GRASSES OF NORTH AMERICA. BV W. J. BEAL. M.A., M.Sc. l»n.l).. J'tofessor e/^ liotiiny and horistry in Mii/tigan Agricuitiiral CoUege. CoMtents 0/ Vol. /.-CHAPTERS ON THE PHYSI- OLOGY, COMPOSITION, SKLECTION. IM- PROVING, AND Cl'LTlVATION OK OR ASSKS; MANAGEMENT OF GRASS LANDS; ALSO CHAPTERS ON CLOVERS, INJURIOUS IN- SECTS. AND FUNGI. 8VO. $2.50. CanUxts of Vol. //.—THE GRASSES C LASSIFIED. DESCRIBED. AND EACH (;ENrS ILI.fS TRATED, WITH CHAPTERS ON THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY. Sv.). HENRY HOLT & CO., Publishers, New York. il \ GRASSES or NORTH AMERICA BY W. J. BEAL, M.A., M.S., Ph.D. I'ro/esior p/ Hotany niiii J't'ti-stty in Michigan Agricuiturui College m IN TWO VOLUMES % Vol. II THE GRASSES CLASSIFIED, DESCRIBED. AND EACH GENUS ILLUSTRATED, WITH CHAPTERS ON THEIR (iEOGRAIMHCAL DISTRIBUTION AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY ►■»» NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY lSc)6 Copyright, 1896, BV HEXRY HOLT & CO. ROBERT DRUMMOND, KLBCTROTYPHR AND I'H»NTKR, NBW VORK. PREFACE. To some extent this volume supplements the first, though in mosst respects it is an indei)endeiit work. The first volume is in- teiitled more particularly for farmers and students, and comi)rise8 chai»ters on the jdiysiology, composition, selection, improving, and cultivation of gras^^es and clovers. A few of the illustrations in the lirst apply also to species descrihed in tlie .second. It is ten yeans, lacking less than live months, since the first vol- ume was i»u]»li.shed. During this i)erio(l many collections have been added to the herbarium and new ])ul»lications have a])pcared, mak- iiiir it often ncccssarv to clianw and add lo tiie text. Owiiiif to the nature of the W(U-k, it seemed necessary to have many specimens well in mind at one time; to do this it was necessary to limit the time for study to a few weeks each year. Little o]>portunity could be found for this work while college classes were to be instructed; besides a considerable i)ortion of the long vacation was claimed for ])articipating in farmers' institutes. It has re(piirod some courage and jKirsistence to adhere to the rtork so long, realizing fully that it must contain many defects, and that pcriia[)s its chief use would be to serve as the basis for others in the future to enlarge, correct, and otherwise ihi]»i*ove. f)riginally it was the intention that I'rol". J'\ L. Scribner should furnish all the drawings and share as author of this volume, but to my regret he appeared to be unable to coiu|)li'te his i)art of the work. As will be seen, he furnished many of the drawings and ^Irs. I). ^[. Ifichardsoji the others, with a single exception which was nnido by H. (>. Longyear. Prof. Scribner furnished hints for some of the artillcial keys. lit IV PREFACE. In most cases the generic eliamoters closely follow those given by Bentham ai:«l Hooker in Genera Plantarnm. Some valuable extracts from Heiitham will be found regarding the writings of prominent authorities on grasses ; also notes regarding the tribes and some of the genera. Besides the fine herbarium of Micliigaui Agricultural College, I have been ])ermitted toexanune all the grasses in the herbaria of the University of Michigan and Harvard University (including the grasses of the late Dr. CJeo. Thurber), those of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, and those of Professor Seribner. Prof. L. II. Bailey rendered some assistance in reporting the geographical distribution of certain species ; Professor S. j\I. Tracy furnished some notes on geographical distribution; L. 11. Dewey looked up a number of authorities and furnished notes con- cerning a few sjH'cies. A. A. C'rozier rendered valuable assistance in reading much of the revised j)roof. I have made an enormous number of measurements, usually many from several plants for each species, and have recorded the extremes. With rare exceptions the figures given are the results of my own measurements. To familiarize readers with the decimal scale here adopted, the i>ublishers have placed a sheet in the back part of this volume on which are ruled duplicates that may be cut out and used to mejisure any part of a grass which is to be com- jtared with tlie text. Up to Aj)ril, 1805, when the text was sent to the j)ublisliers, I had described all species that I was able to obtain that were native of the T'nited States and northward; all those collected in Mexico by ('. (J. Pringle and Dr. E. Palmer, but net the meagre specimens of several of the older collectors in Mexico and Central America. Heartily thanking every one who has rendered assistance and en- couragement, this long-delayed volume is now subject to the in- spection of all interested in the subject. W. J. BEAL. AomciTl.TlU.VI, COM.EOK, Micu., S«'pti'inl)er, 1«96. CONTENTS. PAGE GKAMINE.E 1 Iiuporttiiit Works on Graniinooe 3 The Division iiilo Tribes and Subtribes 7 DIVISION I. PANICACE.E V2 TiuuK I. Maydk/K i;5 1 . EucliliiMia i:'. 2. Zc!i 15 3. Tripsivcuin IT 4. Coix li> TUIBK II. ANI)i:()rO(i<)NK,K 'JO 5. Impi'iatii ',*1 U. Misciuithus i2;5 T. Saccliiirum 25 s. Eriiuitliiis l'(i y. .Maiiisuris 2!( 10, Ilackflochloa :!'J 11. Ereuiocliloa IM 1 "i. Tracliy pogoii W'l l;{. Elionunis ;;tt 14. Aiulr(>[)<)U()n ',',U TlllBK ill. ZuYSIK.K (i5 15. Atlu'iilioiii . SclialTiK ra T4 Thiuk IV. Thistkcixk.k 15 'JO. ArundiiiL'lla 70 TuiiiK V. T'amck.k ~,s •Jl. Uciinaria (?(► 22. Paspaluin «1 'J3. Antha-imntia !)T 34. Anipliicarpuii Its 25. Eriocliloa loo 26, Paiiic\nn 1 04 2T. Ichnantiuia 115 88. Oplisnuims 140 V VI CONTENTS. PAOE 20. Cli.Tliiim 148 30. t'liama'iitp'iis {Setnria) l.jO ill. C'enclirus IT)!* 3i. Peiiuisi'tuiu , Ki'i 33. Steiiotiipliniiu ... Ki? 34. Olym 1(5H TiuiiK VI. Oky/.i:.k 1«!) 3.'). Ilyilnu lil.iii 1TI» 3G. IMuinis 171 37. liUziola 171 38. Zizaiiiii 17:! 351. Zi/.aiiinj)sis 17."> 40. On /.a 17(> 41. Hjniialoceiiclnus ( J.ei'r.sin,. 177 DIVISION II. I'OACK.E 180 TitiuK VII. I'ii.\i..\i{inK.K 180 ii. Plmlari.s .... 181 43. Amhoxjuithuni 184 44. Savas-liina ( flieror/i/oP) 18."> TuiBK VIII. A(iUosTiui;.K 180 45. Aiisticla 193 ■16. Slipa 211 47. Ory/ojisis ij'i3 48. Eriocoiiia '2'^i 40. Militim ','34 .■)(). .Muhlciilter.Lna '.'3."> 51. IJealia. . 'J«7 5:?. IJrachyelylniiii 2(')S 53. Lycmiis 270 54. Pi'ieili'ina 271 55. Ilelcocliloa 273 50. PIiUmiiu 274 57. Alopocunis 270 58. ColcantluLS 281 50. Pliippsia 282 GO. Sporobolus 282 01. P^picaiiipts 30() 02. Polyjidj^'oii 312 03. Tlimheria 314 04. Arclagrostis 316 05. C'iiina 817 06. Agrostis 310 07. Gastridii'.iu 335 08. Calaiiiagrostis (l>i>j< ii.viii) 33(» 09. AiniHopliila 353 70. Ciiiiiii>ovilfa 354 71. Ap.-nv 356 72. Lagunis 357 Thiijk IX. AVENK.K 358 CONTENTS. Ml PAOR 73. HoUus 35!) 74. Aiiii ;{01 75. \\ inui^tVYliMir'ni (Corynep/iorus) ;Hi2 70. Ik'.st:liiimi)siii ;^(i;{ 77. Triscluin ',\~'i 78. Avc'im ;{81 7y. Anheimllienim ;i8(! 80. Tristiuliya 388 81. Diiiitlioiiiii mt Thihk X ;{»;{ 83. Micmcliloii '3\)\ 83. Ciii)ri()l:i (Jhicti/lou) 395 84. Sp!irtiiiH 390 85. (/'aiiipuln.sus 4(11 80. Cliloris 403 87. Cliloropsis 408 88. Gyinii(in(),u:(>ii 410 89. Sclit'doiiiianliis 412 90. Bout el I) 11 11 413 91. Ik'ckiniiiiiiia 427 93. Eluiisiiic 4.>8 93. Lc'ptochlofi (Dipluc/nif) 430 94. IJvilbilis ( liiK'Idov) 438 95. Opiziii 439 90. IViiliuilKiiiliiH 441 TuiHK Xr. Fksti ci;.!': . 443 97. Piippophoruin 447 98. Cottt-a 4.')0 99. Catlu'sticmu 450 100. Scleropogoii 453 101. MoiiiiiitliocliloO 454 103. Muroa 455 103. OrfuUia 450 104. Soslcria 4.57 105. Ariimlo 45S 100. Pliiugiuitc's 459 107. Su'gliiij.Ma ( Tviodia) 403 108. Kedtii'Ulla 473 109. Dlssanllicliiiin 473 110. Moliiiiu 474 111. Eragiostis 475 113. Eatoiiia 490 113. Kci'lcim 494 114. Calahiosa 495 115. Molka 490 110. Koiycarpu-s (Diarrluna) 51 1 1 17. Zougilis 513 118. Plemopogon 513 1 19. riiiola 515 vm CONTENTS. ■ AGE 120. Disticlilis .^17 121. Hriza 511» 122. DeiniiztTi.i . . 522 123. Ductylis 52:i 124. CyiJosunis .'(24 12'i. Lniimrkia o2.'> 120. P(Mi 52»5 127. Colpoiliuin WO 128. Dupontiii 558 12S». Scoloehloa 551) 130. Gniphephonnn 5G0 131. Piuiiciiliiriii ('»7^''^r<«) .503 1 32. Atropis 570 133. Ffstiicii 5S2 134. Bronius (ii>8 135. liriicliypodium 027 Tribk XII. IloltDK.K 028 130. Lollum 028 137. Juuvi'ii 030 l:;s. Leptunis 031 13!). ScribiiL'iiii 033 140. Aj^J opy roil 034 141. SiTule 040 142. TrllicMiin 041 143. Iloitleiim 042 144. Klymiis 047 145. AsptTclla (Vnmnoxtielnim) 050 TiuiiK XIII. Bamiutsk.k 057 14(i. Aruiuiiiiaria 057 GEOGRAIMIKAL DIS TUllUTION 000 15UJLIOGKAP1IY 071 XLMP.KK HERE DESCRIHED. Native Species 80!) Exotie Species 103 Total describuil in lliii vuluuie lU'-i GKASSES OF NORTH AMERICA. ■ W- J'^"^ GR AMINES. '^' '"^ Flowers perfect or imperfect in litlffe jrreen or more or less sca- lious spikes, called sjtikrh'fs, consj/Briu*; of a small axis, rachilhi, beariiioint of view lias called forth innumerable treatises, memoirs, aiid essays on cereals, on forage and otiier cultivated grasses, on niciid- ows and i)astures. on ornamental grasses, on the i)hysio!ogy and proj)erties of the order. " In a systematic ])oint of view, the great mistake of Ijinna'us and the earlier systeniatists was the attempt to regard the whole spikelet as a single flower, with a calyx and coralla to be compared ♦Notes cm (jlraiuiiieii', by Ueoige Uenthuiu, F.U.S., Jourii. Linn, Soe., xi.\. ]). 18 aUstruft. IMPOUTANT WOKKS. 3 witli tliose of tlie more perfect ^louocotyledons. Robert Brown, with liis usual sagacity, pointed out this and otlier errors, and first hiid down tlie truo principles upon which the order could best be divided into tribes and genera ; but he unfortunately took uj) the idea that the so-called lower and upper pakw ro})resentetl three outer segments of a perianth ; and although this theory has long since been proved to be groundless, especially by Hugo Mohl, whose views have been fully confirmed by all subsequent careful observers, yet so great is the authority so deservedly attached to everything that has issued from the pen of Brown, that his expla- nation of the structure of the spikelet is still allowed to influence the terminology adopted in generic and si)ecific descriptions. '• Shortly after the publication of Brown's ' Prodromus,' CJramin- eie were taken up by several French botanists who had acquired materials, rich for the time, chiefly from North America and the AVest Indies. Some of these had already been ])ublished by Mi- chaux or by Persoon, with more or less assistance from Louis Claude Kichard, to whom the credit of all that is good in Per- soon's ' Synopsis' as well as in Michaux's ' Flora' has been attribu- ted by several subsequent writers. Michaux's 'Flora' Mas pub- lished in 1803, the flrst volume of Persoou's 'Synopsis' in 1805, both antecedent to Brown's. "Desvaux published his new genera, first by abstract in 1810, and afterwards in full in the second 'Journal de Botanique' in 18i;5. Between these two periods Polisot de lieauvois published his ' Agrostographieie' in which he undertook a general arrange- ment of the whole order. " A few years later, three eminent botanists undertook the gen- eral study of (Jramiiuw. Kunth at P'lris and afterwards at Berlin, Trinius in (Jermany and afterwards at St. Petersburg, and Nees von Esenbeck at Bonn, afterwards at Breslau, worked more or less contemporaneously, but with little or no ('(mimunication with each other. Kunth's ' Pevisio (Jraminium ' [* Pevision des (iraminces '] jniblished in 18'-ii> and following years, is a work not only splendidly illustrated, but renuirkable alike for the accuracy of detail in the descriptions of species, us for several of the views given of their 4 (IHAMINK.E. structure aud arrangement. This work is costly, while the more generally known first two volumes of his ' Euumeratio Plantarum,' containing the gnusses, were unfortunately a far too hasty compila- tion. Kunth in all his works fully adopted Brown's theory as to the homology of the parts of the spikelet. **Trinius published his • Fundamenta Agrostographia? ' in 1820, evidently founded on insufficient materials. From that time, however, he devoted himself with the greatest zeal and increasing success to the study of the order. I heard him say, a projms of some rather costly collection of si)ccimcns, that he would willingly sell his last coat for a new grass; and all his later works published in the ^lemoirs of the Petersburg Academy are of the greatest value to agrostologists. " Nees von Esenbeck entered but little into general considera- tions of the structure and terminology of the Order; but he de- scribed with great care the grasses of various troi)ical and other regions, lie had ample materials from the collections of Martins. Drege, Preiss, Hooker, Arnott and Lindley, and he came to be regarded as the great authority for the determination of exotic . His * Agrostographia Hrasilicnsis ' is perhaps the best of all his works; and his 'Flora Afric{\3 australis' is also very good. lie showed a tendency to multiply genera as well as 8])ecies. He worked up the grasses of each country separately, without paying sufficient attention to the cosmopolitan nature of so many s^jccies. " The last enumeration of CJramineiV was that of Steudel, who published in 1S55 the first volume of his 'Synopsis IMantarum (Jlumacearum,' the worst production of its kind I have ever met with. He was an excellent mechanical comjuler. . . . but beyond that, as he was no botanist, he wjus tboroughly incompetent for the tjisk he had undertaken. Whenever he met with a grass he could not readily make out. he set it down as new. with new name, and u character so carelessly drawn up as to render its identification hopeless without recourse to the specinuMis themselves; ... in one case describing as a caryopsis the larva which had eaten up the ovary and taken its place in the enlarged pericarp. Having, more- IMPORTANT WORKS. 6 Dvor, no idea of methodical arrangement, his work is a perfect chaos. '• Mueli has been done, however, for tlie ehicidation of the order in local flonis. . . . About the close of tlie last century, several continental botanists proposed new genera for anonuilous Euroi>cau grasses . . . that were overlooked by Beauvois, Persoon, "Willdcnow, and other general systematists. Several of the same genera have since been re-established, but under other names which have now been so long and so universally adopted that they must be i;onsidered as having accjuired a right of i)rescrii)tion to overrule the strict laws of priority. It would indeed be mere pedantry, highly iMconvenient to lK)tanists, and so far detrimental to science, now to substitute lilidiwubachia for Sunjlndii, Fihicliia for Ci/iwdo/i, JSaiitio for PubjpoijDU, or Siu(jlin(ji(t for Triodia. "Since the days of Kunth, Trinius, and Xees, the most im- portant local revisions of Gramineaj are: Andersson's '(Jramincie Scaiulinavia^' I*arlatore"'s first volume of his * Flora Italiana,' Cosson and Durieu's (Jlumaceous volume of the great unfinished * Flore d'Algerie,'' Doell's (Jramineae for the great Brazilian Flora founded by Martins, and Fournier's (Jramineie for the Mexican Flora he has undertaken; partial revisions by Grisebach in his * Spicilegium Flora? Kumelica? et Bithyniciv.' in the fourth volume of 'Flora Kossica,' and by Emile Desvaux in Claude (Jray's * Chilian Flora,' supplemented by new genera and si)ecies pub- lished by Philipjti in various papers on Chilian plants. Andcrsson was a most acute observer, but, for want of access to an extensive library, his synonyms are often very inaccurate. I'alatore's mono- graph of Italian gnisses is thoroughly to be relied upon when the result of his own observations, but old ern)rs have sometimes been copied from others. Cosson and Durieu's • Moiu)graph of Algerian Grasses' is a most valuable treatise. Grisebach has also doiie much for the elucidation of oriental (Jramineic. In Doell's work I have been disappointed, as he exhibits a general curele-isiicss in redaction. Advance sheets of Kugcne Fournier's 'Enumeration f)f Mexican (!raminea>' have k'cn published. Ilis genus Li'soiirdia had already been published for a southern species by I'hilippi ORAMINE^. under tlie name of Scleropogon. His work would liave been muclt more useful if he had more frequently given the eharaeter of the tribes, genera, or other groups instead of limiting himself to diehotomous keys. These keys when carefully drawn up are of tJie greatest use as guides or indexes to direct the botanist where to look for his plant, but are wholly insufficient for its identification either generic or specific. For about sixty years I have had great experience both in using and in making them. It was with the aid of the admirable 'Analyses' in De Candolle's ' Floru iM-anyaise ' that I was enabled in 1817 and 1818 to learn botany without any extraneous teaching. Their principle was developed in the • Essay on Nomenclature and Classification' which I published in 1823. 1 have introduced them more or less into all my local floras. They frequently require the repetition of the same plant under different branches of the key. The best genera and other groups are usually distinguished by a combination of characters. " In recent days, however, we had all been led to look up to my much lamented friend, the late (Jeneral Munro, as the one who was to unravel the intricate web into which the order had become in- volved. Ills 'Monograph of' Bumbusea?,' and various detached papers and communications, were instalments of great promise, lie was known to have a thorough acquaintance with species, and to have already formed a well-digested framework for genera and tribes; he had amassed an immense number of notes, etc., for use in DeCandoUe's Monograjjlis, but much of his knowledge I can only gather from his conversation and (iorrespondencc. [For Dr. lientham's views on the teiminology of various parts of Graminea? see vol. i. p. 33.] , "In Ciraminew we have a new element on the floral axis below the stamens and pistil or actual flower, in the palen and lo(lirnle.Sy for which we cannot at once fiiul any parallel in other orders. They have recently been the subject of a very able paper in Engler's /iofain'srJio Jalirhilrher (i. p. 330) by Professor llackel of Vienna. •• He comes to the conclusion that the palea and the pair of lodi- cules (when only two) are each of them single, more or less bifid organs, and that they and the third lodicule, when present, must THIHKS AM) snn'IMUF.S. 7 be roganlc'cl sis two or three bractlets inserted cilti'rnutcly fore and aft on the Horal axis below the flo ,er. The only representations of li()niolo<;iies to the pak-a and lodienles in the orders nearly allied to (Jraniinejt are mentioned in niy paper (Journ. Linn. Soe. (Hot.), XV. J). 510), where it is eonipared with the hypogynous scales of J/i/^ti)li//niiii pungens and I'l((fi//i'pi^, and some species of L'n'i)- caiduit. "In all cases the palea . . . acquires a certain fixity of char- acter, and requires mention in all full generic characters, 'i'he lodicules. on the other hand, are generally rudimentary representa- tives of suppressed organs having lost all functional powers [*|, . . . and their slight variations in form or consistency are generally not even of s[tecilic importance.'' ^'ear the end of this volume will be found a [lartial list of works on Gramineffi, with comments concerning a few of them. THE DIVISION INTO THIHES AND SI HTIUHES. "The division of the order into tribes mid subtribes is a matter of exceptional ditliculty. Whatever tribes have been ]>roposed, whatever characters have been assigned to them, tiiere have always been more or less Jimbiguous forms uniting them and preventing the restricting them within absolutely definite limits. We are obliged in fJraminea?, more perhaps than in any other order, to rely upon combinations of characters, allowing for occasional exceptions in every one of our groups, [(referring those which exi)erience has shown to jtreaent the fewest aberrations. Following up these views, none of the general divisions of the order hitherto proj)osed have proved to be more natural or more definite than Jirown's original jjrimary one into two great groups or sub- orders — Pdiifrarece, in which the tendency to imperfection is in the lower fiowers of the s{)ikelet; and Piuiira'. in wliicli the ten- dency is in the opposite direction. This indication of the principle * Tlifi use of lodicules is to sprf-ad tlip ulinncs and pnlca wlu'ti the plants are in Hower. At such times tbuv are turgestent, liut soon alter witlier. 8 GRAMINE^. kept in view is too iudefinite to aerve as a practical cluiractor; but combining it with that proposed by Munro of tlie arti(;ulatiou in the axis of the spikolet being below tlie spikelet itself (in the i)e(li- cel) in Pauicacea?, and above the lowest glume or ncme in Poacew, the exceptional forms are reduced to the lowest possible figure. " Knnth entirely gave up Hrown's groups and divided the order into thirteen tribes, many of which were natural, fairly defined by a combination of characters, and have been very generally adopted. He attached too much importance to such characters as the separa- tion of the sexes or the increase in the number of stamens; in the general arrangement his removal of the Andro()ogoneai to a dis- tance from the Panicea^ is disaj)proved of: and his describing lh)W- ers as actually existing when only theoretically imagined is some- times misleading. Nees generally adopted Kuntli's trihes. but imi)roved tlie circrmscriptiou of some of them, and added two or three small ones, "Fries, fi-llowed by Andersson, proposed for a primary division of Graminea? that into Clisanthew, witli the flower (i.e.. the flower- ing glume aiul piiici) closed and the elongated styles protruding at the ai)ex, and Ei(njaiitli<'a>, with the glume and palea open at the time of flowering and the short styles ])rotruding laterally. This division is practically useless, as the flowers of most si)ecies oi)en oidy for a very short time, and in dried specimens are almost always closed: besides, the styles are usually sliuler and fugacious. The long styles, moreover, would place the nuijority of the sul)tril>o Seslerieii?, for instance, among I'anicacciv, when all their other characters are those of Poacea?. " Fournicr rejects both Hrown's and Fries's primary divisions, but proposes a new one foumled (m the position of the lowest glume of the spikelet next to the main axis in Chloridcie and Ilordeaceiv, and averted from it or exteriud in other tribes. Hut this rela- tive |)osition cannot well be ascertained in loosely i)aniculate (ira- minea», and in one-flowered spikelets it is often uncertain which is to be regarded as tlu^ lower ghune. The total number of glumes in the tribe Paniceae is variable, two, three, or four; the lowest in h\'inian'(t, the highest in /'inn'nnn, and medium in Paspalnm. All TlilBES AND SUBTRIBES. 9 these genera are incliuled by Fournler. as by all others, in one and the same tribe; and if so, are we to repird as tlie outer glume the small outer one of Paiiiruin, ealled by some an extra bract, and an imaginary one in Pasjxdinn and its allies, or the outer one of I'tis/Kf/K/ti, which is second in Paiiicuin? Again, in one and the same genus the rehitive position of the outer glume iind the main axis is not always constant, as, for instance, in Paspabim. " Another character much insisted on of late years for tribal distinction is still more uncertain, the adherence of the riiie grain or caryopsis to the palea, as in Festuca, lironuis, etc. This is usu- ally very conspicuous in a dry state, and the union is perliajis never truly organic, yet. if not taken too absolutely, the character is sometimes a useful one. •' Considerable inii)ortance was attached by tlie earlier agrostolo- gists to the presence or absence of the awn on the back or ajjcx of the (lowering glume: l)ut this has subsequently been found to be subject to great variations. ••The spiral twist, however, in the lower part of the awn in some genera is more constant. The awn, when present, is generally twisted in .\ndropogonea>. 'I'risteginea". Agrostidea-. and Aveiiacete. and nut in I'anicea'. Chlorideas Fcstucea'. or llordea". but tliere are occasional exceptions. In all the tribes the awn is occasionally deficient. •'The [>artial or al)solute separation of the sexes or the increase in Ihe number of stamens observed in a few genera have l)een occa- sionally introduced amongst tribal characters ; but they have proved to be often of no more tlian generic value, although in tlie tribe Maydeie the absolute unisexuality of the gpikelet may be constant. •• Ditferences in the size of the embyro, in the form of the so- called scutellum on tiie caryopsis. or in the longitudinal groove or cavity, have been sometimes brought forward as absolute generic, if not tribal, characters, but, as yet, we know too little about them to test their value fairly." •More recently H. Haekel of Austria has demonstrated the great value of the shai)e of the liilum in detining some of the tribes. 10 UliAMLNE.l-]. See the "True Gnisses." tniuslated by Scribner and South. k-orth, 1890, and publislicd by Henry Jlolt & Co., New York. " Following out the views of (Jenerul Munro as to tlie general arrangement of the order, in so far as I have been able to aseertain them, I have divided it into tribes and subtribes. as follows, giving the most i)rominent characters, and some other remarks on the pages referred to in connection with the names as here enumerated : " Arrangement according to Munro and Hentbam. Division Panicace^. Tribe i. Panicere. Tribe ii. Maydeae. Trilje iii. Oryzea?. Tribe iv. "J'ristegineae. Tribe v. Zoysiea?. Subtribe 1. Anthephoreae. Subtribe 2. Euzoysieiv. Tribe vi. Andropogone*. Division Poace.«. Tribe vii. Phalarideae. Tribe viii. Agrostide*. Subtribe 1. Stipeae. Subtri1)e i. Phleoideaj. Subtribe 3, Sporoboleae. Subtribe 4. Euagrosteae. Tribe ix. Avenea?. Subtribe 1. Aireae. Subtribe 2. EuaveneaB. Tribe x. Chloridete. Tribe xi. Festucew. Subtribe 1. Pappophoreae. Subtribe 2. Triodieae. Subtribe 3. Arundinefe. Subtribe 4. Sesleriea?. Subtril)e 5. Euagrosteae. Subtribe 6. Meliceae. Arrangement of tril)es according to E. Hackel and I'ollovved in this vvorlv. Maydeie. Andiopogoneae. Zoysieffi. Tristeginese. Paniceae. Oryzcae. Phalarideae. Agrostideae. raphix] and PanicHm, the lower flower may be perfect, still it is usually sterile, excepting in the first genus men- tioned. "The tribes of Panicacea3 run much into each other." 13 MAYDEJi;. 18 Tribe L— MAYDEJE. Moiut'cious. The staminato spikelets paniculate, spicate or solitary at the apex of the culm or its branches, the pistillate below, spicate or solitary, disarticulating (except in Zea) with the joints of the rachis. firain ellipsoidal, spherical, or obcompresseil, un- furrowed, with large embryo, and often enclosed in a hard capsule winch is composed either of the glumes or a part of the articulate rachis. Culms usually tall, solid (without cavity); leaf-blades usually broad and ilat. A. Pistillate spikes fasciculate, distinct, articulate. . 1. (37) B. Pistillate spikes of each leaf-axil grown together, form- ing a compound spike with a very thick axis. . 2. (38) C Staminate and jiistillate spikelets in the same spike, the axis articulate between each two fertile spike- lets 3. (36) D. Pistillate spike usually reduced to a single spikelet, wholly enclosed by the indurated sheath of the subtending bract, the pedicel of the solitary stami- nate spike issuing from tlie opening at the top . 4. (32) 1. (37). EUCHIJENA Schrad. Ind. Sem. llort. (Ju'tt. (1832). ReiDia lirign. Ind. Sem. Ilort. Moden. (184{»). S})ikelets mona>cious, the staminate 2-ilowered. in pairs, one subsessile, the other pedicellate, in the alternate notches of the spikes of the terminal panicle; the pistillate 1-2-flowercd on axillary sjjikes, each surrounded by leaflike bracts. I'he stami- nate spikelets with 2 outer acute membranous glumes, each floral glume also acute membranous, enclosing a hyaline palea. Stamens 3. Pistil rudimentary. The pistillate spikelets solitary, sessile on alternate teeth of the rachis. first emjjty glume very broad, smooth, coriaceous, enclosing the others and the slender rachis. second glume not so firm, floral glume hyaline, enclosing a palea, other glumes thin, empty. The pistillate spikelet nniy be said to con- tain 2 fiowers, the lower neuter and the terminal fertile. Stami- 14 PANI(A("K.E. nodiii 0. Stylos very lojijr, (ilirorm, bifid. Oraiii enclosed wifch the internodi's of the mcliis, not adhere it. Tenninjd jwnicle niucli resembling that of Maize; tlie fertile spikes racemose, each enclosed in long bracts. The affinity to Zva appears to be recognized even by those not botanists, as in its native country it is known as " Wild Maize." Leaves much like those of Maize. Si)ecies 3, or perhaps 1 species and 'Z varieties, all belongiag to Mexico. 1. £. luxurians Dur. et Asch. Hull. Soc. Linn. Par. 1 : 107 (1877). Tkosixte. CJuatemala ouass. /;. Me.ricaiia Fourn. Bull. Soc. IJoy. Bot. Belg. 15, 4G7. not Schrad. Henna liixurinns Dur. Bull. Soc. d'Acclim. ser. 2, 0, 581. 'J'he plant considerably resembles Lidian corn, sometimes attain- ing the heiglit of 4-5 m., branching freely near the ground. Spikes bearing stimiinate spikclets numer ms, digitate, about 15 cm. long; stipe of the pedicellate si)ikelet nearly lialf as long as the spikelet. Spikelcts elliptical, acute, scabrous. 8-10 mm. long; firet glume pointed, flattened on the back, almost 2-kcelcd, many- nerved, longer than the others; second glume thinner, broad oval; floral glume and })alea similar, G-7 mm. long. Fertile spikelets 6, thick, about 7 mm. long, in section almost semicircular, apex obtuse. Grain 4 mm. long, ovoid, with a broad truncate base and a short point. Mexico. Ciiltivated in Florida and other warm regions for the green fodder. This is the plant in cultivation, and in Index Ki' ice /IS is is included under E. Mencana Schrad. 2. E. Mexicana Schrad. Ind. Sem. Ilort. Ga?tt. (1832). Spikes bearing staminate spikelets 5-7, nearly digitate, about 15 cm. long. Stipe of the pedicellate spikelet 15 mm. long, the si)ikelets 10 mm. long. Empty glumes oval or ovate, sub-equal, many-nerved. Fertile spike 3-8 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, the lower portion fertile. Fertile spikelets 2-ranked, usually appear- ing 4-ranked owing to the production of a grain to each floret. Grain ovoid, projecting beyond the glumes, 7 mm. long. Mexico (Michoacan), Pringlc 43iU. Found on rockv hills. MAYDE.E. 10 2. (38). ZeaL. Sp. PI. 071 (17on). Indian oorx. Corv. Maizk. Spikelcts unisexual, moud'cious. tlie stiiminato in pairs on alter- iiate si ties of the spikes of a ternunal panicle. '-J-tlowered ; the pis- tillate borne on the large dense axillary sjjikes ('• the cob"), each enclosed by an ample involucre ("the husk"), lougitudiual rows Fig, 1. — EucfUcena Mexicnmi. A, portion of the staminate panicle, x 1; 6j pistillate Horet, x 3. (Richardson.) 4-40, 1-flowered. Sfaminate spikelets slightly unequal, pedicel- late, or one sessile. Glumes 4-5, acute, the 2 outer larger, mem- branous, empty, the 2 inner, the floral and the palea hyaline. Stamens 3. Pistil rudimentary or 0. Pisfillafe spikelets sessile, densely imbricated in longitudinal rows, the rachis hard or slightly spongy, not articulate. (Jlumes 4, all membranous, hyaline, or 16 PANICACE.E. rarely subherbaceons, short, very broad, obtuse or emarginate, 2- lobed, the 'Z outer empty sometimes thicker, tlie tliird hyaline, often protecting tlie short palea, the terminal or floral glume hyaline, often bifid; the palea equally broad, but not divided. Staminodia 0. Style very long, threadlike, briefly parted at tlie apex, rarely separated to the base, stigmatic hairs very sliort. (J rain, on a short stipe, subglobose or obcompressed, hard, slightly protected by the delicate glumes and palea? or enclosed or covered by a variety of acute or subherbaceons glumes. The terminal staminate panicle with a long showy peduncle, in some varieties in cultivation bearing some pistillate flowers mixed with tlie staminate. Staminate flowers at the ajiex of the pistillate spike are not uncommon. The pistillate spikes usually solitary or branching in the axils of the leaves, the styles when mature much exserted, pendulous; at maturity the pistillate sjiike is long, hard, and entirely covered with the palealike slieaths. It is excep- tional in the whole order, by the manner in which its pistillate spikelets are densely packed in several vertical rows around a central spongy or corky axis. How much of this arrangement is due to changes brought about by cultivation and selection can only be a matter of conjecture. Species "^, possibly 3, all American. 1. Z. Mays L. Sp. PI. 971 (ir*))}). Annual. Most likely a native of Iropic'ul America; extensively cultivated in the warmer temperate zones, exceedingly variable, ().5-(! m. high, not known in a wild state. A very valuable well-known cereal and fodder-plant. See \'ol. I. 2. Z. canina S. Wats. Proc Am. Acad. 20 : ICO (1S91). ('ulms several from the same root, ascending, branched. 2-4 m. high. Leaves like those of Zea Mays. Stami- ;.ate racemes often elongated and drooping. S])ikelets 2-4 (usually 3) at each node, one or nn)ro short-pedicelled ; emjity glume 3-5-nerved, bicarinate. Pistillate Fk). 2. — Zen Mujix. Staminate spikt'U't, X 3. (IJirlinrdson.) MAYDE.E. 17 spikes sessile in the axils and terminal, the terminal staminate at the apex; pistillate spike (ears) very variable, 5-10 or more cm. long, abont 2 cm. broad, tapering slightly to an acntish apex, 4-13- rovvcd, dividing more or less readily at the joints. Kernels 0-8 mm. long, ovoid, white, hard, smooth, aeutish, constricted at the base. Specimens obtained from Prof. Duges at Moro Leon near Wiangato, about four Mexican leagues north of Cape Cuitzo ; near the boundary-line between the states of Guanajuato and Michoacan, Mexico. The natives are said to believe this to be the source of the cultivated varieties of Maize. In the report of the New York Agricultural Society for 187S, there is a statement by Dr. Surtevant from Dr. Brewer to tlie effect that Koezl, the well-known German collector, stated in 1800 that "lie found in the State of Guerero a Zea which he thinks specifically distinct, and he thinks undescribed; the ears very small, in rows truly distichous; the ear (but not each grain sepa- rately) covered rvith a husk, the grain i)re('isely like some varieties of Maize, only smaller and harder." Possibly this may be the original })lant from which our cultivated maize has been derived. In 1S8!». at the botanic garden of Harvard University, plants were raised, but the riced failed to nniture. For a fuller account of this very interesting plant the reader is referred to the original article above noted. o. (:!0). Tripsacum L. Syst. Ed. 10, •;2: 1201 (1759). Spikelets unisexual, mouo'cious, sessile on alternate joints of the s]iike, the u])per staminate, "i-jlowered, the lower pistillate. 1-llow- cred. the spikes breaking up at maturity, each piece carrying a spikelet. Spikes axillary and terminal; the staminate spikelets in pairs on two sides of a triangular rachis. (ilumes 4, the 2 outer slender, coriaceous, stiff or membraiuius, empty, the 'i inner shorter, more slender, usually hyaline, enclosing the iiyaline |»alea aiid flower. Stamens ;{. I'istils rudinuMitary or 0. The pistil- lih'"' spikelets single, sessile, embcddi'd in tiu' cartilaginous rachis. (iliimes 4, broad, concave, the outer coriaceous or becoming 18 PANICACE.B. woody, the second slender, pointed, the 3 inner hyaline, slender inclnded with the palea, the third empty, the terminal including the pistillate flower. Staminodia 0. Styles joined near the base, much exserted, slender, hispid. Grain enclosed by the hard outer glume and the internode of the hard rachis, but not adherent. Peduncles straight, erect, solitary or in pairs in the upper axils or often bearing 2-3, rarely 4 to many or only one spike, the staminate portion above witli an articulate rachis, the pistillate portion below at length breaking up at maturity, each internode carrying one grain. Species 2 or 3, American, allied to Euchlwna and Zea. FlQ. 8. — Tripmcum dacti/loidts. A, staminate spikelet, x 2 ; Zj>', pistillate spike- let, X 2. (A, Uicbardson ; B, after A. Gray, " Man.") 1. T. dactyloides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1378 (17G3). Gama Grass. Sesame Grass. Coix darfi/hides L. Sp. PI. 072 (1753). T. monnstarhi/nm Willd. TFort. lierol. 1. 'IWi. 1. (1810). T. Innceolafion Rupt., in Boutli. PI. llartw. 247 (1830-57). T. comprcssiitn Fourn. in Bull. Soc. Hoy. Hot. Belg. 15 : 405. Culms stout, 1-2 m. high. Sheaths subcylindrical. keeled; blades scabrous above. 30-00 cm. long, often 2 cm. wide. Spikes often iligitate, 2-3 together, rarely single, 10-20 cm. long. Stam- MAYDE.E. 19 inate spikelets oblong or liuear or acute, 8-9 mm. long, first empty glume coriaceous, oblong, margins abruptly involute, keeled, ob- scurely !)-ir»-uerved, second tbiuuer, 5-nerved; tloral glumes bya- line. oblong, 5-nerved; paleae spatulate oblong, a little longer tban the glnnu'S. Anthers 5 mm. long. Fla.. Cin-tit>s',m2(J; Texas, JIallSU; Ala., Winchell; Ind. Terr., /'((/iiirr 4'i'i. Moist soil, Conn., 111., and soutli to Brazil. When young sometimes cut for bay. \'ar. Floridanum (Porter). T. Floridiouim T. V. Porter, Vasey in Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 3 : G (1892). Culm rather slender. Sbeatlis comi)ressed-keeled ; blades in- voluti", tlie longest about 60 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, with filiform tips. Anthers -i mm. long. Fla.. (htrbcr'i':; Texas, XcaUij. \ar. Lemmoni (\'asey). T. Lcmmoni Vasey Contrib. U. S. Kat. Herb. 3 : U (1892). Sheaths sometimes hirsute; blades narrower, often involute. Joints of fertile portion of spikes 3-4 mm. long. First glume of the stam inate spikelets membranous, ovate-oblong, about 7 mm. long. Second glume thinner. Arizona, Leitimon and icife 2932. 2. T. fasciculatum Trin. Bull. Acad. Brux. 9 : 8 ( ). T. (iar/i/loidrs Schlecht. (not Linn.) in Linn. G : 40 (1831). Culms robust. 5-T m. high. Blades lanceolate, often 4-5 cm. wide, nuirgins ciliate-scabrous. Spikes racemose witb 3-T~20 brandies; joint of pistillate portion 5 mm. long, tlie staminate portion flexuose. Staminate spikelets 4-5-8 mm. long, first glume membranous, linear, 7-nerved. Mexico. Palmer 58, 508, 509. 4. (32). COIX L. Sp. PI. 972 (1753). Spikelets monoDcious, si)icate, several above staminate, 1-2 of tlie lower pistillate; the slender raciiis articulate above the pistillate Bpikelets. 'I'he staminate spikelets in twos or threes, one of them lu'dicellate, 1-2-ilowered. CJlunu's of the staminate spikelets 4, the 2 outer firm or herbaceous, aligiitly unequal, empty, the 2 inner hyaline. Stamens 3. Pistil rudimentary or 0. The pistillate 20 PANICAC'E.E. spikelets one at the base of the spike, 1-2 -flowered, the upper fertile, the lower neuter, both included in a hard shining bract, having a small open- ing above. Glumes of the staminate spike- lets 4, all slender, hyaline, the 2 outer empty, broad, acuminate, the 2 inner in- cluding the hyaline palea and the pistillate flower or the third empty. I^odicules very rarely present, 3. Style very long, slender, parted for half its length, covered with very short hairs, drain globose or oblong, en- closed by a smooth, hard globose or oblong bract. Culms branching, leaf -blades l)road. Spikelets often more or less included in the sheaths of the upper leaves, the staminate portion at length deciduous. Species 3 or 4, natives of East India. 1. C. LACIIKYMA L. 1. C. .Toij's TeARS. Annual; 00 cm. high. Leaf-blades 2 cm. wide. The hard bract covering the lower flowers Fui. 4. — Col.v Lachry- ■, , ,. i i • i i -^ i 111(1, X I.'") Portion of ovo;(l. S mm, diaui., bluish white when ripe; \mmv\v. (Hiclmnlson.) sometimes used for rosaries. Common in gardens, scarcely naturalized. Native of Southern Europe. M. A. C. Cult. Xos. 1. 2. Thiiu: II.— ANDROPOGONEiE. S]iikelets two (rarely one) at each joint of the rachis, one sessile and one pedicellate (both pedicellate in 7)'(rrJ/t/jiii(f(iti), often appa- rently three at the terminal joint. Spikelets usually 1 -flowered with 3 empty glumes, rarely a floral glume with a staminate flower instead of the third empty glume; flrst glume always thicker than the floral gUime. tlie latter often hyaline, usually bearing a bent or twisted awn. Palea usuallv shorter tlian its glnnic. sometimes 0. AXDltOPOUONE.E. 21 Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 1. Styles free. Stigmas plumose. Embryo n(!arly half as large as the unfurrowed obcompressed grain. A. Spikelets homogamous, paniculate, rarely spicate, joints of the racliis usually hairy, not much thickened, nor excavated for the reception of the spikelets. a. Axis of the racemes continuous, spikelets in pairs, rarely in threes. b. Racemes in a spikelike panicle, spikelets awnless. 5. (73) b. Racemes in broad panicles. Spikelets usually awned. G. (74) a. Axis of racemes articulate. Spikelets 2-flowered, the spikes or racemes paniculate, main axis elongated. b. Spikelets awnless 7. (75) b. Spikelets av.ned 8. (7<3) B. Axis of the spikes articulate, somewhat thickened and excavated for receiving tiie spikelets; fertile glumes awnless. a. First empty glume of the perfect s[)ikelet flattened or con- vex !i. (84, 88) a. First empty glume of the perfect spikelet hard and globular, externally pitted 10. (s7) C. Spikelets heterogamous. the sessile perfect (rarely pistillate), the pedicellate staminate, neuter or rudimentary (\n 7'ntrfii/po- go)i one spikelet is pedicellate, the other subsessilc). a. Secondary s])ikelets 2-flowered, sessile, awned. pedicellate si)ikelets flower-bearing; racemes 3-lG. digitate . 11. (!>1) a. Sessile or subsessile spikelets 1-flowered. Horal gluine of the l)e(licellate spikelets awidess. (n) n. Axis of the racenu'sim perfectly articulate, not brittle, spikelets all more or less pedicellate . . . . 12. (!I2) n. Axis of racemes distinctly articulate; spikelets both sessile and pedicellate, (o) o. First empty glunu' with abalsam-bearing line along the nerves ; racemes solitary ; spikelet awnless. I '.]. (s;{) 0. First empty glume ^\itliOut a balsam-bearing line along the nerve->, racemes in i)airs, often subtende^^^\). By some distributions of authors incorrectly called /. a run din area L. An erect glabrous perennial, 50-120 cm. high. Upper slieaths ANDUOPOGONE^. 23 lax, very smooth ; ligtile very sliort ; blades erect, flat, some of the lower W cm. long, 1 cm. wide, tlie upper 1-4 cm. long. Punicjle dense, 20-30 cm. long, 2-6 cm. diam., more or less interrui)ted below, clothed with yellowish-white wool, the anthers and the stig- miis protruding. Spikelets in pairs, bearing at the base a tuft of silky hairs 1 cm. long, and scattered hairs on the back of tluf outer glumes; first glume 4 mm. long, oblong, obtuse, ciliate at the ai)ex, 5-nerved, second a little shorter, otherwise like the first, third empty, smooth, still shorter, fourth and the jjalea 1.5 mm. long. Fro. 5. — Impenitii Jliokvri. ypiki-lot, x 9. (Uicburdson.) Stamen 1. Styles united below, 6 mm. long including the ovary. X. Mex,, Wrif/Iif 'Z()Ol ; Texas, Haranl 24; Southern Calif., Parish 10;51 ; Mexico (Jalisco), /'a/tiier 444. Arizona, Nevada, West Texjis. 0. (74). MISCANTHUS Anderss. (Efvers. Vet. Akad. Stoekh. Ifi5 (1HS5). /':i(/a/i((Tnn. Mem. Acad. St. IVtersb. (vi.) 2 : XVi (is;i;{) in i)art. EmiiUiptis Stoud. Syn. I'l. Gram. \'i'.\ (185.5). Spikelets in pairs une(|ually |)edicellate on tiu^ inarticulate branches of the sj)reading panicle. First aiul second glumes mem- 24 PAXICACI'LE. branous, 3-7-nerve(l. awnlcss, third glume smaller, hyaline, awnless; floral glume delicately hyaline, bitid with moi' or less of an awn in the notch. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Tall grasses with nai-row and usually flat leat'-blades. Panicle terminal, large, usually silky hairy. It differs from Impevata by its broad panicle, three stamens, and bifid lloral glume usually with an awn in the notch. There are 8 species, tall grasses found in Southern and East- ern Asia, 1 of which is found in Southern Africa. Fio. 6. — Miscanthua Sinensis, X 9. Spikelet. (Richardson.) 1. M. SiXEXSis Anderss., (Efvers. K. Vet. Akad. Stoekh. 106 (1S.55). See Hack, in D. C. Monog. Phan. : 105 (ISS(i). Eiilalia Jajionim Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (vi.) 2 : :533 (1833). EviaHthus Japnninis Beanv. ap. R. & S. Syst. 2 : 324 (LSIT). Cidms solid, rather stout, 1-2 m. high. Sheaths slightly com- pressed, smooth, throat ciliate; ligule obtuse, broad, 1-2 mm. long; blade flat, 3()- (1735). Spikelets awnless in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, on the jointed branches of a panicle, each containing perfect flowers or the pedicellate one containing a pistillate flower. The three empty glumes acute or acuminate, hyaline, or membranous, first and second equal, third smaller, floral glume unawned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong enclosed, but not adherent. Fig. 7. — Saccharum officinarum. Spikelet, X 7. (RicLardson.) Tall perennials with flat or convolute leaf-blades. Panicle termi- nal, variable, spreading ov spikelike. Spikelets more or less villous. Species about 12 which are tropical or subtropical, 1 of which i> extensively cultivated. 1. S. Officinarum L. 8p. PL Ed. 2, 1 : 79 (1702). Sugar- CAXE. Culms solid, 2-4 m. high, 2-5 cm. diara. Leaf -Wades long, 2-4 cm. or more wide. Panicle pyramidal. 40-80 cm. long. Silky hairs twice as long as the spikelets. Spikelets linear, 2.2-2.5 mm. long. 26 PANR'ACE.E. Seldom flowering in the United States. Proi)iiji:Mtcd by plant- ing tlie culms in furrows. Introduced from tro})icul Asia. 8. (70). Eeianthus Michx. F\. Uor. Am. 1 : 54 (1803). Bi- pidiiiiii Trin. Fund. Agrost. 100 (18'2U), Spodi^jHif/a/i Fourn. Spikelets in pairs on each joint ol* the slender rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate; otherwise alike. Cilumes 4, the 2 outer men)hranous, often tirm, subequal, empty, first 4-0-nerved (0 in /i'. stria/tffi), often 2-toothed, second many-nerved, third shorter, hya- line, empty; fourth or floral glume hyaline, setaceous, or bearing a straight or twisted uwn; palea hyaline, smaller. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, enclosed, but not adherent. Tall often reedlike grasses with flat or convolute leaf-blades. Panicle terminal, narrow and dense or somewhat spreading, some- times one-sided, often clotlied with numerous hairs. Et'iantlms is intei-mediate between Savcharum and Full in ia. Species I'l, widely spread over the warmer regions of Europe, China, Japan and Nortl) America. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 1 • *' G mm. long 2 " 7 mm. long 3 *' 10 mm. long 4 1. E. RAVEXX.Ti; (Z.) 13eauv. Agrost. 14 (1812). 'Woolly heard GRASS. A)ifh'(ipof/on liavennm L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1481 (1703). Sacclianon Rareniiw L. Syst. Veg. Ed. 13, 88 (1774). Culms 2-3 m. high, recdlike, glabrous. Sheaths smooth; ligule short, pilose; the lower blados hairy, very narrow, grooved on the upper side, 1-2 m. long. Panicle 30-00 cm. long, 15-20 cm. wide when in flower. Spikelets 5 mm. long, these as well as their pedicels 'lothed with hairs about their own length; glumes nearly equal, ovate-lanceolate. 3-nervcd, third hyaline, oval, acuminate. 4-5 mm. long, 1-nerved; floral glume broad-oval, hyaline, 3 mm. long, 3-nerved with a straiglit av/n about 5 mm. long; palea ovate, acute, hyaline, nerveless, 2 mm. long. Lodicules 0.0-0.7 mm. long. Stamens 3. Introduced into cultivation from Europe for its stately appear- ance in gardens. ANDUOP0(J0NE.B. 27 3. E. alopecuroides (L.) Ell. liot. S. 0. & Ga. 1 : 38 (1816). Andropogon alopecuroides L. Sp. PI. 1045 (1753). Pig. B.—Enanthus alopecuroides. Spikelets, X (Richardson.) E. saccharoules Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 55 (1803). Anthox- anthum giganteiim Walt. Fl. Car. 05 (1788). 28 PAMCACH.K. Culms 1-2 111. lu,ij;li, liai'T at tlu' nodes. Piiniclc contracted. 20-(5() em. long. The tawny hairs at the hase and s])arnijj:ly on the outer «utt. (umi. I : <)») (1818). Ci'lins sleiuU'r, i:]()-:240 cm. lii^'h, terete, amootli, slii^^htly luiiry ttt the nodes. Sheaths terete, i:lightly keeled ubove, ^diibrous, nodes minutely pubesrent; ligule 1-'^ mm. long, trnneate; blades smooth. Hat, setaeeo-aeiiminate. iJO-OO cm. long, (j-15 mm. widi', with a narrow base. Panicle 20—10 em. long, l-H cm. wide, all ]>arts more or less red or carmine. Sessile spikelets 10 mm. long, linear-ianceolate; first and second glumes about 10 nnn. long, firm. scabrid, round on the back, involucre of hairs very short or none; lirst oblong-lanceolate when spread. K-uerved, 2-toothed. second ovate-lanceolate, '^-toothed, mucroiuite, third memliranous, linear- lanceolate, T mm. long, 2-3-nerved, fourth shorter, hyaline, :}- nerved, '^-toothed with a straight awn about 'i cm. long; palea 2-nerved, hyaline, nerveless. Lodicules truncate. 1 mm. long. Texas, XvaUcy; Tenn., Oattliujcr; Fla., Clinpiiiiiii. KMver banks. North Caroliiui, Tennessee to Florida and Texas. !i. (84, 88). ManisUBIS L. Mant. 2: 104 (ITO:) not Sw. nulthn'JUa L. f. Diss. Xov. Gram, n (irTO)- /l<'i>iarfliria R. Br. Prod, --ior (1810), Pharehinis Griseb. PeJfuphom Desv. Spikelets in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate or almost entire rachis of a sim})le spike, the first sessile and embedded in a cavity of the rachis, with one perfect flower and sometimes a staminate one below it. the other on a closely a])pressed or adnato ])cdicel, but often spreading with a staminate or rarely a i)erfect ilower, or reduced to 1-2 empty glumes, ^Phe spike single on each ])eduncle above a sheathing bract and cylindrical or nearly so. Glumes in the sessile spikelet 4, the outer one coriaceous, fiat- tt-ned on the back, closely covering the cavity of the rachis, second tliinner but often firm, concave or keeled, third and fourth and the i)alea hyaline, all awidess. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, (iraiu enclosed, but not adherent. In addition to the above from Bentham. our 4 species are smooth, tall perennials, blades compressed and pointed. The second glume of the sessile spikelets ovate, acute, compressed, keeled, 3-nerved, third and fourth glumes aiul the palea ovate. 30 PANICACE^. Third glume flat, 3-uerved, the fourth compressed, 3-nerved. Lodieules 2, truncate, many-nerved. Bentham in Flora Ans- traUensis remarks tliat " RottbmlUa was originally founded by the younger Linnaeus on five species wliich are now separated into as many genera. Brown's proposed plan to restrict the name to R. exaUata and allied species since added has now been generally adopted." These grasses are mostly tall perennials, with flat or compressed leaf-blades. Spikes terminal and lateral. Species about 23, ex- tending over tropical Asia, Africa, and 4 in America. The characters of this genus have been very differently restricted by different botanists. I have followed E. Ilackel, and included Hemarthria R. Br. in this genus. On this subject Bentham says: *' Hemarthria is separated from EoWmUia chiefly on account of the flattened and less dis- tinctly articulated rachis and the curious way in which the stipes of the sterile spikelet is adnate to the rachis." a. First glumes of the sessile spikelet Transversely rugose 1 ** and vertical!; rugose 2 Unequally pitted . . 3 a. First glume of the sessile spike.et Neither rugose nor pitted 4 1. M. rugosa (Chapm.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 780 (ISOl). R. rugosa Chapm. Hack, in D. C. Monog. Phan. : 308 (1889). R. rugom Chapm. Fl. S. States, 570 (18r,0), not Nutt. Culms robust, comjiressed, 40-90 cm. high. Lower sheaths compressed, equitaut; ligule very short, truncate; lower blades 20-00 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; the upper about 4 mm. long. Spikes terminal and lateral, 3-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. diam., often partly Included in the sheaths. Sessile spikelets a])oi'.t as long as the joints of the rachis. In the acssile spikelets, first glume 4-5 mm. long, including the spongy base, ovate, flat, 2-keeled, bifid, (5-8-iu'rved, with two or more regular spongy ridges jiassiug more or less trnnsversely : second glume 3.5-4 mm. long; third 3.5 mm. long. 2-nerved; fourth broad ovate, obtuse, 3 mm. or less in lengtii. ANDHOPOOONE^. 31 The wavy cell-walls of the palea and the fourth glume are conspicuous under a lens. In the pedicellate spikelets, first glume flat, ovate, 9-11-nerved, over 2 mm. long, a winged keel near one margin, second glume as long as the first, compressed, keeled? 5-uerved, third glume as long as the others, hyaline, 3-nerved. Fla., Curtissm%%: G. V. Nash\()l^. 2. M. corrugata (Baldw.) Kuntze, Hev. Gen. PI. 779 (1891). R. corrugata Baldwin, Sill. Am. Journ. 1:355 (1819). Culms robust, compressed, 90-120 cm. high. Lower sheaths compressed, equitant; ligule very short; lower blades 50 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the upper shorter. Spikes projecting above the sheaths, 6-10-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. diam., cyindrical. Ses- sile spikelets about as long as the Joints of the rachis, first glume, including the callous base. 5 mm. long, concave, ovate, bifid, nerves indistinct, vertically and transversely rugose, second glume about 4 mm. long, third glume about 3.5 mm. long, 2-nerved, fourth glume as long as the third. Pedicellate spikelets nearly 3 mm. long, first glume ovate, G-nerved, a keel near one edge, second glume compressed, keeled, 3-nerved. Low j)ine barrens near the coast. South Carolina to Texas. 3. M. cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze, 1. c. Tripmcum cylinilri- cum Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 00 (1803). R. cylimlrica Torr. liot. Whippl. Exped. 159 (1857). Culms slender, terete, simple, GO-90 cm. high. Sheaths gla- brous, terete or subcompressed; ligule very short, ciliate; blade 15-40 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad. Spikes single, projecting, terete, 10-18 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide. Spikelets sessile, G-7 mm. long, with a callus 1 mm. long; first glume of the sessile spikelets obtuse, 7-iierved, 6-8 mm. long, very firm, bifid, nerves inconspicuous, con- cave, with slight pits on the outside; second and third glumes 4 mm. long. Anthers 3 mm. long. The pedicellate spikelets rudi- mentary, consisting of 2 small glumes 1.5-2 mm. long. Texas, ff all H-in-, Fla., Chapman. Dry sandy soil, Florida to Texas. 4. M. compressa (L. f.) Kuntze, 1. c. 82 PANRACE.E. R. compressa L. f. Suppl. 1U(1781). Xxw. fasciculata {\jim.) Hack., D. ('. Monog. Phan. G:-^,SO (1880). R. fascictdata Lam. 111. Gen. 1 : -lO^ (ITOl). Lepturix fascicu- lafus Trill. Fund. Agrost. 1-^3 (18'^0). llcinarihria ILwan/ii Vasey. Culms branching, compressed, 120 cm. or more liigli. ^jowei' blades few and rather short, keeled, ciliate on the margins, the sheaths of the other leaves half to two-thirds as long as the internodes; ligule short ciliate, blades of the culms 5-7-nerved, more or less scabrous, usually conduplieate, 10-18 cm. long, 4-0 mm. wide. Spikes numerous. terminal and lateral, usually compressed and more or less enclosed, (5-10 cm. long. Ses- ailc spikelets about as long as the joints of the rachis. In the sessile spikelets. first glume oblong acute. mm. long, about 10-nerved, second glume linear, as long as „ « ., . . the first, third irlunio linear acute. 5-0 mm. iui. y.—MiiniKiins com- pnxm. Portion of a long, fourth oviite-lanceolatc. obtuse. 4 mm. .si.ik...x3. (Rkluirdson.) ^^^^^, ^^^^^,^ about the length of its glume. In pcdivellute spikelets first glume fiat, linear-lanceolate, extreme ti]) obtuse and "2-toothed, 7-nerved, second glume lanceolate, ex- tending to the apex of the first glume, compressed. .'5-o-nerved, third glume and palea much alike, about 3 mm. long. Grain 2 mm. long. S. E. Texas, Havarih XeaUei/ ; Mexico, Pn'iif/k 3132. Also found in N. Africa and S. W. Europe. 10. (87). Hackelochloa Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 770 (1801). Jhntisiin's Sw. Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 1 : 180 (1707), not Linn. Si)ikelets in pairs in the notches of the 1-sided articulate rachis of a simple spike. 1 sessile and hall" einltedded in a cavity on the rachis, with 1 perfect llower. the other on a sliort appressed pedicel reduci'd to 2 em|>ty glumes, or with a staininate fiower, the spike single on the jieduncle above a sheathing bract. Glumes of the AXDKUl'OtiOXE.E. 33 sessile spikelet 4, awnless, warty, hard, empty, the second smaller concave, thiu and firm, third and fourth small, thin and hyaline, awnless; palea minute or 0. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed by the round glume, but not adherent. Species 11, widely spread over the warmer regions of the New and the Old World. 1. H. granulans (L.) Kuntze, Rev. CJeu. PI. 770 (1801). CeticJirus (jmnu- loris L. Mant. 2 : App. 575 (1771). MatdsHi'isi fjratnilat'h Sw. A slender leafy bninolung annual, 70-90 cm. high. Sheaths loose, com- pressed, hispid; ligule very short; blades short flat, ciliate cordate. G-"iO cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, clothed with spreading hairs each springing from a tubercle, the floral leaves generally exceeding the en- closed sheathing bracts and spikes and narrower sheathing bracts, the whole in- floivscence foi'ining an irregular leafy panicle. S})ikes 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Si'sxiU' spikelets 1.8-2.5 mm. long, l.;5 mm. diam. on an cbeonical callus. 0.5-0.8 mm. long, outer glume 11- F'"- 10.— ILn-Mochloa (jrann- lariK. A, spiko ; a, b, $ nerved, second oval. 1-nerved; pcdicvl- spikflit. x 4 ; c, dr spikelet, hdr spikelets 2 mm. or more long, first ^ '• («"'''»'^'- ) glume flat-oval, 6-7-n-nerved, with a keel near each nuirgin, second concave. 7-nerved. the keel winged. (!a.. ('Nr/iss 3025; Arizona. I'ri)i(/li; Lrmmon 315; Mexico, Ptthiivr. /'n'ti(/tc '.Wr,x both for U. S. iK-pt. Agric. In Palmer's specimen there is a thin glume, lu'arly as long as the outer glume; it is hyaline, broad uval. 2-nerved. A fourth one is a little shorter, ii\ aline, nervi'lt-ss. Stamens 3. Fn ['ringlc's 34 PANICACE^. specimens from Arizona, there are three or four empty glumes and no stamens. Introduced. North Carolina, Florida, 'I'exas, Mexico. 11. (91). Eeemochloa Buese, Miq. PI. Jungh, 1 : 357 (1854). Ischwmum in part. Pectinaria Hack. Engl, and Prantl. Nat. PI. 2, 2 : 20 (1887). Vossia Wall. Spikelets in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate flexu- ose rachis of simple spikes, 1 sessile with 1 pei'fect terminal flower and a staminate 1 below it, the outer pedicellate and either similar or with oidy 1 perfect or 1 or 2 staminate flowers or reduced to 2 empty glumes, the spikes either solitary or 2 or more, sessile or nearly so on the end of the common peduncle. The outer glume of the sessile spikelet the largest, awnless, truncate or 2-toothed at the top. second glume keeled and sometimes produced into a straight awn, third glume rather smaller, thin, enclosing a palea and 3 stamens, terminal glume a twisted and bent awn, attenuate or hyaline and bifid at the base as in Andrnpnr/on; palea small and thin or 0. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glumes, but not adherent. About 30 species, mostly Asiatic. The above in reference to Ercmnchloa is mostly taken from Ben- tham's Flora Australiemis. It will scarcely lead one to recognize our siugle introduced species, 1. E. LEKRSioiDES (Muuro) ILick., D. C. Monog. Phan. : 2G-4 (1880). Isi'lKcinuin lee rsiai ties, Munro, Proc. Am. Acad. 4 : 303 1804-05). This is not Eremnrhloe S. Wats. Culms slender, spariugly branched, 20-40 cm. high, nodes ptiberuleiit. Leaf-blades flat or involute, hirsute, setaceous, 0-12 cm. long. 2-3 mm. wide. Spikes curved (looking much like liou- felona leiiiftsov />.j)uli/iil(trh9/{n). terminal or lateral, 2-5 cm. long. I'edicellate spikelets reduced to a stipe less than 3 mm. long. S'.'ssde spikelets 3.5 mm. long, first glume flattened, ovate, about 4 nun. long, 0-nerved. subiioute with two close teetli. margins sup- l)lii'd with short spiny hairs 2-3 mm. long, second glume elliptical, acute. 4 mm. long. 3-nerved. third glume and palea 3 mm. long, hyaline, terminal glume awnless. ANDROPOUONE.E. Introduced into California from eastern Asia. 36 Fig. 11. — Ercmochloa leeraioides. A, spikelet, X 10; 6, c, florets. (Scribner.) 13. (92). Teachypogon Nees, Agrost. Bras. 341 (1829), in part. Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs at tlie nodes of the rachis of a simple 1-sided spike, a subscssile staminate awnless s])ikelet and an awned pedicelled, pistillate or perfect spikelet. Empty glumes 3-4, the outer. 1 firm, awnless, enclosing the others, second nar- rower but similar, third empty, very delicately hyaline, narrow, very small ; terminal glume in the sessile spikelet delicately hya- line, awnless, in the pedicelled spikelet hyaline below, above bearing a long twisted awn; palca very small or 0. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. CJniin oblong, included, not adlicrent. Tall tufted perennial grasses, with long narrow, flat or involute leaf-blades. Spikes solitary or 2 or 3 and sessile at the apex of the peduncles. Spikelets slightly imbricated and appressed to the rachis. Nearly related to Jlcfcro/tni/d)/. Found in troj^ical America and in Africa and Australia. Anderss. in (Efvcrs. Vet. Akad. Stocikh. 1857, enumerates 11 species, I of which is African and the rest peculiar to tropical and subtropical Amenca. including Brazil and Mexico. Ilackel places them all in one species with many subspecies and varieties. 1. T. polymorphus Hack., Mart, et Eicld. Fl. Bras., 2, pars. 3 : 2(13 (1,SS3). A sleuder erect perennial grass, OO-IH) cm. high, hairy at the nodes. Sheaths terete, longer than the inter nodes, more or less pubescH'iit; ligule firm; blades narrow, ilat or convolute, glaucous, rigid, tlio lower 20 cm. long, the upper 6-8 (;m. 36 PANICACE.E, long. Spikes 1-6, terminal, protnuling above the leaves, 8-17 cm. long. Sessile stamiuato spikelet 5-8 mm. long, without a callus, ob- long obtuse, flat concave, ^-keeled. !i- ll-nerved, 7 mm. long, second glume linear, 3-nervecl, as long as the first, third oblong, 2-nerved, 5 mm. long. fourth narrower and shorter, :}-nerved. Pedicellate spikelets 2-'.] mm. long with a hard oblique point, al)ovo which are appressed hairs. Flower perfect, first glume sparsely hairy, flat-concave, obtuse, 7-!)-nerve(l, 8 mm. long, second round on the back, oblong, 3-nerved, bifid, as long as the first, third 3-nerved, the lower portion hyaline, 2 mm. long bearing a twisted bent awn 2.5-13 cm. long. Mexico, Palmer 303. The species is found in west Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Var. Montufari (II.B.K.) Hack. 1. c. Andrcqioyan Monfiifari II.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 184 (1815). T. Monhifari^coi^, ^Uirt. Fl. Bras. 2 : 342 (1820). lilades all flat or the radical ones convolute. 