, Pritiglc 1700, 2?()5.
5. E. macroura (Kunth) Henth. Journ. Linn. Soo. 10:87
(ISHl). China marroura Kunth, IJev. (iram. 1 : G7 (1829). C.
.strirfa Kunth, IJev. (Jram. 1:07 (1829).
Perennial; culms erect, rigid, simple, smooth,
90-120 cm. high. Sheaths nearly smooth; ligule
lanceolate, split. 2-3 (;m. (I) long; blade long,
scabrous above, involute, with long tapering points.
Panicle pluml)ous, spikelike, dense, 'JO cm. long,
1 cm. broad. First and second glumes lance-
linear, equal or subequal, 4-4.5 mm. long; floret
3.5-4 mm. long, linear, abruptly acute when
spread ; palea as long and as wide as its glume, pj^., ^^^—fijpicm-
Anthers 5 mm. long. P«\ macroura.
Central ^lexico. Parry £• Palmer 919 in ner.)
1878.
Under this name Ilemsley in Biol. Cent. Am. includes No. 940
of Parry cS: Palmer. The plant with the latter number in the her-
barium of Harvard University is very different: amo the differ-
ences the ligule is 6 mm. long, spike 18-20 cm. long; empty
'MO I'OACK.K.
^■lunies ')-6 iimi. l<»iig, lloml j^luiin' 7 nun. lonpr with u mucro;
[Kilfu .'>.5-(') iiiiii. l*)ii<;. Like ilio latter plaut in tliu lieiliariiiiii of
lliirvunl lire oIIrts from Holivia. No. 1, Dr. K. I'lilinor, Cliiiiiiu-
liuii, Mexico (liSSf)), id imnn'il A', iinnronni Meiith. 'I'liia weenis to
lt(! near No. (>1!> of I'arry iS: I'almer: in tliis the spike is doiisf,
(» tnm. witle; empty j,'lume8 a little h)iif;iT than in 919, ineliulin;;
a bristle point, apparently not more than a variety.
(i. E. Bourgeei Kourn. llemsl. itidi. Centr. Am. Hot. .'J:. 548
(liSSO). Sjun'ohdhis ruiujihiHohis Scribn. ined.
A rather stout ereet perennial, ISO cm. hi<,'h. Culms smooth,
compressed below. Sheaths smootii. keeled, lonj^er than the inter-
nodes; li;,'ulc hyaline, 10 mm. lon^', acute or laciTate; blades Hat,
(JO mm. loiifj, ;$-(• mm. wide, iittenuate-pointed, scabrous on both
sides. I'anicle dilTuse. 45 cm. lon«j;; rays irre«,ndarly .scattered on the
rachis, capillary, l)earin<,' spikelets on the outer half, the lower 10-
15 cm. long. Spikelets nearly terete, l-llowered. 1.5-;.' mm. lonjj;
empty glumes ovate to oblong, obtuse, sube(|ual, 1-nerved, equalling
the lloret or a little shorter; lloral glume broadly obtuse, occa-
sionally mucroiuite; palea as long as its glume. Grain nearly as
long as the lloral glume. Distributed as Sjuirobolus coinphtnalKs
Scribn. n. sp.
Mexico, Priitf/h' '.iXio.
Under cool eliU's, near Guadalajara, State of Jalisco.
Scribner says: "This grass diil'ers from yi);<VY///7^<'.s' as described
by Bentbam & Hooker in the widely ditl'use i>anicle 'IMie irregu-
lar disposition of the branches, the firm texture of the floral glume,
large palca and terminal awn or mucro, separate it from AyrostiK.
The adherent pericarp alone separates it from Sporobuhii^. l-'rom
Mi(hh'iiberyi(i it is distinguished by its loosely enclosed caryopsis."
7. E. rigens Henth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 19:88 (1881). Citnia
macrotim Thurb. not Kunth, S. Wats. Hot. Calif. 2:270 (1880).
Perennial; cuIjhs rigid, erect, smooth, 00-120 cm. high. Sheaths
longer than the internodes, loose, smootli or glabrous; ligule 4-G
mm. long; blades scabrous, rigid, narrow, strongly involute, a])ex
attenuate, 10-30 cm. long. Panicle exserted or with the base in-
cluded, erect, dense, spikelike, interrupted below, 20-50 cm. long,
AdIfosriDK.K 311
7-0 (Mill, iliiim. Spikt'lot^ iiiinnwiy ollipticiil, niinuti'ly .sculiroiirt;
(•iii|»ty iiiiiiiu's wliiti", till' ti|» of tlu' tlori't yi'Howi.sli, aliout :i mm.
Iniiir, tli'st and sofoiid ;j:lmiios sub('<|uul, very obscurely iiorvcij. alutiit
2 mm. loiiir: llorct nwiiK'ss. mimiicly piilK'scoiit, with a small hairy
niUud l>e!o\v. Aiitlicrs 'i mm. lon^'.
Mexico. /'/•//////<• 417. Pnlmvr 'l\.
Calit'oriiia t(» Arizona ami Mexico.
'I'his forms, in .Mexico, tall Imnches alonj;" stronms, and incliar-
ncter and qnalily rescmhlis S/ioro/io/ifs Wriiihlii, wliicit ranks as
fairly <rooil.
H. E. mutica l{ii|.r. Mull. Acad. Unix, '.i: pari •', •.•:5(i (lSI-2).
A stout erect tufted ;;rass. DO-I.')!) em. lii;:li. culms compressed,
without cavity, very hard. Slu-atha lon;;er than tlie internodes:
]i;j;ule a mere rini;-; blades hard. rou;.di. conduplicatc, the lower
0-15 cm. lonir. /i-d mm. wide; those of tlip culm tiO or mure cm.
lonj;, the blade aliruptly narrowed where it h'aves the sheath, apex
lon^', attenuate. Panicle exserted, erect, ')()(>() cm. loii,i,', '>\->i ••m.
wide, compact with numerous erect branches, some of which arc ].'>
em. long. Spikelets short-awned or awnless, linear, acute, '2.'.' mm.
long; empty glumes erpuil, nearly 'I mm. long, elliptical, soft, the
nerves very obscure; floral glume and paloa eipial, clli|)tical, acute,
a little longer than the empty glumes, containing a few very short
hairs.
There are some spikijlets apparently sterile and about 3 mm.
long, with a lloret half as long, containing a very .short awn.
Mexico (Jalisco), Ptthiicr 5 IS.
0. E. anomala S(;ril)n. ined.; distributed as Mvlini (?) nnoinahr
Seribn. n. sp.
A tufted grass, OO-SO cm. higli. Sheaths longer than the in-
ternodes; ligule firm below, white and very thin above, :J mm. long;
blades 4-5. scabrous. Hat, the ti})S involute-liliform,".M)-;}Oem. long,
4-0 mm. wide, the upjjcr one filiform, 5 em. long. Panicle erect,
exserted, lanceolate, interrupted below, IS-^.') cm. long, rays erect,
in threes and fours, the longest 5-7 cm. long, tlower-bearing for
most of its length, the upper 1-3 cm. long, bearing small spikelets
in dense clusters. Spikelets pur])le, 1-llowered, with no rudiment of
312 POACE.E.
a second, sessile or on short stiil stniiglit or curved pedicels, linear,
about 3 mm. long; the three glumes softly scabrid with small warts;
first empty glume lanceolate, 1-2-3-nerved, often toothed, '^.5 mm.
long, second ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, often
toothed, 2-'^. 5 mm. long; lloral glume very thin below, broadly
oval, obtuse or truncate, often with very short teeth, '^'-o-nerved, 3
mm. long; palea oval, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2 mm. long.
Mexico (Chihuahua), Pritujie 14'23.
63. (131). POLYPOGON Desf. Fl. Atl. 1:0(3 (1798). Stwtia
Savi, Mem. Soc. Ital. 8c. (VIII.) 2:4:9 (1T9S). liusjiaiUa Mem.
See. Ital. Mod. 8: (2) 479 (1798). Presl. Keliq. llt«nk. 1:238, /.
40 (1830). ^'oimlti'orsk-jia Presl, IJel. Ihvnk. 1:238 (1830).
Spikelets l-Uowered in a dense si)ikelike or slightly interrupted
and spreading panicle, pedicels articulate with a tuft of short hairs
above the articulation; empty glumes subequal with a terminal
straight awn, iloral glume smaller, thinner, usualh' hyaline, entire
or notched, with an awn in the notch or on the back, either twisted
and bent at the base, or small and straight or reduced to a minute
point. Palea smaller. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. CJrain
enclosed but not adherent.
These grasses arc mostly annuals with decumbent bases. The
panicle is terminal. There are ten species widely distributed over
the globe. Bentham says: "The ger end structure is almost pre-
cisely that of Ganiotia in tribe Trisu ,:iUW, from which indeed
PoJjipogon only differs in the inflorescence being dense and spikelike,
not loosely paniculate."
A. Awns nearly concealing the spikelets 1, 3
B. Awns not concealing the spikelets (a)
a. Empty glumes linear-lanceolate 3
a. Empty glumes obtuse when spread open 4
1. P. MONSPKLIEXSIS (L.) Dcsf. 1. C. AXXUAL BeARD-GRASS.
Alnpecurus nioihspeh'eiisis L. Sp. PI. 89 (1753).
An erect or geniculate annual, 30-3G cm. high. Sheaths nearly
as long as the internodes, the upper slightly inflated; ligule 4-6
mm. long; blades flat, scabrid. Spikelike panicle mostly exserted,
oval or cylindrical, dense, showing branches more or less, often of a
AOHOSTIDK.E.
313
yollowisli sliiuing green, 3-8 cm. long, 1-3 cm. diam. Spikelets
iiiirrow, very numerous, nearly concealed by the slender awns, the
hairs at the base few and very short, narrow, about 3 mm. long;
em[)ty glumes })ubescent or elliate, obtuse or retusc. elliptical,
1-nerved, awns 4-7 mm. long; floral glume 1 mm. long, broad hya-
line, truncate-jagged, awu as long as the lloret, shorter or wanting;
palca L'-tocthed.
(Jeorgia, r'Afr/i; 3951; Kansas, Ilenri/; Colorado, rc/.v.v/r///; ^Mon-
tana, AiulerHon 18; Washington, Ijtke, Sanilln'ni 380; Oregon,
J/otri'U; California, Sones 100, Farifih 8G8; Arizona, 7'(iiniiri/ 773.
Introduced on the coast of both oceans; also in Colorado, Mon-
tana, Nevada, Ttah, Kansas; also found in Australia aiul in most
tcini)crate ami subtropical regions of the Old World. It is considered
a weed, though it is sometimes cultivated for ornament.
3. V. 51 A urn MI'S Willd. Ges. Xaturf. Fr. ^eue Schr. 3:443
(1801). AloperurHs iiiarifiiiiifs Toir. Encyc. 8:780 (1804).
An erect annual; culms sim-
ple, 15-30 cm. high. Ligule 4
mm. long; blades Hat. Spike
dense, 3-4 cm. long. Ein{)ty
glumes equal, villous at the tips
and 3-lobed, awn 4-G mm. long;
lloral glume 7 mm. long, 4-
toothed.
Introduced on the sea shore of
Xorth and South Carolina, Chap-
man.
3. P. elongatus (Poir.) 11. 13.
K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 134 (1815).
Alopecurus elonf/a/iis Poir. En-
cycl. Suppl. 5:495 (1804).
Erect, geniculate below, GO-
90 cm. high. Sheaths smooth,
about the length of the inter- f^j. rA.-Pol>/pofjon elongatm. A,
nodes; upper ligule broad, o])tuse, s^pikclot; «, tloiei. (Scrilmer.)
4-G mm. long; blades Hat, neurlv smooth, 13-lG cm. long, 4.7 mm.
314 POACE.E.
wide. I'aniclo much exserted, erect or nodding, interrupted,
15-30 cm. long, pedicels scabrous, clavate, -1-0 mm. long.
Spikelets linear-lanceolate, acute, 3—4 mm. long; emi)ty glumes
linear -lanceolate, awn -pointed, .scabrous on the back, 1-nerved;
lloral glume thin, broad, truncate. 4-5-toothed, 4-5-nerved, with a
straight awn on the back above the middle l-'Z mm. long; palea
about half as long as its glume.
Southern California ; by streams of Santa IJita Mountains in
Arizona; ^Mexico.
Karely met with by ]\Ir. Pringle, and then only in damp
shaded ledges.
•4. P. iJTTOULis Sm. Comp. Fl. Brit. Ed. J>, 13 (1816). Bot.
Calif. 3:270 (1880).
A tufted })ereniiial, 30-60 cm. high, ascending from rootstocks.
Sheaths nearly as long as the internodes; the upjier slightly in-
llated; ligule acute, 4-5 mm. long; blades flat, narrow, scabrid.
]*anicle usually exserted, much lobed, often tinged with purple,
5-12 cm. long. Spikelets narrow, pointed, 2-2. '7 mm. long, S(!a-
brid, the awns as long as the ejni)ty glumes, which are elliptical
when spread, appearing acute as tlie apex is involute; floret 1 nnn,
long, bearing an exserted awn nearly twice its length ; floral glume
broadly truncate, jagged, hyaline; palea 2-toothed.
Oregon, IloiceU for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 414; California,
JoneK 2352, Prinf/le.
Apparently introduced in wet places.
Texas to Oregon and Calfornia.
03. (48). ThurbeKIA Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 19: 58 (1881).
(h-eenia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5:142 (1837), not Walk.
»S: Arn. Srlerarhne 'I'orr. Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (\'I)
0:273 (1845).
Spikelets 1 -flowered, narrow, in slender panicles, pedicel articu-
late. Glumes 3, empty, subequal, awnless, nerves obscure, the
floral glume a little shorter, slender, usually torn so as to api)ear
bifid, a long slender geniculate awn a little below the point; palea
a little shorter, narrow, hyaline, 2-keeled. Lodiculcs 2, longer
than the short anthers. Stamens 3. Styles ehort, distinct, stig-
AdHOSTIDE.E.
315
iniis with sliort liiiirs. Grain i)iirrow-ol)loug, iucludod, but not
adherent.
Decumbent grasses witli nuiny cuhns or brandies, the culms
slender, ascending or erect, with narrow flat leaf-blades. Panicle
terminal, narrow, elongated, with short slender erect branches.
Fio, 55. — Thiivheria Avkansana. A, spikelot; a, floret. (Scribiu-r.)
Spiivelets few or numerous, glabrous, pubescent, not surrounded
with cilia.
S))ecies 3, Xorth American.
Bentham observes: '* 77/ ?/;7>r>vV/ was substituted for the names
proposed by Nuttall and Torrey, because both of them had been
preoccupied. The present name was for Dr. Geo. Thurber, an
:n6
POACK.E.
eminent {igrostolo<,Mst, Dr. (Jniy also iledioated a genus to liim,
but it afterwards proved not to be distin(3t from (liisxiipinm.''
1. T. Arkansana (Torr.) Bentli. 1. e. Sderachnc Arkunmna
Torr. 1. 0. (i rem id Arhniaantt Nutt. 1. c.
A soft delicate slender annual, 30-00 cm. liigh. Ligule sbort;
blades 5-8 cm. long. Panicle 1;2 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad. Spike-
lets oval-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, witb an awn three times as long;
em))ty glumes and floral glume ;J-nerved.
'J'exas, HevcMion for U. S. De])t. Agricul. 147, (lillcspic for
Nat. Herb., Xcallci/ for Tsat. Herb.
Florida to Arkansas and Soutlnvcst.
G4. (133). Arctagrostis Griseb. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4:434
(1853).
S])ikelets l-flo\vered, panicle narrow, racliilla articulate above the
lower glumes, smooth, not produced above the flower or very rarely
extending as a minute bristle. Empty glumes slightly unequal,
moderately acute, membranous; floral glume obtuse or 3-toothed,
5-nerved, the lateral ones obscure, unawned; palea as long as its
glume or shorter, 3-nerved, obtuse, or :.*-toothed. Stamens 2-3.
Styles distinct, very short. Grain oblong, included but not ad-
herent.
A tufted perennial grass. Leaf-blades flat. Panicles slightly
branched, often compact. Spikelets in most respects like those of
Ayrostis. Two species are found in the arctic and subarctic re-
gions of Euroi)e, Asia, and America. A
genus according to lirown related to Col-
poilimn, according to lientham related to
Dei/eii:ria. The habit and size of the spike-
lets are more nearly like those of J*0(t than
of Af/roffis.
1. A. latifolia (H. lir.) Griosb. 1. c.
Colpodium latifoUiim R. Br. Sup])l. Ap]i.
^ _„ , , ,- , .. Parry's Voy. cclxxxvi (1S24). A(n-usii>i
FiQ. 56. — Arctagrostis lah- "^ ' \,
foli'ii. A, spikelei; a, paradoxa R. Br. Ross' A"oy. App. ed. 2^
^ 2 : 108 (1810), name only.
Culms 10-18-80 (I) cm. high. Leaf-blades of the culm 2-T
A(iHOSTlDE/E. 'AH
cm. long, acute, sometimes 10-15 mm, wide, Pjuiielo 4-G-20 em.
long, niirrow. S|»ii\elets 4-.") mm. long, ovtite-lanceliite; empty
glumes oboval, tirst a little over :l mm, long, 1-nervetl, second about
[i mm, long with 3 obscure nerves; lloral glume oval, compressed-
keeled, scabrid on the back, the nuirgins and tip scarious; jialea
oblong, minutely scabrid,
'J'he above ut)tes under the si)ecies were made after a study of
specimens collected by Lieut. A. W. (Jreely iu 188;:^ and 1883 in
Grinuell,
2, A. arundinacea (Trin,). Vilt\( ariindinavea Trin. Unill.
loT (1824), SjmrobolHsannulinaceufi Vasey, Cat. Gr. U. S. (18S5).
Colpodium arundiiiaceinn Hook. Fl. lior. Am. 2:238 (1840).
A stout perennial, 30-ltO cm, high, with cree])ing rootstocks;
culms simple. Sheaths about half as long as the internodes; ligule
lacerate, 3-4-7 mm. long; bla<les of sterile shoots few and short,
the middle and upper ones 25 cm. long, 1 cm. wide. Panicle ex-
serted, lanceolate, 20-30 cm. long; rays scabrous in half-whorls of
4-7, which are distant 4-5 cm. ; some of them only 2-3 cm. long
and flower-hearing for their whole length, the longest 10-12 cm.,
interrupted and naked for a half to a third of their length. Spike-
lets on short pedicels, appressed, light green, often tinged with
purple; empty glumes thin, ovate-lanceolate, compressed, keeled,
1-3-nerved. first 3-4 mm. long, second 3-nerved, 4-5 mm. long;
floral glume scabrid, compressed, ovate-lanceolate, 5-nerved, the
lateral nerves obscure, 4.5 mm. long; palea elliptical, round on
the back, nerves obscure, 4 mm. long,
Alaska, Harrington m 1871-2, L. M, Turner in 1884; Bering
Sea (Pribylov Islands), Dr. Mcrriam.
Alaska and British America.
G5. (134). CiNNA L. Sp. PI. 5 (1753). Ahula Adans. Fam. 2:
31 (17G3), liUittUi Fries, Novit, Fl, Suec, Maut, 2:2 (1831»),
Spikelots 1-flowered, compressed in an open spreading panicle,
rachilla articulate above the outer glumes and often produced be-
yond the floret in a small pedicel, Km})ty glumes persistent,
lanceolate, acute, with a hispid keel, first 1 -nerved, second 1-3-
nervcd; floral glume usually stipitate above the empty glumes and
318 POACE.E.
uhout tlie Siinie liMifftli. o-iiervcd. sliort-awiiod on tlio buck noar tlie
apex; jnilea nearly as long as ils gliinu', 'J-nerved or the nerves united
as one. Stamen 1 (2-;5 in C. Bolanilvri). Styles short, distinct.
Grain linear, oblong, inclnded, but not adherent.
Tall perennial grassi'S with Hat leaf-blades.
Bentham says:- *• They have the tall reedlike habit of the large
species of CalaiiKifjrosfis, but with a glabrous rachilla and thepalea
with one nerve; the latter is a very remarkable character for the
tribe. They have but one stamen to the ilower. Several other
grasses of America have been published as siiecies of China, but are
now referred to Kpintmpes or /)c>/eH.n'((."
There are three species, two of which are common to Northern
Europe and North America.
Spikelets 5-0 mm. long 1
Si)ikelet3 3-3.5 mm. long , . . 2
Spikelets about 3 mm. long, var. glomerata of numlier . . ;.*
Spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, floret sessile .3
1. C. arundinacea L. Sp. PL 5 (1753). Afjrosiis cinna Lam.
111. AiU'l (1701). MKhleitherriia riiuin Trin. Diss. 1 : 191 (18;U).
M. pi'iiilul(( r>ong. Vasey Monog. 1. c. (1893). Hhjttia suavcolens
Fries, Mant. 2:2 (1839).
Culms smooth, stout, simple, erect, 90-200 cm. high. Sheaths
mostly shorter i ;in the 5-7 internodes; blades flat, nearly smooth,
15-20 cm. long, 10-13 mm. wide. Panicle 15-40 cm. long, rays
smooth, in clusters of 3-U, flower-bearing mostly above the middle.
Spikelets green or purple, 5-6 mm. long, first 4-5 mm. long, sec-
ond IJ-nerved, 5-0 mm. long; floral glume 4.5-5 mm. long, awn
obsolete or manifest.
Northern States entirely across the continent.
Michigan, Cooh'ij, Clark 094, Ikal 02, 03, 04; Massachusetts,
Slnrtevant.
Swamps and moist woods.
3. C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4:435 (1853).
Agrosfis JafifoUa Trevir. Goppert, Besclir. ]iot. 83 (1830) ap.
Griseb. Mahlcnhergia 2)e»(/ah( Bong. Veg. Sitch. 173 (1833).
Cinna penduUi Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 6: 380 (1841).
A(iUOSTIDE.E.
319
Fi<!. 57. — Ciium Idiifolki. Spike-
let. (ScMibiier.)
Culms usually more slciuler than those of C. arunih)uii-e<i;
blades rather shorter. Panicle
less robust, the rays rougli, more
slender, fiexuose and nodding.
Spikelets 3-;5.5 mm. long, more
delicate in texture, less scabrous,
nerves less prominent ; empty
glumes equal or the lower 0.5 mm.
shorter, second glume l-3-nerved,
otherwise like the preceding.
New IIami)shire, Fu.rnn 22;
Vermont, Prinnlv for IVlton;
^linnesota, liuUeij B 323; Colo-
rado, CassiiUj; Utah, Jones 1219; British Columbia, Macouw,
Oregon, Howell for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 421.
For notes by Scribner comparing the two species, see Pro-
ceedings of the Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila. p. 28!), in 1.S8-4.
Northern States across the continent.
Var. glomerata S(;ribn. ined. Empty glumes equal, 1-nerved.
very narrow, Hcumiuate-pointed and scarcely more than 2 mm.
long; spikelets in dense clusters or glomerules along the extremities
of the branches of the very diffuse panicle. The above was taken or
adapted from Scribner in Proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil,
p. 290, 1884.
British Columbia, Macoioi.
3. C. Bolanderi Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. 200 (1S84).
Culms stout, smootli, sometimes 20 cu). high. Lcaf-l)hide3 firm,
prominently striate and scabrous on both sides, those of tlie middle
})ortion of the culm 30-()0 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, all tapering to a
sharp point. Panicle loose, Avidely spreading, 40-50 cm. long.
Spikelets 4-5 mm. long; empty glumes scabrous, subequal, broadly
lanceolate, second glume 3-nerved; lloret extending as high as the
second glume, 3-nerved, scarcely it at all sti])itate.
Yasey considered it only a var. of C. poidiiht.
California, liohnuler 6090.
60. (129). Agrostis L. Sp. PI. (ir5;5), in part. ViJfa Adans.
320 POACEiE.
Film. ;>: 405(1 7(i;3). AreiHi Hall, Stop, hitrod. 74(1777). 7'rir/w-
(/l(//n .Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:41 (1S()3). ncranduliu liu^iL ¥1.
Maine-i't-Loiru, :.'8 (180'.t). Aiirmdus l^eiuiv. Agrost. 5 (IST^).
Xesonema Ifatlii. Neogeiiyt. 4 (IS'^o). PcreUenm I'resl, J[eli(|.
llii'uk. l:-^:)3, /. ;J7 (18;U)). liromidinni Xoos, 1*1. Meyeu. I'A
(18:55).
Spikolcts 1-4 mm. \o\\\i, l-lloworod, iJcdicolhite in a loose spread-
ing or narrow or even spikelike panicle, the raehilla articulate above
the outer glumes, glabrous or nearly so, not |>roduced beyond the
llower. The two outer glumes persistent, narrow, keeled, acute,
uiuiwned; iloral glume shorter, broad, delicately hyaline, unawned
or with a slender twisted dorsal awn, attached below, or sonietiuies
above the middle; palea very thin, not over Indt' the length of its
glume, often very minute or none. Stamens 3. Styles very short,
distinct. Grain enclosed but atlheront.
Elegant tufted or creeping annual or i)erennial grasses, the
blades flat or setaceous, the panicles terminal, often slender with
many filiform branches, spikelets very numerous.
There are about 100 species, very widely distributed in temper-
ate and in cold climates; a few are almost cosmopolitan. A small
number are i)rominent for meadows, pastures, and lawns.
It is very difficult to separate the genus into sections; the pres-
ence of a dorsal awn or the absence of an awn hos l)c-en used, but
this has been shown to be a very inconstant and unreliable charac-
ter, as some of the seedlings from the same plant have awns on tlie
florets, while others have none.
A. Floret awned (a)
a. Awn exserted (d)
d. Awn very slender, flexuose, over 5 mm. long. . 1, 2
d. Awn bent, not flexuose, shorter (e)
e. Panicle thin, branches thin, flexuose. ... 3
e. Panicle stout, branches ascending 4
e. Panicle slender, open, small 5, G
e. Panicle spikelike ([))
J). Plants dwarf, 4-10 cm. high 7
p. Plants much taller 8
AGUOSTIDE.E. 391
a. Awn littli' oi .lot exsurti-d. (b)
f. Piiiiiclc siiii|ile, hraiu'lics rapilhiry, awn usually
slightly projoctiug, culms with few leaves ...
uiul possibly some of 10, 11
f. Panicle spikelike 10
B. Floret awnless (b)
b. Si)ikelet less than "Z mm. long (rarely "i in no., 18) . (g)
g. Panicle narrow, thin, purple, emi»ty glumes and
floral glume reaching to the same height. . . . 15
g. Panicle with long capillary rays, flower-bearing only
near the ends, sometimes plants of 11
g. Panicle dense, usually pale green 17
b. Spikelet 2-4 (very rarely less than 2) mm. long. . . (h)
h. Panicle dense, somewhat lobed, nsually pale green,
ligule 3-5 mm. long 17
h. Panicle not dense, though sometimes s^imple. . . (i)
1. Panicle 3-8 cm. long, purple. ...... (j)
j. lilades involute IS
J. Blades flat 20-
i. Panicle of well-grown plants more than 8 cm.
long (k)
k. Palea 1.3-2.3 mm. long, as long as its glume. (1)
1. Ligule 3-5 mm. long, rays 8-15. . . .21
1. Ligule 3-5 mm. long, rays 15-25, panicle
denser, 15-25 cm. long. 22
k. Palea or minute (m)
m. I'anicle light green, rays erect, spikelet
2-2.5-3 mm 13, 14
m. Plant 30-60 cm. high (n)
n. Panicle pale green, 10-18 cm. long,
flower-bearing from near the middle. 12
n. Panicle simple, thin, rays flower-
bearing near the tips (o)
o. Panicle 10-12 cm. long. . . . 23
o. Panicle 20-30 cm. long, possibly
some of 10
322 I'OACE/K.
111. I'lanI ()(»-!»() cMi lii<,'li (r)
r. Upper ligulo ;{-') nini. Ion;;, puiiicle
raist'd '^0 cm. uhovo tlio upper leaf. . :ii
r. I'ppcr ligiilo 5-!) mm. lon^', culm
G0-«() cm. Iii^rli (s)
s. Spikok'ts 2.5-1$ mm. long, densely
flowering on the upper third of the
briinches 25
s. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, rays
llowering from about the middle. . 20
1. A. Elliottiana Schult. .Mant. 2::}r2 (1.S24). A. amchnoidvs
Ell. Hot. S. C. &, (Ja. 1: IIU (IHIT). not I'oir.
(1810).
Culms tufted, weak and slender. .'50-50 cm. high. Sheaths
scabrous; ligule 3 mm. long: blades narrow, thin, 2-8 cm. long.
Panicle exserled, weak and dilTuse when mature, rave scabrous,
cai)illary in remote half-whorls of 3-0, branching above the middle,
flower-bearing at and near the tips. Spikelets nearly 2 mm. long;
enijjty glumes subequal, scabrous on the keel, scarcely acute when
spread; floral glume 1.5 mm. long, 5-nerved, with 2 minute bristles
at the truncate apex, and a very slender flexnose awii 7 mm. long,
on the back a little below the apex; palea smaller than its glume
or Avantiug.
The panicles of this species much resemble those of A. {acnhra)
hii'inalis, but the very slender awns enable us very readily to dis-
tinguish one from the other. Possibly it is an awned form of A.
hivmalis.
Tennessee to Texas. April to May and June.
2. A. exigua Thurb. S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 27.5 (1880).
A dwarf annual, 3-10 cm. high, sometimes branching near the
base. Sheaths very Ioofc; ligule about 2 mm. long, acute; blades
4-30 mm. long, mostly convolute, rough. Panicle half the length
of the plant, included, at length open, lower rays about 5, others
in pairs, the longest 2.5 cm. long, bearing 1-5 spikelets above the
middle. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, empty glumes obtuse, purplish,
clothed with minute scattered hairs ; floral glume as long as the
A(il{()STII)K.K. '.i2'.i
empty plumes, ri-norvcd, sciibroii.s, with few minute l)iiirs. very
acute, tertuiiiutiug in 'Z setie, iiwn oiu'-liftli Itclow tiie tips uinl pio-
jectiu",' 5-0 luin.: piileu or miiiuti'. Not seen by me.
Ciilironiiii, liiilamlfr.
;). A. Howellii S<iil)u. Vasey, Coiitril). U. S. Nut. Herb. ;J:7(;
(1802).
I'erennii;!; culms weak, ji^eiiieulate, 40-00 cm. lii^Mi. Sheallis
smooth, about 4 in number, near'y as lon^' as the intornodes;
li<jule 4-0 mnj. Ion*;, bhules Hat, slightly scabrid, '^O-IiO cm. long,
4-5 mm. wide. I'anide greenisli white, exserted, dilTuse. flexuose,
18-20 cm. long, the lower rays in distant hali'-whorls of 5-7, the
upper ones in pairs, capillary, brandling at and above the mid-
dle, some of them 8 cm. long, flower-bearing near the tips. Spike-
lets 3-4 mm. long, scabrous on the kei'ls, llrst glume .'5.5 mm.
long, a little longer than the second; lloral glume 2.5-;2.S mm.
long, laeerate-tootbed, 4-nerved above, the awn attached bi'low tiie
niiddle, bent, not llexuose, exceeding its glume by ii-4 mm., hairs
0.5-O.T mm. long; ])alea 0.
Oregon, Ifawr/1 108. In 1882, distributed as J. Sconlcrii Trin.
Alaska to Californi'i.
4. A. virescens II. R K. Xov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 135 (1S15).
A stout erect ))erennial, IJ()-80cm. high. Sheaths nearly smooth,
the secoiul from the top half as long as the internodes; ligule trun-
cate, about 4 mm. long: blades erect, flat, scabrid, 12-16 cm. long,
5-9 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, i)ale green or brownish, tinged
with purple, 15-18 cm. long, IJ-4 cm. broad, the rays in clusters
of 5-15, distant about 3 cm., the short ones flower-bearing nearly to
the base, the longest flower-bearing from about the middle. Spike-
lets with empty glumes very acute, scabrid throughout; first glume
3.5 mm. long besides a bristle 1 mm. long, second 3 mm. long
besides a short bristle; floral glume over 2 mm. long, with a few
very short hairs at the base, very broad, truncate, 5-nerved below,
the lateral nerves terminating in minute bristles, the awn rather
stout, attached near the middle, projwting 4 mm. ; palea 0.
Tlie plants seen belong to Scribner and were collected by liolan-
der and ticketed ''A. rin'dis, fide Muuro. A.jmllida fideThurber.'*
n24 POACK.K.
(!uliforniii to Mexico.
A. A. canina li. S|». IM. (i2 {17!)'.]). Trirhoilium nniinuw Schrail.
Fl. (icrm. 1 : r.iS (iSdC). .tifnni/us nniitms Hciiuv. A^Tont. 1 l«l
(LSI*.'). Hkown Hknt (iiiAss. A. \iirtf-An{//iir Vuscv, in part.
Culms sloiider. itcoI or sprt'iKlinjf, '^()-<(0 ciii. lii<,'li. from miittod
perennial I'ootstocks. Shcatlis smooth, mostly lon^rer than tlio in-
ternodt's; lij,'tilo obtuse, 'Z~'.\ mm. lou<f; Iiliides of sterile shoots in-
volute, slender, r)-l() cm. loii<;, the upper lliil. I*unicle purple,
hrowu or ;,'rcenish, open. .')-!, ^ cm. lonj;; niys scubrid, in clusters of
;$-.'» ]'!, in paii's or .solitary above, rou;,hened. branchin<j above the
middle. S|)ikelets '2 '.\ mm. Ion;:; eJupty ^'lumes sliirhlly uiieipial.
very acuite; lloral ;;lum(! truncate with .') excurrent nerves, one-third
shorter than tint empty ^dumes. I>earin;,'on the back at or below tiie
middle a twisted, exsertecl awn; palea absent or very small. Very
varial)le. Fi^'. 71, Vol. 1.
Vermont, Prinf/lc ; New Hampshire, /•liii/ 4:i»'».') from Con^don.
Found in the mountains of New Knuland to the Kocky iMoun-
tains; also in South Anwrica, Europe, Siberia, western Asia,
Australia, New Zealand.
Var. alpina Oakes. (^at. Vt. IM. [reprint 12] (1842), not J.
ttlpiiiii Scop, of Europe. I\'rhaps hardly a variety.
Culms S-2(> cm. hi^h ; blades all involute; panicle 2-8 cm. long,
open; spikelets 2 mm. loti^'.
Vermont, Priiujle, Clark 2!)50 from Blake; New Hampshire,
C. I'J. Faxon.
Mountains of Maine, Labrador, to New York.
Var. stolonifera N'asey, Monog. Grasses U. S. & Brit. Am. 75
(1800).
Stobmiferous; blades flat, tliin, 2-4 mm. wide; empty glumes
more unequal; floral glume but little shorter, awn straight.
Oregon, IleNdrrson, IfoiirU.
In looking over specimens from all parts of p]urope, some from
India and elsewhere, the chief peculiarity seems to be the presence
of an awn. Almost any style of small brown slender Agrosfis is
called A. canina, provided it has an awn sticking ont of tlie spike-
let.
AtJUOSTIDK.K. S'iH
In carefully raisiiij,' seedlings of many typioal awnod specimorH
of .(. nniiiKi, Dr. .Jenkins, of Conneotieut, foiintl that only a small
per ecjit of them possessed awns. This being the case, what hin-
ders uniting A. rnfi/((ris with A. vaninn't I leave them as otiiors
Inivu left them, thinking it best to give the subject further atten-
tion before uniting them.
(i. A. setifolia Fourn. llomsl. Hiol. Ccntr. Am. liot. 3: 55 1
(iSHO).
A tufted erect i)erennial, -10-CO cm. high. Leaves of sterile
shoots few, those of the culm 3, ligule decurrent, 1 ;.* mm. long;
blades stri(!t, (iliform, involute, scabrous, 20-'45 cm. long. I'anicle
thin, ovoid, pur[tlish, 10-14 cm. long; raya in twos, threes, and
lives, the longest 5-0 cm. long, hearing a few spikelets on the outer
two-fifths. S[»ikelets ;j mm. long; empty glumes 8ul)e(|ual, ellip-
tical-lan(!eolate when spread; floral glume :.'.'i mm. long, liuncate,
with .'lexcurrent nerves, the twisted atul bent awn projecting '.\ mm.
above its glume; i)alea 0. Very closely related to A. cuitina and
perhaps merely a variety of that species.
Found at an altitude of 10,000 feet.
Mexico (Oaxaea), Priiujle 4895.
7. A. inflata Scribn. ined.
A dwarf perennial, 4-10 cm. high. Siieaths smootli, the upper
inflated; ligule about 1 mm. long; blades erect, flat. i)ungent-
pointed, 2-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Panicle partially included,
spikelike, 1.5-5 cm. long, 4-('tmm. diam. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long;
empty glumes e(pial or subcqiud, each bearing a short bristle; floral
glume l.O mm. long, with a very few short hairs at the base, broad,
truiunite, 4-toothed, 5-nerved below, the awu attached near the
middle and about 4 mm. long; palea 0.
British Columbia (Vancouver Islaiul). }f(tconn 258 in 1893.
8. A. microphylla Stend. Syn. PI. Gram. 164 (1855).
Annual; culms erect, 30-TO cm. high. Sheaths smooth or
scabrid, shorter than the Internodes; ligule decurrent, 3-5 mm.
long; bladeserect, flat or involute, scabrous, 0-20 cm. long, 3-4 mm.
wide; blades of sterile shoots shorter and narrower. Panicle much
exserted, erect, dense, iuterru[)ted, pale green and tinged with
•^'^<» I'OACK.i:,
l)iir|tlt', lO-lT) cui. loiijir, 1-1. f) cm. broad; niys roii<,'li. perliaps 40
at a iiodo, most of tlu'in short ami llowcr-licariii;,' to tlic base.
Spikclets aciitt", s('al)roiis, 'i-'.\ iniii. lon;,% tormiiiati'd in addition hy
u bristle ol'len 1 mm. ioM<,'; lloral ;,'Iiiine l.T) 1.7 mm. lon^^ awn
l)elo\v tlie apex and exten(lin<,f beyond its <,'Iiinie '^-4 mm., <,'liime
rather lirm, lirittio truncate, toothed, uiinntely hairy on the; back,
ob.seurely ^-nerved below; palea or present.
()re<f()n, ('alir«»rnia, Nevathi.
Var. major Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Xat. Herb. 3:72 (1H0;>).
Afirnstis r.rtini/d iiiirr()/)//i///(i S. Wats.
(!ulms :\{) 7') em. hi^di; bhidos hiri^er; panicle 20-;$(» cm. lonj^, more
loosely branched, some rays 8 ln^' ion;;. Tho same range as tho
sp(!cies.
9. A. geminata Trin. rnill. 20': (IS-M).
A tufted erect perennial, 15-40 cm. hi<,di. Ligulo 1 mm. long;
l)lades ol" sterile shoots slightly scabrid. mostly involute, 10-'*0 cm.
long, 1-'^ mm. wide, tho npper node near the middle of the (!ulm.
exclusive of the panicle. J*anicle exserted, purple, narrow or
spreading. S-10 cm. long; rays capillary, scabrous, in half-whorls
of t-(i, some of the longest (} cm. long, branching al)ove the middle,
llower-bearing at and near the ends. Spikelets "i.r)--;5 mm. long,
.scabrous on the kec^ls; first glume a little longer, awn usually pro-
jecting slightly; lloral glume l.(; mm. long, broad, thin, obtusv\
toothed, r)-nerved below, the awn attached near the middle; palea
minute.
Alaska, Jhrritif/toii in is:'|-"^, Dr. /VrIIo(/(/ 119.
Plants from liritish Columbia by Macoitu arc awnlcss.
Alaska to Oregon.
10. A. densiflora Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:73
(1892). .(. DiKi-roiiat,! Thurb., not Mresl.
An erect tufted rather stout annual, 7-23 cm. high. Sheaths
smooth, crowded at the biise. iather loose, longer than the inter-
nodes; lignle dciuirrent. o])tus(s about .'5 mm. long; blades usually
Hat, erect, with scaI)rous nnirgins, 3-U cm. long," 3-.'{ mm. wide.
I'anicle dense, exserted, (irect, 2-5 cm. long, 15-12 mm. broad, rays
.s(!abrous, aj)pressed, ;3-5 in each half-whorl. Spikelets.very pale.
A(il{OSTII»K.K. :i27
H.ti-'.l mm. lonj;; cmply <i;liimt>s miifi-oiialc, miiiU'ly sciilinms. his
))i*i on tlio ki'i'ls, tirsi scurccly loiij,'*'!- tliiiii llu' second; lloral "•lume
miiiutoly sciihroiis, liitluT lirni, Iniiicatc-tootlioil, n miniih* i(»ii;;h
nitlicr stout iiwn attacht'd n littli! Ix'low tlic upox; palea very thin,
0.5-1 mm. ionjf.
Dirtlrihutod as .1. nnirroiitiht I'lvsl, lint it (h)i!S not answer l»»
tlnil (h'scription.
('alirornia, linhnnlrr ^'AWu lh\ ('. A. Aiiticrson.
Oreijon to Calit'ornia.
11. A. hyemalis (Walt.) M. S. P. (^it. N. Y. (ISSS). Hair-
cKAs.s. ('(iniiirtij)i(r /ii/HKi/i'WiiU. Kl. Carol. To (17SS). .1. sm/mt
Willd. Sp. IM. 1 :;5'r(> (rM»!>). Trirli(i(lii(iii hijilhinaii Mij^'ol. Miehx.
V\. 1. 4•^ (1S0;J). 7'. sctdn-iim Muhl. (iram. (11 (ISII). .1.
Michaiixii Trin. Tnill. '.'()() (IS'^I).
An er(!ct slender tiil'led hiennial t»r pi.'rennial, .'JO (10 cm. hif^h.
liif^ulo of the upper leaves 1 mm. lon<i^; blades scahrons, soon invo-
lute, I{-1() cm. Ion;,', -i mm. wide. I'anieh* ex.sertetl when matnre,
pnrpl(! or hrown, Ihin. 20-:)<) cm. lon^', branches ron^h, capillary,
pnrplish, \\-\'l in each hall'-whorl, 4-7 cm. distant from eaidi oilier,
spread inij, 10 -I H cm. lon^, liranchin^ above tlu! middle, llowcr-
bearin^' only at and near the tips. SpiUelets I. r> '.'.."» mm. lon^,
nsnally about 2 mm., scahrons on the ktuda, flumes very acnte.
the lower (tne the longer; lloral ^Inme 1.*^ I.Tmm. lon^', obtuse,
r»-nerved, sonu'times short -awned ; palea minute or obsolete. Very
variable.
New r>rnnswick, Fo/r/cr: Massacdiusetts. S/iir/rrit/if, lUuil (ill;
Vermont, /'ri//(/lr: New .Jersey. Sm'/uirr for l'. S. Dept. A^n'icul.
4o:{; Mi(!hi;riiii, C/nr/,- (i!H>. /Ira/ (i,"), (W). (,]', Funiuil, /•'. A'. Wood
.■{:)>S(!; Illinois. Ural (IS; Iowa. llUrlniuk; Minnesota, lUtUvji W
r^J); Colorado, rtitlrrsoii '?JV,\\ Montana. Amhrsoii 1(1, tlO; Wyo-
miu^S Hiijfinii e :lit, c SS, c !)(); Arizona, Joiu's 401. '>, '/'oitnifi/
';;{r, 738, ■;:;, 1137 b; Washin.^ton. A''/r.- (M-e^'on, I/o/rc/l; CnVi-
fornia, Fan's/i l.'idO A, 1,^)(10; Southern California, /'ii/nivr "i'.W,
2;5!>; Texas. Xtvllri/: Mexico. /'riii;//r !4-»0.
Common from New Mn,i;land to Alaska and southward; also in
328 POACE.E.
Siberia. When tniiture the panicles breaiv away and are carried for
long distances by the wind.
12. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerni. Am. .lourn. Sci. (II.)45:
44(18413). TmxGuAss. (Joniucopicp perennans WnM. Fl. Carol.
73 (1788). Tnchodium derunihens Miciix. V\. Bor. Am. 1:42
(1803). T. perennans Ell. Hot. S. C. i^ (la. 1 : !l'.t (1823).
Culms weak, slender, erect from a decumbent base, 30-00 cm.
high. Sheaths smooth, about the lengtli of the internodes; ligulo
3-4 mm. long; bhides flat, thin, scabrid, the upper 10-15 cm.
long, 2-4 mm. wide. Panicle often included at the liase, dilTusc,
pale green, 10-18 cm. long; rays ca[)illary in clusters of 2-4-10,
the clusters 3-4 cm. distant, some rays G cm. long, dividing and
flower-bearing from near the middle. Spikelets acuminate, scabrid
on the keels, 2-2.5 mm. long; first glume the longer; llond glume
thin, awnless or rarely short-awned, 1.7 mi!'., long, truncate-toothed,
5-nerved; palea or minute. Nearly allied to A. Iii/cnia/is.
Damp shade; July, August, New England, Michigan, to Texas.
13. A. Diegoensis Vasey, Hull. Torr. (Mub. 13 55 (ISSC). A
foUom Wasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 10:03 (1883). A. nxdtindniis
Vasey in numerous distributions.
Culms smootli or scabrid, stout, 60-100 cm. high, sometimes
with rootstocks. Ligule acute. 4 mm. long; blades of the culm
about 5 in nuinber, erect, scabrid, flat, or involute, 10-18 cm. long,
2-4 mm. wide. Panicle lanceolate, 15-20 cm. long, light green ; rays
erect in clusters of 5-10, the lower clusters 3-5 cm. distant, the
longest ray 5 mm. long and flower-bearing above the middle, the
shorter bearing si)ikelets to the base. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long;
flrst glume vscal)ri(l on the keel, ovate-acute, second smooth, shorter,
1-3-nerved; floral glume broad-oval when ^itread, ol)tuse, minutely
scabrid, 1.8-2 mm. long, 4-nerved above, awn near the middle,
minnte or obsolete, hairs at the base very few and short: palea 0.
"The panicle resembles that of A. alba, but is narrower,
shorter, and more closely flowered." Vasey.
Washington, JfoireU; Oregon, Bolander; California, Orrutt.
14. A. Scouleri Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 0:329
(1845). A. repens Scribn., not Sincl.
AUKOS'l'lDIvK. 329
An erect i^erennial, 30-75 cm. high, from nimiinf? rootstock-^.
Sheaths smooth, longer tlum the internodes; ligiile ohtuse, 2 mm.
long; blades 7-10 cm. long, the upper much shorter, flat or invo-
lute, 3 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long;
longest rays 3 cm. long, bearing a few spikelets above the middle.
Spikelets 2 mm. long, very pale or tinged with purple; empty
glumes acute, the lower a little the longer, 2.5-3 mm. Ion"-; floral
glun>e a little shorter, 5-nerved, truncate, sometimes bearing a
slender awn ; palea or very minute. Xot seen by me.
(Jalilbrnia, Bohnider, Lemmon.
Alaska to California.
IT). A. ffiquivalvis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 2:116 (1841). A.
mnimt var. wf/uit'ah'is Trin. Bong. Fl. Sitch. Act, Petrop. 171
<1832).
A slender tufted pale green perennial, 20-60 cm. high, smooth
or nearly smooth throughout. Sheaths shorter than the internodes;
ligule 0.5-2 mm. long; blades flat, S-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide,
the upjier 1-2 cm. long. J»anielo thin, smooth, very narrow. 5-15
cm. long, rays in distant half-whorls of 2-5 or those above solitary,
3-5 cm. long, mostly flower-bearing above the middle. Spikelets
usually in pairs, reddish purple to i)ale greon, about 1.7 mm. long,
empty glumes and floral glume extending to the same hei"-ht;
emniy glunu's oblong when spread, acute, flrst 1-nerved, second
dt aU'ly 3-norved; floral glume broad-oval, toothed at the apex,
5-!icrved, with a minute hairy callus at the base; palea three-
fourths as long as its glume.
Washington. T. S. Ihpl. A(jricuL 383, from SiiL-xdorf 'dm\ E. C.
Smith.
Alaska to California.
16. A. yerticillata Vill. Prosp. 16 (1785), or Fl. Delph. 16
(1785).
Culms decumbent ami rooting at the lowest nodes, 30-60 cm.
high, nodes sometinjos 8-10 in number. Sheaths smooth, loose,
nearly as long as the internodes; ligule truncate, decumbent, 2-3
mm. long; blades scabrous or very rough, especially above on the
maigins, flat or Anally involute, 2-5-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide.
330 POAC'E^.
Panicle dense, often lobeil or interrupted, 5-10-25 cm. long, rays
M'owded and flower-beari/ig from the base. Spikelets pale green or
purple, minutely pubescent, about 1-5 mm, long; empty glumes
nearly equal, abruptly-pointed, wlien spread ; floral glume broad,
oval, obtuse, minutely 5-toothed, 5-nerved, awnless, but little over
1 mm. long; palea from half the length of its glume to nearly its
length.
' Utah, Jones 1014; Oregon, Howell; Mexico (Jalisco), Palmer
341, 'ISO.
Texas to California and Mexico in moist places ; also fouiul in
southern Eurojjc and Asia.
II. A. exarata Trin. Unif. 205 (1824). A. ronsfricfus Yasex,
in numerous distributions. ^1. areiian'ti Scribn., not CJouan. nor
Schur.
Culms erect, 30-GO, sometimes 90-120 cm. high, from perennial
or annual roots. Sheaths smooth or scabrid, the lower often longer
than the internodes; ligule decurrent, 3-5 mm. long; blades usually
erect, flat, slightly scabrous or very rough, those of the culm G-15
cm. long, 2-5-8 mm. wide; leaves of sterile shoots shorter. Pan-
icle exserted, erect, dense, somewhat lobed, pale green or tinged
with purple, varying much in size, 6-20 cm. long, G-30 mm. broad,
often interrupted more or less below; rays in sets of 3-G, numerous,
rough, mostly flower-bearing to the base. Spikelets acute, 'Z.l-'-l
mm. long, empty glumes very nearly equal, though the lower
usually the longer, scabrous, strongly so on the keel; floral glume
awnless, thin to rather firm and brittle, broad, concave, truncate-
toothed, grooved on the back, 4-nerved above, 5-nerved below,
1.3-1.8 mm. long; palea 0-0.5 mm. long. Stamens 3.
Wisconsin to Oregon, California, and Arizona.
'• It occurs in various forms in all the collections made in the
State [California], ranging from Sitka to California and eastward
to Colorado and New Mexico. No other grass found upon the
coast presents such a variety of puzzling disguises as this. Speci-
mens from wet grounds are 3-4 feet high, while those from dry
mountain-sides are only as many inches. The panicle varies from
a few inches to 1 foot in length. In mountain forms the leaves are
AGKOSTIDE.E. 381
narrow and involute. The presence of awns is more conspicuous
in tlie dwarf forms; the upper jialet does not api)ear to be asso-
ciated with any other character. Tlie following are names which
have been given to forms of this species: J. f/ntudis Trin., spike-
let slender, 10-20 cm. long, A. a.yx'rifoh'n Trin., A. palh'nx
Trin., A. Cdh'furnica Trin., A. mirrophiiJhi Steud." Dr. (J.
ThnrberS. Wats. liot. Calif. 3:273 (ISSO).
18. A. varians Trin. Fund. Agrost. 3:60 (1841). A. hnimtUs
Vasey, liull. Torr. Club, 10:31 (1883). .1. lioxsm Vasey.
A slender erect tufted perennial, 10-40 cm. high. Sheaths
striate, smooth, longer than the intcrnodes; ligulo 3-3 nun. long;
blades scabrid above, often involute, 1-3-8 cm. long, 1 mm. wide.
Panicle often dark purple, 3-7 cm. long, 5-8 mm. broati, rays 1-3
cm. long. Spikelets 2-3.5 mm. long, rough on the keels; floral
glume 1.5-1.7 mm. long, awnless, broad, truncate, toothed, 4-
norved above, 5-nerved below; i)alea 0.
^lexico, Pr ingle 143!; Oregon, Hoii'vU 4G31, CusirTc 797;
Califonua, Pr!n<jJe in 1883; ]\rontanp Anderson at Great Falls.
Montana, Oregon, California, and Mexico.
19. A. tenuis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 10: 31 (1883).
An erect slender tufted perennial, 15-35 cm. high. Ligule
about 2 mm. long; blades about 3 to the culm, flat, nearly smooth.
3-G cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Panicle pyramidal, thin, 5-8 cm.
long; rays capillary in half- whorls of 3-8, or 3 or single above, the
longest 3-5 cm. long, flower-bearing above the middle. Spikelets
tinged with purple, 3-3.5 mm. long; empty glumes acute, first
toothed on the keel, a little the longer; floral glume awnless, 1.3-
1.4 mm. long, thin, oval, obtuse, 5-nerved [3-nerved in original
description]; palea 0.
Oregon to southern California.
30. A. fasciculata (11. B. K.) R. & S. Syst. 3:3G3 (1817).
Yilfa fascicuJafa II. B. K. Nov. fien. et Sp. 1: 139 (1815).
Culms ascending, 15-30 cm. high, froni creeping rootstocks.
Sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule truncate, 3.5 mm. long;
blades flat, scabrous, 3-6 cm. long, 3-2.5 mm. wide. Panicle
linear to elliptical, brown and purple, 4-7 cm. long; rays in half-
332 POACE^E.
whorls of 4-G, the longesi. 2 cm. long, bearing 6-14 spikelets below
the middle. Empty glumes eqiud or siibequul, ovate when spread,
abruptly acute, scabrid on the keel, '-.' mm. long, a little more or
less; floral glume broadly oval, truncate, a little shorter than the
empty glumes; palea broad, 0.7 mm. long.
Mexico, Priugh 4^51, near brooks, at an altitude of 12,000 feet;
also found in Quito, S. A.
21. A. ALUA L. Sp. PI. 63 (1T53). Red Top. Creepino
Hent. Fiorin.
Culms 40-100 cm. high, often decumbent at the base from
perennial rootstocks making a close turf. Sheaths smooth, about
as long as the internodes; ligule oblong or linear, 3-5 mm. long;
blades 5-7, flat, smooth or roughened, 8-18 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide.
Panicle exserted, oblong, green, purple or brown, Vl-ZO cm. long,
spreading when in llower and contracting afterwards; rays rough,
tiie lower in half-whorls of 8-30, some very short, others sometimes
7 cm. long, flower-bearing along the upi)er two-thirds. 8])ikelets
2-2.5 mm. long; first glume exceeding the second but very little
or none; floral glume truncate, 1.5-2 mm. long or a little less, 3-5-
iierved, rarely with a short awn; palea one-third to two-thirds as
long as its glume.
Vermont, Pritujlc; Massachusetts, C. E. Faxon, Beat 72, Stnr-
tevavant; Ontario, Fowler; Pennsylvania, Scrihner for. V . S. De})t.
Agricul. 411; Michigan, dhu/c 692, 693, Coohn, Beal 73, 74, 75,
Fanoell, Prentiss 130; Minnesota, Bailey B 127, llohinger; Illi-
nois, Sandberg 35; Colorado, Cassidg; "Wyoming, Buff urn C 51;
Montana, Anderson 72; District of Columbia, McdariJnj.
No. 4485 of Pringle's Plants of Mexico in 1893, labelled J.
Schiedenna Trin., seems to belong here.
A very variable grass, often abundant on river bottoms and
marshes. In Michigan it is tlie only grass known among farmers
as " Red Top." In Pennsylvania it is known as *' Herd's Grass."
It is a native of Europe.
" Its different forms have given grounds for over 30 nominal
species. A. alba has an elongated acute ligule, and the panicle con-
tracted after flowering; the form once known as the si)ecie3 A. vul-
A(JI«)STIDE.E. 333
garis liasashort truncate ligulo, and the panicle after flowering more
or less spreading." S. Wats. Hot. Calif. 5^71 (188(»).
.1. nihjaris thrives on dry land, A. alha loves marshes. .1.
titohnifvi'a is a stoloniferous state of this species. Michigan, Clark
•-J30T, 2300. For further particulars see Vol. 1, p. 148, Fig. 70,
2a. A. (iiGANTEA Gaud. Agrost. Ilelv. 1;189 (1811) not
l?oth.
Culms robust, GO-120 cm. high, more or less creeping at the
base. Sheaths scabrid or smooth; ligule lacerate, 3-5 cm. long^
blades flat, scabrous above and below, pungent-pointed, 12-18 cm.
long, G-ll mm. wide. Panicle linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, usually brownish or reddish green, 15-25 cm. long; rays of
lower node of panicle crowded, scabrous, 15-25 in number, the
longest 6-12 cm. long, branching and flower-bearing on the up])er
half; some of the rays less than 1 cm. long, second whorl 3-5 cm.
distant, with somewhat fewer ravs. Spikelets about 2 mm. lont'. in
detail varying, and apparently much like those of .1. alba L. j\Ias-
sachusetts (moist land near lioston Harbor), (\ E. Faxon in 18TS,
E. A, Startcvant ; Sackott's Harbor, fjike Ontario, in 1833, labelled
A. alba L. by A. Gray, in his herbarium.
In the herbarium of Harvard University are several pliaits of
this appearance from various parts of Europe, and variously labelk-d,
most of them as A. alba 1j., tliough often with another name below.
23. A. Oregonensis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 13:55 (188(;).
Culms smooth, slender. al)out ('>0 cm. high. Sheaths smootli;
ligule 2 mm. long; blades of the sterile shoots filiform, tliose of the
culm soft, 3 in number, very narrow, involute, 6-10 cm. long.
I'anicle thin, dark purple, lanceolate, nodding, 10-12 cm. lon<',
rays smooth, capillary, in clusters of 3-5, the longest 4-5 cm. long,
flower-bearing for about two-fifths of the extremities. Si)ikolets
lanceolate, slightly scabrous on the keels, 2-2.5 mm. long, the
three glumes reaching to the same height; first glume 1-nerved, sec-
ond faintly 3-nerved uelow; floral glume broad-oval when spread,,
5-nerved, obtuse, apex lacerate-toothed, unawned; palea 0; hairs
at the base very few and short.
"The panicle approaches that of A. hiemalis, but is shorter,
334 POACE.E.
uiul with much shorter und erect brunches, ami a flrmer culm."
Viisey.
Oregon, IIoivcll in 1881; Wushingtoii, Sni'siforf.
24. A. attenuata Vasey. Coult. Hot. (Jiiz. ll:;}:5r (1S80).
Perennial; cuhns sniootii, slender. (»()-90 cm. high. Slieatlis
smooth, shorter than the iuternodes; ligule 3-5 mm. long; blades
scabrous, about L' mm. wide, tlie lower ones 5-10 cm. long, those
above, 3 in number, 8-18 cm. long. I'anicle sometimes exserted,
25 cm. long, pyramidal or nai'rower, tbin, lO-'.'O cm. long; rays
capillary, rough, bearing few spikelets above the middle, the lowest
ones on long peilicels 10-13 cm. long, and 10-15 in a cluster, on
smaller panicles in threes, fives, or sevens. Spikelets purplish, 2.5-;{
mm. long, oblong-lanceolate, scabrous on the keels, first glume a
little longer than the secoiul, both 1-nerved; floral glume broadly
oval, obtuse, 5-nerved, 1.5-3.3 mm. long, a few very short hairs on
the callus at the base, uuawned; palea 0. Very variable as received
from collectors.
Washington, Ifoiderson 1(511, collected near the ocean in moist
fields; Oregon, JloivcUy springy places along the Applegate, also
near Mt. Hood.
35. A. altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci, 45:44
(1843). Coniiiropitp alfissinntn Walt. Fl. Car. 74 (1788). Trichudiitm
elatum. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:01 (1814).
Perennial; culms erect, stout, 00-90 cm. high. Sheaths
scarcely smooth, mostly longer than the iuternodes; the upper lig-
ule acute, 5-0 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots narrow and mostly
involute, the upper flat, scabrous, 10-15 cm. long, 3-0 mm, wide.
Panicle exserted. spreading, green or purple, 15-35 cm. long, rays
scabrous in rather remote clusters of 5-10 below, branching above
the middle, flower-bearing in dense clusters along the upper third
of the branches. Spikelets crowded, 3.5-3 mm. long: empty glumes
acuminate, scabrous on the keels, first a little tlie longer; floral
glume rather firm, broad, awuless, a little shorter than the second
empty glume ; palea 0.
New Jersey, Scribner iovV. S. Dept. Agricul. 31)0; Mississi])pi,
Trncy; California, Bulande r (j103.
A(JUOSTIl)E.E. 835
In swamps, Massachusetts to Texas; also iu California.
)IG. A. Hallii Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 7-4 (1803).
Perennial; culms slender, erect, (lO-SCt cm. lii<fli. Sheaths
scabrid, a little shorter than the internodes; upper ligule acute,
5-7 mm. long, tiie lower ones shorter; blades flat, scabrous
above, I'l-^O cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle exsertcd, whitisii,
green or brown, linear, thin, 10-18 cm. long, the rays capillary in
half-whorls of 5-20, some of the longest 5-T cm. long, branching
and flower-bearing above the middle. Spikelets lanceolate, 3— 4 mm.
long; empty glumes thin, the keels toothed, first glume scarcely
longer than the second floral glume, about 2.4 mm. long, the hairs
at the base about 1.5 mm. long, awnless, obtuse, toothed, minutely
scabrid, 5-nerved, the central one not always extending to the tip;
pa lea 0.
Southern Oregon, Hentlerson 1G08; California, Priiujle in
1S82.
or. (135). Gastridium lieauv. Agrost. 21, t. 0./. G (1812).
Spikelets 1 -flowered in a close tai)ering spikelike panicle; rachilla
articulate above the persistent lower glumes and produced beyond
the perfect flower as a short bristle. Einjity glumes very acute, the
base shining, enlarged, ventricose, concave below, keeled above,
first glume longer than the second; floret about one-fourth as long
as the second glume, having a tuft of very minute hairs at the
base, also hairy on the back, apex truncate-dentate, usually with
a sleiuier twisted awn on the back below the apex exceeding the
spikelet; palea as long as its glume. Stamens 3. Styles short,
distinct. Grain subglobose included, but not adherent.
Tufted annuals with flat leaf -blades. Si)ike exsertcd.
]Jy some authors this genus has been included with Agrostis.
The older authors included it iu Milium on account of the hardness
in the glume.
There are 2 species from the !^^editerranean region, one of which
is also found in tropical Africa and in South America.
1. G. AUSTRALE Beauv. 1. c. XiT-GRASs. G. lendigerum Gaud.
Fl. llelv. 1:176 (1828). G. Jaxum Boiss. & Rent. Pugill. PL
Nov. 126. G. vestitum Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 2:36 (1793).
330
POACE.E.
Culms erect, branching below, 1 5-00 cm. high. Sheaths shorter
tlmii tilt' intuniock's; ligiile -4-.') mm.
long; bliules Hut or involiito, j>iiU' green,
5-12 em. long. Spikelike piinicle, 5-15
cm. long, nearly 1 em. broad, shining
with a lustre like satin. ' Spikelets lan-
ceolate, sliglitly scabrous on the keels,
5-0 mm. long, first glume with a shiny
enlargement at the base.
California near the sea coast, also in
Chili, anil in the vicinity of tlie Medi-
terranean Sea.
1'lie grass appears to be unpalatable
to stock.
G8. (140). CalamaOEOSTIS Adans.
Fam. PI. 3:31 {\7ij-6). Dci/vKxiu Clar.
Beauv. Agrost. 43, /. 9, fujs. 9, 10
(1812). jMrhiKujrosfifi Trin. Fund.
Agrost. 12H (1812). J^rk/iela Steud.
Syn. PI. (J ram. 101 (1S54).
Spikelets 1 -(lowered, iiedicellate or
rarely sessile, the i)aniele either loose
and spreading or narrow and spikelike,
the raeliilla articulate above the outer
glumes, usually bearing a tuft of hairs
round the lloral glume and produced
beyond it in a snudl ciliate (rarely glabrous) bristle, very rarely
bearing an empty glume or imperfect flower, sometimes very
minute, or deticient. The two outer glumes persistent, keeled,
iinawned; floral glume shorter and very thin, about as long
(rarely longer and membranous), broad, 5-nerved below the awn,
with a fine dorsal awn, usually bent and twisted, rarely short and
straight or sometimes absent; palea thin, more than half as long as
its glume, faintly or prominently 2-nerved. Styles distinct, short.
Grain enclosed and sometimes partially adhering to floral glume
and palea.
Tin. 58. — Gdntridiumnusti'ale.
A, spikelct; a, tloict. (ycrib-
iier.)
A(Ji{()STii)K.K. 8:i7
There are about 120 apocioa widely spread over the warmer ami
tenii>erate regions of both the Eastern and the Western llemi-
8j)heres, hcin;,' particularly numerous in the Andes of South Arneriea.
IJentham says: •'They are frefpiently regarded as forming a
Bection of .ir/rox/is, from wliich they dilTer ehirlly in the more
developed jialoa and the usual presence of the hristlo contimiing
tlie rachis of the spikelet, whilst fdliers again refer /hi/fiuia to
the supposed distinct tribe Arvn<lliie(r, on account of the hairs
8urrou!iding the flowering glume. But these hairs are ])resent in
almost all sju'cies of Aymslis."
The northern species diller from Af/rosfis in the prolongation
of the rachilla into a bristle or stipes, usually, but not always,
hairy, in the larger spikelcts. with the palea nearly as long as the
glume, and the usually hair\ racjliilla.
Hentham still retains the genus ('((hoinif/nis/is Adans. for
some 5 speiries, none of which are fouiul in North Ai>ierica.
Ilackel places /)('i/en.i'ia as a setstion of ('((Utmiif/roslis,
A. Leaf-blades involute, setaceous or rigid (a,)
a. rani(;le thin, 4-" cm. h»ng, i)urple, spikelcts ;5.5 mm.
long' I
a. Panicle thin, 6-1".' cm. long, whitish, spikelcts (J-i mm.
long o
a. Panicle thin. 10-1,') cm. long, spikelcts 4 mm. long. . 3
a. Panicle thin, 10-14 cm. long, spikelcts ,').5 mm. long. 4
a. Panicle rather close, 8-10 cm. long, Ihu' pubescence at
the base of the blade, liglit green, spikelcts 3-4 mm.
long 5
a. I'anicle dense, 7-10 cm. long, fine wool at the base of
the blades; spikelcts 4 mm. long (5
a. Panicle dense, blades scabrous, 5-8 cm. long; spike-
lets 4-4.7 mm. long 7
B. Leaf-blades Hat or sometimes involute (b)
b. JJase of the blades softly woolly; panicle open, thin,
whitish 8
b. No soft wool at the base of the blade; a ring of short
hairs in 11 (e)
HAS
VOM'K.K.
c. SpikcU'ts '2 mm. loiij;. paiiiclo itiiri)lisli, opi'ii, 10-
1'' ''"'• '<>"^'
c. Spiki'li'ts :{-4 mm. loii^'; panicle luDccoIiitc. IT) cm.
•o"^' 10
c. Spikch'tH 4-«] mm. loii^', glumes ju'umiiiati'. paiii-
clo ojUMi, purplish 1 ^
c. Spikoli'ts 4.5 mm. lon<,', paiiido Hpikt'Iiki'. O-S cm.
lonjr
1-^
c. Spikdcta 4-.") mm. long, acute, paiiiclo spikcliko,
5-7 cm. long jy
c. Spikck'ts T) mm. long, })aniclo open, silvery green,
(j-lii cm. long 1^
e. S[)ikeletH T)-*! mm. long, panicle thin, H-VZ em. long. 15
e. Spikelets 5-G mm. long, i)aniele rather loose, !•*-
25 cm. long jq
c. Spikelets 5-7 mm. long, panicle rather dense, 8-15
cm. long 1 -<
~ ij
c. Spikelets 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, panicle dense,
6-10 mm. long.
p'
18, 19
c. Spikelets 2.. '3-4 mm. long l\\
d. Unawued 20
d. Awn starting at the apex of the notch of its
glume, iwniclo open, wliitish green, 10-15 cm.
long 21
d. Awn starting below tlie notcli of its glume. . (e)
e. Panicle rather dense, purple, spikelets 4 mm.
lo».^' 22
}
e. Panicle interrupted, 12-15 cm. long, spike-
lets 4 mm. long o
e. Panicle open, 10-20 cm. long, spikelets gap-
ing, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, awn very slender,
straight ^i
e. Panicle lanceolate, 15 cm. long, spikelets 2-
3 mm. long 10
e. Panicle loose, 4-20 cm. long, spikelets 4 mm.
lo»g 25
A(im»s'i'ii>i:.K. 'S.M
0. I'aiiick* lolx'd, nitliiT tlciisc, lo-lti cm. I(»ii;^'.
Kpikch'ta l{.r)-4 mm. Ion;;, iiwn stnii;;lit. . . 'H)
1. C. deachampsioidei Triii. Ir. (iruin. /. 'A.'A't-i (is:u\). Ih-
livu.fin drxrlitdiipxiitiih's N'uscv. Cut. (Jr. V. S. 'id (IS85).
All iTi'ct slender donscly tuCteil pereiiniiil. I."i ;{*> cm. Iiiirli.
Slieatlis cldSi'. ludf uk loii^' us tlic iiileniodes; li;,nd«' acute, deciir-
rent. ;{ mm. lon^; liladcn involute, setueeoiis. tliose helow (i-lOem.
long, tliose of the culm 2 in miml)er. ','-4 cm. loii;r. I'unide tliiu.
erect, oblong or nanowly pyramidal, 4-7 em. long, rays in .sets of
l-:j. bearing l-I) spikelets near the tips. Spikelets blackish purple,
elliptii'ul, acute, aliout :{.') mm. long, tlio bent awn projecting l-'-i
mm. Em))ty glumes eipial. ovatedanccolate, obscurely nerved;
lloral glume a little sliorter, 4-toothed, the awn attached near the
base, tb(! hairs short, in two bunches, the hairy rudiment 1.5-'^
mm. long, aside from its hairs; i)alea a little shorter than its
glume.
California, lireirer from the summit of Carson Puss, at an alti-
tude of SODO feet.
In several parts of California at high altitudes.
'Z. C. Howellii Vasey, Coult. Jiot. (Jaz. G: 'i:i (1881). Dei/oi.n',/
HowelUi N'asey, Agric. Grasses U. S. To, t. (il (1884).
A slender erect smooth densely tufted perennial, ;50-5() cm.
high. Ligule 3 mm. long; blades involute-setaceous, the lower as
long as tile culms, the others about 3 in number, lO-^'O cm. long,
the upper often exceeding the iianicle. Panicle scarcely exserted.
open, thin, pyramidal, 0-12 cm. long; rays slender, mostly in lives,
llower-bearing above the miildle. Spikelets whitish green, tinged
with purple, lanceolate, 0-7 mm. long, bearing a twisted and bi'ut
awn projecting 0-10 mm. Empty glumes sube(iual, niembraiious.
ellii)tical-lanceolate, first 1-nerved, second a little shorter. 3-nervc(|;
iloral glume about 5 mm. long, terminating in 2-4 mucronate
teeth, the awn inserted one-third the way from the base to the
ai)ex; palea slender, but little shorter than its glume, bidentate,
basal hairs over half the length of the floret, hairv rudiment about
1.5 mm. long.
340 POACE.E.
Oregon, [foKH'U. Sm'bncr, Ilvudvrxon.
Wasliiiigton iiiul Oregon.
3. C. OrizabsB {\\\\\n\) Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 193 (1855).
Dci/nLn'a Orizahw \{\\\^v. liull. Aciul. lirux. 1», part 2:233 (1842).
A slender erect tufted perennial, about 90 cm. high. Sterile
shoots numerous, the blades conduplieate. 40-GO cm. long, 0.5 mm.
diam., those of the culm 2 in number; sheaths smooth ; ligule very
short; blades 5-lOcm. long. Panicle slender, thin, drooping, 10-15
cm. long, rays mostly in threes, rather distant, the longest 6-8 cm.
long, sparingly branched aiul flower-bearing on the outer half.
Spikelets linear. 4 mm, long: empty glumes and floral glume
ecpial, flrst glume 1-nerved, second 3-nerved; floral glume oval
Avh(;n spread, obtuse, tuft of hairs very short, awn one-third the
way below the apex and projecting about 1 mm., rudiment 1.5 mm.
long; palea linear, hyaline, 3 mm. long.
Mexico, /'/-////y/f 4243; found 12UOO-14000 feet above the sea-
level.
4. C. erecta. C. phtniosu (Fourn.) Scribn. ined. Achivta
jihinwm Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Oram. 109 (1880).
An erect tufted perennial, (10-80 cm. high. Sterile shoots
numerous, the blades involute, flliform, 30-40 cm. long. 0.3-0.6
mm. diam., those of the culri 3 in nunil)er, the sheath of the middle
one smooth, two-thirds as long as the internode; ligule, 3 mm. long;
blades 10-15 cm. long, the upper blade shorter. Panicle })urple.
slender, tliin, slightly drooping. 10-14 cm. hmg, rays nu)stly in
])airs, the longest 3-5 cm. long, bearing spikelets on the outer two-
thirds. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 5.5 mm. long; empty glumes
equal, flrst 1-nerved, second 3-nerved: floral glume pubescent when
seen uiuler a lens. 4.5-4.T mm. long. truncate-toot!:ed: awn 0.5-1
nun. long, attached but little below the apex of its glume: rudiment
puberulent, 2.1 mm. long; palea hyaliiu'. ;{..") n.m. long.
The si)ecific name phtniom under CiiUiDHKjrosiix had been used
by Spreng, hence the new name here given.
Mexico, Pringle 4T2G, found under pines at an altitude of
10,400 feet.
5. C. Suksdorfii Scribn. Hull. Torr. Club, 15:9 (1888). Ay/-
AOHOSTIDEJi;. 341
euj-ia Sid-sdorfii Scribii. Vjisey, Desc. Cat. Gr. U. 8. 51
(1885).
A sloiuler tufted perennial, GO-00 cm. liigli. Slieatlis shorter
tliun tlie interiiodes: ligule ;J -5 mm. long, often more or less
woolly ])ubescent on the back near the base of blade; blades of sterile
shoots 15-30 cm. long, ;j-5 mm. broad, taperiiig into very long and
slender ])oints, scabrous below and strigose pubescent above; those
of the culm usually three. Panicle pale straw-color, strict, more
or less interru])ted, 8-10 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide; rays in crowded
clusters, 2-3 cm. distant, the longest 4 cm. long, all densely
flowered. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, empty glumes subequal, lan-
ceolate, acute, first 1-nerved, second 3-nerved at the base; floral
glume oblong, truncate-toothed. 2.7 mm. long, the stout twisted
awn starting below the middle and extending 1-2 mm. above its
glume, hairs less than 1 mm. long, in two bunches near the mar-
gins of the base of the glume; palea as long as its glume, rudiment
1 mm. long, with hairs making it appear still longer.
In the JMontana plants, the woolly pubescence at the base of the
blade is wanting.
Montana (Great Falls), Anderson 54: British Columbia, Macoun
in 1885; Oregon, Cusick 1317.
Montana, British America. Washington. Oregon, and California.
G. C. rubescens Buckl. Proc. Pliila. Acad. 92 (1803). nc//r/t.ria
rnhesconti N'asey. Cat. Gr. V. S. 51 (1885).
Aslendererect tufted perennial, more or less j)urple throughout,
60-90 cm. higli, from strong rootstocks. Sheaths half as long as
the internodes; ligule acute, lacerate, decurrcnt, 3-5 nun. long;
blades of sterile shoots numerous, involute, setaceous, gliuicous. sca-
brous, 10-20 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, those of the culm 3-4 in num-
ber, 10-15 cm. long, the upper one 4 cm. long, short woolly hairs
usually appearing on the lower side at the base of the blade. Pani-
cle much exserted. strict, dense, interrupted, 7-10 cm. long, 1.5
cm. broad, the short rays densely flowered to the base. Spikelets
rough, elliptical, acute, nearly 4 mm. long; empty glumes equal
or slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, first 1-nerved, second 3-
nerved ; tlord glume a little shorter, narrowly elliptical, acute, bifid.
342 POACE.E.
tlie stiff twisted and bent awn starting a little below the middle
and extending to the apex of its glume or a little beyond, hairs in
2 tufts, one on eitlier side, less tlian half as long as the glume; rudi-
ment 1 mm. long, with a few short hairs rp'ichiug beyond the apex.
California (Meiulocino), Prinyh in 1882.
Oregon to California.
7. C. Montanensis (Scribn.). Deyeuxiu Montaucnsis Scnbn.
Soe. Pro. Agrifl. Sci. G (1883).
A rigid glaucous perennial, 20-40 cm. high, with slender root-
stocks. Sheaths 3, nearly smooth, the u})per extending nearly half
way to tiie top of tlie plant, or almost to the panicle; ligule firm,
decurrent, 3 mm. long; blades involute, rigid, i)ungent-j)ointed,
t)-12cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wiile, scabrous above and below. Panicle
linear, dense or slightly interru})ted, 5-8 cm. long; rays in half-
whorls of 3-7, the longest 2.5 cm. long, flower-bearing on the outer
three-fifths. Spikelets pedicellate, linear-lanceolate, 4-4.7 mm.
long; em})ty glumes e(|ual or subequal, scabrous, first 1 -nerved,
second 3-nerved, the lateral nerves obscure, rudiment 1 mm. long,
the hairs extending to the top of the palea; floral glume scabrid,^
oval, truncate, 4-5-toothed, about 3 mm. long, awn from near the
middle reaching to its apex; palea oval, erose or toothed, 2.5 mm..
long. Anthers linear, 2.2 mm. long.
British America. E. linufijcau in 1858.
Montana, Canbi/ & Scrtb>ier'^G',\ in 1883.
8. C. Porteri A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 79 (1802). Dey-
euxia Porferi Xnsvy, Cat. (Jr. U. S. 51 (1885).
Perennial, froni creeping rootstocks. Culms slender, ei\./, (iO-
120 cm. high. Slieaths close, half as long as the internod.s; ligule
2-3 mm. long; l)lades flat, scabrous, with a woolly-bearded ring at
the base on the outside, 12-20 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, a[)ex
attenuate, base narrow. I^micle exserted, ojjen or thin, 7-14 cm.
long, 1.5 cm. wide; rays few to many, the clusters 2-3 cm. distant,
1-5 cm. long. Spikelets rough, pale green, elliptical, acute, 3.5-4
mm. long; empty glumes nearly equal, appearing lanceolate, owing
to the upjier part having involute margins, first 1-nerved, second
obscurely 3-nerve(l; floral glume 2.5 mm. long, ovate, truncate-
AGROSTIDE.E. 343
toothed, the stout twisted awn starting below tlie middle and ex-
tending 0.5 mm. above the iloret. hairs few and weak, half as long
as the lloral glume, the hairy rudiment 0.5 mm. long.
Pennsylvania (dry woods in Huntington County), Porter; New
York, I)}(dley.
9, C. Macouniana Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Kat. Herb. ;}; SI
(1892). Deyeuxia Macouniana XnBey, Coult. Bot. (jiaz. 10: ;»!iT
(1885).
Culms from cree})ing rootstocks, slender, ereet, branching
sparingly along the middle, 00-90 cm. high, iiiternoiles about 5 in
number, besides the very short ones below. Sheaths nearly smootii,
longer than the internodes; ligule lacerate, thin, 'i mm. long; bhides
scabrous, Hat orinvohitc, apex attenuate, the blade l5-*^'o cm. long,
3-;) mm. wide. Panicle open, 10-12 cm. long, 2—1 cm. broad;
rays mostly in fives, erect, sleiuler, clusters 1-1.5 nn. distiint.
Spikelcts purple below, mostly on the u})per part of tne branches,
oval-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long; first glume ovate-lanceolate, 1-
nerved, second a little shorter, 3-nerved, otherwise like the first;
floral glume ovate, oblong, 2-lobed, 1.5 mm. long, awn near the
middle of its ghime, straight, reaching a little beyond its ai)ex; palea
oval, 1 mm. long, apex truneate-tootheil, hairs as long as the Iloret,
hairy rudiment one-third mm. long.
British America, Macon n for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 44.
]?orders of marshes.
10. C. Scribneri. Deyeuxia chihia Scribn. Coult. Bot. Gaz.
11:114 (1880). C'alamugrostis (labia Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3: (1892).
Perennial; culms rather slender, erect, GO-90 cm. high.
Sheaths scabrid, much shorter than the internodes; ligule 3 mm.
long, (lecurrent; blades scabrous, about 20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide.
Panicle lanceolate, about 15 cm. long; rays erect, 3-G, the longest
4-0 cm. long, flower-bearing on the outer three-fifths. S[)ik('K'ts
subsessile or pedicellate, linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long; cnntty
glumes equal, scabrid, second 3-nerved. bristle 0.5 mm, long, hairs
twice as long; floral glume oval, truncate, 4-toothiMi, 2-.i mm.
long, awn rather short, attached below the middle and exteiuliuEr
844 POACE^.
above its glume ; palea very nearly as long as its glume, erose or 2-
toothod.
Professor Scribner says : "It differs from both in tlie less spread-
ing and more densely flowering brandies of the panicle, the stouter
brandies at each joint flower-bearing to the base. From D. Cana-
densis it is at once distinguislied by the longer and stouter awn,
shorter hairs surrounding the flowering glume, and firmer and longer
palea. The spikelets are smaller than in D. Lauffsdorffii, the
empty glumes are much smootiier and less rigid or firm in texture,
the hairs are less copious as well as shorter, and the palea is propor-
tionally longer." The specific name diibin was used with Calama-
grosfis by Uunge, Lehm. Rel. 348 (1847), lience the change ahove
to Scribneri, for the discoverer.
Montana (Yellowstone Park), Tweedy 365.
Montana, Washington, Oregon.
11. C. Langsdorffii (Link) Trin. Unifl. 225, t. 4, fig. 10 (1824).
Ariindo Lan(isdorff{ili\xxk, Ilort. Bei'ol. 1:74 (1821). Deyeuxia
Langsdorffii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1:77 (1829).
Much the same as 6^. Canadensis, excepting tlie ligule may be
8-12 mm. long, the spikelets 4-6 mm. long, empty glumes atten-
uate-acuminate, first 1-3-nerved, second a little shorter, 3-nerved ;
floral glume 3.5-4 mm. long, oval, truncato-tootlied, awn straight,
stouter, attached a little below the middle, hairs longer than the
floret, or of the same height or a little shorter; rudiment 1-1.7 mm.
long, with hairs extending to the tip of the floret.
New Hampshire, Pringle ; Minnesota, Geol. Surv., B 519;
Montana, WiUiams.
Canada, New Hampshire, to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska.
12. C. Vaseyi. Ariindo pnrpvrascns Schult. Mant. 3:603
(1824). Degcnxia jmrjmrascens Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1:7 (1829),
not Calamagrnstis purpvrascens R. Br. Richards, App. Frank,
which is D. sylratica Kunth.
A tufted, rather slender perennial, 60-75 cm. high. Slieaths
about 5 in number, mostly half to two-thirds as long as the inter-
nodes; ligule lacerate. 3-4 mm. long; blades flat, scabrous, long-
pointed, 15-20 cm. long. 4-8 mm. wide, with a ring of short hairs at
AGHOSTIDE.E. 345
the base. Panicle spikelike, purple, 0-8 cm. long, 1 cm. broad,
more or less interrupted. Spikelets lanceolate, about 4.5 mm. long;
first glume a little the longer, second elliptical, acute, 3-nerved;
floral glume oblong when spread, 3 mm. long, toothed, the awn
rather stout, straight, 3-4 mm. long, starting 1 mm. from the base
of its glume; palea nearly as long as its glume, hairs of the callus
few, 1 mm. long, rudiment nearly 3 mm. long, including the hairs.
Washington (Cascade Mou.. ains), Vaf<ey.
Alaska to Wasliington.
13. C. kcelerioides Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. IG: 147 (1891).
Perennial; culms rather stout, smooth, 90 cm. high. Ligule
3-4 mm. long; blades flat or involute, 10-13 cm. long, the u])})er
1-4 cm. long. 4-5 mm. wide, apex punctate. Panicle exserted,
spike-like, more or less interrupted. .5-7 cm. long, G-10 mm. broad.
S[)ikelets linear-huK-eoiate, scabi'id. 4-5 cm. long, empty glumes
subequal, the lower the .shorter, linear, acute, flrst 1-uerved, second
3-nervcd; floral glume 3.5-4.5 mm. long, scabrous, ovate when
spread, with a few hairs one-fourth its length; awn bent, stout,
starting one-third the way from the base of its glume, which it
equals or slightly exceeds; rudiment 1.3 mm. long, bearing a few
short stiflf hairs at the apex.
California (San Diego), Orcntt for U. S. Nat. Kerb.
\'ar. densa (Vasey). Cahimayrostis deiisn Vasey, Coult. Bot.
Gaz. 1G:147 (1891).
A little taller, the upper blades G-8 cm. long, ligule a little
longer; panicle enclosed at the base when young, some ot the rays
3 cm. long.
Found with the species.
14. C. Pringlei (Scribn.). Dei/ei<.via Pringlei Scribn. ined.
Perennial; culms erect, stout, 40-70 cm. high. Sheaths mostly
longer tiian the internodes; ligule 1-2 mm. long, decurrent; blades
about 5 to the culm, flat, few. leaves of sterile shoots slightly
scabrid, 15-30 cm. long, 3 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, silvery
green, tinged with purple, rather thin, G-13 cm. long, pyramidal
or narrow; rays capillary, G-8 in half- whorls, 3-3 cm. distant, the
longest 3-5 cm. long, erect, flower-bearing on the upper half.
H46 POACE.E.
Spikelets with t'ni})ty gluiius subcqual, about ') nun. loii<;. lanct'o-
lato, acuto wla'U spread, appoarin*:' k^-cli'il. lirst l-iiervcd, si'coiul
obscurely 3-nervc(l, rudiment 1.5 inni. long witli a ijencil-tul't still
longer; hairs in '2 tul'ts, 1 mm. long; lloral glume seahi'id. ovid.
acute. 4 mm. long, the rather slender twisted and bi'Ut awn attached
just below the middle and exceeding the empty glumes about •^nini;
l)alea lanceolate, nearly as long as its glume.
Mexico, Pn'}i(/h' U22 in 1887, itOOO feet altitude.
15. C. lactea (Suksdorf), Jhi/ciixid htcleit Huksdoril! in herb.
(1890).
Perennial; culms stout, scabrous, 00 cm. high. Sterile shoots
few. Leaves scabrous; sheaths of the culm half or two-thirds us
long as the internodes; ligule 2-;J mm. long, decurrent; blades
20-130 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide. I'aniele slightly exserted, silvery
green, rather thin, j)yramidal, 8-12 cm. long, rays in hall'-whorls of
4-0, the longest 3-5 cm. long, flower-bearing on the u])per half.
Spikelets with empty glumes subecpud, 5-0 nun. long, lanceolate
when spread, first 1-ncrved, second 3-nerved; hairs surrouiuling
the base of the floret numerous, 3.5 mm. long, rudiment 0.5 mm.
long, pencil-tufted: floral glume oval, acute, 4.3 mm. long, the
slender awn attached 1 mm. above the base and extending to the
tips of the empty glumes; palea 3.5-3 mm. long. Anthers 2 mm.
i jng. Nearly allied to Ih Pn'/if/Ici Scribuer.
Washington, Suksdorf 1022; banks of tlie North Fork of
Kooksack IJiver. near ^loutit Baker.
10. C. Aleutica IJong. A'eg. Ins. Sitcha 171 (1S31). Dcycnxia
Ahutiea^Uuwo. Hook. Trans. Linn. Soc. 23:345 (1802).
Perennial; culms stout, erect, G0-150cm. high. Sheaths loose,
shorter than the long internodes; ligule ovate or truncate. 4-7 mm.
long; blades of the culm rather firm, scabrous, flat or involute,
20-40 cm. long, those of sterile shoots longer, 5-8 mm. wide.
Panicle much or little exserted on a scabrous peduncle, rather loose,
slightly interrupted, nearly acute, erect, 12-25 cm. long, 2-3 cm.
broad ; rays in crowded i-lusters, 4-8 cm. long, the branches bearing
spikelets for nearly their whole length. Spikelets pale or brownish
purple, elliptical-lanceolate, 5-0 mm. long, usually longer than their
AOHOSTIDK.E. 347
pedicels; empty jrluiiies nearly ef|iiiil. t'Uiptical-laiieeoliite, rougliish,
first l-nerved. secoiul ;J-nerve(l ; llonil yliiiiK' nearly sinootli, oval-
liuiceolate, -l-tootlieil or laeerute, 5 nun. lonu. awn attaclied near
tlie middle and extending to the tip of its glnme, hairs al)out half
the length of the glume, rudiment minute; palea nearly us long as
its glume, truncate or obtuse, eiliate at the apex.
A very robust speeies forming dense tufts on the hillsides. Ac-
cording to Dr. Thurber, the lower leaves break oil" near the sheaths,
leaving these erect and rigid. The length of the 2 empty glumes
is (piitc variable.
Alaska, r. *S'. T^epf. Ji/n'cKl. 424; Tnalaseka. lf(irn'nf/f(i>i in
ls:i-'3, E. Hall (j23; Oregon, IlowelU E. JJall &i:]; California,
Bditimler 4.
Alaska to California.
17. C. sylvatica var. Americana Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3:83 (iy!»2).
Perennial; culms erect, 20-00 cm. high. Sheaths rather loose,
as long as the internodes, or in tall ])lants. two-thirds as long; ligule
truncate, 1-2 mm. long; blades scal)rid, often 'with many dead
sheaths below, those of sterile shoots reaching nearly to the panicle
or above it, those of the culm rigid, 7-18 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide,
flat or involute, point attenuate. Panicle enclosed at the base or
exserted, strict, si)ikelike, dense, sometimes sliglitly interrupted be-
low, 8-15 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. broad, the color ]iale, light to dark
puri)le; rays appressed. scabrid, 1-2 cm. long, in clusters of 4-8.
Spikelets very variable even in the same panicle or on dilT'i'rent
panicles of the same plant, 5-7 mm. long, the twisted and bent awn
extending 1-3 mm. above the glumes: empty glumes ovate-lanceo-
late, mostly appearing very acute when the margins of the upper
])ortion are involute, scabrous on the keel, first l-nerved, second 3-
nerved and a little shorter: floral glume scabrous, ovate, grooved
on the back, 4-toothed, 4.5-5 mm. long, awn attached near the
base, hairs mostlv in two clusters at the sides, one-third the lensfth
of the floret: palea a little shorter, the rudiment about 2 mm. long,
with hairs reaching to the tip of the palea.
"The plant seems to be much more leafy at the coast than
348 POACH, K.
upon tlio inouiitaiiis. Tlie color of tlio imiiicio is very vuriiil)lo, run-
niug from grounisli straw-color, throufjfh various degrees of purple
to deep purple all over." Dr. Thurber in liot. Calif., Vol. 2, p.
OU>»
Montana. Conhy 'MVl; Washington, SaiiiHifrij ^'Ih, 10'^5.
■ New Kngland to the IJociky Mountains. Oregon. California.
Var. longifolia Vasey, Contrih. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: s;{ (ISli-^).
Blades of sterile shoots as long as the eulni. involute-setaceous;
empty glumes 8 mm. long, acuminate; hairs more prominent, the
awn projecting 10 mm. above the floral glume.
Calfornia, Jiohtuhr 0470.
18. C. cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5:41
(1894). Ai'Hudn cinnoi(le)<M\\\\\A\\'\.m\. 18r(18i:). A. roorrfafa
Torr. Fl. U.S. 1:04 (lS-24). ('aJdiiuifirosfis ritinoit/cs Spreng.
Syst. 1:25;» (1824). (f. XutfalUaiia Stcud. X<mi. Ed. ;.'. 1 : ;.'r>l
(1841). PI. (J ram. 100 (1855). C. Ca nmlensis ^wii. (Wn. \-Af>
(1818). not Beau v.
Perennial; culms stout, smooth or scabrous below, 90-150 cm,
high. Ligide 3-3 mm. long; blades Hat, scabrous. 2-4 cm. long,
4-'7 mm. wide, apex not attenuate. Panicle exserted, G-10 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. broad, and then very dense or slightly interrupted
below, or larger, 10-20 cm. long, 2-3 cm. broad, and then inter-
rui)ted, bearing spikelike interrupted branches, 3-0 cm. long.
Spikelets lanceolate, scabrous, 0-7 mm. long; empty glumes
si)reading, nearly e<iual, lanceolate, with awl-shaped tij)s, first com-
pressed-keeled, 1-nerved, second compressed-keeled above, 3-nerved;
floral glume 4-5 mm. long, scabrous, keeled, acute, with a few hairs
luilf its length on the back, on the margins numerous, longer and
rather stout ; awn straight, stout, starting one-fourth the way from
tlie tip of its glume, which it slightly exceeds; rudiment 1-1.5 mm.
long, bearing copious stiff hairs at the apex.
Khode Island, Tweedy; Massachusetts, Sturtevant; Delaware,
Canhy; District of Columbia, .l/rTV?/'///?/.
Moist land, New England to Pennsylvania, North Carolina and
southward. Flowering in August.
19. C. Tweedyi Scribn. Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:83
A(JH<)ST1I)K.E. 349
(1892). Deyemia Tweedyi Scribu. Bull. Torr. Club, 10 : 04
(188;}).
A robust pi'iviiniiil, 75-100 i-m. hif^li. Slieutlis sniootli, whortor
than tlie interuodes; ligule deourrent, 3-5 mm. long; blmius Ihit,
{irni, ratbor abruptly i)olntc(l, 10-20 cm. long. G-10 mm. wide.
Paniclo spikoliko, more or k>8S interrupted, about 10 cm. long, llie
longest rays 3 em. long, flower-bearing on the upper half. Spike-
lets 6-7 mm. long, empty glumes subecpial, elliptical-lanceolate,
first 1-Tierved, second 3-nerved; lloral glume slightly shorter,
toothed, ami bearing 2 seta3, the awn stout, twisted, attached about
1.5 mm. above the base, extending 4-G mm. above the glumes;
palea a little shorter ciian its glume, hairs of callus few, less than 1
mm. long, the bristle 'i mm. long, with hairs projecting 1 mm.
Washington (Cascade Mountains), Tii^ci'di/, Vasvij.
20. C. poseformis (Fourn.). ChiHastruni jmcformc Fourn.
Mex. IM. Enum. Cram. 1)0 (1880).
A light green pereunial, 90-120 cm. high. Sheaths scabrid,
about the length of the interuodes; ligule many-nerved, lacerate,
8-10 mm. long; blades of the culm 4 in nuntber, flat, nearly
smooth, taper-pointed, 20-30 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. Panicle
green, thin, llexuose and nodding, 20-30 cm. long; rays slender,
in fours and fives, the sets 5-0 cm. distant, longest ray 8-10 cm.
long, fiow( r-bearing on the upper half. S})ikelt'ts green, ovate-
lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long; empty glumes scabrous, 3-nerved, first
ovate, sub-acute when spread, second elliptical-lauccohite, a little
the longer; floral glume uuawned, destitute of hairs at the base,
ovate, as long as the first glume, the rudiment 1 mm. long, another
bristle near it; palea nearly as long as its glume. Stamens 2.
Ovary ovate-laiu'eolate, stigmas luirrow. In color, leaves, and ])an-
icle it much resembles Cinna pendula.
Mexico, Pringh 4184, in cool moist soil.
31. C. blanda. C. pallida Vasey & Scribn., Contrib. V. S.
Nat. Herb. 3:79 (1892), not C. Muell. (1808). Walp. Ann.
6:986 (1808).
Au erect ])erennial, 120-150 cm. high. Culms smooth, rather
slender, composed of 5-T lengthened interuodes. Sheaths close.
iioi) 1'UACE.E.
two-thirds us loii{? as tlio inteniodcs; ligulo liiocmte, 4 mm. long;
l)lii(U'S flat, scabrous, .'{()-4U mi. Utiig, AS mm. wide. I'uiiido v\-
scrtcd, pale, wliiti.sli ^^M'ct'ii, open, i)yri(midul, 10-15 cm. long; rays
mostly in tivi's, slender, seabroiirt. Ilowor-bcaring above* tlui miildlc
S|Mk('l»'ts s|)roiidin,ij:. open, tlic gltimcs thin, scabrid, lanc(H)lat('-a('U-
miiiatt', lirst ;J.5 mm. long, l-m.'rved, second 3 mm. long. :{-nervcd
below; lloral glume 'l.'-t mm. long, billd, tootlied, the twisted awn
attiiohed at the noteh and projecting above its glume 1 mm., hairs
somewhat in two sets, as long as the lloret; palea 1.1 mm. long,
rudiment less than ()..") nim. long, with hairs extending in all •.' mm.
Washington, Sidst/urf in 1SS.'5 in Herb. Sciibner.
•^2. C. breviseta (A. (Jray). Seribn. Mem. Torr. Clid), 41 (1804).
C. f<i/Ii'((iira \av. (itri'isiid A. CI ray, Man. Ed. 1 : 5,S;i (1S4H). C.
PirkeriHijii A. Oray, Man. Ed. 1:547 (I8r)(;).
Perennial, with cri'oping rootsto(!k.s. Culms slender, rather stout,
30-50 cm. high, each bearing about 3 leaves. Sheaths longer than
the internodes; ligule 3-5 mm. long, decurrent; blades Hat, slight-
ly rough, those of the culm 8-14 cm. long. 4-5 mm. wide. Panicle
slightly exserted or the base included, purplisli, pyramidal, inter-
rupted, iS-l'-i cm. long: rays rather stout, .ij^pressed or diverging.
Spikelets narrowly elli})tical, acute, rough, hardly 4 mm. long; empty
glumes rather firm, nearly equal, oblong, j)()inted when flattened,
first 1-nerved, second 3-nerved; floral gh me rough, ovate, pointed
when spread, nerves obscure, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the stout straight
or l)ent awn starting below the middle and exceeding its glume a
very little, hairs very few and short, rudiment, including its hairs,
but little over 1 mm. long.
New Hampshire (Mt. Washington), E. Faxon.
New P'ngland and Canada.
23. C. Cusickii Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3 : SI (1892).
Deyeu.via Cusickii Vasey, Coult. liot. Caz. 10:224 (1885).
Culms from creeping rootstocks, erect, smooth, 90-120 cm.
high, internodes about 4 in number, besides the short ones near the
base. Sheaths nearly smooth, about half as long as the internodes;
ligule 4 mm. long, decurrent; blades of sterile shoots numerous,
flat, flexible, scabrid, 30 cm. or more long, 4 mm. wide, those of the
A(H{(»s'i'ii)i:.i':. ani
ciilrii 10-1)0 cm. lon;j, 5 mm. wide. Paiiii'lc oroot, ititorniptod,
l'-i-l."t cm. loii;,', '.'-.'J cm. limiul ; niys mimcroiis in dense dusters,
)l-'.\ cm. distant. Spikcluts cro\vde(| from the iipex to near the base
of the hranclies, naiTow, smt)()th, acntc, ahout 4 mm. h)n.ir: OMi|ity
^'Inmes snhefjual, oval-hinecohite, 4 mm. lon^', lirst l-nerved, second
u little till! shorter, ;)-ncrved; hairs thin, uhoul lialf as-lon;; as tlie
llort't, the hairy rudiment about d'-i mm. lun;^: lloral <rlume tlnn,
bilid, as wide as tiie empty glumes, al)Out 15. mm. Ioiilt, awn
straight, inserted a little below the middle ami but little longer
than its glume; palea hyaline,
r. S. Dept. Agricul. 1I5!» from Cmtirk, collected on Eaglo
Creek. Eastern (Mvgon on mountains at the altitude of 5000 feet.
Washington and Oregon.
'^4. C. Canadensis (Mich X.) Meauv. Agrost. !:>; (isr.»). \\\.\v.-
.FoiNT. AniiHli) ('(niit</ni.sis ilichx. Fl. iior. Am. 1:7:! (IS((;»).
Annn/ii inp'ostoldes I'ursh. Fl. Am. 80 (lSl4j. (J. Me,rinii((i Nutt.
Gen. 1:4(; (iSlS).
A perennial with creeping rootstocks. ("ultns erect, snidotli,
usually bearing sterile branches near the middle or above. !I0-1.')()
cm. high. Sheaths close, but little shorter than the iiiternodes;
ligule lacerate. 4 mm. long; blades glaucous, flat, scabrid, \i)-\)0
cm. long, 0- S mm. wide, tapering toward the base, apex attenuate.
Panicle exserted, loose, ojien, oblong, mostly tinged with purple,
l0-'>0 cm. long'; axis and rays mostly scal)rous, some branches
flower-bearing above the middle only, others for the whole length.
Spikelets scal)rid. open in llower and in fruit, 2,r)-3..') mm. long;
empty glumes ovate-lanceolate, lirst l-nerved, second ]-;}-nerved;
floral glume *^-3 mm. long, ovate, acute, bifid, bt'aring a very
slender straight awii attached near the middle, reaching the tij) of
its glume or shorter or longer, the hairs from two thirds us long as
the floret to a little exceeding it; rudiment minute.
Vermont, Pniif/Jc ; New York, Thurhcr ; Massachusetts, /^er?/
70; Michigan, Ow/t'//, Chirh 701, 32;5r>; Farmll, /Mil 77, 78; Illi-
nois, IjcxI ; Minnesota, /itiifci/ H 10, H 250, H 529, Sandberg 30.
013, 795; Colorado, ('((ssi>h/; Wyoming, najfuni C 80. C 91; Utah,
Jones 1274; Washington, Sxi-sdorf 1023, 2127 ; Oregon, Howell.
883 roAf'K.K.
Moist itluct's ill tlic north, Ciiiuulii, Now Kii;,'luii(l to California;
wUle-siMVutl and <|iiil»! variahle. Seo Vol. 1, p. ITU. Fi;;. Si).
35. C. Bolanderi 'riiml>. S. Wats. I^ot Calif. 2: •.>8() (ISSO).
Dn/t'N.n'ii hohintlvn N'aHcy. Dcsc. Cat. dr. U. S. .*»() (1SS:»).
iVronnial; more or Icsm Hcabrous tiirou^'liout. Ciilnis with
about ;{ intiTiKMlt's, gcniculati', unhranclii'd, G(»-l'-iO cm. \\\)i}\.
Slit'atlis riitluT loose, .scarcely half as Ion;,' as the internodea; li^nili'4
mm. long, truncate; hlados pale ;,'reen, Hat, 15-".*r) cm. long, 4-7
mm. wide. Panicle dark ])ur[)l(' loose, pvramidal, 4-iiO cm. long;
the rays in threes to lives, capillary, the halt'-wliorls ,'j ,5 cm. dis-
tant. Spikoletsoii clavate pedicels ahove the middle of the branches,
lanceolate, 4 mm. long, awn exserted, 1-3 mm. long; empty glumes
Ofpuil, ovate-lan(!eolate, 4 mm. long, scabrous on the keel, first
1-nerved, second obscurely ;J-nerved; floral glume rough, ovate, 3
mm. long with 4 cufps at tin; apex, awn attaclieil near the huso,
hairs at base few. short, in two clustei-s, hairy rudiment about I
mm. long; ])alea juirrower but little shorter than its glume.
California (.Mendocino County), Holttndcr (i4Tl, PriiKjh ; in
moist woods.
I'O. C. neglecta (Klirh). rian-tn. Mey. & Schrob. Fl. Wett. 1 : 94
(171)0). Annulo t/r;/Irr/n Khrh. Heitr. (1:137 (17!)1). Cahtnm-
fffos/is sh'irfd Ueauv. Agrost. IT) (IST^). Annii/o sfricla 'rinim.
Siem. Meckl. Mag. 2:^3(1. ex Kuntli.
Culms 'iO-fjO cm. high, erect, scabrous, ctoming from ci'ooping
rootstocks. Sheaths smooth, nearly as long as the intei'nodcs; lig-
iile decurrent, 3 mm. long; blades of the cnlm 2-3 in number,
usually involute, erect, scabrous abov(> and sometimes below, 1,5-20
cm. long. 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, erect, 10-lG cm. long,
l.r)-2..5 cm. broad, somewhat lobed; rays crowded, rather stout,
rough. Spikelets rough, crowded, extending nearly to the base of the
branches, elliptical, acute, varying from straw-color to dark ])urj>le,
3.5-4 mm. long; empty glumes ecjual or slightly unequal, first
1-ncrved, second 3-norved; floral glume but little shorter, rough,
ovate, truncate-toothed, the straight awn starting a little below the
middle and extending to the tip or a little above its glume, the hairs
two-thirds the length of the floret, rudiment about 1 mm. long.
AtiKoSTIDK.K. 808
Vonnont, (\ /•:. Fn.ron 11, l-»; Miclii<,'iiii, /Iral Hi), (1nr^- ^O'i,
fiWi', Ciiiiiulii, Mtimux: MiiiTiosotii, l/i)/:iiit/rt' : Moiitanii. Atiilirsan
yi, 4-.». W illiiiiiiti; Wvomiii",', /liijl'iim (' l(».*t; Dakota, /hijf'ri/; I'tiih,
Jdtirs 114.5; \\ iisliington, StiinHtvru '.Vi.b, 'o',\b, Suk/idn-f \i)'i\\
Ort'j.'<)ii. Hiiiirll.
Coiict'i'iiin^ tlif aliovf Hiiccii'.s uiid its rtynoiiyins, see liot. (laz.
li:lT') (iSSC). for notes by F. \.. Scrihncr.
C'uiuulu, New Kn^iand to Oregon ami Calironiia.
\m. crassiglumis ('riiurb.). ('(i/dnHii/msfis rnis.«i(/J nun's 'riiurh.
S. Wats. Mot. Calif. 2: '.'81 (1880). Jh'i/ni.n'n (■ni.s.sif//iiNiis Vasey,
Cut. (in r. S. 50 (188r)).
Leaves of sterile slioots as long as the culm, wiiicli is '.'O-IJO, em.
liigli; blades ol" the culm 7-10 em. long, rigid, reaching to the
imnicle. I'anicle dense, 4-G cm. long.
California (Mendocino County), lUthimlcr 4T(!().
\i\\\ confinis (Willd.). Anoido conjinis \\"\W\, Vawww. \:Vn
(ISOii). ( 'alaiiKKjrosfis niiijinis Nutt. (ieu. 1:4; (1818). J)e//ciixiu{?)
ciDiJinls Kuntli, Rev. Gram. 1:70 (1835).
Culms more slender than the species; panicle less compact; hairs
exceeding the lloret a little.
New York to Minnesota.
Vur. gracilis Scribn. Coult. Rot. Craz. 11: 175 (188(5).
Cidms 2-3 cm. high; rudiment 0.4 cm. long, hairs as long as
the lloret.
Yellowstone Park. Tirvvdji 58, teste Scrihncr.
(i!». (141). Ammophila Host. Cram. Austr. 4:34, t. Jfl (1809).
Pmmuia Heauv. vVgrost. 143 (1812).
Si)ikelets 1-llowered in large spikelike panicles, tlio rachilla
articulate above the outer glumes, bearing a tuft of liairs around
the floral glume, produced beyond it in a small bristlelike rudi-
ment. Empty glumes persistent, chartaceous, thick, lanceolate,
acute, compressed-keeled; floral glume 5-nerved, similar in texture
and about the same length, the apex dentate or sometimes mucro-
nate; palea about as long as, its glume, of like texture, 2-keeled,
2-toothed, sulcate between the keels. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain obovoid, enclosed but not adherent.
854
POACE.E
A ''Oiirseporenuial with creeping rootstoeks, blades rigid, narrow
and involute.
Very nearly related to Calaniovilfa Hack.
1. A. arenaria (L.) Link, Ilort. Herol. 1:105 (1827). Beach-
OUASS. Sand-gkass. Antiido arcHdi-ia L. 8p, P]. 83. (irs;]).
P.^(inim(( in f oralis Bcauv. Agrost. i7(!, /. a, /.
i (ISr.'). ('((ha>ui(/ro.s/is aroiaria lloth. Fl.
Germ. l-.U (KSS).
Culms stout, (iO-OO em. higli. Leaves
erect. Panicle dense, cylindrical, 13-25 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. broad. Si)ikelets compressed,
10-12 mm. long. Lmpty glumes com-
pressed, liju'ar or lanceolate, scabrous on
the keel, first 1-nerved, second 3-nerved;
floral glume scabrous, compressed, lanceolate,
emarginate, often slightly mucronate; i)alea
4-nerved, hairs and rudiment less than half
as long as the spikelet.
Atlantic coast and along the Great Lakes;
seacoast of the British Isles.
Owing to the abumlant hard rootstocks, sometimes 40 feet long,
it is excellent for i)reventi.ig the drifting of sands along the shore.'
70. (14Ia). Calamovilfa Hack. True (rrasses, 1];{ (1890).
Spikelets 1-flowered. in panicles more or less diffuse, rachilla
articulate above the outer glumes, bearing a tuft o<" hairs arouiul the
floral glume, not produced beyond it. The empty glumes i)er-
sistciit. unequal, chartaceous, thick, compressed-keeled; floral glume
and palea of like texture, the former 1-nerved, awnless, thelatter
2-keeled, 2-toothed.
^'ery nearly allied to AmmophUa and Calamagrostis.
There are thi'ee species, all Korth American.
a. Spikelets 3.5-4.5 mm. lon^. . i
o X
D. Spikele.3 4-5 mm. long o
c. Si)ikelets 5-f5 mm. long '.".'.''■'
1. C. brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. 1. c. Arundo hre'vipilu Tovv
Flor. U. S. 1: 95 (1824). Calamagrostis brevipilis A. Gray; Man.
Fir,. ^)9.—A7)ivio]t7u'la
oi'i tiiirid. A, s])ike
l<'t; 11, Horct. (Scrib-
iicr.)
AUKOSTIDE.E. 355
Ed. 1:582 (1S48). AmniojiJu'Ia brevipih's Bcnth. Vase}!, ..t. Or.
U. S. 52 (IS85).
Culms nitliur slender, '.»()-l','0 cm. lii,L!:li. Slioutlis shorter tluiii
the iiiteniodes; bltidos very narrow, nearly Hat or involute, attenu-
ate. Panicle pyramidal, jjurple. S])ikelet!:5 3.5-4.5 mm. lon^:
emi)tyglumori ovate, mueronate, first 3-".*. 5 mm. lonir; lloral iilume
a little shorter than the second: palea e(|ual to its glume or a little
longer, hairs about 1 mm. long.
I'ennsylvauia (Philadelphia), ./. B. Jh'inton,
Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey.
2. C. Curtissii N'asey, Contrib. I'. S. ^at. Herb. 3:85 (1802).
AmiiiDpltiht CV/;7/.s-.s'// Vasey, Bull. Torr. ("lub. 11:7 (1884).
Culms single or in tul'ts. 1)0-180 em. high, base of cnlmselotlied
with the rigid imbricated sheaths. Sheaths 3-4 in number, distant,
shorter than the internodes; ligule obscure, a ciliate ring; blades
very smooth, firm, 10-30 cm. long, the ai)ex setaceous. Taniclo
12-30 cm. long; rays close, single or in pairs, the lower 4-10 cm.
long. 3-5 cm. distant, thiidy ilowered. Spikelets on sliort jiedicels
4-5 mm. long; empty glumes ovate, acute or ovate-lanceolate, first
3-4 mm. long, second 4.5-5 mm. long; fioral glume ovate-lanceo-
late, 5 mm. long, thitdy clothed with sliort hairs 1-2 mm. long;
palea about 4 mm. long, contaiiiiug a ft!W short hairs; basal hairs
few, one- third as long as the fioret.
Dr. Vasey says: "It ditVers froni .1. hrevipUis Ik'nth. in its
greater size, its longer involute leaves, and its much longer and
mirrower panicle, with branches subdivided and llowering nearly to
the base; the latter has a ring of very short hairs at the base of the
outer glumes besides those at the base of the flowers."
Florida, A. 11. Cnrtiss.
3. C. longifolia (Hook.). Hack. True Crasses, 113 (180O).
Ammnphihi loin/ifoh'a Vasey, Cat. (Jr. V. S. 71 (1885). (kdama-
(/ro-sfis loiu/ifoJia Hook. Fl. lior. Am. 2:241 (i,40).
Culms stout, GO-180 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the inter-
nodes, smooth or more or less clothed with soft wool; blades vciv
long and i -row, involute, ])oints attenuate. I'iinicle variahU'.
10-40 cm. long, at first rather narrow and close, but later spread-
356
POACE.E.
iug, rays smooth, rather distant, bearing spikelots above the middle.
Spikelets com])ressed, 5-(j mm. long; first
glume c'uneate, 4-5 mm. long, second
lance-linear; floral glume as long as the
' second glume, cuneate-lancoolate, hairs
copious, straight, two- thirds as long as the
l)alea.
Sands about the (Jreat Lakes and in
the interior i)art of British America to
Colorado and Arizona. Of some use as a
fodder-plant.
71. (138). Apeea Adans. Fam. 2:
495 (i:(>3). Anemayt'osti.^ Trin. Fund.
Agrost. 138 (l8-»()).
Annual; s])ikclets l-flowered, small,
in an elegant loose ])anicle with numer-
ous slender branches, the raehilla articu-
late above the emi)ty glumes and pi-o-
duced beyond the perfect flower as a sliort
bristle. Empty glumes persistent, deli-
cately membi-anous, keeled, i)ointed, but
awidess, the second one lai-gei-, o-nerved ;
Fro. m.-C,d<,monlfn longi- ^^^'""^ «'*^^"'^ '^ 'it^'e «hoi-ter, membranous
•SSl^,T'"'"" "• '"^"^- "'^^'' '' ^'^"•'^•- ''«^»«^^ ^loi-^Hl awn below
,, . , ^''^ ^^-tootlied apex; palea thin, shorter
than ,ts ghune, ^-keeled, ri-toothed. Stan.ens 3. Stvles distinct,
snort, (.rain narrow, enclosed, but not adherent.
Blades flat, narrow; panicle terminal, diffuse or contracted
Species or perhaps varieties, two, fou.id in Europe, western
Asia and northern Africa.
The characters come very near those of Calamaqrusti., while
tho elegant panicle and numerous glal,rous spikelets resemble
i^mny species of Agrostis, where the species has often been
placed.
1. A. Spica-venti (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 151 (1812) SriKv
Agkostis. Agrosth Spica-vcnfi h. Sp. I>I. Gi (i:.5;{). ,], ^,,,,..
A({l{()STinE.E.
357
puren Guud. Agrost. Ilelv. 1:70 (1811). A. effma S. F. (fray,
Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. ^: 148 (18^1).
Culms Jonsoly tuftod, ;U)-(JO cm. high. Ligule 5-7 mm. long;
blades on largo plants 15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle \\h\x
its base included or barely exserted above the ui)i)er sheath, usually
si)readiug, ;i0-30 cm. long, the scabrid rays in half-whorls of 5-9.
Fig. 61. — Apera Spica-venti.
Spikelct, (iestituto of stamens
and pistil. (Ricliunlson.)
Fig. 63.
Lagnriis ova-
tus. Spikclft.
(Kichardsoii.)
Spikclets narrow, first glumo 1.5-2.5 mm. long, second 2.3-3.:3 mm.
long; fertile Horet linear-liniceolate, 2-3.5 mm. long, the awn
5-10 mm. long; palea bearing 2 minute tui'ts of hairs at the base.
Introduced with cultivated gra.sscs and in ballast.
Var. iXTERuri'TA (L.). A//rosfis inlerrupfa L. 8p. PI. Ed. 2,
1:91 (17(13). Apcra infornipfa lieauv. Agrost. 31 (1S13).
This may be looked for. Plant slender, about 20 cm. high,
panicle interrupted, narrow. 10-15 cm. long.
72. (145). LagurUS L. Sp. PL 1:81 (1753).
Spikelets 1-ilowered, in a very soft dense ovoid or oblong spike-
368
POAf'E.E.
like panicle or hoail, rachilla articulate above the lower glumes,
sleiidor, ])ro(lucotl above the perfecit floret. Empty glumes 2,
linnar, clothed with ttne hairs; iloral glume unvvosv, smooth,'
delicately membranous, termimitiug iu 2 sleiuler awns, and bearing
a long bent and twisted awn below the ai)ex; palea luirrow, liyaline,
'.'-keeled. Stamens ;5. Styles short, tlistinct. Grain narrow',
scarcely eiu-losed by the glume and palea.
A soft annual grass with short Hat blades.
Species 1. found in western and southwestern Europe and
northern Africa.
1. L. ovATfs L. 1, c. IIauk's-tail Grass.
Culms 15--35 cm. high, pubescent, branching below. Sheaths
soft, inflated; ligule pubescent, 1-1.5 mm. long. Spikes whitish,
2-4: cm. long. Em])ty glumes threadlike, plumose, S-10 mm. long-
floral glume 3.5 mm. long, bristles of the same length; the awn
2-4 times as long as its glume.
Often cultivated for ornament.
Teibe IX.— AVENEJE.
Spik.'lets 2- to several-flowered (1-flowered in Ammpoqon),
flowers pei-fect or one of them staminate, in open or spikelike" pan-
icles. Empty glumes often persistent, usually longer than the
florets; rachilla bearing tufts of hairs under the floral glumes and
usually produced above the upper one; awn of the floral glume dor-
sal, or near the apex between the lobes, more or less twisted and
bent; palea 2-keeled. Style short or none; stigmas feathery.
Gram furrowed with embi-yo small, enclosed iu the floral glume
and palea, adluirent to the i)alea or free.
This ti-ibe has been very generally recognized and very little
modifled for a long time past.
A. Spikelets 2-flowercd. rachilla not prolonged 74
B. Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, rachilla prolonged above
the u])per flower ,s
a. Spikelets deciduous as a whole, 2-flowered, lower one
perfe(;t, awnless, ui)per one awned, usually staminate. 73
AVION E.E. 359
a. Florets deciiluoiis. oTiipty ^ij:1iiiiu's persistent. . . . (c)
c. Awii of llonil gluino on the hiii'k. ...... (d)
d. Spikelets 1 cm. or less loii;^- , . (e)
e. Flowers all perfect or the upper oues staiiii-
uute or neuter (j\
i. Floral glume obtuse or denticulate. . . (k)
k. Awns taiier-pointed, not articulate. . I (J
k. Awns cylindrical, articulate near the
middle, apex clavate 75
i. Floral glume '^-toothed, lower floret
awned 77
e. Florets 2, the lower one staminate and
strongly awned. the upper one perfect and
more or less awned 79
d. Spikelets more than 10 nun. long 78
C. Awn of floral glume between 2 teeth or lobes. . . (m)
m. S[)ikelets 2-flowered, the uj)per one perfect or
l)i,stillate, the lower staminate, spikelets in
threes. , 8q
m. Si)ikelets 3- to several-flowered, all perfect or
the upper imperfect. 81
73. (157). HOLCUS L. Sp. PI. 1047 (1753).
Spikelets deciduous as a whole, ^-flowered, numerous and
crowded in an open panicle, the lower flower perfect, the upper
staminate; rachilla articulate above the outer glumes. Empty
glumes 2, nearly equal, conduplicate, acute, the second broader, 3-
nerved, acute or extended into an awn; floral glume shorter, mem-
branous, the lower awtdess, the upper with a sliort dorsal l)ent
awn; palea2-kecled. Stamens 3. Stvles distinct, Grain oblouf.
nu;luded but not adherent.
Soft annual or perennial grasses, with blades flat or rarely con-
duplicate.
Sp.'cies S, found in Europe, Africa, ami one or more spread by
the agency of man.
The genus //olrxs was made by LinnuMis and continued by
Robert lirown to include species now separated aiul placed in Sor-
^^'^ POAt'E.Ti:.
Illn,m, IX snl)cronus i,i Androponimcv'. JIolcus is neurly allied to
Ihsrhampsia, but the ui)i.i.r floret of ouch spikelet is nuilo with uu
uwiu'd .<rliinie, the lower uuawueil jukI pcM-fcct.
A. Spikek'ts iibout 4 rnm. long, uwii KOiircdy protruding. . 1
H. Spikelets 5 nun. long, jiwn protruding 2
1. H. LANATISL. Sp. ]M. 1048 (1:5:5). VKLVKT-(iUA,SS. //.
glaums WxWk. WiUk. & Lunge. Prod. Fl. Hisp. 1 : ;i(i7 (KSfil).
Perenniul with creeping rootstocks; culms uscending. iJO-do cm.
high, clothed throughout more or less with u very short pubescence,'
giving the plant u soft light color. Puniole 5-10 cm. long. 2.5 cm!
broud, of u pule or reddish color. Spikelets ovul. (.])long. neurly 4
mm. long, the uwn scarcely protruding; lower floret' nurrowiy-
ovoid. )l mm. long, with 5 obscure nerves; puleu as long as its
glum,', obtuse; upper floret narrower und shorter than the lower;
floral glume obscurely nerved, awn us long us its glume, sturting a
third the way below the apex; ])uleu obtuse, two-thirds as 1011^^18
its glume.
r. S. Dept. Agrirul 465, distrilmted in ISSl.
Found in moist meadows ami pastures of Furope. i)robably in
Russian Asia; introduced into Austria, Tasmania, northern und
southern Africa, and many parts of North America.
It grows well on poor lands, but the quality is not good under
any cii-cumstunces. For further remarks see Vol. 1, p. 1!).'}, Fig. 80
•i. U. MOLLIS L. Syst. Fd. 10: 1305 (1750). //. densns vZvm
Flora. ;?r:3,33 (1844).
A smooth perennial grass, rootstocks creeping extensively; culms
30-70 cm. high, villous at the nodes. Leuf-blades shorter thun
those of the former species, the upper 2-6 cm. long. I'unicle nmch
as in //. lanotus. Spikelets lance-elliptical, 5 mm. long, uwn pro-
truding half the length of the spikelet; ruchillu bearing tufts of
hairs below each floret; lower floret mirrowly ovoid. 2.5 mm. long;
pulea as long us its glume, obtuse; upper floret nari-ow, neurly^S
mm. long, awn starting from below the tip, 4 mm. long; paleii a
little shorter.
Found in nearly the same countries and locations as //.
lanahis, though nmch less common.
AVKNH.K.
301
lutrodiutcd on hullitst ;,nv)ini(l, IMiilii(k'Ii))iia.
r4. (15-). AiRA L. S,,. I'l. 03 (175:5). A.yuis Aduns. Fam. 2:
i'Mi (1703). /.rp/u/>/a,/ja Klirli. liuitr. 4: U(j (irso). J'ruineid] c
14!) (118!)). J//////r>/m I'iirl. Fl. I'ulenn. 1 : 9x; (1.S15). /aW,,m
l''i'-l. Fl. Itul. l:->;5;' (1848). Moliutria 1. c. 23U (1S48). /',/■/-
ballia Tvui. Fund. Ayrost. 133 (1848). Fu,,ia Scl.iir. Euuni I'l
'I'mnss. :o4 (18()(j).
Spikelets 2-fl()werod, small, in a loose or nirdy contracted pani-
cle with capillary rays; rachilla articulate, minutely hairy and not
ut all or scarcely produced lieyond the perfect flowers. Empty
^dumes thinly scarious, nearly equal, acute; lloral-lume close above
tliem, shorter, thin and hyaline, linely j.ointed „r shortly hilld,
with a fine dorsal twLsted awn below the middle; palea ;3-nerved,'
hyaline, about as Ion- as its glume. Styles short, distinct. Grain
enclosed and more or less adnate to the glume and i)alea.
Delicate slender grasses, usually aniiuals with narrow blades.
A sn)all genus with 4-5 species, all of which are Kuropean,
though some of them are now widely disseminated in otlior temper-
Fio. QB.—Aira cari/op7ii/lUa. Spikelet. (Ricliardson.)
ate regions. The genus formerly was made to include Deschamp-
sia, Airopsis, Cornncphorus, and others. It is nearly allied to
ivena, Imchnc, Miciriira, Cwlachne.
H62 poACK.lv
A. raniflu loo.st'ly sprcudiii^^s almost triclioloiiious. ... 1
\^. I'iiuicle narrow uiid delist', spikcliko 'i
1. A. CAHYoiMivi.LK.N L. Sp. I'l. (Ki (IT."):;). .1. nijiilhiris
Salzni. Stcud. Noni. Ed. '.I, 1: 44 (1S4(I-41). 'riiciv arc at least
17 other syiioiiyiMS.
A .^lelidi'f and eK'jfaiit tiil'ted aiiiiual. l()-"*() nn. Iii,i;li. Liiiidi-
2-4 mm. long; blades l-'.> em. loiiir, sdl't, narrow, soon in volute
ami twisted. I'anieU' l(j<»se and sprt'adinjj:. I'ays in pairs or threes.
.Si)ikelets orect, silvur-shinin^^; empty glumes about •^'.;i mm. lon<,%
ovate, aeute, sub-searious, 1-nerved: lloral jj;liime shorter, 'I mm.
long, dorsal awn projecting over I mm. above.
(Jenerally distributeil over the aresi of the genus. Introduced
and naturalized in various portions of the United States from Del-
aware to California.
2. A. PH.KCOX L. Sp. PI. G5 (1T53). A. pii,sil/a Sehur, Enum.
PL Transs. ;r)4 (IHCf.).
A slender annual, 4-l"i cm. or rarely more in height. Ligulo
ahout "l mm. long; hlades 5 in number, 0.5-'^ om. long, soft,
narrow. .«» 'ii involute and twisted. Panicle contracted, 1-2 cm.
long. Spikelets erect, seldom over 10-20 in numljer; empty glumes
scarious, shining, ovate, acute, 2.5 nun. long, 1-nerved; iloral
glume 2 mm. long.
A west l']uro]iean and Mediterranean grass, introduced into
Delaware, Peiinsylvaniii. and elsewhere.
75. (15:?). WeingaERTNERIA r.ernh. Syst. Verz. Erf. 2:?: 51
(1800). Name used earlier. Cortpicphdrus IJeauv. Agrost. 00, /.
18, f. J (1812).
Spikelets 2-ilowered. in a loose ]ianicle, rachilla articulate helow
the floral glumes and produced beyond them. Glumes thinly
s(!arious, 2 empty ones suhecpnd, acute, awnless; floral glume
shorter, hyaline, entire, with a tine awn dorsidly attached below the
middle, articulate near the middle, where there is a tuft of short
hairs, lower part firm and twisted, the upper part more slender with
a clavate apex; palea shorter than its glume, narrow, 2- toothed.
Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. (J rain included, more or less
adherent to the glume and i)alea.
AVEXK.K.
363
Delioiito iiiimuils with tlio habit of .lira, liiivin<f iiurrow ca'sj)!-
toso bUidos. I'liiiicle slciidtT, coiitriictod, with ca|iiliiiry nivs.
SjM'cios 2, I'ouiul ill till" vicinity of tlio Muditernmouu tst'iuiiul north-
Wiiril and introduced intootiior countries.
Tlic rachillii is continuous aa in J)<'srhiiin/>si((, hut tlu' ji^cnus is
readily distinguished by the peculiar club-shaped awn of the lloral
glume.
1. \V. CANMSCENS Beruh. 1. c. Coryncphnrus canesccns lieauv.
Agrost. 159 (ISia).
Tufted glaucous or slight iy purplish. 20-150 cm. high, with
tine still" convolute blades, the lower 5-
10 cm., those on the culm about 1 cm.
long. I'anicle 4-0 cm. long. Spike-
lots about :{ mm. long: cm[)ty glumes
pointed, coiu'ealing the florets, awn
scarcely protruding; lloral glmne l.a
mm. long.
In saiuly soil. Tntroduced into the
Unite(l States with grass-seed.
70. (154). DeschaMPSIA Heauv.
Agrost. 01 . /. S. /'. :5 (lcSl2). A iridimn
Steud. Syn. PI. f J ram. 423 (1S54). There arc at least 10 other
synonyms.
S[)ikelets 2-flowered. in a loose or rarely contracted panicle with
sleiuler rays, rachilla articulate, hairy, more or less produced
between the floral glumes and beyond the upper one as a hairy
bristle, or rarely bearing an empty glume, Km})ty glumes keeled,
rather acute, the sides thinly scarious; lloral glume membranous or
nearly hyaline, ibtuse or truncate, 2-to several-toothed, with aline
dorsal awn attached near tlu^ middle, the lower lloret sessile, the
ui))H'r raised on a stipe; palea narrow, prominently 2-nerved, often
'.'-^oothed. Stamens 3. Stylos short, distinct. (Jrain enclosed,
but u'uallv not adherent. Perennial grasses with the shinin<r
spikolett, of Tb'isi'fum and Ai'ra, usually smaller than the former,
larger th in those of the latter genus. There are about 20 s])ocies,
gonerjilly distributed over the temperate regions of the northern
Fio. 64. — Weittgai'tneria
citnesc('.)is. Spikelct.
(ScriliiuT. )
'^^'^ I'OACE.K.
liumiHpluM-e. also ivpivHuntcd outsi.l,. tlio in.j)i,.s in the 8(.iitli(.ni
licinispliore. I). civ.s2,il„m niiigcs ..mt the entire urea hIjovo
specilicd.
Des.'liunipsiu l.cars the sanu- ivliitioii lo Mra flint ('nhn,„i;iruslis
does to J^mv//,v; phirits usually piTonnial and stoulcr lliau .l/w.
spikolets lon^^er, radiilja produced beyond the iipp..r llorct int.. a
briHtl.. or sonu'tinics an empty n.],,,,,,, or even u ataniinate lloucr;
floral .rliinu" ol'te.i more or less denticulate. Six of the species Imvc
been proposed as .listinct ^n-uera. The above comments concern-
ing the position of the genus are niaiidy the views of Hentham.
A. First emi)ty glume 1 -nerved a^\
a. Florets overlappin.y-. about four-firths of their length, (b)
b. Awn straight, short, a dwarf arctic grass. . . . 1
b. Awn bent, protruding, jjaniclo spikelike. ... 3
b. Awn bent, protruding, panicle thin, spreading. . 3
a. Florets overlapping (me-third to half of their length, (c)
e. Empty glunuw extending above the florets, uwn
near or above the middle of the glume (d)
d. IMades flat, 3-G mm. wide 4
d. liladcs 3-4 mm. wide, involute, floret conspicu-
ously hairy g
c. Empty glumes usually not extending to the tip of
the upper floret /p\
e. Awn twisted, starting below the middle of its
glume Q
e. Aavii straigli t, starting at the middle of its glume. 7
B. First empty glume 3-nerved /],n
h. Emi)ty glumes 5-r mm. long §
h. Empty glumes ,3-4 mm. long n\
i. IJays of panicle mostly in twos 9
i. Eays of i)anicle mostly in threes 10
1. D. brevifoliaK. l?r., Parry's Voy. Suppl. 191 (1823). Aim
arctica Spreng. Syst. 2:33 (1835.)
A smooth perennial, 6-30 cm. higli. Lignle oblong; blades of
sterile shoots 6-13 cm. long, those of the cuim 1-3 cm. long, 2-3
mm. wide, involute, reaching nearly to the panicle. Panicle
AVKNK.R 305
sitnplo, ovoid or irroj^'uliirly oI)1om^, '^-3-10 nun. lon^'. Spiki'lcts 3-
ll(»\vort'tl, l)r()\vii above, ruil or piirplo below; etuply j,'liimi's Hourly
('<|iiiil, iibout '^.5 mm. lon>,', first l-nervL'd, sucoiitl iJ-iicrvud, tlio
luleral nervL'S oitscuru; llorets l*.') mm. loii<^, overlappiii;,' lor Tuur-
lirilis of their length, very spariiiuly i^lotlied at thu base with short
weak hairs, raehilla aiiioolli. rinliiiu-iit al)ove the see()ii(l llower
twice us h)iig us tho joint of racliilla lietweeii tlie llorets, boai'lng a
small gliimu or rarely u third tloret; lloral gliuiio Ijroudly oval,
truncate, irregularly toothed, thinner than the empty glume, deli-
cately 5-uerved; u straight awn a littlo bulow the middle, scarcely
reaching to the t\[t of its glume; palea broad, not keeled, a litllo
shorter than its glume, irregularly -l-tootlied ; the two obscure nerves
diviTiiing. I'eriiaps this should bo included in /K (■(is/ii/osir Heaiiv.
(Jrinnell Land, /.iriif. llreelij in 188:^; (Jolorado, I'un'i) IJUT;
Alaska, llitrriiKjIoH, /hill.
'^. D. Pringlei Scribn. Proc. Acud. Phila. :}00 (1S91).
Culms erect, i)auiclc simple, GO-'JO cm. high. Sheaths scabrid,
smooth, shorter thau the iutornodes, oblique ut the throat; ligule
truu(;ato, friugcd, decurrent, about 'i mm. long; blades scabrous,
involute, rigid, 10-15 cm. long, 2— i mm. wide. Panicle dense,
sitikelike, somewhat interrupted below, 7-17 cm. long, the lowest
rays branching, spikelike, uppressed, 2-5 cm. long. Spikelets linear-
lanceolate; empty glumes equal, 4.3-5.3 mm. long, 1-nerved, keel
scabrous, joint of rachilla between florets about 0.3 mm. long;
floral glume linear, about 3-4 mm. long, with 2 blunt lobes, awn
one-third the way i'rom the base and projecting above its glume 3-4
mm. ; ])alea thin, 2-keeled, 2-toothed, a little shorter than its glume.
Anthers linear, 1.2 mm. long.
This has much tho aspect of Trisefum.
Mexico, PrlnfjJe 1429.
3. D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. Bidl. Sci. Acad. St. Petersb. \'.m
(183()). Aim Jlexuosa L. Sp. PI. 05 (1753). There are nuniy
other synonyms.
A tufted perennial, 40-00 cm. high, culms nearly naked. Lig-
ule short; blades very narrow, those at tho base 3-12 cm. long,
those of the culm 2-5 cm. long. Panicle spreading, 8-12 cm. long.
366 POACEiE.
rays capillary in twos, bearing the spikelets near tlie tips. Spike-
lets with the awns usiuilly protruding one-third of their length;
empty glumes thinner than the floral glume, ovate-lanceolate, first
3.5 mm. long, 1-nervod, second 4.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, the lateral
nerves short and sometimes obscure or wanting; florets 4 or more
mm. long, overlapping for five-sixths of their length, sparingly
sili<y-hairy at the base; floral gUime ovate, 5-nerved, eroded or
toothed, awn starting about I mm. above the base; palea as long as
its ghinie, or longer or shorter. Grain not grooved, free.
Mt. Washington, D. C. Eaton; Massachusetts, Heal 81; New
Jersey, Scribtier for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 400; Xew York, Clark
1302 from Clinton; Michigan Isle Koyale, Uobbitis 75"*; Colorado,
BramU'nee.
New El' .ji id, Michigan, to the south and west; northern
Europe and Asia.
4. D. atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele, Flora (27) 1: 56 (1844).
Aira att-upurpurea Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 37 (1812). D. htlifoUa
Vasey, Cat. Gr. U. S. 53 (1885).
A smootli perennial, 20-40 cm. high. Leaves 3-4; slieaths
as long as the internodcs, shorter or longer; oblique at tlie throat;
ligule obtuse, 3-3 mm. long; blades flat, those of the sterile
shoots 4-15 cm. long, those of the culms 2-0 cm. long, 3-G mm.
wide. Panicle simple, open, more or less exserted, 5-11 cm. long,
rays in pairs, spreading, the longest 4-8 cm. long, bearing 5-10
spikelets near the apex. Spikelets mostly pedicellate, a few subses-
sile, often purple; empty glumes compressed. sube(|Uiil, first shorter,
linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved. 4.7-0 mm. long, second ovate-lanceo-
late, ;5-nerved, 5-6 mm. long; florets overlapping for one-third to
one-half their length; rachilla above the upjutr floret about 0.6 mm.
long; floral glume 2.3-2.7 mm. long, the silky hairs reaching to
the middle or above, the stout awn attached a little above the mid-
dle, 2.5-4.5 mm. long, broadly oval, truncate, silky, irregularly 3-4-
tootlied, obscurely 5-nerved; palea as long as its glume, or a little
shorter, truncate or irregularly toothed.
Labrador, A. A. Allen; White Mountains, Tuckerman, Oakes,
C. E. Faxon; British Columbia, Macoun.
AVENE.E. 367
Alpine summits of New lIami)8hiro, New York, to California
and northward.
After some hours in comparing the original description of D.
atropurpurea and D. latifolia Vasey, in seeing the figures of tiie
latter in Hooker's Flora of N. A., comparing step by step authentic
plants from both the east and the west sides of the continent, I con-
clude that if we make two species, they will both be found on each
side of the continent. It seems to me that the distinctions are not
broad enough to warrant at most more than two varieties, and to show
this, even, I should need to see more good plants. From the Grand
Gulf, Mount Washington, is a plant from C. E. Faxon; from the
Rocky Mountains Hooker sends a plant collected by Drutnmond,
the type for D. latifolia. These two plants are of equal height;
the western plant has leaves possibly not quite so long-pointed, those
of the culm about 1 cm. longer aiul 1 mm. wider, the panicle i-o
cm. longer, the longest ray 3 cm. longer, bearing some 20 more spike-
lets, second empty glume I mm. longer; floral glume 0.1-0.3 mm.
longer, awns the same. Hooker in Fl. Hor. Am. 3:24:5 (1840)
says in regard lo D. latifolia: " It is remarkable for the breadth of
the leaves and for the large opaque (not glossy), purple-green (!olor
of the glumes."
5. D. danthonioides (Trin.) Vasey. Aira danthonioides Trin.
Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1:57 (1830).
A slender erect smooth annual, 2-i cm. high. Sheaths about 3
in number, longer than the internodes, the upper one reaching about
half way to the top of the plant; ligule lanceolate, decurrent, 4 mm.
long; blades thin, involute, filiform, erect, 5-8 cm. long, 0.3 mm.
broad. Panicle thin, purple, linear or spreading, 10-15 cm. long,
rays in pairs, 2-3 cm. distant, the longest 5 cm. long, narrow,
flower-bearing on the outer three-fifths. Spikelets pedicellate;
empty glumes i>ubequal, linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long, first 1-
nerved, second 3-nerved, rachilla hairy, florets overlapping for
one-third their length, 1.4 mm. long, oval before opening, trun-
cate, irregularly 4-5-toothed, awn near the middle 4.5 mm. long;
palea as long as its glume, apex truncate, ciliate.
California, Pringle in 1882.
868
POACE^.
This has been confounded with I), calycina Presl, which see.
6. D. osespitosa (L.) Beiuiv. Agrost. Itl, /. JS, f. 3 (1812).
Aira ccpspitosa \j. Sp. PI. 64 (1753). There is a very large num-
ber of other synonyms.
A tul'tcd perennial, 60-120 cm. liigh. Ligule sliort. or long and
acute; blades rather stilf, the lower 30-50 cm. long, 3 mm. or less
in width, often Hat, deeply grooved on
the upper side, scabrid. Panicle i)yram-
idal or oblong, 1-3 cm. long, rays slen-
der, bearing spikelets above the middle.
Spikelets 'I- (rarely 3-) ilowered, com-
pressed, shining, brownish, lead-colored
or i)ur})lisli, first emi)ty glume linear,
acute or obtuse or linear-lanceolate, 1-3-
nerved, 3-6 mm. long, second glume
oval, acute, a little longer, 3-nerved, the
lateral nerves obscure; Horets 2.7—1 mm.
long, overlapi»ing about half their length,
tlie base sparingly hairy, awn starting 1
mm. or less from the base, equalling the
glume or longer or shorter; iloral glume
usually thinner than the empty glumes,
oval, truncate. -1-5-toothed or jagged, 5-
(rarely 7-) nerved ; palea broad, as long
as its glume or shorter, 2-toothed.
Vermont, Pringle; Michigan, Beal
82, Clark ^b, 30; Minnesota, Bailey M
424; Montana, Anderson 59, Buff urn C
43, C 53, C 03, C 73 ; Colorado, CassUly;
Alaska, Merriain iov '^oX. Herb. Ill, 133; California, Jowe^ 2579,
Parish 1543.
Very variable and widely distributed in the north and south
temperate aiul arctic aiul mountain regions. Found in New Eng-
land and across the continent to Alaska. The European form is
often viviparous. See Vol. 1, p. 37.
Var. alpina Vasey ined.
FiQ. 65.— Deschampaia eas-
pitosa. A, spikelet; a,
tiorets. (Scribiier.)
AVENK^. 369
Culms 20-30 cm. liigli; blades soft, often flat; empty glumes
about 5 mm. long; lloral glume 4.5 mm. long.
Aliisku, Elliott; Colorado. Letterman.
Var. Bottnica (Wahl.) Vasey ined. Aira liottnica Wuld. Fl.
Lapp. 1:36, /. 4 (1813). D. JJoftnica Triu. Fund. Agrost. 158
(1830).
A i)lant with a long panicle and projecting awns. Empty glunu'S
3-nerved, 6 mm. long; lloral glume oval, truncate, irregularly
toothed, often T-nerved.
Alaska, Harrington in 1871-2; Oregon, Ilowetl, Cimch.
A note in Dr. J. T. liothrock's Sketch of the Flora of Alaska,
in Smithsoiiian rej)ort 458 (18G7), speaks of specimens which he
had (!()lleeted in that territory, as follows:
"In looking over the specimens of A. ca>xpitosa in Herb. Gray
I find one from the Sandwich Islands and another from Ft. Viin-
couver, both of which appear identical with our forms from Sitka.
They having been authoritatively named l)y Colonel Muuro as
Aira ca^spitosa var Bottnica, I have labelled the Sitkan specimens
in accordance with his determination. I find a specimen in Herb.
Gray similar to the Sitkan ones marked (but from Onnalaska) as A.
ccmpitosa var. lonr/i flora."
Var. brevifolia (Hieb.) Vasey ined. Aira brevifolia Hieb. Fl.
Taur. Cauc. 3: 03 (1819). Blades soft, rather firm,6-10 mm. long.
Var. Confinis. Vasey ined. Ligule 8-10 mm. long; spikelets
about 5 mm. long.
California, Palmer 231.
Var. longiflora.
Panicle ample; spikelets 3-flowered, awns projecting; empty
glumes nearly equal, 3-nerved ; floral glume 5-nerved.
Vancouver Island, John Macoun 1887.
Var. montana (Schur.) Vasey. D, montana Schur, Enum. PI.
Transs. T53 (18GG).
Leaf blades thick and coarse, involute, and awns projecting.
Arizona. Rothrock 23.
Kocky Mountains.
Var. maritima Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 48 (1888).
370 POACE.E.
Smooth, 12-20 cm. higli; panicle slender, few- flowered ; spike-
let about 5 mm. lon<^.
James Hay, Mat on n 144; C'olonuio. Jones 475.
7. D. holciformis I'resI, Ueliq. Ihvnk. 1:251 (1830). Aim
hohifnrm is Stcwd. Syn. IM. (Jram. 221 (1855).
A smooth perennial <^rass, 60-70 cm. hi<i;h, the upper nodes
above tlio sheaths: ligule acute, IJ mm. long; blades scarcely 2 mm.
wide, the lower 40 cm. long, the upper 4-0 cm. long. ]*aniclo
erect, interrupted, ratiier compact, 12-15 cm. long, about 2 cm.
broad, rays in fives or sixes, tlower-bearing nearly to the base.
Si>ikelets 4.5-5.5 mm. long, florets overlap])ing for one-third their
length, awns protruding about 1 mm., rachilla villous, rudiment
about two-thirds as long as the floret: emi)ty glumes sube(]ual, his-
pid «»n the nerves, al)out 5 mm. long, first linear, acute, 1-nerved,
second acute, narrowly obovate, 3-nerved; floral glume oblong,
.'t-iierved, 4 mm. long, 4-t()()tlu'd. faintly hispid toward the apex,
awn nearly straight, starting at the middle of its glume; palea
oblong, as long as its glume, 4-toothed.
California, Hnlatuln- 0071.
8. D. calycina I'resl, Heli(i. Ilivnk. 1:251 (18^0). D. dantho-
nioliloH Munro, Henth. 1*1. llartw. 342 (1857). Aim clanthoiniodes
Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1:51 (1830).
Annual; glabrous, culms slender, 10-100 cm. high. Ligule
2-3 mm. long, acute; blades 1-5-10 cm. long, very nari'ow, often
exceeding the internodes. Panicle simple, spreading or narrow,
erect, rays 2-4, in half-whorls, naked below. Empty glumes oblong-
acute to linear-lanc^eolate. 3-nerved, first r).5-7.5 mm. long, second
but little shorter, extending beyond the florets. The lower floret
reaching one-third onto the second; floral glume ovate, 2-2.5 mm.
long, minutely 4-toothed. 5-nerved, awn mostly extending beyond
the empty glumes; palea nearly as long as its glume, curved on the
back. Grain flattened, not grooved, straight next the floral glume,
curved next to the palea.
Arizona, Lemmon; Washington, Brandegee 1175; Oregon, E.
Hall 664.
This has been confounded with D. danthonioides V'asey, which
see.
AVENE.E. 371
Texas, Colorado, California to Alaska.
9. D. gracilis Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10:324 (1885).
Culms smooth, slender, 3U-T0 cm. high. Ligulu 4-5 mm.
long, a(!uminat(S blades smooth, filiform, G-10 cm. long. Pani-
cle 15-'^'0 cm. h>ng, lax and o])en, rays mostly in twos, the lower
ones G-lO cm. long, slender, llower-bearing to or below the middle.
Em[)ty glumes e<iual, linear-lanceolate, tinged with purple and
brown, 3-nerved, and about 3.5 mm. long; llorets overla])})ing for
o:ie-third their length, an awn stjirting near the middle of eaeh
iloret, o-G mm. long, rachilla villous; floral glume 1.5 mm. or
more long, 1 mm. wide, 4-toothed, faintly nerved; palea as long as
its glume, narrow, incurved, ciliato above, 2-toothed. Grain com-
pressed, half oval, 1 mm. long.
California, Orcutf in 1884.
10. D. elongata (Hook.) Munro. Benth. PI. Ilartw. 342
(185T). Aim elomjata Hook. Fl. Hor. Am. 2:243 (1840).
Culms very slender, often tufted, 20-GO cm. high. Lignle
acute, 4 mm. long; blades very narrow, 4-15 cm. long, mostly
smooth. PaTiicle narrow, simple or branching, about one-third as
long as its culm, rays capillary, scabrous, appressed, bearing spike-
lets above the middle. Empty glumes equal, oval-lanceolate or
linear-lanct'olate, 3-4 mm. long, 3-nerved, longer than the florets,
green and scabrous on the keel; florets 2 mm. long, shining, over-
lapping for one-third or more of their length, silky hairs reaching
to the middle; floral glume broad, nerves very obscure or none, apex
api)arently 5-toothed or lacerate, the slender awn starting near or
below the middle and twice the length of its glume; terminal part
of the rachilla about two-thirds as long as the upper floret: palea
about as long as its glume, 2-toothed, curved. Grain 1.5 mm.
long, flattened, straight on the outside, grooved.
Jones for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 4591.
British America to California.
Var. ciliata Vasey, ined.
Culms GO-80 cm. high; ligule 8 mm. long; blades less involute
and softer; panicle often 30 cm. long; awns longer.
Oregon, Howell; California, Dr. Anderson.
372 PUACE.E.
Var. tenuis Vnsoy.
A very snmll plunt. 8-10 cm. high.
Ciilil'orniji. .hiuvs 'Z'iOl.
'ill. (15S). Trisetum Pors. Syn. PI. 1:97 (1808). Trichwta
Ik'iiuv. Agrost. 8t» (1812). Acrospelioti Pess. Triu. Mem. Acad.
St. Petcrsb. (VI.) 1:59 (1831). Rostraria Triu. Fuiul. Agrost.
U9 (18'.»0).
Spikelets 2- rarely 3-6-flowered, in a narrow and dense or loose
panicle, rachilla articulate, hairy or smooth, more or less j)roduci'd
between the lloral ^dunies and beyond the upper one as a hairy
bristle or bearing a terminal empty glume or male tlower. Empty
glumes keeled, thiidy scarious on the sides, first 1-5-uerved, second
3-nerved; lloral glume more hyaline, keeled, acute or shortly bitid,
with a dorsal awn attached above the middle, usually twisted at
the base and more or less bent; palea narrow, hyaline, promi-
nently 2-nerved. usually 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct,
stigmatic from near the base. Grain oblong, not furrowed, glabrous
or ])ubescent at the apex, enclosed but not adherent.
Tufted perennial, or rarely annual, grasses with Hat blades.
There are about 50 species; and the genus is generally distrib-
uted over the temperate and cooler or mountain regions of both the
northern and the southern hemisj)heres.
Pentham observes: "They are all very near to the section
Avenmtnim of A vena, but the floral giume is decidedly toothed at
at the apex, the two teeth often produced into straight awns; grain
glabrous or slightly pubescent at the apex, with the longitudinal
furrow of A vena, Tlie inflorescence is also more dense, the spike-
lets smaller and shining."
A. Lower floret unawned (b)
b. First glume 1-nerved 1
b. First glume 3-nerved 2
B. Lower floret awned (c)
c. Empty glumes both 1-nerved, 6-7 mm. long. ... 3
Empty glumes both 1-nerved, 3.5-4 mm. long. . . 4
c. One or both empty glumes 3-nerved (d)
d. First empty glume 3-nerved (e)
AVEXK.E. 373
e. Pjiiiiele slender, awn on tlio tloral gluino very
sliort and straight 4
e. Panicle very slender, awn of lowest lloral glume
longer and bent wiien dry
e. Panicle dense 7
d. First glinne 1-nerved (i)
f. Panicle usually spikelike 7, 8. 9
f. I'anicle not spikelike (g)
g. Spikelets 'Mlowered 11, l::i
g. Spikelets ;i-4-tlowored. ... 13, 13, U, 15
1. T. palustre (Michx.) Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 126 (1834). Arena
Pennsiflfani'iv Jj. Hih PI. TO (1753)? Jivna Carolinian a Walt.
Fl. Car. 81 (1788)? Arena jialtisfri.^ Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:73
(1803). T. Pennxylraniruni li. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67 (1888).
A smooth and slender erect perennial, 50-90 cm. high.
Ijcaf-blades flat, 8 cm. long, 5 mm.
wide. Panicle narrow, loose, 10-30
cm. long, rays capillary. Spikelets 2-
flowered, compressed, lower floret awn-
less, the upper awned and raised on a ijjjhii .,
slightly hairy rachilla nearly 2 mm. *'■""'"' '■'■^
long and continued beyond as much
fanlier; first empty glume lanceolate, ^u WB/ijit
1-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, second about *«* mm
one-fifth longer, elliptical-lanceolate,
3-nerved; floral glume of the lower
floret 5 mm. long, awnless, nearly
smooth at the base, 3-nerved. closely
resembling the second emptv glume;
lloral glume of the upper flor;t shorter ^X^^eU^'c^CJrT'
and narrower than the lower one,
bearing a slender spreading or bent awn next the short bifid tip;
paleae about two-thirds as long as their glumes, bifid, nerves diverg-
ing. Anthers over 1 mm. long.
For an account of a supposed hybrid between this species and
Eatonia Pennsylranica, see Bull. Torr. Club, 13:118 (1886).
874 POACE.B.
Low grounds, Now York, to Illinois and souUiwurd.
2. T. Ludovicianum Viiany. lUiU. Torr. Club, 1!»:«) (1S85).
Ciilnia GO-SO uni. Iiigli. sniootli, loafv Some of the lower I)liide8
15-;.*.") (;ni. long, the upper larger, with smooth Hhealha. I'unicle
15-^5 em. long, ahout \i cm. wide, nearly erect, rather loose, rays
mostly in lives. Spikelets "-i-y-llowered, the lower floret unawncd,
rachilla stout, very sparsely hairy, raising the lower floret two-thirds
of 1 mm., second 2 mm. higher, the rudiment sometimes hearing a
glume or a floret. Knipty glumes smooth, e(puil, ahout 5 mm.
long, 3-nerved, acute, first ellijitical-lanccolate, second ohovate;
floral glume scabrous, y-nerved, not bifid, th t ot" the lower floret
nearly (J mm. long, elliptical-lanceolate, umiwned; second floral
glume snuiller, with a bent awn sis long as itscilf, arising 1 mm.
below the acuminate apex; })aleiM broad, one-third shorter than
their glumes, bifid, the two nerves widely diverging.
Nearly allied to T. paltislrc. E. llackel considers it a species
of Vfutetiala.
Louisiana. AV/-. .1. li, fjfii(/Iois.
3. T. deyeuxioides (H. B. K.) Knnth, Kev. T.ram. 1:102
(1820). Arnia <In/i'ii.rioiih-s H. K K. Nov. fJen. et Sp. 1 :14:. /.
687 (1815). Deffeiixia frijiora Noes, in Linniwi 19: 691 (1847).
Culms 00-90 cm. high. Leal-blades of the culm 12-18 cm.
long. 3 mm. wide. Panicle 15-25 cm. long, 2-4 cm. broad, loose
with s])ikelike rays. Spikelets purjilish, 2-3-flowered, rachilla
clothed with numerous long bristly hairs, some of which extend to
the tip of the florets; empty glumes lanceolate, erpnd, G-7 mm.
long, 1-nerved; floral glumes narrow. 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 5-nerved,
bearing an awn near the middle, reaching about 4 mm. above the
nerveless tips of the glumes; palea hyaline, lanceolate, three-fourths
as long as its glume. Grain linear, 2.5 mm. long, acute at the
base.
The plant is evidently intermediate between Deyetixia and
Trisetnm.
Mexico, Pringh 821. Palmer 210.
Var. pubescens Scribn. ined. Leaves and branches of the pan-
icle pubescent.
AVKNEJ5. 875
Moxieo. Prlnijh 3050.
4. T. filifolium Scribii. incd.
A (leuni'ly luftiMl iKToiiniuI, about 60 cm. high. Culms few,
pinipio, ert'ct. Leuvcs of sterile shoots numorous, scahro'is. <,'liiu-
«M)ns, iiivnluto. filiform, S-l'i cm, long, 0,5 mm, broiul. Siii'iillis
of the culm 'I, much shorter than the iutoruodes, the u|»i)er rciicli-
ing to the middle of the culm; ligule 1 mm. long; blades liiilorm,
5-S cm. long. I'juiicle riithcr dense, contructed, liiiKrohite, 7-10
em. long, tho lowest rays in half-whorls of 4-S, the longest 4-5 em.
long, llower-bearing beyond the middle. Spikclets sul)sessile or the
terminal ones on short pedicels, linear, '^-IJ-tlowercd ; empty glumes
acute, 1-nerved, first linear-lanceolate, 3.5 mm. long, second oval-
luiK'colate, 3.T-4 mm. long, tho hairy joint of racliilla 1.2 mm. long;
floral glume ohs(!urely keeled below, lateral nerves obstiurely 2-
nervcd, S(;abrous, oval, 3-3.5 mm. long, truncate, ii-lobed, with a
very short straight awn in the notch; pulea linear before spreading,
3 mm, long, with two scabrous keels.
Mexico (Chihuahua), Prinylc 1431.
(vool slopes of the Sierra Madre, at the altitude of 9000 feet.
Var. aristatum Scribn, ined.
Leaves of sterile shoots 30-40 cm, long; panicle thin, narrow,
lQ-50 cm, long, half- whorls of rays 3,5-4,5 mm, distant, the long-
est filiform ray 4-6 cm, long, Spikelets tijiped, pedicellate; empty
glumes with a bristle 0.5 mm. long; floral glume thin, keeled, oval,
4 mm, long, obscurely 5-nerved, the apex with 1-2 bristling teeth
on each lol)e extending one-third the way down, awn in the notch
twisted and reaching three-fourths of 1 mm, beyond the apex of
its glume, A very marked variety at least, perhaps a si)ecies.
Mexico. Pringle 1430, on cool slopes of the Sierra Madre, at an
altitude of 9000 feet,
5, T. Hallii Scribn, Bull. Torr. Club, 11: G (1884).
Culms smooth, slender, 15-45 cm. high. Leaf-blades flat, invo-
lute near the apex, those of the culm 2-7 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide,
minutely scabrous. Panicle contracted. 5-10 cm, long, the erect
densely flowered rays 2 or more cm, long. Spikeiets 2-3-flowered,
racliilla nearly smooth, prolonged above the upper floret, often
876 POACE.H.
houriiij,' Ix'twoi'ii tlicin u liairliki* iiwn; empty glumes (hiuuI or sub-
equal, mucroniito or obtuse. 3.5-4 niiu. lon^', bispid on tbo keels,
lirat narrowly oblong, H-nervcd, second oboviito. .'j-nerveil; florul
glume of tirst lloret narrowly oval, tubereulute-roughened, 3.5 mm.
long. 3-norved, termimiting in two aeute teetb and bearing astniiglit
scabrous awn a little below tlic tip. 'i mm. long, teetb of second
and tbird florets prolonged into slender setie, awn twisted a d bent
one-third the way from tbe ti|) and 3-4 mm. long; palea about
two-tliirdu as long as its glume, (irain smooth.
Named for the late Klihu Hall, in whose Texan collection
(IHT*^) it was distributed under No. TOO, mi.xed with Trinvfinin'/ou'
gal inn Kth. ( 7'. interruption Huckl.), No. WhU)* of (*urtiss's distri-
bution of 1S.S3, to which it is closely allied and which it much re-
sembles in habit, but frotu wbieb it dilTers essentially in its broader
and obtuse outer glumes, and in having the lowest awn straight and
shorter than the others.
'i'exas (Brazos County), XenUey in 1883.
C. T. elongatum (II. H, K.) Kuuth, Uev. Gram. 1: 101 (1820).
AiriiK rloiif/dfd II. a K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 148 (181,-)). 7'. ///-
tirmptum Buckl. I'roc. Acad. Phila. 100 (ISOi*). T. CaJifornicum
V'asey.
Culms slender, brandling, 20-50 om. high. Sbeatlis frequent-
ly in(;luding tbe base of tbo panicles; blades flat aiul narrow, those
of the culm 2-7 em. long, often puberuloiis. Panicle simple, 4-10
cm. long, 1 cm. broad, dense or interrupted with spikelike branches.
Many of the spikelets 2-3-flowered, sessile on the brancdies. where
there are 5-7, one at a node, on alternate sides of the slender rachis.
Empty glumes subequal, mucronate or acute, ovate-lanceolate. 3.5-
4.5 mm. long, first 3-nerved, second 5-nerved, nerves j)ron)inent;
floral glume scabrous, elliptical-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, 5- (some-
times 3-4-) nerved, bearing a bent awn one- third or two-fifths the
way below the acuminate or cuspidate points; palea narrow, hya-
line, bifid, about half the length of its glume. Grain smooth, 3
mm. long.
Arizona, PringU; Lower California, Ormitt.
Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, southern California.
AVKNK.K 377
r. T. ipicatum (L.) Uichtor, IM. Kiir. 1 : 59 (IH'.iO). Aira spintfa
li. Sp. L. •(3 (1 ;;'):]). J//7/ sitLopirafd L. Svst. \'t'g. Ktl. lU:(iT3
(l?;)!t). y. .'< uhfijn'nif inn of liulhitrn.
A variiiblo tul'tcd iHTfiinial, lO-OO cm. lii;;li. Slicutlis juiIr's-
(!ont. ;J cm. lon^, 4 mm. wklu; li^'ulo Viiriul)lt', scurioiis; bladerf
Hat, ;;lal)r()ii8 or scuIji'ous. I'aiiicio 3-10 (!m. long, ()..'>•.' cm. diam.,
(li'iisc and spikdikc or inlcrruplud, silvcry-rthiiiiiig, ot'lcii i»iir|ilc.
Spikclcts llattctiod, 2-3-llowcn'd, ruchillu producod bcvoiid iuto u
slender briritlc or terminal glume; empty glum.'s 4-(i mm. long,
linear-lauceolate or oval-lanceolate, lirst l-IJ-nervcd, second 3-
nervc'il; lloral glume ob.scurely 3-5-norved, 3-(5 mm. long to the
tips of the teetb, awn very short or usually extending more than
imlf its length above its glume; palea '-i-toothed. Anthers short.
Vliih, ,/oiirs Woi'r, Montana, Tivi'vihi Gill; Wyoming, /iiijfiDii
V 30; Washington, Samlbvnj, J/oirrfl 4*^;}; Oregon, Ilotcel/; Cali-
fornia, J'n'iii/ii'.
Var. moUe (.Midix.). A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2: sr-i (ISr.O). Airnn
m>ni,s Michx. I'M. Hor. Am. 1:73 (1803). T. molh' Kiinth, Ifev.
Gram. 1: 101 (lS^>!»-35).
Culms and leaves minutely soft downy.
Xen Hampshire, Fa.ron 17; Vermont. PriHfilv: Micliigan, For-
well; Utali, -/o//<'.s' for Srrihnei' 354.'); l'. S. Geol. Surv. of 40th
Par., S. Wiitsiiti i:)43; Oregon, llmrrlL
'I'his polymorphous species is widely distributcMJ in tlic mouJi-
tainous regions of Europe, Australia, Ni'W England. Lake Superior,
Ikocky Mountains, California to Alaska, Canada ami Hritisli
America. The (juality for feeding is probaly not very good, but in
some portions of the country it funushes a good deal of pasture.
8. T. Toluccense U, H. K. Kunth, Gram. 1:101,297. /.On
(1835). Avena Toluccense II. H. K. Nov. Gen. et. So. 1:14K
(1815).
A perennial 25-35 cm. Idgh. with rootstocks and numerous
sterile shoots; culms clothed with sliort i)ubescen(!e. Leaves slightly
scabrous, sheaths loose, covering the nodes; ligule lacerate, 2-3 mm.
long; blades Hat, 3-S cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle 4-(i cm.
long, 8-12 mm. diam., dense and spikelike or interrupted below,
378 POAlK.K.
bliiuing, greoii and purple. Siiikolots slightly tlatti'neil. ti-llowt-ivtl.
nu'liillii slii,'litly liuirv. proilucetl bovoiul into ii bristlo. soini'iiuu's
bearini; ii rudinn-nt »)f ;i third spikolot; oinpty ^dniui's oval. acwU'.
lirst t-r» nun. lonj::. 1-nervod. S'. .iind 5-.'».rt nun. lonjr, It-niTvotl ;
lloral ^'hnno (»\al, acute. 4.0-.")..') mm. lonj:, includin;; tlit* ."iliort
toetli. obscnroly 5-nervi>d. the upper third hrown-.soariou.s. tlio hrnl
awn oxli-ntlinj; 11-5 nun. ln'yoi\d its glunic; palea nearly ;U5 ion*: as
its <;lumi'; anthers l.',\ mm. lonj;.
Nearly allieil to 7'. fi/iinifinii.
Mexico. rriiKjlc A'W,). on the mountains.
!i. T. sesquiflorum Triu. liull. Se. Acad. St. I'etersb. I: GO
(iH;Jti).
IVrennial; culms 15-'.'') cm. high, and glabrous throu_<:hout.
Leat'-bhules of sterile shoots often reaching to the toj)of tlu» painclc,
those of the culm shorter, the upper one 1 cm. long. Panicle
dense, linear-ohlong, ;> -t cm. long. Spikelets narrow, purple; some
of them consisting of four empty glumes, first and second 1-nerveil,
third bifid, awned, ;5-nervi'il. fourth '^-nerved; the other spikylets
l-','-tlowercd, empty glumes lanceolate, c«)ui|)ressed-keeled, verv
nearly ecpnil, (1-7 nun. long, first 1 -nerved, secoiul o-nerved, raeliillsi
consistijig of a few short hairs; lloral ghuue thin. ."> mm. long, 'i
mm. witle, obscurely 5-nerved, the tips lacerate, awn starting but
little below the middle, and reuching 4 mm. above its glume; palea
obtuse, lacerate, a little shorter tlum its glume, 1.5 mm. wide.
Anthers linear, ',\ mm. long, which is three times tlie length of
those in T. siihspicalKiii. collected in the same locality. The plants
have mui'li the aspect of tiiose last named.
Alaska, lliirrinulon with the U. S. Coast Survey.
Alaska and Kamtchatka.
10, T. Sandbergii n. sj).
Panicle pur|>le, lax, llexuose or nodding. 15-:20 cm, long, rays
in distant half-whorls of 15-4, the longest 4-(! cm. long, bearing a
few spikelets on the outer third, Sjukelets '^-flowered, the hairy
pi'dicel nearly 15 mm. long; first glume laiux>olate, 3-4 mm. long.
1-nerved, second oval when spread, about 5 mm. long, 3-nerved;
lirst lloral glume ellijitioal, acute when spread, with a few very short
AVKNK.K. 879
liaira at the basi*. 6 mm. loiij;, tlio iiwn (J-S imn. loiijr. 8trtrtiii<j two-
tliinls till' way fnnii tlio l»aso; palea 5 mm. lonj;; upper lloret 1 mm.
shorter, the awn als«) shorter.
Wasliinjjton (Mt. Stuart, altitude 7000-8000 feet). SamilwriJ
and l.tihiij.
11. T. montanum Vase.v, Hull. Torr. Club. i;5: 118(1SS»1).
Culms 40 70 em. hij;h. smoDtli. Leaves of sterile shoots ITi-'^o
cm. Ions;, the upper sometimes e(pialliiiu[ the pauiele. slii^htly
seahrous. raiii«-le 10-15 em. lonj;, loose. 0[>eu. rays in clusters of
thn-i" to live. 1-4 cm. louir, llower-bearing nearly to the base.
SpikcU'ts 'i-llowere*! besides a hairy pedicel !.."» mm. Ions;, lirst
Illume lam-eolate. 4 mm. loni;, 1-norved; second ovate-lanceolate,
(>vt'r ."» mm. I«>nir. ■.>-uerved: lloral ,i,dume liiu>ar-lani'eolatc. bearii\{:f
short hairs at the base, over 5 mm. loui;:. obscurely a-nervcd, tcr-
iuinatin>; in two sleutler seta', the awn diverjjinjx when dry, 3-5 mm.
lonir. startini; two-thirds of the distance from the base; palea linear,
4.') mm. loui;. •^-tt)othc»l.
This has been mistaken for an opcn-[)anicled form of T. xuh-
spi I'll him.
Colorado. I'liseif for V. S. Dept. Agricul.
Coloratlo to \ew Mexico.
I-,'. T. cernuum Trin. Mem. Acad. St. IVtcrsb. (VI) 1 : 61 (1831).
Art'iiii irnma Kunth, Knum. PI. 1:306 (1S33).
Culms slcn«ler, 30-!U) cm. high, blades Hat, I't-'^O cm. loni?.
Sheaths snu)oth or pubescent; blades tlat. Ift-'^Dcm. lon<j, 5-10 mm.
wide. I'anicle very open, sleiuler, luiddiuj;, l*-2-"J4 cm. lonj;.
rays in distant clusters, capillary. S{)ikclets '->-3- (rarely 4-) llow-
ered. <5 mm. lonjj or l«»n,irer, rachilla bristly hairy; empty j,dunu's
much shorter than the llorets, lirst laiu'eolato-subulalc, l-iu'rved,
about ;> mm. lonir. second oval, abruptly pointed, over 4 mm. long:
lloral glume lirni. scabrous, with a few liairs at thvi base, oval-
lanceolate, obscurely o-nerved, bearing a bent awn once or twice ita
length; palea short with two hispid keels. Grain 3 mm. long witii
a spongy hairy ajH?x.
Washington, Luke, SnLtdorf for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 425,
Sanilficnf.
380 POACE.E.
Vur. canescens (Buckl.) T. canescens Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila.
100 (1862). Gray in same 3:57,
Sl'.eatlis soft, pubescent, first empty glume lanceolate, 5 mm.
long, about one-fourth shorter than the second.
Oregon, Suksdorf 15-i for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 475.
Alaska to California.
13. T. Virletii Fourn. Ilemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:550
(1880).
Culms hard, robust, often 2-3 m. high. Leaves scabrous,
upper ligule lacerate-pilose, 5-7 mm. long, blades involute, long-
pointed, the upper often extending to the top of the panicle.
Panicle oblong, lax or closer, 30-40 cm. long, rays in fives to
sevens, glabrous. Spikelets 3-4-flo\vered. 7-8 mm. long, oblong,
the hairs half as long as the florets, first empty glume 4 mm. long,
second 5 mm. long; floral glume oblong when spread, about 5 mm.
long, crosely subacute, not toothed [4-toothed. Fourn.], the awn of
all florets attached three-fourths the distance fiom base to ai)cx, re-
curved, 3-4 mm. long; i)alea linear, nearly as long as its glume, with
two sharp teeth or entire.
Mexico (Michoacan), PrimjU 3979, "Virl. 1384, MiiU. 651,
Bourg. 1149, Sch a ff n. '' Yowrw.
Cool slopes of mountains near Potzcuaro.
14. T. PRATEXSE Pers. Syn. 1:07(1805). A. flavescens L.
Sp. PI. 80 (1753). YeJ LOW OAT-(iUASS.
An erect smooth glabrous perennial, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths
hairy; ligule truncate, ciliate; blades flat, narrow. Panicle open,
oblong, 8-12 cm. long, with slender rays in half-whorls. Spike-
lets comjn-essed, shining, often yellowish, 3-5-flowere(l, 5-7 mm.
long; first empty glume 1-nerved, 4 mm. long, second 3-nerved,
4-7 mm. long; floral glume keeled, 2-cleft, 5-nerved, 4-G mm. long,
awn twisted, divergent, 4-7 mm. long, starting two-thirds the way
from the base; palea a little shorter than its glume.
Found in Europe, northern Africa, some parts of Asia, and
sparingly introduced into North America. In Great Britain it is
cultivated in meadows and lawns. See Vol. 1, p. 191, Fig. 85,
under Avenn flnrescens.
Vermont, Hotiford 23, Prinyle; Michigan, Beul 83.
AVENE.E. 381
15. T. paniculatum Foiiru. Ilemsl. Biol. Ceutr. Am. Hot.
3 : 556 (1880).
Culms erect, 00-120 cm. high. Hlades of sterile shoots sca-
brous, involute, 10-20 cm. loug, 3 mm. wide. Leaves of the culm
scabrous, sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 1-2 mm. loug;
blades flat or involute, 20-30 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle
linear or oblong, rather thin, 10-25 cm. long, rays in fives, the
longest 5-10 cm. long, flower-bearing on the outer iialf. Spikelets
2-tlowered, 5-6 mm. long, hairs on rachilla and florets 1 mm. or
less in length, first empty glume 3.5-4.5 mm. long, second a little
longer; floral glume oblong when si)rea'l, 4.3 mm. long, 4-toothed,
the awns attached near the middle, 4-5 mm. long; palea as long as
its glume.
Mexico, Pringle 4919, distributed as T. paniculatum Fourn. ?
Cool i)ine woods, at an altitude of 9500 feet.
78. (100). AVENA L. Sp. PI. 79 (1753). EUctotrichon Hess.
Andrz. Kys. Hotan. 1:9 (1823). IleUcofrirliium liess. Heichb.,
Fl. Germ. Excurs. 140« n. 352 (1832). Ihuffdia Schur. Enum.
PI. Transs. 700 (1800).
Spikelcts few-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, in a loose panicle;
rachilla articulate above the 2 outer glumes, hairy under the floral
glumes. Empty glumes scarious, at least at the apex, nearly equal,
lanceoIatL'; floral glumes smaller, rounded on the back, 5-11-
nerved, 2-cleft at the top, bearing a long dorsal twisted awn, the
terminal glume often small and empty; palea narrow, 2-toothed.
Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Grain pubescent or hairy,
rarely smooth, frequently adhering to the palea, ileoply grooved.
There are 40 species of annuals or perennials, widely spread over
the temperate and cooler regions of the world.
The genus has been divided into two sections which are quite
clearly marked. By cultivation, probably, the dorsal awn of the
common oat has been lost or much reduced.
A. Avenastrum. Perennial; spikelets erect or spreading.
Panicle small, narrow, spikelets with more than two per-
fect flowers; empty glumes 3-r)-nerved (a)
a. Exotic; awn as long as its glume starting one-third
3b2 POACE.E.
the way down tlie back ; may be looked for here. See
Trinefnm jUivesreiis.
a. Native; awn as long as its glume, starting near the
Inise of the tt'otli 1
a. Native; awn starting near the middle and projecting
above its ghime 3
B. Critlie. Annual; si)ikol('ts heavy, hanging, each con-
taining no more than two fertile llowers, and often only
one, and the empty glumes T-9-nerved.
b. Not cultivated for grain or forage (c)
c. Floral glume having two or more bristles. . . . 3, 4
c. Floral glume not bristly-pointed 5
b. Cultivatctl for grain (d)
d. Floral glume firm, enclosing the grain (e)
e. Panicle spreading in all directions. . . . G, 7, 8
e. I'anicle 1-sided 9
d. Floral glume thin, not enclosing the grain; empty
glumes much shorter than the spikelet 10
1. A. striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:73 (1803). Tn'tietum jmr-
purascens Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 137 (1834).
A smooth glabrous slender tufted perennial. 30-100 cm. liigh.
Ligule short; blades narrow, not numerous. Panicle simple, loose,
10-30 cm. long. Spikelets 1-1.5 cm. long, 3-G-flowered; empty
glumes purple, lateral nerves obscure, first 3-nerved, 3-4 mm. long,
second 5-nerved, about 7 mm. long; rachilla smooth, except the
beards at the base of the florets; floral glume oval-lanceolate when
spread, 7-nerved, G-10 mm. long; awn slightly twisted and bent,
springing from near the base of the teeth, as long as its glume;
palea rather firm, 5-G mm. long, 3-toothed, keels short-ciliate.
New Hampshire (White Mountains), D. C. Eaton, Faxon 15,
Oakes ; Vermont, Pringle ; Canada, Fowler, J. Macoun 3341;
Alichigan, Faricell, Wood, liobhins. Beat, Clark 3G2G; Minnesota,
Sandherg; Rocky Mountains, Hall &, Harhoiir G23; Yellowstone
Park, Tweedy; Montana, Williams, Canby & Scribner 371;
Oregon, Howell.
New England, New York, Michigan and northwestward.
AVKNEiK, 383
2. A. Hookeri Scribn. Hack. True CJrasses 123 (1890). A. ver-
sirnliir Hook. Fl. IJor. Am. 2 : (1840), not \'ill. A. pralensis L. var.
AiiK't-irana^cYihw. Coult. liot. Gaz. 11:177 (188(1).
An erect smooth perennial, 30-40 en. high. Ligule ovate,
acute; blades narrow, 5-20 em. long. Panicle simple, 8 em. long,
2 cm. broad. Spikelets erect, shining, 4-5-tlo\vered; empty glumes
lanceolate, subequal, 3-nerved, scarious above, about as long as the
spikelet; floral glume lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, 12 cm. long,
lower part scabrid, the up])er scarious, 5-nerved, awn near the mid-
dle, reaching 1 cm. above its glume; upper florets gradually shorter;
palea oblanccolate, two-thirds as long as its glume, keels ciliate.
Mo)\tana, Scribner, Williaiiis 581; Yellowstone Park, Tiret>(hj;
Saskatchewan, Bourfjeaii; N. Trans. Cont. 8urv., Canby tk, Scrib-
ner 3T2.
Montana and British America.
3. A. lURHATA Brot. Flor. Lusit. 1: 108 (1804). A. hirsnta
Roth. Cat. 3: 19 (180G). A. athemnthera Presl. Cyp. et Gram. Sic.
30 (182G). yl.>//^r^ Viv. Fl. Lib. Spec. 0(1824). A. seyotaJ'iH
liianca, Nym. Consp. 810 (18T8). A. sesquiteria llort. Steud. Noni.
Ed. 1:95 (1821).
An erect glabrous annual, 60-100 cm. high. Leaf-blades sca-
brous, flat. 4-25 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide. Panicle loose, 20-30
cm. long, with unequal filiform pedicels, Spikelets 2-flowered,
narrow, droo[)ing; empty glumes oval-lanceolate, subequal, about
2.5 cm. long, 9-nerved; floral glume membranous, lanceolate, 2.3
cm. long (including 2 slender teeth), 5 mm. wide, 7-nerved, hairy
below, some of them 5 mm. long, awn starting near the middle, 2-4
cm. long, with several firm twists, abruptly bent near the middle;
palea oblanccolate, 13 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the nerves clothed
with very short diverging hairs. Much like A. fafua, from which
it differs in having a floral glume thinner, narrower, a little shorter,
7-nerved, with two shorter teeth, hairs on the back longer and
more numerous.
Lower California, Pahner 668.
Introduced into Southern California.
4. A. STERiLis L. Sp. Ed. 2: 118 (1762). Animated Oats. A.
384 POACK/E.
nffinis Ikrnh. Steud. Norn. Ed. 2, I : ITl, ITS (1840-1). A.
hi(/()n'ri(ina Dur. Hull. Soc Linn. liord. 20:41 (1855). .1. marro-
rar/ia Moench, Metli. 19G (i:!)4). A./afnn Schreb. lieiclw. (Jnios.
lOf), /. 15 (ITC)'*). A. nutnus St. Lag. Hecli. Hist. Cl". liiill. Soe.
Hot. Fr. 31: Hibl. 201 (1884). A. Hijriuca Hoiss. & Hal. Hoiss. Fl.
Ork-nt. 5:542 (18G7).
A slender annual, 60-120 cm. liigli, bearing a luirrow panicle of
a few nodding spikelots. Si)ikelets 2- or niore-Howered, 2.5-3 em.
long; empty glumes 9- anti 11-nerved respectively; floral glume
of the lower floret 2.5 em. long, extending into 2-3 slender teetli,
glume clothed on the lower half with numerous long bristles, awn
6 cm. long, stout, lower half brown aiul twisted. There arc varie-
ties differing from the above description in several respects.
A native of Harbary, sometimes cultivated as a curiosity. When
moistened, the lo!ig awns slowly turn around till straight; in this
way the spikelets move about. Said also to be used as an artificial
fly as a bait for fish.
5. A. STUKJOSA Schreb Siiio. 52. A. nf/raria Hrot. Fl. Lusit.
1:105 (1804). A. (((jmria-mufica 1. c. lOfi (1804). A. (tf/raria-
sesquiallem 1. c. A. alta Cav. R. & S. Syst. 2:G9l (1817). A.
ardiiensis Lej. Steud. Xom. Ed. 2, i: 171 (1840-i). A . /lisjxniini
llort. R. & S. Syst. 2:G91 (1817). A. iicrrosn Lam. 111. n. 1115
(1791).
Spikelets 2-flowered; empty glumes 7-9-nerved; floral glume
and pedicels glabrous. Snuiller and niore slender tlian A. fafna;
leaves sometimes liairy; panicle unilateral, rays fewer; iloral glume
more deeply bifid, segment awned.
Found in similar places with A. fa fun. Descrijition mainly
taken from Hooker's Flora of the Rritish Islands. Hy Hooker and
some others it is considered a mere variety of A. faina.
Not yet known in North America, but may be looked for.
Here mentioned because some consider it the parent form of our
cultivated oats.
6. A. FATUA L. Sp. 80 (1753). Wild Oats. A. amhigua
Schoenb. Nym. Consp. 810 (1878). A. hyhrkla Peterm. Reichb.
Fl. Saxon. 17 (1846-49). A. intermedia Lindgren, Hot. Notiser.
AVKNK.E. 385
161 (1S41). J. Jainif/iiinm (lilib. Exorcit. '3: H.^O (1700). A.
sferilis Dulilc. lioiss. Fl. Orient. 5:543 (1807).
An erect glabrous annuiil, 00-100 cm. lii^'li. Leuf-bliwlos flat,
long and broad, s(!al)rou8. Panicle 20-35 cm. long, loose, with fili-
form unequal |)e(licels. Spikelels 2-3-tlowered, drooping: empty
glumes ovate-laiuieolate, about 2.5 cm. long, with 9 prominent
nerves; floral glume 0-nerved, firm, rough, brown, thinly bairy, tlic
longest glume less than 2 cm. long, 7 mm. wide, awn from near the
middle 3—4 cm. long, with several firm twists, abruptly bent near
the middle; palea 14 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, the nerves clothed
with very short diverging hairs. Grain hairy, much like that of
A. barhata, which see.
We have this species from Minnesota, Oregon, California, where
it has been introduced. It is probably native to the eastern Afedi-
terranean region and is a weed in cultivated fields of Euroi)e,
Australia, South America. In ('alifornia it is often cut while
young for making hay. The late Professor J. Huckman of Eng-
land continued experiments from 1851 to 1800 and succeeded in
inducing this species to so change, that he obtained what were
called good samples of two sorts of oats, the Potato and the Tar-
tarian.
V\im\ this we conclude that our cultivated races of oats have
descended from A. fafna.
7. A. SATiVA L. Sp. PI. 79 (1753). CoMMo>f Oats. A.
aiif/Iira Ilort. R. & S. Syst. 2:009 (1817). A. dispeniiis M\]].
(Junl. Diet. Ed. 8, n. 1 (1708). A.fiism Ard. Saggi Ace. Padov.
3:/. 4 (1:89). .1. llcorfiiaiia W. & S. Syst. 3 : 009 (1817). A.
f/enrffira Zuccag. l?oem. Collect. 120. A. trixperma Auct. T?. & S.
Syst. 2: 009 (1817). A. cinerea Auct. R. & S. Syst. 2:009 (1817).
A. Jhtra Hort. IJ. it S. Syst. 2:009 (1817). A. rubra Zuccagni,
Rocm. Collect. 120.
A stout annual, 00-120 cm. high. Panicle 20-30 cm. long,
erect, spreading equally in all directions. Spikelets 2-3-flowered,
nodding, empty glumes 9-11-nerved, 2-2.5 cm. long; floral glumo
7-nerved, about 2 cm. long, nearly destitute of hairs, light or dark
colored, awn short or none.
386 POACE/Til.
Tliia form is found only in eultiviition in tlie teniiMTiite regions
of tlio world. See A. /(ifiui for a reference to experiments showing
tluit (!0inmon oats have been or may be derived from that sjieoies.
\\y cultivation and selection tlie grain has become larger, the awns
removed or much reduced, the hairs have left the llorets, which are
often light in color.
8. A. miKvis Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1:40 (17S8).
A smaller species or race, with short spikelets, alumt 13 mm.
long, cultivated in mountainous districts of Eurojic, where the
seasons are cool and short.
9. A. OKiENTALis Schreb. Spicil. 52. Tahtarian Oats. A.
tarlarica Ard. Snggi Ace Padov, 2: t. 1, 101 (1789). A. vnUate-
rnlis Hrouss. ex \\. &. S. Syst. 2:(;G9 (IH17).
This name is often applied to cultivated oats in which the pani-
cle is narrow and the s{)ikelet8 turned to one side.
10. A. NUDA L. Amoen. Acad. 3:40 (1759). A. Cliincnsis
Fisch. R. & S. Syst. 2:669 (1817). Bohemian Oats. Naked
Oats. Pilcok\.
A smooth annual about GO cm. high. Panicle 20-40 cm. long,
erect, spreading mainly in one direction. Spikelets 2-5-flowered,
the 2 lower florets sei)arated 5-6 mm. by a long smooth internode
of the rachilla; empty glumes about 2 cm. long, 9- and 11 -nerved
respectively, much shorter than the spikelet; floral glume mem-
branous (not firm), 13-nerved, over 2 cm. long, often leaving the
ripened grain, awnless or with a short awn; palea 1.3 nmi. long, 2-
toothed, finely ciliate on the nerves. Grain liairy, easily escaping
from the ripe floral glume and })alea.
This is cultivated in China, and was at one time occasionally
raised in gardens as a curiosity. Numerous cases of swindling were
]n-acticed by selling these oats to farmers of the northern United
States about 1885-8.
79. (163). Abbhenatheettm Reauv. Agrost. 55, t. 11, f. 5
(1812).
Spikelets 2-flowered, in loose panicles, the lower floret stami-
nate, the upper perfect or pistillate, rachilla hairy, articulate below
the lower flower and produced into a short point or bristle above
AVENE.E. 387
the upper one. Empty glumes unequal, persistent, acute, keeled,
thinly scarious on the margins; tloral glume lliinly scarious, 5-7-
nerved, ayiQx slightly dentate, the lower enclosing u staminate
flower, with a dorsal twisted awn attached near the base, the u])per
unawned or with u minute awn near the apex of the glume, or
with a dorsal, twisted awn; palea hyaline, prominently ;2-iierved.
Stamens 3. Stigmas sessile. (}rain ovoid, enclosed in the glume
and j)alea, but not adhering. Seed not furrowed.
Tall perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades. Panicle erect, often
1-sided.
Species 3, found in Europe, northern Africa, and the cooler
parts of Asia.
This genus is often included in Avena, but difTers from it in
having the lower flower staminate and the upper fertile.
1. A. ELATiOR (L.) lieauv. ; M. & K. Doutsch. Fl. 1:540
(1833). Tall Oat-orass. Avena elalior L. Sp. PI. ?9 (1753).
Avena tuherosa Gilib. Exercit. 2:538 (1700). Arena xecnnda
Salisb. Prod. 22 (1790). Avena hulbosa Willd, Ges. Naturf. Fr.
Berl. Neue Schr. 2:110 (1799). ArrJienatherum avcnaccuni
Heauv. Agrost. 152 (1812), name only. An-henalhcruni prerafo-
rium Beauv. Agrost. 50 (1812). Arrhenatlicrum hulbosvm Presl,
Cyp. et. Gram. Sic. 29 (1S2G). ArrhenatJierum pal(¥sfinvm Boiss.
Diagn. (I.) 13 : 51 (1842-59). Arrhenathernm hiarititatum Peterm.
Fl. Lips. Excurs. 106 (1840). Arrhcnatherum a.sperian Opiz,
in Lotos, 3 : 65 (1853). Arrhenathenim cechicnm Opiz, in Lotos,
3: 06 (1853). Arrhenathernm exserens 1. c. 65 (1853). Arrhen-
athenim zavadilianum Opiz. Lotos, 3: 60 (1853).
An erect tufted grass, 60-120 cm. or more high. Leaf-blades
few and flaccid. Panicle narrow and loose, 15-20 cm. long, 3 cm.
broad. Spikelets 8-10 mm. long, second glume nearly as long as
the floral ones, the outer one shorter; lower floral glume 5-7-
nerved, awn about twice as long as its glume, floral glume of the
upper floret usually 7-nerved. Grain pubescent.
For a full account of its economic value consult Vol, 1, p. 121,
Fig. 04.
In the forms introduced into this country the bulb (or corm
388
POACE.E.
more properly) is muoli roducod. llerbiirium spociiiiens from Eu-
rope, when dry, sliow ;{ corriH, in ull '-i.5-3 cm. lon^f, 1-1.5 cm.
wick'.
HO. (104). Tristachya Neea. A^'rost. Brus. 458. (1829). Mum-
j)(>;/o/i Presl. Ucl. llu'iik. 1 : :J24 (KS;30).
Spikeli'ts '.'-llowered, collected in threes, sessile or raised on
short subeciuid pcclicels at the enils of the branches of the panicles;
ra(.'hilla iiairy, not extending above the upper flower, the lower ouo
mall', the upi)er perfect or female. Km|»tv <;himes !i, slightly un-
e<iual, persistent, membranous, awnless, glabrous or the outer cili-
ate, lloral glunu' of the lower spikelet membranous, awidess, that of
the upper bilid Ijearing a long twisted awn i)etween the teeth of the
apex; paU's' enclosed by the tloral glume, membranous. 2-nerved.
Lodicules 2. Stamens ",* or 3. Styles distinist, very slender. (Jraiu
oblong or linear, enclosed, but TU)t adherent.
Perennials or rarely annuals, usually 11 rm, ])ladcs Hat or convo-
lute. I'anicle loose, spikelets few and
large, erect or nodding or smaller and
more numerous.
'IM
There are eight species, two American;
the others are found in tro])ical Africa,
Australia, or western Asia.
Here the lower flower is staminate as
in Arrheiiatherum; spikelets always 3 to-
gether, sessile or e(|ually i)ediccllate. the
long twisted awn of the floral glume ter-
minal and between two lobes or the awns
straight.
1. T. leiostachya Nees. Agrost. liras.
45!» (18'^'9). T. Mej-irann Knnth, Enum.
Fig. 67. — Tristnchya Mexi- ,„ , ono /io'>'}\ m
eana. A. spikdet; a, ' 1- 1 = ^08 (183.i). Moiiopof/on iu'enareiis
floret, (llichuidsou.) pj.Q^\^ ll^^l Ha3nk. 1 : 3-,»5, /. 44 (1830).
An erect glabrous perennial, 30-40 cm. high. Leaf-blades
flat, 5 mm. wide, the upper blade 8 cm. long. Panicle simple,
narrow, 20 cm. long. Emi)ty glumes with three prominent nerves,
tips scarious, first 2.5 cm. long, second 3 cm. long, 3 mm. wide;
AVKNK/K 389
floriil ^'Inriio of lower llorct iibout '.] cm. long, '.\ cm. wide, sinootli,
with ;5 jn'omint'iit and 2 ol)8curo iicrvos; jmloii less tliiui l.T) cm.
loiifj; llonil glume of upper llorct about 1 cm. long, with an awn 8
cm. long, the lower half of which is twisted; puleu shorter tlmu its
glumo, lirm, !i-ncrved.
A careful compari.son of the original descrijjtion of both species,
and the cuts in I'resl, shows this to be correctly identified us
above.
Mexico, Pahtier 204.
SI. (KiT). Danthonia DC. Fl. Fr. 3:32 (ISOn) in part.
Peiitdiiivris Hcauv. Agrost. 02 (1S12). Meralhirjila Halln. Ser.
Bull. Mot. 1:221 (1830). ('Iiu'lohromns Necs. Lindl., Introd.
Nat. Syst. cd. 2, 440 (lS3t)). Shrhhirliwle lIo(!hst. PI. Schim|).
Abyss, n. 412 (183-) ?). Triraphis Necs, PI. Afr. Austr. 2?0
(1841). Mniiavliather Steuil. Syn. (iram. 247 (IS,').'')). PUntlian-
thexis Steud. 1. c. 14 (^1855). Criuipes lloclist. Flora, 38:279
(18;-.5).
Spikelets soveral-lloworcd, pedicellate or rarely almost sessile,
in a jjaniclc I'ither loose or reduced to a single raceme, racliilla
articulate above the outer glume, hairy, extending above the flow-
ers. Kmpty glumes 2, narrow, keeled, acute, umiwned, jjcrsistent,
;}-7-nerved, rarely 1-nerved, usually as long as the spikelet; lloral
glume convex on the bai'k. 7-!)-nerved, with two lirm or scarious
terminal lobes more or less 1- or 3-nerved, at least at the base, and
a twisted and bent awn between them; palea broad, as long as
the entire part of the glume or usually longer, obtuse or 2-pointed.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Graiu varying in shape, enclosed,
glabrous, but not adherent.
Perennials or rarely annuals, varying in liabit.
Species about 100, widely dispersed in temperate regions of both
hemispheres, with a few tropical species, especially abundant in
south Africa.
This large genus is polymorphous, but all species are character-
ized by the s])ikelets containing three or more perfect flowers; the
terminal awn of the floral glume more or less twisted, usually flat-
tened at the base, often 1-2 teeth each side of the awn. No good
300 POACK.E.
natural Bcctions have yt-t lucn i»i(H)()so«l. Anutug tho ByiioiiytiiM
ubov(t aru Huvurul wlii(;li hoiiiu oiio or iiioro itcrsotiH have luujioscd
U8 j,'('H(!ri<! luimcs for oin' (»r iiioro HpiM'iL'K (»(' hanlhnnia,
A. Floral j^liiiiio I'lotlied with nuiiu'roiis lon^' Hilky liairH. . . 1
|{. Kioral ;;liiriio with few silky liairH (a)
u. Knipty j,'liini(!s S-l-ncrvetl •.•
n. Mmpty ^dimiort H-!»-iiervi'(l ;{
a. Kiiipty ;,'liim('s It-ri-iuM-vctJ (h)
1). licaf-hlailcs short, tho lower curly 4
b. L('ar-l)la(los loiijj, not curly r>, G
1. D. sericea Nutt. den. 1:71 (181H),
(/'ulnis not tufted. HO-lOO cm. Ion;,'. Sheaths silky hairy;
blades narrow, often lU) cm. Ion;;, i'aniclc narrow, 4-13 cm. lon^j.
Spikelets 7-tlowered, ompty glumes nearly cfjual, 17 mm. long.
ft-H-nerved. much exceeding the florets; lloral glume mm. long
to the base of the teeth, which are over half as long, conspii-tiously
hairy, especially near the margins; awns about 14 mm. long, flat
and brown at the base, twisted two to three times; paloa shorter,
4-') mm. long.
Massachusetts, J. W. liohbitis; New Jersey, Parh-or for Scrib-
iier ;ir»4',* ; South Carolina, danhji; l<Morida, Cyrtiss \\h\'Z.
Dry soil, New Kngland to Florida. Colorado and California.
2. D. Californica IJcdand. Proc. Calif, Acad. 3: 1S2 (ISO;}).
Cuhns sometimes decumbent, 30-100 cm. high. Sheaths
sparingly hairy; blades smooth, narrow, involute, 3-10 cm. long.
Uaoeme simple, of 3-10 spikelets. Spikelets broad. 5-10-flowered,
on pedicels of their own length; emjity glumes nearly equal, 1.5-3.5
cm. long, reaching as far as the florets, 5-7-nerved, cross-veins con-
spicuous under a lens; floral glume broad, firm, shining, hairy near
the nuirgins. about 9 mm. long to base of the teeth, which are one-
third as long, 9-nerved; awn brown at tlio base, about 1 cm. long,
and twisted once around; palea reaching nearly to the base of the
teeth on the floral glumes, obtnse. with many short spreading hairs
on the nerves. Crain oblong, flattened, concave, 4 mm. long.
Montana. Watxini 453; California, Bolander 10, Howell 363,
Hall mo, Ki'llogy HOG.
AVKNK.K.
3D1
Rorkv ^[oiiiitaiiiK, Wiisliiiifyion. ('alifnrniii.
\ III', uniipicata (Miinnt). It. imiApiniltt Munro, Viwcy, Cut.
fJr. :.!» (lH.s:>).
Ciiliiirt lO-'^O ctn. Iiigli, <l('iMel,v tufted. Lciivos nilky liuirv, tlio
hiiii's on till' Hlicatlis cuiiiiiig fruin while itiipillic. Spikclcts iistiiillv
Bulitury aiitl teriiiiiial.
I)r. 'riiurlMir in Hot. Calif, say thin occurs with tho apotiL'.s
suinrtiiiies coniiii;^' from tho uaiiio tiift.s.
( 'all fori) iu, Tivnuhf r>'.M»; lloirrll, Liniiiion 4(57, J'ari.sh 1785, N.
Trans. Coiil. Siirv. Cnii/n/ d' Snuhiwr lUT.
:{. D. Mexicana Scrihii. Proc IMiihi. Acad. 301 (IS!»1).
Culms (](>-!»() cm. high, crc(!t, firm, Hcahorulous. liigule acute,
3 mm. long; hladcs of stcrih; shoots numerous, lirm, urcct, .scsahcr-
iilous, convolute, tJO-IJO cm. long, tho.se of the culm 13, the upper
lO-l'i cm. long. I*ani(!le spikclike, .«trict. l.'j-'^'^ cm. long, the
lowest rays rather nimote, l>earing l-;i spikelets. Spikelets .'{-4-
llowered. pur})lc, ahoiit IT) mm. long; empty ghunes elliptical-
lanceolate, H D-norved, first 9 mm. long, second a little longer;
floral glumo 7-9-nerved, silky hairy below, .') mm. long to base of
tooth, which are 5 mm. long, awn 1-1.4 cm. long; pulca extending
to the middle of the teeth of its glumo.
Ovary W mm. long, with a pube8(!ent
cu.shion-like summit.
Mexico, PriiKjle 3270, limestone
ledges in September.
4. D. gpicata W. & S. Syst. 2: 690
(1817). A. (jh(i)iosa Heauv. Agrost. 93
(1812).
(^dms tufted, 30-GO cm, high.
Leaf-blades short, narrow, involute, the
lower ones curly, sparingly silky hairy. p,„ m-Dt,nthoni,i spknfa.
Simple panicle or raceme 2-0 cm. long. -'•, spikclei; c, gmin mui
' ' paioti. (bcnbner.)
Spikelets 4-7-flowered, empty glume.s
3-nerved (or Avith 4-5 obscure nerves), first 10-12 cm. long, second
a little shorter; lloral glume about 3 mm. long to the teeth, which
are half as long or longer, lower floral glume 7-uerved, awn flat,
392 POACE.E.
brown, 5-8 mm. long, twisted two to three times around: palea
broad, less than 3 mm. long. Flowers sometimes eleistogamous,
as discovered by C. G. Pringle. See Am. Jour. Sei. p. 71, Jan.
N'erniont, Prinylc; Massachus'.-tts, Beat 85; New York,
(,'U)it(jn for Clark 14 IT; Pennsylvania, Scribner for U. S. Dept.
Agricul. 403; Michigan, Cooley, Beal 84, Wooil, Wheeler, Far-
well; Miniicsuta, Jidilci/ \2.
New Eiighmd to Minnesota and Texas, dry sterile soil.
5. D. compressa Austin. J'eck in 22d Kept. Reg. N. V. State
Univ. 54 (18G!»). A Alleiii Anst'm, Bull. Torr. Club, 3: 21 (1872).
Culms tufted, slender. 10-20 cm. high. Sheaths nake<l, with
silky liuirs at the throat; blades narrow, long, the lower ones often
rcaehing to the panicle. Si)ikelets about 10, in a narrow panicle,
5-7-llowered, empty glumes equal, reaching to the top of the florets,
10-11 mill, long, o-nerved ; floral glume broad. 7 -nerved, over 3
mm. long, silky hairy on the back and near the base and margins,
teeth ;)-4 mm. long with an awn twice its length, making two
turns: jialea broad, reaching to the biise of the teeth of its glume,
obtuse, with numerous tine short hairs on the nerves.
N'ermont, FruKjle; North Carolina (Koan Mt.), Scribn., 490,
CnrtisH 3541*.
Found with D. Kpicala in the mountains of North Carolina,
New England, New York, IVnnsylvania, mountains o<" I\orth
Carolina.
\'ery likely this has been confused with the foi*mer species in
other localities.
0. D. intermedia Vasey. Bull. Torr. Club. 10: 52 (1883).
Culms 30-50 cm. high, leafy below; ligule a hairy ring: blades
of sterile shoots 15-25 cm. long, narrow. Panicle narrow, dense,
about 4 cm. long. Spikelcts 5-fiowered; empty glumes broad,
nearly equal, 12 cm. long, 5-nerved. with cross veins: floral glume
7-nerved. 5-G mm. to base of teeth, which are 1-1.5 mm. long,
smooth on the back, silky hairy near the margins; palea reaching
to near the middle of the teeth of its glume, 2-toothcd. GraiL V-.S
mm. long, flattened, obovate.
CIlLORIDEiE. 393
U. S. Dept. Agriail. 401; Nor. Truus. Surv., Canhy &. Scrib-
ner; Brundeyee 375, 1179; Yellowstoue Park, Tivmbj 597, 1070
in part.
Lower Canada to Kocky Mountains, British America to
Oregon, California.
Tribe X.— CHLORIDEiE.
Spikclets 1- to sevovjii-flcnvereil, sessile or nearly so in two rows on
the outer side of a rachis that is neitlier liOtched nor articulate.
Spikes usually several and often digitate. '^Dio inflorescence re-
sembles that of Paspaluin; the spikelets those of Festuccw. The
awns when present arc terminal and straight; palca 2-uerved;
grain not adherent, unfurrowed.
A. One or more perfect llowers in each spikelet (a)
a. One perfect tlower (very rarely two) in each spikelet. . (1))
b. No sterile glumes, and only rarely a prolongation
of the racliilla above the single ilower (c)
c. Hpikc single, terminal, floral glume shorter than
the 1-nerved empty glumes; jierennial. ... 83
c. Spikes "-i-O. digitate; perennial 83
c. Spikes 3-10, recurved, floral glume longer than
the 1-ncrved empty glumes 89
e. Spikes 3-30, racemose, straight, spikelets fall-
ing from the rachis entire when mature. . . 84
b. One or more sterile glumes (very rarely a sterile
flower) above the perfect flower (d)
d. Spikes l-*2, terminal, usually curved, pectinate. 85
d. Spikes 1-20, digitate, nearly straight, not pecti-
nate, floral glume with 1 awn or awnless. ... 86
d. Spikes l.')-30 in approximate whorls or digitate,
straight, floral glumes with 3 awns 87
d. Spikes 10-30, remote, racemose, straight, slen-
der, spikelets remote 88
d. Spikes few to many, racemes remote, straight
or curved, often pectinate, spikelets crowded. . 90
394 POACE.E.
d. Spikes uumerous, erect, racemose; spikelets de-
ciduous as a whole, empty glumes 2, iiiHated. . 91
a. Two to three perfect flowers in each spikelct. . . .(e)
e. Spikes digitate, rarely somewhat scattered, spike-
lets crowded U'i
e. Spikes remote, paniculate, spikelets remote. . . .03
e. Spikes numerous, erect, racemose; spikelets decid-
uous as a whole, empty glumes '2, inflated ; exotic
plants have more than 1 flower to the sjiikelet, our
variety has only one 91
B. Plants dia3cious, rarely monoecious, the two sorts of
spikelets very unlike (m)
m. Staminate si)ikelets 3-3-flowered 94
m. Staminate spikelets 1-flowered 95
C. Plants monrocious, spikelets 1-'^ in each spike, accom-
panied by 1-4 awnlike rudiments, 3-flowered, resembling
some species of Boufehua 96
82. (1G8). MiCROCHLOA 11. Br. Prod. 1:208 (1810).
Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, sessile in two rows on one side of
a simple slender spike, the rachilla articulate above the outer glumes,
and not produced beyond the floret. Empty glumes 2, linear,
membranous, nearly equal, persistent, the lower flat Avith a promi-
nent nerve, the second keeled ; floral glume shorter, broader, hya-
line; palea nearly as long, narrow, with approximate keels, often
ciliate. Stamens 3 (or 2 ?). Styles distinct. Grain smooth,
enclosed, but not adherent. Slender tufted grasses, with firm nar-
now convoiu'e leaf-blades. The very thin and reduced floral
glume and palea connect it with Andropogonea\ but the articula-
tion of thy spikelet is above, not below, the outer glumes.
Tliree species are known in tropical and subtropical regions of
the eastern and western hemispheres.
1. M. setacea B. Br. 1. c.
A slender tufted perennial, 10-18 cm. high. Leaf-blades fili-
form, ciliate at the throat, the upper 1 cm. long, more or less.
Spike 3-8 cm. long, very slender, with the rachis curved towards
tlie spikelets. Si)ikelets about 2.5 mm. long, appressed to the
CHLOHIDE.E.
395
rachis, overlapping for about one-half their length ; empty glumes
luirrow, each with one broad nerve; floral
ghune liyalino, oval, silky hairy, about 1.5
nun. long, 3-nerved; palea as long as its
ghinie, hairy on the keels. Grain oblong,
smooth.
Mexico, Pringle 425, Dr. Palmer 198,
61 G, .SchaffnerWO.
It has also the range of the genus.
A tiny perennial tuft, not rare on plains
in Mexico, enjoying the attention of close-
nibbling goats.
83. (170). Capriola Adans. Fam. 2:31
(1763.) DiirUhn, Vill. Hist. Pi. Dauph.
2: 69 (1787). FihirJita Kw\. Gram. (Jail, et
Germ. 308 (1S02). Cynodon IJich. ; Pers.
Syn. 1:85 (1805).
Sjjikelets 1 -flowered, awnless, singly
sessile in 2 rows on one side of slender
spikes, digitate at the end of the peduncle,
rachilla articulate immediately above the
outer glumes, and either not i)roduccd bevond ^'^* ^^■—Microchloa
^ ■ setncea A, spikelct; a,
the floret or continued into a minute point Hoial frlumc; b, piileii.
beliind the palea. Empty glumes keeled, ^' *'' ""^ ''
persistent, or deciduous: floral glume broader, boat-shaped, with a
promiiu'nt keel : palea narrow or I'ather broad, the nerves prom-
inent, distinct or closely contiguous. Stamens 3. Styles distinct,
stigmas clotlied with short hairs. Grain oblong, smooth, enclosed
by the glume and i)alea, but not adherent.
Perennials: tufted, creeping or stoloniferous, with short or
rarely long, narrow, flat leaf-blades.
There are four species found in warm regions.
The genus has the sleiuler spikes and small spikelets of Micro-
cldna, but the spikes are several and digitate and the rachilla is
produced beyond the rachis into a small joint or bristle.
1. C. Dactylon* (L.) Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PI. 764 (1891).
31)6 POACE.E.
IJermud Grass, Pankum Dadylon L. Sp. I'l. 58 (1753). C'y-
nodon Dadylon Pers. Sjii. 1:85(180.")). Cynodon rcpens T)\\\m.
Fl. lliiutos-Pyr. TU. Cyiiodon Hivllatus Wilkl. Ilort. Berol. 90.
Culms 10-30 cm. liigli, from hard rootstocks. Ligule and
sometimes slieaths eiliato; blades 3-8 em. long. Spikes 3-5 in
number, 3-4 cm. long. Spikelets closely imbricated; empty
glumes ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal, about 1.5 mm. long, mem-
branous except the single nerve; lloret narrowly oval, ^ mm. long;
floral glume comjiressed, 1-ncrved; palea longer than its glume,
0.7 mm. wide when spread, with the nerves close together. Stig-
mas 1.5 mm. long, the upper half feathery, liachilla produced
into a point or bristle, often minute.
New Jersey, Scn'bner for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 405; Philadelphia,
Ca N by !or Dv. Clark; Xorth Carolina, McCarthy; Florida, ChiHiss
344G; Michigan, Beal SG; California, Jones.
Naturalized and cultivated, seldom seeding. For a further
account see Vol. 1, p. 1G3, Fig. 75.
84. (19). Spartina Schreb. Gen. PL 43 (1789). Cord- or
Marsh-grass. Tracli y not ia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:03 (1803).
S])ikelcts 1-flowered, flattened, subsessile, articulate with the
pedicels, arranged in rows on two sides of a triangular rachis.
Empty glumes compressed-keeled, unequal, acute or bristle-pointed ;
floral glume as long as the second empty glume or shorter, or longer
and wider; palea slender, longer than its glume, or equal to it,
almost hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less united.
Grain included, but not adherent.
Perennials, often maritime, with creeping rootstocks, and simj)lc
culms. Sheaths smooth; blades long and tough, soon involute;
si)ikes forming an erect racemose panicle, racliis extending beyond
the base of the upper si)ikelet.
There are 5 or 6 species and many varieties widely dispersed
in America, Europe, and Africa.
Spartina has usually been placed among Chloridea3. Bentham
places it in Paniceae, saying: " The spikelets, themselves containing
a single terminal flower, and the articulation of their pedicels, are
quite those of Paniceae, not of Chloridew."
CHL(3HIDE.E.
397
Prof. Scribner protests against this transfer of Spartina, giving
his reasons in Bull. Terr. Club, 10:85 (1883).
a. Spikes 1-3 cm. long, 25-30, in a dense spike. . . .
a. Spikes 2-4 cm. long, 30-50, closely imbricated. . . .
a. Spikes 2-7 cm. long, 3-8 in an uninterrupted spike. . .
a. Spikes 3-5 cm. long, blades narrow, 10-30 cm. long. . .
b. Spikes l-S, slightly imbricated, glumes hispid-serru-
late ...
b. Spikes 4-10, slightly imbricated, glumes ciliate-hispid.
a. Spikes 5-10 cm. long, 5-20 in a loose raceme, blades ilO-
1
5
(b)
3
4
100 cm. long.
a. Spikes 5-10 cm. long, 20-50 in a close raceme, var. of . 2
1. S. densiflora Brongn. Duperrey, Itin. Bot. 14. .V. Goiiini
Fourn. Ilemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 50!) (18S0).
A glabrous perennial; culms nearly solid, i)0 em. high. Sterile
shoots numerous, blades rigid, involute, pungent-pointed, 30-45
cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. diam.; leaves of the culm 3; ligule a mere
ring; the u})per blade 3-6 cm. long. Spikes 1-3 cm. long; 25-30
in a close sjiikelike raceme. Spikelets linear, hispid on the keels,
first glume linear, 1-nerved, 3.5 mm. long, second linear-lanceolate
wlien spread, 1-nerved, about 5 mm. long, mucronate; fit *id glume
linear, obtuse or emarginate, 1-
nerved, 5.5 mm. long; palea a little
longer than its glume.
Mexico (San Luis Potosi), Prin-
gle 37G0.
Alkaline meadows.
2. S. cynosuroides (L.) Willd
Enum. 80 (1809). Dactylis cyno-
suroides L. Sp. PI. 71 (1753).
Fig. 70. — Spartina cynonuroide.s.
I RIvSII-WATER COKD-GUASS. A, spikelct ; a, floret. (Ricl.anl-
Culms rather slender, 60-180 «»»)
cm. high. Leaf-blades rough on the margins, involute, tlie apex
long pointed, 60-120 cm. long, T-15 mm. wide. Spikes 5-20, in a
loose raceme, rachis hispid on 2 angles. Spikelets elliptical-lanceo-
late, hispid on the keels, first glume elliptical-lanceolate, 1-nerved,
398 POACEiE.
about 10 mm. long, besides the short awn, second incurved, lanceo-
late, 4-6 mm. long; floral glume incurved, 1-nerved, hispid on
the keel, obtuse, retuse or bifid, G-8 mm. long; palea ovate-lunceo-
late, obtuse, 2-nerved.
" Certainly distinct from the next (<S'. pohjstachija), to which in
strictness the Linnajun name belongs." A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1: 586
(1848). "The characters based u])on the spikelets alone are not
suflicient to separate them." Scribn. liuU. Torr. Club, 10: 85
(1883). See illustrated article in which Scribn gives reasons for
his conclusions. Prof. S. considers ^S*. 2)oIy.sf(trI/>/(f only a variety of
this si^ecies, and in my opinion his reasons are good.
Vermont, Pringle; Kliode Island, Tireetlji for V. S. Deitt. Agri-
cul., 24; Canada, Foider; Michigan, CUtrh 12!»4, 1:370; Illinois,
BcalS^', yioutanii, Anderf^onj Colorado, Cassi/fi/; Orvgon, Ifoirell.
Found along banks of rivers and lakes, from New England to
the Rocky Mountains. The hard leaves have been manufactured
into paper.
Var. polystachya (Michx.) Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 10:86
(1883). Trachymtia pohjstachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:64
(1803). Salt REEn-oRASS.
Culms stout, 120-250 om. high. Blades 00 cm. or more long,
15-25 mm. wide. Spikes 20-50 in number, 5-10 cm. long.
Otherwise like aS*. cynosuroides Willd., of which it is likely only a
variety. See notes on the species.
Salt or brackish marshes, near the eastern coast.
Delaware, Canhy for Clark 1912; North Carolina, McCarthy;
Florida, 6V/7/.s\s 3433; Mississippi, Tracy.
3. S. patens (Ait.) Muhl. Gram. 55 (1817). Dactylis 2^afc)is
Ait. Ilort. Kew. 1:104 (1789). S. juncea Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga.
1:94 (1817). Trachynotia juncea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:64
(1803). llusii Salt-grass.
Culms slender, 30-00 cm. high. Leaf -blades smooth, narrow,
rushlike, 0-16 cm. long. Spikes usually 4-5 in number, 3-5 cm.
long, slightly imbricated, erect or spreading, on peduncles 3 mm.
long or nearly sessile, rachis smooth, or hispidulous towards the apex.
Spikelets oblong-linear, 6-8 mm. long, empty glumes hispid-serru-
CIILOHIDE.E. 399
late on the keel, first recurved, linear, mucronate, 3-3.5 mm. long,
second linear-lanceolate with 2 nerves on one side of the keel, 6-9
mm. long; floral glume nearly smooth on the 1-nerved keel, emar-
ginate 5-5.5 mm. long; palea oval, 0.5-0.7 mm. longer than its
glume.
Very variable and often much like S. gracilis. The glumes
arc not so hispid on the keels; there is a greater difference between
the length of the first and second glumes, and the palea when de-
tached is still longer than its glume; culms more slender, and
blades smaller and harder.
Vermont, Pr ingle; Massachusetts, Stiirtevant, Bcal 87; New
Jersey, Brinton for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 126; Delaware, Canbij
for Clark 1913; North Carolina, McCarthy; Mississippi, Tracy.
Abundant on the sidt marshes of the Atlantic coast, where it is
cut and cured as "salt hay."
U. S. Dept. Agricul. 126 from Brinton in 1881.
4. S. gracilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Pctersb. (6) 5 (1840). S.
junciformis Kngelm. tS- Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Ilirft. 5: 238 (1845).
Culms 30-flO cm. high. Leaf-blades rough above, very smooth
below, 6-30 cm. long. Spikes 4-10 in number, nearly sessile, 2-5
cm. long, appressod, slightly imbricate. Spikelets elliptical or lin-
ear-oblong, 6.5-9 mm. long; empty glumes ciliate-hispid on the keel,
first linear, acuminate. 3.5-4 mm. long, second linear-lanceolate with
2 nerves on one side of the keel, 6-9 mm. long; floral glume oval,
1-nerved, obtuse, 5-8 mm. long, ciliate on the upper part of the
keel ; palea oval, emarginate, and when removed just as long as its
glume.
Very variable; compare with S. juncea.
Mississippi, Tracy; Utah, Jones 1089; Colorado, Cassidy; Ore-
gon. Ho well.
Dakota to Oregon, south to Texas and Arizona.
5. S. stricta (Ait.) Rotli, Xeue Beytr. 1:101. Dactylis stricta
Ait. Ilort. Kew. 1 : 104 (1789). Salt Marsh-grass.
Rootstocks long-branched, extensively creeping. Culms erect,
strict, smooth, leafy to the top, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths longer
than the internodes; ligule short, silky; blades firm, soon convo-
400 POACE.E.
lute, strict, pungent, gliiucous above, 5-8 mm. wide at the base,
more or less deciduous from tlie slietitlis. Panicle strict, 7-18 cm.
long; spikes 3-8 in number, 2-7 cm. long, point of racliis often
twice as long as tlie upper si)ikelet. Spikclets linear, ytfllowish
freen, 12-18 mm. long; smootli, except tlie scabrous keels oi' tiio
glumes, first glume luirrow, acuminate, second 1-3-uerved, 2-
tootlied, and tipped with a stif! awn.
Texas, yfallcy for U. S. Nat. Herb. 105.
Marshes near the coast on both sides of the continent. Eaten
by stock when young.
Var. maritima (Curt.) Scribn. Dudijlis maritima Curt. Enum.
Brit. (ir. 4 (1785). S. li(u'i(jnfa Willd. Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Potersb.
(VI.) G:113 (1840). *S'. (jlahra Muhl. (Jnim. U (1817). -V. stricta
glabra Muhl.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2:552 (1850).
Culms and blades longer, si)ikes more slender, G-12 cm. long.
Spikelets crowded or remote, 12-18 mm. long, first glume 7-8 mm.
long, second 5-nerved.
Vermont, PrunjJe; Massachusetts, Deal ^S, 89, Stiirtemnt;
Pliode Island, Tweedy for U. S. Dept. Agriciil. 130; southern
California, Palmer 274.
Common on the Atlantic coast; also along Onondaga Lake in
New York, and in California.
0. S. junciformis Eugelm. & Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5:
238 (1845). *S'. (iouini Fourn. ?
Culms stout, very smooth, 60-180 cm. high, Lower sheaths
mostly shorter than tlie internodes, the upper longer; liguleahairy
fringe; blades of sterile shoots 30-GO cm. long, those of the
culm 5-6. smooth, involute, rigid. Panicle truly spikelike, 10-
22 cm. long, tapering to the apex ; spikes 30-50, sessile, imbricate,
2-4 cm. long, the lower ones longer. Spikelets linear, 6-8 mm.
long; empty glumes subequal, ciliate-hispid on the keel, first linear,
obtuse or acute when spread, 4-6 mm. long, second broadly linear,
truncate-toothed or emarginate; tioral glume a little longer and
broader; palea narrowly ovate, about as long as its glume.
Nearly allied to *S\ ,9yaf?/7/.s', and possibly to (9. denslflora Brongm.
Florida, Nat. Mus. from J. II. Simpson, distributed as S. mul-
CHLOUIDE^ 401
tiflora Vasey, MS,, but corrected us above in Coult. Bot. Guz. 16:
)il)2 (1891).
* Mississippi (Ocean Si)rin<(s), Trnry; Texas Acullei/.
85. (172). Campulosus Desv. Hull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189 (1810).
Cfeuiutii Panz. Deukschr. Acad. Muench. 1813, 288, /. 13 (1814).
MoHOcera Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 170 (1817). Cainpuloa Desv.
Journ. Bot. 1:69 (1813). Monathcra lialiii. Am. Monthly Ma-,'.
190(1819).
Spikelets 1-3-flowered, slender, sessile, crowded, pectinate in 2
rows on one side of a curved rachis, rachilla articulate above the
lower glumes, lower flower perfect, the upjjcr slaminatc or neutral.
First empty glume small, slender, almost hyaline, keeled, awnloss,
second larger, membranous or firm, 2-3-uerved, acute or briefly bi-
fid, tlie middle nerve spreading horizontally from the back as a stout
recurved awn or reduced to a tubercle, third and fourth glumes
em{)ty or including narrow palea^ often long-ciliate, with an erect
awn below the apex, shorter and more slender tlum the second; fifth
or floral glume shorter and more slender than the empty ones,
clothed with long hairs with a slender awn below the apex. The
1-2 upi)er glumes narrow, empty or enclosing narrow palea>. Sta-
mens 3. Styles distinct, stigmas feathery. Grain oblong, without
a groove, loosely included by the glume, but not adherent; pericarp
easily removed from the seed.
Blades broad or narrow, flat or convolute.
Spikes solitary, rarely 2-3 in number, terminal, erect, sessile,
often curved.
There are seven species known, of
which 4 are American and 3 African.
The spikelets are elegantly pectinate,
but when carefully examined are very
distinct from Ilarpcchloa or Bouteloua.
1. C. aromaticus (Walt.) Scribn.
Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5:45 (1894).
iir ,. Til r. cnr\ -^^o. 71. — ('ampulosus nro-
^Ff/ilops aromatica \Valt. 1^1. tar. ^49 maiicus. Spikelet. (Kich-
(1788). Chloris monosfachya Michx. nidsou.)
Fl. Bor. Am. 1:59 (1803). Campulosus monostachyos Beauv.
402
POACE.T?.
A<irost. G4, /. I'i, f. 1 (1H12). Ctenium raroIiin'tDunn I'anz.
Doiiksclir. Aciul. Mucricli. ;>11 (1S14). Motiorvru croinafint Kll.
Hot. S. (*. iV CJii, 1:77 (1817). Ctvnhim AmerUanuin Sprong
Svst. 1 : '-J74 (IS'^r)), 'roOTIIACIIK-GKASS.
IVrt'iiiiiiil; culms 50-100 cm. high, rough, with u tuft of old
(k'lul slu'iiths at the haso. HlacU-s narrow, involute, 5-12 vaw. long,
those of sterile .slioots longer. S|)ike 1 (rarely ;.'), 4-10 cm.
l(»ng. I'Mrst empty glunu; l-nerved, hyaline. '^ mm. long, includ-
ing the short point, second A mm. long, the nerves warty-glandular,
awn ahove the middle, about 4 mm. long, third 4 mm. long, ciliate,
;}-nerved, short-awncd, divided at the apex, fourth or lloral glume
much like the third, ciliate. i\.h mm. long, enclosing a small hya-
line palea. The fifth glume (a lloral glume) 4.5 mm. long, ciliate,
IJ-nerved, a short awn hack of theai)ex; palea longer than its glume.
Next lloret snniller neutral, with a snndl glume ahove. Taste of
the plant very ])ungent.
North Carolina, Mi-Ctirf/ti/; Alabama, .}fi)/n' ; l-'lorida. Ptihiirr
018, (Iurlis>tiovV .>>. Dept. Agri(!ul., also :54:i7: Mississi[)pi, Tnnii.
Low pin»'-l»arreiis, southern \'irginia and southward.
S(i. (114). ChloRIS Swartz. I'rodr. :?5 (17SS).
EusturhiisDv^w Hull. Soc. riuloni. ;i: IHS (ISOO).
SrhuUcsia Spreng. I'ugill. 2: 17 (1815). PharvUitria
Willd. Steud. ^'onl. Kd. '.>, 1 : ;}5;i (1840): 2:;n;}
(1841). M((rn>.sfttr/ii/u Ilochst. A. \lwh. Tent. Fl.
Abyss. 2:408 (1851). Chhroides Fisch. Kegol- in
Iiul. Sem. Ilort. Petroj). 28 (I8(i;{). llrtcrulepis
Ehrenb. Hoiss. Fl. Orient. 5:554 (1881).
8pikelcts 1-flowered |or 2-'.5- flowered], sessile,
crowded in 2 rows on one siile of a rachis, rachilla
arti(!ulate above the lower glumes, extending beyond
the flower, bearing a glume (or male flower). The
tw'o lower glumes empty, jjersistent, unequal, keeled,
narrow or very narrow, acute, mueronate, rarely
Spikt'U't. (Scril)- obtuse or truncate, or the second one with a short
"*^''^ awn; floral glume narrow or broad. l-IJ-nerved,
acute, obtuse, emarginate, or with two short points, the mid-nerve
Fiu.73.
('/iloris adiata.
CIILOUIDK.K. 403
extending; into a alpiidcr iiwii or rarely awnlcss. Tlio 1 to sovi'ral
eni[ity iriiiincs towiinlrt tlio aju-x of tlie rjicliilla short, liroad and
lriincat(! or narrow, often awned or bristle-pointcil, rarely awnlcsa;
palea scarcely shorter than its f;;liiine, folded, nerves prominent.
Stamens ;{. Styii-s ('istinet, sti^'nias feathery. (Jraiii included hy
the <,dnme, but not adherent, ohlonj^-lanccolate or almost linear,
subterete or nearly :J-sided, rarely grooved. I'ericarp very thin
and loose as in Spnrolmlns. Mostly perennials, eulina compressed,
bhuU'8 Hat, often with cross-veins. Spikes solitary or in pairs, erect,
or many and digitate at the apox of the terminal peduncle. Tlie
iloral glume often clothed with hairs.
It is a natural though somewhat polymorphous genus. In u
number of rij)ccies the upper empty glumes are broad and truncate
at the apex.
There are forty species, widely dispersed in tho warmer regions
of the world.
A. Floral glume with liairs 2-2.5 mm. long 1, 3
B. No conspicuous hairs on the floral glume (a)
a. Awns prominent, si)ikelets rather remote, no spikelets on
rootstocks 3
a. Awns prominent. S|)ikelets of the panicle rather remote;
spikelets on the rootstocks also 4
a. Awns very short, spikelets crowded (b)
b. Empty glumes longer than the floral glumes. . . 5
b. Empty glumes as long as the Iloral glumes. . . . G
b. Empty glumes shorter than the Iloral glumes. . . (c)
c. Spikes about li cm. long, light-colored. ... 7
c. Spikes over 5 cm. long, brown when mature. . (d)
d. Spikes 1-3 S
d. Spikes ;5-8 !>
(1. Spikes 8-30 10
1. C. elegans H. W. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. I : IGO, (1815). C. alba
Presl. Kel. lla'nk. 1 : 289 (18:]0).
Culms 30-00 cm. high. Sheatlis sliglitly intlatetl ; blades lan-
ceolate, 3-15 cm. long, slightly scabrous. Spikes 8-13, umbellate,
4-G cm. long, sometimes included, with internodes 1 nnn. long.
404 poACKi*:.
Kmiity jiliinios niemhruiioiis, l-ncrvcHl, lirst ovutc, 1.7 nun. long,
Hi'oojul lunceoluto, 2.5 nun. lon^', with ii Hhortuwn; ilorot oviite-cUip-
tical. •^5 nun. loii^', with short stilT Imirs iit the hasc; flonil <rhuno
ohscuri'Iy :{-ticrvt'il, gibbous in the iniildic, cilitito on I lit- iiiiil nerve
1111(1 niiirgiiiri wit!) hairs towiinlu the snininit '.' inni. htng, apex '.2-
toothed. iiwn 5 inni. long; piileu as long as its gliiiinc cnipty glnnio
above the flower truncate, with an awn 4 nini. long, radiilla tt-rmi-
nated by a second rudimentary gliiine. (Jrain elliptical.
Now Mexico, I7^sr// for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 4!)S; Arizona,
Tiniiiu'i/ ; Calil'oruiu, Orentt ; Moxieo, Palmer 118, 133, Sehaffir
io:3.
Texas, Arizona, and Mexico.
"Naturally selecting moist places of plains and mesas, this annual
falls into line with the needs of tillage. Its rather succMilent stems
and leaves are acceptable to grazing animals. Owing to its s|»read-
ing hal)il, it would hardly servo as a grass for mowing. I-laten by
all kinds of stock. It is not so abundant iu ("hihuahua, a regi<»n
of elevated tablelands and mountains, as on tiie dry mesas and
desert hills of southern Arizona and western Sonora. 'IMiere tlie
Indians bring it during winter and spring long distances into tlie
towns to sell, the men tying the bundles behind and beside them on
their ponies and the women carrying them on their backs or heads
and trudging painfully behind the ponies, ilow many times I
have contended with the horrid musquite bushes, to gather an
armful of this grass to carry joyfully to my hungry and jaded
horsesi*' C. G. Puix(JLE.
2. C. polydactyla (L.) Sw. Prod. 20 (1788). Andropofinv pohj-
dwtiihni L. Amoen. Acad. 5:412 (1759) ; Sp. PI. Kd. 2, 1483 (17(J3).
Culms erect, simple, glabrous, 45-100 cm. high. Sterile shoots
few, leaves of the culm 7, sheaths nearly smooth, strongly ciliate at
the throat; lignle very short, blades mostly involute, 15-20 era.
long, 7-10 mm. wide, pungont-pointed, the upper much shorter.
Spikes umbellate, 13-20, sessile, 9-12 cm. long, the rach is scabrous.
Spikelets crowded ; empty glumes linear-lanceolate. 1-nerved. first
2 mm. long, second 2.5 mm. long; floral glume 2.2 mm. long, 3-
uerved, broadly oval, ciliate on the keel, the hairs on the marginal
CIILOWIDK.K, 405
norvpa 2.5 mm. loiiju:, tlio awn 2-11.5 mm. \nu^\ rudimoiitary floivt
\.'.\ mm. lon<,', bcuriii;,' uti awti alxxit itn own K>n;rtli.
Kloritlii (rfoiitlicni piirt), ,/. Jl. Sifu/i.siin for V. S. Nut. Ilcrl). ;
also foiitid in WvM Indies and Hni/il.
:{. C. verticillata Nutt. 'rians. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) r*-. l.'to
(is:}:j-:jr).
Culms *.'0-:J() cm. liijrli. Li^ndo a fritifjo of short hairs; Idades
niii^di, ahrnptly pointi'd, condiipliiuitts :{-!> cm. lon;^', the ii[»|ier
.shorter, :{-4 mm. wide. Spikes 9-12 in inunher, t-H cjii. Ion?,', the
lowertt in whorls, purple, a middle internode of a spike about 15 mm.
loii<;. Kmpty ;,diimes luirrow, meml)raiious, 1 -nerved, toothed, first
y mm. Ion;,', including' the 8ln)rt awn, second over ".' mm. long besides
the short uwii; tloret ^.U-^i.! mm. long; lloral glumi' coiiipri'.ssed,
broadly oval when open, short-ciliato on the margins, ('inarginate,
awn ;J-4 mm. long; palea narrowly elliptical, emarginate. ciliate on
the keels; empty glumes above the lloret mostly excluded from the
lloral glume, obovate, truuc.ite, l}-nerved, \Jt mm. long, awned,sonio-
tinies a second rudiment above. (Jrain elli|)tioal, Hat. tri<|Uetrous.
Texas, A'. /A^// 773, Rererr/ioii, Xea/ln/, Ciir/iss "?,:], ;',44().*
4. C. longifolia (Kourn.) Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:
'<284 (1S1»3). (ii/iinio(/oijoH hiiif/ifoh'iis Fourn. ; llemsl. Hiol. Contr.
Am. Hot. ;3: 5G0 (ISSO).
A rather stout ctespitose grass, 60-100 cm. higli, bearing fertile
spikelots on panicles of two sorts, one in the soil among the roots or
just above the surface, the other at the apex of the culms or in the
axils of the ui)[)er leaves. Sheaths mostly longer than the inter-
luxles; ligule very short, ciliato; blades smooth excepting near
the auriculute base, flat, 15-25 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. The
up[)er panicle 10-20 cm. long of 5-10 racemose spikes. Spikes
mostly in three sets of three each, 8-lG cm. long, llower-bearing
for the whole length. Spikelets 1-2-flowered; first empty glume
O.T mm. long, second twice as long; floral glume linear with a short
hairy callus at the base. 5-7 mm. long, scabrid on the 3 nerves
ami margins, 2-toothed, awn back of the teeth, 6-10 mm. long;
palea as long as its glume, terminating in 2 slender teeth ; second
floret imperfect, borne on a pedicel 2 mm. long, its awn about
406 POACE.E.
3 mm. long. Grain linear. The lower panicles numerous, 5-15
cm. long, bninching irregularly. Spikelets 4-G mm. long, ovoid,
abruptly pointed. Empty glumes subequal and ovate, but little
shorter than the spikelets, many-nerved ; floral glume oval, rather
thick, many-nerved; palea nearly as long and as wide as its glume.
Grain oblong, abruptly pointed, about 4 mm. long, much larger
than those borne on the upper panicles ; hilum half as long as the
grain.
Mexico (Ymala Simaloa), Dr. Palmer 1763.
Dr. Vasey had a little doubt regarding the identity of this grass
with G. longifolius Fourn.
5. C. sttbmutica II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et. Sp. 1:167. t. 50
(1815).
A slender perennial, 30-100 cm. high. Ligule a fringe of
hairs; upper blades 3-6 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, obtuse, rough,
condujjlicate, reaching to or above the spikes. Spikes 6-12, each
4-12 cm. long, umbellate or in close whorls, an internode about 1
mm. long. Empty glumes narrow, acute, meml)ranous, 1-nerved,
the lower nearly 2 mm. long, second over 3 mm. long; floret 3.5
mm. long, with fine bristles at the base; floral glume membranous,
3-nerved, cuneate-oval when spread, margins ciliate, apex emargi-
uate, awn very short; paloaoblanceolate, emarginate, ciliate; upper
empty glumes at the apex of the rachilla extojiding nearly to the
apex of the floret, 1.7 mm. long, 3-nerveu^ "^ uncate with a very
short awn. Grain oblong, 2 mm. long, 3-sided.
Mexico, Bourgcaii, Palmer 242, Pringle 424, Schaffner 1074.
Northern Mexico and vicinity.
This is similar to C. elegans in character and quality, but rather
more erect in habit.
6. C. ciliata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 25 (1797).
An erect annual, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths about the length of
the internodes; ligule very short; blades flat, smooth, acuminate,
15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Spikes 3-6, digitate, purplish, the apex
curved, 4-6 cm. long. Spikelets 3-flowered, crowded, subsessile,
flattened, cuneate, truncate, 2.5 mm. long, awns projecting about 1
mm. ; floral glume of the perfect floret elliptical, long-ciliate on the
CHLOUlDEiB. 407
margins and keel, second floret truncate, subincluded in the first,
tiiird floret included in the second.
There is some doubt as to whether this is the same as the Euro-
pean plant passing by this name.
Texas, XeaUey in 1888-89.
Texas, Mexico, West Indies.
7. C. cucullata Bisch. Ann. Sc. Nat. (III.) 19: 357 (1853).
Culms slender, 30—10 cm. high. Blades narrow, rough, 5-10
cm. long, 2 mm. wide,. the upper one obsolete. Spikes 8-13, um-
bellate, light-colored, 3 cm. long with internodes 0.5-0.7 mm. long.
Empty glumes hyaline, 1-nerved, broadly oval, first obtuse, 0.7 mm.
long, second one-third longer, cuspidate; floret white, 3-8ided,
oval, floral glume 3-nerved, ciliate on keel and margins, emargi-
uate, mucronate, l.T mm. long; terminal empty glume mostly ex-
cluded from the floral glume, triangular when spread, 1 mm. long,
2 mm. wide; apex truncate, involute, emarginate, mucronate, lat-
eral nerves forked, making in all 5 nerves above. Grain ovoid, 3-
sided.
Texas, Wright 761, Palmer, Pr ingle 2405, lieverchon.
Texas to Arkansas.
8. C. Floridana (Chapm.) Vasey, Cat. Grass. U. S. 61 (1885).
Eustachiji^ Floridana Chapm. Fl. S. States, 557 (1860).
A smooth slender glaucous perennial, 30-60 cm. high. Blades
5-25 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, the upper abortive or very short,
cross-veins apparent. Spikes single or in pairs, 6-8 cm. long, each
internode 1 mm. long. Spikelets 2-flowered; empty glumes 1-
iierved, first ovate, acute, 2 mm. long, second oval, apex truncate,
2.5 mm. long, awn 1 mm. long; floral glume liglit-brown, firm,
compressed at the back, oval when closed, 3-nerved, 3 mm. long,
liispid on the back and margins, short-awned; palea oval, floral
glume of the terminal floret truncate, short-awned, enclosing a })aloa,
3 stamens, and a terminal empty glume. Grain 1.5 mm. long, el-
liptical, 3-sided.
Florida, Blodgett, Curtiss 3445.
Dry pine-barrens, Florida.
408 POACE.E.
y. C. Swartziana Doell. Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: Part 3, G8 (1818).
a ])etnBa Sw. Prod. 35 (1788).
A tufted glaucous pereunial, 30-60 cm, high. Blades obtuso,
5-10 mm. long, 4-C mm. wide, cross-veins ai)])arent, the uj)i)er
0.5-2 mm. long. Si)ikes 3-8 in number, 4-i em. long. Empty
glumes not extending to the apex of the lloret, white, hisi)id, 1-
nerved, first incurved, ovate, acute, 1 mm. long, second a fourth
longer, oblong, emarginate, with a short i)oint, lloi'et oval, bearded
ut the base, brown, flat-compressed at the back, 1.7 mm. long;
floral glume coriaceous, 3-ucrved, hispid on tlie back and margins,
entire, mucromite below the apex; palea brown, oval, 1.5 mm. long.
Grain ovoid. 3-sided, 1 mm. long. Terminal empty glume brown,
truncate, half included by the lloral glume.
Florida, Curtiss 34-43, Palmer G17, Hall 775.
10. C. glauca (Chapm.) Vasey, Cat. Grass. U. S. Gl (1885).
Eustachys glauca Chapm. Fl. S. States, 557 (18G0).
A smooth glaucous annual, 1-1.5 m. high, lilades 7-8 mm.
wide, obtuse, some of the lower 30-'200 cm. long, the ui)per less
than 1 em. long. Spikes 8-20, umbellate, 5-10 cm. long. Spike-
lets 2 to each mm. of the spike; empty glumes curved, reaching to
the top of the Horet, 1 -nerved, flrst obtuse, about 1 mm. long, sec-
ond truncate, cuspidate, 1.5 mm. long; floret ovoid, 1.7 mm.
long, floral glume brown, 3-nerved, coriaceous when nuiture, mid-
nerve hispid above the middle, obtuse, awnless; palea brown, oval,
iis long as its glifme, terminal empty glume brown, truncate, mostly
ubove the floral glume. Grain oval, 3-sided, 1 mm. long.
Florida, Cnrtiss 3444.
Brackish marshes. West Florida.
87. (176). Chloropsis Hack. Engl. & Prantl. Pfl. 3:59(1887-
93). Trirhloris Fourn. Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc, 19:102 (1881).
Spikelets 1, rarely 2-4-flowered, sessile, crowded in two rows on
one side the rachis, rachilla articulate above the lower glumes, ex-
tending beyond the flowers, terminating in a glume. Empty glumes
small, membranous, subhyaline, first often very narrow, acute, awn-
less or short-awned, second short-awned; floral glume membranous,
faintly 3-uerved, 3-awned, the awns long, straight, subuquul, or
CHLORIDE.E.
409
broader and much shorter; cmi)ty ghiriios sometimes 2-3, the low-
est mueli like the floral ghime, tliose above smaller, l-awned or awn-
less or sometimes only one; pulea included by its glume, hyaline,
2-keeled near the margins. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, stigma-s
feathery. Grain narrow, oblong, subterete, pericar]) easily removed
from the seed.
Tall grasses with flat blades. Spikes many, slender, sessile,
erect or spreading on the peduncle, formiug a dense oblong panicle,
softly echiuulate with many long bristles. Si)ikelets slender, erect.'
Fig. 1^ —Chloropsis pluriflora. Spikelet dissected. (Scribner.)
There are four or five species known, of which 3 are found from
Texas to Arizona and two in South America. Nearly allied to
Trisetaria and to Chloris.
Spikelets 3-5-flowercd ^
Spikelets mostlv 2-flowered o
410 POACEiE.
1. C. pluriflora (Fourn.) Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PI. 2: 771 (18!il).
T. pluriflora Fourn. Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:5G0 (1880).
Culms 40-50 cm. high. Lesives G-7, sheaths subcomi)resse(l,
sliorter than the iuternodes, eiliate at the throat; ligule a ciliiite
ring; blades flat, scabrous, narrowed at both extremities, 12-15 cm.
long, 5-7 mm. wide. Spikes 10-23 in number, 5-7 cm. long, in
2-4 whorls. Spikelets 3-5-flowered ; empty glumes hyaline, bristle-
pointed, 1-nerved, first about 1.5 mm. long, second about 2.5 mm.
long; lower floral glume linear, ciliate on the margins, lateral
awns 1-2 mm. long, central T-11 mm. long; palea as long as its
glume, scabrid on the keels. Grain triquetrous, 2.2 mm. long.
Texas, NeaUey for Nat. Mus. ; Mexico, Priiiffle 2512.
2. C. fasciculata (Fourn. ) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:771 (1891).
Trichlorin fdscicttlata Fourn. Benth. Journ. Linn. 8oc. 19:102
(1881).
Culms smooth, about 60 cm. high. Blades 20-.30 cm. long,
7-10 mm, wide, upper sheath often partially including the panicle.
Panicle 12-16 cm. long, with 15-30 rays in close whorls. Spikelets
1-3-flowered, the florets much shorter towards the top of tiie spike-
let; first empty glume awl-shaped, about 2 mm. long including the
awn, 1-nervetl, second ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, not toothed, 2
mm. long, with an awn half its length; floral glume ovate-lan-
ceolate, hairy on the margins and at the base, over 3 mm. long,
bearing a central awn 5-10 mm. long, and two lateral ones 1-2 mm.
long; palea as long as its glume. Grain 1.5 mm. long.
a Wright 263, 2025.
Texas to Arizona.
88. (177). GymnopOGON Beauv. Agrost. 41, t. 0. f. 3 (1812).
Anthopofjon Nutt. Gen. 1:81 (1818). Biafhcrium Desv. Opusc.
72 (1831). Diclia'taria Nees, Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 145 (1855).
Spikelets 1-flowered, subsessile, remotely alternate on two sides
of a slender triquetrous rachis, rachilla jointed above the lower
glumes, extending above the floret and bearing a glume. Empty
glumes 2, more or less unequal, narrow, 1-3-nerved, acute or the
second bearing a short awn; floral glume a little broader, 3-nerved,
the ml^j^0ve«^-fex]t?}ndiug into a straight awn; terminal glume
CnLOHIl)E.E.
411
empty, bearing an awn; palea narrow, 2-keele(l. Stylos distinct.
Oruin linear, subtorete, enclosed by a firm glume, but not adherent.
Tall grasses witli short firm or long and flaccid loaves. Spikes
numerous, slender or filiform, at first erect, finally spreading,
scattered, or those below in whorls.
Species 5 or G, belonging to America or the Old World.
A genus nearly allied to Chloris. Our species are perennial
from short rootstocks, with short firm blades, 1-uerved empty
glumes, the floret bearing short hairs at tlie base.
Gymnopogon differs from Trichloris in not having the spikelets
closely crowded, although sessile in two unilateral rows, the spikes
scattered or verticillate.
1. G. ambiguus (Michx.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69 (1888).
Andropogon anibigims Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 58 (1803). (i. rare-
mosns Beauv. Agrost. 104 (1813), G. svoparius Trin. Uuifl. 337
(1834).
Culms wiry, leafy, clustered, 30 cm. high.
Ligule a fringe of hairs; blades flat, lance-
olate, 3-8 cm. long. Spikes 15-30 in number,
7-17 cm. long, each bearing 7-30 spikelets,
remote at tlie base. Empty glumes 1-nerved,
first 5 mm. long, second G mm. long, includ-
ing a short awn; floral glume cylindrical,
involute, 4 mm. long, with an awn as long;
empty terminal glume raised on a rachis over
3 mm. long, bcariiig an awn of equal length,
(irain narrowly oblong, 3 mm. long.
Maryland, Bebb; Florida, Curfiss 3441.
Sandy pine-bai-rens. New Jersey to Texas.
3. G. brevifolius Trin. Unifl. 338 (1834).
Agrost. Bras. 430 (1839).
Culms slender, wiry, leafy, 30-(IO cm. high. Ligule obsolete,
destitute of hairs; blades 2-5 cm. long. Spikes 15-20, very slender,
8-30 cm, long, containing 8-30 spikelets, sometimes borne on the
upper half or two-thirds. Empty glumes pointed, slightly unequal,
3-3.5 mm. long; floral glume 3.5 mm. long, with an awn 1 mm.
Fig. 74. — Gymnomgon
ambiguus. Spike-let.
(Riclmrdson.)
G. f(t!<tigiatus Noes,
412
POACE.E.
long; terminal empty glume on a raeliilla 1.5 mm. long, bearing a
very sliort awn. drain less than 2 mm. long.
Florida, Cio'/iKs 3442.
Delaware and southward.
89. (179). SCHEDONNARDUS Stcud. Flora, 33:;2-28, 229 (1850)
name; Syn. PI. (J ram. 140 (1855).
Spikelets 1 -flowered, acuminate, sessile in the excavations on 2
sides of a 3-sided rachis, rachilla very short, articulate above the
lower glumes, not bearing a llower, flower perfect. Empty glumes
2, unequal, 1-nerved, narrow, membranous, acuminate; floral glume
longer, firm, membranous, 3-nerved, pointed, enclosing the palea
and the flower. Styles distinct. Grain linear, included by the
glume and palea. but not adherent.
A tufted annual. Spikes 3-10 in number, simple, slender,
spreading on the curved axis.
Species 1, belonging to North America. The genus is more
nearly allied to (ri/intiuj>o(/on than to Lepturus Nutt.
1. S. paniculatus (Nutt.) 'IVelease, Branner t!t Coville, IJep.
Geol. Surv. Ark. 1888, Part 4, 23G (1891). Lepturus paniruJalufi
Nutt. Gen. 1:81 (1818). RoitkeUia panicuhia Spreug, Syst. 1
300 (1825). Schedoniutnlus Texanus Steud. 1. c.
Culms 20-60 cm. high, naked above. Lig-
ule ovate, over 1 mm. long; blades numerous
below, narrow, keeled, conduplicate, twisted,
3-5 cm. long. Spikes 3-10 in number, re-
curved, secund, distant, 3-9 cm. long. First
empty glume ovate, 1 mm. long, with an awn
half its length, second ovate-lanceolate, 2
mm. long, with a very short awn; floret
cylindrical, acuminate, over 3 mm. long; floral
glume elliptical-lanceolate, the lower part
sparsely hairy; palea with 2 nerves near each
Fig. To. — ScJud'iinardus ,i . t • , ,i -n i •
pamcdatius. ^1, Spike- o"ier extending into the cusps, silky hairy
let; b, floral glume; c, qh .^mj i)etween the nerves. Grain cvliu-
l>aleii; d, flower.
drical.
Illinois, J/ea(/; Kansas, CV/^ifty; Colorado, J. WoJfe 1178: Mon-
CI1L0KI1)E.E. 413
tana. Unmnl, CanUj cf- Svrihnrr 37G; Texas, DrummomJ 3(j0,
liuUdider; Mexico, Fendhr HOI.
From Illinois to Texas, Kansas, Colorado, Montaua, and Cali-
fornia.
!»0. (181). BOUTELOUA Lag. Var. Cienc. 3: Part 4, i;54 (ISOo).
GiiAMA-cRASs. MrsgiiT-iJKAss. Athci'opoyon Mulil. Willd.
Sp. IM. 4:937 (180.-,). Ileterosteca Desv. Nov. IJull. So.-.
Philom. 2:188 (1810). Triafhcm Dosv. 1. c. Corethnim Vahl,
Skr. Xaturk. Solsk. Kiobonh. 0:85 (1810). Chondrosium Desv.
Joiirn. Hot. 3:G8 (1813). Buiebra DC. Cat. Hort. Mons. 104
(1813) in part. Truciin II. H. K. Xov. Gen. et Sp. 1 178
(1815.) Poli/ndoti 1. c. 174 (1815). Ifeferosfef/a Knntli, Mom.