2-5 mm. wide; ligulo 2-13 mm. long. Spikes 10-17 cui. long; staminate spikelets ovate-oblong, G-7 mm. long, first glume more or less pilose on the back. Arizona, Priiif/h'\75: Mexico, Palmer MM. 13. (83). ElionURUS II. & li. Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 941 (1805) (Elyonurus). CalUcliloea Sprong. Steud. Norn. F]d. 2, 1 : 257 (1840). Spikelets in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate Fig. 13. — Trnchypogon poly morphiiK. Spikelets, X 4 (Hicliardson.) ANDIiOl'OUONK.E. 37 r;i('l>i.s of a simple spike, 1 sessile with 1 perfect flower, the other pedicellate and barren, the spike solitary and the rachis densely silky-hairy. Onter glume of the barren spikelet usually spread- iiii;-. Fertile spikelet appressed; glumes 4, the outer one firm, largest, erect and often 2-lobed, with a imlsam-bearing line along the nerves, second shorter, thin but rigid and pointed, third and fourth shorter, hyaline, ail without awns; palea none or very minute. Styles distinct. Stamens 3. CJrain enclosed in the outer glumes, but not adherent. Culms tufted, usually erect. Sheaths subtumid; ligule very short, truncate; blades flat or more or less folded. Tkacemes erect. They all differ a little from Manisurh {EotfhcelUa). connecting this with AtKh'opofjonece. Boissier has proposed Lasiurus as a genus to include the species, having 3 spikelets instead of 3 at each node of the rachis: but this character is by no means constant. Species a])out 12, mostly perennials spread over tropical and subtropical America and Africa, sparingly in western Asia, and one in tropical Australia. Pedicellate spikelet neuter 1 " " staminato 3 1. E. barbiculmis Hack., D. C. Monog. Phan. G : 330 (1889). Aiuh'ojHKjon r(t)i(li(lns Trin. in part. Culms tufted, slender. 50-70 cm. high, containing 3-4 nodes, one f»r two of the upper ones bearing solitary branches. Sheaths terete, loose; blades of the lower leaves verv narrow, often 30 cm. long, the upper 1-4 cm. long, 0.7-1 mm. wide. Spike 0-8 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, white with dense silky hairs. Sessile spikelet lanceo- late, much flattened, 7-1) mm. long; first glume lance-eliiptical, densely hairy, obscurely 7-uerved, the lateral nerves heavy, second glume h-{\ mm. long, obscurely nerveil. third and fourth about ('(|ual. 4 mm. long, one 3-nerved, the other 3-nerved. Styles plu- mose, red. Pedicellate spikelets 5 mm. long, borne on pedicels rather shorter, the outer glume lanceolate, flattened on the back, hairy, the second acute. 4 mm. long, the third and fourth 3 mm. long; no flower. E. Ilackel considers the Hrazilian grass, Elionv- rv.v raiididits (Trin.) Hack., to which our form has been referred. 88 PANIC AC E^. as a distinct species, and proposes the above name for our species. West Texas, U>/^/// S04; New Mexico, Wr if/ht 210Q: Arizona, Leinmou lim'y, Mexico. Pr ingle 423; Texas, Nealley, Havard; Arizona, Lane, liolhrock 038. Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico. 2. E. tripsacoides II.li.K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. 1 : 192 (1815). Anilropofjon XuttaUii Chapm. FI. S. States, 580 (1860). Elionurfis NuttaUii Vasey, Descr. Cat. Gr. U. S. 25 (1885). Cuhns erect, tufted, slender, compressed, sparingly branched from the upper 1-3 nodes, interuodes but little longer than the sheaths 70-120 cm. high. Ligule ciliate with long hairs; blades filiform- involute, glabrous or pilose, the lower 15-50 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, those of the middle of the culm 30-50 cm. long, the upper 3-5 cm. long. Spikes axillary and terminal, 5-14 cm. long. Sterile sjiikelets 4-7 mm. long borne on a hairy pedicel 3 mm. long, first glume flattened, smooth, ovate-lan- ceolate, obtuse, 5-nerved besides the keel at each margin, second glume as long as the first, elliptical-lanceolate, keeled near the apex, 3-nervcd, third glume a little shorter, 2-uerved, fourth still shorter. Stamens 3. Sessile spikelets on an obovate callus, 1-1.5 mm. long, densely barbate, llattened, 5-0 mm. long, smooth or scabrid, the 2 keels clothed with short hairs, first glume fiat, narrowly ovate, bifid, 1 l-nerved, second concave, elliptical-lanceolate, nearly as long as the first, keeled above, third and fourth shorter; flower perfect. Florida, Cxrfiss 3030, Drummond 344. Florida to Texas. Var. Ciliaris (Trin.) E. ciliaris II.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 1J)3 /. 03 (1815). The first glume copiously clothed on the back with short hairs. Pig. 13. — EHomirus tripsacoides Spikelets. (Hichardson.) ANniK)P(K{ONE.E. 89 Kunth describes this jirass in his supplomont. iiml at the close remarks that it is liardly distinct from //. tnpmcoides II. B. It is also so considered by Ilackel. Texas and Arizona, RnthrocTc 038. 14. (94). Andeopogon L. 8p. PI. 1045 (175.3). DirlianfJiinm Willoni. Ust. Ann. IJot. 18 : 11 (1700). Snnjlutm Pers. Syn. 1 : 101 (1805). Heterojmion. Pers. Syn. 5i : 533 (1807). Dicdomis IJoanv. Aj^rost. t. 23. /'. 5 (1812). ('//m/jopof/on Sprens^. Pn. e. Spikes 2-3 cm. long, sessile spikelets 4 mm. long 18-20 B. Pedicellate spikelets staminate, with 4-5 glumes, as long as the sessile ones, which are 7-11 mm. long, branching little above, a. Spikes 2, near or at the apex of the culm or its branches 21, 22 a. Spikes 3-8, digitate near th.o apex of the culm. . . 23 Subgenus 4. Ampiiilopiiis. Spikes digitate or panicled at the apex of the culm or branches, all pedicellate. Joints of the rachis and the pedicels with a median, longitudinal, translucent line. Floral glume tapering into an awn. a. Pedicellate and sessile spikelets equal 24 a. Pedicellate sjiikeU'ts shorter than the sessile, sjiikes in a ter- minal panicle often branched 25 42 PANICACE.E. Subfrenus 5. Sorgtium (I'ers. as a p:omis). Spikelcts truly and conspioiioiisly paniculate, rays consisting of a sessile fertile one on a pedicel, the branches pedicellate si)ikelets. First and spikelcts coriaceous. slender, the lateral in })airs. one and a staminate or abortive terminating in 1 sessile and 2 second glumes of the fertile Fig. 14.— Spikelets of A. Hallii. a. Rays of the i)anicle verticellate ; the pedicellate spikelets staminate witii -t glumes, rarely 1-2 and neuter. ... 26 a. Rays of the panicle mostly solitary, but branching near the base (b) b. Pedicellate spikelets none or sometimes reduced to pedicels merely (c) c. Panicle oblong, erect or nodding 27 c. Panicle secund, rays variously llexuose 28 Subgenus G. Chkysopogon (Trin. as a genus). Racemes whorled, pedicellate, spikelets obviously paniculate and laterally compressed. Our single species is a tall annual; the aAvns 12-15 cm. long 29 Subgenus 7. Diciiaxtiium (Willemet as a genus). Spikes ANDROPOGONE.E. 43 tisiially 3 to niuny. di^ntutc, all lu'dicelhite or all sessile, not sub- teink'ti by a leaf-slieath. Floral j^lunie usually .stalklike . . liO Our single species annual; racemes nodtling on very sleiider jieduncles. ■ Subgenus S. Hi:tki{oi'()(K)X (Persoon as u genus), lisicemes or spikes solitary and terminal or lateral. Spikelets imbricated. 1-15 ol' the lowest pairs liomogamous; awns large with sharp barbed points. a. Annual 31 a. Perennial 32 Subgenus !». C'YMi!Oi'0(iOX (S[)reng. as a genus). Pacemes in })airs, terminal or lateral. 1 sessile, always with 1-'^ basal liomog- amous pairs (of 2 staminate spikelets). the other short-pedicelled, with or without liomogamous pairs, both together subtended by a sheathing leaf, frequently arranged in a false panicle, interrupted by leaves. Floral glume strongly awned 33 1. A. gracilis Spreng. Syst. 1 : -^84 (lS-^4). A very slender, erect, tufted, glabrous perennial. 3()-()() cm. high. Sheaths terete; ligule very short; blade convolute-setaceous. l()-'^() cm. long. Spikes solitary, 3-4 cm. long, the terminal one exserted. the lateral ones distant, sheathed by narrow bracts 2-4 cm. long, the zigzag rachis and i)edicels clothed with soft spreading hairs reaching be- yond the spikelets. Pedicel 4 mm. long bearing an awned sjiikclet 'Z mm. long, consisting of a single glume. Sessile spikelets lanceo- late, about 5 mm. long, first and second glumes equal, the former •■i-toothed with 2 nerves toward each margin, the latter acute, 1- nerved, the bent aAvn nearly 2 cm. long. Fla., Garhcr. Found in Florida and the West Indies. 2. A. hirtiflorus Kunth. Kev. (iram. 2 : oOO, 1. 108 (1820). Culms slender, 50-120 cm. high mostly with 2 branches above, each as well as the main stem bearing a single erect spike. Lower sheaths often hirsute or barbed at the throat; blades sparingly hairy, 10-20 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the upper ones slender, 0-4 mm. long. Spike single, narrow, zigzag, 4-G cm. long bearing 5-8 pairs of spikelets, rachis and pedicels hairy throughout. First glume of sessile sj)ikelet 7-0 mm. long, laueeolate, 2-toothed margins invo- 44 PANICACK.K. lute, 7-8-nerve(l, second mombraiious, ciliate-koeled, 4-5-nerved, 8 mm. long, third hytilino shorter, fourth G mm. long" hititl over hair its length bearing a bent awn 1"^-17 mm. long. I'edicellato spikelets j)rotruding above tlie hairs. Pedicels tj mm. long bear-ng a lanceolate spikelet a little shorter than itsell* consisting of 'Z empty glumes. Texas, Xeallei/j Arizona, Pn'tif/Ic, Leninuhi 0"^5. Tlie latter is owned by F. L. Scribner and mark 'd " teste E. Ilackel." \'ar. brevipedicellatus. L blades less than 2 mm. wide. Pedicels 4 mm. long, first glume of the sessile spikelet G-7 mm. long. Mexico, J\-i//(/I(' ;5S:5. Distributed as A. hiflijlin'us Kunth. Subvar. oligostachyus (C'hapm.) Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. 6 : 372 (1889). A. uliyustachjius Chapm. Fl. S. States, 581 (1800). Kachis slender, 5-() cm. long with 10-15 joints. Arizona, Priiiule. Var. feensis (Fourn.) Hack. D. C. ^lonog. I'lian. : 372 (188!)). .1. frrii.sis Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. (Jram. «",2 (188»;). Sheaths pilose, "iliate; blades scabrid; racemes 5-7 cm. long, slender. 10-12-jointed, apex of the joint 1 mm. broad, loosely i)ilose. Arizona. l.i'iiiDuni 21(25. Mexico, Parri/, Pnhticv !Mi(i. 3. A. brevifolius Sw. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ. 2(i (17!i7). Annual: culms 10-100 cui. loug. very slender with filiform llowi'ring branches in twos and threes from nearly all the nodes. Lignle very short: blade contracted at the insertion, green, glabrous, with margins scabrous, spathcs reddish green, glabrous, clavatc. IJacemcs 5-10-join;e(K the joints clavatc, 2-toothe(l. about the U'ngth of the sessile spikeU'ts. Sessile spikelet linear-oblong, pah* green: first glume lirni. involute, 2-to<(ilu'd. subconvex on the back, obscurely 2-;»-nerv, >I : si-cond glunu' awnless, very acute, 1-nerved: fourth glume divided almost to the base. Anthers 1-1.5 mm. loug. (Jrain liiu^ar. Pedicellate spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long, on |)edici'ls which are us long as the joints of the racemes, first ghnne bearing a slender awn. Var. genuinus Hack. 1). V. Monog. IMian. C : 303 (ISS'I). .1. hrcvifdliiiK var. piilla Franch. et Savat. Enum. IM. .lap. 2, (110 x^N 1)H01»0U( )N ILE. 45 (1875-70). J. tvncUus Pmsl. Rclici. Ilivnk. 1: :}35 (1830). Blados obtuse. ~-o cm. long, 1.5-5 inin. wide. Hueciuos very sloiulor. \-l cm. long ; sjKitlic 1.5-'^ cm. long. Sessile spikclcts ;]-• 1 mm. long, the iiwn 8-12 mm. long. Mexico, PniKjb 1771. ^lexico to Brazil, Madugiiscar, India. China, and other coun- t ries. •1. A. tener Knuth. Rev. Gram. % 5(15 /. 1!)7 (18-^9). Culms very slender, 20-70 cm. high, branching s})aringly, the exserted threadlike tips 2-10 em. long, each carrying a single narrow spike l-O em. long. Sheaths of culm almost carinate; lignle truncate, glabrous, very short; blades destitute of hairs, the lower ones 2-5 cm. long, 0.!(-2 mm. wide, the upper bristlelike, 1-2 cm. long. Short hairs on the rachis below the sessile spike- lets. Stipe 3-(l cm. long, sj)ariugly clothed on one edge with short hairs, each spikelet subtended by a short 2-i)ointed bra(!t. The first glnme of the sessile spikelet ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long, llattened. 2-keeled, obscurely 7-nerved; se(M)nd glnme as long iis the first, compressed-keeled, )5-nervod, fourth bearing a twisted awn 8-14 mm. long. Anthers 2 mm. long. Pedicellate spikclets flattened, ;j-5 mm. long, of 2-3 glumes only. It resembles considerably A. eirni/ns J Tack. Mexico, Pahiier 504. Florida to Texas a,iid ^rexlco. Var. flliformis (Nces) Hack. T). C. Monog. Phan. fi : 379 (188'.t). Schizid'lijiriiiDi Jilifoi'me Nees, Agrost. Mras. 338 (I82'.t). Culms tiliforui. 40-(!0 cm. high, branching from the base; Iciif-bladcs convolute, filiform. 0.4-0.5 mm. diam. ; spikes. 3-4 cm. long. Florida, (fiir/iss ; Miss., 7'niri/. A. cirratus Hack, in Flora (IS : 11!) (1885). IMant glaucous. Culms sparingly branched, thread-like, t'x- serted, 3-5 cm. long, each bearing a single spike 4-(i cm. long. Slieaths terete: lignle 2 mm. huig: blade very sjtaringly hairy, the "idwcr iind middle oiu's Id 15 cm. lung, 3 mm. wide, the upper rarely 2 cm. bing. Spiki'S single, tlie rachis at each node and 46 PANICACE.E. on one edge of the stipe bearing luiirs 2 mm. long. Sessile spike- let 7 mm. long; first glume flattened, O-nevved, ovate-ljineeohite witli 2 ciliate keels; second glume shorter, thinner, keeled, 3-nerved; third still shorter, hyaline; fourth bifid, bearing a twisted awn 1 em. oi- more in length. Pedicellate spikelets 2—4 mm. long, consisting of l-o empty glumes. Mexico, Wriyhf 2105, Primjic 382, Greene 400; Texas, Xe((l- ley SnS. A neat slender grass found in Y. . :: Mexico, Arizona, and north- ern Mexico. 0. A. scoparius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 57 (1803). A. pirr- jjnr(m-e)is Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 913 (180(i). Culms slender, (iO-OOcin. high, with numerous branches. Sheatlis sparingly hairy; l)lades 2-3 mm. wide. Spikes slender, scattered, usually 2-3 from a single sheath, exserted on slender i)edicels, the joints of the rachis clothed on the two edges with lax dull-white hairs. The sterile spikelet consists of a single glume al)out 3 mm. long, or staminate aiul longer. First and second glumes of tlio pistillate spikelet lanceolate, mm. long, and awn-pointed: first glume fiattened on the back, scabrid, obscurely nerved; second glume tliinner, keeled, 3-nerved ; fourth bifid for one third its lengtli, bearing in the notch an awn 10-15 mm. long. From the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. \'ery common on the prairies, aflFordiug considerable pasture; sometimes cut for hay. It starts very late in tlie spring and is dunuiged 1)y frost. Subs[)ecies euscoparius Hack. D. C. Monog. I'han.. 1. c. Low tufted; sheaths smooth; blades glaucous. scal)rous. 5-7 mm. wide; first and secoiul glumes of sessile spikelet 8 mm. hiug, with points 2 mm. long. Specimens marked " teste E. Tlackel *' owned by F. L. Scribner. Sandsof Cape May, N. J. Coll. J. Hurk, Oct. 2, 1888. Subspecies genuinus lla( k., 1. c. Pedicellate spikelets 2-3 mm. long, subulate; first glume 3- nerved, terminating in a ])ristle; branches filiform, glabrous below the nodes; racenu'S slender; very variable. ^lichigan (M. A. C. 3), Coo/ei/, />m/o: Illinois, /inil 4; Penu.. .sVv//»av/' 3(135; Vt.. Priti' ffh>; N. J., U. S. Ihpl. .i(/r}r. from Scriljuer 20(»; Texas, Xealleij. ANDHOIHXiONK.E. 47 Subspecies maritimus Haek., 1. e. Var. (jciininus Hack. J. iiKtnlmniH Cluipni. Fl. 8. States. Suppl. Cn-S (KSSi>). Leaves and si>athes glabrous: blades 10 em. long. Spikelets s.'ssile. 10 mm. long. Panicles or racemes 2-branclied. Si)atlies acuminate. I'acenu'S 4-5 cm. long, stout, G-8-jointed; raeliis subuiululate; pedicels densely clotbed on tlie margins with long hairs; first glume of sessile spikelet ;i-5-nerved, long, jwiuted; third light violet, awns 13 mm. long. Pedicellate spikelets 7-10 mm. long; first glume 7-nerved, very short-awued; fourth also short- awned. Florida, (Chapman. 7. A. condensatus (Xees) II. I^. K. Xov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 188 (1815). Schizavhyt'ium condenmiux Nees. Agrost. Bras. 333 (18-.>!)). (Uilms stout, 30-150 cm. high, paniculately branching. Sheaths compressed, mostly shorter than the inti'rnodes; blades flat or con- (lui)licatc, those of tlie sterile shoots 30-40 cm. long, those of the culm shorter. "2-7 mm. wide, smooth or scabrous. Spathes \-'l cm. loug, lanceolate, acute. Kacemcs short, loose, 2-8-jointed. more or less wavy or zigzag; }(edicels of the sterile si)ikelets as long as the fertile spikelet. Spikelets usually 4 mm. long, linear; first glume chartaceo-mcml)ranous, linear-subulate, 2-toothcd. or acute; third aliout the length of the first, lanceolate, nerveless, ciliolute: fourth about the length of the secoiul, linear. 1 -nerved, glabrous, awn 12-15 mm. long. Palea 0. Stamens 3. Var. paniculatus (Kunth) Hack. Monog., 1. c. A. pnninila' tuH Kunth, Knum. PI. 1 : 4!t4 (1S33). Pacemes exserted above tlie spathes, or the base included. Mexico, State of San Luis Potosi. Prinf/lc 3134. 8. A. semiberbis (Nees) Kunth. Knum. 1 : 48!) (1833). Srhizn- chyrium srmihcrfip 'Scvs. Agrost. Bras. 330 (1820). A. oliijostach- yvsV\\ii\nw. Fl. S. States. 581 (18()!»). Culms erect, leafy below, branching above. flO-150 cm. high. Sheaths often barbate at the throat; blades smooth, glaucous, keeled, the lower 30-40 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide ; s])ikes solitary, the terminal one barelv exserted. the lateral oiu's often half oi' more 48 PANICACE.E. covered by the sheath-like bracts, the pedicels and rachis bearing a few short spreading liairs. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; first glume firm, scabrous, flattened, obscurely nerved; second a little sliorter, incurved, compressed-keeled, ;3-nerved ; the fourth with a thin pointed projection 2 mm. long each side of the twisted awn, which is about 1.5 cm. long. Pedicels 3.5 mm. long bearing a rudimentary spikelet with an awn nearly twice its lengtli. Florida, Chapman, for F. L. Scribner, teste E. Hackel; also A. P. Garber in 1887, Gariliev in 1892. Var. pruinatus Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. 370 (1880). Kodes and blades pruinose. Florida, Simpson. 9. A. Schottii Kupr. Hack, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2; Pars. 3 : 299 (1871). Culms slender, 40-80 cm. high, compressed; branches single from the remote nodes. Sheatlis very smooth; blades rigid, acute, 10-20 cm. long, 2— i mm. wide, ghibrous. sometimes thinly hairy to- Avard the base. Sjjathes 4-G cm, long, narrow, obtuse or acute, as long as the exserted i)art of the peduncle or longer. Racemes 4-7 cm. long, slender, pilose; joints as long as the sessile spikelets; the apex 1 mm. wide, unequally 2-toothed, glabrous on the back, ciliate on the margii s. Sessile spikelets 7 mm. long; first glume firm, linear, acuminate, subbimucioiuite, glabrous, pale red, obscurely 3-nerveil. the callus with a stout tuft of hairs; second glume acute, 1-nervcd, the keel scabrous; third glume ciliate, the fourth divided nearly to the base, the awn 15 mm. long. Pedicellate s})ikelets on slender pedun(!les as long as the joints, ciliate on the edges; spike- lets suludate, 3 mm. long. Mexi(!o, Pahncr 7. 10. A. fastigiatus Sw. Fl. Iiul. Occ. 20 : 207 (1788). Perennial; culms (10-90 cm. high, terete, branching, flower- bearing brandies in threes, fastigiate, smooth. Sheaths loose, keeled, scabrous or smooth; ligule acnte, many-nerved, glabrous, wider than tlie blade, fl-10 mm. long; lower blades sometimes 30 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, all narrow at the base, setaceously acu- mimite, flat or loosely folded, glabrons (ir s])aringly ciliate at the base. Spathes linear-lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long. Kacemes 4-7 cm. AXI)KOl'U(JONE.E. 49 long, dense, reddish green; joint cuneate, a tliird shorter than the spikelets, with wliite spreading hairs on tlie edges, the iqicx 1 mm. wide. Sessile spikelets whitish, 4-5 mm. long: first glume linear- oblong, obtuse, '^-tootlied ; margins firm, involute, hairy; second glume as long as the first! obovate-truneate. compressed, ciliate, bearing an awn 3-4 times its length between the two very sliort teeth; third linear, the oblong margins involute, ciliate; fourth elliptical, half as long as tlie second, ciliate, the awn 3. 5-4. 5 cm. long; palea one third shorter than its glume. Anthers 1. Smm. long. Pedicellate spikelets twice as long sis the fertile ones, tinged with red; first glume herbaceous, obovate-falcate. flattish. abruptly acute, with 15 or more nerves, ciliate, bearing a slender awn its own length ; second glume half as long as the first, ovate-lanceolate, with a slender awn half its length or longer. Stamens 0. Mexico. Pahner r.iW, Prinfjlc; Cuba, Wrinhl :U83. Found in Mexico, Cuba, (Jentral xiUierica lo Brazil, tropical Africa, India. 11. A. brachystachyus Chapm. Fl. S. States, Suppl. (iCS (1880). C'uhrs 100-150 cm. high, with numerous very slendei- branches, each bearing two short spikes. Leaf-blades snuwtli. the lower 30 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, the upper reduced to nicre short tlireads. Spikes mostly in})airs. siender, zigzag, 1-2 cm. long, the hairs of the rachis and pedicels extending beyond the spikelets. First glume of the sessile si)ikelet lanceolate, 2-keelod, "^-nerved, 4 mm. long; second rarely as long, compressed, 1-nerved; third shorter, hyidine; fourth very luirrow. bearing a twisted awn 1 cm. long. Pedicels bearing no spikelet. Floridii. rV/7/,s>' 3(532. VI. A. arctatus ('hai)m. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 3 : 20 (1878). An erect, smooth perennial, branching above the middle. Culms hard, cylindrical. Sheaths shorter than the inteniodcs; l)lades 10-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, often involute. Spikes in pairs, 2-4 cm. long, the terniimd pair barely exserted, the lateral with its V)ase enclosed by a sheath, ihe tip of which seldom reaches the apex of the si)ikes; rachis and ]H'dicels clothed with soft white hairs extending beyond the spikelets. Sessile spikelet lanceolate, 5 mm. 50 PAXK'AC'E.E. long; first and second glumes equal, the former with two nerves near each nuirgiu, the latter 1-uerved. the bent awn i)rotruding one or more times the length of the spikelet. Pedicel about ;} mm. long, bearing a minute rudiment consisting of a suigle glume. Florida, Garber in 1877, Chapman. 13. A. argyreus Schult. Mant. 2 : 450 (1824). A. arr/en- teus Ell. Hot. S.C. and (Ja. 1 : 148 (1817). Plant smooth, rather slender, branching above, GO-lOO cm. high. Most leaf-blades 30-50 c!m. long, 3-5 cm. wide, the upj)er one a mere bristle. Spikes usually in pairs, mostly exserted, without bracts. 3-4 cm. long, on slender pedicels: white hairs on rachis and pedicel longer than the spikelets. Sessile spikelet about mm. long, 2 outer glumes membranous, hmceolate; first glume 2-keeled, 2-nerved, 2-toothed; second compressed-keeled, 3-nerved; third and fourth hyaline and shorter, the twisted aw)) on the latter 10-15 mm. long. Stamens 3. -Sterile spikelet composed of 1-2 small glunu's or wanting. The ])lant has much the appearance of A. Cahanisii. Florida, aShhjisoii, Curths 3037; Maryland, Scribner 3G37 from Brinton. Delaware to Florida and Texas. 14. A. Cabanisii Hack. Flora 08 : 133 (1885). Culms erect, compressed, sparingly branching toward the top, often 120 cm. high. The middle sheaths half as long as the in- ternodes, which are often 20 cm. long; blades firm, smooth, often involute, 15-25 cm. lorg. 4 mm. wide. Spikes in pairs, 5-7 era. long, the terminal i)air barely exserted, the lateral ones more or less enclosed by the sheathing bracts, the rachis and pedicels thinly clothed by fine soft white hairs reaching beyond the spikelet. Fer- tile spikelets linear, acute, mm. long; first glume flat, scabrid, 2-toothed, 8-nerved; secoiul incurved, acute, keeled, 3-nerved; third elliptical when spread. 2-nerved; fourth bearing a bent awn about 10 mm. long. Pedicels 4-5 mm. long, bearing a single awnless glume 3 mm. long. The plant has much the look of A. avf^./rcKs. Florida,, (iarbei\ now in Herb. Scribner, named by Ilackel. ANDHOPOIJONE.E. 61 15. A. EUiottii Cluipm. Fl. S. States, 5S1 (18(30). Culms sU'iitlcr. «3()-S() cm. high, bnmehing, intcniodes long, bearck'd at the upi)er joints. Sheaths often hairy above, inflated by several young or rudimentary sheaths and spikes : lower blades 30 cm. long, tliose farther up 'i cm. long, i mm. wide, the ui)per re- duced and threadlike. Spikes 3 or moi-e, about 2 cm. long or tlireadlike, exserted or enclosed, stems zigzag, hairs on racliis and pedicels exceeding the spikelets. First glume of the sessile s})ike- It't hinceolate, membranous, 4 or more mm. long. 2-nerved, margins involute : second glume membranous, compressed-keeled, 1-nerved, third hyaline. 3-4 nmi. long, fourth bifid, with a hout awn about 15 mm. long. Sterile floret represented by a threadlike pedicel 4-G mm. long. Stamen 1. Florida, Chapman, Curtiss 3G3Ga ; Texas, ycallcy ; District of C oluiubia, Ward. Mrginia to Florida and Texas, on wet or dry pine barrens. Vai". laxifiorus Scrib. ined. Sheaths of spikes shorter and narrower. Spikes 4-6 cm. long, their ijiternodes twice as long as those of the sj^ecies. Florida. G. V. Xash 1597 in 1854. 10. A. Virginicus L. Sp. PI. 104G (1753). A. dissitiflnrnm Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 57 (1803). A. vayinatuH Ell. Hot. S. C. and Ga. 1 : 148 (1817). Plant smooth, or sometimes soft hairy, GO-lOO cm. hijrh. Culms flattened below, })anicle branching much or little. Sheaths inflated, including spikes and slieatlis with spikes inside ; most blades 15-40 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, the upper short. Spikes nearly sessile, slender, zigzag, 2 sometimes 3 together, nearly sessile. 2 cm. long, shorter than the sheaths the upper of which are 3-5 cm. long, the soft dull white hairs on the rachis and peduncles much longer than the spikelets. Sessile spikelet 3-5 mm. long: first glume ovate-lanceol.ite, 2-keeled, 2-nerv(Hl; second glume com- pressed-keeled, 1-nerved, 3 mm. long; third and fourth ghunes shorter and hyaline, the awn straight or slightly twisted and bi-Jit, 1.3-2 cm. long. Pedicel slender, 4 mm. long, bearing a rudimen- tary spikelet or not. Stamen 1. 52 PANICACE.B. A very variable species, with many varieties and forms, appar- ently runninj; into J. macron nt.s Michx. with all its forms. Flor- ida, Cliapmati ; Louisiana, Lanyhis j Pennsylvania, Garber 319. Sandy land, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Var. glaucus Hack. I), C. Mono : 408 (1880). Uatlier low. culms narrow ; ]ianicle dense, obovate-oblong. 10-15 cm. long; rays short, springing from 3-4 nodes ; secondaries solitary. Spathes about eqiudling the racemes. New Jersey (A. (Jniy). Plant seen by me now in Herb. Gray. Var. corymbosus Chapm. The branches borne in one or more spreading corymbose panicles. Florida, CiirftM 3(')30c. Var. glaucopsis Ell. Hot. S. C. and (Ja. 1 : 150 (181G). Plant rather sleiuler, glaucous, the numerous branches ])aniculate for 30-40 cm. or more at the top. This includes var. riridis Chapm. Florida, Ciiiiiss 3<)30b. d. Var. hirsutior Hack. I). C. Monog. Phan. : 400 (1880). Sheaths green, villous with tuberculate hairs; l)lades smooth, very scabrous. Panicles ample, with many branches 20-50 cm. long. Spathes scabrid. Florida. Cnrtiss 3030, now in Herb. Grav. 18. A. Floridanus Scribii. incd. Culms sul)teret(>, braucliiiig inuoh near the top, 90-120 cm. liigli. Upper sheaths slightly inflated, those of the extreme apex narrow and extending to the base of the spikes. Spikes in pairs, sessile, zigzag, 3-4 cm. long; lateral pedicels a little shorter and stouter than those of A. Vinjinirus. The whole plant is sonie- vvliat intermediate between A. Virr/iiiicus and A. macrouriis, with which this has been somewhat hastily compared. Low pine land. Florida, G. T. X(us/i, 1572, lOSl, in 18!t4. 10. A. Leibmanni Hack. Flora 132 (1885). A. macrothrix, Fourn. Mex. PI. Fnuui. dram. 00 (188G). Culms branching sjiariiigly above, 15-20 cm. high. Leaf- blades smooth, with a few soft hairs, 2-5 cm. long. 2-3 mm. wide. Spikes exserted or enclosed, 3-4 together, simple or branching, 2-3 cm. long, hairs of the rachis and pedicels exceeding tlie spikelets. The 2 outer glumes of the sessile s^nkelet nKMubrajious, ovate-acute, 3 mm. long, first 2-keeled, 2-ncrved, second 1-keeled. third and fourth hyaline and shorter, the awn of the latter 15 cm. long. Stamen 1. Sterile spikelets 2 mm. long on pedicels 3 mm, long of one to two glumes. Mexico, Bo/irr/cfiK 2370, Palmer 227 ; Texas, XcdUcij, sent out by him as A. niarronnis Miclix. var. pionilus Vasey. Var. Mohrii Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. G : 413 (188D). Plant (es])ecially the sheaths) elotlied with numerous soft hairs. Culm 90-120 cm. high, with many branches above. The lower blades GO cm. long, 5 mm. wide, the upper becoming mere sheaths partially enclosing 3 or more slender spikes. Pedicels 4 mm. long. Sessile sjiikelets 4 mm. long, awn 2 cm. long. Alabama, Mohr. 20. A. longiberbis ITacK. i^lora 08 : 131 (1885). //. fpfra- sfar/ti/us, var. disfacJn/ns Chapm. Fl. S. States, 581 (1800). A tufted perennial, sparingly branched above, GO-80 em. high. Sheaths silky hairy, those on the middle of the culm half as long as the internodes; blades flat, smooth, or with a few silky hairs below, 2-4 mm. wide. Spikes mostly in pairs, about 3 cm. long, at length protruding from the sheath, which is 3.5-5 cm. long; apex 64 PANKACE.E. of peduncle, racliis, and iK'dici'ls clotlit'd witli soft luiirs lU'iirly 1 cm. long. Sessile spikelet lineiir-liuiceolate. 4 mm. long. Spikclet like that of J. Virgittivux L. Pedicel 4 mm. long, bearing a very short rudimentary spikelet. It has the general appearance of A. {arfjeuteuH Ell.) (irgi/rcii.s Schultz, Curtiss IMioT. The plant seen is owned by F. L. Hcribner, Coll. by A. 1*. Garber in 1877 in Miami, Fla., distributed as A. aryoifeus Ell. Marked •• teste E. Hackel.'' Florida, (Jiii'tiss 30.'39, distributed as A. macronruH !Michx. var. viridis Chapm. ined. It is well branched, and too near A. ViryininiH L. Perhaps my s[)ecimens are not genuine. 21. A. Hallii Hack. 8itzb. Akad. Wien. 89 : 127 (1884). Plant glaucous, smooth, exce])ting the margins of the blades. Culms rather stout. 80-120 cm. high, usually branching once or more near the top. Tjigule 2-.'5 mm. long; blades of the culm 15 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, the upper reduced to mere ]ioints. Spikes 2, at the apex of the cidm and branches. o-O em. long, protruding a little aI)ove the leaves; rachis and pedicels pubescent on the edges, the hairs shorter than the s})ikelets. First glume of sessile spikelet firm, lanceolate, 11 mm. long, a vertical groove on the back, mar- gins involute, (!-nervcd; second curved towards the flower, ovate- lanceolate when spread, 10 mm. long, compressed-keeled, a faint nerve on each margin; third shorter, hyaline, fourth hyaline, bifid, bearing a twisted awn over 1 cm. long; palea hyaline, 6 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide. Lodicules truncate, 1 mm. long. The first glume of the pedicellate spikelets lanceolate, scabrous, margins involute, 10 mm. long, 0-nerved; second a little shorter, 3-nerved; third and fourth hyaline, containing rudiments of stamens and pistils. Colorado, Vaspi/ ; Texas, XeriJIej/. Growing from Kansas to Arizona. Var. flaveolus Hack. Joints of the spikes with yellow hairs; spikelets 8 mm. long, first and second glumes pilose on the back or outside; the awn of the fourth 2-5 nmi. long, scarcely extend- ing above the hairs of the other glumes. B. Hall 651; Barbottr in 1803; Texas, Nealleij. AND1U)I'0(U)XE.E. 65 Vur. incanescens Hack. 1. c. Joints of tlie spikes clotted with white hairs ; sessile spikelets 11 mm. long; first glume longer than the second, ooth sparingly pilose on the keels. Colorado, Vascy. Var. muticus Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. 444 (1S80). Like incnnesrens, excepting that the fourth glume is awnless. Leaves and spikelets sparingly pruinose. Moiitana. Ward; Colorado, Vuxey. '■l-l. A. geminata Hack. ined. A. IlaUu Hack. var. hiqykata Vasey. Plant gluiicons, smooth, excepting the margins of the leaf-hlades. Culms simple, rather stout, GO-lOO cm. high, from hard creeping rootstocks. Sheaths terete, the lower as long as the internodes, the upper shorter; ligule ciliate, L5 mm. long; blades setaceo- acuminate, the lower 30 cm. long. 4-0 mm. wide. S})athes 10-12 cm. long. Spikes 2, at the apex of the culm and one of the two branches, 3-4 cm. long; i)artially included, racliis and pedicels pubescent on the edges with white or yellowish hairs. Sessile spikelets 8 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, green or tinged with red; first glume firm, minutely 2-toothed, G-nerved, the back with a ver- tical groove; second as lonf; as the first, lanceolate, compressed, 1-uerved, the margins hyaline: third G mm. long, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the upper third of the margins ciliate; fourth 5 mm. long, 3-toothed. Pedicellate spikelet as long as the sessile, nar- rowly lanceolate; first glume flat below, keeled toward the apex, 9-nerved; second mm. long, o-nerved, the margins ciliate along the upper third. Xmlley, for Xat. Mus. 23. A. provincialis Lam. Encycl. 1:370(1783). A./in-m/i/s Muhl.; Willd. Sp. 4:nin (1800). Blue Stem. BlueJoikt. Tlukky Foot. FiNfJEu Grass. Culms 100-150 cm. high, rigid, branching above. Sheaths terete, glabrous, rarely villous: ligule 1-1.5 mm. long; blades of thrifty })lants 00 cm. long, 7 mm. wide, u])per narrow, 1-4 mm. long. Spikes 3-8, digitate, 3-10 em. long. On the sessile spikelet first glume O-nerved, otherwise like the first one on the sterile spikelet; second compressed-keeled, 3-nerved, 5 mm. long; fourth bifid with a 66 PAMCACK.l':. bent uwn 7-15 mm. long. Pedicels shorter tlnm tlie sterile spike- lets, which they betir; iirst irltime lliittened. ovjite-laiu'eolate. (!-S .11111. long. 7-ncrve(l, margins involute: second ;5-nerved. 5 mm. long; third and fourth as long as the second, and hyaline. Stamens 3. From liocky ^Mountains and east to the Atlantic; found in good soil or in poor and dry soils; also abundant on the prairies, where ifc is the leading grass for hay and very prominent for grazing. In Coult. Hot. (iaz. 'M)-l (ISSS) A. A. C'rozier states that in Iowa the plants are largely di(eoious. The fertile plants are smaller and darker in color than the others. ^[exico, rriiif/le 4294; D. C, McCarthy; Mich., Ural G. Kansas 7. Var. pycnanthus Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. : 44.3 (ISS!)). Silky hairs larger and tawny; first glume of pedicellate spikelet .5 mm. long, .')-nerved. Mex., Urandv(jee 47, teste E. Ilackel iu herb. iScrihner. 24. A. Wrightii Hack. Flora. (58 : TOO (188,5). Plant smooth, glaucous, 100-120 cm. high, culms usually sim- ple above. Leaf-blades 20-30 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, the upjier ones about 10 cm. long, short hairs at the nodes and ligule; the latter 1 mm. long. Si)ikes 4-0, digitate. 4-(! cm. long; rachis and pedicels well clothed with hairs which are shorter than the spike- lets. On sessile spikelots first glume elliptical-lanceolate, 0-7 mm. long, tlattened on the back, which contains a round pit one-third the way from the tip, 11-nerved, margins involute; second ovate- acute, membranous, keeled, 3-.'erved; third and fourth hyaline, the latter bearing a twisted awn 2-3 mm. long. On the pedicellate spikelet first glume 7 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, rounded on the back. 13-nerved, margins involute; second same shape aud nearly as large, 4-5-nerved; third hyaline. N. Mex.. 1IW//7// 2104; Mex., Priin/Ie liOO. New Mexico to Arizona and Mexico. 25. A. saccharoides Sw., Fl. Tnd. Occ. 1:20 (1707). Culms stout or slender, 80-120 cm. high, hairy at the nodes, branching below. Sheaths terete, ribbed, glaucous, glabrous; ligule short, hairy; blades 8-25 cm. long. 4-7 mm. wide. Spike- A\PI{()P()(i()NK.K. 57 lets mostly torminiil in ))iiirs or fours. itanicU'tl, with few or niuiiy brauelic'S, ()-13 cm. loiiartially concealing them. On the ses.sile s[)ikelets first glume ovate-lanceolate, witli a vertical iifroove on the hack. 8-ncrve(l, inarj(ins involute, keeled. 4 mm. ionir; second ovate, acute, mem- branous, keeled. ;5-iierved: tlie hent awn of the fourth 15--i5 mm. lon^'. Stamen 1 . Pedicels us lon. 1:^} (181(5). A. ttrf/otifeiis D. ('. Cat. llort. Monsp. 77 (ISl.'J). SdrrJidnnii (/ri/r/i/niiH Hrous. El. 50. Erianthua xaceharoides Willd. Enum. 40 (ISO'.t). Sheaths densely bearded at the nodes; ligule .'J-4 mm. long; blade greeu or subglaucous, smooth or sparingly pilose below, 20-40 cm. long. 4-7 mm. wide; panicle 10-15 em. long, sliowy. Mexico. Pahnrr 1:547. Var. genuinus Hack. D. ('. Monog. I'han. (;:(ISS9). Glaucous, slender, hairs on the nodes few and short. Pedicel- late spikelcts "l.b mm. long, of 'I glumes. Sessile spikolets 3-5 mm. long; first glume flattened, 3 mm. long, 9-uerved; secoml 3 mm. long, awn slender, 9-18 mm. long. Mexico, PrincjJe 31(5. Vur. submuticus Hack. 1. e., var. />/m/?Av Vasey ined. Xodes smooth, spikes 1.5-3 cm. long, in about 10 flusters of 4-10 each, all racemose on a rachis about 10 cm. long; first glume of pedicellate spikelet 5-nerved, fertile floret 3 mm. long. Texas, Nenllcf/ in herb. Scribner. Var. glaucus (Torr.) Scribn. .1. glaurus Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1:157 (18->4). A. mrrharmdes. var. Torreanvs Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. : 495 (1889). A. Torreanus Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2. 93 (1841). East 'J^exas, IlaU 845, Cnrtiss 3633, Wright 2102 Drummond 313. 58 PANICACE.E. 26. A. iiALEPEXsis (L.) Brot. Fl. lusit. 1: 89 ; 1804). TIoUus Jtalepen.. 171). Suhsi)ecies sativus Packel, D. C. Monog. Phan. 6:505 (18S!i). Out of this subgenus Ilackel, in his recent elal)orate moiu)grai)h has made nine series, containing thirtv-six varieties and twelve subvaiieties. Many of them are in cultivation in tropical regions. Some of the common names as we know them are: (Ji'IXKA ('OUNT. (lUKAT ^FlLLKT, InDIAV MiI.LKT, DlRUA OR DoUUA, Im- I'llKK. ClUM'.SK SroAK-CANi;. EiiVI'TlAN lkI('P:-CORN. Tile following is a descri})tion of the race known as "Amber ('ane."' Culms 1-2 m. high, leai'-blades broad. I'anicle ere(!t or included, rather compact, 20-30 cm. long. 6-10 cm. wide. Spikeicits wlu'ii nuiture round-obovoid, 5 aim. long, the branches and juMlicels and base of spikelets short-hairy, awn abortive. 'J'he 2 outer glumes smooth, almost black, iiulistinctly many-nerved, the first ll-13-nerve(l, the second ll-iuM'ved, reddish, with hairy margins, very variable in size. Lodicules red, hairy at the apex, truncate, very broail above, 0.7 mm. long. Pedicellate spikelets 5 ANDHOPOOOXE.E. 59 nm. long, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse. Often cultivated in the North- ern States for syrup and sugar. "Egyptian Rice-corn:" Panicle dense, ovoid, 15 cm. long, suspended from tlie "crook-necked *' culm. Spikelets light-colored, awn I cm. or less in length, the white grain protruding; branclies. pedicels and outer glumes well clothed with soft hairs, nerves tinged with red. First glume (in one case) 2o-nerve(l, second 15-nerved. Otherwise much like "Amber Cane." Cultivated in Kansas, Cali- fornia and India. The following notes are made concerning a race sent out by the U. S. Dcpt. Agricul. as "IIt)nduras." Tall, panicle erect, 30-40 cm. long, about 10 cm. wide, more or loss s})()tted and tinged with red. Sessile s})ikelets G mm. long, tliiidy covered with short hairs the awn usually less than 1 cm. long. Tliere are many races in cultivation in tropical countries for grain, sugar, and fodder. 27. A. nutans avenaceus (.Michx.) Hack. D. C. ^lonog. Plian. (!: 0:50 (1S8!I). Amiroiuxjon uvenan'iis Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : aS (1S():5). Sor(//iN)ii iiiitaiix A. Gray, :\ran. Kd. 1. fJi; (hs+s). S. arc- iKircinii Cliapm. Fl. S. Spates. b^'.\ (IS(IO). (1injsiip(i-nerved, second 5-nerved, third oval, haiiT on the margins, "i-nerved, fourth still shorter, 3-nervcd. •2-lobed, bearing an awn 0.5-3 cm. long: palea about 1 nini. long. Lodicules flesliy. smooth, truncate, ovi-r 0.5 mm. long. Tlie ster- ile spikelets suudl, neuter, deciduous or reduced to a pedicel. Very variable. Tt is ilitVicult to decide whether the two follow- ing varieties shoidd not be included as a part of the species. Vt.. rrinf/Ir; N. J,, Srrifnn'r for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 20: ; Ala., Mo/ir\'ov Dr. Clark -^^oi ; Texas. A'm/ fori'. S. r)ept. Agrictil. 60 PANICACE.K. Dry soil, Xew Euglaud to the IJocky Mouutaius, south to the Argentine Republic. This grass starts late in spring and is late in flowering. In some of the prairie regions it i'ornis an important element in the grazing. "With other wild grasses it is often cut for hay, though at the east it is considered of poor (piality. Var. stipoides (Kunth) Hack. Moiiog. Phan. : 530 (I8S!t). J. s/i/,(>i(f,'s 11. 15. K. Nov. rien. et sp. 1 : IS!) (1815). S})ikelets 4-<'i nun. long, awn 10-1 o mm. long; ligule 2-3 mm. long; blades flat or suhconvolute above, scabrous or j)ubescent. Kodes of the peduncle with short, silvery, silky hairs. Spikelets chestnut-colored, first glume pilose for two-thirds its length, si.'cond glabrous. \'ar. Linnaeanus JIaek. D. ('. Monog. Than, (i: .■);)! (ISS!)), A. in(/(i/is L. in part. Savglndu tiiilaiti^ Chajjui. V\. S. States 583 (18(jO). Spikelets linear, oblong. 0-7 mm. long, awn 20-30 mm. long; ligule 'I mm. long; blades very scabrous. Panicle 25-30 cm. long. Tenn., Scribncr. Florida, Texas, Maine. Var. incompletus (Presl.) Hack. 1. c. A. incomjyletus Prcsl. Eeliq. Ilivnk. 1 : 342 (1830). Sj)ikelets liiu-ar, oblong. 4 mm. long, brownish, the awn 20-22 mm. long. Sheaths glabrous; ligule 1-2 mm. long; blade 4-5 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or scabrous. Panicle 10-15 cm. long, rather dense, rachis smooth. First glume truncate, p''ose for two- thirds of its length, second glabrous. .Mexico, I'riiujh' 24(;(;, Puhin'V 500. 28 A. unilateralis Hack. I). ('. Monog. IMian. : 533 (1880). A. Kt'niin/N.s Mil. ]{ot. S. (\ and (Ja. 1 : 38 (LSIO). Sun/funu xmaiihini. l'hap)n. Fl. S. States. 583 (18(50). Peri'uniiil; cnbus (lO-lOO cm. oi' more high. Sheaths ghibrons. nodi'S ])uberulent or smooth; ligule 4-5 mm. long; blades narrowed at the base, Ihit or subconvolule, 2-5 mm. wide. Panicle 18-25 cm. long, linear, sccund, dense or open, rays capillary, often cnrved. Sjtikelets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 7 mm. long, lirown. first glume Arm, truncate, 0-nerved, callus densely barbed; second ANDHOIHXiONE.E. 61 loiifj^er than the first, liuour-ohloTig. keeled above, 5-norvefl ; third shorter tlian the first, broadly oblong, obtuse, 2-nerved; fourth and third equal, lanee-oblong, eiliate, ;3-nerved, Florida, Chapman, Garber, Curtiss 3044. Subgenus G. Chrysopo(jox Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. G : 547 (188!)). Chr}jsopo(jon Trin. Fund. Agrost. 187 (1820). Fertile spikelets l-flo\vered, sessile between two pedicellate, staniinate or barren spikelets at the end of the filiform, unequal, simple or divided branches of a true terminal panicle, with some- times 1-3 pairs of si)ikelets on the branch behnv tlu^ terminal :}. Sessile spikelets compressed, first glume largest, awidess, nu>m- 1)ranous and numy-nerved, or more rigid witli the lateral nerves })romiiient and often muricate: second luuTowei'. obscurely keeled, pointed or obtuse or produced into a fine straight awn: third mucli sundler. hyaliiu't fourth linear, entire or t>-t()othed. with a sliort or long awn. (irain com])ressed. Pedicellate spikelets obcom- pressed. awnless or awned. with reduced glumes and usually one staminate flower, sometimes reduced to a small rudiment or want- ing. Perennials, excepting A. panrif(tnis,\\\i\\ narrow leaf-blades; mostly limited to tropical regions. 29. A. pauciflorus (Chapm.) Tlack. 1. c. Sorghum paucijlorum Chapm. Coult. Hot. C.az. 3 : "10 (1878). Aumud; culms 80-110 cm. high, compressed, smooth, usually branchiug near the base. Sheaths compressed-keeled, smooth, shorter than the internodes, ]nlose along the margins above, often tiuged with violet; ligule siu)rt. eiliate; blade fiat or becoming con- duplicate, with a broad. siiI)C(»rdate base, attenuate-iiointed, 1'2-18 cm. (the up]ier ones 2-3 cm.) long, 5-8 mm. wide, smooth, or the mid-iu'rves setaceous, margins eiliate with hairs from tubercled bases. l*anicle exserted, 14-"*(i cm. long, hi'oadly ovale, very loose, lover rays in twos to ftmrs. very slender, the longest about 7 cm. long. S(>ssil(' spikelets 15-17 nun. long, with a callus G mni. long, densely barbulate with rufons liairs. linear, oblong, obtuse, first glume linn, truncate, margins involute, shining or punctidatc on the back. ()liscnri'lv 5-nei'ved ; second as long as tiK) first, firm. 62 PAXicACE.ii;. linear, truncate, mucronate, 3-keele(i, convex on tlie back, 3-nerved; third shorter, nerveless, fourth a little sliortcr, linear, entire or with two short lobes, 1-nerved, the awn 12-15 cm. long, flexuose, scabrid, stout, 10-15 cm. long; palea 0. Anthers 1.5 mm. long. Pedicellate sj^ikelets on scabrid pedicels as long as the sessile spikelet, first glume subulate, 3-nerved. Florida, Chapman, Garher, Curtiss 30-44*. Subgenus 7. Dichaxthium Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. : oGO (18S0). Dirlianthium Willem, in Usteri Ann. liot. IS : 11 (1?!)(;). Racemes digitate or rarely solitary, terminal or lateral, forming a true ))anicle. the lower fourtli of the racemes homagamous. The perfect spikolets obcom[)ressed, awued; first glume keeled above, second keeled, awnless, third hyaline, fourth very narrow, bearing a short awn at the tip or between the teeth. Grain eompi'essed, flat in front, convex on the back; embryo a half to two-thirds the length of the grain; pedicellate spikelets staminateor rarely neuter. Perennials, excepting A. pipfafhenis, with fiat leaf-blades. Culms rarely branching; panicle more or less exserted, the ho- mogamous part persistent, the rest deciduous. Found in tropical regions. ,30. A. piptatherus Hack. Mart. Fl. Bras. 3 ; part 3,203 (1883). Var. Palmeri Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. C : 580 (1880). Annual; culms erect, slender, terete, .30-40 cm. high, most of the bearded nodes bearing 1 or 2 c'M, Prinijh' MWl. Subgenus 8. Hktkhoi'Ooon Hack. D. C. Monog. Phan. (5 : 683 (1880). ITetoropoijim (genus) Pers. Syu. 2 : 533 (1807). AM)HOl'0(iUNE.E. 03 Racemes solitiiry, 1-sidecl at the apex of the culm or its branelies. One to tifteen of the lower pairs of spikelets homoganioiis, the stamiuate or ueuter awnless. The perfect pistillate spikelets sub- cyliudrical, awnetl, iirst glume hard, involute, second awnless, obscurely keeled, third hyaline, fourth narrow at the base, bearing u protruding awn, the twisted [)ortiou of which is clothed with short rufous or white hairs; palea or minute. Grain linear-oblong or oblong, obcompi'essed; embryo e.\. iidiug beyond the middle. Petlieellate spikelets awnless, staniinite or neuter, culms com- pressed. Leaf-blades usually narrow. These grasses are wiilely distiubuted over warm regions of Eu- rope, Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America. ;31. A. melanocarpus Ell. Uot. S. C. and CJa. 1 : 14G (181 0). t^fijxi mehmocavpa Muhl. Gram. ISo (LSI?). ViimbuptHjon inelano- cai'iuis Spreng. Syst. 1 : '2S!i (IS"^4). Tvarhijpmpa si-nihiciihtlus Nees, Agrost. Uraz. ;347 (lS"i!)). Uvtvvojuujon aniiiiiiiatns Trin. Mem. Acad. St. I'etei'sl). (VI.) 'l : "^54 (is;}:j). Andropo(/ou .■ herl)aceous. smooth except the infolded nuirgins, 17-'21 -nerved, second a third or fourth shorter, lanceolate, )5-nerved. very acute, tliird 1-nerved, 8 mm. long, fourth very short, hynliiu' : palea 0. Anthers 4 mm. long, sometimes 0. Widely dis[)ersed. Florida, C/ir/if at each joint of the main axis, eacOi grouj) falling off entire from the continuous rachis. Spikelets usually 1 -flowered, th(i floral glume awidess (awned in Sfhiilfiivrd), mend)ranous ; emj)ty glumes firmer and often awned, the first usually the largest. Palea usually shorter than its glume, sometimes 0. Stamens ;J or fewer. Style free, stigmas plumose. Endn'yo nearly half us large as the unfurrowed obcomjjressed grain. A. rirou]is of spikelets usually numerous, in solitary, terminal spikes or racemes. a. Spikelets 8-4 together, each group surrounded by an in- durated false invohnn'o consisting of the first glume of each spikelet (l.')) a. Spikelets ternate, strictly sessile, the outer ones 2-flowei'ctl. staminate, the inner 1-llowered, pistillate or perfect. (Id) a. Spikelcts 3 to together, the groups distinctly pt'di- cellate (b^ 66 PANIC ACE.E. b. Clusters of spikelets socund along the main axis, the terminal one in each group fertile, with delicate empty glumes (17) b. Clusters of spikeh^ts not secund, the terminal one in each group sterile ; first empty glume minute, the second large and coriaceous with hooklike spines on the back. (18) B. Spikelets few, clustered in the axils of tlie upper leaf-sheaths, 1-flowered: t-mpty glume 1, Uoral glume awned. . . (19) 15. ((Jo). AnthephORA Schreb. Beschr. Griis. 2 : 105, t. 44 (1772-7!)). JInpiKlit'iinus Keichb. Norn. 37 (1841). Antcphora Steud. Syn. PL Gram. Ill (1855). Fig. 15. — Anthplioni tUganx. A, siiikclins; a, Horet. (Scribner.) Spikelets l-flowered, :}-4 together, of whieli 1-2 are perfect, 2-3 sterile ; eacli group surrounded by a hard involucre consisting of the first empty glumes of each spikelet, the groups falling olf entire from the fiexuose rachis of the single terminal spike. First glume minute, second largest, third small, floral glume and palea smooth, firmer, and olu'om pressed. Stamens 3. Styles slightly united at the base. Grain obcom))ressed, ovate to oblong, enclosed by the glume and ])alea. but not adherent. Tufted, brandling grasses, with Hat leaf-blades. ZOYSIE.E. 67 There are five species known, one ol" wliich belongs to tropical America, the others to Africa. 1. A. elegans Schreb. I.e. Plant diffuse, 15-45 cm. high. Leaves pubescent, the slieaths longer than the intcriioiles ; ligule 1 mm. long ; blades lanceolate, the longest 5-8 cm. long. Spike 3-f; cm. long, about 4 mm. broad. Bracts of the involucre erect, obtuse to acuminate, 3-5 mm. long. First glume 1 -nerved, second 5-nerved, 3 mm. long, floret hard and shining, obcompressed, 3-5 mm. long. Grain obcom- pressed, oval, 1.5 mm. long. Mexico, Pahncr 1255, Prinfjlc (5030; Lower Calif,, XantJnis 114 ; Cuba, Wright 30!)0. Lower California, Mexico, West Indies to Brazil. 16. (GO). HiLARIA H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : IIG. t. 37 (1815). Pleumphis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1 : 148, /. 10(1824). llexarrhena Presl. Keliq. IIa}nk. 1 : 326 (1830). Si/iiifmsiandra Willd. Steud. Norn. ed. (3) 1 : 767 (1840). Spikelcts in threes, collected in a bractless, deciduous fascicle, the central with 1 pistil- late or perfect flower, the lateral with 2 staminate flowers, the fascicles simple, almost sessile on the rachis of the spike. Glumes 4, 3 outer em])ty, firm, delicate, or hardened, forming an involucre, the first larger and variable, usually many-nerved, entire or bifid, toothed or torn .it the apex, with an awn on the back between the lobes, or awnless ; second narrower, ofteii keeled, entire or 3- toothed, mucronate, short-awned, or awnless ; third and fourth mend)ranous, hyaline, entire or toothed at the apex, the outer in the staminate spikelcts enclosing the floret and narrow palea; third in the fertile spikclct empty (or sometimes wanting?); the termi- nal flower of tlu^ fertile spikelet sometimes linear-acuminate, from abroad base, sometimes gradually narrowing or inequilateral, including the perfect or pistillate flower and the narrow palea. Stamens 3. Styles briefly joined at the base (or disthict ?), with stigmas fcithery. Grain ovate or broadly oblong, included by the involucral glumes, but not adherent. Grasses with solid culms, decumbent at the base, branching or in tufts, creeping, often sending out stolons : leaf-blades narrow. 68 PANICACE.E. fiat, or convolute-terete. Sjjikes solitary, on a terminal pedunele, short or long, the clusters of spikelets on the jointed raciiis often surrounded by a ring of hairs. Spikelets of tlie panicle sessile. There are 5 or species dispersed over western and south- western North America. The genus is readily recognized by each cluster consisting of three spikelets. the central one containing a single fertile flower, either pistillate or perfect, the two lateral ones staminate. A. Covered with short dense wool 1 B. Not woolly (b) b. Stoioniferous 2 b. Xot stoioniferous o, 4 1. H. rigida (Thurb.) Scribner, Bull. Torr. Club, : 33 (1884). Pkaraphis rigida Thurb. S. Wats. liot. Calif. 'I : '2\n] (1880). Branching., 40-00 cm. high, covered with short, dense, white wool. Lisi'ule very short ; lower blades 10 cm. lout', u!)i)er 3-3 cm. long, stiir, involute, bristly-pointed. Spike 7. cm. long, 7- 10 mm. wide, glumes and palea of the lateral spikes nearly equal ; glumes of the terminal spikelets bifid. 3-nerved. 5-(] mm. long, central nerve excurrent below the middle, the lateral nerves pro- duced as setie ; floral glume 3-nerved; palea aljout ecpud to tlie glume. California, Jones; Arizona, Lemnion for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 412. 3. H. cenchroides II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1117 (1815). Culms 10-30 cm. high, stoioniferous, frequently rooting at the ])ubescent nodes. Ligule short, laciniate ; blades flat or invohite, narrow. 1-0 cm. long. Spikes 3-4 cm, long. Spikelets with dark glands on the lower half. Outer empty glumes of the empty si)ikelets about 5 cm. long, elliptical, 4-Jierved, one vein becoming a short awn, one-fourth of the distance from the apex; inner empty glume shorter, with a longer awn ; floral glume and palea nearly equal, hyaline, the former eniarginate, 1 -nerved. Empty glumes of the terminal, florets 5-6-nerved, an awn extending half its length above, near the base of which is a ligulate scale ; the zovsiEj-:. 69 apex of anotluT vein becomes a imicronate awn ; floral glume a-iu'i-ved for ouo-tliircl its length, broadly oval, tlieii abruptly eoii- traeted, emarginate ; paloa narrow. Arizona, Lemmon for Nat. Mils. 415 ; Mexico (Jalisco), raliiin- 2!)(). \'ar. longifolia Vasey. Leaves thin, numerous, erect, 8-ia cm. long. Arizona, Wliccler's Survey 595; Lower California, P(th)ierU7. Var. ciliatus Scribu. iued. Spikes about 3 cm. long ; empty Fig. \Q.—IIilana cenehroides. A, B, C, spikelets. (Scribner.) glumes above strongly ciliatc, awns not extending beyond the lobes of the glumes. Mexico, Pvingh 3128. Var. Texana A^-isey. Leaf-blades mostly 1-3 cm. long ; spikes narrower. Texas. Rererclion 1173. Jen»i/ and XeaJJei/ for Nat. Mus. 3. H. mutica (Buck.) Benth. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10 : 63 (1881). Plenrnphis mutica Buckl. Broc. Acad. Phila. 05 (1802). Plant smooth, light colored. Culm 40-60 cm. high. Ligule 70 PAXICACE.E. Bliort ; bliuU's 1-5 cm. long, involute, bristling at the throat. Spikes dense, 5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide. Empty glumes of tlie lateral spikelets 1-5 mm. long, cuneate, obovate; tlio outer slightly longer, with a short hairy awn on one edge below the middle ; 0-!) diverging nerves disai)i)earing below the rounded, searious apex ; the inner with 4 diverging nerves, one excurrent. as a short awn ; floral glume and palea a little shorter, the outer 3-uerved, with the ai)ex obcordate ; palea emarginate. Empty glumes of the ter- minal spikelet narrow, keeled, equal, bearing 5-G bristles ; floral glume and palea of equal length, the former 3-nerved, bifid, mucronate. Texas, Uecerchon 1367 ; Arizona, J'ringle in 188-4. 4. H. Jamesii (Torr.) Heuth. 1. c, Plcuraphis Jamesii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1 : U8, i. 10 (1824). Culms 25-40 cm. high, slender, branching at base, the nodes pubescent. Ligule oval, laciniate ; blades 1-15 cm. long, appear- ing glaucous, owing to the numerous very small, stitT prickles, con- volute, scabrous, luiiry at the throat. Spikes 5-8 cm. long, often tinged with purple. Lower empty glume of the lateral spikelets 6-7 mm. long, awned above the middle, outer side 2-nerved ; ui)per empty glume emarginate. cuspidate, 3-nerved on the outer side, two-nerved on the inner side; floral glume and palea about equal to the empty glumes. Empty glumes of the perfect spikelet keeled, ciliate, cleft nearly to the middle, lateral nerves obscure, 3-7 bristles on the back ; floral glume and palea exceeding the empty glumes, the former 3-nerved, unequally bilid, cuspidate, the palea a little shorter, bifid. Colorado, Jones 702 ; Xew Mexico, Vascy for U. S. Dept. Agricul. Indian Territory, Arizona and southward. 17. (01). .SooFOOON Heauv. Agrost. 122 (1812) in part. .Ff/opof/mi H. & li., Willd. Spec. PI. 4 : 809 (1815). Hi/- monothecinm Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 4 (1810). Schellingia Steud. Flora 33 : 231 (1850). Goat's-ueard Grass. Spikelets 1-flowered, in clusters of 2-0, the clusters almost sessile on the peduncle or continuous rachis of the simple secondary ZOYSIE.E. 71 spike, rachilla not continued above tlie jjcrfect flower. rTlumos 3 each, more or less 3-tootlied at the apex, the latei-al teeth short, the middle one extended into a bristle or awn; the 3 outer frlumes empty, a little shorter, or the empty ones vary, either 1 only, entire. Fig. n.—Mgopogon cenchrmles. A, spike; a, b, spikelets. (After Doell.) acute, or all broadly emarginate and awnless at the apex; lloral glume often larger than the empty glumes an. found in Arizona, 'i'exas. ^lexico. and Soiilli America. 1. M. cenchroides II. .S: U. Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : Si»i» (isoc). Culms :2()-10 cm. high, more or less reddish throughout. Shoatlis slightly rough, not keeled ; liguie :> mm. long, bilid ; blades 1-8 em. lojig. Spikes 5-8 em. long, sj)ikelets in threes, terminal. ])erl\''t, the 2 latenil neuter, llmpty glumes ('([ual, y-2.r) mm. lonii'. l-newod, each with an awn its own len'''th be- tween the shorter teeth ; floi'al glunm one-tliird loini-ei-. .'{-awned ; the lateral awns eijualling those of the outer glumes : the terminal awn twice as long ; palca with 2 sliort awns between the lobes. (ihunes aiul ])alea of the neuter flowers smaller, otherwise much like the fertih'. Mexico, Parri/ and Palnwr for U. S. Dept. Agricul. I'cxas and ^IcnIco. y. m. geminiflorus 11. & li. Nov. Gen. ct Sp l:i;53, t. 43 (18ir,). A slender grass. 10 'JO cm. high, moi'c or less tinged with red. Cuhns geniculate. Spikes seeund. ;)--(> cm. long. Spikelets In threes, tlu; 'I lateral neutei'; empty glumes of the perfei t llower 1.7 em. long. 1 -nerved, cuiu'iform. cuspidati^ belweeii the broad, roundeil lobes of the margiual(> apex: floral glume nearly twice as long, 3-nerved, laleral awns short, central awn about twice as long as ilu' glume; palea ('(pialling tlie lloral glume, with '2 very short .•;cla', empty glumes of the neuter spikelets ' alf as I ,ng as the fer- tile; lloi'al cbunes oval. ;t-nerved. miicronate, or with a very short awn; palea obovate, bicuspidate. Antlu'rs l.^mm. long. ZOVSIK.R Ti Arizona, Loiidioii ; ^Fcxico (State of Jalisco). /^(iJini'r \70. \'ar. abortivus Kouni. Mcx. IM. Knum. (iruni. 71 (ISSO). Awn of lloral ii'liiine very siiort, scarcely above the obtuse lobes. Mexico, rri)i!/lr 1-1 OS. N'iir. unisetus (IJ. iS: S.) Fourn. I.e. yh\ ii/h'si'/hs \{. & S. Syst. '.':,S(),')(1S17). Tlie central awn of lloral iflnnie of tlie fertile spikeK't projectiiifi' <• iniii., tlie lateral awns less than 1 nun. Ioml::. .Mexico, I'l-iiiijir ll(»7. ;5. JE, gracilis \ascy, Hull. Torr. Club. i;5: 330 (ISS(l). lN>r- eunial; often tiiii^iMJ with red. ('ulius tufted, erect, slender, suutoth, spariuiily branched. .'{O -10 cm. hi^'h. Sheaths two-thirds ns loii^- as the interuodes; liy-ule I -*> nini. lone;: blades lint, linn. I-IJ-/) cm. Iciio-. 1 mm. wi(l(>. I'auicK' racenutsc. IJ-d cm. Ioiil!;, the axis beai'- iiii;' lO-l'i secuud clusters of spiUclets. the clusters consist ini;' of 1 scssih' and '2 shoi'l. pcdicclhile spikclcts. Spikclet.s 3-15-1 mm. luui.':, lirst ami second flumes linear, acutely li-lobed, 1 mm. lon<>', llic u'iilille Idlie (>\t(>iulini;' into an awn. 1 mm. loni;'; tlor.al uliiuu' dhloiiL!,'. .■)-ncrved. 3 mm. lonu'. li-awned. lateral awns 3 mm. Ioul;', llic central twice as lon^; j)alea ol»lon_ii:, shortly 3-lootlu'(l. .\nthcrs O.S mm. lonjjf. Mc\ico. /'fi/>iirr'l^. 317. aO". and /'/•///-/A' S3:!. IS. (t;:,). NaziA Adans. Fam. I'l. 3 : :! I (lUV.)). Tnnjits Hall. Ili>t. Stirp. Ilclv. 3:30:! (KCS). l,ipi>,nji' Schrcl:. (len. :».*) ( I iSil). Spikclcts l-lldwered. mostly in clusters s. I. N. raceniosa (L.) Kunl/r. IJev. Ceii. I'l. :so (ISHiV rv,/- ■ ■hrns nirciinisiis L. Sp. I'l. lOlU (IT.MJ). I,(tp/)(ti/ii rocniKisn W iljd. 74 PAXK'ACK.E. Sp. PI. 1:484 (1T9S). Trwias nicmosm Hall. Hist. Stirp. Hclv. 2:1413 (17G8). A Ioav, hniiiching uiimiiil, 10-30 cm. high, culms smooth, 2-(5 cm. long. Lcaf-bhulcs ^-4 cm. long, flat, thin, the margins clothed with prickles. Spikes 3-8 cm. long, 7-8 mm. broad, with the base included in the swollen sheaths. Spikclots in clusters of three, 3 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, easil}' detached and carried away by animals. Pa. (Phila.). >>•/•//!';/«• 3620a from Dr. Brinton; Texas, Jones; Mississippi, Tntrii cult. A rare weed introiluced from Europe. 2. N. occidentalis (Nees). 2\ occUlcntalis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 28G (1829). Plant erect, 20-30 cm. high. Spikes dense, 5-8 mm long, .5-0 nun. broad, the base often included. S|)ikelets in clusters of two. ovoid. 2-2.5 mm. long. The [)edicels with a broad calloused base. Arizona, Priin/Ic in 18S4; Mexico, Pn"«^?e Fio. 18. - X comes from TrLsfe(/ii< Nees, a name given to the genus JleUiiis sui)posing the forms to be new. 20. (51). Arundinella Waddi. Agrost. liras. 37, 1. 1. f. 3 (1823). Gohlbttrhia'Vvxw. Spreng. N. Entd. 2:81 (1821). CdlaniurJiIoe Keichb. C'ons]). 52 (182S). Thymmwhne Presl, Thysan. Nov. PI. Gen. (1829). Brandtia Kunth, Kev. Gram. 2:511, t. 170 (1830). Riedelia Trin. Kunth, Enum. PI. 1:515 (1833). Acmtheniiu Link, Ilort. Berol. 1:230 (183-1). Sjnkelots acute or acuminate, with 1 tei'iniual, ])erfcct flower and often a second staminate (»ue below it, in a loose termimd i)an- iclc. Glumes 4. the three outer ones ofteu pointed, but not awned, the second longer than the others, the third with a i)alea or male flower in its axil; terminal lloral glume smaller, thinner, livaline, with a tine awn twisted in the lower part iind l>eut back at or below the middle; palea smaller. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, included, but not adherent. Low or tall grasses with a termimd ])anicle. A trojtical or snb- trojjical genus, containing 25 species, chielly Asiatic, witii a few African ami American s})ecies. 