Mas. Par. 2:73 (1815). Actiiiuvhha Willd. H. Ot S. Syst. 2:22,
417 (1817). Eutviana Trin. Fund. Agrost. 101 (1820). Aris-
fiditnn Endl. (ien. 94 (183G). rripJalhem Eudl. 1. c. Xesflem
Willd. Steiul. Norn. Ed. 2, 2:192 (1841).
Under each synonym above gi\en may be found synonyms for
species.
Spikelets 1-2 flowered, complanate, sessile and densely crowded
in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rachis, rachilla continuous or
articulate above the lower glumes, bearing 1-3 glumes or bristles or
rai'oly staminate flowers above the single })erfect flower. Empty
glumes 2, narrow, acute, keeled, equal or unequal; floral glume
broader, usually firmer, 3-toothed or 3-cleft at the aj^ex: empty
glumes at the apex of the rachilla 3-5-awned or deeply divided ;
palca of the perfect floret narrow, hyaline, entire or 2-toothed.
Stamens 3, usually orange-colored or red. Lodicules 2, fleshy.
Styles distinct. Grain oblong, included, but not adherent. Slen-
der annuals or perennials, low or tall, blades narrow, flat or convo-
lute. Spikes single and terminal, or several on the side of the axis,
first erect, finally drooping.
There are about 25 species, all American. Bentham divided tho
genus into 3 sections, founded mainly on the inflorescence. Plants
of this genus are most abundant in the warmer and dryer portions
of Xorth America, especially in western Texas, in Arizona and
414 POACE.E.
northern Mexico. Often culled " CJrunia-grass,'' and some of them
called " HulTalo-grass."
The following division into tribes sliows the variation of this
genus very well.
A. Chondrosimn Dcsv. as a genus. Spikes one to several,
linear or ohlonfj, more or less falcate, the usiialli/ verij
numerous spikelets pectinatehj cromiedon one side of the
rach is; terminal enij)ti/ fflnmes nsaalli/ J-aivned. . . .(a)
a. Spike always solitary (b)
b. Empty glumes glabrous.* (e)
c. Floral glume 2.5-3 nun. long 1
c. Floral glume o-G nmi. long 3
b. Empty glumes villous. Plant 20-40 cm. high; empty
glumes 2-3 mm. long 3
a. Spikes usually 2 or more (e)
e. Spikes very dense, oblong, linear; empty glumes vil-
lous (f)
f. Rachilla above fertile lloret glabrous, spikes 2 cm.
long 4
f. Kachilla above fertile floret bearded 5
e. Spikes dense, narrowly linear; empty glumes usually
glabrous (h)
h. Floral glume 1.5 mm. long 6
h. Floral glume 2 mm. long, besides the teeth,
hairy 7
h. Floral glume 2.5-3 nun. long, spikes 1.5-2.5 cm.
long 8
h. Floral glume 3 mm. long, spikes 2-3 cm. long. . 9
h. Floral glume about 3 mm. long; spikes 5-7 in
number, 2.5-3 cm. long 10
e. Spikes looser and more slender; lower glumes gla-
brous (i)
i. Peduncles villous; floral glume 1-awned. . . 11
* B. tenuis Griesb. in piirt. A densely tufted perennial 20-40 cm. high.
This may be exj)ected from Mexico.
CHLOIUDE.E. 4, 1
i. Peduncle smooth; floral glume S-awned. . . (j)
j. Floral glume 2 mm. long 12
j. Floral glume 1 mm. long 13
B. AfheropogoH Mulil. us a genus. Spikes several or nu-
merous, nsualbf short, sfraiy/if, not pectinate, the few (J-
P2) spikelets often fascicled; the terminal empty fjlume
S-awned,or more or less reduced ami rudimentary, . . (k)
k. Spikes 30-GO, axis scabrous, each bearing 4-10 spike-
lets 14
k. Spikes 5-11, axis glabrous, each bearing 3-G spike-
lets 15
k. Spikes 4-6, axis silky villous, each bearing 7-10
spikelets IG
k. Spikes 3-5, each axis bearing 3-4 spikelets. ... IT
C Triathera Desv. as a genus. Spikes several, short and
narrow, the 1-3 slender spikelets closely appressed to the
rachis; terminal glume reduced to a triple awn or having
a jwlea (m)
m. Spikes 5-10, each bearing 2-3 spikelets 18
m. Spikes 35-50, each bearing 1 spikelet 19, 30
D. Polyodon 11. B. K. as a genus. Spikes few, short, of
few spikelets; floral glume 3-awncd, the 2-3 terminal
empty ones crowded together and each 3-,5-awned. ... 21
1. B. prostrata Lag. Varied. Cienc. 2:141 (1805). B.
pnsilla Vasey, liull. Torr.'Club, 11 :G (1884). Atheropogon hu-
viilis Spreng. Syst. l:2>j.: (1824). B. tenuis Griseb. (loett. Ablu
24: 303 (1879), as ticketed by Vasey.
A loosely tufted slender annual. Culms many, geniculate, 10-
20 cm. high. Leaf-blades 1-4 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, flat or con-
volute. Spike solitary, much curved, })edicel velvety, bent, bract
about as long as i)edicel or shorter. Empty glumes lance-elliptical,
1-nerved; first 1.5-2 mm. long, second 3.5 mm. long; floral glume
firm, hairy on the outside, oval when closed, nerves obscure, 2.5-2.8
mm. long, lateral setjv about 1 mm. long, central one a little longer;
palea as long and as wide as its glume. (J rain compressed, 2 juin.
long, embryo on one thin edge. Kachilla above the floret about 1
410 POACE.E.
nun. lonjj, luiirv ul)ovo, bi'iirin;; ;{ iiwl-sliapetl auta,', 2 mm. loiifj, tlio
lateral ones bt-urinjjf a tliin inar<?iiial appcndaf^o; racbilla U'lminat-
in<,' in a iniiuite truiicati' empty awnh'ss <,'Inme.
New McxIl-o, J*)-i)i(/h; Vaxvij; Mexico, Priiif/Ic WM, Poliiicr
3400, Sr/iajf'tier lOlG.
('oI(ti'ad(), Arizona to New ^[exico.
'Z. B. stolonifera Scril)n. I'roe. Aoad. Pliila. .'502 (1891). //.
seorjn'oidi's S. Wats, in I'rof. Am. Aead. IS: 110 (ISSIj) not Laj^.
Culms slender, li-lO em. lii;j;ii, hearinrj racemes. Leal'-lilsides
narrow, glabrous, 1-!J em. long. Spikes solitary, racbis l,.')-3 cm.
long. S])ikelets not crowded, empty glumes 1 -nerved, lirst lanceo-
late, 3 nun. long, witb an awn 1 nun. or more long, second
broader, about (5 mm. long, short awned, tliiidy pubescent on the
keel; lloral glume 5-G mm. long, 3-lobed for about one-fourth of
its length, central seta 5-7 nun. long, lateral ones a third shorter;
])alea about G nun. long; rachilla nearly smooth, 3 nun. long,
bearing some setiB 15 mm. long.
^lexico, /'n'tif/h' 317-4, on the jdains, [ja Ilouda Station.
3. B. ramosa Scribn. Vasey, (Jrasses Southwest l:i. 44 (1890).
Ji. oh'f/i>fifac/tj/(i var. ranuisa Scril)n.
A densely tufted slender light green perennial, 20-40 cm. high.
Culms branching below, nodes smooth. Lower sheaths 'Z cm. long,
ciliate at the throat, those of the culm 5-7, the lower nearly as long
as the internodes; ligule a ciliate ring; blades of sterile shoots and
culms 3-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, involute, apex filiform,
curved. Spikes 1-2 in number. 1.2-1.7 cm. long, linear, very
slightly falcate, pubescent, pedicels 2 mm. long. Empty glumes
villous, lanceolate, 1-nerved, first 1.7 mm. long, second 3.2 mm..
long; lloral glume oval-ovate, the back shortly pubescent, 4 mm.
long, the 3 setne about 1 mm. long; paloa as long as its glume, with
3 very short setae; rachilla hairy, 0.7 mm. long, bearing 3 seise
3-4 cm. long.
Southwestern Texas, XeaUei/ for Xat. Museum.
It grows in bushy clumps with nuich-branching perennial culms,
Avith the habit of M nhJcnhergia Texamt, and is confined to calcare-
('ni,oKII>h.K. 417
oils l)lun'saii(l liills. occupyint,' siicli iicciiliur situations to tlio profit
of tilt' .st(»cl< visitin;; tlicm in tlicir Avitle nin^iiif,'.
4. B. hirsuta La;?. Vur. t'icnc 'I: Part 4, 141 (ISOri). C/ionf/ro-
Slim hirhnn 11. W. K. Nov. (Icn. ct. Sp. 1 : lie,. /. J/y (isif)).
Ai'fitiorlihxt hii'siihi W. &. S. Syst. 'X'. 14'.t(lH17). A//ii'ropoi/i/ti jxt/iif-
Ji)sii.v VA\<ro\m. Am. Jour. Sci. 4(5 ( 184:5). ('Iinnilrosiiin fii'/iiint
Ton-. Man^y Uep. lAT (1S4S). lUnikhua fiena liigelow, \Viii]>pli'
Kxped. Add. p. ii. (lsr»t;).
Culms sUmkUt, ",^(1-50 em. hi,irli. Ulades narrow, ))apillose-
liairy or glahrous. Spike-! 1-4 in number, pectinate, dense, al)out
'i, em. loiifT. on short liairy jx'dieels, braeta about twice as Ion;:,
axis projecting' beyond the spikeiets i mm. Sterile ilorets mucli
]>rojectin^f from the side of tiic fertile. Empty ^dumes villous. 1-
nerved. lirst hyaline, narrow, 'i, mm. lon,<r; secoiul warty-liairy.
lan(;eolate. 4 mm. lon^; floral ^lume i)ubes(*ent, iMobed for nearly
half its length, nearly 5 mm. long including the central seta, lateral
setiv shorter; palea shorter, obtuse, eiliate on the nerves, rachilla
smooth, 1 mm. long, bearing funnel-shaped or 2 fan-shaped empty
glumes 1 mm. long, with 3 equal setai 3 mm. long, enclosing 1-'^
very small empty glumes.
A common grass on rocky or dry soil of hills and plains of Chi-
hualuia; culms rather wiry; (pudity ecpud to the most of thespeeios
enumerated; furnishes an important pro))ortion of the forage of
the region.
Illinois, l\(fti'rson ; Florida, (iaiiwr; Texas, Drummond ;
Mexico, PriiKjle 40I», Palmer 2!>, Pan-ii d- Pahmr 943.
From Florida to British America and ^lexico.
Var. Palmeri Vasey. B. liohtnderi Vasey. Much larger, often
a metre high; spikes 3-6 in number, broader, often 4 mm. long.
Mexico, Palmer.
5. B. oligostachya (Xutt.) Torr. A. Gray. Man. Ed. '^:5r)3
(1856). (iKAMA. Me.S(H'ITE-(jhass. ActiHiirliloa (jrarilis Willd.
W. & S. Syst. 2 : 418 (1811). Aflieropof/on oIi(/osfacJi)/iis Nutt. Gen.
1:78 (1818). Eutriania oJi(/osfocJii/a Knnth, Hev. Gram. MO
(1829). Chondrosum oligostachyiim Torr. Marcy's Uep. 300
(1853).
418 POAC'K.K.
Poronn'uil, 20-00 cm. hif^li. lit'iil'-hliidcs smooth or roupfli
abovo, ',i-V) cm. Ion;,', l.r)-2mm. wide, liuiry at tlu! li^julo. SpikcM
1-3 iu number, nircly 4 to 5, rcmoti', ;*-4 cm. Ion;;; iK'(licclri '^-\\
mm. ioi»K. «bort, hairy, often with ii l)ruct )l-A times us lon;r;
nichillu not projocitin;,' beyond the spikeleta. Spikoleta T mm.
h»n;;; em|»ty ghimea villous, l-nerved, Hrst huuseolute, 4.r) mm.
long, second ovjite-iunceoliito, 7.5 mm. long, sparsely hairy on
wurty glands; floral glume hairy on the back, 5.5 mm. long, not
ImMuding setre, and 1.5 mm. wide; lateral seta) extending to the
top of the ii-cleft middle lobe, not including a seta about 1 mm.
long; palea us long as its glume; rachilla above the llorot about
1.5 mm. long, clothed above the middle with soft hairs 2-3 mm.
long, bearing 3 setiu about mm. long, the lateral oiu's wing-
margined on the inside above; still another, broad involute emar-
ginate 3-lobed empty glume 1.5 mm. long.
Nebraska, Dtijf)'//; Texas, Nealley; Montana (Nor. Trans.
Cent. Surv.), ('<inbi/ d' Scn'bticr.
AVisconsin, California to Texas and Mexico.
Vur. major Vusey, ined. Much larger, culms often TO cm. high;
loaves longer, si)ikes 3-5 cm. long. Spikelots, glumes, and palea
about the same us those of the species.
Mexico.
Vur. pallida Scribn. ined. Spikes light yellowish green.
Mexico, Priniih 407.
Vur. ramosa H(;ribn. B. ramosa Scribn. ; Vasey's Grasses S. W.
Part 1, 44 (ISO 1). Mucli branched.
Alexico, Prnif/h' Hi.
Mr. Pringlesays: " The most ul)undant species of the plains,
especially abundant and forming a close sod in the low arid portions.
In amount of yield and quality it is surpassed by no common grass
of the plains, and is the one native species adapted to forming per-
manent mowing, and one, I believe, which would, us well as any
species emi)loyed in Americun agriculture, bear the effects of close
grazing in enclosed areas."
6. B. polystachya (Henth.) Torr. Pacif. 11. Uep. 5:306. /. 10
CIILoUIDKvE. 41i»
(1857). Cfinndrosinn [ChondrosiuiH] poli/sftwhj/uni Bciith. Hot,
Sulph. nn (1844).
(!ulni8 .smooth, oroct, or sprcadiiijj; ami gt'iiidulutc, '^•0-40 cm.
hij,'li. liCiit'-Muilos imrrow, 3-0 cm. long, (;iliuto at tlu- li;,'iilo.
Spikes 3-6 or more, erect, linear, about 2 cm. long. Kinpty gliiinorf
liyulino, glabrouH, oval, 1-nervod, mucronate or sliort-a\vne<l, often
lobed or t'marginate, first 1 mm. long, second 1.5 mm. long; floral
glume broadly oval, the margins and back densely hairy, \J) mm.
long, 3-lobod with stout setie scarcely longer than the lol)es, (central
awn slightly longest; palea as long as its glume, 3-lobed, rachilla
hairy, bearing 3 setie, a small neutral floret, and above this a minute
empty glume.
Texas, XmUcy for Nat. Mus. ; Lower California, Palmer r,'G,
508.
Texas, Arizona, to California.
7. B. arenosa Vasey, Grasses of S. West. Bull. 1^, Tart 1, 34
(1800).
A slender diffuse annual, 15-25 em. high. Sheaths loose, 3-4
in number, half as long as the internodes; ligule lanceolate, 5 mm.
long, ciliato at the base; blades flat, 3-5 em. long, 1.5-2 mm.
wide. Panicle 5-0 cm. long, bearing 3-4 straight or curved one-
sided spikes. Spikes subsessile, about 2 cm. long, bearing about
20 spikelets. S})ikelets closely imbricate, each containing 1 })erfcct
and 1 rudimentary floret, about 3 mm. long, with awns })rojecting
3 mm. Empty glumes 1-nerved, often 2-tootbed, first lanceolate,
2 mm. long, second oval, 3 mm. long, short-awned; fioral glume of
the lower floret 2 mm. long, besides the teeth, clothed with fine
l)ubescence, ovate, 2-toothed, awns equal or subequal ; palea as long
as its glume, 2-4-toothed, with 3 short awns, seeoiul floret 1.5
mm. long, the 3 subequal, awns 4-5 mm. long. Neutral floret
bearing 3 subequal awns, 4-5 mm. long.
Mexico (near (iulf of California), /'ah»er 180, Ofcutt.
8. B. vestita (S. Wats.) Seribn. iiied. B. pnhjstach)ja Torr. var.
vestifa S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 18: 177 (1883).
A tufted erect or diffuse grass apparently annual, 20-60 cm.
high. Sheaths ciliate at the throat; ligule very short; blades of the
420 1H)A('E.15.
culms involuti', bristU'-poiiitt'd. )i-i^> cm. loii":, those of tlu' sti-rilo
shoots rather sliorler. S[)ikos 4-t) in luimbi'r, more or k'ss curveil,
1.5-2.5 cm. loui;^. First ghimc hviiliiu', bristk'-poiiittHl, "^-'J..*) mm.
\o\\g, sccoml linear, about 3 mm. louj;, ^-tootheil, pubescent on the
keel, the seta 1-2 mm. lonj;; lloral tflume pubescent on the back,
oval. 2.5-3 mm. lontr. 2-lobed, lateral and central seta? reaching' to
the same height 1-2 mm. above the glume; palea linear to oval,
2.2-3 mm. long, 4-toothed with 2 short seta>. the pedicelled rudi-
ment bearing 3 equal bristles about 2.."» mm. long.
Mexico. I^arnj if Pahuvr •.•43^. /" '>*')' 1351. Pvimjh 413;
Arizona. yvaUeii.
A{)parently confined to sandy alluvium of mountain streams.
it. B. breviseta \'as(>y. ("ontrih. l'. S. Nat. Herb. 1:5S(181M)).
A tufted more or less glaucous and rather slender perennial.
25-35 cm. high, from stout creeping i-ootstoeks. Culms hard, with
no cavity. Sheaths O-ll in lunnber. mostly a little longer than the
internodes; ligiUe a nu're ring, slightly ciliate: l)lades rigid, invo-
lute. 2-(> cm. long. 0.5-0.7 mm. diam. Spikes mostly in twos,
sometimes single. 2-3 cm. long, about 3 mm. diam. Spikelets
crowded, empty glumes lanceolate, 1 -nerved, first 3 mm. long,
second 4 mm. long; lloral glume of lower lloret oval. 3 mm. long,
3-nerved, sctjxi equal, about 1 mm. long; palea incurved, oval;
second iloret 1.5 mm. long with hairs of the same length, tiie awns
2.5-3 mm. long.
Texas, XcaUi'ij in ISSl).
10. B. Rothrockii Vasey, t'ontrib. V. S. Xat. Herb. 1:208
(ISiio). Ji. p()Ii/iif(ic/ii/(( var. major \'asey, U. S. (Jeog. Surv. by
Wheeler, 6:28: (1818).
Culms 40-60 cm. high, racemose, usually bearing 5-T spikes
2.5-3 cm. long, sessile, about 2.5 cm. ilistaut. Leaf-blades flat. 0-iO
cm. long, scabrous above. Empty glumes hyaline, glabrous, oblong,
1-uerved, mucronate or short-awned, lobed or with lateral teeth,
first glume 1.5 mm. long, second 2.5 mm. long; fioral glume ovate
in outline, hairy near the base and on the margins, about 3 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, 4-lobed with 3 set^^j, lateral ones slightly long-
t"IIlA)l{ll>K.K. 421
est; paloa with "i setas 3-lobeil, us long as its glume, the midtUo
lobe I'liiargiiuite.
Mexico. Ptihiier 1(U5; also fouiul in Arizona.
11. B. eriopoda Ton-. I'aeif. Kail. Kep. 4: Hot. 155 (185;).
Culms tufted, white woolly below, MO-30 cm. high. Leaf-
blailts very narrow, involute. \-\ cm. long. Spikelcts ;>-(;. rather
loose and slender, oval or narrowly elliptical, 1. 5-^*. 5 cm. long, on
short hairy i)edieels. First empty glume oblong, mucronute, about
"i mm. long, with the single nerve towards one siile, sccoiul glume
4.5 mm. long, lance-clliptical, acute, without a cusp, with an ob-
scure nerve toward the ajjcx on each side the miildlc; iloret hairy
at the base. Iloral glume lance-ovate, 5 mm. long, central seta 1-'^
mm. long, lateral setiv obscure or absent; palea about equal to its
ghnne, nerves weak or obscure at the apex; rachilla slender, 'i. mm.
long, hairy near the apex, bearing 3 bristles 4-5 mm. long, the mid-
dle one at the base twice as wiile as the lateral ones.
New Mexico, Wriijltt 748, "ZO\.S\ Arizoiui, Loumon 305;
Mexico. I*n'tti/h' 411.
Texas. New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico.
Hunched on dry rocky or gravelly nu'sas and foot-hills; the wiry
culms more or less elongated and trailing; (puility ami value equal
to J), hirsiitit.
13. B. trifidaThurb. Ciram. Mex. Hound. Surv. iued. S. Wats.
Troc. Anu-r. Acad. 18: i:r (188:5).
A densely ca'spitose glaucous perennial, 5-18 cm. liigh. Hlades
3 cm. long, 1 mm. wide. Spikes 3-5. slender, smooth, rather
loose, nearly straight, \-l cm. long. Mmply ghuues lanceolate,
mucronate. scarious, 3-awm'd, first 4 mm. long, secoiul a little
longer; iloral ghnne scarious or nearly snu)olh, '^ mm. long, the
nerves obscure, lateral awns about mm. long, the central a little
stouter and longer; palea rather iirm, ecpialling its glume; rachilla
smooth, 1 nnn. long, bearing 3 nearly equal seta*, slightly dilated
below, about (5 mm. long.
Texas, liererrhon 1408. Xrttllei/ for Nat. Mus. ; Xew Mexico,
iVn'yhf 4G. 22(i, T49, 2(V.H); Arizona, Priiiijle; Mexico, rarri/ 413,
945, Primjh', Pahiivr 1:555.
422 POACE.E.
A pretty reddish-topped grass found in the regions above
enumerated on dry mesas at the foot of hills, doubtless infrequent.
13. B. Burkei Scribn. S. Wats, in Proc. Am. Acad. 18:170
(1883). Bull. Torr. Club, 11: 5 (1884).
A tufted perennial, 10-30 cm. high. Culms very slender, erect
or geniculate. Blades glaucous, 10-40 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, often
with a few scattered hairs. Spikes 3-G, rather loose, nearly erect,
about 1.5 cm. long. Empty glumes smooth, ovate, nearly equal,
first about 3 mm. long, second longer, both usually very short-
awned just below the bifid tip; floral glume br ..?,, hairy, over 1 mm.
long, bearing 3 nearly equal-winged seta?, about 4 mm. long; i>alea
oval, with no projecting setae; rachilla slender, smooth, O.T mm.
long, bearing 3 equal setse 5 mm. long, widening below.
Texas, Mrs. Anna B. Nichols, communicated to Professor
Scribner by Isaac Burk of Philadelphia, for whom the species is
named.
Sandy plains of Upper Concho, western Texas, lieverchon 1361,
Curtiss 3440* ; distribution of North American Plants, Berlandier
107, 1437; U. S. Dept. Agricul. 510; Mexico, Pringle 1974.
14. B. curtipeudula (Michx.) Torr. Emory's Kep. 153 (1848).
Chloris curtipeudula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 59 (1803). Bonfeloua
racemosa Lag. Var. Cienc. 2: Part 4, 141 (1805). Dinebra curti-
vcndula DC. Cat. Ilort. Monsp, 105 (1813). Eutriana curtijjen-
diila Trin. Fund. Agrost. Kil (1830).
A tufted perennial, 30-100 cm. high, from r^liort rootstocks.
Lower leaves from the taller culms sometimes 40 cm. long, 4 mm.
wide, the upper usually 5-10 cm. long; sheaths and ligule often
hairy. Spikes 30-60, about 1 cm. long, on short bent pedicels on
one side of an axis 15-30 cm. long. Spikelets purple, brown, or
green, 4-10 in a spike, 5-8 mm. long, the lowest the shortest;
empty glumes 1-nerved, first lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm. long, with an
awn 1 mm. long or less, second glume ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-8 mm.
long, including a short awn; floral glume sparsely hairy, membran-
ous, ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, mucronate, the lateral sette a
little shorter; palea as long and as wide as its glume, 2-toothed;
rachilla 0.5 mm. long, bearing abroad divided empty glume 2 mm.
CHLORIDES. 423
long; the lateral seta? as long, the middle one twice as long, or in
the terminal florets the lateral setfe 0, and the terminal seta 4 mm.
long. Anthers orange-red or yellow. Very variable and widely
distributed.
Pennsylvania, Bnrk for Scribner 3440; Michigan, Cooki/,
Whcchr 90; Illinois, Bebh for Clark; Texas, Hull 772, Drummond
354 ; Arizona, Roihrork 284, 586, 677, Lcmmon 431 ; Mexico, Palmer
206, 1503, Pringlc 408.
Southern Xew York, Pennsylvania to AV'isconsin, British America,
Texas, Arizona, Mexico, South America.
Often the most common species in Chihuahua, Mexico,
scattered over mountains, liills, and plains. Unlike B. oligo-
f<fachi/(i, it grows in strict bunches, is more leafy than that species,
but of similar quality.
15. B. bromoides (II. B. K.) Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 5 (1816).
Dinehra bromoides II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 172, /. 51 (1815).
Ktitriana bromoides Kunth, Hev. (Jram. 1:95 (1829), rot Trin.
lleterosteca juncifoUa Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 3 : 188
(1810).
Under the synonyms of the genus may be found large numbers
of other names.
An erect tufted perennial, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths half to
two-thirds as long as the internodes; ligule a ciliate ring; blades
sparsely hairy, 4-13 cm. long, 3-3 mm. wide, the upper shorter.
Spikes 5-11 in number, 1-3.5 cm, long, ascending, horizontal or
drooping on velvety pedicels, the latter 3 mm. long, borne on an
axis 5-13 cm. long. Spikelets 3-6-11 to a spike; empty glumes
ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, ciliate on the back, first 3.5-4 mm.
long, second 5-6.5 mm. long; floral glume of the perfect floret
membranous, oval-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, central seta about 1
mm. long; palea as wide as its glume and as long or longer; floral
glume of staminate floret 4.5 mm. long, lateral setfe 3-5 mm.
long, the central stouter and reaching higher; rachilla extending
above the staminate flower, but bearing no awn or glume.
S. Watson in Am. Acad. Sci. p. 178, 1883, says: "Somewhat
variable in size, habit, and number of spikelets, but the floral
424 POACE^.
chanicters uniform within narrow limits in all the specimens ex-
amined from the United States, Mexico, Panama, and the West
Indies. There can be little hesitation in referring all the follow-
ing to Lagasca's species, viz., lleterostem jimrifoUa II. B. K., Nov.
Gen. I;ir3, t. 54. Dinebra rcpens II. H. K., 1. c, 172, t. 52.
Boutehiui Hivmhohltiana Griseb. Probably also Dinebra bromoides
II. B. K., 1. c, t. 51."
Texas, XeuUey for Nat. Mus. ; Mexico, Sehaffner 1001, 1003,
Palmer, 115% 188, 201, 1354, Pringh 1436.
Western Texas, Arizona, Mexico, Central America.
16. B. Havardi Vasey, S. Wats, in Proc. Am. Acad. 18:179
(1883).
An erect tufted perennial, 20-40 cm. liigli. Ligule a ciliate
ring; blades numerous below, flat, Arm, 7-15 cm. long (the upper
2-3 cm.), 3 mm. wide, sparingly silky hairy. .Spikes 4-(J, white,
silky, villous, about 1 cm. long, on a slender axis 4-5 em. long.
Spikelets 7-10 to each si)ike, crowded, first glume hyaline, lance-
olate, 2.5 mm. long, including a short seta, second ovate-lance-
olate, 3.5 mm. long besides a seta 2 mm. long, the nerve very
heavy; floral glume hairy, broadly oval, 5 mm. long, 1.7 mm. wide,
the lobes about equal; palea a little shorter, 2-toothed; racliillaand
the 3 setae very slender and weak, 3-G mm. long, the middle one
with membranous margins or none.
Texas, Ilavard, Xealleji; New Mexico, Wright 753; Arizona,
Prinijle ; Mexico, P ri ngle -ilO.
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico.
Mr. Pringle says: " This I have found to be the most valuable
pasture-grass of the hills and mesas around the city of Chihualiua.
Being j)ereunial it forms a sod, more or less interru])ted however. Its
leaves are mostly radical, and are abundant, its culms slender and
about a foot in height; to the tender and nutritious quality of its
herbage the animals, which kept it closely cropped down through-
out most of the season, gave abundant testimony."
17. B. AUamosana Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:115
(1891).
Tufted, diffuse, 7-15 cm. high. Leaves with pubescence from
CIILUHIDE.E. 425
tubercles, sheaths loose, longer than the internodes; ligulea frinn;e
of hairs; blades flat, 3-0 cm. long, 3 mm. wide. Panicle racemose,
3-5 cm. long, bearing 3-5 spikes 1 cm. long, besides the awns,
each consisting of 3-4 spikelets. Spikelets 2-flowered ; emjjty
glumes 1-nerved, first 5 mm. long, second 6-7 mm. long, the latter
scabrous on the keel; floral glume of lower floret oblong-lanceolate,
6 mm. long, 5-nerved, lateral awns extending to the ti2)s of the slen-
der teeth, central awn about 1.5 mm. long; palea as long as its glume,
2-toothed. Grain obcompressed, 4 mm. long. Sterile floret about
5 mm. long, the three awns subequal, about 8-10 mm. long.
Mexico (Sonora), Palmer 698, on rocky ridges.
18. B. aristidoides (Kunth) Griseb. Fl. lirit. W. Ind. 53?
(1804). Dinebra aristidoide.s II. IJ. K. Nov. Gen. 171, f. 095
(1815). Eutriana aristidoides Trin. Unifl. 243 (1824); Kunth,
Kev. Gram. 1:95(1821)).
A slender tufted annual (?), 10-30 cm. liigh. Loaf-blades
rough with slender scattered hairs on the upper side, 2-4 cm. long,
less than 2 mm. wide. Spikes 5-10 in number, 1-15 cm. long,
more or less hairy, usually spreading on one side of an axis, 4-0 cm.
long. Spikelets narrow, appressed to the liairy rachis. 2-3 to a
spike, the lower with no awns, the upi)er with awns projecting;
empty glumes lanceolate, 1-uerved, first 2 mm. long, with a seta 1
mm. or more long, second pubescent with no seta; floral glume of
the lower spikelet about 5 mm. long, oval-lanceolate, central seta
very short, lateral ones obsolete; palea as long and as wide as its
glume, seta^ very short. No empty glume or seta above. (J rain
linear. 2.5-3 nnn. long. Floral glume of the second and third spike
lets like the floral glume of the lower spikelet; rachilla slender, 1.5
mm. long, hairy in midtlle or above, bearing 3 seta?, the lateral ones
6 mm. long, the central a little shorter, bearing near its base two
short slender lateral lobes or not.
Mexico, Parr II cC Palmer 941, Palmer 51, 162, 1353.
Arizona, Pr ingle, California, Palmer 400, 543.
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern California, and ^lexico.
Alow diffuse and firm-stemmed annual appearing scattered over
426 POACE.E.
the plains and mesaa after the rainy season; less abundant and of
less utility than />'. /loli/sfac/ii/a Torr. var. major. Vasey.
19. B. uniflora \'asey, Coult. liot. Gaz. IG: 20 (18!)1).
A slender perennial, 30—40 cm. high. Leaves of the cultn 4,
sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs;
])lades rigid, becoming involute, 8-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide.
Panicle included at the base, racemose, 8-12 cm. long, bearing 35-
50 spikes. Spikes 7-8 mm. long, 1-flovvered, rachis linear, 4-G mm.
loug; empty glumes conduplicate, 1-nerved, first linear, 3-4 mm.
long; floral glume 5-6 mm. long; palea 4-5 mm. long, usually a
capillary pedicel present,
Texas, KeaUci/ in 1890.
20. B. Triathera Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10:104 (1882).
Trifcnn racemosa IL B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1:178 (1815).
AtheropogoH Triann Sprcng. Syst. 1 : 293 (1824).
A slender tufted perennial, 30-40 cm. high. Ligule a fringe
of hairs; blades of sterile shoots involute, G-12 cm. long, those of
the culm siiorter, about 2 mm. wide. Panicle racemose, 8-12 cm.
long, bearing 35-50 spikes. Spikes G mm. long, 1-rtowered, rachis
bristlelike, 2 mm. long, empty glumes linear, conduplicate, 1-nerved,
first 2 mm. long, second 4.5 mm. long; fioral glume 5-G mm. long,
palea but little shorter; rudiment 3-4 mm. long, with 3 awns 8-10
mm. long.
Mexico, Priiiffle 4782.
21. B. Texana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18: 196 (1883).
A densely tufted glabrous or sparingly villous perennial. Culms
erect or geniculate, 20-30 cm. high. Blades flat or involute, thinly
})ubescent on the upper surface, the lower blades G-18 cm. long.
Spikes 5-10, secund, cuneate, 1-1.5 cm. long, including the setas
borne on an axis 4-5 cm. long. Spikelets 4-6, crowded on the very
short hairy rachis, first glume lanceolate, 2 mm. long, with a seta
half as long, second ovate-lanceolate, pubescent on the back, 3-5
mm. long, bifid, the strong midnerve produced into an awn about
2 mm. long; floral glume elliptical-ovate, about 4 mm. long, with
3 nearly equal setae reaching above the apex about 1 mm.; a mem-
branous tooth on each side of the middle seta; palea as long and as
CIILOllIDE.E.
427
wide as its glume; floral glume of the second spikelot cuneate, about
5 mm. long, including 3 slender lobes, 3 stout set* extending beyond
A" B
Fig. IQ.—Boutelotta Texana. A, B, spikelets; a, floret. (Scribner.)
for 5 mm. ; palea small, hyaline; floral glume of third floret smaller
than the one below and including a rudimentary palea and an
empty glume.
Texas, lievcrrhon^ Kealley; also found in Arkansas.
91. (G). Beckmannia Host, Gram. Austr. 3:5, t. (1805).
Joachiniia Tenore, ex 11. & S. Syst. 2:605 (1817). BrucJcmannia
Nutt. Gen. 1:48 (1818).
I'aniclo terminal, long and narrow. Spikelets snbsessile on 3
sidesof asubtriangularrachis, articulate with the very short pedicels,
broad, compressed, 1-2-flowered; emi)ty glumes 2, membranous,
compressed, concave-inflated, obtuse or abruptly pointed, 3 floral
glumes narrow, subequal, concave-keeled, acute or mucroiuite, deli-
cately membranous; palea hyaline, 2-kecled, nearly as long as its
glume. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, includeil, but
not adherent. An erect grass with flat blades having much the
428
POACE.E.
habit of Paiiicinn cnlonunt. A /]:enus contiiinin<j^ only one species,
wliicli 1ms a very wide range It is found in southern Euroj)e,
temperate Asia, and North A'.nerioa.
1. B. erucaeformis uniflovus Seribn., \'asey, Descr. (Jat. Gram.
U. S., 8 (1885), name only.
Annual; culms rather stout, simple, GO-i)0 cm. high. Ligule
elongated; blades roughish, 10- '^0 em. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Pani-
cle 10-30 cm. long, rays single or in twos or threes, 1.5-4 cm.
long. Spikelets 1-llowered, nearly orbicu-
lar or broadly obovate. 2.5-3 mm. long, lirst
and second glumes with 3 principal nerves
and some transverse nerves.
Ontario, Foic/cr ; South Dakota, 7^ ////>•//;
Colorado, ('(i,s.si(?i/; Montana, Andcrxou;
Washington, Lak-v; Oregon, /lo/rell.
Mountain regions mainly west of the
Mississippi. A grass of some prominence as
u forage plant for certain localities.
Bei'Jcnuiiniia has been usually i)laced in
PhalaridCiT, but lieutham believed it be-
longed to Panicew. The habit and inflo-
rescence are those of Pdiiicum colonum; but
it is exceptional in Panicea3 as having botli
the flowers perfect; the lower flower is,
however, usually sterile. A similar character
is to be found in some of the species of ,Sefa-
n'a, and very rarely in Fanicum itself, next
A
Fig. 77. — Beckmnnnin
erucd'formis uniflorus.
Splkelot dissected. ^^ Avbich the genus appears to be ])laced in
(Scnbuer.) o 1 1
Chloridea^.
92. (191). EleusinE G»rtn. Fruct. 1:7, ^ -? (1788). Dactij-
locfenium Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029 (1809). Acrachnc
AVight & Arn. Liiull. Introd. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 381 (1830).
Spikelets several-flowered, flat, imbricate in 2 rows on one side
of the digitate or scattered branches of a simple panicle, rachilla
articulate above the outer glumes, flowers perfect or the upper one
stamiuate. (Humes spreading, keeled and conduplicate, thin but
CIILOUIDE.E. 429
BtifT, I'nipty ones usually .sliorter, unequal, obtuse, neute, or tapering
to a short i)oiiit; ilonil }^lume obtuse or abruptly pointed; palea
ToMed. Styles sbort, distinct, (irain loosely enelosed by tlieglunio
and paleu, but not adherent. Seed rugose witbin a loose* menibni-
nous pericarp, which either i)ersists or breaks up and falls away.
Species about 7, widely distributed in the troi)ies. The flat
spikelets have sometimes been mistaken for those of Eniyrostis;
but their arran^'emcnt in two rows is always that of Chlori(lea\
A. Spikelets very closely crowded, spreading at right angles. I
B. Spikelets imbricate (a)
a. Spikes 1-;J cm. long 2
a. Spikes 5-7 cm. long 3
1. E. ^EGYPTirA(L.) Desp. PI. Atlant. 1: 85(1798). ('//nosxrus
.'FfiypticuK L. Sp. IM. 72 (175:1). IJ. vnivhtht Lam. 111. 1 : -.'03
(K91). E. perfinafa MoMich. Meth. Suppl. 08 (hSO'i). C/ihn'.i
wucrnnald Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. l:r)0 (180:5). J>(irfi/Iorfcuiin)i
.Kfpjptutrum Willd. Enum. 102!) (1800). E. radidans \{. \\v.
Prod. 180 (1810). E. wurroiuda Stokes, Hot. Mat. Med. 1:150
(181-;2). E. ciliatd Ifalin. Desv. Journ. Jiot. 4: 27:J (1814). E.
prosfrata ^prew^, Syst. 1 : ;550 (18'>4).
Culms tufted or creeping and rooting like Copn'ola Darfi/hm,
.'JO-50 cm. bigli. Blades short, flat, ciliate, with long points.
Spikes usually 3-5 in number, digitate, 2-5 (^m. long, the angular
rachis prominent on the up})er side. Spikelets very closely packed,
spreading at right angles to the racliis, 2-tloweretl, with rudiments
of 2 other llowers, tirst glume acute, 1-nerved, 1.5 mm. long, second
a little longer, 1.5 mm. wide, emarginate, the keel exteiuling into
a dorsal awn 2 mm. long; floral glume broad, complicate, abru[)tly
pointed, 3-nerved, about 3 mm. long; palea shorter than its glume.
New Jersey, Parker for X". S. Dept. Agricul. 525; Delaware,
(:W«%for Clark 1910; Florida, Curfiss liu:,
A common weed of warm countries, introduced into North
America.
2. E. Barcinoxexsis Costa. Ind. Seni. Ilort. liorcin. (1859).
Culms tufted, 15-30 cm. high. Leaf-blades short, about 2 mm.
wide, obtuse or abruptly pointed, slightly ciliate about the short
430 POACE.!;.
li<5'ulo. Spikes broad, 2-4 in iiimibor, di^jitatt', 1-3 oin. long, often
purple. Spikt'lets clo.sely imbricate, ri-llowcMvd, lirst <,dume l-
nerved, 1.5 nun. long, second broailly ovate, 5-(3-nervod near tho
middle; lloral glume 3 mm. long, 2 nun. wide, when spread out, a
double or triple nerve toward each nnugin, 1 below in the middle,
with 5 above; palea 3.5 nun. long, with a double nerve at each
keel.
^'ew Jersey, Scribner for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 52t5; Alaluuna,
Mohr; Michigan (Cult.), Jieal 'Jl.
Introduced on ballast.
3. E. Indica (L.) (JaM-tn. Fruct. et Sem. 1 : 8 (1788). Ci/iiosunis
IndintH L. Sp. I'l. 73 (1753). E. dislans Mcench. Meth. 210
(17(»4). E. iU»tun<jensi,s 8ieber, Schult. Mant. 2:323 (17i»4). A'.
gracilis Salisb. Prod. 19 (171>0). E. (listacliija Triu. Steud. Kom.
Ed. 2, 7:549 (1841).
There are many more synonym?.
A coarse erect tufted grass, 30-GO cm. high. Sheaths flattened,
ciliate Avith a few soft hairs; blades rather abruptly pointed, nar-
row. Spikes 2-5 in number, 5-7 cm. long,
digitate, or one or more inserted rather lower
\ down, rachis flattened aiul prominent on one side.
Spikelets loosely imbricate, •3-5-tIowered, first
empty glume 1-nerved, 2.7 nun. long, second
ovate, acute, 3-7-nerved at the base, ;}.5 mm.
A ^''^ a ' long; floral glume broadly ovate, 3-5-nerved near
Fio. IH.—FJUusine the middle and 1-nerved near each nnu-gin, 3-4
Tndiexi. A. spike- .
let; a, tloret; b, mm. long; palea 2.5-3 nun. long. Pericarp per-
ovaiy. (Scrib- gj^tgjjt meml^ranous, very loose,
ner.) ' ''
New York, Clintun 12'.>9; Peiuisylvania,
Scribner for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 542; District of Columbia,
McCarthy; Florida, Cuvtisx 3448; Mexico, Palmer Zb, 328, 478.
A common tropical and subtroi)ical weed.
93. (192, 202). LeptoCHLOA lieauv. Agrost. 71. /. 15, /. 1
(1812). Diplachne Beauv. Agrost. 80,/. IG. /. 9 (1812). Hah-
dochloa Heauv. Agrost. 84, /. 17, /. 3 (1812). Oxydcnia Nutt.
CIILOUIDE.t:. 431
Ocn. l-.TO (1818). LcjitnsfarJii/s CI. V. \\ . Moy. Prim. Fl. Esseg.
73 (1H18).
Spikolotd 2- to nmiiy-flowftrod (very rarely l-flowered), sessile or
very shortly lu'dieelluto in 2 rows along 1 side (in one section, along
;j sides of a triquetrous raehis of the slender rai^liis of a simple n\)'\\m
or of the minierous braiujhes of a simple j)anicle, flowers all jjerfeet
or the upporoncstaminato; rachilla articulate al)(»ve the outer j^lnnies,
usually hairy and more or lesa produced above the florets. Km[)ty
glumes "i, niemhranous, keeled, acute or obtuse, uneipuil, unawned,
first 1 -nerved, second 1-3 nerved; floral ghuno 1-3-nerved, often
with a sharply ;2-lobcd apex, the keel produced into a sharp point
or awn between or a little below the lobes; palea tliin, shorter than
its glunu'. prominently 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles short, dis-
tinct, drain smooth or nearly so, enclosed, but not adherent.
Seed loose or easily freed from the pericarp.
Professor Scribner's reasons for uniting Diphchne io Lcptorhhia
seem to me good, as given in Proc. Acad. Phila. 303 (18!)1), Hen-
tham in some of his descriptions of Diphtchne defines the floral
glume as 1-nerved, but in Flora Austruliensh 7:618 (1878) three
of the species there mentioned are described as having the floral
glume 3-nerved.
The following sections have been proposed :
A. Leptochhxt proper. Spikelets flat, ovate or oval, sessile
in the regular rows on the numerous branches of a simple
panicle.
PseudncynQdon, one or two flowers to the spikelet.
Eulepfochlod, two or more flowers to the spikelet.
a. Floral glume mucronate 1
a. Floral glume emarginate (a)
b. Sheaths sparingly hairy 2
b. Sheaths smooth (c)
c. Spikes 2.5 cm. long 3
c. Spikes 3.4 cm. long 4
B. DiplacJuie as a section. Spikes of the panicle long and
slender, spikelets almost linear, scattered along the
488 roAcE.E.
racliis in 2 irregular rows. Secoiul ompty glume 1-
ucrved (d)
d. I'unick' spikc'like 5
d. Pur'cU- bniiiuhing (o)
e. Klonil i^duinu loss than '.\ mm. long (in)
m. i'uniclc 2-8 cm. long
ni. 15-35 cm. long 7
c. Floral glunio .] mm. long, 8
e. Floral glumo :}.5 mm. long 9
0. Floral glume 4 mm. long (n)
n. Seeond empty glume ',\ mm. long 10
n. Second empty glume -l-r) mm. long 11
0. Goiiinia Fourn. as a genus. Spike.s of the panicle long
aiul slender. Spikelets scattered along the three sides of
the rachis, 1-nerved, lloral glumo ;3-nerved (o)
o. Awn l-;{ mm. long 12
o. Awn 8-13 mm. long 13
1. L. scabra Nees, Agrost. Hras. 4:55 (1830). L. Laufjhtisii
Vasey, liuU Torr. Club, 13:7(188,^)). A. Liidanrinnn \iimy.
Culm smooth, stout, leafy, 100-i;50 cm. high. The lower
blades one-third as lOng as the culm; sheath.s loose, comj)ressed.
glaucous, 30 cm. long, about 1 em. wide. Panicle scarcely proi Hid-
ing or j)artially included by the upper leaf, racemose, 30-30 cm.
long, about 5 cm. wide, loose, simple, spikes 100 or more, crowded
below, single or 3-3 together, 5-7 cm. long. Spikelets :{-4-Howered,
sessile, loosely imbricate, 4 mm. long; the internode of the rachilla
for each floret 1 mm. long; empty glumes membrajious, ovate,
acute, 1-nerved, first 0.7 mm. long, secoiul a third longer; floral
glume oval when spread, mucronate, 3-nerved, hairy on the back,
3.5 nnn. long; palea about as long as its glume, ciliate on the
nerves, 3-toothed. Grain 3-sided.
Louisiana, Lafu/Jois.
3. L. mucronata (Michs.) Kunth, Gram. 1:91 (1839-35).
Ehusine mucronata Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:G5 (1803). L. Jili-
fonnis J. & C. Presl, Pel. ILvnk. 1:388 (1830). L. altenuata
Steud. Syu. PI. Gram. 209 (1855). L. pcllucida 1. c.
('IILt>|{II)K.K.
im
A Hpariii^jly ^raiuilu'd aiimml :iO-«tO ctii. lii<;li. Sliciitli^ thinly
t'lotlu'il with Hlt'iidcr hiiirpi from warty huscs;
lihuh'S Hut, scahrous. S-I'.' cin. hmg. SpikoM
'.'U-.")() in imnihor. 15-7 i-ni. h)n;r, in a i>anich'lil\i'
rawnii', '2U-;J(> cm. lon^', often partially enclosed
by tilt' upper sheath. Spikelets loosely imhri-
c'uto, *.*-4-llowercHl, '^-II mm. lon<f; empty f,'liim(^s
nieinl»ranoii8, with ono seal)rons nerve, lir.sl
hmceolate, nearly ".' mm. long, .second a little
broader und longer, mueronate, 3-uorved; floral
ghune niembranou.s, 3-nerved, broadly oval, Fio. l{).—fAptor/ifoa
emarginate, hairy on the back and margins, l.;3 ("(""'^s'''' ^'l'*^'
mm. long; palea broadly hairy, e(|ualling its
glume. A form with a few sleuder s})ikes and rather distant
spikelet.s is var. truclhi Scribn.
'rennesseo. ('tii'lif<sM-i^^ from Gattinger: Texas. Jfcl/ :::\ Ih,'-
erc/ion, Lindlirimvr 212; New Mexico, Wfiijlil 7.'i(I; .Vrizona,
Prinffle in 188-t; California, CouUvr 785; Mexico, Pnhner IIT,
13G4.
Virginia. Illinois, .south and west.
Var. pulchella Scribn. Hull. Torr. Club. 0: 147 (1885).
Culms slender, tufted, erecit, 12-24 cm. high, including panicle;
blades 2-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle erect, spikes 2-:) cm.
long.
Texas (El Paso), Prinf/Ic; Arizona (near Tucson), PrinffJe;
southern California, Orcxtf for Nat. Mus.; Mexico, Pahnvr 50,
(51)4.
3. L. Nealleyi Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 12:7 (1885).
A smooth grass, G()-80 cm. high, lilades 15-25 cm. long. 4
mm. wide; ui)per sheaths long and including the base of the pani-
cle. Panicle 20-25 cm. long, narrow. Spikes closely flowered,
2.5 cm. long, in threes or fives or scattering. Spikelets oval, 3 mm.
long, 3-5-flowered, empty glumes ovate, 1-ncrved, first 0.7 mm.
long, second twice as long; floral glume oval, 1-1.7 mm. long, 3-
nervcd. mueronate in the emarginate apex, pubescent on the nerves;
palea oval, as long as its glume, obtuse, pubescent on the nerves.
484 POACE.E.
Texas, XeaUey in 1884.
4. L. Domingensis (Jacq.) Trin, Fund. Agrost. i;i3(lS20);
Link, Enum. 1: 103 (I8"^'l). Cynosurus Dominyensis Jucq. Icon.
1: 22 (1781). L. I'irynfa Wight. Stead. Syu. PI. Gram. 213 (1855).
Culms erect, sparingly branched, 30-90 em. higli. Sheaths
longer than the internodes; ligule very shortly ciliate: blades Hat.
smooth, 15-30 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Panicle 10-15 em. long,
spikes 15-30 in number, 3-4 cm. long. Spikelets purplish, '3-3-
ilowered, 1.7 mm. long; empty glumes 1-nerved, first about 1 mm.
long, second 1.5 mm. long; fioral glume 3-nerved, 1.5 nmi. long,
oval, slightly ciliate on the margins, emarginate, the awn 1.5 mm.
long; palea as long as its glume.
Southern Florida, Simpf^oit for U. S. Nat. Herb, in 1892; Texas,
yealley in 1888 for U. S. Nat. llerl).
5. L. spicata (Dadl) Scribn. J'roc. Acad. Phila. 304 (1891).
DipJarhnc spicata Dtell, Henth. Jour. Linn. Soc. 19:111 (1881).
Trhdia Srhajfnerl S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 18:181 (1883).
D. NemrJioniyasoy, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 118 (1880).
Civspitose; culms erect, simple, 10-25 cm. high, lilades mostly
from sterile shoots, numerous, setaceous, smooth, 2-10 cm. long.
Raceme simple, spikelike, 5-8 cm. long. Spikelets sessile, ap-
pressed. mostly imbricate, linear-lanceolate, 7-9-flowercd. 5-9 mm.
long; empty glumes linear, 1-nerved, ratlier obtuse, compresseil ;
first 2 mm. long, second 2.5 mm. hmg; floral glume ovate-lanceolate,
3-nerved, slightly pubescent on the base and on the rachis, lateral
nerves not extending into the obtuse lobes, awn 0.5 mm. long;
palea contracted at the base appearing stalked.
Texas (Lano County), Reverchon 1013, Neailey; Mexico,
Prinylc 3267.
5. L. viscida (Scribn.). D. vhcida Scribn. Pull. Torr. Club,
10:30(1883).
Similar in habit and inflorescence to L. faxcicidarift, but usu-
ally smaller throughout and "'covered with acrid viscid glands,"
and often more or less tinged witli light red or purple. Culms 5-40
cm. high. Sheaths loose. Panicle 2-8 cm. long, terminal or ses-
sile in the axils of the leaves, mostly enclosed by the inflated
CHLOHIDE.E. 435
slicatlis; rays ascending, denst'ly tlowored, 1-2.5 cm. long. Spike-
lets Jiearly sessile, -l-G-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; empty glnmes
ovate, acnte, 1-nerved, first 1.5 mm. long, second 2-2.5 nun. long;
floral glume oval, 3-nerved, 2-2.5 mm. long, shortly ciliate below on
all the nerves, two-lobed at the apex, the awn O.T-1 mm. long;
palea scabrous on the keels.
Arizona, Pn'iif/Ie for U. S. Dept. Agricul. ; Mexico, PrinyJc
692, 8U. Puhner 551.
Texas to Arizoiui and Mexico.
7. L. imbricata Thurb. Clram. Mex. Bound, ined. ; S. Wats. Bot.
Calif. 2:203 (1880). D. imbricata (Thurb.) Scribu. Bull. Torr.
Club, 10:30 (1883).
Culms erect, simple or sparingly branched below, 30-GO cm.
liigh. Sheaths loose; blades scabrous, setaceous above, 15-20 cm.
long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle erect, usually included at the base,
15-25 cm. long, spikelike, rays very numerous, ascending. Spike-
lets nearly sessile, appressed, imbricate, acute, 6-!)-tlowcred, 5-7
mm. long; empty glumes 1-nerved, first ovate, 1.5 mm. long, sec-
ond oval or ovate, nnicronate, 2.5 mm. long; floral glume oblong,
lateral nerves long-pilose below, obtuse, mucrouate, 2.3-2.5 mm.
long; paled contracted below, but little sliorter than its glume,
puberulent on the nerves.
Arizona, Pringleiw 1881 for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 549; Mexico,
PriufiJe t(- Palmer.
Southern California, Arizona, Mexico.
Dr. Palmer notes that it is abundant in fields and gardens;
thrifty on alkali plains and near soft water; abundant in August
and September, when alfalfa is dried up; a good forage-plant, cut
and fed to animals.
8. L. fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1:588(1848).
Festtica fascicnlaris Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1:1S0 (1791). D. fas-
cicularis Beauv. Agrosi,. 160 (1812).
Smooth, light green; culms geniculate and branching. Sheaths
mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule fringed, 2-3 mm. long;
blades flat or involute, 15-20 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Panicle
usually included below, 8-17 cm. long, rays mostly single, erect.
436 POACE.E.
spikelike. Spikelets on short pedicels, 7-11-flowered, 6-10 mm.
long; empty glumes 1-uerved, mucroiuite, tirst 1.5 mm. long,
second 3 mm. long; floral glume 3-norved, 3 mm. long, pubescent
on the margins along tiie lower half; palea linear, shorter, pubes-
cent on the margins.
U. hi. Dept. Agricul. 54:8; Texas, Jones 4303, Nealley; Mexico,
Pr ingle 815.
New England to Arizona and Mexico, often on brackish marshes.
9. L. Tracyi (Vasey). D. Tracy i Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:
49 (1888).
An erect grass, 50-90 cm. high. Sheaths smooth or nearly so;
ligule fringed, 3 mm. long; blades 3-5, scabrid, narrow, involute,
20-40 cm. long. Panicle 30-30 cm. long, rays 1-3 together, of
very unequal length, the longest spikelike, 10 cm. long, bearing
about 14 spikelets. Spikelets purple, appressed, slightly imbricate,
pedicels 1-3 mm. long, 8-10-flowered, 8-12 nmi. long; empty glumes
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, mucronate, tirst 3 mm. long,
second 3-3.5 mm. long; floral glume linear, 3.5 mm. long, pubes-
cent on the lower half of tlie lateral nerves, each of which termi-
nates in a mucro; apex 3-Iobed or 3-toothed with an awn 1-3 mm.
long; palea linear, pubescent on tlie nerves, 3 mm. long.
Dr. Palmer says of it: ''Found (juite abundantly in little oases
of thin soil on the rocks, high up the mountains where it was well
watered."
Nevada, Tracy iov \J . S. Dept. Agricul. 091; Mexico, Palme'*'
691.
10. L. Pringlei (Vasey). I). Prinylci Vasey ined.
Culms 30 cm. high. Ligule a more ring bearing short hairs;
blades 4-5, scabrid, compressed, 3 mm, wide. Panicle little ex-
serted or enclosed at the base, purplish, rays simple, 5 in number,
sjiikelike, 4-6 cm. long. Spikelets slightly imbricate. 3-3-flowered;
empty glumes lanceolate, 1-nerved, tirst 3,5 mm, long, second 3 mm.
long; floral glume ovate-oblong, 4 nun. long, truncate oremarginate,
the midnerve barely extending to the base of the notch at the apex,
the three nerves sparingly and shortly hairy near the base; palea 3.5
mm, long.
ClILUUIDEiB. 437
Arizona, Priiigle iu 1884.
11. L. dubia (II. H. K.) Nees, Syll. Ratisb. 1:4 (1824); Agrost.
Bras. 2:433 (1829). C/tloris dubia II. H. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 :
16!) (1815). D. dubia Scribii. Bull. Torr. Club, 10:30 (1883).
Culms rather slender, 20-30 em. high. Sheaths smooth or sca-
brous; ligule very short, bearing long hairs; blades scabrous, Hat or
involute, 20-40 cm. long, 3 nmi. wide. Panicle barely exserted,
15-20 cm. long, spikelike, rays 8-15, ascending, 5-12 cm. long.
Spikelets on short pedicels, slightly imbricate, 4-G-llowered, 5-T
mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, 1 -nerved, first 3-4 mm. long,
second 4-5 mm. long; floral glume ovate-oblong, about 4 mm. long,
the three nerves pubescent and disappearing a little below the two
obtuse lobes of the apex; pulea linear, 3.5 mm. long, the nerves
densely clothed with short pubescence.
Florida, Curiis.s 3450, (Harber; Texas, Jones, XvaUey ; Arizona,
Lemmon 3(J8; Mexico (Chihuahua), Pringh 422, Palmer for U. S.
Dept. Agricul. 547, Palmer 270.
Dr. Palmer says: "In shady places among the rocks of the
mountains." ,.- [
12. L. Mexicana Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phil. Sc. 308 (1S!)1).
Culms simple, terete, vsolid, erect. 1 mm. or more high from a
strong rootstoek. Sheaths about the length of the internodes, lig-
ule a ring of stiff hairs. 2-3 mm. long; l)lades glabrous, flat, lanceo-
late, 30-40 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, tai)ering gradually to the
very acute apex, midrib white and prominent below. Panicle
pyr)":nidal, 30-40 cm. long; rays simple solitary or tlie lower sub-
verticillato. Spikelets 10-14 mm. long, 3-4-flo\verod, erect, remote
below; pedicels mostly shorter than the si)ikelet3; empty glumes
membranaceo-chartaceous. broadly lanceolate, first 4-5 mm. long,
second 0-7 mm. long, scabrous on the nerve; floral glume 8 mm.
long, densely silky-villous for half or more of its length, mid-nerve
extending into an awn 1-3 mm. long beyond the entire apex, lateral
nerves evanescent above; palea 2-toothed, callous, densely })ilose.
Stamens 3. Ovary smooth.
Mexico, Pr ingle 3252. on limestone ledges.
13. L. polygama (Fourn.). Gouima pohjgama Fourn. Ilemsl.
438 POACE.E.
liiol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:581(1880). llackclia (?) (tmjnstifuJia
Vasey, MS.
Culms sim])le, terete, solid, GO-TO cm. high. Sheaths longer
than the internotles; ligule fringed, 1 mm. long; blades flat,
smootli, 20-30 em. long, 7-10 mm. wide, midnerve white. Panicle
pyramidal, 30-40 cm. long. Spikelets 8-12 mm. long, S-S-flowered,
subsossile, emi)ty glumes membranous, first 3.5-4 mm. long, second
5 mm. long; floral glume lanceohite, G-8mm. long, shortly silky-vil-
lous, midnerve extending into an awn 8-12 mm. long, lateral nerves
evanescent above; palea 2-toothed, callous, pilose.
Mexico, rnhucr 1087.
94. (193). BULBILIS Rafin. Am. Month. Mag. 4:190(1819).
Seshria Xutt. Gen. 1:04 1818), not L. Cahoithera Nutt. ex
Hook. Kew Journ. 8:18 (185G). Ihichh'e Engolm. Trans. St.
Louis Acad. 1: 432 /. U, figs. 1-17 (1859).
Spikelets dia>eious, very dissimihir; those of tlie staminate plant
2-3-flowered, sessile, complauaie in 2 rows on one side of the rachis,
rachillanot articulate; empty glumes 2, membranous, awnless, in-
equilateral, elliptical, 1-nerved, mucronate, first about 2 mm. long,
second 3 mm. long; floral glume elliptical, 3-nervcd, mucronate,
3.5 mm. long; palea a little shorter than its glume, 2-nerved. Lod-
icules 2, deltoid. Stamens 3. Kudimentary pistil none. The
spikelets of the pistillate i)lant 1-flowered, sessile on one side of a
very short rachis, forming a cluster partly enclosed by the upper
leaves. The lowest glume of the lowest spikelets small, 1-3-nerved,
lanceolate-subulate, adnate to the second empty glume, this glume
firm with a 3-lobed apex, the central lobe longest; lowest glumes or
the other spikelets free, much smaller, membranous, ovate-l;;nceolate,
acute, 1-nerved ; floral glume narrow, firm or almost hyaline, 2-
cleft or subentire, enclosing a broad convolute 2-nerved palea and
a flower, Staminodia 0. Styles distinct, long, stigmas with short
hairs. Grain ovate, obcompressed with a groove. Blades flat, nar-
row. Staminate spikes 2-3 on one side of the apex of the culm ;
pistillate spikes usually 2.
Nuttall had male plants only for establishing the genus Scs-
Icria, while Steudel founded the genus Antephora on the female
CHLOUIDE.E.
439
plant. 1 )r. Engelinaun was the first to discover tlie true nature of
the phint.
One species, extensively spread over the great plains from Mexico
to liritish America.
1. B. dactyloides (Xutt.) Rafiu. Kiintze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:76;j
(1891). BuFFALO-GUASS. Hcshria dactyloides Nutt. Gen. 1: 65
(1818). Anthephora^Antephora) axiUrfiomHteud. Syn. PL Gram.
HI (1855). Buchlo'c dactyloides Eugelni. '".''rans. St. Louis Acad.
1:43-^ (1859).
Densely tufted, extensively spreading by stolons. Culms of the
male plant 9-20 cm. high, those of the pistillate plant 4-7 cm.
Fig. 80. — Bulhilis dactyloides. A, Stnniinate spikelct; B, pistillate spikelet.
(After Engl.)
high. Blades 5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, nearly smooth or slightly-
hairy, bearded at the ligule.
Texas, Hall TTO, Drunmnnd 359, 378; Xcw ^Fexico, WriyM
517, 785, 2079; Colorado, Pavry 369; Mexico, Schaffncr 1004,
1021, Parry tf- Palmer 922.
This famous grass disappears rapidly with close feeding of live
stock.
95. (195). Opizia J. & C. Presl, Rel. Ilamk. 1:293, t. 41, /.
1 to 11 (1830). Casiostega Rupr. Galcotti, in Bull. Acad. Brux.
9: Part 2, 232 (1842).
Spikelets monwcious or dioecious, 1-flowered, the staminate in
slender 1-sided spikes. Empty glumes entire, 1-nerved, the lower the
44()
POACE.K
smaller, secoiul not iis hnv^ us tlio spikelet; llonil glume obtuse, 3-
ncrved; i)iileii "i-nerveil. Loclicules long, obtuse. Pistilliito flowers
iirniiiged iu ti one-sided spike. First empty glume short, obtuse,
pilose, second coriuoeous, involute, tipped by 3 long iiwns; floral
glume large, compressed, 'i-lobetl, witii a sterile rudiment above
bearing 2-3 awns; palea shorter than its glume, obtuse, 2-keeled,
enclosing the comjjressed mucronate and subcordate grain; pericarp
loose. Lodicules lanceolate.
b \iliii!li4^ c
Fig. Sl.—Opma stolonifera. Spikelets. (Scribner.)
A low creeping grass with short rigid flat or conduplicate leaf-
l)lades.
One species known, and that is found in ^lexico.
1. 0. stolonifera Presl, 1. c. Casiostega anomola Rupr. Bull.
("lILomDE.K. 441
Acad. IJoy. Briix. 9: (II) 2:52 (184'^); Steiul. Syii. Cram. 218
(1855), iiialo plant.
DilTuso, 4-10 cm. high. Sheaths compressed ; lifjule very short;
blades 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 1.5 mm. \vi(k'. ajjcx uljruptly acute. Sjdkes
of staminate tluwers 1-1.5 cm. long. Spikelets linear, .'} mm. long,
first glume 1 mm. long, second 2 nmi. long. Anthers linear, 1.7
mm. long, .iecond glume of the j)istilh!le spikeU't o mm. U)ng,
sterile rudiment of a stipe 1.4 mm. long, the tiiree awns 4-5 mm.
long, the lateral ones with a broad expansion on one side near the
base.
Mexico, Pahner G15.
THi. Pentarrhaphis II. li. K. Nov. rJen. 1 : Kr. /. (50 (1815).
SI rom/m/ tints Willd. Steud. Xom. Ed. 3. 2:04: (1841).
Mono'cious; sj)ikelets 2-llowered, 1-2 in each fasciclelike spike,
accompanied by 1-4 shorter awidike rudiments, the first llower
pistillate, the second ]iistillate or staminat-: rachilla produced into
a sliort bristle. The two empty glumes 1 -nerved, the second the
larger, usually 2-toothe(l, with an awn between the teeth: floral
glume 5-:-toothed, the middle and nmrginal teeth exteiuling into
long divergent awns: palea strongly 2-uerved, 2-tootiied. Stamens
'>). Styles distinct. (J rain oblong, free. Low, slender, tufted grasses
with Hat blades. Spikes very short, secuml along the flexuose
rachis, articulate with the very short pedicels, falling oil' entire.
They resemble .Egopotjoti in the disposition and a])pearance of
the clusters of spikelets and their deciduous character. It is nearly
allied to Mehitiofoichnts. Vrom Btiiife/otta. section Triathem, this
genus may be distinguished by its 2-flowered spikelets and simple,
bristlelike prolongation of the rachilla.
There are three species; two and probably the third are ^lexicau.
1. P. Fournierana (Vasey), Hack. & Scribn. Hull. Torr. Club,
17: 232 (1890). JJoiifcIoiia Fitvrniemna Vasey ined.
Culms crowded, 18-25 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks, nodes
villous. Leaves hairy, ligule a ring of short hairs; blades of sterile
shoots 3-7 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, those of the culm 15-30
cm. long. Si)ikes 3-0, rachis compressed. Si)ikelets 2 in each
cluster, sessile, about 5 mm. long, not including the short awns,
442 POAC'E.E.
rndimont simple or bifid; ompty fjlunics pilose, much shorter than
the spikelets; lloral fjliime densely hairy.
Mexico, Palmer '200. I'ritKjJc 'Zhh\). lal)eled /*. tjendnata.
Fig. 83. — Peniarrhaphia Fourni'erana. Spike si)reii(l open. (Scribner.)
2. P. scabra IF. H. K. Nov. (ien. 1: 178, /. GO (1815).
Culms branching, taller; leaf-blades longer and broader; si)ike-
lets only one at each node of the ra(.'lii.s, first empty glume and the
bristlelike rudiments scal)rous. Not seen by mo.
3. P. paupercula (IVesl). Seribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 17:233
(1890). Pohjschisfis pavperevla Presl, Kel. Ha-nk. 1:294, /. 41
(1830).
lilades of sterile shoots short, like those of the culms; spikelets
only one at each node of the rachis, the short pedicel of the second
floret pilose, Xot seen by mo.
TRUiE XI.— FESTUCEJE.
Spikelets 2- to many-flowered, very rarely 1 -flowered, in a spread-
ing, narrow or spikelike panicle, rachilla articulate or continuous,
usually produced above the upper floret or bearing 1 or more ter-
minal empty glumes. Empty glumes usually narrow, keeled, acute
or obtuse, shorter than the nearest floral glumes; floral glume
usually broader, entire, awnless or with 1- to many terminal (rarely
dorsal) straight awns; palca 2-keeled, usually as long as its glume or
nearly so. Embryo usually small. Griiin free from the paleaorad-
nate. A very large tribe containing the most im])ortant meadow-
grasses of cool I'egions.
A. Spikelets usually few-flowered. Floral glumes divided
into 3 to many awns or lobes, or the awns dorsal. . . (a)
FESTltE.E. 443
a. Puiiicli' spikolike, llonil glunies tt'rmiimtliig iu 9-2:}
pluiiuKSK uwns 07
a. Puiiick; lax, lloral glumes tormiiiatiiig in D-U irregu-
lar lol)o.s OH
a. Panicle raceinoae, floral glumes terminating in '.]-'>
rigid lobes 10.'}
a. Panicle subspicate, lloral glumes terminating in 5 deli-
cate awns 104
a. Spikelets in threes ou a jointed racliis, lloral glumes
deeply 4-cleft with awns between the lobes. ... 00
a. Plant dia'cious, iloral glumes of fertile florets .'3-clet't. 100
B. Floral glumes entire or '^'-toothed to 2-clei't, awnless or
with 1 awn (b)
b. Tall reedlike grasses (c)
c. Floral glumes clothed with long hairs 10")
c. IJachilla (alone) clothed with long hairs. . , , 10(J
b. IS'ot reedlike, floral glumes naked or containing hairs
shorter than the glumes (d)
d. Stigmas with short hairs on all sides (e)
e. Spikelets dicecious, solitary, termiiud, enclosed
by terminal bracts 101
e. Spikelets in twos and threes, terminating in
leafy branches lOv'
e. Spikelets in an ovoid or cylindrical panicle, low-
est s[)ikelets with bracts at the base 104
d. Stignuis ])lumose (f)
f. Spikelets of two forms, the fertile l-3-llowered;
the sterile with iiwned glumes (g)
g. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered V^'o
g. Fertile spikelets 2-3-flo\vered 124
f. Spikelets all alike (h)
h. Floral glumes 2-3-toothed, lateral nerves
and callus usually hairy (i)
i. Spikelets 3- to many-flowered. . . . lOT
i. Si)ikelots 3-5-flowered 108
h. Floral glumes of some other structure. . . (j)
IV
444 I'OACHE.
j. Floml glumes I-IJ-iutvihI. llowcis perfect,
or the upper one stainiiuite (»r rudimeii-
turv (k)
k, Wiiys spiriilly arninged (1)
1. Panicle narrow, spiki'letrf small,
conical, 2— i-tlo.vered, racliilla ar-
ticulate no
1. Panicle variable, spikelets not
conical, usually (len.sely many-
flowered, racliilla usually continu-
ous '. ... Ill
k. IJays distichous (m)
m. Panicle miri'ow, spikelets 'i-A-
llowered. empty <rlumes much
longer than the tloral. . . . 101)
m. Empty glumes shorter or but lit-
tle longer than the floral glumes, (n)
u. I'anicle narrow, spikelets '^-4-
flowered, second empty glume
broader and longer than the
floral glumes, which are
broadly obtuse, awnless. . .112
n. Panicle s])ikelike. second
empty glume not broader or
longer than the floral glumes. 113
u. Panicle ditl'use, s{)ikelets
small, 2-4-flowered. emjity
glumes subeqmd 114
j. Floral glumes :5-5- to many-nerved, with
two or more of the upper glumes emi)ty
and closely enveloping each other, spike-
lets but little compressed (o)
o. Stamens 3, lodicules 1, empty glumes
usually clavate 115
o. Stamens 1-2, lodicules 2, upper em])ty
chimes not clavate. . . , . . .116
j. Flonil jrliMiies 'j- (riirely 3-) to iiiiiny-
lu'rvt'il (p)
p. lUudi'S broiitl. coiitiiiniiig tniii8vt'r.so
veins 117
J). IMiidcs narrow, tninaverso veins none. ((|)
([. I'tinit'lo niconioso, si'cund, piiloa
wingcd-ciliiito 118
q. I'iinicU; viiriiil)lt'. Sjdkolt'ts Mat,
broud, lower empty <,duines 13-G,
palea not \vin<;cd IIU
q. Plimt ilid'cioiis. jianidc* narrow,
enii)ty glunies ',', lirni I'iO
q. Flowers perfect, panicle lax.
floral ghinies cordate 121
q. Floral fthiines not cordate. . . {r}
r. S[)ikelets closely imbricate in a
spikeliko i)anicle, floral fjlumes
7-nerved with jjflandnlar hairs
at the base 122
r. Spikelets in gloiiiei'ate clnsters
of the seciind panicle. . . . 13J
r. Spikelets in panicles or racemes,
ueither imbricate Jior fascicu-
late, rays in half-whorls of 1-5
or more (a)
s. Sti<;mas 2, inserted at or near
theajjcx of the ovary; empty
glumes awidess (t)
t. Empty glumes longer
than the rest of the
spikelet 128
t. Floral glumes ]iroject
above at least some of
the emi>ty glumes . . . (u)
u. Lateral nervesof the floral
446 POACE.*:.
gluinos nearly piinilU'l,
not coiivf ij^'mih;. • • • (v)
V. Kinply <;liimt's not
Hliortcr or vrry little
HliortiT than the neiir-
est llonil ;,'liiim's. . . (w)
w. Fl()r!il;,'liiiii('s\vitli
two very short
ol)a('ure lateral
nerves on each fli<le. 137
W. Klonil ;i;liinie.s
with :{-4 lateral
nerves on eaeh
si.le 120
V. Empty jrlunies much
sliortcr than the near-
est lloral ^flumes. . . (x)
X. Styles ilistinct,
lodicules uniteil. . 131
X. Styles none, lodi-
euli's distinct. . 132
U. Lateral nerves of the
lloral glumes arched, con-
verging above. . . • (y)
y. Iiacliilla with a fringe
of still'liairs. . . .130
y. Kachilla imked.
downy or with
crinkled liairs. . . (z)
7.. Floral glumes
strongly keeled on
the back, hilum
punctiform. . . (aa)
aa. Floral glumes
cartilaginous
at the base. . 129
VKaTUCEJS. 447
aa. Floral ^'luinoA
luoiiilii'iirious or
lu'rl)acr(nis ul
the Inwe. . . I'.'O
z. Floral <,'lmiK's
ruundod on the
buck lit U'Udt Ih'Iow. (bb)
bb. I'lili'ii rt('al)ri(l
or iiiimitcly
rriuj^L'd on the
keols. . . . i:}3
bb. I'lileiipcctiimtt!
on the koels . I;j5
s. Stifrnias below the jipex. . l;{4
97. (197). PaPPOPHOEUM Sehreb. (ieii. I'l. '.' : 787 (17!)1).
PohintjihiH Trill., Lindl. Vej^. Kiii^'d. 115 (1847). /'juni'd/iot/od
Desv. Heauv. A<,'rost. 81 (181'.'). L'tirtfji/tis Triii. Liiidl. 1. (;.
Si)ikelets with one perfect llower and one or more male or riidi-
nientiiry flowers or empty glumes above it, in a dense and spikelike
or jiarrow and loose panicle, the rachilla articulate al)ovo the outer
glumes and hairy around the iloral glume. Empty glumes mem-
branous, persistent, acute, keeled, l-'.\- or many-nerved; Iloral
glume broad, subcoriaccous, convex on the back, obs(!urely many-
nerved, with U-)i[i more or less plumose and unefpial awns; pulea *-i-
nerved, as long as its glume or longer. Styles short, distinct.
Grain ovoid or oblong, enclosed in the glume and palea, but not
adherent.
Perennial (or rarely annual) grasses with narrow and often con-
volute leaf-blades.
Species about 20, widely dispersed in warm regions. Poli/rn-
phis Trin. is an abandoned generic; name for species in which the
floral glume has thirteen to twenty-three very unequal awns; and
Eiineapogon is another one in which the floral glume has nine awns,
all nearly equal.
1. P. apertum Mnnro, Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 9: 148 (188-,').
A tufted erect perennial, ;}0-80 cm. high. Sheaths smooth, as
448
i'ual'k.e.
long ;is tlio noilos, ciliiite :it the throat; bladi's invohite. sniootli bo-
low, tliosf of tlu' ciiliii l.j-4() cm. lon<jf with lilifonn tips. I'iiiiich;
scarcely cxsertcd, pale, 15-'i0('iii. long, 0-10 nun. wide. Spikelet-s
'i-tlowered: empty glnrnes very tliiji and .'^earioii.s, 1 -nerved, a})ex
irregularly 2-3-t()othed. first ;J mm. long, second 3.5 mm. long;
lloral glume broad, truncate. 2.2 mm. long, hirsute below on the
keel and lateral nerves, r)-T-nerved, awns about IT, the stouter
ones 4-5 mm. long, (ii'ain 1.7 mm. long.
Texas, NealU'n for U. S. Nat. Mus. : New >rcxico, Wriyht 435,
20-,^(t: Mexico, Palmer 350. 13(;o, 130-.', Prinyh l!t:3.
Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Very nearly allied to, if not
identical with, /*. I(if/N)'oi(leu7ii Schrad.
2. P. Wrightii S. Wats. I'roe. Am. Acad. 18:178 (1883). P.
horcalc Torr., not (Iriseb.
A rather slender branching erect or geniculate perennial. 20-
40 cm. Iiigh; nodes villous. Sheaths
pubcrulent, ciliate at the throat;
blades involute, those of the culm
2-8 em. long, 0.3-0.8 mm. diam.
Panicles terminal and axillary, often
more or less included by the sheaths,
lead-colored or pale, spikelike, 1-7
cm. long. 5-8 mm. diam. Sjjikelets
l-3-11owered ; empty glumes thin
and scarious. 5-7-nerve( icute or
toothed, sjiaringly puberulent uiuler
a lens, first 3.5-4.5 mm. long, sec-
ond 1 mm. longer; fioral gluma
hirsute on the central and lateral
nerves, oval. 2-mm. long, 0-nerved,
the !) awns 3-5 mm. long.
'JY'xas, lldntrd, Junes; Arizona,
Primjle in 1884, Lemmon 30()3; California (Los Angeles), Palmer
511. 'J'he latter says: '* Kare. found oidy :\ the h'gher ridges
back of the bay." Mexico. Parri/ A- Painter 847, Palmer 1361.
Texas to Arizona, California and Mexico.
Fig. 8i3. — Pa p p oph o r n m
Wriijlitn. A. si>ik<'li't ; '',
Horcts; b, tloi'iil glmiic. (.' rib-
ncr. )
Fio. 84. — Cottea pappoplwroides. Spikelet dissected. (Scribner.)
449
450 POACE.E.
98. (198). COTTEAKuiith, Hev. Gram. 1; 84, 281, /. o^ (1S.30),
tSpikolets S-O-tlowored in a spreading oblong panicle, raeliilla ar
ticulate below the flowers; flowers i)erfect or the upper ones male
or neutral. Empty glumes persistent, membranous, acute or 3-
toothed, 7-9-nerved; floral glume 9-13-nerved, irregularly 0-13-
lol)ed, the lobes tapering into awns; palea broad, membranous, ellip-
tical, ciliate on the keels. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, stigmas
})luniose. drain ovate or oblong, slightly com])ressed ou the back,
enclosed by glume and i)alea, but not adherent.
There is only one species known, found from Peru and Brazil
to Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.
Nearly allied to J\ij)j)oj)//orH7)i, from which it differs in the
looser panicle, and in the llorets, wiiich are usually more than two.
1. C. pappophoroides Kunth, 1. c.
An erect perennial. The whole plant from culm and leaf to the
empty glumes thiidy clothed more or less with short pubescence.
Culms -±0-60 cm. high. Sheaths loose; ligule a ciliate ring of
short hairs; blades 8-10, involute with very slender tips, 10-20 cm.
long, 3-6 mm. wide. Panicle 15-18 cm. long, rays solitary, more
or less spreading. Spikelets about 8 mm. long, exceeding their
pedicels; empty glumes lanceolate, subequal. 4-5 mm. long; floral
glume 4 mm. long, pilose along the margins near the base, longest
awns about '2 mm. long.
Tsew Mexico. Wrii/ht 205T; Arizoiui, Jones:, Lcwmon 3001;
Lower California, I'dhiier ~39; Mexico, Prinyle 420, Palmer 102,
339.
Texas to Arizoiui and Mexico.
99. (02). Cathestecum Presl, Kol. llaMik. 1: 294, /. 42 (1830).
Spikelets in threes, sessile on alternate sides of a slender-jointed
rachis. Spikelets unisexual, those of the fertile s])ik('s 5 mm. long,
villous. On ferfilc .yiikes, lateral spikelets 1-flowered, neutral with
a second rudijuent in the terminal si)ikelot, the lower llower pistil-
late, the second neutral, a third rudimentary. Lower emi)ty glumes
minute, broad, irregularly toothed, or ()l)lif|uely truncate, theuiii)er
3 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, l-nei-ved, villous, mucronate; lloral
glume of lateral spikelets 3 mm. long, elliptical, 4-lobed I'or a third
FESTUCE^E.
451
Fig. 85. — Cathestecum erectinn . 8i>ikelcts dissected. (Scribner.)
452 POAC'E.E.
of ilio apex, witli awns projoctiiig botwcon the lobes; ])ak'ii two-
tliinlrf us lo)i<^ as its glume, •.'-nerved, with two jirojeetiiig awns;
floral glume of lower floret of terminal spikelet like those of the
lateral s])ikel<'ts, only a little longer; floral glume of neutral floret
of terminal sj)ikelet broadly oval. 4-lobed for half its length or
more, witli o ])r()je(!ting awns betwron tlu' lobes: jjalea snudler than
in ])istillate florets. Ovary obovate. styles distinct, with long pur-
plish hairs on two-thirds of the up]»er poi'tiou. On s/oiiii/Hf/c
Kjiih'.s, lateral s])ikelets with 2 florets and a tiiird rudiment. Lower
emi)ty ghnnes of lateral sj)ik('lets minute, broadly truncate; of ter-
minal s[)iki'li't smaller, narrower. r[»pcr empty glume of lati-i'al
flowers 2 mm long, elliptieal-laiiceolate, compressed, inecpiilaterid.
1-nerved; of terminal s[»ikelet oval. :>-nei'ved ; floral glume ;3 mm.
long, oblong, 4-lobed for one-third of its length, witii awns be-
tween the lobes; palea' oblong-lanceolate, as long as their glumes,
with two parallel nerves slightly pntjecting. Stanu'ns .'{.
There ai'e three siieeies found in Texas and Mexico.
1. C. erectum Vasey »S: Hack. Uull. Torr. Club. 1 1 : ;5r (18S4)
and 14: 100 (ISS;).
A tufted erect perennial. l.'j-IJO cm. high, stoloniferons. nodes
villous; light green, tinged with purjile. Ijigule a ciliate ring;
blades of sterile shoots ."i-S cm. long, nari'ow, flat or beeonung
involute, slightly hairy on the nuirgins and U])])er surface. Culms
simple or branching. S[)ikes about 3 em. long, containing 5-9
clusters of spikelets. Sjjikelets of the sterile spike 7 mm. long.
Texas and Mexico.
2. C. Mexicanum I'resl. Rel. Tla^nk. 1 : 2U^, t. 4"i (18:U)).
Nodes smooth, spikelets of the sterile spikes shortly pubescent,
4-.") mm. long: very variable and apparently only a variety of C.
ererhini V. iS; IF.
West Texas. Ifanird (i'l.
',]. C. prostratum I'resl, 1. c.
Sheaths ciliate at the throat. Lower leaves 1-4 cm. long. u)>-
per shorter. S[)ikelets of the sterile s])ikes nearly smooth. ;)-4mm.
long. Description inconi})lete for want of abundant material.
^lexico, P((h>ier 2T0.
FKSTl'CK.K.
453
100. (204). SCLEROPOOON IMiilippi. Scrt. Mi'iidoc. '2 : 4: (IHTl).
Lesouvdia Fourii. Bull. Sue Mot. Fr. ?,] : 102, ;i, /. 4 (1880).
Plant (liu'ciou.s; si>iki'lt't.s2- toiiiuiiy-llowiTt'cl. in u .sc^unty piiiiit'le,
rachilla elongated, lu mule spilcdvts, rachilhi ylubrous, iuarticu-
FlG. 86. — Scleropogon Karwinskianns. A, stiimiiiule spikclet; B, pistilliite
spikelel. (Scrihiicr.)
late; empty glumes tliin, narrow, acute, unawiied, :}-norve(l, un-
equal; floral glume a little IfiUger. sometimes minutely iJ-toothed
at the apex, the middle tooth stouter and longer: ])alea narrow,
Arm, about as long as its glume, 2-keeled. "'-toothed. Stamens 3.
Feiiilc Kpikehts 1- to many-flowered. u[)per ones sterile, their eni])ty
glumes persistent, unecpial, larger than in the male spikelets; lloral
glumes several, firm, narrow, enclosing the flower, the 3 nerves ex-
454 POACR/E.
tc'iuliiij? into very long firm awns, which arc sometimes twisted.
Short hmceohitc liyuliiie lobes, eacli side the central awn and out-
side of each lateral jiwn; palea linn, narrow. Styles distinct, elon-
gated, stigmas shortly plumose.
Tufted or creeping perennials, the culms stoloniferous. They
are all renuirkable for the unisexual spikelets, those of the two
sexes so different in a.spe(!t that without positive evidence it would
have been diflicult to sui)pose them to belong to the same plant.
There are four species, one found in Chili, the others in Mexico
or Texas.
1. S. Karwinskianus (Fourn.) Benth. S. Wats. I'roc. Am.
Acad. 18: 181 (188;)). fjCsounUa Karwhiskiano Fourn. Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. :37:10^ (1880).
Culins solid, 15-25 cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots numer-
ous, ligule a mere ring, ciliate; blades firm, glaucons, sparsely i)u-
l)escent, flat or conduplicate, 1-3 cm. long, those of the culm 2-3
in number, and usually less than 5 cm. long. Staminate spikelets
about 15-flowered, 3-4 cm. long; floral glume 7-8 mm. long;
pistillate spikelets about the length of the stamiiuite ones; floral
glume linear, 10 mm. long, the twisted awns equal or the lateral
ones shorter, the longest 0-10 cm. long.
New ^lexico, Vasen 557 for U. S. Dept. Agricul. ; Arizona,
Prinyle.
Texas to Arizona and Mexico.
101. (213). MoNANTHOCHLOE Engclm. Traus. St. Louis Acad.
1:430, //. 13, 14./. 18-27 (185!»).
Spikelets unisexual, slightly dissimilar. 2- or rarely 3-flowered,
single or clustered, almost hidden by the leafy bracts. Emi)ty
glumes firm, similar to the distichous leafy bracts; floral glumo
firm, obtuse or denticulate, covering the 2-nerved palea and the
flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, long, clothed Avith short hairs.
CJrain narrowly oblong, subtriquetrous, enclosed by the palea, but
not adherent.
A creeping or stoloniferous grass, with crowded distichous leaves
0.5-10 mm. long, including the sheatli. There is one species
found in Texas and Mexico.
FESTl'CE.E.
405
M. littoralis Mii,i!('liii. 1. c.
Ciiliiis lii'iii, iiiucli Itraiichi'd, eivct or crocpin;;, 1 '2-20 cm. liigli.
Lear-bliuk's rif,M(l, curved, coiulupliciito, obtuse, uiauy-nerved,
luostly crowdcil ou tho short bniuches. Floral gluuie.s \)-\)l-
uervt'd above.
Florida. C'lrti.^s ;504(!, (Utrhw; Texas, T. S. Dcpt. Afjrind
r)t;0; southern Caliroruia, I'alinrr 123.
This has been couipared to IJiilhilifi on account of its unisexual
spikelets and cree[)ing iiabit, but the two soxes are very similar to
Fw. S7.—}fonnnt/ioddo(' Uttoralifi. Spikelets, (After Engel.)
each other in this genus, and there is no indication in the inflores-
cence of any afliiuty with ("hloridoiv.
102. (314). MUNROA Torr. Pac. R. R. Rcpt. 4: 1-58 (185G).
Spikelet;; 2-3 to<iether. in small sessile leafy clusters at the
ends of numerous branches, each about 3-llowered. rachilla articu-
late above the lower gUnnes, the upper flower imperfect. Empty
4/)0
I'OACK.K.
}j;liiiiies persistent, liiiiceoliite. liyaliiie. I-iierved; lloral fjlunio
larjrer, IJ-iierved. lirni, entire, retnst' or :>-|ioiiite(l. tlie central nerve
Uirniiniitin;^' us ii niiicio; palea liyaline. •.'-Iceeled. (•oni])Iicate.
Staiiions ;J. Styles el<»n<;ate(l, olollieil with short hairs, (irain
ovjite or oblonu;, enclosed, l»til not adherent. Low annnal <:;rassi's,
witli many stilT c'reepin<f stems, the leaves pointed, firm, mostly on
very short l)ranelies. Spikelets snhsessile and almost concealed
by tlio leaves.
tS])ecies ;{ or 4, one of which l)elon<rs to Texas and Mexico, and
northward to Alberta; the others further south.
1. 311 squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. I. c. Cri/jisi.s siiiawrnsn Xutt.
Gen. 1 :4!» (IHIS).
Culms lirm. stoloniferous, o-.')!) cm.
hi
jrii.
Sheaths
.> mm. \u\\'s: li<nile a
Fio. 88. — Munrod squarrom.
Spiliclel. (Scribuer. )
mi're I'ing; blades Hat oi- conduplicate,
l-I) cm. loji;i. Second alume and
lloral ,i,dume .') mtn. long.
Colorado, Wan/ for U. S. Dept.
Agricul. niCt. also Cdssii/i/.
The genus is a ])erfeotly isolated
one, showing only some sliglit ailinity
with Mondnlhochhiv, esi)e('ially in hav-
ing the very few spikelets sessile witliin
a cluster of lloral leaves. The flowers
are not unisexual.
Var. floccuosa Vasey ined. Plants o-o cm. higli; leaf-l)la(U^s
10-11} mm. long; second glume 3 mm. long; lloral glume 4 mm.
long.
Arizona. Jours.
10;i. (214a). OrcuTTIA Vasey, Hull.Torr. Club, i:}: -n'.i (l.^^SC.)
Spikelets 5-10-tlowered. sessile, compressed in a sinii)le dense
panicle. 1-5 cm. long, rachilla articulate above tlie empty glumes.
Empty glumes sparsely ])ubescent, green, thickish, broad, mostly
3-lobed. each lobe li-ncrved. .')-4 mm. long, margins scarious, un-
awnod : floral glume a little longer, many-nerved, round on the
hack, 5-lobed, otherwise like the empty glumes; palea as long as its
FKSTrCK.K.
457
jilunic. liyaliiu', iiiurow, stroiij^dy kcolotl, 'J-tootliod. Stamens 3.
8t)l(.'S sliglitly iniitc'd below, long, .shortly plunioso.
Two spcfies of low aiuiuiils, round in C'ulii'orniu.
1. 0. Californica Nasoy, 1. c.
I'lant dilTnsc, :>-!(» cm. lii,<,di, often branching, growing in small
chisters of lO-'.M) or more culms from the
same root. Sheaths open and inllatcd; lig- y,^;
ule obsolete; blades ;>-;}. Hat or involute,
acuminate, sparingly pubescent, S-25 mm.
long.
Lower Califoriua (near San (^lintin Bay).
C/. //. Orriilf for U. S. Dept. Agricul.
'X. 0. Greenii Vasey, Coult. Hot. (laz. 10:
140 (18i)l).
IMant soft, erect, light green, ;.'()-:5() cm. Fm. >^9. — 0rniUia Culi-
, 1 ii 1 .■ foriiicd. A, imiilcle ;
high, branching near t lie base, clothed Irom „ spikelct ; b, tloml
culm to iloral ghune more or less with soft gj|.';j',^,,;,,, ^ '• »'"'''''•
short luiirs. some of them from tubercled
bases. Culms containing 0-1 ])ur])le nodes separated by inter-
nodes 1.8-'2.5 cm. long. Sheaths opi'ii. nearly as long as the in-
ternodes; ligulea ciliate ridge; blades thin, easily splitting, involute,
erect, '2-4 em. long. 1.5-2 mm. wide. Panicle with base included,
dense, linear or oblanceohite, o-5 cm. long, the axis and short rays
triquetrous. S])ikelets mostly sessile, scmiewluit tlatteiu'd. linear,
7-13 mm. long, 5-10-llowered, rachilla smooth: em})ty glumes sub-
e(pud, about 4 mm. long, the margins searious, slightly keeled near
oTu^ margir., first linear-lanceolate or linear, 5-1-1 (»-nerved. 1-3-
toothed. second oval. T-lO-nerved. irregularly 2-3-tootlied ; iloral
glume oval, 3.5-5 mm. long, translucent below and 5-;-ncrved,
obscurely keeled above with 11-17 green nerves, 3-5-tootlied; ])alea
hyaline, oval. 2-nerved, trui.,'ate. irregularly •i-4-toothed, nearly as
long as its glume. Stamens:.; anthers 3 mm. long. Ovary oval,
1 mm. long, stigmas 2.5-3 mm. long.
California, (ircen.
104. (21S). Sesleria Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 1.03 (1772). /^;-
latithcra \Ank, llort. Herol. 1:121 (IS27).
4r)8
I'OACK.K.
Spikelets ^-fJ-tlowercil. in iiciirly sessile clustors, crowded into
an (iVdid or cylindrical s|)ikelil<L' panicle, racldlia articulate above
the lower i,diinie8, llower.s mostly perfect. l']nii»ty ;;liiiiies persistent,
jncnibranoiis. nearly equal and pointed; lloral i:lutne .'l-o-toollied
lit the apex, the central t(n)th extending,' into a point or short awn;
palea :.*d<oeIe(l. Stamens ;5. (J rain free from the palea.
I'erennial tufted jj^rasses with Hat or convolute Icuf-hlades.
Huse of tlu^ lower spikelets usually subtended by a irhinielike bract.
A snndl ^j^enus of about S species, chiefly fouml in Hurope and
western Asia. Sc.slcrii/ is nearly allied to Ku'lcrlti and rmi.
1. S. cKKiLiiA (L.) Arduin. Sp. -'iis. /. (;(1S();). IJi.ir:
Sesli;hi A. ('iiiioxiti'Ks rd'nilriis \i. sp. IM. ;•• (KT):]).
IJootstoeks cree{)ing; culms erect, IT)— K)cin. hi^'li. Leaves of
sterile shoots densely tufted, blades rather stitT, abruptly pointed,
apex seabrid, those of thi' cidm '^'-I), the up-
per about 1 em. \o\\\i. Panicle bluisli-<,'ray,
shiiung, I-Ij em. Ion;;. Sj)ikelets mostly
in pairs, one sessile, the other on a short
pedicel; emi)ty ^dumes thin, acute, faintly
nerved, about 5 mm. long; lloral glume oval,
ciliate, 3-toothed, 5 mm. lon.i;. S])aringly
Fig OO. — Sesleria rip- introduced in ijrass-seeds from Europe.
ruled. S|)ikelet. (Uicli- .
unison.) Found in Luroi)e and western Asia.
105. (211). Abundo Journ. L. (Jen. Ed. 1: 19 (17:37). Bonax
Beauv. Agrost. 77 (18r2), in part. Siolnrldoo Mert. & Koch,
Koehl. Deutsehl. Fl. 1:528 (182:5). Aiiiphiduiiax Nees, Lindl.
Introd. Xat. Syst. Ed. 2, 449 (1830). Donacium Fries, liot.
Xotiser, 131 (184:)).
Spikelets 2-G-ll()wered, borne on anam])le painele, racbilla silky-
bearded, articulate above the lower glumes and between the llorets,
which are perfect or tbe upper staminate. Emj)ty glumes narrow,
glabrous, slightly uneciual, lanceolate, keeled, 3-nerved ; lloral
glume membranous, slender, often more or le.-s divided with a ma-
cro between the lobes; palea hyaline, .shorter than its glume, puhes-
ceut on the keels. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong,
included, but not adherent.
FKS'I'ICK.K.
4C)'J
Tall perennials with liirgo Ihit biuilvs. I'aniclo vuriiiblo, di-iisi' or
more or less spn'atliiij;.
'I'licri' arc ti or 7 species widely dilTuscd in warm fountrics of
Kiiropc, India. Malay and .Mada<,'as('ar islands, Nuw /ealand, and
America.
1. A. Do.vAX li. Sp. ri. SI (1 ;:.:!). (iiwT i:i:i;i»-fiHAss.
AvKudo srri/iforia L. Aniocn. Ac. 4: l.jt) (ll.">'.t). Anntilu sdlivti
Lam. V\. Kr. ;5:tll<J (!MS). Jfnniix nnnti/ittdtriis Meaiiv. Agrost.
78. /. n; (isi-»). .1. .Kmipiiit Ueiiic,
Fl. A\'^. Illiistr. 4 {lSi:5). IhHK.r sali-
nts. I'rcsl, Cyp. ot (li'aiu. Sic. :i'i
0>S-.Mi).
Cnlins ;>-() in. liif,di, from .stout
rootstocks. Leaf -blades lanceolate-
acuminate. 5-7 cm. wide. I'anicle
tawny, IJO-fio cm. or more long. Spike-
lets 2-;}-lloweivd: empty glumes 10-1 -t
mm. long; lloral glume slender, acumi-
nate, sliorttn* than the emi)ty glumes.
silky-i)ubescent below, l-O-nerved. awn
erect, often twice a.slung as the teeth.
This nuijestic grass is often culti-
vated for its large size, broad leaves, and beautiful [)anicles. A
variegateii form is alsio cultivated.
Introduced from .southern Europe.
lOG. ('^l-.'). PhrAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrcst. l.'U (18:20). in
part. Trirhuoit h'oth, Koem. Arch. 1 : i), I:] (K'DS). Aruiidn
Beauv. Agrost. <i() (1812). (Jxvvnija Presl, Cyp. et (Irani. Sic. •.'■.'
(IS^O). O.njtinfhv Steud. Sym. IM. Oram, litr (lS.5-'i).
Spikelets 'l- to many-tlowered, in a large much-branched i)ani-
cle, rachilla elongated and articulate between the ilorets. and
covered with very long silky hairs. Emi)ty glumes thin, keeled,
acute or slightly pointed; floral glume like the empty glumes ex-
cept the longer point, the lower one enclosing a male or rudimentary
flower; i)alea much shorter than its glume, hyaline, "^-ribljed.
Stigmas nearly sessile.
Fid. !)). — .l/''///(/o Donax. A,
spikclfi ; /', pulcii ; c, pistil.
(Scrii)iit'r. )
460
POACE.E.
A small genus of 2 sjtoeies or well-murkcd varieties, nearly
allied to Arundo and only separated from it bv havin<r the lowest
Mower male or abortive.
It extends over the tropical and temperate and some of the colder
regions of both liemispheres, growing in wet places with rootstocks
often 40 cm. below the surface of tlie soil. 'I'he culms are l-(j m.
high; the blades firm, broad and Hat.
1. P. Phragmites (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. :5r!> (1880-83).
Reed-grass. Arundo Phnuj mites \j. '6\). PI. 81 (1753). P. aJ-
FlG. 92. — Phragmites Phrngiintes. A, spikf^let ; a, floret. (Scribnor.)
timimnx Mabille. hVch. IM. Corse, fasc. •.' : 39 (ISOT-it). P. (trnn-
dinarva Allan). Munro. Journ. liinn. Soc. 0:40 (ISO*^). /*. aiis-
traU.s Trin. Steud. Nom. Ed. •', 'l-.^U (1841). P. Ih'vlamUvri
Fourn. Hull. Soc. Hot. Fr. "U: 178 (187;). P. ni/wnsis Nees. Fl.
Afr. Austr. 3.")(5 (1841). /'. c/iih'tisis Stcud. Norn. Fd. •.', 2:3^4
(1841). P. ,'ln'nsanthi(s Mabillo, Hccii. PI. ("orsc, fasc. •»:3r
(1807-9). P. ciuif/csla Lowe. Trans, ('ami). Phil. Soc. (5: part \\,
'rl\) (1838). /*. e.rjdanalus'Vv\u. Steud. Xom. Ed. ",', ^': 3-.'4 (1841).
/*. //^r.svr^.v llcgetschw. Fl. Schw. (iS (184{)). P. f/i(/(iiif<'(i .). (iny.
F. Schultz, Arch. Fl. Fr. ct Allcm. ■,'()() (1848). P. (jrwra Steud.
Norn. Ed. 'I. 'l\'^'^\ (1841). P. fiis/xniira Nees, Nov. Act. Nat.
Cur. 19:Suppl. 1. 15'2 (1843). P. /iiimih's De Not, Cat. Ilort.
Genuen. 27 (1840). P. isinm I{ei(!hb. Fl. Cfcrm. Excurs. 140*
(1832). P. japonira Stcud. Syn. PI. Gram. 190 (185.')). /*. Karka
Trin. Steud. Nom. Ed. 2. 2: 3-»4 (1841). /*. htxljfoni Steud. Syn.
FESTUt'E.E. 461
PI. (Jram. 190 (185.")). /'. murerUnuro, .louru. Bot, 15 : 350 (18T7).
P. iiKtrifiniKs Mabillo, Kecli. Pi. Corse, fasc. '^:4l (ISIil-O). P.
marfitiireiisi.s Triii. Steiul. Norn. Ed. •,', ".*: '.Vli (1841). /*. ninuri-
/r/n«w Kuntli, Kev. Gram. l:80(US-i9). P. Xaija Triii. Stoml.
Xom. Ed. l. iio'U (1841). /'. itepaknsis Xt-es. Sti'iul. Syn.
PI. Gram. 11»<; (1855). P. niyritcus Mal)ille, Pot-h. PI. Corse, fasc.
•>: 44 (l8(;:-'.»). I*- '"'</"*■ ^'«-'es, Fl. Afr. Austr. ;35(i (1841). /*.
ovrideniaUK Trin. Stead. Xom. Ed. "J, ;.':3'»4 (1841). P. pK/nila
Willk. Iher llall). 157. P. lioxhuryhii Stoud. Nom. Ed. ^,
•~':3"24 (1841). P. fUfieinonemis Mabille, Hecli. PI. Corse, faso,
»»:41 (18t>7-9). /*. spjeudenx Mabille 1. e. P. rnhjurix 'Vv'm.
Fund. Agropt. 134 (18-.'»t). /'. W'ilU-oiiniiiiinii.s Mabille, l{ech. PI.
Corse, fasc. •.*:58 (18(ir-!»). Annnto allisslmd lientli. Cat. PI.
Pyr. Ov* (18-.'i)). Artoiifii hct/(/<ik)isis Hoj. llort. Maurit. 3()8 (1837).
Arumlii //npw Link, Linn. !»: 13(5 (1S34). Anonhi isiant Delile,
Fl. Aeg. lllustr. 8'.' (18".'4). Annitlo maxinia Forsk. Fl. Veg. Anih.
!*4 (1775). Artindo jialifflris Salisb. Prod. •^'4 (179(1). Anmdo
PscndophrarjHvti'.s Lejeune. Fl. Spa, 04. Aruiido junif/e/is Auet.
Steud. y-^ni. Ed. '^, 1: 144 (1841). Anuido rindaris Auet. I. o.
Arnndo VtdUdoria S. F. Gray, \at. Arr. Brit. PI. '.': l-,'8 (18;il).
Arnndo mlf/aris Lam. Fl. Fr. 3:015(1778). Arioido vulnerans
(;ilib. Exercit. •.':541 (1770). (keDiiia (inindinacvu Presl, Cy[».
et Gram. Sicid. •,'•-' (1818). O.ii/anf/ic /(iponicu Steud. Syn. PL
(Jram. 197 (1855).
Culms "-'-3 m. hiirli. Blades often 3 cm. wide. Panicles looso
or dense, sligbtly noddini:-, often }>urplis]i. 15-35 em. long; r.iys
very numerous. Si)ikelets 3-5-nowered. 14-18 mm. long, the silky
hairs as long as the Horets, glumes with nerves anastomosing toward
the apex, the empty ones 3-nerved, first 5 mm. long, second 8 mm.
long, more ni less: thtral glume 5-nerved, about \i mm. long.
Ontario. Fmr/er: New York. Clin/nn for Clark L3()l, //w? 92,
93; Michigan. Cooh'i/, Farirell. (7f/r/'727: F'lorida, Siiiipsoii 158;
South Dakota, Duff)'//; Montana. Atiderson 1; ■\Vushington, Laie;
Lower California, P(diner 38.
New York to Mexico and the Pocky Mountains, northeiii Ku-
ropc and Asia, Japan, xVustnilia.
462 POACE.E.
107. (201). SlEOLINGIA lienili. Syst. Vorz. Pll. P:rf. 40 (ISOO).
Trimlia \l. Wr. Prod. 18'^ (IS 10). Tnnisph IJojiuv. Agrost. TT, /.
15, /. ^^(IHl-.'). Ti'iphms lioiiuv. Agrost. 8], /. IG. /. 10 (1812).
Spikelets sevenil-lloworod, paniculate, racliilla articulate above
the empty glumes ami between the llorets, hairy rouiul them or gla-
brous, llowers perfect or the upper ones male. Kmjjty glumes firm,
acute, uuawneil. l-U-nerved, keeled, glabrous or the keel, scabrous-
■ciliate; iloral glume uiuiwued, the lower part rounded on the back,
more or less o-nerved at first, often hardened and nerveless in fruit,
with 3 terminal l-;J-nerved lobes or teeth; palea broad, about as
long as the entire ])art of its glume, with two i)rominent nerves.
Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous, styles very short, distinct. (J rain
sonu'what dorsally compressed, enclosed by glume and palea but
not adherent.
Perennial grasses, often firm and branching or stolonifei-ous at
the base; blades narrow, firm, often involute. Panicles narrow
and simple, with few si)ikelets, or ample like those of numy species
of E ray runt i,t. Spikelets mostly erect.
There are ii\y.>'A 20 species, mostly found in temperate regions of
Europe, America. Africa, Australia. It has the typical characters
of the tribe without the ])eculiarities of the other genera, the lobes
of the floral glume reduced to short teeth or points, or the central
one sometimes lengthened into a short awn.
Four sections liave been proi)osed :
1. I sot via, — three lobes of the floral glume narrow, lanceolate,
and equal.
2. Vralepsia {SieffJinf/la liernh., Men'sarhne'Vyhi.). — the lateral
teeth of the glumes broad and not pointed, and sometimes very
minute.
3. Tricnspis Beauv. ( Wimhoria T^'utt.), — nerves of the lateral
teeth produced into short points.
4. Lcptorarydion llochst.. — the dense soft panicle almost of
TrirJilorix, but with the sjjikelets of Trimlia.
A. Second empty glume 3-nerved 1, 2
li. Second empty glume l-iu>rved (a)
a. Floral glume 2-3 mm. long (!>)
FESTl'CE.E. 468
b. Piuiicle spikeliko , 3
b. Pauicle at len«;th open, second glume 2.5-3 mm.
long (c)
e. l^micle 30 cm. long 4
c. Panicle 10-14 cm. long 5
a. Floral glume more than 3 mm. long (d)
d. Panicle at length open (e)
e. Panicle 2-10 cm. long <5
e. Panicle 10-15 cm. long T
e. Panicle 20-40 cm. long S
d. Panicle capitate or sjjicate (i)
i. Culms 3-10 cm. high, blades 1-3 cm. long. . 9
i. Culms more than 10 cm. high, blades more tlum
3 cm. long (m)
n- Second glume 3 mm., floral glume 4 mm.
long 10
m. Second glume 3,5-4 mm., iloral glume 4.5
mm. long 11
m. Second glume 4.5 mm., floral glume 3-;5.5
mm. long I'i
m. Second glume 4.5-5 mm., floral glume 5
mm. long 13
m. Second glume 5-G mm., floral glume 4 mm.
long ... 14
m. Second glume longer, floral glume usually
longer (n)
n. Panicle dense, 4-0 cm. long 15
n. Panicle slender, 10-20 cm. long. . . l»i
1. S. trinerviglumis (Munro) Kuntze, Pev. (Jen. PI. 2:789
(1891). Triciispis friitervic/Iiuiiis Munro. A. (Jray, Proc. Acad.
Sc. Phil. 333 (1S03.)
An erect tufted rather slender grass, 40-00 cm. liigh. Sheaths
about as long as the internodes, ciliate at the throat; ligule a mere
brown ciliate ring; blades of the culm 3, scabrous, with scattering
hairs, flat or involute, slender jjointed, 1-2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide.
Panicle spikelike, interrupted, the appressed lower spikelike rays
464 POACE.E.
2.5-3.5 cm. long. Spikelets jmrplish, ovato-lanoooliite, slifjhtly
coinprossed, 8-1 l-llowerc(l. 9-1'^' imn. long: ('nii>ty glumes ovati'-
lanceoliite. rounded on the back, first l-ner\ed. 4-5 nun, long, sec-
ond 3-nerved. 5 mm. long; iloral glume ovate, awnless. pubescent
on the loAver two-thirds of the nerves, 4.5 mm. long; palea ellii)ti-
cal, hyaline in the middle, ciliate on the keel, 3 mm. long.
Texas. Rererrlion for U. S. Dept. Agrieul. 545.
Texas to Arizona.
2. S. Wrightsii Vasey, Contrib U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 2G9 (1803).
Poa Tv.rana Vasey.
An erect or decumbent dioecious perennial, 30-00 cm. high,
from creeping rootstocks. Culms rather stout, nearly solid. Blades
of the sterile shoots Hat or involute, 3-7 cm. long; leaves of the
culm 5-8, nearly smooth, sheaths shorter than the internoth-s.
loose; ligule a short fringe of hairs; blade sinooth, lO-'-iO cm. long.
5 mm. wide, staminate panicle narrow, simple. 5-10 cm. long, rays
single. Staminate spikelets glabrous, flat, oval, 5-8-flowered, 8-11
mm. long; empty glumes subcqual, 5 mm. long, first 1-nerved, sec-
ond 3-uerved ; floral glume broadly ovate, 5-() mm. long. 3-
ncrved; palea nearly as long as its glume. Pistillate panicles
12-30 cm. long, rays mostly single, usually appressed. about 5 cm.
long, l)caring 0-8 nearly sessile spikelets on the outer three-fourths.
Si)ikelets comjiact, nearly terete, 5-7-flowere(l, 12-20 mm. long;
empty glumes ovate-lanceolate, membranous, first 3-ncrved, mm,
long, second 3-5-nerved, 7-10 mm. long; floral glume ovate, acute,
often mucronate, 7-10 nnn. long. 5-nerved, coriaceous with scarious
margins; palea but little shorter than its glume, broad and coria-
ceous at the base. Styles 10 mm. long and protruding.
Texas (Presidio County), XeaUeii 130, 137. Dr. Vasey says:
*• It was first collected in Texas or New Mexico by C. Wright
(2038) and was distributed as Trivuspis (tlhosrens Munro, from
M'hich it is very different."
Some doubt exists as to its affinity, but I prefer not to attempt
a change at present.
3. S. stricta (Nutt. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 2 : 780(1801). Wiud-
i^nria sfricfa Nutt. Gen. 70 (1818). Trimspis stricta Thurb. MS.
FESTl'CE^. 4ur>
A smooth erect tufted nither stout <,'niss, 50-80 cm. liigli.
Sheaths compressed; ligule a ciliate rinj;; bhides of the culm 3-4,
iuvohite, some of tlicm 00-TO cm. long, 4-5 mm. wi(U'. Panicle
exserted, spikelike, more or less interrupted below, I'^-'^Ocm. long,
1-1.5 cm. diam, Spikelets often tinged with light ])ink or purple,
ovate or oval, 5-7-flowered, 4-5 mm. long: empty glumes lanceo-
late, 1-nerved, subequal, 3-4 mm. long; floral glume ciliate on the
nerves, lance-oval, lateral nerves without a margin, '^.7 mm. long,
awn 0.3-0.5 mm. long; i)alea ovate-lanceolate, slightly revoluto.
Texas, Dnniimond, livvvrvhon.
Texas to Arizona.
4, S. eragrostoides (\'asey & Scribn.) L. U. Dewey, Coult.
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2:539(1804). Tnodia eraf/iusfuules
Vasey & Scribn. Contrib. T. S. Nat. Herb. 1:58 (18!»0).
A slender erect light-colored, nearly smooth grass, 80-120 cm.
high; no les smooth, culm solid, comi)ressed. Sheaths compressed,
longer than the intcrnodes; ligule obtuse, l-'l mm. long, blades 10,
long-pointed, scabrous, involute, '.'0-30 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, often
breaking at the base. Panicle scarcely exserted, slender, simple,
open. 30 cm. long, rays single, distant, the lower ones at length
drooping, the longest 15 cm. long, bearing a few slender brandies,
which are flower-])earing for four-fifths of their length. Spikelets
slightly tinged with purple, ovate-lanceolate, 5-8-(lowered. 5-0 mm.
long; empty glumes ovate-lanceolate. 1-nerved, second 2.5-3 mm.
long; floral glume oval or ovate, obtuse. 2-2..') mm. long, nerves
short-hairy below; palea linear, about the length of its glume.
Ikiicved to be of value for cultivation.
Texas, Reverchm, yotfUei/; New Mexico, Wright 420, 478,
2054: Mexico (Nuevo Leon), Pringle 1072.
Florida, Texas, ^lexico.
^'ar. scabra Vasey ined. Plant scabrous throughout; lower
blades broailer.
Texas, XealJeij for Nat. Mus.
5. S. ambigua (Ell.) Kuntzc IJev. fJon. PI. 2:789 (1891).
Poa amhigua Ell. liot. S. C. & (ia. 1:105 (1810). Windsorin
ambigua ^wii. Gen. 70 (1818). Triciisjjis atiibigua Chuimi. Fl. S.
States 559 (1800).
466 POACE^.
A smooth erect mtlier slender grass, GO-OO cm. lii^'li. Slieutlis
sliorter tlian the intcrnodes, compressed; ligule a ciliate rin^'; blades
of the culm 3-4 in number, Hat, 20-40 cm. lon^, ;{-4 mm. wide, the
apex lon<^ and slender. Panicle much exscrted, becoming ovoid or
l)yramidal, 10-14 cm. long, rays mostly single, smooth in the axils,
clammy, rarely branching, bearing nearly sessile spikelcts on the
outer three-fourths. Spikelcts purple, ovate, oval or deltoid, com-
pressed, 5-7-ll()Wcrcd, 5-6 mm. long; empty glumes 1-nerved.
ovate, acute or '^-toothed, 3 mm. long with a mucro; lloral glume
villous on the nerves, oval, 3 nwn. long, with three short awns;
palea ovate, obtuse, the folded margins wide, 2.3 mm. long.
Florida, (furfis.s 34r)5; Texas, /'. ,S'. Depf. Atjnnd. 530.
Florida, Texas to Arizona.
G. S. Americana (Heau v.). Trij)hisis Ameriatmt Vk'^ww k^vo^i.
81, /. 10./. 10 (1812).
A slender erect pur})lish grass, 40-90 cm. high; nodes pubes-
cent. Leaf-blades scabrous above, those of the culm 1-8 cm. long,
those of the sterile shoots 10-20 cm, long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Pan-
icles thin, simple, the lateral ones included by the sheaths of the
leaves, the terminal exserted, 2-5-10 cm. long, rays capillary.
Empty glumes obtuse or lobed, 3.5-4 mm. long; iloral glume
linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long; awn pubescent, 5-7 mm. long
from where it leaves the notch of the glume; palea 3 mm. long, acute.
Alabama, Mohr; Florida, Curtiss 345T, (ritrher, Chapnuot;
Louisiana, LmKjhns in 1882; Mississippi (Ocean Springs), Tracy.
Low pine-b.irrc:is. North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
T. S. Texana (Thurb.) Kuntze, Rev. (}en. PI. 2: 780 (KS!>1).
Tricus^iis Texaim Thurb. S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18:180
(1883).
A slender erect tufted grass, 50-70 cm. high, culm, leaves, and
branches of i)anicles more or less pubescent with short spreading
hairs, the nodes glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the intcrnodes,
villous at the throat; lignle a mere ring; blades mostly involute,
15-20 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide. Panicle thin, diffuse, 10-15
cm. long, rays single, hairy in the axils, longest 4-7 cm. long,
bearing 3-5 spikelcts above the middle. Spikelcts ovate-oblong, 5-
FPxrrcK.E.
4(57
12-llo\vere(l, O-ll nun. loii<:, more or le.-^s tiii^'cd vitli red: ciiipty
glumes tliiii, I-iutvciI. second ovale, olitusi; or shortly miicroiuitc,
glaltroiis. 4 mm. loii;,'^: lloriil glunii- oval, 1 mm. loii^r. villous to-
ward the base niton the ;J <;reeii ni-rves. the midillc nerve shortly ex-
eurrent between the short teetii; palea l)road. the keels revoliite
below.
Texas, Rirenlion; New Mexico. IIW///// 770. TTT, *^045; Mex-
ico, P via file I!»rO. Pahnn- \Vu\.
Louisiaiui, New Mexico, western Texas, and Arizona.
8. S. seslerioides (Mielix.)
Scribn. Mem.Torr. ("lub. ks(lS!)4).
Poa seslerioides Mielix. Fl. lior.
Am. 1:<;8 (180:5). /W i/in'm/Ke-
fitht I'ursli. Kl. Am. Sept. 1 : 81
(1814). Trioiliaruprea A. F. .laeq.
Eclog. (iram. 2:",»1, /. /'; (1814).
Tricuspis seslerioides 'J'orr. Fl. U.
S. 1:118 (18',>4). Sie(/liti;/iu Jlara
Kuntze, liev. Gen. IM. :8!» (1891).
Po<( flam li. = /'. eroeala Michx.
teste Munro, Jourii. Linn. Hoc. : 43
(1863). S.Chdpmdiiii'^WMiW. inlierb.
A smooth upright showy grass,
80-150 em. high. Sheaths com-
pressed, about the length of the inter-
nodes, ciliatenear the throat: ligule
aciliatering: blades 3-5, tiat. eondu-
plicate or involute, 30-40 em. long,
5-8 mm. wide. Panicle ample, tinally
pyramidal, 20-30 or more cm. long.
rays clammy, capillary in sets of
2-4 or single, llower- bearing ])ut
little below the middle, hairy in the
axils. Spikelets very numerous,
linear-oblong, purple, 5 -7-flowered, 8-10 mm. long; empty glumes
1-nerved, ovate, muerouate, second 3.5-4 mm. long; iloral glume 4
Fio. 93. — Sief/liiiffui seslerioides.
A, />, c, il, e, s|)iki'lct and dissec-
tions. (SLTibner.)
408 POACK/K.
mm. lonj,'. villous oji tlie lower liulf of tlic :» proj('('tiii<,' iicrvcd.
iiK'liidiiig two iiitennetliate teeth; paleii oviil, revolule tit the
base, as loujif as its {jliime.
r. S. J >(•/>( . Jf/n'nil. hA'i (no locality); ^fassaohusotts, ('oalci/:
Illinois. ('(Kih'i/: District of C'olumhia, Mi-C<(r//n/; Florida. Cur/iss
3454, ,f. K. SnuiU.
Dry or sandy fields, Massachusetts, Xcw York, to Texas. A
grass a])part'ntly of \wo\' (|uality for |)asturc or meadow.
0. S. pulchella (H. H K.) Kuntze. I{ev. {Wax. 1M. 2:780 (isni).
Triodin puh-ln-Jhi 11. 1?. K. Nov. Ct-n. 1: XryTy. I. 47 (1815). /w/'-
leria piihhi'lln S|)ren<(. Syst. 1 : IJ'i'i (I'^'U). I'rnh'pis piihlit'lh/
Kuuth. Kev. CJram. 1: 1(»S (lS-.>!»).
A densely tufted yellowish or whitish j^n-ecn jrrass. 0-4 <'m. high.
Culm scabrous, very slender, braiiching or stoloniferoiis. Leaves
of sterile shoots glaucous, recurved, involute. 1-3 cm. long. 0.4-0.5
mm. diam. Panicle spicate in umbellat(f clusters, terminating the
leafy branches. Spikelcts flattened, ovate-oblong. <j-!)-flowered.
9-11 mm. long; empty glumes sube(pud, lanceolate, l-iu'rved. 0-7
mm. long; floral glume oiilong. pubescent with while hairs. 4-5
mm. long, apex bitid Jiearly half way to the base, with a straight
awn between and exceeding the lobes; palca oblong-spat ulate. cili-
ate on the keels. 4 mm. long.
Arizona, Roflinirh' 5T5. I'riiHjIr in ISS2; /'. S. Ihjif. Ar/n'rul.
540; New ^fexico, HV////// '.*05!>; California (Los Angeles), Pahnrr
500, ()5'2, i:5r)!».
Of the last. Dr. Palmer says : " l{are, in crevices of rocks on a
bare promontory. 1T85 feet above tbe sea-level."
Texas to Arizona and California.
Var. parviflora Vasey ined.
Smaller in every way; leaves 1 cm. or less in length: spikelets
;}_4.nowered ; empty glumes, flond glumes, and palcai a little shorter
than m the species.
Southern California. Orrutt.
Texas to California.
10. S. congesta L. II. Dewey, Coult. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
2:538 (18!U).
KKS'ITCK.K. 4f'l)
Culms ;J(>~K) <!m. lii;;li; leaves imicli like those of >', (ilhrsmis.
I'jinicle (leiirie. G-H ciii. loii;,', l.T) "' cm. ilium. Spikclcts tiiij^cd
with |)iir|ile. tumid, oval or oltlon<f, O-l'-J-llowcivd, 1-9 mm. Ion;;;
em|ity ;,dunu'.s liroaill}' oval, l-ucrved, obtuse, subacute or mueromitt'.
first *^.5 mm. loii^s second :> min. Ion;;; lloral ;;Iunu' sul't, sjion^a
on the lower half near the nerves, hirsute on the lower half of ilic
koel and the base of the lateral nerves, thi' ;;lunu' subcireular when
spread, mucronate, 4 mm. Ion;;; palea :{ mm. Ion;;, deltoid-ovate be-
fore spreading' the broad infoMed mar;;iiis, the base near the ki-i-ls
thick aiul spongy.
Clearly distinct from S, ulbesvots, with which some have con-
foumled it.
Texas, X)'(ilh';i in 1S!>:{.
11. S. purpurea (Walt.) Kuntze. I?ev. (Jen. IM. TS!) (ISiH).
Aim /nd'jitnrii Walt. Fl. Car. 7S (liSS). I'mlipis imrjinnn and
/'. orislnhilo Nutt. (leu. 1 : <I".', (ii) (ISIS). TrirKsjtis jutr/iKtcti
A. Cray, Man. Kd. 1 : AS!) (IS4S).
A tufted procund)enl or ascending annual, often purple; culms
solid, '.'0-40(^11. high, with nunu'rous bearded nodes. Leaf-blades
2-S cm. long, \,'>-"l mm. wide. I'aiMcles terminal or lateral, the
latter inchuleil by the shi-aths, very simple, ."{-0 cm. long, rays
spikelike. Kmpty glumes sid)e<pud, linear, ;5..')-4 mm. long; lloral
glume linear, 4..") mm. long, the awn 1-2 nim. loiig.
New ^'ork (UulTalo), (f. IT. Clinton 4.']; New .lersey (Sandy
Hook); X'ii'ginia, l. S. lifpt. A;iririil. ;)'y.\\ l"'lorida. r///7/.v,v ;)4.")<);
Illinois. Pdfcrsiin; Mississippi (Ocean Springs). Tnii'ji.
In the herbarium of Harvard University and thi' ])(>pt. Agricid.
at Washijigton are plants under the minu' 7'. sjKirsijhnui Cliapm.