1. A. Palmeri Vasey iiied. Culms smooth, sparingly branching, al)out 00 cm. liigh. Ligule ciliate. about 1 mm. long; blades of the culm rigid, erect, involute, scabrous. 15-20 cm. long. ;}-5 mm. wide. Panicles rather densely TUISTECilNPLE. 77 many-tlowered, yellowish, 15-o0 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, rays bearing spikek'ts along the upper half. S])ik('lets on })edicols 1-2 or more mm. long. First glume ovate-lanceolate, extending to the top of the florets, 3-nerved, 3-3.5 mm. long including the stout point, raehilla broad and carrying the second glume 0.3 mm. above tlie first glume, second glnme linear-lanceolate, 5-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, including the stout point, third glume (floral glume of tlie staniiiiato floret) ovate-lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long, delicately 5-nerved, lateral nerves near each other, its palea 2 mm. long, fourth glume (floral glume of the upper floret) meml)ranous, delicately 3-uerved, 1.7 mm. long, bearing a tuft of very short hairs at its base, and a terminal awn 6-10 mm. long, the lower third of which is brown and twisted. Fig. 20, — Arundinella Palmeri. A, a, Deppraiia; Ji, l<, spikdets and Horets respectively. (Scrilmer.) Nearly allieil to .1. pallida Xeos, of wliich it is pof^sibly only a variety. Mexico, /'aimer 12. 2. A. pallida Xees. Agrost. liras. ir.5 (IS29). A rather smooth, stout, erect pen-nnial. Culms hard. 18(1-200 cm. Iiigh. Ligule very short ; blades smooth below, scabrcd or |iubescent above. 25-40 cm. long. •'» 10 mm. wide. Panicle ovoid or narrowo., 30-4(» cm. long, rays smooth in thi-ccs to lives, spar- ingly branched. Spjkelets on pi'dicels 1-2 mm. long, scattered the 78 PANICAtE.E. Avhole length of tlie bmuclies. First glume ovute-liinceoliite, 3- nerved, about 3 mm. long, second 5-nervcd, 4 mm. long, third glume (tloiiil glume of the staminute floret) 7-nerved, 3 mm. long; [>ak'a nearly as long as its glume ; floral glume of the np[)er floret round on the back, 3 mm. long, scabrid, very obscurely 5-nerved, bearing a tuft of short hairs at its base and a terminal awn about C mm. long; palea shoi'ter, 2-nerved. .Mexico, Prinyle 1746, Pahner 520. .1. Cuhi')isiHCiv\sch. in Planta? Wrightiana? Cubensis, No. 1552, is identical with the above 1T4G of Pringle, 520 of I'alnier. Found in Mexico and several countries of Soutb America. 3. A. Deppeana Nees, lionplandia 3:84 (1855). A rather slender, smooth perennial; culms bard, 90-150 cm. high. Ligule very short and fringed with hairs; blades smooth or slightly scabrid or pubescent, involute, 20-30 cm. long. Panicle elliptical. 20-40 or more cm. long, rays mostly in threes to fives, sparingly branched. Spikelets on pedicels 1-2 mm. long, scattered the whole lengtli of the branches. First glume less than 2 nun. long, besides the very short and narrow apex, 3-ncrved, second lanceolate, 5-nervcd, 3.5 mm. or less long, third (floral glume of the stuiuiiiiite floret) 2.3 mm. long, floral glunio of the upper floret 2 mm. long, with an awn having one bend above the spikelet. Mexico, Priiir/Jo 'M'.i'.). It differs chiefly from A. pallldd in its shorter glumes and longer awn. with oidy one bend; aiul it is not improbable that a study of more plants may show that one is only a variety of the other. Tribe V.— PANICE-ffi. Fertile spikelet with one terminal perfect or pistillate flower, with or without a staminate one below it; arranged in spikes, racemes or panicles, falling off singly fnnn the ultimate branches; the axis usually continuous. I'Moral glume and palea of the perfect flower always firmer than the empty glumes, unawned (or in BriorJiJoa whh a short straight iiwn); empty ginnu's rarely with straight awns. Stamens three, rarely fewer, (irain enclosed in PANK'E.E. 79 the upper gliiiue tiiul ptilea, not adliereut, obconi pressed ; un- t'lUTowed; embryo large. A. Spikelets not sunken in excavations of tlie racliis. Some or all of the flowers })erfect (a) a. Spikelets not subtended by 1 to many bristles or spines, (b) b. Empty glume 1 ; spikelets acuminate, 3-ranked. . 21 b. Empty glumes '^; i)erfect flower 1 (c) c. First empty glume with a swollen ring at the base, floral glume mucromito or short-awned. . 25 C. First empty glume without a swollen ring at the base (d) d. Spikelets usually plano-convex and obtuse, sessile or nearly so, in 1 to several 1 -sided racemes or spikes 23 d. Spikelets in panicles (c) e. All spikelets fertile 2:5 e. Spikelets on the termimd panicle sterile, the I'cn'tile ones sul)terranean 24 C. Empty glumes 2. with 1 staminate and 1 perfect flower, or 3 with 1 perfect flower (m) m. First and second glumes without a callus and aunless 20 m. KiK'hilla with membranous ajipendages or pits 2: m. Spikelets without callus, lirst and second glunu's awned 28 m. Si)ikelets with a callus, the 3 empty glumes awned 29 a. Spikelets single or in twos or threes, subtended by 1 to many bristles oi- spines (u) n. Spike'ets articulating above \\\v persistent bristles. . 30 n. S})ikelets articulating l)eIo\v the bristles or admite spines (o) o. 'i'he involucre of spines more or less consolidated. 31 o. The iuvohu'iv of few to many bristles 32 80 PANICACE.E. B. Spikelets 1-4. on very short bmnchos that are sunken in the cavities of tlie tliickcned nichis. Some or all of the flowers perfect 33 C. Plants niona'cious; spikelets in panicles 34 21. (1). Reimaria Fliigge, Gram. Monogr. 213 (1810), in part. S))ikelets acuminate, subsessilc, api)resse(l, alternately on two sides of a triangular rachis, with one perfect terminal flower. Empty gUunes usually one, sometimes another small one, acute, membranous, o-0-nerved; floral ghnue lirm. a little shorter; palea still shorter. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, obcom- pressed, enclosed by glume and palea, but not adherent, t'ulms ascending, diffusely branching at the base. S])ikes few, simple, finally reflexed. There are four species, all belonging to tropical America. Our species much reseml)les /^(tspaJ/nn lUstirJiin L. var. raffinahnn. There are several species of Paspalxin which have oidy a single lower empty glume, but Reimaria has the spikelets more acumiiuite and nu)re closely ap})ressed to the rachis than in any PasjHtlnm ; and the stamens are only two. 1. R. oligostachya Muuro. Bentli. Jour. Linn. Soc. 19:34 (1881). Smooth throughout, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths slightly in- flated : blade narrow, acuminate, (5-10 cm. long, often involute. S})ikes 2-4. on short peduncles, exserted or more or less in- cluded. 4-T CM), loi'.g. Cou- tigu.ous spikelets of the same row with a little space between therd. elliptical-lance(»late. 4-5 mm. loug; tii'si glume minute or slender and half as long as the s[)ikelet, often absent, second elliptical, ovate, acute, 9-nerved, floral glume lirmer and palea firmer and Jihorter, much Fio. 21. — Riinutrid vU'(ji>^t(U'h}/ii. A, spikt'It't ; :85o (1759). S'(i0.s(i/j Aihms. Fam. 2:31 (irUo). Ckaclnic IJoIaud. IJottb. Act. Lit. Univ. Ilafu. 1:285 (1778). Cercsia Pers. 8yii. 1: 8o (1805). J.rnjinpiis Hcauv. Agrost. 12 (1812). Cabrvra Lag. Gt'U. ot Sp. Nov. 5 (181G). raspdhoitltinm Desv. Opusc. 59 (18;51). Ma'ur/iid Weiidor. Steud. Norn. ed. (2). 2: 153 (1841). A)i((c/ii/ris Noes. Ilook. Kew Jouni. 2: 103 (1850). MaiziUa Seldecht. Bot. Zeit. 8:001 (1850). An(tsh-(>pliuH^i!\\\w\\i. Hot. Zeit. 8:(J8l (1850). Cyinatovhloa Sdilecht. Bot. Zeit. 12:821 (185-1). L((pp(if/()pKis Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 112 (1855). Wirtip'iiia Xees. Doell. Mart. Fl. Bras. (2) 2:40 (1877). Spikelets I llowereil, not awned, usually [)laiio-eonvex in 1 or 2 single or double rows, on sliort pedicels. fJluines 3. the two outer ones eni]>ty. usually membranous and equal or nearly so, the third or tloral of a tluniu'r texture; palea witliin tlie floral glume, firm, snudler. nearly Hat. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, ratlu'r long. Grain eiu'losed. but not adlierent. Some spikelets of some species, us P. distich HI)}, have an additional small glume on the Hat side, thus serving to unite this gjuus witli Patucio)). A large tropical and subtropical genus of about IHO species, especially abundant in America; also found in Africa, Asia, a few in Australia, and two in Fiirope. The species vary much in habit, though in North America many of tliem grow on smuly land. Most of them are not hardy in the Nortliern Slates. CoMsidei'ing its great size, the genus is very well defined, and readily distinguisjicd from Pdin'cuni \)y the inflorescence, and by the technical character of tlie absence of the fb'st emi)ty ylumc. Neitlier of these characters is absohitely constant. A few Piniif Pt/s/xiJini) ,- niid tlie lowest ghime is fre(iuently reduced to a oiuall callus, or is 82 PANIC'ACI'LE. eiitiroly deficient iu tlie section Diyitaria ; consequently several species have been referred bv some botanists to one genns and by otliers to tlie other. Tliese ambiguous species aj^pear to be best jilaced in Poniofm. All the true Paspnhi have the spikelets sessile or nearly so. in two to four rows along tlie lower or outer side of the rachis or simple branches of the panicle. Scairely five species can be regarded as belonging exclusively to tlie Old World. General ^Funro luid nearly completed a moiiogra])h of the genus, leaving des('rii)tions of 138 species. lie and Dr. Ik'ntham agreed ])erf('ct]y in not making species to show all slight variations, corresponding to what many local European b(ttanists describe as critical species. Trillins subdivided the genns, chiefly according to the size of the s[)ikelets. Hentham and Hooker adojited three siictions, founded on Xces's — Kiipaxpalum. Cahrcnt. and JnafttrojiJnift, subdividing the tirst and mucli tlie largest into four groups — Anaclnjris, Opistliion, Psendo- ceri\si((. and Ccn'sia. J>/(ic/ii/n's\nn purely artificial one, characterized solely b^ having only a single empty glume below the ilowering one. It was first ]iro])osed as a genus l)y Nees for Pd.ynilinn vuilacophyUum Trin. Opixlliio)) was j)ropos(.Hl by Doell as a section of PaKjudum, but Hentham and Hooker use it as a name for a group. It in- cludes all the tyjiical PaspaJu with two lower emiity glumes, and tile rachis of the spikes not dilated. The species are numerous and varied. Pytexdorcresin is the name of the grouj) of species in Mhich th(> rachis of the spikes is more or less dilated and concave, but green and herbaceous throughout, and the spikelets are small and glabrous or nearly so. The species are few. incluuing P. rcpens IJerg. and its allies. Ccrcsin is the name proposed for a genus by Persoon. Here the dilated rachis of the spike is bordered by a colored or smooth membranous margin and the half-enclosed si)ikelets arc larger than in Psi'in/orcrcsid and densily ciliate. Cahrera. the second section of f^fsalion, contains a single species, P. anretdii II.B.K., forming Fiagasca's genus Cahvcra. In thi.^ the direction of the spikelets is nearly that of .l>/rt.s//'6»/^////.s'; but PAN1('E.E. S:^ instead of being marginal on one side of tlie racliis, tliey are deeply embedded in alternate cavities on the outer and lower side of that raehis. AiiJiu.t)< almost distichous with {back of tliv JloraJ (jlut)U') first glume turned outward away from flic racliis. fA'aces obtuse. a. Leaves 4 mm. rtide or narrower 1 a. Leaves 5 mm. wide or wider 2 B. Eui'ASPALUM Benth. Spihelcts strictlij sccund iinth{bacJc of the Jloral (jlumes) first (jlume turned inward toward the raehis. Leaves sJiarji-jwinted. a. Kaehis thin, folding towards the small spikelets and partially enclosing them (o) o. Spikes 3-G 3 0. Spikes 3-8 4 0. Si)ikes 40-00 5 0. Spikes 75-100 6 a. Kachis not enclosing the spikelets, usually less than 1 mm. wide (b) b. Kachis not winged 7 b. Raehis more or less winged (c) e. Spikelets more or less hairy or puberulent. . .(d) d. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long S d. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long !) c. Spikelets glabrous (c) e. Spike single at the apex of the culm or each branch ; spikelets 1 mm. long 10 84 PANIC'ACE.E. e. Spikes more than one to the culm (f) f. Spikes 1-2 cm. long 11 f. Spikes ;»-4 cm. long, var. oi J*, inops. . . 11 f. Spikes longer (g) g. Spikelets 1.7 mm. long, spikes 4-15 cm. long 12 g. Spikelets longer (li) h. Kacliis more or less pubescent. ... 13 h. Perhaps some plants ot number. . . 17 h. Kachis glabrous (i) i. Spikes 3-5, s])ikelet8 about 2 mm. long 14 i. Si)ikes 5-8, spikelets 2-2.3 mm. long 15 1. Spikes 3-7, spikelets 3 mm. long. . 10 i. Spikes mostly single, sjiikelets 2.2 mm. long 17 a. Rachis not enclosing the spikelets. usually 1 mm. or more wide (j) j. Si)ikelets more or less hairy or puberulent (k) k. Spikelets narrowly elli|)tical. acute, ciliate on the margins, 3.3 mm. long 18 k. Spikelets oval, acute, 3-4 mm. long IJ) k. Spikelets oval, obtuse; spikes 3-G 20 j. Spikelets glabrous (m) m. Spikes 2 (sometimes 1),S-10 cm. long ; spikelets oval, 2.5-3 mm. long 21 m. Spikes more than 2 to the culm (n) n. Rachis 2 or nearly 2 mm. wide ; sj)ikelets 2-2.3 mm. long 22 n. Rachis rarely 2 mm. wide in some plant.s of number 23 n. Ihichis 2 mm. wide; si)ikelets 2.5 mm. long. . 24 n. Kachis 2 mm. wide; spikelets 3 mm. long. . 25 n. Rachis narrower (p) p. Spikelets subacute, 'i.5-3 mm. long: rachis PAXICK.E. 80 1 mm. wide ; spikes usually 3 in number, 2-3.5 cm. long 26 p. Spikelets acute, 3.5-4 mm. long: raehis about 1.5 mm. wide; spikes 2-4 in num- ber, 2-5 cm. long 27 p. Spikelets obtuse, 3.5 mm. long ; raehis 1 mm. wide; spikes 2, 7-10 cm. long. . . 28 p. Spikelets subacute, 3 mm. long; raehis 1-2 mm. wide; sjjikes 2, rarely 3. 3-0 cm. lojig. 23 p. Spikelets obtuse, 2.2-3 mm. long; raehis 1 mm. wide: si)ikes 3-G, 4-() cm. long. . . 29 p. Spikelets broad, subacute, 3 mm. long; raehis 1.3 nun. wide; s})ikes 3-4, 0-il cm. long 30 p. Spikelets subacute, 3.5 mm. long; racliis 1.7 mm. wide: sjjikes 3-4. 10-17 (fin. long. . 31 p. S|)ikelets obtuse, 3.5-4 mm. long: raehis 1-1.7 mm. wide; spikes 3-.^). 10-14 cm. long 33 1. P. compresBum (Swartz) Nees. Mart. Bras. 2:23 (1829). Milium romjircssion Sw. I*rod. 24 (1788). J'.phtfi/raiiloii Poir. Lam. Encycl. 5:34 (1804). Culms fdiform. branching, 12-24 cm. high, usually consisting of two internodes from a creeping root-stock. Sheaths narrow, com- pressed, with a few soft hairs; blade narrowly linear, obtuse, smooth, 2-6 cm. long, 2-3 mni. wide. Spikes 2-3, approximate, slender, 2-4 cm. long. Spikelets in two rows, overlapping little or none, narrowly oblong, 2 mm. long; first and second glumes 2-nerved, with short hairs above. Florida, A. II. Cioiiss 3505, J. Tf. Simpson for Nat Mus. South Carolina to Florida and Texas. 2. P. paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. Mem. Tor. IJot. Club, 5:25 (1894). Difjitaria paapahiJei^ Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 :4fl (1803). P. Mii'hauxiatiuin Kunth, Hev. Gram. 1:25 (1S35). P. Ellioftii S. Wats., A. Cray. Man. Ed. 0.629 (1890). P. Digitaria Poir. Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4:316 (1816). 86 PANICACE.E. P. fur cat um viUosnni Vascy. Culms containin<( 3-linteniocles above the root-stock, 50-80 cm. high. Sheaths compressed ; blades tliinly clothed with soft hairs, flat, rough above, obtuse, 10-15 cm. long, 1 cm. wide. Si)ikes 2-3, narrow, 5-8 cm. long. Hpikelets about one third longer tlian the internock'S of the rachis, ovate-lanceolate, less thtai 5 mm. long; first glume 7-nerved, second 5-nerved, third 2.7 mm. long. Florida. A. II. Curtiss 35G5, ticketed P. Diyitaria Poir., 6'. I'. Nash 50!). Swamps, North Carolina to Florida and other Southern States. ;3. P. membranaceum Walt. Fl. Car. 75 (1788), not Lam. (1701). l\ WaUen'anum Schultes, Mant. 2:1GG (1824). Culms decumljent, from creei)ing rhizomes, much branched, 20-GO cm. long. Sheaths rather loose; blades smooth, acute, -l-G cm. long, 4: mm. wide. Si)ike.s 3-G, approxinuite, the lowest ones included by the sheath, about 2 cm. long, rachis thin, 2.5 mm. wide, clasping the spi Relets. Spikclets in two rows, in each row overlapping for one half their length, oval, llattoned, nearly 2 mm. long, first and second glumes thin, 3-uerved or with two outer ob- scure nerves. Marylaiul. Srribner 35G4 from Canby; Tennessee, U. S. Dept. Agricid. 28 from (Jattinger. New .lersey, Delaware, and Southern States. 4. P. gracile Schlecht. Linnra, 2G: 134 (1853-55). Culms diffuse or decumbenr, much branched, 15-30 cm. high. Sheaths rather loose, thickly pubescent; blade ovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, flat, thin, sparingly pubescent, 2-5 cm. long. Spikes 3-S, scattered, 1-2 cm, long, the lowest ones included by the sheath, rachis thin, about 2 mm. wide, flat or clasping the spikclets. Spikelets in two rows, one each side the mid-nerve, those of each row about 2 mm. apart, elliptical, 2.2-2.4 mm. long, first and second glumes very thin, 3-nerved. Mexico, Pri)i()le 3343. In appearaiu^e considerably like /*. memhmuarcinn Walt. 5. P. mucronatum Muhl. Cat. 8 (1813). Ccresia Jluitans Ell. I»ANI(K.K. 87 Bot. S. C. and fiti. 1: 109 (ISK). I'aspfduitifuitaus Kunth.. Rev. Griim. 1:24 (18-^!»). Culms bninching, ascending;, creeping or flouting from iirliizomc, 30-90 em. long, nodes soft liairy. Upper sheutli extendiug iioiirly to the spikes; blades flat, thin, acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, about I cm. wide. S^jikes racemose, 40-GO, alternate and verticilhitc. spreading, 3-7 cm. long, the thin rachis 1.5 mm. wide, extending 3 mm. beyond tlio spikelets. Spikelets in two vertical rows, pu- bescent, oblong, acute, 1.5 mm. long, tirst and second glumes very thin, "^-nerved. Louisiana, .1. />'. Lnuylois, collected in 18S5. Virginia to .southern Illinois and southward. 6. P. repens Berg. Act. Ildvet. T, /. T:129 (1772). P. pyramiiUde Nees, Mart. Bras. 2 : 77 (1829). P. gracilc Steud. in part. Culms creeping or floating in water, the ascending portion 20- 30 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the iuternodes, inflated, scabrid, spotted, the throat bearing two peculiar stipular appendages. .5-7 mm. long; ligule lacerate, truncate, brown, 2-3 mm. long; bhides flat, scabrous, acute. 10-18 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide. S|)ike3 75-100 or more, ascrending, crowded into an erect, ovoid, spikeliko raceme, about 9 cm. long; the spike 2-3 cm. long, the thiu invo- lute rachis 3 mm. wide, the acuminate tip ))r<)jecting 8-10 nini. above the spikelets. Spikelets in a single vertical row of 5-S in number, oblong, subacute, 2-2.2 mm. long, first and second glumes efjual, very thin, 2-nerved, a little longer than the floret. Mexico (Jalisco). PritKjh' 385-1; also found in South America; growing in water. 7. P. racemosum Lam. Illnstr. 1: ITii (ITiH). Culms erect, simple. 00-120 cm. high fi'oni a scaly root-stock. Lower sheaths thinly clothed with long hairs; blades linear- lanceolate, glaucous, keeled, 30-40 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide. Panicle erect, exsertetl, 15-20 cm. long. Spikes 3-4, lax, slender, 4-lG cm. long, rachis tri(|uetrous-terete, flexuose. Spikelets smooth, in alternate ])air8, distant, pedicels 2-5 mm. long, oval, obtuse, about 4 mm long, first glume ."i-T-nerved, second 3-5-nerved. 88 PAMCACK.E. iJeor^ia, CooJey colhrfion Mich. Agr. College in 1863 ; Alu., Mohr in 1S88. North Caroliiiii to Floridii and TiOuisiana. s, P. virgatum L. Sp. Pi. 81 (1753). Var. pubiflorum Yasey, Bull. Torr. Club. 13: 1(17 (188<>). Culms stout, 00-120 cm. high, dark at tlie nodes. Leaf-blades suiooth, hairy at the throat, 30 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. Panicle 15-20 cm. long. Spikes 12-15, tlexuose, the lower 0-8 cm. long, those above gradually growing shorter, rachis straight or (lexuose, less than 1 mm. wide. S})ikelets flattened, soft-hairy, ovate, acute, crowded in four or more rows. 2-2.5 mm. long, some of them on pedicels of their own length; first and second glumes 3-nerved, third shorter, obtuse. Louisiana, A. B. Lauyloi-s. "Cuba, Mexico to Uruguay," Grisvbach. \\XY. platyoxon Doell. Ticaf-blades 1.5-3 cm. wide; si)ikes about 5, the lower 15 cm. long, rachis 3 mm. wide; spikelets oval or subovate, smooth, 3 mm. long. Texas, .Rei'erchon 703. in 18T4, identified by Munro. now in herbarium of Harvard I'ni versify. !t. P. caespitosum Fliigge, Monog. IGl (1810). P. Bhthjettii Chapm. Kl. S. States, 571 (18G0). Culms slender, of few internodes, 20-40 cm. high. Leaf-blades flat, acute or a(Uiminate, glabrous except at the base, 3-15 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. Spikes 2-4, 4-G mm. long, one terminal, the others distant 5-7 cm. from each other, ratrhis less than 1 mm. ■wide. Spikelets minutely pul)escent, obovoid or oval, usually in pairs in each row, pedicels as long as the spikelets, which are 1.5 mm. long, first and second glumes thin, 3-iu'rved. Florida, V. S. Dept. Aijt'icnl. from A. 11. Curtiss. Florida. Cuba, (luiana. 10 P. Pittieri IIacl<. MS. A slender tufted diffuse grass, branching near tlie base, 15-20 cm. high. Leaf-blades hispid, acuminate, 2-0 cm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide. Spikes single, rarely in pairs, slender, 2-3 cm, long, PANKE.E. 89 axis thin, wavy involute, 0.5-0.7 mm. Avide. Spikelets 1.4 mm. long on pedicels 1 mm. long, in two rows (one of each pair abor- tive), obovate, subacute, puberulous on tlie margins of the couvo side, first and second glumes thin, 3-nurved. Mexico, I'rinijle 'IVi'd. 11. P. inops N'asey. ined. Culms low, spreading, 10-20 cm. high. Slioatlis hairy, the upper one reaching nearly to the lowest spike, blades Hat, pubescent on both sides, acute, 1-4 cm. long, 4-0 mm. wide. Sjjikes 2-3, 1-2 cm. long. Spikelets mostly in pairs, smooth, lu-arly heiui- spbeiical, 2.5 mm. long, iirst and second glumes 5-nervcd, third and the palea brown. Mexico (Jalisco), /'afiiirr G17. \'ar. major Vasey, ined. Leaf-blades sparingly pubescent, often 15 cm. long, 1 cm. wide; spikes 3-4 cm. long. Mexico, /'riiii/h- 1875. 12. P. conjugatum Herg. Act. llelv. 7. /. 8: 12!» (1772). Chdms brandling, 4-7 cu). high from a cree])ing rhizome. Leaf-bhides Hat, acuminate, nearly smooth, 4-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Si)ikes 2, sleniUir, exserted, cuhns digitate, sometimes with 1-2 lateral ones, 4-15 cm. long, 1.7 mm. wide. Spikelets secund, in two rows, slightly imbricated, ovate, broadly acute. 1.7 mm. long, first and second glunu\s thin, 2-nerved, the first ciliatc on the margins. Mexico, J\ihuer 3(i7. PriiKjlo 3129; Alabama, Mohr. Florida to Texas and Mexico. 13. P. tenellum Willd. Enum. llort. Berol. 1:81) (1800). /'. eh'iians Fliigge. Monog. 183 (1810). Culms rather slender. GO-!H) cm. high. Sheaths compressed, tlie lower ciliate at the throat; ligule 1-2 mm. long, blades of sterile shoots condu|)licate. 4-10 cm. long. .5-8 mm. wide, acute, imborulent above, those of the culm 1-2 cm. long. Panicle 15-30 "Ml. long. Spikes 0-13, the lower 5-15 cm. long, those above gradually growing shorter, rachis slightly flexuose, 0.7 mm. wide, pMbescent at the base and very sparingly along the sides. Spikelets loosely arrangetl in about four rows, some of them on pedicels 90 PAMCAl'K/E. exeet'diiig thuir own length, oval, obtuse or subsicute, 2.5-2.7 mm. long; first and second glumes equal, 3-norved, but little longer than the lloret. Mexico (San Luis Potosi), Prinffle 3755, and farther south. Alkaline meadows. J 4. P. Drummondii C. Muell. Jiot. Zeit. 19:332 (18G1). /'. IvutiyiHosKin of Vasey's Catalogue, not Preal. Culms erect, slender, smooth, often branching below, 60-90 cm. higli. Siieaths loose; blades 1-3 cm. long, 10-13 mm. wide, one margin undulate. Spikes 3-5, 2-4 cm. apart, the lowest ones 7-10 cm. long, the upper a little shorter, rachis subflexuose, less than 1 mm. wide. Spikelets in pairs, oboi^ate-oval, minutely jjubescent and brown-spotted, a little over 2 mm. long. Usually with a minute sterile glume on the flat side as in Panicum. Texais, Kealley in 18S8. 15, P. macrophyllum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1:92 (1815). P. phi It i folium Fourn.? Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:48 (1880). Culms 90-1-^0 cm. high, smooth. Sheaths hispid, ciliate at the throiit; ligule very short; blades flat, scabrid or smooth, 18-25 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, acuminate, pungent-pointed. Spikes 5-8, sessile, scattered, somewhat distant, the lower 6-12 cm. long, the others gradually shorter, rachis flat, 1 mm. wide. Spike- lets ])ur])le. more or less in four irregular rows, crowded, ellijitical, obtuse. 2-2.:'. nun. long, first and second glumes equal, 3-nerved. Mexi^'o (Siin Luis Potosi), Priixjle 3779. Low fields. Tlie ])lants were identified by Professor Scribner; who, on account of meagre deseriittions, is uncertain as to the correct name. The type specimens were not at liand for comparison. 16. P. plicatulum Mielix. Fl. Bo:. Am. 1:43 (1803). P. uu- dttlafiim Poir. Lam. Pmcycl. 5:29 (1804). (hdms 30-()0 cm. high, simple, smooth. Leaf-blades smooth, 15-20 cm. \m\^, 5-8 mm. wide. I'anicle 10-13 cm. long. Spikes 5-7, recurved, 2-6 cm. long, the upi)er much the shorter, rachis less than 1 mm. wide, flexuose. Spikelets in pairs, one pair about 3 mm. above or below another f)air, oval, obtuse, convex on the back. 3 mm. loii^, first and second glumes r)-nerved, the latter wlicu mature with '^-'-i transverse [»lications on each side, third fjlume and palea brown. Mexico (Hio Blanco), PaJiiur 408. Texas to Florida and Mexico. 17. P. setaceum Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:43 (180.1). P. eiliati- foJium Michx. Fl. Hor. 1:44 (1S03). /*. debite Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 1:44 (1803). Culms ascending, branching, very slender, 50-70 cm. high, Tjcaves throughout, or the sheaths only, smooth, 5-15 cm. long, ;)-5 mm. wide. Spikes mostly single, terminal, and one or more cxserted or included in the sheaths of the upper leaves, 5-10 cm. long; rachis tlexuose, 1 mm. wide. Spikelets in two or more irreg- ular rows, broud-oval, 2.2 mm. long, first glume 3-uerved, second 2-nerved. Delaware. Cmifttf 3.5Tfi. East Miussachu setts to Illinois and southward. Var. ciliatifolium (Michx.) Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. 3:17 (1S!I2). /'. ri/iftfifoliinn Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1:44 (1S()3). P. dasiiplniUinn VAX. IJot. S. C. and Ga. 1:105 (KSl(i). Cuhns stouter; leaf-blades nmstly longer, 1 cm. wide: spikelets crowded, often appearing in more than two rows, owing to the branching of tlie pedicels of the spikelets. Florida. V. S. [hpt. Agricul. 3, from .1. //. Cartiss. Southern States. IS. P. Humboldtianum Fliigge, :Monog. 07 (1810). Culms hard, not fiatteued in drying, exserted, branching below, 00-80 cm. long. Leaf-blades numerous, smooth or rough, Hat, Mcuuiinate. 5-1** cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Spikes 3-4, ajjprox- imate. 8-10 cm. long, rachis 1.5 nnn. wide. S|)ikelets in i)airs, 4-rowed, not crowded, pubescent, oval -lanceolate, 3.3 mm. long, first glume with '^ nerves on the margins very close to each other, o\t r 1 mm. long, second glume smooth, 3-nerved, third shorter, oval, obtuse. Mexico (Rio Blanco), P(dine)' i»86. Mexico to Quito. 92 PAXICACK.K. It. P. dilatatum I'oir. Liini. Enoyd. 5::}') (1S()4). P.nrnfiim Nees, A^M'ost. Hnis. 4:5 (IS-JU). Culms 'J0-i:5() cm. lii^^li, yimpk". smooth. Loul'-bliulos smooth, "0—40 em. loii^, 7~[) mm. \vi(k'. .S])iki's Il-T, rutlicr irmott', (J-IO em. long, nieliis over I mm. wide. Spikelets in 4 rows, eom- prcssetl, oviite, ueiite, pubeseent, ;).5 mm. long, lirst glume 5-nerved, second 3-5-nerved, third orbieuliir, ;.*.5 mm. long. Louisiiinu, ,1. A*. Lmujlois. \ar. decumbens N'tisoy, liull. Terr. Club. 13: IGO (188G). Culms shorter and decumbent. Spikes usually 3-4. •.'0. P. pubiflorum Hui»r. Hull. Hrux. 1). inirt 2.',>;}r (184;2). P. Iiiillii \'asey and 8eribn., \'asey in Bull. Torr. Club, 13:05 (I88(i). Culms geniculate and rooting, branching below, nodes pubescent, G0-90cm. high. Ligule firm,:.' mm. long; blades smooth, flat, lO-;.'0 cm. long, G-8 mm. wide. Spikes 3-G, approximate, *2-G em. long, nichis l.T mm. wide. Spikelets mostly in couples, those in direct lineal line distant about 'Z mm., obtuse, finely pubescent, ovate, oval or obovate, obtuse, 2.7 mm. long, first and second glumes 3-nerved. Mexico (Chihuahua), Pringle 374; Texas, Nealley ; Lower California, Palnwr 45. Alabama to Texas. Var. glaucum Scribn., ined. Glaucous; culms erect, rigid; sheaths hairy; spikelets more hairy. Mexico (Coahuila), Pritujle 437. 31. P. rectum Xees, Hook. Kew Journ. 3 : 104 (1850). P. monostac/n/ittn Vasey, ('hapm. Fl. S. States, Suppl., 6G5 (1889). A smooth erect perennial, GO-00 cm. high, from creeping root- stocks. Leaf- blades firm, conduplicate, 30-GO cm. long. 3-3 mm. wide. Spikes erect, much exserted, mostly single, sometimes two, approximate. 13-30 cm. long, raehis round on the back, slightly fiexuose, about 1 mm. wide. Spikelets in pairs, those in lineal rank nearly touching each other, smooth, oblong, 3.5-3 mm. long; I'ANUEE. 93 first glume sliortiT tlum the llorct, thin, 3-norvetl, second equalling the lloret, 5-nerv<'d. The above nanie is given on the authority of tjeneral Munro, who liad seen tlie phints of I). (Jarber. Florida, (iarbcr 'Z'ii, in the year 1877, now in the herbarium of Harvard University. 2)i. P. Boscianum Fliigge, Monog. 170 (ISIO), P. purpiintx- cens Ell. Bot. S. C. and (ia. 1: 108 (18iG). Culms decumbent or erect, (iO-DO em. high. Leaf-blades (hit, smooth or hairy at the base, often purple, ;>(> cm. long, G-S min. wide. Spikes 5-7, stmietimes lO-'^O, not crowded, 5-8 cm. long, rachis Hat, 2 mm. wide. Spikelets smooth, obtuse, crowded in 2-4 rows, oval or obovate, 2.3 mm. long, first and second glumea 5-nerved, third and })alea dark brown or black when mature. Korth Carolina, IJ. S. Dvpt. Agn'riil. from McCarthy. North Carolina to Florida and Texiis. TiuTe is considerable doubt as to the correct name of the grass here described. 23. P. distichium L. AmaMi. Acad. 5:301 (1759). Culms ascending, 20-(I0 cm. high, from a long creeping base, extending beyond the upper sheath. Sheaths smooth; blades linear-lanceolate, crowded below, flat, glaucous, glabrous or rough above, 4-12 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Spikes 2, rarely 3, 3-0 cm. long, 1 sessile, the other on a short peduncle, rachis flat on the back, 1-2 mm. wide. Spikelets smgle in two rows (some- times crowded in more than two rows), those in the middle of a lineal line overlapping one fourth their length, oval, ovate. 3 mm. long; on the flat side sometimes a slender, 1-nerved glume, first ordinary glume 5-nerved, second 3-nerved. Delaware. Cnnby ; Florida, Curtis^ 3567 ; Texas, Kpnnoijy Scribner 3567 from Tweedy; Xew Mexico. Vasey ; Arizona,, PriiKjli' ; Oregon, Howell; Mexico. Palmer 2'i'i. 603. Virginia, south and west; also East India and Australia. 24. P. lividum Trin. MS. Schlecht. in Linn. 26:383 (1853-5). Culms branching below. 60-80 cm. high. Leaf-blades 12-20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide. Spikes 4-10, 2-4 cm. long, approximate or crowded, the whole 8-10 cm. long, rachis flat, 2 mm. wide. 94 PANIC AlE.E. Si)ikelet8 rutlier iiat, oviil, ubrui)tly jjoiiited, smooth, piilf ^'reeii, in 4 rows or irregularly arranged, 'Z.5 iiiiii. loug, tirst ami st'cond. glumes 3-uerved, third a little shorter, obtuse. Mexieo, Pidnur 20C. Texas to Mexico. 25. P. elatum Uieh. Doell, Mart. Fl. liras. 2, part 2, 78 (IHT:). Culms erect, glabrous, rooting at the lower nodes, 50-00 em. high. Leaf-blades 20-1)0 em. long, 1.5-2.5 wide, tlat, smooth excepting the margins, which are rough, apex narrowly acuminate. Spikes 5-T, l-:J em. I 'om each other, 4-S cm. long, s])reading, rachis Hat on the back, 2 mm. wide. Spikclets in pairs, in four crowded rows, obovate, subacute, li mm. long, first and second glumes with 1 nerve in the middle and 2 near each nuirgin. J^ouisiuna, J. />*. Lanylais in lb80. Found from Florida to Texas. 20. P. Buckleyanum Vasey, Bull. Terr. Club, 13: 107 (1880). Culms simple, smooth, decumbent ut the base, OO-DO cm. high. Leaf-blades scabrous, conduplicatc, 20-40 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle erect. 12-18 cm. long; si)ikes 3-0, altenuite, 2-3.5 cm. distant, tlie lower G-T cm. long, the upper 3-4 cm. long, rachis straight. S[tikclets light-colored, in four rows, the middle ones overlapjiing for half their length, elliptical, oblong, acute, 2.5-2.T mm. long, first and secontl glumes sparingly pubescent, 3-5-nerved. Nearly related to P. liciditiH, from which it ilillers in its longt-r l)aniclc. more numerous, longer and more distant spikes, and liie spikclets pubescent. 'I'exas. Jii(ckh>)/ and XcdJ/ci/. 27. P. vaginatum S\v. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1:135 (1797). Culms from a creej)ing base, intei'nodes short, 10-40 cm. high. Leaf-blades smooth, distichous, involute, pointed, 3-9 cm. long. Spikes 2, rarely 3 or 4, 2-5 vm. long, on exserted pedicels. Spike- lets in two rows, overlapping about one fourth of their length, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 4 mm. long, first glume 5-uerved, second 2-nervcd. Florida, J. //. Cnrfitift. PANICK.E. 95 Florida to 'I'exas in saliiu' swamps. 2S. P. notatum KIiiji:,iri', (irain. N[oiio^'. 106 (1810). Culnia 50-TO cm. Iiigli, ascc'iidinjf from a stout root-stock. Leat'-bhules narrow, smooth. Spikes "i. oxsorted, diverjfinj;. 7-1 cm. long, approximate, l)oth sossili', rachis Hat on tlu* back, 1 mm. wide. Spikelets smootli, sin^de. in two rows, those in tlie same row in tlie ini(hUe of the spike overhippinj,' one fourtli of their h'Mi^'th, ovate or oval, ohtust', ',].5 mm. long: tirst ghime tlr'n, with two prominent nerves toward each margin, second firmer, 5-nerved. From l)allast f(»und at Camden, N. .1., eoll. l)v Scribner. Near the (in! f coast, West Indies, Mexi<'o, Brazil. '.>i). P. praecox >\'alt. Kl. Car. 75 (ITSS). /'. Imtifrrutti Lam. Illustr. 1: i:,-) (in*!). Culms simple, smooth. (lO-l'-iO cm. high, much exserted. Leaf- l)lades smooth or hairy below, lo-.'JO c!n. long. 15 mm. wide. Spikes 3-(), 4-0 cm. long, separated about their own length from each other, rachis 1 mm. wide. S})ikelets single, in two rows, those in a row ovei-hipiiing for about half their length, or some of the pedicels branching, then 3-4 rows, compressed. lU'arly orbicular, or broad oval, '^.'^-.'5 mm. long, first and second glumes :}-nerved, or two outer obscure nerves, making 5 in each. Florida, J. If. Ciir/iss li'MK Southern States. 30. P. IsBve Michx. Fl. Uor. Am. 1:44 (180:}). Cidms upright or decumbent, simple, 60-1 '.'O em. high. Sheaths compressed ; bhides Hat. smootli, 30 cm. long. 7 mm. wi.."»— t mm. long, first and second glumes 5-nerved. Florida, ('i/rfiss in l'^'^'). Not yet heard from in any other state. •.VI. P. Floridanum Miehx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:44 (ISO!}). P. ninrrosjH'niiKs Fliigge, Monog. 17'2 (ISIO). Cidms erect, simjde. fiO-150 em. high. Sheaths hairy; blades 30-40 em. long. 5-T mm. wiile, hairy or smooth, the upi)er very short. Spi] rachis 1-1.5 mm. wide; spikelets 4 mm. loiiir. Louisiana. 23. (;5). Anthjenantia Beauv. Agrost. 48, t. 10, f. 7 (IS 1-2). Anthnmiilia W. Br. Fliiul. Voy. -^ : App. (III.) 582 (ISU). Aiihuauthus Ell. Hot. S. C. and (ia. 1 : 102 (1810). Auhtxia Nutt. CJen. 1 : 47 (1818). Leptocornphiuni Noes, Agrost. liras. 83 (1824). Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, oval, sometimes acute, racemose or slender, ereet, ])ranches of a loose contracted panicle containing 1 perfect terminal llower and 1 staminate or neuter. Em{)ty glumes nearly equal, membranous, hairy, as long as the llorets or longer ; fertile floret membranous when young, becoming iirmer with age, the apex soft. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed, but not adherent. The genus is closely related to Panicntn, but lacks the small lowest glume of that genus. There are 3 species, 2 of which are f und in North Amei-ica, the other in South America. 1. A. rufa (Ell.) Schult. Mant. 2 : 258 (1824). Avla.rmitlms rufuA Ell. 1. c. Panicum rvftim Kiinth, Rev. Gram. 1 : 35 (1829). A slender tufted perennial, 50-150 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks, smooth throughout save the spikelets. Leaf-blades erect, flat or conduplicate. almost obtuse, the lower often 40-00 cm. long, 3-4-6 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, slender, interrupted, 5-12 cm. long. Spikelets 3 mm. long, hairs spreading, outer empty glumes oval, 5-nerved, red near the apex, with 4 vertical rows of hairs, third glume (floral glume of the lower floret) thin, oval, 3 mm. long, with no flower, floral glume of fertile floret delicately 5-nerved, its palea delicately 4-nerved. Florida, A. H, Cnrtiss 3003; Mississippi, J. Donnell Smith in 1885. Pine-barren swamps. Southern States. 98 PAXRACE.K. 2. A. villosa Beauv. Agrost. 48. /. 10,/. 7: 748 (1S12). Aulaxan- thus ciUattis Ell. 1. c. Pnnicnm if/Honthati Kimtli, 1. c. A slender tufted perennial with creeping rootstocks, smooth throughout, save the margins of the leaves and the spikelets, 30-120 em. high. Leaf-blades Hat, acuminate, the lower spreading, those ou the middle of the culm 5-H cm. long, 4-0 mm. wide. Panicle exserted. slender, 10-18 cm. long. Spikelets elliptical or oval, 3-4 mm. long, pale green, hairs fewer than on the former species, usually appressed ; outer glume 3-5- nerved. with 4 vertical rows of hairs; third Fk;. 2i>. — Aiitft(rnan- glume (floral glume of the lower floret) thin, en- tia villosa. Spike- , . . . -i i let. (Scribiier.) closing a stammate liower; fertile floret much like that of the former species. Florida, A. If. ( 'tniiss Dn'M. (iarbcr 198, 2i7; North Carolina, (r. McCarfJii/; Louisiana. ^1. />'. Ldiiijlois. Dry gravelly soil. Southern States. 3. A. lanata (H. H. K.) Henth. Journ. Linn. Soe. 19: 30 (1882). Pasjuihini htiuitini} II. H. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: !»4. /. 2!» (1815). Lppfororif/i/iium lanafiim Xees, Agrost. Bras. 2 : 84 (1 82ft). A slender tufted ]M'ivunial, smooth throiigliout, excepting the margins and the throat of the sheaths and the spikelets. 30- 50 cm. high. Leaf-blades Hat or involute, acuminate. 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, erect, rather densely many-flowered. 10-18 cm. Ion?. S]ukelets pale green or straw-colored, linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, outer om])ty glumes ovate-lanceolate. 7-nerved. with 4 vertical rows of hairs, third glume ovate-lanceolate, thin aiul slightly hairy at the apex, delicately 5-7-nerved. 4 mm. long : palea much like the third glum?, delicately 4-nerved. Apparently a s])ikelet with 2 emjity glumes. 1 floral glume, and 1 palea. South Mexico. Cuba, also in several )>arrs of South .America. 24. (4). AmphiCARPON IJaf. Am. ^lonth. Mag. 2 : 175 (1818). Amphirnrpnu) Kunth. Gram. 1 : 28 (1820). Spikelets 1-flowered. oblong or ovoid, articulate with the pedi- cels, of two kinds, in narrow, erect, exserted interrupted panicles, containing perfect flowers which seldom bear fruit ; the other kind FANK'E.E. 99 larger, bearing pistillate or ])orfect flowers at the apex of slender peduueles, wliieh bear sheathing braets near the base. Glumes 3, the outer eni})ty, nearly ecpial (sometimes with another very small one outside), the floral glume shorter, delieately membranous, or in the fertile flowers soon becoming hard. Stamens or staminodea ,'3, Styles distinct. (J rain oblong, enclosed, but not adherent. (Ji'asses with flat or involute blades. ISomewhat nearly related to Miliut/iiiud /'(uiicKin. There are 2 species, both found in the southeastern portion of the United States. 1. A. amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash. Mem. Torr. Hot. Club, 5: 352 (1804). Miliian amphicar- 2)011 Pursh, FI. Am. S-pt. 1 :G'2, t. 2 (ISU). Milium v Hi at urn Muhl. Gram. 77 (18ir). A. Piirsliii Kunth. Hev. Gram. 28 (l82!)-3r)). An erect tufted annual or bi- ennial. 30-120 cm. high. Culms slender, smooth. JJlade and sheath hispid with rigid hairs ; the former 5-10 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, the upper blade rudi- mentary, the next below very short and narrow. Spikelets on tlie strict panicle, elliptical, acute, 4 mm. long, first and second glumes 5-nerved ; floral glume delicately 5-nerved ; palea 3- nerved ; subterranean spikelets fig. 2i.- Amphicarpon amphimrpon. oval, acute, about 8 mm. long, J, si)ik("l.'t on the lop of plimt; <«, 6, dori'ts; B, subtemncan spikclet. first and second glumes 15-1 1>- (Sciibner.) nerved. Grain ovoid, terete, obtuse, 4 mm. long. 100 PANICACE.E. Some of the plants, wlieii only 15 cir high, with no panicle above, produce subterranean fertile spikelets. Specimens collected on the i)inc-barrens, New Jersey, in I8S4. New .Jersey to Florida. "•i. A. Floridanum (Chapm.) Anij)Jiirarj)i of the radical llowers crus- taceous at maturity." Ciiapman's Flora. Banks of the Apala- chicola IJiver. Florida. Sept. and Oct. 35. (5). EriochloaII. W. K. Nov. (ion. et Sp. 1 : 94 (1815). Momu'lnie Beauv. Agrost, 49. /. 10 (1812). Hchpux Trin. Fund. Agrost. lO:} (1820). Guli/m-Jnic Link, Ilort. Herol. 1: 51 nS27). AgJi/ria Willd. ex Steud. Nom. Fd. 2. 1 : 37 (1840). A/i/rui Willd. ex Steud. 1. c. (W) (1840). Spikelets with 1 perfect llower. and in some cases with a second staminate or neuter one. without protruding awns, with a callus, annular or almost cupliko base, articulate on a short pedicel, in 1-2 rows, along one side of the simple branches of a simple panicle. Empty glumes usually membranous, equal or suborpud; floral glume of the terminal floret shorter, of a firm corioaceous texture, obtuse, but tipped with a tuft of hairs or a point or short awn, not exceed- ing the outer glumes: its palea of much the sanu' texture. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, rather long. (J rain enclosed, but not adherent. Bentham, in Floha Aisthaijkxsis and in (iKXKitA Planta- RUM, defines this genus as 1 -flowered. In accordaiuic with a sugges- tion by Vasey. in Botanical (iAZirrn;. p. 90, 1884, I have changed the generic character to include Panicum inoUe ^lichx., which PAXICE.E. 101 has ii second staniiiKito flower below tlie perfect one. Tlic genns has the hubit rather of the section Urachidvia of Pdiiiriiiii than of PitsjHdiiin. but wants the sinull lower glume of the former genus, and differs ;om both in tlie peculiar callus. A few species of I'aiii- cuiii have more or less of a callus. There are about T species, 5 found in North America. 1 in Asia, 1 in Africa. Some extend to Australia. The most luitural key for aiding to lind the name of a species Avoidd start out with a, those in which the fertile florets are mu- cronate ; b, those in which the fertile parts are awnless. but have a tuft of liairs at the apex. The following more artificial key may be found easier and e(pially useful : A. Spikes f>-7. simple, erect (a) a. IMades short and l-l.T) cm. wide 1 a. Blades long aiul narrow (b) b. Lower spikes 'Z cm. or less long 2 b. Lower spikes 4-5 cm. long 3 B. Spikes more than 7 (c) c. Spikelets abruptly pointc'l, 4 mi; . long 4 c. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long 5 c. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 5 or more mm. long. ... G 1. E. Lemmoni Vas. & Scrib. Coult. Hot. Gaz. 9 : 185 (1884). Fio. 25. — EHochloa Lemtnoni. A, spikes; n, b, spikelets; c, floret. (Scribner.) Culms ascciuling. branching below, 50-00 cm. high, and with the sheaths and blades clothed with fine, soft pubescence. Sheaths 102 PANICACE^. nitlior loose, mostly shorter than the inteniodes ; ligule a ciliate ring; blades flat, ueumiuate, 8-15 em. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Panicle simple, 0-10 em. long, rays 4-8, s])ikelike, secund, sjiread- ing in ilower, erect iu fruit, 2-3 cm. long, clothed with short hairs. S])ikelets in pairs, 1 a:ubsessile, })ubescent, lauce-elliptieal, acute, ")-() mm. long. Outer glumes soft-hairy excepting the obtuse tij), ecpuil, narrowly ovate, first 5-uerved, second 8-nerved : floral glume 2.5-3.5 mm. long, finely wrinkled, oblong or obovute-oblong, apex subacute, with a tuft of short hairs. Mexico, Palmer 110% Pringle 2317. 2. E. sericea Munro, Vasey's Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3 : 31 A slender tufted perennial, about 50 cm. iiigh, clothed from culm to spikelet with very short pubescence. Sheaths reaching above the nodes ; blades flat or involute, 12-20 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle exserted or j)artially enclosed, simple, 7-13 cm. long, bearing 4-G simple, secund spikes about 2 cm. long and dis- tant their own length fi-om each other. Spikelets narrowly oval, acute, 4-4.5 mm. long, borne on short pedicels, on whicli some of the hairs often extend to the apex of the spikelet, first and second glumes ecpial, 5-nLrvcd; fertile floret oval, very briefly mucrouate. Texas. L'ererrJion for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 37. Texas and New Mexico. 3. E. longifolia Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. 3:21 (1802). E. moUh h»i(jif:>lin Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club. 13:25 (1880). CuIjus smooth, .dender, braiu'hing, (!0-120 cm. high. Lower sheatlis nearly as long as the internodes ; blades smooth, e:.cept the soft hairs at the nodes, 30-00 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, slender, 12-20 cm. long, of 5-8 pedicellate alternate spikes, the lower one 5 cm. long, the others gradually shorter; general rachis and rays finely pubescent. Spikelets 10-12 to the sjjike. third glume destitute of a flower, fertile floret short-awned. Florida, Ciniiss. 4. E. mollis Kunth, Kev. Gram. 1: 30 (1830). Perennial : culms smooth below, 1-2 m. high. Leaf-blades flat, 30-50 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, throat fringed. The nodes. PANICE.E. lOJi »<) hranclu's of the paniclo and spikclots, villous. Panicle open. '^O-JJO (in. long. ])ranclies mostly sinii»le, those helov 1-0 em, long, those ahove 2 em. long. Spikelets "^-Howered. mostly single, some in pail's or in threes, oval, abrnptly pointed, 4 mm, long ; first and second glumes membranous, obtuse when spread. 5-nerved : lower palea as long as the second glume, hyaline, "i-nerved, enclosing a stamiuate tlower ; fertile floret oval, obtuse or mucronate. .'J n.m. long. Much like E. punctata, and in Index Kewkxsis placed with that species. "Sea islands of S(mth Carolina.'' Elliott, Florida, CurtisK ;}('.( M». 5. E, punctata (L.) W. TTamilt. Prod. PI. Tnd. Occ o (ISrjr)). M Hi a in panctatam L. Amo-n. Acad. 5 : :50'-J (1750). I/i'Io/ms pi'losas 'Vv'u\. Fund. Agrost. 104 (lS"^(t). Outiparlinr jtinir/ata Link, Ilort. IVrol. 1: 51 (lS-^7). llvlDjms paiidatax Nees. Agrost. Bras. 10 (18-^!>). Perennial : culms branching below, smooth or silky hairy, es- pecially at the nodes and near the panicle. 40-70 cm. high. Sheaths smooth or soft hairy, reaching nearly to the nodes : blades Hat, hirsute above, 5-15 cm. long. :{-10 mm. wide. Panicle simple, narrow, exsertcd or partially included, 7-10 <-m. long, rachis and branches short-hairy, branches 5-S, secund. subsimple, 2-;{ or even 5 cm. long. Spikelets mostly single, some in pairs, on ])edicels 2-4 mm. long, clothed with short hairs, ovate-lanceolate, Ji.5-4 mm. long, with an awn 0.5-2 mm. long : the 2 empty glumes 5-nerved, first the larger : fertile Horet rough, narrowly oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, very briefly mucronate. or with the awn longer. New Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agricnl. 17 : Texas (Fll Paso). Jotien 4177 ; Mexico, Primjle 812 ; Arizona, Printjk ; Lower California, Patmcr 44. Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, ^fexico, West Indies, Huenos Ay res, 0. E. aristata Vasey. Pnll. Torr. Club, 13: 220 (1S8C). Culms rather stout, decumbent and branchin()ve, l!^-35 I'lii. loiiii', 1-1. "» inni. wido. I'iiiiicU' simple, tlio lower branehcs 8-10 em. lonnt. 15-'.'5 em. lonnf. S|)il\elets 1 -flowered, pulu'sei'iit. ovato-lanceoiate, S-10 mm. lonir, iiielndinfr the frnidually ta))eriii_ir awns, first lu'lume wider and lonpcr than the second, botli o-nerved ; fertile floret roiigli, elliptical, shortly mueronafe. li.f) mm. lony. Fonnd in Mexico. •-m;. (s). panicum l. Sp. ri. 55 (ir5:{). />i;/{f(tn'(t Heist, ex .\dans. Kiini. 2 : oS. ood (1T('>3). Er/iiiiui'/il(n( Mi'anv. Ai^fost. i^'.l t. 11 (isi*,*). Ililinvnurlnic Heanv. A). 7'rir/tiir/iiH' Xees, Atjrost. Hras. 85 (182!)). linichidria (iriseb. I.edeb. V\. IJoss. 4 : 4(10 (1853). In'DKX Kkwkxsis contains the names of 'ib other synonym.s. Spikelots with 1 terminal perfect flc.werand often a staminate or neuter flower below it, rarely awned, variously arranjred alonjj: the. branches of a jianiele. (ilumes usually 4. the outer one smalleiit. .sometimes minute or rarely obsolete, the second and third very variable in relative jtroportions, tlie third often with a palea with or without :> stamens in its axil, fourth or floral ulume smaller, or as loiiij as the third, of a firmer texture, enclosinii' a palea and per- fect flower. Styles distinct or very shortly united at the base, (irain enclosed, but not adherent. The jrenus is a very lar) 1). Spikelets ol»lon mm. long. ... 4 b. Si)ikelets elliptical or ovoid. . . * (c) c. Leaves smooth, o-4 mm. wide 5 c. Leaves hairy, 't-7 mm. wide <"> B. TRirn.vt'HN'R (Xees as a genus). Spik-ehis jxniieled. ,silk\>f- lidini. narrow, slmder. chistrred or nirel/f in pairs alonrf tlie rarfn's of t/te J-fetr lonff ereet brauehes : fruit imj ijhinie not aiueh hardened. Species f 4- le 7.8,1) C. Hu.vcillARiA ((fri.seb. as a irenus). Spik'elets a/rnless, sinr/te or in twos and t/treea, J-^-seriate along simple spik'es Ixirne on tlie axis. Xearlg idlied to Paspaluni. differing f root tliat f/enus in /taring a small first or lower gin/ne. Shading otf with .some of the sparingly-flowered species into Eupanieum, comprising many spe( ies. a. Spikelets single and in two rows (b) b. Spikes 4-<> cm. long 10. 11 b. Spikes \-'.\ cm. long (c) c. Spil:es 4-S approximate \l c. Spikes S-l'.* on about 10 cm. of the axis. . . . \'.\ c. Spikes lO-lo on 20-30 cm. of the axis .... 14 a. Si)ikelets in twos or threes (b) b. Spikes appressed. the lowest often not overlapping . (c) c. Plant tall, erect 1,5 c. Plant creei)ing 1(5 b. Spikes spreading, imbricate (c) c. Peduncles about 0,5 mm. diam 17 106 PAXUACK.E. c. Podnnclos 1 nun. or nion^ diiim (d) a. Hliuk'S lant'o-ovuto, 3 nun. long IK (1. Hliulos muc-li lon«j:cM' Il>. :i() D. EciiiXociiLOA (Ueiinv. us a gonns). Spik'vh'ls imhriratc, sjn'ket/, si'ssilc or OH short pediceh on two siites of a triaiiijutar nieliis, u,snnU{i rough with stiff haim^ the third (/I inne often awl-pointed or awned. Usually coarse plants; only a slightly distinct sec- tion of Panicnm. Spikelets 5 mm. or more long 20 Spikelets less than 5 mm. long (a) a. Spikes sinij)!!', about 2 cm. long 21,22 a. Spikes more or less comimuiul 22. 2:J E. I'TYCiioi'iiYLLiM (Hraun as a genus). Tall with ample leaves. Panicle siinjde or roitipoand, man //-flowered. Spikelets subses- sile, subtended b// a solilar// bristle, Avhich seems to connect these species with Chamwraphis {Setaria). The setfe of this section, however, are merely the tips of the ultimate spikelet-bearing branches of the panicle, whereas the sette of Channpraphis are abortive branchlets, forming a kind of involucre below the spike- let. A small and distinct section 2-i, 25 F. IIymexachxk (lieauv. as a genus). Spikelets small or minute in a spikelike panicle. Species 5 or (> 20 G. Eri'AxrcrM. Spikelets iu /mnicles, awnless, mostl// pedicellate. Containing about 2(»0 species, strictly normal in structure. Several of the cultivated Millets belong in this section. (K. M.) K. Virgaria 'Vrm. Spikelets pointed, often in pairs. Branches of the panicle mostl// angular. Stiff hairs on the pedicels 27 No bristles nor stiff hairs on the pedicels (a) a. Spikelets conspicuously white, pubescent 28 a. Spikelets with appressed. silky hairs as seen by a lens 2!> a. Spikelets not white, pubescent nor hairy (b) b. Spikelets clothed with short hairs from callus- bases ;}() b. Spikelets smooth or slightly rough (c) PAMCE.K. 107 c. Spiki'lets '.] in number. 5-0 mm. lonjr. very narrow (some plants of 30) 31, 32 c. Spikclets about 5 mm. long, ovoid or ovul, acute 33 c. Spikelets 3 in number, 5-6 mm. long, wider . (d) d. Panicle narrow, simple, bludes smooth. . . 34 d. Panicle diffuse, large (e) e. Slieatlis pubescent 35 e. Sheaths smooth 36 c. Spikelets about 8 nun. long, ovate-lanceolate. . 37 c. Spikelets usually 4 mm. long or less, . . . (f) f. Panicle very narrow, simple, culm and leaves slender 38 f. Panicle spikelike, many-flowered. ... 39 f. Panicle diffuse (g) g. Si)ikelets less than 2 mm. long, plant slender 40 g. Si)ikelets about •i.5 mm. long. . . . (h) h. IJootstocks creeping 41 h. Ikootstocks not creoping. . . 4'^. 43, 44 g. Spikelets acute on very slender pedicels of a large diffuse panicle (i) i. Annual : sheatlis usually hirsute, sjjikc- lets *^-2.T mm. long 45 i. Annual; slu'aths usually hirsute, spike- lets 3.'-i-3.5 mm. long 46 i. Sheaths usually smooth, spikilets 3.5- 6 mm. long 34 i. Sheaths usually smooth, spikelets 4 mm. long 36 g. Perennial : smooth, bulbous. s))ikelets terete, 3-4 mm. long 47 g. Perennial ; scaly rhizomes, spikelets 4 mm. long 48 g. Perennial ; tufted, spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, blades 3-4 mm. wide 49 108 PAMCACKvE. Spikt'lots inon' or less piilK'scciit 57 Spikclcts unlike citlicr of the 4 previous scctioii.s. . . (a) a. Spikclets ahout 1 inin. lontT *>(S a. Spikt'lcts i.4 nun. lon•> u. Spikclcts l.('»-l.{» nun. Ion;;, lilades 1.5 nun. wide. . .5-;j nun. loni;'; jtart ol" fi(» 1). Blades usually 7 nun. or more wide (e) e. I'aniele very siini»le and narrow, sjiikelets ;} mm. lon^, blades 10-15 mm. wide i)H c. Panicle eomiiound. spreadin..3 mm. lonjr, i)lants l>0-l-.>0 cm. hijrh, often hairy (!!> d. Spikelets i>.:3-;3 nun. lonir, blades 1(1-20 mm. wide, jdant smooth 07 d. Spikelets '] mm. lon,ir. blades 7-13 mm. wide 70 d. Spikclcts 3-4 mm. lon<>-. blades 15-30 mm. wide (e) e. Sheaths often liairy 71, 72 e. Sheaths smooth 73 H. Lasiaces. Spikelets ohovate, hearitiy a tuft of cilloiis ilotrn at PANKK.K. I (10 lliv siiiiiiiiil ; 1*1' Ivd tij'fi'rlihjJiirt'lijihlioHs tthuiw. Sii'iii slirubby, \:ii'ial)U'. (hif spi'cics 74. 1. P. filiforme L. S|». Tl. :.: (It"):;), /'(tsjia/fim fi/i/onnc Fliic^'ii'i'. (Inim. Mdiid::'. l.')'.i (ISIO). Dit/iftin'ti fi/i/oniiis Mulil. (Iriiiii. i:il (ISIT). Sipithn-isiiKf rillusa W;ilt. V\. Car. TT (ITSS). tf>l(' Kuiitli. Ctilnis very sleiitU'r. tipriirlit. niiu'li hraiicluMl liolow. 30-70 em. lii;,'Ii. Lower sheaths liairv : hhuU's siiiootli, \-'l'i em. lonj;, '.\ mm. wi(U'. Spikes •.'-s. erect, apprnxiiiiate. 4-14 tin. hjiijjr, the raeliis liUrorm. triaiiiruhir, tlexuese. Spikelets in pairs or threes; in tlie former ease tlie pedieel of one :■; al)out its own U'njifth. of the other more than twice as loiijr: tirst <:lnme minnte or ohsoh-te. second and third thin, clothed with minnte hairs with enlarired tips, the former half or two-thirds as loni: as the spikelet. ;}-nerved, tlie longer 7- nerved, fonrth and palea siiorter. dark brown. New Jersey, Svribtivr W'^W, lival fur M. A. C. ; CJeorgia, ('(Hih'i/ : Mexico, Pahiier 454, ")(i'-2. Florida. 'I'exas, and Mexico. 2. P. Simpsoni (Vasey). /'. stuKjuiuale L. var. Simpsoni Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb, ^riry (1S!C.>). Tulms branching and rooting at the lower nodes, more or less compressed, (»0-l".'0 eni. iiigh. Sheaths about tlie length of the internodes, softly imliescent with hairs from glandular bases; ligule ciliate. about 1 mm. long ; blades flat, slightly pubescent. 10-15 cm. long. 4 -('> mm. wide. Spikes S-IO. digitate or approximate, spreading. T^-lo cm. long, the raehis slightly flexuosc. Hattened, 0.:?-0.4 mm. wide. Spikelets in pairs, one subsessile, the other raised on a pedicel half or two-thirds its length : empty glumes '2, suberpial. a little longer than the floret, smooth, linear, -t.'i mm. long, almost obtuse, when spread. T-nerved ; floral glume obscurely 3-nerved. Anthers linear. H mm. long. Florida (Manatee). J. If. Sintjison in 1800 for U. S. Dept. Agricul. n. P. setigerum Beauv. Fl. Owar. I, /. 40 (1804). Echhwchloa jetigcni lieauv. Agrost. n'.) (181"2). 110 PANI('ACE.E. Tiilnis sleuder, ^eiiiculato. briuicliiiis: bi'low. ^'''-f.O cm. hi^h. Loaves more or less pubescent tlirougliout : blades flat. 3-0 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Si)ikes 3-8, ap])r()ximate, spreading'', 4-8 cm. long, rachis triangular, flexuoso. Si)ikelets in pairs or threes, ovate-lanceolate, 2.2 mm. long, pedicels 0.5-1. .5 mm. long, first glume obsolete, second half as long as the floret, tliird smooth, 5-nerved. Florida, G. V. Nash 906, in 1894. High pine land along roadsides. 4. P. SANGiiXALi: L. Sp. PI. 57(1753). Orab-orass. Fix- GER-(}RASS. Difiitiu-ia sanguiualis Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 1 : 52 (1772). Sipit/icrisma prwcox Walt. Fl. Car. 76 (1788). Paspalum m)i(iui)w.Je Lam. Tabl. Encvcl. 1: 176 (1791). Culms erect or decumbent, branching below, rooting at the lower nodes, 30-90 cm. high. Leaves often pubescent, blades flat, very variable in length and width. Spikes 4-15, rarely 2-3. erect or spreading, crowded within 2-3 cm. at the end of a long peduncle. 3-15 cm. long, the rachis usually flattened on the back, flexuose, 1 mm. or less wide. Spikelets in pairs, 1 snbsessile, the other reaching half its length above the lower, the pedicellate spikelet containing more pubescence than the other, oblong, acute, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, flrst glume minute, second lanceolate, about half as long as the spikelet, pubescent or nearly smooth, 3-5-nerved, third glume pubescent or nearly sn'0.,th, 5-7-nerved. fourth glume and palea shorter, smooth. Grain flattened, oblong. 2 mm. long, the embryo less than half its length. New Jersey, Srn'hurr 95 ; ^lassachusetts. licnl for M. A. CO: Texas, Jciuipi/ for Nnt. Mus. 10. dcorf/rsoii 22 ; Xew York. Jieitl for M. A. C. 11: Oregon. Ho well : Mexico. /V////^r 48, 269. Introduced from Europe into gardens, fields, and Avaste places. A very common annual weed, thriving in warm weather. The roots are very strong, making it ditticult to remove the plants. 5. P. LI \KA UK Krock. V\. Sil. 1 :95 ( 1 7S7). Dif/ifaritf liumifHsa Pers. Syn. 1:85 (1805). Si/iif/icn'sitifi f/hthni Srhviu\. Fl. (Jerm. 1:163 (1806). I'aspaliini nmbir/KHm T). C. Fl. Gall. 123 (1806). ranicum gJabrum (iand. Agrost. 1:22 (ISll). PANICE.E. Ill Culms spreading, j)i'ostrate. or erect wliere crowded or sliaded. braucliiii<( freely below, 15-30 cm. high. Leaf-blades flat, thin, smooth, 3-G cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Spikes 2-0, diverging, nearly digitate, 4-6 cm. long, rachis* flat, thin, 1 mm. wide. Spikelets 3 together, successively overlapping for half their length, ovoid or oblong, 2 mm. long, first glume minute and likely to be overlooked, second and third as long as the spikelet, soft with very short hairs, some having enlarged ti])s, 5-nerved. Iowa, Hitchcock; Ontario, Fowler. Introduced from Europe. An annual grass, common especially southward. Var. Mississippiense Oattinger. Plant 30-50 cm. high ; spikes 7-10 cm. long, ra'-hia nearly straight; spikelets mostly in pairs or single. Tennessee, Gattinger, also Minneapolis*, Minn. 0. P. serotinum (Walt.) Trin. (Jram. Panic. lOG (1833). Sj/iiflierisma serofiiia Walt. Fl. Car. TO (1T88). Jhyitaria serotina Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 40 (1803). />. rilhsa Ell. Hot. S. C. and (la. 1:132 (1800). PaspaJum serotiiiuni Fluegge, Monog. 140 (ISlOj. Perennial ; culms branching below, ascending from a creeping base, 10-30 cm. higli. Blades and sheaths rough, hairy, the blades thin, flat, 3-7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wiile. Spikes 3-5, cxserted or included, spreading, not over 1.5 mm. apart at base, 4-7 cm. long, rachis thin, flat, 1 mm. wide. Sjjikelets mostly in threes on pedi- cels of unequal lengths, oblong, acute, 1.5 mm. long, first glume obsolete, second one-third as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, clothed with (irooked and knotted hairs, third hairy, about as long as tlio spikelet, 7-ne''ved. Florida, Cnrfif^s 3000. North Carolina to Florida and westward. 7. P. lanatum h'ottb. Act. Lit. Univ. Tlafn. 1:269 (1778). P. Uncophmun II. li. K. Nov. Cen. et Sp. 1 : !t7 (1815). Culms stout, erect, 00-120 cm. high. Leaf-blades flat, broadly linear, scabrous, often 30 cm. long; ligule ciliate. Panicle erect, contracted, 15-30 cm. long, branches numerous, 5-10 cm. long. 112 PANUAl'E/E. Spikelets in pairs on uiiet|Uiil iJi'diccls. linear-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, clothed with numerous soft white or brewn hairs, as long as the spikclet, first glume minute, second lanoeolate. 3-nerved. nearly as long as tlie spikelct. third glume ovate-lanceolate. 5-nerved ; no j)alea : fertile floret smooth, brown, ovate-lanceolate, niucronato, 3.0 mm. long. Florida, U. S. Dcpt. AgricnJ. Xo. 80 from Curtiss; Texas, XeaUcy. 8. P. lachnanthum A. firay, Pacif. Kail. IJep. 7:21 (185:). Culms rather slender, (JO-90 cm. high. Leaf-blades numerous below, scabrid. 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. I'anicle slender, contracted, 15-20 cm. long, the branches fewer and shorter than in the i)receding. Spikelets in pairs, oval-lanceolate. 3 mm. long. In other respects much like P. hui7). Tufted or creej)ing, much branched below, 30-50 cm. high. Sheaths inflated; blades thin, flat. ])road at the base, hairy as well as the sheaths, 7-15 cm. long, O-IO mm. wide. Si)ikes 5-!», alter- nate, ascending on 2-3 centimeters of the top of the exserted culm. 1-2 cm. long. Spikelets alternate in 2 rows on one side of the hairy rachis. overlapping for about one-third of their length, sub- sessile, smooth, oval, awidess. about 3 mm. long, first glunu> thin. 114 PANK'ACI-LE. acuto, 1-2 mm. loii base, 30-00 cm. high. Siicaths shorter than the internodes; blades "^-.S cm. h)ng, 5-15 mm. wide, lanceolate, Hat, glaI)rous, except cilia on the margins near tiie broad l)ase, at the throat and sometimes on the sheath. Panicle exserted, of 3-10 simple, crowded, si)ikes, 1-4 cm. long, lS})ike]cts single or 'i-'] together in alternate rows on two sides of a tlexuosc. rough, triangular rachis, ))ediccls unequal, very short, often bearing bristles, smooth, llattened, oval, almost acute, con- taining a staminate and a perfect tlowcr, tirst ejni>ty glume inem- brajious. very short, broad, second broad-oval, 5-T-nerved; floral glume of the hnvcr tloret ovate, 5-nerved ; i)alea as long. Stamens 3. I'pper tloret oval, finely rugose, mucrouate or obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, Jjouisiana, J. />. fji)i///(iis. Found in the southern l'. S. , West Indies, Brazil, Egypt, Arabia, Kast Indies, Australia. IS. 1*. (iKossAUHM L. Am(cn, Acad. 5: 39-? (1750). /'. rv/'.v- pifosiiui Sprcng. ex Steud. Nom. Kd. 2, 'i : "353 (1841). Culms smooth, rather slender. 