Jiotli of these are all'ected with smut. After cari'ful examination,
I am (confident that they are defornu'd specimens of S. imr/mri'ii.
Sandy soils. Massachusetts to Khtrida near the coast, also near
Lake Erie at HutTalo, and parts of Illinois.
12. S. albescens (Munro) Kuntze 1. c. Triodia alln'sreuH IJenth.
Vasey, (\v. V. S. 35(lSSr)).
A smooth erect tufted grass, 40-TO cm. high. HIades of sterile
shoots Hat or involute, taper-})ointed, IS-IJO cm. long, 2-4 mm.
470 IMtACK.K.
wide, tlioso of tlio cuhn :{-4, aiul shorter; li;,'ule u ciliutc rinjr.
I'lmiclc slijjhtly t'xsertt'd, (louse, sli^'lilly ititeniiptt'd, '.(-14 cm.
loiij;, 7-14 diiim. SjdkoU'ts judo or tin;,a'd with purpU', uhloiig or
ovate. T-lO-llowerud, 4.5-5.5 iiiiii. loMi,'; (Miipty j;li:nies broad,
oviite, ueute, 1-iierved, lirst '.*.5-4 mm. loii^', second a little louijer;
llorul glume nearly smootli, broad oval, mostly miicroiiate, :}-:). '»
mm. lor.g; luilea ovate, obciiiieate before si)readiiig, 'Z.^-'i mm.
Ioii;»', mar;,Mns broad and infolded.
Texas, Hcverrluni, Ai'<i/lei/ for V. S. Dept. Af];rieul., Je/ini/.
1:5. S. acuminata (.Mnnro) Kuntze 1. e. TricK/^pis acunnmita
Mnnro, A. (Jruy, I'roe. Acad. Sc. Phila. :);)5 (ISO;?). TrUnlia acii-
iiniiotd Hentli. Vasoy. (Ir. l'. S. ;55 (1SS>*)).
A slender erect tufted glaucous grass, 15-20 cm. high, nodes
smooth. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, curved, couduplicate.
;{-8 cm. long, 1.5-'^ nun. wide, apex obtuse, not recurved, those of
the culm "l\ ligule a ciliate ring, all blades with light-colored mid-
nerves and a similar one on each margin, the width very uniform
throughout. Panicle much exserted. very simple, dense, oblong,
1.5-2.5 cm. loug. Spikelets whitish or jjurplish, ovate-lanceolate,
S-l(»-llowered. !)-! 1 nun. long; empty ghunes suberpial. linear-
lanceolate, 4.5-5 mm. long; floral ghuue with keel pubescent neiir
the base and lateral nerves throughout. ovate-Iaiu-eohite. acute or 2-
tootlied. 5 mm. long, tlie awn 0.5-1.5 mm. long; palea oval or
spatulate, ciliate on the keels, 3.5-4 mm. long.
Texas, hWeir/ion for V. S. Dept. .\gricul. 534. IMI 779,
Liiidlieinier 738; Arizona (llackbcrry), Jones, Pritujle in 18S4;
Mexico, Pri>ii/h> 4O0.
Very nearly allied to S. avcmicea (II. li. K.), aiul }>erliaps one
should be considered a variety of the otlu'r.
14. S. Nealleyi (Vasey) L. II. Dewey, ("oult. C'ontrib. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 2:538 (18!)4). Triodia Xenn<'i/i V-mv\, Bull. Torr.
Club, 15:49 (1888).
A slender erect tufted glaucous perennial, 30-40 cm. high, nodes
villous. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, recurved, conduplicate,
5-8 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, apex obtuse, recurved, those of the
culm 3; ligule a brown ciliate callous ring; all leaves with aeon-
FKSTICK.K. 471
spicuous li;;lit-colore(l niid-nervt' and a similar oiu' on cacli niarfjin,
till' wiiltii of leaf nearly uniform tliroiij,'liout. i'anicle much ex-
Berted, dense, linear or ovoid, sliirlitly interniptcti helow, 4-") cm.
lon^'. Spikelets whiti-sli, tin;,'i'd more or less with purple. oltlon<;,
0-T-llowered. I mni. long; empty glinues oval- lanceolate, 1-iicrvcd,
first 4-4.') mm., second 5-r» mm. I<»ng; lloral ;.dume with keel pu-
bescent toward the base, and lateral nerves tlirou_:rhoiit, ovate-oval,
obtuse, 4 mm. long, the av.n ))rojeeting none or hut little ahovi- the
lohed apex of its glume; palea falcate, spattdate, ciliate on tho
nerves, 'i.o mm. long. Nearly allied to S. iiriindijhini.
Texas, yvuUey for Nat. Mus., Chenate Mountains, I'residio
county.
15. S. grandiflora (Vasey). Tn'odia (jrauiJIjJoni \'asey, ("on-
trih. r. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : T)!) (ISilO).
A sleiuler erect or geniculate tufted glaueotts grass, tiO-SO em.
liigli; nodes villous. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, recurved,
contluplicate. 5-8 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, apex obtuse, those of
the culm 3; ligide a brown ciliate callous ring; all blades with a
conspicuous light-colored mid-nerve and a similar one on each mar-
gin, the width of blade nearly uniform throughout. Panicle much
exserted, dense, linear or ovoid, 4r-6 cm. long. Spikelets whitish,
tinged more or less with purple, linear to oval, 4-G-llower( d, 8-10
mm. long: empty glumes lanceolate, 1-nerved, first 5-() mm. long,
second 7-8 mm. long; tloral glume with keel pubescent toward the
base and lateral nerves throughout, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 5-0
mm. long, the awn 0.5 to I mm. long; palea falcate-spatulate. cili-
ate on the nerves, nearly 4 mm. long.
Texas, XmJh'n for Nat. Mus. ; Mexico, Prinyle 400. The latter
was distributed as T. aveuacca II. K., by which name this grass has
been known for some years. Dr. Vjisey, after comparing the draw-
ings of T. arenacea with the above plant, deciited that the grasses
are identical, hence the new name.
Texas to Arizona ami Mexico.
10. S. mutica (Torr.) Kuntze, 1. c. Tricuspid mntica Terr.
Tac. 1{. K. Hep. 4:150 (1857).
A slender erect or rigid glaucous tufted grass, 40-70 cm.
472
POACE.E.
high. Chihiis solid, scabrid, nodes sniootli or sparingly pubescent.
Shoatlis mostly longer than the internodes; ligule truncate, eiliute,
1 mm. long; leaves of sterile shoots erect, slender, often breaking
at the top of the sheath, those of the culm 4 in number, blades
rigid, scabrid, involute, pungehc-pointed. 20-30 cm. long, less than
1 mm. diam. Panicle slendi.'r, erect, s])ikelike, interrupted, 10-20
cm. long. Spikelets linear, purplish, I'.early terete, 0-1 1 -flowered,
12-17 mm. long; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved. first
5.5-().5 mm. long, second 0.5-7.5 mm. long; floral glume linear
or oval, enuirginate, awnless. pubescent on the nerves, 5.5-7 mm.
long; palea elliptical, pubescent on the keels, ;3.5-4 mm. long.
Texas, Ncrerrfinn for V. 8. Dept. Agricul. 2:5!): Arizona,
Priiiglc'm 1882: Mexico (Chihualuia), Pn'>i(jlc iOb, Pahiier 2'ZW.
Texas to Arizona and ^lexico.
108. (2Gla). RedFIELDIA Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 14:133
(1887).
Spikelets 3-5-flowercd, pedicellate in a lax si)reading panicle
half or more than half the length of the culm, raciiilhi sliort. ar-
ticulate under the floral glumes, beset with white hairs. Empty
ghuues about half as long as thespikelet. ovate-laiu'colate, l-nerved;
floral glume com})ressed, rather rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved,
the mid-nerve curved, the lateral nerves i)romini'nt and midway
lo the margin, base more or loss pubescent: palea equalling or longer
than its glume, of nearly the same texture,
folded lengthwise in the middle and with two
])rominent keels folded in the o})posite di-
rection.
I>r. Yasey believes it nearest allied to Fes-
tuca, from which it differs in having the
flowers crowded on the rachilla, in the 1-
nerved emptv glumes, in the pointed orconi-
Fir.. U.-ltedfieldia Jkx- , ,, ' ' , , i „ , , ,
uom A, si)ikelet; a, cai floral glumes, not rouiideu on tlie back and
fl..n.t. (Scribiier.) q,j,^, 3-ncrved.
Named for the late J. II. IJedtield of Philadel])hia.
1. R. flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey 1. c. Grapheplwrum {'^)Jlexuosum
Thurb. Proc. Phila. Acad. 78 (1803).
FESTrCE.E.
473
Rootstocks strong, creeping. Culms sniootli. flexuous, 20-00
cm. high. Shcatlis longer than the internodes, smooth; ligiile
u hairy ring; blades 30-50 cm. long, mostly near the base, rigid,
.smooth, involute. Panicle with distant alternate spreading rays,
naked below, the lower 10-15 cm. long, branches tilil'orm. divergent.
8j)ikelets on jiedicels 2-3 cm. long, ovate, com])ressed, 4-T mm.
long, llorets crowded: first empty glume 2-2..') mm. long, second a
little longer and broader; tloral glume with white hairs at the base,
1-2 mm. long, com])ressed, acute to erose.
Kansas, Vaseij in IHSi) for Nat. Mus., also found in Colorado.
10!). (22(j). DiSSANTHELIUM Trill. Liiiiiavi 10:305 (1830).
Phdaridiimt Nees, Kov. Act. Nat. Cur. l!i: Suppl. 1, 101 (1S43).
Stcnocliha Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. Ser. 2. 1: 1S1» (!S47).
Spikelets 2-4-llo\vered, in a narrow usually dense panicle,
rachilla glabrous, articulate between tlie llowers and produced l)e-
yond as a minute bristle. Em[)ty glumes persistent, narrow, keeled,
1-3-iierved. acute or acuminate, slightly uiie(|ual; llonil glume
much shorter, l)roadcr, rather obtuse, awuless,
keeled. 3-nerved; palea shorter than its glume,
2-ke('led. 2-toothed. Stamens 1-3. Grain oblong,
subtri(iuetroiis, slightly furrowed or not, included,
but not adherent. Low tufted annuals or peri'U-
nials with nai'row flat blades. Panicle shortly
exsertcd.
'I'here are two or three species found in America
from California to Bolivia.
1. D. Californicum (Nutt.) P.entli. Hook.
Icones. PI. 14:00, /. 1375 (1881). Stciiovhloa
Califoniira Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 1:189
(^^"^')- Fia. or..— 7)4.va/i-
Annual; culms sjiaringly branched below, 10- thelium Califor
, . , iL.i 1 ' 1 ii 1 tiifum. Si)ik«'lft
30 cm. high. Siieatlis smootli, ratiier loose, Usseoied. iSnib-
striate, about as long as the internodes: ligule ob- "*^''')
tuse, 2-3 mm. long; blades flat or conduplicate. broad at the base,
acuminate, 10-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Panicle loosely spike-
like, 5-12 cm. long, rays erect, mostly in pairs (in large ])lants
474
I'OACE.E.
4-6 rays), tlic longest 3-4 cm. long simple and densely flowt^rod
at the base. Spikelets mostly sessile, pale green, 2-3-no\vered ;
empty glumes spreading, sul>e(iual, about 3 mm. long, first 1-
nerved, second 3-ncrved; lloral glume loosely pubescent below,
ovate-acute, the second 6 mm. long; i>alea pubescent.
Lower California ((Juadalupe Island), Palmer 06.
2. D. sclerochloides (Steud.) Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 2:
112: (1886). Poa sclerochloides Steud. Herb, (fide Fourn.).
A smooth tufted grass, 5-7 cm. high. Ligulo obtuse, 1.5 mm.
long; blades involute or conduplicate, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 1 mm.
diam. Panicle 1-2 cm. long, oval, rather dense, rays in twos to
fours, the longest bearing two spikelets. Spikelets on short pedi-
cels, 2-fiowered, oval, acute, spreading with age, 3-3. o mm. long;
empty glumes 3-nerved, the margins white; fioral glume smooth,
broad, ovate when spread, 2-2.3 mm. long. Stamen 1.
Mexico, Pringle 4222, also in Chili.
Moist places in the bottom of a crater, 13,500 feet above the sea-
level.
110. (227). MOLINIA Shrank, Baier. Fl. 1:100, 334 (1789).
Bnodium Gaud. Agrost. Ilelv. 1: 145 (1811). Monilia S. F. Gray,
Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2:110 (1821). Amhhjtcs Dulac, Fl. Hautcs-
Pyr. 80 (1867).
Spikelets 2-4-flowered, in a narrow loose subterete panicle, ra-
cliilla smooth, articulate between the flowers, and often produced
Fig. 96. — Molinia carulea. Spikelets. (Richardson.)
above them. Empty glumes persistent, awnless, 1-nerved, unequal,
shorter than the florets; floral glume firm, membranous, awnless,
convex, 3-uerved ; palea obtuse, 2-keeied, scarcely shorter than its
FESTUCE^U. 475
glume. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, furrowed, subquadrangular,
enclosed, but not adherent.
There is only one species, and tliat belongs to Europe, northern
Africa, and western Asia.
1. M. cdcuuLKA (L.) MttMich, Meth. 183 (179-4). Aim cwrulea
L. Sp. PL C3(ir53).
A slender tufted perennial, 30-90 cm. high. Culm with one to
two leaves only, and those near the base. Sheaths smooth, bearded
at the throat; ligule none; blades smooth, involute, rigid, tips very
slender, 10-15 cm. long. Panicle 3-30 cm. long, rachis c-om-
pressed, flexuose. Empty glumes 2-3 mm. long; floral glumes 4-5
mm. long. Anthers violet-brown. Sparingly introduced or likely
to he introduced with grass-seeds.
111. (230). Erageostis Host, Ic. Gram. 4:14 (1809); Beauv.
Agrost. 70. /. 14. /. 11 (1812). Menustachija Heauv. Agrost. 74:
(1812). Erorhloe liufin. Xeogenyi. 4 (1825). Exayrostis Steud.
Nom. Ed. 2. 1 : G22 (1840). llurparhne llochst. Cf. Flora, 24
(1841). Intell. 20, uomcn; et ex Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2:431
(1850). ('a'hclnjrniii Nees, Linnani 10:221 (1842). Jfan-ohk-
pharus Philippi, Linn. 29: 100 (1857-58). Cladoraphis Fianch.
ex Dur. 1. c. (1888).
Spikelets usually many-flowered, in a loose and spreading or nar-
row and clustered panicle, rachilla usually glabrous and articulate
under the floral glumes, rarely inarticulate, flowers perfect or vari-
ously unisexual. Empty glumes unequal, rather shorter than the
floral glumes, keeled, first 1-nerved, second 1-3-nerved (ours all 1-
nerved), floral glumes obtuse or acute, unawned, 3-nerved, the keel
prominent, the lateral nerves sometimes obscure; palea shorter than
its glume with a prominent nerve or keel, often persisting after the
glume and grain luive fallen away. Stamens 2-3. Styles distinct,
short; grain globose, ovoid or oblojig, usually not furrowed, en-
closed, but not adherent, often deciduous with the floral glume.
There are about 100 species widely spread in warm and temper-
ate regions, not found in very cold countries or on high mountains.
Two or three are cosmopolitan and several difficult to limit. Nearly
allied to Poa, to which genus the species have sometimes been re-
476 POACE.K.
ferrcd ; some species have beeu variously referred to Fesfnca, Briza,
Duciylis, Ehusine, or Leptochloa ; some liave been i)ropose(l as
genera. Henthani proposed tlie following sections:
1. i!((tadasion Do'll.. — those with short spikelets with few
flowers and fragile rachilla.
3. Flagiosiachi/(i, — the inflorescence approaching that of Chlori-
deae.
3. 3f)/rioSi^achya, — a complicated inflorescence.
4. Fe/ervessa Doell. , or Erayrostis proper, — many-flowered spike-
lets, with the racliilla continuous or rarely articulate when old,
floral glumes usually deciduous, leaving the palea persistent. Spe-
cies numerous and may be subdivided into three subsections :
a. CijUndrostachym, — narrow almost terete spikelets.
b. LepfosfacJiycp, — with narrow-linear flat spikelets.
c. MeyasfaclujiB, — broad-linear or oblong flat spikelets.
5. Flatystwhya, — broad, flat, many-flowered spikelets with
rather paleaceous glumes, and the rachilla ^articulate as in Cata-
clasfos.
6. SderoHtachya, — paleaceous glumes and jfi'ticulate rachilla, as
those of Fhitystachya; but the spikelets are not so broad and the
rigid leaves are long and rushlike or short and pungent.
A. A prostrate, creeping annual 1
B. Erect or spreading annuals, panicle spikelike (a)
a. Spikelets lO-oO-flowercd 2
a. Spikelets i-i-flowered 3
C. Diffuse annuals, not creeping, floral glume 1 mm. long, (b)
b. Panicle spikelike, spikelets o-lO-flowcrcd 4
b. Panicle spreading, spikelets 2-5-flowered 5
D. Di'Tuse annuals, floral glume 2.T-3.8 nnn. long, panicle
spikelike, spikelets 4-24:-flowered G
E. Ditt'use annuals, panicle not spikelike, floral glume usual-
ly 1-1.5 mm. long (c)
c. Spikelets 2-5-flowered, floral glume 1.2-1.4 mm. long. 7
c. Spikelets 2-10-flowered. floral glume 1-1.2 mm. long. 8
c. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, floral glume 1.2-1.5 mm. long. 9
c. Spikelets 2-20-flowered, floral glume 1.5 mm. long. . 10
FESTUCE.E. 477
F. Perennials, floral glume more than 2 mm. long. . . .(d)
(1. Panicle racemose or capitate, spikelets 15-30-
flowered, floral glume 2.7-3.'-^ mm. long 11
d. Panicle usually ovoid (e)
e. Spikelets 2-12-flo\vered, flora glume 2.5-3 mm.
long, ligule not bearded 12
e. Spikelets 4-12-flo\vered, floral glume 2.5 mm.
long, ligule bearded 13, 14
e. Spikelets 10-18-flo\vered, floral glume 2.5-3
mm. long, ligule bearded 15
G. Annuals or perennials, floral glume 1.8-2 mm. long. . (f)
f. Panicle narrow, 10-15 cm. long, spikelets 10-40-
flowered, floral glume 1.6 mm. long, annual. ... 16
f. Panicle spreading, annual (i)
i. Panicle 15-35 cm. long, spikelets 5-14-flowered,
floral glume 1.5-1.7 mm. long 17
i. Panicle 18-25 cm. long, pyramidal, spikelets 7-11-
flowered, floral glume 2 mm. long 18
i. Panicle 8-16 cm. long, spikelets 10-50-flowered,
floral glume 2 mm. long 19
i. Panicle 12-30 cm. long, spikelets 5-20-flowered,
floral glume 1.5-1.8 mm. long 20
f. Panicle si^reading, perennials (k)
k. Panicle 20-30 cm. long, spikelets 6-12-flowered,
floral glume 1.7-2 mm. long 21
k. Panicle 30-60 cm. long, spikelets 6-20-ilowered
floral glume 1.7-2.1 mm. long 22
k. Panicle 20-30 cm. long, spikelets 5-12-flowered,
floral glume 1.8-1.9 mm. long 23
k. Panicle 20-30 cm. long, spikelets 4-7-flowered,
floral glume 1.8-1.9 mm. long 24
k. Panicle 25-35 cm. long, spikelets 4-8-flowered,
floral glume 1.7 mm. long 25
k. Panicle 30-40 cm. long, spikelets 3-4-flowered,
floral glume 1.5 mm. long 26
1, E. hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69 (188S).
478 POACE.E.
Poa hypnoidcs Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 185 (1701). Poa rcptmis
Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 09 (1803). Bragrosfis . eptans JS'ees,
Agrost. Bras. 514 (1829).
Prostrate aud creeping annuals, culms mucli-branched, 5-30 cm.
long, ligule a ciliate ring; blades Hat or involute, 1-5 cm. long, 1-3
mm. wide. Panicle ovoid or pyramidal, 3-G em. long, or capitate.
Spikelets Hat, elliptical, ovate or linear, im])erfeetly dia'cious, almost
sessile or even capitate, 10-40-Howered. 5-14-22 mm. long; empty
glumes acute, 0.5-1 mm. long; lloral glume broadly ovate, acute,
1.8-2.2 mm. long, with lateral nerves obscure or })rominent; palea
shorter than its glume, ciliate on the keels. Grain oval, com-
pressed, 0.7-0.8 mm. long.
r. .S'. IJepf. Agncnl. 591; Illinois, Ctmhij in 18G8; Florida,
Chtipnmn: Texas, Palmer \?>^^, Nealley; Oregon, JIaU G31; Cali-
fornia, Pnmjle in 1882.
\'ery variable in size, mode of growth, and arrangement of
spikelets.
In some the geniculate stems are 00 or more cm. long, with in-
ternodes 10 em. long. In No. 431, T. J. Howell. Oregon, the
si)ikelets are in very large numbers (hundreds) in a tuft 8-10 cm.
diam.
Wet places, New England to Oregon and Texas.
2. E. Vahlii (R. cS: S.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 2: 490 (1829). Poa
VahUi R. & S. Syst. 2: 5G3 (1817). E. anmna Presl, Rel. lla?nk.
1: 275 (1830). Megastachya amwna Fouru. ilenisl. Biol. Centr.
Am. Bot. 3:572 (1880).
An erect or ascending annual, 5-30 cm. high. Culms simple,
branching below. Sheaths slightly compressed, striate, pilose at
the throat; blades flat, attenuate-acuminate, smooth above, usually
pilose. Panicle 3-10-15 cm. long, spikelike or with rays more or
less remote and spreading, bearing spikelets to the base. Spikelets
nearly sessile, crowded, erect or spreading, 5-25 mm. long, linear
or linear-obloug, much compressed, 10-50-flo\vered ; empty glumes
lanceolate, subequal, about 2.5 mm. long, scabrous on the keel;
floral glume 2.3-2.7 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, nerves distinct,
keel scabrous above; palea incurved, a third shorter than its glume,
FES'i'lKJK.E.
479
the keels finely cilitite. (Jrain ovoid, compressed, 0.5-0.6 mm.
long. Distributed as E. Prinf/ki Seribn.
Mexico. Pfiiujk 3334, on the siindy plains of Jalisco.
3. E. pallida Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 285 (1893).
An erect or spreading sparingly brauciied annual, 30-50 em.
higli. Sheaths 3, nearly smooth, shorter than the interuodcs; lig-
ule very short; blades scabrid on both sides, flat, S-Vl cm. long, 3-5
mm. wide. Panicle spikelike, interrupted below, light-colored,
15-20 cm. long, rays often densely clustered, llower-bearing to the
base, 3-5 cm. long. Spikelets on short pedicels, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, slightly compressed, 1.5-3.3 mm. long, 4-7- flowered;
empty glumes 1-nerved, oval, obtu.-^e or acute, first O.U mm. long,
second 0.8-0.9 mm. long; floral glume ovate or oval, acute or ob-
tuse, 1.1-1.2 mm. long, lateral nerves less than the length of the
glume: palea about 0.9 mm. long.
Nearly allied to E. alba Presl.
Mexico (State of Colima), Palmer 1208.
4. E. ciliaris (L.) Link, llort. Berol. 1: 192 (1827). Poa rill-
art's L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2:102 (1702). Me(/as/arJi;/n riliaris lieauv.
Agrost. 74 (1812). Poa eler/ans Poir. Lam. Encycl. 5: 87 (1804).
A diffuse slender branching annual, 20-50 cm. high. Sheaths
smooth or sparingly ciliate, bearded at the tiiroat; blades thin, flat
or involute, 5-10 cm. long, about 2 mm. wiile. Panicle spiked,
cylindrical, more or less interrupted. 5-10 cm. long, 5-7 mm. diam.
Spikelets oval, 5-10-flowered, 2.5-3 mm. long; empty glumes ovate-
lanceolate, 1-nerved, subequal, 0.8-1.2 mm. long; floral glume
elliptical, lateral nerves very near the margin, mucronate, 1 mm.
lono-, rough or ciliate on the back; palea as long as its glume,
linear, the keels fringed with slender bristles often 1 mm. lotig.
Grain ovoid, slightly flattened on the side opposite the embryo,
0.4-0.5 mm. long.
Georgia, Curfiss 3493; Mississippi (Ocean Springs), Tracy;
Mexico (Jalisco), Pruii/le 1851.
South Carolina to Mexico.
Var. patens Chapm. ? Blades broader; panicle more open, 3
cm. diam.; spikelets purplish, 3-5-flowered; empty glumes shorter
480 POACE.E.
and broader: floral glume 0.7 mm. long; palea with cilia on the
nerves 0.1-0.3 mm. long. Very likely a good species.
(Jeorgia, Ciniif<s [iVJ3*; U. S. Dept. Agricul. 575, no locality;
Florida (Key West).
5. E. Frankii Meyer, Steud. PI. Gram. 273 (1855).
A slender much-branched ditfuse annual, 10-30 cm. liiirh.
Ligule short, ciliate; blades Hat, tiiin, nearly smooth, variable in
length, 1-2 mm. wide. Panicle ovoid-oblong, 7-15 cm. long, rays
and their branches capillary, very numerous, rather stitt'. hlpike-
lets pedicellate, oval, acute, 2-5-tlowered, 2-3 mm. long; empty
glumes slightly unequal, 1-nerved, acute, about 1 nun. long; floral
glume broadly ovate, acute, 1 mm. long, lateral nerves obscure;
palea incurved, 3-toothed, broadly oval, ciliate on the nerves 0.7
mm. Grain slightly compressed, obliquely oval. 0.5-0.6 mm. long.
Pennsylvania, Porfer for Clark 2962; Michigan, Wliechr 96;
Illinois. Ganby in 1868; Missouri, Hitchcock', Tennessee, Gnffiiif/er
for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 578.
Low or high land, sandy or clay loam. Pennsylvania to I^Iin-
nesota and southward.
6. E. diversiflora Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 285
(1803).
A diffuse annual, much branched below. 40-240 cm. high.
Sheaths 4-5, smooth, striate when mature, shorter than the inter-
nodes; throat pilose, ligule very short; blades scabrous above,
smooth below, 20-30 cm. long. 2-3 mm. wide, involute with long
capillary points. Panicle narrow, 15-20 cm. long, the largest ap-
pearing spikelike, rays in clusters or scattered, the longest 4-8 cm.
long, flower-bearing to near the base, or when young or feebly de-
veloped, thin with a few short spikelets, Spikelets very variable,
flattened more or less, either linear-lanceolate, 10 mm. long, 18-24-
flowered, or reduced and ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, 4-6-
flowered, Avith all intermediate grades; empty glumes 1-nerved,
ovate-acute, first 1.3 mm. long, second 1.2 mm. long, scaberulous
on the keel; floral glume oval-acute, 2.7-2.8 mm. long; paleu
1.5-1.7 mm. long, with keels ciliate. Grain triquetrous-ovoid, 0.7
mm. long.
FKSTICE.K. 481
Mexico (State of Colima), Pahner 13:]5.
7. E. pusillus Scribn. iucd.
A rilenJiT ^duiuiular dilTuse brauehing annual, 15-30 cm. high.
Ligule very slioit, puberulent; blades and slitaf lis pubescent, the
former ilal or involute, ;}-(} cm. long, 3-G mm. wide. Panicle
linear or elliptical, many-llowcred, rays single or in twos or tlirccs,
diU'nsely branched throughout. Spikelets light green, becoming
brown, pedicellate, ovate or oval, t.*-5-llowered, l,".*-3 mm. long:
empty glumes ovate, acute, 1-nerved, sca])rid on the keel, llrst
0.5-0.8 mm. long, second 0.8-1.2 mm. long; floral glume smooth,
broadly oval, abruptly acute, obscurely 3-nerved, 1.2-1.-1 nmi. long;
palea incurved, smooth, oval before spreading, margins from the
obscure keels wide, about 1 mm. long. Grain globose, slightly
compressed, 0.5 mm. long.
Mexico (Jalisco), Prinr/h' 2327.
8. E. glomerata (Walt.) L. 11. Dewey. C'oult. C'ontrib. U. S.
Xat. Herb. 2:543 (181(4). Pan f/hoiemfd Walt. Fl. ("ar. SO
(1788). Po(f coiiferta Ell. Bot. S. C. & (Ja. 1: 1")8 (181G). B.
confcrf a Trin. Act. Petrop. VI, 1:40!) (1831).
An erect rather stout branching annual, GO-DO vm. high.
Sheaths smooth; ligule 1 mm. long; blades ilat, 20-30 em. long,
3-4 mm. wide. Panicle whitish, linear or lanceolate, 2o-(jO cm.
long, brancdies nunun*ous, clustered, erect. Spikelcts pedicellate,
appressed, covering the branches to the base, oldong. 2-7-10-
llowcred, 2.5-3 mm. long; glumes all smooth, very thin; empty
glumes ovate, acute or obtuse, second about I mm. long; floral
glume a little longer, obtuse, with three conspicuous nerves; palea
nearly as long as its glume.
U. S. Depf. Afp'irul. 57G, no locality; Florida, Cnrfiss 34li7.
River banks. South Carolina, Florida to Texas, Cuba, Brazil.
n. E. capillaris (L.) Xees, Agrost. Bras. 505 (1820). J*(,a
mpiUaris L. Sp. Pi. 68 (1753).
Tufted erect annuals (?), branching only at the very base,
spreading above, 30-70 cm. high. Throat bearded; blades rather
rigid, glabrous or sparingly hairy, involute, 40-60 cm. long. 2-3
mm. wide. Panicle open, elliptical, ohovate or pyramidal, rays
482 POACE.E.
nunieroua, ln-iuiching, capilliiry. stilT, mostly naked in tlie axils.
Spikc'lets mostly single on long jtodioels, 1-4 cm. long, oval, grirn-
isli or tinged with purjjle, scanrely ilattened, 2-4-llo\vered, a.")-:).')
mm. long; empty glnmos snheqnal, acnte. l-nervcd, 1-1,,'} mm.
long; lloral glnme ovate, obtnse when spread, obscnrely 3-nerved,
1.5 mm. long; i)alea inonrved, 3-toothed, ciliate (m the keels.
Massachnsetts, Coohnj; District of Columbia, MrCarthy; Ten-
nessee, (htlliiKjer; Florida, Cnrti.ss 3409.
New England to Texas.
10. E. EitACiHOSTis (L.) Karst. Dentsch. Fl. 380 (1880-S3).
Poa Envjrosfis L. Sp. PI. G8 (17:)3). E. minor Host, El. Anstr.
1: i;]') (1827). B. pomnides lioaiiv. Agrost. 1G2 (1812).
Annual; culms varionsly spreading or erect, 10-25 cm. high.
IMades Hat, smooth. 1-15 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide, themargijis and
glumes containing more or less glands secreting an oll'ensive snb-
stance. Panicle ovoid or linear, rather dense, 5-15 cm. long.
Spikelots ilat on short pedicels, oblong-linear, lead-colored, 8-20-
tloAvered, 4-10 nun. long; floral glnme broadly oval and obtuse
when sin-ead, 1.5 mm. long, lateral nerves prominent, keel nsnally
smooth, sometimes glandular; palea oval, ciliate on the nerves.
CJrain globular-oval or ovoid, O.G mm. long.
Sandy waste places, eastward, perhaps elsewhere. Introduced
from Europe.
^lexico, Srliaffiwr 1027.
11. E. interrupta (Xutt.) Trelease; Branner k Coville, Kep.
Geol. Surv. Ark. 1888, Part. 4, 237 (1891). Poa intevrupfa^nit.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (IT.) 5: 140 (1837). E. oxylepis Torr. Kept.
Bot. Whipple Exped. 156 (185G).
A tufted erect slender annual or perennial. 15-50 cm. high.
Sheaths smooth; ligulc very short, often bearded; blades rigid, be-
coming involute. 10-20 cm. long, 2-3 nmi. wide. Panicle race-
mose, capitate or spikeliko with interrupted clusters, often tinged
with light purple, 4-12 cm. long, 1-3 cm. diam. Spikelets on short
jiedicels or nearly sessile, much flattened, linear or elliptical. 15-30-
flowered, 10-lG nmi. long: empty glumes lanceolate, 1 -nerved, flrst
2mm. long, second 2.5-3 mm long; floral glume ovate-lanceolate,
FEftTUCE^E. 483
nerves prominent, smooth, 3.T-3.'2 mm. lonfj; palea incurved,
emar<i;inato, ciliato on the keels, 'l-'i.S mm. h>ng. CJrain oval,
8h<rhtly compre.sHed, 1 nun. h)nj,' more or less.
Texas, I/((/l7S1, L{n(//i('iitier "I'.n, 7.\Ci. J'tdi/irr \.VU). Ucrcfrhon
for r. S. Dept. Agriciil. r)S4, Priti'jh llMi'.i, Mvallcy; ^lississippi
(Oeeaii Spriiiirs), Tracy; New Mexico, Fendhr 913.
Mississippi. Texas, and New Mexico.
1-.'. E. tenuis (Kll.) A. (.'ray. Man. Ed. '2, 564 (1850). Poa
tenuis Ell. Fl. S. V. & (ia. 1 : 15(5 (ISli).
Erect tufted perennials, GO-1^0 cm. hi;,di. Sheaths smooth or
more or less softly tomentose, the lower ones leaving the culm, 5-30
cm. long, the uitper extending a third to half the height of the
plant, throat ciliato; ligule a merering; blades smooth, firm, invo-
lute with long slender ti[)s, 30-60 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide at the
base. Panicle usually but little exserted, o])en, ovoid or linear,
30-75 cm. long, rays numerous, mostly single, sometimes bearded
in the axils and with many capillary branches, the longest often '10
cm. long. Si)ikelet3 on very sleiuler pedicels. 2-30 cm. long, some-
what ilattened, oval or linear, :.'-G-l'.'-llowtMe>l : empty glumes
1-nerved, lanceolate or awl-shaped, first 1.5-3.5 mm. long, second
2-3 mm. long; Horal glume with three strong nerves, ovate-acute or
ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long: jialea slightly incurved, oval
when si)read, obtuse, nearly as long as its glume. Grain subglo-
bose, with a slight groove on one side, 1 mm. long.
Illinois, Geyer, Patterson; Texas, Drifminond 7'3C), Lindheimer,
NeaJky; Xew Mexico, Wright Til, 1317.
Sandy soils, New England to Texas and Xew Mexico.
13. E. erosa Scribn. ined.
A tufted perennial, about 00 cm. high. Sheaths smooth; ligule
bearded; blades involute, rigid, smooth below, 30— 10 cm. long, about
3 mm. wide. Panicle diffuse, ovoid, 30-40 cm. long, rays diverg-
ing, some of them in twos and threes, sparingly branched, branches
capillary and bearing 2-5 pedicellate spikelets. Spikelets light lead-
color, moderately flattened, linear, 4-1 2 -flowered, 0-12 mm. long;
empty glumes smooth, thin, ovate, 1-nerved, first about 1.0 mm.
long, second about 2 mm. long; floral glume broadly ovate, obtuse
484 I'oACK.K.
or ac'uto, obscnroly S-iicrvcd, eiisily sidittiiig. about 2.5 mm. long;
p-aU'ii slif^litly iiuMrved. Hpaluluto or luirrowly obovate whcMi not
.-pri'iul oijcii, tninculL', tToso or slightly 3-lobt'd, nerves very ob-
scure, aiMooth. 2-'-'. 5 turn. loii^'. Gniiii not seeii.
MoxH.'O (^f'liihualiuii). J'ritit/Ir 115.
14. E. sessilispicata lluukl. I'roc. Aaul. Pliila. OT (1862).
DIphu'hiif n't/i(/ir linntii. N'asi'y, (Jrassos V. S. 135 (1855). Erayros'
tiHriyiih Scrihn. I'loc Acad. Phila. ;}04 (ISOl).
Culms erect, slemlor. 30-50 cm. lu;.di. IMadcs of sterile shoots
i=!cal)riil. involute or Hal, :5-l."> t-in. lonir. ".' uitii. uiilf. those of the
culm I-".'; liuMih; a mere riiij,' lirariiig thin hairs. I'aiiifle much
exserteil. simple, open, pyramidal, 12-".'0 cm. lon.ir; rayjisiuLde, the
loii^'cst (5-8 cm. lonj;. bearin,:jf about six apprcsscd spilsdcts. Spike-
lets sessile, G-'.i-llowcred. G-12 mm. lonj.': empty ^dumcs hmctolate,
.sube(pial. 4-5 nun. loiitr: first l-iuTved, second 3-nerved; floral
glume llrm, lan<H'olatc. IJ-mM-vod, -4 mm. long: paleii firm, incurved
or tumid at basf. :! nun. long.
Texas, Ihwrri'liiin for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 5,"»(i, Curlisx o\b'd\
Kew Mexico, 1 1 /-///A/ ;t:o.
15. E. plumbea Scribn. ined.
A tufted erect i-ather slender perennial, 40-00 cm. high.
.Sheaths smooth; ligule beardeil; blades llat or involute-rigid,
smooth lielow. scabrid abovt'. S-1",' em. long, 3-5 mm. wide. I'an-
icle simi)le, ovate or ])yramidal, 8-12 cm. long, rays single, bearded
in the axils, bearing a few .short branches. Spikelets mostly ]>e-
dieellate, lead-colored, llattened, ovate-lanceolate or linear. 10-18-
flowered, li-lO mm. long: em.pty glumes ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved,
scabrid on the k(>el, first 2 mm. long, second ;> mm. long; floral
glume ovate-lanceolate, scabrid on the keel, lateral nerves less promi-
nent, 2.5-3 mm. long; palea .slightly incurved, linear before spread-
ing, acute, keels scaberulous. Grain very slightly compressed,
ovoid, 1 mm, long.
^[exico (Guadalajara), Palmer '^■iO, Pri)ifilc 2311.
16. E. Brownei (Kunth) Nees, Steud. Xoni. Ed. 2. 1:562
(1841). Poa i)ohjmorpha W. Br. Prod. 1:180 (1810). Mega-
FESTrcEJE. 48rt
starhjin pohjmorpha Heiiuv. Agrost. 74 (ISl-?). Poa lirnn'ml
Kiimli, Kcv. (Jnim. 1: U'l (l.s-.".!).
A vi'iy v!iriiil)U' j)lant in stature uiul iwiu'ct, usuuUy above IJOcin.
hi;:li. Lijriili' soinotimi's u itii ii few cilia; l)lii(li'S fliit or involutr.
glabrous, 8-15 cm. loii^'. l.r)-'2 cm. wide. I'aiiiclo somotinios sijii-
jtU' and tlen-o or spikclikc and inU'rrui>t«'d, lo 15 (Mil. long, soim-
tinii'.s 150 cm. lonj;, with sliort spreading rays bearing a few scattered
or clustered spikeiets. Spikelet-s sessile or very nearly so, Hat, ID
40-tlowered. (1.5-15 mm. Ion:,', racliilla very tardily articulate;
empty glumes 1-iierved, about 1.5 mm. long; floral glumo broadly
ovate, acute, 1.6 mm. Ion;:, nerve-; :5. prominent ami strictly par-
allel when the glume is spread; palea incurved, the keels usually mi-
nutely eiliate, about 1.5 mm. long. Stamens 3, or rarely ii. Ciraiu
ovoid, conipressed, 0.5 mm. long. reriiai>s only a \ariety.
Florida, Cfarbcr : al>o I'fjund in Australia; widely spread in
India.
K. E. Neo-Mexicana Vasey ined. (?)
A ditVuse oi- cfi'i'i annual, branching near the base, GO-OO cm.
hiffh. Slii-atlis smooth, beardedatthe tliro:it; liiiide a eiliate ring;
blades ilat or invohite. scabrous, 1 •.'-'.'( »-;;(» cm. long, 2-4-0 mm.
wide. Panicle often iucludcil at the base, light lead-color, ovoiil to
linear, 15-'?5-:i5 em. Iimiv'. rays rigid, mostly single, naked for a
fifth part of the length, branches numerous. a[ipressed. Spiki'lets
pedicellate, tinged with red. slightly flattened, linear or linear-
laneeolate, 5-8-1 4-flowcivd, 5-0 mm. long; empty glumes thin, 1-
nei'ved, first 1-1.3 mm. long, second ovate-acute, 1.5 mm. long;
floral glume smooth, thin, oval, broadly ovate or deltoid-oval, obtuse
or abruptly acute when spread, the nerves all prominent, 1.5-1.7
mm. long; palea incurved, linear before spreatling, obtuse, eiliate
on the keels, 1.3-1.5 mm. long. Grain broadly oval, slightly
grooved, 0.7-1 mm. long.
^[exico. Pan'!/ '^' P"^'»'f' ^=56, Priuylr 410, Pahnoyni, 3(57.
18. E. Orcuttiana Vasey, C'ontrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. 1:269
(189;3).
Apparently annual ; culms 00-90 cm. high, branching slightly
below, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; lig-
486
poace;e.
ulo very short, ciliate; blades Hat or becoming involute, 8-15 cm.
loii<,', 4-6 niin. wide. I'aiiicle s])rea(lin<jf, inraniidal, 18-'^5 cm.
loiij,', rays with siiiootli axils, scattered. dcconiiMUind. Spikelets
lead-colored on cai)illary pedicels mostly shorter than tiiciuselves,
narrowly linear, 5-8 mm. lonir, 7-1 1-tlowered ; empty glumes pur-
plish, lanceolate, first 1.5 mm. long, second broadi-r. '.' mm. long;
floral glume oval, subacute. 2 mm. long, lateral nerves j)rominent ;
palea nearly as long as its glume, scaberulous ou the keel. tJraiu 1
mm. long.
Dr. \'asey says: **Ty])e specimens collected at San Diego. Cali-
fornia, by C. 11. Orcutt, in 1S85 (No. lolS). and others at San
Bernardino by S. ]J. Parish. Woll distiuguished by its large, many-
ilowered panicle and slender s])ikelets. Jt is most nearly related
to A\ Mi'xicaiia Link.*'
California, Parish 3484 in 1893.
10. E. MAJOR Host, (iram. 4: /. 14 (1801)). lirlza Eragrostis
L. Sp. 1*1. TO (1753). E. jnupoides var. iiitiidsfdrliiia A. (iray,
Alan. Ed. !3:5(i;5 (1803). Erayruxlis Eiunjivslis MacM. .Met.
Minn. 75 (18I»3). not Karst.
A dill'usely spreading annual, 15-50 cm. high. Leaves with
glands on the i)rincipal nerves; ligulo a fringe of
hairs; blades flat, 5-15 cm. long, ;{-5 mm. wide,
smooth or nearly so. Panicle rather dense, ovoid or
oblong, 8-16 cm. long. Spikelets linear or obl'Mig,
flattened, on short pedicels, ovate wlien yo;uig, 10-50-
flowcred, 6-30 mm. long, whitish when old, olive
green or tinged lead-color when young; empty glumes
sube(|ual, broadly ovate, acute when spread, 1-nerved,
1.5-1.8 mm. loiig; floral glume broadly oval, abruptly
acute, lateral nerves conspicuous, aboui 3 mm. long;
Icu'feVrib'n.'r ') P'^^^''^ linear-si)atulate, ciliate on the keels. Crain al-
most spherical, often ()idy0.5 mm. diam.
'V\\Q glands secrete a substance emitting an unpleasant odor
olTcnsive to animals.
jMassacliusetts, Fa.ron A:', New Jersey, ScrUnicr iov V . S. Dopt.
Agricnl. 583; District of Columl)ia, MfCtir/Iiif; Towa, Jfi/c/icook;
Fig. 97.
Enif/rontis
FKSTICK.B. 487
Colorado, Cds.^idi/: Montiuiu, Anderson IGll; Arizona, Toutney;
Texas, Xcalkii; Mexico, /'al titer 40 i.
IiitrodiUH'd from Europe, and very generally distributed over
this continent.
20. E. pilosa (L.) lieauv. A<,n-ost. 71 (1812). Poa pihm L.
Sp. ri. G8 (ir")3). Poa Carol iiuana Spreii-x. Mant. Fl. Hid. :?;5
(1807). noa piIom^\\\\\\. VxVMn. Ill (1817). Prai/rosfis /'itrs/tti
llort. Schrad. Linnaa, 12:451 (18:58). A', ('(iru/i'tiidna {t^im^nv^.)
Scril.n. Mem. Torr. Club, 5:40 (18!)5).
A tufted erect or ascending annual. 30-50 cm. high, l/igulo a
bearded ring; blades soft, smooth below. Hat or bec^ojuing involute,
the tips often lilil'orm, 10-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Panicle
narrow at first, spreading when in fruit. 15-30 em. long, rays nu-
merous, branching, sonu^ of the lower slightly beardtnl in the axils.
Rpikelets on })edi('els usually 4-8 mm. long, narrowly linear, j)ur-
plish or dark lead-eolor, becoming pale with age, loosely G-20-
flowered, 4-8 mm. long, rachilla scarcely articulate; em})ty glumes
thin, iirst 0.8-1.2 mm. long, second 1-nerved and 1.2-1.7 mm. long;
floral glume broadly ovate, obtuse or emarginate or abruptly acute
when spread, lateral nerves obscure. 1.5-1.8 mm. long; paleacurved
inwards, slightly ciliate on (lie keels, 1.3-1.("> mm. long. Craiu
ovoid-oblong, sligiitly con'.[)ressed, 1-1.2 mm. lung. I !iavo reluc-
tantly abandoned the separation of this from A'. /*Nr<//ii Schrad. I
had thought in /'J. piloxa the panicle was narrower, spikelets nar-
rower and acute, pedicels longer, lateral nerves more obsmirc, l lie
iloral glume obtuse or emarginate. 1 have spent miu-ii time exam-
ining every specimen marked A'. ]>ilom in the herbarium of Harvard
University. In every one so named the floral glume is ;!-iu'rved.
Texas, Ncalleti; New ]\[exieo, Jones; C'alifoinia, Paris/i llnilliers
1601; Lower California, Puhiter, Otriiff; Mexico. Prittt/Io 4'1, AO.
Sandy or sterile o])en jdaces. New lOngland to Arizona and ^Mex-
ico; also >" Europe, Australia and elsewhere.
21. E. curtipedicellata Huekl. IVoc Aeiul. I'hila. 97 (18G2).
Perennial; erect or decumbent at the basi", GO-'.tO cm. iiigh.
Sheaths smootli, ciliate at the throat; blailes Hat or involute, sm mih
or nearly so, 10-15 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide. Panicle ditfuse, ovale,
488 POACEiE.
20-30 cm. long, rays single or in twos, diverging, bearing spikelets
nearly to the base, rigid, ciiiute in tlie axils. Sj)ikelet3 light-colored,
on pedicels 1-2 mm. long, ap})rossed or sjjreading, linear to ovate,
compressed, 6-12-ilowereil, 4-0 mm. long; empty glumes ovate-
lancoolato, 1-nerved, scabrid ou the keel; first about 1.5 mm. long,
second about 2 mm. long; floral glume ovate-lanceolate, thin, the 3
nerves moderately conspicuous, 1.7-2 mm. long; palea slightly in-
curved, linear when not spread, obtuse, slightly ciliate on the keels,
1.5 mm. long. Nearly allied to E. jiecfinacea.
Texas, E. Hall 785, Revcrchon; Xew ^lexico, Wriglit 772.
22. E. refracta {}U\\\\.) Seribn Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 49 (1805).
Poa vcfrarfa Muhl. T.ram. 14(3 (1817). E. mmpestris Trin. Hull.
Sci. Aead. St. Petersb. 1 : 70 (1830). E. jwviinacec yav. i-efrarta
Chapm. Fl. S. States, 504 (ISOO).
Perennial; light lead-colored or jjurplish, culms branching only
at the very base, erect, firm, 40-00 cm. high. Throat of sheath
bearded; blades rigid, smooth, fiat, or involute, 20-30 cm. long,
about 2 mm. wide. Panicle open, thin, oval, 30-00 cm. long, rays
bearded at the base. Spikelets mostly sessile along the stiff
branches, linear, fiat, 8-30-fiowered, 7-12 mm. long; empty glumes
lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1.7-2 mm. long; fioral glume ovate, deltoid,
acute when spread, wnth 3 prominent nerves, 1.7-2.1 mm. long;
palea incurved, linear, ciliate on the keels, 1.3 mm. long. Grain
oval, very slightly compressed, 0.7 mm. long.
Delaware and Maryland, Caiih;i; South Carolina, Eavenel; Flor-
ida, r?/r//ts\s 3500; Mississippi, Tracy.
Dehiv^are, Florida. Mississippi and Texas.
23. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 406 (1841).
Poa pecfinacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:69 (1803).
A tufted firm grass, culms simple, 30-00 cm. high. Sheaths
hairy, the throat prominently so; blades rigid, fiat or involute,
mostly smooth below, often hairy or scabrid above, 20-40 cm. long,
3-5 mm. wide. Panicle usually purple, widely diffuse, compound,
oval, 20-30 cm. long; rays in twos, threes or mostly single, rigid,
diverging, bearded in the axils, the cajnlhiry pedicels 0.5-3 mm.
long, appressed when young, but diverging with age. Spikelets
FESTUCE^. 489
oval or linear, becoming purple, 5-12-flowereil, 4-8 mm. long;
empty glumes subecjual, l-nerved, ovate, acute, sca])ricl on the
keels, 1.4-1.7 mm. long; floral glume ovate, acute, lateral nerves
conspicuous, 1.5-1.9 mm. long; palea incurved, obtuse, hirsute
on tlie nerves, sh<n-ter tlian its glume. Grain oval, scarcely com-
pressed, 0.6 nun. long.
Massacliusetts, Pringle; Michigan, (Howard City) Beal, (Muir)
WIteekr; Florida. Curtixs 3501; Kansas, V. S. Dcpt. Af/ricul. 585.
Var. spectabilis (Pursli) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2:5()5 (1S6-.'). E.
spcctahilifi A. (iray. Man. Ed. 1:598 (1848). Poa spvrtahilis
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:81 (1814). Poa amubiUs Walt. Fl. Car.
80 (1T88), not L.
Slieaths and blades mostly glabrous; branches of the })anicle
shorter; sj)ikelet8 rather larger. Found with the sj)ecies.
Massachusetts to Texas and Kansas.
24. E. Palmeri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. IS: 182 (1882-3).
An erect tufted ratlier slender i)erenniid, 00-90 cm. higli, from
cree])ing rootstoeks. Culms numerous, smootli, sim})lc. Leaves of
sterile shoots erect, blades 40 cm. long, involute with long liliform
points; sheaths of the culm smooth, slightly (lompressed, shorter
than the internodes; ligule a ring; blades smooth, mostly invo-
lute, often 30 cm. long, the upper 10-18 cm. long. 2-4 mm.
wide. Panicle much exscrted, linear or ovoid, 20-30 cm. long;
rays mostly single, rather distant, the longest 9-12 cm. long;
bearing branches and spikelets for most of their length. Lateral
spikelets on pedicels about 1 mm. long, those t(?rminatiiig the
branchlets 3-5 mm. long; but slightly flattened, linear-lanceolate,
4-7-flowered, 4-5 mm. long; empty glumes ovate, acute, l-nerved;
flrst 1.5 mm. long, second 1.8 mm. long; floral glume broadly
ovate, obtuse, 1.8-1.9 mm. long; palea slightly curved, emargiiiate,
l)roadly oval when spread, as long as its glume. Anthers linear, 1
mm. long. Grain subglobose, 1-5 mm. long. Allied to E. hiyens
Nees.
Mexico, Palmer 1308.
25. E. lugens Nees, Agrost. Bras. 2:507 (1829). Pon higens
490 POACE.E.
Kunth, Enura. PI. 1:331 (1833). E. piUfem Sclieele, Linn»a
22 : 344 (184!)).
A tufted erect perennial, 30-60 cm. high. Sheatlis of sterile
shoots slightly compressed-keeled, more or less pubescent, throat
pubescent; ligulc a ciliute ring; blades ciliate, flat or involute with
filiform points, 4-10 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, tlio.se of the culm
much the same. Panicle often partly enclosed, thin, narrow or
ovoid, 25-35 cm. long; rays in twos to fours, with hairy axils, 12-
16 cm. long, branching from near the base. Spikelets on stiff
slender pedicels, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, oval, 4-8-flowered, 3-4 mm. long;
empty glumes ovate, acute, 1-nerved; first 1 mm. long, second 1.5
mm. long; floral glume 1.7 mm. long, broadly oval, lateral nerves
not prominent; palea incurved. Grain compressed, oval, 0.7 mm.
long.
Texas, Parry & Palmer 938, Ncalley; Colorado, Jones in 1884;
Arizona, Priufjle in 1884; Mexico, Palmer 203, Bouryeau 2643,
Schaffncr 1026.
Texas to Arizona and Mexico.
26. E. spicata Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 16: 146 (1891).
A tufted rather stout erect perennial, 90-120 cm. high. Sheaths
5, longer than the internodes; ligule a ciliate ring; blades smooth
below, scabrous above, involute, 25-40 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide with
long filiform points. Panicle dense, 30-40 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide
with a few rays slightly projecting. Spikelets oval, 1.7-2.5 mm.
long, 3-4-flowered; empty glumes oval, second 1-nerved, 1.2 mm.
long; floral glume oval, mucronate, 1.5 mm. long, the lateral
nerves obscure; palea oval, 1.2 mm. long. Grain terete, oval,
0.7-0.8 mm. long.
Lower California, Brandeyee 10, in 1890.
112. (225). EatoniA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89:104 (1819). 7,V-
hoiilea Kunth, Rev. Gram. Suppl. 29, t. S4 (1829-35). Colobanthus
Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1 : 66 (1830).
Spikelets usually 2-flowered, with an abortive rudiment, numer-
ous, smooth, in a dense or interrupted panickv rachilla articulate
below the flowers. Empty glumes subscarious, the first narrow, 1-
nerved, the second broadly obovate or ellii)tical, 3-nerved; floral
FESTUCE.E. 491
glume obscurely 3-nerved, narrower, obtuse or ucutisli, jiwnless or
in one case with a bent awn on the back, compressed, cl)iirtaceous;
palea narrow, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong,
not grooved, enclosed, but not adherent.
Tufted slender perennials.
Tliere are six species, all found in temperate North America.
A. Lower blades filiform 1
B. Lower blades flat (a)
a. Floral glume often with a bent awn 2
a. Floral glume awnless (b)
b. Upiier blades 3-5 cm. long, panicle very simple
and narrow 3
b. L^pper blades 8-13 cm. long, panicles stouter, race-
mose (c)
c. Panicle dense, second and tliird glumes about
2 mm. long 4
c. Panicle las, second and third glumes 3.2—3 mm.
long 5
c. Panicle lax, second and third glumes about 4
mm. long G
I.E. filiformis (Chapm.) Vasey, Coult. Hot. Gaz. 11:117
(1880). E. Pcnnsijlvaniva var. JiUfonnix ('ha])ni. Man. Fl. S.
States 5(50 (1800).
Culms very slender, 30-70 cm. high. Sheaths very shortly
woolly-pubescent; blades soft, rigid, filiform, those of the sterile
shoots 30-50 cm. long, the upper JJ-S em. long, Paniele very
slender and narrow, the few racemose rays appressed, 1-3 cm. long.
Spikelets often 3-ilowored; first empty glume conduplieate, linear
when spread, 1-5 mm. long, second obovate, 2.3 mm. long; iloral
glume linear when spread. 2.8 mm. long; palea as long as its glume.
Florida, Curi'n^x 3403.
Drv })ine-barrens; South Carolina to Florida.
2. E. hybrida Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 0:105 (1884)
Culms very sk'uder, 40-00 em. high. Lower sheaths softly
scabrous or very shortly woolly-pubescent; blades scabrous, invo-
lute, narrow, the two u[)per 1-3 cm. long. Panicle simple, very
492 POAC'EJB.
narrow, racemose, 8-12 cm. long. Spikelcts l-flowered, first glume
narrow, scabrid, 1.7 mm. long, second narrowly obovate, 2 mm.
long; floral glume scabrous, ollij)tical wlien spread, 2.^.' mm. long,
someti;'jes bearing a bent awn on the back 2 mm. long, starting
onc-lifth of the way below the apex; sometimes 1-2 short bristles
on the rachilla. Labelled B. ohtiisala var. lujhridd.
Judging from the spikelets, it is nearly allied to E. ohlu^ida;
from the leaves and panicle to E. Dudhyi. Whether it is a si)ort,
or a hybrid between Eutonia ohtusata or E. Dndlviji and Trischim
is still a (jiiestion. Those interested will do Avell to read Dr. A'asey
as above, in whii-li he speaks of finding near Alexandria, Virginia,
a hybi'id grass nearly intermediate between E. Eennsi/hxcnica Gray
and Trisctum 2>alnslre L.
Florida, Curtiss for S. M. Tracy, labelled E. ohtusata var.
hijhrida.
Dry pine- woods, Florida.
3. E. Dudley! Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 11:110 (188G).
Culms very slender, CO-75 em. high. Sheaths clothed with very
abort soft hairs; blades of the culm abruptly acute, 3-5 cm. long,
those of the sterile shoots scabrous, 8-15 cm. long, 2—1 mm. wide.
Panicle very slender, 8-15 cm. long, rays few, short, and mostly
appressed. Empty glumes equal, 2.2 mm. long, first linear-obo-
vate, second rhombic-obovate when spread; floral glume concave-
oval when spread, 2.1 mm. long; rachilla scabrid. It differs from
E. Pctinsylvanica in having shorter caidiue leaves, lower sheaths
shorter, pubescent, first glume wider and more obtuse, second glume
shorter.
New York (Union Springs, Cayuga County), Heal 97 in 186G;
West A'irginia, Small; Michigan, Cooley, Wheeler (Ilubbardston),
98, Beat 99.
Often found on dry land.
Long Island to Michigan and South Carolina.
4. E. obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray, :Man. Ed. 2:558 (1856).
Aira obtusata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:02 (1803). Aira truncal a
Muhl. Gram. 83 (1817). Kieleria truncata Torr. Fl. U. S. 1 : 116
(1824). liehouka ohtumta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1:591 (181.S).
FESTUCE.E.
493
Culms 40-70 cm. high. Ligule fringed, 1.6 mm. loug; blades
flat, scabrous, tliose of the culm 8-
16 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Pani-
cle dense, coiitractetl, usually inter-
rupted, G-ll cm loug, 8-12 mm.
diam.. sometimes tinged witli pur-
l)le. Si)ikclets crowded : iirst empty
glume 1.2-2 mm. long, second 2-2.3
mm. long; lloral glume obovatc,
1. 8-2. 2 mm. long.
Illinois, Wolfe for U. S. Dept. Fio. QH. — Eatonia obtusaia. A,
. . , ^„. T rri 7 7 ypikclet; a, floret. (Scribner.)
Agricul. oGi; Iowa, Ilitchcuck;
Colorado, Caxxidij; Wyoming, />V^//Va/» C 104, C 148; California,
Parish 1G40; Wasliiugtou, Lake; southern California, Ptirish
1040.
Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Florida, ^licliigan, Colorado, and
Oregon.
\'ar. robusta Vasey, ined. Stouter, blades 5-7 mm. wide. Pan-
icle branclied, l.">-18 cm. long.
New Mexico, Vasey; State of Washington, U. S. Dept.
AgriruL
5. E. Pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2:558 (1856).
Kti'lcria ]\'nHsijlvaHica DC. Cat. Ilort. Monsp. 117 (l8i;]).
Aim irijlom EU. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:153(1817). Aim mollis
^luhl. Gram, 82(1817), J'JafoniajJU rjmrascens llai'in. Journ. Phys.
89: 104 (1810). liebouUa Pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1:
501 (1848).
Culms 00-90 cm. high. Leaf-blades scabrous, 8-15 cm. long,
acuminate. Panicle slender or stouter, considerably internipiod,
12-20 cm. long, branches lax, racemose, often 3-5 cm. long.
Knipty glumes thin, scabrid on tlio keels, first very slender, 1.5-2.2
mm., second obovate or abruptly pointed, 2.2-3 mm, long; lloral
glume lance-linear, mucronate-pointed or scarcely acute when
spread, 2,2-3 mm. long; palea 2 mm. long.
Very large forms with ample i)anicles have been called var.
major Torr.
494 POACE.E
New York, Beal 101, 102; Ontiirio, Fowirr ; Peniisylviinia
(Philu.), Scrihn. for IT. S. Dept. Agricul. 5G5 ; lUiuois (C'liicsigo),
Beal 100 in 1869; Minnesota, Bailey B 32; Montana, Kelsey for
Anderson 63; Washington, Lake.
Moist land. Xew England to Montana.
6. E. longiflora (^'^asey). E. Fennsylvanica longiflora Vasey,
Dewey, Conlt. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 544 (1894).
Rather stont, 60-80 cm. higli. Sheaths smooth ; lignle 2 mm.
long ; blades tcabrid, flat, 9-13 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle
linear-lanceolate, 15 cm. long, rays spreading, 2-6 cm. long.
Spikelets 2-flowered ; empty glnmes scabrid on tlie keels, first
glume compressed, linear-lanceolate when spread, 3.3-3.7 mm.
long, second elliptical, acute Avhen spread, about 4 mm. long;
floral glume ellijitical, almost acute when spread, about 4 mm. long;
palea 2.3-2.7 mm. long. Nearly allied to E. Pennsylvanica, but
all the glumes and palea longer.
Texas, Xeallcii for IT. S. Dept. Agricul. in 1888.
113. (223)., KffiLERIA Pcrs. Syn. PI. 1: 97 (1805). ColUnaria
Ehrli. Beitr. 4:147 (1789). Acffialitis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 127
(1820). Aci/ialina Sehultes, Maut. 2: 13 (1824). AirovJiloa Link,
Ilort. Berol. 1:126 (1827). Foan'on Reiclib. Consp. 5] (1828).
Lophochloa Reichb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 42 (1830). Milhelmsia C.
Koch, Linna^a 21:400 (1848). Bmchystylus Dulac. Fl. Ilautes,
Pyr. 85 (1867).
Spikelets 2-6-7-flowered, rarely 1-flowerod, flat, shortly pedicel-
late, numerous in a dense spikeliko cylindrical or interrui)te(l
panicle, rachilla glabrous, articulate between the floral glumes.
Em})ty glumes keeled, acute, or produced into short straight awns
or points, unequal, scarious on the margins ; floral glume similar
but nu)re scarious or hyaline, the upper ones gradually smaller, 3-
or rarely 5-nerved ; palea hyaline, 2-keeled, acute, 2-toothed or 2-
pointed. Stamens 3. Styles very sliort. Grain enclosed in the
glume aiul palea, but not adhering.
Aninud or perennial, tufted grasses, blades flat or almost seta-
ceous. Nearly allied to Foa and Dartylis,
A small genus of about twelve species, extending over the tern-
FESTrcE.E. 495
perale regions of tlie Northern Hemisphere, Australia, and some
parts of Africa and South America.
It is difficult to assign to Kceleria any positive character. Tlio
glumes are more scarious and have fainter nerves than in the others
of the subtribe. It ha.s been divided into two sections:
1. Airochloa Link. The glumes obtuse or acute without dis-
tinct points.
2. Lophorhloa Reichb. The floral glume with a distinct point
or short awn at or Just l)elow the tip.
1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Syn. 1: or (1805). Air a crisfafa L.
Sp. PL 63 (175;}). Fesfiica crififafa Vill. Dauph. 2:93(1787).
Poa pi/rawiduialiiim. 111. 1:183 (1791). P.rristdfit Willd. Spec.
1 : 4()-* (17!)7). luelcria nilida Nutt. Gon. 1 : 74 (1818). K. 2m'-
vijlom liert. Schult. .Maut. 2:344 (18-34).
An erect very variable i)ereunial, 30-70 cm. higli. Ligule very
short; blades flat or involute, the lower sparingly
hairy or downy. 10-20 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide,
obliquely auriculatc at the base. Panicle si)ikclike,
more or less interrupted or lobod, 5-13 cm. long,
axis and rays downy. Si)ikelets 2-4-flowercd, 4-5
mm. long; iirst empty glume 2.5-3.5 mm. long, ^?
, 1 n 1 1 .,' , 1 *'IG- 99.— ifefo-
second and floral glumes 3.4 mm. long. ,.^7^ cristata.
Michigan, Heal 103, Wheeler (llubbardston) for ^'?\^*-;'^V
U. S. Dept. Agricul. 5(;3, Cooley; Illinois, BcaJ, Behh
for Clark 3390; South Dakota, i)?//e^ in 1889; Colorado, CW.svs/W^,
Joues 254; Wyoming, Buffum, c. 14, c. 15, c. 27, c. 50, c. GO;
Arizona, Totimet/ 721, 921, Jones 4013; Geol. Surv. Canada, Van-
couver Island; Washington, Lake; Oregon, Howell j California,
Torre// 5G9 in 18G5, Bolander 31.
114. (229). Catabrosa Beauv. Agrost. 97 (1812).
S])ikelets 2-rarely 3-4- flowered, in a loose panicle, rachilla articu-
late between the flowers, smooth. p]mpty glumes thin, mem-
l)!an(ms, broad, unequal, very obtuse, nerves obscure, much shorter
than the floral glume; floral glumo Arm, membranous, obtuse or
barely 3-toothed, conspicuously 3-nerved, the upper one smaller,
empty or enclosing an imperfect flower; palea scarcely shorter thau
49C
POACE.E.
its glume, oouspicuoualy 2-keeltHl. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Griiin obovoid-oblong, subtereto, witli a narrow groove or without
one.
A creeping perennial grass, erect or spreading. Leaf-blades
Hat. Hranclies of the panicle spreading, capillary.
There is one species widely dispersed over the temperate parts
of Europe, Asia, and North America. Nearly related to ColjmiUioii,
Panicidarid. Entf/rosfis.
1. C. aquatica (L.) Heauv. 1. c. Aim afpiatira L. Sp. PI.
G4 (ir-);',).
Culms lO-OOem. high, rather stout. Sheaths
loose, longer than the internodes; ligule '2 -3 mm.
long; bladi's5-15 cm. long, '2-8 mm. wide, ol)tuse.
Florets overlup[)ing about half their length, llrst
glume 1 mm. long or less, 1-nerved or nerveless,
second l-''-;3-nerved, about 1.5 mm. long, obovate
or oval, the a])i'X variously toothed or truncate;
floral glume about ;3.r) uim. long, broadly oval,
concave, the apex thin and truncate ; palea equal
to its glume, irregularly truncate.
Dakota; Montana, Canhj cO Scribncr 383;
Europe.
Fio. 100.- Catn. ^^'>' C^^T). Melica L. Sp. PI. G<! (ir.-)3).
bwsa aquatica. Dalucuni Adans. Fam. •2:3-23 (17(53). Chon-
florets. (Scrib- drachijnini Nees, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. Ed,
^'"-■'■•^ -2:449(1830.)
Spikelets ~*-8- (rarely 1-) flowered, in a narrow or open panicle,
rachilla continuous and finally articulate above the empty glumes,
mostly bearing 1 or more rudimentary florets above. Empty
glumes membranous or hyaline, obtuse or acute, awnless, unecpuil,
convex or somewhat compressed on the back, first 3.5- (rarely 1- or
7-) Jiervcd, second 5-n-nerved, lateral nerves often vanishing within
the broad margin, often united by cross-vcinlets; floral glume thin or
firm, rounded on the back, 5 to many-nerved, the scarious tip blunt
or acute, ending in 3 teeth, central nerves sometimes slightly excur-
rent, as in Brotnus; pidea 3-nerved, often emargiuate or 2-toothed,
FESTUCE.E. 497
cUiate on the nerves above the inidillo. except Jf. anomnla. Stamens
3. Styles distinct. (Jrainol)loiii"-fii.sironn, sinootli, c'onii)resse(l on
the back, inchulcd by its j,'liinu', luit not adlieriii;,'.
Erect i)erennials ; blades Hat or involute ; culms often with
conn.s at tlio base.
There are about thirty species, widely distributed tlirougliout
tlie temperate and subtropical regions of the world.
In most instances I have followed Scribner in his "Revision of
the North American MeliciB." See Proe. Phila. Acad. Nut. Sci. p.
40, in 1885.
Bentham observes that the typical representative of the sub-
tribe lias been universally recognized since the days of Linnieus,
and less tamjiercd with than any other genus of ecpial extent. In
the ty[)ical Melicas, however varied the panicle, long and narrow,
or very loose and spreading, the spikelets are generally nodding,
with rarely more than two flewers; lloral glumes more or less
scarious and never awiied, the terminal em])ty glumes one within
the other. In a section proposed by Thurber for some northwest
American species under the name of Broinelicd, the spikelets are
eri'ct, with more rigid glumes, occasionally awned and 3-8-ilowered,
the upi)er empty glumes narrower and not so closely packed, giving
the plants altogether so dilferent an aspect that he hesitated
whether or not, as suggested by Thnrber, to raise the section to the
rank of a genus.
GLYCKitr.i:.
Spikelets l~o-JIowerc(l, floral (jhoncs herbaceo-coriaoeous, with a
narrow srarions mnryin above, stronghj 7-0-)ierved.
A. Culms not bulbiferous (b)
b. Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet (c)
c. Panicle 20-30 cm. long o . . . 1
c. Panicle 4-6 cm. long 2
b. Empty glumes as long as the floret 3
B. Culms bulbiferous d
d. ligule 3-4 mm. long 4
d. ligule 2-3 mm. long 5
d. ligule very short 6
498 POACE^E.
ElMELICA.
Spikehts 0-10 mm. lotif/, wiik J-,^ {rarely 1) perfect florets,
floral (jl II tiie appareutlij many-nerved bcloiv {at lead when dry), with
a broad iiiarf/in sairioiis abiive.
(J. Culms not hulliiferouti (u)
e. Empty ^flume.s very uiu'quiil iuul decidedly shorter
tliiiii the 3-5-llo\veri'(l spikelets (f)
f. Panicle dilfusely bniiuihed. muny-llowered. ... 7
f. Panicle narrow, the slender l)raneheH erect. ... 8
e. Em[)ty glumes unequal, the second nearly or (piite as
long as the spikelet (g)
g. Panicle with 0-15 large i)endulous spikelets, form-
ing a simple secund raceme 9
g. Panicle strict, densely many-flowered above, pedi-
cels erect 10
e. Empty glumes subequal, nearly as long as tlie sj)ike-
lets (h)
h. Lignle '2-;} mm. long, lloral glume 5.5 mm. long. . 11.
h. Ligule ;') mm. long, floral glume !< mm. long. . . VI
h. Ligule 5-7 mm. long, floral glume G-T mm. long. i;j
h. Ligule 1-2 i.im. long, floral glume 8-10 mm, long. 14
D. Culms bulbous, excepting sonui plants of no. 1:5. . . . (i)
i. Secoiul glume decidedly shorter than the third, floral
glume 7-8 mm. long 15
i. Second glume as long as the third, or nearly us long, (k)
k. Floral glume (i-T mm. long 16
k. Floral glume mm. long 17
BUOMELICA.
Spihekis of .?--*? perfect florets, the lower exceeding the empty
glumes ; floral glume prominently 7-nerved, apiculate or distinctly
awned by the excurrent midnerve at the notched or bifid or nar-
rowly truncate or rarely long attenuate tip. (Thurber.)
E. Culms bulbiferous, panicle with spreading, very un-
equal few-flowered rays (m)
fp:8TU(E/E. 499
m. Floral glume 9-12 mm. long 18
m. Klonil ghiiiie 8-10 mm. long (n)
n. Awn k'ris tliuu 2 mm. long 19
n. Awn 4-<» mm. long 20
F. C!ulnis not, luilbiforous, paniolo contructed (o)
o. Fionil gliimt- 8-10 mm. long, ligule I mm. long. . . 21
o. Floral glumi! 9-11 mm. long, lignlo 4 mm. long. . . •.*2
1. M. imperfecta Trin. Hnll. Sc. Acad. St. IVtersh. 1:08
(18:5ti). -1/. rnl/xHhoidvs ^wB, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1 : 28;J (1838). J/.
panicdii/ca Nntt. .lourn. Acad. JMiila. Sci, 1 : 188 (1847).
Culms slender, .10-100 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the
intornodes; ligule wliite, fringed, 3-4 mm. long; blades <J-7, flat
or becoming involute, from smooth to s<'al)rous and j)ilose-jmbes-
cent, ^^)-'iO cm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Taniclo linear to lancse-
olato, 20-30 cm. long; rays in remote fascueles, very unecjual, the
shorter densely flowered to the base, the longer 5-7 cm. long.
S])ikelets scabrid, 1-flowored, with an imperfect floret, or rarely
2-flowered; empty glumes nearly ovate, first 3-nerved. aljout ',i mm.
long, second but little longer, 5-nerved, the lateral nerves ob.xcure;
floral glume about 4 mm. long, ovate, obtuse when spread,
7-norved, ol'ten purplish; palea nearly us long as its glume; rudi-
ment short-})edicelled.
Shady jdaces, very variable in size and appearance.
California, Parisli brot/icrs 85G, V. S. Dejjt. Agricul. G40 from
Jones 3002; Lower California, Pahner 6G0, (;(;2, PritKjU in 1882.
Oregon to Lower California.
Var. flexuosa Holand. Froe. Calif. Acad. 4:101 (1873).
" liranches of the few-flowered simple panicle generally in pairs,
widely spreading, often reflexed; florets larger, acute, paler and
more coriaca30us." Thurber in Bot. Calif.
\'ar. minor Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila. 42 (1885).
*'TjOW and densely tufted, short and chiefly radical leaves, com-
pressed or angular culms, slender few-flowered ])anicles, the sliort
branches divergent or even reflexed; the spikelets generally smaller
than in the species, the outer glumes usually shorter and more
obtuse." Scribner, I.e.
600 POAC'EiE.
Soutlicrn California.
Var. refracta Tliurl). S. Wats. Hot. Calif. 'i:303 (1880).
'• Di'iianly volvoty })ulK'st'eiil- throu^^'iiout ; paiiick' slcmlcr, llexu-
oiis, tlu^ t'cswtlistant fow-llowcn'd i-ays all sironi^'ly rdVaelcMl ; llowcra
vt^i-y ai!iit('." TIk' lloral ^'iiinio hardly acute whcu spread, but
ap|H'ariu<^ so owing to tlio iiivolulo luargius.
Soutiicru California, lA'ninion 1171.
;.*. M. Parishii \'as('y ined.
Culms very slender, '^0-30 em. liigh. Liju^ule white, 1 .,'5 mm.
long; blades .'5-1 in number, scabrous, mostly involute, 8-1^ cm.
long. I-;, mm. wide. I'anielo simple, narrow, -1-0 em. long; rays
in twos or throes or single, the longest about 3 cm. long and Itear-
ing '!-;{ spil<t'l('ts. Spikeleta brown and purple on straight ptMJicois
with 1 perl'e(!t lloret and a rudiment of a second, raehilla 0.5 mm.
long; empty glumes ovate acute, first 2. .5-3 mm. long, 3-nerved,
second '.\ mm. long. 3-r)-nerved ; floral glume 4 mm. long, broadly
oval, obtuse, and sonu-tinu's ;.'-lol)e(l, 9-uerved ; palea linear bol'oro
spreading, '^'-tootheil, as long as its glume.
Southern ('alifornia, l*arish 11)97.
Mossy mountain-slo])es.
3. M. Torreyana Scribn. 1. c. M. imyri •■'((( var. scs,fin'j!nra
Torr. in Herb.
Culms (K) cm. or more high. Ligule tl-S mm. long, lacerate;
blades numerous. Hat, ir»-'^0 cm. long, l-tj mm. wide. Panicle
dilTuse, 15-"^5 cm. long, llie slender llexuose branches few-dowered
at the ends, naked below, 5-10 cm. long. Closely allied to JA
imperfi'vtu, but distinguished from that si)ecios by its more Jiu'm-
braiu)us, longer, and more amite glumes, thi' se(!oml e(pudling or
exceeding the floret, by the hairs on the back of the lloral glume
above the middle, and by the long-[)edicelled rudimentary lloret.
Forms with 2-llowered spikeleta otHiur, but the secoiul lloret and
rudiment are long-i)edioeiled, while in similar ;7-flowerod forms of
M. iin/ierft'cfa these are both nearly sessile. The above description
is adai)ted fn)m the origirud by Scribner.
California, Dr. /Jii/cloio in l.s5;5-4, /iohitH/rr, Dr. Torreji 58(i.
4. M. ini\ata Vusey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:'^()9 (1893).
KKS'IMCK.K. 601
Culms niilicr sloiulor, 00-1 SO cm. from a bulhoiis hiiso.
Slioiitlis smooth or S(;iil)ri<l, iihoiit Ww leii,u;lli of (hi! itituniodcs;
ligiilu wliiU'-rringod, ',) 4 mm. loiijj;; bliulcs 4 in niimlicr, enfct,
sciil)rons. \S)-,lh cm. loiij,', JJ-f) mm. wide. I'smiclo simple. ir>-'^5
cm. loiijf ; niVH in twos, tlie loii,if(*st 4 !» cnLlonii^. beuriiig L'-f) s|»ii\e-
Icts on tluM)ul,cr thrcc-lirtli.s. SpikcleLs r)-S-ll()W(!ri'(i, 1*^-1S mm.
loiiff, joint of nuiliillii ',^-3,5 mm. loiij;, glnmt's sciil)ri(l, empty ones
oviil, lirst, ;{ r)-nerve(l (the liiteriil nerves very short). 7 mm. lon^%
second r)-7-ii((rved, 8 mm. long; llonil <,dumc oval, scabrons, tlio
very tip obtnse, 7-nerved, H mm. long; puleii elli|)ti(!ji! witiiout
sj)reading, (1 mm. long.
Calirornia, Lmniion .'iMS, /io/mii/rr (II'.M, in lierb. 1 1. S. Dc'pt.
Agricul.
a. M. fugax Mohmder, Troc. Calif. .\cad. 1:104 (1870). M.
GejU'fi 'riuirl)cr. Hot. Willvcs Mxp. 4!M, not, .Miinro. (ilijiiria
hulhusa Ibuiklcy. I'nie. IMiiia. Acad. 1»5 (18(i:i).
Culms sl((nder, :.M) (iO cm. high, fi'oiii Ixdblike bases. Ligulc
white, ]a(!eratc, 3- li mm. long; blach-s '^ :! in niimbcir, Hat, 10-15
cm. long, '3 mm. wiih", smootli or scabri;'., the lowest short and
ohtiise, the others setaceous. I'aiucle simple, (i-l'i cm. long, rays
remote, soon horizontal, l-d-llowenid, the longest W ciu. long.
S[)ikelet3 IJ-o-llowertHJ, tinged with purple, joint of rachilla thi(;k,
soft, si)ongy, 2.;5 mm. long; tirst empty glume I mm. long, ovate,
.')-iiervcd, st^eond 5 mm. long, broa<lly oval, r)-7-nerved ; floral giumo
r» mm. long, lirm, hroadly oval, 7-!>-nerved ; palea incurved, i") mm.
long.
Oregon, lloirdl, Ciisick 10153; (California, JJohuider, Mrs.
Alls/ ill, l.vniiiioH.
Idaho, Oregon, and Califoriua.
0. M. multinervosa \'as(iy.
Culms geniculate, .'")0-!i0 cm. higli, with oidarged bases.
Sheaths W, slightly siiabrous, about the length of the internodes;
ligulo very short, (uliatc; blades Hat or involute, 30-40 cm. long,
3-4 mm, wide. Panicle nuu-h cxserted, simph^, IT)- 17 cm. long;
rays single, the longest h cm. long, bearing about 5 s])ikelets on tho
outer three-lifths. Spikelets 1O-30 mm. long, appressed. linear-
002 POACE^.
lanceolate, 5-12-flowered, raeliilla pubescent with short silky hairs;
glumes with prominent green nerves, first empty glume 4 mm.
long, ovate, 3-nerved, second 5.5 mm. long, oval when spread,
7-nerved; floral glume pubescent at tlie base, 7-nerved. ovate-
cuneato, apex obtuse; palea softly pubescent, nearly 4 mm. long.
Anthers ovate, 0.7 mm. long.
Texas, Ncalhy for Nat. Mus.
7. M. diffusa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 77 (1814). M. aUissima
Walt. Fl, Car. 78 (1788), not L. M. mntica var. dipisa A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 2:558 (1856).
Culms rather stout, 80-120 cm. high. Sheaths about the
length of the internodes ; lignle white, lacerate, 4 nun. long ;
blfides 5 in number, flat, slightly scabrid, about 15 cm. long, 6-8
mm. wide. Panicle linear or becoming oval, 20 cm. long, rays
mostly in threes, the longest 5-7 cm. long, bearing a few spikclets
above tlie middle. Spikelots borne on weak flexuose or bent i)edicels,
2-3-flowered with one or more rudiments, longest joint of rachilla
2.5 mm. long : first empty glume 7 mm. long, broadly oval, 5-7-
nerved (if 7-nervod the lateral nerves obscure), second obovate-
obloug, mm. long, scarcely acute, 5-nerved; floral glume 9 mm.
long, ellii)tical, 7-nerved above, 21-uerved below; palea spatulate-
oval, 7 mm. long.
Pennsylvnnia, T. C. Porter ; Kentucky, C. W. Short ; New
Mexico, Wriffht 2062.
Pennsylvania, Texas, Arizona, and ^fexico.
Yar. nitens Scribn. Proe. Pliila. Acad. 44 (1885).
" It differs from the species in its more leafy culms, narrower
leaves, more densely flowered panicle, and in its much l)roader and
more unequal outer glumes, the second one being nearly as long as
the spikolet." Scribner, 1. c.
Texas, Reverclioii, Curtiss 3464a, NeaUcii; New Mexico, Wright
2063, JoHcs 4334 ; Arizona, Pringle, Rothrock 805 ; Kocky
Mountains, IlnlJ t(- Harbour 228.
Texas, Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona.
8. M. parviflora (Porter) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 6:50
(1895). J/, iitutica var. parviflora Porter, Porter & Coulter, Fl.
FESTUCE.E. 503
Col. 149 (1874). M. Porferi Scribu. Proc. Phlla. Acad. 1885, 44,
t. i, /. 44 (188")).
Culms slender, 60-80 cm. high. Sheaths scabrous, longer than
the internodes ; ligule white. 4 mm. long; blades G-T in number,
flat or becoming involute, scabrous, 20-30 cm. long, ;5-4 mm. wide.
Panicle simple, 'iO-30 cm. long, raj'S in threes and fours or fewer in
half-whorls, remote from each other 4-7 cm., tlie longest 0-7 cm.
long, bearing a few spikelets above the middle on hairj- pedicels
turned to one side. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, longest joint of rachilla
2.5-3.5 mm. long, first glume 5-7 mm. long, ovate, 5-nervedj
second G-7 mm. long, l)roadly oval, acute, 7-nerved ; floral glume
7-9 mm. long, firm, scabrous, elliptical, acute, 7-14-i: ved; jialea
5-G mm. long, spatnlate, acute.
Texas, XeaUei/ ; New ^fexico, Wripht 20(i^, Jones 4134 ; Ari-
zona, Primjle, linthrock 805 ; Rocky Mountains, Hall tC Harbour
228.
Nebraska, Colorado, and Arizona.
9. M. stricta Roland. Proc. Calif. Acad. 3:4 (18G3).
Densely tufted, 20-50 cm. higli. Slieatiis longer than the
internodes, scal)rid or pubescent; ligule white, lacerate, 4 mm. long;
blades 4-5 in number, sometimes scabrous above and i)ubesceut
beneath, the apex convolute and rigid, 10-15 cm. long. 4 mm.
wide. Panicle very simple, or instead often a secund raceme, 10-
15 em. long, bearing 9-12-20 spikelets. Spikelets ])orne on slender
curved, finely pubescent ])edieels, 2-4-flowered, longest joint of
slender rachilla 2.5 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, 12-15 mm.
long, elliptical when s})read, acute, almost hyaline, 5-nerved ; floral
glume narrowly elliptical, 5-nerved ; palea spatulate-linear, 5 mm.
long.
Oregon (Stein's ^lountain), I To well j California, (rray, Greene,
Bohnuler, PrimiJe ; Kevada, Walsuii 1305.
Montana, Oregon, California, and Nevada.
10. M. frutescens Scribn. Proc. Pliila. Acad. 45 (1885).
Culms stout, 70-100 cm. high, simple or branched near the base
or near the top. Sheaths about 8 in luimber, longer than the in-
ternodes; ligule 4-5 mm. long, rather firm and brown below; blades
r)()4 POACE.E.
scabrous, 20-30 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, involute near tlie tin.
Panicle 15-30 cm. long, strict, densely llowered and spicate above,
interrupted below, the appressed branches 3-7 cm. long, the longer
ones naked for one-fourth ol" their length. Spikelets on stout
orcct pedicels, usually r)-llowered, joint of rachilla 3 mm. long ;
cmi)ty glumes elliptical-lanceohite, 5-7-nerved, first 11-12 mm.
long, second 12-13 mm. long; tloral glume 9 mm. long, ellii)tical,
0-1] -nerved; i)alea 5 mm. long. sj)atulate-oval.
California (San Diego). Orcittt ; Mexico, Jones 3148. The
plant from Mr. Jones is more slender, blades involute, 0-10 cm.
long, 2-3 mm. wide, distichous; sjjikes more slender, fewer-tlowered ;
perhaps a distinct variety.
Southern (lalifornia, Ari^oiui, Mexico.
11. M. nana, new name. M. an/eii/a (Howell) lieal. Bull. Torr.
Club. IT: 153 (1890), not Desv. Poa argeiitea Howell, Bull. Torr.
Clul), 15: 11 (1888).
An erect tufted perennial, 15-20 cm. high. Sheaths loose,
membranous; ligule 2-3 mm. long; leaves of sterile shoots nunu'r-
ous, curved, blades condu])licate, 3-7 cm. long, in cross-section
oblong, O.G-0.8 mm. diam.. bullifoi-m cells Avanting, ai)ex obtuse ;
ligule of the culm-leaves acute, 3-5 mm. long; blades of the culm
2 in number, conduplicate, 11-nerved, 1.5 cm. long, 1.3 mm. diam.
l^anicle oblong, spikelike. 2-3 cm. long. Si)ikelets oblong-linear,
C-S mm. long, 3-5-Howered, joint of rachilla 1.7-2 mm. long, all
of the glumes brownish, shining and with broad scarious margins;
empty glumes subequal, 3.5-5 nun. long. 3-4-5-iuu'ved, obovate,
ovate, lobed, toothed or entire; floral glume 5.5 juin. long, oval or
obovate when spread, denticulate, 5-G-7-nerved, minutely scabrid or
smooth; palea lanceolate, about the length of its glume. Anthers
3 in number, 2.5 nmi. long. The following, among other things,
indicate that this is a Mcliva : the soft smooth or scarious obovate
or irregularly toothed glumes, empty glumes often 4-5-nerved, the
long spongy joints of the rachilla, floral glume without hairs at the
base, 5-6-7-nerved, the nerves evanescent, not connivant above.
The s[)ecili(! name argcntca had been previously used when this was
transferred from Poa to Mvlicit, hence the new name.
KESTICK.E. 505
Orepfon (Siskiyou Mountains), Hinrcll in July, 1887.
12. M. mutica Walt, Fl. Car. 7S (i:,ss). M. (jlabm Michx. Fl.
Uor. Am. 1 : G3 (1803) in part. M. miificuxiw. (jlahru A. <!ray,
Man. Ed. 3:555 (1856).
Culms slender, GO-MO cm. liigli. Lij^ulo brown below, 3 nun,
long; blades O-T in number, flat, smootli or seabrid, 10-15 em.
lonif, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle racemose, 12-1 T cm. joni;-, rays single
or in couples, distant, few-tlowercd. tlie longest l-o cm. long.
Spikelets on slender curved pedicels, with 2 fertile Howers, longest
joint of racliilla 2 mm. long; first em[)ty glume G.5-i) mm. long,
broadly oval, o-li-nerved, second 8-!) mm. long, nearly elliptical-
lanceolate, 5-7-nerved ; floral glume elliptical, T-K-iU'rved, !»
mm. long; palea spatulate-elliptieal, al)out G nmi. long. I'rofessor
Scribner says: "Distinguished from M. t/ijf'KS(t, witii which it has
been united by some authors, by its more slender habit, less-branched
and I'ewer-tlowered panicle, which is often reduced to a single
raceine. The spikelets also rarely have more than two jK-rfect
florets, the outer glumes are more nearly equal in length, and often
cpiite Jis long as the spikalct, while the flowering ghnnes are broader
and more obtuse."
I'ennsylvania, (hiiher ; District of Columbia, MrCarOni ;
Florida, Cnrfixx.
Pennsylvania, Illinois, southward and westward to Texas.
13. M. laxifloria Cavan. Ic. ,■), 48. /. 473,/. 2 (1700).
A tufted grass, 50-00 cm. high. Sheaihs s(!abrid, longer than
the internodes; ligule white, thin, split, 5-7 mm. long; blades of
sterile shoots narrow, 2-10 mm. long, those of the cidm 3—4 in
number, flat or involute, seabrid, 7-12 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide.
Panicle open, 12-19 cm. long, rays at length s})reading or droop-
ing, mostly in threes, the longest 5-8 cm. long, flower-bearing but
little below the middle. Spikelets on slender curved or refloxed
pedicels, 1-2-flowered, rac'hilla about 2 mm. long; empty glumes
Avhite, thin, 5-nerved, first oval, 7 mm. long, second linear,
obtuse, apex sometimes notched, G-7 nmi. long; floral glume G-7
mm. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, seabrid, 11- to nuiny- nerved; palea
linear-spatulate, 5 mm. long.
506 POACE^.
Mexico (Chihuahua), rrinyh 430 ; also said to grow in Chili.
14. M. macrantha (Vusey) Hwil, liuU. Torr. Club, 17:153
(1890). Poa macrantha Viisey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 11 (1888).
A smooth stout grass, 30-40 cm. high, ascendiug from creeping
rootstocks. Sheaths compressed, loose; ligule 1-2 mm. long;
blades of the culm, excepting 2 or 3 of the upper ones, bearing in
their axils non-flowering leafy branches; blades of the branches
conduplicate, curved and flexuose, often reaching to the panicle, the
extreme apex obtuse or abruptly pointed, in cross-section oval or
circular, 5-10 mm. diam., a set of small bulliform cells on each side
near the middle; blades of the culm a little wider, the upper one
1-5 cm. long. Panicle erect, dense, sometimes interrupted below,
4-10 cm. long, rays in twos and threes, stout, erect, the longest
3-5 cm. long. Staminate spikclets 10-15 mm. long, compressed,
ovate-lanceolate or oval, 4-7-flovvered, light green or yolIoM'ish, joint
of rach ilia large, soft, sparingly pubescent, 1.5-2 mm. long; empty
glumes oblong-lanceolate, softly scabrid, first 7-10 mm long, 3-4-5-
nerved, second 8-11 mm. long, 3-7-nerved; floral glume 8-10 mm.
long, oval or oval-lanceolate, Avith soft hairs at the base and lower
part of the keel, apex notched, awnless, 3-10-nerved ; palea but
very little shorter than its glume, linear, ciliate on the keels, apex
notched. Anthers 5 mm. long. Pistillate spikelets with shorter
joints of the rachilla; empty glumes and floral glume a little shorter.
The compressed spikelets and conduplicate blades point to affinities
with Poa. The following features show its affinity with Melica:
large, soft, scabrid, light green or yellowish spikelets, ghimes oval,
rachilla long, large and soft; empty glumes usually more than 3-
nerved and floral glume more than 5-nerved and notched at tlie, apex.
Oregon, Howell. Sand-dunes, Tilamook Bay.
15. M. spectabilis Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. 45 (1885). M.
hulhosn Porter & Coult. Fl. Colo. 149 (1874).
A slender tufted stoloniferous grass, about CO cm. high, with a
corm at the base of each culm. Sheaths mostly longer than the
internodes; ligule white, about 2 mm. long; blades 3-4 in niimber,
scabrous, flat or involute, 15-20 cm. long^ 2-4 mm. wide. Panicle
slightly nodding, simple, 10-10 cm. long, racemose, rays slender,
FESTICKiE. 507
flexuose, single or in pairs, sometimes in tlirees, the longest ;}-4
cm. long, beiiring 2—4 spikelets. Spikt'lots 3-8-ll(>\vc'red, joint of
racliillii 1.5 mm. long; empty glumes ovate, ol)tuse, or acute witli
transverse nerves near tlie middle, first glume 3-nerved, 4-5 mm.
long, second r)-nerved, 5-G mm. long; floral glume 7-8 mm. long,
abruptly tapering, oval, the apex with 2 very short teeth or a
notch, 7-9-nerved, with cross nerves; ])alea elliptical, 5 mm.
long. Professor Scribner says : "This grass has l)een referred to
Oeyer's M. hulhosa by authors, but aside from its affecting higher
elevations, it is readily distinguished from that s})ecies by its usu-
ally taller and more slender. culms, by its more open and nodding
panicle, by the more slender and flexuose pedicels, by its shorter
empty glumes, and by its broader flowering glumes, which taper
abruptly to a rounded and usually two-lobed summit."
Montana, Anderson, Wil/idinsj Oregon, Cuskk 851.
Montana, Oregon, and California.
16. M. Californica Scribn. Proc Phila. Acad. 4(j (1885). M.
po(Poi(les Tow. Pac. 1{. Kei). 4: 15? (185T), not Xutt. J/, biilbosa
Thurb. S. Wats. liot. Calif. 2:304 (1880), not Ceyer (1850).
Culms slender, 30-80 cm. high, with corms and \voolly-i>ubes-
cent roots. Leaves 4-5 in number, sheaths shorter than tho inter-
nodes, scabrous, ligule 3 mm. long, brown and pubes-
cent below; l)lades iirm, scabrous, involute. 8-12
cm. long, 2-3 nun. wide. I'aniele 10-15 cm. long',
spikelike, interrupted ])elow. rays mostly in jtairs,
the longest 3-4 cm. long. Spikelets scabrid. 2-3-
llowered on erect stout pedicels, joint of rachilla 2
mm. long, first empty glume ovate, ;'.-5-nerved, al)Out
G mm. long, second elliptical. 5-l-nervod, al)out 7
mm. long; floral glume G-7 nun. long, oval, ai)expjj^ loi— ¥<■
obtuse or notched, niinutelv scabrous, 7-l)-nerve(l ; ''"''" Cuiifor-
. "^ nica. Spikfk't.
j)alea elliptical, about 5 mm. long, J he plant seen (Sciihuer.)
was marked J/, bidbosa Oeyer, and from ^1, K. Jones, collected at
Kelsey, California.
Utah, Watson 1303; Wyoming, Pftrri/ 205; Idaho, W'afsoii
-155; Oregon, f'lisick S\i^; California, Jones.
508 POACE.E. .
Wyoming, Utah, Oregon, Culifornia.
IT. M. bulbosa (Jeyer, llouk. Jour. Bot. 8:10 (1S5G). A. Gray,.
Proc. Am. Acad. 8:4(»!t (is:;3).
Culms sleuJor, growing singly or in dt'iiso tufts, with corms at
the base. Slieatlis scabrous, or sonu'times pubescent, about the
length of the internodes; ligule white, thin, about 4 mm. long;
blades 3-4 in number, erect, scabrous. 10-15 cm. long. Panicle
erect, spikelike, more or less interrupted below, ?-]■-> cm, long;
rays in twos, threes, or single, stout, erect, ap|»ressed. Spikelets
5-8-flowered, joint of rachilla 2.2-5 mm. long; em{)ty ghime{>
scabrid, first glume elliptical-lanceolate, JJ-o-nerved, (J-T mm.
long, second elliptical, obtuse-retrorse, 5-nerved, IS mm. long;
floral glume 9 mm. long, scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse oi
notched at the tip. 1-nerved, with some shorter nerves interven-
ing; palea elliptical without spreading, 7 mm. long.
^lontana. ]\i//i(ttius ; Washington, lii'ditdcyec 11S2; Oregon^
HoweU, 0/.s'/V/l- 900, /fdllCi:; Nevada, Wafson UOi.
jMontaua, Washington, Nevada, California, Utah, Wyoming.
18. M. subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. 47
(1885). Jiroinas t^ubiihtus Griseb. Ledeb. Fl. lioss. 4: 358 (1853),
M. aruminata lioland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 104 (1870).
A slender grass, nO-1'20 cm. high, the culms scabrous with
corms at the base. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a
white ciliate fringe 1 mm. long; blades 4-5 in number, scabrous,
fiat, 12-18 cm. long, 4-G cm. wide. Panicle slender, few-
flowered, 12-15 cm. long; rays slender, plumose, the lower in
threes or fours, the longest 5-T cm. long, bearing 3-5 si)ikelets
above the middle. Spikelets about 5-flowered, rachilla zigzag, each
joint 3-4 mm. long, M'ith an unequal callus-like swelling just below
the empty glumes; lower glume ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, first 5
mm. long, second G mm. long: floral glume 9-12 mm. long, hirsute
or scabrous, oval-acuminate, l-nervcd; palea linear, 5-G mm. long.
Oregon, KeUogg tf- llavurd 1112, llowvll 445.
Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California.
19. M. bromoides A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:409 (1873).
M. Geyeri Munro, lioland. Proc. Calif. Acad. 4:103 (1870).
FESTUCE^i. f>09
Culms 90-100 cm. high, with corms at the base. Slieaths often
scabrous, half as long as the intcnuxles; ligulo 3 uiiu. long; blades
scabrous, flat or iuvolute, 20-40 cm. long, 5-12 luni. wide.
I'anick" much cxserted, thin, pyramidal, 12-15 cm. long; rays in
twos or threes or single, the longest 6-7 cm. long, bearing 2-5
spikelets on the outer three llfths. Spikclets 4-5-flowered, l(;-2a
mm. long; empty glumes ovate, narrowed above, acute or obtuse,
iirst 4 mm. long, second T mm. long; floral glume 8-!» mm. long,
7-nerved, scabrid, linear-lanceolate, acute, with 2 teeth, the 3 nerves
extending to the apex, the middle one ending in a point; palea a
little shorter, ciliolate on the keels.
Washington, Vasey ; California, Bohtndcr 40.
Washington, Oregon, California.
Var. Howellii Scribn. Proc. Thila. Aca<l. 47 (1K85).
This differs from the type in its more open and fewer-flowered
panicle; the floral glumes are also considerably longer, and entire
or but slightly notched at the tip, without any awn. It has a
decidedly festucoid look.
Oregon, Howell 335.
20. M. Smithii (Porter) Vasey ined. Arena Smitliii T. C.
Porter, A. (iray Man. Ed. 4:640.
A slender grass, 60-140 cm. high; culms with corms at the
base. Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligiile acute,
thin, 4-5 mm. long; blades 5-6 in nunil)er, flat, thin, scabrous,
1.5-20 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide. I'aniclc open, thin, 15-30
cm. long; rays mostly single, 5-T cm. lojig, distant, at length
spreading, slightly curved, the lowest 8-12 cm. long, bearing
a few spikelets usually above the middle. Spikelets 2-5-
flowered, joint of rachilla hispid, 3-4 mm. long; empty glumes
scabrid, first 5 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, second
6-7 mm. long, lance-elliptical, 5-nervcd; floral glume 8-10 mm.
long, linear-lanceolate, 2-toothed. 7-nerved. awn 4-6 mm. long;
]ialea linear, 6-7 mm. long. Nearly allied to .1/. arisfata
'J'hurber.
:Michigan. near Sault St. Marie, Grand Traverse (/?w/ 104),
Benzie, Kewenaw Co. {FarwvU), Otsego County, Lsle Koyale;
-CIO poacp:.!-:.
Montana, Amlersan 30; Jiritish Aniorica, Macoun; Washington,
E. R. Lake.
Growing in woods.
Micliigan, British Columbia, Washington, anil ufc intervening
points.
21. M. Harfordii Bohmd. Proe. Calif. Acad. 4:10-,' (ISTO);
Thurb. S. Wats. Hot. Calif. 2:305 (18H0).
A slender grass, 40-100 cm. high, the lower nodes somewhat
enlarged. Sheaths mostly as long as the internodes, often ciliato
at the throat; ligule about 1 mm. long; blades 4 in number,
glaucous, smooth or scabrous al)ove, ilat or involute, 12-25 cm.
long, about 3 mm. wide. Panicle erect, pale, slender, spikelike,
10-20 em. long; rays mostly in jmirs, the longest 5-G cm. long,
bearing about 3 spikelets above the middle. Sj)ikelets 4-8-tlowered
on erect pedicels, joint of raehilla 3-4 mm. long, easily breaking
when young; empty glumes elliptical, 5-nerved. ? mm. long, second
7-nerved, 8-9 mm. long; floral glume 8-10 nun. long, nearly ob-
long, tapering above, scal^rous-pubescent, ciliate near the margins
on the lower half, apex notched or truncate, 7-nerved, with an awn
1-3 mm. long; palea linear when not spread, 8 mm. long.
U. S. Dcpt. Aijrirnl. 603; Washington, Howell; Oregon,
Hotvcll; California, liohoulcr 53.
Washington, Oregon, and California.
Var. minor Vasey ined A grass 20-30 cm. high; spikes very
simple, 3-8 cm. long; spikelets about 3 flowered.
Oregon (Siskiyou Mountains), Hoirvll in 188T.
22. M. aristata Thurb. lioland. Proc. Calif. Acad. 4:103
(1870); S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 305 (1880).
A rather slender grass, 50-70 cm. high, scabrous throughout.
Sheaths as long as the internodes; ligule scabrous, about 4 mm.
long; blades 5-6 in number, flat, imbescent, about 10 cm. long,
3-4 mm. wide. PaTiicle very slender, simple, 20-30 cm. long; rays
in threes, the longest 5-7 cm. long, bearing 2-4 spikelets above the
middle, the sets of rays remote, the lower often partly included.
Spikelets purplish, erect, mostly 3-flowered, joints of raehilla
brittle, 3-3.6 mm. long; empty glumes elliptical-oblong, barely
IKSTITK.K. nil
acute, ouch 5-7-iicrve(I, first 9 mm. long, second 11 mm. long;
floral glume 9-11 mm. long, strongly s"iibrous, ii few luiirs nciir
the miirgiua at the base, linear, T-ncrvi-d. central nerve cxcurrcnt
below the bifid tip, au awn 6-10 mm. long; palca linear before
^spreading, 7-8 mm, long. lUadcs shorter and broader than those
of M. Harford ii ; the panicle fewer-flowered.
California (Kniigrant Gap), Hohoufi'r, Jiuics.
Washington, Oregon, California.
116. (238). KoRYCARPUS Zea. Act. Matr. (180(1): ex Lag. Gen.
et. Sp. Nov. 4 (181G). Diurina Kafin. Med. Itepos. N. V. .-): ll^il
(1808). Diarrlieiia lieauv. Agrost. 143 (181'.'). no-mcria Zea, 1{.
-& S. Syst. 1:61, 'ZSl (1817). Cori/rarpus Zea, Spreng. Syst. 1 :
123 (1825). Oiiw(t Fraiich. & Sav. Eiuun. IM. Jap. 2: 178 (1870).
Spikelets 3-5-flowered in a narrow strict sparingly branched
panicle, one or two of the uppermost flowers sterile, rachilla very
easily articulate between the flowers. Eni])ty glumes very uui'ipuil,
coriaceous, keeled, first narrow, acute, 1 -nerved, second larger,
broader, ovate, acute or mucroiuite, 5-nerved ; floral glume broadly
ovate, round on the back, coriaceous, shining, 3-nervcd, the nerves
united at the apex in a strong abrupt or awl-shai)cd tip ; palea
shorter, rigid, 2-keelcd. 8tauu'ns 2, rarely 1. Styles short, dis-
tinct. Grain very large, o])li(piely ovoid, obtusely pointed, rather
longer than the floral glunu': pericarp not adlu'ritig to tlie seed.
Tall erect perennials witli flat Idadcs.
There arc two species, one ])eculiar to eastern >«orth Anieiica,
the other to Japan ; nearly allied to J/c7/Vy/, but tlic floral glumes
have only three nerves aiul arc hardened round the grain, which
usually exceeds them, and the stamens arc reduced to two or one.
The ha])it is much that of the section J~'ro»H'Iic(( of the geiuis
Jfi'h'ri/.
J. K. diandrus (Michx.) Kuntzc, IJev. Gen. PI. 772 (1891).
Festuca ditnidra Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 67 (1803). Diarrhena
Americana Beauv. Agrost. 143 (1812). Kori/rarj>i(s arnndinaretis
Zea, Act. Matr, (1806).
Culms erect, ujibranched, 60-90 cm. high, nearly smooth,
compressed, almost aolid, with running rootstocks. Ligule very
f)l->
I'OACK.K.
short; blades IliU, :•()-»;() cm. luiiii', 1-1.5 oin. widt'. J'liniclo
vei-\ siiii])lt'. ir)-".'0 cm. long, rays siiigk', IVw ami
few-llo\verc(]. S|iik('lnts sliortly pedicellate, ol)-
luiiU'ly ciirviii",' from tlio axis: first empty glimio
2-2.5 mm., second aliont -l.'t mm. long; floral
glume 4 mm. or more long, besides the point.
Grain compressed, semi-oval, 4.5 >nm. long.
Indiana, /'riiif/fr, lival.
Sliady river-l»anks and rich woods, Ohio to
Illinois and southward. " Rare in Michigan, a3
far north as JIubbardaton, Ionia County." (J.
F. Wheeler.
lir. {'lAW). Zeuoites I*. Hr. Hist. .Tamaic.
341 (1750): Schrub. (ien. IM. Sl()(i:()|). Se-
)ii/rs Adans. Kam. 2::5!i (K'ti;',). /hs/im'-ia
pus (ii<ni(lnts. '^'""h, l{e\ . Gram. 2: 4iS5 (IH.U)). hraiiih-
S|.ik(l(t (Kicli- i,„j..j„, i»np,.. ii„ii. Acad. Hrux. !i:(2). '.'47
unison.) ^ ^ '
(1S42).
S[(ikelets many-flowered, panitnihite, rachilla continuous or
tardily articulate under the fertile floret, the lower flower female,
the upper ones male. Kmpty glumes delicately membranous,
many-nerved, very broad, slightly unequal, the apex round, trun-
cate, often sub-denticulate, awidess, usually with transverse nerves;
floral glume with transverse nerves, en<;losing the fenudc* flower,
larger, sometimes mucronate, those of the nuile flowers nari-ower,
mucronatc; palea narrow, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens in the
male flowers 15. Styles of the female flowers distinct. Grain
oblong, enclosed l)y the glume and palea, but not ad!;erent to
them.
Branching grasses, usually tall with very broad blades having
short petioles, the blade reticulate-nerved. Pai\icle terminal, open
or dense. There are five or six si)ecies dispersed in Mexico, West
Indies, and South America.
1. Z. latifolia (Fourn.) Benth. Knimbhnlzia hitifulia Fourn»
Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15:4r,4 (isrc).
A robust grass, 2-3 m. high from thick rootstocks. Slu-atba,
Fi:sri( K.K Alii
pinootli, longer than tl)o inttTiiodcx, tlio hiowii niurgina at the
tliroiit iwoliitc; lif^ulf I nun. loiii,'; blailcs
liiiL'ur to ovuti'-luiict'oliitc, •,'()-;{(> cm. long, with
10-15 norv«!8 nioh a'nlv the initlrih. I'aniclo
])yi'iiini(hil, about 20 em. h)n<,'. lower raysternato
and remote, more iiumerou> above, the luii^fest
10 cm. lon<,', beariug 10-1.") spikelet.s from base
to apex. Sj)ikelet8 linear or ovute-laneeolate,
S-l» mm. Ion;,'; I'mpty ^dumes 7-nerve(l, first 3
mm. lon^', 3 mm. wide, se(;ond narrower and a pia. 103. — Zeugites
little lon<'er; lloral ^dume of female floret tumid, ("f'>^'«- '^' fl'i'<'--
=" ' '^ ' let ; a, lloitt.
4-5 mm. long, 11-nerved; palea obovate, 4 mm. (Scribiier.)
long, (iiliolutc on the keels; lloral glume of male florets broadly
ovate, subacute. I'.a mm. long, T-nerved. with a few eross-uerves
near the apex; its i)alea oval, 3 mm. long. Antliers 2.2 nun. long.
Mexico, Priuiik 20-t(), 2322.
2. Z. Mexicana (Kunth) Trin. Steud. Nom. Va\. 2. 2 : 798
(1841). Dcspretzia Mexicana Kunth, Kev. Gram. 2 : 485 (1820).
Culms slender, branching, 20-50 cm. high, from creeping root-
stocks. Sheaths shorter than the intoruodes, smooth ; ligule 1.5-2
mm. long; petiole distinct, 4-10 mm. long, puberulent next the
blade; blades ovate, acute, -5 cm. long. Panicle thin, ovoid, 4-
G cm. long, lower rays in twos, threes, or single, bearing each 1-0
spikelets. Spikclets glabrous, 3-flowered, 4-1 mm. long; em])ty
glumes equal, 3 nim. long, 5-uerved, truncate, 5-toothed; floral
glume oval, about 5 mm. long, mauy-nerved; palca longer and nar-
rower than its glume.
Mexico (San Luis I'otosi), Pn'tu/le 3919. Kich woods.
118. (244). PleuROPOGON K. lir. Parry, First Voy. Suppl. 280.
(err. typ. 180) (1824). /*. Lophochlwna Xees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 0)
1: 283 (1838).
Spikelets 8-14-flowercid, secund, racemose, on a simple raciiis^
rachilla articulate above the empty glumes and between the florets.
Empty glumes membranous, subhyaliue, 1 -nerved or the second with
an obscure nerve on each side the central one, awnless, unequal ;
floral glume longer, membranous, rather firm, 5-T-nerved, apex
nu
I'OACEiE
hyulino, entire, eiuurginiito or S-tootlicd, the midnervo terminiitinf»
in ii inucro or sliort awn; pult-a S'jjircely shorter thun its gltiinc,
liyiiliiHi, with 2-wing('cl ciliate kecds. Stamens ',i. (J rain oblon^%
liard, enclosed, but not adherent. Soft u})rigl»t perennial grasses
with Hat leaf-blades. Haeenies simple, sliortly pedicellate, lax.
Spikelets large, distant, erector jicndulous on short pedicels.
'IMu'rc are three species; one arctic, two in (!alifornia.
1. P. Californicum (Xees) Henth. ; Vasey, (Jrass. U. S. 40
(18.*)')). Lopliorhhi'tKi ('(ili/ornirn Xees, 1. c.
(hilins 4(i-()() cm. high; nodes con. "ted and dark-(;ol<)red.
Sheaths shorter or as long as (he interiiodcs; ligule thin, mm.
long; l)lades 10-15 (!ni. long (the iipjtt'r 15 5 cm.), 4 mm. wide.
Ttaeerae llexuose, ir)-2() cm. long, containing (!-]•.' spikelets. Spike-
,,.. lets l.r)-'.'.5 cm. long, on flattened pi'dicels, ;}-(» mm.
W^ [j^ long, subiu'ect or spreading; empfv ghlm(^s shining,
second 15-iierved, notched at the a])((X ; Moral glume
very scabrous. ;')-(') mn». long, the ;5 central m-rves
uniting abovt;, the awn 8-10 mm. long, lateral awns
very short; ])alea curved, (Uineate, .") mm. long, the
winged keels toothed.
California, llolaiulvr \\, /foiif/Iiis \\\ IHlV.l.
lllm Wiw liolandcr believed it worthy of cultivation as a
forage-plant.
2. P. refractum ((«ray) Uenth. I'roc. Am. Acad.
402 (1S7;.'). Ldjihirhhvna rvfrarta A. (J ray, I'roc.
Am. Acad. 8:40!) (18r2).
Culmsstout, l)()-r^*0 cm. high. Sheaths scabrous
or smooth; ligule obtuse, 15 -0 mm. long; lower blades
flat, about 20 cm., tin; upper .'5 5 cm, long. (J s nim.
wide. Kaehis vt^y slender, llexuose. •.'()-;5('cm. long.
Spikeli'ts refracteil ]»y the curving of the pedicels,
Fio. I04.--Pte«- 2.r)-;5.,") cm. long, nitlier looselv flowered ; floral
ro])oiji}nr(fr(te-
turn. J,8i)iUo- glume T-Smm. long, scabrous, oblong, apex truncate-
i niiit'ii- r'pis^'''^*'^"'' ''^^'' ''^''•'''' '•""•'•huig; palea 7 mm. long, the
til. (Scribner.) wings ending each in a blunt tooth.
Oregon, Hall ();>(), lloirvll.
FESTUCK.K. 01.")
Very nearly iillied to /*. ('(difor)ilcitni, into wliioli, porhups, it
passes.
;}. P. Sabinii 1{. Hr. Parry's First \'oy, Suj)])l. '^S!), (orr. typ.
Culms orecl, siiwotli, simi)l(', 0-15 ciii. liij^li. SlieiUhs sliji^lilly
compressed, closed iilinost to the apex; li;^'ule very short; hluth-s
of tile culiii Hat, sniootli, ',l-\ iiiiii. wide, the upper i)Jy-l em.
loiif^, tliosc of liu' sterile shoots louj^cr and narrower, liaciiis
h-H ('m.lon<;, p('(li('els of spil\elets hut little loiij^er than the empty
^dimu's, re(Mirve<l. S[)ikelets sultturete, droopiiij;, .')-H mm. loii^f,
l}-l()-llowered ; empty jjfliinu'S l-;5 mm. loiij,', the llrstovate, acute, the
second ohovatc, ol)tuse,ii litlh; the longer and hroadi-r; iloral ;j^lume
ohovate-ohloiij;, al>out 4 i.im. loni,^ r)-nerve(i, clothed with very line
apjtressed puhesctence, the upper half white, scarious; palea ciliate
on the keels, deeply enuir^inate, as Ion*,' as it.s <,dume. 'i'lu're are
two varieties.
Mi'lville Island, r. S. Dvpl. A(/rind. from the Uritish Museum.
Oidy a fraf^meutary speciiiuMi was examined scunewhat su|>erlicially.
no. ('MO). Uniola L. Sp. IM. 71 (i:r.:{). Trisin/n UnWu. in
FI. Ludov. 144 (1817). Cliasnuinlhiuin Link, jlort. lierol. 1: 15!)
(lH;w>T).
Spikehits <'losely ;)-~0-llowere(l, very Hat with tliin ed^r,.s, one or
more of tlu^ k>west neutral or eonsistinf,' only <»f an empty j,dume,
rachilla artieulat(! between the florets. Kmpty ;j;hnnes lanceolate,
eompressed-kceled, rii^id, numy-nerved, awnless; Iloral ^lumo
lonjrer, usually acute or pointeil, ttjitire; palea rather lirm. with
two narrowly winj^ed keels. Stamens)?, (irain ohlonir, <'om pressed,
loosely enclosed, hut not adherent.
Ere(!t tufti'd smooth perennials from creepinif rootstocks, with
blades Hat or involute. Paidcle loose or s|»ikelike. There are live
or six s[)ecies known, all belonj^dn;; to .North America, and one
extending' into South America; all with broiid, Hat spikelcts in
which th(> !]-() lower glumes arc empty, in size and shape i^radually
passin;^ into the Horal ones.
A. Spikelcts "i-'.\ cm. long (a)
a. Km[>ty glumes thin ' L
516
POAC'E.E.
a. Empty glumes sj)oiigy 3
B. Spikelets ;3— t mm. long 3
C. Spikelots 7-S mm. long 4
D. Spikelets 12-16 mm. long 5
1. U. latifolia Mi(;hx. Fl. IJor. Am. 1:71 (l.S()3).
Culms rather stout, G0-12() cm. high. Leaves numerous,
sheaths mostly slu)rter thau thi; internodes:
ligulo a fringe of very sliort hairs; blades lanceo-
late, about ll-ril)l)e(l, 10-18 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm.
wide. Panicle loose, nodding, 18-30 em. long.
Spikelets i)edi(!ellatc, droo[»ing, ol)long, acute, 2-3
cm. long, lo-15-flowered, empty glumes subefjual,
linear-lanceohite, 5-9 mm. long; lloral glume 10-
13 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, the keel winged
and ciliate; ]>alea falcate, shorter than its glume.
Stamen 1.
Fw. mi. — Uniola Dchiware. ('(in/>i/; Illinois, Mead; 'J'exas,
latifolid. Spikc-
lei. (Scribiitr.) Jf<'li'i*X\, J)nniuno/i(i ; New Mexico, Fcndlcr U\4.
Kiver-banks, southern Pennsylvania to Illinois, Florida, and
New Mexico.
2. XJ. paniculata L. Sp. PI. 71 (1753). Ska-oats.
Culms stout, hard, 1-3 m. high. Ligule a fringe of hairs;
blades very long, rigid, soon involute or convolute. J'auicle open,
droojjing, 3()-G0 cm. long. Spikelets on short pedicels, whitish or
straw-colonul, 2-2.4 cm. long, oblong, about 12-flowered; eini)ty
glumes glabrous, 6-8 mm. long, spongy, 3-nerved; lloral glunu' 10-
12 mm. long, 7-nerved, keel not winged nor ciliate; palea sciarcely
falcate, serrulate on the keels. Stanu'us 3.
North Carolina, ID/ams ; Florida, (larbvr ; Texas, \\'ri(//iL
Sand-hills along the seacoast, Virginia, to Florida, aiul Mexico
to Ecuador.
3. U. laxa (L.) ii. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69 (1888). Jfolni.,^
I(i.n(s L. Si). PI. 1048 (1753). U. gracilis Michx. Fl. Hor. Am.
1:71 (1S03).
Culms slciuler, (10-120 cm. high. Sheaths smooth or downy;
ligule a ciliati' ring; blades 20-;J0 cm. long, ;5-5 nin;. wide, Hat or
FESTUCK.E. 517
involute, scabrUl abovo, smootli below. Panicle erect, slender, 20-
30 em. long, rays spikelike, ai)[)resse(l. 1— i em. long. Spikeiets
short-pedieelled, broadly wedge-sbaped or oval, about '.) mm. long,
3— 4-flowered; tbc two lower empty glumes equal, awl-sliaped, 1.6
mm. long ; first floral glume obtuse, ovate-lan(.'eolate wben spread,
2 mm. long, keels smootli, not winged, about T-nerved ; palea sub-
faleate, 2 mm. long. Stamen 1.
Maryland, GarOcr ; District of Columbia, AfcCnrfhi/ ; Cieorgia,
iSwalL
Sandy, <lainp soil, near tlie coast. Long Island to Florida.
4. U. longifolia Seribn. Kull. Hot. Club. 21: 2:.>!) (1S(I4).
^Fore robust tban IJ. hua. Slieatbs two-lbirds tlie lengtb of
tbe internodesor longer; ligule a dense ring of soft bairs; blades of
tlie culm oO— tf) em. long, G-10 mm. wide. ]*aiiicle 2.")-()() cm.
long. Spikelets broadly oval or euueate, 7-8 mm. long, ;)-4-llow-
ered; first and second empty glumes sube(iual, nearly 2 mm. long,
first floral glume ovate, trun(;ate wlien s[»read, .'J..-)-.") mm. long, !>-
11 -nerved. u[)per floral glume longer. Some of ^Ir. Small's })lauts
seem to conneet tbis witli I', hi.ra.
Ticorgia (Little Stone Mountain). J. K. Small 3\\\y\'6^db; Florida,
CVW/.s'.v, 3521 ; Mississii)[)i. Tranj.
a. U. sessiliflora Poir. Kncyc <S : IS.^) (1801). T. nUiiUt I'.aldw.
Ell. !'.()t. S. (\ cS: Oa. 1 : 107 (ISlC).
Culms slender, 30-1)0 cm. or more bigb from scaly rootstocks.
Leaves G-10, ligule a fringe of bairs; blades Hat, smootli, ir>-2(»
cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicles spikelike, simi)le, 2-8 mm. long.
Kpikelets subsessile, wedge-sbaped, 0-8-llowered, 12-1 G mm. long;
empty glumes awl-sliapcnl or lanceolate, first 2 mm. long, second
Hlx>ut 3 mm. long; floral glume G-S mm. long, acute, ovate-lanceo-
late wben spread, keels scabious, about 13-nerved; j)alea falcate as
long as its gliune. Stamen 1.
Soutli Carolina, Ravenal ; nortbern Alabama, V. S. Jh/if.
Afirlcnl. GIO; Florida, 6'»/'//.s.v 3521 ; ]N[ississip[)i (Ocean Springs),
Tnirji.
Swami)s of Soutli Carolina to Texas.
120. (247). DiSTICHLIS Ualin. .Tourn. Pbys. 89:104 (1810).
518 POACEiE.
Brizopijrum Presl, Eel. Ilaenk. 1 : 280 (1830), not Link. Dischlis
Pliil. Sort. Meml. Alt. 51 (18:i).
Spikelets sevcrul-flowered, didccious, shortly i)edicellate in a nar-
row jianicle, often reduced to 3 or 3 spikelets, racliilla glabrous,
articulate between the fertile florets only; outer empty glumes
narrow, keeled, acute; floral glume Arm, broader, keeled, obscurely
many-nerved, all acute, unawned; palea folded, the keels very
prominent or narrowly winged. Stamens in the male flowers 3,
ovary rudimentary or 0; staminodia in tlie female flowers very rare.
Ovary pedicellate, glabrous, tapering into 3 rather long styles with ex-
serted stigmas. Grain obovoid or elliptical, free, Avitli a thick spongy
pericarp. Kigid grasses, having creeping rootstocks. Bniznpjjnini
Presl has been used as a generic name for those with perfect
flowers. The genus consists of a single species, usually maritime,
which is very variable and has been often separated into 4 or 5
species. It has a wide range in North America, both along the sea-
coast and on saline or alkaline lands; also found in Australia.
1. D. spicata (L.) Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 3:415(1887).
Uniola spicdfd. Jj. Sp. PI. 71 (1753). D. maritima Pafiu. Journ.
Phys. 80:104 (1810). JJn'zupi/rum f<piratuin Hook. cS: Arn. Jiot.
Beech. Voy. 403 (1840). B. Amcricannin Link, llo'-t. Berol. 1 : IGO
(1827).
Culms rigid, much-branched, leafy, 15-60 cm. high, from wiry
rootstock. Leaves 8-15. sheaths longer than the internodes; blades
5-10 cm. long, narrow, rigid, very acute or pungent-pointed,
usually distichously spreading. I'anicles slender to ovoid, 3-8 cm.
long. Pistillate spikelets 8-16 mm. long, flat, but rather thick,
4-13-flowered; staminate spikelets 8-18 mm. long, on slender pedi-
cels, 6-18-flowered; empty glumes straw-colored, first 2-3 mm.,
second 4 mm. long; floral glume of sterile spikelets 3-5 mm. long,
of fertile spikelets 5-0 mm. long.
New Jersey, Brinton for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 621; Delaware,
Canhij; Connecticut, ITitclicoclc; North Carolina, McCarthy;
Florida. Simpson; Texas, Xealley; Mexico, rainier 43 ; Minnesota,
lIohinger'dS\ Montanii, Anderfiun oQ; Oregon, C us ickVM\), Howell;
Southern California, Parish 852, Palmer.
FESTL'CE.E.
r)19
The grass is not likod by cattle.
Var. laxa Vasey ined. More slender, sheaths often shorter than
r
Fig. 106. — Distichlis spimta. A, spikelet; b, floral glume; c, palea.
(After Trillins.)
the internodes. blades flat, lU-15 em. long, 2 mm. wide, pauicle
racemose.
Utah (Lake Tark). -S'. JA Trari/ in 1887.
121. (253). BRIZA L. Sp. PI. 70 (1:5:3). QUAKING-GHASS.
Calothcca et Clmsnilijfrutn Dosv. Xov. Bull. Sou. Philom. :3:1!»0
(1810). Poa Adans. Fam. 2:34 (i:()3). Tremidaria Heist. Syst.
12 (1748). For additional synonyms see names of sections.
Spikelets several-flowered, ovate or cordate, flattish-tumid on
filiform ])odicels, in a simple or componnd jianicle, racbilla lila-
brons, articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes membi'anouA
orsearious, unequal, very concave, nnawned, 3-5-1 1 -nerved; florets
imbricate, floral glume very broad, concave or inflated, obtuse, acute
or shortly awued, 5- to many-nerved; iialea much smaller, but very
broad and flat with 2 ciMate keels. Stamens 3. Stigmas branc'hed,
plumose, f J rain obcompressed, broadly ovoid, slightly adhering to
glume and palea or free from them.
520 POACE.E.
Annual or perennial grasses, the narrow blades flat or sometimes
involute-setaceous. Panicles usually spreading with capillary
drooping branches, sometimes narrow, strict or spikelike.
There are 10-12 species, widely spread over the tem})erate regions
of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. All are characterized
by the very concave, sometimes almost vesicular glumes, the grain
much flattened from back to front.
They may be placed in three sections :
A. Euhriza. Si)ikelets broud in loose panicles with capil-
lary pedicels, floral glume obtuse, awnlcss (a)
a. Spikelets deltoid, empty glumes longer than the first
floral glume, 3-4 mm. long 1
a. Spikelets half oval, Gmm. long, empty glinnes shorter
than the first glunu' 3
a. Spikelets ovate, 10-1 T mm. long 3
B. C/i(tsroli/irHt)i Desv. Spikelets awnless, i)anic-le rather
compact, spikelets almost sessile. I'anicle rather dense,
erect 4
0. Cnlothrcd Desv. l*uni('le loose and spreading, glumes
broa<lly scarious. awned; floral ghunes with projecting
lateral angles
1. H. .MINOR L. Sp. IM. TO (1753). S.MAM.KUQrAKI\(;-()UAS.S.
B. aspera Knapp. (iram. Brit. f. 61 (1804). //. riridis Pall.
iSteud. Xom. Ed. 2. 1 : 220 (1841).
An erect gracefiil annual, 15-40 cm. Iiigh, ligule :>-() mm. long;
blades 5-8 cm. long, 2-4 nun. wide. Panicle erect, open, ])i'oadIy
oval, 3-S cm. long, rays in twos or single, branching. Sjukelets
deltoid, 4-0-flowered, ;5-4 mni. long: emi)ty glumes subequal, 5-
uerved. longer than the first floral glume.
\'irgiiiia. J\ S. Depf. Jf/n'rtiL 624 from .T. \V. Chickering. Jr.;
Oregon (C rant's Pass), IfnireU.
Foiuul in Europe and northern Africa, aiul sparingly naturalized
in North America.
2. li. MEDIAL. Sp. PI. 70(1753). MkDIUM (^rAKIV(i-(iHASS.
B. clatior Si1)th. & Sni. Fl. (Iraec. 1 : /. 75 (1 80(i). />'. hthsceiis [Fou-
cault, in] Desv. Journ. 3: A 24,/. 2 (1814). /?. Clxsii Schult. U.
FESTl'CE.E. 521
•& S. Mant. 2 : 394 (1824). B. vircns Trin. ■^^em. Acad. St. Petersb.
<VI.) 1:362 (1831). />'. scrofina Bum. Obs. Gruiu. Bclg. 110
(18:8). B. tremida Ltim. Fl. Fr. 3:587.
Perennial; 20-GO cm. liigli. Ligulo 1-2 mm. long; blades
thin, scabrous, Hat, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rather abruptly
pungent-pointed. Panicle ovoid or pyramidal, open, rays capillary.
Spikelets 6 mm. long, 5-9-flovvered, green or purplish, half oval;
•empty glumes shorter than the first lloral one.
Vermont, Primjh.
Sparingly introduced from Europe.
3. li. MAXIMA L. Sp. PI. 70 (1753). Large QrAKixo-caiASS.
B. monspeHsnlana (Jouan, Hort. ]\Ionsp. 45 (1708). B. rvhens
Poir. Suppl. 1:()9!). B. rubra Lam. 111.1:187 (1791). B.
{jrandis Salisb. Prod. 21 (1790). />'. copensis Schrank, Ilort.
Monac. /. 43 (1818). B. major Presl, Oyp. et Gram. Sic. 42
(1820).
Annual; 40-00 cm. high. liigule 3-5 mm. long; blades flat.
Panicle simple, ovoid, 5-10 cm. long, rays single or in twos, ca^iil-
lary, each bearing 1-3 spikelets. S{)ikclets nodding, ovate. 10-17
mm. long, 8-10- flowered; empty glumes 7-9 mm. long, 11-nerved;
floral glume sjjaringly puberulent on the back. 8 nmi. long, coii-
cave-s})lierical, 11-nerved; ])alea oval, 4 mm. long.
Massachusetts, Beal 105; Michigan, Clark 2327; Colorado,
Cassidy.
Found in Euro})e; cultivated for ornament.
4. B. rotundata (IL B. K.) Steud. Syn. Pi. Gram. 284(1855).
Brotiiiix rohtiiilalKS IL P). K. Nov. Gen. et. Sp. 1:152(1815).
Briza Lainnrklana Cham. & Schlecht. Linuiva 0: 39 (1831).
A tui'ti'd erect perennial, 00-90 cm, higli. Leaves scabrous,
ligule 1-2 mm. long: blades 15-30 cm. long. 2-:> mm. wide.
Panicle sim[)le; 8-10 cxn. long, rays mostly in twos and threes,
erect. Spikelets ovoid, sliglitly (•omj»ressed. G-8-tlowered. 4-15
mm. long; emi)ty glumes green, first IJ-nerved, seeoiul 5-nerved,
about 2.5 mm. long; floral glume 3 mm. long, firm, circular, tumid
on the back, apex contracted, subacute; palea flat, broadly oval,
subacute, 1.7 mm. long.
522
POACE^,
Mexico, Parrij tf- Palmer 035, Schaffner 1035, Pringle 2051.
3'243.
Tliere is souic doubt about tlie correct ideutiticatioii of this
grass.
Fig. 107.— Zfmrt rotundata. Spikelet dissected. (Scrlbner.)
U-2. (-iol). Demazeeia Dum. Coram, liot. -.'G (lS^>-^>). Desnia-
zet'ia Dum. Obs. (inun. lielg. 40 (1823). Brizojii/ni'ii lAnk, Jlort.
Berol. 1:150 (lS-v>7).
Splkelets maay-flowered, compressed, sessile or some of tlie
lower pedicellate, racliilla articulate between the flowers. (Jlumes
keeled, coriaceous, obtuse or mucrouate-acute, awnless, the empty
ones persistent, 3-5-T-nerved, shorter than the floral glumes: floral
glumes 7-nerved; palea rigid, about the length of its glume, 2-
keeled near the margins. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, stig-
mas feathery. (J rain oblong, slightly obcompressed, concave in
front, enclosed, but not adherent to glume and palea.
Annuals or perennials with narrow involute leaf-blades. Spike-
lets conspicuously distichous on two sides of a 3-sided rachis.
There are about four species known, one of them in the vicinity
of the Mediterranean, the others in South Africa. Xearly allied,
to DisticJtlis.
FESTUCE.E.
623
1. D. sicuLA Diim. 1. c.
A smootli erect umiuiil, L*0-30 cm.liigh. Leaves 3-4 in number,
ligulel.5-'^ nun. long; blades tliiu, 5-S cm.
long, 1.5-3 mm. long. I'iUiiclo spikelike,
•i-6 cm. long. Spikelets oviite to linear,
8-'20-tlowered, lU-15 mm. long; empty
glumes ovate, first 3-5-nerVetl, second 4-7-
nerved ; fionil glume 4-5 mm. long.
Colorado, ^'assidi/ in 1885.
Not unfrcquently cultivated for orna-
ment.
r.'3. (249). DacTYLIS L. Sp. PI. 71 Fm. i08. - nrmmeria si
(1753). Ania.ritis Adans. Fum. 2 : ;54 (17(i;5). '^^'\ ;}•. «PikHet; a
Spikelets several-flowered, mncli flattened,
sessile and densely crowded in tliiek one-sided clusters, arranged
in a short irregular spike or at the ends of the sliort branches
of a dense irregular one-sided panicle, rachilla glabrous, inarticulate
or tardily articulate between the florets. Empty glumes firm, thin,
keeled, mucronate, une(|ual, 3-nerved; floral glume larger, scabrous,
cartilaginous, ;5-5-nerved, the ciliolate keel produced into a jioint
or short awn; i>alea little shorter than its glume, "^-keeled. Stamens
3. (Jrain obcom})ressed, concave or broadly furrowed, included by
glume and palea, but not adhering.
A perennial tufted grass with flat-keeled or couduplicate leaf-
blades.
There is only a single species, sometimes separated into two or
more. Common in Europe, temjjcrate Asia, and northern Africa,
and now naturalized in many parts of Australia and North
America.
1. D. GLOMERATA L. 1. C. OuCirA RD-URASS. CoCK'S-FOOT.
D. (tUaiea Bess. Schult. :Mant. ".':(;-2(] (18->4). D. ahhrcviata
liernli. Link, Ilort. Berol. l:ir)3 (18">:). D. mpi/aia Schult.
Mant. 1. c. D. ciliata Opiz, Xym. ("onsp. 81!). D. f/htitresrens
AVilld. Enum. Ilort. Uerol. 111. />. hispanira lioth, C'atalecta,
1:8. J). Orf)ii((nnicoi(f Opiz. Seznam, 3(). I), pendnht Dum. Obs.
Gram. lielg. 14G. J). viUosa Tenore, Prod. Fl. Na^). p. 9.
524 poACE.i;.
A coarse stiff grass, 40-90 cm. liigli. Shcatlis of sterile slioots
compressed, tliose above keeled ; ligule 3-5 mm. long; blades sea-
Ijrons, 20-GO em. or more long. Clusters of spikelets often pink-
ish, ovoid, forming a panicle, S-l.'i cm. or more long; floral glume
lanceolate, 4-G mm. long; palea bifid, nerves ciliate.
Vermont, Priiigle; New York, Clinton for Dr. Clark 1396;
Michigan, Beal 106, 107, Clark 1999.
A grass which has been long and favorably known in cultivation
in Europe and some other countries; now exhibiting a remarkable
number of forms, varieties, and races. See Vol. 1, Fig. 63, for a
more extended account.
134. (33L>). Cynosueus L. Sp. PL 72 (1753). Fah-onn Adans.
Fam. 3:490 (1763). Fhuluna Dum. Agrost. lielg. 80. 114
(1833).
Spikelets dinior})hous, clustered on a unilateral spikelike j)ani-
cle, the outer spikelet of each cluster consisting of several glumes,
all empty; the other spikelets containing 3-5 flowers; em jity glumes
linear or sublanceolate ; floral glume broader, membranous, 1-3-
nerved (rarely 5-nerved), mucronate or sometimes awned; })alea
with two ciliate nerves. Stamens 3. (J rain adherent to the floral
glume and palea.
There are 3 or 4 species with a wide range over the temperate
regionsof the Old World, and one is now naturalized in several other
countries. It is remarkable for having tlie lower spikelets barren,
and the spikes are elegantly pinnate with empty glumes.
1. C. CRISTATUS L. 1. C. CrK.STKD I)0(i',S-TAIL. C. HCffh'chlS
Opiz, Natural. 9:151 (1825). (\ poly bract eat us Vow. \'oy. Barb.
3:97.
A rather slender slightly tufted erect perennial, 30-60 cm. high.
Sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes, the upper ones slightly
inflated, often reaching only to the middle of the plant; ligule
oblique, about 1.5 mm. long, blades of culm flat, 3-10 cm. long,
1.5-3 mm. wide. Spike semi-cylindrical, oblong or linear. 3-10
cm. long, the clusters of spikelets all regularly turned to one side,
the empty spikelets forming involucres to each cluster.
Massachusetts, Faxon; ^fichigan, Bral 108.
FKSTrcE/E.
525
Common in Europe: introduoi'd into lawns and some old north-
ern pastures. See Vol, 1, p. I!i4, Fi^'. 87.
125. (231). LamaRKIA ^fcpneh, Mcth. -301 (1:04). (nirysurus-
IVrs. Syn. 1 : 80 (18(>.')). Plerhim Desf. Journ. Hot. 1 : 75 (ISI.*}).
Tlna>a (Jarzia, Kol. Acnad. Zel. Aci Iteale, Ann. .'}-4, 24; ex Pari.
Fl. Polerm. 1 : 138 (1845).
Fertile spikelots 1-llowered, intermixed with oterile ones in
little clusters on the very short branches of a 1 -sided spikelike pan-
icle, rachilla glabrous, inarticulate and often produced above the
flower, bearing a narrow awnlike glumo and sonietimes a second ru-
dimentary one above it. Empty ghnnes narrow, awuloss, slightly
uneqiuil, floral glume broader, bearing a snuiU dorsal awn. Sterile
spikelets hmger, with several truncate awnless empty glumes above
the two outer acute ones; palea of the perfect flowers narrow, 2-
keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distincit. (Jrain slightly com-
pressed, included by the Horal glume ami i)alea, but free from tliem.
A low grass with nuuiy branches and Hat leaf-blades. There is only
one species known, a native of the Mediterranean. Introduced
into many parts of the world, including Australia and the United
States. Nearly allied to Ciinosin'UA.
1. L. Ai'UEA (L.) Mtench. 1. c. Hankeriana Griff. Itin. Not.
349. C'linoxiinis an reus L. Sj*. 107
( 1 753). Chri/sxrus aureus Beauv. Agrost.
123 (1812).
An elegant tufted annual, 10-18 cm.
high. Leaf-blades thin, 5-8 mm. wide;
ligule 1-8 mm. long, panicle linear or
oval, 5-8 cm. long. Empty glumes of
the fertile spikelets very luxrrow, keeled
with five points, 4-4.5 mm. long, floral
glume inserted 1 mm. above, oval, 3 mm.
long, bearing a dorsal awn a little below Pig. 109 —Lnmarkia aurea.
,1 (- n . .^ 1^ ~ -^. -S. spikelets; c, ovary.
the apex, b-0 mm. long. (Kicbiirdsou.)
California, Jones 3214, Pr ingle in
1882, Mrs. Jones for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 563.
Introduced into California.
620 POACE.E.
130. (350). POA L. Sp. PI. or (1753). Paid him Nces, Llndl.
Introd. Njit. Syst. Kd. 3, 450 (183»;). Alhigustavhymn Nces,
♦Stoud. Noni. Ed, 3, 1 : 50 (1840). riotia Schicb. Steud. Nom.
Ed. 3, 3:350 (1841).
Spikelets of modium size, conipressod-keelod, 2-0- (nirely
7-10-) llowerod, pcdicelhito in a iniiiiclo usually looso uiul sprojid-
iiig, rarely narrow and spikelike, raehilla articulate between tho
floral glumes, glabrous or rarely pilulose, flowers ])erl'ect or
aomo of tbo upper ones iin})erfect. Empty glumes membran-
ous, keeled, acute or obtuse, unawned, persistent, 1-3-nerved,
commonly shorter tliau the floral glumes; floral glume mem-
branous or herbaceous with a delicate scaricnis nuirgin, usually
obtuse and surrounded by a few loose woolly liairs, 5, rarely
7, nerved, the nerves usually bending toward eacli other near tho
ui)Ox; palea nearly as long as its glume, i)rominently 2-nerved or
3-koyled. Stamens 3-3. Styles short, or very short, distinct, stig-
mas plumose. Grain ovcid, oblong, or almost linear, comi)ressed,
and rarely with a broi/l groove, glaln-ons, included by glume and
palea, free or adhering more or less to the palea when mature.
Theij are about 80 s})ecies, thougli some authors have extended
the number to 300. The genus is the most widely diffused over the
globe of any in the family, chiefly in temperate and cool regions,
reaching the Arctic circle and Alj)ine summits; very few in tho
tropics. The gour.s is a very natural one, well distinguished from
Fnigrosfis, Panicidaria (Glycerin), and Fei^tucd by tlie lu-rves usu-
ally connivaut in the a\)cx of the floral glumes, liy numy authors
J'ua is made to include Atropis.
The species dift'er from Eriitjrostis in their 5-nerved floral
glumes, from Panicidaria and F^duca in their glumes keeled from
the base; but there are species apparently intermediate between
these largo genera. Poa has also been distinguished from Feslura
by the obtuse, always unawned glumes, and the non-adherence of
the grain to the palea. Several species oi Poa, however, have acute
glumes, and in one 6j)ecie3 they bear fine points. There are some
Chilian and Australian species and some Asiatic ones where the
grain is adherent to the palea, as in Festucaj even in Poa jjratensis
the floriil ^'luinc often adlioros mori' or less, whilst there ure several
true FestucdH where it is (|uite free.
Alorit of the rtpecieri wiilely dispersed urc very variable and diHi-
cult to define. Ueiitiiani ])roj)()ses no sections for the genus, hut
refers to some proposed by ('. Koeh;
1. J*Kviii/ojt()ii, si)ikelets very small and with nearly the liabit of
Arp/iehic/i/od.
2. Lcuropoa (Jriseb., spikelets rather larger than usual, and
with glumes soineAvhat searious and shining.
3. Dioiruj)oa Desv., K])ikt'lets usually, possibly not always, dia>-
cious. As will bo seen, I have nuule a jturely artificial key for our
species of PiKt.
A. First empty glume 1 -nerved, annuals (a)
u. Ligule 'l-'i mm. long, spikelets 3-r-ilowered, tloral
glume y-l> mm. long 1
a. Ligule 'I mm. long, spikelets '^-4-llowered, floral glume
3 mm. long ?.
B. First empty glume 1-nerved, jjerennials (a')
u'. Upper ligule 5-0 mm, long, rays in sets of ')-(;. lloral
glume '^.5-3 mm. long 3
a'. Upper ligule 5 mm, long, rays 3-4, lloral glunu'
5,5-6.5 mm. long 4
a'. Upper ligule 4 mm. or less in length (b)
b. Floral glume mm, long; both emptyglunu's 1-
nerved 5
b. Floral glume 4, '-2-5 mm. long, ligule 'J-3 mm. long
b. Floral glume less than 5 mm. long, except some
of no. 1(3 (c)
c. Ligule O.T mm. long, rays in twos, Horal glume
2.7-3.3 mm. long 7
C. Ligule 1 nnn. long, rays 2-4, floral glume 4
mm. long, upper leaf 1.5 cm. long 8
c. Ligule 1 nnn, long, rays ',)-'k floral glume 3.5-4
mm. long 9
c. Ligule 1-2 mm, long, floral glume 3-4,5 mm.
long 10
628 POACEiE.
C. Ligule 1-1.5 mm. loug, rays 4-7 (d)
d. Floral glume 3.5-4 mm. loug 11
d. Floral ghune 2.5-3 mm. long 12
C. Ligule 1-3 mm. long, rays 2-3, floral glume
2.5 mm. long 13
c. Ligule 1.5 mm. long, rays 3-4, floral glume
3.5-4.5 mm. long 14
c. Ligule 2 mm. long, floral glume 3-3.5 mm. long 15
c. Ligule 2-3 mm. loug, rays 2-3, floral glume 4-5
mm. long 16
c. Ligule 2.5-3 mm. long, floral glume 4,2-4.7
mm. long 17
C. Ligule 2.5-4 mm. long, rays 2, floral glume
2.4-4 mm. long 18
C. Ligule 2-3 mm. long, rays 2, floral glume 3.5-
4.5 mm. long 1J>
c. Ligule 3-4 mm. long, rays 2, floral glume 3. 5-4
mm. loug 20
C. Ligule 4 mm. long, rays 3-7, floral glume 2.4-
2.7 mm. long 21
C. Empty glumes 1-3-nerved, leaves very abruptly
pointed (o)
e. Ligule 2-3 mm. long, rays 2, spikolets
broadly oval, floral glume 3.5-5 mm. long,
no rootstoeks 22
e. Ligule 1.5 mm. long, rays 3-G, s])ikelets
oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3-6-fio\vered, floral
glume 3-4 mm. long; creeping vuotstocks. 23
C. First empty glume 1-3-nerved (a)
a. Xo running rootstoeks, ligule 1-2 mm. long, rays 2. .1, 22
a. No running rootstoeks, ligule 2-3 mm. loug, some-
times number 6
a. lUmuing rootstoeks, ligule 1.5 mm. loug, rays 3-0. . 23
D. First empty glume 3-nerved (or sometimes 1-nerved in
numbers 1, 0. 22, aiul 23).
s. Annual (?) dwarf (a)
FESTUCE.E. 52^
a. Floral glume 3 \nin. long 1, 24
a. Floral glume, 2.5 mm. long 25
a. Floral glume 3-3.5 mm. long 26
8. Perennial (c)
c. AVitli creeping rootstocks (d)
d. Culms much compressed, firm 27
d. Culms terete or but little compressed. . . . (e)
e. Floral glume 4.2 mm. long 2S
e. Floral glume 3-4 mm. long. (3.5-T in no.
30) (h)
h. Ligule 1.5 mm. long, rays 3-G. . . . T.i
h. Ligule 1-2 mm. long, rays 2 2J>
h. Tiigule 2-4 mm. long, rays 2 30
h. Ligule 4 mm. long, rays 3-4 31
e. Floral glume 5-7 mm. long, ligule obsolete. . (i)
i. Blades 2 mm. wide 32
i. lilades 8-12 mm. wide 33
e. Floral glume 5-Gmm, long, ligule 2 mm. long. 34
C. Destitute of good creeping rootstocks (m)
m. Floral glume 2.3-2.5 mm. long (also P. nein-
ondis, var. slricfior) 35
m. Floral glume longer (n)
n. Apex of leaves abruptly pointed, the apex
tapering for 2-3 mm., ligule 3 mm. long,
rays 2-3 3G
n. Apex of leaves acuminate (r)
r. Ligule 0.5 mm. long, rays 4-7, lloral
glume 3-3.2 mm. long 37
r. Ligule 1-1.3 mm. long, rays 2, fl(n-al
glume 4.5-5 mm. long 38
r. Ligule 2 mm. long, rays 2-3, floral glume
3.7-4 mm. long 35
r. Ligule 2-2.5 mm. long, rays 1-5, floral
glume 3.2-4 mm. long 3(>
r. Ligule 2-2.5 mm. long, rays 1-5, floral
glume 3.2-4 mm. long 39
530 POACE.E.
r. Ligule 2.5 nun. long, ruys 2-5, floral
glume 3-5 mm. long. 40
r. Ligiilo ;} mm. long, rays 3-5, floral glume
5.5-6.7 mm. long 41
r. Ligule 4 mm. long, rays 2, floral glume 4
mm. long 42
r. Ligule 5 mm. long, rays 4-5, floral glume
3.5-4.5 mm. long 43
1. P. ANxrA L. Sp. PI. (i8 (1T53). Low Spear-cuiass.
Annual Poa. /*. Kupind Selirad. PI. (ierm. 1:280 (ISOC). P.
fn'tniffuhin's (iilil). Excrcit. 2: 531. /'. diiriuftcula AVillil, Spring.
Syst. 1:339 (1S24). P. huinilis Lej. PI. Spa. 1:4'J. P. ovalU
TiiK'O, PI. Par. Sicil. 21 (184<5).
A soft smooth bright, light-green anniuil, sometimes glaucous;
culms weak, compressed, 5-30 cm. higli. Ijigule 2-3 mm. long :
blades of the sterile shoots half or two-thirds as long as the t-ulm,
often with wavy margins, those of the culm 3, flat or conduplicate,
abruptly acute, the upper 1-4 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Pani-
cle sometimes pur[)lish, ovoid or ])yramidal, subsecund. 2-5 cm.
long, rays mostly in pairs, the longest 2.5 cm. long, sometimes
drooping, bearing spikelets on t])o upper half, Spikelets very
short-pe<licellod, 4-6 mm. long. 3-7-flowered, oval or ovate-lanceo-
late, joint of rachilla O.T mm. long; empty glumes compressed,
first 1-3-nervcd, second 3-nerved, broadest at or above the middle,
usually 2.5 mm. long; floral glume ovate-oval, smooth, err ;e at
apex, 2.8-3.1 mm. long, with soft hairs on the keel for half or two-
thirds of its length aiul on the lower part of the lateral nerves,
the 4 lateral nerves parallel or divergent, evanescent one-third of the
way from tiieapex; palea 2.5-2.8 mm. long, ciliate or pubescent
ou the keels.
Cultivated and waste grouiuls, almost everyAvhere.
In central Michigan three or more crops may l)e grown from the
seed iu cue season. Li shady places, where carefully watered, it
produces a very nice lawn, especially noticeable owing to the pleas-
ant light-green foliage.
Vermont, Pr'uKjh'.; Pennsylvania, Scribncr for U. S. Dept.
FESTL'CE.E. 531
Agricul. 632; Micliigan, Farivell, Bcal VZO, CooUy; Utah, Jones-
1G39; Arizona, Trary ; Oregon, JIowcU ; CaliioYn'ni, So /ws.
Introduced from Eiiroi)e.
2. P. inflrma II. & K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1:158 (1815). P.
annnaChiim. & Sclileclit. Liuntea, 0:38 (1831).
A soft slender diifuse annual, 10-20 cm. high. Sheaths com-
jiressed, loose; ligule 2 mm. long; blades smooth, 3-8 cm. long,
obtuse or abruptly pointed. 1.5-2 mm. wide. Panicles mostly
exserted, ovoid or pyramidal, 2-4 cm. long, rays mostly in pairs
bearing 2-5 spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets subsessile or on
short pedicels, oblong, 2-4-<lowered, 3-4 mm. long, empty glumes
obtuse or acute, tips and margins scarious. first 1-nerved, second
longer than the first, elliptical when spread, 3-nerved. 2-2.2 mm.
long; floral glume broadly oval, about 3 mm. long, obtuse, mar-
gins and upi)er fourth scarious, ciliate on the keels and mai'gins up
to the middle ; i)alea nearly as long, linear, ciliate nearly the whole
length of the keels.
Mexico (Jalisco), Palmer 483; Guatemala, J. D. Smith !I07.
3. r. TiuviALis L. Sp. PI. or (1753). Koroii Mkadow-
GRASS. P. aiifjustifolia Ucria, Hort. Iteg. Panorm. 53 (1T80)..
P. dubia Leers, Fl. Ilerborn. 28 (ITTo). P. llohenarkeri 'Frin.
Bull. Sc. Acad. St. Petersb. 1 : Gl) (183(1). P. jxdiixlri.^ (). F.
Muell. Fl. Dan. /. 750 (HGl). /'. pralensix Pollich, Hist. PI.
Palat. 1:87. P. Pxeuih-hyhrida Schur. Knum. PI. Trajiss. TG!)
(18()()). P. scabm Ehrh. Beitr. 0:83 (1787). P. xelaceu Ihid^.
Fl. Angl. Ed. 1, 34 (1702).
Culms 40-00 cm. high, rough or nearly smooth, erect from a
slightly decumbent base, with no running rootstocks. Sheaths
rough; upper ligule 5-0 mm. long, the others shorter; blades of
sterile shoots short or as long as the culm, those of the culm 3. Hat
or conduplicate, abruptly })ointed, the ujjper a-lO cm. long, al)out
:'. mm. wide. Panicle linear, oblong or more open, 10-1") cm. long,
rays in half-whorls of 5-0, sets of rays 3-4 I'ni. distant, the longest
5-0 cm, long, flower-bearing along the upjtei' half. Spikelets oval
or linear-oblong, 2-4-flowered, 3-4.5 mm. long, joint of rachilla
about 0.5 mm. long; iirst em^jty glume lanceolate, 1-nerved, 2-2.5
532 POACl'LE.
mm. long, second lineav-lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, 3-nerved 2.5-
3 mm. long; floral glume 'ZJy-'.i mm. long, sparingly webbed at the
base, the lower half of the keel thinly pubescent or nearly smooth,
nerves conspicuous, the lateral oues usually smooth, oval, acute;
palea a little sliorter, keels nearly sniootii. Anthers 1.5 mm. long.
Nearly allied to J\ prafen.sis. Hentluim in liis Handbook of the
British Flora says: ''There are no creeping scions; the stems
4ire usually taller and more slender than those of P. pratensis ;
the ligule of the leaf longer; the panicle more slender, with slender
spreading branches; the spikelets have seldom more than 3 flowers,
and usually only 2; the lateral nerves of the flowering glumes are
much more conspicuous.*'
.Massachusetts, Horsfon/, Beat I'll; IVnnsylvania, Svribner for
U. S. 073; Michigan, Clark 'ZmS.
Prominent in pastures of Europe and sparingly cultivated in
the older northern States.
Yar. filiculmis Scribn. ined.
Culms more slender: ligule shorter; panicle 4-7 cm. long.
Perhaps only a slender plant of tlie si)ecies.
Vaucouvor Island, Macoitn 2S'3 in 1893.
4. P. Vaseyana Scribn. ined.
An erect robust perennial, OO-TO cm. higli. Loaves 3-4, scabrid
throughout; sheaths about the length of the internodes; upper
ligule broad, abruptly pointed, 5 mm. long, the lower shorter;
blades flat or conduplii-atc, tliose of sterile shoots 20-30 cm. long,
4-5 mm. broad, the tips acute, rather firm, those of the culm 7-10
nun. long. I'anicle ovoid, 12-15 cm. long, rays in threes and fours,
2.6-;) cm. distant, the longest G-8 cm. long, bearing 5-10 s})ikelets
on tlu! outer half or three-fifths. Sj)ikclets tinged with purple,
linear to broadly oval, 4-0-llowered, about 10 mm. long; empty
glumes ovate, a(!ute, first one-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, second three-
nerved, 4-5.5 1 .m. long; floral glume 5.5-0.5 mm. long., tlic keel
and lateral nerves hairy on the lower third, ovate wiion sp'read,
the apex usually obtuse; palea incurved, 4-5 mm. long linear
before spreading, ciliate on the keels, two-tootlied.
Colorado, Patterson in 1885 in herb. U. S, Dept. Agricul.
FESTUCE.E. 533
5. P. subaristata Scribn. Macoun Cat. Can. PI. 4:337 (1888).
No descriptiou.
A slender densely tufted perennial, 30-40 em. high. Blades
of sterile shoots eonduplicate, scabrid, 5-10 cm. long. 0.5-1 mm.
diam., sheaths of culm 3, smooth, the upper extending to near the
middle of the whole height; ligule 1 mm. long; upper blade pun-
gent, 0.5-3 cm. long. Panicle linear to oval, dense, somewhat
intorrui)ted, 3-6 cm. long, more or loss tinged with purple.
Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 4-T-flowev< 1, G-9 mm. long; empty
glumes subequal, liaear-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, one-nerved; floral
glume 6 mm. long, scabrid on tlie nerves, not webbod, linear-
lanceolate; i)alea narrowly linear before spreading, 5 mm. long,
ciliolate on the keels.
Yellowstone Park, F. Ttveedii G:}3.
G. P. Cusickii Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. 1:371 (1893).
A glabrous tufted perennial, 30—40 cm. high. Sterile shoots
numerous, blades coiuluplicate or involute-tiliform. 10-15 cm. long,
0.3 mm. diam, ; leaves of the culm 3, the lower sheatlis longer than
their internodes; ligule decurrent, 3-3 mm. long, blades flat or
involute, acute, 3.5-5 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide. Panicle more or
less exserted, narrow, G-10 cm, long, rays mostly in twos, tlie
longest 3-4.5 cm, long, bearing 4-8 spikelets on tlie outer half.
Spikelets narrowly to broadly ovul. G.7 mm. long, 3-3-flowered,
rachilla hispidulous, empty glumes with broiul chartaceo-liyaline
margins, first ovate-lanceolate when spread, 3.5 mm. long, 1-nerved,
rarely 3-nerved; second oval, erosely acute, 4-4.5 mm. long,
3-nerved; floral glume keeled, 4.3-5 mm. long, scal)rous, oval
when spread, subacute; palea 4.4 mm. long, 3-toothed, ciliate on
the keels.
Oregon, Cusirk for V. S. Dei)t. Agricul, 1310.
7. P. aatumnalis Muhl.; Kll. Hot. S. ('. cS: (in. 1:159 (1817).
P. Jh'xmsa Mnhl. (iram. 148 (1S17), not .1. K. Smith. P.
piingens Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 10!) (1834), not Xutt. (1818). /'.
Canipyh Schult. Mant. 3:304(1834). P F/Iiof.'ii ^[new^. Syst.
1:338 (1834).
A soft slender smooth tufted perennial, 3()-S() cm. high;
534 POACE^
culms flattish, sheaths usually mu(;]i shorter than the internodes;
ligule obtuse, lacerate, 0.7 mm. long; leaves of sterile shoots flat,
scabrous or smootli, 10-13 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. Avide, very gradu-
ally taper- pointed, those of the culm 3-4 in number, 4-7 cm. long,
flat or conduplicate. Panicle very dilfuse, pyramidal, 7-10 cm.
long, rays capillary, flcxuose. mostly in pairs oi' threes, the longest
5-6 cm. long, bearing 2-4 pedicolled spikelets near the apex.
Spikck'ts jiale green, rarely tinged with purple, open, oval, ;]-6-
flowered, 4-T mm. long, joint of racliilla 0.8 -O.H mm. long; lirst
empty glume lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1.7-2.3 mm. long, second linear-
lanceolate, scabrid on the keel, 3-nervcd; 2.5-3.5 mm. long, floral
glume 2.7-3.2 mm. long, tliin, a few webby hairs at the base,
pubescent on the marginal nerves ami lower half of the keel, oval,
obtuse or enuirgimite, the lateral nerves within O.G mm. of the
conspicuously scarious apex; palea 2-3 mm. long, linear, 2-toothed,
scabrid on the keels.
Michigan, Srrihncr 3489 from "Wheeler; District of Columbia,
T7?se//G4l; Tennessee, Curtiss 3849 from Gattinger; Mississii)pi,
Tracy.
Dry or wet woods or swamps, Pennsylvania, ^lichigan to Texas.
Var. robusta Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:271 (1803).
Culms 75-90 cm. high, sheaths shorter tlian the internodes;
ligule 2-4 mm., long; blades 4-G mm wide; panicle 17-25 cm.
long. It difl'ers from the species in having webby hairs at the
base of the florets aiul in the erect panicle.
Colorado, Vasey 367, alt. 8000-9000 feet, Jones.
Xot seen by me.
S. P. brevifolia Muhl. Gram. 138 (1817). P. pungnis Xutt.
Gen. 1 :66 (1818). P. cuspidafa Ts'utt. Barton, Comp. Fl. Phila.
1:61 (1818). P. hrachyphylla Schult. Mant. 2: 304 (1824).
Culms smooth flattish, 20-50 cm. high, from creeping root-
stocks. Leaves of sterile shoots rather numerous, the blades mostly
flat. 20-30 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, apex acute, leaves of the culm 3
in number, sheaths scabrous; ligule obtuse, 1 mm. long; blades 1-5
cm. long. Panicle open, thin, oval or pyramidal, C-10 cm. long,
rays in twos, threes, or fours, slender, spreading, the lower often
FESTUCE.E, 635
drooping, the longest 4-7 cm. long, bearing a few spikelets on the
outer third or quarter. Spikelcts 5-6 mm. long, 3-5-llowerod,
linear or oval, pale green, often tinged with purple, joint of
rachilla about 1 mm. long; empty glumes acute, first lanceolate,
1-nerved, 3.2 mm. long, second oval-lanceoLito, 3-ncrved, 3.7-4.3
nmi. long; lloral glume 4 nmi. long, thin, oval, erose-obtuse, the
u})j)er t'lird scarious, pubescent on the marginal nerves and on the
lower three-fiftlis of the keel; i)alea linear, about 3 mm. long,
scabrid on the keels.
Delaware, Canhy; Pennsylvania (Phila.) Srribner 1; Tennes-
see (Knoxville), Srvibnor.
Hocky or hilly woodlands, Pennsylvania to Virginia and siiar-
ingly westward,
9. P. arachnifera Torr. Marcy, Exp. Ked IJiv. of La. 301
(1853). 1\ (U'ltsijlom Jiuckl. Proc. Acad. Pliila. OG (1803).
Texas Blik Gkass.
A light green grass, 30-00 cm. high, witli an al)undance of
creeping rootstocks. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous atid long,
those of the culm 3 in numl)er, ligule 1 mm. long; blades flat
or involute, scabrous or smooth, 10-20 cm. long, 4-G mm. wide,
pungent-pointed. Panicle contracted, linear or oblong, 8-16 cm.
long, rays in threes to fives, erect, the longest 4-6 cm. long, bearing
bunches of spikelets from near the base to the apex. Spikelcts
oval, 5-6 mm. long, 4-5-ilowered, joint of rachilla O.G mm. long,,
empty glumes acute, scal)rid on the keels, first lanceolate, 1-nerved,
2-5 mm. long, second oval-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 3-3.3 mm. long;
floral glume 3.5-4 mm. long, thin, copiously webbed at base, moro
or less pubescent on tlie lateral nerves and the lower half of the keel,
oval, acute, or almost muerouate, the lateral nerves obscure and ex-
tending two- thirds of the way to the apex; palea linear, 3.2 mm. long.
Mississippi, Trncij; Kansas, KeUcrmaniij Texas, lieverchoii for
U. S. Dept. Agricul, 633, Nenlley.
Texas to Xew Mexico. See Vol. L 143, Fig. 69,
Var glabrata Vasey, Cat, Grass. U. S. 79 (1885). Floral
glumes shorter, glabrous, and destitute of webbed hairs. Found
with the species.
536 I'OACEiE.
10. P. reflexa V. & S. Viisey, Cat. Grass. U. S. 83 (1885);
Coutrib. U. S. Nat. Jlerb. 1:37G (1893).
A slender perennial, 60-70 cm. high. Leaves of culm 4 in
number, ligule 1-3 mm. long; blades 4-8 cm. long, 3.5-3 mm.
wide, nearly smooth, Ihit, :U)ruptly pointed. Panicle open, pyram-
idal, 4-7 cm. long, rays often reHexed, the longest 5-8 cm. long,
bearing 3-4 spikelets near the apex. S{)ikelets purj)lo, linear. 7-8
mm. long, 3-4-no\vored, first glume 3.5-3 mm. long, 1-nerved,
second 3.3-4.3 mm. long, 3-nerved, oval, obtuse or acute, lowest
joint of rachilla 1.5 mm. long; floral glume slightly pubescent at
the base, 3-4.5 mm. long, oval, abruptly pointed; palea almost
as long as its glume.
Utah, Traqi; Montana, ,SV;/'//>«(t3G3 in 1S83, Tweedy Ttl, G3S;
Colorado, Wolfe 1144; New :\iexico, Fendler !)31».
Wet meadows.
11. P. alsodes A. (iray, Man. Ed. 3:5()3 (185(5). P. nemom-
lis Torr. Fl. V. S. 1 : 1 U (1834), not L.
A soft smooth Avoak light-green tufted perennial, 30-SO cut.
high. IJlades of sterile slioots 30-30 cm. long, 3.5-4 mm. wide,
flat or conduplicate, acute or abruptly ))ointed, those of the culm 3
in number, ligule 1-1.5 mm. long, truncate, lacerate; blades 5-10
cm. long. Panicle often partially included by the upper sheath,
30-45 cm. long, slender, open, lanceolate, or loosely linear or oval,
rays slender, in fours to sixes, tlie longest 10-14 nini., bearing
scattered spikelets from the middle or ahovif the middle. Spikelets
3.5-5.5 mm. long, 3-3-flowered, oval or linear-oval, joint of rachilla
0.5-0.7 mm. long, first em})ty glume 3-3 nun. long, ovate-lanceo-
late, 1-nerved, second ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-3.5 mm. long, 3-nerved;
floral glume 3.5-4 mm. long, oval, acute, webbed at base, pubes-
cmt or nearly smooth on the lower half of the keel, the tip
scarious for one-fourth its length; palea linear, 3.5-3 mm.
long, keels nearly smooth. Plants from Grand Traverse and
Alcona counties, ^Michigan, have the keel of floral glume nearly
smooth. Wet woods, New England, Alleghany ^Mountains to
Wisconsin.
Vermont, Pringle; Massachusetts, Faxon 10; New York, Clin-
FESTrOE/E. 537
ion', Michigan, Sm'bner 3488 from Wheeler, Cooh'ij, Bcal 12:2, 123,
(Flint) Clark 12!»8.
12. P. sylvestris A. Gray, .Man. Ed. 1 : 5!)G (1S48).
A soft smooth palo-groen tufted erect perennial, (!0-8() cm. high;
culms flattish. Sheaths smooth or scabrid, mostl} shorter than the
iuteruodes; ligule ol)tuse, lacerate, 1.5 mm. long; blades of sterile
shoots soft, flat, acuminate, 10-1.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, those
of the culm 4 in number, acute or ai-uminalc, (i-lO cm. long, 3-4
mm. wide. Panicle open, oblong-pyramidal, 10-15 cm. long, rays
slender, in fours to sevens in about ten sets, often drooping, the
longest 4-G cm. long, bearing a few branches beyond the middle.
Spikelets pedicellate, oblong or wider, 3-4 mm. long, usually 2-3-
llowered, joint of rachilla 0.(!-0.7 mm. long, first empty glunu' 1.7-
2.3 mm. long, ovate-acute, 1-nervcd, second oval-acute, 3-ncrvcd,
2-2.7 mm. long; floi'al glume oval, obtuse or sul)acute wlien .s})read,
2.5-3 mm. long, keel and. marginal nerves villous for nearly tlieir
entire length to the narrow scarious apex, sparingly webbed at the
base; palea oval, 2-tootlied, 2-2.2 mm. long, ciliate on tlie keck.
Delaware, Cauhy; Disti'ict of Columbia, Vusey for U. S. Dept.
Agricul. GG9; ;Mi(!higau, Beal c(- ]]li€eler 124.
Woods, Delaware, Xcw York to A^'isconsin and southward.
13. P. conglomerata Ilupr. Bull. Acad, lirux. 0: Tart 2, 236
(1842).
A rather soft and nearly smooth light-green perennial, 30-50 cm.
high. Culms Aveak and compressed; nodes 2-3. Leaves of sterile
shoots not numerous; ligule 2 mm. long; blades flat, acute, 5-8
cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, blades of tlie culm much tlie same. I'an-
iolo slender, spikelikc, 8-15 cm. long, rays mostly in pairs, aji-
pressed, the lowest distant 2-3 cm., tlie longest 2-4 cm. long, bear-
ing short nearly sessile branches for most of its length. Spikelets
ovid, acute, 3-flowered. 3-4 mm. long, first empty glume lanceolate,
1-nerved, 1.7-2 mm. long, second oval, acute wlien spread, 3-
nerved, 2.3 mm. long; floral glume sparingly webbed on tlie lower
third of the 3 nerves, oval, acute when spread, 2.5 mm. long;
lateral nerves evanescent one-third tlie way below the apes; palea
2 mm. long. Anthers oblong, 5-G mm. long.
538 POACE^.
Mexico, PringleAZOn,
Under dry cool cliffs.
14. P. nervosa (Hook.) Vasey, 111. N. A. Gr. 2: 81 (1893). Fes-
iiica nervosa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 251, 232 (1810).
Culms rather slender, 45-75 cm. high. Blades of sterile shoots
15-24 cm. high, those of tlio culm about 3, upper ligule rouuded,
1.5 mm. long; blades erect, tlat, 3-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide.
Panicle thin, pyramidal, 5-12 em. long, rays spreading or somewhat
erect, the lower in twos to fives, the longest 6-8 cm. long, each
bearing 3-G spikelets near tlie apex. Spikelets 3-8-llo\vercd, tlat-
tish, 4-5 mm. long, first empty glume 3 mm. long, 1-nerved, sec-
ond 3-nerved, 3.3-3.6 mm. long; floral glume linear-lanceolate, 5-
uerved, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, scabrid on the nerves; palea as long as
its glume. Ovary linear, 1.5 mm. long. Stigmas 3 mm. long.
Montana, Canhy tf- Scriljiwr 379, 395; Washington, Vd.sei/j
Oregon (Colund)ia River), Jloivell.
Alaska to Oregon.
Yar. Tracyi (Vasey), Poa Traajl Vasey, Contrii). U. S. Nat.
Herb. 1:276 (1893).
Floral glume webbed at l)ase, pubescent on the lateral nerves
and on the keel.
New Mexico (Raton), S. M. Tracij.
15. P. acuminata Scribn. ined.
'J\ifted, erect, 25-35 cm. high, smooth throughout. Sheaths of
culm 3 in number, ligule truncate, 2 mm. long; blades flat or con-
duplicate, abruptly pointed, 3-6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle
ovoid, 7-10 cm. long, rays slender, capillary, flexuose, 4-5 cm. long,
bearing on the outer half 10-16 spikelets. Spikelets much com-
pressed, ov;ite to linear, about 5 mm. long, 3-5-flowered, tinged with
purple and brown; first empty glume 3 mm. long, oval-lanceolate,
l-nerved, second 3.5 mm. long, oval-acute, 3-nerved; floral glume
3-3.5 mm. long, the keel and lateral nerves clothed with webby
hairs for two-thirds of their length, ovate, obtuse when spj-ead;
palea 2.5 mm. long.
Montana, F. Tweedy 639 in 1885, 1027 in 1886 for U. S.
Dept. Agricul.
FKS'ITCE.E. 639
Subalpinc bogs.
16. P. Idahoensis, new name. P. filifolia Vasey, Contrib.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : -.'ri (1893). P. Sanilherfjii Vasey, 1. c. 270.
A slender tufted erect perennial, 40-GO cm. higb. Leaves of
sterile slioots, lO-^i') cm. long, the blades involute, filiform; leaves
of the culms 2-3 in number, upper ligule 2-3 n)m. long; blades 3-5
cm. long. Panicle simple, subsecund, G-8cm. long, raysflexuose, in
twos and threes, the sets ratlier close, longest ray 3-4 cm. long, bear-
ing 1-3 spikelets. Spikelets smooth throughout or scabrid, oval to
linear, pale green, 2-5-flowered, 7-10 mm. long, first empty glume
ovate-lanceolate, first 1-nervcd, 2-3 mm. long, second S-nervod,
oviitc-lanceolate, 3—4 mm. long; floral glume much compressed,
rather thin, oval when spread, 4-5 mm. long, 5-nerved; puleu nearly
as long, ciliohite on the keels. Nearly allied to P. occiilcnfaJis.
The name filifolia had been previously used, hence the need of
a new one.
Jvocky slopes, Idaho, Sandherg 138, 104, for U. S. Dcpt. Agricul.
in 1S!»2.
IT. P. occidentalis A^asey & Scribn., ('ontrib. V . S. Nat. Herb.
1:274 (18'i3). P. trivialis occidenfalis Xn^eVyDv^c. Cat. (ir. 85
(1885).
Culms and leaves more or less scabrous; culms (!0-80 cm. liigh,
sliglitly compressed. Ligule ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long; leaves of (!ulm
5-0 in number, blades 10-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle
10-15 cm. long, spikelets oval or ovate-lanceolate. 7 nun. long,
first empty glume lanceolate, 1-nerved, 3 mm. long, second ovate-
lanceolate, 4 mm. long; floral glume oblong-lanceolate, 4.2-4.7
mm. long, very thinly pubescent on the marginal nerves and tlie
lower iialf of the keel. ov;:l-acute; palea 3.5 mm. long, otherwise
like P. fiexiatsn, to which it is nearly allied.
Oregon (Swave's Island), HoirvU in 1880.
18. P. debilis Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2:450 (1843). Weak Spear-
GKASS.
A soft smooth weak light-green tufted perennial, 60-80 cm.
high ; culms terete. Blades of sterile shoots flat or conduplicate,
-5-8 cm. long, leaves of the culm 4, ligule 2.5-4 long; blades acute
540 roAC'E.B.
or ncuminute, 4-10 cm. \o\\^, about 4 mm. wide. Pauiclo slender,
open, oval, or loug-pyraniidal. 10-15 cm. long, rays mostly in ]tuir8,
sleudor, llexiiosu or uoddiiig in fruit, the lower onus often distant,
the longest 5-9 cm. long, hearing a few 8[)ikelels, for 1.5-2 cm. at
tlie end. Spikelets broadly oval, 3-;3-llowered, 3-4 mm. long, joint
of rachilla 0.4-O.G mm. long; first empty glume 52-ti.5 mm. long,
1-nerved, ovate-lanceolate or obtuse, second 2.5-3 mm. long, 3-
iierved, oval-lanceolate; iloral glume 2.4-4 mm. long, membran-
ous to very near the tii), broadly oval, slightly webbed at base, mi-
nutely scabrid on the keel; palea oval, 2-2.5 mm. long, minutely
scabrid on the heavy keels.
New Ilampslure, Foxon 18, 26; Vermont, Pringle; Pennsyl-
vania, F. E. Fenioic; Michigan, Cooky, Dr. Clark 711, 715, 713,
Beal 125, Whedir 126.
Woodlands and hillsides.
Lower Canada, to New York and AVisconsin.
10. P. Kelloggii Vasey, 111. N. A. dr. 2: 79 (1893).
Erect slender, 40-(10 cm. high, smootli throughout except the
nerves of floral glumes and paleie. Ligule 2-3 mm. long; blades of
the culm 2 in number, flat, acute, 2-7 cm. long, 2-2.5 unn. wide.
Panicle thin, jiyramidal, 7-10 cm. long, rays mostly in i)airs,
capillary, rather distinct, often curved or reflexed, the longest 4.5
cm. long, bearing a few spikelets on the outer third. Spikelets
purplish, oval or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long, 2-4-flowered, joint
of rachilla 0.7 cm. long; empty glumes acute, first lanceolate, 1-
nerved, 2.3 nmi. long, second oval-lanceolate, 3.3-4 mm. long, )>-
nerved; floral glume 3.5-4.5 mm. long, tinged with brown as well
as purple, si)aringly webbed at the base, and slightly ])ubescent on
tlie lower part of three nerves, narrowly oval, acute, subacute or
obtuse, 5-nerved, the intermediate nerve on each side obtuse, all the
lateral nerves extending about two-thirds the length of the glume;
palea linear, 3 mm. long.
Montana', Tioeedij 638 ; Alaska, Harrington; British Columbia,,
M. Kay; Oregon, Cusich 977; California, Bolander 4705.
Colorado to Alaska and California.
20. P. Bolanderi Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 8; 32 (1882).
FKSTICK.E. .*)4I
A tufted erect r.itlu'r sU'inU'i* perennial, 30-00 cm. hi,i;li. Culms
compressed; sheutlis striate, smooth, loose, sliorler than the inter-
nodes; upper lijjule obtuso, 3-4 mm. long; blades of the culm ;{ in
number, nearly smooth, Hut or eondupliesite, 2-10 em. Ion;,', :i-'.i mm.
wide, acute or ai'uminate. I'aniele contracted or open. 10-15 cm.
lon^% rays mostly in j)airs, :{-5 cm. distant, tlie longest 5-8 cm. long,
mostly llower-bearing along the upper third. Spikeleta subscssile
or })ediecllate, linear-laiu;eolate, 1-3-llowered, 3-0 mm. long, joint
of raehilla 1.5 mm. long; empty glumes thin, green, scarious-mar-
gined, first 1-nerved, '2-'.] mm. long, second ovate-lanceolate, acute
or obtuse, »»ften lacerate, 3-norved; lloral glume tinged with violet,
linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4: mm. long, thinly webbed at the base,
otherwise smooth or scabrid; palea a little shorter than its
glume, adherent to the grain when nuiture. Nearly related to F.
arclira.
Oregon, IloweU; Southern ('alifornia, ]*iihiirr :»42.
Oregon and ("alifoi'iiia.
21. P. Howellii ^'asey & Scribn. ; \'asey, Cat. (irass. V. S. 82
(1885).
A slender erect perennial, 45-00 cm. higli. Sheaths nearly
smooth; ligule acute, lacerate, 4 mm. long; leaves of sterile sln»ots
few, 4-8 cm. long, those of the culm 3. l)lades flat or becoming
condui)licate, smooth, thin, acuminate, 2-7 cm. long, 3 mm. wide.
Panicle thin, linear or ovate-lanceolate, 12-25 cm. long, rays in
threes to sevens, remote, rather rigid, the longest 4-10 cm. long
with short appressed branches bearing s[)ikelet3 on the u})per half.
Spikelets light green, ovate-lanceolate, 2-4-flo\vered, 3.5-4.2 mm.
long, joint of raehilla sleiulor, 1 mm. long; empty glumes thin,
scabrid on the keel, first lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1.5-2.5 mm. long,
second oval-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 2-2. T mm. long; lloral glume
thin, sparingly webbed at the base, ciliate-pubescent on the nuir-
gins and on the lower two-thirds of the keel, 2.4-2.7 mm. long,
ovate, subacute or obtuse, erose; jtalea about 2.4 nun. long, ciliate
on the keels. Much like P. BohtiiderL See description for the
dilferences in floral glumes.
Once distributed as /'. fn'rialis L. var.
M2 I'UACE^.
Moiitaiiii, WiUianis; Colorado, Jones; Oro<roii, IlourU for U. S.
])e])t. Agricul. iJoO; Califoniiii, Uratulegrc, Anderson.
Montana, Colorado, Orogou to California.
22. P. alpina L. S]). PI, GT (ITo:*.). /'• tlirarirata Vill, Hist,
ri. Daupli, 'Z:Vll (i:80-0). P. nirieijala l.ani. lllustr, 1:181
(1791). P. stolon if era Hell. Mi'in. Acad, 'i'lirin, 5: -.'15 (1T0:5).
P. hndensis Jlaonke, Willd. Sj). PI. 1 : :)!)■.' (IM):). /'. colli na
Host, Grain. Austr. 2:/. •)() (ISOl-!)). P. Ihennalis Pors. Syn.
1:1)0 (180,")). P. hrerifolin (laud. Alpina, :i::54 (1808). P. ilis-
color lloppc". Trill, Mem, Awid. St, I»oti-rsl), (VI.) 1:375 (18;n).
P. ti/rirfa Uegetscliw. cS: Horr, Fl. Sclnv. S.') (1840). P. snhlilis
Schnr, Verli. Sii'bt'nd. Vor, Naturw. 4:8(; (18");)). /'. stenanllia
Janka, Oostr, Bot. Zeitsclir. 14: :>8:5 (1S(;4). P mronensis Scliiir,
Knrni. PI, Transs. 77:? (LSiUi). /', nrmphihi Sdiur, Knnni. PI.
Transs. 773 (18(Ui). /'. ijelida Suliur, Kimni. I'LTranssj, 775
(18(W)).
A soft erect tufted perennial, P^-40 cm, lii<i'li, smooth or nearly
so. Blades of sti-rile shoots ratiier thick, Hat or condiijilicate,
1.5-7 mm. lony, '.•-4-5 mm. wide, apex al)ru[)tly acute, those of
the culm 'l-?t in numher, 1-4 cm. Iool;": lii,nde "'-3 mm. lon,i;-.
Panicle ~-(i cm, long, densely ovate or olih)ng, or more open and
l)yramidal. apex sometimes nodding, rays in pairs, spikelets
bunched at, the ends. Spikelets broadly oval or y\V.v, usually
green, purple, and brown, ;5-4-'.)-llo\vere(l. 5-. mm. long;
cm})ty glumes subeipud, ovate or oval, acute, short-villously
pubes(;ent on the lower half of the keel and margins, lirst
1-3-nerved, 3-4 mm. long, second 3-iierve(l, '.\.'l-i^ mm. long, ex-
tending two-thirds the way or entirelv over the floral glujnc next
above; iloral glume concave-elliptieal, acute, ahno't acute oi- obtuse,
3.5-5 mm. long: pai 'a elli])tical, acute at both emls, ".'-toothed,
k'.!els ciliaie, ".'.5 :>..") mm. long. Anthers 1.7 mm. long,
liabnidor, /Hodt/e/l; Tiower Canada, .1. Allen: .Michigan (Islo
Koyale), T. ('. Porter: Montana, Willinin.-. SrrilD.er, /•'. 'Drredi/,
338, 027; Colorado, ./oy/^v. ,/. llW/e, 1120: i'tali, ,/«//r,v, 12(i8.
Greeidand, Canada, Kew Hampshire to Kocky Mountains.
FESTl'CE.E. 64 -
Var. minor Scribn. ined. lu every respect diminutive, 5-10 cm.
liigh; blades 1-2 cm. long; pimicle l-'i.i) cm. loug; spikelets
sliorter, 3— t-ttowerod.
Montami, ^:^cril))ie>' in 1883. Kooky Moimtiiitis.
Var. purpurascens (Vasey). P. imiyKrascens Vasey, Coult.
Bot. Gaz. G:297 (1881).
Culms smooth, 3-4.5 cm. high: panicle oblong or pyramidal,
5-8 cm. long; spikolets ovate, 8-i) mm. loTig. 3-.")-ll<)were<l. second
glume 5-G nmi. long; Uoral glume oval acute when spread, 6-7 mm.
long, palea 5.5 mm. long.
"Washington, U. S. Ih'pf. Jr/n'riiJ. ()"2S from Suksdorf,
A very distinct variety. perhai)s a species.
Washington, Oregon, Kocky ^fountains.
23. P. pratensisL. Sp. PI. GT (1753). .Tlxe Grass. Kextfcky
Blih Grass. Sim;ak-(!UASS. J\ anreps Hegetscliw. V\. Schw.
81 (1840). P. (DKjuxfifoUa L. S].. ri. ('.7 (1753). /'. altiro Hoiss.
& lleldr. Diiign. (1.) 1:5 : 57 (184-.'-5;i). P.ai'rulva Knai)p, Gram.
Brit. /. 118 (184(;). P. cinirrd Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 2: 12*1
(178(M)). P. costaia Scluim. Enum. PI. Saell. 1 : 28. /*. (h-pressa
J. & C. Presl, V\. Oech. 20. P. dnbid [lIonci<.l Verz. AUer. (Jew.
Teutscld. 235. /'. cn/i/nis/ifiiniiis Schur, Verb. Siebenb. Ver.
Naturw. 4:88 (1853). I*, jilifolia Schur, Kturm. PI. Transs. 7<;8
(ISGO). P. (jhihnt VAw\\. \W\\Y. 0:82 (17'.)2). /'. ///vy/^^/m Suti-r,
in. llelv. 1:48. /'. hvlvruplujUa Sclieele, Flora. 2;:5S (1844).
P. /nimilis Ehrh. IViir. (;:84 (17!)2). P. Lrjeintii Dam. (»l.s.
Gram. Belg. 112 (1823). P. iiiahiiitn(/(trien.'<if< Lcj. Fl. Spa. 1 : :>().
/*. Niiri/olia Schur. Fnum. Pi. I'ranss. 'It'i7 (18G<)). /'. pnhi'strits
Lcj. FI. Spa. 1:51. P. xiinmx Hotl'in. Deutsc Id. Fl. Fd. 2, 1 : 44.
P. striijosd. I. c. P. suhrivvKlca Sni. Engl. Hot.. /. 1004. P. sijl.
vicoUi Guss. Enum. PI. Inar. :>; 1 (1854). /'. friria/is (uiss. Fl.
Sic. Prod. 1:89 (1827). /'. \'i//(irsii (imel. Syst. 182 (1778).
P. viridis (iilib. Exi-rcit. 2: 530.
A very variabb-, common, and widely distributt'd pcrciii'Ial.
Culms terete, glabrous, slemler or rather stout where not, crowded,
30-()('» (rarely 10-120) cm. high, fi'oin copious running rcotstocks.
Sheaths smooth, snbcompressed ; ligide truncate, 1.5 mm. Imig;
644 POACE^.
blades of sterile shoots flat, or oftener more or less conduplicate,
very abruptly concave-pointed, 5-30 cm. long, tliose of tbe culm
3, smooth or scabrous, tlie upper one sborter than its slieatb, usu-
ally 6-10 cm. long, 2-2.5, rarely 4-7 mm. wide. Panicle ratbor
close or open pyramidal, tbe diameter of the base about tbe
same as the length, 1-19 (mostly about 10) cm. long, rays scabrous
or smootli in half-wborls of 3-6, the longest 3-11 cm. long, ratber
densely flower-bearing on the upper half. Spikelets often tinged
with purple, many with pedicels 1 mm. or less in lengtb, oval,
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-6-flowered, 4-7 mm. long, joint of
rachilla 0.5 mm. long; empty glumes acute, ,',cabrous on tbe keels,,
first 2.5-3 mm. long, 1- (rarely 3-)nerved, ovate-lanceolate, second
3-3.5 nmi, long, 3-ncrved, oval-lanceolate; floral glume tbickly
wel)l)ed at the base, pubescent on tbe marginal nerves and on tbe
lower two-thirds of tbe keel, 3-4 mm. long, oval, subacute wlu-n
spread, the apex scabrous for 0.5 mm. or less; palea linear, 2.5-3
mm. long, scabrous on tbe keels. Antbers 1.5 mm. long.
Variety angnsti folia is a nameapi)lied to forms witb mirrow radi-
cal leaves, but is scarcely a variety. A very valuable ])asture-gniss.
See Vol. I. p. 133, Fig. 51. Nearly allied to P. trlvialis L., under
wbicb see note.
Pennsvlvania, V. S. Dejit. AffririiJ. (iG2 from Scribner; ^Um-
tana, Ctinhy tP Scrihnvi' 303; Yellowstoiu' Park, Frank Tircodij
277. 04(5; Oregon, /foirelL tbe indigenous form. Several forni.s
cultivated at Agricultural College, Micbigan.
Common throughout Europe, central and Russian Asia, also
North Ami'rica and in the Southern IIemisi)bere.
24. P. Brandegei Scribn.
An alpiiu^ annual (?) 2-4 cm. bigb. Ligule truncate, 1 mm.
long; blades tbiu, flat or conduplicate, 1-3 em. long, 0.5-1 mm.
wiole. Panicle sparingly branched, 0,5-1 ctn. long. Spikeleti
purplish, broadly oval, 3-4 mm. long, ;}-4-flowered, joint ot rachilla
0.5-0.7 mm. long; empty glumes tbin, 3-nerved, second oval,
acute or obtuse. 2.7-3.1 mm. long; floral glume not webbed not-
pubescent, about 2 mm. long, very broadly oval, erose, tbin. ob-
scurely 5-nerved; palea linear, incurved, smootb, nearly 2 mm.
FESTUCE.E. r)45
long. Anthers 0.6 mm. long. Distributed as P. ahbreviuta
Thurber.
Colorado (Gray's Peak), Jones 714, 14,000 feet altitude.
25. P. Chapmaniana 8cril)ii. Hull. Torr. Club. -Zl-.'M (1804).
Poa cristafa Chai)iii. Fl. S. States, aH-i (ISOO), not Walt.
An ort'ct light griH'ii, nearly HUiooth annual. lO-'.M) cm. high.
Ligule 3 nun. long; blades of sterile shoots oiR'-([Uarter tlu^ length
of the euhn. Slieaths of the (uilnis ;? in number, usuidly shorter
than the interiiodes; blades ilat or ci)ndui)licate, acuminate or
abruptly pointed, 3-5 cm. long. \.^-i, mm. wide. Panicle obtuse,
linear or pyramidal, 2-S cm. long, rays in twos or threes, one of
the longest 2-4 cm. long, bearing spikelets on the outer half.
Spikelets shortly pedicellate or ahnost sessile, 3-;]. 5 mm. long,
3-5-flo\vered, narrowly or broadly elliptical or rhomboidal, joint of
rachilla 0.5 mm. long; em[»ty glumes siibcqual, ovate, subacute,
3-nerved (first rarely 1-nerved), second 2.2 mm. long; lloral glume
thin, webbed at base, pidjescent on marginal nerves and two-thirds
of the keel, the 4 lateral nerves obscure, 2.5 mm. long, conciive,
elliptical, the u})per fourth scarious; jialea thin, 1.7-2 mm. long,
pubescent on the lower two-thirds of the keels when seen through
a lens.
^fuch like Poa (unina and likely to be confounded with it.
When compared, this species is more nearly erect, blades of sterile
shoots shorter, empty glumes narrower, with narrower scarious
margins, lloral glume oval (not ovate) and shorter.
Tennessee, Srrihner; Mississippi (Tupelo & Starkville), Tracy;
Missouri, llifrhcock.
Tennessee, Florida, ami Mississip})i.
20. P. Bigelovii Vasey iS; Scribn. Vasey, Cat. Grass. U. S. SI
(1S85). /'. ainiH(t\i\v. sfn'c/d \'asey, Scril)!!. liull. Torr. Clul). 31
(1883).
A glaucous annual or perennial; culms Ilat, green or jiurple,
20-70 em. high. Leaves of sterile shoots few. the l)la(les 2-4 cm,
long, those of the culms 3 in number, ilat or conduplieate, 3-10
cm, long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, apex acute (not abruptly acute as in /'.
annua); ligule 2 nan. long. Panicle linear, secund, very simple,.
f)46 POACEiB.
interrupted, 5-20 cm. long, rays in pairs, the longest 3-4 cnn. long,
densely flowered on the upper half; in a very long panicle, the
lowest rays 5-7 cm. from the next ahove. Spikelets oval or ovate-
lanceolate, 3-0-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, Joint of rachilla 0.7 mm.
long; empty glumes 3-nerved, first ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-3.5 mm.
long, second oval-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long; floral glume oval, acute
or obtuse, notched at the apex, 3-3.5 mm. long, the nerve on each
side next the midnerve obscure, webby hairs at base often 4 mm.
long, hairs on the keel for threo-fourths of its length and half the
length of the glume on the lateral nerves, 0.7 nun. long; i)aloa
lanceolate, 2.7 mm. long, pubescent on the keels. Certainly a good
species.
Texas, Ciirtisfi 3477a irom Eeverchon, Feiidler 03; New Mexico,
Vaseij for IT. S. Dept. Agricul. G35; Arizona (Santa Cataliua
Mountains), Prinyh 458.
Texas to Arizona.
27. P. coMi'iiEssA L. Sp. PI. 69 (1753). Klat-stemmkd Poa.
Bluk Grass. AV^irixjkass. P. aiiceps Presl, ('v[). iS: Gram. Sic.
43 (1S2C)). P. comphnala Scluir, Euum. PI. Transs. 770 (KSdli).
P. L(i)u/eaiin Reichb. Fl. Gci-m. Excurs. 140* (1833). /'. ninraUs
Wihfl, Prim. Fl. Werth. 114. P. po///)wda. Parn. (Irass. Scot!.
84 (1842). /*. snIx'ONipres.sa Parn. 1. c.
Glaucous, bluish green, culms 30-()0 cm. high, smooth, firm,
miu'li compressed, ascciuling from crec})ing rootstocks. Sheaths
mostly much shorter than the internodes, ligiih! ()l)tusi', about 1
mm. long; sterile shoots few, those of the culm 4. blades tlat or
condui)licate. -1-10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the apex abrujitly
pointed as in /'. annua. Panicle usually contracted, linear or open
und ovoid, secund, 5-10 cm. long, lower rays scabrous, in ])airs or
single, the middle ones in tlii-ees or fours, the longest 3-4 cm. long,
ilower-bearing on tlie outer half. Spikelets subsessile, oval or ovati--
lanceolatc, 3-10-ll()wered, 4-() mm. long, l)luish green, often tinged
with purple, joint of rachilla 0.5 mm. long; empty glunu'S sub-
equal, 3-ncrved, acute, ovate or elliptical-lanceolate, second 2.5-3
mm. long; iloral glunu' 2.5-3 mm. long, lirm, smooth or scabrid,
Webby hairs few or wanting, pubescent on the keel and lateral
FESTUCE.E. 547
nerves near the base, oval, abruptly acute, the 5 nerves obscure;
palea nearly as long as its glume, scabrid on the keels. For a fur-
ther account see Vol. I. p. 137, Fig. 67.
Yermout, Prinyle; Kew Jersey, Scribner for U. S. Dept. Agri-
cul. 04:>; Michigan, Clark '^W, 717, Heal 127, V:iS,Cooleii; :Minne-
sota, Arthur X 18, B 527; Colorado, Lelteruum 30; Arizona,
Tuumey 122 ; Oregon, Howell.
Dry soil, rarely seen in woods. Extensively naturalized from
Euroiie, and possibly indigenous northward.
28. P. Wheeleri Yasey, Kothr. Kep. l?ot. U. S. Surv. G:291
(1878).
Perennial, with running rootstocks. Culms 20-00 cm. high.
Ligule 1.5 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots 15-20 cm. long, 3
mm. wide, rigid, conduplicate or involute with a lirm ol)li(|ue point,
U2)per l)lade of culm 1-3 cm. long. Panicle o[>en, thin. .S-12
cm. long, ovoid, rays slender, mostly in pairs, the longer 3-5 cm.
long, l)earing a few spikelets near the apex. Spikelets lance-ellip-
tical, G-7 mm. long, 3-llowered, lower joint of racliilla 1.5 mm.
long; empty glumes subequal, ovato-laiu'eolatc, 3-nerved, second
one 3.7 mm. long; floral glume not webbed, 4.2 mm. long, ciliate
on the lateral nerves and on the lower two-fifths of the keel, oval,
subacute Avhen spread, margins scarious; palea truncate, very
nearly as long as its glume, ciliate on the keels.
Colorado (South Park). Wolfe 1131-', in herb. Scrii)ner, Dr.
Enyelman, Lefterman 29, 44.
2!). P. confinis Vasey, 111. X. A. (Jr. 2: 75 (I8!i3).
An erect tufted dio'cious perennial, 10-20-30 cm. high, from
slender creeping rootstocks. The second and often the third and
fourth leaves from the top of the culms containing erect leafy, non-
flowering branches in their axils. Sheaths smooth; ligule involute,
acute. 1-2 mm. long; blades of the branches smooth, exteiuling to
the base or the apex of the panicles, coiuluplicate, in cross-section
ovate or oval, destitute of bnlliform cells, (i-S mm. di'am., 7-nerved
with 9 bands of sclerencbyma, the extreme a])ex obli([uely obtuse,
the ui^per blade 1-3 cm. loug, Avith the upper part of the sheath
involute,' like the blade. Panicle dense, linear, subsecund, 2-4-5
n48 POACE^.
em. long, rays smooth, in pairs, the longest 1.5-3 cm. long, densely
ilower-beariug above the middle. Spikelets oval, 4-G mm. long,
:{-5-ilowered, softly scabrid; empty glumes lance-ovate, acute, 3-
nerved, second 3.5-4.3 mm. long, reaching three-fourths to four-
fifths over the glume above; floral glume Avith a few webby hairs at
the base. 3-3.7 mm. long, involute, broadly ovate, abruptly acute;
palea linear-lanceolate, ciliate on the keels.
Oregon, Howell in July 1882. and in 1887.
Some of tliese liavc been distributed as P. ahh rev lata W. Br.,
but Dr. Vasey had an opportunity for comparison and I follow him
in the selection of name.
Oregon to the Aretic Coast.
30. P. Grayana Vasey, Contrib. ^5. S. Xat. Herb. 1:2T2
(1892).
Kootstocks and sterile shoots numerous; culms 30-50 cm. high.
Blades of sterile shoots conduplicate, abruptly pointed, 15-20 cm.
long, 2 mm. wide; leaves of the culm 2 in number; liguledecurrent,
2-1 mm. long; upper blade 4-G cm. long. Panicle open, 8-12 cm.
long, rays in pairs, the longest 4-6 cm. long, bearing 3-G spikelets
on the outer third. Spikelets tinged with purj)le, the margins of
the ghunes broAvn, Q-'ii mm. long, 3-5-ilowered; empty glumes oval,
subacute, 3-iierved, first about 3.5 mm. long, second 4-4.5 mm.
long; lloral glume pubescent on tiie keel and marginal nerves of the
lower two-fifths, 3.5-T mm. long, ovate, obtuse, erose; palea but
little shorter than its glume, linear when closed, ciliate on the keels.
Colorado, Patterson 14 in 1885.
High Mountains about Gray's Peak; altitude 10,000-12,000 feet.
In herb. Y. S. Dei)t. Agricul.
31. P. Thurberiana (Kuntze) Vasey(?)
An erect light-green rather slender perennial, 50-80 cm. high,
culms aiul leaves smooth or scabrid. Sterile shoots few, the blades
20-40 cm. long, leaves of the culm 4-5, sheaths mostly longer than
the internodes, smooth; ligule truncate, lacerate, 4 mm. long;
blades mostly flat, acuminate, 2 mm. wide, the upper extending to
tlie base of the panicle or beyond. Panicle narrow, thin, 15-25
cm. long, rays iu threes and fours, some of them very siiort, the
FKSTrcK.E. 649
longest 3-5 cm. long, thinly flower-bearing for the whole length.
8pikelets 2-tlowore(l, tlie upper floret nulimeiitary; empty glunu's
sube<iual, ;} mm. long, the first a little the longer, botli .'J-iiervcd.
the lateral nerves merging into tlie midnerve above tlie middle;
floral glume subcarinate, smooth, 7-nerved, oval and subacute
when .spread, 3.7 mm. long; palea as long as its glume; the second
floret consisting of an obtuse floral glume nearly 2 mm. long and a
palea much shorter. Stamens 3 in number, 1.5 mm. long,
("aliforuia, HoJnnder.
32. P. Douglasii Nees, Ann. Xat. Hist. Scr. I, 1 : 284 (1838).
Poa Californira Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 201 (1855).
A slender smooth dicecious tufted perennial, 10-20 cm. higli,
with short slender creeping rootstocks. Leaves ol' sterile shoots
numerous, sheaths loose; ligule obsolete; blades of sterile shoots con-
duplicate, curved, 5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, the extreme apex usually
oblique and obtuse, in cross-section oval or ("ircular, O.T-1 mm.
diam., 0-nerved. blades of the culm like those below, 1-5 cm. long,
usually extending to the spike or beyond it. I'anicle jialc gi'ccu,
dense, globose, ovoid or linear, 2-0 cm. long. 1.5 diuni. PisliUafe
spikelets compressed, oval, 3-G-flowered, 7-10 nun, long, joint of
rachilla 0.75 nmi. long, emjity glumes subequal, linear-lanceolate,
4.5-0.5 nun. long, 3-nerved, scabrous on the keel; floral glume oval
or ovate, acute, 5.5-7 mm. long, finely pubescent on the lower half
of the keel and marginal nerves; palea linear, 2-toothed, ciliate on
the keels, 4.7-5.5 nim. long. Slauiinale spikelets 5 mm. long; empty
glumes 2.5 mm. long, floral glume 3.5 mm. long; palea as long as
its glume.
California, Jones 3258.
California, along the seacoast in loose sand.
33. P. glumaris Trin. :^[em. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) l:;57a
(1831). I\ Kingii S. Wats. l?ot. King's Exp. 387 (1871).
A more or less glabrous, strict, very stout dicecious perenjiial,
30-00 cm. high, and a diameter of the culm of 5-0 mm. near tlie
base: rootstocks creeping. Ligule nearly obsolete; blades tirin.
smooth or scabrid. usually conduplieate. 10-30 cm. long, 8-12 mm.
wide, those of the culm 3 in number, 2-8 cm. long. Panicle
nno poACE.E.
strict, dense, linear, spikelike or more or less interrupted, G-18 cm.
long, rays stout, nearly erect, in clusters of 3-5, densely flowered I'oi'
most of their Icnijth. Fis/iUafe spikelets linear-oblong, T-9 mm.
long, 3-o-flowered, longest joint of rachilla about 1 mm. long;
empty glumes smooth, subequal, ovate-lanceolate or linear-oblong,
;]-nerved, lirst 5-0 mm., siroud T-S mm. long; floral glume tinged
with purple, carinate, puberulent, 5 mm. long, often i)ubescent
near the base, oval, acute, mucronate or obtuse-erose; 2)alea as long
as its glume, linear, puberulent, ciliate on the nerves. Lodicules 1
mm. long. Ovary obovoid-oblong, pubescent, 1-1.7 nnn. long,
stigmas terminal plumose, 2-2.5 mm. long. tSfatiiinafe spikelets
with glumes and palea each 1-2 mm. longer. Anthers 3.2 mm.
long.
In my opinion this is a very good Poa and need not be placed
in a distinct genus, as some have j)roposed. Plants seen were from
the lower St. Lawrence and Alaska.
Labrador, ,/. .1. Alien 24; Canada, Prhujlr; Alaska, Harrinij-
foii. Turner.
Lower Canada to Alaska, along the coast in gravelly Iteaches.
34. P. pseudopratensis Scribn. & Rydb. in herb.
A smoo*h j)erennial, 20-30 cm. high with creeping rootstooks.
Culms terete. Sheaths longer than their internodes; ligules 2 mm.
long; blades flat, tapering toward the abruptly keeled apex, 10-18
cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide. Panicle ovoid or oval, rays smooth in
pairs, the longest about 4 cm. long; pedicels mostly 1.5 mm. or
more in length. iMnjity glumes 3-nerved, subequal, 5-5.5 mm. long,
3-nerveil ; floral glume 5.5-0 mm. long; })alea alxnit 5 mm. long.
Alaska (Adakh Island), V(ii/a(/e of Ai//a/riiss July 1, 1893.
35. P. flava L. Sp. PI. 68 (1753). Fowl Mi-adow-ohass. P.
t<erotinn Ehrh. lkMtr.6; 83 (1701), name only. /'. crocala Michx.
Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 08 (1803), fide Munro. P. jjalusfris IT. Mart.
Prod. Fl. :\rosq. 19(1812). /'. ncmoraUx Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
1:79 (1814). P. Injdrophiihi Thuill. Steud. Norn. Ed. 1, 630,
638(1821). P.trijlnra rjilib. Exercit. 531. P. elef/nns Hall. 1'.
Steud. Xom. Ed. T, 2:359(1841). P. anguKfifolia Peichb. FL
Germ. Excurs. 47 (1850).
FESTUCE.E. 551
Loosely tufted, erect from a (lecuiiibcnt base, 40-120 cm. higli;
no creeping rootstoeks. J^igulo -4-5 nun. long; bUules of sterile
c^luiots ;}-8 cm. long, soon fiuling, those of the culm 5-0, erect soft
and smooth or scabrous, Hat or conduj)licate, pungent, acuminate,
7-15 cm. long, 2.5-13 mm. wide. Panicle ami)Ic, oblong or jiyi-am-
idal, at length nodding, 20-i)5 cm. long, rays scabrous in half-
whorls of 4-10, some of the lower sets of rays 5-7 cm. distant, t!ie
longest 10-15 cm. long, branching freely, bearing nunun'ous sctat-
tered spikelets on the upper half or three-lifths, S[)ikelets sliort-
pedicelled, often tinged with violet and brown, elliptical or linear-
lanceolate, 2-5-llo«-ered, a long joint of rachilla about 0.5 mm. long;
empty glumes sube(pial, 3-nerved, llrst ovate-lanceolate, second
oval-lanceolate, 2,11-3.7 mm. long; iloi-al glume sparingly webbed a,fc
l)ase, and thiidy pubescent on the lateral nerves and lower half of
the keel, 3.3-2.5 mm. long, apex often tinged with yellowish
brown, elliptical, ol)tuse or subacute Avlien spread, though a[i])ear-
ing acute when closed, obscurely nerved; ])alea almost as long as its
glume, linear, scabrid on the keels.
New Hampshire, E. F<(.rnn !); ^[assachnsetts, E. L. SturtevaiU,
ncalUS; New York (Uulfalo), r7//i^;i for Clark lG8o; Michigan,
Coolri/, Chirk 714, Era! 130, 131, Wheeler, Farwell; Illinois, Heal
12'.); Iowa, llitchrorlc; Minnesota, Arthur X 6, M 183, 1U2<3, P. 510;
Colorado, ('assid//; South Dakota, Di/Jfe//; AVashington, Lake;
Oregon, llowell.
"Wet or moist ground, Canada, Xew England, Alaska, Pennsyl-
vania, Colorado.
For a further account see \'ol. \. }>. 140, Fig. (iS, undi'r /'.
f^erotina.
Colonel Moiiioe, the most acute agrostologist of his day,
l)laced this with 7^ /le/iioralis L., while Grisebaeh, Pries, A. (iray,.
and Anderson keep it distinct. See Dr. ,1. I). Il()(»ker, on Distri-
])ut,ion of Arctic Plants, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 23, ISIH). ^lonroe
observes that stunted or arctic si)eciniens of P. iieDttiralis L. , /'.
.^rri)/ina Ehrh., P. c(vxia Sm., if not identical arc extremely difficult
to distinguish the one from tlu' other.
36. r. fiavicans Ledu. Fl. Poss. 4:373 (1853).
5r)2 roACK.E.
IMiiut nither soft, i25-GU fin. high. Leaves of tlie culms 3,
shoiiths ('OV(!riu<j tlie internodes, ligulo broad, decurreiit, toothed,
IJ mm. long; blades of the sterile slioots thin, Hat or irregidarly
involute, 5-10 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, abruptly pointed, those of
the culm 4-15 cm. long. Panicle e.xserted, oval or 2)yramidal, 8-13
cm. long, rays in twos aud threes, 1.5 cm. distant, the longest 4-0
cm. long, bearing 3-4 spikeU'ts on the outer three-fifths. Spike-
lets lax, oval, 8 mm. long. ;j-tlowered with a minute rudimeut of a
fourth, joint of rachilla slender, 1.5 mm. long; em})ty glumes thin,
-elliptical, 3-nerved, first 4.5 mm. long, second 5 mm. long; floral
glume thinly pubescent on the lower half of the nerves, oval, 5
mm. long; palea thinly pubescent on the keels, nearly as long as its
glume.
Unalaska, Turner.
Its nearest alUnities are P. hixpidnJa \'asey and P. f/rariUima.
37. P. nemoralis L. S]». IM. 00 (l'?r)3). /'. rmi(f Am. authors
in part. /*. hnjophihi 'Vv\n. Hull. Sc. Acad. St. Petersb. 1:09
(18;5()). There are at least 35 other syminyms.
A loosely tufted erect perennial, 40-70 cm. high, with no creep-
ing rootstocks; culms compressed or subterete, smooth. Sheaths
smooth ; ligule 0.5 mm. long; blades of culm 4 in number, scabrous,
erect, Hat or conduplicate, pungent-acuminat(>, 7-1'^ cm. long, 3.5-3
mm. wide. Panicle linear, ovoid or pyranii<lal. erect or nodding,
5-12 cm. long, rays scabrous, inhalf-wlioi-jsof 4-7, distant 3-3.5 cm.,
the longest 5-6 cm. long, bearing spikeiets almost clustered on the
outer half or third, some with 2)edicels 0.7 mm. long. Sj)ikelet8
often tinged with violet, ellij)tical or linear-lanceolate, 3-0-Ho\vered,
5-0 mm. long, a long joint of rachilla 0.8 mm. long; empty
glumes acuminate, 3-nerved, first ovate-lanceolate. 3.7-3 mm. long,
second oval-lam?eolate, 3.5 mm. long; floral glume .sparingly webbed
ut base, 3-;5.2 mm. long, puljescent (not thiidy) on the lateral nerves
und lower half of the keel, apex tinged with yellowish brown, ellip-
ti(?al or subacute when spread, obscurely nerved; palea linear,
scabrid on the keels, 2.7 mm. long.
'J'lie above is a description of well-grown typical plants intro-
duced from Europe into Michigan.
FliSTlCK.K. /503
Yermonty Prill ffh' in ISM; K'ocky !Moimtiiins, //r/// iiiid Har-
bour '^47; Moiitiinu, Tirecdii <)47, Caiihij i(- Srribtin\ ;U)4, 'M\\)\
("olonido, Leitn-iiiiin W, '.55, 37, 6'i in 1S85-S(3 for V. S. ^iit.
Herb.
Viir. glauca (Valil). 7W ///^r«<7^ Valil. Fl. Dun. /. .%'^(17rM)).
r. aesid J. K. Smith. Kngl. J?ot. /. /77-'y (17i)3). /'. aspera (iiin-
din, Ali)inu '.i: :)S (1S(»S).
Cnhns 20-00 cm. liigli, firm, HiittencMl; lignlo obtnse, 2 nun.
lon^; bliidos 3-4 in nnmber. I'liuicli^ erect. '•'>-(> cm. long, snb-
secund andspikolikc, or 10-12 cm. long and open, tbo longest niys 5
cm. long. Spikelets '^-4-llowered, part of tlietn snlwessilc; empty
glnmes oval, acute, first 3.3 mm. long, second 3.5-4 mm. long;
floral glume 3.7-4 mm. long; palea 3.5 mm. long. Anthers 1.7
mm. long.
New Ilampsbiro, (■. E. Fd.mn ; ^Montana, Williams; Arizona,
IhiHhii S99.
Maine to Oregon and Rocky Mountains.
Var. firmula Host. Oram. Aust. 2:/. 71 (IS()4). P. cipxia var.
strict ior A. (J ray, Man. Ed. r):G-»9 (IS(JS).
Culms 15-30 cm. high, flattened; panicle contracted or open,
grayish purple; empty glumes subequal, l)road, '^-".'.7 mm. long;
floral glume 2.5 mm. long; palea '•2.5-'2.7 mm. long; anthers 1.2
mm. long.
\'ermont. Fa.ron, Ilusfdnl, l^riiiglr ; Michigan (Keweenaw
Co.). Fur veil ; Canada, Faxon; Minnesota, Arthur; jNlontana,
Canhji tl- Scribner ;)S7, 3S!), Williams.
38. P. Wolfii (Vasey), Scribn. Uull. Torr. Chd'), 21:/. :.';>S
(1804). P. alsodes A. Gray, var. Woljii Vasey ined.
('ulms slender, 00-80 cm. high. Uladcs of sterile shoots 2.j-;)5
cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide; ligule 1-1.3 mm. long; blades of culm
5-10 cm. long, acuminate. Panicle lax, 7-15 cm. long, rays in
distant pairs, slender, the longest 7-10 cm. long, bearing 4-7 spike-
lets near the apex. Spikelets open, 0.7 mm. long, ;)-4-flowered;
empty glumes oval when spread, acute, 3-nerved, first 3.5 mm. long,
second 4 mm. long ; floral glume 4.4-5 mm. long, pubescent for
most of its length, elliptical, acute; jialea 3.5 mm. long, puberuleut
664 POACE^.
on the keels. Nearly allied to P. Jlexuosa, but its first glume is 3-
nerved, the floral glume longer and strongly pubescent.
Illinois, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 360 from J. Wolfe.
39. P. laxa Haenk. Sudet. 118 (1791). P. flextioaa J. E. Smith,.
Fl. Brit. 1:101 (1800), not Wahl. (1824), not Muhl. (1817).
Tufted, smootli, flaccid throughout, slender, ascending or erect
from a geniculate base, 10-25 (rarely 35) cm. high. Ligule 2-2.5
mm. long; blades flat, acuminate, 4-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide,
those of the culm 2-3 in number. Panicle 5-10 cm. long, simple,
linear, dense and interrupted or spreading and nodding, rays
flexuose, 1-5 (mostly 2-3) at a node of panicle. Spikelets often
pu' r'.ii, sometimes tinged with brown, oval or oval-lanceo-
law, 2-4-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, joint of rachilla 0.7 mm. long;
empty glumes subequal, ovate-lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, 3-nervcd,
second 3.5-4.2 mm. long; floral glume 3.2-4 mm. long, thin, spar-
ingly webbed at base, pubescent on the marginal nerves and the
lower half of the keel, oval, obtuse, subacute, emarginate or erose
with an extended scarious apex; palea thin, 3-3.5 mm. long, ciliolute
on the keels. Nearly allied to P. alpina L.
New Hampshire, Faxon; Vermont, Hosford tor U. S. Dept.
Agricul. 654, Pringle.
New England to Eocky Mountains and well northward ; also in
Europe. In Hooker's Flor. Bor. Am. this is treated as P. Jlexuosa.
40. P. gracillima Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 272
(1893).
A slender, densely tufted perennial, 30-50 cm. high, the upper
node extending one-fourth or less than the len,7:th of the culm.
Blades of sterile shoots tliin, smooth, acute, flat or conduplicate,
filiform, 5-10 cm. long, 0.6-1 mm. wide, those of the cnlm 2 ;
ligule 2.5 mm. long. Panicle open, pyramidal or ovoid, 5-8 cm.
long, rays scabrous in twos to fives, the longest 3-5 cm. long, bear-
ing 3-4 spikelets on the outer third. Spikelets tinged with violet,
oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3-5-flowered, 6-10 mm. long, a long joint-
er rachilla 1.5 mm. long; empty glumes oval-lanceolate, 3-nerved,
flrst 3-4 mm. long, second 3.5-5 mm. long; floral glume elliptical^
8-5 mm. long, 5-neryed, subacute or obtuse with a wide scarious tip,.
FESTUCE^. 650
scabrid, pubescent on the nerres of the lower half; palea linear, as
long as its glume, strongly ciliate on the nerves. Antliers 3 mm.
long. Vasey says some of the plants approach P. tennifolia Nutt.
Oregon, Howell, Cusick fqr U. S. Dept. Agricul. 649.
Washington and Oregon.
41. P. hiipidnla Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:372
(1893).
A stout perennial, 50-70 cm. high. Gnlms simple, decumbent at
base. S)ieaths shorter than the internodes; ligule obtuse, tlic central
portion 3 mm. long, appearing longer; leaves of the culm 4 iu num-
ber, blades smooth, flat or conduplicate, 5-15 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide,
the apex pungent. Panicle pyramidal to linear, 6-15 cm. long, rays
in threes to fives, the half-whorls rather close, the longest 3-6 cm.
long, bearing spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets broadly oval to
narrowly oval, 3-5-flowered, 7-9 mm. long. Joint of rachilla
about 1 mm. long; empty glumes membranous, subequal, linear-
lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, 3-nerved, second 5-7 mm. long;
florp^ glume 5.5-6.7 mm. long, densely webbed at base, marginal
nerves and three-fourths of the keel densely and conspicuously
pubescent, thinly clothed between the nerves with very short hairs
or nearly smooth, oval, subacute, denticulate; palea linear, ciliate
on the keels, 5.2 mm. long.
TJnalaska, Harrington for IT. S. Coast Surv. iul871; Alaska,
L. M. Turner in 1881 for Scribner; liehring Island, Macoun 49 in
1891.
42. P. Bnpreohtii Peyr. Linna?a, 30: 6 (1859).
A densely tufted perennial, 20-50 cm. high. Leaves of sterile
shoots scabrous, blades conduplicate, long-pointed, 30-40 cm. long,
3 mm. wide, when old breaking near the ligule; those of the culm
2-3 in number, ligule 4 mm. long ; blade 10 cm. long. Panicle thin,
ovoid or pyramidal, 8-15 cm. long, rays scabrous, in pairs remote
from each other, the longest 4-6 cm. long, bearing 3-6 spikelets on
the upper third. Spikelets linear-lanceolate or OTate-lanceolatc, 4-6-
flowered, 6-9 mm. long, joint of rachilla 0.8 mm. long; first
empty glume ovate-lanceolate, 1 nerved, 2.5 mm. long, second
-oval-lanceolate, 3-3.2 mm. long; floral glume scabrid on the keel.
906 POACE^.
not webbed at the base, ovate, acute, 4 mm. long, the upper third
soarious; palea linear, 3.7 mm. long, scabrid on the keels.
Mexico, Pringle 1437, Palmer 1316 ; New Mexico, Tracy.
43. P. Oronttiana Vasey, West. Am. Scientist in Aug. 1887.
An erect perennial, about 60 cm. high. Leaves of the culm 3 in
number, sheaths smooth; ligule scarious, fringed, 5 mm. long; blades
of sterile shoots thin, flat, taper-iK)inted, 10-15 cm. long, the upper
blade of the culm 5-7 cm. long. Panicle purplish, 12-15 cm.
long, rays in fours and fives, the longest 8-9 cm. long, bearing about
25 spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets linear, purplish, 6-8 mm.
long, 3-5-flowered, scaberulous; empty glumes thin, 3-nerved and
green only near the base, first 3 mm. long, second 3-4 mm. long;
floral glume thin, 3.4-4.5 mm. long, with a trace of a tuft of huirs
at the base, oval, subacute, apex often erose; palea about the length
of its glume, linear before spreading, 2-tootheil, ciliolate on the
keels. Stamens 3. Anthers 2.5 mm. long.
Lower California (northern i)art), Orcutt in 188(> foi* U. S,
Dept. Agricul.
127. (257). COLPODnm Trin. Fund. Agrost. 119 (1820). Arc-
tophila Rupr. Beit. Pfl. Russ. Reich. 2: 62 (1845).
Spikelets 1-2-flowered, rarely 3-flowered, rachilla arti; ulate
above the lower glumes and between the florets. Empty glumes
awnless, softly membranous or hyaline, 1-3-nervetl or destitute of
nerves, obtuse or rather acute, unequal; floral /^hmie with the tex-
ture of the empty glumes, very broad, obtuse, more or less 5-nerved,
the lateral ones short or almost obsolete; palea about as long as its
glume, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles short; distinct.
Grain oblong, without a groove, included, but not adherent. An-
nual or perennial grasses. Leaf-blades flat or almost setaceous.
Panicle slender, effuse, pyramidal, branches capillary. Spikelets
often small, sometimes colored.
Ten species are known in Asia, Europe and North America.
The genus is very closely allied to Poa and by some made a section
of that genus.
The spikelets are small, containing only one or two flowers,
thus connecting Poa with the Agrosteae. The Arctic plant pub-
FESTUCEiR
557
lished by R. Brown aa a doubtful Colpodium now forms Grise-
bach's genus Arctagrostis.
1. C. folvum (Trill.) Griseb. Le<lb. Fl. Ross. 4:385 (18.53),
Poa fulva Triu. Act. Petrop. (VI.) I: 378 (1831). Ghjccrin fnha
Fries, Summ. Veg. Seuml. 244 (184G-9). (irajihephorttm fultmin
A. Gray, Ann. Hot. Soc. Camula, 67 (1861).
A stout perennial, 30-00 cm. bigb, smootb from culm to floral
glume. Leaves 4-G-12; ligule lacerate, 3 mm. long; blades flat,
pungent-pointed or sometimes obtuse, 5-25 cm. long, 5-8 mnu
wide. Panicles exserted, open, thin, ovoid, 8-15 cm. long, rays in
fours and fives, drooping, the longest 6-8 cm. long, bearing a few
spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets pedicellate, oval or oblong,
4-0-flowered, 5-6 cm. long; first glume lance-ovate, 1-nervod, al)out
3 mm. long: second oval-acute or obtuse, IJ-nerved, 4.6 nun. long;
floral glume broad-oval, obtuse, 3-6-nerved, about 4 mm. long;
palea obtuse or 2-toothed, 3.5 mm. long. Anthers 1.8 mm. loug.
Alaska, Harringlon, Mnrdock 55; British Columbia, Mr Kay;
Greenland, Wriyhf; Bering Sea, Dr. C. Hart Merriam in 1801.
2. C. pendulinum Griseb. Ledb. FI. Ross. 4:386 (1853).
Qrapheplwriim pendtiUnuin A. Gruy, Ann. Bot. Soc. Canada
Fig. 110. — Colpodium pendulinum. A, spikelet; a, floret. (Scrlbner.)
(1801). Poa Laestadii Rupr. Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Reich. 2: 63 (1845)*
Ardophila LcBstadii Rupr.; Iteitr. Pfl. Russ. Reich. 3:63 (1845).
668 OACEJE.
Olyceria pendulina Laestad. Wahlenb. Fl. Suec. 1088 (1824-6).
J'oa petiduUna J. Vulil, Fl. Dun. /. 2343 (1761).
An erect Hniootli percimiul, GO-TO cm. Iiigh. Sheaths lialf as
long as the culm; ligulc chartaccous, 4 mm. long; blwles flat,
acuminate, 10-17 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle much exsert-
e(l, nodding, ovoid, 12 cm. long, rays in clusters of 3-5, and 2.5-3
cm. distant, reflexed, sparingly branching, bearing 3-4 spikelets near
the apex. Spikelets oval, 4-6-flowcrt'd, 4-G mm. long; emj)ty
glumes Bubequal, 3-nerved, 4 mm. long, joint of rachilhi smooth,
0.6 mm. long, floret with a few short hairs at the base; floral
glume broadly oval or ovate, 3-3.6 mm. long, 3-nervud, hiteral
nerves short, the central extending to the irregularly toothed or
lobed apex; pulea elliptical, 2-lobt'd, nearly 3 mm. long.
British America (Muckelung Kiver), in 1882, for U. S. Dept.
Agricul.
3. C. mnoronata (Iltick.). Ardophila mucronata llack. ;
Vasey, Cat. Grasses U. S. 88 (1885).
A smooth stout grass, 15-25 cm. high. Leaves 6-8 in num-
ber, crowded; ligule broad, lacerate, 2 mm. long; blades flat,
abruptly pointed, 6-12 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide. Panicle shin-
ing, yellowish, open, partially included, narrow or pyramidal, 5-7
cm. long, rays in twos to fours, reflexed, the longest 3-7 cm. long,
bearing 2-3 spikelets near the apex. Spikelets 2-flowered, joint of
rachilla 0.6 mm. long, smooth or very sparingly hairy; empty
glumes subequal, 3-3.3 mm. long, soft, thin, first ovate, 1-nerved,
.second broader, 3-nerved; floral glume broadly oval, 3.5 mm. long,
3 mm. wide, 6-nerved, margin scarious, apex irregularly toothed
or torn, the central nerve extending to the tip or into c short muci'o;
j)alea broad, 1.5 mm. long.
Point IJarrow on Arctic coast, Dr. Murdock in 1883 for U. S.
Dept. Agricul.
128. (258a). DUPONTIA R. Br. Parr. Voy. App. 290 (1824).
Spikelets 2-3-flowered in a contracted i)anicle, rachilla articu-
late above the glumes and between the florets. Empty glumes sub-
equal, scarious, unawned, longer than th^ floral glume; floral glume
FESTUCE^. 559
"delicately membranoas, unawncd, distinctly hairy at the base.
Ovary glabrous. In other respects, the sume us Colpodium.
There is one, possibly two, species which belong to the Arctic
regions.
1. D. Fiiheri R. Br. 1. c.
A smooth erect grass, 15-25 cm. high. Ligule obtuse, 1-1.5
mm. long; blades flat or concave, 4-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide.
Panicle simple, shining, yellowish purple, in-
terrupted, 4-7 cm. long. Spikelets 2- (rarely
3-) flowered, joint of raohilla 1.5 mm. long;
empty glumes soft, tliin, membranous, first 1-
iierved, 5 mm. long, second 3-6-nerved, 7.5
mm. long; floral glume puberulent, broadly ^^pi}h^j^~^^^l^i
ovate, acute, 3-nerved, 4.5-5 mm. long; palcu a (Riclmrdson.)
little shorter, hyaline, 2-toothed.
Hudson's Bay near Bering Straits, R. Bell, Wnght in 1853-6;
Pt. Barrow, Prof. Murdock 88 in 1882.
Arctic coast to Hudson's Bay.
2. D. psilosantha Kupr. Fl. Samoj. Cisural. t. 6(1848).
A smooth erect grass, 20-40 cm. high. Ligule obtuse, 2-3
mm. long; blades concave. Panicle simple, 7-12 cm. long, rays
spreading. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, G-7 mm. long; empty glumes
equal, 1-nerved; floral glume a little shorter, 3-nerved.
Behring Sea collection, Macoun 40.
129. (258b). SCOLOCHLOA Link, Ilort. Berol. 1:136 (1827).
^''luminia Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. 247 (1846).
Spikelets 3-4-flowered, subterete in a loose or narrow ample
panicle, rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes
membranous, unequal, apex toothed, flrst 3-nerved, second 5-
nerved; floral glume rigid, not keeled, 7-nerved, toothed at the
apex, callus hairy. Anthers 3. Ovary hairy; stigmas subsessile.
There are two tall perennial species found growing in water in
the northern temperate zone of both hemispheres.
1. S. arundinaoea (Lilj.) MacMillan, Metasp. Minn. Vol. 1: 79
(1892). FesUica arundinacea Lilj. Sv. Fl. Ed. 2. 2:47(1792).
660
POACE^
Arundo festucacM Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1:126 (1809).
Donax featueaceus Bcauv. Agrost. 78 (1812).
Culms 120-180 cm. high. Sheaths smooth to scabrous, thin,
mostly longer than the intcrnodes; ligule lacerate, 5-10 mm. long;
blades flat, scabrous, with long narrow points, 30-
45 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide. Panicle 20-30 cm.
long, more or less cxserted, rays in half-wliorln of
2-4, distant 4-6 cm., the longest 8-12 cm. long,
bearing 4-12 spikelets on the outer half or three-
fifths. Lateral spikelets on pedicels about 2 mm.
long, linear-lanceolate or wider, 3-5-flowered, 8-0
mm. long; first empty glume linear-lanceolate, 5-7
mm. long, second oval-lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long»
Pio 112 — Socio- *P®^ lacerate ; floral glume oval, about 6 mm.
eliloa arundi- long, apex hyaline; palea linear-lanceolate before
ntieea. Spikelet. ,. •,• i ^ ii.ii/. i
(RicliiinlHuu.) spreading, ciholate on the keels, 6 mm. long.
Saskatchewan, Bourgeau in 1868; Northwestern Territory^
Mavoun in 1880 ; British Columbia, Macoun in 1887 ; Iowa, li. J.
Crotty in 1883.
130. (258). Obaphephobvm Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philonu
2:189 (1810).
Spikelets 2-5-flowered, in a narrow or spreading panicle, racliilla
hairy, articulate below the florets, extending above them as a slen-
der stipe, flowers perfect. Empty glumes membranous, awnless,
slightly unequal, more or less keeled, as long as the floral glumes or
shorter, first 1-3-nerved, second 8-5-nerved ; floral glume round on
the back, 3-5-7-nerved, the lateral ones obscure, denticulate or torn
at the apex, awnless; palea narrow, 2-keeled, keels ciliolate. Stamens
3. Styl'js distinct. Grain oblong, flattened on the back, concavo
in front, often tipped with a soft appendage, enclosed by the glume
and palea, but not adhering to them.
Erect grasses with flat leaf-blades. There are three or four
species known, peculiar to the cooler regions of America, Europe,
and Asia. The genus differs chiefly from Panicularia {Glycerin) in
having a hairy rachilla. If there were a twisted dorsal awn on tho
FE8TUCE.B. 661
floral glume, it would be placed uear Avma, to which it is closely
allied.
A. Floral glume 2.8-3 mm. long 1
B. Floral glume 3.5-3.T mm. long 2
C. Floral glume 4-6 mm. long (a)
a. Floral glume unawned a
a. Floral glume awued 4
1. 0. altyugum Foum. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 24: 182 (1877).
An erect rather slender slightly tufted light-colored perennial,
30-60 cm. high. Sterile shoots few; leaves of the culm 2-3;
sheaths smooth, as long as the internodes; ligulo lacerate, truncate.
0.7 mm. long; blades nearly smooth, flat, 4-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm.
long, apex acuminate. Panicle spikelike, slender, slightly inter-
rupted, 6-12 cm. long, 3-5 mm. diam., the longest ray about 3 cm.
long; flower-bearing from near the base. Spikelets 2-flowered,
3.5-4 mm. long; rachilla slightly hairy, produced above the upper
floret; first empty glume ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, projecting be-
yond the rest of the spikelet, second a little shorter and 3-nerved ;
floral glume oval, truncate, 5-nerved, 2.8-3 mm. long; palea lance-
olate before spreading, as long as its glume.
Mexico, Pringle 4306.
Dry ledges under firs.
2. 0. Pringlei Scribn. ined.
A slender tufted erect perennial, 40-60 cm. high. Leaves of
the culm 3; sheaths and lower side of blades velvety, middle
sheath half as long as its intemode; ligule 1 mm. long; blades in-
volute or flat, 3-8 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Panicle very thin,
flexuose, 8-12 cm. long, rays in twos and threes, the longest 4-7 cm.
long, bearing a few spikelets on the outer three-fifths. Spikelet?
soft, 2-flowered, 6-6 mm. long, first empty glume linear, l-nerved,
about 2 mm. long, second elliptical, 3-uerved, 3-4 mm. long; floral
glume oval, puberulent on the lower half, 5-nerved, 3.5-3.7 mm.
long, truncate-erose, the midnerve often protruding as a mucro;
palea 2.5-3 mm. long.
Mexico, Pringle 4765.
Summit of Sierra San Felipe at the altitude of 10,000 feet.
662 POACE^.
3. G. melieoideum (Michz.) Desv. 1. c. Aira 7nelicoide8 Wiohx.
Fl. Bor. Am. 1:62 (1803). G. melicoidea Beauv. Agrost. 77, /.
16,/. 8(1812).
An erect rather slender slightly tufted, light-colored perennial,
30-60 cm. high. Sterile shoots few; leaves of the culm 5; sheaths
4ibout the length of the internodes; ligule about 2 mm. long; blades
Fio. 118. — Oraphephorum melicoidea. Spikelet. (Richardson.)
scabrous, erect, flat, 15-30 cm. long, 3-.5 mm. wide, apex long-
pointed. Panicle open, slightly nodding, 0-14 cm. long, rays in twos
and threes, the longest 7 mm. long, flower-bearing on the outer half.
Spikelets usually 2-flowered, 6-8 mm. long, rachilla flattened, hairy
on the margins and slightly so on the outside ; first empty glume 1-
nerved. 4-5 mm. long, second a little longer, 3-nerved, widest above
the middle; floral glume 4-6 mm. long, 5-nerved, mucronate-
pointed; palea 3.5-3.7 mm. long. Nearly allied to Trisetum.
Maine and Vermont, Prm/jr/e; Massachusetts, Faxon 21', Michi-
gan, (Macomb Co.) Cooley, (Hubbardston) Wheeler 111.
Dry bluffs, northern Maine, northern Vermont, central Mich-
igan and northward ; not common.
Var. Cooleyi (A. Gray) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 53 (1895).
Dupontia Cooleyi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 556 (1852). G. melicoides
var. major A. Gray, Ann. Bot. Soc. Can. 1: 57 (1861).
A luxuriant form, 60-90 cm. high.
Borders of swamps, Michigan, (Macomb Co.) Cooley, (Hubbards-
ton) Wheeler 109, (Agricul. College) Beal 110.
4. 0. Wolfli Vasey, Desc. Cat. Grasses U. S. 55 (1885) ; Coult.
Man. Roc. Mt. Bot. 423 (1885). Trisetum Wolfii Vasey, Wheeler's
FEHTICE.K. 668
U. 8. Oeol. Surv. 6:204, /. 27 (18T8). Tritetum suhnpicatum
Tar. mtttirum Boluiul. S. WatH. Hot. (.*ulif. 2:290 (1880).
Triaetum lirnnilegei Scrib. ino<l.
Culms and blades like tlioHo of G. nidivoiihum. Vi\\\\v\q up-
right, Bubspieuto, 6-18 cm. long. Spikelets 2-:J-flowered, rurely 4-
ilowercdj purjiIiHli, rachillii villous, empty glumes elliptieal-liineeo-
late, nearly equal, about 6 mm. long, first 1-nervcd, seeond 3-
nerved ; floral glume <)f a largo floret over 5 mm. long, less than 2
mm. wide, obscurely 5-n«!rved, obtuse, lacerate, sometimes split or
2-tootl)ed, bearing an awn often 1 mm. long; ]»ulea shorter or
nearly equal to its glume. Grain oblong, linear. Very nearly
allied to G. meUcoideuin, and perhaps only a large form having
awns on the floral glume.
Montana, Williams; Colorado, French \ Oregon, Cusick 1314.
Montana, Colomdo, Oregon, California.
131. (250). FAmoVLABIA Fabr. Enum. PI. llort. Helmst. 373
(1763). Glyceria U. Br. Prodr. 179(1810). lltjdrochlon Ilartm.
Gram. Skand. 8 (1810), not Beauv. (1812). Exydra Kndl. Fl.
Posou. 119 (1830). Devauxia Beauv. Kunth, Enum. PI. 1 : 307, in
syn. (1833). Diachroa Nutt. Steud. Nom. Ed. 2, 1:497 (1840).
Puccinellia Pari. Fl. Itul. 1:366 (1850). Porroteranthe Steud.
Syn. PI. Gram. 287 (1854).
Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate in n narrow or spreading
panicle, rachilla articulate under the floral glumes, glabrous or
rarely hairy. Empty glumes obtuse or acute, unawnetl, slightly
unequal, shorter than the floral glume, without nerves or 3-5-
nerved; floral glume obtuse, unawncd, c<mvex or flattish on the
back, nerves 3-9, conspicuous, the nerves not reaching to the
hyaline, obtuse, sometimes slightly denticulate apex ; palea nearly
as long as its glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short,
distinct, the plumose stigmas frequently more branched than in
other genera. Lodicules truncate. Grain glabrous, grooved on
the inner side, enclosed in the glume and paleu, free from them or
slightly adherent.
Perennials or rarely annuals, often tall, not unfrequently
aquatic, sheaths nearly entire, blades usually flat.
664 POACK.K.
Thcro arc alwiit 30 rt|KM'iefl, widely diHtributcU over tlio tern-
pcriite and somi; of the warmer n'gioiirf of tlio ^'lul>e. It difTfr.s
from /W ill liuviii^ tin; llonil ^'liimu round on tlu> hack and not
kci'Icd, from Fvsiiini in liavin;.' broador and moro obtuse floral
^dumcs, and tin- ;(rain usually free from the ])alei, and from both
in the shortness of the nerves of the jrlnmes. Henthum was some-
what in doubt as to whether to inelude Jfropis Hupt. in this <,'enus
or not, but linally concluded to do so. The characters given for
tlic sections are not constant.
A. Spikelets ovate, oblong or linear-oblong, 3-8 nun. long, (b)
b. Spikelets turgitl, llattened laterally, panicle nodding. 1
b. Sjtikclets somewhat turgid and ihittened, panicle
narrow (c)
c. Panicle oblong, dense, erect, S-l*> cm. long. . . '2
c. I'anicle slender, nodding, !i()-:50 cm. long. ... 3
b. Floral glume truiu-ate, obtuse, ])aniele ditfuse . . . (d)
d. Floral glume contracted near the apex, T-nervcd,
2.5-3 mm. long i
d. Floral glume n(»t contracted near the apex . . . (c)
e. Floral glume obtuse, 7-nerved. l.t-'^' mm. long. .">
c. Floral glume obtuse, i- nerved. *i-".'.3 jum. long. <>
e. Floi'al glume obtuse, often denticulate. 7-
nerved, 2.5 mm. long 7
c. Floral glume obtuse, irregularly toothed. 5-T-
nervcd, 2.2-3 nun. long S
B. Spikelets linear. ai)})r<'ssed, terete when not in tlowcr,
20-;5«) mm. long (I')
f. Floral glume 3-5 mm. long it
f. Floral glume 7-8 mm. long 10
1. P. Canadensis (Miehx.) Kuntze, 1{(V. den. I'!. 7s;j (1S!»1).
Bn'zH i'iDHuhnsis Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 71 (1803). O'li/reriu
Canaiknsis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1:300(1831).
A stout perennial, G0-!>0 cm. high. Sheaths rough, slightly
compressed, about the length of the internodes; ligule 2 mm. long;
blades G, scabrous, flat, erect, 20-30 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide.
Panicle exserted, oblong-pyramidal, soon drooping, lS-2.5 cm.
FKSTCCK.K. MT}
long, rays mostly in twos nnd thrcos, the longest two-thinl.'^ lu
long :i8 the panicle, branching aii<l i1owerlN>uring for two-thinls of
its Kingtii. Spikclets ovate, hcconiing broiuli-r, tiiniid, like those
of liriza, 6 mm. long, O-JMloweied, pale, sometimes tinginl with
purple, joint of rachilla about ().r> mm. long, and brittle: empty
glumes ovate, often acute, 1 -nerved, first l..'»-*2 nmi. long, second
*-J-:{ mm. long; floral glume oval, acute or bluiit-i>otnte«l, T-nerved.
.'{-.'{.*> mm. long; palea broadly ovsd, 'J-5 mm, long, ti-keeled.
y-toothed, tho keels bent backward.
Vermont, IWinyJc ; ^lassachusetts, Heal IIU; liho<le Island,
Tirreiii/ for T". S. T)ept. Agricul. fi8(): Michigan, Uniiijlittin, F. K.
Wood, Fnrm'lh WIteckr; Minnesota, Arthur H 'HW.
Wet places, Maine, Canada to Miuuesotu and bouth to Punu-
sylvania.
'^. P. obtusa (Mubl.) Kuntze, Uev. Gen. PI. 7S:i (181»1). Pnn
ohtiisd Mulil. Cram. 147 (ISIT). Clyceria obtusii Trin. Mem.
Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1:.%6 (1831).
An erect stout perennial, 3()-*0 cm. high. Sheaths mostly
longer than tho internodes; ligule firm, less than 1 mm. long;
blades of the culm G-7, besides those of sterile shf>ots, scabrous above,
thick, flat or the margins involute. 15-30 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide.
Panicle erect, rigid, narrowly ol)long, dense, S-1"J cm. long, rays
numerous, very short. S])ikelets 4-8 mm. long, ovate. 3-0-8-
flowered, joint of rachilla about 0.,5 mm. long; empty glumes
Jiearly equal when separated and measured, 2.2 mm. long, ovatt-,
1-iierved ; floral glume concave, coriaceous, 3.5 mm. long, oblong be-
fore spreading, indistinctly 7-nerved; palea firm, oval before
sj)n'uding, nearly as long as its ghune. (Jrain nearly 'J mm, long,
rougliened, compressed, oval, jjoiuted at the base.
Massachusetts, 11'. /*. Conunf, Ti. J. CtmijiUn, Slurlennil : New
Jersey, Srribiier for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 090. Clark 1918, Co/ihi/,
Scribner 3406, Dr. J. li. llrinton, Ural 113.
Low grounds, New Englaiul to Nortli Carolina, near tlie coast.
A striking plant, when once seen not soon forgotten.
3. P. elongata Torr. Kuntze, Kev. Cen. PI. 7b3 (Ii>91j. I'liu
066 POACE^.
chugafn Torr. Fl. U.S. 1:112(18:24). GUjccria clmtijafa 'Vr'm^
]{ull. Sci. Aciul. St. I'otorsb. l:<;s (18:5(;).
A slender iiereiiiii!'.!. ti(»-90 ciii. lii<,'li. Sbeallis closed, ubout
the leii;2;tli of the iiiteriiode.s; li<i;i'.Ie 1 mm. long; blades l-S in
niiniber, smooth or scjibrid, ihit, '^()-;{() em. long, '.\-\ mm. wide.
Panicle exserted, slender, recnrving, 3()-.']() cm. long, rays single or
in jtalrs, distant, approsscd, the longest 5-8 em. long, spikelike.
S})ikelets 4-5 mm. long, ;)-4-nowered, oval or oblong, rachilla brit-
tle, ii joint 0.7 mm. long; empty glumes ovjite-laneeolate, l-iierved.-
almost keeled, first 1.5-'-J mm. long, second 2-*2.5 mm. long; lloral
glume oval, sub-acute or obtuse, 7-nerved, 3.7-15.3 mm. long; palea
spatuhile-oblong, apex obtuse, entire, about the length of its glume.
Xew ]?rnns\v!'-k, ,/. Vnioiii; Maine, Fmiiild 180; Vermont,
rri>njle, Jfosfon/, C. K. Faxon 10.
Wet woods from Canada, Ne.v England to Minnesota.
4. P. pallida (Torr.) Kuntze, Kev. (Jen. I'l. 7s;j (1801).
Winihoria paUida Torr. Cat. PI. N. V. !tl (1810). a/i/nria
l>aUi(/u Trin. Ibill. Sci. Acad. St. Peters)). 1 : (58 (18:5(1). Poa
di'utafa Torr. Fl. V. S. 1 : 1(»7 (1S34); Torr. FI. N. Y. 3: /. 155
(184:5).
A pale slembn* aseeiuling perennial, 30-GO em. high, from a
cree]»ing base. Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligule
;}-5 mm. long; blades 4-<l. Hat, pale, usually smootii, shar])-pointed,
10-15 em. long, ;)-4 mm. wide. Panicle often included at the
base, open, linear or oval, 10-1:5 em. long, rays mostly in pairs,
sube(|ual, the longest 5-8 cm. long, llower-bearing for the upper
two-thirds. Spikelets 4-(5 mm. long, 5-0-tlowered, oblong-linear,
joint of rachilhi 0.7 mm. long; empty glumes ovate or oval, firs^,
1.5 mm. long, 1-3-3-iu'rved, second 3-4-nerved, 1.5-3 mm. long;
lloret scabrid, oblong, contracted or i)inched near the apex, lloral
glume 3.5-3 mm. long, oval when spread, 7-nerved, marginal
nerves obscure, ai)ex irregularly toothed: palea linear, scabrid on
the keels, as long as its glume or a little longer.
Vermont. PringJe; Massachusetts, Coohy; Michigan, Fanoell^
darkc 3054. Heal 114, WJicckr.
Shallow water in margins of ponds.
FESTl'CK.E. 507
Virginia and Tonnesseo to Maims Micliigan, and northwanl.
A form ill nortlieni .Mi('liij,'an is uxorv robust; bladea 0-H nun.
wide, panii'h' 15-18 cm. Ion;,', rays in tlirces.
A. P. nervata (Willd.) Kiintzc. Ifev. (ion. IM. 78;} (18l»I). /W
iwrrti/u Willd. Sp. IM. 1:38!* (1 :!•:). ^'. Muhanjii Knntlj, Uov.
Gram. 1:118, 34:$, /. 85 (182'.t)- (ihl<vria uvrcata Tiin. Mom.
Acad. St. PetorsU. (VI.) 1 : ;5G5 (1831).
IVronnlal; culms usually rather slender, sometinus robust, 00-
120 cm. lii;;;li. Sbcatlia often scabrous, variable in lcn<,'tli ; li<^ulo
2 nun. loni;; blades 5-7 in number, variable. Hat, often scabrous
above, 15-;>()cm. long or more, 3-10 mm. wide. I'anicle exserted,
erect when y<)un<r. at lengtii dilTuse and pendulous, U)-".'0 cm.
lon<r, rays in twos and threes, the lonjjest two-thirds as Ion<f as tlio
panicle. Spikelets ovate-oldonjj:, 4-5 mm. lou<;, 4-7-llowered, often
])ur[)le: racbilla 0.5 mm. louir, very brittb- and soon separating, a
joint 0.5 nnn. long; empty glumes variable, tirst l-nerved, I mm.
long, second 1-1.5 mm. long; llond glume 1.7-2 mm. long, seabrid,
strongly convex near tlu' obtuse apex, 7-norved; palea elliptitral,
often incurved, about as long as its glume,
Vermont, Pn'/if/Ic: Massachusetts, /hdl; Pennsylvania, Scrili-
vrr for T'. S. I>e|tt. Agrieul. ()8!); Michigan, Coitfei/, />/•. Clarke
708, 2054, liiiiJ 14, \Vli('ch't\ Fanrvll, Wood; Minnesota, Arthur
W 103, li24!), ;54!>, Siiti(//>rr(/ 14, 507; Montana, Anderson t;6, Wil-
liams; Wasliington, Lake; Oregon, Howell.
It thrives on wet land from the Atlantic to the Paciiic. In
some ]daces known as " fowl meadow-grass*'; a name more appro-
priate for I'oajhira (serofina).
G. P. laxa Scribn. I?ull. Torr. Club, 37 (18!)4).
A stout perennial, (50-120 cm. higli. Leaves scabrous through-
out, sheaths slightly compressed, mostly longer than the internodcs;
ligule 2 mm. long; blades 5-G in number. Hat, acuminate. l<»-4()
em. long, G-8 mm. wide. Panicle ex.serted, oval, 18-24 cm. long,
rays scabrous, mostly in twos and threes, the longest nearly two-
thirds as long as the panicle, flower-bearing on the outer half.
Spikelets green or tinged with purple, broadly oval, 3-5-flowered,
4-5 inin. long; empty glumes ovate, lirst 1.3 mm. long, second 1.5
568
I'OACEiE.
mm. long; floral glume broiully oval when spread, 2-2.3 mm. long,
7.nervea; pulea nearly as long as its glume, incurved. SpikeleU
smaller, less turgid and greener than those of P. Cnuutensis.
Maine (Mt. Desert, Seal Harbor), ./. H. IMjiM in 1894.
7. P. Americana (Torr.) Mai^Millan, Metasp. Minn. 1:81
(1802) Fod (tqunliM var. Amerirom Torr. Fl. V. S. 1:108
(1824). G. aqnadra J. E. Snuth, Kngl. Fl. 110 (1824). not
AVahl. G.grandi^ S. Wats. A. Cray, Man. Ed. G, COT (1890).
Panmaaria aqiiatua {li.)K\n\^y.Q^ Kev. (leu. PI. 782 (1891).
A robust pereuuial, with ereci.ing rootst.»eks; eulnis 90-1 '.() cm.
high. Sheaths m<»stly shorter than
the internodes ; li.uide 2-;3 mm. long;
blades 4-5 in number, flat, smooth
or seabrid, SO-00 cm. long, 8-15
mm. wide. Panicle oblong or oval,
20-40 cm. long, rays numerous,
ascending, nodding, bearing many ,
spikelets. Spikelets oblong or
linear-oblong, nsiially jiurplish, 5-
9-flowered, 4-0 mm. long, joint of
rachilla 0.7 mm. long: empty
glumes oblong or oval, acute or ob-
tuse, 1-nerved, first 1.5-2 mm.
h)ng, second 2. 5-;5niiM. long; floral
glume oval, 2.5 nun. long, 7-nerved, apex truncate, obtuse, often
denticulate under a lens; palea elliptical, 2-toothed, nearly 2.5 mm.
long.