10-30 cm. high, branching from a decumbent or cree]>ing base, the lower internodes about 3 mm. long. Margins of the sheaths and ligulc hairy ; blades Hat, ovate- lanceolate, acute, 2-5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, the margins near the base pubescent. I'anicle much or little exserted above l;he short sheath or the lower partially included, consisting of about (5 ap- proxinuite spikes, each 2-!} cm. long. Spikelets mostly in j)airs on two sides of a slender, tlexuose, triangular rachis, 1 subsessile, 1 borne on a pedicel 1-2 cm. long, elliptieal-obovate, mucronate, 3 mm. long, first glume broad, about one-third, of the lengtli of the sj)ikelet, 5-7-ni!rved, secoiul glume ovate, acute, S-!l-nerved: lloral glume of the neuter spikelet a little shorter, 5-iierved, its ])alea shorter and much narrower; fertile floret firm, elliptical, trans- versely wrinkled, 2.5 mm. long. /'. (uhpersiim Trin. (Jram. l*ani(!.. as figured, appears to bo tlie same as *^he above, only the leaves are longer and wider, the spikelets 2-3 in mimber and longer. Introduced into Philadelphia, Penn., on ballast-ground. I'AMl'K.K 117 Found also In tlic \\\'st Indii'S. 1!>. P. fasciculatum Sw. Fl. Iiid. Occ 1 : \4:> (ITttT). P. fitriatuin Clmpin. FI. S. Stativs, Sinn)!. (KiO (1S80). not Liuii,, not K. Hr. Annuiil; culms branching, erect, or the base dcciunhent, ;}0-!>0 cm. high. Tjeat'-blades thin. Ilat, cordate, rough or smooth. (I-'iO cm. long, ^y-'^ mm. wide. l*aniclo contracted, exserted or ])artially included, branches mostly .simple, erect. S-1.') cm. long. Spikelets smooth, nerves of the glumes reticulate. ])edicellate. mostly in pairs on one side of a slender. Hexuose. hairy branch, obovate, almost acute, 3-3.5 mm. long, first glume broad, irregularly nerved, altout 1 mm. long, second l)road-obovate 7-!>-nerved; floral glume of the sterile floret broad-oval, 7-nerved, its palea of equal length, oval; fertile floret witli the sides unequally convex, rugose with trans- verse liiu's. broad-oval. "^.."j-'^.S mm. long. Mexico. Pfi/iiicr 15!>. ;!0S ; Lower California, Palmer '^07; Texas, [\ S. Dcpt. Ai/rinil. from Keverehou. South Carolina to Florida ami 4'exas. Also found in the West Indies and in South Anu^rica. Var. fuscum (Sw.) P. ftisrion Sw. Prod. '^3 (17SS). Plant smaller; leaves 4-G cm. long: spikes 1-3 cm. long; secoiul glume and lower floral glume 5-nerved. Arizona. Priiu/Jr in 1SS4. distributed as P. /(tfirmii Sw. Var. major (Vasey). P. fuscinn major \'asey. Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. 3: -^7 (I.SIC,'). The whole plant stouter; blades 1.5 cm. wide; i)anicle VI cm. long. Lower California. Palmer 158. Var. reticulatum (Torr.) P. reficiilafttm Torr. Marcy. Hot. Exp. l{ed l\iv. f.ouis. '299 (KSo'^). Plant strict, blades narrow, 4-0 cm. long, blades and sheaths hairy; panicle contracted. 4-7 cm. long; second and third glumes 5-nerveil. Mexico, Prinf/h 37!», 380. '20. P. Texanum liuckl. Orel. Kep. Cicol. & Agric. Surv. Tex. (180(;). teste. Vasey Agricul. Orasses U. S. (1S8<)). Tkxas Mil- let. Coxr.no Ckass. A stout decumbent and spreading anniuil, smooth or clothed 118 PANU'AC'E.E. tliroii (IS-Ja). "A form witli luirpli" zoiiato lenvi's." (irisb. Cullivatcd. 'li. P. Schiedeanum Tiiii. ex Stoud. ^■olu. Ed. ,.', "Z-.'liV:* (1S41). 1\ /'rijiif/ci Vasey. iiu'd. Auparontly |K'reiiniaI ; dilTusely braiichiiiif near llic ba.sc, alioiit 20 (Mil. liijrli. Slicatlis smooth : lijrulc a ciliato ring; blades flat, seabroiis above, lanceolate. 'I-'.] cm. loiifj;. raiiicle about 4 cm. long, eoiisistiiig of :>-.") secund spikes 1-x* cm. long, with a scabrous. tri(|uctr<)us or llatteiied wavy axis. Spikeli'ts crowded, single. 4.5 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, eacli very short |)e(licel bearing a bristle 4-G cm. long: tirst glume broad-oval, thin. ;)-nerved. l..')mm. long, second ovate, siiltaciite. 11-iierved. 4 mm. long; iloral glume of the lower staminate lloret Itiit very little longer. r)-nerved, upper lloret pistillate, narrowly ovate, scaltrid, mueronate. '2.7 mm. long. ^lexico (.lalisco). /*iiiti//r ■^4'.*:5. 23. P. Crus-galli L. Sp. I'l. SC (Ko:}). 1?.\I!NVai!I»-(;h.\ss. Opii swell IIS Cnis-iiiilli Dum. Obs. (irani. lielg. liJS (iJS'^o), EehiiKicldiiii ('nis-t/ii//i Ueauv. Agrost. 5)5 (1S12). A coarse erect or decumbent aniiual, branching l)elo\v, oO-l'.'O cm. high, i.eaf-blades lanceolate. lO-'-iO or niori' cm. long. .'>-!."» mm. wide, margins rough, otherwise usually smooth ; ligule ol)so- li'te. Spikes (h'lise, alternate, simple <>r compound. "^-S cm. long, forming dense, secund panicles l(>-"^Ocni. long. Spikelets crowiled, 'i-',i together, subsessile in alternate rows along two sides of a rough, tri(iuetrous rachis. Mat on oiu- side, ovoid, acute, stout, luiiry. :)-4 mm. long; first glume broad, triangular, half as long as the spike- let, mueronate, ;J-nerved. second con<'ave. bi-oad-oval. acute. 7- nerved, third shorter, o-iierved, fourth hyaline. "^*-iu'rved; floral glume and palea smooth, acute or obtuse. \'ery variable in size; color green or ])uri)le. Widely distributed in warm and tropical countries, it makes a very good forage-plant when grown on rich, moist soil. Michigan. Farirel/ fov M. A. C. ; Montana. Amlvrson: Mexico, /'(iliiicr 430, 4:U)a; New .Jersey, Iln'iifoii for V . S. Dept. Agricul. 58; New ^lexieo. ./o//r.s 4ri."'»: I(»wa. Ililchroi-k; Washington, Lakw. Var. hispidum (Muhl.) Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2 : 4:.'4 (1843). /*. 120 I'AN1CA(K.E. /iisj)i'ili(ni Mulil. (Iniiii. l(»l (isiT). /'. iinn'irdfinii Miolix. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 47 (iSo:}). 'I'iill mul coaivst', witli uwns sonu'tiincs 1-2 cm. Ion;;. Kouml with the .species. Miciii.iriiu, IViil f(.r M. A. ('. i:5. Var. sabulicolum (Nws) Triii. in llorl). Pdiiinini sd/n/licuJiDii 'Seoti, A mm. loniif. Mexico, /'ri/ii/lr 1404. Wet places. Mc\ic(t to South America. r>4. P. Palmeri Vasey. Contrib. V . S. Nat. Ilcrh. 1 : -^Sl (ISIKJ). Aiimial ; culms r.'O-KSd cm. Jii,t>-li. erect, slciulcr. Liijulc .short ; l)la(les smooth, ;5(i-4() cm. loiiii'. 2-4 cm. wide. Panicle pyramidal, lo-'.H) cm. loiiir, rays siii;ude. the lon<;est 5-10 cm. long, ilower-bearing to the base, rachis rough, ti(pietrous, less than 1 mm. wide, straight or ilexuose. SpiUelets single. iml)ricate, alternate on two sides of the rachis. snbsessile, t'ach s{)ikelet subtended ]>y a bristle exceeding its own length, ovate-laneeohite, about 4 mm. long: lirst glume about 1 mm. long, l-:5-nerved. second ll-i;{- nervctl; iloral glunu' of the sterile tloret mu(di like the latter. T)- nerved ; palea broad-oval, fertile lk)ret nearly smooth, ovate-ellipti- cal, mucronate, 2..") mm. long. Mi'xico, PaJiinr IJT-.*; /'. S. Ih'pl. A;/riciiL, a specimen culti- vated IVom seed sent from Mexico. 'io. P. Reverchoni N'asey, Hull. l)ot. Divis. 1'. S. Dept. Agricul. S: -'a (ISS'.l). A rather slender, sparingly branching perennial, '25-()(> cm. high, Avith short, stout rootstocks. LiguK' a ciliatc I'ing ; l)lades firm, llat, or involute, mostly scalirons, 1(1-15 cm. long, 1-2..') mm. wide, points slender. I'aiucle very sim]>le, spikelike, much interrupted, r)-!5cm. long, the longest ray 2-15 cm. long, the short pedicels ea(!h bearing a short bristle below the apex. Spikeliki', oval, obtuse, 2-3.0 mm. long, tirst glume deltoid, o-o-nerved, less than half as long as the sj)ikelet, second and third e(|ual, .">-"-nerved. fertile lloret oval, i>lano-couvex, subacute, rugosi' with line transverse 1>AM('K.K. 121 linos. Kovorc'liou distributed this us Srfnrid inn'i^i'ta. Nearly allied to P. fascicuUttuin and joininj,' I'dnicKin and ('hanurr iphis. Mexico, PriiKjle 381. 2:)r7 ; Texas, IIV/V//// 1S4!I. Hecerc/wn :\r>, lO'.MJ. 'Zi\. p. Myosurus Hich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. I'ar. 1:10(1 (i:!)'^). y. Mininis Lam. 111. I: 17'^ (KKl). J/i/nHiitic/iiifMi/iirn.s Meaiiv. A.-rrost. 4!», /. 10: I". S (1812). ('idms erect, robust, without cavity. Sheaths smooth, but little shorter than the internodes (at least al)ovi'); li<,'ul(' broad, entire, 1.5 mm. long: blades cordate, with elaspiui^ base, laneeolate-linear, some near the top. ;)0-4() em. lonj,'. -)-') cm. wide. Panicle cylindrical, dense, sliiiiitly branching near tiie base. ']0-:5() cm. long. S-1'^ nun. broad. Spikelets linear, acuminate, I-. 5 mm. long, tirst glume broadly ovate. 3-nerved. about l.o mm. long, set'ond and third. S-iu'rved : floret acute at both ends, I) mm. long, lloral glume and palea thin, the former delicately o-nervi'd. Martiiu(|ue, I/u/nt l'^.')!); Mexico. Pdhin'r \:2i)U. Mexico. West Indies to Urazil, East Indies. •i:. r. MOUA-: Sw. Prod. 2-1 (KSS). pAUA-fiUASs. /'. /jur- hlHot/i'Tvin. Mem. .Vcad. St. Petersb. (VI.) :]:2. 2')(; (18:55). A stout asceiuling or erect iierenuial. sparingly branched. • in -ISO cm. high, nodes villous. Leai'-bhuh's 'iO-oO cm. long. 1-1.5 cm. wide. Hat. glabrous, or with a few soft, short hairs. Paiucle loose. 1-sidcd, "^0 vu\. long, i)urplish, lead-colored, the lower branches 8-10 v\u, long, simple or branched, the upper '2 em. long. Spikelets glalu'ous. subsessile in clusters of •-i-4 or single ). A stout briiucliiii^' perennial, 4(>-T() cm. liixli. fi'oni a rootstock: ewlins and slieatlis clothed with soft, whitish, ret rorse hairs. Jjcat- blades 30-50 cm. lon cm. lon<;, rays often naked for the lower tiiird. Spikclcts hairy, ovate, acute, T-S mm. lon<;; first and second . P. autumnale M(»sc. Spreiii:. Syst. 1: \Vl^) {\>>-lh). I\ t'ni- giloKwnXh. Hnum. IM. 1 : ;3(J (I8'2!i). I\ ilit'i'njnis Muhl. (iram. 120 (1S17). Perennial: culms erect, ascendiiiif. branching at the base. 2-4 cm. high. Ligule obtuse, blades numerous, flat, smooth or s])aringly hairy, •2-.") cm. long. ',\-'^ mm. wide. I'anicle ))artially included by the upper sheath, elTuse. rays capillary, few flowered, bearded in the axils. Spikelets 1-0 cm. long, single at tiu' end of rough, unbranched pedicels, lanceolate-oblong, about ;i mm. long, first glume minute, secoiul glume lance-ol)l()ng, miuuti'ly hairy along the margins and between the nerves, ."J-.o-iu'rved, third glume little longer, 5-nerved, otherwise like the former glume; fertile floret lanceolat(>-oblong, brown. 2.0 nnu. long. Illinois, r. S. Ih'pl. At/ricffL 44 from Patterson; J'afierso)! ;Jo81. Sand hills. Illinois and southward. ;50. P. brachyanthum Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. GT (1S55). /*. ^parsijhrum Yasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:34 (18!»2). /'. (iHHustifoUum Chapm. Fl. S. States. 574 (18G0) uot Ell. Culms w-eak, slender, ditTuse, branching, 50-80 cm. high. PAMCK.K. 123 Lt'iiM»Ia(lt'.s sinootli, 7-12 cm. Ioiilt. 'i'-^ mm. wide. I'aiiicU's miii-h fxst'rtctl. simple. S-i;» cm. loiijr, nns few, donpitcd. lu'ariiij; 2-4 rtpikclcts near llic tips. Spikclots elliptical, acute, papilloso- hispid, over ;5 mm. l()ll^^ lii-st .<>liime minute, second and third broud, oval, obscmvly o-T-nerved, palea to the lower lloret (>: fer- tile spikelet smooth, elliptical, nearly .'{ mm. lon^'. Te.xas. Svrihiirr. South Carolina to Florida and Te.xas. 31. P. gymnocarpon Kll. iJot. S. (". and (ia. 1 : lir (ISIO). Perennial; culms i'ii,nd. erect. (i(i-I(i(» cm. liiiih. nodes brown. Sheaths shorter than the internodcs; blades v»()-:)(l cm. lon^. 2-3 cm. wide, lanci-olate. ilat, broad at the base, smooth excej)t the xo\\)l\\ inaririns. Panicle pyramidal, risjid. the fi'W spi-cadin<:f ni)'S, mostly two oi more, from nodes 'I-') cm. distant, ."JO cm. loni;, 18 cm. diam. Spikelets on short pedicels, usually in scattered clusters of :>-('». lanceolate, about •! mm. loiii:', l.rst -. 5-10 mm. wide. Panicle I'xserted, compound, loo.se and .spreadino:, droopinir or erect, 2l)-")(>cm. long. Spikelets scattered, often ]Mir])lish. mostly in pjiirs on pedicels 2-.") mm. long, very variable, ovate-acute to ovate-lancjolate, iJ.o-fJ mm. long, first glume deltoid to ovate-acute, 2—1.5 mm. long, o-O-T-nerved, second glume ovate, acute or acuminate, 3.5-5.5 mm. long, o-T- nerved; floral glume of the staminate floret shorter. 5-7-8-nerved, fertile floret ovate, acute or obtuse, 2.3-2.7 nnn. long. The above measurements were (-arefuUy nnide after examining 124 l'.\NICA("K.K. several spiki'lots from livi' dilVi'iciil plants taken from dilVoront lo(!ali- ties. A lar^t' iiiimlu'r of forms could Ite sclectcil. I'laiits from Colorado have heeii st'eii in wliiiih there were "^ r (lowers and some empty <;lumes to the spikelel, all staminate. A tall jijniss, (iulms and leaves too toiiyh t(» make tlii' hest of I'et'd. l-'lorida. Ciir/iKs :!(i()li; New Jersey, Srrilnicr for l". S. I)(>pi. Ai^rieid. idl ; Colorado, ('(tssiiit/; Mexico, Pidmrr olO; Florida, Siiiipsuii for Nat. Mns. Ui^^); Arizona. Tokiiicii \i^\ \ Illinois, Unil for M. A. ('. 11: Michi.iian, IlirLs for M. A. V. lA. ("oiineeticnt. Northern Indiana. Kansas. Missouri. Mexico to l"'lorida. and west to the Ifocky Mountains. \V.\. P. capillarioides \'asey. Contrih. V. S. Merit. l:,".l (ISKO). A rather slender perennial. ."JO ('»() cm. hiyh. with much the uspoct of /'. capillitrc. Shi'aths pid»escent. aliout the length of tli(«' internodes; li,i>ule a ciliate rim; ; Itlades Hat. nearly smooth, 10 ".',"> em. lonji', S-iii mm. wide. I'anicles at length harely exserli'd, mostly terminal, pyi'amidal. S -1;") IJO cm. lonif. r.'-".M) 10 cm. broad, rays often in |)airs, nn»stly sinj,de. rather stilT with pnhesccnt ^danils in the axils, hranehes diverifiiii;-. sti'aijiht or slightly llexnose. ilower- hearing mainly above the nu(ldk^ Spikelets siuiile, or :» near the ends of the branches, ifreon or purple, linear-lanceolate, 5-»» mm. lo"i;, first jflnme ovate, 'Lit mm. lony, 5-nerved, second and third iintrr. scarcely atMite. i l-l.'J-iu'rved. fourth or palea of the sterile s, Kielet ovate, "^ mm. lony-; lloret mottled with brown, oval. 1.8 mm. lonjr. Texas, /iiir/>/n/, Nctdlji 'M), Miss Cro/f. .14. P. amarum Kll. Hot. S. ('. and (ia. 1 : I'.M (ISK). A robust glabrous creeping,' perennial, ;{0-!)() cm. liiyh. Leaf- blades '-itMO (iin. lon<;\ 7 -I'i mm. wide, glaucous, lirm. often invo- lute, with lon mm. lonj;^, lirst j^lume (.vatc, acute. I mm. loiii,'. li-m-rvcil. second lon<;er, 7-nerved : lloral {^lume of the sterile lloret like the latter, oidy r)-nervoil, its palea as lonjjf; fertile lloret oval, ;{.5 mm. lonL"". PANUK.K. 125 South Caroliiiii to |''loi'iil;i in tlio saiuls of the cojust. Ia'hvi's bitliT. \';ir. minor \'. ^ S. Coiitril). l'. S. Nut, IIitI.. ;5 : ;><; (lS!i-v>). A sinallor I'onii witli liirm'r spiki-lcts, jj^rowiii^' Iroiii Coniu'cticut. to Mortli (!aroliiiii. New Jt'fsi'N , /. S. /h/i/. .\(/ririi/. 11 iVoin Isaac Murk. ;!"). v. Mii.iA.KiM L. Si». IM. :.s(i;r»;{). iMii.lkt. Aniuuil ; culius stout. citi'I. Itraucliiiiy, ol'tcu I'ou^li. (Id-TiO ctii. liiiifli. Slicaths often 'trsct with lairs from warty hascs; Itladcs minuM'ous. Mat, hairy or sukxmIi. ;{(>- ")(I cru. lonu;, ■•.* 'A cm. wide. Panicle usually exsei'leil. couipouiid. pyraniidal or ovoid. s|>rt'adiiiif and in most races noddiui:; in fruit. I") ;!() cm. lony-. SpikeU'ts all |)(>dicelled. mainly home towards the ends of the branches, nu)stly ol)l(Ull,^ elliptical, acute, I mm. lon^. lirst i-iuine ItroatI, acute, "j-ncrvcil. aliout '.) mm. lonij'. second ulunu' aiul the lloral ,<.'lume of the neuler tloret much alike, the former 7 l»-iu'rved, the latter KJ-iicrved, its |)alea ahout •.* mm. lonix; Icrlile lloret, smooth, shiniuu;, oval, almost acute. ') mm. lonir. Said to 1k^ a native of India. Kxtcnsivcly cultivated in tropical and temperate rei:;ions. Turkey for 1'oulrii \\\ Sitrl/rr// : I^ouisiana. l.dintlitis. ;>»■>. p. arenarium Chain. ^ Schleclit. Liiiii. (>::)*) (is:!!), /'. Kitiilhii l-'ourn. Mex. IM. I'aium. (iram. ••'••(iSSC). Culms stout, tall (?), hiwer sheaths loose, smooth, about as lontf us tho intei'nodes; li^ide a ciliate rim;'; blades Hat. smoolli or pilose at the base. ".Ml lit) cm. loiiLr. .'• I(> mm. broad. Panicles terminal, spreading', •*(• .'ir> cm. loiiij:, rays erect. sini,dc or in p:iirs. Iho Ionis- es! (wo-thirtis as loni;' as the pani(^lc. bcariii"^ ;>-S spikelets above tlio midille on its rather stilT but slender branchos. Spikelets in pairs, linear-lanceolate I mm. lonij, pedicel of one of them 1 mm. lon-uerv(Ml ; lloret liiu'ar, acute, the lloral i-ltimc .'5 mm. lonjf. 7-!>-nerved. (Jrain elliptical. l.T '.' mm. lon;,^ Mexico, /lotin/nn/ "•'Jl>. ;{:. p. Havardii Vasey, Unll. Torr. Club. 14:0.5 (IHS7). /'. 126 I'ANRACE.E. virf/tt/mti. \'iir. oKirrnsprniiioii \'iisoy, t'oiitrib. I'. S. Nat. Herb. 3:;3G (18it2). I'ereuiiiiil: culms stout, 100-180 cm. liigli. FJgulc a tliick ring of short hairs; blades thick, rigid, often involute, smootli or liairy near the ligule, iJO-GO em. long, o-lO nun. wide. Panicle exserted, smooth, dilt'use, })yramidal, oO-SO em. long, rays single or in twos or threes, often naked for the lower third. Spikelets smooth, ovate, acute, S-9 mm. long, fi'""t glume over lialf as long as the spikelet. ovate, acute, 5-T-nerved, second ovate-acute, 8-0-nerved; tloral glume of the staminate spikelets nearly as long as the second glume, 5-T-nerved; i)alea nearly as long as its glume, membranous, ovate when spread, fertile lloret smooth, 5 mm. long. 31exico. Pn'/ifjlc 1 1 24. It was lirst cultivated in S. W. Texas in 18S1 l)y Dr. Ilavard. Texas and ^lexico. US. P. stenodes (Jriseb. Fl. W. Ind. 54: (18G4). /'. nm-eps sfrir/Kin Chapm. Fl. S. States. 073 (1800). A tufted slender glabrous erect annual, sparingly branched above. 50-80 cm. bigii. JMadcs erect, involute, setaceous, 12-20 cm. long. I'aiiicli' c\sertc(l oi- tiic lower partly included, narrow, simple. 4-8 cm. long, with 5-(') slender I'ays. Spikelets ova'te- lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long, first glume oiu'-tbird to two-thirds as long as the spikelet. acute. 1 -nerved, second glume and floral glume of the sterile floret tliin. ovate, acute. 5-iu'rved: palea much shorter than its glume; fertile lloret firm, half-terete, oval, obtuse, 1.7 mm. long. Texas. XeaJh-i/, V. S. Dept. Agricul. Oil; Alal)ania. .Vd/ir. Pojids and wet places, Florida to 'I'exas. 3'.). P. gibbum Kll. Hot. S. C. & (la. 1 : 11(1 (isiti). Culms slender, branching below, 30-50-00 cm. or even 2 m. high. IMades aiul sheaths smooth or soft hairy, blade flat, acumi- nate, T-12 cm. long. 4-12 mm. wide. Panicle close, spikclike above, interrupted below. 8-10 cm. long, 13nim.diam. Spikelets caducous, each on a short, slender pedicel, oblong, obtuse, or some of the lowest narrower and acute, 3.5 mm. long; lirst glume about PANICE.E. 127 1 mm. long, 1-3-iiervecl, second oval, ll-nerved, tumid at the base; floral glume of the neuter spikelet 5-nerved; its palea membranous, 3-nerved; fertile lloret smooth, ilat on one side, ovoid, obtuse, l.o mm. long. Florida, C/irfiss 3o!)l. An anmuil, thriving in wet ground. South Carolina to Florida and Texas. 40. P. melicarium Miehx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:50 (1803). /'. dehila Poir. Lam. Enevel. Su])i)l. 4: 283 (181()). /'. /lafoifissimiiin R. & S. Syst. 2:448 (1817). /'. Iiunis Ell. Hot. S. C. and (ia. 1: 118 (181(5). A slender glabrous rennial. with a creeping or decumbeiit base. Culms slender, lo-.")!) cm. high. Jilades 8-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the u))per reaching to the i)aniele. Panicle simple, spreading, rays few, cajjillary, single or in pairs, naked below, 0-15 cm. long. Spikelets inostly in distant clusters, on pedicels 1-2 mm. long, ovate, subacute, nearly 2 mm. long, first glume broad. 1-3-nerved, 1 mm. long, second oval, 5-nerved; iloral glume of neuter floret 3-r)-nerved, its palea firm, large aiul as long as itself, broadly obovate. gajiiug at the apex, 2-4-nervi'd; fertile floret smooth, elliptical, l-(! mm. long and usually causing the outer glumcis to op(!n. Low grounds. North Carolina to Texas. 41. P. repens L. Sp. Pi. 87. Kd. 2, 87 (17(;2-03). Culms stiff, leafy, ;50-(iO cm. high, asceiuling fnun a creeping rhi/ome. Ligule ciliate; blades glabrous or softly hairy, involute, 7-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle 7-15 cm. long, witli a W'W long, erect or spreading, flexuous brunches. Spikelets smooth, irregularly crowded, oii short, slender j)edic(>ls. oblong jiointed. 2.5 mm. long, first ghuue thin, broad, not half as long as the spikelet. obtuse or acute, nerved or not; second and tliird floral glnnu's acute, broad-ovate, 7-'.*-uerved ('* ;)-5-iu;rved."' Henth.). ])alea of the staminate floret oval, nearly 2 mm. long; fertile flon^t oblong, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, with a thin Iloral glume ami ])alea. Stamens 3. Alabama, Mo/ir; Louisiami, Lfnir/Jnis. 128 PAXICACE.E. Introduced along tlie Gulf coast, near salt water; also found in Mexico, Brazil, Euroiie, Asia, northern Africa and Australia, Var. confertum A'asey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. ]Ierb. '3:'2S (18!)'i). (Julnis 7-;}0 cm. higli. blades spreading, 3-G cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; })anicle simple, 2-7 cm. long; tirst glume longer and less obtuse. Louisiana. LuHijlois. Near sailt water on the Gulf coast. \-l. P. anceps .Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 48 (1803). A rather sleniler erect i)ereuuial, GU-'.)0 cm. high, culms flattened from stout, scaly rootstocks, the internotles of whicli are 2-3 mm. long. Slieatlis often hairy ; blades scabrous or not, slender, 30-1:0 cm. long. 5 mm. wide. Panicles terminal, 20-40 cm. long, rarely one or more lateral ones, rays erect or spreading. S|)ikelets ovate-oblong, acute, often bending sidewise from the ap- pressed branches at a wide angle. I)ringing pedicel and first glume into line. a})ex often curved, 2.2-2.5 mm. long; first glume over 1 mm. long, 3-nerved, secoiul ovate, 5-T-i\erve(l ; floral glume of sterile spikelet like the latter, only a little longer, its palea two- thirds as long; fertile floret smooth, hard, elliptical, 1.5 mm. long. Some forms are much like /'. a (j fast aides Spreng. District of Columbia. V. S. Dvpt. Afjrieul. ^'rom Gerald McCarthy. Alabama, Mohr. Massachusetts to Texas. 43. P. agrostoides Muhl. Gram. 119 (1817). An erect branching perennial, with smooth, flattened culms, S()-180 cm. high. Sheaths often compressed, softly hairy; IjJades flat, smooth or rough, 40-80 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide. Panicles 20-40 cm. long, usually reddish or purple, terminal and lateral, rays numerous, spreading or erect. Si)ikelets elliptical or lanceo- late, nsually in line with the very short ])edicels, apex straight, 2-2.5 mm. long; first glume acute. 1.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, second 5-nerved; fioral glume of sterile floret like it, only shorter, its palea two-thirds as long; fertile floret smooth, oval, 1-'1.5 mm. long. Quito variable. PANICE^iS. 129 New Jersey, U. »V. Dcpf. Ayricul. 39 from Scribuer; Aliibaina, MoJirj Mic'liigau, Couley. A tall leafy grass, growing in wet places. Massachusetts to Texas. 44. P. proliferum Lam. Encycl. 4: V47 (1707). /'. ntiUareum Walt. Fl. Car. 1'Z (17S8), not L. Annual; mostly smooth throughout. Culms branched, ascend- ing, very variable in size at the nortli, 30-50 or more cm. high. Sheaths flattened; ligule ciliate; blades flat, 10-20 cm. long, 5 mm. or more wide. Panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, rays rough, slender, spreading, exsertcd or partially included, 10-20 cm. long. Spikelets jtale green or ])ur|)le, crowded, appressed on short pedicels, lance-ovate, acute, 2.0-3 mm. long; iirst glume broad, reniform. 1 mm. or less long, .1-;J- nerved, second glume as long as the S[iilvelet, 7-nerved. tliird 5-nerved; fertile floret oval, smooth, 2 mm. long. Sometimes there is a palea for the neuter floret. Dam}) places, ]S'('W England to Texas; also in Illiiu)is. Var. geniculatum (Muhl.) Vasoy, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 34 (18!)2). P. ;/(')! ii'iilaf 1(1)1 Muhl. (iram. 123 (1S17). " This is sometimes called 's[»r()uting Crabgrass.' "J'iie stems are at first erect, then become decumbent ami spreading, fre(|ueutly attaining a length of (i-7 feet, bent and rooting at the lower joints. It has much the sanu' habit as /'. Ti'.rainniK but the stems are smooth and more flattened; the leaves also are smoother and larger. 'JMie stems are sometimes nearly an inch thick at the base, and very succulent. The panicles are sonu>tiines 2 feet long." N'asey, Desc. Cat. Orassi's V. S. Leaves rough nbove. District of Columbia, l'. S. Dvpt. At/ricti/. coll. \'asey. Southern States; common. 45. P. capillare L. Si). JM. 5S (1753). Olimvitch ({uass. Annual; culms erect or spreading, branching below, mostly 30-GO cm. liigh. Sheaths hirsute with hairs having tuberculous bases; blades thin, flat» usually hirsute. 15-30 em. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Panicle 2(l-;}0 cm. long, contahiing many capillary rays, partially included when young, sju-eading when old by the action 180 PANK'ACE.E. of the enlarged callous bases, ovoid when mature, then easily broken off and earried by the wind. Spikelets smooth, ovoid, acute, oblonjr- lanceolate, 2-3.7 mm. long:, iiedicel 1-10 nnn. lonfj, lirst glume 1-5-nerved, about 1 mm. long, second glume 5-nerved, third longer, 5-7-nerved; floral glume of fertile floret elliptical, 1.5 mm. long. \'ery variable in size and appearance, as are most annual grasses which are found in such a wide range of country. A'ery common. Philadelphia (Pcnn.), Swibiier 48; Michigan, Clark 744, Fanrell for M. A. C, Beal 17; Washington, Lake ; ]\Iinnesota, lMzi)Hjer 0. 10 ; Utah, J very large and widely spreading; forming no tufts. Spikelets 1.7 mm. long. In flelds and gardens. Tennessee. Galliiir/t'r. Var. campestre Ciattinger, Tenn. Flora, 94 (1887). Var. (iciii- nihf/inn Scribu. Culms mostly simple, slender. 20-30 cm. high. Root-leaves lorming flat tufts appressed to the soil. Spikelets 1.7 mm. long. Tennessee. Gafliiu/rrj Virginia, MUlsj)an(jh. Var. flexile Gatt. Tenn. Flora, 49 (1887). Paninim Jlcrilr Scribn. Grasses Tenn. 2:44 (1894). A slender plant, thin, elastic and upright, sparingly hairy, panicle thin, smaller, spikelets rather large, acute, much like /'. (Ht/Huniale l?osc. Tennessee, Dr. d'alfiin/rr. V. S. Dept. A(jr\cnL 4!i from Gattinger. Found in the cedar glades. Var. minimum Engcl. (Jatt. Tenn. Flora. 94 (1887). /'. niiiiiman} Scribn. A slender plant, 10-00 cm. higli ; i)anic]e simple, with G-10 single rays; spikelets usually less than 2 mm. long. Tennessee, (jafliin/cr 17 \ Xew Mexico, Lcmmon ^Xhl. Pcrhai)s only a form grown on poor soil or where much crowded. 4(i. P. sonornm. P. capillare miUacvum. Vasey ined. PANICE.E. 131 A stout annual, 30-100 cm. liigh. Culms sparingly brancheiU and tliese. as well as the sheaths, clothed with stiff hairs coming each from a prominent tubercle. Sheaths mostly longer than the internodes, rather loose; ligule a ciliate ring; blades more or less hirsute, flat, cordate, 30-40 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide. I'aniclB usually included at the base, obovoid, '20—40 cm. long, rays very numerous, rather stiff, mostly single, branching freely and bearing an immense number of spikelets. The pedicels of the spikelets 1-7 mm. long. Spikelets linear-oval, 3,2-3.5 mm. long, first glume ovate, 2.2 mm. long, 5-nerved, second and third equal, O-ll-nerved. fourth or palea of the neutral floret 1 mm. long; fertile floret oval, 2.2-2.5 mm. long, Horal glume T-nerved. The plant is more robust than that of /*. capiUare; the spike- lets are larger, first glume longer and 5-nerved, instead of 1-nerved, second and third glumes (»-ll -nerved. Mexico (Sonora) and Lower California, Palmer, Seeds sown in wet places to raise grain, which is used by the Cocoi)a Indians. 47. P. bulbosum \L li. K. Nov. fien. et Sp. 1: 0.0 (1815). (!ulms !»()-120 cm. high, glabrous, erect, flattened, from a perennial bulbous base. Hlades flat, scabrous or pilose, 30-40 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, com]>ound, spreading, 20-40 cm. long, tiie main rays single or two or three at a node, scabrous, the ultimate branches short and scattered all along tlie main branches. Spikelets usually gri'cnish. often in \y,\\\r, one of which is borne by a i)edicel usually 2 mm. or longer, the other on a longer pedicel, ol)lcng-linear, terete, al)out 4 mm. long: first glume ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved, over half as long as the spikelet, secontl 5-7-nerved; floral ghune and jieuter spikelet reaching beyond the second glume, 5-nerved. its ])alea shorter, 3-nerved; fertile floret soft, ovate-lanceolate, 3.5 mm. long. Mexico, Pahncr-iO:^: Texas, Xealh't/. Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico. Var. minor Vasey Contrib. V. S. Xat. Ilerl). 3:35 (1802). P. maximum var. bnJbosiim Munro. Culms more slender, panicle narrow, 15 cm. long; spikelets 3.5 mm. long. 132 PANICAC'E.E. Arizona, Pritujh'. Var. avenaceum (II. U. K.). /'. (wpnareum II. H. K. Nov. Gen. ot Sp. 1 : 99 (1815). Si)ikelut8 siibsessile, about .'} nun. long, ot'ton purple; first gjlume scarcely half as long as the spikelet, the lower iloret often stain inate, fertile tloi'et 3 mm. long. Mexico, Pri)i(]h> 377. Arizona, ^lexieo, Quito. (Juyana. 48. P. MAXiMiM Jacq. Ic. I'l. Har. Coll. 1: /. 13, 7G (178G). (iiiXKA (Jkass. J\ Jititipufonnii IVrs. Syn. 1:83(180.5). A stout perennial, from scaly, creci)ing rootstocks. C'ulnis smooth. 8(1-1 50 cm. high, nodes smooth or silky hairy. Leal'- blailes smooth, JJ0-3() cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; ciliate at the liijule and on the niar. spreading; rays mostly single, naked below and few-flowered. Spikclrts very smooth. ])ale green or pnrjile. single or in ])airs. mostly borne above the middle of the branches, lanceolate-ovate, acute. .3-4 mm. long: first glume acute or obtuse, one-third to one-half as long as the sjjikelet. 5-nerved; second glume ovate-lanceolate, aimte, PAXICE.E. 133 0-nervetl: floral glume of the neuter floret a little siiortt-r, 7-!»-nerveil, its piiiea inueh shorter; fertile floret half terete, smooth, ovul. 'i-'i.o mm. long. This was distributed by the U. 8. Dept. Agricul. at one time as /*. f/if/a»feiiiti Seheele. Mexico. Pn'tif/Ie :}70. PaJmcv 108'', 20G; Arizona. Priiiifh'. distributed as /*. rdpillure (var.?); West Texas, yeallei/, llitniril. Fouiul in many parts of Texas and Mexico. A plant named as above is in the lierbarium of the late Dr. G. Thurber, fnmi Kotschyi, iter Nubicuni, One very closely resembling it is named J\ /isilnpodiinii. Trin. ^ISS.. idcntitii'd by tJeneral Munro and now in Herb. Gray of Harvard University. In the description aliove considerable use was made of Vasey's contribution as above referred to. The specimens resemble No. 497 of Pringle's Mexican plants named /*. -120 cm. hi^fli. Loar-hliulos smooth, shininS. I'olmer 1083; also in tho AVest Indies and Brazil. Shaded places. 58. P. ramulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:50 (1803). A slender tui'ted perennial, 10-30 cm. high, culms erect, smooth, exserted. Blades linear-lanceolate. 3-4 to a culm, rather firm, flat or becoming involute, scabrous on the nuugins, with a lew hairs near the base and at the ligule. 2-3 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Panicle diffuse, oval or ])yramiilal, 3-5 cm. long; rays ca)>illary. flexuose, bearing numerous spikelets. Spikelets oval or obovoid. about 1 mm. long; first glume broad, one-third as long as the spikelet; second and floral glume of the neuter floret similar, 7-nerved, or the latter 5-nerved; palea half as long as its ghnne; fertile floret smooth, broad, oval. By some believed to be a form of P. (lirliotomum Ij. Florida, Curiiss, Chapman, Canby PANIC K.K. 137 So far us observed tliis seems to u f-ood si)e(!ies. Soiitlieni 'l\'\as. 5!t. P. microcarpon Mulil. (irmu. Ill (1817). All erect stout iiereiiiiial ; culm smootii. sometimes hairy at the nodes, perhii|)s s|iariii<,dy hniiiehed. :5()-'.t() em. Iii<,'h. Sheatlis as loiif^ as the internotles; hlaties ohlonase, some not over ;{ cm. loni;-, others I'i cm. lonn-; blades and sheidhs usuidly eontainin,!; some soft hairs, somi'times suuioth, and on short, ])lants sometimes roun'h. 'IMu' terminal panicle exserted. spreadiny', compound, ovoid or pyramidal, :> -!) cm. lon,i,s the lateral ones smaller, partially or wholly included. Spikelets few ( 10) to many (■•i.-)!)). on slender |)e(licels. oblon.ii-ovate. obtuse, downy, less often smooth, 1.5-'^ mm. lony; lii'st .irlume broad, l-nervereadin,<; leaves (usually brii^ht iffecn). and nmstly louii- pedunculate panicles. iCJ. P. rhizophorum I'ourn. Ih'uisl. hiol. Centr. Am. Mot., :!:l!ir) (ISSO). Culms rather slender, sionieidate, rootinjjf at tlm lower nodes, oO (iO cm. Iiiirli. slightly branchiiii;-. mcuv or le.ss pubernleut. Sheaths puberulent. m!iri;ins pilose; lijiide a mere riiii?; blades Hat, (pii- luteral, subcordale. I'anicl(>s mostly terminal, simple, l-T em. Innijf; rays pubescent at the axils, sprcadiiifj, single, the lonjjfest ^'. .")-;> cm. lonif, the rays bearing clusters of s[>ikelets on the ends. 140 PANICAC'E.B. Spikelets smooth, oval or obovate, obtuse, 1.0-i.O mm. long; second and third glumes equal, 5-nerved; Horet Jiispidulous, oval, 1.4 mm. long. Mexico (San Luis Potosi), Prinfile 3S17, Hourg. 30:55. liott. 150, 151, 427. Bel. 390. Shady rocky slopes. 64. P. depauperatum Muhl. (!ram. 112 (ISIT). P. Wikox- ianum Vasey, Bull. 8, U. S. Dept. Agric. iiot. Div. 32 (188!»). A tufted perennial; culms slender, simple, erect, branching below, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths mostly pubescent; blades 3 to a culm, narrowly linear, erect. Hat or involute, beset with long soft hairs. Panicle 3-0 cm. long, simple, contracted on long peduncles, above the leaves or some of them mucli lower. Spikelets mostly acute whei! young, some of them becoming obtuse when mature, oval-ovate or oval-obovat'.'. 2-3.5 mm. long; tirst glume 1-2 mm. long, 1-5-nerved, second 7-10-nerved; iloral glume of tlie neuter spikelet 5-!>-nerved, its palea small; fertile floret oval, smooth, 1.7-2.7 mm. long. The plant varies much, especially the spikelets. In the above measurement of spikelets the larger is from a plant collected by Dr. Vasey in 1). C, and named by Vasey & Scribner; the snudler is one of the Cooly collection, from Deertield, Mass. New York to Texas. Michigan, Wheeler for :M. A. C. 17. lUal 18, !'.», Cuoleii for M. .\. C. 20,21; Massachusetts, Shtrtvcant; Texas. Jenneij for Nat. Mus., Xetil/ei/. \ar. laxum Vasey. Hull, 'i'orr. Club, l(i:8 (188!)). ''Weaker stemmed; i)anicK' with longer and more spreading branches (1.5-2 inches), the lower ones single or verticillate; s})ikelets smaller." Virginia. Florida, Texas. Arkansas, Missouri. (>5. P. Vaseyanum Scribn. ined. A geniculate puri)lish branching annual. 50-80 cm. high, smooth throughout, except the nnirgins of the blades and the hispid branches of the panicle; nodes light-colored. Sheaths loose, ciliate; ligule very short; blades thin. Hat, 10-15 cm. long. 4-ti mm. wide. Panicles terminal, or wilh two or three lateral, PANK'K.E. 141 partially iiichuled by tlie leaves, narrow, erect, compact, 4-7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; rays rather stiff, appressed, 1-2 cm. long. Spikelets smooth, oval or ovoid, 2.5 mm. long; first glume thin, deltoid, 1-uerved, about 1 mm. long; second and third glumes equal, delicately D-l 1-uerved; fertile floret smooth, subacute, 2.3 mm. long. Mexico, Fringle 1415. Wet places, pine plains, base of Sierra Madre. Sep. 30, 1887. The above description was made entirely from the single specimen above noticed. ()G. P. commutatum Schultes, Alant. 2:242 (1824). P. ncrvo- suni Muhl. Gram. IIG (1817), not Lam. A rather slender, erect perennial. Culms simple, smooth, 40-00 cm. higli ; nodes dark pur2)le. Sheaths smooth or softly ciliate, some of the lowest shorter and thicker and rough, covering about half tlie internodes; blades ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate with the base cordate, smootli, except the ciliate margins, 11-nerved, 7-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide. Panicle exserted, pyramidal or oval, spreading; branches slender, flexuous, smooth, (j-12 cm. long. Spikelets numerous; capillary pedicels 2-15 mm. long, elliptical, subacute, minutely hairy under a lens, or smooth. 2.5-3 mm. long; first glume broad, thin. 1-nerved; second ghnne and floral glume of the neuter floret equal, 7-nerved. the palea to the latter half as long as the spikelet; fertile floret smooth, oval, obtuse. 2.3 mm. loug. U. S. Dept. Agricul. no locality, (Jeorgia, Coohnj; Kentucky, hrrh. Michigan Univ. from Houghton; Texas, Xnd/i'i/. By some this is included with /*. dichotomy di L. Michigan, Pennsylvania, to Louisiana. Var. consanguineum (Kunth). /*. ('onsnnfjui)icum Kunth, Rev. firam. 1:36 (1829). P. viUoxuni Ell. Hot. S. C. & Ga. 1:124 (1810). r. aiKjHstifoJium Ell. Hot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 121) (1810). ('ulms branching. Sheatiis ])ubescent; blades villous on the margins near the base, 5-8 mm. wide. Panicle sometimes partially included. Virginia, U. S. Dept. Agricul. from Vasei/ ; Florida, Ciniiss 3583. 142 PANICACE.E The latter specimens are more slender in every way, not protlucing panicles, a feeble growth reminding one of the sickly growth of peach-trees having the yellows. South Carolina to Florida. Ur. P. Joorii Vusey, Bull. 8, U. S. Dept. Agric. 31 (1889). Perennial; culms branching, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths crowded and overlapping toward the top of the culm, ciliate on the margins; ligule a mere ring; blades Hat, linear-lanceolate or oval- lanceolate, G-10 cm. long, 1.3-2 mm. wide, wavy-margined, the cordate base ciliate. Panicle often partly included, Avhen exscrted ovoid, about 5 cm. long; rays bearing a few pedicelled spikelets from base to apex. Spikelets linear to oval, acute, 3 mm. long; first glume deltoid, 1.3 mm. long, obscurely 5-nervcd; second and third or lloral glume of the lower floret oval, subacute, 0-nerved, 2.7 mm. long, its palea narrow and more than half as long; fertile floret oval, 2 mm. long; floral glume and i)aloa membranous, ratlier soft. Mississippi. *S'. M. Tracy in 1888. ()8. P. xanthophysum A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:233 (1835). An erect yellowish -green perennial, sometimes sparingly branched near the base, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths hairy, usually covering all the culm, except above the u})per leaf; blades 4-6, smooth except the margins and the ciliate, boarded, elasi)ing base, lanceolate-acuminate, 9-11 -nerved. 7-15 cm. long. 1-1.5 cm. wide. Panicle erect, much exserleil, very simple: branches appressed, 5-8 cm. long. Spikelets 5-15, broad-ovate, minutely downy, a little over 3 mm. long; first empty glume ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved, reaching near to the middle of the spikelet; second 9-13-nervedi floral glume of sterile floret 9-nerved, its palea nerveless, 2.5 mm. long and when spread of equal width below; fertile floret smooth, 2.5 mm. long. Xew York, U. S. Dept. Agricul. lOG from Dndki/; Vermont, Pringle; New Jersey, Britten; New York, Clinton for Dr. Clark 2499; Michigan, Whcehr iov U. A. C. 19. Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts, New York, northern Michigan, to Minnesota and northward, rare. PAMCE.E. 143 69. p. viscidum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:123, /. 7, /. 3 (1817). P. scoparium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:49 (1803), not Lam. (1797). A robust branching leafy perennial. 90-120 cm. high, softly hairy throughout, except the nodes, branches of the panicle and sometimes the upper surface of the leaves. Leaf-blades flat, lanceolate, narrowed toward the base, 12-24 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide. Panicle comjiound; branches glandular, diffuse, the base included by the upper sheath, 12-18 cm. long. Spikelets borne on capiUary flexuose pedicels, elliptical, subacute, about 2.5 mm. long: first glume thin. 1-nerved, less than 1 mm. long; second and iloral glume of the neuter floret 7-9-nerved: palea much shorter and narrower; fertile floret ovate-oblong, subacute, 2 mm. long. Alabama, Mohr; District of Columbia, McVartlnj. Wet places near the seacoast. New England to Florida and Texas. Var. scabriusculum. P. scahriuftrnlum Chapm. Fl. S. States 576 (1860), no] KU. /'. XeaUt'/fi Vasey. Sheaths and lower side of the blades smooth, rough or more or less pubescent. Spikelets smooth or minutely i)ubeseent under a lens. Alabama (]\[obile), Mohr; Texas, Nealley; Florida, Chapman 31. Xorth Carolina to Florida and Teras. 70. P. scoparium Lam. Encycl. 4:744 (1797). P. pauciflorum Ell. Bot. S. C. iS: (ia. 1: 120 (1817). A tufted upright perennial, branching much or little, 30-60 cm. high. Culm rough or smooth, rather stout, internodes longer than the sheaths. Sheaths hairy; blades flat, firm, lanceolate, mostly hairy beneath, faintly 7-11-nerved. 6-14 cm. long, 7-13 mm. wide. Panicles exserted, simple, ovoid or pyramidal, 4-7 I'm. long. Spikelets all pedicelled, obovate-obtuse, pubescent, 3 mm. long, often purple at the base; first glume broad, 1-nerved, over 1 mm. long, second not longer than the fertile floret, 9-n-nerved; floral glume of the neuter floret 9-nerved, its palea thin and much shorter; fertile floret firm, smooth, broad-oval, 2.5 mm. long. 144 PANICACE.E. Now Jersey, Scribner 3601 from Parker, named by Vasey and Scribner ; Micbigan, Wheeler j District of Columbia, Va/^ei/ ; Arizona, Pritiyle. In all tbe above there is a remarkable uniformity in size of S])ikelets. Massachusetts to Oregon, (leorgia and Arizona. 71. P. clandestinum L. Spec. PI. 5S (17"):$). Perennial, from tufted rootstocks. Culms stout, erect, very leafy. Sheaths rough with papilltB bearing stiff spreading hairs; bhides oblong-lanceolate, 12-15 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, from a heart-shaped base; apex long, wedge-shaped, rough or smooth. Panicles terminal and usually cxserted or lateral and included, the terminal one spreading and pyramidal, 12 l)y 10 cm. Spikelets oblong, mostly smooth, '.\-',].i\ mm. long; iirst glume acute, 1-nerved, second !)-ll-nerved; floral glume of staminate lloret 7-11-nerved, its palea present; fertile floret oval, subacute, 3.5 mm. long. Much like P. htfifdJium. Culm stouter, branching more freely; panicle with more branches and more spikelets, which are oval. Distri(>t of Columbia, IT. S. Dept. Agricul. 54 from CJiirlrrhifj; Philadelphia, Pa., Scribner 358;); ^lassachusetts, Sturtevauf for M. A. V.\ Pennsylvania, Dr. Clark 2371; New Jersey, Herb. Univ. of Mich. Also No. 125 presented by S. S. Garrigues to Univ. of Mich. The sheaths of the latter feel smooth to the touch. Low land, Massachusetts, ^lic^higan, Texas. 72. P. Oaxacense Steiul. Syn. PI. Gram. 73 (1855). Culm smooth, erect, stout, 2-2.5 m. high. Sheaths shorter than the internoues, ciliate on the margins above; ligule 1-2 mm. long; blades smooth or very s})aringly })ubes('ent, eonlate, acumi- nate, at least 10-20 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide. Panicle ojien, pyramidal, ab(nit 30 cm. long; rays smooth, rigid, in twos, threes or single, 3-5 cm. distant; l)ranches few. sju'eading, bearing 2-10 spikelets. Spikelets subsessile or on pedicels 1 mm. to 4 cm. long, globose, oval, 4 mm. long; first glume concave, ovate-deltoid when spread, 7-nerved, 3 mm. long; second glume and floral glume of PANK'E.K. 145 the neuter floret equiil, tlie foriner 7-nerved, the hitter 9-nerved; fourth glume ([uilea of tlie neuter iloret) ohovute, '.) mm. long, Avitli ii long ciillous base ; ui)per floret shining, smooth, oval, sub- acute, ^.T) mm. long. Mexico (Jalisco), />rin(/le i:;}3. r;{. p. Walter! I'oir. Lam. Envycl. Suppl. 4:282 (1810). J'. latifoUuiii Walt. Fl. Car. 73 (1788), not Jj., teste Swartz. I'orennial, fi'om tufted rootstocks. Culms sniooth, erect, simple orsparingly branching, 30-70 cm. high. Leal'-blades ll-lS-nerved, (»-lI cm. long. 2-3.5 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather abru[)tlv' taper-pointed, the base cordate-clasping, mostly smooth (.'xcei)t the throat, margins near the base, and lower end of the sheath near the nodes, which are villous. Panicle simple, usually exserted, often on a long ])ednncle: rays spreading, 7-12 cm. long. S[)ikelets often downy, obovate, 3-4 mm. long (mostly 3.5); first glume 1-nerved, 1 mm. or moic long, second !)-13- nerved ; lower floret staminate, floral glume 7-1 ;{-nerved, its palea but little shorter: fertile floret elliptical, subacute. 2.5-3.3 mm. long. Much like /'. claiide.sli/nitii. but blades more tajjeriiig below the middle, tapering more abruptly, with concave margins above, mostly shorter and wider. A plant from Dr. Vasey, collected at Washington, ]).C., I8S4, marked '* typical "" has hairy sheaths, blades 10 cm. by 2 cm., panicles snudi, branches stout. Spikelets 4 mm. long. Michigan, /it'dl 2\, A ns/i/i ; Ma>*sachusetts, Benl 22; New York, Jical 23 ; M innesota, Uolztxticr ;}2 : District of Columl)ia, Mr('(ii't/ii/. Fouiul from New England to 'I'cxas. Var. molle Vasey. Contrib. V. S. \at. Tlerl). 3:33 (1802). Smaller, more slender, soft velvety-pubescent throughout. District of Columbia, Vnseif for U. S. Dept. Agricul. Vinfinia to Louisiana. 27. (;») ICHNANTHUS Heauv. Agrost. 50, f. 12,/. 1 (1812). Xa- viciihirid Uaddi. Agrost. Hras. 38 (1823). Spikelets ovate or acuminate, short-pedicellate on the branches of the panicle, with one perfect terminal flower and a lateral stami- nate flower. 146 PANICACE.E. The two lower empty glumes subequal, membranous, the floral glume of the staminate or neuter floret about the length of the two lower glumes; floral glume and palea of the fertile floret usually shorter and harder, and the racliilla below supplied with membran- ous api)endages or pits. Stamens 3. Styles distinct at the base. (J rain oblong, enclosed by glume and palea, but not adherent. Grasses with much the habit of Eupaniciim in the genus Pani- ciim; blade usually broad. Panicle rather dense. There are about twenty species found in tropical America, and one of them is also found in India. 1. I. pallens (Sw.) Munro, Henth. Fl. llongk. 414 (1861). Paviciim pallens Sw. Prod. 23 (ITSS). A rather slender grass, the leafy branching culms 30-40 cm. high, from creeping bases. Slieaths half as long as the internodes; ligule very short; l>hides flat, ovate or ovate-lanceohite, more or less hirsute, 5-9 cm. long. Panicles terminal or lateral, linear or slightly spreading, 8-13 em. long; rays single or in twos, the longest 6-8 cm. long, bearing scattering spikelets on the branches for the whole length. Spikelets oval, 3-3.5 mm. long; iirst empty glume 3-nerved with a slender beak, second and third 5-nerved; fertile floret oval, obtuse. 2 mm. long. Mexico (San Luis Potosi), Prlngle 3827, also found in the West Indies and in Brazil. A Fig. 86 — lehnauthus pallens. A, B, spikelets. B (Hichardson.) 28. (10) Oplismenus Heauv. Fl. Owar. 2:14, t. 58 (1807). Poniculafnm Ard. Animad. 2:14 (1764). Otihojwgon R. Br. Prod. 194 (1810). Ophiwicnus Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 4:271 (1816). Hekaterosachne Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 118 (1855). PANICE.E. 147 Spikelcts Avitli 1 terminal perfect flower and a rudimentiiry 1 below it, awued, clustered along the secund distant rays of a simple ])aniele, articulate with the pt'dicels. (Jlumes 4, the 3 outer ones membranous, the lowest empty one not much shorter than the others and with a lonjrer awn, floral ji^lume awuless and hardened witli the palea as in J'aiiinnii. to which it is very nearly allied, in the section Brachiaria. Stamens ;5. Styles distinct. A small tropical and subtropical genus of 10 to 10 s])ecies, found in both hemispheres. By some botanists they have been sc])arated as tliough there were thirty species. The genus diifers fnmi Pani- ciDii in the greater development of the lowest empty glume, which is always awned. 1. 0. undulatifolius ]?eauv. Agrost. 54.(181'^). O. sctarins K. & S. Syst. 'Z-ASY (181 :). Panicnm sefariNui Lam. 111. 1:170 (i:i»l). Culms weak, sparingly brariched, 20-50 cm. high, ascending fi'om a long creei)ing base. Sheaths ciliate, about as long as the internodes; blades reticu- late-veined, ovate-lanceolate or lanceo- late, acute. 2-4 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, sparingly ciliate. Spikes 5-8, on 3-8 centimeters of the axis, 5-8 mm. long. Spikelcts ',\-7, glabrescent, oval, !) mm. long, first glume 1-nerved. 2 nun. long, with a stout, straight, smooth, blunt awn, 1 cm. long, second ii little longer, ovate, 5-nerved, bearing iui awn its own length, third glume l)road-oval, still longer, 7-0-nerved, with a short awn; fertile floret ovate, Fig. 27.—Opli8memts undulnti- •iboiit -^ mm loner Z"^*'"*- -b spike; a, spikek-t; .loout ^ mm. long. ^^ ^^^^^ (Scribner.) Florida, Curfiss 3595. 2. 0. Liebmanni Fourn. Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:502 (1880). Culms simple excepting at the base, 40-60 cm. high. Sheaths 148 PANIC" ACE. 15. slightly (.'iliate, mostly shorter tluiu the internodes: blades reticu- late-veined, elliptieal-laiiceolate, acuminate, i-S cm. long, 8-14 mm. wide, sparingly ciliate. Spikes 5-8, on 7-10 centimeters of the axis, tiio longest 15-5 cm. long. Spikelets in clusters of 2-5 on the primary branches, ellii)tical. 15 mm. long, first glume '.i- nerved, 2 mm. long, with an awn 3-5 mm. long, second a little longer, 5-nerved, unawned, third still longer, 7-9-uerved, uuawued; fertile fioret 3.5 mm. long. Mexico (Oaxaca), Priiif/Ie 494-i. Texas, Mexico to Brazil. Anotlier form or variety is No. 4G3, Dr. E. Palmer, Jalisco, Mexico, in 188(i. In tlie latter the rachis is clothed with hairs ex- tending beyond and covering the spikelets. Spikelets 13-20 in an oblong spike 1 cm. long, oval 3 mm. long, awns very slender and rough, third glume awnless. 21). (11) Chjetium Nees. Agrost. liras. SCO (1829). Herchtohlia Presl, l^>li(|. Ihvnk. ;J23, /. 43 (1830). Spikelets narrow in a close panicle, the pedicel articulate near tlic middle, 1-tlowered with 3 empty glumes (the third standing for a second tloret), first aiul second empty glumes termiiuiting in l)ristle-like awns, second usually larger witli a longer awn, third sliorter witli a shorter awn; fertile fioret firm, shorter, acuminate. Stamens 3. Styles disiinct. (irain ol)long, enclosed, but not adiiereiit. Kather stout grasses with narrow leaf-blades Panicle terminal and ([('ii^i.' with slender rays. There are two species known, one belonging to Mexico, the other to Brazil. ('lupfium has nearly the spikelets of Oplismonus, the outer glumes being well developed aiul awned; the infioresceuce is (|uite different. Kunth places it with OpJistnenua, Doel with Pdiiirtfiii. Fournier retains Chwtium for one of two species and places the other in the genus Berrhtohliit. 1. C. bromoides (Lam.) Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 19: 46 (1881). Paniann hromoiden Lam. 111. 170 (1791). Culms hard, smooth, compressed, about GO cm. high, from pe- PANU'EiE. 149 rennial rootstocks. Sheaths loii<;er tluin tlie intornodes; li;nrulo, maririns of the sheaths, and the nodes sliort-liairy; bhides nearly smooth, sparingly soft-pubescent, fhit or condui)lieate, 30 cm. long, 6 mm. wide. Panicle partially included by the upper sheath. Pig. 28.— Ch(Ptium bromoides. Spikelet. (Richardson.) 15-18 cm. long, rachis and rays triangular and liispid. pedicels clothed with short, stiflF, erect hairs, and separating obliquely near the base. Spikelets rough, compressed, narrowly elliptical, with a 150 I'AMCACK.E. furrow on each side. T nun. loii\\K Prinyle 2;{;31. :?(». (r*) ChamjerAPHIS K. Mr. Trod. 1:193 (1810). Svtaria IVauv. Agrost. 11:5 (KSl:i), not Ach. (ITDS). Spikelets with one terminal perfect tlower, aiul a staminatt' or neuter one below it, crowded into a cylindrical dense or soniotinies interrupted spikelike panicle, awnless, articulate with the pedicel, sonu> or all of which bear 1 to several persistent, awidike, iiarren branches; lirstouti'r glunu' snudl. sccoiul larger, lloral glume of the barren lloret equalling the second oi' longer, all three membranous; lloral glume of tlu^ fertile lloret llrm,. StanuMis ',\. Styles distinct, (irain enclosed, but not adherent. Annual grasses with Hat leaf- blades. Panicle terminal. Specii's very variable, about 35, though lientham said, in fien- cra riantarum, ''Hardly more than 10 that are well dciiiied.'" Ex- tensively distributed over tlie warmer and temperate regions of the globe. ^lost of them are considered weeds, thougli the young j)lant ami the seeds make wholesome food for many domestic ani- .mals. The older authors included Chamivraphis {Setaria) in Pani- cum, aiul it has been restored as a section by 8tudel and Doel. It is easily recognized by the dense spikelike panicle, usually bristling with numerous setae issuing from the pedicels below the spikelets. The setie are not epidermal, like the hairs of many plants, but are thought to represent abortive branchlets inserted bc/owthc articida- tion of the pedicels. A few species have the lower llower perfect as well as tho ui)pcr, which is quite exceptional in Pionrew. Ptniir/nn n>n's(>tu)» Trill, has a single awn on some of the pedicels, and on this account has been by some called Setaria imiscta, while Presl called it Urochloa uniseta, and Schlecht founded a genus for it called Ix- ophorus. PAXICE.E. 151 A. Lciif-bliulcs plioato , 15 li, Hristlos with fine teeth pointinj; downwards 1 C. liristles witli lino ttoth jtointiiif,' upwards (a) a. I 'hints ;]-() meters lii«fli )t a. IMants 25-00 eni. higli. Slieaths eoniprossed. . 3. 4, 5, em. or more hiffh e>' t b. Native in Florida and 'IVxas 8 a. Plants usually ;50-G0 em. hi<,di. Sheaths comjjressed little if any (c) c. Spikes tawny yellow when mature !) c. Spikes ffreen or reddish brown when mature. . . . (d) d. Fertile lloret stron<;ly wrinkled transversely, as \n ('. l//ii>trti 10, 11 d. Fertile lloret not wrinkled transversely, or only as seen under a lens (e) e. Spikes dense I'l e. S|)ikes interrupted (i) i. SpI. 14. C. uniseta (Presl) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 770 (1801). Uro- chJoi uniseta Presl, Peliii. Ihvnk. 1:319 (1830). Panicum nnise- tum Trin. et Pupr. Mem. Acad. St. IVtersb. (VI.) /. 3:217 (1835). Sefariu iiniseta Fourn. Ilemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:50(; (1880). Culms slender, smooth or rough, branching below, 40-70 cm. high. Leaf-blades flat, twisted (?), scabrous. 10-14 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide. Spikes interrupted, the larger branches 3-5 mm. long, Ijristles single, finely serrulate, 10-15 nun. long. Si)ikelets oval, hardly acute, 2 mm. long, first glume less than half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, second and the floral glume of the neuter spike- lot 5-nerved, the former a little the shorter; palea small; fertile floret with very slight transverse ridges as seen with a lens. Mexico, Pr ingle 381. 15. C. sulcata (Raddi). Setaria sulcata Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 50. PANIC E.E. 159 Culms stout, 90-120 cm. liigli. Sheatlis hispid; ligule a fringe of hairs; blades glal)rouH, folded, grooved. 30-120 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, acuminate at both ends. Panicle dense, lanceolate, the apex nodding, 30-60 cm. long, the longest rays 2.5-3 cm. long, the branches and pedicels bearing scattered slender bristles 1-3 cm. long. Spikelets elliptical, acute, 3 mm. long, first empty glume ovate, 3-nerved, 1.5 mm. long, second ovate, obtuse or subacute, 5-nerved, 2 mm. long, the third ovate-acute, 5-nerved, a little ex- ceeding the acute lloret. Floral glume and palea not very firm. Near streams. Mexico (San Ijuis Potosi), Pritigle 3921. 31. (13). Cenchrus L. Sp. PI. 1049 (1753). Linn. Coroll. Gen. 20(1737). 7i'a;T//* Adans. Fam. 2 : 35 (17(33). Echisacluis Neck. Elem. 3:228 (1790). Spikelets with one terminal perfect llower and sometimes a staminate one below it, not awned, single or 2-3 together within an ovoid or glol)ular involucre of numerous bristles, the inner ones usiuilly broad and llattened, connected at tlic base and ha.' (1824). fli/mnolJn'ix Z^///o/m Sciiull. Munt. 3:(;oi (18-.'4). Culms stout and tali, branciiing above, 120-150 cm. high, the nodes i;lothed with siioi't hairs. Leaf-blades Hat, IJO-tJO cm. long, 2-;) cm. wide, narrowed into a petiole, midrib ])roniinent. white. Spikes 4-() cm. long, protruding from the upjier sheaths, invo- lucre consisting of about 20 simple bristles as long as the spikclets, and one bristle much longer (15 mm. long). Spikelets linear- lanceolate, not far from (J mm. long, first glume 1 mm. long, second ovate-acute, 3-nerved, 2-3 mm. long; floral glume of the neuter PANICK.K. 165 floret oviito-limceolutc, /i-nerveil, 7 iiini. lonp;; floral glume of the teniiiiiul lloret S-norved, 5-() iiiiu. long. Sometiiiu'!^ (uiltiviitud us uii onmniciitiil i)liint. South Aniorioii. 4. P. cenchroides IJich. I'ers. Syu. I : T'^ (1805). Gymnothrix cencliroides l{. Ot S. Svst. 'i:\W (ISli). ('ulnis sleiuler, gonicuhito. brunching Ir'Iow, 30-()0 cm. liigh. Slieutlis about luilf us long us the internodes; lijjfule eiliute; bhules tlut. smooth or nearly so, 8-1"^ cm. loii^j, ;5-5 mm. wide. Spike dense, exserted. ovate, !i-4 em. long, the involucre usually contain- ing 2-;{ spikelets, consisting of simple spreading bristles below, and erect plumose bristles united mori' or less at the base, the latter 2-.'5 times as long as the spikelets. S|)ikelets ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, first glume thin, ovale, 1 -nerved, ahnost 'I mm. long, sec- ond a little longer, l-;)-nerved; floral glume of staminate spikelet broad-ovate, with 5 |)rominent nerves, its palea ovate, nearly as long; floral glume and palea of terminal floret much like those of the lower floret, oidy a little longer. Plant from the l'. S. Dept. Agricul. grown from seed from Mexico. 5. P. Mexicamim llemsl. l?iol. (\>ntr. Am. Hot. :5: 508 (ISSO). Gymnotliri.i.Mcxifditti Fourn. Mex. IM. Knuni. (iram. 48 (ISSO). Culms snu)oth. !iO-i:iO cm. high from a branching base. Ligule a mere ring; blades s( abrous above, long-pointed, 40-50 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide. S|)ikes terminal, jtartially enclosed at the base, yellowish white or light straw-color. '^0 cm. long, 1 cm. diam., bris- tles of the involucre K-'25, some shorter, some as long as the spikelet, and some longer; one of them 10-15 mm. long. Si)ikelets solitary, linear-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, tii'st glume cuneate-ovate, obtuse, 1-uerved, 3 mm. long; second aiul third equal, linear- iMiiccolate before s])reading, 5-nerved; floral glume of fertile floret hyaline, otherwise much like the second and third glumes; jialea of the lower neuter floret short, of the fertile floret 3.5 mm. long. Mexi'jo, Palmer 514, Prinyh' 4:510. 6. P. bambuBiforme llemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 507 (1880). 166 PANICACE^. A reedliko grass 1-2 m. or more high., culms hard. Ligule a fringe of liairs; blades flat, long-pointed, some of the upper 20-30 cm. long. 2 cm. wide. Panicle of spikes GO-90 cm. long, consist- ing of 100 or more s])ikes which are 3-G cm. long, 10-15 diam. Uristlos of the involucre 5-1.") mm. long, 25-40 in number sur- rounding each spikelet. Spikelet linear-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, hi'st glume minute, second 1.5 mm. long, tliird as long as the lloret. 5-ncrved. ^le.xico, Pri iHjIe ()0',o. Rocky slopes of ^Mexico. :. P. setosum (8\v.) Kieh. Pers. Syn. 1:72 (1S05). C'ci/r/inis .vr/asv/.s- S\v. V\. Ind. Occ. 1:20 (1797). I\ pwjmrascens II. B. K. Nov. (ien. et Sp. l:li;5 (1815). Perennial; culms branching, 90-120 cm. high. Sheaths smootli; ligule ciliate; blades rough or glabrous, 20-50 cm. long, 10 mm, wiile. 8[)ike scarcely exserted, cylindrical, dense, about S-15 cm. long, 1 cm. diam., bristles often as long as the single s])ikelet, with one or more 2-3 times as long, plumose below. 8i)ilvelet liiu^ar-ovate, 4 mm. long, first glume delicate. 2 mm. long, second and floral glume ot the neuter floret equal, delicately 5-nerved, the tormer ovate-cuiuMite, the latter oval, obtuse, emi'rginate, or irreg- ularly toothed, palea of the lower floret 3 mm. long, 2-nerved; fer- tile lloret smooth, narrowly ovate, 2.5 mm. long, flora^ glume deli- cately 7-nerved, its palea obtuse, truncate, fringed. Mexico (Jaliseo), /' ih'v 677. Florida, Mexico, ^\ . jt Indies, Brazil, tropical Africa, East Indies. 8. P. LoyoisTYLUM Iloclist. Flora, 24:1 (1841). I. Intell. 10, name only. Cnln.s branching, erect, 90-120 em. high, from a branching rootstock. Sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes; ligule ciliate; blades Hat, hispid, 30-40 or more cm. long. 3-5 mm. wide. Spikes dense, exsertod, ovate or oblong, 5-12 em. long, the short sti])es covered with still hairs 1 -2 mm. long, involucre surrounding a single spikelet, 3-4 cm. lorig, the bristles plumose for one-third their length, the ])ur))lc styles ])roJecting for 15 mm. Spikelets PANICE.E. 167 lanceolate, 10 nini. or moiv long:, first glume 1 mm. long, second aciuniniite, l-nervecl, 3—4 mm. long; floral glumes of both llorets ovate-lanceolate, about 10 mm. long, 7-U-nerved; palea but little sliorter. Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental grass. Abyssinia. 00. (-^1). Stenotaphrum Trin. Fund. Agrost. 175 (IS'^>(>). Diaslcmtoithe Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 3G0 (1S55). 8[)ikelets with one terminal perfect llower and a staminate or neuter one below it, usually 2-4 together in very short spikes em- bedded in the alternate notches of the broad rachis of a spikclike ])ani(!le, the rachis of the partial spike usually extending as a short I)oint beyond the base of the terminal spikclet, the common rachis often breaking into pieces when mature. The first empty glume very small, the second empty, and tl;e largest membranous, but rigid, 3-5-nerved : iloral glumes of both florets rather smaller, with the nerves loss prominent, and of a somewhat firmer texture: paleae similar. Styles distiiict. Graiii enclosed, but not adherent. (Jrasses with a creeping habit. I'iu^re are two or throe species widely spread over tropical and subtropical regions of the Eastern and the Western llomispheres. 1. S. secundatum (Walt.) Kuntzo, Kev. (ien. PI. 794 (ISOl). JsclnviDiii}! sr('ii)i(l((tiiii> W'dt. l-'l. Cai'ol. 240 (17S8). S. Anwrint- tniiii Schrank. Klor. Monac. /. OS (ISll-lS). nidsfonaufhe phitij- xhii'lijis Stoud. 1. c. liottba'Uiu coDipi'i'ssa Beauv. Agrost. 100 (lsi->). A glubrous ascencling perennial grass, about 30 on. high. Culms slightly flattened. Sheaths compressed, loose; ligulc a ciliate ring; Idades obtuse, flat oi' involute, 10-1.5 cm. long, 5-7 nun. wide. Spikes solitary aiul terminal, 5-7 cm. long, convex on both sides or t'lliptic^d in cros.s-section, axis sligiitly lleMio.se, 4 mm. wide. Spikelets 2 or 3 together on angular branches, sessile, oval-oblong, iicute or acuminate, 4 mm. long, the ])artial rachis reaching nearly to the top of the s})ikelets. Florida, (itirbor, Ciirtif^s 3021; Ijouisiana, Latujlois; Cuba. ]\'rujhf 34! 10. 