Massachusetts, Beal 115; Michigan, Cuolv,,, Clark 2055: Mm-
nesohi, Arthur B 97, 1^203; Monhuv.i, Ant/ersan 70; Colorado,
Cassidy; Dakota, Duffei/j AVyoming, /luffian C 52.
Wet grounds, Canada to :Montana, New Mexico, Northern States
to Tennessee. /-.unn
8. P. pauciflora (Presl) Kuntzc, l{ev. Cien. PI. 783 (18J1).
Glyceria paucifiora Presl, llcl. llaMik. 1 : 257 (1830).
A robust perennial, 30-120 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, or longer, in small plants; lig-
FiG. W^.—Panicularia Americana.
Spikelet. (Uic'.-.ardson).
FESTICEK. 569
ule broad, obtuse, 5-7 nun. long; bla<les abont G in nunil)or,
smooth or scabrous below and on the mar-'ins. r.*-30 cmii. lonsr, G-
15 mm. wide. Panicle loose, oval, 15-20 cm. long, rays in twos
and threes, llower-bcariiig from near the middle. Spikelcts ellipti-
cal, -l-O mm. long. 4-(j-llowered, joint of rachilla 0.7 mm. long;
first entpty glume elliptical, 1-1.3 mm. long, l-nerved. acute, the
apex denticulate, second rhombi<'-oval, nearly 2 mm. long, ^-nerved ;
lloral glume 2-3 mm. long, 5-nerve«l, scubrid. sonu^times with one
more obscure nerve on either side, often broadly oval, obtuse,
irregularly tootheil; palea but little shorter than its glume.
^lontana, Wil/ioins; Wasiiiugton, ISiiksdorf for U. S. Dept.
Agricul. 03, Ijikf. lliiiirll in 1886.
British America to California.
0. P. fluitans (L.) Kuntze, T82 (1891). Fesfiofr fiviffoislj. Sp.
IM. :5 (I To:}). ro,i Jliiiliiiix Sc(.p. Fl. Ciirn. Kd. 2, I : V^ (1:72).
a I yrer in fluitans If. lir. Prodr. 179 (181(»). J^erauxift ffnifmi.'^
]?eauv. Kunth, Kinim. PI. 1:3(>7, in Syn. (1833). Jli/i/ror/iloa
(lis/t/Hs Iliirtm. Gram. Skand. 8 (ISIO). Parrofera) fJte Dnnn-
iiniHdn Steud. Syn. Fl. (Jrani. 2S7 (18.").")). Ghjcevin. armninata
Scliur. Enum. PI. Transs. 781 (1800). (iJijceria tlorlinata Breb.
Fl. Norm. Fd. 3, 3r)4. (ilt/ren'a iii'nfirith(/<f Duni. Obs. dram.
Uelg. 107 (1S23). Ghjn'na hiihndo 'I'owns. Trans. Rot. See.
Fdiid>. 4:27 (1853). Glifrrritt inleynt Dum. 1. c. Ghjcrria
liiJiarca Godr. Fl. Lorr. 3: 1G8 (18(12). Glyrcrid jwdirvUnht Towns.
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (II.) 5:105 (1850). Gli/reriti jilirata Fries,
Mant. 3: 17G. G. spicafa Guss. Fl. Sic. Syn. 2: 784 (1845).
Perennial, witli creeping rootstock; culms G()-150 cm. higli.
Slicatlis smooth, compressed; ligule broad, lacerate, 4-7-10 mm.
long: blades 5-G. flat, usually smooth, often floating, 15-25 cm.
long, 3-7-15 nun. wide. Panicle usually narrow, loose, 30-GO
cm. lojig, rays mostly in threes and erect, the longest usually about
10 (rarely 20) cm. long, bearing few si)ikelets. Spikelcts i)ale.
terete, except when in flower, erect, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 6-20-flowered,
joint of rachilla 1.3 mm. long; empty glumes obtuse, hyaline or
membranous, l-nerved, first 2-:5.5 mm. long, ovate to linear, sec-
ond ellipticab 2.5-5 mm. long; floral glume sca'urid, oblong, 2.5-5
570 POAf'E.E.
mm. long, 7-nerved, apex subacute to truncate, entire, slij^htly
denticulate or obscurely lobcd; palca narrow, ".'-tootlied, about :),'>
mm. lon<,'.
Vermont, Prinyh'; .Massachusetts, Ucal lli>: Pennsylvania,
Scribner for U. S. Dcpt. Agricul. G.S.j: Miobi^'an, hr. Clark '201,
Cooh'ii, 1ie((l 110, lir. Wheehi; Favm-U; Illinois, Beal US; Min-
nesota, Arthur X 't. li riO; (^)regon, JIoiccll.
Found in shallow water in temperate regions of Xorth America,
Europe, northern Africa, western Siberia, Himalaya, and Australia.
The Australian i)lant has narrow blades; so have j)lants (No. 45) of
Xat. Hist. Surv. of Minn. In the latter they are often eondupli-
eate. The floral glume of a plant from Berlin. CJernnmy, is .").'»
mm. long, while one from Minnesota is 'AJ> mm. long. The blades
of the plants from Xiles, ^lichigan, and one from Oreg'> i aa;
scabrid.
10. P. acutiflora (Ton.) Kuntze, l{ev. (Jen. PI. T83 (ISIM).
Ghjceria arn/ijlora Torr. Fl. V. S. 1 : 104 (1S24).
Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; culms r)0-l:20 cm. high.
Sheaths smooth, compressed; ligule about (i mm. long; blades of
the culm about 4 in number, erect, nearly smooth. Hat, 10-1'J cm.
long, ,^-4 mm. wide. Panicle included at the base, simple, sleiuler,
loose, 20-30 cm. long, lowest rays in pairs, one very short, the other
3 cm. long, beside the single spikelet. Spikelets erect, pale, terete,
3-3 cm. long, 7-13-flowered, joint of rachilla 3 mm. long: empty
glumes linear-lanceolate, l-nerved, first 4 mm. long, second mm.
long; floral glume scabrid, oblong-lanceolate, usually acute, T-8
mm. long, T-nerved; i)alea lanceolate, 8-9 mm. long, 3-toothed,
scabrous on the keels.
Massachusetts, Dr. Sturfevanf; Pennsylvania, Scribner 348,
Martindale.
AVet places, Maine to Tennessee; rather rare.
133. (350 a). Atbopis Rupr. Fl. Samoj. [Beitr. Fl. Russ.
Reich. 3:] 04 (1845). Hydrochloa Ilartm. Oram. Skand. 8 (1819),
not IJeauv. PucctneUia Pari. Fl. Itid. 1:300 (1848).
Spikelets 3-9-flowcred in a panicle usually contracted after
flowering, rachilla articulate between the flowers. Emjity glumes
I'KSTrCK.K ^^^
U-i.crvea or the first 1 -nerved, umcli sl.ortor than the florets; floral
glume usiuiUv eliartueeous, rarely l.orbueeous, convex on the bu.-k,
sometimes sU-htly k.ele.l, obseurel) r,-nervea, the mi.lnerve often
reaching the aenti.-nhite apex or extending as a n.ucro, the hiteral
nerves Til vanisliin- at some distance below the broad scarions apex;
palea with converging ciliolate nerves, --toothed. Stamens '^.
Stvles short, the stigmas nearly sessile, short, slightly branched.
(;rain more or less obcomi.resse.1, ench.sed, but not adherent, ob-
Bcurelv grooved.
pjrennials or annuals, dilTering from Pou in the roundel floral
cdume and in the parallel nerves of the same, in the more or less
scarions or chartaceous ghnnes, an.l from r<nn-r>,h,n„ m the ob-
scure nerves of the floral glume, and the narrower and simpler
nearly sessile stigmas.
A. Kirst ulume 1 -nerved ^'^f
a. Ligule 1.5 mm. long, rays in sets of •.', fl<.ral glume
•>.')-'3.r) mm. long
a. Ligule l-".' mm. long, rays S-"., ilond glume -l.r^-'.i
mm. long
\ •>
a. Lignle 2-3 mm. loug. rays 4-!*, floral glume ii.l-o.'
mm. long
a. Liiiule 'i mm. h.ng, floral glume ^.l-^.'! mm. long. . 4
a. Ligule '>-3 mm. long, rays '^. floral glume .-.-:..:. mm.
, 5
Iousj:
ft. I.iii-ule 2 mm. long, rays l-!], floral gluuH' ;i,nuM. long. b
a. Ligule ;5-4 mm. h>ng, rays •>-:, floral glume -.:-4
mm. long
a. Ligule '-5-5 mm. long, rays :>-;'., floral gbnue 4-:. mm.
1»>"^' .'.
B First ulunu' ;}-m>rved ^' '
c r.hnde -^-3 uun. long, rays in sets of 1-3, floral glun.e
4-5.2 mni. long
c Licrule 2 mm. Ion-, floral ghune n.2-4.-' mm. long. . 4
c. Ligule 2-4 mm. long, rtiys 3-5. floral glume 4-..
mm. long
c. Li-nle 2 -:5.r. mm. Imig, floral glume r.-.-..5 mm. long. 11
572 i'oack.t:.
c. Ligulo 3 mm. long, niys \-'l, iloral glunu' -^-'i.b mm.
loiii;-
*c. Lif^ulr ;5-4 mm. loii-r. niy.s •.'-:'., tl«>nil glume :} mm.
r.)
o
long. -
C. Ligulc :'.-4 mm. long, niys '^-:5, Iloral glum.- IJ. 4..)
1-1
mm. long
0. Li-rulc :•..') mm. lung, rays 'i-.\, Iloral glume 4-.-) mm.
long
C. Li'Milc 4-0 mm. l(»ng. rays :5-r), Iloral gliimo ;}.r)-4..)
mm. long *
c Li<nil(' 4-(i mm. long, ravs :',-'>, ll«.ral glnmc 4-5 mm.
, '"^ 1(5
C Lignle 5-12 mm. long, rays '.>, Il(»ral glnmo :5-:].^» mm.
\r
long
1. A. angustata (V,. T.r.) Griseb. Lfdeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 300(1 S53).
Po^^ oiiiinxlata W. Br. Parry's 1st Voy. Supi)l. [err. typ. ISTj 287
(lS-24). 0/i/reriu (i/KJiiKfdfd Fries, Maut. o. 7 (J (1842).
A smootii soft tnftea grass, 20-M cm, high. Sheaths about the
length of the internodes; lignle 1-5 mm. long; blades 2-3. erect,
ilat°or c-ondnplioate, 3-G mm. long, abont 2 mm. wide. Panicle
often included at the base, lanccohuo oi ovate, G-10 cm. long, rays
mostly in pairs, the longest half the length ot the panicle, llower-
bearing on the upper half. Spikelets linear U) oval, tinged with
j.urple, 4-0-llowered, joint of rachilla 1 mm. long; empty glume
oval to ovate-lanceolate, first 1-nervod, about 1.5 mm. long, second
2-3 mm. long; iloral glume 2.5-3.5 mm. long, very slightly hairy
towards the base, oval, obtuse or acute, mucronate or irregularly
toothed; palea ciliolate on the keels, nearly as long as its glume.
Hudson Strait (Oigge's Island), 7.'. />V//; Alaska, Hnm^f/fon.
Turner: Oregon, HoireU, collecte<l on tide ilats, Umpqua River,
m 1888.
Alaska to Oregon and Hudson's Bay, Arctic Coast.
2 A. DiSTAXS (Host.) Rupr. Fl. Samoj. 04; Griseb. Ledeb, Fl.
Ross' 4-388 (1853). Poa di>^tans L. :Mant. 32 (1707). Gli/ceria
pmiiht Vasey, herb. Poa airohles Nntt. Gen. 08 (1818). IIiKlro-
chloa di,tans Ilartm. (Jram. Skand. 8 (1819). Glyccria disUms^
FKS'I'ICK.E. r>7.J
Wuhl. Fl. Ups. :)»; (IS-^o). Puciuellia ilhtuns I'iiil. Fl. Ital. 1: Uur
(I8.j(»). (I. (limiilrs A. (iray, Proc, Afiul. Sc. IMiilu. 3;u; (^Stj.'Jj,
and many oiIkt synoiiyiMS.
IViviiiiial; oulins gciiiculato ut the base, asceiulin<^, 30-00 ciii.
hi^'li, witlioiit (M'(n'])iii^' rootstocks. Louvos 2-',\ in number; ligiilc
\-l mm. long; bladi-s scabrid al)OV(', mostly Hat or becoming invo-
lute, 5-10 cm. long. Panicle erect, oval or pyramidal, lO-'^O i in.
long, rays in lialf-wborl.^ of 3-5, spreading or even dellexed from
a curved thickened callus base, the longest G 8 cm. Ion;,, ilower-
Itearing from a little below the middle. Spikclcts oblong or linear,
3-G-llo\vered, joint of rachilla slender, 0.7 mm. long; em])ty glumes
membranous, rounded on the buck, first 1-nerved, about 1 mm.
long, second 3-nerved, about 'I mm. long; lloral glume 2.5-3 mm.
long, slightly jjubescent below, tinged with purple, oval, obtuse or
subacute; i)alea nearly or fully as long as its glume.
Benthain in *• Hritish Flora." M'hcn comi)aring it with (i. inari-
tima, says: *• The leaves are tlatter, the stem taller and more slender,
the panicle niucli more spreading, with long slender branches, and
tlie spikelets smaller, the glumes not above a line long." Dr. 'J'hur-
ber includes hero 0. iHurifitiiaWnh]., if. (tinjusfata Griseb., ({. fcs-
tii(.'(p/(>r/ti is Welch., G. ainndes Tliurb., (f. monfaiKi liuokl.
Intr()du(!ed along the coast.
Var. CONTEKT.V (Fries), (ilifcvria ronferla Fries, Mant. 2:lo
(1842).
Stoloniferous, branches of the panicle scal)rid, rachis not fur-
rowed, spikelets crowded, smaller, llorcts 4-1. apex of lloral glume
3-toothcd. Intermediate between A. niuritiiiut and .1. (Uslttux.
Fouiul in western Europe. Introduceil with ballast.
The above notes are adapted from 1 looker's Students' Flora of
Jiritish Islands.
3. A. Lemmoni (Vasey). (t. Lcmmoin N'asey, Grass. U. S. 43
(1885), name oidy.
A slender erect tufted i)erennial, smooth or nearly smooth
throughout, 20-40 cm. high. Siu'aths longer than the internodcs:
ligule rather firm, 2-3 mm. long; blades involute, filiform, those
of the sterile shoots numerous, erect, 5-10 cm. long, those of the
574 POACE.E.
culm 2-3, rigid, 1-0 cm. long. Pauiclo exsertcfl, linoar, oval or
pyrainidul, 0-10 cm. long, rays in hiilf-whorls of 4-9, the longest
2-4 «;m. long, and Howcr- bearing above tlic middle. Si)ikolet8
tinged with red, linear, t.*-4 -flowerod, joint of racliilla 1 nun.
long; empty glumes keeled, acute, 1 -nerved, tirst l-'2 mm., secuiid
2-3 mm. long; floral glume oval, abruptly jwinted, ".'.i-I'.'J nun.
long; palea linear, oiliohite or soabrid on the keels, as long or nearly
as long as its glume.
Nearly allied to A. ((it(fan,s, and perhaps it should be included
in that species.
Oregon (alkali flats). IfunrU; California, Lennnon.
Alkaline soils, Nevada, Oregon, and California.
4. A. Suksdorfii (Vasey) Pcxt Siihdnrfii \'iisey ined.
A densely tufted liglit-coloretl grass, lo-l') i-m. long; no root-
stociks. Ligule truncate, decurrcnt, '2 nun. long; blades of sterile
shoots rigid, recurved, conduplicate, ])ung('nt-i)()iiited, 5-Tcin. long,
those of the culm erect and shorter. Panicjlc narrow, simple, spike-
like, purplish, 2-5 cm. long. Spikolets linear-lanceolate, l-o-
flowered, 4-0 mm. long; empty glumes linear-laiu-eolate, fii'st .'?-
(rarely 1) lUM-ved, 3-4 mm. long; second a little longer; floral
glume chartaceous, ovate when s[>read, 3.2-4."^ mm. long; luilea
ciliate on tlie keels.
Washington, iSuhyilorf IIU.
Gravelly jdaces near glaciei-s. Se|)teinbei\
5. A. pulchella (\^asey). Poa pulchella N'asey, Coult. Bot. Oaz.
7:32(1882).
Densely tufted, the decumbent base from much-branched root-
stocks; culms slender, smooth, erect, 10-20 cm. high. Leaves of
sterile shoots numerous, blades conduplicate, abruptly pointed, 2-4
cm. long, less than 1 mm. wide when spread, those of the culm
1-2 in number, 1-2 cm. long; ligule 2-3 cm. long. Panicle ovoid
or pyramidal, 2-4 cm. long, with rays mostly in pairs, smooth, eacli
bearing a single spikelet. Spikelets pur])lisb, oval or linear, 3-5-
flowered, 0-8 mm. long, joint of rachilla scabrid, 1.2 mm. long;
empty glumes obtuse or acute, often erosely denticulate, broadly
gcarious-margined, first ovate-lauceohite, l-n(^rved, second oval-Ian-
FESTUCE.E. r)7a
rooliitc. 3-nerve(l, 3.5 mm. long; floral gliuiio 5-5.5 mm. long, 5-
m-rvtMl [;{-nerved Vasey], ovute-lanceolate, sometimes ol»tu.si', sm-
berulous, not i)ubescent nor Avcbbwl at the bast-; tlio lateral nerves
only exteniling half or two-thirds the way to the ajwx, and two of
them obscure; palea curved, linear, 4.5 mm. long, 2-tootlied, tiea
broua on the keels.
Allied to Poa la.ra and Pan arrfica.
Oregon, Howell, T\ S. Depf. Agricul. G(!4, Suksdorf.
Oregon and Washington.
C. A. PUOCUMHENS (Curtis) Thurb. S. Wats. liot. Calif. 2:309
(18S0). Poa jmx'umhcm Gwvi. Fl. Lond. fase. G:ll (1817-'JS).
Sfhrorhloa procumhtnM Beau v. Agrost. 08 (1S1"2). (I'lt/rcria pro-
cumhens 1)1X111. Obs. Gram, lielg. 145(1823). Fe.shtca jtrocumbens
Kunth. Rev. Gram. 1: 129 (1829).
A stout tufted glaucous decumbent annual, 15-25 cm. higli.
Sheaths smooth, loose, longer tlian the internodes; ligulc 3 mm.
long; blades of tlie culm 3-4 in num1)er, flat or becoming con-
duplicate, 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scarious above. Panicle
often included at the base, ratlier dense, ovate-lanceolate, 2-G cm.
long, rays stout, solitary or more often in twos or threes, erect
or spreading, the longest 1-2 cm. long, I)earing distichous spikelets.
Spikelets subsessilo, linear or lanceolate, 2-5-nowered, joint of ra-
chilla 1.3 mm. long; empty glumes ovate or oval, first 1 -nerved,
1-2 mm. long, second 3-5-norved, 2-3 mm. long; floral glume 3
mm. long, pubescent below, oval, obtuse, erose-toothed or mucro-
nate ; palea ciliate, as long as its glume.
Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), Scribncr 3473 a, from Dr. Brinton.
Introduced from Europe witli ballast on the coast at various
places.
7. A. MAUITIXA (Iluds.) Griseb. Fl. Ross. 4:380 (1853). Poa
maritima Iluds. Fl. Angl, Ed. 1, 35 (17G2). PurrincUia nurri/ima
Pari. Fl. Ital. 1:3G7 (1850). Sdfrorhha marifima lleichenb. Fl.
Exc. 3C (1830-2). Ghjceria maritima M. & K. Deutsch. Fl. 1 :
588 (1823). DiacJtroa maritima Nutt. ex Steud. Xom. Ed. 2. 1:
407 (1840). IIi/drocMoa marifima Ilartm. Gram. Skaud. 8 (1810),
and many more synonyms.
576 i'(».\(i:.K.
A (locuiiil)cnt or erect pcreniiiiil. :\0-^A) cm. hi^li, witli cree])iii^
rootsto«'ks. lUtitlea of sterile slioots j-S ein. long, ;.'-3 iiiiii. wide;
ligiile ;U4 nun. loii<;; blatlcs uf ciilni smooth, lusnully :>, Miostiv in-
volute. Piiniele erect, S-lt! em. Ion;;, rays mostly in twos to
seven.s. erecit or tlie lower ont-s s])rea(liti<;, the longest (J mm. lon^r,
flower-hearing ahove the middle. Spikelets ohlong or linear, iniiied
to one side of the rays, 2-4-H-llower('d. joint of rachilla ].',) mm.
long; empty glumes scarious, rounded on fho hack, firtit l-iicrved,
l..')-;J mm. long, second :>-.")-nerved, 'l-'.i.i) mm. long; lloral glume
'■2.T-4 mm. Ktng, slightly puhcscent helow, tinged with |tur|»le. oval,
obtuse, or suluieute; jtaleii hut little shorter.
Much like J. ilisUuis, which si^c. I have followed Kuropean
authors in keeping them distinct, though perha]»s they should
be united.
Oregon, IIoii'vll; California, Lcniiiinn.
S. A. Fendleriana (Steud.). Hragrnstis f^tmlhritnia Steud.
Syn. IM. fJram. I : •»T.S (IBoo). A. CaJifornini Munro. A, (Jray,
I'roe. Aeud. Sei. Pliila. WM) (iSOt.'). /'w amfiiiu Nutt. S. Wats,
in l?ot. Kings Exp. 3SH (ls;i). /W L\i/(un S. Wats. Hot.
King's Exp. ;3S0 (ISTl). Pon orifla Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat.
Herb. 1 : t»70 (1S!>;5). /W huiila Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nut. Herb.
1:".':4 (181»:J).
.V strict scubrid densely tufted ])ali'-green perennial, 30-50-70
cm high, usually dicpeious, from short rootstoeks. l?lades of sterile
shoots flat or eondui»licate, <I-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide: leaves of
culm 2-3 in number, upper ligide 3-5 mm. long; blades condu|)li-
cate. 1-4-10 cm. long or reduced to a mucro. Panicle spikelike,
lanceolate or slightly s})reading, 5-10-15 cm. long, rays in twos
or threes, the longest 3-0 cm, long, llower-bcaring on the upper
half. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, flattish, jiale green, often tinged
with purple. :}-7-llowered, joint of rachilla 0.0-0.7 mm. long:
emiity glumes subequal, compressed, oval, acute, irregularly toothed
or obtuse, first l-.3-nerved, 3-4-5 mm. long, second 5-5.5 mm.
long; floral glume oblong, 4-5 mm. long, often denticulate at the
apex, scabrous, u few short hairs at the base; palea lanceolate.
KKSTITK/K. r)77
Boui»r(>us, as long nn its jrlnmo or shorter. A very viiriahlo uml
puzzliiijr spccios.
Ort>;foii, lliiii'vll: Cfilit'oniia. J'rinf//o in ISSI. I^nrish r»88.
I'tali. Wvoiniii,!,'. On';;on. ('aliroiiiiii, ami vicinity.
{>. A. Nevadensis (N'a.si'v). /'. yinuhnsis Nascv. Ilnll. 'I'orr.
Club, \{):Wi (ISh:}).
An erect lij;lit-git'en or ^ianenns ju'reiiiiial, ."io-SO cm. Iii;:li:
enlnis and leaves oltcn seubrons, sometimes, if not always, iliu'eious.
Second sluiatli from the top lon^jer than the internode, or half as
Ion;,' on plants of the same hei^dil ; li^^Miie ohtnsi^ or acute, linn, •.'-;5
mm. ion;;; blades (!ondui)licate or Hat, tiiose (tf sleriK' shoots 1(»-:J()
cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, the itoint often lon^' and narrow,
those of the culm ?-'.{ in number, erect, the n|»pcr 5-*2i> cm. Ion;;.
Panicle linear or slightly spreading, rather densely llowerod. l()-".'()
cm. long, many of the rays single, but some near the mitldle in threes
or fours, the longest 5-7 cm. long, tlower-bearing on the upper
third to two-thirds. Spikelets linear, linear-huiceolate or oval,
;j-8-flowered, C-12 mm. long, u long joint of raehilla, l.;J-l.r mm.
long; empty glumes ecabrid, sul)e(iual, or the second usually the
longer, IJ-uerveil, first ovute-laneecdato to elliptical, 3-5 mm. long,
second ovul-lanceolate to oval, 3.'~*-(! mm. long; floral glunu* sca-
brid, oval, narrowly elliptical, with a lew slntrt hairs at the base,
purple and yellowish brown above, 4-5.".* mm. long, apex often
eroso and with a niucro, the 4 lateral nerves extending two-thirds
the distance from base to Jipex; ))alea linear, ^'-toothed, .scabrid,
ciliate on the keels, 3.5-4. "3 mm. long. The above is the result of
careful measurements in all the details of nine different jjlants; no
two are alike in all important respects. I must either make each
a variety, or rather prefer for the i)reseut to make uo varieties. It
shades off into A. lien's.
Montana, Scribner for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 058, WiUimnx
579; Nevada, »/«««.*;; Oregon, I fotrelL
Utah, Nevada, Montana to Oregon.
10. A. Isevis (^'ascy). J'oa Iwris Vasey, ("ontrib. IT. S. Nat.
Herb. l:-273 (1893), not liorb. (Is::).
A tufted rather slender perennial. 30-80 cm. high, with creep-
/578 I'OACH/K.
ing rnotHtock. Hlodos of storile ghootri Hut or coiuliiplicato, scu-
brous ahovo, lioldiiij^ tlioir width to iirur the piiiigont upcx. IO-;i()
cm. long, 3-4 iiiiii. wide, those of thu oulni 'i-'-i in iniinbcr, 5-10
cm. long; ligulu 2-4 mm. long. I'linido thin, open, ovuti^hincoo-
luto or linear when in fruit, 12-20 cm. long, riiva Hcuhi-ouH, Hlcnder
or rather stont, tin- middio ones in tlireoM, fours, or lives, tho long-
ost 4-«t cm. long, llower-hearing o.i the iijjper third or half. Spike-
lets oval or ovute-Ianceolate, ll-.'i-flowered, 5-7 mm. long; empty
glumes sul)u(|iuil, thin, seuhrid, i-T) mm. long, li-ncrved, linear-
lanceolate, each nearly covering the Moral glume above it; iloral
gli'.rnt! 4-5 mm. long, scarious or pul»orulous, ovato or oval, acute
or obtuse, u few short hairs near the base; palea4 mm. long, linear,
scabrid on the keels, 2-toothed. It shades ol! into J. KemdfHsis
and -1. Fendhrinna,
Colorado, Vnseii i)T\'.\, Let term an 13, 15, 54, etc. ; Montana, Scrih-
iicr, Williams 5i:S, A ndrrsou 41; Nevada, Trary; Washington.
\'ar. rigida. Leaves of .sterile shoots numerous, rigid, 20-40
cm. long.
Utah, Jon ex.
Distributed as P. tninifoUa.
11. A. Pringleii (Scribn.). Pixt Pri nf/Iei i ficr'ihn. Bull. Torr.
Club, 10:31 (1883). Pou Palkrsoni Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nat.
Herb. 1:275 (189.3).
A densely tufted strict glalirous perennial, 15-20 cm. liigli, from
creei)ing rootstocks. Sterile shoots numerous, the blades 3-5 cm.
hmg, conduplicato, curved, smooth, 7-10 mm. diam., the apex ob-
tuse; leaves of the culm 1, starting below the middle of the culm;
ligule 2-3,5 mm. long; blades 5-12 mm. long, apex pungent or
obtuse. Panicle linear, strict, 2-3 cm. long, bearing few spikelots.
Spikelets brown and purplish, 5-7 mm. long, 3-5-flowered, linear-
lanceolate; empty glumes broadly lanceolate, about 5 mm. long,
3-nerved below, margins scarious, broad, subequal; floral glume
elliptical-lanceolate, 5-5.5 mm. long, minutely punctulate-Bcabrous
throughout; palea one-fourth shorter than its glume, 2-toothcd,
ciliate on the keels. Spikelets variable, of a membranous or char-
FEHTic K.K. 571)
tacoons appenranco, apparently (lia>cioug, tlic stamiuatc plant the
nioru Hlondcr. with more lUMito iloruts.
C'liliforniii, /'rin(/fr in 1H82.
Mouiitaiiirt iihoiit tlu! lioiul-watrrs of the Sarrumciito Hivcr.
12. A. Lettermani (Nuscy). /W Lrf/frmani Vwwy, i'ouinh.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:273 (ISJKJ).
A dwarf tuftod percniiiul, 4-10 cm. Iii^'li. SlieatliM tooH<<; iipptT
lipilu 3 mm. loii^' uoiito, lacitiiatc; Ifladc.H rondiipliraic 1-2. f) cm.
Ion;;, 1.5 mm. wid(>, abruptly pointed. I'aiiiclc linear, 1-2..') cm.
Ion;;, rays in paira or win^jlc. Spikclcts tin;rc*«l with jturplo and
brown, oval, 3-3. T) mm. Ion;;, 2-4-fIowcrcd. empty ;;liini -^ Hiibcipial,
cxtcnilin;; nearly to tiio tip of the upi>cr tlon-t, cIliptical-laiKrcolatc.
3-ncrvctI; floral ;;lnmo 2-2.5 mm. Ion;;, minutely scalirid, broadly
oval when spread, denticulato; ])aleH bntlittluriliorter than its glume.
Colorado ((Jray'.s Peak), Lrffermnn in 1885, .lonett. Colleele*!
12,500 feut altitiidu on the mouutuin.s.
13. A. pauciflora Tliiirb. S. WatH. Hot. Talif. 2: 310 (ISSO).
Poa paiicljJoi'a Hentli. Vasey, Cat. <irass. V. S. 42 (I«S,'»).
A pale-green tufted jterennial. «»t)-r."» cm. Iiigli. IMades <»f
sterile shoots about 30 n\\. long, 2-3 mm. wide, condupli(;ate, sca-
brous, pungent-pointed, leaves of the culm 2-3 in numlicr; ligido
3-4 mm. long, wider than the blades, thcuppiT blade 3-7 cm. long,
3-4 mm. wide. Panicle 12-30 cm. long, linear, rather thin, inter-
rupted b"low, rays mostly in twos and threes, 3-7 mm. long,
braiudiing, flower-bearing to near the base. Spikelets 1-2-nowered;
sometimes with a rudiment of a third; empty glumes sube(pial,
smooth, first 3-ncrved, 3-3.5 mm. long: floral glume 3 mm. long,
8(!abrid, oval; palea as long as its glume.
California, Itohnuhr, growing in wet metidows.
14. A. tenuifolia Thurb. S. Wats. Hot. Calif. 2: 310 (18H0).
Poa tenuifolia Buckl. in Proc. Aca<l. Sci. I»6 (1S(;3), not Itich.
(18.'>1). J'oa SheldoHi Y'dsey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:276
(1893).
A strict slender tufted perennial, 40-60 cm. high, usually gla-
brous and tinged with brown or pink. Ligule a<-ute. 3-4 cm. long;
blades conduplicate, those of the sterile shoots 5-15 mm. long, 1-2
r>80
POACK.K.
mm. wide, apex abruptly pointed, tliosc of the cnlm 2 in number,
0.5-5 cm. l«»Uf;. I'auiclo erect, rarely sprendiuj,'. 5-15 em. lon;^,
rays in twos or threes. Si)ikelets ratlier llrm, 5-S mm. lon<r, '*~b-
(mostly [?-) (lowered, pubeseeut, elliptieal-latieeolate, joint of
rachilla 1-1.5 mm. louii;; empty jjlunu's obtusely keeled, ."{-nerved
near the base, first linear-lanceolate, about '.\ nun. lonj^'. second el-
liptical-lanceolate, alutut 4 mm. lon<r; lloral ulume ;?.5-4."> mm.
Un\*f, elliptical or linear-oblont;;, aeute or obtuse, entire or erose.
bluntly keeled or almost round on the back, pubescent on the lower
third, puberulent above: palca linear, '^'-toothed. '.]Ji mm. loiiijf, mi-
nutely scabrous on the buck and keels.
Dr. \'asey, al'ter prolonj^ed study of lar<;e nundiers of a])ecimeus.
found them very variable and perjdexinp^, and says in Coult, iiot.
Gaz. (»:•.'!): (18S1): '"It nuiy well be conjectured that Nature is
now eniiUii'ed in the work of dilTerentiation, and that in process of
time the lines will beconu! more sharply delined, and several new
species establislu'd.'"
Montana, Scrihiirr ;!!•(;, and for L\ *b'. JJi'pf. J(/n'cul. G70,
Tirci'di/ iuVl, {)'S'7 : ()re<i-on, llonrU.
l{ocky j\lou!itains to Califorida.
Var. stenophyla \'asey. ined.
Panicle slender, o])en, first _i>lume 4 mm. lonpf. second 5 mm.
loni;-; floral sjjbnne 5 mm. louij; the latter
minuti'ly scabrid below or smooth; palea 4.7
mm. long.
Oretron, IToircll in ISSi.
]\Iontana, Orej^on, and Califorida.
15. A. Canbyi (Scribn.). (lljurria Cahhyi
Soribn. Hull. Torr. i'hxh, 10:7:. /. (IHs;]).
An erect snu)oth stout ])erennial. (i()-lt()
em, high, culms simple. Sheaths shorter
F\Q. W^.—Atropis Can- than the internodes; ligule broad, obtuse. 4-('>
6v/ Spiia-lets. (Sciil)- , |^, blades of the culm :]-4 in num-
ner.) '^
ber, flat below, eonduplicate above, scabrous,
the upper about 15 cm. long, 4-0 cm. wide. l*aiuele exscrted,
linear or lanceolate, usmiUy interrupted below, about 15 cm. long,
KKS'riX'KJ-:. 581
rays 3-5 in hiilf-wliorls. oreot or asciMulinf:;, donsely llowerod, tho
loiigi'si 4 S ciii. long. Spikt'lt'ts ;5-5-llo\voiV(l, tlic longest joint of
rncliilla I nun. long; i'mi)ty gltunos ovmI, aciitt^ or olttnso, aliiiost
keeled. IJ-nerved, (Irst '1 '•) mm. long, seeoiul ;>-4 mm. long; lloral
glnme oval, seabrous. I}..")-!.') mm. long, .")-nerved, apex acute,
often irregularly tootiied ; jtaK'a ;'>.."» mm. long, narrow, '.'-lootliod,
shortly eiliate on the nerves. Allied to .1. Inniifoliit 'riinrber.
So'ihiivr 'I;> from Tweedy; Wasliington (Casrade Mountains),
/Irandegrem:), ll!>().
J(j. A. unilaterale (Serihn.). /'ai/ inn'/u/rnilr Serih. int«d.
A tufted glaucous |terennial, XM)-:>() cm. liigli, from ascouding
bases; culms smooth, rather stout, liigule acute, t-tJ mm. long;
lilad(>s of sterile shoots Hut or conduplicafe, soft, lleNUo.s(>, ST.'
em. long, 2 mm. wide, those of the culm ".' in number, the blades
shorti^r and widiM*. Panicle si)ikelike, dense, oval-lanceolate. .")-•')
em. long, rays stout, very short, in throes, fours, or lives. Spikelets
oval or linear, O-T-ilowered, T-lO mm. long, joint of rachilla 1 mm.
long; empty glumes oval, obtuse or mucronate, subearinate; lirst ;!-
lU'rved, ;).r)-4 nnn. long, .second Il-.'i-nervi'd, 4-r» mm. long; lloral
glume 4-.") mm. long, nearly smooth, chartaceous, subearinate, oval.
abrnj)tly or irregularly acute, mucronate; i)aleu liiu'ar, 4-r» mm.
long, drain lu-arly terete, "iJt mm. long, including thes])ongy apex.
California (Santa Cru/,), ('. L. AiKlcrsmi.
17. A. scabrella Thurb. S. Wats. I'.ot. Calif, '.'iino (ISSO).
Poa srahrvlhi Vasey, ('at. Crass, l'. S. S4 (ISS.')).
A slender perennial, 40-70 em. high, seabrid. IMades of sterile
shoots Hat or eonduplieatci, 12-'20 em. long, 1-'.' nun. wide, curved;
leaves of the eulm 'i.-\\, ligule 5-1'.* mm. long, aeute; bhules r»-7 tin.
long. Panicle narrow, r-J-I.') em. long, rather dense, rays in pairs,
\\\v longest 5-7 em. long, branching and mostly llower-lH'aring lo
lh(^ base. S])iki'lets 5-t! mm. long, 3-5-llowered, joint of raehilla
1 mm. long; empty ghnnes IJ-iu-rved, lirst about '-3.5 mm., si'eontl
about ;5 mm. long; floral glume W-W.^l mm. long, o\al. rough-hairy
on the lower part of the nerves, apex denticulate, often unieronate;
piilea but little shorter.
Lower California, Miss F. K. Fish for Nat. Mus.
/)82 POACE^.
Calfornia and Lower California, and probably in Mexico.
133. ('^'GO). Festuca L. Sp. I'l, 73 (1753). A mp/ii(/enes J ai\-
ka, Linna'a 30: Olif (1859-00). Cmldlia Tiueo, V\. liar. Sic. 1?
(1817). Cutapoilium\Ank,\lo\'\. Herol. 1: 44 (18-.»7). Chloanmin
liafin. Neogenyt. 4 (182*)). Dishmusfhns Diilac, Fl. llautes-Pyr.
fll (18()7). DrynioiKPtex l£\\r\\. Heitr. 4:147 (1789). Fcsfiiraria
Link, Linniva, 17:398 (1843). Goinnia Founi. Hcntli. & Hook,
f. Gen. 3:1178 (18S3). IMhria Founi. 1. c. 1199 (18s:i).
L^)retiaT)\\^^'A\.-^o\\\. Kev. Se. Nat. (If.) 2:38(1880). Mirn,-
pyrnm Link. Liiuh'va, 17:397 (1843). Mi/(/a!nnis Link, EniiTii.
llort. lierol. 1:92 (1821). Xonhinis Heielib. Xoni. 39 (1841).
Prosphi/ttis Dulue, Fl. ILintes-Pyr. (!7 (18(57). Srhcdonontx Heauv.
Agrost. 99. t. JO. f. ;.'(1812). SderochJmi Heiclib. To. Fl. (ierni.
1:23. /. J.^ (1834). ,sV7mv>»« Griseb. Spicil. I*''- Ifmiiel. 2:431
(1844). Stj na phe V>\\\iic,V\. llautes-Pyr. 90 (18(;7). Vnlpioi'.
0. Gniel. Fl. Had. 1:8 (1805). Zenia Panz. Deuksehr. Akail.
Mueneb. 290 (1814), in part.
Spikelets 2-inany-fl()\vered, podicollate, varioui^ly ])aniculate.
racbilla articulate under tlie floral glimies and between tbe florets.
Eniptyglnmespersistejit, narrow, usually acutely keeled, more or less
uneqtml, flrst l-nerved, second usually 3-nerved; floral glumes nar-
row, membranous, cbartaceous, acute or tapering into an untwisted
awn or rarely obtuse, rounded on tbe back below, often keeled
above, faintly 5-uerved; palea a little shorter, luirrow, witb two
prominent keels. Stamens 1-3. Ovary glabrous or pilose at tbe
apex. Styles very sbort, distinct. Grain enclosed in tbe glume
and palea and more or less adherent. Mostly i>erenuial grasses,
usually tufted, low or tall, blades flat or coudui)licate. Panicle
sometimes narrow, se(Uind and strict, sometimes open and nodding.
Tbe genus is very widely spread over the globe, especially in tem-
perate or mountainous regions. There are about 80 well-marked
species, tliough some authors have extended the number to 230
species.
The genus is one as to whose limits botanists are the least
agreed. It is generally distinguished by having the floral glumes
round, without any prominent keel at least at the base, and acute
FESTUCK.E. ^8'S
or awned at the end, and by tlie glabrous grain adhering to the
jialea. Hut there are exceptions to eaeli of these characters ; some
species run very much into Puu and Alropin, others into /Irnmtts.
If we had only European species, Vulpia might well have been
retained as a geiuis; but in some of the South American s])ccies the
panicle is loose, the awn sometimes very short ami the inflorescence
rather that of Eufedma. Jienthum proposed as sections tho
following:
1. Vnlpia (Gmel. as a genus).
2. Eiiffstura. Panicle loose, spreading or narrow, empty ghnnes
nearly equal, iloral glumes acute or muoronate; stamens 3, anthers
and stigmas iirojecting from the glumes at the time of flowering:
])erenniuls.
;J. SrhedoHorufi (Reauv. as a genus). Panich^ loose, narrow or
spreading, glumes awnless and the grain quite free from the palea.
4. C((t(ipii(liiitn (Link, as a genus). Infloresceiu'e nearly simple,
like that of llordew, but the racliis not notohe*!, aiid the spikelets
not quite sessile, the lower ones of ten two or three together on a very
short branch.
5. Sclcropfid (fSriseb. as a geinis).
I have lu'arly followed E. Ilackel in the selection and use of
the sections of Fesluca, believing them preferable to those given by
Bentham or others.
A. Vii.i'i.v. Lcaf-hUulcssoff, thin, involute. Panirhsecund^
iisiKiUt/ iiarrotr and densf, einptij fflnniis usually ve.ij
unequal, thefrst l-nerred, scrond •i-nereed, jioral ffluuie.^
awned, ''>-nenrd. Stanit'ns usnally -/-;.'. Anthers and
sfiijnuis reniaininy within the glume (indjjalea at time of
flowering. Onrx are annuals (a)
a. Spikelets l-rj-tlowered. Iloral glume 4-7 mm. long. . 1
a. Spikelets .>-S-llowt;red, Horal glume 4-() mm. long. . 2
a. Spikelets 7-13-llowered, fhtral glume tJ-t mm. long. . 3
}\. ScLKUOPOA. Leaf-fdades thin, fltd. Panicle semnd,
rags short, rigid, hearing frw (dmost .srssile sjdk-rlets,
floral glumes sidn'arinate toward the apex, awnlrss, hiluni
j)unrf(de. Annuals 4
684 POACE.^l.
€. TioviNM: Hack. Ligulc very short, truncate, throat of
sheath o/tni falcate-aurirnhte, hhules usuallif all flat,
rarely sii/>ronvohite. Ovary ohovoid, glabrous. Grain
often adherent to ylnnie and 2>alea.
a. Arctic; jfrasses. small 5
a. Not arctic, larger (b)
b. Ujiper ligulc 1-2-5 mm. long, floral glume 6-8
mm. long G
b. Upper ligulc 1 mm. long, or less (c)
c. Floral glume 4 mm. long, coriaceous, obscurely
nerved 7
C. Floral glume 5 mm. long, cliartaceous, ob-
scurely nerved 8
c. Floral glume 5-!* mm. long, not eoriaceoiis. . (d)
d. Floral glume (5--S nun. long, seabrid, awn 8-
12 mm. long
d. Floral glume 8-!) mm. long, scaljrous, sliort
awned 10
d. Floral glume 7-8 mm. long, scabrous, sliort
awned 11
d. Floral glume G nim. long, S(!al)rous, sliort
awned 12
d. Floral glume 0-7 nun. long, scabrid toward
the apex, rarely awned 13, 14
d. Floral glume 5-7 mm. long, awn 5-12 mm.
long 15
D. Ovix.'i: IFaek. Lirpdc very short, trnncote, itsnally lii-
anricnlate, hlades all condnplintte or thosr of the nilm
more or less jhitfened. Ovary ohovatc-ohltmy, ylafirons. or
the apex rarely thinly hispid. Grain adhering closely to
Jloral (jlume a)ul palea (e)
e. Ligule very sliort, symmetrically biauriculate, blades
more tlian 2 cm. long, all conduplicate. in transverse
section, oval to oblong or cuueatc, oblong. Ovary
very smooth (ni;
m. Leaves oi" culm 2-3 16
FESTrcKj-:. 58r)
m. Leaves of culm 4-5 17
C. Lij,MiIo 1-3 mm. long, biauriculate, blades of the culm
1-2 cm. long, rigid, curved, setaceous. Ovary obo-
vate, glabrous 18
e. Ligulo minutely biauriculate, blade conduplicate, sub-
sctacoous, in transverse section obtusely six-angled. . 10
e. Ligule symmetrically biauriculate, blade involute or
conduplicate (n)
n. Apex of ovary pubescent 30, 31
Ti- Apex of ovary glabrous (k)
k. Kays single 33
k. Hays in twos, threes, or fours 3:), ;3+
e. Ligule of cdm-leaves inecpiilaterally biatiriculate. . (o)
o. Blades filiform, involute 35
0. Blades usually ilat, rarely conduplicate, 3 mm . diam. 3(»
e. Ligule of culm-leaves auricnilate on one side, Idades
often of two forms 37
1. F. microstachys (Monro) Xutt. Journ. Acad. I'hila. N. S. 1 :
187(184:). Vuljiia microstitrhiia :\[unro, Henth. IM. llartw. ;U3
(18:u»-o7).
("ulms slender, erect, 10-40 cm. high. Sheaths shorter llian the
internodes, smooth or pubescent; ligule 0.5 mm. or less in length;
blades 3-4, erect, slender, ;>-8 cm. long. Panicle erect, i-acemose
or spicate, 3-9 cm. long, rays stilT, channoUed, single or some of tht!
lowest in pairs, ere(;t, spreading or deflexed, the longest^ 1 - :) cm.
long bearing 1-8 spikelets. Spiki'lets l-5-Howered on clavate pedi-
cels, joint of racliilla over I mm. long; empty glumes involiiic, lirst
3-5 mm. long, second 5-8 mm. long; floral glume convi'x, in-
volute, acuminate, scabrous, 4-7 mm. long, besides the awn, which
is G-10 mm. long; palca scabrous, bearing two short awns. Stamen
I. Very variable.
Oregon, Jlnireil; C'alifornia, Joiivs^ Ormtl .
Arizona to British America.
Yar. ciliata A. Cray. Axis, rays of panicle, glumes and tloral
glume strongly ciliato.
Oregon, Hoicr/l; also found in California.
586 I'(JACE.E.
Viir. pauciflora Scribii. ; N'liscy, Cut. Gmsses U. S. 00 (1885),
without ilescription. S[)ikolcts l-S-tlowercd.
Oroiioii, llnicrll,
'I. F. Myckos Ti. Sp. IM. 74 (irr):J). Vnlpia Jfi/nrHs riniol.
Fl. Had. 1:S(1S(h;).
Culiiis .sIciKltT, sniootli, jLjoiiiculiito or cri'ct, i)0-80 cm. hi,i,di.
Shoatlis sinootli, longer tli;in tlio intcniotles; liifulo less tliiin 1 iiiiii.
long; bliidos of the cuhiis .'5-.') in iiunihcr, croct, slender, G-l"i cm.
loiiij:. Piiiiiclo narrow, 8-;i(>-:ir) ctri. long, rays scabrous, tri(|uctr()iis
in twos and ihn^cs below, approsscd, the longest racemose, (l-l".'
cm. long. S|)il\elet3 on stout jiedicels, linear, 5-8-flowere(l, 8-1 o
mm. long besides the awns, joint of rachillaa little more than 1 nun.
long; (irst glume 2 mm. or much less in length, second involute,
lanceolate, 4-G mm. long; lloral glume scabrous, involute, acuminate,
4-0 mm. long, besides the awn, 0-18 mm. long; palea lanceolate,
scabrous on the keels, nearly as long as its glunu^, bearing 2 very
short awns. Stamen 1.
Pennsylvania (I'hiladelphia, ballast grounds), Srrihner ;'.5(t.")
from Hurk; Virginia, Cid'tiffs; Oregon, Ilotrell; California (Sail
liernanliuo). Parish 6, 55.
Introiluced from Europe and naturalized.
3. F. octoflora Walt. VI Car. 81 (ir88). /: hromoi<]es Michx.
Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : GG (1803). F. svlumi Poir. Eucyc. Suppl. 2 : 638
(1S04). F. tviU'Ua Willd. Knum. 1:113(1 80!i).
Au erect slender annual or biennial, culms sparingly branched
on large jdants, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes, sometimes pubescent; ligule about 1 mm. long; blades of the
cidm 2-5 in number, erect, slender, mostly 4-7 cm, lojig. Panicle
simple, erect, 5-10 cm. long, narrow or spreading at the base, rays
in i)airs or single, the longest 2-4 (rarely 7), cm. long. Spikelcts
flat, oval, 6-10 mm. long, 7-13-flowored, often becoming brown
when old, joint" of rachilla 0.5-0.7 mm. long; emj)ty glumes invo-
lute so as to aj)pear subulate, first 3 mm. long, seciond about 4 mm.
long; (loral glume convex, involute, acuminate, scabrous, nerves
obscure, 3-4 mm. long besides the awn, which is 1-7 mm. long:
palea lanceolate, a little shorter than its glume. Stamens 2. Plants
FESTUCE.E. n87
In M'liich the awns were 5-7 nun. long were called vur. aristuhtdt
by 'J'orrey, but llorets uro ol'teu long-uwned, wliilo otliers on tlie
same })lant are short-awned.
Massachusetts, Dr. Citoh'ii; Micliigan, Dr. Coule//, />/■. C/tn'/r,
Wlii'eh')', Jk'iil lo'-]; Illinois, 7)V7// l;}',': Minnesota, //iih:iii;/rr Ki;
Iowa, Jfi/rJirockj Colorado, Casnithj; Montana, Andcrxon t**^;
Texas, JiercnJion I'^Ml, S. Jcniiei/, Jones '37 o'^, yvoUfn; Washing-
ton, Luke; Oregon, Iloii'eJl.
Dry barren land, Kew England and Canada to Florida and the
Paeillc.
4. V. uiiilDA (L.) Kunth. IJev. Gram. 1:12!) (18'!!i). Pua
rigiila L. Cent. Tl. IJar. 1:5 (irSo).
Culms slender, geniculate or erect, 10-40 cm. higli. Sheaths
smooth, shorter than the internodes; ligule about 3 mm. long;
blades 3-4 in number, sinooth, 5-1.") cm. long, about 3 mm. wide.
Panicle oblong, 4-9 cm. long, rays single, large, sti IT, tri(inetrous,
diverging, brancliiug, the longest \.'i-Z cm. long. Spikeli'ts linear-
lanceolate, 5-l:-*-l1o\vered, 7-10 mm. long, joint of rachilla 1 mm.
long; empty glumes ovate, oblong, acute or ol)tuse, first 1.5 mm.
long, second 1.5-"2 mm. long; Ihn'al glume scabrid, ovate-elliptical.
2.5-".\7 mm. long; i)alea nearly as long aa its glume, short-eiliate
on the keels, 2-toothed.
* Introduced on ballast from luirope.
5. F. Richardsonii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:250, /. 230 (1840).
A tufted brown geniculate perennial, 15-20 cm. high. Blades
of the sterile shoots flaccitl, 3-8 cm. long; ligulo very short; blades
of the culm flat, the upper 10-15 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Panicle
dense, more or less interrupted, 3-4 cm. long; sjiikelets G-12 in
number, approxinuite, ovate on short pedicels, densely pilose.
Spikelets 3-4-flowered, G-7 mm. long; empty glumes oblong-ovate,
unecpud, obtuse; floral glume broadly ovate, yellowish puride, 5-G
mm. long, acuminate or with a short awn; palea hirsute on the
keels.
Ar(^tio coast, Alaska.
6. F. confinis Vasey, liull. Torr. Club, 11:120 (1884).
A tufted stout rigid, light-green perenniMl, 40-120 cm. high.
588 POACE^.
liladcs of sterile shoots lialf as lon<j; as the culm, with luug sk-ndei'
points, leavesof theeiiliii 3 to .1 in number; sheaths on suuiU planter
loose, shorter than the internodes; lij^Miie truncate, l-:i-5 mm. long;
blades 15 cm. long, 4-0 mm. wide, Mat or involute, smooth or
scabrous, i)anicle narrow, strict, 7-13 em. long, rays in twos ami
threes, erect, the longest '^-3 cm. long, tlower-hearing above the
middle. Spikelets ol)l(»ng or ovate- lanceolate, G-10 mm. long, 3-5-
flowered, joint of rachilla 0.7-1 mm. long; emiUy glunu's cliar-
taceous, first ovate, acute or obtuse, 3—4.5 mm. long, 1-iierved,
second liiu'ar-lanceolate, 5-0 mm. long, 3-nerved; floral glume
5.5-8 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, scabrous, rather firm, subcari-
nate or round on the back, acute to acuminate, awidess; }»alea
elliptical, obtusi". nearly as long as its ghune, keels scabrous-ciliate.
Grain Avith apex truncate and i)ubesceut. Anthers 4.5 mm. long.
Dr. Vasey says: "This ditTers froni Poii chiefly in the rigiility
of the culms and the thicker, harsher, more rounded flowering-
glumes."
Utah, Jones ll'2i, Ifdi/defi, Tracij; Yellowstone Park, Twceily;
Oregon (Stein's Mountain), Jlowell in 1885.
7. F. nutans Si)rcng. Fl. Hal. Mant. 34. Poa nutans Link,
Enum. Hort. li(;rol. 1:80 (18-27).
A tufted i)erennial, r»0-l'20 cm. high. Sterile shoots few, leaves,
of the culm 3-4 in number, sheaths much shorter than the intcr-
nodes; ligule 1 mm. or less long; blades flat, scabrous or pubescent,
taper-pointed, 15-20 cm. long, 4-0 mm. wide. Panicle 12-2".* em.
long, erect, bending with age, simple, open, sccund, rays in remote
pairs, the longest 8-1"-* cm. long, bearing 3-13 sj)ikclcts on the
upper third or fourth. Sj)ikelets pedicellate, ovate-oblong 5-8
mm. long, 3-6-flowcred, joint of rachilla O.G mm. long; empty
glumes firm, scabrid, first lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, second
oval-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long; floral glume 4 mm. long, ovate-
oblong, sul)acute, coriaceous; j)alea firm, narrowly elliptical, nearly
us long as its glume.
Vermont, Primjlc; Pennsylvania (Phila.), Scrihner 710; New
York (Cayuga County), lieaJ; ^lichigan, Cooley, Clark, Bealy
Wheeler; Minnesota, Goodhue, Jfohinger,
fkstick.t:. ^H^
It Viiries cousitlcrably in loii^'tli ol' pjinicle and in nunihcr of
si»ikt'lets.
Open woods, New Enj^land to Minnesota and Texas.
Var. Shortii (Kiintli) /'. Shorlii Kuntli, Wood's Ciass-liook, TH-t
(18G;J). F. ohinsn Spren;,'. Mant. Fl. Hal. ;!4 (ISOT). /'. nutans,
\ar. pahtsfn's \\\)Qi\, Hot. and Flor. ;>!»!» (ISTo). F. intlans iiuijor
Vasey, Grasses U. S. Si*. Kept. V. S. l)ei)t. A«,m-. No. GI], 43 (lss:5),
name only.
Panicle more or less contracted, rays l)eariii,i; ni(»re nunieroiis
clustered spikelet.s.
Iowa, llitchcurk; ^lississippi, Tranj: Minnesota, Siindhi'ry.
Kentucky, Illinois, Mis.souri to Iowa, and Minnesota.
8. F. versuta, now name. /'. Tc.nnut N'asey, Hull. 'J'orr. ("lul),
13: 110 (1SS()). not Steud). ISr)*)).
Culms rather stout, GO-SO cn^ liij,di. Sheatlis shorter tluin (he
interuodes; li<!fule a mere callous ring: hliides of the culm ;!-4 in
number, flat or involutes, scarious. 10-20 cm. long. <i-10 mm. wide,
apex taper-pointed. Panicle thin, pyramidal, about 15 cm. long,
rays in pairs below, scabrous, nodding, somewhat distant, the longest
7-10 cm. long, t'ew-llowered on the outer fourth or third. .Si»ike-
lets pedieelltite, light green, glaucous, linear, 3-5-llowered, aljout S
mm. long, joint of rachilla O.G mm. long, empty glumes rigid,
scabrous on the lu'rves, first linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long,
second broader, 4.5-5 mm. long; floral glunu; 5 mm. long, ovate-
lanceolate, suViacute, mucrouate or short-awned, chartaceous; j>alea
nearly as long as its glume.
Texas, lieva-chon in 1884 for Scribn.
!t. F. denticulata, new name. /'. rf ////>/// //r/ \'asey. Con t rib. I '. S.
Nat. Herb. 1::.':7 (18!»3). not Le (lall. (185-.»).
A rather stout erect perennial, 00-00 cm. high. Leaves of
sterile shoots rather rigid, 15-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; those
of the culm 4, slieaths scabrous, longer than the internodes; ligule
very short, slightly unsymmetrical ; blades attenmite, jiointed, flat or
becoming involute. Panicle 15-20 em. long, the iiodes distant,
rays flexuose, chiefly in pairs, the longest 7-10 cm. long, bi-aring
spikelets above the middle. Spikelets i)urplish, 3-4-flowered, empty
690 I'OACt.K.
gliimos narrow, first 2 nun. loiij^, scnoml 4 nun. lonrr, H-norvod;
joint of nicliillii iiliout ;.' nun. long, scabrid, hcnt and i'nlur<,'('d and
di.sarticuhilin;,' nearly niidway iK^twcen the contiguous llon-ts; lloral
giunicO-S nini. long, ol)S(Mnvly /i-nurvcd, scabrid, acuniinatf. tcctli
niu'ciual, awn S-l'i nun. long; palcu as longas its glume, ".'-tttotiu'd.
Antlu'rs ?> nun. long. Apex of ovary |»ul)('SCL'iit.
Oregon, JfoiirU in 1H80 for V. N. Dcpt. Agricul. l»0.
10. F. Californica Vascy, Contrih. U. S. Nat. llcrh. 1 ::.'??
(1893).
An erect rather stout pereTUjial, 1»()-120, rarely ;)()-(!() cm. liigli.
Leaves of sterile shoots scabrous, blades involute, half as long as
the culm, about 4 mm. wide, the bladed breaking away, leaving the
sheaths, those of the culm usually 2 in number, the uj)per [)-lO
cm. long; sheaths scabrous, shorter than the internodes, hairy at
the throat; ligulo a ciliate fringi;. Panicle open, i>yramidal, S-IT)
cm. long, the hnviw rays slender, ilexuose; distant in j)airs. llie
longest .')-]() cm. long, llower-bearing above the middle. Spikclets
4-()-llowered, 10-15 nun. long, joint of ra(Oiilla scabrid, :* nun.
long, empty glumes ovate-lauceohite. lirst T) mm., secoiul G nun.
long; iloral glume scabrous, linear-lanceolate, 8-0 nun. long, be-
sides the awn ;' mm. long; palea scabrid, liiu'ai', 2-tootlied. about
the length of its glume. A native grass valuable for cattle.
Oregon (near i'ortland), Jfoivcll in 1886, distribute(l as /'.
.scadreUa.
Uocky ^[ountains to Oregon.
11. F. viridula Vasoy, Hi. N. A. (!r. •.•:(i:; (IS!):',). /■'. ,/niri/.
limn Thurb. S. Wats. Hot. Calif. r.':;)lS (1880), not Hooker.
("ulms tufted, ere(;t, 50-TO cm. high, mostly smooth throughout.
Leaves of sterile shoots nunu'rous, blades mostly involute, narrow,
30-40 cm. long. Sheaths of the culm mostly '^ in uund)cr. the lower
iibout the length of its internode; ligulo short, blades 5-8 cm. long,
^-3 mm. wide. I'anicle 8-10 cm. long, rays erect, mostly in ])airs,
the longest 5-7 cm. long, bearing 1-4 spikclets. Spikelets 10-15
mm. long, G-9-llowered, rachilla scabrous-pubescent; empty glumes
lanceolate; iloral glume oval-lanceolate, 7-8 nun. long, awu 1-C
FKSTl'CK.K. 591
mm. long, intormediato nerves somctiiiu's ol)scure; puleu nearly us
long, cilioliite on the keels. Anthers T) nun. long.
Montana, Ctnibn *'' >^'f'il»K'f' -l^'T; Washington, (I. li. Vosey;
(.'alil'oniia, linhttuhr d' KeJhijij in ISi:.'.
\'l. F. Howellii Mack.
An erect perennial, alxmt 70 cm. liigh. Ulailes of sterile sho<its
short, those of the ciilni ".' -3 in nuinhor, scahrid, ereet, involutf, s
1() cm. long, ;)-4nim. wide; sheaths of the culm-leaves mucii shorter
than the internodes; ligide less than ! mm. long. Panicle erect,
oj)en, thin, secaind, lO-l'.' cm. long, rays scabrous, mostly in pjiirs,
s|)reading, the longest Ct-T cm. long, hearing a fi'W spikelets on the
outer third. Spikelets tinged with red, linear-lanceolate, ht-l*.' mm.
long, 4-r)- (lowered . joint of rachilla 1 mm. long; lirst eniiity glnmi-
ovate-lanceolate, '-.'-:» mm. long, second linear-lanceolate, ahoiil 4 mm.
long; ll(jral glume about (i nun. long, awn 'i. mm. long, scahntus,
membranous, linear-lanceohite, with live conspicuous nerves; paloa
lanceol.ite, a little exceeding its glume, scabrous below and on
the keels.
Oregon (Deer Creek Mountains), IfoireU in 18S7, distributed l»y
Vi. S. l)e|»t. Agricid.
i;}. K i:i,.\Ti()H I.. Sp. IM. ;r) (i:r);{). Tali. Kkscti:. /'. njien-
niiKi I>e i\ot. Prosp. \^\. Ligust. 5(1. /•'. mrlivti Schur. Knum.
I'l. Transs. 709 (iSliC). /•'. arliviilohi De .Not. I'ari. V\. Itul.
1:455. /'. anxh'uJis Sclu.r, 1. c. TDS (ISIK]). /'. nclira Wmk.
Nym. Consp. 8-~*5(lHT8). /'. 7'W/^^s• Lag. (Jen. et Sj>. Nov. 4 (Isk;),
/•'. hHcroiiuiUa Pourr. Mem. Acad. Toul. ;i :;{!!» (ir«.S). /•'. ///-
tvrrupla Desf. I'l. Atlaiit. 1:89 (1798). /'. hillfulin Dulac Fl.
Ilautes-Pyr. 93 (18GT). /'. la.at (laud. Agrost. llelv. 1 :-.'(> I
(1811). /'. lilomi Hack. Monog. Fest. Ku. 15:; (188-.'). /•'. Inlimn,
Lam. Encyc. :.*:4C:- (178:'.). /•'. w/-/V;/A///.s' Kern. Hack. .Monog.
Fest. Eu. 154 (1882). F. mdicans Steud. Syn. IM. Cram. ;5(»9
(1855). F. simplex lioiss. & Jial. Diagn. (II.) 4: 1:58 (1859). F.
.yimh'rnt Mcench, :Meth. 190 (1794).
A tufted i)erennial, 5()-r^*0 cm. high, often with short creeping
rootstocks. Sheaths smootli, striate, sliorti ban the internodes;
ligule of npper sheath short, blades of the culm 3 in number. Hat,
f)l)2 POACK.K.
Hinooth or scubrid iibovo, 15-20 cm. loii;;, 4-(i mm. wido. I'uiiido
contnictcd tiflcr llowcrin^', H-IA-'^O cm. loii^', riiys mortlly in [m'wA,
tlio l()n;;i'st (i-K) cm. lon^', llower-bt'iiriiij:^ lor thnr-liltlirt of llio
upper part. SpikcleU liiioar-oldoiij;, ^Mvcii or tingiMl with piirph;,
U-1 l-l1o\verr(l, Iv'-IH mm. loii^'. joint of racliillii 1./) mm. Ion;;;
empty glumes liiiicoolutc, lirst 3 mm., second about 4 mm. Ion;;;
tlonil fjlunu' oblong, acute, Hubrid toward tbo tip, rarely awiied,
A-nerved, G-T tnm. long; j>alea linear before spreading, as long an
itri ghime, scabrid on the keels.
Introduced from Europe; cultivated and very variable. See
Vol. I, Kig. 05, for a full account of ibis and subspecies onimli'
nacca, i""ig. 66, Vol. 1.
Var. i'UATKNsis(Iluds.) Hack, ^fonog. Fest. Europ, l.".(i (ISS'.').
F. jyrntensitt lluds. El. Augl. Ed. 1, 37 (176".'). S.mai,i,i;k Mkauow-
KKSCl'K.
I'anicle subsecuml, luirrower, simpler; rays sborter, very near
tbo above, into wbicb it i)asse3 imperceptibly. Eoun<l witb otlier
varieties and siibvariotiea in <'ultivation. Wlum tbo s]>ikelets aro
racemost! it is tlie form known as loliacen,
14. F. fratercula liuin-. liuU. Acad. Hrux. {»: |»art )l, 3J0 (184:.').
A slender perennial, (!0-80 cm. bigli, glabrous tbrougbout ex-
cepting tbe spikelets. Sterile slioots few, witb leaves like tbose of
the culm. Sheaths shorter than tbe internodes; ligide a mere
fringe, slightly ol)li(pic; blades flat, 1*2-18 cm. long, 3-4.5 mm.
wide. Panicle slender, 15-;iO mm. long; rays single or tbe lower
in pairs, 10-15 cm. long, bearing l)l-'lO spikelets on tbo outer half
or third. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long, IJ-llowered, lirst
glume subulate, 3 mm. long, 1-nerved, second oval, 6 mm. long,
3-nerved, subacute; floral glume membranous, scabrous, 6-7 mm.
long, 5-nerved, ovate-lanceolate, the awn 0.5-2 mm. long; palea
linear obtuse, 6.5 mm. long. Apex of ovary hairy. Somewhat
nearly allied to F. suhulnta.
Arizona, Xcallei/ for V. S. Dept. Agricid. 177 in 1891.
Dr. Vasey placed this under the above name "with much
doubt" I do the same.
15. F. Joneiii Viwoy, (irass. U. 8. 43 (18H5); Coniril.. l*. S. Nut.
Horb. 1:278 (18»:i).
A Bli'iiiItT ort'(!t perennial, 40-120 cm. high. Sheuthn UHually
scuhroiiB, shorter than the internuderi; ligule usuuily not uvcr 1 mm.
long; bhideB of rudical tufts about half as long an tin* eiilm, thoHeof
thu culm 3-4 in number, Hat or involute, xmooth or hcabroiis, 10-
30 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide. I'anielo fllendcr, open, l't-'M)vui. long,
ruys cupiliary, spreading, (lexuose, in jtairs or «ingle, rarely in
threes, the lowest retnole, the longest 7-10 «-m. in length, sparingly
branching above the middle. Spikelets narrow, 3-.')-llowered. T 10
mm. long, joint of rachiliaBtiabroiis, l.'i-'i mm. Imh;:, geeoiul 3-r) mm.
long; llorul glume scabrous, eonve.x-subcarinate, linear-lanr»'niate,
6-7 mm. long, 3-r>-nerved, lateral nerves obscure, awn t*lender,
5-12 mm. long; paloa lincar-lanceolute before opening, as long as
its glume. Stamens 3. (i rain hairy. Sometimes distributed us /'.
occit/eiifalin Hook, and F. jxiiirijlora.
Idaho, IhilatKlvr G073; T'tali, Jonex IsOft; Wushingtou, Sukx-
dorf, S((U(lherii, Lake, HvtiderxDii; Oregon, J/mrrll.
Idaho, Oregon to Hrifish America.
Var. conferta K. Ilackel iiied. Panicle denser, rays bearing
many sj)ikolets on the upper half, awn 1-3 nwn. long.
California, C, S. Dejit. Ayrirul. from Nornud School San dose,
■now in Herb. Scribner and seen by K. Ilackel.
16. F. ovina L. Sp. PI. 73 (1753). SiikkKs Fkhch:. Tiiu
number of synonyms and varieties is very large.
A sleiuler densely tufted or slowly cn-eping glaucous-green
perennial, 15-00 cm. higli. Sheaths split Icngthwis** nmre or less,
3-8-nerved, throat conspicuously and .symmetrically biituriculatc;
ligule very short; bhulcs of sterile shoots very niiini'rous. those of
the culm 2-3 in nuniber, the blades all more or less conduplicatc,
e8i)ecially toward the ai)ex, often with longitudinal grooves, oval,
subcircular, oblong or cuneate-oblong in transverse section, 3-'.t-
nerved on the up[)er or inner side, 1-3- (rarely "»-) ribbed, the
sclerenchyma even and continuous on the lower side or more or less
interrupted; bulliform cells absent. Panicle rather compact and
subsecund, 3-10 cm. long. S])ikelet8 ellijttical or oblong-elliptical.
694 POACE.E.
3-8-flowcrccl ; floral glume niirrow, witli scarions margins, involute
with age. Ovury obovatc-yblong. smooth, rarely with a his])idulous
line on one side. Styles terminal. Grain oblong, with a deep
groove, adhering to glume and palea.
A wonderfully variable or polymorphous s])ecies, widely distrib-
uted in the Xorthern llemisi)here. 'riiost^ interested are referred
for details to Monoiirapliia Fcsiumruin Enropwanimhy K. JIaekel.
Var. CAPILLATA (Lam.) Iluek. Monog. Fest. Eu. 8.") (LS8"i).
Feahtm capillafa Lam. Fl. Fr. ;{: .')!»: (ITiS).
Densely tufted, '^0-30 em. higli. Culms liliform, 0.3-0.4 mm.
diam.. eom])ressed or four- to five-sided. Hlades of sterile slioots .">-
15 em. long, filiform, 0.3 mm. diam., those of the culm 2-3 in num-
ber, ■i-3 em. long. I'aniek' 4-G em. long, rays single, soon divid-
ing, 1.5-3 cm, long. S])ikelets elliptical, 3-8-flowered. 4-7 mm.
long, lirst glume "i mm. long, second 3 mm. long; floral glume 3-3.5
mm. long, awnless. Anthers lu'arly '* mm. long. A very ])retty
grass.
Michigau, Ih'dl iov V . S. Dept. Agricul. M'.*, Htr Agricul. Coll.
134.
Introduced into lawns at AgricviUual College, Michigan, and
elsewhere.
Var. vulgaris Koch. Syn. Ed. 1, 'i-.SVi (1837); Hack. Monog.
Fest. Eu. 80 (188-.»).
Densely tufted, *^0-30 cm. high; culms slender, firm, with two
nodes. Sheaths scaberulous or smooth; blades setaceous, firm, ob-
tuse, 0.4-0.(5 mm. tliam., 5-7-nerved, cylindrical or compressed,
sclerenchyma continuous on the lower side. Panicle oblong, erect,
rather dense, 5 cm. long, rachia and rays scabrid. Spikelets ellipti-
cal or ol^long-elliptical. tl-7.5 mm. long, densely 3-8-flowered, more
or less purplish; empty glumes unequal, second ovate-lanceolate, 4
mm. long; floral glume 3.5 mm. long, the awn 1-'^ mm. long.
^linnesota (Vermillion Lake, Agate Jiay, respectively), Arthur
d- Baih'i/ B 450, 489.
Var. supina (Schur) Hack. F. mpina Schur, Enum PI. Transs.
784 (18GG).
Culms P2-30 cm. high, firm with two nodes, four-angled, and
scrtbenilous below the piiniclo. Slicutlis smootli ; blados sotiioeous,
0.3-0.6 iliiiin., smooth, green, extending more or less above tiio
middle of the culm. I'anicle linear-oldoug, ",'-4 cm. long, dense,
ruehis and rays seaberulous. Spikelets G-8 mm. long, vuriegutod;
floral glume ;5..")-5 mm. long, hearing an awn of varying length.
Some of the florets viviparous, i.e. l)ecoming foliaceou.s.
New llam])shire (Ml. Washington. Great (Julf), C. E. Faxon.
Alpine summits of theWliite Mountains of New Hampshire and
high northward; also in Euro[)e.
Var. Di'iuusci'L.v (L.) Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 89 (18S-,'). /'.
(hiriuscidn L. S]). 1*1. T-i (1T5;}). IIauo Fesci-k.
Culms 15-30-70 cm. high, usually lirni with 'i, nodes, the upper
one-third the way to the to}) and more or less angled below the
panicle, smooth or seaberulons. Sheaths smootli or seaherulous or
slightly pubescent; blades firm. 0.(i-l.l mm. diam., green or
glaucescent, usually smooth, 7-9-nerved, sclcrenchyma continuous
on the lower side, rarely interrupted. Pani(^le variable. Spikelets
elliptical or oblong-elliptical, G-IO mm. long, -i-O-flowered ; floral
glume lanceolate, 4-0 mm. long, more or less awned. Variable,
exhibiting many subvarieties and fonns.
Common iu cultivation in the older Northern States.
Sub. var. trachypiiyll.v Hack. 1. c.
Culms 50-70 cm. Iiigh. lilades firm, 0.7-0.8 mm. diam.
Panicle 4-10-15 cm. long, oblong, erect, rather dense, rachis and
rays scabrous. Spikelets green or tinged with violet, 0-10 mm.
long; floral glume broadly lanceolate, 4-0 mm. long, with a
short awn.
Chicheriny for U. S. T)ept, Agricul. 700; also cultivated at
Cambridge, Massachusetts, anil elsewhere.
Var. pseudovina Hack. 1. c. F. pseadorina Hack. \Viesb.
Oestr. Bot. Zeit. 30: 130 (1880).
Culms slender, 20-40 cm. high. Blades filiform, 5-nerved,
jibout 0.5 mm. diam., sclerenchyma in three bumlles, scabrous.
Panicle ovate-oblong, 5-9 cm. long, rachis and ra3's scabrous.
Sjjikelets elliptical-oblong, 5-G mm. long, 4-8-flowered. green or
tinged with violet, glumes all subulate-lanceolate, second 3 mm.
596 POACK.IO.
long, 3-nerve(l ; floral glume 4 nun. long, the awn I 5 nun. long.
Anthers 1.5 mm. long.
Michigan (Benzie, Bay, Crawford, and Macomb countie-s),
probably indigenous; also in Europe,
A pretty careful examination of many j>lants lias been made,
all compared with llackel's description.
Subsp. sulcata Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 100 (188;J). F. .siilrafx
Hack. Bot. Centralb. 8:405 (1881).
Culms 70 cm. high, with two nodes, leaf-blades 5-T-nerved,
capillary, 0.5-0.6 mm. diam. Panicle 5-10 cm. long. Spikelets
8-10 nun. long, 5-flowered.
Montana, Canby d; Scribner 407.
Var. MARGINATA Hack. 1. c.
Densely tufted ; culms slender. 30-40 cm. high, with 2 nodes, the
upper one one-fifth to one-third the heiglit of the culm, angled be-
low the panicle. Sterile shoots numerous, the leaves half as long
as the culm, the blade obtuse, conduplicate, 3-ribbed, the
sclerenchyma in three bands (at tlie keel and the margins only),
0.6-0.8 mm. diam., rigid, glaucescent; ligule obsolete, ciliate,
blades of the culm 3-6 cm. long. I'anicle 3-8 cm. long, ovate,
spreading when in flower, rachis and rays scaln'ous. Spikelets ob-
long-lanceolate, 6-10 mm. long, a-8 f'.GVvored; empty glumes
sliglitly unequal, first oljjong, secoml linear-oblong, subulate, ex-
tending two-thirds of the way over the floral glume next above:
Horal glume linear-lanceolate; 4.5-5 mm. long, glabrous, smootii,
nuicronate or aristate; palea linear-oblong, with ~ short teeth,
scabrous on tlie keels. Anthers 2.2 mm. long.
Michigan, HeaJ 135; Colorado, Clarl- ^O^jS.
In cultivation on the lawns, Agricultural College, Michigan,
and elsewhere, often mistaken for var. (InriuHCulu.
Subspecies Borderii JIack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 113 (1882), F.
Borderi i Ihn^k. Bot. Centralb. 8:406 (1881).
Culms firm, smooth, J 0-20 (in this case 40) cm. high, with
one node, and another among tlie lower leaves, lilades of sterile
shoots O.T-0.8 mm. diam., rigid, glabrous, compressed, the
sclerenchvnni in 9 bands. Sheaths smooth, entire almost to the
FESTUCE.E. 697
apex; ligule obsolete, of those on the culm bianricmlHte, ciliolate;
blades of the culm loosely conduplicate when living. Panicle 2.5-7
cm. long, dense, linear, oblong, lower rays bearing 3-4 spikelets.
Spikelets with short pedicels, 7-10 mm. long, oblong-elliptical, 3-6-
flowered, strongly tinged with violet or red ; empty glumes acute,
subequal, first 3 mm. long, second 4 mm. long and reaching three-
fourths of the distance over the floral glume next above it; floral
glume lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acute, keeled even below the
middle, scabrous on the keel, awn 2 mm. long; palea linear-ob-
long, obsoletely bidenticulate, keels ciliolate. Anthers 1.75-2 mm,
long. Ovary obovate-cuneate, truncate, apex s^ Ah.
Vermont, Hosford for C. E. Faxon, collected in lumber-yards
at Burlington. Specimens are larger than the European plants.
Probably introduced from Europe.
Subspecies, brevifolia (R. Br.) Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 117
(1882). F. brevifolia R. Br. Parry, 1st Voy. Suppl. 289 (1824).
Densely tufted. Culms rigid, 5-10 cm. high, nodes 1-2 in
number, the upper one near the ground, nearly terete above,
glabrous or ])uberulent. Blades of sterile shoots setaceous, 0.5-0.6
mm. diam., 2-6 cm. long, smooth or scabrid, those of the oulm
shorter or almost obsolete, 3-5-nerved, 1-3-ribbed on the inside,
sck'renchyma in 5-7 bundles; sheaths entire to the throat, soon
splitting with age. Panicle dense, linear, simple, racemose, 3-6
cm. long, the lowest branch bearing 2-3 spikelets. S])ikelet.v
elliptical, 6 mm. long, 1-4-tlowered, varying from green to violet;
empty glumes scarcely equal, second broadly lanceolate, acute or
obtuse, scarcely exceeding the middle of the floret; floral glume
3-4 mm. long, elliptical-lanceolate, smooth or scabrid, keeled above
the apex, awn about 1-2 mm. lung; palea oblong, acute, 2-toothed.
Anthers oblong. 0.75-1 mm. long.
Colorado, Letterman for Y. 8. Dept. Agricul. 714; Arizona,
Knowlton in 1889, Lemmon in 1884.
Rocky Mountains, also Melville Island and Europe.
A'ar. polyphylla Vasey ined.
Culms 00-70 cm. high, grooved below the i)anicle. Leaves of
sterile shoots numerous, sheaths split for most of their length;
598 POACE.B.
blades 20-40 cm. long, obtuse or pungent, smooth, nather 3oft,
5-aiigled, 7 bundles of sclerenchyma, 5.7 mm. diam., tbose of the
culm 2 in number, of same form as those below. Panicle thin,
open, 8-16 cm. long, rays in pairs or single, distant, the longest
5-7 cm. long, bearing a few spikelets on the upper one-third.
Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10 mm. long, 5-flowered, second glume
ovate-lanceolate, 3.2 nmi. long, 3-nerved: floral glume slender,
5-6 mm. long, the awn 3-0 mm. long; palea about the length of
its glume. Anthers 2-2.2 mm. long.
Oregon, Hoivell d- Henderson.
Oregon and California.
Var. Arizonica (Vasey) Hack. ined. F. arizonirn Vasey, Cou-
trib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 77 (1893).
A rather stout scabrid, pale, glaucous grass, 50-00 cm. high;
nodes 2 in number, the upper two-lifths of the -vay up the culm.
Blades of sterile shoots numerous, 30-40 cm. long, scabrous, con-
duplicate, in cross-section circular or oval with obtuse angles, sclei'en-
chyma in .") -7 rather broad bands, about 0.5 mm. diam.; ligule
consisting of two equal ciliate teeth, 0.7 mm. long; blades of tlie
culm like those of the sterile shoots; ligule symmetrically biauri-
culato, 1.3 mm. long. Panicle simple, erect, 10-1.') cm. long, rays
single, erect, rather stout, scabrid, soon branching, the longest ray
4-7 cm. long, bearing a few s])ikelets. Spikelets linear or linear-lan-
ceolate, 7-9-llowered, 10-15 mm. long; emi)ty glumes keeled above,
scabrid, first awl-shaped, 4-5 mm. long, second ovate-lanceolate, 5-0
mm. long, reaching two-thirds of the way to the apex of the floral
glume next above; iloral glume 6-7 mm. long, elliptical-lanceolate,
obscurely nerved, slightly keeled below the apex, the awu 0.5-1
mm. long; palea linear, 5.5-8 mm. long, 2-toothed. Anthers 3.7
mm. long. Ovary obovate, apex pubescent under a lens.
Colorado, Wolfe in 1873, labelled F. ovinn var.; Arizona, Tracy.
The plant from Flagstalf, Arizona, collected by 'I'raey, is the
same us one above named l)y Ilackel, and comes under F. ovina as
defined by him,
Var. ingrata Hack, in herb.
Culms 40-60 em. high. Leaves of sterile shoots scabrous, 18-20
FESTUCE.E. f)!)!)
cm. long, elliptical in section, 0.5 mm. diam., 5-nerved, those of
tlie culm 7-!t cm. long. Tiinicle 8-11 (to. long, rays in pairs or
single, the longest about 4 cm. long, bearing 4-r spikelets on the
outer lialf. Spikelets C-S-Uowered ; secoiul ghime linear, acute,
3-nerved. about mm. long; floral glumeelliptieal-lauceoljite, aljout
6 mm. long, tlie awn 1-5 mm. long; palea about 7 mm. long.
Anthers o.S mm. long.
Identified by E. llackel and named " imjrata" because he
presumed it would be disagreeable to cattle.
Oregon, Howell in 1880 forU. S. Dept. Agricul.
Var. Columbiana n. var.
Cnlms 40-60 cm. high, with 2 nodes, scaberulous. Sheaths
smooth, entire at the base, split for most of their length; blades
0.4-O.G mm. diam.. those of the sterile shoots 15-25 em. loni'.
firm, glaucous.. scal)rous, 5-7-nerved, nearly cylindrical, grooved.
Panicle thin, oblong or ovate-oblong, 9-14 cm. long, the erect
rachis and branches scabrous, longest ray 4-Tcni. long, bearing 1-4
si)ikelets. S})ikelets lanceolate to elliptical, S-IG mm. long, rather
loosely 3-7-flowered, first empty glume narrow, 4-5 mm. long,
secoiul linear, acute. G-7 mm. long; iloral glume G-8 mm. loii"-,
the awn 1-5 mm. long; palea 7-8 mm. long. Anthers about 4 mm.
long. Ovule obovoid, 0.7 mm. long. So far as I am able to learn
this is new, possibly a species, bnt T think better to consider it a
variety. There were three jdants, one of which had the longer
florets.
Washington (Pulman in ISfci), E. //. TMke.
"Var. Oregona Hack. ined.
('ulms slender, 2o-;}5 cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots S-i;j
cm. long, the blades 0.5-O.G diam., i)i section cuncate-oblon<>-, 5-
nerved; upper blade 2-G cm. long. Panicle thin, 5-7 cm. long,
rays single, the longest 3-4 cm. long, bearing 2-4 spikelets on tlie
outer two-thirds. Spikelets 2-G-flowered, second glume linear, sub-
acute, 0.5 mm. long; floral glume linear when spread, 7 mm. long,
the awn about 4 mm. long; i)alea a little longer than its glume.
Anthers 3 mm. long.
Oregon, Cusirh in 1SS4, T. S. Dcpt. Afjrind. 753.
600 POAC'E.^i.
17. F. parviflora Kll. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 170 (1816).
A slentlor T^labrous percMinisil. Chilms geniculate, 30-fiO cm.
high. Leaves oi' the i;jihn 4-5 in nunibor, slieaths about tlio length
of the internotles; ligule aoiliate fringe, subauriculate; blades invo-
lutc-iilifonn, scabrous above, G-13 cm. long, 0.2-0.6 mm. cliam.
Panicle scarcely exsorted, narrow, 8-U) cm. long, rays mostly in pairs,
the lowest internode of panicle -4-5 cm. long, longest ray 5-S cm.
long, bearing 4-7 spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets 4-5-
ilowered, about 6 mm. long; cmj)ty glumes lanceolate, even when
spread, first 1 -nerved, 4 mm. long, second ;5-nerved, 5 or more mm.
long; floral glume 5-nervcd. 5-0 mm. long, lanceolate when spread,
awn 4-6 mm. long; j>alea acuminiite. 5.5 mm. long. Anthers 1.2
mm. long. Ovary glabrous, stigmas linear.
Texas, Xealley in 1800 for U. S. Dept. Agricul.
There is some uncertainty about the correct identification of
this grass, though the plant answers well to Elliott's description.
South Carolina to Texas.
18. F. ilYSTitix Hoiss. Elench. 8!) (18;{8). F. duriusculn var.
HijHtrix lioiss. Voy. Ksp. 2:671 (1845). /'. indUjesta var. Hystrix
Willd. IVod. Fl. Ilisp. 94 (1870).
Culms slender, erect, 8-30 cm. high, the upi)er node 4-6
cm. from the roots and concealed. Ligule biauriculate, 1-2
mm. long, blades of sterile shoots ascending, curved. 4-0 cm.
long, terete, smooth; those of the culm l-l cm. long, 3-
ncrved, setaceous, rigid, curved. Panicle 1-4 cm. long, dense,
linear, simple, rachis scabrous. Spikelets pedicellate, lanceolate,
;5-5-fi()werod, the longest 7 mm. long; empty glumes une(|ual, acute,
dark violet, second lanceolate reacliing Ui the mitldle of the floral
glume next above; floral glume 4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, sub-
carinate below the apex, smooth, nerves obscure, green or light-
<'olored near the apex, margins scarious, the awn short; palea ob-
lojig-lanceolate, acute, 2-toothed, ciliate on the keels. Anthers 2.
mm. long. Ovary obovate-oblong, glabrous.
Michigan, (Hancock,) /'. J]. Woinl.
Probably introduced from Europe. The description answers
FESTlTEJi.
601
well to that given by E. llackol, excepting that the plant is a little
taller and the spike a little longer.
19. F. amethystina L. Sp. PI. T4 (1753).
Perennial ; culms rather slender, 50-80 cm. high, slightly genic-
ulate at the base, with 2-3 nodes. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes, anriculate; ligule a mere ciliolate ring; blades of steiilo
shoots flacoi<l, eonduplieate, 5-G-sided in cross-section, 10-30 cm.
long, about 0.5 mm. diam., those of the culm 2-3 in number, the
upper 6-10 cm. long. Taniclo simple, socund, narrow or spreading,
8-15 cm. long, lower rays usually in pairs, scabrous, flowor-bcariug
on the upper half or two-thirds, the longest 8-10 cm. long. Spike-
lots linear-lanceolate or oval, green or tinged with violet, 3-7-
flowered, 7-8 mm. long, joint of iiu'.ulla 1.3 mm. long; first empty
glume lanceolate, 3 mm. long, second linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm.
lou<r; floral glume scarious, lanceolate-oblong, 5-6 mm. long, invo-
lute, awnless, or with an awn 1-2 mm. long, subcarinat') toward
the apex; palea linear, 2-toothcd, scabrid on the keels.
Oregon, Howell for U. S. Dept. Agricul.
Oregon and California; also in Europe.
Var. asperrima Hack. incd. Plant rather taller and more slen-
der, panicle more slender, empty glumes sharper pointed, floral
trlume luu-rowcr. subcarinate, palea a little longer.
Arizona. //. //. Unshy 901.
20. F. Vaseyana Hack ined.
A tufted erect perennial. 30-80 cm. high. Blades of sterile
shoots erect, scabrid, eonduplieate, filiform, 2(»-40 cm. long, 0.4-0..-)
mm. diam., those of tlie culm 2 in number (the upper node below
the middle of the culm), filiform. 10-30 cm. long; ligule ciliatc,
symmetrically biauriculate, 1 mm. long. Panicle linear-lanceolate,
strict, 9-12 cm. long, rays scabrous, single, soon branching, the
longest 4-7 cm. long, bearing 2-5 spikelets on the outer two-tbii'ds.
Spikelets purplish, linear oblong, 6-flowered, 11-13 mm. long, jt)int
of rachilla 1.5 mm. long; first empty glume awl-shaped. 4 mm.
long, second linear-lanceolate, 6 mm. long: floral glume oval-
lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, the awn 2 mm. long; palea 7 mm. long,
keels scarcely scabrid. Ovary obtuse, hispid ulous.
602 POACK/K.
Colorado (Veta Pass), Yascy in 1884.
Tlio plants wore mixed witli tliose la])elled F. srahrella.
21. F. dasyelada Hack. ined.
A geniculate perennial. 20-40 cm. liigli. Shoatlis smooth,
shorter than the internodes; ligide very short, symmetrically biuu-
riculate; blades of sterile shoots involute or conduplicate, the ex-
treme apex obtuse, 10-15 em. long, 2 mm. M'idewheii sjjread, those
of the culm 13-4 in number and shorter. Panicle barely exserted,
ovoid or pyramidal, 7-12 cm. long, rays in twos, threes, and fours,
flat, with ciliate margins, the longest 5-7 em. long, bearing spikelets
on one side of the upper half or third. Spikelets elliptical-lanceolate,
2-llowered, 7 mm. long, joint of rachilla 1.5 mm. long; empty
glumes lanceolate, first 1-3-nerved, second 3-nerved, G mm. long;
floral glume scabrous, oval-lanceolate, 5-nerved, mm. long, in-
cluding the short teeth, awn 3 mm. long; palea linear, ciliate on
the keels, almost as long as its glume. Anthers 1.7 mm. long.
Ovary obovoid, apex pubescent.
Utah, Parry in herb. Scribner; and Rocky Mountains.
22. F. livida Willd. Spreng. Syst. 1:353 (180G). Browns livi-
dus H. B. K. Nov. (Jen. et Sp. 1 : 150, /. 089 (1815). Schedonorus
lividm R. & S. Syst. 2:707 (1817). Helkria livida Fourn. llemsl.
Biol. ("entr. Am. Bot. 3:582 (1880).
Culms and leaves glabrous, the former 15-20 cm. high. Sterile
shoots numerous, the ligule 0.2 mm. long; blades involute, striate
5-sided, pungent-pointed, 2-5 cm. long, 0.6-0.8 nmi. diam. Pan-
icle simple, rays single, the longest 2-2.5 cm. long, including the
3-4 spikelets. Spikelets puri)le, 10-12 mm. long, 4-flowered, first
empty glume often 2-nerved, 10-11 mm. long, second 1-2 mm.
longer; floral glume, elliptical, acute at both ends, 9 mm. long;
palea 3-8 mm. long, smooth. Grain flat. Anthers elliptical, O.S-
0.9 mm. long.
Mexico, Prinyle 4304. In the crater of a volcano 14,000 feel
altitude.
23. F. amplissima Rupr. Bull. Acad. Brux. (II.) 9:236 (1842).
Culms rather stout, 30-180 em. high, subscabrid. Leaves of
FESTUCK.K. OOU
the culm 7-8 in number, scabrous, sheatlis sliorter tlian tlio inter-
nodes; ligule very short; bhides iuvohite, very Ion*,', some of tliem
usually extending to tlio top of the pjinicle, long-pointed, 4-8 mm.
wide. Panicle spreading, about 30 cm. long, rays mostly in twos,
llexuose, 16-30 cm. long, bearing capillary brandies, tlie spikeleta
on the outer half. Spikelets scabrid, oval, 10-13 mm. long, 5-G-
flowered, joint of rachilla 1.3 mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate,
lirst about 3.5 mm. long, 1-nerved, second 5-0 mm. long, 3-nerved;
lloral glume 6-7 mm. long, linear, muoronatc. 5-nerved; palea
acute, as long as its glume. Anthers 3.T mm. long. Ovary glabrous.
Mexico, Priiigle 3945, mountains at an altitude of 8500 feet.
Var. elliptica n. var.
Culms glabrous. Sterile shoots rather numerous, their sheaths
mostly split to the base; leaves of the culm 2-3 in immlu'r, blades a
little wider than those of the sterile slioots. Panicle much exserted,
simple, thin, 14-18 cm. long, scabrid, the longest ray 5-8 cm. long,
bearing 4-6 spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets 10-17 mm. long,
0-10 flowered, hispidulous; first empty glume awl-shaped, 4 mm.
long; floral glume 7-9 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, palea linear,
minutely 2-toothed, aa long as its glume. Anthers 2.7 mm.
long.
Mexico (Chihuahua), Pringle 1438; distributed as F. ovina L.,
var. ?
Moist canyons of the Sierra Madre.
24. F. altaica Trin. Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 1:109 (1829). F. stibu-
lata Vasey, Grass. Pacif. Slope 2:92 (1893), not Bong.
An erect tufted perennial, 60-90 cm. high. Sheatlis nearly
smooth; ligule very short, symmetrical; blades of sterile shoots 15-
30 cm. long, usually deciduous at the sheath, those of the culm 7-12
cm. long, involute. Panicle open, 10-17 em. long, rays mostly in
pairs, flexuose, flower-bearing above the middle. Spikelets brown.
3-5-flowered, 12-14 mm. long, first empty glume narrowly ovate,
hispid on the keel, 6 mm. long, second broader, 3-nerved, 8 mm.
long; floral glume lanceolate, scabrous, 5-nerved, 10-12 mm. long;
palea a little shorter than its glume. Ovary glabrous.
Alaska, Turner 1186 in 1880 forU. S. Dept. Agricul.
004 POACE.E,
There may be some doubt iia to tlie correct identification of this
specimen.
25. F. pauciflora Thunb. Fl. Jap. 63 (1784). F. occUlentaUa
Hook. Fl. Wov. Am. 2 : 24i> (1840).
An erect perennial, 50-70 cm. high. Leaves of the sterile
shoots numerous, blades smootli, involute, 5-angled, filiform,
20-40 cm. long, ;j-0.6 mm. diani., loaves of the culm 3 in number;
sheatlis longer than the internodes; ligule vory short, slightly un-
symmetrically biauriculate; blades C-10 cm. long. Panicle slender,
12-18 cm. long, but little exserted, rays mostly in pairs, the lowest
two hal f- whorls G-7 cm. distant, the longest ray 6-8 (im. long, bear-
ing a few scattered spikelots on the outer half. Spikelets linear, 4-
fiowered, 10 mm. long, first acute, 1-nerved, 4 mm. long, second
subacute, 3-nerved, 5 nun. long; floral glume scabrous, 5-ncrved,
5.5-6.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide when spread, the terminal awn 5-10
mm. long; palea 6 mm. long. Anthers 2.3 mm. long. Ovary
obovoid, pubescent above.
California, Bulander, Nash for Thurber, and both now in
Herb. U. S. Dept. Agricul.
26. F. scabrella Torr. Hook. Fl. Wov. Am. 2: 252, /. 233 (1840).
/: Thurberi Vasey, Rothr. l{ep. Bot. U. S. Surv.6: 292 (1878).
An erect tufted perennial, 40-90 cm. high. Leaves of sterile
shoots numerous, the .sheaths smooth and persistent; blades smooth
or scabrous, involute, 15-40 cm. long, 0.8-1.2 mm. diam., mostly
deciduous at the base, leaves of the culm 2 in num])cr, sheaths
striate, smooth; ligule acute, 3-4 mm. long, unsymmetrically auricu-
late, blades smooth below, scabrous above, involute, rigid, 6-10 cm.
long, about 2 mm. diam. Panicle thin, 10-15 vm. long, rays mostly
in twos, 6-9 cm. long, flower-bearing on the outer half. Spikelets
more or less red, 3-5-7-flowered, 8-10-14 mm. long; empty glumes
chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, first 1-nerved, 5-6 mm. long, second
3-nerved, 4-7 mm. long; floral glume o1)long. scabrid, 5-nerved,6-7
mm. long, sometimes with a stout awn about 1 mm. long; palea
as long as its glume. This resembles some species of Melivit con-
siderably.
Yukon River, Macoun in 1887; Mt. Albert Gaspe, Macoun in
FES'IL'C'E.E. 005
188'2, both for tlie U. S, Dept. Agrieul. ; Colorado, Patterson in
l«y2,
Cuiuulii, lowii, (volorudo, liritish Anierioji.
Vur. Vaseyana lluuk. iiieJ.
Blades of sterile shoots Ulil'orm, firm, scabrous, 10-25 cm. lonj?,
0.3-0.5 mm. ditim., those of the cuhn 2-3 in niinibor, narrow, invo-
lute; ligulo truncate, very short. Spikelets linear or elliptical-
lanceolate, 5-G-llo\vered; lirst glume J-ncrved, second almost keckMl,
lanceolate, 3-nervcd, G-7 mm. Ion;/, the lateral nerves extending
half the length of the glume; floral glume obscurely nerved, ovate-
lanocohite, keeled above, T mm. long, the awn 1 mm. long.
Anthers ^'.7 mm. long. Ovary cuneate-obovoid, apex liispidulous
under the lens.
Colorado (Vota Pass), Vttsei/, at an altitude of t»3oO feet.
27. F. rubra I.. Sp. 74 (1753). The number of syncmyms and
varieties is very large.
Culms geniculate, ascending at the base, terete or more or less
angled. Sheaths of the sterile shoots all entire, thin, splitting
with age, destitute of longitudinal grooves, closely tilled by the
culms, 5-9-1 lerved, the nerves except the marginal ones extending
into the blade; ligule very short, those of the culm unsymmetri-
cally biauriculate or aurieuhite on one side; blades often of two
forms, rarely of one form. Floral glume obtusely keeled below the
apex, rather obscurely 3-o-nerved, with a narrow scarious margin.
Anthers linear, about half as long as the palea.
Widely distributed from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Subspecies hetrophylla (Lam.) Hack. Mon<»g. Fest. Eu. 130
(1882). F. heterophijlla Lam. Fl. Fr. Ed. 1, OUO (177H).
Densely caispitose, 50-00 cm. high, nodes of culm often 3 in
number, blades of two forms, smooth, soft, those of the sterile shoots
deltoid in section,!). -4-0. (> mm. diam., 3-nerved, ol)tuse, sheaths tri-
angular; blades of the culm wider, flat, 7-11-nerved. Panicle 6-16
cm. long, lax, ovate, nodding, rays scabrous in twos or threes. Spike-
lets linear-oblong, 8-10 mm. long, remotely 3-9-flowered, green or
tinged with violet; empty glumes unequal, very acute, second sub-
ulate-lanceolate, ^{-iKM'ved, the lateral nerves short; floral glume
0<>6 I'OACK.K.
Imcur-liiiircnlutc, 5-0. Tt iiiin. Imip, vt'iy acute, ^'lnlnous, tlic awn
liulf as long as tlic glniiic or longi'r; j)al('a liiiour-oMong. apex en-
tiro or with two short Icetli.
Nortiicrn Michigan. FancrJI, \\ herkr ; Itritisii Coliinihia,
Macoun; Washington, E. li. Lnhi'.
Var. glaucescens ihick. Monog. Kcst. Eu. !;{!• (IHM'J). /•'.
(jlnmu'st't'tix Ilcgctschw. V\. Schw. 93 (1840).
It rescnilth'S /' rnhjaris, o.\-ccj)tiiig that the spikoh'ts arc 10
nun. or more long: floral gluini' (1-7 nun. long, the awn rather long.
'rcnnesscc (('nnil)orlan<l IJiver), (f<i//in(/i'r in lSH»i.
Var. fallax ('riuiill) Hack. Fes. En. I4-' (lH8-,»). F. fiiUar
ThnillFl. Tar. Kd. '.:•.'>{) (iroo).
Densely ca'S{)itose. glan(H)us. strongly tinged with purple <»r
violet, 40-00 cm. high, blades obtuse, in sci-tion obtusely 0-angled,
rarely suboval. 0.7-O.S mm. diam. Panicle G-8 cm. long, ra_\s
densely ilowered. the longest 15-4 cm. long. Spikelets elliptical-
lanceolate, .^>-7- flowered, 8-10 mm. long, second ginmo lanceo-
late, 3-iu'rved, extending to the middle of the floral glume;
floral glume 5-0 mm. long, rather abruptly pointed, with a very
short awn. Anthers 3.7 mm. long.
Montana, Ant/i'rso)i: Washington (Seattle), Jfo/ivJI \u 1S80.
Washington, Oregon, and Uocky Mountains.
Var. trichophylla (iaud. Hack. Monog. Fes. Eu. 141 (1883).
/'. irirhophyUa Ducros. Gaud. Fl. Helv. \:'l^>> (1838).
Culms slender, about 00 cm. high, curved below and ascending
from creeping rootstocks. lilades obtuse at the extrenu' apex,
folded, setaceous, destitute of buUiform cells, 0.4-0.5 mm. diam.,
tlio lower sheaths torn into shreds, glabrous. Panicle linear-ob-
long, 0-10 cm. long. Spikelets lanceolate, 7 mm. long; floral
glume linear-lanceolate, 4..'>-5 mm. long, glabrous, bearing a very
short awn.
Oregon, Howell; also found in Europe.
Var. longiseta Hack, iiied. F. longiiteta Ilegetschw. Fl. Schw.
93 (1840).
Culms 30-70 cm. high. Leaves 3 in number, blades involute or
conduplicate, smooth, faintly nerved, terete or oval, ir)-30cm. long,
FKSTICK.K. 6(>7
0.7-1.2 mm. dium. Punicle tliiii, o|h'|i. 0-1*2-18 cm. long, rays
Hingle, l)i'iiit(hiii;{, '.'.T) em. loii);, hcariii;; a few Hpikdcts. >S|)iki>-
lotH lanceolate, 'j-IJ-U-llowerotI, about 7 mm. Ion;:, joint of raeliilla
1..') mm. loii;;. jointed near the middle; .second ;.'lume lane(>-lineai-.
:(-nerved, '.\Ji mm. lon^^; lloral glume r.itlier tliin, oval-latieeolate.
5 mm. long, hearing an awn twice its length: palea longer than
its glume.
\'an(!ouver Island. Mdcoitu in 1SH7.
\'ar. pubescens Vasey ined.
Iioosoly tufted, 50-SO cm. Iiigli. Sheaths of sterile shooti'
mostly torn into strips, blades en-et, •,N>-40 cm. long, in section
triangular, 7-I> mm. diam.. those of the culm tlat or condu plicate,
'.' mm. wide, 7-l>-nerved. Panicle 10-1,'» cm. long, interrupted,
more or less pubesiiont throughout: lower rays in jiairs, .')-S cm.
long, rather densely flowered on the u|tj)er two-third>. Spikelets
linear-lancoolatc, 11-1:5 nun. long, .')-.S-tl<»wered. more or less
tinged with violet, second glume oblong, abruptly acute, .'{-nerved
to near the apex; floral glume oval, acute, 6 mm. long, the awn
2-5 mm. long; palea linear, acute, subeutire, longer than its
glume. Anthers over 3 mm. long.
Oregon, ffoivell for U. S. Dept. Agricul.
Var. littoralis Vasey ined.
Glaucous and .smooth; culms lO-l.'i cm. high from creeping
rootstocks. Blades obtuse, involute, grooved, 5-ribbed. oval to tri-
angular, about 0.7 mm. diam. Panicle dense, scarcely exserted,
secund, 3-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. diam. Spikelets oval to linear-
lanceolate, 5-flowered, 7-8 mm. long: second ghune ovate-lanceo-
late, 3-nerved; floral glume oval, acute, 5 nun. long, awn 1-2
mm. long; palea as long as its glume. Anthers 2.7 mm. long.
Oregon (on sand-dunes by the sea), Ifonrlf in 1882.
Var. genuina Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 132 (1882).
Loosely ctvspitose, creeping more <>r less. ."JO-.'iO cm. liigli.
Hlaues of sterile shoots obtuse, setaceous, obtusely hexagonal. 0-7-
nerved, O.G-0.7 diam., those of the culm flat, pubescent above;
sheaths glal)rous. Panicle secund. 3-T cm. long, rather dense.
Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, T-8 nun. long; second glume lanceo-
608 POACE.E.
late, 3-nervc(l, extending to the middle of the glume neiir it; floral
glume glabrous, 4-5 mm. long, mucronatc or with a short awn.
Vancouver Island, Mavonn in 188T; found also in Europe.
i:U. (tiG;{). BromusL. Sp. PI. 70 (1753). AnimHtha C. Koch^
Tiinna^a, "21 : 304 (1848). Jironwpsis Fourn. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon.
X. S. 17: 187 (ISO!)). CeraforhJm IJeauv. Agrost. 75. t. ir>. /'. 7
(1812). Laaiopoa Elirh. l^oitr. 4:147 (1789). LihcHiii Lej..
Nov. Act. Nat. Our. 13:755. /. 65(1825y. Mirhelaria\)\\m. Ohs.
(Irani. Iklg. 77. /. 16 (1823). Schc. lorus Beauv. Agrost. !t9
(1812), in part. Sorrnfalcm Pari. PI. Nov. 75 (1842). THnius,(
Stond. Syn. PI. Gram. 328 (1854). Zerna Panz. Denkschr. Acad.
Muenoh. 290 (1814), in part.
Spikclets several -flowered, oval to lanceolate, pedicellate, erect,
or drooping, in a more or less braiKjlied exserted panicle, racliillu
articulate between the floral glumes, glabrous or scabrous-])ube.scenc.
Empty glumes unequally acute or flue-pointed, unawned, 1-5-
nerved or the second with a very short awn; floral glume longer^
keeled or convex on the back, 5-0-nerved, the hyaline apex usually
shortly bifid, the midrib produced into a straight or curved awn>
free from or little below the apex; palea nearly as long as the
glume, the two jn'ominent keels usually pectinate-ciliate. Stamens
3 or rarely fewer. Ovary oliovate or linear, crowned by a hairy
membranous apendage, the very short distinct styles more or less
lateral. Grain oljlong or linear, often more or less conduplicato,.
adhering to the palea or more or less to the base of tlie lloral glume.
Annuals or perennials, witli flat blades, the sheaths often closed.
The genus is a fairly natural one, widely distributed over the tem-
perate regions of the globe, and contains about 40 species. It is
very closely allied to Festnra, into which it passes imijcrceptibly
through F. (/i(/nnlea Vill.
Bentliam proposed the following sections:
1. Fcsfiiroidcs Coss. & Dur. — tall pereiuiials coming near to.
Festuca, with the awns usually very short or I'educed to small
points.
2. Stcnohromns Griseb.— -mostly annuals, with narrow long-
awned ijlumes.
FKSTrCK.E. 0(){>
3. Zeohromns Griseb. — spikelcts usuully hroad luid thick, the
floral glume awuecl, and the nerves of all the gluine.s more numer-
ous than in the preceding sections.
4. Ceratochloa DC. (or lieauv.). — spikes Hat, not uidike those
of Vniola, but at length often thickened as in Zeobromiis, iloral
glume scarcely notched at the end, and the awn very short.
Tiie following artificial key nuiybe J'ound easier for the student
than the sections al)ove named:
A. Panicle densely obovate-cuneate 1
li. Panicle otherwise than the above (a)
a. Floral glume 23-27 mm. long, awn 35-45 mm. long . 3
a. Floral glunui about 20 mm. long, awn 4-8 mm. long. 3
u. Floral ghnne shorter (b)
b. Panicle 5-10 cm. long; Iloral glume about i.S mm.
long, awn 20-25 mm. long 4
b. Panicle 13-18 cm. long; iloral glume 9-10 mm.
long, awn very short or 5
b. Panicle 15-18 cm. long; floral glume 11 mm. long. G
b. Panicle 15-25 cm. long; Iloral gume 16-10 nmi.
long, awn 20-30 mm. long T
b. Panicle 15-30 cm. long; Iloral glunu' 15-17 mm.
long, awn 5-12 mm. long S
b. Panicle about 30 cm. long; Iloral glume about 14
mm. long, awn 5 mm. long *J
b. Panicle 8-18 cm. long; floral glume 10 mm. long.
awn 3-5 mm. long 10
b. Panicle 5-15 cm. long; floral glunu' 13 mm. long,
awn 4-0 mm. long 11
b. Panicle about 30 cm. long; iloral glume about
10-14 mm. long, awn 20 mm. long. Var. vutjor. 10
b. Panicle 15-20 cm. long; floral glume 12-18 mm.
long, awn 2-4 mm. long 13
b. Plant otherwise than those above (c)
c. Branches of panicle drooj)ing; spikelets smooth,
flat, oval; floral glume broad-oval, awn 1 mm.
long or less IS
610 POACE.E.
c. Branches of panicle flexuose; spikelets smooth,
flat, oval, floral glume broadly oval, awns 5-10
mm. long I'*
c. Branches of panicle short, ascending; spikelets
pubescent, flat, oval, floral glume broadly oval,
uwn G-S mm. long 15
c. Plant otherwise than those above (d)
d. First glume 1- (rarely :}-) nerved, second
3-nerved (e)
e. Joint of rachilla 2 mm. long or less, spike-
lots r-12-flowered 10
e. Joint of rachilla 3 mm. long, spikelets
3-C-flow('red 1~
e. Joint of racliilla more than 2 mm. long. . ( f )
f. lilades involute, 2-3 mm. wide. . . 18
1". Blades flat, 2-3 mm. wide 10
f. lihules flat, 4 or moro mm. wide. . . (g)
g. Awn 2-3 mm. long 20
g. Awn 4 or more mm. long. . . . (h)
li. Longest rays 8-10 cm. long, an
exotic annual 21
h. Longest rays 3-5 cm. long, a
native pereimial 22
d. First glume 3-nerved (rarely l-nerved), sec-
ond glunui 3-nerved 23
d. First glume 3-nerved, second o-T-iu'rved. . (i)
i. Spikelets scabrid 24
i. Spikelets densely silky hairy 25
d. First glume 3-nerved (rarely 5-nerved), sec-
ond glume 7-nerved, spikelets firm, flat,
floral glume turgid, broadly oval, apex obtuse,
exotics 2G, 27, 28
1. B. RUBEXS L. Cent. 1:5 (1755). Festnra ruhcns Pers. Syn.
1:94 (1805). B. ranescens Viv. Fl. Lyb. Spec. 5 (1824).
A soft densely tufted slender annual, 20-40 cm. high. Leaves
3 in number, ligule lacerate, 1.5-2 mm. long ; blades pale
FKsrrcK.E. 611
green, pilose, 3-6 cm. long, 2 mm. wide. Panicle erect, dense,
tinged with purple, obovate-cuneate, 4-6 cm. long. Spikelets.
6-9-llowered, joint of rachilla 2.5 mm. long; first glume narrowly
lanceolate, nearly 10 mm. long, 1-nerved, second linear-lanceolate,
3-nerved, about 14 mm. long; floral glume linear-lanceolate,
7-uerved, about 15 mm. long, including the two hyaline points,
awn 12-18 mm. long; palea linear-lanceolate, ciliatc-pectinate,
13 mm. long.
Kansas; California, Sones.
Introduced from Europe.
2. W. RKJiDUs Koth. Koem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 4: 21 (1790). B.
maximvs Desf. Fl. Atl. 1:95. (1800). B. amhigcns Jord. Xym.
Consp. 8-U (1878). B. asperijxs Jord. I. c.
An erect annual, 30-50 cm. high. Sheatlis scabrid; ligule
broad, lacerate, 4 mm. long; blades of the culm dark green, sca-
brous or i)ubescent, 5-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Panicle erect,
12-20 cm. long, rays mostly in twos and threes, the longest 4 cm.
long, each usually bearing a single nodding fipikelet. Spikelets
scabrid, 5-8-flowered; joint of rachilla 4 mm. long, empty glumes
narrow, first 1-nerved, 14-18 mm. long, including the narrow apex,
second linear-lanceolate, 5-nerved, 18-25 mm. long, including the
narrow apex; floral glume linear-lanceolate, convex below, com-
pressed above, 5-7-nerved, 22-27 mm. long to the tip of the two
slender teeth (4 mm. long), awn 35-45 mm. long; palea linear,
pectiiuite-ciliate, 15 mm. long.
Michigan, II. E. Owen; Colorado, Cassidy; California, Sanes,
Pringle. *
Colorado, California, and Arizona, introduced from Europe.
3. B. aleutensis Trin. Ledb. FI. Ross. 4: 3G1 (1853).
Culms smooth, erect, stout, 9(t-120 cm. higli. Slieatlis smooth,
shorter than the internodes; ligule fringed, 5 mm long; l)Iades fiat,
scabrous. 30-40 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. Panicle erect, simple,,
lanceolate, 15-25 em. long, rays scabrous, stifi", single or in pairs,
the longest 5-8 cm. long, bearing 2-3 spikelets, other rays mostly
bearing single spikelets. S]>ikelets erect, com})ressetl, 5-7-fiowered,
joint of rachilla 5 mm. long, first glume ovate, acute, 5-nerved, 10-
g^2 POACE^.
mm. long, second oval, acute, T-ncrvod, 13 mm. long; floral glume
scabrous, compressed, elliptical, acute when spread, 11-nerved
about 20 mm. long, awn 4-8 mm. long; palea narrowly elhptvcal,
2.toothed, keels pectinate-ciliate, U mm. long.
An incomplete specimen examined. The spikelets resenible
those of B. ntiiohmles, though larger.
Alaska, M. 1)'. Harritigton in 1871-3. „ .,. ,
4 B. MAniUTEX.is L. Cent. Tl. 1:5 (1755). B cd^a^s
nudl Fl. Angl. Ed. 1, 40 (1703). B. n.n-alis ""^Jj' ^\f"^'\^^;
9 1-50 (1778) B. fj^inatuh-vs Ifoth. l^.en.. cS: I'st. Mag. 4.30
Curt. Fl. Lond. fasc. C: ^ 5 (1838). B. polystachyus DC. Fl. Fi.
^'T'soft erect slender annual. 20-40 cm. high, from a genicu-
hvtebase. Sheaths longer than the hiternodes; liguleentn-e, ob-
tuse, nearly 2 mm. long; blades of the culm 5-(>, scabrous .-10
cm long, 2-3 mm. wide. Panicle oval, compressed, o-lO cm.
long, rays scabrid, n.ostly in threes or fours, the longest abou .1
mm long, not including the spikelets. Spikelets dull green .-H-
flowered, joint of rachilla 3 mm. long; lirst glume slender, 1-
iierved, about 10 mm. long, second linear-lancoolate, ;{-nerve.l
ubout 15 mm. long; floral glume linear-lanceolate, 7-nerved about
18 mm. long, including the two slender points, awn 30-2o mm.
long; palea linear, pectinate-ciliute, 14 mm. long.
Michigan. //. E. Owen 137, Beal 138; Californ.u, Paush 1994;
southern California, ParUi.
Introduced from Europe.
*5 \^ iNEUMis L. Mant. 3:180 (1707). Awnless Buomk
(^^,^^.' Fctnea inennis DC. Fl. Fr. 3:49 (1805). B. enrt.s
Ledeb.Fl.Koss. 4:358 (1853).
A rather coarse erect perennial, 60-130 cu.. high, w.th creep-
in<r rootstocks. Sheaths striate, smooth or pilose; ligule truncate,
lacerate, 1 mm. long; blades scabrous or pilose, flat, lO-.O en,,
long, G-lOmnu long. Panicle oval, erect, 13-18 cnu long, rays
in fives and sevens. Spikelets 5-9-ilowered, 3-3 en,, long rachdla
pubescent, first gbane 1-nerved, 5-G mm. long, second 3-nerved
FESTUCEiE. 013
•and longer; floral glume slightly keeled, elliptical when spread, 5-7-
nerved, 0-10 mm. long, awnless or with a very short awn.
Introduced from Europe, and in some places highly spoken of
as a rather coarse grass for light soil.
«5. B. depauperatus Presl. Ilel. Ilaenk. 1 : 263 (1830).
A rather slender erect annual, 00-flO cm. high. Blades of
sterile shoots convolute-setaceous, 30-40 cm. long, sheaths of tlie
cnlm-leaves smooth or pubescent, half or two-thirds as long as the
internodes; ligule 2 mm. long; blades of the culm flat, smooth or
scabrous, 7-12 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle much exserted,
thin, pyramidal or ovoid, 15-18 cm, long, rays in twos or throes.
3-5 cm, distant, s])roading. the longest 4-7 cm. long, bearing 2
spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate, 3-llo\vered, a])Out 2 cm. long;
empty glumes thin, first 7 mm, long, second 10 mm, long; floral
glume lanceolate, becoming terete, scabrous, 5-nerved, 11 mm, long;
palea as long as its glume or longer,
(.!alifornia (Sun Diego), Bitlander, Kelloycf.
7. B, STKRiLis L, So. PI. 77 (1753), H. aniplux 0. Kooli,
Linuiva, 21:41S (1848),
A soft erect annual, 30-!t0 cm, higli, Slioaths about tbe length
of the internodes, til roat ciliato; ligiilo fringed, 2 nini. lojig; bhides
of the culm 4 in number, flat, jiilose, 12-15 cm. long, 3-G mm, wide.
Panicle lax and open, 15-25 cm, long, niys scabrous in lialf-whorls of
throe to four, the longest 8-10 cm. long, and nearly all bearing each
only a single drooping s])ikolet. Spikelets linear-lanceolate. 0-8-
flowcrod, joints of rachilla 3 mm. long; em])ty glumes tapering
from the base, first 1-norved, S-10 mm. long, less than 1 mm, wide
at the base, second 3-nerve(l, 10-14 mm. long, 1,7 mm. wide; floral
glume 5-7-nerved, lG-19 mm. long, including tlie slender hyaline
points, awn 20-30 mm. long; ])alea. concealed by the boat-shaped
grain. Widely distributed in cultivation in waste i)laces.
.Litroduccd from Euro[)e.
8. B, virens Buckl, Proc. Acad, Phila. 98 (1803). GeniUwlihn
yrnndijlora Hook, Fl. lior. Am. 2:253. (1840). />'. iraokcrinnus
Thurb. Bot, Wilkes Exped. 2:493 (1874),
An erect tufted rather slender perennial, 20-00 cm. high.
614 POACE.E.
Slieaths smootli or densely ciliate, eiliutc at the tliroat ; ligule 1-2 mm.
long; blades of the culm 3—4 in number, smooth or scabrid or thinly
pubescent, 15-25 cm. long, 4-G n)m. wide. Panicle simple, very
variable, rays erect or the lower spreading, iry-'M) cm. long, rays in
threes, fours, or fives, or tlie lowest and tliose above in twos, the
longest bearing 2-4 spilvek'ts. Sjjikelets compressed, linear or oval-
lanceolate, G-10-llowercd, longest joint of racliilla 5 mm. long;
empty glumes sn)ootli, comi)res8i'(l, oval-lanceolate, acute, first 5-
nerved, ll-ll) mm. long, second T-9-nerved, lo-ll mm. long; floral
glume oval-lanceolate, conduplicate, scabrous or i)ubescent, 9-
uerved, 15-17 mm. long, awn 5-12 mm. long, starting below the
entire apex of its glume; palea linear, 13 mm. long, finely pecti-
nate-ciliate.
Wyoming, 7>//^'?/m 10;*; Washington, *S'//^.s7/o/7; Oregon, JIowelL
British America to California.
Var. minor Scribn. Macoun. Cat. 4:238 (1888).
Leaves finely pubescent, blades scarcely 3 mm. wide; panicle
thin, slender, with few si)ikelets.
Arizona and Oregon.
!». B. segetum II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 153 (1815).
Annual; culms simple, erect, glabrous, 80-120 cm. high.
Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligule 2 mm. long;
blades 4 in number, flat, scabrous, 15-20 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide.
Panicle simple, secund, nodding, about 30 cm. long, axis and
rays scabrous, the lowest half-whorl of rays 5 in luimber, the next
above fewer, 8-9 cm. distant, the longest 13-15 cm. long, bear-
ing about 3 spikclets near the apex. Spikelets scabrous, com-
pressed, linear-oblong, nearly 3 cm. long, 3-10-flowered, joint of
racliilla 2 nun. long, empty glumes linear-lanceolate, compressed,
first 5-nerved, about 10 mm. long, second 7-nerved and about 12
mm. long; floral glume ovul-lanceolate, 7-nerved, about 14 mm.
long to the acute single joint, awn 5 mm. long, more or less; palea
concealed in the conduplicate grain.
Introduced into California from Mexico and South America.
10. B. brrbatoides, I'rmtnm harhatum Steud. Syn. PI. Gram.
229 (1855).
FESTUrK.E. 615
Culms smooth erect brannhiiig below, 30-50 cm. liigh. Leaf-
hlades flat, sparsely pubescent, ;j-8 cm. long^ 2 mm, wide. Panicle
simple, 8-18 cm. long, rays in half-whorls of 4, tlio lowest often
remote from those above. Spikdets ;.*-4-lIowerc(l, the riicliilla
smooth, each joint .5 mm, long. Cilumes I'ougli, pubcsci'iit,
narrowly lanceolate, first 1-nerveil, 8 mm. long, with a bristle 4
mm. long, second ovate-lanceolate. JJ-u-nerved, 17 mm. long, with
a bristle !> nmi. long, the mai'gins and s[)ace between the nerves
thin iuid ])nbescent; floral glume compressed, softly membranous,
oval-lanceolate, 7-nerved, 10 mm. hmg to the bases of the awn, iind
seta', the latter 3-5 mm. long; palea pubescent on the keels. 10
mm, long.
The following are some of the reasons for considering this a
species of lirnvins and not Winefviii : the sheaths mostly closed,
florets of a large spikelet several to many, and large second em})ty
glume 5-nerved; tloral glume 7-nerved, grain plicate and adhering
to glume and palea,
(luadidoupe Island, off Lower California, Pabiier 99; California,
0. n. Alhu. Oirult.
Oregon, California, and Chili.
Var, sulcatus, T. harbalmn major Vasey, ined.
A rather stout grass, braui^hing near the base, GO-TO or more
cm. high. Sheaths about the length of the internod^s, mostly
closed, clothed with short ])ubescence; ligule obtuse, 1 mm, long;
blades flat, scabrous, 15-20 cm, long, 8-13 mm. wide. Panicle
ovate-lanceolate, 30 cm. long, rays in half-whorls of 5-7, the sets
5-9 cm. distant, the longest 10 cm. long, bearing about 5 spikelets
on the outer half. Spikelets somewluit com[»ressed, S-rf-flowered,
;)-4 cm. long; empty glumes subequal, l)ristly-pointed, l,5-"2 cm.
long; floral glumes scabrid-pubescent, compressed, 7-iu'i-ved, 10-14
mm. long to the base of 2 teeth, which are 4 mm. loiiir; awn fi'om
the notch between the teeth, irregulai'ly twisted and bent, about 2
cm. long, (irain compressed, deeply grooved, adherent to floral
glume and palea.
Mexico, Pcihner GOT.
11, B. laciniatus n. sp.