168 PANICACE^. Found along tlie coast in the Southern States, also in the West Indies, Mexico, Buenos Ayres, Sandwich Islands, Australia. 34. (25). OlYRA L. Syst. Ed. 10. 1201 (1759). Mapira Adans. Fam. 2: 39 (1763). Lithachnc Beauv. Agrost. 135, /. 24, f. 2 (1813). liuddia 15ertol. in oinise. Sc. Bologn. 3:410 (1819). Sfrepfiium Sehrad. Nces, Agrost. Bras. 298 (1829). Spikelots 1-flowcred, nionweious in ])ani- cles, those which are staminato, on tlie iowor portion of the panicle or in soi>arato panicles, destitute of empty glumes, lloral glume uar- row and acuminate, l-nerved. palca 2-nerve(l, nearly as loug as its glume. Stuuiens 3, Pistillate spikclets usually in the upper por- tion of the i)anicle. ovate: euipty glumes her- haceous, pointed or awiu'd. cipial, or the first longer; floral ghime and paloii much shorter, obtuse, cartilaginous. Stamens 0. Styles 2, united at the base, (iraiu firndy enclosed, but not adherent. lilades of the leaves broad, netted-veined, often borne on short Fig. 'm.—Stniotaplirum petioles; panicles terminal or axillary. sccun,h,tnm. A v'fion Si)ecies al.out twentv; one of them be- ot spike; a, spikelnt. ' longs to tropical Africa, the others to tropical America. Some authors reduce nearly all of the species to varieties of O. hiflfoJia. 1. 0. latifolia L. 1. c. 0. 2io,niciilata Sw. Obs. liot. 347 (1791). Culms hard, branched. Leaves more or less puherulent; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a mere rijig; blades flat, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 7-14 cm. long. I'anicles terminal or axillary, simple, oval, 10-17 ctn. long, rays scattered or in threes to sevens, rather stout. Fertile spikclets ovoid, acuniimite, em})ty glumes with involute ti})s; first 1 1-13-nervt'd. 7-12 mm. long. ORYZE^. 169 with the beak 5-8 mm. long, second 7-nerved; floret ellipsoidal, 5 mm. long, shining, hard, of a dull ivory color. Mexico, Pringlc 3705. Also found in Cuba, Trinidad, Central America to Brazil. Tribe VI.— ORYZEiE. Spikelets laterally compressed, with one terminal perfect or unisexual flower, en- closed by a floral glume aiul palea, the lat- ter usually 1-nervod. Empty glumes two or more, very seldom numerous. Stamens frequently six. Stigmas more or less elon- gated. Grain usually with a snuiU embryo and long, linear hilum. The close atllnity of Oryzeaa and Pba- Fm. 31.— O/.v^w hitifolia. I . 1 , I'. 1 1 rni Pistillate spikelet. laruleie luis olten boon recognizod. Tiie essential eluiraotor of botli resides in having the scale immedi- ately under the single terminal perfect llower koolod or 1-nerved, like the glumes, so as to make it uncertain whether it is a glume or palea, — that is, whether it is attached to the raohis or primary axis of the spikelet, or to a secondary or lloral axis reduced to ii mere point. Uentham considers the scale in question .i floral gUnne, and considers the palea as deficient. With this view the OryzofB have 2-4 or rarely 3 glumes, all above tlie articulation of the i)edice], and the PhalaridciB 4-G or rarely 5 glumes, the 'owest pair persistent below the articulation of the rachilla. A Plants monoecious; anthers six or more. a. Spikes terminal and axdlary, the former pedunculate and stamimite, the latter sessile 35 a. Inflorescence paniculate {b) b. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the branches of the pan- icle, one sessile and pistillate, the other snudli'r podicol- late and staminate; iloral glume linoar-oblong. . 36 170 I'AMl'AClvE. b. Spikolots not in pairs; empty glumes none. . . . (c) c. Pistillate spikelets all above the stamiuate in the panicles, linear, subterete, embryo as long as the grain 158 c. Pistillate spikelets terminal and the staminate at the base of each branch of the j)auicle; grain subconi- pressed, ovate, embryo much shorter. . . ;]{) c. Stamiuate and pistillate spikelets in separate panicles, rarely in the same, when the staminate are terminal 37 B. Spikelets in panicles, all perfect, much compi'essed. . . (e) e. Empty glumes two; floral glumes of tun awucd. . . . -tO e. Empty glumes none or minute, floral glume awuless. . 41 35. (39). HydrochloA Beauv. Agrost. 135, t. 24, f. 4 (1812). Spikelets snuill, unisexual, monu'cious, spicate, the staminate terminal, the pistillate axillary. Glumes 2, slightly unequal, mem- branous, concave, awnloss, the lower one a little the larger; palea 0. Stamens 6. Styles short, distinct, sublatcral; stigmas elongated, shortly ])lumose. Grain included by the glumes, but not adherent, A slender, branching grass, floating or creeping, with flat and luir- row leaf-blades. The ])eduncle terminal, slender, the staminate spikelets few (3-5), towards the apex, subsessile. 'J'he pistillate spikelets subsessile in the upper axils, few-tlowered, slightly j)ro- truding from the sheath of tiie upper leaf, the stignuis j)i'otrudiiig for some distance beyoud the glumes. Seed flat, oval, with a thin translucent ridge on one side, loose in the Ijrittle pericarp. Only one species, which is found in the southeastern })art of thel'nited States. It dilVers from Zizania chiefly in the reduction of the 2- to few- flowered spikes, of which the terminal one is stauiinate aiul pedun- culate, the lower one pistillate and sessile in the axils. 1 H. Carolinensis Beauv. 1. c. An aquatic, 20-00 cm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 cm. long; very seldom bearing good flowers. Infrequent. ^I'orth Carolina to Florida, July and August. OHYZK.E. 171 30. (20). Pharus v. P.r. J list. Jaiutiic. 34-1: (1T5G). Spikolets 1- Howe red. nioiKPcious, in pairs on a .spreading pani- cle; one pedicellate and staminate, the other sessile and pistillate. The two empty glumes membranous, many-nerved, the iloral glume in the stamiuate spikelets membranous, in the pistillate coriaceous. Stamens 0. Stigmas 3. Grain enclosed, but not aiUiereut. Jjcal'- blades petioled, l)road witli many straiglit nerves gradually diverg- ing from a midrib. The i)istillate spikelets 'Z-'S times as long as the stamiiuite. There are thought to be 5 species, belonging to tropical America, from Florida to Brazil. 1. P. glaber 11. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 190 (1815). /'. la- tifolim Trin. Griseb. Fl. Brit. Ind. 530 (1804). Culms 40-90 cm. high. Leaf-blades lanceolate-oblong, acumi- nate, 15-30 cm. long, 3-0 cm. wide, small transverse nerves numerous. Panicle s[)reading, 25 cm. long. Staminate spikelets on pedicels as long as tlie pistillate spikelets or shorter, oval, about 3 mm. long, glumes thin and brittle; pistillate spikelets linear, acute at both ends. 13 mm. long, first and second glumes nearly equal. 5-0 mm. long, 3-5-nerved; t'rrtilc llorct villous, the Iloral glume involute, enclosing a nar- r'>\v. ■2-nerved palea of its own length. Southern l''lorida,West Indies, \ I'lHv.ucJa. Brazil. ■W. {j\\). LuziOLA .Fuss. (}en. I'l. :;:; (i:S!)). Cn-nurhh,,! Trin. I'l--. ■.' : 54 (IS'.'0). Arrozia Fia. S2.~Phiir>is glabra. A, stiiini- Mate spikelel: Ji, pistillate. (Ricii- ardsoii.) S'lii'iid. Kunth. Kiium. PI. I : 11 ll-s:;;i). Spikelets ovate, small, unisexual, mono'cious, l-llowered, subses- 172 PANKACE.E. sile or pedicellate on the joiiitless branches of the jointed panicle. Staminate s])ikelets witii 2 glumes that arc narrow, membranous, awnless, tlie outer one broader and empty, the inner lloral one narrower, but scarcely shorter; palea 0. Stamens (5-18. Pistil rudimentary or 0. i'istillatc s})ikolets smaller than the stami- nate, the outer glume broader and ap[)arently many-nerved. Staminodia 0. Styles short, distinct, with simple ])lumoso stig- matic hairs, (jlrain ovoid, loosely enclosed in the membranous glumes. Seed plano-convex. Tree from the pericar]). Creeping or floating grasses, low or tall, witii flat blades. Panicles terminal or axillary, spreading, witli tilit'orm rays. Nearly allied to Zizania, but tlie spikelets are smaller, not awned, the styles short, distinct, and there are usually more than six sta- mens to the flower. Species six, all American. Fig. 33. — Luziola Alahamenais. A, stauiinate spikelet; B, pistillate spilie- let. (Richardson.) 1. L. Alabamensis Chapm. Fl. S. States, 584 (18G0). Culms 5-15 cm. high, branching near the base, from a creeping rhizoma. Leaf-blades flat, smooth, the upper partially included by the purple sheath of the one below. Base of panicle often in- cluded in the sheath. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, shorter than tlieir pedicels. Glumes of staminate spikelets lanceolate, 7-nerved: those of the pistillate broader, 11-13-nerved, twice the lengJi of the smooth mature grain. Alabama. 2. L. Peruviana,!. F. Gmel. Syst. 637 (1778). ORYZE^. 173 Culms 30 cm. high, branching from a creeping rliizoma. Leaf- blades flat, smooth. Base of panicle scarcely above the sheath. Spikelets lanceolate, generally equal in length to tlie pedicels. Outer glume of staminate spikelot 7-nerved, 6 mm. long; inner glume 9-nerved, emarginate; ghinies nearly equal; pistillale s])ike- lets 50-80. Panicles about the size of the former species, glumes much alike, 7-nerved, and half us long as those of the staminate spikelets. Florida, Mexico, to Brazil. 38. (40). ZiZANiA L. Sp. PI. 991 (1753). Wild Rice. In- dian KicE. Wateu-oats. Ilydr02)iih(v} Link, Ilort. Berol. 1 : 253 (1827). Mclinnm Link, Ilandb. 1; 90 (1829). Si)ikelets narrow, monrocious, 1-flowored, sessile or with short jiedicels on the jointed branches of the jointed panicle. CJlumes 2, surrounded at the base by a more or less prominent cartilaginous ring, sliglitly unecjual, membranous, convolute, concave or slightly compressed, the outer broader, acute, or in tlie pistillate spikelet awned and empty, the inner floral glume scarcely sliorter, and awn- less : palea 0. Stamens G. Styles more or less joined at the base, stig- matic hairs simply plumose. Grain included by the membranous glumes, but not adherent. A large aquatic grass with long flat in- equilateral leaf-blades. Panicle terminal, ample, loosely flowering, having numerous long slender rays. One well known species found in North America. An impos- ing plant with a subtropical aspect. 1. Z. aquatica L. Sp. PL 991 (1753). Wild Rice. MrlitiHiii jjithifttfe, Link, 1. c. Z. pnlustris L. Mant. 2:295 (1771). Z. clavulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:75 (1S()3). Uydi-o- pyvum csculentuni Link, llort. Berol. 1 :252 (1S27). Z. A^/Z/b/m (iriseb. Turcz. Mull. Soc. Aat. Mosc lO,') (1S38). Annual: 1—4 m. high, cidm hoUovv with nuuuTous delicate trans- verse partitions within the internodes. Ligule acute. 1 cm. Ioul;-: ]o\\vv blades 0.4-1 metre lona. wit li winged i)eti()les. ujipei- Id'oad at the base. Lower part of the pyrainidal pjiniele stiimiiuite. spi-eailing; the upper part pistillate, erect: pedicu'ls slender, clavale, outer- 174 PANICACE/E. glume with a rough awu 3 mm. long. Outer glume of the stami- nate flowers 5-nerved, inner S-nerved. Styles stout, united for one- FiQ. M.—Zizaniaaquaiica. A, staminate spikelet; Ji, pislillute spikelet; b, pistil. (Ricliardson.) third of their length, diverging. Gniin sIcikUm-. dark brown, linear, 10-15 mm. long. Seed adherent to the thin pericarp. OinZK/K. 176 Common northward in sliiillow hikes jind in the herders of slow streams, also found in Siberia and Japan. Qual.ty of grain fully equal to the common rice, but dark in color; more difficult to col- lect, as the grain dro])s, a few kernel.' at a time, as soon as ripe. Gathered by Indians; attractive to water-fowl. At the South it is cut for hay, offering two large crops in one season. Vermont, Pri/if/le; Ontario, Fowler; Michigan, Clark 688; Wisconsin, Heal %iS; South Dakota, />iiffci/. 39. (40). ZIZANIOPSIS Doell. & Aschers. Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: Part 2, U (1871). Perennial with much thehabit of Zizania. Thepistillate spike- lets terminating the branches of the panicle. Styles united for three-fourths of their length. (Jrain not adherent to the glumes, hard, ovoid, smooth, shining. Seed easily se])arating from the pericarp, with 3 vertical ridges. Tnternodes destitute of transverse partitions. ¥\Q.'db.—Zizaniopsis miiincea. Pisiillalespikelet. (Richardson.) One species with two varieties found in the Southern States and extending to Brazil. 1. Z. miliacea (Michx.) Doell. I'v: Aschers.; Baill. Hist. PI. 12: 176 PANICACEyE. 21)3 (1893). Wild IUce. Zizania niiliacea Michx. Fl. Am. Bor. 1:74 (18U3). Culms 0.5-3 m. high; blades narrower than those of Zizitnia atjuatica. Outer glumes 7-ncrved, terminating in a short uwn, inner gluini's 3-nerved, acute. Florida, Scribnev 3005; Louisiana, Langloix; Texas, XetiUi'i/. 40. (44). Oryza \j. Syst. Ed. 1 (1735). liioE. FaUia ZoU. & Mor. Syst. Vor/. Pt'l. ZoU. 103 (1840). Spiklots l-llowored, llat,articulato on short pedicels or sessile along the ilexuose branelies of a terminal i)aniclo. Cilumes 4, 5J outer ones very small, lanceolate, 2 inner ones eonii)licate and keeled, coriaceous, the outcM'onc the largest, IS-o-norved; no ^-nerved palea. Stamens G. Styles sliort. l)arely united at the base, (irain oblong or narrow, enclosed in the hardened almost coherent upper glumes, but free from them. Pericarp thin, lloxible, and, wlien wet, easily separating. Large marsh cereal grasses with long flat, slightly inequilateral leaf-blades. Spikelets covered with minute scars. There are 5-20 species, or possibly all belong to one variable species. Found in the East Indies and Australia; a cereal much cultivated in warm countries, where the land is wet or at certain times inundated. 1. O. SATivA L. Sp. I'l. 333 (1753). Rice. Stems with the base creeping or floating, ascend- ing, GO-120 cm. high. Ligule often 2.5 cm. long, on the lower leaves, scabrid and jagged ; blades long and rather broad, very scabrous, especially on the upper side. Panicle narrow, erect, 15-30 cm. long. Spikelets ovate-oblong, 7-10 mm. long. Upper Fio. 36.— Or.vza glumes very prominently nerved, the keels usually tativa. SpiKe- ^. . , "^ ^ •'. , , . -^ let. (Ricliurd- cuiate, tlie outer one with 1 nerve on each sule, ^°°'^ beside the nerve-like margin, closely embracing and almost connate with the inner glume, which is as long, but nar- rower, with only 1 nerve on each side near the thin margin, both glumes either shortly awued or, in some cultivated varieties, awn- OHYZEiE. 177 less, or the outer one with a straight awn, 1-10 cm. long and the inner with only a short point. Rice feeds more people tliun any otlior grain, excepting sorghum. 41. (+5). HOMALOCENCHRUS Miey, Hall. Hist. Stirp. liolv. 2: 201 (17()S). False Rick. White Grass. Ztw.sm Soland. Sw. Prod. Ve,;:. Iiid. Occ. 21 (1788). Ehrhartia Wigg. Prim. Uolsat. (V.l (HSU). AspreUa Schreb. Gen. PL 45 (17S!i), not Willd. Eiidodia Ralln. Keogcnyt. 4 (18^*5). Brepharochloa End). Gen. PI. 1352 (1841). Pscddoniza Griff. Ic. PI. Asiut. /. 144 (1847). Lncrtia Grcmow, Trautv. in Act. Hort. Petrop. 0:354 (1884). Spikelets l-llo\vcred. flat, articulate on short ])c'di('ols along the slender branches of a terminal panicle. Glumes 2. cninjilicate and keeled, the outer the larger, surrounded at the base by a carti- laginous ring, which is often obscure; outer glume 5-ncrved, broadly wing-keeled or with tlie margins ciliate, the inner 3-nerved. No 2-nerved palea. Stamens G, 3, or fewer. Styles short, dis- tinct, (xrain enclosed in the slightly hardened glumes, but not adherent. Marsh grasses, with narrow leaf-blades which quickly close when warm, if briskly nibbed. The main nerve one side of tlie middle of the blade. Panicle terminal, slender, with erect filiform rays. Spikelets smaller, more slender, and neai*er together than in Ovyza, and in //. lenticnlaris almost imbricate. Nerves of the glumes not very prominent. Six or more species, five at least common to America. Nearly allied to Orj/za, though having thinner glumes, a different inflo- rescence, and no small outer glumes. The old and long-used name Lccrsia was first used to designate a genus of mosses, and therefore should not be used for any other jilant. S])ikelets lance-oblong, 3 mm. long, scarcely imbricate. , . 1 Spikelets oval, 5 mm. long, imbricate 2 Spikelets broad-oval, 6 mm. long, closely imbricate 3 178 PAXICACK.E. Spikelets lanceolato-oblong, 3.5 mm. long, loosely imbricate. . 4 Spikelets semiovate. 1.5 mm. long 5 1. H. Virginicug(\Villd.) Hritton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 14 [reprint 13] (1889). White Rice. Lccrsia Viifjinica Willd. Sp. PI. 1 : 325 (1797). L. Viryinica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 37 (1S03). Asprella Vinjinica K. & S. 8vst. 2:2G0 (1817). Culms 40-70 cm. high, often nearly smooth, liootstocks 5 n»m. diam., covered with closely imbricated scales. Loal'-blades 5-13 cm. long. Spikelets linear-oblong, 3 nun. long, scarcely imbri- cate, in slender simple j)anicles, the compressed floral glume curv- ing to one side, becoming concave next to the axis, to wiiich it is closely apprcssed; lloral glume and palea ciliate. Stamens 2. Michigan, Cooleii. Clark 680, Beal 27, 28; North Carolina, Mc('((rf/n/; Minnesota, HolziiKjer 12; South Dakota, l^nffcy; Texas, Reverchon 103fi. Wet woods, Canada to Florida and westward. 2. H. oryzoides (L.) Mieg, Toll. Hist. PI. Palat. 1:52(1770). Rice-cut Grass. Kick's Col si .v. Plidhivis orj/zoitfrs L. Sp. PI. 5r) (IToo). Klirluirtid rldiKh'sfina Wigg. Fl. liolsat. (JKo (17S0). As- prvUa o>'i/zoi(/('s Lam. 111. 1 : 1(;7 (1791). LcerKtd oi\i/xt>it/rs ^\\. Fl. I lid. Occ. 1:21 (17;»7). Ori/za cJdiidesiiiia A. Br. Asch. Fl. Brand. 7'JO (18<;4). Culms 00-150 cm. Iiigli. Hoot- stocks narrow, with internodes 2-3 cm. long. Leaf-blades l."»-'>0 cm. long, 10-25 mm. wide, supplied with stout recurved prickles. Panicles 15-20 cm. long, with cal- lous glands inside the base of the rays. Spikelets oval, flat, some- what ciliate, 5 mm. long. Stamens 3. Kio. 37. — FTomalocenchrus orf/Mt'des. A, spikelet; a, Hoiet. (Scril)iu'r.) OHYZK.E. 179 Michigan, rVr/;-^-687, Ikal, 27, 29; Ontario, Fowler; California, Parish 1752, Sonvs for M. A. C. 28. Wet places, somewhat common ; also found in Soutli America, Euroiie, and Asia. 3. H. lonticularis(Michx.)Kuntzo, Rev. Gen. PI. 777 (181)1). Catch-fly (jiKAS.s. Jjcersia lotficiilitris Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:39 (1803). AspreUu lenticular':' W. & S. Syst. 2: 2G7 (ISIT). Culms stout, GO-lOO cm. high, bruncliing. Leaf-blaues 15-20 cm. long, 10-13 cm. wide, smooth or witli small recurved prickles. Panicle simple, 3-12 cm. long. Spikelcts very flat, broadly oval, closely imbricate, 6 mm. long; floral glume and ])alea bristly cili- ate. Stamens 2. A grass of striking appearance. Wet grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. 4. H. hexandra (K. & S.) Britton, 1. c. A.^prclln hexandra R. & S. Syst. 2:267 (1817). Lcersia hexandra Sw. Prod. 21 (1788). Culms stout below, branching, 30-20 em. high. Ligulc of large plants G mm. long; blades narrow, firm. Panicle 15 cm. long, contracted, erect, simple. Spikelets lanceolate-oblong, ciliate, 3.5 mm. long, loosely imbricate. Stamens 6. Lakes and ponds. Florida and westward. Buenos Ayres, Africa, East Indies, Australia. 5. H. monandra (R. & S.) Britton, 1. c. Leersia monandra Sw. Prod. 21 (1788). Aie)\ rachilla usually articulate above the lower glumes, which remain after the fall of the grain and floral glumes (except Alopecurus, Cinna, Polypogon, Beckmannia, Thurberia, IIolcus). TRifiE VII.— PHALARIDE^. Spikelets each containing 1 perfect flower, or with 1-2 staminate flowers below; empty glumes usually 4; floral glume and palea alike, compressed, nerves one or none. Grain uufurrowed, embryo small. The following notes concerning this tribe are adapted from lientham : The close affinity of this tribe and the Oryzem has been generally admitted, and Bentham in his Flora Australiensis even proposed their consolidation. In common, the scale under the single jierfect terminal flower is keeled and 1-nerved. .- j as to make it a matter of discussion whether it be a glume terminal on the main axis of the spikelet, or a palea at the base of a secondary floral axis. The deciduous part of the spikelet of Phalariffecp with its 4 ^ 'umes is precisely as in Oryzem; but there are in addition, below the ar- ticulation, the 2 persistent empty glumes characteristic of Poacm, The spikelet in this tribe consists of 6 glumes (or 5 and a palea), the lowest pair empty below the articulations ; the second pair above the articulation, corresponding to the lowest 3 glumes of OryzeWf 1 usually empty and small, sometimes reduced to a small bristle, rarely enclosing each a palea or male flower. A. Third and fourth glumes empty, reduced to small bristles, awnless. Plants not particularly fragrant 42 B. Third and fourth glumes equalling or exceeding the fifth. Plants particularly fragrant (\^\ PIIALARIDE.E. 181 b. First glume about half us long as the second, third und fourth empty, awned on the back 43 b. First and second glumes subequul, third and often the fourth containing a staminate flower 44 42. (102). Phalabis L. Sp. PI. 54 (1753). (Canary-grass.) Typhoides Mcench, Moth. 201 (1794). Baldinyera Ga*rtn. Moy. & Schreb. Fl. Wett. 1 : 43 (1799). Digriiphis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 127 (1820). Endalh'x Uafin. Sor. Bull. IJot. 1: 220 (1830). Spikelets l-flowered, flat, densely crowded in an ovoid or cylin- drical spike or spikelikc panicle, the rachis articulate above the outer glumes. Glumes usually 6, two outer larger ones thin, com- plicate, 3-nerved, the keel sometimes winged, the third and fourth small, lanceolate or reduced to small bristles or one deficient, the fifth smaller, complicate, delicately 3-5-nerved, or apparently 4- nerved, the central nerve short and ol>scurc, enveloping tlie sixth glume, which is also complicate, enclosing tlie flower, apparently 2- nerved, the external angle between the nerves longitudinally ciliute. No ordinary palea. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, enclosed in the 2 upper glumes, but not adherent. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades. Panicle either strictly spicate or in the form of a head, or having branches which form dense clusters. There are ten species, found in Southern Europe, North Africa, and North America. In this genus it is the lowest two i)eisistent empty glumes that are the largest, the second pair very narrow, sometimes reduced to sni'iU bristles, tiiose of the upper pair thin and hyaline; and some- times in both of them the central nerve is very faint or quite obso- lete, a character adduced as an argument that this uj)per one is a two-nerved palea on the floral axis, and not a glume on the main rachilla. A. Outer glumes with a broad-winged keel 1, 2 B. Outer glumes with a narrow-winged keel above the middle. 3 C. Outer glumes not winged-keeled (a) a. Panicle short, dense 4 a. Panicle slender or brandling 5 182 POACE.E. 1. P. Caxariknsis L. Sp. ri. 54 (1753). Canary-orass. r. ai'kithiris Sulisb. Prod. II (17!)0). P. ooiUa MaMicli, Metli. 208 (i;j>4). /'. aqmaica Delilo, Hoiss. Fl. Orient. 5:471 ( ). An croi't leafy iinnmil, 30-GO cm. high. Upper shcatlis in- Ihited; ligule 4 mm. long; blades ^0 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide. Spike ovoid, pale green, 4 cm. long. Spikelets nearly G mm. h ng. broadly ovate; lower glumes 5-G mm. long, white, membraiicus, with 3 green nerves and a very broad or winged keel, third and fourth glumes lanceolate, half us long as the floral glume; floral glumes acute, three-fourths the length of the lower glumes, 5- uerved. Massachusetts, Ikml 30; District of Columbia, McCartliy; Michigan, 67«/*^4047; Dakota, iJuJfcy; Arizona, Tuumej/ 763. Introduced from Europe. Kaised for canary-birds. 2. P. intermedia Bosc. Poir. Eucycl. Suppl. 1:300 (1810). SouTiiEKN IJkki). Canary-grass. Gilhkut's Kkmkf-orass. Stewart's Can A uv-(atASs. California Timothy. /'. CaroJiiii- am Walt. Fl. Car. 74 (1788). 7'. anrfnatata Nees, Agrost. liras. 2 : 391 (18211). P. micros/arJij/d \)V. Cat. llort. Monsp. 131 (1813). J\ Americana Ell. liot. S. C. & (la. 1:101 (1817). P. animlinai'ca Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 1:43(1803). An erect annual, G0-30O cm. Fia. 38. — Phalaris intermedia. • „ , i ,, , Spikelet. (Richardson.) high. bJK^aths mflated ; blades ol the upper leaves 0.5-2.5 cm. long. Spikes 2-3 cm. long, 13 mm. diam. Spikelets 5 mm. long, oval when closed ; lower glumes acute, membranous, with 3 green nerves and a broad-winged keel, third and fourth glumes lanceolate, half as long as the floral glumes; floral glumes acute, the length of the lower glumes. Texas, Jenney; Oregon, Howell; Arizona, 2'oumey, Pringh for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 214. Var. anguBtata (llort.). P, angustata Hort. Gryph. Schlecht. Linn. 24:187 (1851). 1MIAI-AU1I»K.K. 183 S|iike.s narrow, 5-15 or more, 20 cm. long. C!ulifornia, Prinyle in ISS*,*. Some consider it u good griiss for winter pasture. Probably it is not very nutritious. Wot places, South Carolina, Texas, Oregon, California. 3. P. amethystina Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 3:50 (1H:»5). a stout grass, TO-'^50 em. high. Sheaths inllated: upper blades about 2.5 cm. long. Spike 3-4 cm. long, oblong. S])ikelets 4.5 mm. long, oval when closed : lowcrglumes membranous, scarcely acute, 3-nerved, third and fourth glumes lanceolate, half or more the lengtli of the tloral glume. Oregon, Uoiirll. Wet i)laces, California and south wanl. 4. P. Lemmoni Vascy, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 42 (1802). Cidms »)() cm. high. l'|)pcr sheaths noi inllated; blades short and narrow, 5-!> cm. long, the ui)per 2 cm. long. Spikelike panicle dense, 4 cm. long, 1 cm. broad. Spikelets elliptical: 2 lower glumes membranous, acute, with 3 strong nerves, keels not winged, ciliate above the middle, first a little less, second a little over 5 mm. long; third and fourth I mm. long, fifth broad-oval. 4 mm. long, including the abrupt point, silky hairy. Found in Arizona. .">. P. arundinacea L. Sp. PI. 55 (1753). Reed CANARY-r.R.\ss. Annuh co/oni/n Ait. llort. Kcw. 1 : 1 1() (1TS9). /'. rolorata Heauv. Agrost. 172 (1S12). Dh/rdp/tis urunditiarca Trin, Fund. Agrost. 127 (1820). liahlinijvta anindinmea Dumort. Obs. Gram. IJelg. 130 (1823). Culms 70-200 cm. high. Sheaths scarcely if at all inflated. Spikes 10-20 cm. long, often with some distinct spikelike branches. Spikelets 3 mm. long, oval: lower glumes acuminate, membranous, 3-nerved, third ami fourth less tium half as long as the floral glume. Vermont, Pntiylv; Michigan, Beal 31, FariirU, Wood 3550, Clark 1300, Couhy; Minnesota, /{ai/ct/ li 440; Iowa, llitrhnirk-; Illinois, Heal; Montana, Anderson; Wyoming, /injf'uin C 03; Washington, Suksdurf 118(5. Wet places. Often called " Crazy (Jrass " in the Northwest, as it 184 I'OACE.K. is thouglit to injuro liorses. Of sonu' promiso for niiwlow iiiul pustuiTs. (Jraiii j?oo(l lor lislii-s. Viir. picta is known us •• IiIKHOn- mm. long, linear-oblong, first lower glume ovate-acute, 1-nerved, as long as the .second, which is elliptical when spread, third and fourth emargimite, obsiuirely 5-nerved below the apex; the straight awn of the former above the middle projecting half its length, the twisted awn of IMIALAHIDK.K. 185 tlie latter below the middle projecting twice the length of the gill nil'. Widely dispersed in temperate Asia, North America, Aiistniiia; often sown for pastures and lawns. See popular atcount in Vol I. p. 155, Fig. 73. Vermont. J'n'uf/le for Pelton; Massachusetts, /leal Xi; Penn- sylvania, ^vn'/juer lor U. S. Dept. Agricul. 217; Micliigan, C/urk 110J>. Var. PLELii (Lecoq & Lamolte). A. /V/r/// Li'coq & Lamotte, Cat. 1*1. Auver. 385 ( ). An annual 15-40 cm. high. SiiiaUer, more slender, with shorter leaves. Spikes '^'.5 cm. long, second lower empty glume when closed lineai-lanceohitc. wlicn spread about two-thirds as wide as the corresponding glume of A. otlnra- tuni; third and fourth glumes narrower, darker, and closetl; lower part of the twisted awn almost black. Of no value, thougli the setids are often sold for those of the species. Michigan, (M. A. C.) Heal 34. 44. (104). SAVASTANA Schrank. Ikier. Fl. 1: 100, 337 (1789). Holy (Jkass. Vaxilla-ouass. IHeroclihw Gmel. Fl. Sib. 1 : 101 (1747). Torresia Ruiz & Pav. Prod. Fl. Peruv. 125 (1794). />/>- xarrvnum Labill. Nov. lloll. PI. 2:82,/. 232 (1806). Diincsia Kafin. Am. Monthly Mag. 175 (1818). Afa.ciu U. Hr. Parr. 1st Voy. App. 193 (1824). Diowrin Endl. Gen. 81, in Syii. (1830). Spikelets with one perfect flower, slightly coni})ressed, panicu- late, rachilla articulate above the lower glumes, terminal llowre jiorfect. Empty glumes persistent below the joint, keeled, acute, gla- brous, obscurely 1-3-nerved. Floral glumes of the staminate florets villous, scarcely shorter, obtuse, emarginate or bifid, keeled, the main nerve often e.xtendiug into a short awn. Floral glume of the ui)per floret keeled, 5-nerved, ol)tuse, the keel often extending into a short awn; inner glume narrow, 3- nerved, or nerveless beyond the keel. Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the fertile often only 2. Styles distinct, very long, grain oblong, enclosed by the upper glumes, but not adherent. Sweet-scented perennials with flat (and often broad) acuminate 186 I'OAtK.K. Iila«K-.s. Panicio |\vi'aiiii(l;\l. s|»iva(liii;; or coiitnicteil, the 8]>ikulet8 ol'tcii sliinin^' and scaltritl. 'riii'ic arc eight or ttii sjM'cie« I'ouihI in the Southern us well us in tiie Northern lleMiirtphere. In Nortliern Kuro|K' it was lorinerly strewn lu'l'ore the doors of churches on Clirislnias and other iioly-(hi_vs. iienee one of its coin- nion names. a. Spikeh'ts 4 mm. h)nnj.', awn projectinj; '.'-;{ mm. . . . ',*, ',) a. S|»il\clcts ."» mm. hmi:'. no project in, cm. lon^', slijfhtly 1- sided, rays smootli, in pairs. Spikek'ts hroadly ovate, I'ldvous or brown, shinin^f. empty };lumes acuminate, about 4 mm. h)n<,', second one the lonjjer. membranous, translucent; lloral <,dumes of the lateral llorets mucronate or short-awned at or near the apex, eiliate on the margins; floral glume of the terminal floret smaller, nearly glabrous, hairy above; jnilea narrower and l-*^-3- nerved. Oanada {Anti(,'osti Islaiul), VcrrvlJ : Vermont, PriiKjlr ; Massa- cliusetts, Fd.raii, SlKftcnntt: Ontario, Fowhr; New York, Heal 37; Miehigau, ('oolcif, /lailcf/ iov M. A. C. 35, llV/^r/ry for j\I. A. ('. 36; Minnesota, iStnlvij li 451, //(ib:itif/rr ; Colorado, Cassidji ; Wyoming, liiiffum ; Mcmtana. Andvrmn; Alaska, Funstun for Nat. Mils. 30 ; Oregon, llonrll. '* Refused even by hungry mules,'" says Sereuo "Watson. Dr. I. A. La])ham is authority for the statement that this is the sacred grass of many of the Indian tribes, as of our own European ancestors. Northern and subuli)iue. IMlAI-AIMhK.K. 1S7 '-*. 8. alpina (S\v.) Sniltn. Mfiii. 'roir, Clul*. r»: •,'.•) (1S!)4). Alimn'i; Vanilla ok Holy (iuvss, llnhns d/jnints Sw. WilM. S|». IM. 4: .*)•.• r (IHUti). Uiet'di/iloc a/jiitut l{. .& S. Syst. •,':Jl.> A smooth brown (»r purplish ;:niss, 15-40 ciu. hi^'h. Loaf- bhitlos short, narrow, involute. I'anick's contractt'd. 2.5-.') cm. loii^j, ray.s in pairs. Spiki'lcts over ] mm. lonjr. oval, sprcaditig; llorai ^lunio of the first lateral llorel with a short awn •^»mm. lon^', ht'low the hilitl apex, awn of the second lateral floret loni;ule 7-8 mm. long; blades flat. S-1,') em. iong, ;{-• I nnii. wide. I'anich* spikelike, interrupted, lO-I") em. long, rays in pairs, the longest 4-5 cm. long. Spikelets oval, brownish -green, T mm. long, first glume oval when 8[)read. 1-nervi'd. U mm. long, second 3-nerved, I mm. long; lateral florets eipial. 5 mm. long, awn of floral glume of first floret near the apex but slighly project- ing, aM'n of floral glume of second floret stout. atta(!hed ju-ar the base, jtrojecting :i mm. ; floral glume of terminal floret 3 mm. long, gla- brous, lateral nerves very obscure. Mexico, Pi'innh 4100. Dry ridges under i)iiu's. 0500 ft. altitude. 4. S. macrophylla (I'hurb.). Ilirrorlilur mnvrophijJhi Thurb. Holand. 'I'rans. Calif. Agrl. Soc. G5 (18G4-5). Lai{(;i;-m;avef) Holy CiRas-s. Culms 40-00 em. high. Ijcaf-blades 150-50 cm. long. 11-1 3 mm. wide, with rough margins. Panicle thin, rays in pairs, or the lowest single. Kmjjfy glumes about 5 mm. long, greenish along 188 I'OAIK.K. tho nerves, pnrpliah, ohtiiso, tlu' iiuiur one a little longer, barely equiillinj? the lulenil llonil ^'liiuiea; lloriil ;,'liiines of the lateral llor. ots with ciliatt; niar;;ins, and a sli^'ht awn from the broad eniar^i- nat(f apex; lloral ^'huno of the terminal llort-t Hhinin T TuiHK VIII.— AOROSTIDEiE. Spikclcts usually coutuiniiix 1 luTt'ocit n«)wer each, racliilla Hoiiu'tiiucs prolon^'iMJ bcyoiid tlu> paU'U. Kinpty jjluinos tj (none iti ('nhaiilliiis, \ in rtoiiu' spocit's of S/itiro/ni/iis and Miililvulivri/iti), usually iw lonj; us tlu' lloral «;lunu' or loiijrer; paU>a (wautiiij; in MdjirrnfHs aiul some spccit's of Ajiroslis) S-iutvim! or ncrveli'ss (l-iHTVi'd in ('iiin(i). (Jrain not furrowed, embryo small. This lariji' tribe is one of the most iliHicult \*> cireuniscribe satis- factorily, or to divide into delinite ^jjenera. 'i'lieir jreneral charaeter is to have a single flower in each spikelet. either terniinal or with a slijjht bristle-likt' continuation of the ruchilla. The sin^rle (lower in the spikeli't which separates the tribe from the following ones is not so positive a character, a-s it occurs also in one<,'enusof Aveiuw, in a few genera of Chloridea*. and occasionallv in Kestucea'. Trillins divided this triiio into three sul>tribes: Vilfeiv. with the callus scarcely ]>roininent or oltsolete: Agrostea'. with the callus globular; and Stipea*. with the callus ol)coiiical. lint the callus is not an appendage to the Ijase of the lloral glume, as he would have termed it. but only the upper jjart of the racliilla. to which the glume and the enclosed floret are attached. Its shape depends on the dis- tance at which the lloral glume is attache(l above the emi)ty ones, a distance very variable throughout the Order. The length of the joint of the raehilla ;s a useful chari>cter, but never ranks as sub- tribal. A. Floral glume firmer than the empty glumes and very closely en- veloping the grain. u. Spikelets each containing 1 perfect flower (b) b. Floral glume entire, bearing a terniinal ;}-brancluMl awn. the lateral branches often very short or some- times obsolete 45 b. Floral glume 3-toothed, awn usually simple. twisted and bent (c) e. Lodicules usually 3. floral glume ai;d palea be- coming very hard (d) 11)0 I'OACK.K. (1. Klonil .uliiiiic na'.''")\v. ut^iiully with u tnirvcMl sliiirp-pointod hairy callus, iinil a stout, twisted and iHTsistoiit awn 4(i d. Flonil tjhiiiu' broad, with a very stout blunt callus, and a weak terminal eadueous tortuose iiwn 47 d. Floral lets containing perfect flowers surrounded at the base by numerous sterile (and a few staminate) spike- lets which are red uci'd to bristles or bracts 54 B. Floral glume usually hyaline or membranous at maturity, not so firm as tiie I'lnpty glumes; grain loosely or not at all en- closed (a) a. Empty glumes none; s])ikelets in umbel-like clusters, pauictdate; stanu'us '2, plants very small 5S a. Empty glumes present (b) b. Falea ^-nerved; stamen 1; floral glume raiseil on a distinct naked (^allus, panicle loose 05 b. Palea usually none, if present small ami keeled; spikelets in a dense spikelike panicle or head; floral glume usiudly with a bent dorsal awn 57 b. Palea usually present, 2-nerved (c) A(iH(>STll>K.K 101 C. Empty gluiiies sai-eatc :it tlie liiiso, iiuirli loni^cr tluiii the llural «;liiiiu's {>',' O. Empty ^luiiu's not tiaccuto at the baso. . . (d) d. Empty «jlunn's snhiM|ual, hdijji'r than the Moral glume, each ahniptly terminating in a short awn; inllorescenee spikelike .")('» d. Empty ghiines sul)e(pial, h)nger than the lh>ral glume, usually bilid, each terminating in a slender awn; inllorescenee spikelike, often interrupted •'»•! d. Emi)ty glumes slightly unc<|ual, a little shorter than the tloral glume, acute; inllores- cenee spikelike ."»,") d. Empty glumes or inllorescenee or both un- like those of '^< . — '- — '■ r~: — r- 55. 5(5, Cri (e) 0. Plant anujud. dwarf, 5-(J('m. high, empty glumes minute, awnless; spikelels 1.5 mm. long, awnless. Stamen 1. . . . 51* c. Plant annual, taller, empty glumes plu- mose ]•* C. Plants usually much larger. Stanu'us "i -IJ ; grain dehiscent, .seed esciiping, at least when wet, glunuvs all awidess (io e. Plants uidike 5'.>, Hi) (I) 1'. Floral glume bearing a prominent awn 2-4 times its own length, a little below the apex (g) g. Awn twisted (i;; g. Awn ii>t twisted "il f. Floral glume without an awn or oidy a short slender awn (g) g. Callus or prolongation of the rachis bearing a tuft of hairs, at least one- third as long as the tloral glume. . (i) i. Floral glume and palea thin, membranous (iS 192 PO.UE.E. i. Floral glume and palea char- taci'ous, panicle spikelike. . . G9 i. Floral glume and palea cluirtace- ous panicle open 70 g. Callus naked or with a very few short hairs (i) i. Spikelets in a long narrow pani- cle V)l i. Spikelets in a pyramidal or oval panicle, or short and spikelike. . (n) n. Empty glumes shorter than the floral glume. Spikelets large 04 n. Empty glumes longer than the floral glumes, with no exten- sion of the rachilhi above the palea 66 45. (108). Aristida L. Sp. PI. 82 (1753). Kiclboul Adans. Fam. 2:31 (1TG3). Chwtaria, Ciirtopoyoii, Arthratherum Beauv. Agrost. 30, 32 (1812). Streptachne II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et. Sp. 1:124(1815). Moulinsia Rafin. Ser. Bull. Bot. 1:221 (1830). Stipagrostis Nees, Linn. Soc. 7:290(1833). Sc/n'sfacli no Figaw & De Not. Mem. Acad. Torin. (II.) 12:252 (1852). Orfarhm Xees, Seem. liot. ller. 225 (1857). Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow on blender pedicels or nearly sessile in a terminal panicle, rachilla articulate above the empty glumes. The 2 empty glumes persistent, keeled, awnless: the floral glumo usually with a blunt hairy callus at the base, narrow rigM entire, with a terminal trifid awn, or the lateral awns erect or obsolete. Palea small or obsolete, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain narrow, enclosed in the hard floral glume, but free from it, the whole falling off with the stipes and awn. Tufted grasses, with the narrow blades often involute, usually flowering late in the season. In the dry regions of tlie Soutlnvest, including ^lexico, many of the species contribute largely toward the upland pasturage. AUROSTIDE.E. 19'S There are over 100 species widel}' spread over the tropieiil and temperate regions of the New and tlie Old World. The genus is nearly related to Stipu, though separated from it hy having triple awns. With few exceptions it is most leadily recognized by the long fine three-branched awns, the lateral ones opposite and spreading. The genus is divided into three fairly marked sections, wliich by some have been raised to the rank of genera. 1. Arthrathemm (Beauv., as a genus). — Here the awn is decid- edly articulate on the glume, tlie three consolidated below and. much twisted above the articulation below the branches, the floral glume much shorter than the lower empty glumes, instead of exceeding them as in Chwiaria. 2. Chwtaria (Beauv., as a genus). — The floral glume is contin- uous \viil\ the awn without any articulation, and is neither quite awnlike in ^ decidedly twisted below the three subequal branches. Amongst its species, Curtopoyon was proposed as a genus, in Avhich the lateral branches of the awn are short and erect. Orfachne (Nees, as a genus), Slreptachne II. B. K., are two other old generic names. 3. Stipayrostis (Nees, as a genus). — The awn is articulate on the glume jis in AHhratherum, but scarcely twisted, and above the branches elegantly plumose. /ScJiisfac/itie was once proposed as a genus, in which the central awn above is plumose, the lateral ones short and glabrous. Not represented by species in our flora. A. Arthrathenim. a. Floral glume 10 mm. or more in length to the joint, (b) b. Empty glumes 10-15 mm. long, })aniele few-flowered. 1 b. Empty glumes 15-17 mm. long, panicle larger. . 'l a. Floral glume 8 mm. or less in length to the joint, the twist- ed beak 15 mm. or more in length (b) b. Second empty glume 10 mm. long 3 b. Second empty glumes 13-18 mm. long, variety of 3 B. Clurlai'ia, a. Awns united, solid and twisted at the base. 2 or more em. long 4 194 POACE/K. a. Awns united, solid und twisted at the base less than 2 cm. louK (b) b. Floral glume to tlie base of the diverging awns 30 mm. long 5 b. Floral glume to the base of the diverging awns 15 mm. long b. Floral glume to the base of the diverging awns 10 mm. long. b. Floral glume to the base of the diverging awns 6-10 mm. long H, 9 a. Base of one or more awns with one or more wide curls at the base when dry (b) b. Spikolots in a long strict spik*^ 10, 11 b, Spikelets in simi)le panicles 1*^ a. Base of the awns spirally curled little if any, though often bent when dry (b) b. Lower empty glume the longer (c) c. First glume 12 mm., second 7-9 mm. lon^, tloral glume H mm. long 13 c. First glume 7-13 mm., floral glume 4-1 mm. long. 14 b. Empty glumes equal or the upper one longer. . . (c) c. First glume half as long as the second, some of . 26 c. Less than half ditt'erence in the glumes of any spike- let (d) d. Floral glume 15 mm. long, lirst glume 3-"- nerved 15 d. Floral glume 4 mm. long, first glume 1-nerved. 16 d. Floral glume 4.5 mm. long, first glume 1- nervod IT d. Floral glume 5-14 mm. long, first glume 1- nerved (e) e. Panicle 20-60 cm. long. rays 10-15 cm. long, flower-bearing above the middle. , . .18 e. Also some plants of 19 e. Panicle spikelike 30 cm. long with no rays which are 10 cm. long or much interrupted. 20 A(iU<)STll)E-K. 105 e, Panicle branched, little iiitcrrupte'l rays 2-15 cm. long (g) g. Floral glume 10 mm. long. . . . 11> g. Also some i)luntsj of tJo g. Floral glume less than 10 mm. (exci'])ting some of 23) (h) h. First glume 3-5 mm., floral glume o-O mm. long 21 h. First glume 4-6 mm., floral glume 5-G mm. long. . 24: h. First glume 7 mm., floral glume 5-0 mm. long 23 h. First glume 8-10 mm., floral glume T-8 mm. long. 22 h. First glume G-0 mm., floral glume T-14 mm. long, and in some varieties flrst glume 9-13 mm. long, floral glume 18- 20 mm. long; very variable. . . .25 Awns three, not jointed with the floral (jJmne, the lateral ones very short or obsolete. a. Central awn stout, 2-3 cm. long, hooked-recurved at the base when dry 26 a. Central awn 5-6 ihm. long, reflexed and twice coiled at the base when dry 2T a. Central awn not hooked nor coiled at the base when dry (b) b. Floral glume 6 mm. long, culm erect filiform. . . 28 b. Floral glume longer, culm stouter (c) c. Emi)ty glumes equal, or the first one longer. . (e) e. First empty glume 7-8 mm. long or often obsolete 32 e. Empty glumes nearly equal, 6-8 mm. long. 29 e. Emptyglumesnearly equal, 9-11 mm. long. 30 e. First glume 10-12 mm., second 7 mm. long. 31 e. First glume 8-13 mm, long 33 c. Empty glumes unequal, second one longer. . (d) 196 POACE.E. d. Panicle spikelike, rays mostly sessile, first glumo 4-5 mm. long 21 d. Panicle racemose or spreading, first glume ?-!> mm. long 32 1. A. desmantha Trin. & Uupr. Mem. Acad. St. Pctersb. (VI.) MOO (1841)). A slender sparingly-bniuched grass, 30-50 cm. high. Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule short clliate; blades in- volute, setaceous, smooth below, S-'^O cm. long, nnirgins of the blade and sheaths also sometimes ciliate. I*anicle -iniple, few- flowered, 8-15 cm. long, rays scabrous, remote. Empty glumes ciliate, 1-nerved, etjual, 2-tootlu'd, 10-13 mm. long, besides short bristles; floral ghnne about 10 mm. long to the jointed, separate awns, V. Inch are equal and horizontally s})readiug when dry. Texas, livt'crrhon 105 T. Texas and Indian Territory. 2. A. tuberculosa Nutt. (ien. 1:51 (1818). Culms 2-5 cm. high, branching below, nodes tumid; the inter- nodes mostly naked, as the l)ranches crowd the sheaths away. Sheaths smooth, twice as long as the internodes, to which they really belong; ligule a ciliate fringe; leaves of sterile shoots very few and short, those of the <'ulm 2-3 in number, blades involute, se- taceous, 10-20 cm. long, scabrous above, smooth below. Panicle rigid, open, spar- ingly bnmched, 10-18 cm. long. Empty glumes brown, 15 IT mm. long, tlie strong nerves scabrid; first glume shorter, the awned tips 5-10 mm. long; floret nearly 15 mm. long, with a hairy pointed callus at the base, and at the apex the three awns are twisted and Fio.40. — Anstida tuberculosa. A, spikelet; a, Horet; 6,cftl- anchylosed or soldered together Tor lous be«rd,.a base. (Scribner.) ,^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ .^^^^^ ^^jji^j^^ ^^^ maturity, the three nearly equal tips become divergent or reflexed for 3-4 cm.. ACJHOSTIDE.E. 197 the awns uud tlie twistod base separating by a joint from the glume. Mussaeluisetts, A'. Fa.voii 'iO; New Jeriiey, /y^/ 37 ; Minnesota, Ifolzitujer for Nat. Herb. Sandy soil. Eastern irassaclnisetts to Xew Jersey, also in Mex- ico, Wisconsin, westward, and soutliward, 3. A Californica Tliiirb. Boland. in Trans. Calif. Agr, iSoe. 134 (1SG4). A. Jonexii Vasey, C'ontrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:48 (1S!»2). A slender densely tufted geniculate and niucli-branched grass, often pubescent at the nodes. Siieaths loose, shorter than the internodes, often jmbescent; ligule ciliate; blades smooth or sca- brous below, involute-setaceous, those of the sterile shoots 3-('» cm. long, those above shorter. Panicle racemose, few-tlowered. 3-<5 •cm. long, the lower spikelets in i)airs. Empty glumes 1-nerved. first () mm. long, second 10 mm. long; floral glume minutely scabrous, about the length of the first glume, often spotted; awns united below from the joint upwards for neai'ly 10 mm. bearing nearly ecpud spreading tii)S 2.5-5 cm. long. California. State Survvij 'I'll"! \ Arizona, ./owe*' 3895. Arizomi, California and Mexico. Var. fugitiva Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. 3: 49 (1892). " DitTers from the type chiefly in the lower and more condensed habit, and in the longer empty glumes." Vasey 1. c. Lower California, Palmer 501. Sand-beaches near the sea; seeds easily blown about ; spikelets varying from greenish yellow to purple and brownish blai'k. 4. A. spiciformis Ell. Bot. S. C. & (Ja. 1 : 141 (1810). Culms rigid, erect, sparingly branched, 30-00 cm. high. Sheatiis shorter than the internodes: blades smooth, rigid, erect, involute, those of the culm 2 in number. Panicle dense, spikelike, 15 cm. long. Empty glumes narrow. 1-nerved; first 4 mm. long, with an awn 10 mm. long; second 10 mm. long, witli an awn still longer; floret slender and with its beak 3-3.5 cm. long, the awns diverging, the central one stouter ami as long as the floral glume, the lateral ones a little shorter. 108 POACK.E. Florida, Curtiss Wll, Chtrk 5050. Low pino-lmrrt'iis. South Curoliim to Florida. 5. A. appressa N'asev, ("ontril). U, S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 283 (1893). Culms sli'iuU-r, (JO-ISO cm. lii;;li. Tiowor leaves uot seen, the up- per narrowly setaceous. 10-1, "» cm. lon()-.'>() nil. lii<;li; ciilins unltraiirlu'd. Sliciitlis sliortcr tliaii tliu iiitfi'iiodt's; li^'uli' si ciliutL' riiij;; bliides of sterile shoots iiivuiuti', lilit'(»riii. orteii llexiiose. I'-'M) cmii. lonj;. tliose of the culm about 3 cm. lou^^ I'auide erect, sjiikelike. narrow, 10-1.5 cm. loiiul\: liitcml awtiri divurgin^, 10 iiiiii. luii*;;. the ccMitnil oue ti little lon^'cr. West Texas, XcaUvij 514 in IH.SO. Ahundunt on rocky soil. 10. A. simplioifolia Clui(in). Coult. Hot. (ia;;. :): IH (1878). Culms erect, lilit'orni. .^^parin^'ly lirain-lied, TjU-HO cm. Iiij,di. Hlatles of sterile shoots (J-l*^ cm. lon<;, those of the culm 2-;5 in number, involute, 10-20 em. lonjj;. 1-;.' mm. wide. Uaceme much exscrted, simple, straijjht, 15-25 cm. lon^s spikelets mostly sinjilo on short jiedicels; empty <;himes lu-arly e<|ual, 1 -nerved, extending' a little above tiu' base of tiie awns. 10 mm. lonj;. The awns widely 8|)rea cm. high. Culms with about three nodes. Sheaths two-thirds as long as the iuternodes; ligule very short; blades involute-lilirorm, .shorti-r tliaii the culm. I'anicle simple, strict, narrow, 12-I.'> cm. long; rays mostly single, the longest 2.5 cm. long, bearing 2-IJ spikelets. Em|>ty glumes very une((ual, short-awned. first as long as the floret, 7 mm. long, including the i)oint 10-11 cm. long; awns nearly ecpuil, slender, loosely twisted at the base, diverging, 12-15 mm. long. IT. S. Dept. Agricul.. Cliapman. South Florida (Robert's Key). 12. A. basiramea Vasey, Coult, Hot. Gaz. 0:70 (1884). An erect slender annual, 20-70 cm. high, much branched, bearing flowers from very near the roots to the apex of the culm; nodes tumid; iuternodes naked, as the branches crowd the sheaths away. Ligule very short; blades becoming involute. 8-18 cm. long, setaceous above, sparingly hairy on the nnirgins below. Paiucles erect, loose, simple, the lateral ones sheathed by the leaves, the lat- ASTII>K.K. 201 tt'i" ;}-H cm. Ion;;, tlu' tiTiuiiiiil one soiiu'tiiiu's ]()-]'i ctn. Ion;;: lowiT riivrt in twos or tlircus, tlio iippcr sin^li". Spikcli'ts with iin- t'qnal I-ntTved ^flui.U'.s, llrrtt A-lO nun. lon^'. si-i^ond H-i:{ mm. long, tlu' awns vi'i-y short; tlort't spotted, ^-U mm. Ion;,'; liitcral awns *0cm. long, the lower portions tardily invo- lute. Panicle exserted, purple and brown, sleiiiler. *~'0-4(icm. long; rays solitary, in pairs or rarely in threes. Kin|»ty ghnnes each with 1 scabrous lu'rve. and a very short awn, first \'l mm. long, second about 10 mm. long: lloret ol'ten spotted. 5-7 mm. long, the lateral divergent awns 2 cm. long, the central one longer. New .lersey, Scribnrr for V. S. Dept. Agrieul. 250: ^[ichigan. Clark 2020. New Hngland and Michigan to Texas; also West Indies. Var. depauperata N'asey, ined. Panicle slender; lirst and sec- ond glumes T and 5 mm. long, ves[)ectively ; tloret 4 mm. long. Mississippi, Tn/ri/. Var. minor Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. 3:40 (1892). Panulc rtltiiih'r. K-I^riii. loii;r; lirst ;'limic T iiiiii. loiiju, HiK'oiul G tiiiii. U*\i}i; iiwiis (>r llorct I..') nun. U>u<^. NorilicuMl Kloriilu, ('niiit<,i '.U'i*.*; ^liMim\i\n, '/'nirif \',\:\\ Now ir». A. oligantha MuUs. V\. Mor. Am. 1:41 (iso.l). .1. A,f. ftiriisioHi'M Willi, Kl. Cur. 74 (1188), not L. (hivlariii (i/{i/(! (isr,'j. AppiiD'ntly iinnniil ; riilnis with tumid nodes. s|mi'in;j:ly liranclicd. 'iO-50 nil. Iii;;)). Slicatliri iil)ont a.s lon<; as the inlcrnodcs some of which uiH' naked, as the hranciies crowd the sheaths; li;;iile \crv short, with a few hmj; hairs ahove it. Panicle loose, few-lhiwi-red. racemo.se, lO-lT) cm. lon^'. Knipty jjiunies nearly e(|nal. 'i cm. lonjf, llrsl Jl-.^-nervi'd. with a very short awn. second I-iierved, with an iiwn I cm. lon«i:; lloret ir» mm. lon<,'; awns diver^'infi; when mii- ture, the central one 4 cm. lonjj. the lateral ones ii little shorter. District of Coliimhia. McCari/ty; Ma.ssachu.sett8, ('. JJ. Fiuon 8; Mississippi, Tniri/. Vir^'inia. Illinois, .\rkanaas and southward. Var. nervata. Kmpty ;,dumes shorter thuu the lloret, iirst T- nerved, tlie divergent awns \-i cm. lon^. ()re<;on ((Jrant'rt I'as;;), /Imrc/L 10. A. Palmeri Va.sey, Hull. Torr. Club. 10: 4'^ (1S8;J). Perennial; I5-;U) cm. hi^'h. Leaf-hlades involute, setaceous, the lower '^-5 cm. l(.n;r, some of those altove lO-T,* cm. loiiir. Spikelets S0-1()() to a culm in .some cases, in terminal and lateral j)anicles, 12 cm. lonjiif, (> (!m. wide; l)ranclies sctahrous. Some of the lower spikes often nu)re or less reduced or abortive. Spikelets mostly in pairs; lirst glume linear-lanceolate, l-nerved. al)out ',' mm. long. 1 mm. wide; second membranous, narrowly linear. S-!) Him. long; lloret (iylindrical, 4 mm. long, the awns nearly e(iual, erect or diverging, 10 mm. long. Colorado, Junes 4138; West Texas, Ilavard; Nebraska,, Dupij. Nebi'aska. Arizona and Texas. 17. A. virgata 'i'rin. Sprang. Neue Entdeck. 2 : 60 ( ). Culms erect, slender, naked above, sparingly branching belnv.'. AtH{«»srii>i;.K. a<>:{ l()-»»Ocin. liijjh. Slu'uths not crowded from tin- intcinodcs: li^'uU> very Hln)rt; Idiidos ;j. Ilat, 1(»-IS i-ni. I<»ll;.^ I'miiclforifii on a pcdi- i-r\ of its own l«'n;,'tli. spiki'liki', iiiti'rniptcd, the a|i|ircss('d ray.s riHistly iit coiiiilcs. S|.ikcU-l.s S nun. lon;^ to tlio tips of tiii' siilt- t((ual. l-iU'i'Vfd, i-inpty j.'lunie-»; lloivt 4.5 mm. lou^j; tlio lalt-ral awMs lu mm. loii)^', tl>o central one a third lon^jfor. New .Icrsey, ./. //. I/in'mis for Nat. Miis. N'asey says it has liccn chi>-i'd with .1. ///v/l>. (VI.) : : lis (lS4;t). .1. ,li,'(irir,ihi 11. H. K. Willd. Knum. '.)!• (I80!l). Clnrliuiii dirarini/,/ Heauv. ,\,u'rost. :{() (IST.'). An erect {jniss. :)(>-!M) cm. hi;,'ii. Shcalhs cowriii;,' the nodes; Mades eonvolntc. ri«rid. l','-*^()cm. lon^'; li;/nle ciliate, short. I'ani- (tlc often partially included. "^O ;5(> cm. '.oii.i,', narrow or widely spreading;; rays mostly in twos helow, sinjjle ahove. some of them 10- ri cm. lon<;, sparsely flower-hearinj; alon<; the upper two-lifths. Kni|)ty ^ilunies purplish. 1 -nerved, ecpial. or the lower a little tlu' lon^jfi'r. about 1"' mm. lonjf, liesides a very short awn; florets often seal)ri(l and spotted, '.» mm. lon- as the spikeh't. the cen- tral one 'i-G mm. lon^ror; paK-a 1 mm. lonjjj. .Mexico, /'(thiiir '^S4. KiS; Arizona, Toitnii'ij 7H4; California, Junes; New Mexico, \'. A. lanata Poir. Encycl. Sujipl. 1:4.5:) (ISIO). Chwhirid f/(>flislu spikelike, secund. rays solitary or clustered, branch in*,' near tlie base, 3-U) cm. or more loui;. Spikeli'ts on short pedicels, empty <;lnmes narrow, linear, abruptly pointed when spread, scabrous on the back, tirst ;)-5 mm. lonj;. second A-'.t mm. lon<;; floret linear, scabrous on the keel, about as lonj; as the second glume, with a short hairy callus, central awn shorter to a little longer than its glume, the lateral ones a little shorter, all scabrous; palea less than 1 mm. long. Grain 7 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. diam. Very variable ami formerly described under several ditTerent names. " The same tuft has culms from :{ inches to a foot high; in the shorter ones the base of the panicle is included, but in tlio taller it is long exserted.'' Dr. Thurber in 8. Wats. I?ot. Calif. 2:2S9 (1S80). In the above some use also was made of his de- scription of this species. Colorado, Orciiff: ^fexico, Puhtier oO;?; West Texas, Wrif/fti T-il ; Arizona, Lcnitixni IJST. '' The dilVerent forms of this species, of which the A. hrnmnidea II. H. K. is oiu'. were all united by Trinius & Kuprecht uiuler their A . disperm. (Jenl. Mnnro, in his catalogue of the grasses in the her- barium of Linnanis, says that .1. Aiiien'rana L., from Jamaica, is called ,1. di,'iperf<(t, but Liiuuvus' nanu' ought to take precedence. (Jrisebach. in Flora of the Jiritish West Indies, unites A. Amer- ica nit L., ,/. (lisjiersit Trin.. J. hroinoides, A. hinitulift, A. coiirctata II. H. K., ami .1. nxjnitlu Trin. under A. sfrida Michx." Dr. Thurber 1. c. : also see Scribner in Hull. Torr. Club. 0:87 (1SS".»). I am unable with data now at hand to perfect u list of synonyms that is reliable. Colorado, (hrutt; Mexico, Pnhiier 60',). New Mexico, ^fexioo to Calfornia. 22. A. Havardii Vasey, Hull. Torr. Club, 13:27 (1880). A smooth slender grass, sparingly branching below, 20-40 cm. liigh. Ligule very short with a ciliate fringe; blades erect, invo- lute, setaceous. 8-15 cm. long. Panicle sometimes with its base included by the upper sheath, open, 12-15 cm. long, rays slender. 206 PUACE.E. mostly ill }xiirs, sprciKlinjif or cvt-ii rofloxod witli a spoil, cy eullus in the Jixilri, tlio largest fuw-llowt'ivil. i)-(\ ciii. loii;^'. braucliiiig about 1 cm. from llui base, em^jty gliimcs nearly ecuial. scabrous on tho keels, l-nerved, 8-10 iiiiii. lon^j;; lloral uluiue spotted, smooth, the apex scabrous, 7-8 mm. long, lateral awns 10-15 mm. long, tho middle one a very little longer. Western Texas, Ihirard; Arizona. Tuiniirii IS,"). 'I'.). A. palustris Vasey, Cat. (ii'ani. V . S. '■):) (ISS,")). A. I'lryata var. jxiliis/rift Cliaitm. Fl. S. States o')5 (18te(l, iJO-TO em. long. Emjity glumes comi)ressed, keeled, nearly ecpial or the second longer, 1- nerved. 7-9 mm. long; iloret 5-0 mm. long, the lateral awns 12-15 mm. long, the central a little longer, and when dry spreading more than the others. Mississippi, Trari/; Northeast Florida. Ciir/iss 3425. I'inc-barrens, West Florida and South Alabama, U. A. setifolia H. H. K. Xov. CJen. et Sp. 1:123 (1815). Cha>tariat to 4 in number. Panicle but little exsertcd, often included at the base, rather thin and spikelike, 12-15 cm. long, branches compound, 14.5 mm. from each other, 3-4 cm. long: empty glumes scabrous on the keel, abruptly pointed when spread, l-nerved, first 4-0 mm. long, second 0-8 mm. long; lloral glume scabrous, linear-lanceolate, 5-0 mm. long, the awns diverging, nearly equal, or the middle one slightly shorter or longer, 8-15 mm. long. AEexico, Palmer 501, 709. Also found in Jirazil. 25. A. fasciculata (H. & S.) Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1:154 (1824). Chcpfaria fascicuhtta U. k S. Syst. 2 : Mant. 578 (1817). A. purpurea ^wii. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. (II.) 5:145 (1837). AGROSTIDK.E. 207 An extremely variable perouuial ; culms simple, slenrler, erect, 15-40 cm. high. Sheaths longer thuu the iuteruodes, pilose at the throat; blades Hat or involute, the lower numerous, 3-10 cm. long, those of the culm about 3 in number and variable in length. Panicle slender, loosely few-llowei'ed, 7-15 cm. long, interrupted at the base; rays nearly sessile or on slender flexuose pedicels. Empty glumes l-nerveil, often bifid, with a very short straight awn, lirst 0-9 mm. long, second 9-18 mm. long; floret 7-14 mm. long, awns equal, si)reading, 15-70 mm. long. A polymorphous species, with the extremes of which I am not certain that I am familiar. Colorado to 'I'exas. Var. Californica Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:47(1803). Culms about 00 cm. high; pauicle rather densely maiiy-Uow- ered, 15-20 cm. long; lower rays in clusters of 7-10, the longest 4 cm. long; first glume 8 mm. long, second 10 mm. long; floral glume 10 mm. long; aAvns 3-4 cm. long. Arizona, Lemmon 402; California, IT. S. Dept. Agricul. 1540 from Pari>ih. Yar. Fendleriana (Stcud.) Vasey, 1. c. A. Fendkriana Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 420 (1855). Culms 10-20 cm. high; rays short, erect, mostly 1-flowered. Mew Mexico, C. Fendler 973. Var. Hookeri Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 5:120 (1842). Sixty cm. high; first glume 9-13 mm. long, second 8-20 mm. long; floret 13 mm. long; awns 5-7 cm. long. It contributes to the forage on the plains, though rather dry and tough. Kansas, Drummond 203, Wriglit 336, 2000, 2003, 2004; Montana, Scribner S3 ; Mexico. Var. micrantha Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. 47 (1892). Culms erect to decumbent, much branched below. 30-50 cm. high. First glume 3.5-4 mm. long, second 7-8 mm. long; floret 7 mm. long; awns equal, spreading, 2 cm. long. West Texas. 208 POACE^. Var. Nuttallii Tluirb. .1. hnujisda Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 420 (1855). Culms 15-30 cm. long, rays in twos and threes, the lower flexu- ose, the upper uppressed ; awns ()-8 cm. long. New ^Icxico, Fendhr 987; Idaho, F. E. Wilcox in 1883. 20. A. ramosissima Engelm. A. (Jray, Man. Ed. 5:G18 (1807). Var. unisefa and uniarisfafa Engelm. A diffusely branched annual, 12-40 cm. high, the main inter- nodes naked. Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule very shortly ciliate; blades involute, setaceous, 3-0 cm. long. Pan- icle racemose, 3-8-llowered, 4-8 cm. long; first glume of the spike- let 3-nerved, 12-15 cm. long, second equal or a little longer, 5- nerved; floral glume nearly as long -is the second glume; awns not jointed, the lateral ones erect, 1-4 mm. long or shorter, the central hook-recurved at the base when dry, 2-3 cm. long. Illinois, Jical 31). Dry prairies, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. 27. A. dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:41 (1803). Ciuio- pogon dichotomus Peauv. Agrost 32, I. 8, f. 7 (1812). A tufted erect or ascending annual, 30-00 cm. high. Culms slender, dichotomously branched for most of their length, nodes tumid, internodes naked, as their leaf-sheaths enclose the branches. Sheaths less than half the length of the naked internodes; ligule very short; blades involute, setaceous, those from the sterile shoots 10-20 cm. long. Panicles termiiuil and lateral, simi)le, very nar- row, 3-8 cm. long. Spikelets with 1-nerved equal empty glumes, about 7 mm. long, or the lirst a little shorter, scabrous on the keels ; floret 5-0 mm. long, the erect lateral awns minute, the mid- dle one reflexed and twice coiled when dry; about the length of the spikelet. Connecticut, PvingJe; Massachusetts, Cooht/j Delaware, Clark 1910; District of Columbia, McCarfhy, Vasey for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 237. Dry sandy or gravelly soil from Elaine to Texas. Var. Curtissii A. Gray, Man. Ed. G: 040 (1890). A(a{OSTIDE.B. 20^ Culms more slender; panicle slender, thin; first glume 7 mm. l()ii<,', second 10 mm. long: floral glume 8 mm. long. Bedford Co., Virginia. 38. A. gracilis Ell. liot. S. C. & Ca. 1: U2 (1817). Culms erect, filiform, naked above, brandling below, 15-50 em. long. The lower blades borne by the branches, leaving the main internodes naked; ligule very short; blades of the culm about 5 in ninnber, erect, filiform, -1-0 cm. long. l*anicle exserted, very slender, interrupted, spikelike, the appreased branches mostly in (iouples. Spikelets about mm. long, the one-nerved empty glumes and the floret nearly equal ; the lateral awns one-third to one-half as long as the middle one, which is uncoiled, usually 10-] 5 mm. long. New Jersey, Scrihner for U. S. Dcpt. Agricul. 240; Delaware, Clark 2950; Pennsylvania. Scribner 3424; Khode Island, Clark 4301 from Congden; New York, Clark; Iowa, llitthcovk. Sandy soil, New England to Illinois and Texas. Var. depauperata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 0:040 (1800). More slender, the lateral awns erect, 1-3 mm. long, the middle one 0.5 cm. long. Mississippi, Tracy; New Jersey, Beal. Found with the former, into which it jiasses. Florida, Chapman. 29. A. divergens Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 48 (1892). A. Sehiediana minor \'asey. Bull. Torr. t!lub, 13:28 (1880). An erect perennial, 30-45 cm. high. Sheaths mostly longer than the internodes; ligule shortly ciliate; blades involute, 15-20 cm. long. Panicle included at tlie base, pyramidal, 15-17 cm. long, rays in pairs or solitary, 3-8 cm. long, flower-bearing fi-om near the middle. Spikelets diverging, empty glumes subequal, 0-8 mm. long; floral glume 10 mm. long, becoming twisted with age; lateral awns obsolete or nearly so, middle arm 10-17 mm. long. Very nearly allied to A. Schiediana Trin. & Rupr., and possi- bly hardly a good s]>ecies. Arizona, Jones 4234 in 1884, Pringle. Texas to Arizona. I'OACE.E. '«ic^S>--~ 30^A^J$chi«dianaTiiii. cS^ Uupr. Mem. Acad. St. Potersb. (VI.) A stm{,'it)erf/ia Hchreb. A. Awn plumose, hairs over 1 mm. long (a) a. Awu 10-15 cm. long 1 AGKOSTIDE-E. 213 a. Awii mucli shorter (b) b. Floral -4() mm. long, panicle very variable, nnmy-llowereil 10 u. Empty glumes 5-10-13 mm. long, awn *^0-40 mm. long, panicle I'ew-llowered. . 