616 POACE.E.
Porennial; 10-00 cm. high. Leaves of tlie culm 3 in number, the
shoatli of the middle one usually sliorter than tlio interuodo; ligulo
truncate, laciniate, 1 mm. loii;,^ blades ilut, 5-15 cm. long, .'{-4 mm.
wide. Panicle erect, thin, 5-15 om. long, rays of the larger panicles
mostly in fours, the longest 0-10 cm. long, bearing 1-3 spikelcts.
Spikelets 3-5-flowered, 20 mm. long, first glume ovate-lanccoliitc,
3-5-nerved, G-7 mm. long, second oval, 7-nerved, 8 nun, long, joiiit
of raciiilla 3 mm. long; Horal glume cliartaceous, ovate-lanoeolatc,
5-nerved, 13 mm. long, awn 4-0 mm. long; i»al('a 10 mm, long.
Mexico (Oaxaca), Prinyle 4S07, growing at an altitude of 1)500
feet. Professor Serlbncr identifies it as near />'. grandijlorus Hook.
Vi. B. unioloides (Willd.) II. H. K. ^'ov. Gen. et Sp. 1:151
(1815). SciiHADEii's liuGMi's. KKscuK-dUASs. Fentitca uiiidloides
AVilld. Ilort. lierol. 1:3, /. 5 (ISOG). lironms cathaHiciis Vald,
,Symb. liot. 2:23 (1790-94). Cemfochloa fcsfitroides Beauv.
Agrost. 75 (1812). Ccratochloa unioloides PC. Cat. Ilort. Monsp.
f)2 (1813). Bromus Willdenowii Kuntli, Rev. Gram. 1: 134 (1829-
35). Ceratochlo(t2)cndiiIaSdn'ai\. Tnd. Sem. Ilort. Gotting. (1830).
B. Svhradcri Kxnith, Fauixu. PI. 1:410 (1833). Bromus Ilaen-
keamis Kuntli, Enum. PI. 1:410 (1833). Ceratochha aifsfndis
Spreug. Steud. Nom. Ed. 2, 1:332 (1841).
A stout erectannual. 00-90 cm. high. Sheaths shorter than the
internodes, often pubescent, throat si)aringly ciliate, ligule 3-5 mm.
long; blades flat, 4-5 in numbei', mostly smooth on the lower side,
scabrous on the upper, 20-30 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Panicle strict,
linear or spreading, 15-20 cm. long, rays rather stout, mostly in
twos and threes, rather remote, 10-18 cm. long, bearing each 1 to few
spikelets along three-fifths of the upper part. Spikelets much com-
pressed, oval to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, joint of rachilla
scubrid above, al)Out 3 mm. long; empty glumes firm, lanceolate,
first 5-nerved, 9-12 mm. long, second 7-9-nerved, 11-14 mm. long;
floral glume firm, scabrid, ovate-lanceolate, 9-nerved, 12-18 mm.
long, the awn 2-4 mm. long; palea linear, pectinate-ciliate, in-
«ourved, 10 mm. long. Grain conduplicate.
AVashington (l). C.),Vasei/ 750; Mississippi, Tracy; Colorado,
Cassidy; Texas, Jenny.
FKSTITCK.K. 617
Tfixas to Arizona.
Tliis lias been cultivated for fodjler to ii limited extent, l»ut
doubtless almost every re<,Mon wliicli can <iro\v tliis can livow sonie-
thin}X b(!ttev. At one time it was extensively advertised under ono
or both of the al)ovo eumnion names.
l.>. 15. nuizjiroioiis Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. llort. Potrop.
3::J0 (18:50).
A soft nodding annual or biennial, 20-50 cm. liigli. Leaves 5
to 7, s()ft-pu])e.scent, ligule about '.' mm. long; blades ilat, 7-10 cm.
long, .'5 mm. wide. I'anicle at leiigtb nodding, 10-1") nim. long,
riiys in tbrees to fives, the longest 5-7 cm. long, usually bearing
single spikelets. Spikelets nodding, ovate-oblong, compressed,
lO-lo-llowered. 2-2.5 cm. long, joint of raeliilla \.'> mm. long;
first glume ovate-oblong, almost acute, ;}-r)-nerved, '>-() mm. long,
second broadly oval, acute or obtuse, 7-nerved, 7-8 mm. long; fioral
glume compressed, broadly oval or rliombic-obovate when s])read,
9-nerved, awn seldom 1 mm. long; i)alca obtuse, i)ectiuate-ciliato
on tbe keels, about G mm. long.
Vermont, Pritif/Ie; Nevada, Tracy.
Introduced into cultivation as an ornamental grass from south-
eastern J^^uropo. It lias considerably tbe api)earance of Briza
maxinM.
\A. B. SQUAUROSUS L. 8p. PI. 70 (1753). />'. hii-Kiihis Scbrank,
Denkscbr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. IGl (ISIS).
A soft slender erect grass, 30-40 cm. bigb. Slieatlis ])ubescent,
shorter than the internodes; ligule short; blades 3 in number, fiat,
pubescent or scabrid, 5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide. I'anicle simple,
6-10 cm. long, rays in twos, threes, or fours, filiform, llexuose, the
longest 4-5 cm. long, bearing a single spikelet. Si)ikelets fiat. sca1)rid,
linear or ovate, elliptical, 8-10-fiowered, joint of raeliilla l.f) mm.
long; first empty glume ovate, acute, 5-nerved, 5 mm. long, second
acute, 7-uerved, 7 mm. long; fioral glume oval-obovate. 0-nervcd,
10 mm. long, apex entire or notched, hardly acute, awns of lower
fiorets 5 mm. long, straight, those above 10 mm. long, bent
and slightly twisted; palea oblanceolate, 8 mm. long, pectinate
ciliate.
618 I'uAri:.!:.
The plant seen for (lo.scripiion cjinie from Italy from the Her-
barium of I. Hurk, uiid is now owned l»y !•'. \u Scribner.
15. u. iioKDKACKis T.. Sp. ri. ;; (i;r>:{). //. hio/UsI,. sp. v\.
Ed. 2:llii {l:^'>'l).
A tomt'Utosoor iiiib('S(!ont^dim('oiis>_M'(rn eroctor^^'cniculiiteiri'iif^!^.
30-50 cm. hijj:li. Shi'iitlis id)oiil tho Iciifftli of the intornodcs; li^iiilc
1 mm. long; blatU's Hat, 4-5 in niinihcr, S-15 cm. lony;, 4-('» nun.
wi(U'. Panich'O void, erect or noddinu;. rays in fours or lives, I'cw-
llowered, the lonj^est 3-4 cm. Ion;,' beside the spikelets, but most of
them less tlum I cm. long. S[iikclets 0-10-llowered, oblong, acute,
sliglitly compressed, 1.5-'i cm. long, joints of the racliilla I nun.
h»ng; emi)ty glumes ovate, acute, lirst ;j-5-nerved, G-S nun. long,
second T-D-iu'rved. 8-10 nun. long; lloral glume oval-obovate, 5-T-
nerved, billd. (5-8 nun. long, tlie awn from the sinus 0-8 mm. long;
palea pectinate-ciliate, reaching neai'ly to the simis of its glume,
(irain linear, ilat. licgardcd by Bentham as only a variety or form
of fi. (inu'iiniK L., but usually named as above.
IVruisylvauia, Ciuthy for ('lark ISi'ii'i) jMicliigan, Beal 140; Cal-
ifornia, Pruif/h:
Introduced from Europe into nu-adowa and lawns.
16. B. ciliatus L. Sp. PI. 7(5 (1:53). B. Canmli-nsis ^lichx.
Fl. Bor. Am. 1:G5 (1803). B. pithescem Muhl. Willd. Euum.
Ilort. Berol. 120 (1809).
Au erect jjerennial, 60-90 or even 150 cm. high. Sheaths
longer than the internodes. smooth, scabrous, or hairy; ligulealirm
ring, 1 nun. or less in length ; blades G-0 or rarely 14 in number, ilat or
involute above when dry, tapering toward the base, smooth, scabrous
or somewhat hairy, 20-30 cm. long, 5-10-17 mm. wide. Panicle
open, oval ov pyramidal, slightly nodding, 10-25 cm. long, rays in
twos, threes, or fours, the longest 0-10 cm. long, branching near
the middle, each bearing 1-2 or few spikelets. Spikelets terete-
lanceolate when young, but when older flattened, oblong or oval-
cuneate, 7-12-flowered, longest joint of racliilla 1.5-2 mm. long,
with a few hairs at least on the convex side; first empty glume
compressed, linear-lanceolate, 5.5-7 mm. long, usually 1-nerved,
sometimes 3-nerved, both forms on the same panicle, seconil glume
FESTI'CE/E. 619
sli^'htly compresaod, linear, 7-9 mm. lonjr, IJ-norved, usually obtuse
wlicti s))ri'a(L mucroiialo, appoariiij,' ucu<c owinj,' to the itivolutioiis
of the mar^riiis near tlu; apex, rarely acute; lloral <,'liimt' almost
ioiiikIimI oh tlui back below, usually coinpresseil ab(>ve wlieu in
lliiwcr, or later narrowly elliptical, apex nearly flat, entire, obtuse,
when spread, lO-K! mm. lon^^ T-tU'rved, the alternate nerves lon;r<'r,
jiubescent near the marjiins, usually on the lower hall' only, awn
back of the a)>e.\. about 4 mm. lon^'; jmleu linear, jiectinate-(!iliate,
8-10 mm. lonj,'.
Massachusi tis, Unil 1 Ki ; Miehifjan. I)(iiifihis lldinihldti. Utal
14-'. 144. 14.'), /'. E. low, WhcchrXU, \A'.\\ Ohio, Fraid- in is:!r;
l(jwa. AilliKi' "t'.W of tlu' I'. S. Dcpt. Ajjricul. ; Minnesota, Aiiliur
W .'). Siii/i//irrf/ 1, 4!t!); Kansas, J'cfrr Frlkrr: Colorado. Ciissii/i/;
Wyoming', /liijfinn (' ;i(); Montana. Srrihni'r. ]\ i//itiiiis. Andirson
10: Ari/(uia, Toinncij 7l<»; Washin<,'toii, Lokv; ()re<f(»n. Ctisivlc
1-.'S1I; ('alir(.rnia. .hmvs ;.':.'ST.
Var. Coloradensis Vasey, Hull. Torr. Club, 15:10(l.S8,s). A
small form: llorets W-'i: iloral ylume <lensely (»ubescent.
\'ar. minor Munro: N'asey. (Irassi-s V. S. l)ept. Aj,'rie. Spec.
l{ej)t. 44 (lSs:5). name only. About 40 cm. hiirh: leaves nearly
smooth; panicle (1-S cm. long; .spikelets l.'i-lS mm. long, llorets
(J-7 mm. long.
Texas, JLtntrd. XeaUi'n; Arizona, Jones 4071.
Yarmontanis Vasey, Bot. Wheel. Exi)d. '^\)-l (1878).
Culms ;J0-()0 cm. high; panicle erect; spikelets 5-(»-llowered.
Colorado, J'df/ernon ~(34, also found in Arizona.
Var pauciflorus Vasey, Macoun, Cat. 4: "^38 (1888). Plants 60
cm. high, slender, smooth, spikelets 5-10 in number and in a raceme,
Oregon, Howell.
Var. purgans (L.) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1, noo (1848). B. jmr-
f/a)is L. Sp. PI. 70 (1753). Floral glume clothed over the back
with api)rcssed hairs.
17. B. uiGAXTKis L. Sp. PI. 77 (1753).
An erect glabrous perennial, 90-120 cm. high. Sheaths
smooth, about as long as the internodes; ligule a mere ring; blades
Hat, scabrous above, 30 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide. Panicle loose,
620 i'.)A« i;.K.
(lr()0[)ing, 20-30 cm. long, nivrt Kcuibrous, nlnglc or in pairs,
8-imgl»'(l, tliu lowest rcniotc. 10 cm. long, lu'sidcs tlio spikdcta,
which uro few and liorno ubovcithc middle. S[»ikelets ll-r.-llowercd,
joint ol" riichillii 'i mm. long; lirst empty glume iiwl-sliaped.
l-nerved, (i mm. long, second linear-laneeolute, ;j-neived, 8-1) mm.
long; lloral glume wabrons, lance-elliptical, obscurely r)-nerved. S-!)
mm. long, including two very short hyaline points, awn slender,
15-;iO mm. long; paluii scubroua on tlio kecU, laucu-uUiptical, H
mm. long.
Introduced from liussia.
IS. B. KHK.rris lluds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 1, 30 (1702). //. aririisis
Lam. Fl. Fr. 3 : 007 (1778). 7,'. (t(/rvsf,\s All. Fl. IVd. 2 : "AU ( 1 ; sr,).
Ji. asjwr I'all. Ind. Taur. ex l»eb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. 1:73 (1808).
li. (Oii/iis/ifoliiis Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1 : 3(50 (1811). /Iro/im/isis
crecia Fourn. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, ^'. S. 17:187 (18(19).
An erect glaucous-green perennial, 30-(J0 cm. high, from short,
stout rootstocks. Sheaths two-thirds as long as the internodes.
pubescent; ligulo tt mere callus or ring; blades thiidy pubescent,
narrow, involute, those of the sterile shoots 30 cm. long, those of
the culm '■ in number, 10-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. I'aiucle
strict, linear, 10-12 (!m. long, 2-3 cm. wide, rays sciibious, in twos
and threes, the longest 3-5 cm. long, bearing 2-3 spikelets, mostly
on ! hort i)edicols. Spikelets linear, often tinged with purple. ()-10.
flowered, joint of rachilla 3 mm. long; first glume lanceolate,
l-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, second linear-hmceolate, 3-nerved, 9-10
mm. long; lloral glume scabrid, lant!e-oval, 5-nerved, 10-12 mm.
long, in(^luding the 2 hyaline jjoints, awn 5 mm. long; palea
linear, ciliate on the keels, 10 mm. long.
Vermont, Pringle for TJ. S. Dept. Agricul. 738; Mississipi)i,
Tracy; California, Jones 3270.
Introduced from Euro})e.
19. li. TKCTOKUM L. Sp. ri. 77 (1753). B. avenaceus Lam.
Illustr. J : 194 (1791). B. abort ijlonis St. Amans, Fl. Agen. 44
(1811). AnUanfhaiJontim C. Koch, Linmea 21: 394 (1848).
A rather soft and slender perennial, 20-70 cm. high. Sheaths
pubescent, shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; blades 4
KKS'ircK.K.
(521
ill iiuiiilu'i-, Hut, Mol'tly pul)L'sct'nt, 5-10 cm. lon^', 2-3 mm wido.
riuiido |»ynimi(lul, 7-iy cm. long, rayH very bIi-ikKt, llexnosio in
liult'-wli(trl.s of 4-0, the longivst 4-5 cm. long hoidfrf tin- wpikolot,
ciich iicaring 1-4 idiltosct-nt spikclets. Spikt-lnt.s slcnMcr, .'> (J-
flowori'il, joint of racliillu 1) mm. long; empty gin iiu-s nurrow, with
hIciuUm', liyulino points, first l-ntTveil. mm. l(Mig, stTond li-nt'iVfd.
8-I(> mm. long; llonil ghimc mirrowly flliptical, •'i-T-norvcd, Id I-.*
mm. long including tiio liyulini* ti't-tli at the upcx, uwn l()-:.'() mm.
long; paloa shortor. (jrain coticave, round on the hack, 7-.S mm.
long.
('. S. Dcpl. Aiji'inil. Tr)5; \'frmont. /'n'lif/k; Massacdnisotts,
L. II, /tdilri/j New .ItM'.sey, *SV7*/7iwt'r ;jj1T u
Introduced from Kuropo.
20. B. Pumpellianus Sciihn. I^nll. 'i'oir. Cluh, 15:9 (18SS).
An crccit .stout perennial, 5l)-l()(> mi. high, with creopiug'
rootfltoeks. Sheaths 4-r). smooth, or .sjiaringly pubcacont; ligiilo
tirm, I. it mm. long; hhules .sjnooth
below, scabrous above. Hat, with long
involute points, tlie blades 15-25 cm.
long, 4-8 mm. broad. Panicle iisnally
erect, linear, rather dense. 8-20 cm.
long, rays 2- .') at each joint, the
longest 5- 10 cm. long, each bearing
1-3 spikelets. S[»ikeli'ts linear-lanceo-
late, compressed, tinged with purple,
4-lO-llowered, 2-4 cm. long, the
longest joint of rachilla pulH'.scent, 8
mm. long; empty glumes smooth, first
lineur-lanceohite, l-nervcd, 5-9 mm.
long, second elliptioal-lanceolati', o-
itevred, 7-11 mm. long; lloral glume
softly pubescent, oval-lanceolate, T-9-nerved, the lateral nerves
obscure, 10-17 mm. long, including the eiitin; acute a])e.\, nwu 2-t>
mm. long ; palea linear, 13 mm. long, finely ciliate on the kecl.-^.
(Colorado, Vusey for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 740; Wyoming,
Bujfum C 35.
m
Fio. 116. — Bromns PuinpclU-
anus. A, .'^pikelet ; a, llorot.
(.Sciibner.)
^22 i'OACE.E.
Nearly allied to B. hreviaridatus. The itiilicized words above
mark the most distinctive points which separate this from B.
(jfcridrisfatufi-
IJocky ^louiitains, Coloi'ado to Montana.
Var. Tweedyi Scribii. ined.
Panicle villous, smaller, rather slender, more pubescent.
Montana, Tweedy 5S;.
•>1 r, ssi-KU Murr. Prod. Stirp. Gott. 42 (ITTO). B. alt is-
,i,HHs Web. Wi-. J'riin. Fl. Hols. 9 (1780), teste Kunth. Fe^Uica
a.prnt M. &. K. Deutsch. Fl. 1 : 07-2 (IS:>:5).
An erect annual or perennial, 00-150 cm. high. Sheaths
clotlu'd more or less with relloxed hairs; ligule short; blades 5-0,
iUit, scabrous or thinly pubescent, 3-4 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide.
Panicle open. 8-15 cm. long, lowest rays scabrous, mostly m^ twos
ami threes, the longest 8-10 cm. long, branched sparingly. Spike-
lets ol)U.ng or lanceolate, compressed, O-lO-ilowered, 2-3 cm.
Ion.-, joint or rachilla scabrid, with few iiairs, 3.5 nun. long ;
lirst enu.ty glume lanceolate, 1-nerved, mm. long, second oval-
lanceolate, 3-nerved, 9 mm. long, with the apex mucronate;
iloral glume scabrid, hairy, elliptical-lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, 13
1 nn. long including the very short teeth, awn 5-8 mm. long; palea
narrowly ol^lanceolate, short-ciliato on the keels, 9-10 mm. long.
Michigan (near Lansing), Bailey in 1880.
Introduced from Europe.
22. B. Orcuttianus Vasey, Coult. Bot. Caz. 10:223 (1885).
An erect perennial, leafy below, scabrous above, 90-120 cm.
hi<rh; nodes pubescent. Sheaths pubescent; Hguie firm, 1 mm.
long; blades 4, besides several crowded near tlie base of the culm, or
8 cm tall plants from the forest, erect, firm, nearly smooth, 10-15-
30 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide. Panicle erect, thin, 10-15 cm. long,
ravs in twos and threes, the longest 3-5 cm. long, not including
the 2-3 spikclets, spreading. Spikelets 4-8-fiowered, longest jomt
of rachilla scabrous, 3.5 mm. long, first empty glume linear, acute,
1-3-nerved, 7 mm. long, secoiul Ihiear, almost acute, 3-nerved, 9-
11 mm. long; floral glume scabrous-pubescent, round on the back,
lance-elliptical, 5-7-nerved, 10-12 mm. long, apex entire, obtuse,
FKS'irCK.K. 62'6
awn 4-8 mm. long; palea linoar, uiievoiily oiliato on tlio keels, nearly
as long as its glume.
Washington, Suksdorf, HoiocU ; Oregon, Howell; .southern
Calitornia, Palmer, 5*iJ.'j ; Lower (."alifornia, Orcutt,
Wasliiuglon to southern Calirornia.
~»:5. B. Suksdorfti Vasey, Coult. Bot. Chi?.. 10:223 (1885).
A stout ereet tufted smootli perennial, 60-80 cm. Iiigli.
Sheaths smooth, all exeept the lower, shorter than the internodes;
ligule thick, 1 mm. long; hlade, Ti-Gs ereet, ilat, smootli, rather
ahruptly jminted, 8-15 cm. long, 0-8 mm. wide. I'aniclo erect,
linear, 7-10 em. long; rays in twos and threes, the longest ;]~4 em.
long, bearing 2-3 spikelets. Spikelets linear-laneeolate, 3-5-
flowered, longest joint of rat'iiilla seabrous, 3 mm. long; em])ty
glumes smootli, scarcely acute, lirst lanceolate, 3-nerved, the lateral
nerves obscure, n mm. long, second oldong-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 12
mm. long; floral glume oblong-lanceolate, round on the back, softly
pubescent. r)-T-nerved, 12-11 mm. long, including tlie entire rather
obtuse apex, awn 1 mm. long, leaving its glume on the back a little
below thea})ex; palea linear, finely pectinate-ciliate, 3 mm. shorter
than its glume.
Washington, Suksdorf ; Orvgon, IlouM'll.
Wasliington and Oregon, 7000 feet above the sea.
24. B. breviaristatus (Hook.) liuckl. I'roc Acad. Phila. 98
(18<;:)). CcnUuchloa breviariskda llook. Fl. l?or. Am. 2:353
(1840).
A rather stoitt erect jierennial, 50-70 cm. high. Sheaths
about the length of the internodes, often })ubescent; ligule 1 mm.
long; blades 4 in number, flat, pubescent or scabrous, 12-20 cm.
long, 4-8 mm. wide. Panicle loose, mostly erect, 10-20 cm. long,
rays erect, in twos or tlirees or often single, the longest 5-7 cm.
long, not including the 1-3 spikelets. S[>ikelets lanceolate, com-
pressed, scabrid, G-8-flo\vered, joint of racdiilla scabrid, 3 mm.
long, first empty glume lanceolate, 3-nerved, 8-10 mm. long, second
oval-lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, 10-12 mm. long; fioral glume shortly
pubescent or scabrous, elliptical-lanceolate, obscurely 7-nerved,
11-13 mm. long, including 3 very short tips, awn 3-8 mm. long;
pulea lanceolate, pectiuate-ciliate, 7-9 mm. long. Grain condn-
plicate.
Micl.iKan, (Petoskey) Wlwdcr, (Charlevoix) Spalding; Wyom-
ing Biifuni c ;}4; Montana, Amlerson VZ, 13, WilUams ; Vtuh,
jr^es •■Vanconver Island, J/aco..« ; Washington, Lake, Smnlhcrg
450 ; Oregon, Ihwell Joi- U. S. Dept. Agricnl. 743 ; California,
Jones 2487, 3V08 ; Arizona, Pr/»r;/(^ Tracy, Tourney 747.
Nortliei n ^liclngan, Kooky Mountains to Oregon.
25 B. Kalmii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1:G00 (1848). B. eiUafus
Mnhl. firani. 100 (1817), not L. B. pnryans Torr. Fl. ^^ Y. 2:408
(1843), not L.
An erect slender perennial, 00-90 cm. high, with droopmg
panicles. Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodcs; ligule about
5 mm. long ; blades 4-5, usually conspicuously hairy, flat or becom-
in- invoh;te in adry climate, 12-18 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Pani-
clls-lScm. long, ravs slender, mostly in twos and threes, the
longest 4-G cm. long, bearing 1-2 spikelets. Spikdcts oval,
drooping, 7-13-flowcred, the glumes densely silky all over, espe-
cially the floral glume, joint o\' rachilla pubescent, about 2 mm.
lono- first glume linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 5-G mm. long,
secoiid oval, scarcely acute, 7-nerved, 7 mm. long; floral glume
round on the back, oval, obtuse, even near the apex when mature,
7-0-nervod, 9-U mm. long; awu 2-3 mm. long; palea linear,
strongly pectinate-ciliate, 7 mm. long. Di: Gray was folio ed m
some respects in the above description.
Michigan, Beal d- Wheeler 147; ^linuesota, Art/arrj Montana,
Anderson. .
Dry grounds, New England, New York, Michigan, Montana,
and northward.
Var. occidentalis Vasey, ined.
Blades narrower, not so hairy, joint of rachilla 3 mm. long,
first glume obtuse, 5-7.5 mm. long, second oval, almost obtuse,
6-8 5''mm. long; floral glume with shorter hairs.
Montana, Canby di Scrihier 384, Anderson 11; Colorado,
Cassidy.
llocky Mountains.
FESrUCE.E. 625
26. B. SECALiNusL. Sp. PI. ro (1T5;3). Ciikss. Cheat. B.
arvensis Oed. Fl. Dau. t. 293 (Koy). B. baiknsis C. Gruel. Fl.
Bad. 4:75. t. 5 (183G). B. Billotii Scli. Bip. Fl. 3:2:333 (ISIO).
B. Ehrlmrfi Claud. Itoem. Collect. 10. B. (jrosaus D C. Fl. Fr.
3: 08 (1805). B. honlmreus D C. Gmel. Fl. Bad. 4: GS (1805-:i(;j.
B. via.n'miis Gilib. Exercit. 2:535. B. ttHidtiH Dum. Ob.s. (Jrain.
Belg. llt)(18;23). B. scijvfalisA. liraun, Xym. Consp. S?Jl (1878).
All erect stout annual, nearly smooth, 30-120 em. liiuii.
Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligule 1.5 mm. long;
blades 4 in iiumber; scabrid above, 12-20 em. long, 4-0 cm. wide.
Panicle oblong, 8-18 cm. long, rays in threes, fours, and fives, the
longest 0-7 cm. long, benring a few spikelets near the end. Spikelets
compressed, oblong-ovate, 8-lG mm. long, 5-10-llowereil; joints of
rachilla nearly 2 mm. long, first empty glume ovate-acute, 3-nerved,
5 mm. long, seeoiul broadly oval, mucroiuite, 7-nerved, mm. long;
floral glume broadly oval when spread, 7-i)-nerved, at length coria-
ceous, 7 mm. long, awn variable, usually 5 mm. or less long; palea
as long as its glume, pectinate-ciliate. Grain in section shaped
like a horseshoe. Kegarded 1)y Bentham as only a variety or form
of B. arrrnsis L.
Pennsylvania, SrrUnicr for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 749; Michi-
gan, Conlcy, Bcdl 148, 149, 151, W/icekr 150.
Introduced from Europe and too common in fields of winter
wheat.
27.15. KACKMOsus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2:114 (1702). Cjirss.
CiiKAT. B. (inriisis Knap[), Gram, lirit. /. 82 (1804), not L.
B. comnmtatns Schrad. Fl. (ierm. 1:353 (1800). B. af/rariiis
Ilornung, Steud. ^'om. Ed. 2. t. 22G (1841).
An erect annual, 00-90 cm. high. Sheaths half or two-tliirds
as long as the internodes: ligule 2 mm. long; blades and slu'aths
smooth or more often pubescent, 4 in number, 8-15 cm. long, 3-6
mm. Avidc. Panicle narrow, about 15 cm. long, rays in threes,
fours, and fives, the longest 4-5 cm. long, besides the spikelet.
Spikelet ovate-lanceolate, G-10-flowercd, 15-25 mm. long, joint of
rachilla nearly 2 mm. long; empty glumes oval, acute, nearly
smooth, first 3-uerved, 6 mm. long, second 7-nerved, 8 mm. long;
626 POACE.E.
floral glume oval-obovate, 5-7-uervcd, bifid, 7-8 mm. long, the
awn from the sinus about the length of its glume; i»alea pectinate-
ciliate, extending nearly to tlie sinus.
Ilooker in his Britisli Flora says: " Very similar to J5. imillis,
but subglabrous, often 3-3 ft., rigid; leaves rigid, more ciliate;
branches of panicle 3-5-nate, long and slender; spikelets narrower,
more acute, scabrid; empty glumes inirrower, esiiecially the
lower; floral glume broadest above the middle, margin obtusely
angled."
Dr. Thurber in Bot. Calif, says: *' Some European botanists
regard this species, B. mollis and B. secalunis, all as varieties of
B. arvensis."
Vermont, Pritnjh; Massachusetts, Deal IT)"?, 153; Pennsyl-
vania, Scribner for U. S. l)ept. Agricul. 747; iMichigan, Farwell;
Washington, Lake.
Introduced from Europe.
28. B. AiiVEXsis L. Sp. PI. 77 (1753). B. althsimus Gilil).
Exercit. '2 : 537.
An erect annual or biennial, often softly downy, 30-00-00 cm.
high. Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule 2 mm.
long; blades Hat, 6-13 cm. long, 3-3 nmi. wide. Panicle erect or
at length nodding, oval, 8-15 mm. long, rays in threes to lives, the
longest 4-5 cm. long, usually bearing a single spikelet. Spikelets
slightly compressed, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 0-10-flowered,
15-25 mm. long, joint of rachilla over 1 mm. long, ihst empty
ghime lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, 5-0 mm. long, second oval, acute,
7-nerved, 6-7 mm. long; floral glume oval, acute, or sometimes
almost rhombic-obovate, 7-9 mm. long, the awn 3-7 mm. long;
palea linear, pectinate-ciliate. Grain involute.
New Jersey, Scribn. for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 730; Michigan,
Beal 154.
Bentiiam in his British Flora says: " Many of the forms assumed
by this ubiquitous species, difficult as they are to distinguish, and
passing gradually into one another, have been universally recog-
nized as species, although with characters very differently marked
-out by ditfereut authors." lie includes as varieties or forms of the
FKSTrci'LE.
627
above B. secalimis L., B. mollis L., B. racemosus L., B. mnlti-
jlonis L.
Iiitroduceil from Europe.
135. (2()4). Beachypodium Beauv. Agrost. 100 (1812). 7>/.s'-
lichcla Elirli. Bortr. 4 : 14S (ITS!)). Trachynia Link, llort. Borol.
1 : 4.: (lH'i7). Iletnibromus Steiul. Syn. PI. Griini. 1 : 317 (Lsaa).
Spikiilt'ts niiiiiy-flowert'd, coin])resse(l or snbterete, few in ji
simple spike, subsessile or witli fc„ )vi pedicels, rjicliilla ;.diibroiis,
jirtieulute between tbe florets. Empty glumes shorter thau the
llorul gliimo, shortly uwjied or awn-
k'ss; lloral glume firm, narrow, round
on the back, T-9-nerved, entire or
producing a sliort awn; palca but
little shorter tlian its glu»ne, bi'oad,
2-keeled, eiliate. Stamens 3, rarely
3. Ovary ciliate, styles very short.
Grain linear or narrowly oblong,
flattened on tlie back, grooved or
concave in front, adhering more or
less to ghime and palea.
Erect perennials or annuals,
blades flat or involute, terete.
Spikek'ts distant.
'I'lierc are six to eight species
found in Europe, Asia, Africa, Mex-
ico, and South America, three of A
which belong in North America. ^
1. B. Pringlei Scribn. ined.
. 1 1 i (?i. 1 1 1 1 1 Fig. 117. — BracJn/podii/m Mixira.
A densely tufted slender branch- „„„, Spikeletl A, empiy
ing perennial, erect or ditfuse, 20-70 Kl'inu's; n, b, views of 11. .ret.
cm. bigh. Culms slender, sometimes
capillar}', nodes pilose. Sheatbs often loose; ligule very short;
blades of the culm variable, firm and closely involute, rigid, 3-4 cm.
long, or thin, flat, scabrid, 10-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, ta[)ering
froTU the middle toward each end. Spikes bearing 4-G erect
spikelets, which are linear, 5-9-flowered, lG-23 cm. long. Empty
028 POAC'E.E.
glumes linear, obtuse, S-ncrved, first 4 mm. long, second about
5 mm. long; floral gluiiie about (i mm. long; palea G.5 mm. long,
spatulatc-linear before s[)roatliiig, rovolutc.
]\[exico, I'l-imjlc ;>5-3.5 in 1889.
^loist banks near Moiiteroy.
'2. B. Mexicana (IJ. «!t S.) Link, Ilort. Berol. 1:41 (1827).
Fvxtvm Me.rinnia \{. Ik S. Sy.st. 3:733 (1817). F. srahm
Lag. (jen. et Sf). Nov. 4 (181()).
A slender brandling perennial, 30-30 cm. high, with a few root-
stocks. Culms slender, nodes smooth. Sheaths shorter than the
internodes; ligule about 0.5 mm. long; blades mostly Hat, seabrid,
pungent-pointed, 3-4 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, tapering
towards the base. Spikes bearing 1-3 erect linear-lanceolate spike-
lets, 3-G-flowered, 1.5-3 cm. long; empty glumes ovate-lanceo-
late, abruptly pointed, first 5-nervcd, 5-G mm. long, second 7-9-
nerved, 7-8 mm. long: floral glume elliptical, 7-nerved, 8 mm,
long, the terminal awn 3-4 mm. long.
Mexico, Pringle 4331.
Triije XIL— HORDEiE.
Spikelets 1-many-flowcred, sessile in the alternate notches oi
the rachis of a simple spike, rachilla usually i)roduced beyond the
upi)er floret.
i;5('.. (205). LOLIUM L. Sp. PI. 83 (1753). CnrpaUa Schrank,
I'.aier. Fl. 1:103. 382 (1789). Cn/j)f/iri(s Link, Limuva. 17:387
(1843). Ai-throrhortus Lowe, Hook. Kew. Journ. 8:301 (1850).
S[)ikelets several-flowered, sessile, single (or al)normally branch-
ing) at each joint of the single S2)ike, distichous, compressed, turn-
ing one edge (or the backs of one row of glumes) to the rachis;
I'achilla articulate between the florets, which are jierfect, or the
upj)er one imperfect. fJlumes firm, 5-7-nerved, round on the
l)ack, not keeled, obtuse, acute, acumiiuite or the Tii;rves above ex-
tending into an awn; the lower glume of the lateral spikelets and
the 3 lower glumes of the terminal spikelets empty; palea shortei
than the floral glume, narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens three. Styles
IlOUDKiE. 020
distinct, vory short, with feuthi'iT stigniiis. Gi'iiiu oblong, ghibi'ous
whon niiiturc, udliering to tlie palt'ti.
Annuals or perennials with Ihit bhulos. Spikes terminal, often
quite long.
According to some authors tlu'ro are twenty or more 8i)ecies,
but iJcntliatn roduccil tliem to 2 or 3.
Indigenous to Europe, the cooler parts of Africaund Asia; culti-
vated in other countries also.
The genus is at once distinguished from all others of the
tribe by the position of the flat spikelots with their c^Ige to the
racliis.
1. Fi. I'ERENNK L. Sp. PI. 83 (1753). PkUKN'XIAL l{YK-(iKAS3
on Kay-ouass. Daknkl. L. (lyrcsfe llort. Ko-ni. »S: Scliidt. Syst.
3:748 (1817), L. anmmni Kernh. Sein. Ilort. Erf. (I8(»l). L.
arcnarinni Kouv. ]\Ionog. ;58. L. anpcrum Hoth, Kunth, Eiium.
PI. 1:430 (1833). L. rnnadcnsc Bernli. Waw. .>[onog. 37. L.
aristatina Pers. Syn. 1:110 (1805). //. PseiKlo-italinim >Schur,
Euum. PI. Transs. 81'i (1SG6). L. rcmoium Schrank, Baier. Fl.
1:382 (1789). L. stricfiim Presl. Oyp. & Gram. Sicul. 49 (1820).
L. temie L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 122 (1703). L. vuhjare ITort, Gram.
Austr. 1:25 (1801); and other synonyms.
A smooth erect or slightly decumbent perennial, 00-90 cm.
high. Culms slightly compressed. Ligulc short; blades of sterile
shoots abundant, shining. Spike strict, 10-30 cm. long, slender.
Spikelets 8-20 in number, the lower often sej)arated 2-3 cm., obtuse
or acute, 8-13 mm. long; empty glumes stiff, linear-lanceolate,
strongly nerved, shorter than the spikelet; floral glume 0-1 G mm.
long, linear-oblong, obtuse, acute or rarely short-awned.
Europe and Xorthern Asia.
Extensively cultivated and very variable. (See p. 159 and Fig.
74 of Vol. I.)
2. L. MULTiFLORUM Lam. Fl, Fr. 3:021. Italian IIye ou
IvAY-GKASS. L. ariHtattim Lag. Xym. Consp. 445. L. rerhinon
Opig. Oekon. Tcckn. Fl. lioehm. 379 (1830). X. ehimjatum llort.
Rouv. :Monog. 35. L. itaUcum A. Br. Flora, 17:259 (1834); and
other synonyms.
630 POACILE
An annual, taller and more vif?orous than the apocica; floral
glumes turniinatod hy slondur awns. Muoh employed in Great
Hritain for irri«j;ated nu'iidows. Sec ]). 101, Vol. I.
Michi^iiin, Chirk 1081, jSml 15'), 156.
3. L. TKMLLKNTl M L. .Sp. IM. 83 (175:}). POISOX-DAUXKL.
L. aujupliriiHi liell. Kouv. Mouog. 4:}. A. idhim Steud. Noin.
Ed. 1, 4!>:> (18'M). A. (iHiniiiiii liiini. Fl. Fr. :):(5v!0 (1TT8). L.
(lenpii'iis Diim. Ohs. (iniiii. liol^. l>8 (18->;}). L. infrlix KNniv.
Moiio.ii-. ;>!). L. hidduin Diim. 1. c. ; and other syiionynis.
Aiimiid; taller and stouter than L. perciine. Empty .diimes
equal or usually exceeding the 5-7-now('red .spikelet; floral -rlume
shorter, hroader, firmer and more turgid than in L. jHiritne,
usuiilly termiuatiug in an awn as long as tlie spikelet.
Europe, north Africa, west Siberia, India; introduced into
North America.
A wei'd in waste phices, seldom very common. Said to he very
poisonous, though this statement is (pu'stioned hy many.
Delaware, ('(iii/>i/ for Scribner 3527', Virginiii, Chich-rimj for
U. S. I)ei)t. Agricul. 700.
Var. AUVi'NSK (With.). L. arreiise With. Arr. Brit. PI. Ed.
3, '-3:108 {\':\m).
Si)ikelets more turgid, awn very short or none.
Europe.
(15)4). JouVEAFourn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15:475 (1870).
"Si)ikelets unisexual, dia-cious, very dissimilar, the staminate
cues comi)ressed, many-llowered. spikatc on slender terminal or lat-
eral pedicels, rachilla continuous. Empty glumes 2, thin, the
second 1-ncrved and longer than the first (in old specimens the
empty glumes, particularly the first, are rarely present) ; flowering
<dumes lonsxer and broader, carinate, acute, herhacco-ohartaceous,
3-nerved; palea broad and jiromiiK'ntly 24:eeled. Stamens 3.
Female spikes 1-several in terminal fascicles on the culm or its
branches, enclosed below by the leaf-sheaths or broad prophyllii,
terete, acute, articulated at base and falling off entire. Spike-
lets 1-flowered. embedded in the contimious riiohis. adnate below.
Outer glume cartilaginous, abruptly narrowed towards the free
IIOHDEiE. 631
apex. Style single, long, exsertetl, stigmiia 2, plumose. Grain sub-
terete, free."
F. L. Scrilmer, Bull. Torr. Club, 17:22: (1800).
1. J. straminea Fourn. 1. e.
Rootstoc'ks frooping. Cuhna erect, branching, about 30 cm.
high, smooth, solid, fluttenod. Sheaths short, slightly iiillated:
ligule a ciliate fringe; blades scabrous, narrow, conduplicate, I-IO
cm. long, i)ungent-point('d. Staminate spikes IJ-G ctn. long.
Spikek't.s 3-0 in number, sessile on alternate notches of the slender
rachis, much compressed, 1.5-3 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, 10-18-
flowered. lloral glume 4-5 mm. long, broadly lanceolate; palea a
little shorter than its glume. Pistillate spii\es 2-3 cm. long, mostly
terete, sharp-pointed; spikelets 1-3 in number, G-8 mm. long,
deeply embedded in the rachis; glumes adnate for four-fifths of
their length. Style emerging through the conical apex of the
glumes. (Jrain about G mm. long.
From imperfect specimens Dr. A. (!ray referred the plant to
Disticlilis. Founder placed this near Buchloii. Prof. E. Ilackel
placed it near Moiierma.
Lower California and Mexico.
2. J. pilosa Scrilm. Bull. Torr. Club, 23:143 (ISOG). Juvca
stramineo Scribn. not Fourn. Jiachidiuxpernivm .Vt'.rirtniUDi \'asey,
Coult. Bot. Gaz. 15:110 (1890). I'ni()l(i /i/in(/r>ts b'npr. Hull. Acad.
lioy. Brux. 1»: excluding the synonym, hrizojnirinii /ti/osmii I'resl,
Eel. Ibenk. 1:2S0.
''J. sfrotiiinva Fourn. is readily distinguished from ,1. inloxa
Scribn. by its more slender habit, less rigid leaves, less crowded
inllorescence, more slender and proportionately mueli longer spike-
lets. In J. piloxa the glumes are grown to the axis for almost tlieir
entire length, and there are paleas or rudimentary pistils of a second
flower within the floral cavities.'' Scribner, 1. c.
138. (2G9). Lepturus I{. Br. Prod. 207 (1810). nolfhwUia
Host, Gram. Anstr. 1 :/. 24 (1801). Leptoi-crcux Batin. Am. ^lonth.
^[ag. 100 (181(1), PholiuruH Trin. Fund. Agrost. 131 (1820).
Lepinrm Duni. Obs. Giani, Belg. 140 (1823).
Spikelets 1-2-ilowered on a simple sj)ike, single, sessile, narrow.
632
PUACE.E.
distichous ill the exeiiv.atiourt of tlio jointed nicliis. JJachilla very
.short, articulate above tiie lower glumes, extemliiig as a short awn
Fig. lis— Jourm strtiminea. J, pistillate spikelets ; a, portion of staminate
Inflorescence ; h, two-Howered i)istillate spike ; d, staminate floret ; e, floral
f^lunie of same ; c, grain. (Scril^ner.)
above the flowers, which are perfect or the upper one imperfect.
Empty glumes 1-2, persistent, narrow, firm, acute, 5-nerved ; the
floral glume much shorter, slender, hyaline; palea hyaline, 2-nerved.
Stamens 3 or fewer. Stylos short, distnict, distant, stigmas feathery.
Grain narrow, glabrous, enclosed by the glumes, but not adherent.
Low branching annuals or sometimes taller and perennial, blades
IIOHDK.K.
688
narrow. Spiko terminal, sloiulor, linn, striii<j;lit or curved, one
glunio spreadinj? wlion in ll(»wor. They are (listin^'uiMlied by rijjid
outer <(luu)es, oik- or two in nunil)er, inueli ](tnj,'er tlian tlio hyaline
llorul j,'luine, sliowin;; a relatioM«liii) to Jk'off/jn'Uid. Some species
liave l)e((n i)laeed in Oji/iiin'iin.
Tiiero are G spi'cies belon<,'iu^' to the Kastern Continent, and 1
to Calit'ornia and ()re;,'on.
1. L. riMi'ouMis (Koth). Trin. Fund. Aj^'rost. I'^IJ (1820).
liiitll,n'lliaJi]iformis\ii){\\, I'steri, Ann. Mot. 10: 38 (ir!i4).
A slender branching? <rlabroiis decunibcnt annual, !.'0-:J0 cm.
hi^di. Slioatlis shorter than the intenujdes; ligule about 1 mm.
long; blades l-Il em. long, llrm, involute.
Spike I'ucloried at the base, 5-15 em. long,
straight or curved, rachis stilT. Spikelets
5-T mm. long; empty glumes oblitpie, linear-
oblong, acuti. ; iloral glume 1 -nerved.
lionU'rs of brackish marshes.
Occasiomd; introduced from Europe.
Var. iNfiuvATrs (L.). Trin. Fund.
Agrost. i;;} (18-^(»). UotUiwUia incur vaia
L. 1". Suppl. 114 (1781).
Culm and spike stouter; tlie hitter much
^"'■^'^^^- KiG. \\^.—Le]itnrm flli-
Pennsylvania, Scrihiicr liSSSa. formix. A, a pmiion
.. ^, , of spikf ; n, sinUelet.
1;J9. (2G9a). SCRIBNERIA E. Hack. Coult. (Uici.anlsoii.)
Bot. Caz. 13:105 (1888).
S[)ikelets l-ilowered, sessile and lialf embedded in the alternate
notches of a more or less articulate, usually simple spike. Kachilla
very short, articulate above the lower glume, extending as a short
hairy awu beside the floret. Empty glumes 3 in number, narrow,
firm, acute, slightly unerpud, inequilateral, having no nerves next the
rachis and two beside the keel in front; floral glume a third shorter
than the first, membranous, keeled, bearing a stout awn between
the teeth ; ])alea hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-toothed, longer than its glume.
Stamen 1, anthers 3 mm. long. Stigmas short, sessile, feathery.
Grain linear, laterally compressed, free, without a groove, embryo
634
I'OACK.K.
Bmail. A low slender annuul with .short, mirrow bhuUs. Spike
tcrniinul, sltMuicr, llrm, Htruight, slijjhtly coinpniHHi'd. Its iitliiiitios
nro with Lc/diinix, Kmlikia ami Psihiniff.
A jjeims iminiid I'or Prof. I', liiimsoii Scribiier Ity Knioat
lluckol, and by ThiirlMT iiK'liub'd in Lijifiinis.
1. S. Bolanderi ('riiurl>.). Hack. 1. c. Lvjihinis liiibnidvii
Thurb. I'loc. Am. Awid. 7: 101.
Tho rhuracters of liii' \ii'\\m.
Calironiiii and Oregon.
140. ('^(5t)). AOROPYRON J. (Ja'itn. Nov. Comm. Petrop. 14:
(I) 5:5!) (1T70). Aiilliosarhtu' SteiHl. Syn. IM. (inim. 237 (ISoD).
JJraconoim Codr. I.e. Ed. l.:5 : ltd (1844). ('o.s/ia Willk.
Hot. Zoit. :577 (1S5S). f'rentopi/ritm Sclmr,
Enuni. PI. Transs. 807 (ISOO). Cfi/hopi/nua
lloi-t. Pnig. Steud. Syn. PI. (Irani. ^44
(1855). J-Uiilriijia Desv. Nonv. liuU. Sou.
Pliiloni. '^: l!iO (1810). J'Jrcmo/ii/rinn Janb.
& Spucb, Illustr. PI. Or. 4:!.m; (IS.V)-',:]).
Jlayiialdia Sduir, Ennm. PI. 'J'ranss. 807
(180G). J/e/ertnifheJiiiin lloclist. Jaul). &
Spacli, Illustr. PI. Or. 4:24 (1850). hWr/-
neria C. Kocli, Linna'a, 21 : 41 :5 (184S). Se-
mUdiiim Schnr, Verb. SielK'ub. Yer. Natnrw.
4:01 (185:1).
Spikelots;J-8-llowc'red, comprossod, sessile
at each joint of the simple spike, distichous,
turning one side or sometimes oblicpie to the
rucbis, racbilhi often articulate between the
flowers, which are perfect or the upper im-
perfect. Empty glumes rounded on the buck,
not inflated, narrower than the lloral and
Pig. 120.-5m6nma7?.- witli fewer nerves; floral glumes firm, round
lamhri. A, spikolet ; on the back, very little if at all keeled, 5-7-
a. floret ; d, grain. , , . ^ l\
(ScribMcr.) nerved, obtuse, acute, or the upper nerves
extending into an awn, the upper smaller, often emi)ty or enclosing
an imperfect flower; palea shorter (sometimes longer) than the
iiuuDK.K. o:w
floriil gliimo, koolH oftoi\ ciliatc. Stum(»ii8 .'I. SlyltH very Hliort,
(listinot. (Jriiin imrrowly oldoiig, roin|»r('HHo<l from llio Imck. oftcji
coiK'uvo oil tliu inside, iiion,' or less hairy ut tlio apex, wlicn <lry
jullit'rinjj to tlio pah'U or frue.
IN'rcniiials or aiimialM, with Itial'-hhulcs Hat or roiivohitc Spiko
terminal, usually stilT, spikch'ts hirgf. JSpecit'S )H)-'M\ b('ionj,'iiig to
temj)('rato ro|i;l(»ns of America an<l l-iiirope.
Meiitham propuaetl sections as follows:
1. Jf/ropi/ron jiroper, mostly ju'rcnnials. spikelots more or less
distant a]on<r the common ra(;his, outer ^dumes usually uiu>riual-
sided and not keeled.
2. J'Jn'»i(>pi/niin Lcdel*. — mostly anniuils. spikelets disticlious
anil close to^'etlier in a short dense spike, the narrow empty glumes
nearly e(|ual-si(led an<l keeled.
A. Spike 1 -sided 1
B. Spike not 1 -sided (a)
a. Florets soft, woolly 3
a. Florets not woolly (1>)
I). Kootstooks numerous, plant not glaucous, ... 3
b. Ifootstocks present, jtlant glaucous 4-
b. No rootstocks (c)
c. Awns slender, recurved 5-6
c. Spike long, Hexuose, nerves of empty glumes
conspicuous 7
c. fjiko No. T, oidy with short erect spikes. . .8,1)
1. A. violacescens (If. I'ound). -/. rauinum (forma) riolarcsreus
R. Pound. Minn. Hot. Studies, liull. f» (III) lor (lSf»4). A. imi-
laterale Cassidy, I?ull. Col. Agr. Fxp. Sta. 12: O;} (1800). A. rani-
num loiihtferale Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, 1 : 2711 (I SI);;).
A. nnildfenilo lieuuv. is a synonym of Feufncd Icndijlora Sclirad.
A i)erennial, OO-SO cm. high; culms strict, smooth. Leaves
!>-4 in num])er, sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very
short; blades r();igh, involute, ])ungcnt-pointed, 5-7 cm. l<»ng, 5-12
mm. wide. Spike cxserted, 1-sided, 7-10 cm. long, 5-S mm. wide,
often purple; internodes of rachis at the middle 3-4 mm. long.
Spikelets 3-4-tlowered, regularly breaking in pieces, first glume 9
C36 POAtE.E.
mm. lon<,% witl- 3 strong nerves, short-awned, second U mm. long,,
witli very strong nerves, awn 5 mm. long; llonil glume «-!» mm.
long, witli 5 ol)scure nerves, awn about Ji mm. l..ng; palea shorter
than its glume, with 2 ciliate nerves. Grain adlierent.
IMonlana, Scribncr 4:i2, the type; Colora.lo, (Wn,s-/V///. I ^'.st//;
Iowa. llUchrork; northerti ^lichigan, Heal
The speeilic name HnihUcrah had been used before Cassidy ap-
plied it to this species.
2. A. dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Bull. lorr. Club, 10: .b
(1SS;3); Vasev. Grasses U. S., Special Kej-t. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Js'o. (;;5, 45 (IH8;5). TritirumrepenxS'AW ,/(is//s/achi/>nii llcolv M.
Bor. Am. :.': 254 (1840), teste A. Gray. T. <las,/,(,>r/n/H>H A. Gray,
Man. Kd. 1, ('.0-> (1S48).
A smootli glauous perennial, GO-90 em. high. Avitli slender
rootstocks having internudes 3-4 em. long. T.eaves of ster.lo
shoots ,iunu>rous, bl.des involute, ;)0-40 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
those of the culm 3-4 in number, siieaths nearly as long as the inter-
nodes; ligule a mere ring; bhules G-12 cm. long. Spike exserted,
14-20 cm. long, Joints of ra.diiUa 1 cm. long, or near the base longer.
Spikelets muTOW, 2 or more cm. long, 5-9-llowered; empty glumes
smooth or puberuleiit, lirst T mm. long, 3-nerved, second 10-12 mm.
long, 5-nerved; ilorul glume U mm. long, soft-hairy throughout,
awnles ; or with short awns, margins scarious. Abr rnial or thrifty
plants bear branching spikes.
Jklichigan, n-heeler 15G, 157, 158, Seal 158, 159.
Shores of the Great Lakes, British America and the Kocky
Mountains.
3. A. repens (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 102 (1812). Quick-, Couch-,
Quack-, Twjtcii-Guass. Trillcmn repem L. Sp. Tl. 8G (1753).
A smooth pale green or glaucous perennial, very variable,
30-120 cm. high, with the internodes of the vootstock 1-1.5 em.
long Liy-ulc very short; blades Hat, scabrous, 5-10 mm. wide, the
upper 10-20 cm. long. Spike G-20 cm. long, c/ect or bending,
mostlv rigid, joint of rachis 5-15 mm. long. Spikelets 10-20 mm.
long,'2-8-llowered, florets at the middle of the spike overlapping
for three-fourths of tlieir length 01 more; empty glumes each un-
IIOHDE.E. 637
symmetrical, 7-11 mm. long, first strongly 5-G-nervcd, second . •<
nerved, acute or notched, margins si-arious; lloral glume uboui t
cm. long, those above shorter, 5-nerved at the cuspidate or short-
awned a])ex.
Found in Europe, north Africa, Asia, and extensively natural-
ized in (uUivatcd grounds in Xorth America.
Vcniiont l^rhiyle ; Massachusetts, lical Ifil ; f'ennsylviiiiia,
Srrilnici' for T'. S. Dept. Agricul. TG7; iMicliigan, Bcallb\), HiO,
Clark ;2:'.10; Towa, Ililclicock; ^Minnesota, ArlliKr Ji 511; Mon-
tana, Aiidcr.sdn, 9.
For an extended iiotice see Vol. T.. p. 107, Fig. 7G.
A'ar. tenerum (Vasey). A. tcnerum Vasey, Coult. liot. (iaz.
10:;.'r)8 (1SS5).
t)estitute of rootstocks; blades usually narrower and shorter
and rather more rigid; spike riither inoi-e slender, sometimes
tinged Avith purple. After growing i)atches, from seed obtained
from more tlnin one source, in a variety of soils for more thnn 15
years, 1 am umiljle to indicate any differences other than those here
given to distinguish this from A. rcjwns L.
A promising grass for cultivation.
Coloriido, Cd.ssidi/; Montami, Anderson 37; Arizona, Tourney y
Sandhurg "X'-IS), WM; California, Lotinioii.
4. A. glaucum (Desf.) K. & S. Hyst. 2: 753 (1817). Trilicnm
(jhiiiriiiii Desf. Tabl. Bot. Mus. IG (1804). A. rcpens, various
authors.
A smooth usually glaucous perennial, 30-l()0 cm. high. r'ree[)-
ing rootstocks numerous. Sterile shoots numerous; leaves of the
culm :!-+ in number, blades 3-12 cm. long, narrow, involute. Spike
1;.'-14 cm. long, with internodes about 7 mm. long, the lower some-
times twice as long. Spikelets occasionally ".' ala node, 2 cm. long,
5-tt-ilowered, smooth or rough, llorels in the middle of the spike
overlajiping for three-fourths of their lengt^'; empty gluni(>s nar-
I'owly lanceolate, first 7 mm. long, l)-nerved, second 10 or nH)re
nun. Inn-', 5-nerved, incfiuihiteral ; tlorid glnmi' a litlh^ longer
than the empty glumes, lanceolate, obtuse, acute or avvu-j)oiuted,
5-nerved.
638 POACE.E.
Iowa, Hitchcock; Colorado, Vasey, Cassidy, Jones; Montana,
Anderson ^(i; Texas, Nealley; Utah, Jones; New ^lexico, Vasey;
Wyoming, Buff urn C 5, (' 40. ('95; New ^[exico, Vasey; Wasliiiig-
ton, Sandhery 310, 435,466; Oregon, Howell; Arizona, Jones 4012.
A native of the western plains from Texas to Montana, much
valued for hay. See Vol. I., pp. 93,93. Also found in Europe
and Asia.
5. A. divergens Nees, Stoud. Syn. PI. Gram. 347 (1855).
Triticmn strigosum Les. Linnjta, 9:170 (1834).
A slender dense!v tufted glaucous perennial, 30-80 cm. high.
Leaves 3-4 in number, sheaths about the length of the internodes;
ligulo very short ; blades narrow, convolute, setaceous, nearly smooth,
the upjjcr 4-8 em. long. Spikes 6-14 cm. long, very slender. Spike-
lets o-O-flowci'ed, rather distant, first em])ty glume (i mm. long,
3-nerved, margins scarious, second 8 nnn. long, 5-nerved, witli the
midrib at one side, awnless; floral glume 7-8 mm. long, })lainly
5-nerved above, awn stout, diverging or recurved when dry,
longer than the floral glume; i)alea about as long as its glume or
longer.
Colorado, Cassidy; New Mexico, Vasey; Montunu, Anderson
35, 40; AVyoming, Btiffnm C 94, ('97; Washington, Sandhery 583,
Lake; Oregon, Howell, Cusick; California, Parish; Mexico, Pringle
1439.
Kocky Mountains to tlie Pacific.
G. A. Scribneri Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 10: 128 (1883).
Culms densely tufted, geniculate and decundjent near tlie base,
30-00 cm. high, rather slender. The upi)er sheath thrice as long
as tlie blade; ligule obsolete; blade 3.5-3.5 cm. long, involute,
narrow, rigid. Spikes exserted, 5-7 cm. long, their internodes 4-5
mm. long. Sj)ikelets 3-0-flowered; empty glumes 5-7 mm. long,
linear-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, extending into along point, 10-35
mm. long; floral glume oblong-lanceolate, the base about 8 mm.
long, smooth, 5-uerved, sometimes slightly bidentate, the mid-
lurve extended into a strong, spreading or recurved hispid awn;
palea equalling the floral glume, acute, margins hispid. The spike
resptnlil'S that of A. caninum, but the plant dilTers in its tufted
HOKDE.E. 639
habit, low size, and smooth, rigid, sometimes glaucous leaves.
Found only high up on mountains near the timber line, growing
in scattered tufts. Named for Prof. F. L. Scribner.
In the Sierras, Priii(jh>; Colorado, Patterson; Montana, Scrib-
ner; Wasliington, Tiveeihj.
7. A. caninum (L.) lioauv. Agrost. 102 (1812). Tritirum
rammim L. Sp. PI. 86 (ir53).
A smooth perennial, 70-90 cm. high, culms slender, rather weak.
Leaves 4-5 in number, sheatlis smootli; ligule very short; blades
thin, 10-35 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, taper-pointed. Spike nar-
row, flexuose or slightly nodding, 10-17 cm. long. Spikelets 3-5-
flowero;!; empty glumes with scarious wing-margins above, nearly
equal, with 3-5 conspicuous nerves, first 7-9 mm. long, second a
little longer; lloral glume 8-9 mm. loTig, awn 2-18 mm. long,
flexuose; paloa longer than the floral glume. fJrain adherent.
Maine, Feruahl 196; Vermont, Prim/tc; Michigan, Prentiss,
Beat 164, KiG. Wlwelcr 165, Farwell; Montana, Anderson 28;
Utah, Jones; Arizona, 7h /imei/ 7 Gl; Minnesota, Arthur }\ 4^2.
New Kngland to California.
8. A. violaceum (Tlornm.) Vasey, Grass. V. S., Special Kept.
Dept. Agricul. 45 (1883). Triticnm violaceum Ilornm. Fl. Dan.
t. 2044 (1832).
Perhaps this is a northern or alpine form of A. rn)ii}iiiui R. Sc
S., from which it dill'ers in having a culm 30-50 cm. liigh, leaves
3-4 in number. l)hi(les proportionally shorter. S])ike 3-S-12 cm.
long, narrow, strict, more or less tinged with violet. Si)ikelets 3-5-
flowered ; floral glume wider than in A. raninnin, not so firm,
nerves more })ro!nincnt, awn short or none; ])alea shorter than the
floral glume, pectiuate-ciliute.
New ITaiiipshire. Pri//f/Je, Faxon 20. 23, TLisfuril : Colorado,
Cfassidy for U. S. Dept Agricul.: ^lichigaii. Wlirvlcr, F((ni'rU ;
Minnesota, Arflntr li 494; AVvoiiiin--, A'////'///// C 30. C 4.").
Mountains of New England. New ^'ork. nonlierii Minnesota,
Colorado. California, and northward; also found in Europe.
Plants collected in Crinnell Land by Lieut. Greely are 8-15
cm. high, with short spikes ami densely pubescent glumes, which
(540 POAC'E.E.
are very broad with short awns. Pl.iuts are found in various places
whicli sliado oit' uhnost inipercoptibly into .1. caniiium.
9. A. caniuoides (R. Pound). A. violaccnm (rornia) canuioitles
R. Pound, .^riuu. Hot. Stuilios, Bull. 9 (III), lOT (KS94).
PtM'onniul with no rootstocks. Culuis ri<fid. 30-140 cm. hi^fli.
LeavL'S 5-<) in nunibiT, sheutlis sliorter tlmn tlu; intornodi's; li^aile 1
mm. or loss l(m<i;; hliidos Hat, rutluT thin, pungoiit-pointed. IH-IJO
cm. loni:-. 5-7 mm. wide. Si)iko lo-lij cm.lon^', erect, nichis Avitli
<frccn marjiins. Spikelets ^-3-fluwered ; empty <^^]unu>s 7-9 mm.
long, with scarious margins, 5-7-nervcd, the awn 2-5 mm. long;
floral glume 7 mm. long, hearing a rather stil! awn, 10-;20 mm.
long. Usually compared with A. nni'untm.
Micliigan (Agricultural (Allege). Ihal tf- Whcclcr, 1G3, 103.
Dry knolls or low hiiul and hoi'ders of woods; growing in
isolated hunches. ]*romising for cultivation.
Xew Hampshire, ^richigan, Minnesota to Rocky ]\rountains.
141. (;2()7). Secale L. Sp. PI. 84 (17r)3). Ryk.
Spikelcts usually li-llowered in a (^yliiulricul or flattened sjiike,
sessile, compressed, one at each joint on alternate sides of tlio
raehis, not inllated, convex on the outer side and Hat next tlic
rachis, racliilla becoming a slender stipe above the ilowers. Em})ty
glumes firm, narrowly linear, compressed-keeled, acute, acuminate
or with a short awn; floral glume lu'oader, com[)rcssed-keeled,
scarcely longer, not counting the long aun, 5-nerved, the outer
ones prominent, those next the rachis obscure; })alea a little shorter
than the floral glume, narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very
short, distinct, stigmas feathery, drain oblong, subterete, furrowed
on the inside, hairy at the apex, included by the glume and palea,
free or slightly adhering to the palea.
Erect annuals with flat blades. Spike terminal, compact,
jointed at the nodes of the slender rachis, which is usually hairy.
Species 3 or 2>erhapso]dy 1, indigenous to tlie country bordering
the ]\[editerranean Sea. The genus differs slightly froin the section
Eremopyrum of Agropyron in the dense cylindrical spike, and in
the spikelets usually containing only 3 ilowers.
1. S. fEIlKALK L. 1. c.
I1UUDE.E.
641
An erect glaucous annual, with slender but stilt' culms 1-2 in.
high. Glumes 1-nervetl.
A valuable cereal, tlio grain inferior to that of wheat. Much
grown in cool regions where the land is liglit and poor; also grown
as a forage-crop and for green manuring. See Vol. I.
141. (rJfiS). TriticumL. Sp. ri. S") (its:]). Wiikat. ("("orn"'
in England.) .AV//7f>yy.s' L, Coroll. (Jen. '20 (IS:??). JifoiNKs Scop.
Introd. 74 (1777). Crithodium Link, Linmea, 9:i;5;i (IS;54).
Cn//if(>pi/n/ni lleynh. Norn. '2: 174 (lS4i;).
Spikelets 2-5-flowered, the fertile ones inflated, distichous,
sessile, somewhat compressed, single at the alternate notches of the
Fig. 121. — Secale cereale. Spikelet, (Richardson.)
rachis of a simple spike, one side of the spikelet next the rachis;
rachilla often jointed between the flowers, 1-5 of the lower flowftrs
perfect, the upper often nude or neuter. Enii)(y glumes iirni, shorter
and often narrower than the iloral glume, usually ine([uilateral, with
few nerves, awn short or none, Iloral glume ventricose, broadly
obhmg, round on the back or keeled above, often toothed or awned,
5-9-nerved, nerves not meeting at the a[)e\; palea shorter than its
glume, witli two ciliate keels. Stamens -5. Styles 2, very short,
stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, usually villous at tlui
i.pex, with a groove on the inside, included by the glume aiul palea,
not adhering to them or slightly adhering to the palea. Erect
042
POACE^.
annuals or winter annuals with flat leaf-blades. Spikes terminal,
cvliiulrical, or somewhat llattened. Speckles not over 10, I'ounil in
the vieinity of tlie Mctliterraneiin Sea.
The genus Triliciiin excludes A(/ro/)i/ron. Ihe species of wliich
were at one time included in it, and now includes .Kyilopx. In
Triticnin the lateral nerves of the floral gflumo are not connivent,
but parallel or nearly so, and either stop sliort of the apex or are
produced beyond it into distinct teeth or awns. There are three
groups:
I. U7/«;/,s in cultivation. Floral ulumes keeled at the apex and
sometimes at the base, and terminate in a single awn; lateral nerves
usually barely reaching to the end of the glume.
3. ('rifliodium. Link. Spikelets with only 1 fertile flower, floral
ghune keeled from the base and ends in a single awn. One s])e('ie3
sometimes has two or even three fertile flowers, and the lateral
nerves of the floral glumes sometinu'S produceil into sliori teeth.
3. .Kf/ilop.^ L. DilTering from the cereal wheats in iiaving a
floral glume more rounded on the ])ack and not at all keeled, lateral
nerves of floral glume often produced
into long awns; hybridizes freely with the
cultivated wheats.
1. T. vrL(.AKE Vill Hist. PI. Dauph.
2:15;}. AViiKAT.
This includes all the well-knoAvn races
cultivated in this t'ountry, whether
"bearded" or "bald,"' " i-cd clKitf " or
"white chall'."' spring wheat or winter
wheat. ^J'lie luitive countrv of this very
Fig. 123. — Triticiim milgare. ' .
Spiki'let, (Hiclitmisou.) valual)le cereal is not Kiu)wn. it is not
improbable that a wild plant of southern Europe known as
^Egilops L. is the original form.
143. (274). HORDEUM L. Sj). PI. 84 (IT.-);]). B.mm.kv. Citri-
eni Koel. Gram. ;52S (1802). Zcorrilun Heauv. Agrost. 114 (1812).
Crifcsion Eafin. Journ. Pliys. 89: 103 (181!)). Cri/Jw E. Mey. Ind.
Sem. ITort. Kogiom. 5 (1848).
Spikelets 1 -flowered, 3 together, distichous, sessile or on short
U()[U)K.E. ()43
stipes, one aide next the racliis at the nodes or notches of a simple
spike. KachiUa very short, artieuhite above tlie lower glunxes,
extending above the llower as a long slender awn or a very narrow
glume, llowers perfect or those of the lateral spikelets male or rudi-
mentary. Kmpty glumes sul)ulato or lance-linear, firm, ])ersistent,
the G at each joint ap[)earing like an involucre; lloral glume lance-
olate, round on the back, 5-nerved above, extended into a straight
or s[)rcading awn; palea 1)ut little shorter than the lloral glume,
;i-keeled. Stamens 3. Lodicules 2, ciliate. Styles very short,
distinct. drain ovoid-oblong or narrow, hirsute at the apex,
grooved on the inside, adhering to the palca or rarely free. Erect
annuals or rarely })ereiniials, with Hat leaf-blades. Spike cylindri-
cal, usually densely llowered with long, or rarely short awns.
Species l*.*-l(j, iiuligenous to Europe, north Africa, temperate
Asia, North and South America.
Heauvois restricted Ilorileuiti to the common cultivated barley,
which appears in a great variety of forms. 'J'he genus, as here
understood, is distinguished from J'JIi/mus by the single flower in
each spikelet, and is distributeil into three sections:
1. Zoorn'foH lieauv. Central spikelet alone of each three is
fertile, the lateral ones sterile or reduced to em})ty glumes.
2. Cri/hopsis Jaul). Two perfect spikelets at each notch, the
intermediate one defuuent or rarely represented by one or two
empty glumes.
3. < 'Hi'ierd Koo\. Spikelets 3 and collateral, all fertile.
A. Not in cultivation (a)
B. Cidtivated for grain (e)
a. Awns -l-G cm. long 1
a. Awns 3 cm. long or less (b)
b. Empty glumes 0.5-0.7 mm. wide, upper blades 1-
3 cm. long 3
b. Empty glumes 0.3-0.5 mm. wide, upper blades 10-
15 em. long 2
b. Empty glumes narrower (c)
c. Spike 7 mm. wide ;5
c. Spike wider (d)
044 POACEiE.
(1. Joint of r.'icliis 1 mm. long 4,5
(1. Joint of nic'his ;{ mm. long 6
0. Spikclets all furtilc 7
e. SpikeUfts with tlio latonil onc'9 stcrilo 8
1. H. jubatum L. Sp. Tl. H5 (1T5;3). SqiiiMu-.L-TAn. Grass.
CritesKin (irnirnlatuiit Kiilin. ,Tonr. Piiys. 8!): lo;{ (ISI!)).
A smootli annual or biennial, 30-45 em. high. Culms slender,
protruding 5-15 cm. above the sheath. Slieuths sliorter than the
internodes; ligule 1 mm. long; blades of tho upper leaves 4-7 cm,
long. 8])ike 4-7 em. long, raoliia very slender, breaking in pieces
when mature, each piece 1.3 mm. long. Lateral spikclets on 2)edi-
cels 1 nun. long, central one sessile; emjjty glumes ca])illary, j)alo
straw-color or purple, 4-6 cm. long, recurved wlicn mature and
dry; iloral glume of the lateral florets small and sliort-awned, tluit
of tho perfect floret with an awn much like tiioso of tlie emi)ty
glumes. Grain elliptical, flat-concavo, 3 mm. long,
Vermont, Pringlc ; Micliigan, Clark, Ileal, Fnrwell ; Iowa,
Hitchcock; Illinois, Ikhh, HeancA; .Minnesota, Arthnr B 128;
Montana, Anderson 39; Colorado, Cass id y ; Wasliington, L((ke,
Sandhcry 2i' \ Oregon, IloircU.
On tho seacoast and saline soil, about tlie Great Lakes and
elsewhere.
AVidely distributed.
Were it not for the breaking of the spikes so freely, it would bo
cultivated as an ornamental grass.
2. H. Montanense Scribn. ined.
Culms smooth, slender, about 80 cm. high. Leaf-blades flat,
scabrid, 10-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Spike exserted, some-
times purplish, 6-8 cm. long, Avith internodes about 3 mm. long.
Empty glumes 10-20 mm. long, 0.3-0. 5 nmi. wide. Central spike-
kt 9 mm. long, the perfect floret bearing an awn 15-25 mm. long;
second floret merely an empty glume ; floral glume scabrid or shortly
hairy, 5-nerved; palea a little shorter than its glume; florets of
lateral spikclets raised on a pedicel about 1 mm. above the central,
each consisting of floral glume, i)alea, lodicules, a rudimentary pistil
and sometinu'S a se(!ond floret reduced to a small empty glume.
ii(»in)K.K,
045
INFontana, Srribner 4'^*0, 430.
Sliuued borders, lloiuul Cret'k, und by si)ring3 iioiir tlio liciid of
Jim ('oulic or Ti<,'er J^attle, An;,'. 3, 1883. Nimihcr 430 lias tlio
shorter iiwiis, and tlio llorul gliimt'S st-abrid; number 4^!) has tho
lon<,'t!r awns and tlio floral glunica pnborulont.
3. H. pratense Iliids. Fl, Anj;l, I'M. '.',50 (\7i>2). II. mdosinn.
L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, l-.'G (17(1'^). H. .svfaliniim Sclirel). Siiioil. Fl.
Lips. 148 (1771). JI. pusiUuin Niitt. Gon. 1: 87 (1818).
Culms 20-70 cm. liigli. often ^fonioulato below, lieaf-blados
Hat or involute, usually nearly smooth, 10-13 cm. long. Spiko
exsertod, 3-7 cm. long, about 7 mm.
wide, readily se|)arating when ma-
ture, each joint of rachis 1.3-2 mm.
long. Empty glumes all very nar-
row, subulate from tho base and
slightly scabrous ; lateral spikelets
borne on stipes 0..5-().7 mm. long,
lanceolate, awn-pointed ; central
floret cylindrical, about 8 mm. long
with a sbort awn. Cirain elliptical.
Col. W. ]\[unro in Proc. Lin.
Soc. p. 50, 1802, says in reference
to tho grasses of Linna3us' llerbari- Fm. m. — irordenm pratense.
° Two views ot !i spikelet. (Scnb-
um: " //. noilusnm 2d Edit. Sj). PI. uaw)
p. 120, is certainly II. pratense Iluds., of which there are also two
other specimens without any name, and the species does not seem
to have been taken up by Linna3us."
low a, Hit, I'lcork; Illinois, Patterson for U. S. I)ei)t. Agricul.
778. Canl)ij, lleht) for Dr. Clark 29GG; Missouri, Hvl>t,; Montana,
W Uliams h'$)\\ houmiina, Lanfftois; Wyoming, iy////"?<w C 42; Ari-
zona, Tourney 763, 773; Vancouver Island, Macounj Washington,
Lake, Suksdurf; California, Jones 2522.
Found in western States and Territories, usually in alkaline
soils.
4. II. MAKiTisirM With. Bot. Arr. 1: 172 (177G). Ska-uahley.
H. chilenscW. & S. Syst. 2:7i)G (1817). I/, [/cnictdat inn AW. Fl.
Pedem. 2:l>5') (ITH')). //. //y.s/y/r Kotli, Ciitiilcct. 1:23 (1707).
11. piihescrnx (iiiss. V\. Sic. I'nxi. I : U4 (IS2T).
A sinootli soiiu'wliiit {jliuit'oiis ainl tlccimibciit aiimml, lO-liUciii.
lii^'li. Slicallis iiltoiit tin' Icii^Mli of tile iiiU'rnodi's, tlii> upper oiio
iiillatcd; li<,aik' a inert' riii;,S l)liitle.s '.•-() cm. loii^, mostly iiivoliito.
Spiko .suhlcrett', sciircely cxserteil, 2-t cm. l<ni;i,'. racliis breaking
wlien ripe, tlio joijitd 1 mm. long. Spikelets 1 cm. \o\\<^, iiicliidiiij^
tlio stilT spreadiiij,' uwns; stipes of lateral Hitikelets 1.2 mm. lung;
empty glumes all lanceolate, not ciliate, one of ouch lateral spikelet
a little broader.
New Jersey (ballast-grounds), Srribner for U. S. Dept. ;\gri-
cul. T7<); Oregon, J/owcU.
Found along the tioast in tbe Old World from Denmark to north
Africa. Introduced into North .Vmerica.
5. II. (iissoNKANi M Pari. PI. Palerni. 244, ol)s. — Sicil.
Culms smooth, often deciumbejit, 2()-.')0 cm. long. Leaf-blades
flat, thin, iinoly pubescent. 2-.'j cm. long, 2 mm. wide. Spikes
Hubterete, not included, 2-4 cm, long, 1 cm. diatneter, breaking
when ripe, joints of the rachis 1 mm. long. Lateral si)ikelets
raised ou stijies 1 mm. l<»iig; emj)ty ghnnes mere bristles 12 mm.
long, excepting that the iniu-r one to ca(;]i lateral spikelet is twice
as wide as the others; central iloret G mm. long; the floral glume
rough, oval when s^jread, 5-nerved, the awn 12 mm. long; palea as
long as its glume. Tjalei-al florets small rudiments 2-4 mm. long,
including the awn. This is much like our specimi'us of If. niariti-
mnvi. When c()m{)ared, //. Clnssoiieaniiin has the iniuT lateral
empty glunu'S half as long as wide, the ra(!his and base of glumes
less callous, the lateral florets smiiller, softer and less developed.
Introduced into Oregon and California from Europe.
6. H. MriiiM-M L. Sp. PI. 85 (1753). Wall-isaulky. Way
Bkxt. //. cilialum (Jilib. Kxercit. 2:520. Zvocritan inurimitii
Beauv. Agrost. 115 (1812). //. leporinuin iiink, Linna'a, 9:1:!:!
(1835).
A coarse decumbent annual, 30-00 cm. high. Leaves often
hairy ; sheaths about the length of tiie internodes; ligule very
sliort ; blades .'5-(I cm. long. Spike 4-8 cm. long, often partially
IIOHDK.K. 647
included in tlic upper slioatli, slij^litly compressed, light ;rreen, hoou
hnaking wlien mature, eiicli joint of the rachis 3 mm. iong, ahont
I null. wide. SpikeletH, inciudiiij,' awns, 4-5 cm. lon^r ; emj»ty
;,duni('.s of llio middle one lanceolate, cjliiite on the margins; lloral
glume scabrous above, Hat on the back, l','-14 mm. long; palca but
little shorter. Stijies of lateral spikelets 1.5 mm. long; empty
glumes setaceous, 2-3 mm. long; lloral glumes and palea' like those
of the central floret. (Jrain flat, narrowly elliptical, 5.5 mm. long.
New Jersey (ballast-grounds), Sirilnivr for l'. S. Dept. Agrieul.
lit.
A native of Kurope, but now Avidely distributed in numy parts of
the world, rather sj)aringly introduced into North America.
:. II. iiKXASTK iiox L. Sp. IM. H5(ir5;{). Six-Ko\vi:i) Haulky.
//. /irfenisfi/chi/on Heauv. Agrost. Ill (IS 12).
An erect annual, (iO-SO cm. high. Spikes compressed, about
10 cm. long, not counting the erect awns, which are often 15 cm.
long; rachis stout, each joint 4 mm. long, not readily separating.
Spikelets all sessile and all fertile; emi)ty glumes slender,
bristles 1-3 cm. long; lloral glume jirominently nerved jibove, 10-12
mm. long, adhering to the grain.
A well-knowji valuable plant, cultivated in a wider range of
clinuito than any other cereal.
8. 11. KisTiciiON' L. S^). I'l. 85(17'5;{). T\vo-uo\vKit Uahlky.
ZeorrHon disticlnon lieauv. Agrost. 115 (1812). II. inil/crhe Ar-
duini. K. & S. Syst. 2:;();} (1817). This differs from the above
chiefly as follows: lateral spikelets stipitatc;, neutral; floral glume
of lateral spikelets obtuse, acute, or short awned.
Often cultivated.
144. (275). Elymus L. Sp. PI. S3 (175:5). Cnlhnp.sis .luub. &
Spach, Illustr. 4 : ;3(), /. ;521 (1850). Lri/»ii>s llochst. Flora 31 : 118
(1848) in foot-note. Or/Iiusfarhi/s Elirli. I'.eitr. 4 : 140 (1789). Po-
?//rt><///cri.c Xees, Ann. Nat. Hist. (I) 1 : 284 (1838). Silanidn Ifalin.
Journ. Phys. 80 : 103 (1810). Sifospdo!^ Adans. Fam. 2 : 3G (1763).
Spikelets 2-0-flowered, 2-0 together, sessile at the nodes of the
more or less excavated rachis of the simple spike, raehilhi articulate
below the ilorets, flowers perfect or the upper imperfect or reduced
648 POACEiE.
to ail emiity glume. Empty glumes firm, narrowly linear, 1-15-5-
norved, short- or long-awiieil, persistent, all those at one node
resembling an involucre, rarely the glumes split into many awns;
ilorul glume sliorter, oblong or lanceolate, round on the back, 5-
nerved, obtuse or acute, awned or awnless; palea as long as the
lloral glume or shorter, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short,
distinct, stigmas feathery. (J rain ol)long, hairy at the apex, grooved
on tlio inside, adiiering to the palea.
Perennial grasses, xisually with broad Hat or firm convolute blades.
Spikes terminal, cylindrical, compact, often covered witli many awns,
rachis breaking in pieces or not, densely or loosely niany-fiowered.
Species '-I't-'M), belonging to the temperate regions of Europe,
is-.i, and North America.
Eh/iiius i^ distinguished from Hordeitni in having two or more
flowers to each spikelet, and is distributed into three sections:
I. Sif anion, Rafin. PoIyaHf/icri/x Nees. Kachis articulate;
floral glume usually 15-awned.
3. CUnchjim Griseb. l{a(;iiis continuous; spikelets usually 2
only at each notch, floral glume witii one long awn.
3. rsaiiinu'hjiia ( i riseb. Tall rigid species, often with more than
two spikelets to each notcli ; floral glume unawned or with only
very short awnlikc points.
A. Spike soft, ciliate, awn short or none 1,2, .'{,4
B. Spike smooth or hirsute, awns iu)ne or very short. . 5, (5, 7
C. Glumes awned ("■)
a. Some of the empty glumes divided 1', S, 9
a. Empty glumes not divided (b)
b. Spike rigid, upright (c)
c. Spike stout, partly included 10
c. Spike narrow, exserted 11
c. Spike stout, short, exserted 12
b. Spike exserted, usually nodding (d)
d. Spike large, 10-15 cm. long, floral glume often
flexuose l-^
d. Spike more slender, awns more slender. ' . 14
d. Spike dense, villous, awns stniight 15
HOHDILE. G49
1. E. arenarius L. Sp. PI. «:> (IT"):}). Iiaucheuia Grass.
Culms stout, glaucous, \-:l m. or more high, from creepiug
rootstocks. Sheaths smooth, ligulo very short; blades strict, pun-
gent, 30 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide, the upper sliort. Spike dense,
strict, 15-30 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad; rachis hirsute. Spikelets
2-3 at a joint, 2-3 cm. long, appressed. pubescent, mostly 3-llo\vered ;
empty glumes linear-lanceolate, o-'i-nerved ; floral glume rigid,
ciliate, keeled toward the cuspidate a])ex ; palea a? long as its glume.
It considerably resembles B. mollis.
Alaska, Fumton for Nat. Herb. 140; Washington, Iloioell,
Sul-sthrf \{)?,S.
Sandy seashores, Alask'a to California, also in Europe and
northern Asia.
2. E. mollis Trin. Spreng. N. Endt. 2: 72 (1821).
Culms stout, .SO-170 cm. iiigh. Leaves much like those of
E. arc/Kirius. Spike erect, 20-30 cm. long. Spikelets 2-3 at
each joint, 2-3 cm. long, 5-8-llowered, more or less soft-pubescent.
Empty glumes as long as the spikelets, 5-7-nerved; floral glume
^ j-20 mm. long, T-nerved.
'J'his is much like JJ. arenarius. The leaves and spikes are
softer, the empty glumes more ciliate and broader and often
7-nerved.
Maine (Kastport), Iicall(\2; Isle of Shoals, Caiihy.
3. E. dasystachys Trin. Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 1:J20 (1829). E.
Vancourerensis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:48 (1888).
Culms smooth, rather stout, 60-SO cm. high from creeping
rootstocks. Leaves scabrous throughout, or the sheaths smooth;
ligule very short; blades rigid, more or less involute, pungent-
pointed, 20-35 cm. long, 5-8 mm. witie. Spike strict, 8-12 cm.
long. Spikelets 2 at each joint, 15-20 mm. long, closely imbri-
cate, 4-7-flowered ; empty glumes equal, 13-15 mm. long, more or
less ciliate, sliort-uwned, narrowly -lanceolate, 3-nerved ; floral glume
slightly ciliate, the lower one 12 mm. long, besides the short awn.
Montana, William h ; Vancouver Island, J/«to?</<; Washington,
Howell.
Alaska to Wtishington.
660 POACE-E.
4. E. innovatns n. sp.
A rather slender perennial, 60-70 cm. high, from creeping
rootstocks. Sterile slioots abundant, blades 20-30 cm. long, 2-3
mm. wide, scabrous, flat or involute, leaves of the culm 3 in num-
ber, sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; blades
4-10 cm. long. Spike erect, slightly exserted, 7-10 cm. long.
Spikelets puberulent, 2 at a joint, 3-4-flowered, 15 mm. long;
empty glumes mere bristles, 4-12 mm. long; floral glume oval-
lanceolate, 8-9 mm. long; palea as long as its glume.
Montana (north fork of the Sims River in 188T), IL S.
Williams.
5. E. triticoides Buckl. Proe. Acad. Pliila. 09 (1863). E.
Orcnttianus Vasey, Coult. Bot. (;az. 10:258 (1885).
Rootstocks at least sometimes present. Culms rather slender^
00-100 cm. high, nodes 3-5. Ligule very short; blades 15-25 cm.
long, erect, narrow, often involute, smooth or scabrous, the ui>per
equalling or exceeding the culm. S])ike 7-15 cm. long, erect, loosely
or rather closely flowered. Spikelets 2, sometimes 3 or only 1 at a
joint, 4-8-flowered, sometimes glaucous: empty glumes equal, linear-
lanceolate, rigid, long-pointed, 6-10 mm. long, about as long as
the floret; floral glume firm, lanceolate, acumiiuite or short-awned,
nerves indistinct below, 7 above.
Very near to Agropyron, for which it would pass in cades Avhere
this jilaut is slender and has 1 spikelet at a joint. E. Onuttianns
Vasey is a slender or small form of the above, and perhai)s even that
passes insensibly into E. condcnsatns, which see for a full account.
Washington, Stikxdorf ^V2^; Oregon, Howell; (JaWiovma, Parish
1102, 1162 A, Orcntt ; Arizona, linsby 909^, Pr ingle. Tourney
750, 762.
Rocky Mountains, Colorado, Oregon, and California.
6. E. condensatus Presl, Reliq. IIa?nk. 1:205 (1S30). Giant
Rye-guass.
Culms in dense tufts, stout, reed-like, 1-4 m. higli. Ligule
very short, auricled ; blades flat, smooth, often glaucous, 2 cm. or
more wide. Spike 15-40 cm. long, compact or interrupted, bear-
ing branching clusters of spikelets at each joint. Spikelets 3-6-
IIOKDE.E. 651
flowered; empty glumes subulate, setaceous, as long as the florets
or longer or shorter; floral glume 8-10 mm. long, firm, smooth or
rough, mucronate, 5-nerved above.
" This is perhaps the most strikingly variable grass upon the
coast, and would furnish several species were the characters con-
stant. At one extreme its stems, according to Mr. Bolander, are
13 ft. high and its roots do good service in retaining the soil of the
banks of streams. In these luxuriant forms the culm is as large as
the little finger, and the leaves, an inch or more broad, are over 8
ft. long. The spike is sometimes an incli and a half thick, dense
and continuous, with erect appressed branches 2 inches long, or it
is much lobed or sometimes interrupted, with the branches in sep-
arate clusters. In most of these large forms the florets are jiale
straw-coloi i, membranaceous, though in some they are greenish
and coriaceous, in which respect they approach the variety friii-
coidi's ; indeed no strict line can bo drawn to separate them, and
the variety is proposed for those forms that are liable to be taken
for some large Tn'ficuin. When it violates the diaracter of the
genus so far as to have but 1 spikelet at a joint, there is uotliing to
distinguish the specimens from Triticuni, tliough none have been
noticed in winch there were not somewhere upon the spike two
spikelets to the joint. The triticoid forms sometimes branch, and
Nuttall collected on Wapatoo Island a subpaniculate form, with
branches naked below." Thurb. S. AVats. liot. Calif. t» : Siij ( 1S80).
Colorado, CuKsidy ; Montana, Anderxon (»; Wasliiiigtoii, Smid-
Icrg 437, Suksdorf WH^', California, Orruti 473: Lower California,
Orrntt.
Coloratlo to Washington and California.
7. E. ambiguuB V. & S. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:280
(1893).
A densely tufted, rigid perennial, 00-120 cm. high. Leaves of
the sterile shoots erect, the blades involute, .<mooth or scabrous,
30-45 cm. long. 2-4 mm. wide, leaves of the culm about 4 in num-
ber; ligule very short; blades 15-25 cm. long. Spikes erect. 8-13
cm. long; rachis scabrous. Spikelets 2 at each j«)iut or sometimes
«ingle at the extremities of the spike, scabrous, 5-9-flowered, 8-22
662 POACE.E.
mm. long, empty glumes subulate, 12-15 mm. long, 0.5-0.7 mm.
wide; tlorul glume firm, obscurely S-nerved, 8-13 mm. long, tlie
short teeth une(iual, awn about 3 mm. loug; pulea as loug as its
glume. Grain about 7 mm. long.
Type specimen, Colorado (Pen Gulch), Vascy in 1884; also
collected in Montana by Andvrmn in 1889.
8. E. elymoidcB (Kafin.) Sweozy, Cat. Neb. PI. 15 (1891).
^fjgilops Injstrix Nutt. (Jen. 1:86 (1818). Sifaniun elymoidcs
Ralin. Jour. Phys. 89:103(1819). B. Sitanion U. & S. Miint.
2 :436 (1824).
Culms tufted, 10-60 cm. high. Leaves glabrous, scabrous, or
hirsute; sheaths of the culm 3-4 in number, longer than the inter-
nodes, the upper inflated; ligule a mere line; blades mostly flat, the
apex setaceously pungent, the upper one 3-5 cm. long, 3-3 mm.
wide. Spikes included at the base or on short pedicels, 5-15 cm.
long, easily breaking into pieces. Spikelets 2, sometimes 3, at each
joint of the rachis, 2-4-flowered; empty glumes single, or some or
all of them unequally divided to the base, extending insensibly into
stiff diverging awns 4-9 cm. long; floral glume 7-10 mm. long, sca-
brous, 5-nerved above, bearing an awn as^long as those of the empty
glumes, often with a short awn on either side of the apex; palea
entire, emargiiuite or bearing 3 short bristles.
A very variable grass, concerning a collection of which General
Munro, as quoted by Dr. Thurber in S. Wats. liot. Calif., said:
"A valuable series, showing how many species and even genera
might be made out of this one."
Colorado, Jones 531, Patterson 153, Lctterman '6S; Montana,
Anderson 'i'i,, Williams; Arizoim, Rusbi/, Tonmei/ '7*Jo, 797; Wash-
ington, Hoioell; California, Pringle, Orcntt.
Kocky Mountains to Texas, California, and Mexico.
9. E. Saundersii Vasey, liuU. Torr. Club, 11: 126 (1884).
This is closely related to £. cicmoidcs, of whicii it is perhaps
only a variety. The leaves are a little longer, spikelets often only
one at a joint of the spike, empty glumes narrowly elliptical, with
a shorter awn, unequally divided at the apex.
Colorado, \'asey.
IIOKDE^. 663
10. E. Virginicus L. Sp. PI. 84 (175.'}). E. Carolinianus Walt.
Fl. Car. 82 (1788).
Culms upright, firm, slender, 00-100 cm. high. Leaves 5-7 in
numher, sheaths about the length of the interuodes; ligulo very short,
auriculate; blades Hat, scabrous, 15-20 cm. long, S-10 mm. Avide.
Spike Tisually partially included by the sheatli, rigid, dense. 5-15
cm. long, 1 cm. thick. Spikelets 2-3 at each joint, 2-4-tlowered,
enij)ty glumes glabrous, 12-15 mm. long, thick, spreading at the
base, incurved, each usually unsymmetrical, 6-S-nerved, j)ointed
or short-awned ; lloral glume 8-10 mm. long, linn, hirsute, short-
awned. E. Canadensis var. minor V'asey, from Texas, belongs here.
lihode Island, Tweedy; New York, Clinton; Pennsylvania, iS>r/i-
?/c;'3535; Michigan. //«'«/ 1 03; Jowa, Ilifrlirork; M'mncsotu, Arthur
li 205; Kansas, Cassidi/; Wyoming, liuffuni C 41.
Low land, Xew England, Minnesota, Colorado to Texas.
Var. glaucus n. vai-. Glaucous throughout and seedlings also
glaucous. 15-20 cm. taller than the species.
Michigan (Agricultural College), Beat 1G4, 105.
Var. submuticus Hook Fl. lior. Am. 2:255 (1840). Awns
none, empty glumes acute or acuminate. This passes insensibly
into the species.
Michigan, Heal; Illinois, J. Wolfe.
11. E. Macounii Vasey, (irass. IT. S. 40 (1883), name only; in
Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 1H» (1880). /;. nilidns Vasey, 1. c.
Culms in dense tufts, 00-!»0 cm. high. Leaves of culms 3 or 4
.n inimber, ligulc 1 mm. long; blades erect, scabrous, S-15 cm. long,
4-10 cm. wide. Spike erect, slender, cylindrical, exserted, 5-12 cm.
long, 0.5-1 cm. broad, an internode of the rachis near the middle
4 mm. long. Some of the lower spikeb'ts in pairs, those above
often single. 1-3-tlowered; empty glumes 2 to a spikelet, 8 mm.
long, about 1.3 mm, wide, 3-5-nerved, or for 1 or 2 spikelets there
may be 3 emjity glumes, 1 each side and 1 in front, all alike or the
middle one wider, awns slender, 1.5 cm. long, some of them with a
short awn at one side. Spikelets when in pairs arc alike or one is
smaller and raised on a })edicel; lloral glume oblong-lanceolate,
scabrous, margins hyaline, ciliate; 2 lower llorets of a si)ikelet very
654 POAC'E^.
nearly the same height, the third raised 2 mm. or more. In one case
a 10-uerved glume with 2 awns covered 2 paleae and the stamens
and pistil; palea obtuse or retuse, equal to its glume. This resem-
bles Agropyron iu having some single spikelets, Ilordeum in having
a small spikelot raised on a pedicel, and Elynrux in other particulars.
Colorado, Vamjm 1S84; Montana, Anihrson'i^; British Amer-
ica, Macoim (4500 ft. alt); Oregon, Cusich (GOOO ft. alt.).
Mountains of Colorado to Oregon and British America.
12. E. Caput-Medus.e L. Sp. PI. 84 (ITSS). E. rrimfva
Schreb. Beschr. Graes. 1'). /. 24 (1810).
Culms slender, geniculate, 30-40 cm. high, the upper node not
over one-fifth as high as the culm. Leaves of the culm '2 in number,
upper sheath slightly inflated; ligule very short; l)lades involute,
narrow, 3-<; cm. long. Spike dense, stout, 3-4 cm. long, with
spreading awns, some of which are 5 cm. long. Spikelets 2 at a
joint or only 1 on the lower part of the spike, 1-floweretl, racliilla
bearing an empty glume of a second Horet; empty glumes narrow,
rough, spreading, 2 cm. long; floral glume liispid, 7 nun. long,
gradually merging into the long awn.
Oregon, Ilovell 132G.
Introduced from Europe.
13. E. Canadensis L. Sp. V\. 83 (1753). E. riiilmJeJpJnnfs L.
Amu'n. Acad. 4:200 (i:5i>).
Culms stout, GO-120 cm. high. Leaves rough, 4-5, sheaths
mostly louger than the internodes; ligule about 1 mm. long, auric-
idate; blades flat or involute, 15-30 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide.
Spikes exserted, nodding, 12-15 cm. long. Spikelets usually 2 at a
joint, 3-5-flowered ; empty glumes subulatt;, 1 mm. wide, 3-4-
nerved, the nerves tapering into an awn usually shorter than itself;
floral glume 10-12 mm. long, rough hairy with a slender awn 2-3-
cm. long, usually spreading.
Michigan, Be((l IGO; Illinois, Beat 107; Colorado, Casxidy;
Montana. Anderson 27.
New Endand to California.
Yar. glaucifolius (Muhl.) Torr. Fl. U. S. 1:137 (1824). E.
glaucifoUns Muhl. Willd. Enum. 1:131 (1809).
HORDED
665
Pale and glaucous throughout; awns usually more slender.
Massiichusetts, Cooky; Michigan, Wheehr; Texas, yealley.
14. E. glaucuB. Viir. tenuis Vascy, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb,
1:280(1893). E. Sihiricus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:255(1840),
not L. E. Aniericanns V. & S. Macoun, Cat. Can. Pt. 4, 245
(1888). E. Sibiriciis var. Americamis Wats. & Coult. A. Gray,
Man. Ed. G, 673 (1890).
Smooth tlironghout excepting the
awns, or scabrous, or culms and leaves
puberulent, rather slender, 60-100 cm.
high. Leaves 4 in number, shcatlis three-
fourths as long as the internodes; ligule
very sliort; blades flat, 15-25 cm. long,
7-10 mm. wide. Spikes exsorted, 5-18
cm. long, erect or nodding. Spikelets in
pairs, sometimes single, 2-6-flowcred;
empty glumes about 8 mm. long, linear-
lanceohite, 3-5-nerved, with an awn 3-35
Bnm. long; floral glume rough, firm, 10
mm. long, with an awn 1-3 cm. long. ForFio. 124 — 7?Z//to«« glavcua.
, , . A. spiktlet ; b, empty glume,
some years supposed by American au- (liichurdsou.)
thors to be E, Sihiricus Jj.
Washington, IToiveU, E. C. Smith; Oregon, Howell, CiisicJc:
southern California, Pariah. Very variable.
Lake Superior to the Pacific Coast.
15. E. striatus Willd. Sj). PI. 1 : 470 (1797). E. striatus vil-
lostis A. Gray, Man. 1 : 603 (1848).
Plant usually more or le.-<3 pubescent. Culms slender, 30-GO
cm. high, often not over 0.7 mm. diam. just below the spike.
Leaves 5-C in number, sheaths about as long as the internodes,
unsymnu'trically auriculate ; ligule very sliort ; blades scabrous,
flat, 15-18 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide. Spike dense, often
nodding, 5-10 cm. long. Spikelets usually in pairs, 2-3-
flowered ; empty glumes awl-shaped, 1-4 nerved, twice as long
as the florets and half as wide as the floral glunu^, which is 6-7 mm.
long, not including the slender awn 1-3 cm. l<»ng.
066 POACE.E.
New York, Clinton for Dr. Chi He U'.Ml; Delaware, Martinilale;
District of Columbia, McCarthy; Micliigau (Fliut), Dr. Clarke
(Rolliu) Beal
River-banks, New England to Minnesota and southward.
145. (276). ASPEBELLA llunib. Roeni. & Ust. :Ma«,'. ]>art 7, 3:
6 (1790). Ifiistrix Ma'ucli, Metli. 294 (1794). Giimioslii-lnim
Sclircb. licsclir. Griics. '.' : 127, t. 47 (1810). Asprella Will.l. Eiiuni.
llort. lierol. i:}2 (180!»).
Spikelets 1-4-flowi'red, 2 or rarely J in number, sessile at the
nodes of the excavated racliis of the simple spike, rachilla urtieulato
below the florets, which are perfect or the ujiper imi)erfect. Em])ty
glumes 0, or represented by 1-2 small spines below the K]>ikelets;
floral glume narrowly lanceolate, involute, firm, round on the back,
5-nerved above, extending into an awn; palea shorter than the
glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct, stignuis
jdumose. Grain narrow, oblong, villous at the apex, grooved on
the inside, adhering to the palea. Perennial grasses; spikes ter-
minal, looser and more slender than in Lli/tniis.
Sj)eeies 4, of which 2 belong to North Anu'rica, 1 to Siberia,
and a fourth to Xew Zealand.
1. A. Hystrix (L.) Micnch, .Afetli. 2!)4 (1794). Hottlk-mucsh
Grass. Asprella Jfi/.sfri.r Willd. Enuni. 132 (1S09). Elynius
Hystrix L. Sp. PI. 5G0 (I7r)3). (iytnnostivhnni /fys/ri.c Schreb.
lieschr. Griies. 2:127 (1810). (ryiiuiosf ichnmmaj us Uaynh. ^oin.
l:3;i. Hystrix jxttula Mwnch, Meth. 295 (1794); Ify.strix
Hystrix Millsp. Fl. W. Va. 474 (1S!»2).
A rather smooth or sparingly scal)rous tufted grass, 60-120 cm.
high. Leaves 5-0 in number; sheaths shorter than the in t "modes ;
ligule a mere ring; blades flat, inverted, 15-20 cm. long, 8-15
mm. wide. S[>ike loose, rachis slender, 6-15 cm. long. S])ikeleta
1-3 at a joint, spreading, early deciduous; empty glumes sometimca
rei)resented by slender rudiments; floral glume smooth or rough, 9
mm. long, tipped with an awn 2-4 times its length ; i)ah'a as long
as its glume, obtuse. Glaucous plants were found by 0. F,
AVheeler in Ionia County, Michigan.
Vermont, Pringk ; Pennsylvania, Scritmer ^or V. S. Dept»
BAMBUSEiE.
657
Apricul. 790; Now York, lien} 108; Michigan, Wheeler, Heal,
CVflrX; 734; WLsconsin, Ilohiuyvr.
Moist woods. New Eiijijliiml to Miiiiiesotji and
Texas,
'i. A. Californica (lioland.). (rf/miios/irhinn
Catifornicum lioland. Cat. .'Jo (1870); Tliurl). S.
Wats. Hot. Calif. 2:327 (18H0). Asprella Cult-
fontica Hentli.
Culms 1-2 m. liigli. Slioaths, at least the
lower, clotlu'd with short stiff spreading hairs;
ligule very short ; blades Hat, ample, scahrous,
10-25 mm. wide. Spikes 15-25 cm. long, llexuose,
interrupted below, dense above. Spikelefs mostly
in pairs, 1-3-llowered, on very short eallus-like
pedicels, with little trace of empty glumes, ap-
pressed, at least when young ; floral glume 12
mm. long, broadly lanceolate, 5-0-nerved above,
the nerves, especially the marginal ones, ciliate-
hispid with short stiff rather distant white hairs;
awn stout, rough, straight, one-half longe.' than
its glume; palea equal to its glume, ciliate above.
When young much resembling Elyinus conilen*
safufi.
California, Anderson for U. S. Nat. Herb.
California.
Trttji: III.— BAMBUSEiE.
Fio. 135. — ^«-
perella II y a .
trix. Spike,
k't. (Scribner.)
Spikelets 2-8- (rarely 1-) flowcre<], in i)anicles or racemes.
Empty glumes 2 to many, shorter than the nearest tloral glumes:
floral glume many-nerved, awnless or with a sliort straight terminal
awn ; palea 2- to many-nerved, rarely nerveless. Lodicules usually 3.
very large. Stamens 3 to many. Styles 2-3, often united at the
base. Grain free. Tall woody grasses, with broad blades usually
articulate at the sheath.
151. (277). AruNDINARIA Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 1:73 (1803).
Miegia Pers. Syn. 1:101 (1805). Ludoljia Willd. (Jes. Naturf.
668 POACE^.
Fr. Berl. Mag. 2 : 320 (1808), Macrotmx Rafin. Mod. Rejios.
N. Y. 5 : '.]b'l (1808). Tnghmum Fisch. Cat. Jard. (Jorenk.
(1812). Thamnovuhimns Miinro, Trans. Linn. Soe. 20 : 33
(1868).
Spikelets many-flowered, often long, compressed, vacemosc or
paniculate, rachilla at lengtli articulate below the flowers, which
are j)crfect or the upper imperfect, rarely the lower nude. Empty
glumes 1-2, unequal, the lower sometimes absent ; floral glunie
longer, membranaceo-herl)aceous, convex on the back, not keeled,
many-nerved, acute, acuminate, or bristle-pointed ; palea a little
shorter than its glume, or equal to it, strongly 2-keeled. Lodicules
3. Stamens 3. Ovary often hairy aliove ; styles 2-3, joined for
a little way at the base; stignuis clothed with long feathery
branches. Grain oval or narrowly oblong, grooved, included by
the glume and palea, but not atlherent.
1 all woody grasses, with clustered branches, broad, flat, persist-
ent blades, often with short-jointed petioles, transverse nerves
obscure or conspicuous. Inflorescence usually terminal, simple and
close, or loosely panicled. Spikelets large, green or colored, the
long glumes finally spreading.
Species 24, belonging to the warmer or tropical parts of Asia
and America.
The Bamboos have l)een admirably monographed by General
Munro in the twenty-sixth voluine of the Transactions of the Lin-
mwan Society.
1. A. macrosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:T4 (1803). Caxe.
A. hamhusiana Trin. Fund. Agrost. 97 (I81'i). .1. (jigantm
Chapm. Fl. S. States, 561 (1860).
Culms erect, hard, woody, 3-12 m. higli, 0.5-7 cm. diam.,
jointed every 20-30 cm. for lialf its length, simple the first year,
branching the second, fruiting after (?) years, and then dying to the
ground. Ligule cut-fringed; blades lanceolate, acuminate, nearly
smooth, 2-5 cm. wide. Panicles lateral, racemed. Spikelets
purple, erect, elliptical-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long, 7-12-flowered,
first empty glume 5 mm. long, ovate-obtuse, 7-nerved, second 10
mm. long, clasping, ovate-acute, 11-nerved; floral glume ovate.
BAMBl'SK.E.
eno
short-pointed, l7-norvctl, margins ciliutc ; palea equal to its glume,
2-toothe(l. ll-nerved, two of
wliioli uro ciliutf.
Arkansas, \Vorthi»yton for
U. S. De|)t. A<,'ricul.
Banks of the larger rivers
in the Soutliern States.
'I'ho young growth is some-
times used for forage ; the
mature stems for lish-rods,
scatTolds for drying cotton,
pieces for pij)e-stenisand pipes,
and the bottoms of chairs,
mats, and for other purjjoses.
Var. tecta (Walt.).
SwiTcii-cANE. Small Cane.
Kekd. Arundinan'a frcta
Muhl. Desc. Uber. liU (1817).
Aruudo tecta Walt. Fl. Car.
81 (1788), teste Muhl.
Culms suffruticose, slender,
branching, 60-300 cm. high.
Sheaths bearded at the throat,
often purple ; blades linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, nearly
smooth. Spikelets solitary or Fio. '[26.—Arundinaria macrotperma.
t , fl 1- 1 -1, spikolet; a, floret. (Scribiier.)
raccmeu on leafless radical ^ '
culms, lance-elliptical, 2-3 cm. long, ."i-D-flowered ; first eni))ty
glume oval, abruptly pointed, 7-nerved, 5 mm. long ; second oval,
abruptly pointed, 15-nerved, 9 mm. long ; lloral glume ovate,
mucronate, 17-nerved, 13 mm. long; palea emarginate, equalling
its glume, about 13-nerved, liis})id on 'i nerves.
Virginia, Chirkeri}ig for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 79S.
General W. Monro, in his Monograjyli, says: "This one species
bears no less than nine different generic 'uid nineteen specific names.
It varies much in form."
Swamps, Maryland, Illinois, and south.
660 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE
GRAMINE.E OF NORTH AMERICA.
Grasses are very widely distributed over the earth's surface.
The species are most numerous in tropical regions, where the
plants are usually scattered, while in a moist, temperate climate,
though the species are less numerous, the number of plants is
enormous, often clothing vast areas and open places with a close
growth. In temperate regions, wliere sufficient moisture is wanting
to sustain a dense growth, the grasses appear in tufts or bunches
more or less isolated.
The species of grasses of many parts of North America have not
yet been sufficiently studied to enable anyone to outline with much
precision their distribution. Tl.is is partly ov.'ing to the difficulty
of the subject and partly to the lack of thorougli exploration in
the newer sections, especially in ^Mexico and countries to the south.
In Genera Plantarnm of Bentliam and Hooker the genera of
Gramineae have been recorded at 298; the species, at the highest,
about 3200. The number of genera is now known to be a little
larger, and the number of species discovered has increased con-
siderably.
Many botanists are inclined to separate grasses into more genera
and more species than have the authors of the standard work above
mentioned.
The number of genera native to North America, including the
West Indies, so far as discovered and described, is about 140,
The number of genera introduced, mostly as weeds, 25.
The number of species native to North America, about 1275.
The number introduced as weeds, etc., about 105.
The whole number of genera, IGo.
The whole number of species now known here, 1380.
No doubt there are still a considerable number especially of
native southern species yet to be discovered, and some others will
ere long find a home as emigrants from foreign lands.
THE GRAMINE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. 661
The lists of grasses to bo fouud in Asia, Africa, and Soutli
America are too imperfectly known to be mentioned here.
For Europe we are more fortunate in having the excellent
Conspectus of C. F. Nyman, published in 1882. According to
Nyman, the number of genera of grasses in Europe is -iT ; the num-
ber of species, 5T0.
In 1877 was publislied lientham's Flora Aiistraliensis. In this
work the author records the number of genera of grasses, native
and exotic, as 41 ; the species as 338.
In these enumerations it must be remembered that the Eu-
ropean rej)ort is the more recent, that the grasses of Europe have
been the more thoroughly studied, and that Nyman makes more
species than woukl Mr. Bentham in the same territory. No doubt
by this time a considerable number of species have been added to
that given by Bentham in his Australian Flora.
Most likely the various persons who have from time to time
described the grasses found on this continent have nuide many
more species, and some more genera, tlum Mr. Bentliam would
have done, and we are using his list as our standard in comparing
the grasses of these countries. Even with these explanations, the
reader must understand that the figures here given are somewhat
misleading and in favor of North America.
Below I include the species introduced and established, as well
as those which are endemic.
Among the genera of grasses in the world there are at least
twenty-four which contains each thirty or more siiecies.
-. \..-.v y-'
'>:x- ......
■I
1
\
-:^ ' > .,
-1
~ 6 ---/-^A'^
b
fi > V
o-
"i
• -»■.,, I
^
^^v.
t. I.
y >^ .,, ... ;■ f ■ ' •'"'J X-#-v»-^
U. ,(.., .0 ^
x^-^^'
u.^'^, ... %^
662
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
Pivnicum.
PuspuUira
Species.
. , < Chrysopogon )
Audiopogon ^ Heteropogou ]
Calamagrostis
Agrostis
Arlstida,.
Eiagrostis
Stipa
Danthonia
Muhlenbcrgia
Poaaud Atropis
Sporobolus
Festuca
Trisetum
ChamiBraphis (Setaria).
Broinvis
Pennisetum
Cliloris
Avena
Melica
Bouteloua
Paniculaiia (Glyceiia).
Clnis(iuea
IscluL'inum.
250
160
130
120
105
100
100
100
100
89
80
80
80
50
42
40
40
40
40
32
30
30
30
30
III N. A.
85
74
59
31
37
51
38
31
6
76
58
49
46
18
40
27
18
17
11
23
30
16
8
1
I'er Cent of
all In N. A.
84
46
45
26
35
51
38
31
6
85
73
61
57
36
95
67
43
43
27
68
100
53
27
3
Of genera of medium or small size, containing from 2-28 speeiea
each, the following are named, viz.
Species.
Ill N. A.
Per Cent of
all ill N. A.
Leptochloa (Diplachue). .
Oryzopsis
Aiuiidinaria • . •
Arundinella
Biunbusa
Cenchrus
Elymiis
Siegliugia (Triodia)
Agropyroii
l)escluunpsia
Alopecurus
Eriochloa
Ichnauthus
Pappophonim
Olyra
Isiicbne
Miitiisiinis (RottbffiUia.) .
Oplismcnus
Epicanipes
Gaudca
Hordeum
Arlbrostylidiuin
Ellonurus
Eriantbus
Saccharum
28
24
24
34
24
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
18
16
16
15
12
12
13
12
12
18
10
4
4
2
19
18
14
13
13
7
7
7
6
4
8
3
16
13
6
8
3
3
8
2
64
40
17
17
8
95
90
70
60
60
35
35
35
30
20
15
17
100
81
40
41
THE GUAM1NE.E OF NOKTH AMERICA.
663
Kneleria
Tnichypogou
Polypogou
Phiilaris
Hi'iza
Phleum
Pariunii
SaviistiiDa (HierocbloC). . .
Spartina
Grapliepliuruin
Hclcochloa
Cainpiilusus (Cttiiiium). . .
Eleusine
Bracliy podium
Eiitunia
GyinnopogoD
Zeiigites
Hilaria
Leptiirus
Luziola
Milium
HoinalocencUrus (Lcersia)
Dislichlis
Tricliloris
IMiarus
Arthophora
Oryza
Platonia
Uniola
Ammophila
Tripsiicuni
Iinperita
Sclt'iopogou
Munroa
Reiniaria
^Egopogoii
Anthttiiitinthia
Catliesteclium
Cha;tiiim
Ciniiii
Euchlicim
Tripliispis
Asperellti
Disantlielium
Pleuropogon
Gyiiericuui
Heiiiiirthria
Ampliiciirpuni
Boiilia
Ert'inoclila'
Eriocoma
OrcuUia
Ortiioclada
Tliurberia
Konycarpus (Diarrheua). .
Piiragmites.
Species.
lu N. A.
IVr Cent of
all in N. A.
13
1
8
11
3
27
10
5
50
10
5
m
10
4
40
10
3
20
10
1
10
9
5
55
8
6
T5
8
4
50
8
2
25
7
3
43
7
3
43
6
3
50
6
6
100
6
r,
83
6
83
6
4
66
6
3
33
6
2
33
6
1
17
5
5
100
5
3
60
5
3
60
5
2
40
5
1
20
5
1
20
5
1
20
5
5
100
4
4
100
4
4
100
4
3
75
4
2
50
4
1
35
4
1
25
3
3
100
3
3
100
3
3
100
3
3
100
3
3
100
3
3
100
8
3
100
3
2
67
3
2
67
3
67
3
1
33
3
1
33
2
2
100
2
2
100
2
2
100
2
2
100
2
2
100
2
2
100
2
2
100
2
1
50
2
1
50
664 GEOaitAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION^ OF
The following genera of only one si)ecies eacli are found in North
America and elsewhere : Catabrosa, Coleanthus, Cottea, Phippsia.
The following genera, containing one species each, arc limited
to North America: Bavchea, Brachychjtrmn, Bulbilis, Calamachloa,
Ifydrochloa, Monanthochloc, Opiziu, llachidospei'mmn, licdfieldia,
lieynadia, Schaffncra, Schedonnardus, Scrihneria, Zizaniu, Zi-
zaniopsis.
The following species found in North America are very widely
distributed elsewhere, viz. :
Agrostis {scahrit) hyemalis B. S. P. Cool N. A. and Australia.
Andropogon con tortus. Tropical and subtropical America,
Asia, Africa, Australia.
Ardagrostis Uitifolia Gris. Arctic Ai^ia, Europe, and North
America.
Beckinamtia erncceformis Host. Tonii)eriite Europe, Toniperato
Asia, Western North America.
Ciitabrosa aquativa lieauv. Tennterate Europe, Asia, Nortli
America.
Cetichrus tribuloides L. North America, South America, Asia,
Africa.
Coleanthus subtilis Seid.
Cottwa p(ij)pophoroides Kunth.
Deschampsia ciespitosa Bcauv. Temperate and cool regions of
the world.
BisticJiUs marititna Raf. Seacoast of America and Australia.
Erayrostis ciUaris Link. Nortli America, South America, East
Indies, Africa.
Eragrostis reptaus hypnoides !>. S. P. Nortli America. South
America.
Festuca ovina L. Temperate regions of the world.
Panicularia {(Hyrvria) Jlnitans \{. \\r. Temperate anil cool
Northern Hemisphere and Australia.
Savastana {Hierochlo'd) cdpina R. & S. Cold Northern Jfemi-
sphere.
Savastana {IlicrocJdoc) borealis R. & 8. Cold and temperate
Northern Hemisphere.
New England to Kocky
Mountains.
THE UUAMINE.E OF NORTH AMERICA. 665
K(vlcria cristata Pers. Temp, and subtrop. X. Ileniis. and Aust.
Homaloceiichnis (Leersia) hcjranilrn Swz. Soutli Eastern North
America to Buenos Ayres, Al'rica, Australia, East Indies.
Lycurus phlvoiiles II. H. K.
jilani.su r us granularis Swz. All tropical regions.
PaHumm capillare L. All cool and warm regions.
Paniciim Crus-galli L. All cool and warm regions.
Paninun lulunum L. Most warm and tropical regions.
P((nicuin prosirafttm Lam. Most warm and tropical regions.
Paxpahim coxjugatum Borg. Warm parts of North America,
Soutli America, Australia, Africa.
PasiHtlutn distich II m L. AVarm parts of North America, South
America, Australia, Africa.
Phippsia algida R. Br.
Spartina cynosuruides Willd.
Spurt ina polystachya Willd.
Spartina striata Both.
Sporobolus Virginicus Kth. All warm regions.
Chamcprap/iis (Sefaria) glauva Beauv. All temp, and trop.
regions.
Xazia (Tragus) racemos^^s Hall.
Trisi'tum sHhspicatum Beauv. Temperate and cool North
America and Austral ia.
The following species of North America are couliuvil to limited
areas, viz. :
Aiiifthiriirpmih Fioviuainnn Fla. Orcnttin ^r/vv /i(7 Vascy. Calif.
Aiidrnjioi/D/i tiivliitux C\m\). I Uuinlii Piifnui^i Vnsvy, Mouth of Colo-
" bnicfii/M/iK'/ii/ UK L'hii\K ', ^ rado River.
" (//v/r/Vi.v Spreiii:. I ''^'^' Anxtida F/nrulniKi Viisvy. Fla.
" liiii/i/ii rlii.iUnck. J " (///riiii.t i'\\»\). Kla.
Eriorhloa iiioIUs Kth. I'hi. " JunesH Vasey. Arizona.
Uoiiiiilofenfliru.t (Lk vxi.i) inonanld " Orriitfidun Yixi^vy. Arizona
Swz. Fla. " Pidinivi Vasey. Arizona.
Liiziila Alidiniiivnsis C\\A\K Ala. " piduxtvixXaaey. Fla.
Eriocldoii Li iiniiiini \ . IL 'A, Arizona. " «ca/>/v/ Chap. Fla.
Jlitiiria rii/idii Vasoy. Arizona. " simplkifoUa, Fla,
P/ndiiri-i Li'iitinoiii Vasey. Arizona. " spkifoninx Ell. Fla.
■OrctitlUi Cidi/oruicu Vasey. South
Calif.
666
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Oi
Ninety genera are represented by species in both hemispheres.
In comparing some of the genera of Europe with some of thoso
of North America, we find that
Europe has 40 species of Arena ; North America has 11 species.
" " 28 " *' FeHtiica; " " " 40 "
*i *' 12 " *• Kwhria; •' " '• 1 "
" 9 " " Phleum; "■ " " 1
North America has 171 species of Panicmn ; Europe lias species,
• • «> Q H,
70
" Mithlenbergia;
59
" Andropogon ;
51
" Aristida;
49
" Sporobidus ;
74
" Pasjndum ;
38
" Eragrostis ;
30
" Bouteloua;
10
" Oryzopsis;
*' 1
" 1
t «
••
' 5 "
<
One species each of foar small though conspicuous European
genera are cultivated in North America, viz.: Anfhoxanfhiwiy
ArrhenntJiernm, Dadylis, Lolium.
In comparing some of the genera of Australia with some of
those of North America, we find that Australia has no large genus
of grasses not represented in North America, though that country
has a few genera of medium size and many of a small size not rep-
resented in this country.
North America h
(i
tt
n
tt
t(
<(
tt
tt
ct
IS 70 Sp. of Muhlenberg ia ; Australia has Sp.
30 "
" Bouteloua;
<<
i t
''
10 "
" Oryzopsis;
<<
'•
"
6 "
" Hilar ia;
<(
t .
"
G "
" Spariina ;
<(
. li
"
12 "
*' Deschampsia ;
4(
tt
1 "
40 "
" Festnca;
(<
tt
3 "
37 "
" Agrostis ;
(<
It
3 *'
74 "
" Paitpalum ;
<<
tt
4 "
49 '•
"■ Sporobolus ;
tt
tt
"
76 "
" Poa (A/ropis);
><
tt
8 "
THE GRAMINEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. 667
t
North America, as would be expected from its extent and con-
figuration, has a greater number and variety of grasses than Eu-
rope, and Europe a greater number and variety than Australia.
Europe lacks many of the species found in tropical and subtropical
North America and Australia. North America compares favorably
with both Europe and Australia combined. In the north of North
America are species of European genera; in the south, species of
many of the Australian genera.
CENTRES OF CERTAIN LARGE GENERA, SO FAR AS
NORTH AMERICA IS CONCERNED.
Agros/is. Cool west North America.
Andi'opogon. East of Rocky Mountains in warm states.
A ristkla. East of Rocky Mountains in warm states.
Bouteloua. Arizona and Texas.
Bromus. Cool west North America.
Eragrostis. Warm east North America.
Mclica. Pacific coast to Rocky Mountains.
Muldenbergia. Arizona and New Mexico.
Panicv.m. Warm southeastern North America.
Paspalmn, Warm southeastern North America, especially
Florida.
Poa. Cool regions of west North America.
Sporobolus. Warm regions of west North America.
Stipa. Warm regions of west North America.
The following upon the same subject was taken from a paper
read at a meeting of the A. A. A. S. in 189;} by Prof. S. M. Tracy:
" Agrostis, with its 37 species and great number of varieties, is,
as the manuals say, 'common everywhere,' New England having
6 species, Minnesota 3, Oregon 21, Texas 6, and Florida 3; 14 of
the 37 species are confined to the Pacific coast.
" Agropyron, with its 9 species, is distinctively western, all the
species being found in Colorado, the only instance in which so large
a genus has representatives of all its forms in a single state.
668 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
*' Alopecurnx is a Piicilic-coast genus, 7 of its 9 species being
found iu Oregon, wJiile only one other state, Colorado, has more
than 3.
" Andropogon. If we omit those species which have commonly
been called (linjsopogon and Sonjhum, we shall still have 33 left,
and these are largely southern and eastern. Florida leads the list
with 25, of which 7 are peculiar to that state.
" Arisfida is well distributed over tlie entire country, though
more abundant in the south and west. A. pu rpu rmcens is the
common type of the genus, being credited to 31 states.
" Boufelom finds its home on the eouthorn plains, 18 of its 22
species being found in Texas, and 4 are confined to that state.
" Browns, with its 20 species, is found from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, though more abundantly in the far "West, 14 species being
found in California and 10 in Colorado, against 7 in New England,
1 in Florida, and 5 in Tennessee. B. secaHnus and B. Kalmii are
the most widely distributed species, and 10, half the entire number,
are immigrants, mostly on the Pacific coast, and the number of
these will doubtless be largely increased in the near future.
"The famous Buchloe, which was formerly supposed to cover the
entire Western plains with a dense mat of turf, seems now to be
confined to eight or ten states, and to be nowhere abundant.
" CalamagroKfis is essentially a Northern genus, reaching its
greatest development along the slopes of the IJocky Mountains and
among the hills of New England. New England and Minnesota
have 9 each, Oregon 11.
•* Oonohrics (ribuloides makes trouble from ^Maine to California,
and from ^linnesota to Florida, but is not reported from the ex-
treme Northwest.
** Of the 9 species of Chloris only 1 is found beyond the southern
tier of states, and even that does not venture beyond Kansas and
Tennessee.
" Cinna, whether it have 1, 2, 3, or 4 species, as published by
different authors, covers nearly the entire country with some of its
many forms.