17 n. Empty glumes 8 mm. long, awn 15-50 mm. long, culm braacliing, leaves oF the culm 7 18 n. Empty glumes G-7 mm. long, awn 2-2.5 cm. long. S. I'liiini'Hs var. Andcrsoni. 15 n. Empty glumes 5mm. long, awn lG-18 mm. long 19 1. S. var. pennata. Neo-Mexicana Thnrb. A rather stout erect smooth grass, 40-GO cm. high. Sheaths mostly longer than the internodes ; leaves of sterile shoots numer- ous, strict, blades narrow, 30-40 cm. high, those of the culm 4 in number. Panicle partly included by the upper sheaths, simple, few-tlowered, 10-15 cm. long, besides the long awns. Empty glumes eqnal, C-8-nerved, 3 or more mm. wide, and 3-4 cm. long includ- ing the long-drawn-out point; tlorct pubescent, 15 mm. long, includ- ing the long callus; awn pubescent or tlexuose, plumose through- out (the hairs near the middle 'i mm. long), twice bent, the lower l)art 3-4 cm. long, the whole awn 10-15 cm. long. Texas, Revcrchon 1365; Arizona, Jones, Pringle. Found in West Texas, Xew Mexico, Arizona, Colorado. 2. b. occidentalis Thurb. S. Wats. Bot. King's Expd. 380 (1871). Culms erect, slender, scabrid, pubescent at the nodes, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 4-5 mm. long; blades rigid, slender, involute, scabrid, the lower 6-15 or more cm. long, those of the culm usually two in number, 1-10 cm. long. Panicle exserted or the base included, simple, narrow, 5-15 cm. long, the lower rays in twos or threes. Emi)ty glumes thin, first 5- AdUOSTIDE.E. 215 nerved. 10-1"2 mm. lonp, second 3-nerved und 8-10 mm. lon^'j floral glume pubescent, C-8 mm. long, including the short iicuto callus and the crown of hairs at the ajjcx; uwn 2-4 cm. long, twico genicailate and plumose to the nppcr bund, the longest hairs about 1 mm. long. Anthers beardless. "Washington, Sanilbcry 209; Oregon, Cuxick 1320, Ihwell ; California, Jones 2583, Pringle, Parish 2491; Southern California^ Palmer 232. Found in Nevada, California, and Oregon. 3. S. speciosa Trin. et Rupr, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 6:45 (1842). .V. chrysophjUa Desv. C. (lay. Fl. Ciiil. fi: 278. Perennial ; culms erect, densely tufted, 20-50 cm. high. Sheaths tawny, shorter than the internodes, the upper one inflated; upper lig- ule 2 mm. long, the lower minute and fringed; leaves of sterile shoots erect, scabrid, blades half or two-thirds as long jis the culm, those of the culm three in number, 5-15 cm. long, closely involute. Pani(;le often partially included, spikelike, G-20 cm. long, the rays usually in pairs bearing 1-3 spikelets. Empty glumes nearly equal, hya- line, acuminate, about 16 mm. long, first 3-nerved, second 5-7- nerved; floret silky pubescent, 5-nerved, 8-12 mm. long including the short curved callus and the 2-toothed hairy apex; awn 3-4 cm. long, geniculate below the middle, the twisted portion plumose with the white hairs 3-6 mm. long. Anthers beardless. California (Mojave Desert). Parish Brothers 879, Pringle; Nevada, Shockley, Jones; Arizona, Letnmon 279. Found in Arizona to California, and in Cliili. 4. S. spartea Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1 : 82 (1831), Porcupine-grass. Culms rather stout, 50-120 cm. Mj-h. Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligule 3-5 mm. long; blades 3, smooth, all seta- ceous, the lower two-thirds as long as the culm, the upper one 10- 20 cm. long. Panicle exserted, when mature contracted. 12-15 cm. long, rays usually in pair- '^ single, some of the longest 10 cm. long, bearing 1-2 flowers nv.u- the end. Empty glumes sub- equal, first 3-6-nerved, second 7-8-nerved, 30-45 mm. long includ- ing the long attenuated joint; floret about 2 cm. long, pubescent on 216 POACK.E. tlio lower liiilf, smooth uhovcs except u sliort thin row of luiirrt, the nUlus hunl, aeiuninute, iiwn !)-17 cm. long, usually witii two bomU uuur tho middle;, uhout 2 cm. distant. Illinois, Clark 1!K)» from Uchh, hval 41; Iowa, I'. S. Dept. Agricul. 2S',*, from ,/. (-\ Arthur ; liritish Columbia, Mavnun. The long awns when alteriuitely wet and dried bore their way for several inches into tho sand. They nuiy also penetrate the llesh of sheep and dogs, causing much annoyance and even death. Sandy oak-land or prairies; Mi(!higan, Illinois, to California. 6. S. oomata Trin. & Kupr. Mem. Acad. St. I'etersb. (VI.) 6: 75 (1843). HuNcii-(fu.\88. A rather stout and usually scabrous grass. 30-120 cm. high. Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule acute. 3-4-0 mm. long; leaves of sterile shoots a fourth to half the length of the culm, tliosoof the culm 'l-b in number. Panicle partially included, open, 20-30 cm. long, rays distant in twos or threes, few-flowered. Empty glumes nearly equal. 5-nerved. 20-30 mm. long including the long slender point; floret pubescent with no crown of hairs at the apex. 10-13 mm. long including a long sharp callus, awn ob- scurely twice bent below, and variously curled and twisted above. 10-15 cm. long, sparsely pubescent to the second bend, shining above or minutely pubescent; palea as long as itt: glume. Sta- mens 3. (y'olorado, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 208; Oregon, Howell; Montana, Anderson. Found along the Rocky Mountains, furnishing considerable pasture. 6. S. mucronata H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 125 (1815). A tufted erect perennial, 40-00 cm. high. Leaves of sterile sboots numerous, ligule a ring with very short hairs; blades con- duplicate, 5-10 cm. long, 0.0 mm. diam., those of the culm 2 in number; upper ligule oblique, adherent, very short; blades 3-0 cm. long. Panicle exserted, simple, narrow, interrupted, 8-13 cm. long, rays in twos to fours, the longest 3-4 cm. loTig, bearing 3-4 spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets purplish brown, empty glumes chartaceous, linear-acute, subequal, 5-0 mm. long, 3-nerved, AuuosTiin:.!-:. 217 first oval, lUiute, hccoiuI imrrower; lloral jjliimo about I luui. lonjj, iiii'ludinj; tho very abort curved biwc, dolbetl witb very sbort hairs; uwn twice l)eut, 10-15 mm. long. Mexieo, /'ritif/li' 4*,'-.M). Mountain meadows. 7. S. tenuissima Trill. Midi S(!. A0 mm. long, second about 5 mm. long; lloret scabrid. 'I mm. long, including tbe abruptly-pointed hairy callus, a short (;rown of hairs at tbe apex; awn 7-H cm. long, ().•,* mm. or less iliam., with one bend a third of tbe distani-e from the l)ase. West Texas, llamrd, litivklcy; New Mexico, Wriyht, llMiO; Mexico, Prinijlc \Vl'!\. Western Texas, New Mexico and Arizoiui. vS. S. Jarava lieauv. Agrost. 1!) (ISl-,'). S.eriosfdvhua If. li. K. Nov. Gen. ot Sp. 1: irJr (1S15). S. Ic/tu Kunlh, Rev. (iram. 1 : GO (IS-.'!.). A tufted erect perennial. Culms (50-180 cm. high, nodes 4-5 in number. Blades of sterile shoots involute, -iO-fiO cm. or more long, 0.5-0.7 mm. diam. Sheaths of the culm longer than the internodes (or shorter in tall i)lants). scabrous; ligulo oblicpie, o])tuse. '^ mm. long; blades involute, scabrous on tbe uiuler side, l-".* mm. diimi. Panicle but little exserted, contracted, i)ale puri)lish green, IJ()-40 cm. long; rays in threes and fours, the long- est 10 cm. or more long, branching aiul bearing numerous spike- lets from a little above the base. Empty glumes subetpud, nar- rowly lanceolate, delicate. U-7 mm. long, 3-nerved, tbe upper sometimes 1-nerved ; lloral glume linear, 3 mm. long, clothed with short appressed hairs, the apex bearing a tuft of liairs as long as 'J18 POACK.E. tilt! <,f|niii('. ciipillai'v iiwM 1".' IS cm. loiifj;. t.li(f huso abruptly j)()iiil(Ml. Anthers linear. I mm. lt 10 mm. loii-I(i cm. lonx. A comnio'i iiuncli-^rrass i»n the dry hills. (Jalil'oruia. /'ri. n/r -fours: also in Kansas. Kansas, Ti'.xas. >. -w Mexico. I'tali, Californiii and Orejjjou. 10. S. avenacea L. Sp. IM. IS (17r»;5). I^i.ack Oat-kkass. ,s'. hnrh(if(t Michx. V\. Mor. Am. 1 : .');{ (iS();{). S. I'irf/iiiin/ IVrs. Syn. 1:!»!) (IS05). .S'. hirnhr I'ursh. Kl. Am. Sept. 7:\ (1H14). (hilms slender, 40 !>() em. hi^di. Sheatlis half as loni; as the interiuxles; blades liliform, the larf^esl when spread scarcely 2 mm. wide, those of the sterile shoots about half as lon<^ as the culm, those on the culm l{ in luimber, the u[)per 4 7 cm. \o\\ cm. hi^li. IShcallis lon^'cr than tlio intc;rn(Ml('s; lower li<,MiU^ 1 mm. lon;,% the ujipcr .5 mm. loiii;; Madcs (»r sterile shoots about half as loiij^ as the culm, those on the culm :> in numher, the upiier lO-lS cm. Ion;;. Panicle exserted when nuiture. thin, l;.'-5i") <'m. lon<,'; rays in threes, fours, or lives, sprcadini;. the lower clusters T-',> cm. distant from the next above, loni^'est. rays 10 cm. \o\\;j:, lie;irin<,' a few sjtikelets near the apex. Kmpty .triumes [)urplish. linear-lan(!eoIate, :{-norvcd at the base, lirst ll-i;{ mm. Ion;,' with a very slender apex, secoiul 7-10 mm. lonu:; tloret pul)escent. (i-T mm. lon. S. coronataThurl). S. Wats. Hot. Calif. '^:r>sr (IHSO). .s'. SIHIiiKiiniii Holand. I'roc. Calif. Acad. 4: Hi!) (IHTO). An erect j^rass. l'.'(»-|SO cm. hi,<;h. the culm (»fien Ti-S cm. diaiti. Sheaths v(M'y loose; li^j^ule very short and a ciliatc frin<;e; blades about 1 in nund)cr. scabrid abovmetimes below, the lower often !)() em. loufj, S-T* juni. wide, from tlu^ base ixradually taperiuf^ into a very slender involute j)oint, the upper one lilil'orm. If) cm. lonjf. I'aiiicli! often partially included by the inllated upper sheath, narrow, many-llowercd, :50-|o cm. IcMiir. lower branches in twos or threes, sonu' of tluMu often l,") cm. lon^. Empty jflumes pale ^reen, tinired with |)urple. acuminate anper ones numerous and bearing a crown 2-3 mm. long; awn once or twice bent, 18-20 mm. long; palea about 2 mm. long. New Mexico, Vasvy; Colorado, Patterson 273. 14. S. Parishii Vasey, Coult. Bot. (iaz. 7: 33 (1882). Perennial; culms stout, 30-45 cm. high. Hheaths smooth. longer than the internodes; the margins of the throat pubescent ; ligule very short; blades involute or convolute, rigid, smooth be- low, scabrous above, the lower ones 12-18 cm. long, the upper 8-10 cm. long. Panicle with the base enclosed, contracted or open. 12- 15 cm. long, the lower ra3's in threes, those above in twos or single, the longest about 5 cm. long bearing 5-8 spikelets more or less tinged with purple; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, smooth. ;5- nerved, first 12-lG mm. long, second 10-14 mm. long; floral glume about 7 mm. long, including the short stipe, densely clothed with silky hairs often 5 mm. long. 2-toothed, awn 10-20 mm. long. California, Parish, 1079, 2487, Sliorkley 283. Arizona and California. 15. S. eminens Cavan. Icon. 5: /. 407./. 1 : 42 (1799). A slender scabrid erect grass, 30-90 cm. high, nodes often pu- bescent. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; blades involute, erect, slender, those from the sterile shoots as long as the culm; leaves of the culm four in number, 15-20 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, the terminal one 5-8 cm. wide. Panicle often AUUOSTIDK.E. 221 partially incliuled, open, thin, lO-'^O cm. lonlumes purplish, aeuminate, :j-nerve(l, tlrst 8- 10 mm. long, seeond G-8 mm. long; iloret pubescent, hearing a short awn, crown of hairs 5-0 mm. long, including the short sharp callus, and the crown; })alea one-third as long as the glume, awu slender, scabrid, bent once or twice near the middle, '^5 mm. long. Stamens 3, anthers pencil-tufted. Some authors say " Stamen 1.*' (.California (Passadena), Jones 3544. Found in Arizona and C- ornia. Var. Anderson! Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Xat. Herb. 3: 54 ()8!)2). Culms more slender, blades narrower, panicle snuiller, much exserted, 5-13 cm. long, longest rays 4 cm. long; empty glumes u-8 mm. long. The plants seen were from F. L. Scribner's herbarium, collected in California by Anderson and pi-esented by Dr. Vasey. 10. S. stricta Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 10:43 (1883). An erect slender grass, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the internodes, tlie upper one dilated; ligule very short; blade* luirrowly involute, those of the sterile shoots extending nearly to the panicle, those of the culm 3-4 in number. Panicle strict, nar- row, partially included by the upjier sheath, 8-30 cm. long, lower rays iu twos or threes. Empty glumes thin, mirrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 3-uerved, subecpud, 10-13 cm. long; floret pubescent, about 6 mm. long, including the callus and the very short 3- toothed apex, awu twice bent, 30-40 mm. long, pubescent to the second bend, 1-3 mm. long. Washington, Sukmlorf 385. AVashingtou to California and Nevada. Dr. Vasey observes that '* It has been mistaken for Stipa occi- (lenlitUs, which has longer plumose awns. 5-nerved glumes, a con- spicuous ligule, and a shorter looser panicle. It has shorter more slender culms, narrower glumes, and shorter awns than S. viridula.'' 17. S. viridula Trin. Bull. Sc. Acad. St. Petersb. 1 : 07 (1830). S. imrvijloru Xutt. S. Bloomeri Boland. Proc. Calif. Acad. 4: 108 (1870). S. tijmrfca Hook. Fl. lior. Am. 2:337 (1840), not Trin. Culms stout, strict, simple, 40-70 or even 150 cm. high. 222 POACE.E. Sht'iiths imioli sliorter than the intoniodcs; lif,'ule very sliort, with soiiio Imirs ut the tliroat; Ijhidos pale <,M-oeii, smooth or scabrul, in- vohite-sotaceou.s at tlie apex, those of sterile slioots about one-third as k)n<^ as the cului, tiiosc of the culm 3-4 in numher, aud 2-6 mm. wide, the upper one 3-(» cm. lon^. raniele exserted, narrow, l',*-40 cm. long, the short erect rays in twos or threes. Empty glumes subecjual, ovate, bristle-pointed, often tinged with purj)le, 5-13 mm. long, first 3-5-nerved, second 3-nerved; floret pubescent, 5-G mm. long, including the very short acute callus and the 2 minute teeth concealed by the thin short crown of hairs; i)alca about half as long as the glume: awn slender, llexuose, usually twice bent, 20-40 mm. long. Anthers naked. California, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 23T, from Jones; Montana, Catiby 340. Some use is made above of Dr. Thurber's description in 8. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:288 (1880). Prof. Scrihner, Coult. Hot. (iaz. 13:171 (1880), says: "It is a valuable forage plant, as it does not ])ossess the long and very sharp-])ointed rachilhi below the llowei'ing glume which renders S. sparlm Triu. ('Porcupine-grass') so inju- rious to stock." Kooky Mountains. Var. Lettermani Vasoy, Coutrib. U. S. Xat. Mus. 3: 50(1892). X Lctfermnni Vascy, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 53 (188(;). Leaf-blades fdiform: panicle slender, 10-15 cm. long, inter- rupted; lower rays 3-4 cm. long, mostly single. Utah, Jones; Idaho, Letterman 102 for U. 8. Dept. Agricul. Var. minor Vascy, Contrib. Nat. Herb. 3 : 50 (1892). Culms, leaf, and spike slender. Kocky Mountains, Wciman; Oregon, Jones. Var. pubescens Vasey. 1. c. Awn pubescent to the second bend. West Washington, Sid-sdorf. Var. robusta \'asey 1. c. Culms very stout, 1 cm. diam.; spike 30 cm. long. California, Vasey. 18. S. multinode Scribn. ined. Culms erect, slender, branching once below the middle, about A(J1U)STIL)E.K. 223 90 cm. high. Sheaths hjii<,'er than the internodes; upper ligule less than 1 mm. hmg; blades of the sterile siioots few, those on the culms 7 in nunihcr, rigid, iuvohite, the middle ones 15-5J5 cm. long, the upper about 12 cm. long. Panicle narrow, thin, inter- rupted, 10-20 cm. long; rays in fours, lives, and sixes in distinct half whorls, the longest ray 7 cm. long, Jlower-hearing above the middle. Empty glumes hyaline, tinged with iturjtle, eijual, or the lower a little longer, 7-1) mm. long, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves merging into the central one before reaching the middle; iloret pubescent, narrow, 5 mm. long, including the blunt callus ami the crown of short hairs; awn twice bent. 15-50 mm. long; ])alea pubescent, 2.5 mm. long. Stamens )]; anthers pencil-tufted. Mexico, PriiKjlc IJSo m is.S."). Distributed as Sfi/xi, without a specific name. 19. S. Hassei Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Xat. Herb. 1 : 2G7 (1893). Culms very slender, erect, densely tufted, bran(;]iing below, 30- 45 cm. high. Sheaths narrow; ligule short; blades setaceous, 10-20 cm. long. Panicle open, luirrow, erect, 5-7 cm. long, rays mostly in twos and threes, the longest 3 cm. long, iiaked below. Em[)ty glumes linear-lanceolate, sube(iual, about 5 mm, long, first 1-3-nerved. second 3-nerve(l: stijte short, bearinga few sliort hairs; floral glume thin. al)out 4.5 mm. long, 4-nerved, the awn 10-18 mm. long, twisted below and bent above tlie middle; palea about as long as its glume. (Jrain obhmg, about 2 mm. long Nearly allied to S. vminens Aiulersoni Vasey. California (Santa Monica), Dr. 11. E. ]lti,ssv, for whom Dr. Vasey named it. 47. (110). OryzopbiS Michx. Fl. P.or. Am. 1:9 (1803). DiUpijrum liafin. Med. Ke[)OS. \. V. 5:352 (1808). J'i))(/e Trin. Fund. Agrost. 109 (IS-JO). Cariiovhhni Spreng. Syst. 4: Cur. Post. 22, 30 (1827). Pip/ocJupfium .1. & C. Presl, Ifel. lltenk. 1:222. (1830). A7f.s.sW/« ¥.. Desv. C. Gay, Fl. Cliil. 6:2(J3. /. 7J, /. 1(1853). Fendlcrin Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 419 (1855). Si>ikelets 1-tlowered, usually ovoid or oblong, paniculate, rachilla articulate above the lower glumes, not produced above the floret, 224 POACE.E. with a very short blunt callus. Enipty glumes 2, persistent, equal or the outer a little shorter, convex on the back, floral glume broad, shorter or longer than the other glumes, membranous, becoming hard, obtuse, truncate, usually producing a caducous awn, which is more or less bent near the base; palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Lodi- cules 3, conspicuous. Styles short or long, distinct. Grain oblong or ovate, enclosed by the hardened floral glume and palea, but not adherent. Tufted perennial grasses ; leaf-blades broad and flat or narrow and involute. Panicle terminal, lax. There are about "Zi species, mostly found in the temperate and subtropical regions of the northern hemisphere. The genus diil'ers from Sfipa in having a shorter awn, but little twisted or tortuose, a broader floret, the callus siiorter and broader and obtuse. It is. certainly very convenient, so far as our species are concerned, to leave Eriocoma as a genus; then Oryzoi^sis can be more clearly defined and separated from Stipa. IJentham observes that it is nearly allied to Milimn. Tlie genus divides readily into three sections, regarded by some as dis- tinct genera, but Triuius and Beutham and others agree in uniting them. 1. Piptatherum (Beauv., as a genus), often included in NiJnini, with awned glumes. The obliquity of the fruiting glume is much less marked tlian in the typical species of Ori/zopsin: 2. Enort/zopsis includes CarijorhJoa Spreng., Pipfnchclinm Presl and Nusmlla Desv., iXvd rachilla bearing a ring of hairs under tlie floral glume. :5. Eriocoma Nutt., Eendleria (Stcud.), difi'ers from Eiioryzopsis in the long silky hairs clothing the fruiting glumes. A. Leaf- blades broad, flat, no rudimentary blades, ligule cil- iate I B. Leaf-blades long, involute, petiolate, evergreen, upper blades midimentary 2, 3 0. Leaf-blades very narrow, involute (a) a. Floret clothed with dense white conspicuous hairs, panicle open, rays diverging, awn 2 cm. long. ... 4 A mm. long from the short scarcely acute callus to tlie joint of the awn. clothed with prominent white silky hairs over 1 mm. long; awn slightly twisted and bent, about ii cm. long, caducous. California. IhtUnulvr (JlKi. seen by Scribner. •Montana. Scvilnivr in ISSIj. T). 0. Mongolica (Turcz.) Heal, I'oult. Hot. laiit, those of the culm 3-5 cm. long. Panicle ex.serted. loose, fcw- tlowered. 4-8 cm. long, the lower rays in twos or threes. Knipty glumes membranous, subequal, ])ur])lish, obtuse^ 5-(') mm. long, lirst 3-nerved, second 3-5-nerved ; lloral glume slightly hairy, about •1.5 mm. long including the short almost obtuse callus, and the 2- toothed apex; awn irregularly bent and plumose throughout, the longest hairs below and nearly 'I mm. long; palea as long as its glume or longer. Stamens 3. Mountains of Colorado, lf(tU and Ilarhour (i4(i. 0. 0. exigua Thurb. Wilkes Expd. 481 (1854). Culms very slender. 15-30 cm. high. Ligule not ciliate. about 3 mm. long; blades scubrid, those of the culm l-(j cm. long, those below G-15 cm. long, all of them conduplicate and cylindrical, threadlike. Panicle exserted, very simple and narrow, 2-5 cm. long, containing 4-8 spikelets. Spikelets linear-oldong. about 5 mm. long, the awn rather stout, curved when mature, and some- what persistent, nearly as long as the spikelet, empty glumes sub- equal, oval, a little shorter than the floret, acute or irregularly 228 POACE.E. toothoil, fleliciitc'ly o-iiervt'd nour the luise. greenish wliito; floral glume elotlied with short hairs and very siiort tufts near the base. '' It has much the habit and appearance of (). Cdnmh'nsis Torr., but dilTers essentially in its simple and contracted panicle, its shorter outer glumes, and its longer and somewhat persistent uwn." Sciibn. Coult. Hot. (iaz. Jl: 1G1> (1S80). Montana, Williams ; Wyoming, Ihifftiin c 2, c 71. Oregon, Cunirk- for U. S. Dti)t. Agri(.ul. 2!)4. Oregon to Montaiui. 7. O.juncea (Michx.) U. S. V. I'rel. (^at. N. Y. G7 (1.S8S). Stipa juiicea Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1: 54 (180:5). Stijiti Cauadciixis Poir. Lam. Encyl. 7: 452 (180(.i). A/ilium ptoujens 'Vow. Fl. U. S. 1:78 (1824). O. Catiai/oisis 'Vow. Fl. N. Y. 3:4;31J (1843). Culms slender, 20-40 cm. high. Hheaths rough; ligule not ciliate. ;i-4 cm. long; blades scaltrid, those of the culm very short or sometimes long, those below tapering into a i)etiole, firm, invo- lute, 15-20 cm. long. 2 mm. wide, when spread. Panicle exserted, simple, narrow or diffuse, 4-8 cm. long. Spikelets elliptical, acute, about 4 mm. long, awn short and deciduous or wanting, empty glumes subequal, first oval, truncate, membranous with 5 incon- spicuous nerves below, second a little narrower; Horet whitish, pubescent, with a very short thin tuft at the base, Vern)ont. U. S. Dei)t. Agricul. 292, from Prinyle ; Massachu- setts, Coolcy ; Tihode Island, Clark 3207; IMichigau (Keweenaw), Wood, Wheeh'v ; },l'umcsota, Sfa/r Siiri'ey '38. Northern States to Colorado, May. 8. 0. Hendersoni Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:267 (1803). A densely tufted grass. 15-20 cm. high. Lower sheaths rather loose; blades scabrous, conduplicate, rigid, pungent, 8-10 cm. long. Panicle narrow. 5-S cm. long, rays mostly in twos, the longest .3-5 cm. long, bearing 2-4 spikelets near the apex. Spikelets 4 mm. long, em])ty glumes broadly oblong, obtuse and toothed, first .'5- nerved, second 5-nerved; floral glume linear-oblong, 3.5 mm. long, smooth, coriaceous, obscurely 5-nerved, bearing 2 lateral teeth, awn curved, caducous, 10-12 mm. long. AUUOSTIDE.E. 229 Stamens 3, barbate. llcsemblin^' A'. W'ebberi and small forms of 0. exigua, but the florets are smooth. Washington, Ilendemtn 2249, in 1892. 9. 0. Macounii (Soribn.). Slipa Macounii Scribn., Macoiiu. Uat. Can. PI. 5: a!»0 (1890). Slipa liirliardmnii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2:249(1850), not Link (1833). O. lik'hardsonii Heal, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 15: 111 (1890). Culms ratiier slender, 50-90 cm. long. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes; ligule about 2 mm. long on the lower leaves, and 5 mm. on tlie upper; blades of sterile shoots seabrid, slender, 20-40 cm. long, those of the culm three, flat or soon involute, the longest 2 mm. wide, the upper one 10-20 cm. long. Panicle ex- serted, loose, slender, 7-12 cm. long; rays mostly in pairs, the longest 2-4 cm. long, bearing a few spikelets near the apex. Empty glumes subequal, oblong, acutish, brittle wlien mature, mostly 3-nerved, 4-5 mm. long; floret pubescent, linear-oblong, hecoming dark brown, about 3 mm. long; callus short and blunt; A awn tortuose, slightly twisted, 9- p,^ AX.-Oryzapsis Macounii. A, IGmm. lonff. spikelet ; «, Horet. (Scribuer.) Maine, C. E. Faxon, collected near Sebago Lake. Maine, Lake Superior to Montana. 10. 0. Kingii (Boland.). Stipa Kingii Boland. Proc. Calif. Acad. 4:170(18rO). 230 POACE.fi. A Hleiulor erect tufted grass, '^0-40 cm. higli. Sheiith.s of tlio culm extending well up the culm; ligulo 1.5-.'3 mm. long; hludes of the sterile shoots involute, filiform, somewhat llexuose, l.')-2& cm. long, those of the culm 6-H cm. long. Panicle simple, thin, linear, ti-Vi cm. long, the lower rays in pairs, the longest 2.5-',i cm. long, bearing 1-2 spikelets. Empty glumes membranous-cihar- taceous, purple at the base, linear, 1-nerved, first IJ-3.5 mm. long, second 4 mm. long; floral glume sparsely clothed with short haira on the lower half, ovate when spread, 3.3 mm. long, including the short obtuse callus and the 2-toothed apex; awn scabrous, irregu- larly bent and slightly twisted, 10-15 mm. long; palea o\al, 2.5 mm. long. Grain elliptical, compressed, 2 mm. long. California, Bolander G097. California and Nevada. 11. 0. micrantha (Trin. et Rupr.). Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863, 78 (18G3). 0. micrantha Thurh. Porter and Coult. Syn. Fl. Colo. 145 (1874). Urachne micrantha Trin. & llupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 5:10(1842). Culms slender, GO cm. high. Sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes; ligule membranous, not ciliate, 1 mm. long; blades scabrid, involute, or flat, 10-30 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, in some cases, reaching as high as the panicle, in others much shorter. Panicle exserted, thin, diffuse, 8-lG cm. long, rays mostly in pairs. Spike- lets ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long; awn deciduous. 5-10 mm. long; empty glumes ovate-acute, hyaline, chartaceous, shining, sub- equal, 1-2-nerved near the base on either side of the mid nerve j floret smooth, elliptical, 2 mm. long. Moniiiwa,, Anderso7i, Williams; Colorado, Xe//erwan 31 ; Utah, Jones ; Arizona, Vasey for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 296, Jones 4034. Colorado to Arizona and Montana. 12. 0. erecta (Scribn.) Beal, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 15:112 (1890). Stipa Prinylei Scribn., Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:5i (1802). Culms erect, rather slender, GO-120 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the inteniodes; ligule 2-3 mm. long; blades of the sterile shoots numerous, half or two-thirds as long as the culm, scabrous. AdUoSTlDlO/K. 'X\\ tint or involute, tlu' liir;,'e!it 'I nun. wiili', tliosi- of the culm .'J, tho iippcr one lllirurrn, ri^'iil. ;J-»J (in. Ion;,'. I'unicle much ex- serted, open, thin, lloxuod'', 15- '.'() em. lon^', niys .slender in two.s, threes or lonrrt. acme of them half us lon^'iw theimniele, hearing a few flowers above the middle. Empty ^dumes equal, ;,'reen on the haek, brownish towards the thin nuir^ins and apex, elliptical-lanceolate. 5- nerved, S-10 mm. lonis cnspidata I?enth. Vasey, Gram. U. S. 23 (1883). Culms hard, smooth or scabrous, nearly solid. 30-GOcm. high. Sheaths scabrous or smooth, mostly shorter than the inter- nodes; ligule acute, 3-5 mm. long; l)lades scabrous, narrow, involute, the lower often equal- ling the culm, the uppermost very short or nearly as long as the ])anicle. Panicle often in- cluded at the base, diffuse, 12- 15 cm. long; the rays llexuose, each bearing one si)ikelet, whicli is oval, acute, becoming ventri- cose, pubescent, G-7 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, attenu- ate-rostrate, 1-2 nerves at the base on either side of the prominent mid-neive; floret hard, oval, 3-4 mm. long, densely clothed with white hairs, often extending 2 Fio. 43. — Kriocoma memhranacca . A spikelet ; «, Horot. (Uichurdson.) AGROSTlDEiaj;. 233 mm. above the apex, the stout awn usually extending beyond the glumes and hairs. Montana, Andvrxou; Colorado, Jones 200; Arizona, Jones 4764; liritish Columbia, Macotoi ; Oregon, JloioeU. A grass of peculiar apj)eara»H'e. prominent as a " buneh-grass '' in poor land, from Missouri to the Sierras, New Mexico, Texas. 3. E. Webberi Thurb. S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:283 (1880). Ori/zopsis Webberi IJenth. Vasey, Gram. I'. S. 'V-\ (1883). A densely tufted slender perennial, 8-15 cm. high. Sheaths of the sterile shoots smooth, crowded, the old ones often destitute of the deciduous blade; ligule rounded, obscure; blades scabrous, in- volute, rigid, pungent at the apex, 4-7 cm. long, 0.4-O.G mm. diam.; upper ligule I mm. long; blades of the culm 3-4, the upper one 2-3 cm. long. Panicles narrow, simple, 3-0 em. long; rays slender, erect, the lower in threes, bearing 1-3 spikelets. Empty glumes acuminate, often tinged with ])iirple, about 8 mm. long; floret 6 mm. long with a sliort callus, deciduous: floral glume 5- nerved, the lateral nerves above approaching the central one, apex minutely 2-lobed, clothed with copious silky white hairs. 2 mm. long; palea as long as its glume aiul hairy on the back; awn 4 mm. long, sleiuler, curved, caducous. Anthers naked. California (Sierra \'alley), Balirndcr and KcUtifjfi in 1871; Ne- vada. .h))te!< IS'.n. 4!). (111). Milium L. Sp. PI. Gl (1753). Miliarium ^Wnch, Meth. 204 (17!»4). Si)ikelets l-tlowcrcd. loosely paniculate, racliilla articulate above the lower glumes, not exteiuling above the lloret. Km])ty glumes membranous, convex, obtuse, awnless, ])ersistent, sube([ual, floral glume and i)alea coriaceous, the former awnless with 3 obscure nerves, the latter 2-uerved. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Grain ovoid or oblong, enclosed in the shining floral glume and its palea, but not adherent. Annuals or perennials with flat leaf-blades. There are 5 or G species found in Europe and Asia, one of which is also widely dis[)ersed in \orth America. "Theoretically the lower glume is wanting, while the empty 284 POACE.E. sinj^le palet [floral glume] of the lower [neutral] flower, resem- bling the upper glume, fulfils its office, and stands opposite the nar- row upper palet of the terete fertile flow- er.'' A. Gray, in Manual. This view places Milium near Panicum. 1. M. effusum L. 1. e. M. trans)iiU vaiiicnm Schur. Enum. PI. Transs. 741 (18G6). An erect tufted perennial, smooth Fio A 44 — Milium effusum, sp'kelet; h, c, tiorets. throughout, 90-150 cm. high. Sheaths two- thirds the length of the long inter. (Scribner.) nodes; ligule about 3 mm. long; blades thin, flat, 13-20 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide. Panicle ovoid or oblong in outline, 15-18 cm. long, the slender rays in half-whorls of 2- Podo- smmum virescens II. 13. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 132 (1815). A slender tufted erect perennial, 10-70 cm. bigh. Sheaths ASTII»K.K. 248 loii^rer than tlie intevnodes; ligulc lanooolate, lO-l'^ mm. long; li'jivcs of sterile shoots numorous, the Idiidea firm, Hat or iiivoliito, l{(M() cm. long, 2-U.5 mm. wide, those of the culm *^*-3 in niiniher. I'iinioles pale straw-colored, strict, 1'2-lH cm. long, rays up|»res3cd, single or in pairs, densely flowered to near the base, the longest 4-5 cm. long. Spikelets sub.sossile or on rather stout pedicels, 1-3 mm. long; empty glumes sometimes tinged with purple, Iniu'eohite, first l-nerved, 4-4.5 mm. long, second 3-nerved, 6-0 mm. long, apex sometimes 3-toothed; lloral glume pilose for the lower two-thirds, rather firm, ovate- lanceolate, 4 mm. long, the awn 13-20 mm. long; palea pilose, narrowly linear, acute, as long as its glume. Stamens 3 mm. long, (^rain linear, terete, 2 mm. long. Arizona, Priiif/Je. New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. 9. M. firma. .1/. smht'it Scribn. n. sp. ined. A rather stout erect tufted perennial, 90 cm. high. Ligule firm, acute, 10-18 mm. long; blades firm, closely involute, sca- brous, 20-35 cm, long, pungent pointed, 1-15 mm. diam. Panicle brownish purple, erect, spikelike, the base very thin and inter- rupted, 15-18 cm. long, 1-2 cm. diam. Spikelets olive-brown, empty glumes equal, 3.5-4 min. long, first l-nerved, second 2- nerved; floral glume 5-5.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, the stout awn 1-3 mm. long; palea nearly as long as its glume. The specific name proposed by Scribnor luid been used by S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 174 (1883). Growing at the altitude of 10,500 feet. Mexico (Oaxaca), Pr ingle 4914. Scribner identifies it as Tiear M. Palmeri Vasey, from which it differs in having a much longer ligule, second glume two-nerved, floral glume longer, awn shorter. 10. M. ciliata (11. & K.) Trin. Unifl. 103 (1826). Poilosmmm ciUatnm II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 128 (1815). A very slender geniculate or diffuse light green or reddish an- nual, branching near the base, the culms and leaves more or less pubescent with very short fine hairs. Sheaths half as long as the internodes; ligule a ciliate ring; blades thin, convolute, invo- 244 I'OACK^J. lute or flat, often rpcurvcd, I 5 'i.rt om. lonpf. about 1.5 mm. wide. I'anido simplo, nicuiiioMo, D-O cm. lon^; rt.^3 single, hiiIisc- c'uiul, rocurvi'il. nowcr-bourinj,' tliroii^'liout, 1 -2 ru\. Ion;;. S|)ikelt!ts mostly sossiliv. oiiipty ^'Iuimcs sub('(|uiil. l-rjcrvcd, 1. :{-!.<> iimi. Ion;;, hull' of which is thf iiwn ; lloriil ;;Mitiio thin, lincur-hincRoiuto, pubes- cont on 2 ol" the lutiTiil iicrvi'S, .O-iuTvod, the intorniodiiito hitorul nerves obscure, 2 nun. Um^, the iiwn 1-20 mm. Ion;;; ])ulea linear- lauceolate, 2-toothed, as long us its glume, (irain linear, 1.5 mm. long. Mexico, Prinf/h WMi. lH4r>; tlie later luis the longer awns witli floral glume less pubescent. Mexico. 11. M. stipoides (II. H. K.) Trin. l^iifl. 104 (1824). Pofln- S(Pmuni slijwides II. H. K. Nov. (Icn. et. Sp, 1: \',\\ (1H15). A strict tufted grass 40-(5() (^ni. high. (Julnis rather stout. Loaves of the culm 4, sheaths riblu'd, mostly longer ihan tiio inter- nodes; ligule narrow, 5-7 mm. long; bhides strict, scabrid, invo- lute, 0-15 cm. long. I'anicle simple, narrow, (J-IO cm. long; rays in threes, the longest 5-(( cm. long, including the 3-4 spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets olive-green, brown lit the base, empty glume 1 -nerved, ovate-lanceolate, (irst 5 nmi. long, second 7 mm. long; tuft of hairs at base of floret 2 mm. long, floral glunu' I".' mm. loiig. 5-nerved, the twisted aww ratlier stout, 12-15 mm. long, starting 4 mm. below the slender ujjcx of the glume; palea about the length of its glume. (Irowing at the altitude of 10,;U)0 feet. Mexico. Pri)if//c 4005. 12. M.sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Unifl. ISO (1824). Agrosfix solmlifcva Muhl.; Willd. Knum. 05(1800). Trirhn- chloa ftoholifeni Trin. Fund. Agrost. 117(1820). Ciiiufi suhlifera Link, llort. Herol. 1:71 (1821). A slender ascending perennial, rarely branching, 30-(iO cm. high, from creeping, scaly rootstocks. Sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule a mere ciliate ring; blades flat, scabrid, pungent- pointed, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle very simi)le, slen- AdltOSTIDK.K. 240 Ocr, cniitniotcd, A-IO -2(i <;m. Ioii;j, loiif^ost niys iipprosscd. i-»;cin. lon^'. Spikclcts sulMcssilc or on juMliccls \-'i iiiin. loiij,'; (Miiply ^'liiiiics mostly su1km|iiuI. miicnumtc. l-iiorvcd, two-tliinia iis loiigiw the llorct; flonil ^'lumc tliiiily liiiiryon tho lower half, ovate, abrupt- ly sliort-mucroiuiti', or iK'ariiij? a slciultir awn l-O nun. long, 3- nervi'd, l.'j-S mm. lon^'; palou as lon^j us its j;liiim'. Tilt' eastern plants have an awnless floral j,'lumo; thoso from Texas have the awn. Alabanui, Mo/ir. Open rocky woods. New Knl). Once distributed as M. inJunuiyrustided Kuntli, Rev. (J rum. 1 : 03 (1829). A slender reddish scabrid erect sparingly-ljninched peiviinial, 60-80 cm. higli: the nodes tumid. Slu'iitlis two-thirds as long us the intei'nodes; ligule thin, lascerate, about 2 mm. long; l)lades thin, Hat. or convolute, 5-12 cm. long. 1.5-2.5 mm. wide. I'unicles slender, linear or lanceolate. 12-16 cm. long; rays rigid, rather dis- tant, solitary or in twos or threes, branching sparingly and tlower- bearing from near the l)ase. Spikelets subsessile, at length spread- ing, recurved: empty glumes unequal, oval, acute, obtuse or 2- toothed, mucronate with one strong nerve, first about 1 mm. long, second 1.5 mm. long; floral glume shortly hairy for the lower third, scabrid above, linear-lanceolate, 2-toothed, 3-nerved, 2.2-2.5 mm. long, the awn 10-20 mm. long; palea linear-elliptical, acute, ii little shorter than its glume, drain linear-lanceolate, terete, l.;} mm. long. ^Fexico, Prinfjle 30:, 428, Palmer 407. Kocky Hills, under shrubs, etc. Texas to Arizona and ^Fexico. '21. M. sylvatica ]\Iuhl. A. (Jray, N. A. Oram, and Cyp. No. 13 (1834). A. diffusa Muhl. dram. 04 (1817), iu)t Host. Culms hard, ascending, much branched and diffusely spreading, 60-120 cm. high, from scaly creeping rootstocks. Sheaths id)out the length of the iuternodes; ligule less tluin 1 mm. long: blades flat, thin, scabrous, pungent-pointed, 5-8 cm. long, 3 luni. wide. Panicles spikelike, slender, interrupted, 8-12 cm. long, 5-7 mm. diam., rays mostly in threes, very unequal, the longest slender, spikelike, flower-bearing from near the base. 3-4 cm. long. Spike- AdHOSTIDE.E. 249 lots subsessile or ou short pedicels, einjjty glumes subeqiuil, 1- nerved, bristle-iioiuted, ncurly as long as the floral glume; tloral ^lume thinly pubescent on the lower half, 3-nerved, 2.7 mm, long, the awn 3-6 mm. long. Fig. 82, Vol. I. p. 184. A very variable s})ecies. Low open woods. Xew York, Beal 47 : Michigan, Chirk (idS; Iowa, Hitchcock. New England to the Kocky Mountains. Var. Californica Vasey, Coult. Bot. (iaz. 7:93 (188-.»). M. rarishiiXimy, liull. Torr. Clul), 13:53 (1880). JJays mostly single, the empty glumes ratlier exceeding the floral glume without its awn. and in the same panicle are s])ikek't3 in which the empty glumes including the awn are no longer than the floral glume: awn of floral glume about 3 mm. long. 'J'his plant corresponds very well throughout with one collected by the author at Union Springs, Cayuga County, X. Y., about 18(35. California, Parish 1076, also for Nat. Mus. ; Arizona, Lemmon for Nat. Herb. Yar. gracilis Scribn. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. D: 116 (1883-8i). "It resembles somewhat M.monticoht liuckl., butin that species the empty glumes are much shorter than the floret, while in this they nearly equal it (exclusive of the awn), as in M. sylvaticn.'"' Yar. setarioides (Fourn.). .)/. setarioides Fourn. llemsl. liiol. Centr. \m. Hot. 3:542 (1880). Culms persistent and rooting: empty glumes slightly unequal, 1-uerved, 1-1.5 mm. long, awn of floral glume 5-10 mm. long; otherwise like the si-»ecies. Mexico, Botteri 70, 638. 098, ; Borgeau 3662. Yar. setiglumis S. Wats. l?ot. King's Exi)d. 378 (1871). Culms shorter, blades 8-15 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; panicle shorter; empty glumes two-thirds as long, but the awn longer, ex- tending a little beyond the floret; floral glume scarcely pubescent. Agricul. College, Mich., in 188-5-86. 23. M. flavida Vasey, Con trib. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1:282 (1893). A slender rather soft annual, 30-50 cm. high, branching throughout its length. Sheaths half as long as the internodes; 250 I'OA("E.E. liuule hiscerate, 2-'^. 5 mm. \on^; bliulori thin, involute or flat. 8-l;i cm. long, 1.5-'^ nun. wide. Piinicles slender, linear (or sj)read- ing?), 10-15 cm. long, rays single or more or less clustered, the longest rarely brauching, 4-5 cm. long, bearing 4-8 spikelets along the outer half or two-thirds. 8})ikelet3 racemose on pedicels about 1 mm. long; empty glumes equal, hyaline, awl-shaped, 1-nerved, 1.5-ii mm. long; floral glume .'{-nerved, almost hyaline, linear- lanceolate, pubescent on the margins, ::2-toothed, 2.5 mm. long, tiie awn about the same length; j)alea 2-toothed, as long as its glume. Antliers oval, 0.4 mm. long. Mexico (Jalisco), rahncr 045. 23. M. filiculmis Vasey, C'ontrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, 1 : 267 (1893). A slender erect smooth glauc(ms perennial. 20-30 cm. high. Tiigule 2-2.5 mm. long; blades involute, about 0.5 diani. before spreading, none extending more than one-third the heiglit of the culm. I'anicle simple, narrow. 3-4 cm. long, longest ray 1-2 cm. long, flower-bearing for the outer two-thirds. Spikelets with first empty glume 1-nerved. 1 mm. long, second 3-nerved, 3-toothed. 5 mm. long; floral glume ciliate on the maigins of the lower half, 3- nerved, 2.5 mm. long, shading into an awn about 1 mm. long; palea linear to ellii)tical when spread, as long as its glume. Anthers 3 in number. 1.4 mm. long. Colorado (Fte Pass), ('. S. SheUon in 1802, at 8500 feet alt. Nearly related to M. gracili.-i breviaristata Vasey, but more slender. 24. M. monticola Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 91 (1862). An erect or decumbent branching glabrous light reddish-green [)erennial, 30-00 cm. high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes. the lower ones crowded off by branches; ligule thin, lascerate, 2-3 mm. long; blades involute, 5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. Avide. Panicle slightly exserted, or the base included, slender, interrupted, loosely spikelike, 4-10-15 cm. long; rays simple, appressed, flower-bearing for the entire length, 0.5-3 cm. long. Spikelets on pedicels 0.5-2 mm. long; empty glumes thin, linear, acute or obtuse, 1-nerved; first 1 mm. long, second 1.5-1.7 mm. long; floral glume acute. ACJUOSTIDE.E. 251 laiioeolato, pubescent on the margins, ;3-nerve(l, 2-2.7 mm. long, the awn 1-2-3 cm. long; palca of same shape and nearly as long as its glume. Antliers 3 in number, 0.8 mm. long. Arizona, Pn'nr/k in 1884; also, No. 39G, Santa EulaliaMts. ; Mexico (Chihuahua), Priiifjh in 1885; Xew Mexico, Jo //e.s in 1884. West Texas to Arizona. 25. M. Wrightii Vasey, Coult. Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 409 (1885). An erect or vlecum])ent perennial, 30-T5 cm. high. Culms firm. comj)resseil. Sheaths keeled, shorter tlian the internodes; ligule 0.0 mm. long; blades involute, rigid, 8-12 cm. long with filiform tips. Panicle spikelike, cylindrical, densely fiowered, more or less interrupted below, 5-9 cm. long. 4 -G mm. diam. or more slender and interrupted; lower rays spikelike, appressed, 1-2 cm. long. Spikelets often 2-flowered; empty glumes sul)equal, 1-nerved, about 2 mm. long, base thin, ovate, awn-pointed; floral glume a little thi(;ker and longer, very shortly pubescent, 3-nerved, ovate, acute, tipped with a very short stiff awn; palea ovate, acute, nearly as long as its glume. Anthers 1.3 mm. long. Arizona, U. S. Dept. Agricnl. 334, from Loiwion ; Mexico, PriiujJe 1419. Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. 2G. M. elongata Scribn. iued. A dcTisely tufted erect rutlier slender hard-stemmed light green perennial, 80-120 cm. high. Sheaths involute, leaving the culm for a third of their length; ligule lanceolate, 5-8 mm. long; blades rigid, involute, 20-35 cm. long, 0.3-0.8 mm. diam. Pani- cle terminal, often partially included by the sheaths, linear (or spreading (?), 25-35 cm. long, lower rays in clusters of 3-5, branch- ing near the base, and mostly flower-bearing for their entire length, the longest G-8 cm. long. The lateral spikelets on ])edi- cels about 1 mm. long; empty glumes almost hyaline, obscurely 1- nerved. linear, acuminate, second a little the longer, 2-2.3 mm. long; floral glume thin, linear, a pencil-tuft of hairs at the base only, rather abruptly acute when spread, obscurely 3-nerved, 2.3 mm. long; palea acute, a little narrow, but about as long as the glume. 2r)2 POAt'E.t:. Mexico, Pri)if/hnU^, 347 T. 3:. M. Mexicana (L.) Triii. Uiiitl. 180 (1H'2+). Jf/rosfi.s Me.r- icana L. Miint. 1:31 (1707). A. /ofcn'jlora Miclix. Kl. lior. Am. l:r)3(1803). a >i ua Mcrirn ltd Mvinw. Ji'^voat. :\'i (ISI-^). M/ih- kiihenjia fuUosa Tvin. Unill. 190 (18-^8). Culms slomler, wiry, useciuling, mudi-bnincliod, (iO-lOO em. liijili, from scaly creeping rootstocks. Slieatlis about two-tliirds as long as the internodes; ligule 0.5 mm. long: blades thin. flat, sca- brous, i)ungent-pointed, 10-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle often jmrplish, lateral and terminal often included at the base, con- tracted, 10-18 cm. long, rays mostly in threes, two of which are very short, the longest linear, 3-5 cm. long, and densely ilowered nearly to the base. Empty glumes shai'p- pointed or short-awned, slightly unequal, the lower a little longer than the floret, 2.5-3 mm. long; floral glume thinly pubescent on the lower half, lanceolate, very sharp pointed. 3-nerved, 2-2.5 mm. long. Vermont, Prinyle ; New York, Beal i8; District of Columbia, McCarfhy; Michigan, Z?m? 49, Wheeler ^iO; Minnesota, /Ittilei/ X 28, n 422. Found rather abundantly on low lands from Xew England to Nebraska and Mexico; flowering too late in autumn to be of much value for hay. Var. filiformis (Muhl.) Scribn. iiied. Ayrosfis fih'foniiis ]\Iuhl. (Jram. 60 (1817). Panicle very slender and simple, borne on long filiform i)edicels. Illinois, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 318, from Wolfe. 28. M. racemosa (Michx.) li. S. P. I'rel. Cat. X. Y. 07 (1888). Agrodix rncemoxa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:53 (1803). Pohjinujon (jhmemtux Willd. Enum. 87 (1809). TrirhorhJoa (jhnnerata Trin. Fund. Agrost. 117 (1820). M. (jltmerafa Trin. Unifl. 191 (1824). Ci)iiia racemom Kunth, Enum. 1:207 (1833). An erect simple sparingly-branclied perennial, 00-90 cm. high. Sheaths nearly as long as the internodes; ligule a ciliato ring; blades flat, scabrous, pungent-pointed, 8-12 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle 5-10 cm. long, often purplish, exsertcd, oblong- linear, often interrupted below, rays very short and densely A(iH()STii)E.i:, ^na tlowcriHl, SpikeU'ts sessile cr siibscssile: empty ^duiiies liiiKHMilate, iieurly e^iual. I-iierved. about t\v(»-tliirtls asl(m<>' as tlie lloret, besides tlie awns, wliieli ure 2-5 nun. long; floral glume luncc-ovate. niu- croiiate, thinly pubeseent on the lower two-thirils, 3-nerveil. 2. '»-;{, 5 mm. long; palea obovate, laneeolate but little shorter than its glume. Massachusetts, Cuoh'i/, lira? .')1; Ontario, Fowhr; Michigan, r. >'. Ih'pt. Jfjrinil 3U, from ('. F. Wheeler, riarl' 1101, Coohy ; Iowa, Ililrlivofk; Minnesota. Sitndhenj 42; Colorado, Citssidji ; Montana, WiUiams; \ew Mexico, .hnivs 415S; liritish Columbia, Mdcduii. Found in Avet ground from New England to Canada, Colorado, Nevada, and Texas. Although the culms are hard and the leaves thin, the grass is much prized I'or hay for horses. See \'ol. I. Fig. 81. Var. brevifolia Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 7:92 (1882). M. Cali- foniira Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 13:53 (1880). Blades 4-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, floral glume usually bearing an awn 1-2 mm. long. California, ParisJi Brothers 1028. Var. ramosa Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3:08 (1892). A taller nuich-branehed plant, leaves longer, empty glumes about as long as the floret, the awn shorter. Colorado, Tract/. Found from Illinois to Montana. 29. M. microsperma (D C.) Trin. ITnifl. 193 (1824). Trirho- chloa itiicrospenna DC. Cat. Ilort. ^[onsp. 151 (1813). Agroxtis microsperma Lag. Gen. et Sp. 2 (1810). I'odoswmain dehile 11. B. K. Nov. (Jen. 1:128 /. 081 (1815). Muhlenberg ia dehilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Tetersb. (VI.) 0:295 (1841). Mahlenheryia pur- purea Nutt. Jonrn. Acad. Phila. (II.) 1: 180 (1S48). Culms slender, ascending from a geniculate or stoloniferous much-brancbcd base. Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes, inflated or often crowded from them by the shortly calloused, bulb- like branches, the sheaths of Avhich firmly enclose the fertile floret: ligule lascerate 1.5-2 mm. long; blades usually flat, often purple. 2M ruAi'K.K. puhosociil iihovo iiiid below, 4-<) vm. long, 1-1. 5 nun. wide. I'an- ic'li' ot'len iiieliulod at the base by tlie iiijpei* sheath, slender, race- mose, S-IT) em. long, rays mostly solitary, erect or spreading, dis- tinct, distant. S[)ikelets mostly snbsessile and extending the whole length of the branches, )i-{i mm. long; empty glnmes ovate, 1- uerved, subecpnil or the lirst shorter, 0. ")-(». S mm. long; lloral glume 3-4 mm. long, scabrous, H-nerved, linear-lanceolate, the slen- der awn 3-.'} cm. long; ])alea scabrous, lanceolate, little shorter than its glume. (Jrain l.fJ mm. long. Arizona, PriiKjlv; California, T. S. Ikpt. Jffn'cuL 310 from Jones, Orcuif; Mexico, /'alincr 510. Texas to California and Mexico. 30. M. spiciformis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 2:42 (1841). Mem. Acad. St. I'etersb. (VI.) 6, 2:2^') (184.")). A very slender, much-branched and dilfuse annual, 30-GO cm. high, sheaths smooth, half to three-fourths the length of the intcr- nodes; ligule 1 mm. long; blade thin. Hat. 0-10 cm, long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. In some of the lower axils are short turgid sheath-like bracts containing fertile flowers with hyaline glumes. Above are fdiform Ijranches bearing each a single spike, M-15 cm. long with more or less distant spikelets which are single or branching once or twice. Terminal panicles thin, linear, 10-15 cm. long, rays in twos or single, the longest 2-3 cm. long, bearing short branches and 10-20 spikelets, snbsessile or on ]iedicels 2-3 mm. long. Eni])ty glumes of these spikelets 1-nerved. the second less than 1 mm. long, but longer than the iirst; lloral glume thiidy ])ilose on the lower half of the central nerve and the margins, scarcely 3 mm. long, gra- dually tapering into an awn 1-2 cm. long; i)alea2 mm. long, grain nearly as long as the palea. Sessile spikelets borne on a bearded pointed callus 2 mm. long in tlie axils of stiif lanceolate bracts about their own length, first glume awl-shaped, 1-3 mm. long, sec- ond linear-lanceolate. mm. long, with a single double nerve; lloral glume as long as the secoiul glume, 3-nerved; ])alea pilose, rachilla constricted, 1-2 mm. long, bearing 3 awns 5-10 mm. long. Mexico. 31. M. brevifolia Scribn. ined. A(f|{()STIl)i;.K. 'if).") A sinootli sk'iidcr l)riincliiiig <,a'niciilate pcri'iiiiiiil, 1(1-40 ty glumes subequal, linear-lanceolate, the apex more or less irregularly !i-toothed, l-nerved, ;.'.5-;{ mm. long; floral glume broadly linear, thiidy pubescent on the lower half. 3 mm. long. :5-nerved, with two broad teeth at the i\])v\, the awn (1-15 mm. long; palea oval, obtuse, nearly as long as its glume. ^lexico, /'(i/iiicr KiO. :;3. M. tenuiflora (WiUd.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. (17 (1SS8). Jf/rosfix tcnuijhira Wild. Sp. PI. 1: 'MW (ITftS). (Jinua tenuijiura Link, Knum. 1:71 (IH:.'!). MHlileiiben;i(( UV/AA-^/f//-// Trin. Unill. ISS (lS-34). Culms upright, rather slender, simple or only sparingly branched, 05-90 cm. high, from scaly creeping rootstocks. Sheaths scabrous; ligule about I mm. long; blades flat, thin, pungent-jiointed, sca- brid, 10-14 cm. long, 4-T mm. wide. I'anicle very slender, loosely flowere(l, 20-40 cm. long, rays distant, mostly in pairs, the longest H-10 cm. long, slender. Spikelets on pedicels, the shortest of which are 1-2 cm. long, em])ty glumes subequal, ovate, short-jwinted, 1- nerved, about 'I mm. long; floral glume ovate-lanceolate, IJ-nerved, 2r)« POACK.E. pulK'sccnt on the lower third, iihoiit 3..') nun. lon;^, the uwn 10- 15 mm. long: \ni\vii pubescent on the nerves, nearly us long iis its glume. I)rv wood lands. Pennsylvania, ('/r»7 Soutli Carolina, linn-nel; Florida, J. II. Curliss \VH)\\ 'rcxas, 11 ■/•//////. ;}:.. M. Pringlei Scribn. liull. Torr. Club. !): S!» (lSS->). A sU'ikUt erect nitluT rigid di'iisi'ly-tufled ]>i'roiiiiiiil, .">()-40 cm. liigli. Shcatliri loii<,'cr tliun tlic iiitcriiodcM; li^Milc broad, dc- (!urrt'iit. irrei^Milurly cut. I mm. lotij;: l)ladt's involute, lilit'orm. sca- brid, al)out 7 to cucli culm. (i-lT) cm. \in\\i, tbc lower ones sliorlcr. Panicle slender, contracted, ratber detiselv llowered. G-10 cm. lonj;. Spikeletri subscssile or on sbort pedicels, empty glumes subcfpial. !- nerved, witb slender ucumimite points, 2-.*J mm. b)ng; tloral glume laiu'eolate. nearly or fpiite smootb at tbe base. ;}-nerved, scabrous on tlio keel above, 15-4 mm. long, the awn H-lt» mm. long: paleu nearly as long as its glume. Arizona, /'n'tit/lc. ;}G. M. parviglumis Vasey, Monog. CJrasses U. S. and lirit. Am. 71 (ISlio): Contrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. :5:71 (lWf2). A branching scabrous grass, 50-70 cm. high. Slicatbs rather loose, the lower ones longer than the internodes; ligule luscerate, 2.5 mm. long; blades flat or involute. 4-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Panicle partially enclosed, narrow, thin, 15-20 cm. long, rays single or the lower in twos, branching and flower-bearing to the base. Empty glumes 1-nerved. subequal or niu>qual 0.5-0.8 mm. long: floral glume liiu'ar-lanceolate. 3 mm. long. ;}-nerved, pilose below, scabrous above, awn just below the acute bitid a[)ex; awn hyaline, straight, 20-30, mm. long, Texas, \eiiJh\i/. 37. M. longifolia Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat. Mus. 1 : 2S3 (1893). An erect light-green sto.it tufted perennial, 120-180 cm. high. Culms hard but hollow. Sheaths sometimes spreading from the culm, slightly involute; ligule stout, decurrent. 2-0 mm. long; blades of the cului scabrous, convolute or conduplicate, 80-100 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. diam., with very long slender i)oints. Panicle yellowish brown, linear-lanceolate (or spreading?). 40-60 cm. long, rays scattered, appressed, capillary, branc'hing, mostly flower-bearing on the terminal half, the longest 10-15 cm. long. Spikt'K'N <»ii j)('«li('i'l8 5-15 iiini. loiij,'; oiiipty pliiincrt Kt'rrnliitc oti the Hiii^ili" luTVf. .sccoiitl tlio longer, about 1 iiini. loiiif. iK'sidcs a short brislNs llonil ;;liiiiie lunci'olutc, ;{-nervi'(l, 'Z-',] iiiiii. loiii,'. tlif awii (i-10 iim). loii;^'; imlt-ii ueiite. us wkk- uiul lus long as its gluniL'. Antlicrs ;J ill ntiniliiT. 1.4 mm. long. Mexico (I?i() HlaiKo). I'ltlnwr 523, b'lWrx. WH. M. laxiflora Srrihn. inol. A rather slender erect light green tufted [)erennial, about 90 em. high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule tliin, la.sce- rate, acute. 5 (i mm. long; blades scabrous, involute or condu|)li- cate, those of the culm \\-\, and 4-1.') cm. long, O.A-O.T rum. diam. Panicles terminal, thin, purplish, lanceolate (or spreading?), about 15 cm. long, rays mostly in twos and threes, erect, sparingly branched, bearing 8-15 spikelets on the ternunal lialf. Spikclets on pedicels 1-4 mm. long, empty glumes ovate, acute, obscurely 1-nerved, set^oml the longer. 1.5 mm. long. 3-nerved; iloral glinne seabrid. o-ncrvt'd. ;?.T-4 mm. long, linear wlu'ii spread, acute or bearing a short briatlc; i)aloa obtuse when spread, as long as its glume. Mexico, J'riiH/h- 141 "3. Cool sloj)es of {\h' Su'rra Madre, Mexico. 30. M. articulata Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila. 208 (1801). An erect densely tufted perennial, GO-SO cm. high. Tjcaves of sterile shoots nearly as high as the culms; shciillis com[)ressed. 12- 18 cm. long; ligule very stout, rigid. 5-7 mm. long; blades strongly involute or condu])licate. smooth, 0.7-1 mm. diam.. long-pointed, articulate at the sheaths, leaving the stout ligule proje(!ting. Pan- icle loosely spikelike, about .'50 cm. long, longest rays ;>-G cm. long. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 4 mm. long; empty glumes hmceo- late, 1-nerved, first 2.5 mm. long, second 3.2 mm. long; Iloral glume with a tuft of short hairs at the base, 3-uerved, bearing a slender tortuose awn 2-2.5 cm. long. Mexico (San Luis Potosi). Prinijh 3013. On dry calcareous hills. 40. M. Berlandieri Triu. Mem. Acad. St. Petcrsb. (VI.) 0.2 : 209 (1845). A(ilt(>S'l'll)K.K. di'iO A (li'iisi'ly tul'ti'tl strict lijjht-<;rei'n scabrous iicrcuuial. about 12<> cm. liij,'li. Sbcatlia aliortiT or louifcr tluiu the iiitcrnoih's; li;,Mil(' lirui, ;{-5 nun. loug; blades coiiduplicutc, ri;;i(l. '^r) 40 nn. long, about 1 nun. diain. i'aniclo slender, spikclike, li.irlil ;irecn or purple, ^O-IJO cm. Imuj,', 5-10 mm. diani.. rays numerous, erect. I-;{ cm. lonj,'. Spikelets on pedicels l-;{ mm. Ion;,', i-mpty ;;lumes nerveless, seabrid toward the tip. oval. l.;5-l.l nun. hmu; lloral ;;lume\vith a very . nudl pencil-tul't of hairs at the base oidy. linear, :{-nerved, '.i.,'i—i mm. lon;r, ape.x 2-toothed, the awn 4-10 mm, 1( ii;:; paleii linear ucuto, us long us its glume. Neurly allied to .1/. (fjfiiiis. Mo.vit'o, Prinf/h' 40;j. Texus to Arizomi und ^rexico. 41. M. comata (Thurl).) Uenth. Va.sey. IJep. Dep. A^rric. /. 5:24T (1H81-82). Vtmya vomuta Thurb. Proc. I'hila. Acad. 7!) (18(53). A ratlier stout simple erect ))?rennial, :5()-!)0 cm. lii^rh. with creeping scaly rootstocks. Slieaths about G, mostly snKMjth, shorter than the internodes; ligulc u lasceratc; fringe 1 mm. or less in length; blades dull green, rough on both siiles, Hut or convolute, pungent-pointed, 8-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle })ale green, lead-colored or I'urplish, 8 12 cm. long, 1-1.1} mm. diam., often with intcrrujjtions and short si)ikes below. Spikelets on very short pedicels; empty glumes conduj)licate. liueur-laneeo- lute, the single nerve serrulate, mucronate. first 2.5-;5.:j mm. long. second u little longer: lloral glume thin, linear-lanceolate, ,'3 nerved, '.\ mm. long, with silky hairs from the callus as long as the floret, the awn 3-S mm. long; jxilea acute, as long as its glume, (irain linear 1.3 mm. long. Colorado, Patterson, ('assidij; Montana. WiUiams; California, Kellogg -,' (1882). J/. L\rerc/iuni V. t\: S. C'outrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ;5:G(] (1882). A slender erect tufted simple glaucous-green perennial, ;50-G0 cm. high, with fibrous roots. Sheaths half the length of tiie inter- nodes; ligule thin, 4-T mm. long: leaves of sterile shoots short, blades conduplicate, rigid, almost fdiform, 8-1.") cm. long. I'anicle terminal, slender, dilTuse, the base sometimes included, ".'O-IIO cm, long, rays in twos or threes, capillary, s])aringly ilowercd on short branches above the middle. Spikelets on pedicels 1-10 mm. long; empty glumes oval to lanceolate or bristly pointed, subequal. 1- nerved, one-fourth to two-thirds as long as the lloret; iloral glume thin, shortly hairy on the nerves for the lower two-thirds, linear, '^-toothed, 13-nervcd, ',] mm. long, awn 1-3 mm. long; palea linear, )i-toothed as long as its glume. Mexico, Prinyle from I^itterson. Texas, Wri(//i(, Rcrcrr^nn. Ilovarth Xeallcy. Texas and ^lexico. 45. M. gracillima Torr, Pacif. Rail. Pej). 4:155 (1857). A slender glabrous densely-tufted perennial. '.'0-40 cm. high. Ligule 3 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots numerous, conduplicate, 2-5 em. long. 0.3 mm. diam., those of the culm 2-3 in number and nnu'li the same. Panicle (-'.nder. often purple. ]nrami(lal or con- tracted, about 15 cm. long, rays ca{>illary. mostly solitary, the lower in twos and threes, sparingly branched, the longest 5-0 cm. long, bearing 4-8 spikelets above the middle. Si)iki'lcts on pedi- cels 4-10 mm. long, empty glumes thin, equal, 1-nerved, lanceolate. 262 PUAl'E.E. a\vl-s]iii}H'(l, filiout 2 mm. long; ilonil >'e\v Mexico. 4G. M. Lemmoni Scribn. ; Vasey. Contrib. V. S. Xat. Herb. ',}: TO (18!):3). .)/. lIuarhiiaiHd Vaiing rootstocks. Sheaths longer than the in- temodes; ligule I'ringed, 0.7 mm. long; blades numerous, erect, loosely involute, 8-15 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide. I'anicle nar- row. interrui)ted, 8-20 (!m. long, consisting maiidy of interruj»ted, appressed, spikelike rays 2-4-7 cm. long. 8])ikelets sessile or nearly so; empty glumes equal, l-nerved, scabrid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, sometimes including a bristle one-third as long as the glumes; floret pubescent for the lower half, the glume strongly 3-nerved, 3 mm. long, linear, obtuse when spread, or with two short blunt barbs, the awn 1-2 mm. long; palea scarcely obtuse when spread, equal or a very little longer than its glume. It differs from M. paiiriJJora lUicklcy in having shorter awns, longer and more pointed empty glumes, and a hairy floral glume. Arizona, Lcmnion 392, 2-418, 2915, 4GG3; Texas, XeaJ/ei/; ^fexico. Pn')if/(c 395. 47. M. pungens Thurb. Proc. Phila. Acad. 78 (18(i3). A tufted erect pale green perennial, 30-50 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the inteniodes; ligule a ciliate ring; blades firm, invo- lute, rigid, pungent, those of the culm 3-0 cm. long. Panicle open, thin, ovoid, about 15 cm. long, rays solitary, branches capillary, spreading. Spikelets mostly with })edicels 2 cm. or more long, in- cluding the awn. 5-(i mm. long; emi)ty glumes subequal. l-nerved, bristly-]iointed, about 2.5 mm. long; floret sometinies with a very minute rudiment of a second floret, iloral glume very sparingly bearded at base, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 4 mm. long, the awn 1-2 mm. long; palea nearly as long as its glume, bearing 2 setose teeth. AliUOSTlDE/E. 20;^ Arizona. f\ S. Dcpl. Afjn'ciih ;522 from Jonos. Neltruska, Colorado, Now .Mexico, Arizona, Utah. Known in Arizona as Hhifk (lanm or (lama China. 4S. M. tenella (II. \\. K.) Trin. Unifl. 103 (18-^4). Pudnsn'- iinini ti'ncUuiii II. W. K. Xov. (ien. et. Sp. 1:1:28 (1815). Trirhorhlm tviivlht W. & S. Syst. ;.' : ;}8.-) (181 1). A slender liirht rcddish-g'rcen. mnch-branclicd and dilTusc an- nnal. lo-'^O om. high. Sheaths rrt'qnently erowded from, and bnt little lon/h ITo, 1745. 4i>. M. 8trictior(Scribn.). .]/. Jlnridn yav. s/ rid ior Scrihn. ined. A soft annual, much branched from near the base, "^'O-^O cm. high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule acute, 3 mm. long: blades scabrous, involute or tlat, 2-5 cm. long, i-'i mm. wide. Panicle linear, erect, yellowish or reddish green, 4-8 cm. long, rays single or clustered, s})aringly branching, bearing 10-15 si)ikelets along the entire length. Spikelets on pedicels mostly about 1 mm. long; empty glumes equal, thin, linear-lanceolate, 1- nerved, 2.5-3.8 mm. long; tloral glume almost hyaline, lanceo- late, pubescent on tin? nnirgins, 2-toothed, 3.5-3.8 mm. long, the awn 1.5-2 mm. long; palea 2-toothed, as long as its glume. An- thers linear, 0.8 mm. long. Mexico, Prinyle 1418. 50. M. Arizonica Scribn. Hull. Torr. ("lub, 15: S (1888). A densely tufted perennial; culms slender, erect, 15-35 cm. high. Ligulo thin, 1.5-2 mm. long; blades scabrid on the mar- gins and keel, flat or conduplicate. 3-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, pungent-pointed. Panicle purjjle. thin, ovoid, 8-18 cm. long, rays 2R4 I'OACEvE. mostly sin^'lo. capillary, with very sloiulcr scattered spreadiii": branches. Spikelets on pedicels "-.'-lO mm. long, empty glumes subequal, ovate, obtuse or acute, obsourely 1-uerved, about 1.3 mm. long; tloral glume linear when s])read, tinely pubescent on the 3 Tierves, 3 mm. long, minutely 3-toothed, the awn 0.5-1 mm. long; palea linear, nearly as long as its glume. Mexico, PriiKjlo Ai)'i\ Arizomi, I 'riii(/Ie. Arizona and Mexico. 51. M. affinis Trill. Fund. Agrost. 2:55(1841). Mem. Acad. St. Tetersb. (VI.) 0. 2:391 (1815). Culms hard, scalirid, simple, erect, GO-00 cm. high, from peren- nial tufts. Sheaths longer than the internodes; ligiile lirm. 2 mm. long; blades light-colored, scubroiis above, becoming involute. 20- 40 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, with long setaceous points. Panicle l)urp[e, slender, narrow or open, 20-30 cm. long, rays finely (^ai)il- lary, in rather distant pairs, the longest 10 cm. long, sparingly branched, flower-bearing above the middle. Spikelets on jiedicels 8-20 mm. long; empty glumes equal, ovate, apex variable, obscurely 1-nerved, about 1 mm. long; floral glume pencil-tufted at base, scabrid, linear-lanceolate, 3-iierved, 4 mm. long, awn 10-20 mm. long; palea lineiir, very nearly as long as its glume. Nearly allied to M. Palmeri Vasey and .)/. lierlandieri. Mexico, Palmer 522. 954. 52. M. implicata (Wilhl.) Triii. Uuifi. 193 (1824). Af/rns/is impUmta Spreng. Syst. 1 : 2(i2 (1S25). Podnxivinuin. impJicatiDii 11. n. K. Xov. (kMi. et Sp. 1: 127(1815). Trichochloa inipUcala K. it S. 2:385 (1817). A slender, rathersoft, pur})lish, braiieiiing annual (?), 50-70ciii. high. Sheaths about as long as the internodes; ligule thin. 1.5-2 mm. long; blades coiidu[)licate or flat, scabrous above. 10-15 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide. Panicle thin, slender, ovate-lanceolate. 15-20 via. long, rays single with sjjreading capillary liranches. few- ilowered. Spikelets on very slender flexuose, curved pedicels, which are 5-10 mm. long; empty glumes broad, truncate, erose, second 1-nerved, about 0.5 mm. long and longer than the flrst one; floral glume linear-lanceolate, scabrid, 3-nerved, 4 mm. long, in- AOHOSTIDE.E. 20;*! eluding the 'i slender bristles; iiwn very slender, 10-20 mm. loni,'; paleti laneeoliite, iioute, nearly as long as its glume. Anthers 3 in number, 0.5 mm. long. Mexico, Pn'tif/Ic 818. 53. M. Palmeri Vusey, Bull. Terr. Club, 13:231 (1886). Culms rather stout, simple, erect, 05-120 em. high, from creep- ing rootstocks. Ligule firm, 2 mm. long; blades firm, scabrous al)ove, becoming involute or condu})licate, 30-(iO cm. long, the jioint setaceous. Panicle often purple, erect, spikolike, 18-30 cm. long, 1-2 cm. diam., rays very numerous, erect, mostly llower- bearing to the base. Spikelets on pedicels 1—4 mm. long; empty glumes sube([ual, 1-nerved, about two-thirds as long as the tlorcts, including the awn-i)oint; Horal glume scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, 3-nerved, about 4 mm. long, apex 2-toothed with an awn 4-0 mm. long; palea scabrous, linear, acute, as long as its glume. Nearly allied to M. affinis Trin. Mexico. Pfingle 1417. 54. M. pauciflora liuckl. Proc. Phila. Acad. 91 (1802). An erect perennial, rather sjiaringly branched for the whole length, 50 cm. high: culms hard, sculjriil. nodes tumid: siieaths mostly shorter than the internodes, some of them crowded ot? by the branches: ligule lascerate, 1-1.5 mm. long; blades of the culm.-? .smooth on the lower side, rather setaceous, O-K) cm. long, those near the roots few and short. Panicle spikelike, slender. (i-S cm. long, rays mostly single, a])pressed. tlower-bearing to the base, the longest 2 cm. long. Spikelets on very short pedicels, emj)ty glumes ef|ual, lanceolate. 1-nerved. 2.5 mm. htng; lloral glume with a few short hairs at the base, linear-lanceolate, 3-norved, nearly 4 mm. long, the awn S-12 cm. long; ])alea linear, 4 mm ig. Much like .)/. Xco-Mcjinina. of which it . perhaps only a variety. Arizona, XeaUfi/ in 1801. 55. M. Neo-Mexicana Vasey, Coult. Bot, fJaz. 11 : 337 (1880). An erect i)erennial. branching near tiu' base. C'uims hard. •scabrous. 30-(;o cm. high. Siieaths longer than the internodes; 2(\6 POAfE.E. lij^nle lascoriito, 1.-5 mm. Icniii : blades of tlio culm soiibrous, eroct, setaceous, (I-IO cm. Ion*:, tlio.^e of the sterile shoots about 1 cm. loujf. Panicle narrow, thinly spikelike, 10-15 cm. lon.:5 nun. Ion;;, floret ohtuse; lh»r:il jjlunie tluii. ;j-nerve(l. nnir^diiid nerverf serruhite-eiliiite. 4-5 mm. long, often term iiiiitini; in sliort stout awns, eenti-al nei've extend- ing into an awn 10-15 mm. long; palea lanceolate, its two awns about 0.5 mm. long; uppvr f(i>ikfli't with emj)ty glumes 1-nerved, truncate. 0.:> mm. long; iirst outer ghune beai'ing a bristle-like awn about 'X mm. long; lloret about 1 mm. long. Stamens ;> in number, anthers oval, 0.:5 mm. long. (Jrain linear-lanceolate, round on the back, ;>.:> mm. long: embryo oblong, 1 mm. long. Mexico, 7)VV/r;-/ Too, /loiirt/rdH XW,), /'riiit/Jf 1 ::i'.i, -^.Hil. The hitter distributed as Jlrdi-Jii/eli/fnitn /'ri/if/Ii'i \'asey. 51. (li:5a). BeALIA Scribn. Hack. Truedrasses, 10-1(1800). 8pikelet3 l-tlowered, loosely paniculate; raehilla articulate above the lower glumes, not extended above the llower; lloral glume with a minute callus, bearded at the base. Emi)ty glumes 2, ])ersistent. mendjranous softly hairy, slightly uneE.K. 2«9 allied to some spcoios of Sliixi, hut tlu> racliillii is produoed lu-vond tho lloral f,duiiio into u little bristlo, sometiiiiL'.s bouriiig u iniuiito nidiincntary ^'liinic 1. B. erectum (Sdirob.). l^ciuiv. A<,'rost. 39 (181^). Miihlnihcniid vralo Sehreb. Grils. 2:139, t. i'to (IT72-T9). DUvpntntm aristuHvm Miohx. Fl. lior. Am. 1:40 (1803). Muhh'uhvnfm arlsfafa Pers. Syii. 1 : 73 (IfiOA). llrarlinvhilnua urlslatiun 1{. iS: S. Syst. 2:413(1817). Mnhh-n- hcrffia bnir/n/eli/fnim Tvhi. Unifl. 188 (1H24). ^lom, Ac'iid. St. Tetcrsb. (\'I). ,);/„H >iut(. ,I(juni. Acad. IMiil. (II.) 1:1S!) (1847). Spiki'lets l-ll(»\v't'ri'(i, inirrow, siii^Mi' or in pairs, sessile or on very short hnuu.'lu'S of the spikeliko panicle, raehiilavery short, sultartie- ulate aliove the empty ran()us. the outer with 'i-',\ nerves, exti-nd- JUiT ii>to bristles, second shorter, narrower. !-awned: lloral 'dnmo uwiied, lon^'er and wider than the others, ;{-nerved : palea sh'nder, :3-nerved, or "J-kei'li'd. briefly •.'-toothed. There are sonic sterile 8pikelets. Stamens ;{. Styles short, distinct, drain inclosed l)y the firm lloral 274 POACE.E. 1. 11. ALOPKcruoiDKs Host, riiam. 1 : -2;] /. 20 (1801). Crypsis aIo/)('Cin-(ii(h'.-i Schratl. V\. (ienii. 1: Kil (ISOO). Culms <,'i'niculate, T-'^O cm. h'v^h. Sheaths about half as lou^ as tlu' iutiTuodi's; li^nile a fringe of hairs; blades scabrid above, soon involute. ',*— t em. long, 3-:5 mm. wide. Spike exserted, 1-4 cm, long, 4-5 mm. diam. Sjtikelets oval or cuneate-ol)ovate. about 2 mm. long, empty glumes 1-nerved; floral glunu- longer, incurved. 1-nerved; palea deeply '2-lol)ed. Sparingly introduced along the coast on ballast. 'i. II. sciKKNoiKKs ],. Host, (Jnim. I:2:J. /. :5(»(1S01). I'/iIrinii ftchu'itdides 1j. Sp. IM. »;o (175:5). ('/•///i.sis .sr/io-)ioi(les Ijum. Tab). Encycl. 1:100 (IMM). Culms 7-'rlO cm. high. Sheaths inflated, less than lialf the length of the internodes; ligule a fringe of hairs; blades scabrid above, soon involute, '^-4 cm. long, ■^-:{ mm. wide. Spikes termi- nal aiul axillary, wholly or with bases inchuled in the sheaths, 0.5-*^ mm. long, 4-5 mm. diam. Spikelets elliptical or obovate, Fio. 4Q.—IMfocIil()a nchanoidfs. A, spikelets;a, 6, empty plumes. (Richardson.) about 2.5 mm. long; empty glumes 1-nerved, about 2 mm. long; floral glume and paleasubequal, the latter emargimite. Sparingly introduced along the coast on ballast. Our ])lants were collected on waste ground ne.'ir Philadeli)hia. 50. (122). Phleum I.. Sp. PI. 59 (1753). L. Syst. Ed. 1 (1735). S'fehpJiuros Aduus. Fam, 2:31 (1703). Achnoilonton lieauv. Agrost. 24, t. 7,/. 5 (1812). ChilochloaX. c. 37, t. 7,/. 3 (1812). AUHOSTIDK.E. ^To Achufxhtn Jiink, Ilort. IWrol, 1:05 (If^^T). Plantinia lUibaiii. in Ntiov. (iiorn. liot. Ital. 5:317 (isr;j). S|tikt'l('ts l-flowiTcd, Hat and tTowded into a cvlindrieal or ovoid sjtiki'liki' jianic'le, racliilla very sliort. articulation above tlu; lower glumes and sometimes extending bevond tlielloweras a sliort s))iiu\ Outer glumes 'J. persistent, nearly e(|ual. membranous, com- pressed-keeled. l-;}-nerved. subtniiu-ate, tlie keels projecting into a point or very slutrt awn: Moral glume very tliin, shorter, broader, truncate or denticulate, eiicbtsing a narrow liyalinepalea and a per- fect llower; the ])alea sometimes containinga minute bristle on tlie l)ackand near the base. Stamens ;5. Styles distinct. (Jrain ovoid, enclosed by the delicate palea, but not a!t (1T5:}). ^Moixtaix-timotht. An erect perennial, 30-riO (;m. high. Sheaths two-thirds as long as the internodes; ligule short, truncate: blades smooth or scabrid, .^)-8 cm. long. Spike ovoid or oblong, usually tinged with ])urple, 1.5-:} cm. long. Spikelets oblong, 3—1 mm. long, teeth lu'arly 1 mm. long, the keels strongly fringed with hairs, empty glumes 3-ncrved: floret about 2 mm. long, floral glunu' .'■)-nerved. Plants from the White Mountains. N. II. ; Montana. Mt. Hood, and Oregon have spikelets 3 mm. long, while some from Colorado have spikelets 4 mm. long. Vermont. Ifosfonl for TJ. S. Dept. Agricul. 341 ; New Ilampsliire, Clark 4304; Colorado, Camlihi; Montana, Anderson '23. Utah, Jones 1201; Alaska, Fitnsfon for U. S. Nat. Herb. 110: British Columbia, Macottn; Oregon, lloiveU; Behring Sea, Mcrriam. , 276 POACE.E. Found in the ulpino regions of North America. P^urope. Asia, and in Antarctie America. i. P. pratense L. Sp. Tl. 50 (1753). Timotjiy. IIkkd's Grass. Perennial; scabrid or smooth, 30-100 cm. higli, one or more of the lower internodes swollen into ti corm or solid bulb. Sheaths close, shorter than the internodes; blades smooth, or scabrid if grown in u dry wai'm climate, lo-;iO cm. long, T-lOmni. wide. S})ike cylindrical, 3-9-17 cm. long, G-8 mm. diam. Si)ikelets oblong, nearly 3 mm. long, ciliate on the keels, the teeth 1-1.5 mm. long; empty glumes ecjual, 3-nerved; iloral glume )l mm. long, delicately H-!t-nerved. Stamens and styles protrude from the top of the spikelets. Fig. (51*. Vol. I. Massachusetts, Beal 50; ^fichigan, Agrl. College, 7>m/ 54; 'i'exas, (lillespic; Iowa, Ilikluovlc; Montana, Andi't'in_ mm. diam., dense, branches with 4-() spikelets. Emi)ty glumes slightly uiu'(pud. connate at l)ase, about 3 mm. long, ovate, purplish, silky all over the outer side. Alaska, Miirdai'k-; Colorado, ('(issitlij. l?ocky Mountains. 2. A. Howellii Vasey. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, l.'):12r (IS88). A. Mariiiuiii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, IT): U (ISHS). Annual: culms fi-fO cm. high, erect or geniculate. Ligule 2 mm. long; lower blades narrow, exceeding tlus culm, the upper one short, those of the culm usually )*. the uj)per inllated. Spike oval-oblong, \-l cm. long. 5 mm. diam., often partially included. Empty glumes oblong, nearly 3 mm. long, obtuse, slightly united below, sti'ongly ciliate on the keel; floral glume as long as the empty glumes, smooth, obtuse, edges united to the middle or higher, 278 POACK.E. , * r»-iit'rv('(l, iiwii from near the base about tlireo tinics as loii<^ as the Oregon, lldtriU; \'aiicouver Island, Mucouuj Kocky Mountains, Vase If. \'ar. Merrimani nov. var. Sheaths sli^'litly inflated, spikes ex- serted. cblong or eylinclrieal. 1-2 em. long. 4-.') imii. wide; spikes t*-"».l{ mm. long; em})ty glumes a very little shorter than the Ih.ral glume, awn from the middle of th.c glume barely extending to its tip or a little higher. Pribyloir Islands, Hering Sea, J>r. C. II. Mvn'iitiaii in 1S91. ;i. A. AouEsTis L. Sp. PI. Kd. 2:80 (ITO'i). Slkxi)i:k Pox- tail. An annual, 30-(50 em. high. Sheatlis long, seareely inflated; blades Hat. Spike fl-S em. long, slender, eurved, aeute, often pur- ])lish. Empty glumes 7 nun. long, lancolate, aeute. incurved, connate to the middle, not ciliate, nerves green or jyurplish, wing- keeled above the middle; floral glume exserted, glabrous, awn [U"o- truding half its length. A troublesome weed in Europe, northern Africa, Siberia; intro- duced into Nortii America. New Jersey, Scribncr IJaOTa, for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 222; Colorado, ( 'assidi/. 4. A. saccatus Vasey, Coult. Hot. fJaz. 0:200 (ISSl). Culms 12-25 cm. high, erect, simple. Sheaths mueli inflated, generally including the base of the spike: blades of the culm al)out :{ in number, short. Spike oblong, 2-5 cm. long, ratiier loosely flowered. Sjjikelets 4 mm. loiig, clothed with silky hairs; empty ghnnes shorter than the floret, 3-5 mm. long, obtuse, sligiitly united at the base; floral glume oblong, obtuse, glabrous, the margins united half their length or more; awn one-fourth the distance from the base and protruding two or three times the length of the glumes. This has much the general appearance of J. uiririihthis Sch. Oregon, J/ourU ; California, Jiolander 35 ; Japan, li. Ohlliam. 5. A. pitATKNSis L. Sp. PI. (U) (1753). Meadow Foxtail. A soft erect i)erennial, 30-00 cm. high. I'ppersheath inflated, longer than its blade; ligule oblong truncate; blades flat. Spikes A(»U(»STI|)K.K. 279 6-8 cm. long, 4-7 mm. or moro broati, dciirfi', ohtu-so. soft, piilo grtrii. Spikoluts 5-0 mm. long; t'in|tty gliimtvs nu-mln'anous, i-iliatu on the kt'i'l only, ovate-lancicolate. uuimatt' iit the base; lloral glume ciliatf, a.s long as the empty glumes, awn near the base and projeet- ing half its length. Anthers iJ.rjinm. long. Massachusetts, />(n'/i'i/ ; Pennsylvania, (lurk V.H', ; Oregon, llnnrll : Michigan, livan)"!. Found in Kurope. northern Afri.-a, western Asia; introduced into America. Much cultivated in cool moist elinuites. For a popular account see Vol. I, p. 15^. Fig. T",*. G. A. Californicus \asey, Mull, 'i'orr. Club, 15:i:j (ISSG). Culms more or less geniculate, 30-r>0 cm. high. Leaves of the culm 5-0. sheaths over hall' as long as the iuternotles, the upper con- siderably inilated; ligule obtuse. 3 mm. long, blades scabrid, the upper ;i-0 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Spike exsertcd. 'J-4 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Spikelets oval, empty glumes ciliate, very slightly united below, cllii»tical when spread, about 3..") mm. long; lloral glume elliptical liefore opening, unitetl for half its length, ;i.8 mm. long, awn attached one-third the way from the base, and iirojecting about 4 mm. California, Dr. J. .1A. liif/ehir, Hohuuler, Dr. C. L. Anderson.-^ r. A. occidentalis Scribn. Coult. Jiot. Ciaz. 11:170 (1880). A. prafi'iisis aJpeHfris Wald. Fl. Lapp. 21 (1812). A glaucous erect grass, 30-00-1)0 cm. higli. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes, loose, but not inflated; ligule 1-2 mm. long; blades flat, except near the tips, 5-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Spikelike panicle 2-3 cm. long, 10-15 mm. broad. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, tinged with purple and reil, ciliate on all the nerves; floral glume nearly as long as the empty glumes, the margins connate to near the middle, delicately 5-7- uerved, awn about G mm. long. Anthers 2.5 mm. long. Professor Scribner says: "It diifers from A. pratcvsis in its shorter and more ovoid spikes, more l.eavy, less conspicuously nerved and shorter empty glumes, in the shorter and more obtuse flowering glume.*' This closely resembles .(. dnnulineceus Poir. Montana, Williams 835. 280 POACE.K. Viiliiablo for pasture in the regions in which it is found. ('olorudo to Montana. 8. A. GENICULATL8 L. Sp. Pi. CO (1753). Floatino or Watku Foxtail. A perennial ; culms procumbent at base, 30-50 cm. high. Up- per siieaths loose, with blade 4-20 em. long, 1 cm. wide or less. Spike a. 5-5 cm. long, D mm. broad, obtuse, palo green. Spike- lets 4 mm. long; empty glumes scarcely connate at base, silky- ciliate, on the lateral and mid-nerves, obtuse; floral glume slightly shorter than the empty glumes, its margins united one-third their length; the awn starting one-fourth of ihe way from the base and projecting half its length. ^Massachusetts. Mann; Pennsylvania, Srrihner for U. S. Dept. Agricul. )i'i^y; Iowa, Hitchcock^ Missouri, O. G. Comstock; Montaiui, MiUiaots. Wet meadows and ditches; found in Europe, northern Africa, western Asia, Australia; introduced into North America.. Yar. fulvus (J. K. Smith) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5:38 (1894). A.fnlvus Smith, Engl. liot. t. U67 (1793). A. (iristu- latns Michx. Fl. Ror. Am. 1:43 (1803). A. genicuhtus arisliila- tus Torr. Fl. U. S. 1:97 (1824). Blades of the upper leaves sometiiwes exceeding the spike. Spikes 5-8 cm. long, 1 cm. or less broud. Spikelets two-thirds as long as those of the species; empty glumes slightly shorter than the floral glume; awn starting very little below the middle of the glume and scaroely projecting at the apex. \'ermont, Priugle; Massachusetts, Heal 58; New York, Clark 1682, Heal 60; Pennsylvania, f^cribner ^\\^^\ Michigan, Heal 59, Clark 689. Cooley, Anstin; Minnesota, Ifolzi tiger 35; Utah, Jotii'.s 1074; Arizona, Tourney 759; Oregon, Howell; California, Parish, Palmer 234: Montana, Williams, Anderson 34; Wash- ington. Suksdorf 1066; Wyoming, Ihiffnm c 146. Wet places. New England to California. Var. robusttts Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:13 (1886). Culms thick, sometimes branching below, 30-45 cm. high, smooth. Sheaths loose, smooth, 8-12 cm. long, the lower longer A<»U«»STIIU:.K 281 than the internodos; ligiilc unite, 4 inin. lonp; hhidcs 8-15 cm. long, 6 mill. wiiK'. Spike exscrtetl when iiiuture,5-H cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, dense. Spikelcts ovail. uhout ',' mm. long; empty glumes little united below, the keels and lateral glumes eiliate- pul.p-oent, obtuse and truncate; floral glume nt-arly as long as the empty ones, ovate, oblong, obtuse, smooth, edges unitcil to the middle, awn startin;.' from the middle, little exceetling the glume. Calit'ornia, Lrtnninn in 1HT4. /'nffttn in IHS4. 5H. (1','4). COLEAHTHUS Seid. K. & S. Syst. 2:270 (1817). Srhiti'iffid Trait. Fl. Austr. 1: 1'2, t. 451 (1811). II/V/W^A/ Sternb. in Fl. 'iA\ (181!)). Spikelets very small, with one perfect flower, pedicellate in um- bellate clusters. Kiiipty glumes 0; floral glume hyaline, persistent. ovate. keelele from the seed, but this is not apparent in the dried state in jiU species. When soaked in water the pericarp is easily removed. As a whole. Spovdiniliis is diielly distin^Miished \\'un\ .\(fi'ns/is Ity the total absence of any dorsal awn, and by the^rrain so loosely enclosed in llie ^dunie that it usually protrudes from it wiii-n I'ipe. and often falls away. See \'ol. 1. }). 4'\. The palea also <:enerally splits icadily into two. a character which (Jrisebach took f(»r a new^'enus. f>i(ir/ii/riin)i. and which Nees tl 1. Floral glume 1.7 mm. long. . . . (m) m. Panicle 1-3 cm., floral glume 1.7-2 mm. long 20 m. Panicle 2-5 cm. long 21 m. Panicle 8-20 cm. long 22 1. Floral glume 1.5 mm. long. . . . (n) n. Lower sheaths flattened over flat culms (o) o. Leaf-blades 4-12 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide 23 o. Leaf-blades 30 cm. long, 3 mm. wide 24 n. Lower sheaths not prominently flattened » . . . (p) ACJUOSTIDK.K 285 p. licaf- blades of culm ubout 2 cm. lonj; 25 p. Ijeaf-bliiik'S of culm 3 or more cm. loiij; (<|) q. Annual, roots ilbrous. . . 20 q. IVreunial, with creeping ro<)tst<»cks 27 h. Floral glume 1-nerved or nerveless (r) r. Empty glumes both nerveless (s) s. Pciuicle terminal, 20-;i(» cm. long. . . 28 8. Panicle terminal, 8-10 mm. long, . . 29 s. Panii'les terminal and lateral, 4-8 cm. long :50 r. Empty glumes one or both 1-nerved. . . (t) t. Panicle spikelike, 1-4 cm., floral glume 2.7 mm. long 31 t. Panicle at length pyramidal, 3-5 cm., floral glume 1.5 mm. long. . . . 32, 33 t. Panicle ovoid, 4-G cm., floral glume 1.7- 2.3 mm. long 34 t. Panicle spikelike, 3-7 cm., floral glume 2-3 mm. long 35 t. Panicle more than 7 cm. long. . . . (u) U. Panicle broadly pyramidal, 10-10 cm. long, rays rigid, first glume 1 mm., second and floral glumes 2-2.3 mm. long 36 u. Panicle slender, pyramidal, 10-18 cm, long, flrst glume 0.5 mm,, second glume 1 mm., floral glume 1.5 mm. long 37 u. Panicle slender, 15-25 cm. long, first glume 1 mm,, second glume 1.5 mm., floral glume 1.7-2 mm. long. ... 38 U. Panicle spikelike or pyramidal, G-10 cm. long, first glume 0.6-0.7 mm.. 286 POACE^. second glume 3 mm., floral glume 2 mm. long 39 u. Panicle usually narrow, 8-'i0 cm. long, first glume 0.5-O.T mm., second glume 1 mm., floral glume l.T mm. long '11 u. Panicle usually narrow, 12-20 cm. long, first glume 0.5-1 mm., second 1.5 mm., floral glume 1.5 mm. long. 40 u. Panicle usually narrow, 30-4.J cm. long, first glume 1 mm., second glume 1.5 mm. long 41 1. S. Wolfii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 10:62 (188:5). Vilfa minima Vasey. A very slender and small annual, branching at the base, only 2-4 cm. high. Lower sheaths inflated; blades mostly radical, flat or involute, 3-12 mm. long. Panicles spikelike, very simple, the lateral ones partly enclosed by the sheaths. Eini)ty glumes oval. subc(|ual, 0.7 mm. long; floral glume about 1 mm. long; palea as long as its glume. 'IMie plants seen were from the herbarium of Prof. Scribner, No. T04, collected by J, Wolfe in 1873, on wet shores of Twin Lakes, Colorado; also No. 1, 1077, J. Wolfe in the Gray herba- rium. 2. S. interruptus Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:8 (188G). S. Arizonicits Thurb. of some collectors. A rather stout erect tufted pereimial, culm solid as in Maize, about 40 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the internodes, throat and back of the throat ciliate: ligule very short; blades of sterile shoots scabrid above, flat or conduplicate, 10-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, those of the culm 2-3 in number, the upper 3-5 cm. long. Panicle terminal, barely exserted, interrupted, 10-18 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; rays mostly single, rather stout, erect. 3-5 cm. long, flower-bearing along the upper half. Spikelets often crowded toward the ends of the branches; empty glumes broadly lanceolate, acute, 1-uerved, first 3-4 mm. long, second 5 mm. long; floral AUUOSTIDK.E. 287 Fig. ii2.~Sporoboliis interrnplni^. A, sitikelt't; b, floret. (S('ril)iu'r. ) jifhimo oval, acute, I-irtvchI. 5 mm. long: palea but little shorter, eniiirjriiiato, infokled on the back between the nerves. Arizona, .Ioiivk, Coucs d* Pul- iiier uO, (J(). 3. S. asper (Miclix.). Kunth, l{ev. Gram 1 : (58 (18-,>!»). A(/ro,sfi.s uspcrn Michx. Fl. ]5or. Am. L. 5'2 (ISO;}). ]'ilf)i uspera lieauv. Af,n-o.st. IG (1812). Atjrosfis cUnulcstina j\Iuhl. (h'am. 73 ( 1 8 1 T ) . A. loiir/i'foh'a Torr. Flor. U. S. 1 : 90 (1824). Muhlenheniia vlandcxtina 'J'rin. rnifl. 190 (1824). *S'. itirolu/a Muhl. Gram. 72 (1817). A very variable tufted perennial, GO-lOO cm. liigh ; culms solid as tliose of !Maize. Leaves of sterile shoots as long as the culm, or more tlum half as long, Ijlades involute, tapering to a long thr nid- like point, tliose of the culm 5-7 in number, narrow with slender points, all blades rougli on the edges, sheaths often distended with lateral paiiicles ; ligule very short, throat ciliate. Panicles terminal and lateral, partly or almost wholly enclosed in the sheatlis, spike- like, 5-15-30 cm. long, the rays erect, 3-8 cm. long. Empty glunu's ovate-lanceolate, keeled, 1-nerved, first 2-3 mm., second 3-4-5 mm. long; fioral glume pubescent or smooth, like the second glume, oidy 1-2 mm. longer; palea pubescent or smooth, acute, extending beyond its glume, or else obtuse, and equalled l)y or even shorter than its glume. Grain broadly elliptical, 1.5 mm. long. Massachusetts, Cooky; Alabama, McCarthy; Texas, Kealley\ Arkansas, Harvey 22. Found from New England to Texas. Yar. Drummondii Yasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3 : 60 (1892). Vilfa Drvmmondii Trin. Culms very slender; panicles mostly terminal, only exserted or partially included ; no lateral panicles, or very small ones. Texas, lieverchon 1047. 288 POACE.E. Var. Hookeri (Trin.) Vascy. T7//>« llookeri Trin. Fund. Agrost. 1:84 (IS-,H)). Bladi'S of sterile shoots G-15 cm. long, first glume 1.5 mm. long, sccoml '~J-l*.5 mm. long, llorul glume 3.5—1 mm. long. Mississi])])!, r. S. Dcpt. Ayrirul. from Jolmson. 4. S. flliculmifl (Thurb.) Nusey, Cat. Grasses U. S. 44 (188')). Vilfa jUicuhn is Tiiurb. A very tjlonder tufted perennial, 15-20 cm. high, coming froui stout rootstocks. Some of the sheaths sliorter than the iuternodes; ligulo about 1 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots strongly involute, recurved, 1t-~ cm. long, those of the culm 3-4 in number, mucro- nate. Panicle terminal, much exserted, narrow, spikelike, inter- rupted, 3-5 cm. long. Empty glumes equal, 1-nerved, ovate-lance- olate, 3 mm. long; floral glume thinly pubescent on the lower half, lanceolate, cuspidate, 3-nerved, 4-4.5 mm. long; palea thju)} pubescent on the lower half, linear, nearly as long as its glume. New ^Mexico, Scrihner, from Thurber, collected on the Whipple expedition Sept. 1853. A note by Munro with specimen reads: " A good species, very close to V. faxtitjiata, principally differing in size and having a hairy palea, in Avhicli resjiccts it appi'oaches V. vuspidata.^' Texas, New Mexico. 5. S. brevifolius (Nutt.) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5:105 (1894). Agrostis Am'//b//« Nutt. Gen. 1: 44 (1818). Vilfa nis- pidata Torr.; Hook. Flor. Bor. Am. 2: 238 (1840). S. cnspidatiis AVood, Am. Bot. i!fc Flor. 385 (1871). A very slender nearly smooth branching perennial, 30-40 cm. high, often with stout rootstocks. Sheaths two-thirds as long as the internodes; ligule very short; blades not over 3-4 cm. long, those of the culm 5-6 in number, erect, involute, filiform, 3-8 cm. long. Panicle terminal, interrupted, partially included by the upper slieath, consisting of 4-G slightly overlapping spikelike branches, 2-5 cm. long, or in small plants reduced to a slender spike 3-5 cm. long. Empty glumes subequal, 1-nerved, ovate-lanceolate, 1-3 mm. long, floret with a callus; floral glume dark brown, slightly pubescent under a lens, lanceolate, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves ob- A(iKosTii)E.ii;. 289 scure, 3-3.5 mm. long, cuspidate or appearing so before flattening tlie involute tip; palea nearly as long as its glume, often terminat- ing in two points. Northern Maine, Prinyle; Dakota, U. S. Dcpt. Agricul., from Dr. I 'list'!/. Found in Maine, Kansas, Colorado, and northward. 6. S. inflata ^'asey & Deway, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 2G5 (1893). Perennial, with knotted rootstocks. Culms slender, simple, 30- 45 cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, blades mostly in- volute, 10-30 cm. long, 2 nmi. wide, those of the culm 2-3 in num- ber, sheaths equalling or exceeding the long internodes, the upper often extending to the panicle; ligulo lacerate, 4-T mm. long. Pan- icle narrow, dark green, 10-15 cm. long, bearing spikdets to near the base. Si)ikelets 3-4 mm. long, subterete ; empty glumes subequal, oval, nerveless, about half as long as the floret ; floral glume lance-ob- long, 3-3.5-nerved; palea much like its glume, the 2-uerves adjacent. Texas (Presidio County), XcaUci/ 127. Nearly allied to S. Jvnesii, but this has longer leaves and. spikelots. 7. S. Bolanderi Yasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 11:337 (1880). Culms slender, smooth, the upper half naked, about 30 cm. high. Sheaths smooth; ligule about 0.5 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots flat, flaccid. 10-15 cm. long, 0.8-1.3 mm. wide, those on the culm 2-3 in number. 3-5 cm. long. Panicle open, lax, 5-8 cm. long, lower rays in twos and threes, filiform, 2-3.5 cm. long, flower-bearing above the middle. Spikelets on pedicels 3 or more mm. long; emi)ty glumes unequal, ovate-lanceolate, first 1-nerved, l.Gmm. long, second 3-nerved. 2.5 mm. long; floral glume oblong- lanceolate, 5-nerved, softly pubescent on the nerves below, 3.5 nmi. long; palea as long as its glume, 2-tootlied, ciliate on the keels, sterile pedicel 1.5 mm. long. Collected at Oregon, BoJander for U. S. Dept. Agricul. and now at ITarv. Univ. 8. S. heterolepis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1:576 (1848). Vilfa keferolojm A, Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 233 (1836). 290 POACE.E. An erect perennial, 30-1 "20 cm. high, cuhn solid as in Maize. Li; ter- minal, exscrted. thin, 15-){0 cm. long, rays scattered, very slender with elongated bases, the longest 3-5 em. long. Empty glumes olive-green or brown, 1 -nerved, lirst lanceolate or awl-shaped, '2-3 mm. long, second ovatu-lanceolate, 3.5-5.5 nnn. long; lloral glume 1-nerved, acute. 15-4 mm. long; })alea oval, obtuse, as long as or nearly as long as its glume. Grain spherical, shining, thick, coria- ceous, nearly 2 mm. diam. Arkansas, /'. S. Dcpt. Af/ricuL; Minnesota, llulziiifjcr. New England, New York, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and south to Texas. 9. S. Floridanus Chapm. Fl. S. States, 550 (1860). An erect perennial, 00-lf.O cm. high. Ligule very short; blades flat or condui)licate, sc.ibrous on the margins, those of sterile shoots 30-00 cm. long, those on the culm 3 in number, 8-20 cm. long, 3-3 mm. wide, holding their width well to the abrupt tip. Panicle slightly exscrted, dill'use, 30-50 cm. long, rays ii'ostly in threes, the longest 7-10 cm. long. Spikelets purplish, single at the ends of the stiif rough hairlike pedicels; empty glumes obovate-lanceolate. 1- nerved, first 3-5 mm. long, second 4-4.3 n^m. long; floral glume 1- nerved, oval, scarcely acute when spread, 4 mm. long; palea oval, obtuse, reaching as high as its glume, infolded on the back between the 2 nerves. Florida. Curtiss 3378. Var. Curtissii Vasey, ined. Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; panicle more slender, glumes lanceo- late, first and second 4-5 mm. long, floral glume 3-3.5 mm. long. Florida, Curtiss. 10. S. junceus (Michx.) Knnth, Rev. Gram. 1:68 (1835). Agrostis jnncea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 52 (1803). Vilfa juncea Trin. Unifll. 157 (1824). An erect rather slender, smooth perennial. 30-70 cm. high. Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligule very short; AiJHOiSTIDKJi;. 291 bliulos of sterile shoots nuiiu'roiis. eivct, narrow, involute, elonijiit- eil, those of the euliii :» in number, slender, o-lO em. lonj;. I'lin- iele exserted or ineliuled at the l)ase, open, oviite-huiee<>l;ite, lO-i:{ em. lonj;, nivs in wliorls of 5-10, diver<,Mn_«:, llower-hearin;,' alonji; the ui»})er two-thirds. Si)ikelets reddish t)rown ; empty glumeti ovate ueute, 1-nerved, lirst 1.5-3 nun. lonj.', soeond about 3 mm. long; lloral glume like the second empty glume; paleaa little shorter than its glume, broadly oval when spread, truncate, folded in from the baek between the 2 nerves. CJrain compressed, obovoid. Florida, Curfiss 3377 ; Georgia. Coulci/. Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward to Florida. 11. S. purpurascens Hamilton, Prod. 5 (1S25). Culms simple, (J0-!>0 em. high. Sheaths smooth or hairy; lig- ule a villous ring; blades slightly scabrous above, smooth below, those of the sterile shoots '^0-50 cm. long, fiat or involute. 3-5 mm. wide, the upper one of the culm 1—1 em. long. Panicle race- mose, simple, 10-15 cm. long; rays in close whorls of about 0. the longest 3 cm. long, flower-bearing for nearly its whole length. Spikelets short-pedicelled, smooth, shining, light lead-color; empty glumes l-nerved, first ovate-lanceolate, 'Z nun. long, second ovate, barely acute when spread, 3.3 mm. long; floral glume 1-nerved, oval, obtuse or refuse, nearly as long as the second glume; palea broad, a little shorter than its glume. Cuba, Wright 3427; Texas, liurkley. Some use has been made of the meagre description by Chapman found in Coult. Bot. Gaz. 3: 18 (1878). Texas and South Florida. VI. S. tricholepis (Torr.) Coult. Man. Rocky Blount. Rot. 411 (1885). Vilf a tricholepis Torr. Pacif. II. M. Uep. 4: 155 (1857). A tufted erect perennial, 40-60 cm. high; culms solid as in Maize. Sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule short, or 2.5 mm. long on the Mexican specimens mentioned below; blades glab- rous, strongly involute and curved, those of sterile shoots numer- ous, mostly 1.5-3 cm. long, those of the culm 4 in number, 8-15 em. long. Panicle barely exserted, linear, or becoming ovate, 10-18 cm. long, rays mostly single, erect, some in twos or threes, the longest 292 I'OACK.Ti:. /)-7 cm. long, their brunches very sleTulcr, bearing .singU'-iiedicellod Kpikelcts which sire liglit k'iul-color. Kni[)ly ghiines elliptical or ovate-liinceolate, l-nerved, llrst about "-.* mm. long, second *~'.5-;j mm. long; Uoret clothed with Imirs on the nerves, 0..") mm. long; llural glume ovale, acute or obtuse. ;{-nerved, '2.7 mm. long; palou nearly as long, though mirrower. Arizona, LeiiiitKin :JT(), .lones; Mexi(!o, Prinffle H'l'ii. VI. S. rlACtilKMONTll Kunth, liev. (Irani. 2:4'.'; (IS'.'O). A tuTled slender erect })erennial, OU-JJO cm. high. Sheaths u little over hall' the length of the internodes; ligule very short; leaves ol' sterile shoots lew, those of the culm 4, erect, involute, seabrid a])ove. 10-15 cm. long, ^ mm. wide. I'anicle exserted, erect, sjtreading, at length contracted, about ^0 cm. long, rays slendei', .scattered or in twos and threes, the longest ;J-4 cm. long, bearing scattered appressed spikelets for the entire length. Spike- lets light brown, empty glunu'S l)road, first a little less, the .second a little more than (1.5 mm. long, the latter l-nervc(l; lloral glumo ovate, a(Uite, obscurely IJ-nerved. 1..5 mm. long; i)alea oblong, trun- eate-erosc, 1.') mm. long. (Jrain oblong, 1 mm. long. U. S. Dept. Agricul., collected in Jamaica. A good pasture-grass in .Jamaica, Haiti, etc., where it is found. 14. S. tenacissimus Ueauv. Agrost. 2(1 (1812). Vi/f(t /c/Ktrisiii- nia, II. B. K. Nov. (len. et. Sp. 1 : DJS (ISI,*)). Likxdkii.i.a. An en'ct stout grass. '.tO-I4() cm. high ; culms smooth. Sheaths smooth; ligule less than 1 mm. long; blades smootli except the ujiper side, those of sterile slioots e8, which, howovor, i\o not lust Ion . Of little value forgmzing except when young und lender. 15. 8. Jonesii Vasey. Coult. Itot. (iaz. 0:"2{>r (18SI). A densely tufted, erect slender j»erennial, ;i()-40 cm. Iiigli; culm 8olid as in Maize. Sheaths seahroiis, S-12 cm. long; ligulo ',i~i ?nni. long; blades of sterile siioots numerous, rigid, involute, excejjt the lowest, whieli are flat, G-10 cm. long, those of the culm 1 or "Z in number, setaceous, '^-.'5 cm. long. Panicle much e.xserted, erect, thin, elliptical, 5-8 cm. long, rays solitary, the lowest and longest ti-;{ cm. long. Spikelets streaked with light purple: empty glunu'S broad, sube(|ual, 1-iierveil, about I mm. long, tirst obtuse, narrower and a litth; shorter, second Iruncate-erose: lloral glume scabrous and slightly pubescetit, 2.'.i-'-\.7 mm. long, ovate, acute, 3-nerved, tlui lateral nerves obscure: palea scabrous, as wide and nearly as long as its glume, elliptical, harilly acute when spread. <'aIifoniia (Soda Springs), Jones. 10. S. vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Vasey, Cat. Cr. V. S. V) (1885). VUfa raf/itta'l!(ini Torr., A. (iray, (Jram. et. Cyp. l:n. 15 (1834). Agrosds Viryiniiti Muiil. (iram. 74 (1817) iiot li. A slender much-bninclied ascending annual, 15-IJO cm. liigh. Sheaths one-half to one-third as long as the internodes. most of them swollen, each with a lateral spikelike panicle; blades involute, slender, scabrid, 3-10 em. long, those of the culm about 7 in num- ber. Pani(!les entirely or partially enclosed by the sheaths, 1.5-4 cm. long. Empty glumes keeled, 1-nerved, acute, subequal, 2-3 mm. long; floral glume and palea (the former 3-uerved, lateral nerves obscure), pubescent with short hairs as seen under a lens, acute, 2.7 mm. long. The spikelets in the termiiuil spikes are longest and often sterile. Grain oval, about 2 mm. long. Pennsylvania, F. S. Dept. AgricuJ. 374, from Scribner; Michigan, Clark 2639; Cooley, Heal. Barren soil from Maine to Texas. 17. S. gracillimus (Thurb.) Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 9:103 (1882). Vilfagranllinia Thurb. S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:268(1880). A densely tufted annual, 7-15-30 cm. high. Sheaths about as long as the internodes, loose, witli hyaline margins; ligule obtuse, 294 I'OACE.E. larorate, (locnrrent, about 2 mm. long; blados flat, involute at the uptsx, rtcabrid aljovo, i-'i cm. Ion;;, about 1 mm. wido. I'anirlo nuu'li t'xsorted, few-llowi'iTil, spikcicts scattered, interrupted Ijclow, anil on plants of medium hei^xlil, .j-7 cm. Inn;,', about :!inm. < erect, mostly in })airs, some (»f the lower '^-'.\ cm. Ion;;, llowcr- bearin;; nearly to the base. Empty ;,'lumes subecpuil. the lower a little the shorter, meml)ranous, l)roadly ovale, 1 -nerved, obtuse, erose ormucronato, a little less than 1 mm. Ion;;, lioret with acallus at the base, minutely pubescent; tl(»ral ;;Ium(! ovate, acute, mucro- natc, :)-nerved, H mm. ion;;: palea mend)ranous, broadly oval, scarcely acute when si)read, a little shorter than its glume. California, Jours 2401; Oregon, llowell. Oregon and Caliroriiia. 18. S. auriculatus Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:64 (1S92). S. (fspt'n'/o/in.s xar. breri/oliits Xiiscy, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 1:50 (l.S!M)). Culms much branched below, 15-25 cm. high, with short creep- ing rootstocks, nodes of the branches short and numerous. Leaves glaucous; sheaths scabrous or smooth, longer than the short inter- luxles; ligule lacerate, 1.5 mm. long; blades of the sterile shoots scabrous, Hat, subarticulate, 1-3 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, those of the culm 3-6 cm. long. Panicle mostly included at the base, thiu, ovoid, 7-10 cm. long; rays single or in pairs, scabrous, some of them rellexed, bearing single spikelets at the ends of the stiff slender bramdies. Si)ikelets purplish; empty glumes 1-nerved, subequal, oval, nearly 1 mm. long; floral glume broadly oval, obtuse, 3-nerved, 2 mm. long; palea oval, as long as its glume. Vasey says: "^S*. asperifoUns var. hrcvifoUus of contributors." Perhaps a variety of >S'. asperifoUns. Texas, NeaUey for Nat. Museum. 19. S. confusus Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:293 (1888). *S'. ramulosus of authors, not of Kunth. A very slender tufted annual, much branched below, 8-20 cm. high. Sheaths loose, longer than the internodes; ligule thin, 1.5-2 mm. long; blades scabrid above, flat, coiuluplicate or involute, 2-4 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide. Panicle exserted or partially included, A(iU«»STIl>K.E. 295 pyramitlal or ovoid, S-15cm. loiij;. the niyn very sIoikUt, 8olitary, 8j)r(.'!ulin^', Hiid llu-ir l)niMclies iM-ariii;,' iVw llowi-rs ul tlinonds (»r tlio loii^ piMiicols. S|iikelcts purplish; empty j,'IunH'S .suIk'(|IuiI or the lower .HJiorter, often ciliate at tlie aj)ex and on tlu' hack, ovate, l-iiervetl, 0.5-0.7 inin. lon, 2-nerved ; lloral ;,dunie and palea Ixtth thinly jjiiheseent on the nerves. Texas, XeaUcji tor Nat. Mus. ; Colorado. John Wolfv; Arizona, Priiiiilr in 1SS4. A delicate little annual found in moist places; Colorado. New Mexieo, Arizona, 'i'exas. Mqxieo, 20. S. Sacatilla Griseb. Sclied. Fourn. Mex. PI. Knum. (Jram. 101 (ISK(i). An erect leafy and branching perennial. 20-40 em. high, with cree])ing rootstocks. Culms with 10-12 nodes, each hearing a slen- der branch 12 cm. long, and ea(;h again usually branching. Leaves very numerous, sheaths mostly about the length of the internodea; ligule al)ruptly acute, less than 1 mm. long; blades involute, S2)reading or recurved, 0.5-3 cm. (mostly 1 cm.) long, 0.5 diam. Panicle very sim])le. spikelets termimil or lateral. I-.'{ cm. long. Spikelets l,T-2 mm. long, oval; empty glumes sulie(|ual, about 1 mm. long, 1-nervetl. ovate; lloral glume 3-nerved; palea nearly as long. Anthers 1.2 mm. long, 'J'exas (Del Ifio). Xctdhy for U. S. Nat. Mus. Also found in Mexico. 21 S. depauperatus (Torr.). Scribn. ]Jull. Torr. Club. !):103 (18S2). Vilfa (U'lutupcmta Torr.; Hook. Flor. Bor. Am. 2:257 (1840). Vilfii iifuis Torr. Pacif. K. U. Rep. 5: 305 (1853). \iffa plunihea Triu. teste Fourn. Mex. PI. Elnum. Cram. 101 (188G). A very slender and variable tufted decumbent and much- branched perennial, 10-GO cm. high, often with stout rootstocks. Sheatlis loose, about as long as the internodes, which are from 4-12 in number, margins hyaline; ligule 0.5-3 mm. long, obtuse or acute; blades scabrid above, usually involute, recurved, 1-5 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Panicle but little exserted, slightly in- 200 I'OACK.K. tcrnipfod. 2-li ctii. 1<»ii^'. I iiini. wide; i'iivh I.Tmh-Icsh iu Icii^'tli, rnvcrrd with HpikdctH. Kmpty ;:limn's rolorlcss or li<,'lit lojul-i-olor. I'fjual or sii1>('i|iial, I -mrvi'd, ovate, almost iiciitc, I nun. Ion;.': Iloiot with II cuIlnH, Hniootii. Ilorai ^durnc ovutr, acute. IJ-nerved, l.T turn, ion;;; ])aU'ii as Ion;; as ita ;;Iurne, l»roadly oval, acnto. (h'c;:oti. Iloirrll; Mexico (Cliilmaliua), /*i'in(/h' 4\H. A line low ^'rass tilling much tho place in grazing of .S'. asprri- fob us. Ko(!ky Mountain rcirion. Var, flliformis nov. var. Tulni 10-12 cm. long, cxsortcd for nearly half its length: panicle much reduced, 2 I'ln. long. Montana. Williams: I'tah. .lours. i>2. S. IvDicis (L.) |{. Hr. I'rodr. 1 : 17(» (ISIO). Smit- ORAss. .\f/ri)slis Indu'ii L. Sj). PI. 015 (1753). A. vliniijittn Lam. 111. 1: lt;-i (I :!))). An eri'ct rohust grass, .'JO-.OO cm. high. Sheaths long, .some- times ciliato at tho throat: ligule very short: blades chielly at the base of tho culms, smooth helow. scahrid above, tho.se of sterile shoots extending to the base of the ])anicle, 2-4 mm. wide at tho base, tapering into tine pnint.s. those of the culm 2-3 in number. Panichi spikeliko, but little exserted, .sometimes internii)ted, 8-20 cm. long and 3-0 mm. diam.. or sometimes with diverging rays 1 cm. long. Si)ikelot3 very numerou.s and crowded: empty glumes almost hyaliiu', obtuse, 1-nerved. first 0.5-0.7 mm. long, second 1 mm. long: floral glume oval, concave. 1-3-nerved, 1.7 mm. long; palea nearly as long as its glume, 2-nerved. Grain broadly obo- void, pericarp often evanescent. Hentham in Flora Australiensis has been followed in the de- scrii)tion to some extent. Florida. Cvrtiss 3383. It was introduced from India, and has become naturalized in many warm countries, such as Florida, tiie Carolinas, etc. It is called Snnif-f/rass in the South, as smut very often develops on it. The grass is esteemed for pasture and mowing when not too old. ^ 23. S. serotinus (Torr.) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1:577 (1848). '\ Agrostis serotina Torr. Flor. U. S. 1:88 (1824). Vilfa serotina AOKOSTIDK.K. • 297 T(.rr. ; A. (Jniy. Gmru. i-t C.vp. ii. '■* (\sM). \,7/„ Iviifni Tiiii. M.'iii. Anid. St. IVtersl). (VI.) f*:.s; (1H40). Von imile.sltt TuckiTm. Am. .lomii. Sci. (I) 14:4.'. (IHi:!). A .slender tufted erect lu'rciiiiiiil. 20-40 ctii. Iiij,'li; ciilriw cotn- prcHsod utid solid ud in Miii/c Slii-iitli.s short: li<;ule L-2 iiiiii. Ion;;: Itliidcs Hut or coiidiipliciitt', 4-12 ciii. loii^'. 1-2 nitii. wide. Panicle iiiucli exserted, thin, .')-l(l cm. lonj^', narrow iind Tcw-lloworcd when short, ovate-lanceolate when hir^fe; rays single, very sleiuler. Spike- lets 1-, rarely 2-llowered. dark brown or purple; empty glumes oviite, ohtusc, 1-nervcd, lirslu little inorc! than 0..') nnu. long: second a little longer: lloral glume ovate, concave, 3-nerve(|, 1.5 tuni. long; palea broad-oval, obtuse, nearly as long us its glume. CJruin oval, ilattencd, 1es.s than 1 mm. long. Maine. V. S. Ihj)!. A(/rini/. :{71 from Scribner; New Jersey, Scrihiicr .'J.'>S2: Delaware, ('(iii/ti/. Maine to Delaware and Northern Michigan in samly wet pla.;es. 24. 8. compressus (Torr.) Kunth, Knum. IM. 1:217(18:5:5). Af/rosfis roiii/)trt<.siif< Torr. Cat. PI. N. V. 01 (IHl'.i). AfirostiH 7orm/inin Scliult. Mant. 2:20)5 (1824). I/Z/W amipressa Trin. Unitl. 1.58 (1S24). Culms tufted, erect, stout, flattened, solid, as in Maize, ;50-G0 cm. high, from a perennial rootstoiik with short joints covere (18S0). \'i/f(i (iKju'rifdJia Meyen, KVise 1 : :54!t, 408. Trin. Mem. Acad. St. IVtersb. (\'I.) ('):!I5 (1840). Sporobnlus areiiacviix IJuckl. IVoc. IMiila. Acail. \>^iVl. 8!) (18»j;5). Culms branching, '20-40 cm. high, asceiuling from stout creep- ing rootstocks. Sheaths smooth, loose, longer than the numerous short intornodes; ligule very short; blades llat. scabrous, l{-8 cm. long. 2 mm. wide. Panicle included at the base; open, pyramidal, 10-17 cm. long; rays single or in pairs, scabrous, bjaring single spikelets at the ends of the very sleiuler still" branches. S])ikelets lead-color, tinged with purple; empty glumes colorless, lanceolate, scabrid under a lens, 1-nerved, lirst 0.;{-0.5 mm. long, second but AliHOSTlDK.E. 299 very little lonjjer; floral jrlunu' broadly oval, obtuse, sometimes witb a niuero, obscurely IJ-nerveil, 1-1.5 mm. loii«f; ])alea obovato- oval, as loii^j as its glume. 'I'exas, U. S. Dept. Agrieul. from liVirrr/ion : Colorado. Siri/i- iicr IJIJSOa Wolfe; (.'alil'ornia, J'an'sh 1030; Southern California, I'a/iiu'i- 2;J(). Two plants from dilTercnt places in Colorado have !i-;> llorets to i.iie s])ikelet. and most of them distended with smut. Hritish America to Arizona. California and Texas. A wiry-stemmed species restricted to very wet places, contribut- ing H little to the forage. 28. S. airoides 'I'orr. Pac. 1{. M. Kep. 7: Part !{. 21 (185(5). Jf/nistifi airoides Toir. Ann. Lye. X. Y. /.•151 (1824). \'i//(i. airoidexTv'm. Steud. Syn. IM. (;ram. 1G2(I855). An erect rather stout tufted j)erennial, 40-lK) cm. high; culms enclosed below with prominent wide sheaths. Sheaths a little shorter than the internodes, the throat ciliate; ligule very short; blades light green, soon fading, convolute, tapering to a filiform iipex, those of sterile sliects 2-5 cm. long, l? mm. in width; those of the culm 4-5 in number, the upper filiform, 2-;J cm. long. Panicle termiiud, ovoid, often partly included at tlu^ base, 2()-;U> cm. long, rays solitary in twos or threes, again branching and bear- ing scattered spikelets above the middle. Spikelets light lead- color or brown; empty glumes obovate, without nerves, first 0.5-! mm. long, second 1.5-2 mm. long, floret with a callus; floral glume concave, broadly oval, 1-nerved, 2 mm. long; palea broader than its glume and a little shorter, truncate, infolded between the nerves on the back. Kocky iMountains, IT. S. Dept. Agricul. M5; ^fontana. Srrihicr. Kansas and Nebraska, Montana, California, Texas, and New Mexico. 29. S. minutiflorus (Trin.) Link. TFort. Berol. 1:88 (1827). Vilfa miniilifloruH Trin. Unifl. 158 (1S2G). Culms slender, snn)oth, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths 2, ligule very shortly ciliate; blades flat. 3-10 cm. long. 3 mm. or less broad. Panicle terminal, exserted. i)yramidal. 8-10 cm. long; rays solitary 300 . POACE.E. or rarely in pairs, tlie lower 4-6 cm. long, tlie lower two-fifths naked. Si)ikelets somewhat crowded, on sJjort unequal pedicels, 1 mm. long; second glume nerveless, about 0.5 mm. long, obtuse, broader and a little longer than the first ; floral glume and palea equal, obtuse, nerveless. Nearly allied to *S'. atrovirens Kunth. See notes by Prof. Scribuerin Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 299. 1891. Mexico, Prinffle S130. Thin soil of limestone ledges, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. 30. S. racemosus Vasey, Hull. Torr. Club, 15:9 (1888). A slender erect or decumbent freely branching annual, 18-35 cm. high. Sheatiis loose, shorter than the internodes; ligule less than 0.5 mm. long; blades 4-7 in number, thin, flat or involute, 2-4 cm. long, 1mm. wide or less. Panicles terminal and lateral, the former exserted, the latter more or less included, open, 4-8 cm. long, rays mostly single, simple, the longest 2-3 cm. loug and few-flowered. Spikelets racemose on short, slender, glandular pedicels ; empty glumes broad and obtuse, usually nearly equal, not over 0.5 mm. long; floral glume and jialea ovate, smooth, nerves obscure, about 1 mm. long. Anthers 3, red, 1.8 mm. long, 1.8 mm. wide, very exceptional in the genus. So far as observed, the anthers of all other species have been linear. The plants through- out tinged with red. Mexico (Chihuahua), Pringle 1425. Cool, gravelly slopes, near water. ;U. S. ovatus. S. mi nor Vasoy. A. Gray Man. Ed. ('. : 646 (1890). A slender geniculate scabrous perennial, 10-30 cm. high. Sheaths half as long as the internodes; ligule very short near it and above and below are scanty hairs with warty bases; blades in- volute, those from sterile shoots 1-4 cm. long, those of the culm 3-5 in number, and 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Panicle scarcely exserted, very simple, 1-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; empty glumes nearly equal, ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, keeled toward the apex, about 3 mm. long; floret clothed with very short hairs as seen under a lens; floral glume ovate, acute, somewhat compressed toward the apex, 1-nerved, 2.7 mm. long; palea as long as and as wide as its ACJUOSTIDK.E. 301 glume, folded in on the back. Vivsey's name of tlie species was occupied by Kunth, Enum, PI. 1:212 (1833), hence tlie selection of a new one. Texas, Neallcy ; Mississippi, Tracy, both for U. S. Dept. Agricul. \\2. S. argutus (Nees) Kuuth, Enum. PI. 1:215 (1S33). Vilfa ar(jHfa Neos, Agrost. Bras. 3:395(1820). V. Avkansan(i'\!v\n. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 5:04 (18-10). Culms spreading or erect, 20—40 cm. high. Slieaths loose, a little shorter than the internodos, tliroat ciliate; ligiile very short; leaf-blades of sterile shoots numerous, flat, or the apex invo- lute, 2-4 cm. long, glaucous, scabrous, the margins ciliatc-serrulate, 2-4 cm. long, those of the culm 3-4 in number, tbe ui)j)er one 3-10 mm. long. Panicle usually exserted, spikelike or pyramidal on tbe same plant, 3-5 cm. long; rays in half-wborls of 3-0 or even 8, flower-bearing on tbe upper two-thirds, tbe half-whorls 1-2 cm. distiint. Spii). not Kunth. E. Emerslcyi Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: (JO (1802). A stout erect perennial, 1-2 metres higli, culms and sheaths more or less c()nii)ressc'd, the former hard and solid or with no hollow. Ligule thin, 5-15 mm, long; blades hard, scabrous, con- duplicate below, above variously folded, 30-GO cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, with long narrow points. Panicle contracted, lanceolate, or slightly spreading, purplish or phunbous, lo-30-GO cm. long; rays scattered, numerous, appressed, branching, llower-bearing along the upper three-fourths, the longest 8-10 cm. long. Spike- lets on pedicels, which are 1-3 mm. long; empty glumes thin, sub- equal, oval, obtuse or acute, scabrid on the back, 1-3-nerved, 2-2.7 mm. long; floral glume obscurely 1-nerved, as long as the empty glumes or a little longer or shorter; floral glume shortly pilose on the margins below, oval, or with an obscure nerve on each side, apex split, the awn 5-10 mm. long; palea oval when spread, as long as its glume. Nearly allied to E. grandis (Vasey). Arizona, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 379; Mexico, Parry £ Palmer 920, 928, Pri)igh 2356. Arizona, Mexico. Var. mutica Scribn. Emi)ty glumes a trifle longer than the floral glume; floral glume obscurely 3-nerved, 1.5 mm. long, awnless or with a mucro; palea oval, obtuse or as long as its glume. AUHOSTIDK.K. 3()9 Arizona, Toum'i/ 740, Jonch 4'^11); Mexico, Pringh 1427, '^:UG, 2:^0(5. 4. E. grandis (Vascy). Miihlenbvryia grandiii Vusey, Contrili. U. S. Nat. Ik'il). 1:-.'S:{ (l,s!t:j). All eroct stout Ii>.'lit <,'ri'en iRTcnTiial, 120-lUO cm. hi;,'It. Ciiliiis solid, roiiiiire.sseil. Slieaths llattuneil; ligulo lirni, 11-5 nun. loiii;-; bhuU'S revolutc or involute or coiului)li('ato, lianl, scabrous, 40-70 cm. lout,', .')-!() mm. wide. Panicle terminal, linear-lanceolate, brownish-yellow or i)uri)le, 40-70 cm. long; rays erect, 10-1 ;J cm. lon^f, numerous and freely branching and with the spikulets con- cealing the main axi:4, llower-bearing to near tlio base. Spikelets on pedicels 1-4 mm. long; empty glumes ecpjal, scabrid, ovate- laiu-eolate, nerveless or very obscurely 1-nerved, about 2 mm. long; iloral glume ovate, acute, obscurely 3-nerved, about 2 mm. long, the awn 10-18 mm. long; palea as long as its glume. (Jrain linear, 1.4 mm. long. Nearly allied to E. (listichojtlijilhi \'asey. ^lexico, Palmer ol'>, 515a, Pritiglc 1700, 2?()5. 5. E. macroura (Kunth) Henth. Journ. Linn. Soo. 10:87 (ISHl). China marroura Kunth, IJev. (iram. 1 : G7 (1829). C. .strirfa Kunth, IJev. (Jram. 1:07 (1829). Perennial; culms erect, rigid, simple, smooth, 90-120 cm. high. Sheaths nearly smooth; ligule lanceolate, split. 2-3 (;m. (I) long; blade long, scabrous above, involute, with long tapering points. Panicle pluml)ous, spikelike, dense, 'JO cm. long, 1 cm. broad. First and second glumes lance- linear, equal or subequal, 4-4.5 mm. long; floret 3.5-4 mm. long, linear, abruptly acute when spread ; palea as long and as wide as its glume, pj^., ^^^—fijpicm- Anthers 5 mm. long. P«\ macroura. Central ^lexico. Parry £• Palmer 919 in ner.) 1878. Under this name Ilemsley in Biol. Cent. Am. includes No. 940 of Parry cS: Palmer. The plant with the latter number in the her- barium of Harvard University is very different: amo the differ- ences the ligule is 6 mm. long, spike 18-20 cm. long; empty 'MO I'OACK.K. ^■lunies ')-6 iimi. l<»iig, lloml j^luiin' 7 nun. lonpr with u mucro; [Kilfu .'>.5-(') iiiiii. l*)ii<;. Like ilio latter plaut in tliu lieiliariiiiii of lliirvunl lire oIIrts from Holivia. No. 1, Dr. K. I'lilinor, Cliiiiiiu- liuii, Mexico (liSSf)), id imnn'il A', iinnronni Meiith. 'I'liia weenis to lt(! near No. (>1!> of I'arry iS: I'almer: in tliis the spike is doiisf, (» tnm. witle; empty j,'lume8 a little h)iif;iT than in 919, ineliulin;; a bristle point, apparently not more than a variety. (i. E. Bourgeei Kourn. llemsl. itidi. Centr. Am. Hot. .'J:. 548 (liSSO). Sjun'ohdhis ruiujihiHohis Scribn. ined. A rather stout ereet perennial, ISO cm. hi<,'h. Culms smooth, compressed below. Sheaths smootii. keeled, lonj^er than the inter- nodes; li;,'ulc hyaline, 10 mm. lon^', acute or laciTate; blades Hat, (JO mm. loiifj, ;$-(• mm. wide, iittenuate-pointed, scabrous on both sides. I'anicle dilTuse. 45 cm. lon«j;; rays irre«,ndarly .scattered on the rachis, capillary, l)earin<,' spikelets on the outer half, the lower 10- 15 cm. long. Spikelets nearly terete, l-llowered. 1.5-;.' mm. lonjj; empty glumes ovate to oblong, obtuse, sube(|ual, 1-nerved, equalling the lloret or a little shorter; lloral glume broadly obtuse, occa- sionally mucroiuite; palea as long as its glume. Grain nearly as long as the lloral glume. Distributed as Sjuirobolus coinphtnalKs Scribn. n. sp. Mexico, Priitf/h' '.iXio. Under cool eliU's, near Guadalajara, State of Jalisco. Scribner says: "This grass diil'ers from yi);anicle 'IMie irregu- lar disposition of the branches, the firm texture of the floral glume, large palca and terminal awn or mucro, separate it from AyrostiK. The adherent pericarp alone separates it from Sporobuhii^. l-'rom Mi(hh'iiberyi(i it is distinguished by its loosely enclosed caryopsis." 7. E. rigens Henth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 19:88 (1881). Citnia macrotim Thurb. not Kunth, S. Wats. Hot. Calif. 2:270 (1880). Perennial; cuIjhs rigid, erect, smooth, 00-120 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the internodes, loose, smootli or glabrous; ligule 4-G mm. long; blades scabrous, rigid, narrow, strongly involute, a])ex attenuate, 10-30 cm. long. Panicle exserted or with the base in- cluded, erect, dense, spikelike, interrupted below, 20-50 cm. long, AdIfosriDK.K 311 7-0 (Mill, iliiim. Spikt'lot^ iiiinnwiy ollipticiil, niinuti'ly .sculiroiirt; (•iii|»ty iiiiiiiu's wliiti", till' ti|» of tlu' tlori't yi'Howi.sli, aliout :i mm. Iniiir, tli'st and sofoiid ;j:lmiios sub('<|uul, very obscurely iiorvcij. alutiit 2 mm. loiiir: llorct nwiiK'ss. mimiicly piilK'scoiit, with a small hairy niUud l>e!o\v. Aiitlicrs 'i mm. lon^'. Mexico. /'/•//////<• 417. Pnlmvr 'l\. Calit'oriiia t(» Arizona ami Mexico. 'I'his forms, in .Mexico, tall Imnches alonj;" stronms, and incliar- ncter and qnalily rescmhlis S/ioro/io/ifs Wriiihlii, wliicit ranks as fairly () cm. loii,i,', '>\->i ••m. wide, compact with numerous erect branches, some of which arc ].'> em. long. Spikelets short-awned or awnless, linear, acute, '2.'.' mm. long; empty glumes erpuil, nearly 'I mm. long, elliptical, soft, the nerves very obscure; floral glume and paloa eipial, clli|)tical, acute, a little longer than the empty glumes, containing a few very short hairs. There are some spikijlets apparently sterile and about 3 mm. long, with a lloret half as long, containing a very .short awn. Mexico (Jalisco), Ptthiicr 5 IS. 0. E. anomala S(;ril)n. ined.; distributed as Mvlini (?) nnoinahr Seribn. n. sp. A tufted grass, OO-SO cm. higli. Sheaths longer than the in- ternodes; ligule firm below, white and very thin above, :J mm. long; blades 4-5. scabrous. Hat, the ti})S involute-liliform,".M)-;}Oem. long, 4-0 mm. wide, the upjjcr one filiform, 5 em. long. Panicle erect, exserted, lanceolate, interrupted below, IS-^.') cm. long, rays erect, in threes and fours, the longest 5-7 cm. long, tlower-bearing for most of its length, the upper 1-3 cm. long, bearing small spikelets in dense clusters. Spikelets pur])le, 1-llowered, with no rudiment of 312 POACE.E. a second, sessile or on short stiil stniiglit or curved pedicels, linear, about 3 mm. long; the three glumes softly scabrid with small warts; first empty glume lanceolate, 1-2-3-nerved, often toothed, '^.5 mm. long, second ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, often toothed, 2-'^. 5 mm. long; lloral glume very thin below, broadly oval, obtuse or truncate, often with very short teeth, '^'-o-nerved, 3 mm. long; palea oval, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2 mm. long. Mexico (Chihuahua), Pritujie 14'23. 63. (131). POLYPOGON Desf. Fl. Atl. 1:0(3 (1798). Stwtia Savi, Mem. Soc. Ital. 8c. (VIII.) 2:4:9 (1T9S). liusjiaiUa Mem. See. Ital. Mod. 8: (2) 479 (1798). Presl. Keliq. llt«nk. 1:238, /. 40 (1830). ^'oimlti'orsk-jia Presl, IJel. Ihvnk. 1:238 (1830). Spikelets l-Uowered in a dense si)ikelike or slightly interrupted and spreading panicle, pedicels articulate with a tuft of short hairs above the articulation; empty glumes subequal with a terminal straight awn, iloral glume smaller, thinner, usualh' hyaline, entire or notched, with an awn in the notch or on the back, either twisted and bent at the base, or small and straight or reduced to a minute point. Palea smaller. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. CJrain enclosed but not adherent. These grasses arc mostly annuals with decumbent bases. The panicle is terminal. There are ten species widely distributed over the globe. Bentham says: "The ger end structure is almost pre- cisely that of Ganiotia in tribe Trisu ,:iUW, from which indeed PoJjipogon only differs in the inflorescence being dense and spikelike, not loosely paniculate." A. Awns nearly concealing the spikelets 1, 3 B. Awns not concealing the spikelets (a) a. Empty glumes linear-lanceolate 3 a. Empty glumes obtuse when spread open 4 1. P. MONSPKLIEXSIS (L.) Dcsf. 1. C. AXXUAL BeARD-GRASS. Alnpecurus nioihspeh'eiisis L. Sp. PI. 89 (1753). An erect or geniculate annual, 30-3G cm. high. Sheaths nearly as long as the internodes, the upper slightly inflated; ligule 4-6 mm. long; blades flat, scabrid. Spikelike panicle mostly exserted, oval or cylindrical, dense, showing branches more or less, often of a AOHOSTIDK.E. 313 yollowisli sliiuing green, 3-8 cm. long, 1-3 cm. diam. Spikelets iiiirrow, very numerous, nearly concealed by the slender awns, the hairs at the base few and very short, narrow, about 3 mm. long; em[)ty glumes })ubescent or elliate, obtuse or retusc. elliptical, 1-nerved, awns 4-7 mm. long; floral glume 1 mm. long, broad hya- line, truncate-jagged, awu as long as the lloret, shorter or wanting; palca L'-tocthed. (Jeorgia, r'Afr/i; 3951; Kansas, Ilenri/; Colorado, rc/.v.v/r///; ^Mon- tana, AiulerHon 18; Washington, Ijtke, Sanilln'ni 380; Oregon, J/otri'U; California, Sones 100, Farifih 8G8; Arizona, 7'(iiniiri/ 773. Introduced on the coast of both oceans; also in Colorado, Mon- tana, Nevada, Ttah, Kansas; also found in Australia aiul in most tcini)crate ami subtropical regions of the Old World. It is considered a weed, though it is sometimes cultivated for ornament. 3. V. 51 A urn MI'S Willd. Ges. Xaturf. Fr. ^eue Schr. 3:443 (1801). AloperurHs iiiarifiiiiifs Toir. Encyc. 8:780 (1804). An erect annual; culms sim- ple, 15-30 cm. high. Ligule 4 mm. long; blades Hat. Spike dense, 3-4 cm. long. Ein{)ty glumes equal, villous at the tips and 3-lobed, awn 4-G mm. long; lloral glume 7 mm. long, 4- toothed. Introduced on the sea shore of Xorth and South Carolina, Chap- man. 3. P. elongatus (Poir.) 11. 13. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 134 (1815). Alopecurus elonf/a/iis Poir. En- cycl. Suppl. 5:495 (1804). Erect, geniculate below, GO- 90 cm. high. Sheaths smooth, about the length of the inter- f^j. rA.-Pol>/pofjon elongatm. A, nodes; upper ligule broad, o])tuse, s^pikclot; «, tloiei. (Scrilmer.) 4-G mm. long; blades Hat, neurlv smooth, 13-lG cm. long, 4.7 mm. 314 POACE.E. wide. I'aniclo much exserted, erect or nodding, interrupted, 15-30 cm. long, pedicels scabrous, clavate, -1-0 mm. long. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, acute, 3—4 mm. long; emi)ty glumes linear -lanceolate, awn -pointed, .scabrous on the back, 1-nerved; lloral glume thin, broad, truncate. 4-5-toothed, 4-5-nerved, with a straight awn on the back above the middle l-'Z mm. long; palea about half as long as its glume. Southern California ; by streams of Santa IJita Mountains in Arizona; ^Mexico. Karely met with by ]\Ir. Pringle, and then only in damp shaded ledges. •4. P. iJTTOULis Sm. Comp. Fl. Brit. Ed. J>, 13 (1816). Bot. Calif. 3:270 (1880). A tufted })ereniiial, 30-60 cm. high, ascending from rootstocks. Sheaths nearly as long as the internodes; the upjier slightly in- llated; ligule acute, 4-5 mm. long; blades flat, narrow, scabrid. ]*anicle usually exserted, much lobed, often tinged with purple, 5-12 cm. long. Spikelets narrow, pointed, 2-2. '7 mm. long, S(!a- brid, the awns as long as the ejni)ty glumes, which are elliptical when spread, appearing acute as tlie apex is involute; floret 1 nnn, long, bearing an exserted awn nearly twice its length ; floral glume broadly truncate, jagged, hyaline; palea 2-toothed. Oregon, IloiceU for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 414; California, JoneK 2352, Prinf/le. Apparently introduced in wet places. Texas to Oregon and Calfornia. 