''Dantlionia, with its 7 species, is quite local, 3 species being
THE (JRAMIXEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. 669
(•oTiliiied to the Western coast, wliile the otiier 4 are all east of the
mountains and, with a single exeeption, east of the Mississippi River.
Almost the same may be said of the 'J si)ecies of JJetitltdmjmu.
" Ely mils, with its 18 species, has representatives in nearly every
state excepting Florida, but is most abundant in the Kocky Moun-
tain region and on the Pacific slope, California and Oregon having
8 si)ecies each, while New England has but 3 and Texas 5.
** J'Jrttf/rns/is is another genus of wide distribution, 5 of its 25
species being found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, while but 3
species, 1 in California and 2 in Florida, are confined to single
states.
" Fvstnra is also widely dispersed, and is so extremely variable
that it is very difficult to define the limits of many of the so-called
species or their geographical range.
" Glyceria and Afropis form a group with representatives in
nearly every state, though more abundant northeast than elsewhere;
New England having the greatest number, 12, while Minnesota has
6, (^)regon 7, I'exas 2, and Florida only 1.
'' Melica with its 18 species is strongly Avestem, having 12 spe-
cies in California and 11 in Oregon, while only 2 arc found east of
Colorado and Texas.
" Mi(hlenher(iia centres in the arid regions of the Southwest. 28,
or more than half of its 46 species, being found in Texas, while Ari-
zona has no less than 30, or about two-thirds of the entire number.
" Oryzoptiis in some form is found in nearly the Avhole country
excepting south of the Ohio Kiver, where its occurrence is noted but
once.
'* J^anicnm, with some of its 83 species, covers the entire country,
but its distribution is very unequal and appears to be influenced by
both climate and the cultivation of the soil. Many of its forms are
rarely seen excepting in cultivated fields, where they may grow * as
thick as crab-grass,' and many others have a limited range. Many
species which are annuals in the North become perennials in a
miltler climate, and so we find both species and individuals becoming
more numerous as we go South. New England has 21 species,
while Florida has 45; Minnesota has 14, and Oregon oidy 5, while
670 UEOURAPHICAL DISTUIBUTION.
Texas claims 59. California, usually so prolific in local specios of
large genera, has only 11 in all, and none which are peculiar to
that state.
*' Paspalum, with its 39 species, has a still more marked liking
for the southern country, having 29 species in Florida and 28 in
Texas, against 3 in New England, none in Minnesota, and only 1 in
Oregon. It is a genus which flourishes best in heat and moisture,
and is almost wholly absent from the plains or among the moun-
tains ; Tennessee having 9 species, the greatest number in any in-
land state.
" Poa, with its 63 species, finds a place for some of its forms in
every state, but it is most at home in the cool mountain regions
of the North. Oregon and Colorado each luis 26 species, many
of them being local, while California follows closely witli 23, and
Utah with 19. New England, New York, and Pennsylvania each
has 10, while Texas has but 6, and Florida 3.
*' SiegUugia {Triodia), with its 18 species, is almost wholly
Southern and largely Southwestern, Arizona and New Mexico having
10 eacli, Texas 16, and the other Gulf States 5 each.
"• Spartina, with its 7 distinct forms, whether they be called
species or varieties, has some representatives in marshy soils every-
where.
" Stipa, with its 29 species, has but 3 species east of the Missis-
sippi River and but 3 south of the Ohio, but is more abundant
westward, having 7 in Colorado, 15 in Arizona, and 18 in Cali-
fornia.
" Trisctum finds a place for just one-half of its species in Cali-
fornia, while Oregon and Colorado have 4 each, and Texas 3."
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INDEX.
Abola Adans., 317
AchiCta plumosa Fourn., 340
Achnathemm Beauv., 212
AchnodoH Link, 275
Achnodouton Heauv., 274
Acnuhne Wight & Arn.. 428
Acrathcrum Link, 76
Acrospt-lion Bess., 373
ActinocJdoa \Villd.,413
irracilis WHkl., 417
^hirsHU, R. & S., 417
Aeiiialiita Schultes, 494
Aet,'i<i/if's Trin., 494
yE^ri/ofs L., 641, 643
(iromalioi Walt., 401
hystrix Null., 653
/Ei^opogou H. & B., 70
iEGOPOGON Btauv., 70
cenchroides H. & B., 73
geminiflorus H. & B., 73
var. abortivuB Fourn., 73
var. unisetus (R. &. S.) Fourn., 7; J
gracilis Vasey, 73^
tiniutiis R. & S., 73
A'^lvria Wilki., 100
Agntitliis Beauv., 330
aitiiiiiis Beauv., 334
AGROPYRON J. Gartn., 634
caninoides (R. Pound), 640
caninum a..) Beau^., 639
laninuni nuilatcfuL- Vasey, 63i)
caiiiiiuiii (forma) liohuesiriis R.
Pounil, 635
dasystaohyum (Hook ) Scribn , liod
diver gens Nees, 638
glaucum (Desf.) R. & S., 6'.i7
repens (L.) Beauv.. 636
var. tenerum (Vasey), 637
Scribneri Vasey, 638
tfiieriini Vasey, 637
unilatcraU Beauv., 635_
tiiiil<i/eriilr Cassidy, 635
violaoescens (R. Pound), 635
AGROPYRON
Tiolaceum (Hornm.) Vasey, 639
violiUiUni (forma) caninoides R.
Pound, 640
AGROSTIDEiE, 189
AGROSTIS L.,319
aequivalvis Trin., 329
itiroides Torr., 399
.\i.HA L., 332
,,1,^'idn Wold., 283
tilpiiui Scop., 334
altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm., 334
iirachuoidt's Ell., 333
urinaria Scribn., 330
aspfra Miclix., 387
ospi'rifolia Trin., 331
attenuata Vasey, 334
harhata Pers., 303
/•reri/olia Nuit., 388
Ciliforiiita Trin., 331
canina L., 324
var. 1,-1/ II ira his Trin., 339
var. alpina Oakes, 334
var. Btolonifera Vasey, 3'M
cinna Latn., 318
,i,iiid,-stin<i Muld., 387
lompri'ssiis Torr., 397
loustriilns Vasey, 330
crvpt'indrd Torr., 304
densiflora \'asey, 336
Diegoensis \'asey, 338
/hiiiiini^ri/sis Siliult., 304
Elliottiana Scluilt., 333
,-/i>i/,^<i/ii Lam., 391
exarata Trin., 330
cxarata iidcrophylla S. Wats., 336
exigua Thurb. , 333
fasciculata (H. B. K.) R. & S., 331
Jilif'ormis Muhl., 353
foiiosa Vasey, 338
geminata Trin., 336
(jir.ANTKA Gaud., 333
grandis Trin. 331
67:
678
IN'DEX.
Ageostis
Hallii Vasey, 335
Howellii Scribn., 333
////«/«//> Vasey, 330
hyemaliB(Walt.)B. S. P., 327
imhliiittit Spreng., 264
Imiia, L., 296
Inflata Scribn., 325
iiitiiryupta L. , 3i)7
///;/«•</ Michx., 290 ^^
latcriflortx Michx., 2o'~<
hitif'olui Trevir., 318
littomlis Lam., 303
hni;ifoliii Torr.^ 287
A/iriarnii L., 252
Michituxii Trill., 327
microphvlln Sieud., tJdl
microphylla Steud., 32o
var. major Vasey, 3-JO
viia-ospentui Lag., 253
mturofwta Thurb.. 320
multiiulmis Vasey, 32«
KoviC-Auslur Vasey, 3-4
Oregonensis Vasey, odd
pallots Trin.^ 331
/,//^■i/<^ 323
/<,;„<^u<7 R. Br., 31b
perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm., 328
jiurpnrt'ii Gaud., 3i)7
nui'tHosa Michx., 252
r(f>ciis Scribn., 328
/v'owvr Vasey, 331
rostiiuln Raddi, 283
scahra Willd., 327
Scouleri Trin., 328
Stviili-rii Trin., 323
seri.ra Ell., 256
serotimi Torr., 296^
setifolia Fourn. , 325
solu'Ut'fi'" Muhl., 244
Spict'i-renti L., 356
Mini flora Willd.. 25;»
tenuiB Vasey, 331
Tornvana Schult., 29 «
triifiopoties Ell., 256
variauB Trin., 331
vertioillata Vill.. 329
Tirescens H. B. K., 323
riri^iniid L., 302
yiri^iniiii Muhl., 293
iiidis, 323 _
with ■,iili;<iris, 325 b33
AIBAL.,361
aqudtiiit L., 496
ant i ill Spreng., 364
atyopurpuren Wahl., 366
Bottniia Wahl., 369
brevi folia Biej). , 309
ucridea L., 475
caspitosa L., 368
(apilhiris Salzm., 362
CARYOI'IIYLI.EA L., 36-
cristata L..495
danthoniodes Trin., d<0
eloHi^ata Ho()k._, 371
Jlexuosu L., 365
hold for mis Sieud., 3«0
mdicoidcs Michx., 562
w/<.///.y Muhl., 493
1 obttisata Michx., 492
I'R.KCOX L., 30-
purpurea Walt., 469
pusilla Schur., 362
spiiata L., 377^
sul'spioita L., 377
tri flora Ell., 493
tr'uncaia Muhl., 492
Airidium Steud., 363
Airochloa Link. 494, 49;)
Allasostaihywn Nees, .)-0
Ai.riNK FoxiAii., 277
ALOPECUKUS L^, 276
AGRF.STIS L , 278
alpinus J. E. Sni., 2«7
aristulatus Michx., 280
CalifornicuB Vasey, 2*9
eloiii^atus Poir., 313
fulvns Smith, 280
l;emcui.a rus L., 280
var. aristulatus Torr., 2oU
var. fulvuB (J. E. Smith) Scribn.
280
var. robuBtUB Vasey, 280
Howellii Vasey, 277
var. Merrimani nov. van, 2«o
Maiounii Vasey, 277
maritiinus Poir., 313
vionspeliciisis L., 31-
occidentalis Scribn., 277
VRATKNSIS L., 278
var. alpfstris Wahl., 2(»
BaccatUB Vasey, 278
utriiulatus Sch., 278
Alvaa Willd., 100
Amaxitis Adans., 523
Amber Cane, 58
Amldvtes Dulac, 474
AMMOPHILA Host., 353
arenaria (L.) Link, 3.54
hre-dpilis Henth., 355
Curtissii Vasey, 35.5_
lotti'i folia Vasey, 355
AMPHICAKPON Raf . , 98
amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash., 9ft
Floridanum (Chapm.), 100
Amphiiarpum Kuiith, 98
lloridanum Chapman, 109
INDEX.
679
Amphiiarpunt Purshii Kunth, 99
Amphitiotinx Nees, 458
AiHf^hii^iitcs Jan., 583
AMi'iiii.Mriiis, 41
AmphoLiucl,! Anderss., 163
Anachyris Necs, 81
Anastrof'hiis Sililecht., 81
Anasi Ronirs Stlilecht., 83
Andbofogon l. , ;i9
alopeciiroiiii's L., 27
nmhii^uiis Miclix,, 411
anthistiroiJis Rupr., 64
arctatuB Cliapin.. 49
iir^^entt'tis DC, 57
ar'^cnt'HS Ell., 50
argyreus Sthult., 50
a7;ntitt'iis Miclix., 59
brachystachyuB Cliapin., 49
brevifolius Sw.. 44
var. genuinus iiack., 44
var. pullii Fian':ii., 44
Cabanisii Hack., 50
iindu/iis Trin., '■M
cirratus Hack., 45
condensatuB (Nets) M. H. K., 47
var. paniculatuB (Kunth) Mack.,
47
contortus L , 64
Jissili /loriiiit Miclix., 51
Elliottii Chapni., 51
var. lazifloruB Scribn., 51
euBcoparius Hack., 46
fastigiatus Sw., 48
/,(/is/s Foiirn., 44
Floridanus Scribn., 53
furiiitus Muhl., 55
geminata Mack., 55
;^iaiiiiis Torr., 57
graciliB Spreiifj;., 43
Hallii Mack., 'A
var. I'ispiciilii Vasey, 55
var. flaveolus Mack., ,54
var. incanescens Mack., 55
var. muticas Mack,, 55
HAi.F.riN^is (I..) Mrot., 58
hirtifloruB Kunth. 43
var. brevipedicellatUB, 44
var. feensis (Fourn.) Mack., 44
iitiOMpleliis I'resl, 60
Leibmanni Mack., .53
var. Hohrii Mack., 53
longiberbis Mack., 53
iiidiroihrix Fourn., 53
macrouruB Michx., 52
var. abbreviatUB Mack., 52
var. corymboBus Chapm., 52
.ar. glaucopBis Kii., 52
var. hirBUtior Mack., 52
var, -iriiiis Chapm., 52
Andbofogon
maritiniHs Chapm., 47
maritimuB Mack., 47
melanocarpus Fll.,63
Mo-.'iufari M. H. K., 36
nutans L. , 60
var. avenacens (Michx.) Mack., 59
var. incompletUB (Presl) Mack., 60
var. LinnaeanuB Mack., 60
var. BtipoideB (Kunth) Hack., 60
Niiltii/lii Chapm., 38
oii![os/ui//yi/s Chapm., 47
patticuUitns Kunth, 47
paucifloruB (Chapm.) Mack., 61
piptatheruB Mack., 62
var. Falmeri Mack., 62
provincialis Lam., 55
var. pycnanthuB Mack., 56
polviiiiclylon L , 404
A'<n;iniir L. , 26
Buprechti Mack., 64
saccharoideB Sw., 56
var. barbinodis (Lag.) Hack., 57
var. genuinuB Mack., 57
var. glaucuB (Torr ) Scribn., .57
var. incrmis \'ascy, 57
var. BubmuticuB Mack., 57
var. 'J'orr,-iiniis Mack., 57
Schottii Rupr., 48
scopariuB .Michx., 46
Siiol'icuiiins Kunth, 63
sccundiis F.li., 60
Bemiberbis (Noes), 47
var. pruinatus Mack., 48
stipoides M. H. K., 60
tener Kunth, 45
var. filiformis ( Xecs), Mack., 4.'>
ti'trnstiulniis Ell.. 52
var. tiistiuhyus Chapm., 53
Torrciinns Stfuil., .")7
unilateralis Mack., 60
Tiiirhiiitus Ell., 51
VirginicuB L., 51
var. glaucuB Mack., 52
var. tetrastachyus (Ell.) Hack., 53
Wrightii Mack., .56
ANDROFOOONEJE. 20
Anrmdi^ro.stis 'i'rin., 3.56
Animatki) Oaks, ;!83
Anisantha C, Koch, 608
pontica C. Koch, 680
.A.NMAL FoA, 530
Antiphora Steud., 66
Antlicnantia R. Hr., 97
ANTHJENANTIA Beau v., 97
lanatadL H. K.) Renth., 98
rufa(Ell ) Schult., 97
villosa Fieauv., 98
ANTHEFHOBA Schreb., 66
680
INDEX.
Anthephora
axillijlora Steud.. 439
elegans Schreb., ti7
A nt liopoi^'on Nuit., 410
Ant/iosachne Sleud., 634
ANTHOXANTHUM L., 184
alpinmii Sclnir., 185
gii^anlftim Walt.,
onoKATUM L., 185
var. ruEi.ii (Lecoq & Lamoite),
185
Ptulii Lecoq & Lamotte, 185
Antiuoria Pari., 361
AFERA Adans., 356
e[fiisa S. F. Gray, 357
iHtcrrupta Beauv., 357
Si'icA-VKNTi (L.) Heaiiv., 356
var. iNTF.KurrrA (L.), 357
ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb., 316
arundinacea (Trin.), 317
latifolia (R, Br.) Griseb., 316
Ardophilii Rupr., 556
Ltestiuiii Rupr., 557
mttifonata Hack., 558
ARISTIDA L., 193
Ailsccnsioiiis Walt., 203
Americana L., 204, 305
appressa Vasey, 198
var. brevier Vasev, 198
Arizonica V^asey, 198
barbata P\)urn., 199
basiramea Vasey, 300
bromoides W. li. K., 204, 205
Californica Thurb., 197
var. fugitiva Vasey, 197
coarctata H. B. K , 205
coguata Trin., 205
iO>i(/t-iisiita Chapin., 204
desmantha Trin. & Rupr., 196
dichotoma Michx., 208
var. Curtissii A. Gray, 208
iiispa-s'i Trin. & Rupr., 204, 205
Jivaricata H. B. K., 203
divergens Vasey, 209
fasciculata (R. & S.) Torn, 206
var. Californica Vasey, 207
yar. Fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey,
207
var. Hookeri Trin. & Rupr., 207
var. micrantha Vasey, 207
var. Nuttallli Thurb., 208
Fendhriana Steud., 207
Tloridana (Chapm.) Vasey,- 201
gracilis, 203
gracilis Ell., 209
var. depauperata A. Gray, 209
gyrans Chapm., 200
Havardii Vasey, 205
ARISTIDA
Humboldtiana Trin. & Rupr., 203
hum u lis, 205
Jonesii Vasey, 197
lanata Poir., 203
lanosa Muhl., 203
loni;isiia Steud., 208
manzanilloana Vasey, 210
Nealleyi Vasey, 199
tiii^n-sifiis Presl, 204
oligantha Michx., 203
var. nervata, 202
Orcuttiana Vasey, 210
Falmeri Vasey, 203
palustris Vasey, 206
purpurascens Poir. , 201
var. depauperata Vasey, 201
var. minor Vasey, 201
f>urpiir,a N'utt., 198
ramosissima Eugelm., 208
var. iiiiiiiristata Enjjelm , 208
var. uniseta Eugelm., 208
Reverchoni V^asey, 198
scabra Kunth, 211
Schiediana Trin. & Rupr., 209, 210
var. minor Vasey, 209, 210
sco7'ii Vasev, 199
setifolia II! B. K., 206
simplicifolia Chapm., 200
spiciformis Ell.. 197
stricta Michx.. 203. 204.215
var. condensata (Chapm.) Vasey,
204
var. A'calleyi Vasey, 199
tenuis Kunth', 211
tuberculosa Nutt., 196
virgata Trin., 202
var. piilustris Chapm., 206
Aristidium Endl., 413
ARRHENATHERUM Beauv., 386
asperuin Opiz, 387
iiveuaceum Beauv., 387
biaiislatum Peterm., 387
hulhosum Presl, 387
it\lticum Opiz, 387
Ei.ATioR (L.) Beauv., 387
t-xserens, 387
paLcstinum Boiss., 387
precalorium Beauv., 387
zavadiliiinuin Opiz, 387
Arrozia Schrad., 171
Artlirathcrutn Beauv., 193
ARUNDINARIA Michx., 657
bambusiaua Trin., 658
gii^antea Chapm., 658
macrosperma Michx., 658
var. tecta (Walt.), 659
tecta Muhl., 659
INDEX.
C81
ABUNDINELLA Raddi, 76
Cu/iinsis Griseb., 78
Deppeana Nees, 78
pallida Nees, 77
Falmeri Vasey, 76
AruHiio Heauv., 459
ASUNDO Journ., 458
oi^rostoiihs Piirsh., 351
allisiiiiiii Meiith., 401
ureiiaria L., 354
hrtvipilis Torr., 35
Canadensis Michx., 351
cinnoidcs Muhl., 348
coarctata Torr., 348
toloyata Ait., 1H3
ionfinis W'illd., 353
DoNAX L., 459
festuouea VVilUi., 560
I.ani^sdorJTii Link, 344
tiiaxi'itii Korsl^., 461
nt'i^lecta Elirh., 353
pa lust r is Salisb., 461
Phragmihs L., 460
rsiHiiophraginiti-s Lejeune, 461
funi^t-ns A net., 461
purpurasicns Scliult., 344
rivu'iaris Auct., 461
sativa Lam., 459
scriptoria L., 459
stricta Tinim., 353
tecta Walt., 659
vulgaris Lam., 461
ASPEBELLA Humb., 656
Californica (Roland.), 657
Hystriz (L.) Moench, 656
Asfrflla Schreb., 177
Asprella VVilld., 656
Californica Henlli., 657
Alexandra R. & S.. 179
Nvstrix Willd., 656
Ic'ntictilaris R. & S., 179
monaiidia R. & S., 179
orvzoidis Lam., 178
Viri^inica R. & S., 178
Aspris Adaiis., 361
Ataxia R. Br.. 185
Atheropoi^on Muhl., 413
hiiinilis Spreng , 415
olii^ostachyus Nutt., 417
papillonts Engelm.. 417
Ti iicna Spreng., 436
Arllnochortus Lowe, 638
ATBOPIS Rupr., 570
angUBtata (R. Hr.) Griseb., 572
Californica Munro, 576
Canbyi (Scribn.), 580
DiSTANs (Host.) Rupr , 573
var. coNKERTA (Fries), 573
ATBOPIS.
Fendleriana (Steud.), 556
IflBviB (Vasey), 577
var. rigida, 578
Lemmoni (Vasey), 573
Lettermani (X'aseyi, 579
MARiriNA (Huds.) Griseb., 575
Nevadensis ( Vasey ). 577
pauciflora Tlnirb., 579
Priagleii (Scrihii.). 57M
i'K()cuMni.N.s (Curtis) Tluirb., 575
pulchella (\'asey), 574
scabrella Tluirb., 581
Suksdorfii (Vasey). 574
tenuifolia Tluirr)., 579
var. stenophyla X'asey, 580
unilaterale (.Scril)ii.), 581
Aulaxanlhus KM., 97
i Hiatus Lll., y«
;-///>/.• Ell., 97
^///<m/(/ Nutt.. 97
Arena Hall, 330
AVENA L , 381
_ affinis Hernh., 384
' agraria Hrot., 384
agraria-mntica, 384
ograiia s sijuialtcra, 384
alia Cav., 384
aiuhigna Schoenb., 384
iinglica Ilort., 385
ardiicnsis I.ej., 384
atheranlltcia I'resl, 383
liAKHAiA Hrot., 383
itRKVis, Roth, 386
Inilhosa Wiild., 387
Caroliniana Walt., 373
ccrniia K until, 379
C/iincnsis Fisch., 386
cincrca Auct., 385
deyeiixioidfs \\. H. K., 374
d/spi-miis Mill., 385
elatior L., 387
clonoata H. H. K., 376
i-ATfA L., 384
fitna Schreb., 384
fatua Viv., 383
/lard Hon., 385
'jlaTcsons, 380
f II sea Ani., 385
G'corgiana R. & S., 385
gcorgica Zuccag., 385
gluinosa Heauv,, 391
liirsuta Roth., 383
hispanica Hort., 384
Hookeri Scribn., 383
hyhrida Peterm., 384
intermedia Lindgren, 384
lanuginosa Gilib., 385
682
INDKX.
AVENA
liiiioiiiiiina Dur., !{84
iiui locarpii Mdeiich, 384
mollis Miclix., 877
nrrxasa Lain., iib4
NT DA L. , t]fSO
iin/tiiis St. Lag., 884
ouiK.NTAi.is Schrel).. 386
piilustris Michx., 878
Peuitsylvanicii L., 873
pratoisis L. var. Americana Scribn.,
388
rubra Zucca^ni, 385
SATIVA L., 385
sec Hilda Salisb., 887
sc^italis Hianca, 383
siS(/iiiliriii llort., 888
Sinithii T. C. Porter, 509
STKRIMS L., 388
sti'rilis Dflile, 385
striata Michx., 382
STRiGosA Schreb., 384
Syriaca Hoiss., 384
tartarica Ard., 386
7'oluuciise H. B. K., 377
trisperma Auct., 385
iuberosa Giiib., 887
iinilatcralis Brouss., 386
versicolor Hook., 388
AVENE.ff:, 858
AwNLKss Bromf. Grass, 613
Axoiiopits Beau v., 81
Bahlingcra Grertn , 181
ariindiiuuca Dumort., 188
BAMBUSE.S:. 657
Baki.ky, 642
Bari.ky, Six-rowed, 647
Baki.ky, T\yi)-ko\ykd, 647
Barnyard-guass, 119
Bkacii-grass, 354
BEALIA Scribn., 267
Mexicana Scrilm., 267
speciosa (Vasey), 268
Bkard-grass, 312
Beckeropsis Fig. & De Not., 163
BECKMANNIA Host., 427
eruceeformis uniflorus Scribn., 428
Bentham, concerning books, 2
fierclitoldia PresI, 148
Bkrmuda Grass, 396
Biathcrium Desv., 410
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 2, 671
Black Oat-grass, 218
Blue Grass, 546
Blue Joint, 55
Blue Joint. 351
Blue Stem, 55
! Biytlia Fries, 317
sua-,rolciis Fries, 318
BoiiK.MiAN Oats, ;!S6
Boni.E-HRi sii Grass, 656
BoriLK-GRASS, 157
BOUTELOUA Lag., 413
AUamosana Vascy, 424
arenosa Vasey, 419
aristidoides (Kuntb) Griscb., 425
Bolandcri Vasey, 417
breviseta Vasev, 430
bromoide8(H. B. K.) Lag., 423
Burkei Scribn., 433
curtipendula (Michx.) Torn, 422
eriopoda Torr., 431
faiia Bigelow, 417
J'ouiiiicraua Vascy, 441
Havardi Vasey, 434
hirsuia Lag., 417
var. Palmeri Vasey, 417
Hnmboldtiana Griseb. , 434
oligostachya (Nuti.) Torr., 417
var. major Vasey, 418
var. pallida Scriljn., 'I IS
var. ramosa Scribn , 416, 418
polystachya (Benth.) Torr., 418
polystacliya var. tiuijoy Vasey»
430
prostrata Lag., 415
pusilta V'asey, 415
racciiiosa Lag., 433
ramosa Scribn., 416
Eothrockii Vasey, 420
scorpioidcs S. Wats., 416
Stolonifera Scribn., 416
tenuis Griseb., 415
tenuis Griesb., 414
Texana S. Wats., 436
Triavhera Benth., 436
trifida Thurb., 421
uniflora Vasey, 43(5
vestita (S. Wats.) Scribn., 419
BoviN/E Hack., 584
Brachiaria Griseb.. 105
Brachiaria Griseb., 104
BBACHYPODIUM Beaiiv., 627
Mexicana (R. & S.) Link, 638
Pringlei Scribn., 627
BBACHYELYTRUM Beaiiv., 268
arista! urn R. & S., 309
erectum (Schreb.) Beauv., 269
Piiiii^lci Vasev, 2<i6
Brae hy stylus Diihic. 494
Braconolia Godr., 634
Brandtia Kunth, 76
Brepharochloa Endl., 177
BBIZA L., 519
aspera Knapp, 520
IXDKX.
083
Sbiza
OnitiiJinsis Miclix., 564
(iipt'iisis Schraiik, 531
Clusii Scluilt., 5-J()
fill dor Si bill., 5'i(»
J\)-<ii;rostis L , 48i}
J.timiirkiiiiiii Cluiin., 521
hilfsitiis Desv., 5:^0
major Prtsl, 521
MAXIMA L., 521
MkhiA L., 520
MINOR L., 520
monspesxulaiui Goiiaii, 521
TOtundata (H. li. K.) Steud., 521
riiluns I'oir, 521
rubra Lain., 521
st-rolni I Diini., 521
trenuila Lam., 521
rirt-iis Trill.,
'iriJis I'ail., 520
Ihizopymm Link, 523
Jirizopyrtiiit Prcsl, 518
Ameriiauuiii Link, 518
pi las II III Prcsl, (ilU
s pi cat mil 1 1 ook. , 518
Bromki.ka, 498
Bro:<iiiliiim N'ees. 320
lU-onu'psis Fmirn., 008
trt-cla I'oiirn., (i20
Jiroiiiiis .Scop., fill
BROMUS L., 6t)8
,r/'i>r/i//,'> iix St. Amans, 620
m^rariiis llornung, 625
,i-;v.v//.v .Ail., 620
aleutensis I rin., 611
allis^iiiius (jilil)., 626
altisuiiiiis Web., 622
aiiif>ii;,iis Jord., 611
tiiiipliis C. Kdcii, 613
angiistifoliiis Sclirank, 620
arvensis Knapp, 625
AKVio;sis L., 626
ar'i'ciisis Lain., 620
arvcr.sis Oed., 625
Asi'KR Muir., 622
aspcr Pall., 620
aspi-ripi-s Jord., 611
avi'iiati'iis Lam., 620
/>ai/iii.ii< C, 625
barbatoides. 614
var. Bulcatus, 615
Billot a Sell., 625
breviaristatus (Hook ) Biickl., 623
ji'.tiz.KKoKMis Fiscli. & Mey., 617
Caiiaiiriisis Michx., 618
aitliartiitis Vahl. 610
^aiiisii'iis V'iv., 610
ciliatus L., 618
var. Coloradensis Vasey, 019
BROMVS. ciliatus
var. minor Munro, 619
var. montanis \'asey, 619
var. pauciflorus Vasey. 61!>
var. purganB (L.) A. Gray, 619
tiliatiis Hulls., 612
liliafiis Mil hi.. 624
colli III iitii/ lis Sihrad.. 625
depauperatuB Prcsl, 613
(iiaiii/riis Curt., 612
Khiliarii Gaud., 825
KKKcrus Muds., 620
t'lvitiis Lc'dcb., 612
cii; A.Ni K.rs L., 619
ji^'raitili lloriis Hook., 616
gross us DC, 625
gviuiiii/riis Roth., 612
J /an kt-a litis K until, 616
/lirsutHS .Schrank, 617
J/ookt-riaitiis '1 hurb., 613
IiorJcaceus DC, 625
iioum'.ACKUs. 618
iM uMis L., 612
Kalmii A. Gray, 624
var. occidentalis Vasey, 624
laciniatuB n. sp., 615
li-.iiliis 11. M. K., 602
.MADKI 1 KNSIS L., 612
iiHixiniiis Disf., 611
ma. \i III IIS Gilib., 625
mollis L.. (i27
mollis L., 618
mnlli /loriis L., 627
miilt'ispi.a.iis R. &S., 613
miiralis I luds., 612
Orcuttianus X'ascy. 622
iiiliilus Dum., 625
J^olvsta./iviis DC, 612
piilhsoiis Ml hi . (;l^^
Pampellianus S( ribii., 621
var. Tweedyi Scribn., 623
ptirgaits L., 619
piirgaiis Torr. . 624
latiniiosiis L. , 627
KACKMosrs L., 625
KKWDIS Kolh., 611
rotiiiiiialiis 11. H. K., 521
uuiii.NS I... (!18
Sill rail,' I- i Kiiiuh, 616
St'ra/iiiiis L,, 627
SKCMiMs L , 625
.*■,•;•<■/"//>' A. Urauii, 625
Begetum II. H. K., 614
s<,>UAKU<)sis L., 617
STKKII.IS L., 613
sti/>iilaliis Griseb., 508
Suksdorfii V.isty, 623
TKCidUI'M L., 620
unioloideB (Willd.) H. B. K., 616
684
INDEX.
Bbomus
virens Buckl., 01 U
var. minor i^cribn., 614
Willdtnowii Kiinth, 61<5
Brown Bkni Grass, ;524
Bruiktnannin Nutt., 4'J7
Bmhloc diutvloidi's Engelm., 439
BriKAi.o-CKASs. 439
BULBILIS Rafin , 438
dactyloides (Nutt.) Rafin., 489
Bitm'h-i;kass, 210
bukgrass, 101
Ciibriiii LuR., 81
CALAMAGROSTIS Adans., 330
Aleutica Bon^.. 340
(iri'iiaria Roth, 354
blanda, 3-19
Bolanderi Thurb., 352
/'rt'Tipilis A. Gray. 354
breviseta (A. Gray) Scribn., 3.50
Canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., 351
Caiiiuitiisis Nutt., 348
cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn., 348
ionjhiis Nutt., 352
crassii^lnmis Thurb,, 353
Cusickii Vasey, 350
diitsa Vasey, 345
deschampsioides Trin., 339
liiihia Vasey, 343
erecta. 340
Howellii Vasey, 339
koelerioides Vasey, 345
var. densa (Vasey). 345
lactea (Suksdort), 340
Langsdorffii (Link) Trin., 344
iongi folia Hook., 355
Macouniana Vasey. 343
Jliwiaina Nutt., 351
Montanensis (Scribn,). 342
neglecta (Ehrh.), Gjertn., 352
var. conflnis (VViild.), 353
var. crassiglumis (Thurb.), 353
var. gracilis Scribn , 352
Xuttiilliaiia Sieud., 3-18
Orizabae (Rupr.) Steud., 340
pallida Vasey & Scribn., 349
Piikiringii A. Gray, 350
fliiiiio.ui (Fourn.) Scribn., 340
poseformis (Fourn.), 349
Porteri A. Gray, 342
Fringlei (Scribn.), 345
f'l/r/^itnisu'fis R. Br., 344
rubescens Buck!., 341
Scribneri, 343
s/n\:'i/ lieauv,, 352
Soksdorfii Scribn., 340
sylvatica var. Americana X'asey, 347
CALAMAGROSTIS
svhvfini Vcir. /ireTisvta A. Gray.
350
var. longifolia Vasey, 3'18
Tweedyi Scribn,, 348
Vaseyi, 344
Calaminhloc Reichb., 76
CALAMOVILFA Hack., 354
brevipilis (I'orr.) Hack., 364
Curtissii Vasey, 355
longifolia (Hook ). 355
CiiliintJi.ru Nutt., 4;i8
Cai.ikorm.v Timoiiiv, 182 •
Callichhva Sprang., 30
Cii/ot/nua Desv., 519, 520
Calycoiion Nutt., 234
Ciim/'uloti Desv., 401
CAMPULOSUS Desv., 401
aromaticus (Walt.) .Scribn., 401
inoitostiuhvos Beauv., 401
Canary-crass, 181, 182
Cank, 058
CAFRIOLA Adans., 395
Daci vi.oN (L.) Kuntze, 395
Cin-yocldoii Trin,, 171
CaryochhHi Spreng., 223
Casiostega Rupr., 439
aiicmola Rupr., 440
CasU'lliti Tineo, 582
CATABROSA Beauv., 495
aquatica (L.) Beauv., 496
Catiultistos Doell,, 470
Catapoilium Link, 582, 583
Catch-ki.y Grass, 179
Ciitijthfropliora Steud., 102
CATHESTiiCUM Prcsl, 450
erectum Vasey & Hack., 452
Mexicanum Prcsl, 452
prostratum I'resl, 452
CEXCHRUS L,, 159
Carolinidntis Walt,, 101
echinatus L., 100
gniiiii/dris L., 33
incertus M. A. Curt., 160, 162
myosuroides H, & K., 160
Palmeri Vasey, 102
/•aiiiijlorus Benth., 102
niii'wostis L., 73
srtfl.r/is Sw., 100
stiiitus Chapm., 100
tribuloides L., Kil
CfnitOi/i/oti DC, 009
Ccratoi/iloti Beauv., 008
aiistralis Spreng., 016
hi-tviaristala Hook., 623
festuioidiS Beauv., 010
graudijiora Hook., 613
j'.iii/ula Schrad., 010
INDKX.
085
Ceratoc/iloii unioloiilis DC, 616
Cerfsiii I'crs., HI
Jluiliins Ell., 8()
Ch,rtit>ia Heauv., 19!l
ainnis R. & S., ',>01
fasiiiuliifit R. & S., 206
,^ossypinii Heauv., tiOiJ
oli^iittlhii Ui-auv., 20'i
s.'li folia R. & S., 806
sliitta Bcauv. , 5J04
CHJETIUM Nees, 148
bromoides (Lam.) Ik-nth., 148
i/iTtiriaitii Heauv., "HYA
Chatolironitis Nees, ;{8})
CHAMJEBAFHIS R. Hr., 150
caudata (Lam.), 157
var. pauciflora Vasey, 158
composita ( H . H. K.) Kuntze, 154
corrugata (Schultes) Kunt/e, 156
flava (Kunth) Kunt/e, 153
(iLAicA (L.) Kuntze, 155
var. genioulata (Heauv.), 156
var. IsBTigata (MuhL), 155
var. perennis (Curtiss), l.'>6
imberbis (Poir) Kuntze, l.*>7
Itai.ica (L.) Kuntze, 154
latiglumis (Vasey), 152
magna (Griseb.), 152
pauciseta (Vasey) Kuntze, 152
sulcata (Rail(li), 158
uniaeta (Presl) Kuntze, 158
Yentenatii (Kunth), 153
verticillata (L.) Porter. 151
viRiDis (L.) Porter, 157
ChiisiolvtrioH Desv. , 51!)
Chiismant Ilium Link, 515
CiiKA 1, 025
('11I.SS, 625
Chilochloa Heauv., 274
CHINKSK SUCAR-CANK, 58
Chloamnia Rafin., 582
CHLORIS Swartz, 402
olhii Presl, 403
ciliata S\v., 406
cucuUata Hisch., 407
Jnhia W. H. K.. 437
I iirtipi'iiiiiild Michx., 422
eleg^ns IL li. K.,4(i:t
Floridana (Chapni.) Vasey, 407
glauca (Chapni.) \'a<ey, 4U8
longifolia (Foum.) Vasey, 405
iiionostiuhya Michx., 401
iniicroiuitii Michx., 420
ptti-ica Sw., 408
polydaotyla (L.) .Sw., 4(>4
submutica II. H. K., 40G
Swartziana Doell., 408
verticillata Nutt., 405
CHLOBOPSIS Hack., 408
faioiculata (Fourn.) Kuntze, 410
pluriflora (Fourn.) Kuntze, 410
CHLORIOEJE, 3U3
ChloyoiJcs Fisch., 402
C/iont/nit hyrum Nees, 406
ChoHtirosium Desv., 413
firiiiim Torr., 417
/lilt urn H. H. K., 417
olii^os/iiikyuiii Torr., 417
polysliiiliyuni Henth., 419
CiiKVs<)i'()'(;oN Hack., 61
l:'hfysopi{^on Trin., 39
a-'cmunis Henth., 59
Cliyysiii IIS iiiirt'iis Heauv., 525
CiNNA L., 317
arundinacea L., 318
Bolanderi Scribn.. 310
latifolia (Trev.) Griseb., 318
var. glomerata Siribn., 319
mairoura Kunth, 3(i9
niiuroura Thurb. , 310
Mcxiiiiiia Heauv., 253
p,-u</nlit Trin., 318
rmrmosii Kimih, 252
soiioliftfd Link, 244
striitn Kunth, 309
tfiiuijloru Link, 255
Cinuastrum poicfoynic F'ourn., 349
Clndoraphis FVanch., 475
Clcacliue Roland, 81
Clfopoi^'on Nutt., 270
Cliiiilyna Griseb., 648
Clonieua Heauv., 234
Cock's-koot, 523
Civhulivrum Nees, 475
COIX'L., 19
ilacl\loii{(s L., 18
l.Al IIRYMA L., 20
COLEANTHUS Seid., 281
subtilis Seid.. 281
Colli ltd rill Ehrh., 494
Cololhiiliiw Heauv., 276
Colo/Hiiithiis Trin., 490
GOLFODIUM Trin., 5o(;
iiriiii-iiiiiui'tiin Hook., 317
fulTum ( 1 rill.) Griseb., 557
III i folium R. Hr., 316
mucronata ( Hack.), 5.58
pendulinum (Iriseb., 5.5T
Common Oais, 385
C()\(;ii() Grass, 117
COKD-C.RASS, 396
( orttliriiiii \ ill!. 413
CoR.N, 15. 0-)
Coniuiopiie III. . iniiiiii Walt., 334
hveiiiak Walt., 327
686
INDEX.
ConiHtopiic pircututns Wall., .'{38
C'on'iiir/>ns Zi-a, 51 1
Co}\'n,[<horus HiMuv., 'Ml
Kinr.uiHs HtMiiv., 'M',\
Costi,, Willk., «;t4
COTTEA Kiiiith, 450
pappophoroidet Kmith, 450
Corcii-ciKAss, (;;{0
CRAlt-dKASS, 110
Crtfpiilia Schrank, 038
Ckkki'inc Hkni, 333
CremopyiuiH Schur, 634
Ckksiki) Uoo's-TAii., 534
Crinipfs Hochst., 3^0
Critfsion Rafiii., 043
giniciiliilum Kafiii., 044
Critho !•:. Mcy., 043
Crithodium Link, 041. 043
Crithopsis Jaiib., 043, 047
Crif/iopyrum llort., 034
Cnpsiinia Fi)tirti., 300
stricia Founi., 3(»7
Crypsis Lam., 373
alopfiuroidt-s Scliracl., 374
scluntoiih-s Lam., 374
squiiriosa Nutt., 450
striitii \\. B. K., 307
Ciyptopyi-um lleyiili., 041
Oypturus Link, (iv'S
Cti-niutn Paiiz.,401
Aiiifriiitniini Spreng., 403
mroliuianum I'anz., 403
L'urtopo;^on, 193
dichotomus Beau v., 308
Cuvicra Koel., 043, 643
Cylindrostachytr, 470
Cynuitoihhhi Sclilecht., SI
Cym/'of-Pi^on Sprctig., 39, 04
viclauoiarpHs Spreng., 03
CYNOSURUS L , 534
.Ki^yptints L., 439
aureus L., 535
der ulcus L., 458
CKISTATUS L., 534
DoinitiiitHsis Jacq., 434
hidiius L. , 4;i0
iii':iltitus Opiz, 534
polyhrattcatus Poir. , 534
Czcrnya Presl, 459
arundiuacca PiesI, 461
Cynodon Rich., 395
Dadvlon Pers., 390
repens Dulac, 396
stellatus Willd., 396
Dactilon Vill., 395
DACTYLIS L., 533
abbreviata Bernh., 533
Dactylu
iilliiiiti
,.ipif.it<, .Si hull.. 533
liiiiilii ( )pi/, 533
tynosunddts L., 397
x/iiu,rs,yiis Willd., .^)33
lilOMIKAIA 1... 533
hispaitUii Roth, 533
iihiriliiHa Curt., 4(K)
Ortmauuiaiia Opi/, 533
Pali us Ait., 398
pfitdu/ii Duin., 533
slriifa Ait., 399
vi//osii 'IViioic, 533
Daityliutniium Willd., 438
.■/\^yp/iiiiu>n Willd., 439
Dtutylo;^i-iim))Ht Link, 334
l^aluaiin A<lans., 490
DANTHONIA DC, 389
Allnti Austin, 393
Californica H.iland, ;;90
vai. unispicata (Mimro), 391
compressa Austin, 393
intermedia \'a'ey, 393
Mexicana .Scribn., 391
sericea Nutt., 390
spicata R. & S., 391
unispicotit iMunro, 391
Darmi,, 039
iH-uutdolia Bast., 330
DEHAZERIA Dum., 533
sicri.A Diun., 533
BESCHAMFSIA Beau v., ,%3
atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele, 360
Bottniia Trin., 369
brevifolia R. Br., 304
C8B8pit08a(L ) licauv., 368
var. alpina Vast-y, 308
var. Bottnica (Wahl.) Vasty, 309
var. brevifolia (Bicb.) VascV, 309
var. confinis Vasev, 309
var. longiflora, 309
var. maritima \'asey, 309
var. montana (Sihiir. ) \'asi-v
309
calycina Prt-sl, 370
danthonioides (I'rin.) Wiscy, 367
danlhiKnoidcs .Nluiiro, 370
elongata(ll()()k.) Muino, 371
v;n. ciliata Vasey, 371
flexuo8a(L.) Trin., 365
gracilis Vasev, 371
holoiformis Presl, 370
liiti/idiii Vasey, 366
moit/aua Schur., 369
Pringlei Scribn., 365
Dfsinazcriii Dum., 533
Desprctiia Kunth, 512
INOKX.
(5S7
J)is/'r,f:iii Mixiciimt Kiiiith 51^
Jh; III \ ill 1 >i aiiv., .")(|;i
Jliiii'iiii.t IJiaiiv., 509
jJi'vi'it I ill (' ar., !i;5({
Al.Hliiii Mi.iir.., !M0
lioiiihliri V'ascy, i}."*^
coiijinix Kiiiiih, W^Vl
<riissi^l!iiiiis \'ascy, !J5!l
Cii.uikii V'ascv, !]•"•()
tii'.u /iiiinpsioiiii'.i V'ast'y, l{;i9
diihiit Scrihii., S4;i
//,.r,' //// Vascy, ;i:iJI
l,iili\i Siiksdort., iWti
J.inigsi/orjjii Kiitilli, :!44
Jl/iiiotiniiiiia Vascy, 'M'A
J/iiii/.iiiriisi's Sciiliii., 343
Orizii/'.r Riipr., iW)
J'orli'ri Vascy, I)4'-2
J'ri/n;/ri Scrilm., IM.""*
fiir/>iinisi-, lis Kuiitli. I{44
iii/i,:siiii.t Vascy, IM I
sy/:iiliiii Kuiith, J!44
Siii'si/or/ii Scriljii., Ii4l
Iri Ihifii N'cfS, 374
'r\i<iidyi Snihn.. 340
Diiuhroa Niitt., S(i3
iiiiiriliiiin Niitt., i)T.")
JJi.uhvniiiii, ~*s;J
jnai'ii.i K.itiii., Gil
Diarrhviiii licMUV., nil
Aiiirriiiuiit Ht-aiiv., 511
Diiisti'iiiiintlu- Sieiid., l(iT
pliilystaihys Steud.. 107
r>iihietiiriii Nt-fs, 410
DicnANTiiiiM (Willcmft), 39, 42, 63
DiKcioMis Hiauv., 40
jyii^i III rill llcist., 104
Di(;irAUi\ Heist., 105
filiformis Muhl., 109
// // '// ifiisii 1 'e rs . , 110
piis/'iilihfi:<! Miclix., 85
Siiii:^i4inii/is Scop., 110
st-iotiiiii Michx., Ill
vi/hsa Ell., Ill
Di.i^ra/i/iis Trill., 181
(iniihiiiiiui-ii 'rriii.. 183
mi.fiyriiiii RaCm., 2"23
Dili'fvnini Miclix., 234
iiris/o.uini Michx., ','09
niiiiiili tioniin Miclix., 245
Vimn i,i' V.niW., 185
Diiinsia Rafiii., 185
Dinchi-ii DC, 4!3
aristidoidcs 11. B. K., 425
hromoidi-s W. H. K.. 423
atrtipeiidiila DC. 423
repcns II. H. K . 424
Dioicopoii Desv., 527
Vipliichiu- Beauv., 430. 431
Dipliichue duhia Scribn., 487
j'li.uii iiliins Bc'.mv., 435
imlirit <lii (Tliiiil). ) .Scribn., 435
riiii-lii X'ascy, 43«I
A'lViit/ioiii Vascy, 484
ri,t;idii Be nth , 4M4
spidilii D(i-ll, 434
J'tiuyi Vascy, 436
risiidit Scril)!!., 434
Dipliii /iviiitiH Nces, 234
Pisihli'i I'hil., 518
DiSSANTHELIUM Trin.,473
Californicum (Nuti.) Bcmii., 473
solerochloidea (Suud.) Fuurii., 474
/)issiiiriiiinn Laliill., 185
Distil hi-i,i i;hiii., 027
DiSTICHLIS Rafin., 517
iiiiiriliinii Rafin., 518
spicata (L. ) (iiccnc, 518
Disloiiiisiliiis Diilac, 582
Doiiiiiiiim Fries, 458
Doiiiix Bcauv., 458
tiniudiitiici'us Bcauv., 459
fcsliiiiiiius Beauv., 5(50
siili-'tis Prcsl, 459
D(tiUA, 58
Dkoi'-skih, 245
Divniiiiiulcs Ehrh., 583
DUPONTIA R. Bi., 5.58
Ci'ultvi \. (irav, 502
Fisheri R. Br.i 5.59
psilosantha Riipr. , 559
DlKKA, 58
EATONIA Rafin., 490
Dudley! Vascy, 492
Aliformis (Chapin.) Vasey, 491
hybrida Vasey, 491
longiilora (X'asey), 494
obtusata (Mich.x ) \. (Iray. 492
v.ir. robusta Vasey, 493
Pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray, 3T3,
493
var. Jiili/i'iiiiis Chaptii., 491
var. liiiv^ijloiii \'asey, 494
plirpiinisii-iis Rafiii., 493
EiiiiNuciii.uA Bcauv., 100
Criisxi'^/' Beauv., 119
si-Zii^wrn Bcauv., 109
F.i/iisiu/iys XccU., 159
K( vrriAN Rii i>C()u\, 58
Khrluutiii WiKC., 177
i/iiiidi-siiiiii WipR., 178
ElEUSINE Ga-rtn., 428
/EcvnicA (I,.) Desp., 429
Bakcinonknsis Costa, 429
ciliiitii Rafin., 429
cniciittti Lam., 429
i)88
INDEX.
ELEU8INE
Jisliuhya Trin 430
Mshiiis Moench., 4dO
,/„w/;/-<".v/V Sieber 4J0
.r.jiilis Salisl... 4.50
Indica(L.)tia^.in..430
w«<7v;/<;/<« Michx. 4d^
N-itiii„t,i M(Kiicli, 4.V»
M-ostr,iU> Spreng.,4^J
n„////.N/.v R. Br., 4','9
Elulotnchov Hess., ;5»1 „
ELIONURUSlI.&B- Willd-.-^G
barbiculmis llaik, .5<
,a;/<//.//o (TriM.) llark..37
ciliaris 11. H. K., -W
A'«//„//// Vasey, 38
tripsacoides 11. «. K..d»
var. ciliaris ('Inn.), do
ELYMUS L., 64?
ambiguuBV. &S..6r)l
arenarius L., 049
Canadensis L., 054
CAnT-MKi'is,KL..0S4
CiroUiii'i litis \Valt.,l).)ii
condensatus PnsK "•'"
,-;-,;///;/.vS.hrel).,6.)4
dasystachys Trin., b4J
elymoides ( Rafn.. ) ^weezy . bo-
var. glaucifcliu8(Muhl.) lorr.,(
H.uinloliiis Miilil.. 054 _
glaucus Regel, var. tenuis VascN , <
j/vslrix L., 650
innovatus n. sp., bw
Macounii Vasey, 0;i3
mollis Trill., 040_
«/7/,/«.f Vasey. 0^)3
Orttit/'O'i'is Vasey, 0.)U
PhiUidcll^hiiUS L., _Ci)4
Saundersii Vasey, Op^i
Sibiriais Hook., 05i.
var. Amcruaiim^^'^^., "•>•>
Sitamm R. & ^- 6.»'J
Btriatus WiUa., 05.)
var. r///<M/'.v A. (.ray, b5.)
triticoides Huckl.. 050
/'„;/<<'«rr;v;/.s7.v Vasey, G4«
Virginicus L., 053
var. glaucus n. V'V'-. rr..j
viir. Bubmuticus lluok., 00.5
Eudaiyx Rafm., l"i
Kndodla Rafin., 1^7
/•;;///<■<//'(',;-■'"' Desv .^44.
/f/W/z/w Ciau(l.,4<4
EPICAMPE8 Prei-i, 300
anomala Scrilm., 311
481
Epicampes
Bourgsei Fourn., 310
distichophylla (Presl) Vasey. 308
var. mutica Scribn., oU»
Enii-rslrvi Vasey, 308
grandis'( Vasey), 309
lanata Presl, 307
macroura (Kunih) BeiUh., 30U
mutica Rupr., 311
rigens Heiiih., 310
stricta(n. B. K.) Presl, 307
EBAGROSTIS Host, 47)
luiiuihi Presl, 478
Brownei (Kunih) Nces, 484
iumf'cstris Trin., 488
capillariB (L.), 481
OmdinidiM (Sprcnp;.) Scribn
ciliaris (I.) Li"k, 479
var. patens Chapni.? 4«9
ivnfcrla Trin., 481
curtipedicellata Huckl., 4»/
diversiflora Vasey. 480
EuAi'.Kosris (L.) Karst., 48^
Eragroslis Mac^J., 480
erosa Scribn., 483
hnidh-rimui Sieiui., .)7b
Frankii Meyer, 480
glomerata(Walt.) L. H. Dewey 481
interrupta (Nutt.) Trelease, 48-
luge -' Nees, 489
M.' loR Host, 480
wi. lost, 483
Neo -icxicana Vasey, 485
Orcuttiana Vasey, 485
,),vi7(//V 'I'orr., 483
pallida Vasev, 479
PalmeriS. Wats., 489
pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, 488
var. n-lnu/,t Chapnu, 488
var. speotabilis (Pursh.) A. Gray,
489
pilif.ra Sdicele, 490
pilosa(l..) Heauv.. 487
plumbea Scribn., 484
/.,w)/V,^ Heauv.. 483
var. m,•i;astin■>,yi,^^^ Gray, 48(>
/•itrs/i/i ilort., 487
pusillus Scribn., 481
refracta ( M lib 1.) Scribn., 4S8
;■,//,;;/.>■ Nees. 478
sp,;iul'ilis A. Gray, 489
;7\/Vi; Scribn., 4^*4
sesBilispica Huckl., 484
spicata Vasey, 490
tenuis (F.U.) A. Gray, 4S^
Vablii (R. .'<: ^■) Nees, 4.»
EREMOCHLOA Huese, 34
l.i r.RSioiDi.s (Munro) Hack., -.4
INDEX.
68»
Etwmopyrum laub., (534
Enmot^vnwi Ledcb., 635
Erianthus Miciix., ae
alopecuroides (I..) Ell., 27
brevibarbis Michx., 28
it'll tor I IIS Kll., 28
Jiif'oniais Heauv., 24
KAVi-.N\,K (L.) Beau v., 20
-uii</itin<i,/,s Michx , 27
striotus Haldwiii, 2!)
I-'.rioilurl,, Fij^. & De Not., 16,'$
EriOCHLOA H. H. K., 100
aristata \'asey, 103
Lemmoni Vas. & Scrib., 101
longifolia Vasev, 102
mollis Kimth, 102
var. loiii:;i folia Vasev, 102
punctata (L.) W. Ilaniih., 10;{
sericea Miinro, 102
ErioCOMA Niitt., 224, 23J
tusi^iihto Nutt., 232
membranacea (I'ursh), 282
Webberi Tlmrl)., 233
Ei-Oililoi' Rafiii., 475
EUCHL^NA Schraii., 13
luxurians Dur., 14
Hexicana Sclirad., 14
Miwiiana Fouri;,, 14
Eiifisliiai, 583
Eiikhistiixon Sieiid., 39
Eiilalia faponita Triii., 24
Eui,/>/o</ilo,i. 431
EiMKi.icA, 498
EUI'AMCUM, 106
Eui'AsrAinM Benth., 83
Eump/iis Trill., 447
Eiisfot/iys Dfsv., 402
Eloii'diuui Chapiii., 407
X/(nii<t Cliapm., 408
Eiilriuno Triii., 413
tin's/ i,/oii/,s Trin., 425
i>rp»ioi,/i-s Kuntli, 423
lurtipt'iulula 'I'liii., 422
olif;ost,u/iya Kuiith, 417
Exaorosfis Steud., 475
/■:xy,/ra Endl., 503
l-'tilanut Allans., 524
Kai.sk Rick, 177
Eiiniln-ia Stouil., 223
FESTUCA L., 582
altaica Trin., 003
iim/>i\i;iia Vasev, 589
amethystina L., GO I
var. asperrima Hack., 001
amplissima Kupr., 002
var. elliptica 11. var., 003
apeiinina Do Not., 591
Festuca
II ret ill! Schiir., 591
iirizoiiiid Vascy, 598
artiiiiliita De Not., 591
tirtnii/hi(i,,(i I.ilj.. 559
as/<,;;i M. & K., 022
iiHstnilis Schur., 591
Bor.t.rii Hack., 590
brcvifoliii R. Br.. 597
l<roinoi,i,-s Michx., 580
Californica Vasey, 590
aif'i//,it,i Lam., 594
conflnis \'ascy, 587
iirtiui Hack., 591
,ristiit,i Vill., 495
dasyclada Hack., 002
dentioulata. new name, 589
iUanUni Michx., 511
diiri use Ilia L., 595
var. Itvstrix lioiss., GOO
KI.ATIOR 1,., ,591
var. PKATi.Nsis (Muds.) Hack., 593
fallax Tliiiili, 000
fiisiiiiilaris Lam., 435
I'ciias Lag., 591
j/tiitaiis L., 509
fratercula Rupr,,592
^!;l,rii<rs,fns He>>etschw., COO
j,'r<i,/l/i/iia Thurl)., 590
littironuilla Pourr., 591
/iftrropliylla Lam., 005
Howellii Hack., 591
Hvsi uix Boiss., GOO
iii,li\;rst,i var. //ystrix Willd., (iOO
lilt rill is DC, 012
iiit.rrit/'ta Desf., 591
Jonesii N'ascv, 593
var. conferta Hack. 593
liitifolia Dulac, 591
hixa (land., 5!) I
litorca Hick., 591
livida Willd., 002
loliacia Lam., 591
loii^is./a Hc.n' tscluv., 000
M,xin,iia R. i^: S., 028
microstachys (.Monro) Nnit., 5S,>
var. ciliata ,\. (,rav, 585
var. pauciflora .Scribn,, 580
MviiKos L., .'hSO
iii-rrosa Hook., 538
nutans Sprenfr., es8
var. iihi/or Vasev, 589
viir./<,iliistr/s Wood, 589
var. Shortii(Kimili), 589
o/'tiisa Sprciif.;. , 58i)
<hiid',ii/,ilis I look., 004
octoflora Walt., r,.SO
oriciitiilis Kern., 591
ovina L., .593
690
INDEX.
PESTUCA, ovina.
viir. Arizonica (Vasey) Hack., 598
var. ( Aiii.i.ATA (Lam.) Mack., 594
var. Columbiana ii. var., 599
var. DUKiiscui.A (L.) Hack., 595
var. ingrata Hack., 598
var. MARC.iNATA Hack., 596
var. Oregona Hack., 599 ^
var. polyphylla Vasey, 597
var. pseudovina Hack., 595
var. supina (Schur) Hack., 594
var. vulgaris Koch, 594
parviflora KU., 600
pauciflora Thunb., 604
fnitctisis Hulls., 593
procuwl>cns Kiinlh, 575
pseudovina Hack., 595
rdduans Steud., 591
Bichardsonii Hook., 587
RiciDA (L.) Kunih, 587
rubra L. . 605
var. fallax (Thuill) Hack., 606
var. genuina Hack., 607
var. glaucescens Hack., 606
var. littoralis Yascy. 607^
var. longiseta Hack., 606_
var. pubescens Vasey, 607
var. trichophylla Gaud., 606
rti/'i'iis Pers., 610
satl'ni LaK , 628
scabrella Torr., 604
var. Vaseyana Hack., 605
s.iittYd Poir., 586
S/iorfii Kuiuh, 589
simplex Hoiss. & Hal., 591
s/<ii<iit<;i McKtich, 591
siil'itlata Vasey, 603
suliotii Hack., 596
sit/>iit(i Srhur, 594
ten,//,! Will.l., 586
ieiiui flora Srhrad., 6o5
Texana Vasey, 589
Tliur/hi-i Vasey, 604
trich,phylla Ducros, 606
Vaseyana Hack., tiOl
,ni,'hi,les Willd., 616
versuta, new name, 589
viridula Vasey, 590
Fesltiearid Link, 583
FESTUCEJE. 443
J-'estiiii>iJ,s Coss., 608
1-ihiehia Ka'l.,'305
FiNci-U-cuASS, 55, 110
FioKiN, ii;!2
/■'i,>rinia, iUil
Fl.ATSIKMMI.I) PoA, 546
Flumiuia Fries, 559
Fowl. Mkadow-grass, 550
Foxtail, 155, 276
Foxtail, Meadow, 378
FoxiAiL, Slkndkk. 378
Foxtail. Watk.u, 280
Fkksh-water Coru-grass, 397
luissia Schur, 361
Gama Grass, 18
OASTBIDIUM Beauv.,335
Ai .-^TRALE Keauv^, 335
laxtim Boiss., 335
leitdii:;eruin Gautl., 335
vcstittiin Spreng., 335
GEOGR.APHICAL DISTRIRU-
TION, 660
Giant Reed-grass, 459
Giant Rye grass, 650
GII.KKRI'S ReI lEE-GRASS, 183
Glvieria R. Br., 563
acuminata Schur, 569
acutijlora Torr., 570
airoities A. Gray,j")73
ani^ustata Fries. 573
a,JHatiia ]. E. Smjih, 568
bulhosa Buckley, 501
Cauailensis Trin., 564
Can/'vi Scribn. , 580
cmferia Fries, 573
,l,;'linala Breb., 569
(lentieulata Duin., 569
,iistans Wahl., 573
elcn^a/,! Trin., 566
/luilansR. Bnj^569
Julva Fries, 557
gnuhlis S. Wats., .568
"liyhrida Towns.. 569
i'nt,-i;?-a Dum., 569
I.emmoni Vasey. 573
h'liaeea Godr., 569
marilima M. & K.,_575
Alitliauxii Kunih, 567
r.errata Trin., 567
ohtiisa Trin., 565
pallida Trin., 5U(1
pendiiiiiui I.aestail., 558
pauei flora Presl, 5U8
pedieellata Towns., 569
pi i eat a Fries, 509
proeumlhiis Duin., 575
funiila Vasey, 573
spieala Guss., 5(lil
Gi.VCKKi.E. 497
Goat's-heard Grass, 70
GoldlhieJiia Trin., 7<)
Colli nia Fourn., 583
folv.^aina Fourn., 437
Grama, 417
Grama-grass, 413
GRAMINE/E. 1
Graminea;, Morphology of, Bentham, C
INDEX.
691
GRAPHEPHORUM Desv., 560
altijugum Fourn., 561
/Itwiiosunt Tliurb., 472
fuhuDi A. Gray, 557
iite/icoiiit-s Heaiiv. , 563
melicoideum (Michx.), 563
var. Cooleyi (A. Gray) Scribn., 563
var. vtiijor A. Gray, 563
pcndnliniiin A. Gray, 557
Pringlei Scribn., 561
Wolfli Vasey, 563
Grkkn Foxtail, 157
Greciiia Nutt., 314
Arkansaiut Nutt., 316
GUATKMALA GrASS, 14
Guinea Corn, 58
Gu»i)iaitthili(i, 39
GYMNOPOGON Beauv. , 410
ambiguus (Michx.) H. S. P., 411
brevifolius Trin.,411
/(istii;i<iliis Nees, 411
loii^^ifolins Founi., 405
ratt'wosus Bcauv., 411
sco/<aiiiis Trin., 411
Cymnosticlium Sclircb., 656
Ctilifoniitum Boland., 657
Hystrix Schreb., 650
mains Heynh., 6.")6
Gymnothrix var. hit i folia Schult., 164
GyiiinotJnix Beauv., 163
ccHchroidt's R. & S., 165
Mcxicana Fourn., 165
Hackclia (?) angusti folia Vasey, 438
HACKELOCHLOA kuntze, 33
granularis (L.) Kuntze, 33
Hard Fksci;k, 505
Jlaypachiie Hochst. , 475
Haynaldia Schur, 634
Hl'MlKIIOG-GRASS, 101
Hckatcrosachnc Steud., 146
Heleochloa Host., 373
ALOPI'.CUROIDKS Host., 374
sciUKNOinKs L., 274
Ilelicotrichium Bess., 381
Jlellcria Fourn., 583
lirida Fourn., 603
J/eh'piis-Vr\n., 100
pilosus Trin., 103
ptinctatits Nees, 103
Jlciiiarthria R. Br., 29
Havardii Vasey, 33
Hcmibromtis Steud., 637
Hkrd's Grass, 376
JHeteraiitlulitim Ilochst., 634
Hcterolipis Ehrenb., 403
HF.TERoroGON(I*ersoon), 43
Hfteropogon Pers., 02
Ifticrpogon aiiiiniiiatiis Trin., 63
Hettrosteia Desv., 413
juini folia Desv., 423
jiind folia H. B. K., 434
Hiterostiga Kunth, 413
Jlcuffelia Schur, 381
Ucxarrheua Presl, 67
Hicroihloc Gnicl., 185
alpiua R. &S., 187
/w-<v///>R. & S.. 186
macrophylla Tluirb., 187
A/txicaiia Benth., 187
paudjlora R. Br., 188
lupi-ns Host., 186
HllARIA H. B. K., 67
cenchroi'' '1. B. K., 68
var. cihutus Scribn., 69
var. longifolia Vasey, 69
var. Texana Vasey, GO
Jamesii (Torr.) Benth., 70
mutica(Buck.) Benth., 69
rigida (Thurh ) Scribn., 68
HOLCUS L., 350
alpiiius Svv., 187
dtitsiis Peterm.. 3(i0
glauiiis Willlv., 300
kahpt-nsis L., 58
la::atus L., 360
laxus L., 516
MOLLIS L., 360
odoraius L., 186
Holy Grass, 185, 180
HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg, 177
hexandra (R. & S.) Britton. 179
lenticularis (Michx.) Kuntze, 179
monandra(R. & S.) Britton, 179
oryzoides (L.) Mcig, 178
Virginicus (Willd.) Britton, 178
llookeriatui Griff., 535
HORDE.S:, 638
HORDEUM L., 043
chilcnse R. & S., 645
ciliatiim Gilib., 040
DISTICHOM L., 047
gtiiiciilalum All., (i45
CrUssoNKANUM Pari., 646
heteroslychyou Beauv. , 647
iir.XAsi'iciioN L , 047
llystrix Roth, O-IC)
i III her lie Arduini, 647
jubatum L., 044
leporimtin Link, 040
MAKITIMI'M Willi., 645
Montanense Scribn., 644
Mr K I MM L., 040
nodosum L. , 045
pratense Huils., 645
pnbesceiis Guss., (J46
692
INDEX.
HOBDETJM
pusillum Nutt., 645
secalinwn Schreb., 645
Hydrochloa Hartm., 563
HTDBOCHLOA Beauv., 170, 570
Carolinensis Beauv., 170
distans Hartm., 573
maritima Hartm., 569, 575
Hydropyluin Link, 173
esculentuin Link, 173
Hymenachnk Beauv.. 104, 106
Myurtis Beauv., 121
Hyvienolhedum Lag., 70
IJyparrheuiii Aniierss., 39
Ruprecliti Fourn., 64
Hvpogvnium Nees, 39
liypudieurns Reichb., 66
Hystrix Moench, 656
JJystrix Millsp., 656
pdtiila McEnch, 656
ICHNANTHUS Beauv., 145
pallens (S\v.) Munro, 146
iMPERATACyrill., 21
arundiiiiUi'ti L., 32
Braziliensis Trin., 23
brevifoliii Vasey, 23
caudata Chapm., 23
candata Scribn., 38
Hookeri Rupr., 23
I M PUKE, 58
Indian Corn, 15
Indian Grass, 57
Indian Rick, 173
Jsc/urmiiin, 34
leersioides Munro, 34
sectmdatiim Walt., 167
Isotria, 463
Italian Mii.i.et, 154
Italian Ryk-grass, 629
Jarava Ruiz & Pav., 211
Joachimia Tenore, 437
Jon's Tears, 20
JOHNSON Grass, 58
OUVEA Fourn., 630
pilosa Scribn., 631
Btraminea Fourn., 631
var. straminea Scribn, 631
Junk Grass, 543
Kentucky Blue Grass, 543
Kielboul AdSins., 193
KffiLERIA Pers., 494
crUtata (L.) Pers., 495
nitidu Nutt., 495
parvi flora Bert., 495
Petitlsvlvanica DC, 493
K(ELEBIA
pitkhella Spreng., 468
truuaita Torr., 493
KORYCABPUS Zea, 511
aruudinaceus Zea, 511
diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze, 511
Kromhhohia Rupr., 513.
latifolia Fourn., 513
I.achnaf^rostis Trin.. 336
Ladies' Traces, 184
l.acrtiii Greinow, 177
lAGUBUS L., 357
ovATis L., 358
LAMABKIA jSIoench, 535
aurka(L.) Moench, 525^
I.apf<ago racemosti Willd., 73
jAippa'^opsis Sicud., 81
LAIU;E yUAKINC-l-KASS, 531
LASIACES, 108
/.<isi(i:^ro/is Link, 213
Lasiopoa Ehrh., 608
Leersia Soland., 177
liexandra S\/., 179
Icnticiihiiis Michx., 179
viomiudra Sw., 1(9
cryzoidcs Sw., 178
J'iri,ntiiiii Michx., 178
Virginica VVillci., 178
I.ipeocercis Trin., 39
Ltpiurus Dum., 631
Leptocarydion Hochst., 463
Leptoct-rcus Rafin., 631
LEPTOCHLOA Beauv., 430
ff//i«M(/A/ Steud., 433
Lomingensis (J acq.) Trin., 434
dubia(H. B. K.) Nees, 437
fascioularis (Lam.) A. Gray, 435
filiformis Presl, 433
imbricata Thurb., 435
Laugloisii Vasey, 432
Ludoviciana Vasey, 432
Mexicana Scribn., 437
muoronata (Michx.) Kunih, 432
var. pulchella Scribn., 433
Nealleyi Vasey, 433
pi'llucida, 432
polygama (F'ourn.), 437
Pringlei (Vasey), 436
BCabra Nees, 432
spioata ( Doell) Scribn., 434
Tracyi (Vasey), 436
virgata Wight, 434
visbida (Scribn.), 434
Leploioryphium Nees, 97
lattatuin Nees, 98
Leptophoba Ehrh., 361
Leptostachya, 476
INDEX.
693
l.eptostachvs Mey.. 431
XEPTUBVS R. Br., 631
Bolamieri Thurb., 634
fasiituliitus Trin., 33
i ii.iKOKMis (Roih) Trin., 633
var. iNCL'i<VATUS(L.) Trin., 633
pattiitilatus Niitt., 413
Lesottrdia Fourn., 453
Karwinskiatia Fourn., 454
Leiuopoa Griseb., 537
Lcvmiis Hoclist., 647
Libert ia Lej., 608
LlKNDKII.I.A, 293
J.ithacliiie Beauv., 168
lOLIUM L., 638
agyptiium Bell, 630
tii^n-sfe Hort., 629
album Steud., 630
amiuiim Bernh., 629
iinnui'.in Lam., 630
urcnarium Rouv., 639
-aristatmn Lag., 629
arista turn Pers., 629
arvense With., 630
aspt-riim Roth, 629
ainat/i-nse Bernh., 629
(i-ihicitm Opig., '!29
decipiens Dum., 630
elongatuiii Hort., 639
infelix Rouv., 630
italicuin A. Br., 629
lucid urn Dum., 630
MUi.TiKLORUM Lam., 639
I'KRKNNK L., 639
Psetido'italicum Schur, 639
rcmotwn Schrank, 639
strict nm Presl., 629
TKMiri.KNTUM L, , 630
var. ARVENSE (With.), 630
tenue L., 639
vtilgare Hort., 629
I^opliochloena Californica Nees, 514
refracta A. Grav, 514
Lophochloa Reichb., 495
Low Si'EAR-GRASS, 530
l.udolfia Willd., 657
LUZIOLA Juss., 171
AlabamensiB Chapm., 172
Peruviana J. F. Gmel., 172
ITCUBUS H. B. K., 270
brevifoHus Scribn., 271
phleoides H. B. K.. 270
var. brevifoliuB (Scribn.), 371
var. glauoifolina nov. var., 371
MacroHepharus Philippi, 475
Macrocha:ta Steud. , 163
Macrochloa Kunth, 212
Alacronax Rafin., 658
Macroztachya Hochst., 403
Maize, 15
Maizilla Schlecht., 81
Manisuris Sw., 33
MANISUBIS L., 39
compressa (L. f.) Kuntze, 31
corrugata (Baldw.) Kuntze, 31
cylindrica(Michx.) Kuntze, 31
yranularis Sw., 33
rngosa (Chapm.) Kuntze, 30
Mapira Adans., 168
Maksii-grass, 396
HATDEJE, 13
Medium Quaking-grass, 530
Mcgastachya Beauv. , 475
aniicna Fourn., 478
ciliaris Beauv., 479
polvmorpha Beauv., 484
MELICAL., 496
acuminata Boland., 508
altissima Walt., 503
anomala Scribn., 311
argenta (Howell) Beal, 504.
aristata Thurb., 510
bromoides A. Gray, 508
var. Howellii Scribn., 509
bttlbosa Porter & Coult., 506
bulbosa Gayer, 507, 508
bulbosa Thurb.. 507
Californica Scribn., 507
colpodioidcs Nees, 499
diffusa Pursh., 503
var. nitens Scribn., 502
frutescens Scribn., 503
fugaz Boland., 501
Geyeri Munro, 508
Geyeri Thurb. , 501
glabra Michx., 505
Harfordii Boland., 510
var. minor Vasey, 510
imperfecta Trin., 499
var. flexuosa Boland., 499
var. minor Scribn., 499
v.ir. refracta Thurb., 500
var. scsi/ui flora Torr., 500
inflata Vasey, 500
laxifloria Cavan., 505
macrantha (Vasey) Beal, 506
multinervosa Vasey, 501
mutioa Walt., 505
var. diffusa A. Gray, 503
var. glabra A. Gray, 505
var, parvi flora Porter, 502
nana, new name, 504
paiiicoides Nutt., 499
Parishii Vasey, 500
parviflora (Porter) Scribn., 503
691
INDEX.
MELICA poitoides Torr., 507
Porttfi Scribn., 503
Smithii (Porter) Vasey, 509
spectabilis Scribn., 500
atricta Holaiul., 503
Bubulata (Giiscb.) Scribn., 508
Torreyana Scribn., 500
Mi'linum Link, 173
pal list re Linlc, 173
Menithnpta Rafin., 389
Mfiisaclnie Trin., 463
Mesquite-grass, 417
Michfltiriix Dum., 008
MiCROCHLOA R. Hr., 394
setacea R. Kr., 394
Miiropvrnin Link, 583
.]//>;■/</ Pers., 657
MlSCANTHUS Anderss., 23
Sinensis Anderss., 34
Miliaria Trin., 108
Milaiium Mcench, 233
Milium l., 233
amphicarpoti Pursh, 99
ciliattim Muhl., 99
coDiprt'ssntn Sw., 85
cuspidalHin Spreng, 233
efEusum L. , 234
punclotum L , 103
puugens Torr., 238
rati'inosiiiit Sni., 285
tra)issilvanicnm Schur, 234
Millet. 58, 125
Mauchia VVeiider, 81
Moliiieria, 361
MOLINIA Shrank, 474
CcERULEA (L.) McEnch, 754
Monachather Steud., 380
Mimachn,' Heaiiv., 100
MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm., 454
littoralis Engelm., 455
Monathera Rafin., 401
Mouilia S. F. Gray, 474
Monocera Ell., 401
Monograph of Kumbusere, Miinro, 6
Mouopogon Presl, 388
avcmiceus Presl, 388
Moulinsia Rafin., 192
Mountain-timothy, 275
MUHLENBEBGIA Schreb., 234
affinis Trin., 259, 264, 265
AlamoBSB Vasey, 248
arenicola Buckl., 261
argentea Vasey, 255
iiristata I'ers., 269
Arizonioa Scribn., 263
artioulata Scribn., 258
Berlandieri Trin., 258
BourReei Fourn , 341
MUHLENBEBGIA
hrackyelytrmii. Trin., 269
brevifolia Scribn., 254
breviseta Griseb., 245
Buckleyana Scribn., 247
iicspitosa Chapni., 361
calama}:;rostidea Kunth, 248
Californica Vasey, 253
capillaris (Lam.) Trin., 256
var. filipes (Curtis) Chapm.,
256
var. trichopodes (Ell.) Vasey,
356
ciliata(H. & K.) Trin., 343
lilt ltd Trin., 318
ihindistina Trin.. 387
Clomena Trin., 341
comata ( Thurb. ) Henth., 259
dehilis Trin., 253
dtpatiperala Scribn., 239
diffusa Schreb., 345
dumosa Scribn., 359
var. minor Scribn., 26
elata Vasey, 246
elongata Scribn., 251
i-rtcta Schreb., 269
ezilis Fourn., 246
filiculmis Vasey, 250
flipfs M. a. Curt., 256
firma, n. sp., 244
flavida Vasey, 249
Jlavida var. stridior Scribn. , 263
foliosa Trin., 252
^loinerata Trin., 253
'gracilis (EL H. K.) Trin., 343
var. breviaristata Vasey, 343
var. enervis Scribn., 243
gracillima Torr. , 261
grandis Vasey, 309
Nuac/iucaiia Vasey, 262
implicata(VVilkl.) Trin., 264
laziflora Scribn., 258
Lemmoni Scribn., 263
longifolia Vasey, 257
longiglumis Vasey, 366
lycuroides V^asey, 239
Mexicana (L.) Trin., 252
var. filiformis (Muhl.) Scribn.
253
microsperma (DC.) Trin., 253
monticola Buckl., 250
liana Benth.. 241
nebulosa Scribn., 247
Neo-Mezicana Vasey, 265
Palmeri V^asey, 265
Farishii Vasey, 249
parviglumis Va?ey, 257
pauciflora Huokl.,'365
paucijlora Buckley 363
INDEX.
6y5
HUHLENBEBOIA
peniiuld Bong., 308
Forteri Scribn., 259
Fringlei Scribn. , 257
pulcherrima Scribn., 240
pungens Thurb., 2U2
purpurea Nutt., 353
racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P., 253
var. brevifolia Vasey, 353
var. ramosa X'ascy, 353
Keirrchoni V. & S., 361
rigida(H. B. K.) Trin., 240
scabra Scribn., 343
Schaifneri Fourn., 239
Schreberi Ginel., 245
■coparia Vasey, 346
setarioidi's Fourn., 849
selifolia Vasey, 361
Bobolifera (Mulil.) Trin., 344
speciosa Vasey, 368
spiciformis Trin., 254
stipoides (H. B. K.) Trin., 344
subalpi'ia Vasey, 343
sylvatica Muhl., 348
var. Californica Vasey, 349
var. gracilis Scribn., 249
var. setarioides (Fourn.), 249
var. setiglumis S. Wats., 349
teneUa(H. B. K.) Trin,, 363
tenuiflora (VViild.) B. S. P., 355
Texana Thurb., 359, 360
Trinii Fourn., 366
virescens (H. B. K.) Trin., 243
lt'il/i/fnovii Trin., 355
Wrightii Vasey, 851
MUNBOA Torr , 455
squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr., 456
var. floocuosa Vasey, 456
MisQuiT-r.RAss, 413
Mygahirus Link, 583
Mvrioslachyn, 476
Naked Oats, 386
Nassella E. Uesv., 233
A'a-'icularia Raddi, 145
NAZIA Adans., 73
occidentalis (Nees), 74
racemosa (L.) Kuntzc, 73
Xi-sonema Rafin., 330
Xestlera VVilld., 413
XlMHI.E WlM., 345
Nrr-cRASs, SoS
Xoniurus Reichb., 583
N^owodworskya Presl, 313
CEdipiichne Link, 100
punctata Link, 103
Old-witch Grass, 139
OlYBA L., 168
latifolia L.. 168
pauiculata Sw., 168
Oncea Franch. , 511
Ophismenus Boir., 146
Opizia Presl, 489
stolonifera Presl, 440
OPLISMENUS Beauv., 146
tolonus H. B. K., 118
Crus-gaUi Dum., 119
Liebmanni Fourn., 147
sabuUolus Kunth, 120
sftarius R. & S., 147
undulatifolius Beauv., 147
Orchakd-ckass, 523
OBCUTTIA Vasey, 456
Californica Vasey, 457
Oreenii Vasey, 457
Ortachne Nees, 193
scabra Fourn., 311
tenuis Fourn., 811
Orthopogon R. Br., 146
Orlhoraphium Nees, 318
Orthostachys Ehrh., 647
OBYZA L., 176
clautitstina A. Br., 178
SATIVA L., 176
0ivzea\ 180
OBYZ£S, 169
OBYZOPSIS Michx., 233
asperifolia [Rich, in] Michx., 325
caJuca Beal, 336
Canadensis Torr., 328
cuspidata Benth., 333
exigua Thurb., 237
fimbriata Ilenisl., 381
Hendersoni Vasey, 338
juncea (Michx.) B. S. P., 228
Kingii(Boland.), 229
Macounii (Scribn.), 329
melanocarpa Muhl., 3'J5
viiirantha Thurb., 230
micrantha (Trin. et Rupr.), 3;>0
mongolica (Turcz.) Beal, 327
Fringlei Scribn., 326
erecta Beal, 330, 331
A'ic/nndsonii Beal, 339
Sibirica(Lam.), 336
U'Meri Benlh., 233
OviN.K Hack., 584
Oxyant/ie Steud., 450
japonica Steud., 461
Oxydenia Nutt., 430
Padia Zoll. & Mor.
FANICACE.S:, 13
FANICEJE, 78
176
696
INDEX.
PaNICULAEIA Fabr. , 5fi8
acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze, 570
Americana (Torr.) MacMillan, 508
aqualiiii (L.) Kuntze, 508
Canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze, 564
elongata Torr., 565
fluitans(L.) Kuntze, 569
laxa Scribn., 567
nervata(Willil.) Kuntze. 567
obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze, 565
pallida (Torr.) Kuntze, 566
pauciflora (Presl) Kuntze, 568
Paniiulatiim Ard., 146
PANICUM L.,104
adspi-rsum Trin., 116
agrostoides Muhl., 128
amarum Ell., l!24
var. minor V. & S., 135
anceps Michx., 128
var. striitum Chapm., 136
atigiistifolitoii Chapm., 121
aiii^iisli foil inn Ell., 141
arenarium Cham. & Schkcht. , 125
autumnale Kosc, 121
uTiitiii'iiin II. B. K., 133
harlniio-.ic Trin., 121
iHirlnihitiiiii Mirhx., 139
brachyanthum Steud., 121
brevifolium L., 136
/iroiNcii/is Lam., 148
bulbosum II. B. K., 131
var. avenaceum(H. B. K.), 132
var. minor Vascy, 131
iirspilostim Spreng., 116
crspi/osiitn Sw., 113, 115
capillare L.. 129
var. ii^'ri'sff Gatt., 130
var. campestre Gatt., 130
var. flexile Gatt., 130
var. geniinlatum Scribn., 130
var. niiliiiceum V^asey, 130
var. minimum Engel, 130
var. vulgare Scribn., 130
«apillarioides Vasey, 134
carina til III Torn, 115
tratu/atiim Lam., 157
Chapmani Vasey, 137.
ciliatissimum Buck., 133
liliatiiin Ell., 139
clandestinum L., 144
colonum L., 118
var. Zonalk(Guss.) L. H. Dewcv,
118
commutatum Schultcs, 141
var. oonsanguineum (Kuiuh), 141
compositum Nees, 154
consangiiincHin Kunth, 141
corrui;;ata Ell., 156
Crus-gaUi L., 119
PANICUM, Crus-gaUi.
var. hispidum (Muhl.) Torr., 119
var. sabulicolum (Nees) Trin., 120
Curtisii Steud., 115
Dactvlon L., 396
dehile Ell., 135
ddnle Poir, 127
depauperatum Muhl., 140
var. lazum Vasey, 140
dichotomum L., 138
var. laxiflorum (Lam.), 139
(<i) (omintaic S. Wats.
(/;) fasiiciilatum S. Wats.
Xc) gyaiile S. Wats.
diiRiBumSw., 133
digitarioidts Carpenter, 115
diTfrgi-ns Muhl., 121
ensi foil urn Baldw., 189
enuiforinf Sibth., 114
fasciculatum Sw., 117
var. fusoum (Sw.) 117
var. major (Vasey), 117
var. reticulatum (Torr.), 117
flliforme L., 109_
JlaTiiin Nees, 153
Jlfxile Scribn., 130
fragile Kunth. 131
fuscHiii Sw., 117
fuscniii major Vasey, 117
geniciilaliun Muhl. ,129
geniiulatuiii Lam., 156
gibbum EII., 126
glahriim Gauil., 110
glatuiiin L., 155
GROSSAKIt'M L., 116
gymnocarpon Ell., 131
Hallii Vascy, 132
Havardii Vasey, 135
Iiians Ell., 127
hispidum Muhl., 120
ignoratum Kuntii, 98
iinbi'rbc Poir, 157
Indicum L., 138
Isachne var. Mexicana (Vasey), 114
Italicuin L., 154
Joorii Vasey, 142
juiiicntoriim Pcrs., 132
Kunthii Fourii., 125
lachnanthum A. (iray, 112
hevigatum Muhl., 155
lanatum Rottb., Ill
lauiiginosum Ell., 139
la/if olinin Walt., 145
taxi flor urn Lam., 139
leucpplhciim H. B. K., Ill
LI.NKAKK Krock, 110
var. Mississippiense Gaitinger, 111
MAXIMIM Jacq., 132
var. bulbosum Munro, 131
INDEX.
01)7
Fanicum
molicarium Michx., 127
microcarpon Muhl., 137
var. sphaerooarpon (Ell.). 137
microspermum I'Ourn., 134
-Mll.lACKU.M L., 125
fiiilUiceiim Walt., 129
minimum Stribii., 130
MOI.LK S\v., 121
muricatum Michx., 120
Myosurug Rich., 121
Myurus Lam., 121
^.Ciilltyi V'asey, 143
tifi-Tosum iMuhl., 141
neuranthum Griseb., 185
var. ramosum Griseb., 135
vitidum Lam., 139
Oazacense Steud., 144
obtusum IL B. K., 115
Palmeri V'asey, 120
t" III' lis Sw., 14G
paspaloides Pers., 114
fdtfittissimum R. & S., 127
pauiijlorum Ell., 143
pedicellatum Vasev, 135
I'l.ANTACINKUM Li'llli, 113
platyphyllumMuiiro, 112
Piiiigln Vasev, 119
proliferum Lnm., 129
var.^ geniculatum (Muhl.) Vasey
prostratum Lam., 113, 115
ptilicsiciis Michx., 139
ramulosum Michx., 136
repens L., 127
var. confertum Vasey, 128
relic II la film Torr. ,117
Keverchoni Vasey, 120
rhizophorumFoiirn., 139
riifiim Kuiith, 97
stil'ulicoliim, Nees, 120
SANGLflNALR L. , 110
var. Simpsoni Vasev, 109
soih-itiuii/iim Chaptii'.. A'i
Schiedeanum Trin., 119
sooparium Lam., 143
scopariiim Michx.. 143
serotinutn (Walt.) Trin., lU
sctariiim Lam., 147
setigerum Heauv., 109
Simpsoni (Vasey), 109
sonorum, new name, 130
sparsijloruin Vasey, 121
spluerocarpon Ell., 137
Btenodes Griseb., 126
striatum Chapm., 117
tenerrimum Kiinth, 113
ieiiuicidmum Chapm., 137
P. virgatum L., 121
Steud.
PANICUM, p. virgatum.
var. mat rasper mum Vasey, 126
Texanum Huckl.. 117
iinisetttm Trin., 158
Urrilleanum Kunth, 131
verticillatiim L., 151
viride L., 157
PAPPOPHOKUM Schreb., 447
apertum Munro, 447
I'oreaU Torr., 448
liiKiiroidium Schrad., 448
Wrightii S. Wats., 448
Para-(;kass.121
Piirroteranthc Dnmmondii
569
Pitspalaiitliittm Desv. 81
PASPAIUM L, 81
(im/>ti;inun DC, 110
Jilodi^t-ttii Chapm., 88
Bofcianum F'liigge, 92
Buckleyanum Vasey, 93
csespitosum Fliigge, 88
f liatifoliiim Nlichx., 91
compressum (Swartz) Nees, 85
conjugatum Herg., «9
till syp/iy Hum Ell., 91
i/t/ii/e Michx., 90
Jh'i^ifarin Polr., 85
dilatatum Poir., 02
var. decumbens Vasey, 93
distichium 1.., 92
Drummondii C. .Muell, 90
elatum Kicii , 93
i/,x<iiis Mtlgge, 89
Elliott a S Wats. , 85
fliforme Fluegge, 10!)
Floridanum .Midix,, 96
v.ir. glabratum luigclm., 97
Jliiitans Kunth, S?
fiiraitum villosiim \'ascv, 86
giganteum Baldwin, 95'
gracile Schiecht., 86
,i;'iuil,- Steud., .S7
/lallii V. and S. , 93
Humboldtianum FIflgge, 91
inops Vasey, 89
var. major Vasev, 89
IsBve Michx., 95
laiiatiim \\. H. K., 98
lentifemm Lam., 95
leiiti^inostiin Vasey, 90
lividum Trin., 92 '
macrophyllum II. B. K., 90
maiiospi-niium Flilgge, 96
membranaceum Walt., 86
Miiliauxianum Kunth, 85
mouostachvHin Vasev, 93
mucronatum M u h I. ,86
698
INDEX.
Pasfaluh
notatum Flngge, 95
i'-'(ituiii Nees, 03
paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn., 85
Fittieri Hack., 88
planifoHuin Fourn., 90
platyiiiulon Poir., 85
plicatulom Miclix., 90
prsBCOz Walt., 95
pyrnniiiialc Nees, 87
pubiflorum Rupr., 93
var. glauoum Scribn., 93
purpurasifits Ell., 93
raoemosum Lam., 87
rectum Nees, 93
repens Berg., 87
saitguinale Lam., 110
sirotiiiuin FHlegge, 111
setaceum Michx., 91
var. ciliatifolium (Michx.) Vasey,
91
teneUum Willd., 89
Hiidtilatum Poir., 90
vaginatom Sw., 93
Vaseyanum Scribn., 140
Telutinosum Nees, 134
verrucosum Muhl.. 135
TiliosHin rill., 139, 141
virgatum L , 88
var. platyozon Doell, 88
var. pubiflorum, Vasey, 88
viBcidum Ell.. 143
var. scabriuBCulum, 143
IValteri Ell., 115
Walter! Poir., 145
var. molle Vasey, 145
IValterianinn Schultes, 80
IFi7(0xiii>tit//i Vasey, 140
zanthophysum A. Gray, 143
zoiiiih' Guss., 119
P,r/iM Pour., 373
Pectinarici Hack., 34
Pcltophoia Desv., 39
Pcnicilhria Willd., 163
PENNISETUM Rich., 163
bambusiforme Hems!., 165
cenchroides Rich., 165
crinittitn Scribn., 163
durum, new name, 163
};t-iiiit(l(ilH>n Jacq., 156
LATiFOLiUM Spreng., 164
i.oNcisTYi.rM Hochst., 166
Mezicanum Hemsl., 165
multiflorum Fourn., 164
myosurotiles Spreng., 160
purpurascens W. \\. K., 166
setosum (Sw.) Rich., 166
vt-r icillatnin R. Br., 151
Pt-ittti'iii'ris Beauv., 389
PENTABRHAPHIS n. B. K., 441
Fournierana (Vasey) Hack. &
Scribn., 441
pauperoula (E'resl) Scribn., 443.
Bcabra IK B. K.. 443
Pvntastachvii Hochst., 163
PEREILEMA J. & C. PresI, 871
cillatum Fourn.. 273
orinitum J. & C. PresI, 371
PcreiUmii PresI, 330
Pkrknnial Rvixjrass, 639
Perihallia Trin., 861
Petfioessii DcEll., 476
Phinelhiyia Willil., 403
P/uucliiriis Griseb., 29
FHALARIDEJE, 180
PHALARIS L.,181
Aiiit-rii,iiia Ell., 183.
amethystina Trin., 183
iiui;usta/a llort.. 183
iingus/ata Nees, 183
aqtiatiai Delile, 183
arundinaoea L., 183
var. picta (Hori.), 183
(irtindinacta Michx., 183
rt < 7V«/rt;7j Salisb., 183
Canariensis L., 183
Caroliniaua Walt, 183
colorata Beauv., 183
intermedia Bosc, 183
var. angu8tata(Hort.), 182
Lemmoni V^asev. 183
mitrostac/iya DC, 183
oryzoides L., 178
ovata Moench, 183
Plialaiidiiim Nees, 473
Phahma Dum., 524
PHARUS p., 171
glaber H. B. K., 171
liifi/oliiis Trin., 171
PHIFFSIA R. Br., 283
algida (Soland.) R. Br., 283
PHLEUM L., 274
alpinum L., 275
pratense L. , 276
sclurnoides L., 374
Pholiiiriis Trin., 631
PHRAGMITES Trin., 457
altissimtis Mabille, 460
urundinacca Allam, 460
ittts trails Trin., 400
gt^s^iintm J. Gay, 460
japonica Steud., 460
occidi-iittilis Trill., 461
Phragmites (L.) Karst., 460
viils^aris Trin., 461
Pkikon'-ckass, 157
PiicoKN, 386
LNDKX.
699
Piptatheruni Beau v., 223
ni};nim Torr., 225
J'i/>tiu/i,ctiuiii I'resI, 223
/'lii:^ivs(iichya, 470
J'liiHtinia Bubaiii, 275
rintystachva, 470
J'litiraphis 'I'orr., 67
Jamesii Torr., 7U
inutica Hiickl., 69
ri ill, ill Thiirb., 08
P/iiif/i,iiit/i,\sis Steiid., 389
PlEUBOPOOON R. Hr., 513
Californioum(Nees) Henth., 614
/.o/>/t(>,/iliviiii Nees, 513
refraotum (Gray) Benth., 514
Sabinii R. Br.. 315
P/oth Sclireb., 520
J\'<i A dans., 519
POA L., 5:0
acuminata Scrihn. , 538
luuahilis Wall., 489
a 'II /lit; 11, 1 F.ll., 405
tnroi,/fs Nutt., 573
alpina L., 542
var. minor Scrihn., 543
var. purpurascens (Vasey), 543
alsodes A. Gray, 530
var. IFolJii Vasey, 553
<inceps PresI, 546
iiiiceps Hcgetschw., 543
aiuiina Nutt., 570
aiigHstat,i R. Br , 572
aiigustifoli,i Reichb., 550
aiifinstifoliti L., 543
<jttiiiisti/pli,t Ucria, 531
ANNUA L., 530
<?«««« Cham. & Schlecht., 531
var. stricta Vasey, 545
aqtiatica var. Americana Torr., 568
arachnifera Torr. , 535
var. glabrata V^asey, 535
argentea Howell, 504
ariita Vasey, 576
aspera Gaudin, 553
attica Boiss., 543
autumnalis Muhl., 533
var. robuBta Vasey, 534
/>a,iensis Uaenke, 542
Bigelovii V, & S., 545
Bolandcri Vasey, 540
hrac/np/iylla Schult.. 534
Brandegei Scribn., 544
l>n-.if,ilia Gaud., 542
brevifolia .Muhl., 534
Brownei Kunth, 485
hryophila Trin., 553
ccesia Am. authors, 552
CiFsia J. E. Smith, 553
var. strictior A. Gray, 553
POA
Calif arnica Steud., 549
Canipyle Schult., 533
capillar is L. 481
Caroliniana SpreuR,, 487
Chapmaniana Scribn., 545
tiliari.1 L., 479
cin.na Vil., 543
carul.a Knapp, 543
colli 11,1 Host., 542
coiiiplanata Sclinr, 548
cn.\iiM<|.;«s.\ L , 540
coii/crt.i FCII., 481
oonflnis Vasev, 547
conglomerata' R u p r . , 537
coroiiciisis Schur, 542
coslala Schum., 543
cristata Chapm.. 545
crKcata Michx., 550
Cusiokii Vasey, 533
ciispit/ata Nutt., 534
debilis Torr., 539
Uensi/loia Buck I., 535
ileiitata Torr., 500
ittprcssti Presl, 543
di scalar Hoppe, 542
ili .stalls L., 573
tliraricn/a Vil!., 543
Douglasii Nees, 5J9
tlithia Leers, 531
t/ii/iia [Hont k.] Verz., 543
<lu rinse II la VVilld., 530
Eatoni S. Wats., 570
elegans Hall., 550
elciiaiis Poir., 479
Elliattii'&\-ix<in^., 533
elangtita Torr. , 500
erajrrasti/oriiiis Scliur, 543
Enijrraslis L., 482
filifalia Schur, 543
filfo/ia Vasev, 539
flava L., 550'
flavicans Ledb., 551
Jlt'xiiasa Muiil., 533
Jlcxupsa J. E. Smith, 554
Jluit,ms Scop., 569
fulva Trin., 557
geli,la Schur, 542
glabra Ehrh., 549
glauca Vahl, 553
glonierata Walt., 481
glumaris Trin., 549
gracillima Vasey, 554
Orayana Vasey, 548
gregalis Suter, 543
hetcr,^pltylla Scheele, 543
hispidul'a Vasey, 555
llt^liciiackfri Trin., 531
HoweUii V. & S., 541.
^
700
INDKX.
POA
huinilis Elirh., B43
/ill milts Lej., 5510
hydrophvhi Thuill., 560
fivpnoidis Lam., 478.
l'daho«nsii, TiltO
infirma II. cS: K., 531
int,irtipta Nutt., 483
Xelloggii Vasty. 540
Kiui;ti S. Wats., 549
Liccstadii Riipr., 557
Uvvis V^asfv, 577
Laiii^tana Reichb., 548
lazai ll.xnk., 554
Lejt'iiuii Dum., 54!J
l.etleriiHini Vasey, 570
Ituidii Vasey, 570
lu^i^fiis Kiintli, 400
iiHicrniithe Vasey, 500
inaliiiimdnricusis Lej., 543
mil riti Ilia IIiuls. , 5T5
iiiodtsta Tiickeriii., '.i97
tniir.iHs Wibel, 540
tiiirifoliii Scluir, 543
nenioralh Pursh, 550
uemonilis Torr. , 530
nemoralis L. , 552
var. flrmula Most, 553
var. glauca (Vahl), 553
nervata VVilki., 507
nervosa (Hook.) Vasey, 538
var. Tracyi (Vasey), 538
Ncvtidensis Vasey, 577
niitiins Link, 588
c/>ttis(i Muiil., 505
occiden talis V. & S., 539
Orcuttiana Vasey, 556
orcpphila Schur, 543
ci'uUs Tineo, 530
piilustris, Mucll., 531
pa lust r is \\. Mart., 550
Pattersoni Vasey, 578
pectiimcea Michx,, 488
peiidiilimi J. Vahl, 558
pilosa Muhl.. 487
pilosa L., 487
polvmorpha R. Br., 484
polynoda Parn., 540
pratensis L., 543
prateusis Pollich, 531
Pringh'ii Scribn., 578
prociniibens QwxX.., 575
Psfudo-hyhrida Schur, 531
pseudopratensis Scribn. & Rydb.,
550
pubescens Lej., 543
pule he I la Vasey, 574
ptiHij^t'ns Nutt., 534
puiigens Torr., 533
FOA
piirpHnistcns Vasey, 548
ijiiinijiii/ii/ii I'ursh., 467
reflexa V. & S. , 530
re/niitii Muhl., 488
iiplans Michx., 478
lii^'idii L., 587
Rapreohtii Peyr., 555
Siiii<l/i,rxii Vasey, 539
Siii/iiui Khrli., 631
sciiliri'llii Vasey, 581
sderochloidrs Steud.. 474
scroti iiii Lhrh., 550
seskrioidfs Michx., 407
si-tiUYti Hoffm., 543
si-tiici'ii I luds. , 531
Sheldon i Vasey, 579
spectahilis Pursh, 489
steuiiiithii Janka, 543
slolonifern Bell., 542
strictii HeKClschw., .543
slrij^osd Hoffm., 543
subaristata Scribn., 533
su/'cirrii It'll Sm., 543
sii/iconipres.ui Parn., 540
siihlilis Schur, 543
Siiksdorfii Vasey, 574
siipinn Schrad., 530
sylvestris A. Gray, 537
svlriiolii Guss., 543
tenuifoliii, 578
teniii folia Buckl., 579
tenuis Ell., 483
Texana Vasey, 464
thermalis Pers., 543
Thurberiana (Kuntzc) Vasey, 548
Tracyi Vasey. 538
triangularis Gilib., 630
trijlora Gilib., 550
trii'ialis Guss., 543
TRIVIAI.IH L. , 531
var. filiculmis Scribn., 533
occidentalis Vasey, 539
unilatcralc Scribn., 581
Vahlii R. & S., 448
variegafa Lam., 542
Vaseyana Scribn., 533
Villarsii Gmel., 543
viridis Gilib., 543
Wheeleri Vasev, 547
Wolfii (Vasey) Scribn.. 553
POACEJE, 180
Poarion Reichb. ,494
Podosicmum Kunth, 334
ciliatuin H. B. K., 243
debile H. B. K., 253
distichophylluin Presl, 308
^racile H. B. K., 342
implicatum H. B. K., 264
INDKX.
rui
Ppi/osivtiiinii rii^ii/iim II. B. K., 'J40
itipoidts 11. H. K., 'iW
tenellHm li. B. K., 'J<W
vir.SifHs H. B. K., 242
Poidiitm Nees, 526
I'OISON-DARNI I„ OIJO
Polvantheri.y Nees, 047
Polvodon H. B K., 4i;i. 415
POLYPOOON Pesf., ;{12
elongatas(I>(>ir.) II. B. K.. iilii
•; loin era t us Willi!., 252
MTioKMs sm., ;n4
MAKITIMIS VVillcl,, '6VA
MoNsi'Ki.iF.Nsis (L.) Desf., ni2
Polyrapliis Trin., 447
Polvsihistis ptuipentih Prcsl, 442
P()rcui'ink.-<;kass, 215
J'orrotcranthe Steiul., 503
Pristdla Bcrtol.,212
Prohuia F.hrli.. ^01
Prosphysis Dulac, 583
Psamma Beaiiv., i55;{
lit t oralis Beau v., 854
J'siimiiiflyiiir G\'\sv\)., 648
/'siiidocvtiodon, 4!il
Pseitdopoa, 527
Pseudorvza Griff., 177
Psihinthera Link, 457
Pterium Desf., 525
Ptihtgrostis Griseb , 212
PiYCiioriiYi.i.iM Braun, 106
Ptucinellia Bar)., 563, 570
dislaiis Pari., 571!
iiiarilima Pari., 575
QUACK-GKASS, 630
yiAKINCM.UASS, 619
yilCK-GKASS, 636
Kabdochloa Beauv., 430
Rtuhidiospcrntum Mexicauum Vasev,
631
Kaddia BcrtoL, 168
Kiirem Adaiis., 159
Kaspailin Mem., 312
Raiciikkia Grass, 649
Ray-grass, 629
JitaiKi Brign., 13
liixnriivis Uur., 14
KcboiiUa Kunth, 490
ohtiimtti A. Gray, 492
J\'nnsyh<auica A. Gray, 493
Rki) Top, 332
REDFIELDIA Vasey, 472
flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey, 472
R 1.1.1), 659
Rkid Canary-grass, 183
RkKI) GRASS, 460
REIMARIA FltlRge, 80
oligottaohya Munro, 80
NiUheta Sleud., 336
Rksci'k-guass, 616
Revision des GraiiiiiiCes, Kutuli.
3
Phisocephalus Boiss., 373
RlllllON-GRASS, 184
Rick, 176
Rici-.-cUT Grass 178
Rick's Cousin, 178
Riedelia Trin., 76
Kipidium Trill., 26
A\i\;H,ri,i C. K(.t h, 634
A'tvmeriit Zea, 511
Poslrmia Trin., 3T2
Notlhivllia Host., 361
Kottha-tliii L. f., Diss., 29
lomprfssn L, f . , 32
tompii'ssu Beauv., 167
lorriigdta Baldwin, 81
cyliitdritii Torr., 31
fiisciiulata Lam., 33
Jiliforinis Roih, 633
iinurviita L. f. , 633
paiiiciilata Spreng., 413
rii^^osa Chapm., 30
Rough Mkadow-grass, 531
Rush Sai.t-grass, 398
Ryi:, 640
Siibs/ni Adans., 81
SACCHARUM L., 25
ar;j;ttitettiu Brous., 57
contort urn Nutt., 28
OKFICINARUM L , 25
Ka\fniiiC \... 26
strict urn Null., 29
Salt Marsii-i;rass, 399
SAi.r Rkkd grass, 398
Sam)-iu;r, 161
Sand-grass, 354
Santia Savi. , 312
SAVASTANA Schrank., 185
alpina (Sw.) Scribn., 187
macrophylla (Thurb.), 187
Mexicana (Benth.), 187
odorata (L.) Scribn., 186
pauciflora (R. Br.) Scribn., 188
SCHAFFNERA Benth., 74
gracilis Benth., 74
SCHEDONNARDUS St cud., 412
paniculatus (Nult.) Trelease, 413
'J'cxaniis Steud., 413
Schedoiwrus Beauv., 582, 608
lividus R. & S., 603
Sclu'lliiigia Steud., 70
Schistachne Figar., 192
702
INDEX.
Sc/iiziic/iyriuni Nces, i?9
amdi'iifiitiis Necs, 47
fiUfonne Noes, 4f*
scmihffhi' Necs, 47
Schmidtiii Trait., 381
Sciiu adkk's Buomus, 016
Schultcsia Spienjj., 40'.i
Scleraclnie Ton., ;il4, 58i}
Afkausauii Torr., iJlO
ScL-rockloa Reichb., 583
niafitima Reichb., 575
procHinbeus Heauv,, 575
Sci.KUoi'o.A, 5S3
SCLEROPOOON Philippi, 45;{
Karwinskianus (Fouiii.) lienih., 454
Silfrostiiilivi, 47()
ScolnJiha Merl. & Koch, 453
SCOLOCHLOA Link, 550
arandinaoea (Liij.) MncMillat), 5.V,)
SCRIBNERIA E. Hack., 033
Bolanderi (Thurb.) Hack., 631
Skahaki.ky, 645
Ska-oats, 516
SECALE L.. 640
ckukai.k l., 640
Si'Cdliiiiiim Schiir, 634
SknE'-.ca, 186
Si'iiifts A dans., 513
Si'riiWa llassk., 163
Sfrra/a litis Pari., 608
Sksamk Grass, 18
S/-s/,r/,i Niitt., 438
SESLERIA Scop., 457, 458
cicrui.ka (L.) Arduin, 458
daityh'Uis Niitt., 439
Si'laria Hcaiiv. , 150
aui.iata R. & S., 157
iompositit II. H. K., 154
lorrtii^iita Schul., 156
Jla'i'ti Kuiith, 153
^s^rniiiiliifa Heauv., 150
t;;liiuiii Meauv., 155
'iw/>rr/>is R. & S., 157
Ititlua Heauv. ,154
lutii;;li4iiiis- Vascy, 153
Miix'Hi' (iriseb., 153
pauduta Vasey, 153
purpiir a Heauv. , 164
suliiita Raddi, 158
iinhitii Fourii., 158
I'enti-iiiitii Kunth, 153
T'l'i-ticillata Beauv., 151
'.•iridis Heauv., 157
SiiKKi-'s Fi'SCiiK, 593
SIEOLINOIA Bernh., 463
acuminata (Munro) Kuntzc, 470
albescens (Munro) Kuntze, 469
ambigua (Ell.) Kuntze, 465
SIEOLINOIA
Americana (lieauv.), 466
<,rr;/./.r</(ll. H. K.), 470
ChiiMuaHti Small., 467
congesta 1.. II. Dewey. 46S
eragrostoides (V. & S.> L IF.,
Dewey. 465
var. scabra Vasey, 465
JUwii Kuntze, 467
grandiflora Vasey, 471
mutica ( lOrr.) KiUi'.ze, 471
N.'alleyi(Vasov) K. II. Dewev, 470
•nlchella ( 1 1 . li. K.) Kuiuze, 468
.;ir. parviilora Vasey, 468
purpurea (Wait.) Kuntze, 409
seslorioides (Miclix.) Scribn., 107
stricta (Null.) Kuntze, 464
Texana ( I'hiirb.) Kuntze, 460
trinerviglumis (Munro) Kiaitzc,
463
Wrightii X'asey, 464
Sii.KV AiiKosTis, 356
Sitdiiion Katin., (»47
f/\'/ni>i</t:\- Ratin., 652
Siftis/<,-/(>s Adans.. 047
Smai.i, Cank, 059
Smai.i.ku Mkadow Fkscuk, 593
Smai.i. i:r yuAKiM;-GRAss, 530
Sori^/iiini i'ers., 39
aTi-iiiuriim Chapm., 59
hiili-p,iisi- I'ers., 58
iiiiliins CHiapiu., 00
nutans A. Gray, 59
piiHiiJloruni Cliapni., 01
sriiniiitiin Chapm., 00
SomiiKRN Rkiu), 183
SPARTINA Schreb., 390
cynosuroides (L ) Will.!., 397
var. polystachya(Michx.) Scribn.,
398
densiflora HronKu., 397
,C/-//'n/ Muhl.,400
gracilis Trin., 399
doiiiiii Foiirn., 397, 400
/'//;/, r,/ Ell., 398
junciformis Ennelm. & Gray, 400
jiiiiii f'orniis Engelm. &.(iray 399
'/,rri[ii„/„ VVilld.. 400
patens (Ail.) Muli!., 3!)8
stricta (Ait.) Roih, 399
var. maritima (Curt.) Scribn.,
400
var, j^^/a/>ra Muhl., 400
Si'KAK-lJRASS, 543
Spoi/iipdoon FoiMii., 20
SFOROBOLUS R. Hr., 383
airoides Torr., 299
m-niiiiyus Huckl , 398
argutus (Neesj Kuntli, 301
INDKX.
703
Sforobolus
Aiizoiiims riiiirh., 28fi
aruiiiiiniuiiis V.iscy. 'Ml
asper (Miclix.) Kunih. 'J.^T
vai. Srummondii \'asiy, ~H7
var. Hookeri ^'l'Ii^.) Nasty, ^yS
asperifolius ^Nt■(•s) I hurl)., 'JIKS
Inurifolitis Vascy, 'iSS\
ulrovirem Kunili, !!()()
auriculatus V'as<y, ■»'!t4
Bolanderi Vasey, ~'HS)
brevifolius (Nutt.) Scribii., 288
Buckleyi \'asf y, IMIiJ
capillaris X'ascy, \VS'.\
loniplnHiittis Sciilm., ;!10
compressus ( Ton.) Kiinili, 2U7
confusus X'ascy, ~0I
oryptandrus (Ion.) A. ("nay, !J04
var. flexuOBUS 'I'1iimI>., ;!().">
var. strictus Sciii)n., IM).*)
{uxpiiiatiis Wood, 'JMS
depaiiperatus ( i'orr.) Scril)!) , 2'.)5
var. filiformis nov. var., 'Jl)(>
Domingensis ( Iriii.) Kiiiiih, :t01
flliculrais ( lliiirl).) Vasi-y, 288
Floridanus Chupm.. 2!>0
var. Curtissii X'asoy, 290
gracillimus ( Tluiil). ) \'asey, 25)5}
heterolepis A. (irav, 28!>
iM.ici s(I,.) R. Mr., 2<.t(i
inflata Vasev & Dewey, 289
interruptus Vasev, 2S(j
inrolula Miilit.. 287
I.\( tjui.MONi'ii Kiiiuli, 202
Jonesii Vasey, 29;i
junoeuB (Mirlix.) Kiinlh, 200
macrospermus Sirilxi., :{U2
niiiior X'asey, 5i()0
minutiflorus ( I riii.) Link, 290
ovatus, :!(H)
Nealleyi Vasey, 5501
purpurascens llaniiltoii, 291
raoemosus N'asey, 300
lilDlll/oSllS, 29-t
repens I'resl, 207
Sacatilla (irisel)., 205
serotinus ( Torr.) A. (Iray, 20(5
Shepherdi Vasey, 208
tenacissimus Mean v.. 202
Texanus \'asey, i{()2
tricholepis (Torr.) IDiili., 291
vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Vasey, 20i{
Virginicus (!..) Kiinth, :i02
Wolfii Vasev. 280
Wrightii Miinro. iior.
S(.)U1UKK.I.-IAII, ffKASS, O-l t
Sfi'/i/>//itri>s Allans., 274
,Sf(Hii/>n>/>iu.t (irisel)., 008
.V/fV/Cr ///.'<; Ctilifoniiiii Null., 47!t
STENOTAFHRUM Trill., 107
Aiiit-r'hanitiii .Sihrank., I(i7
seoundatum (Wall.) Kiintze, 107
Sri.w.vur's ("an.\uv i;kass, 182
Stipa I.., 211
avenacea L., 218
harluiUi Miehx., 218
I'uolor I'ursh., 218
lUooiiitii Holaiiil.. 221
iiiiiiiiti Serihii., 220
('iiii,i(/,>isis I'oir., 228
<<i/<i7/iiris I.am., 250
,/i/v.u'/'/ir//ii Desv., 215
comata Triii. & Uiipr., 210
coronata 1 hurl). , 210
,/i//i,s., Wall., 25(:
eminens (a van.. 220
var. Anderson! V.tsev, 221
fiio^taJiva II. M. K., 217
fiminiata II. M., 2;{|
flexuosa Vasev, 21i>
Hassei \asev' 22:i
liyntcnoid.s K. iS: .S., 232
/,//// Kimtli, 217
Jarava Meaiiv., 217
JHtiiiit Michx., 228
Kiii-ii Holaiiil., 220
l.ctti-riihini Vasi-y, 222
MiiiOiiiiii Siiibti., 229
iiit-hiiHHai f^a Muhl., Oil
iiitinhriuhiiiw I'llisli.. 232
.]/i>H:;('/iiii Tine/., 227
muoronata II. H. K., 210
multinode Seribii., 222
oocidentalis Tliiirl)., 214,221
Farishii \'asey, 2:0
parvilhoa Nlill., 221
pennata, Neo Mexicana Thiirl)., 214
J'riii-/,i .Serihii., 230
A'/. //(/;. Ac;/// A. dray, 220
Scribneri Vasey, 220
s<Ti,,-(i Miehx., 250
setigera I'resl, 218
Sii>iri,,i Lain., 220
spartea Trin.. 215
.spur/, a I look., 221
speciosa Trin. ct Riipr., 215
Still'iiitiniii Hiijanil.. 219
striota N'asey, 221
tenuissima Trin., 217
/ 'i>i;ini,,i I'crs. ,218
viridula I'rin., 221
var. Lettermani X'asey, 222
var. minor \'asey, 222
var. pubescens \'asey, 222
var. robusta Vasey, 222
Stipii^rostis Noes, 102'
S/r.'f/iiiini Sehrail., 108
,SV/ ,//,/, ////<■ II. i{. K., 193
704
INDEX.
Streptachne R. Br., 213
Floridana Chapm., 301
scabra H. B. K., 211
tenuis H. B. K., 211
Stripkd Grass, 184
Strombodurus Wilkl., 441
Strebloc/uetf Mocbst., 389
Subtribes, Bent ham, 7, 10
SUGAR-CANK, 25
SwEKT Vernai, Grass, 185
SWIICII-CANE, fioO
Symbasiandni Willd., 67
Syitophe Dulac, 583
Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum,
Steudel, 4
SyntherisHia glabra Schrad., 110
firacox Walt., 110
serotiiia Walt., Ill
villosa Walt., 109
Tall Fescue, 591
Tall Oatgrass, 387
Tartarl\n Oats, 386
Teosinte, 14
Texas Bue Grass, 535
Texas Millet, 117
T/iatHitocalaiHus Munro, 058
Thin Grass, 328
THUEBERIA Benth., 314
Arkansana (Torr.) Benth., 316
Thysanaclinc Presl, 76
Timothy, 276
Tiuica (iarzia, 525
Toothache-grass, 402
Tom-si a Ruiz & Pav., 185
'J'osai^ris Beau v., 234
Tozzettia Savi, 270
Traihynia Link, 627
Trachytiotia Michx., 396
juiiii-a Michx., 398
polvstachya Michx., 398
TRACHYPOGON Nees, 35
Moiitufari Nees, 36
pblymorphus Hack., 35
var. Montufari(ll. B. K.) Hack.
36
Sirobiiulatiis Nees, 63
Tragus pccidcntalis Nees, 74
raccmosiis Hall, 74
Tremularia Heist., 519
Triac/ivrum Hochst., 282
Tri<cna H. B. K.,413
racrmosa H. B. K..426
Trial hcra Desv., 413, 415
Tribes, Bentham, 7, 10
Tri,haclnu' Nees, 104, 105
tenuis Nees, 112
Trichata Beau v., 373
Trichloris Fourn., 408
fasiiculata Fourn., 410
plurijlora Fourn., 410
Trichocliloa Beauv., 234
s^lomerata Trin., 252
^implicata R. & S., 264
miirospcrma DC, 253
sobolifcra Trin,, 244
tendla R & S., 263
Tricluniium Michx., 320
algidum R. & S., 283
oiin ,i,m Schrad., 324
deiumbciis Michx., 328
datum Pursh., 334
laxifioruin Bigel, 327
Jyereiinans Ell., 328
Si a brum Muhl., 327
Trichoon Ruth, 459
Triiuspis Beauv., 462
acuminata Munro, 470
albescens Munro, 464
ambigua Chapm., 465
mutiea Torr.. 471
purpurea A. Gray, 469
seslerioides Torr., 467
strict a Thurb., 464
Texan a Thurb., 466
trinerviglumis Munro, 463
Triglossum Fisch., 658
Triniusa Steud., 608
Triodia R. Br., 462
acuminata Benth., 470
albescens Benth., 469
cuprea J. F. Jacq., 467
eragrpstoides V. <S: S., 465-
i^randi flora Vasev, 471
'jVealle'vi Vasey, 470
ptilchella H. B. K., 468
Schaffneri S. Wats., 434
Americana Beauv., 466
Triplasis Beauv., 462
Triplatcra Endl., 413
TRIPSACUML., 17
compressuvi Fourn., 18
cylindricum Michx., 31
dactyloides L., 18
var. Fbridanum (Porter), 19*
var. Lemmoni (Vasey), 19
fasciculatum Trin., 19
F'.oridanum T. C. Porter, 19
lanceolatitm Rupt., 18
Lemmoni Vasey, 19
monostachyum Willd., 18
Triraphis Nees, 389
TRISETUM Pers., 372
barbatum Steud., 614
var. major Vasey, 61.^
Brandci'd Scribn., 563
INDEX.
705
Trisetum
Citlifoinicum Vasey, 376
iiiiifsiLiis Huckl., JJyO
cernuum Trin.. S79
var. canescens (Buckl.), 380
deyeuxioides (11. li. K.j Kunth,
374
var. pubescens Scribn., 374
elongatumdl. H. K.) Kunth, 376
filifolium Scribn., 37r)
var. aristatum Scribn,, 375
Hallii Scribn., 375
iiilfnupttim Huckl., 376
Ludovicianum Vasey, 374
;//.'//(' Kunth, 377
montanum Vasey, 379
palustre (Michx.) Torr., 373
paniculatuin Fuurn., 381
Pkatknsk Pers., 380
piirtiirns(Ciis Torr., 383
Sandbergii n. sp., 378
sesquiflorum Trin., 378
spicatum(L.) Richter, 377
var. moUe (Michx.), 377
sul'spicatiim var. iiivticnm Boland.,
503
Toluccense H. li. K., 377
VJrletii Fourn., 380
VVoljU Vasey, 5(53
Trisiola Rafin., 515
TRISTACHYA Nees, 388
leiostachya Nees, 388
Mexitana Kunth, 388
TRISTEGINEa:, 75
TRITICUM L., 641
lijiiinum L. , 039
dasystachyuin A. Gray, 636
^iiliuiiinit Desf., 637
Peitiisvlviiniruin H. S. P., 373
rcpciis L., 036
var. dasystiuhyii'n Houk., 636
slri:^osum Les., 638
violiiicum Hornm., 639
Vri.wARE Vill., 643
TlKKKV-KOttT, 55
Twncii-cKASs, 036
Typhoidcs Moench, 181
UNIOLAL., 515
-r„cilis Michx., 516
iatifolia Michx., 516
laxa(L.) P. S. P., 516
longifolia Scribn., 517
iii/iii,, Haldw., 517
paniculata L. , 516
piiiii^tiis Rupr., 031
sessiliflora Poir., 517
spiaita L., 518
Uracfnte Trin., 223
asperi folia Trin.. 225
lanata Trin., 333
micrautha Trin. & Rupr., 230
racemosa Trin., 325
Uralcpsis Nutt., 462
purpurea Nutt., 469
puh/iclla Kunth, 468
ixristuUita Nutt., 469
Urochloa Beauv., 104
uiiiscta Presl, 158
Vanii.i.a-grass, 185, 186
Vasi'ya Thurb., 334
coma t a Thurb., 359
Vki.vet-crass, 360
Vil/a Ad a ns., 319
Vilfa Heauv., 283
airoides Trin., 399
arguta Nees, 301
Arkausana Trin.', 301
arundiuacea Trin., 317
aspcra Heauv., 387
asperi folia .\ieyen, 298
eompressa Trin., 3!)7
cryplandra Torr., 304
euspidata Torr., 388
depaiiperata Torr., 395
JJomingeiisis Trin., 304
Druinmoudii Trin., 387
fasdeulata \\. H. K., 331
filieulmis Thurb., 388
i^rueillifna Thurb., 393
hctcrolopis A. Gray, 387
Hookeri Trin., 288
juiieea Trin., 390
minima Vasey, 386
tiiinutijlorus Trin., 399
plumhea Trin., 3!i5
scrotiiia Torr., 396
teiiacissima II. H. K., 293
leiiera Trin., 397
trieholepis Torr., 391
ulilis Torr., 295
vai^i II w flora Torr., 293
rirtiiniea Heauv., 303
Urinaria Trin., 100
Vulf'ia flmel., 583, 583
murostaihya Munro, 585
Myurus Gniel., 586
WAl.r.-HARI.KV, 646
Watkr-oais, 173
Way Hkn t, 040
WkAK Sl'KAR-CRASS, 539
WEINGAERTNERIA Hernh., 362
CANKSCKNS Hernli., 303
Wheat, 463, 641
VViiiTKCiRAss, 177, 178
706
INDEX.
Whiie Rice, 178
WiLU Oats, 384
WiLU Rice, 1T3, 176
Wilhelmsia C. Koch, 494
WilibalJa Sternb., 281
Windsoria Nutt., 465
amhi^ua Nutt., 465
pallida Torr., 566
sir Ida Nutt., 464
Wire-grass, 546
IVirtgniia Nees, 81
Wood-grass, 59
Woolly-beard Grass, 26
Xauthauthos St. Lag., 184
Xiint/ionaiit/ios St. Lag., 184
Yellow Oat-grass, 380
ZEA L., 15
canina S. Wats., 16
Zea
Mays L., 16
Zeobromus Griseb., 609
Zeocriton Beauv., 642, 643
distichum Beauv., 647
murinum Beauv , 646
Zertta Panz., 582, 608
ZEUGITES p. Br., 512
latifolia (Founi.) Benth., 512
Mexicana (Kunth) Trin,, 513
ZlZANIA L., 173
aquatica L., 173
clixvulosa Michx., 173
latifolia Griseb., 173
miliacea Michx., 176
falustris L., 17o
ZlZANIOPSIS DOelL & Aschers., 175
miliacea (Michx.) Doell. & Asch-
ers., 175.
ZOYSIEf, 65
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