03. (48). ThurbeKIA Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 19: 58 (1881). (h-eenia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5:142 (1837), not Walk. »S: Arn. Srlerarhne 'I'orr. Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (\'I) 0:273 (1845). Spikelets 1 -flowered, narrow, in slender panicles, pedicel articu- late. Glumes 3, empty, subequal, awnless, nerves obscure, the floral glume a little shorter, slender, usually torn so as to api)ear bifid, a long slender geniculate awn a little below the point; palea a little shorter, narrow, hyaline, 2-keeled. Lodiculcs 2, longer than the short anthers. Stamens 3. Styles ehort, distinct, stig- AdHOSTIDE.E. 315 iniis with sliort liiiirs. Grain i)iirrow-ol)loug, iucludod, but not adherent. Decumbent grasses witli nuiny cuhns or brandies, the culms slender, ascending or erect, with narrow flat leaf-blades. Panicle terminal, narrow, elongated, with short slender erect branches. Fio, 55. — Thiivheria Avkansana. A, spikelot; a, floret. (Scribiu-r.) Spiivelets few or numerous, glabrous, pubescent, not surrounded with cilia. S))ecies 3, Xorth American. Bentham observes: '* 77/ ?/;7>r>vV/ was substituted for the names proposed by Nuttall and Torrey, because both of them had been preoccupied. The present name was for Dr. Geo. Thurber, an :n6 POACK.E. eminent {igrostolo<,Mst, Dr. (Jniy also iledioated a genus to liim, but it afterwards proved not to be distin(3t from (liisxiipinm.'' 1. T. Arkansana (Torr.) Bentli. 1. e. Sderachnc Arkunmna Torr. 1. 0. (i rem id Arhniaantt Nutt. 1. c. A soft delicate slender annual, 30-00 cm. liigh. Ligule sbort; blades 5-8 cm. long. Panicle 1;2 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad. Spike- lets oval-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, witb an awn three times as long; em))ty glumes and floral glume ;J-nerved. 'J'exas, HevcMion for U. S. De])t. Agricul. 147, (lillcspic for Nat. Herb., Xcallci/ for Tsat. Herb. Florida to Arkansas and Soutlnvcst. G4. (133). Arctagrostis Griseb. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4:434 (1853). S])ikelets l-flo\vered, panicle narrow, racliilla articulate above the lower glumes, smooth, not produced above the flower or very rarely extending as a minute bristle. Empty glumes slightly unequal, moderately acute, membranous; floral glume obtuse or 3-toothed, 5-nerved, the lateral ones obscure, unawned; palea as long as its glume or shorter, 3-nerved, obtuse, or :.*-toothed. Stamens 2-3. Styles distinct, very short. Grain oblong, included but not ad- herent. A tufted perennial grass. Leaf-blades flat. Panicles slightly branched, often compact. Spikelets in most respects like those of Ayrostis. Two species are found in the arctic and subarctic re- gions of Euroi)e, Asia, and America. A genus according to lirown related to Col- poilimn, according to lientham related to Dei/eii:ria. The habit and size of the spike- lets are more nearly like those of J*0(t than of Af/roffis. 1. A. latifolia (H. lir.) Griosb. 1. c. Colpodium latifoUiim R. Br. Sup])l. Ap]i. ^ _„ , , ,- , .. Parry's Voy. cclxxxvi (1S24). A(n-usii>i FiQ. 56. — Arctagrostis lah- "^ ' \, foli'ii. A, spikelei; a, paradoxa R. Br. Ross' A"oy. App. ed. 2^ ^ 2 : 108 (1810), name only. Culms 10-18-80 (I) cm. high. Leaf-blades of the culm 2-T A(iHOSTlDE/E. 'AH cm. long, acute, sometimes 10-15 mm, wide, Pjuiielo 4-G-20 em. long, niirrow. S|»ii\elets 4-.") mm. long, ovtite-lanceliite; empty glumes oboval, tirst a little over :l mm, long, 1-nervetl, second about [i mm, long with 3 obscure nerves; lloral glume oval, compressed- keeled, scabrid on the back, the nuirgins and tip scarious; jialea oblong, minutely scabrid, 'J'he above ut)tes under the si)ecies were made after a study of specimens collected by Lieut. A. W. (Jreely iu 188;:^ and 1883 in Grinuell, 2, A. arundinacea (Trin,). Vilt\( ariindinavea Trin. Unill. loT (1824), SjmrobolHsannulinaceufi Vasey, Cat. Gr. U. S. (18S5). Colpodium arundiiiaceinn Hook. Fl. lior. Am. 2:238 (1840). A stout perennial, 30-ltO cm, high, with cree])ing rootstocks; culms simple. Sheaths about half as long as the internodes; ligule lacerate, 3-4-7 mm. long; bla/eH.n'((." There are three species, two of which are common to Northern Europe and North America. Spikelets 5-0 mm. long 1 Si)ikelet3 3-3.5 mm. long , . . 2 Spikelets about 3 mm. long, var. glomerata of numlier . . ;.* Spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, floret sessile .3 1. C. arundinacea L. Sp. PL 5 (1753). Afjrosiis cinna Lam. 111. AiU'l (1701). MKhleitherriia riiuin Trin. Diss. 1 : 191 (18;U). M. pi'iiilul(( r>ong. Vasey Monog. 1. c. (1893). Hhjttia suavcolens Fries, Mant. 2:2 (1839). Culms smooth, stout, simple, erect, 90-200 cm. high. Sheaths mostly shorter i ;in the 5-7 internodes; blades flat, nearly smooth, 15-20 cm. long, 10-13 mm. wide. Panicle 15-40 cm. long, rays smooth, in clusters of 3-U, flower-bearing mostly above the middle. Spikelets green or purple, 5-6 mm. long, first 4-5 mm. long, sec- ond IJ-nerved, 5-0 mm. long; floral glume 4.5-5 mm. long, awn obsolete or manifest. Northern States entirely across the continent. Michigan, Cooh'ij, Clark 094, Ikal 02, 03, 04; Massachusetts, Slnrtevant. Swamps and moist woods. 3. C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4:435 (1853). Agrosfis JafifoUa Trevir. Goppert, Besclir. ]iot. 83 (1830) ap. Griseb. Mahlcnhergia 2)e»(/ah( Bong. Veg. Sitch. 173 (1833). Cinna penduUi Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 6: 380 (1841). A(iUOSTIDE.E. 319 Fi: 405(1 7(i;3). AreiHi Hall, Stop, hitrod. 74(1777). 7'rir/w- (/l(//n .Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:41 (1S()3). ncranduliu liu^iL ¥1. Maine-i't-Loiru, :.'8 (180'.t). Aiirmdus l^eiuiv. Agrost. 5 (IST^). Xesonema Ifatlii. Neogeiiyt. 4 (IS'^o). PcreUenm I'resl, J[eli(|. llii'uk. l:-^:)3, /. ;J7 (18;U)). liromidinni Xoos, 1*1. Meyeu. I'A (18:55). Spikolcts 1-4 mm. \o\\\i, l-lloworod, iJcdicolhite in a loose spread- ing or narrow or even spikelike panicle, the raehilla articulate above the outer glumes, glabrous or nearly so, not |>roduced beyond the llower. The two outer glumes persistent, narrow, keeled, acute, uiuiwned; iloral glume shorter, broad, delicately hyaline, unawned or with a slender twisted dorsal awn, attached below, or sonietiuies above the middle; palea very thin, not over Indt' the length of its glume, often very minute or none. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain enclosed but atlheront. Elegant tufted or creeping annual or i)erennial grasses, the blades flat or setaceous, the panicles terminal, often slender with many filiform branches, spikelets very numerous. There are about 100 species, very widely distributed in temper- ate and in cold climates; a few are almost cosmopolitan. A small number are i)rominent for meadows, pastures, and lawns. It is very difficult to separate the genus into sections; the pres- ence of a dorsal awn or the absence of an awn hos l)c-en used, but this has been shown to be a very inconstant and unreliable charac- ter, as some of the seedlings from the same plant have awns on tlie florets, while others have none. A. Floret awned (a) a. Awn exserted (d) d. Awn very slender, flexuose, over 5 mm. long. . 1, 2 d. Awn bent, not flexuose, shorter (e) e. Panicle thin, branches thin, flexuose. ... 3 e. Panicle stout, branches ascending 4 e. Panicle slender, open, small 5, G e. Panicle spikelike ([)) J). Plants dwarf, 4-10 cm. high 7 p. Plants much taller 8 AGUOSTIDE.E. 391 a. Awn littli' oi .lot exsurti-d. (b) f. Piiiiiclc siiii|ile, hraiu'lics rapilhiry, awn usually slightly projoctiug, culms with few leaves ... uiul possibly some of 10, 11 f. Panicle spikelike 10 B. Floret awnless (b) b. Si)ikelet less than "Z mm. long (rarely "i in no., 18) . (g) g. Panicle narrow, thin, purple, emi»ty glumes and floral glume reaching to the same height. . . . 15 g. Panicle with long capillary rays, flower-bearing only near the ends, sometimes plants of 11 g. Panicle dense, usually pale green 17 b. Spikelet 2-4 (very rarely less than 2) mm. long. . . (h) h. Panicle dense, somewhat lobed, nsually pale green, ligule 3-5 mm. long 17 h. Panicle not dense, though sometimes s^imple. . . (i) 1. Panicle 3-8 cm. long, purple. ...... (j) j. lilades involute IS J. Blades flat 20- i. Panicle of well-grown plants more than 8 cm. long (k) k. Palea 1.3-2.3 mm. long, as long as its glume. (1) 1. Ligule 3-5 mm. long, rays 8-15. . . .21 1. Ligule 3-5 mm. long, rays 15-25, panicle denser, 15-25 cm. long. 22 k. Palea or minute (m) m. I'anicle light green, rays erect, spikelet 2-2.5-3 mm 13, 14 m. Plant 30-60 cm. high (n) n. Panicle pale green, 10-18 cm. long, flower-bearing from near the middle. 12 n. Panicle simple, thin, rays flower- bearing near the tips (o) o. Panicle 10-12 cm. long. . . . 23 o. Panicle 20-30 cm. long, possibly some of 10 322 I'OACE/K. 111. I'lanI ()(»-!»() cMi lii<,'li (r) r. Upper ligulo ;{-') nini. Ion;;, puiiicle raist'd '^0 cm. uhovo tlio upper leaf. . :ii r. I'ppcr ligiilo 5-!) mm. lon^', culm G0-«() cm. Iii^rli (s) s. Spikok'ts 2.5-1$ mm. long, densely flowering on the upper third of the briinches 25 s. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, rays llowering from about the middle. . 20 1. A. Elliottiana Schult. .Mant. 2::}r2 (1.S24). A. amchnoidvs Ell. Hot. S. C. &, (Ja. 1: IIU (IHIT). not I'oir. (1810). Culms tufted, weak and slender. .'50-50 cm. high. Sheaths scabrous; ligule 3 mm. long: blades narrow, thin, 2-8 cm. long. Panicle exserled, weak and dilTuse when mature, rave scabrous, cai)illary in remote half-whorls of 3-0, branching above the middle, flower-bearing at and near the tips. Spikelets nearly 2 mm. long; enijjty glumes subequal, scabrous on the keel, scarcely acute when spread; floral glume 1.5 mm. long, 5-nerved, with 2 minute bristles at the truncate apex, and a very slender flexnose awii 7 mm. long, on the back a little below the apex; palea smaller than its glume or Avantiug. The panicles of this species much resemble those of A. {acnhra) hii'inalis, but the very slender awns enable us very readily to dis- tinguish one from the other. Possibly it is an awned form of A. hivmalis. Tennessee to Texas. April to May and June. 2. A. exigua Thurb. S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 27.5 (1880). A dwarf annual, 3-10 cm. high, sometimes branching near the base. Sheaths very Ioofc; ligule about 2 mm. long, acute; blades 4-30 mm. long, mostly convolute, rough. Panicle half the length of the plant, included, at length open, lower rays about 5, others in pairs, the longest 2.5 cm. long, bearing 1-5 spikelets above the middle. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, empty glumes obtuse, purplish, clothed with minute scattered hairs ; floral glume as long as the A(il{()STII)K.K. '.i2'.i empty plumes, ri-norvcd, sciibroii.s, with few minute l)iiirs. very acute, tertuiiiutiug in 'Z setie, iiwn oiu'-liftli Itclow tiie tips uinl pio- jectiu",' 5-0 luin.: piileu or miiiuti'. Not seen by me. Ciilironiiii, liiilamlfr. ;). A. Howellii Searin;,'on the back at or below tiie middle a twisted, exsertecl awn; palea absent or very small. Very varial)le. Fi^'. 71, Vol. 1. Vermont, Prinf/lc ; New Hampshire, /•liii/ 4:i»'».') from Con^don. Found in the mountains of New Knuland to the Kocky iMoun- tains; also in South Anwrica, Europe, Siberia, western Asia, Australia, New Zealand. Var. alpina Oakes. (^at. Vt. IM. [reprint 12] (1842), not J. ttlpiiiii Scop, of Europe. I\'rhaps hardly a variety. Culms S-2(> cm. hi^h ; blades all involute; panicle 2-8 cm. long, open; spikelets 2 mm. loti^'. Vermont, Priiujle, Clark 2!)50 from Blake; New Hampshire, C. I'J. Faxon. Mountains of Maine, Labrador, to New York. Var. stolonifera N'asey, Monog. Grasses U. S. & Brit. Am. 75 (1800). Stobmiferous; blades flat, tliin, 2-4 mm. wide; empty glumes more unequal; floral glume but little shorter, awn straight. Oregon, IleNdrrson, IfoiirU. In looking over specimens from all parts of p]urope, some from India and elsewhere, the chief peculiarity seems to be the presence of an awn. Almost any style of small brown slender Agrosfis is called A. canina, provided it has an awn sticking ont of tlie spike- let. AtJUOSTIDK.K. S'iH In carefully raisiiij,' seedlings of many typioal awnod specimorH of .(. nniiiKi, Dr. .Jenkins, of Conneotieut, foiintl that only a small per ecjit of them possessed awns. This being the case, what hin- ders uniting A. rnfi/((ris with A. vaninn't I leave them as otiiors Inivu left them, thinking it best to give the subject further atten- tion before uniting them. (i. A. setifolia Fourn. llomsl. Hiol. Ccntr. Am. liot. 3: 55 1 (iSHO). A tufted erect i)erennial, -10-CO cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots few, those of the culm 3, ligule decurrent, 1 ;.* mm. long; blades stri(!t, (iliform, involute, scabrous, 20-'45 cm. long. I'anicle thin, ovoid, pur[tlish, 10-14 cm. long; raya in twos, threes, and lives, the longest 5-0 cm. long, hearing a few spikelets on the outer two-fifths. S[»ikelets ;j mm. long; empty glumes 8ul)e(|ual, ellip- tical-lan(!eolate when spread; floral glume :.'.'i mm. long, liuncate, with .'lexcurrent nerves, the twisted atul bent awn projecting '.\ mm. above its glume; i)alea 0. Very closely related to A. cuitina and perhaps merely a variety of that species. Found at an altitude of 10,000 feet. Mexico (Oaxaea), Priiujle 4895. 7. A. inflata Scribn. ined. A dwarf perennial, 4-10 cm. high. Siieaths smootli, the upper inflated; ligule about 1 mm. long; blades erect, flat. i)ungent- pointed, 2-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Panicle partially included, spikelike, 1.5-5 cm. long, 4-('tmm. diam. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; empty glumes e(pial or subcqiud, each bearing a short bristle; floral glume l.O mm. long, with a very few short hairs at the base, broad, truiunite, 4-toothed, 5-nerved below, the awu attached near the middle and about 4 mm. long; palea 0. British Columbia (Vancouver Islaiul). }f(tconn 258 in 1893. 8. A. microphylla Stend. Syn. PI. Gram. 164 (1855). Annual; culms erect, 30-TO cm. high. Sheaths smooth or scabrid, shorter than the Internodes; ligule decurrent, 3-5 mm. long; bladeserect, flat or involute, scabrous, 0-20 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; blades of sterile shoots shorter and narrower. Panicle much exserted, erect, dense, iuterru[)ted, pale green and tinged with •^'^<» I'OACK.i:, l)iir|tlt', lO-lT) cui. loiijir, 1-1. f) cm. broad; niys roii<,'li. perliaps 40 at a iiodo, most of tlu'in short ami llowcr-licariii;,' to tlic base. Spikclets aciitt", s('al)roiis, 'i-'.\ iniii. lon;,% tormiiiati'd in addition hy u bristle ol'len 1 mm. ioM<,'; lloral ;,'Iiiine l.T) 1.7 mm. lon^^ awn l)elo\v tlie apex and exten(lin<,f beyond its <,'Iiinie '^-4 mm., <,'liime rather lirm, lirittio truncate, toothed, uiinntely hairy on the; back, ob.seurely ^-nerved below; palea or present. ()re). Afirnstis r.rtini/d iiiirr()/)//i///(i S. Wats. (!ulms :\{) 7') em. hi^di; bhidos hiri^er; panicle 20-;$(» cm. lonj^, more loosely branched, some rays 8 ln^' ion;;. Tho same range as tho sp(!cies. 9. A. geminata Trin. rnill. 20': (IS-M). A tufted erect perennial, 15-40 cm. hi<,di. Ligulo 1 mm. long; l)lades ol" sterile shoots slightly scabrid. mostly involute, 10-'*0 cm. long, 1-'^ mm. wide, tho npper node near the middle of the (!ulm. exclusive of the panicle. J*anicle exserted, purple, narrow or spreading. S-10 cm. long; rays capillary, scabrous, in half-whorls of t-(i, some of the longest (} cm. long, branching al)ove the middle, llower-bearing at and near the ends. Spikelets "i.r)--;5 mm. long, .scabrous on the kec^ls; first glume a little longer, awn usually pro- jecting slightly; lloral glume l.(; mm. long, broad, thin, obtusv\ toothed, r)-nerved below, the awn attached near the middle; palea minute. Alaska, Jhrritif/toii in is:'|-"^, Dr. /VrIIo(/(/ 119. Plants from liritish Columbia by Macoitu arc awnlcss. Alaska to Oregon. 10. A. densiflora Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:73 (1892). .(. DiKi-roiiat,! Thurb., not Mresl. An erect tufted rather stout annual, 7-23 cm. high. Sheaths smooth, crowded at the biise. iather loose, longer than the inter- nodes; lignle dciuirrent. o])tus(s about .'5 mm. long; blades usually Hat, erect, with scaI)rous nnirgins, 3-U cm. long," 3-.'{ mm. wide. I'anicle dense, exserted, (irect, 2-5 cm. long, 15-12 mm. broad, rays .s(!abrous, aj)pressed, ;3-5 in each half-whorl. Spikelets.very pale. A(il{OSTII»K.K. :i27 H.ti-'.l mm. lonj;; cmply s miifi-oiialc, miiiU'ly sciilinms. his ))i*i on tlio ki'i'ls, tirsi scurccly loiij,'*'!- tliiiii llu' second; lloral "•lume miiiutoly sciihroiis, liitluT lirni, Iniiicatc-tootlioil, n miniih* i(»ii;;h nitlicr stout iiwn attacht'd n littli! Ix'low tlic upox; palea very thin, 0.5-1 mm. ionjf. Dirtlrihutod as .1. nnirroiitiht I'lvsl, lint it (h)i!S not answer l»» tlnil (h'scription. ('alirornia, linhnnlrr ^'AWu lh\ ('. A. Aiiticrson. Oreijon to Calit'ornia. 11. A. hyemalis (Walt.) M. S. P. (^it. N. Y. (ISSS). Hair- cKAs.s. ('(iniiirtij)i(r /ii/HKi/i'WiiU. Kl. Carol. To (17SS). .1. sm/mt Willd. Sp. IM. 1 :;5'r(> (rM»!>). Trirli(i(lii(iii hijilhinaii Mij^'ol. Miehx. V\. 1. 4•^ (1S0;J). 7'. sctdn-iim Muhl. (iram. (11 (ISII). .1. Michaiixii Trin. Tnill. '.'()() (IS'^I). An er(!ct slender tiil'led hiennial t»r pi.'rennial, .'JO (10 cm. hif^h. liif^ulo of the upper leaves 1 mm. lon '.'.."» mm. lon^, nsnally about 2 mm., scahrons on the ktuda, flumes very acnte. the lower (tne the longer; lloral ^Inme 1.*^ I.Tmm. lon^', obtuse, r»-nerved, sonu'times short -awned ; palea minute or obsolete. Very variable. New r>rnnswick, Fo/r/cr: Massacdiusetts. S/iir/rrit/if, lUuil (ill; Vermont, /'ri//(/lr: New .Jersey. Sm'/uirr for l'. S. Dept. A^n'icul. 4o:{; Mi(!hi;riiii, C/nr/,- (i!H>. /Ira/ (i,"), (W). (,]', Funiuil, /•'. A'. Wood .■{:)>S(!; Illinois. Ural (IS; Iowa. llUrlniuk; Minnesota, lUtUvji W r^J); Colorado, rtitlrrsoii '?JV,\\ Montana. Amhrsoii 1(1, tlO; Wyo- miu^S Hiijfinii e :lit, c SS, c !)(); Arizona, Joiu's 401. '>, '/'oitnifi/ ';;{r, 738, ■;:;, 1137 b; Washin.^ton. A''/r.- (M-e^'on, I/o/rc/l; CnVi- fornia, Fan's/i l.'idO A, 1,^)(10; Southern California, /'ii/nivr "i'.W, 2;5!>; Texas. Xtvllri/: Mexico. /'riii;//r !4-»0. Common from New Mn,i;land to Alaska and southward; also in 328 POACE.E. Siberia. When tniiture the panicles breaiv away and are carried for long distances by the wind. 12. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerni. Am. .lourn. Sci. (II.)45: 44(18413). TmxGuAss. (Joniucopicp perennans WnM. Fl. Carol. 73 (1788). Tnchodium derunihens Miciix. V\. Bor. Am. 1:42 (1803). T. perennans Ell. Hot. S. C. i^ (la. 1 : !l'.t (1823). Culms weak, slender, erect from a decumbent base, 30-00 cm. high. Sheaths smooth, about the lengtli of the internodes; ligulo 3-4 mm. long; bhides flat, thin, scabrid, the upper 10-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Panicle often included at the liase, dilTusc, pale green, 10-18 cm. long; rays ca[)illary in clusters of 2-4-10, the clusters 3-4 cm. distant, some rays G cm. long, dividing and flower-bearing from near the middle. Spikelets acuminate, scabrid on the keels, 2-2.5 mm. long; first glume the longer; llond glume thin, awnless or rarely short-awned, 1.7 mi!'., long, truncate-toothed, 5-nerved; palea or minute. Nearly allied to A. Iii/cnia/is. Damp shade; July, August, New England, Michigan, to Texas. 13. A. Diegoensis Vasey, Hull. Torr. (Mub. 13 55 (ISSC). A foUom Wasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 10:03 (1883). A. nxdtindniis Vasey in numerous distributions. Culms smootli or scabrid, stout, 60-100 cm. high, sometimes with rootstocks. Ligule acute. 4 mm. long; blades of the culm about 5 in nuinber, erect, scabrid, flat, or involute, 10-18 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Panicle lanceolate, 15-20 cm. long, light green ; rays erect in clusters of 5-10, the lower clusters 3-5 cm. distant, the longest ray 5 mm. long and flower-bearing above the middle, the shorter bearing si)ikelets to the base. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; flrst glume vscal)ri(l on the keel, ovate-acute, second smooth, shorter, 1-3-nerved; floral glume broad-oval when ^itread, ol)tuse, minutely scabrid, 1.8-2 mm. long, 4-nerved above, awn near the middle, minnte or obsolete, hairs at the base very few and short: palea 0. "The panicle resembles that of A. alba, but is narrower, shorter, and more closely flowered." Vasey. Washington, JfoireU; Oregon, Bolander; California, Orrutt. 14. A. Scouleri Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 0:329 (1845). A. repens Scribn., not Sincl. AUKOS'l'lDIvK. 329 An erect i^erennial, 30-75 cm. high, from nimiinf? rootstock-^. Sheaths smooth, longer tlum the internodes; ligiile ohtuse, 2 mm. long; blades 7-10 cm. long, the upper much shorter, flat or invo- lute, 3 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long; longest rays 3 cm. long, bearing a few spikelets above the middle. Spikelets 2 mm. long, very pale or tinged with purple; empty glumes acute, the lower a little the longer, 2.5-3 mm. Ion"-; floral glun>e a little shorter, 5-nerved, truncate, sometimes bearing a slender awn ; palea or very minute. Xot seen by me. (Jalilbrnia, Bohnider, Lemmon. Alaska to California. IT). A. ffiquivalvis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 2:116 (1841). A. mnimt var. wf/uit'ah'is Trin. Bong. Fl. Sitch. Act, Petrop. 171 <1832). A slender tufted pale green perennial, 20-60 cm. high, smooth or nearly smooth throughout. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 0.5-2 mm. long; blades flat, S-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the upjier 1-2 cm. long. J»anielo thin, smooth, very narrow. 5-15 cm. long, rays in distant half-whorls of 2-5 or those above solitary, 3-5 cm. long, mostly flower-bearing above the middle. Spikelets usually in pairs, reddish purple to i)ale greon, about 1.7 mm. long, empty glumes and floral glume extending to the same hei"-ht; emniy glunu's oblong when spread, acute, flrst 1-nerved, second dt aU'ly 3-norved; floral glume broad-oval, toothed at the apex, 5-!icrved, with a minute hairy callus at the base; palea three- fourths as long as its glume. Washington. T. S. Ihpl. A(jricuL 383, from SiiL-xdorf 'dm\ E. C. Smith. Alaska to California. 16. A. yerticillata Vill. Prosp. 16 (1785), or Fl. Delph. 16 (1785). Culms decumbent ami rooting at the lowest nodes, 30-60 cm. high, nodes sometinjos 8-10 in number. Sheaths smooth, loose, nearly as long as the internodes; ligule truncate, decumbent, 2-3 mm. long; blades scabrous or very rough, especially above on the maigins, flat or Anally involute, 2-5-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. 330 POAC'E^. Panicle dense, often lobeil or interrupted, 5-10-25 cm. long, rays M'owded and flower-beari/ig from the base. Spikelets pale green or purple, minutely pubescent, about 1-5 mm, long; empty glumes nearly equal, abruptly-pointed, wlien spread ; floral glume broad, oval, obtuse, minutely 5-toothed, 5-nerved, awnless, but little over 1 mm. long; palea from half the length of its glume to nearly its length. ' Utah, Jones 1014; Oregon, Howell; Mexico (Jalisco), Palmer 341, 'ISO. Texas to California and Mexico in moist places ; also fouiul in southern Eurojjc and Asia. II. A. exarata Trin. Unif. 205 (1824). A. ronsfricfus Yasex, in numerous distributions. ^1. areiian'ti Scribn., not CJouan. nor Schur. Culms erect, 30-GO, sometimes 90-120 cm. high, from perennial or annual roots. Sheaths smooth or scabrid, the lower often longer than the internodes; ligule decurrent, 3-5 mm. long; blades usually erect, flat, slightly scabrous or very rough, those of the culm G-15 cm. long, 2-5-8 mm. wide; leaves of sterile shoots shorter. Pan- icle exserted, erect, dense, somewhat lobed, pale green or tinged with purple, varying much in size, 6-20 cm. long, G-30 mm. broad, often interrupted more or less below; rays in sets of 3-G, numerous, rough, mostly flower-bearing to the base. Spikelets acute, 'Z.l-'-l mm. long, empty glumes very nearly equal, though the lower usually the longer, scabrous, strongly so on the keel; floral glume awnless, thin to rather firm and brittle, broad, concave, truncate- toothed, grooved on the back, 4-nerved above, 5-nerved below, 1.3-1.8 mm. long; palea 0-0.5 mm. long. Stamens 3. Wisconsin to Oregon, California, and Arizona. '• It occurs in various forms in all the collections made in the State [California], ranging from Sitka to California and eastward to Colorado and New Mexico. No other grass found upon the coast presents such a variety of puzzling disguises as this. Speci- mens from wet grounds are 3-4 feet high, while those from dry mountain-sides are only as many inches. The panicle varies from a few inches to 1 foot in length. In mountain forms the leaves are AGKOSTIDE.E. 381 narrow and involute. The presence of awns is more conspicuous in tlie dwarf forms; the upper jialet does not api)ear to be asso- ciated with any other character. Tlie following are names which have been given to forms of this species: J. f/ntudis Trin., spike- let slender, 10-20 cm. long, A. a.yx'rifoh'n Trin., A. palh'nx Trin., A. Cdh'furnica Trin., A. mirrophiiJhi Steud." Dr. (J. ThnrberS. Wats. liot. Calif. 3:273 (ISSO). 18. A. varians Trin. Fund. Agrost. 3:60 (1841). A. hnimtUs Vasey, liull. Torr. Club, 10:31 (1883). .1. lioxsm Vasey. A slender erect tufted perennial, 10-40 cm. high. Sheaths striate, smooth, longer than the intcrnodes; ligulo 3-3 nun. long; blades scabrid above, often involute, 1-3-8 cm. long, 1 mm. wide. Panicle often dark purple, 3-7 cm. long, 5-8 mm. broati, rays 1-3 cm. long. Spikelets 2-3.5 mm. long, rough on the keels; floral glume 1.5-1.7 mm. long, awnless, broad, truncate, toothed, 4- norved above, 5-nerved below; i)alea 0. ^lexico, Pr ingle 143!; Oregon, Hoii'vU 4G31, CusirTc 797; Califonua, Pr!n0 cm. high. Sheaths smootli; ligule 2 mm. long; blades of the sterile shoots filiform, tliose of the culm soft, 3 in number, very narrow, involute, 6-10 cm. long. I'anicle thin, dark purple, lanceolate, nodding, 10-12 cm. lon<', rays smooth, capillary, in clusters of 3-5, the longest 4-5 cm. long, flower-bearing for about two-fifths of the extremities. Si)ikolets lanceolate, slightly scabrous on the keels, 2-2.5 mm. long, the three glumes reaching to the same height; first glume 1-nerved, sec- ond faintly 3-nerved uelow; floral glume broad-oval when spread,, 5-nerved, obtuse, apex lacerate-toothed, unawned; palea 0; hairs at the base very few and short. "The panicle approaches that of A. hiemalis, but is shorter, 334 POACE.E. uiul with much shorter und erect brunches, ami a flrmer culm." Viisey. Oregon, IIoivcll in 1881; Wushingtoii, Sni'siforf. 24. A. attenuata Vasey. Coult. Hot. (Jiiz. ll:;}:5r (1S80). Perennial; cuhns sniootii, slender. (»()-90 cm. high. Slieatlis smooth, shorter than the iuternodes; ligule 3-5 mm. long; blades scabrous, about L' mm. wide, tlie lower ones 5-10 cm. long, those above, 3 in number, 8-18 cm. long. I'anicle sometimes exserted, 25 cm. long, pyramidal or nai'rower, tbin, lO-'.'O cm. long; rays capillary, rough, bearing few spikelets above the middle, the lowest ones on long peilicels 10-13 cm. long, and 10-15 in a cluster, on smaller panicles in threes, fives, or sevens. Spikelets purplish, 2.5-;{ mm. long, oblong-lanceolate, scabrous on the keels, first glume a little longer than the secoiul, both 1-nerved; floral glume broadly oval, obtuse, 5-nerved, 1.5-3.3 mm. long, a few very short hairs on the callus at the base, uuawned; palea 0. Very variable as received from collectors. Washington, Ifoiderson 1(511, collected near the ocean in moist fields; Oregon, JloivcUy springy places along the Applegate, also near Mt. Hood. 35. A. altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci, 45:44 (1843). Coniiiropitp alfissinntn Walt. Fl. Car. 74 (1788). Trichudiitm elatum. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:01 (1814). Perennial; culms erect, stout, 00-90 cm. high. Sheaths scarcely smooth, mostly longer than the iuternodes; the upper lig- ule acute, 5-0 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots narrow and mostly involute, the upper flat, scabrous, 10-15 cm. long, 3-0 mm, wide. Panicle exserted. spreading, green or purple, 15-35 cm. long, rays scabrous in rather remote clusters of 5-10 below, branching above the middle, flower-bearing in dense clusters along the upper third of the branches. Spikelets crowded, 3.5-3 mm. long: empty glumes acuminate, scabrous on the keels, first a little tlie longer; floral glume rather firm, broad, awuless, a little shorter than the second empty glume ; palea 0. New Jersey, Scribner iovV. S. Dept. Agricul. 31)0; Mississi])pi, Trncy; California, Bulande r (j103. A(JUOSTIl)E.E. 835 In swamps, Massachusetts to Texas; also iu California. )IG. A. Hallii Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 7-4 (1803). Perennial; culms slender, erect, (lO-SCt cm. liiiiU' green, 5-12 em. long. Spikelike piinicle, 5-15 cm. long, nearly 1 em. broad, shining with a lustre like satin. ' Spikelets lan- ceolate, sliglitly scabrous on the keels, 5-0 mm. long, first glume with a shiny enlargement at the base. California near the sea coast, also in Chili, anil in the vicinity of tlie Medi- terranean Sea. 1'lie grass appears to be unpalatable to stock. G8. (140). CalamaOEOSTIS Adans. Fam. PI. 3:31 {\7ij-6). Dci/vKxiu Clar. Beauv. Agrost. 43, /. 9, fujs. 9, 10 (1812). jMrhiKujrosfifi Trin. Fund. Agrost. 12H (1812). J^rk/iela Steud. Syn. PI. (J ram. 101 (1S54). Spikelets 1 -(lowered, iiedicellate or rarely sessile, the i)aniele either loose and spreading or narrow and spikelike, the raeliilla articulate above the outer glumes, usually bearing a tuft of hairs round the lloral glume and produced beyond it in a snudl ciliate (rarely glabrous) bristle, very rarely bearing an empty glume or imperfect flower, sometimes very minute, or deticient. The two outer glumes persistent, keeled, iinawned; floral glume shorter and very thin, about as long (rarely longer and membranous), broad, 5-nerved below the awn, with a fine dorsal awn, usually bent and twisted, rarely short and straight or sometimes absent; palea thin, more than half as long as its glume, faintly or prominently 2-nerved. Styles distinct, short. Grain enclosed and sometimes partially adhering to floral glume and palea. Tin. 58. — Gdntridiumnusti'ale. A, spikelct; a, tloict. (ycrib- iier.) A(Ji{()STii)K.K. 8:i7 There are about 120 apocioa widely spread over the warmer ami tenii>erate regions of both the Eastern and the Western llemi- 8j)heres, hcin;,' particularly numerous in the Andes of South Arneriea. IJentham says: •'They are frefpiently regarded as forming a Bection of .ir/rox/is, from wliich they dilTer ehirlly in the more developed jialoa and the usual presence of the hristlo contimiing tlie rachis of the spikelet, whilst fdliers again refer /hi/fiuia to the supposed distinct tribe Arvnierica. Ilackel places /)('i/en.i'ia as a setstion of ('((Utmiif/roslis, A. Leaf-blades involute, setaceous or rigid (a,) a. rani(;le thin, 4-" cm. h»ng, i)urple, spikelcts ;5.5 mm. long' I a. Panicle thin, 6-1".' cm. long, whitish, spikelcts (J-i mm. long o a. Panicle thin. 10-1,') cm. long, spikelcts 4 mm. long. . 3 a. Panicle thin, 10-14 cm. long, spikelcts ,').5 mm. long. 4 a. Panicle rather close, 8-10 cm. long, Ihu' pubescence at the base of the blade, liglit green, spikelcts 3-4 mm. long 5 a. I'anicle dense, 7-10 cm. long, fine wool at the base of the blades; spikelcts 4 mm. long (5 a. Panicle dense, blades scabrous, 5-8 cm. long; spike- lets 4-4.7 mm. long 7 B. Leaf-blades Hat or sometimes involute (b) b. JJase of the blades softly woolly; panicle open, thin, whitish 8 b. No soft wool at the base of the blade; a ring of short hairs in 11 (e) HAS VOM'K.K. c. SpikcU'ts '2 mm. loiij;. paiiiclo itiiri)lisli, opi'ii, 10- 1'' ''"'• '<>"^' c. Spiki'li'ts :{-4 mm. loii^'; panicle luDccoIiitc. IT) cm. •o"^' 10 c. Spikch'tH 4-«] mm. loii^', glumes ju'umiiiati'. paiii- clo ojUMi, purplish 1 ^ c. Spikoli'ts 4.5 mm. lon<,', paiiido Hpikt'Iiki'. O-S cm. lonjr 1-^ c. Spikdcta 4-.") mm. long, acute, paiiiclo spikcliko, 5-7 cm. long jy c. Spikck'ts T) mm. long, })aniclo open, silvery green, (j-lii cm. long 1^ e. S[)ikeletH T)-*! mm. long, panicle thin, H-VZ em. long. 15 e. Spikelets 5-G mm. long, i)aniele rather loose, !•*- 25 cm. long jq c. Spikelets 5-7 mm. long, panicle rather dense, 8-15 cm. long 1 -< ~ ij c. Spikelets 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, panicle dense, 6-10 mm. long. p' 18, 19 c. Spikelets 2.. '3-4 mm. long l\\ d. Unawued 20 d. Awn starting at the apex of the notch of its glume, iwniclo open, wliitish green, 10-15 cm. long 21 d. Awn starting below tlie notcli of its glume. . (e) e. Panicle rather dense, purple, spikelets 4 mm. lo».^' 22 } e. Panicle interrupted, 12-15 cm. long, spike- lets 4 mm. long o e. Panicle open, 10-20 cm. long, spikelets gap- ing, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, awn very slender, straight ^i e. Panicle lanceolate, 15 cm. long, spikelets 2- 3 mm. long 10 e. Panicle loose, 4-20 cm. long, spikelets 4 mm. lo»g 25 A(im»s'i'ii>i:.K. 'S.M 0. I'aiiick* lolx'd, nitliiT tlciisc, lo-lti cm. I(»ii;^'. Kpikch'ta l{.r)-4 mm. Ion;;, iiwn stnii;;lit. . . 'H) 1. C. deachampsioidei Triii. Ir. (iruin. /. 'A.'A't-i (is:u\). Ih- livu.fin drxrlitdiipxiitiih's N'uscv. Cut. (Jr. V. S. 'id (IS85). All iTi'ct slender donscly tuCteil pereiiniiil. I."i ;{*> cm. Iiiirli. Slieatlis cldSi'. ludf uk loii^' us tlic iiileniodes; li;,nd«' acute, deciir- rent. ;{ mm. lon^; liladcn involute, setueeoiis. tliose helow (i-lOem. long, tliose of the culm 2 in miml)er. ','-4 cm. loii;r. I'unide tliiu. erect, oblong or nanowly pyramidal, 4-7 em. long, rays in .sets of l-:j. bearing l-I) spikelets near the tips. Spikelets blackish purple, elliptii'ul, acute, aliout :{.') mm. long, tlio bent awn projecting l-'-i mm. Em))ty glumes eipial. ovatedanccolate, obscurely nerved; lloral glume a little sliorter, 4-toothed, the awn attached near the base, tb(! hairs short, in two bunches, the hairy rudiment 1.5-'^ mm. long, aside from its hairs; i)alea a little shorter than its glume. California, lireirer from the summit of Carson Puss, at an alti- tude of SODO feet. In several parts of California at high altitudes. 'Z. C. Howellii Vasey, Coult. Jiot. (Jaz. G: 'i:i (1881). Dei/oi.n',/ HowelUi N'asey, Agric. Grasses U. S. To, t. (il (1884). A slender erect smooth densely tufted perennial, ;50-5() cm. high. Ligule 3 mm. long; blades involute-setaceous, the lower as long as tile culms, the others about 3 in number, lO-^'O cm. long, the upper often exceeding the iianicle. Panicle scarcely exserted. open, thin, pyramidal, 0-12 cm. long; rays slender, mostly in lives, llower-bearing above the miildle. Spikelets whitish green, tinged with purple, lanceolate, 0-7 mm. long, bearing a twisted and bi'ut awn projecting 0-10 mm. Empty glumes sube(iual, niembraiious. ellii)tical-lanceolate, first 1-nerved, second a little shorter. 3-nervc(|; iloral glume about 5 mm. long, terminating in 2-4 mucronate teeth, the awn inserted one-third the way from the base to the ai)ex; palea slender, but little shorter than its glume, bidentate, basal hairs over half the length of the floret, hairv rudiment about 1.5 mm. long. 340 POACE.E. Oregon, [foKH'U. Sm'bncr, Ilvudvrxon. Wasliiiigton iiiul Oregon. 3. C. OrizabsB {\\\\\n\) Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 193 (1855). Dci/nLn'a Orizahw \{\\\^v. liull. Aciul. lirux. 1», part 2:233 (1842). A slender erect tufted perennial, about 90 cm. high. Sterile shoots numerous, the blades conduplieate. 40-GO cm. long, 0.5 mm. diam., those of the culm 2 in number; sheaths smooth ; ligule very short; blades 5-lOcm. long. Panicle slender, thin, drooping, 10-15 cm. long, rays mostly in threes, rather distant, the longest 6-8 cm. long, sparingly branched aiul flower-bearing on the outer half. Spikelets linear. 4 mm, long: empty glumes and floral glume ecpial, flrst glume 1-nerved, second 3-nerved; floral glume oval Avh(;n spread, obtuse, tuft of hairs very short, awn one-third the way below the apex and projecting about 1 mm., rudiment 1.5 mm. long; palea linear, hyaline, 3 mm. long. Mexico, /'/-////y/f 4243; found 12UOO-14000 feet above the sea- level. 4. C. erecta. C. phtniosu (Fourn.) Scribn. ined. Achivta jihinwm Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Oram. 109 (1880). An erect tufted perennial, (10-80 cm. high. Sterile shoots numerous, the blades involute, flliform, 30-40 cm. long. 0.3-0.6 mm. diam., those of the culri 3 in nunil)er, the sheath of the middle one smooth, two-thirds as long as the internode; ligule, 3 mm. long; blades 10-15 cm. long, the upper blade shorter. Panicle })urple. slender, tliin, slightly drooping. 10-14 cm. hmg, rays nu)stly in ])airs, the longest 3-5 cm. long, bearing spikelets on the outer two- thirds. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 5.5 mm. long; empty glumes equal, flrst 1-nerved, second 3-nerved: floral glume pubescent when seen uiuler a lens. 4.5-4.T mm. long. truncate-toot!:ed: awn 0.5-1 nun. long, attached but little below the apex of its glume: rudiment puberulent, 2.1 mm. long; palea hyaliiu'. ;{..") n.m. long. The si)ecific name phtniom under CiiUiDHKjrosiix had been used by Spreng, hence the new name here given. Mexico, Pringle 4T2G, found under pines at an altitude of 10,400 feet. 5. C. Suksdorfii Scribn. Hull. Torr. Club, 15:9 (1888). Ay/- AOHOSTIDEJi;. 341 euj-ia Sid-sdorfii Scribii. Vjisey, Desc. Cat. Gr. U. 8. 51 (1885). A sloiuler tufted perennial, GO-00 cm. liigli. Slieatlis shorter tliun tlie interiiodes: ligule ;J -5 mm. long, often more or less woolly ])ubescent on the back near the base of blade; blades of sterile shoots 15-30 cm. long, ;j-5 mm. broad, taperiiig into very long and slender ])oints, scabrous below and strigose pubescent above; those of the culm usually three. Panicle pale straw-color, strict, more or less interru])ted, 8-10 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide; rays in crowded clusters, 2-3 cm. distant, the longest 4 cm. long, all densely flowered. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, empty glumes subequal, lan- ceolate, acute, first 1-nerved, second 3-nerved at the base; floral glume oblong, truncate-toothed. 2.7 mm. long, the stout twisted awn starting below the middle and extending 1-2 mm. above its glume, hairs less than 1 mm. long, in two bunches near the mar- gins of the base of the glume; palea as long as its glume, rudiment 1 mm. long, with hairs making it appear still longer. In the JMontana plants, the woolly pubescence at the base of the blade is wanting. Montana (Great Falls), Anderson 54: British Columbia, Macoun in 1885; Oregon, Cusick 1317. Montana, British America. Washington. Oregon, and California. G. C. rubescens Buckl. Proc. Pliila. Acad. 92 (1803). nc//r/t.ria rnhesconti N'asey. Cat. Gr. V. S. 51 (1885). Aslendererect tufted perennial, more or less j)urple throughout, 60-90 cm. higli, from strong rootstocks. Sheaths half as long as the internodes; ligule acute, lacerate, decurrcnt, 3-5 nun. long; blades of sterile shoots numerous, involute, setaceous, gliuicous. sca- brous, 10-20 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, those of the culm 3-4 in num- ber, 10-15 cm. long, the upper one 4 cm. long, short woolly hairs usually appearing on the lower side at the base of the blade. Pani- cle much exserted. strict, dense, interrupted, 7-10 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad, the short rays densely flowered to the base. Spikelets rough, elliptical, acute, nearly 4 mm. long; empty glumes equal or slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, first 1-nerved, second 3- nerved ; tlord glume a little shorter, narrowly elliptical, acute, bifid. 342 POACE.E. tlie stiff twisted and bent awn starting a little below the middle and extending to the apex of its glume or a little beyond, hairs in 2 tufts, one on eitlier side, less tlian half as long as the glume; rudi- ment 1 mm. long, with a few short hairs rp'ichiug beyond the apex. California (Meiulocino), Prinyh in 1882. Oregon to California. 7. C. Montanensis (Scribn.). Deyeuxiu Montaucnsis Scnbn. Soe. Pro. Agrifl. Sci. G (1883). A rigid glaucous perennial, 20-40 cm. high, with slender root- stocks. Sheaths 3, nearly smooth, the u})per extending nearly half way to tiie top of tlie plant, or almost to the panicle; ligule firm, decurrent, 3 mm. long; blades involute, rigid, i)ungent-j)ointed, t)-12cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wiile, scabrous above and below. Panicle linear, dense or slightly interru})ted, 5-8 cm. long; rays in half- whorls of 3-7, the longest 2.5 cm. long, flower-bearing on the outer three-fifths. Spikelets pedicellate, linear-lanceolate, 4-4.7 mm. long; em})ty glumes e(|ual or subequal, scabrous, first 1 -nerved, second 3-nerved, the lateral nerves obscure, rudiment 1 mm. long, the hairs extending to the top of the palea; floral glume scabrid,^ oval, truncate, 4-5-toothed, about 3 mm. long, awn from near the middle reaching to its apex; palea oval, erose or toothed, 2.5 mm.. long. Anthers linear, 2.2 mm. long. British America. E. linufijcau in 1858. Montana, Canbi/ & Scrtb>ier'^G',\ in 1883. 8. C. Porteri A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 79 (1802). Dey- euxia Porferi Xnsvy, Cat. (Jr. U. S. 51 (1885). Perennial, froni creeping rootstocks. Culms slender, ei\./, (iO- 120 cm. high. Slieaths close, half as long as the internod.s; ligule 2-3 mm. long; l)lades flat, scabrous, with a woolly-bearded ring at the base on the outside, 12-20 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, a[)ex attenuate, base narrow. I^micle exserted, ojjen or thin, 7-14 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide; rays few to many, the clusters 2-3 cm. distant, 1-5 cm. long. Spikelets rough, pale green, elliptical, acute, 3.5-4 mm. long; empty glumes nearly equal, appearing lanceolate, owing to the upjier part having involute margins, first 1-nerved, second obscurely 3-nerve(l; floral glume 2.5 mm. long, ovate, truncate- AGROSTIDE.E. 343 toothed, the stout twisted awn starting below tlie middle and ex- tending 0.5 mm. above the iloret. hairs few and weak, half as long as the lloral glume, the hairy rudiment 0.5 mm. long. Pennsylvania (dry woods in Huntington County), Porter; New York, I)}(dley. 9, C. Macouniana Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Kat. Herb. ;}; SI (1892). Deyeuxia Macouniana XnBey, Coult. Bot. (jiaz. 10: ;»!iT (1885). Culms from cree})ing rootstocks, slender, ereet, branching sparingly along the middle, 00-90 cm. high, iiiternoiles about 5 in number, besides the very short ones below. Sheaths nearly smootii, longer than the internodes; ligule lacerate, thin, 'i mm. long; bhides scabrous, Hat orinvohitc, apex attenuate, the blade l5-*^'o cm. long, 3-;) mm. wide. Panicle open, 10-12 cm. long, 2—1 cm. broad; rays mostly in fives, erect, sleiuler, clusters 1-1.5 nn. distiint. Spikelcts purple below, mostly on the u})per part of tne branches, oval-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long; first glume ovate-lanceolate, 1- nerved, second a little shorter, 3-nerved, otherwise like the first; floral glume ovate, oblong, 2-lobed, 1.5 mm. long, awn near the middle of its ghime, straight, reaching a little beyond its ai)ex; palea oval, 1 mm. long, apex truneate-tootheil, hairs as long as the Iloret, hairy rudiment one-third mm. long. British America, Macon n for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 44. ]?orders of marshes. 10. C. Scribneri. Deyeuxia chihia Scribn. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 11:114 (1880). C'alamugrostis (labia Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: (1892). Perennial; culms rather slender, erect, GO-90 cm. high. Sheaths scabrid, much shorter than the internodes; ligule 3 mm. long, (lecurrent; blades scabrous, about 20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide. Panicle lanceolate, about 15 cm. long; rays erect, 3-G, the longest 4-0 cm. long, flower-bearing on the outer three-fifths. S[)ik('K'ts subsessile or pedicellate, linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long; cnntty glumes equal, scabrid, second 3-nerved. bristle 0.5 mm, long, hairs twice as long; floral glume oval, truncate, 4-toothiMi, 2-.i mm. long, awn rather short, attached below the middle and exteiuliuEr 844 POACE^. above its glume ; palea very nearly as long as its glume, erose or 2- toothod. Professor Scribner says : "It differs from both in tlie less spread- ing and more densely flowering brandies of the panicle, the stouter brandies at each joint flower-bearing to the base. From D. Cana- densis it is at once distinguislied by the longer and stouter awn, shorter hairs surrounding the flowering glume, and firmer and longer palea. The spikelets are smaller than in D. Lauffsdorffii, the empty glumes are much smootiier and less rigid or firm in texture, the hairs are less copious as well as shorter, and the palea is propor- tionally longer." The specific name diibin was used with Calama- grosfis by Uunge, Lehm. Rel. 348 (1847), lience the change ahove to Scribneri, for the discoverer. Montana (Yellowstone Park), Tweedy 365. Montana, Washington, Oregon. 11. C. Langsdorffii (Link) Trin. Unifl. 225, t. 4, fig. 10 (1824). Ariindo Lan(isdorff{ili\xxk, Ilort. Bei'ol. 1:74 (1821). Deyeuxia Langsdorffii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1:77 (1829). Much the same as 6^. Canadensis, excepting tlie ligule may be 8-12 mm. long, the spikelets 4-6 mm. long, empty glumes atten- uate-acuminate, first 1-3-nerved, second a little shorter, 3-nerved ; floral glume 3.5-4 mm. long, oval, truncato-tootlied, awn straight, stouter, attached a little below the middle, hairs longer than the floret, or of the same height or a little shorter; rudiment 1-1.7 mm. long, with hairs extending to the tip of the floret. New Hampshire, Pringle ; Minnesota, Geol. Surv., B 519; Montana, WiUiams. Canada, New Hampshire, to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska. 12. C. Vaseyi. Ariindo pnrpvrascns Schult. Mant. 3:603 (1824). Degcnxia jmrjmrascens Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1:7 (1829), not Calamagrnstis purpvrascens R. Br. Richards, App. Frank, which is D. sylratica Kunth. A tufted, rather slender perennial, 60-75 cm. high. Slieaths about 5 in number, mostly half to two-thirds as long as the inter- nodes; ligule lacerate. 3-4 mm. long; blades flat, scabrous, long- pointed, 15-20 cm. long. 4-8 mm. wide, with a ring of short hairs at AGHOSTIDE.E. 345 the base. Panicle spikelike, purple, 0-8 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, more or less interrupted. Spikelets lanceolate, about 4.5 mm. long; first glume a little the longer, second elliptical, acute, 3-nerved; floral glume oblong when spread, 3 mm. long, toothed, the awn rather stout, straight, 3-4 mm. long, starting 1 mm. from the base of its glume; palea nearly as long as its glume, hairs of the callus few, 1 mm. long, rudiment nearly 3 mm. long, including the hairs. Washington (Cascade Mou.. ains), Vafi in ls:i-'3, E. Hall (j23; Oregon, IlowelU E. JJall &i:]; California, Bditimler 4. Alaska to California. 17. C. sylvatica var. Americana Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:83 (iy!»2). Perennial; culms erect, 20-00 cm. high. Sheaths rather loose, as long as the internodes, or in tall ])lants. two-thirds as long; ligule truncate, 1-2 mm. long; blades scal)rid, often 'with many dead sheaths below, those of sterile shoots reaching nearly to the panicle or above it, those of the culm rigid, 7-18 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, flat or involute, point attenuate. Panicle enclosed at the base or exserted, strict, si)ikelike, dense, sometimes sliglitly interrupted be- low, 8-15 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. broad, the color ]iale, light to dark puri)le; rays appressed. scabrid, 1-2 cm. long, in clusters of 4-8. Spikelets very variable even in the same panicle or on dilT'i'rent panicles of the same plant, 5-7 mm. long, the twisted and bent awn extending 1-3 mm. above the glumes: empty glumes ovate-lanceo- late, mostly appearing very acute when the margins of the upper ])ortion are involute, scabrous on the keel, first l-nerved, second 3- nerved and a little shorter: floral glume scabrous, ovate, grooved on the back, 4-toothed, 4.5-5 mm. long, awn attached near the base, hairs mostlv in two clusters at the sides, one-third the lensfth of the floret: palea a little shorter, the rudiment about 2 mm. long, with hairs reaching to the tip of the palea. "The plant seems to be much more leafy at the coast than 348 POACH, K. upon tlio inouiitaiiis. Tlie color of tlio imiiicio is very vuriiil)lo, run- niug from grounisli straw-color, throufjfh various degrees of purple to deep purple all over." Dr. Thurber in liot. Calif., Vol. 2, p. OU>» Montana. Conhy 'MVl; Washington, SaiiiHifrij ^'Ih, 10'^5. ■ New Kngland to the IJociky Mountains. Oregon. California. Var. longifolia Vasey, Contrih. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: s;{ (ISli-^). Blades of sterile shoots as long as the eulni. involute-setaceous; empty glumes 8 mm. long, acuminate; hairs more prominent, the awn projecting 10 mm. above the floral glume. Calfornia, Jiohtuhr 0470. 18. C. cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5:41 (1894). Ai'Hudn cinnoi(le)l (1841). PI. (J ram. 100 (1855). C. Ca nmlensis ^wii. (Wn. \-Af> (1818). not Beau v. Perennial; culms stout, smooth or scabrous below, 90-150 cm, high. Ligide 3-3 mm. long; blades Hat, scabrous. 2-4 cm. long, 4-'7 mm. wide, apex not attenuate. Panicle exserted, G-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, and then very dense or slightly interrupted below, or larger, 10-20 cm. long, 2-3 cm. broad, and then inter- rui)ted, bearing spikelike interrupted branches, 3-0 cm. long. Spikelets lanceolate, scabrous, 0-7 mm. long; empty glumes si)reading, nearly e8S interrupted, about 10 cm. long, llie longest rays 3 em. long, flower-bearing on the upper half. Spike- lets 6-7 mm. long, empty glumes subecpial, elliptical-lanceolate, first 1-Tierved, second 3-nerved; lloral glume slightly shorter, toothed, ami bearing 2 seta3, the awn stout, twisted, attached about 1.5 mm. above the base, extending 4-G mm. above the glumes; palea a little shorter ciian its glume, hairs of callus few, less than 1 mm. long, the bristle 'i mm. long, with hairs projecting 1 mm. Washington (Cascade Mountains), Tii^ci'di/, Vasvij. 20. C. poseformis (Fourn.). ChiHastruni jmcformc Fourn. Mex. IM. Enum. Cram. 1)0 (1880). A light green pereunial, 90-120 cm. high. Sheaths scabrid, about the length of the interuodes; ligule many-nerved, lacerate, 8-10 mm. long; blades of the culm 4 in nuntber, flat, nearly smooth, taper-pointed, 20-30 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. Panicle green, thin, llexuose and nodding, 20-30 cm. long; rays slender, in fours and fives, the sets 5-0 cm. distant, longest ray 8-10 cm. long, fiow( r-bearing on the upper half. S})ikelt'ts green, ovate- lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long; empty glumes scabrous, 3-nerved, first ovate, sub-acute when spread, second elliptical-lauccohite, a little the longer; floral glume uuawned, destitute of hairs at the base, ovate, as long as the first glume, the rudiment 1 mm. long, another bristle near it; palea nearly as long as its glume. Stamens 2. Ovary ovate-laiu'eolate, stigmas luirrow. In color, leaves, and ])an- icle it much resembles Cinna pendula. Mexico, Pringh 4184, in cool moist soil. 31. C. blanda. C. pallida Vasey & Scribn., Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. 3:79 (1892), not C. Muell. (1808). Walp. Ann. 6:986 (1808). Au erect ])erennial, 120-150 cm. high. Culms smooth, rather slender, composed of 5-T lengthened interuodes. Sheaths close. iioi) 1'UACE.E. two-thirds us loii{? as tlio inteniodcs; ligulo liiocmte, 4 mm. long; l)lii(U'S flat, scabrous, .'{()-4U mi. Utiig, AS mm. wide. I'uiiido v\- scrtcd, pale, wliiti.sli ^^M'ct'ii, open, i)yri(midul, 10-15 cm. long; rays mostly in tivi's, slender, seabroiirt. Ilowor-bcaring above* tlui miildlc S|Mk('l»'ts s|)roiidin,ij:. open, tlic gltimcs thin, scabrid, lanc(H)lat('-a('U- miiiatt', lirst ;J.5 mm. long, l-m.'rved, second 3 mm. long. :{-nervcd below; lloral glume 'l.'-t mm. long, billd, tootlied, the twisted awn attiiohed at the noteh and projecting above its glume 1 mm., hairs somewhat in two sets, as long as the lloret; palea 1.1 mm. long, rudiment less than ()..") nim. long, with hairs extending in all •.' mm. Washington, Sidst/urf in 1SS.'5 in Herb. Sciibner. •^2. C. breviseta (A. (Jray). Seribn. Mem. Torr. Clid), 41 (1804). C. f; (isr.»). \\\.\v.- .FoiNT. AniiHli) ('(niit0 cm. long'; axis and rays mostly scal)rous, some branches flower-bearing above the middle only, others for the whole length. Spikelets scal)rid. open in llower and in fruit, 2,r)-3..') mm. long; empty glumes ovate-lanceolate, lirst l-nerved, second ]-;}-nerved; floral glume *^-3 mm. long, ovate, acute, bifid, bt'aring a very slender straight awii attached near the middle, reaching the tij) of its glume or shorter or longer, the hairs from two thirds us long as the floret to a little exceeding it; rudiment minute. Vermont, Pniif/Jc ; New York, Thurhcr ; Massachusetts, /^er?/ 70; Michigan, Ow/t'//, Chirh 701, 32;5r>; Farmll, /Mil 77, 78; Illi- nois, IjcxI ; Minnesota, /itiifci/ H 10, H 250, H 529, Sandberg 30. 013, 795; Colorado, ('((ssi>h/; Wyoming, najfuni C 80. C 91; Utah, Jones 1274; Washington, Sxi-sdorf 1023, 2127 ; Oregon, Howell. 883 roAf'K.K. Moist itluct's ill tlic north, Ciiiuulii, Now Kii;,'luii(l to California; wUle-siMVutl and <|iiil»! variahle. Seo Vol. 1, p. ITU. Fi;;. Si). 35. C. Bolanderi 'riiml>. S. Wats. I^ot Calif. 2: •.>8() (ISSO). Dn/t'N.n'ii hohintlvn N'aHcy. Dcsc. Cat. dr. U. S. .*»() (1SS:»). iVronnial; more or Icsm Hcabrous tiirou^'liout. Ciilnis with about ;{ intiTiKMlt's, gcniculati', unhranclii'd, G(»-l'-iO cm. \\\)i}\. Slit'atlis riitluT loose, .scarcely half as Ion;,' as the internodea; li^nili'4 mm. long, truncate; hlados pale ;,'reen, Hat, 15-".*r) cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Panicle dark ])ur[)l(' loose, pvramidal, 4-iiO cm. long; the rays in threes to lives, capillary, the halt'-wliorls ,'j ,5 cm. dis- tant. Spikoletsoii clavate pedicels ahove the middle of the branches, lanceolate, 4 mm. long, awn exserted, 1-3 mm. long; empty glumes Ofpuil, ovate-lan(!eolate, 4 mm. long, scabrous on the keel, first 1-nerved, second obscurely ;J-nerved; floral glume rough, ovate, 3 mm. long with 4 cufps at tin; apex, awn attaclieil near the huso, hairs at base few. short, in two clustei-s, hairy rudiment about I mm. long; ])alea juirrower but little shorter than its glume. California (.Mendocino County), Holttndcr (i4Tl, PriiKjh ; in moist woods. I'O. C. neglecta (Klirh). rian-tn. Mey. & Schrob. Fl. Wett. 1 : 94 (171)0). Annulo t/r;/Irr/n Khrh. Heitr. (1:137 (17!)1). Cahtnm- fffos/is sh'irfd Ueauv. Agrost. IT) (IST^). Annii/o sfricla 'rinim. Siem. Meckl. Mag. 2:^3(1. ex Kuntli. Culms 'iO-fjO cm. high, erect, scabrous, ctoming from ci'ooping rootstocks. Sheaths smooth, nearly as long as the intei'nodcs; lig- iile decurrent, 3 mm. long; blades of the cnlm 2-3 in number, usually involute, erect, scabrous abov(> and sometimes below, 1,5-20 cm. long. 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, erect, 10-lG cm. long, l.r)-2..5 cm. broad, somewhat lobed; rays crowded, rather stout, rough. Spikelets rough, crowded, extending nearly to the base of the branches, elliptical, acute, varying from straw-color to dark ])urj>le, 3.5-4 mm. long; empty glumes ecjual or slightly unequal, first 1-ncrved, second 3-norved; floral glume but little shorter, rough, ovate, truncate-toothed, the straight awn starting a little below the middle and extending to the tip or a little above its glume, the hairs two-thirds the length of the floret, rudiment about 1 mm. long. AtiKoSTIDK.K. 808 Vonnont, (\ /•:. Fn.ron 11, l-»; Miclii<,'iiii, /Iral Hi), (1nr^- ^O'i, fiWi', Ciiiiiulii, Mtimux: MiiiTiosotii, l/i)/:iiit/rt' : Moiitanii. Atiilirsan yi, 4-.». W illiiiiiiti; Wvomiii",', /liijl'iim (' l(».*t; Dakota, /hijf'ri/; I'tiih, Jdtirs 114.5; \\ iisliington, StiinHtvru '.Vi.b, 'o',\b, Suk/idn-f \i)'i\\ Ort'j.'<)ii. Hiiiirll. Coiict'i'iiin^ tlif aliovf Hiiccii'.s uiid its rtynoiiyins, see liot. (laz. li:lT') (iSSC). for notes by F. \.. Scrihncr. C'uiuulu, New Kn^iand to Oregon ami Calironiia. \m. crassiglumis ('riiurb.). ('(i/dnHii/msfis rnis.«i(/J nun's 'riiurh. S. Wats. Mot. Calif. 2: '.'81 (1880). Jh'i/ni.n'n (■ni.s.sif//iiNiis Vasey, Cut. (in r. S. 50 (188r)). Leaves of sterile slioots as long as the culm, wiiicli is '.'O-IJO, em. liigli; blades ol" the culm 7-10 em. long, rigid, reaching to the imnicle. I'anicle dense, 4-G cm. long. California (Mendocino County), lUthimlcr 4T(!(). \i\\\ confinis (Willd.). Anoido conjinis \\"\W\, Vawww. \:Vn (ISOii). ( 'alaiiKKjrosfis niiijinis Nutt. (ieu. 1:4; (1818). J)e//ciixiu{?) ciDiJinls Kuntli, Rev. Gram. 1:70 (1835). Culms more slender than the species; panicle less compact; hairs exceeding the lloret a little. New York to Minnesota. Vur. gracilis Scribn. Coult. Rot. Craz. 11: 175 (188(5). Cidms 2-3 cm. high; rudiment 0.4 cm. long, hairs as long as the lloret. Yellowstone Park. Tirvvdji 58, teste Scrihncr. (i!». (141). Ammophila Host. Cram. Austr. 4:34, t. Jfl (1809). Pmmuia Heauv. vVgrost. 143 (1812). Si)ikelets 1-llowered in large spikelike panicles, tlio rachilla articulate above the outer glumes, bearing a tuft of liairs around the floral glume, produced beyond it in a small bristlelike rudi- ment. Empty glumes persistent, chartaceous, thick, lanceolate, acute, compressed-keeled; floral glume 5-nerved, similar in texture and about the same length, the apex dentate or sometimes mucro- nate; palea about as long as, its glume, of like texture, 2-keeled, 2-toothed, sulcate between the keels. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain obovoid, enclosed but not adherent. 854 POACE.E A ''Oiirseporenuial with creeping rootstoeks, blades rigid, narrow and involute. Very nearly related to Calaniovilfa Hack. 1. A. arenaria (L.) Link, Ilort. Herol. 1:105 (1827). Beach- OUASS. Sand-gkass. Antiido arcHdi-ia L. 8p, P]. 83. (irs;]). P.^(inim(( in f oralis Bcauv. Agrost. i7(!, /. a, /. i (ISr.'). ('((ha>ui(/ro.s/is aroiaria lloth. Fl. Germ. l-.U (KSS). Culms stout, (iO-OO em. higli. Leaves erect. Panicle dense, cylindrical, 13-25 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad. Si)ikelets compressed, 10-12 mm. long. Lmpty glumes com- pressed, liju'ar or lanceolate, scabrous on the keel, first 1-nerved, second 3-nerved; floral glume scabrous, compressed, lanceolate, emarginate, often slightly mucronate; i)alea 4-nerved, hairs and rudiment less than half as long as the spikelet. Atlantic coast and along the Great Lakes; seacoast of the British Isles. Owing to the abumlant hard rootstocks, sometimes 40 feet long, it is excellent for i)reventi.ig the drifting of sands along the shore.' 70. (14Ia). Calamovilfa Hack. True (rrasses, 1];{ (1890). Spikelets 1-flowered. in panicles more or less diffuse, rachilla articulate above the outer glumes, bearing a tuft o<" hairs arouiul the floral glume, not produced beyond it. The empty glumes i)er- sistciit. unequal, chartaceous, thick, compressed-keeled; floral glume and palea of like texture, the former 1-nerved, awnless, thelatter 2-keeled, 2-toothed. ^'ery nearly allied to AmmophUa and Calamagrostis. There are thi'ee species, all Korth American. a. Spikelets 3.5-4.5 mm. lon^. . i o X D. Spikele.3 4-5 mm. long o c. Si)ikelets 5-f5 mm. long '.".'.''■' 1. C. brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. 1. c. Arundo hre'vipilu Tovv Flor. U. S. 1: 95 (1824). Calamagrostis brevipilis A. Gray; Man. Fir,. ^)9.—A7)ivio]t7u'la oi'i tiiirid. A, s])ike l<'t; 11, Horct. (Scrib- iicr.) AUKOSTIDE.E. 355 Ed. 1:582 (1S48). AmniojiJu'Ia brevipih's Bcnth. Vase}!, ..t. Or. U. S. 52 (IS85). Culms nitliur slender, '.»()-l','0 cm. lii,L!:li. Slioutlis shorter tluiii the iiiteniodes; bltidos very narrow, nearly Hat or involute, attenu- ate. Panicle pyramidal, jjurple. S])ikelet!:5 3.5-4.5 mm. lon^: emi)tyglumori ovate, mueronate, first 3-".*. 5 mm. lonir; lloral iilume a little shorter than the second: palea e(|ual to its glume or a little longer, hairs about 1 mm. long. I'ennsylvauia (Philadelphia), ./. B. Jh'inton, Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey. 2. C. Curtissii N'asey, Contrib. I'. S. ^at. Herb. 3:85 (1802). AmiiiDpltiht CV/;7/.s-.s'// Vasey, Bull. Torr. ("lub. 11:7 (1884). Culms single or in tul'ts. 1)0-180 em. high, base of cnlmselotlied with the rigid imbricated sheaths. Sheaths 3-4 in number, distant, shorter than the internodes; ligule obscure, a ciliate ring; blades very smooth, firm, 10-30 cm. long, the ai)ex setaceous. Taniclo 12-30 cm. long; rays close, single or in pairs, the lower 4-10 cm. long. 3-5 cm. distant, thiidy ilowered. Spikelets on sliort jiedicels 4-5 mm. long; empty glumes ovate, acute or ovate-lanceolate, first 3-4 mm. long, second 4.5-5 mm. long; fioral glume ovate-lanceo- late, 5 mm. long, thitdy clothed with sliort hairs 1-2 mm. long; palea about 4 mm. long, contaiiiiug a ft!W short hairs; basal hairs few, one- third as long as the fioret. Dr. Vasey says: "It ditVers froni .1. hrevipUis Ik'nth. in its greater size, its longer involute leaves, and its much longer and mirrower panicle, with branches subdivided and llowering nearly to the base; the latter has a ring of very short hairs at the base of the outer glumes besides those at the base of the flowers." Florida, A. 11. Cnrtiss. 3. C. longifolia (Hook.). Hack. True Crasses, 113 (180O). Ammnphihi loin/ifoh'a Vasey, Cat. (Jr. V. S. 71 (1885). (kdama- (/ro-sfis loiu/ifoJia Hook. Fl. lior. Am. 2:241 (i,40). Culms stout, GO-180 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the inter- nodes, smooth or more or less clothed with soft wool; blades vciv long and i -row, involute, ])oints attenuate. I'iinicle variahU'. 10-40 cm. long, at first rather narrow and close, but later spread- 356 POACE.E. iug, rays smooth, rather distant, bearing spikelots above the middle. Spikelets com])ressed, 5-(j mm. long; first glume c'uneate, 4-5 mm. long, second lance-linear; floral glume as long as the ' second glume, cuneate-lancoolate, hairs copious, straight, two- thirds as long as the l)alea. Sands about the (Jreat Lakes and in the interior i)art of British America to Colorado and Arizona. Of some use as a fodder-plant. 71. (138). Apeea Adans. Fam. 2: 495 (i:(>3). Anemayt'osti.^ Trin. Fund. Agrost. 138 (l8-»()). Annual; s])ikclets l-flowered, small, in an elegant loose ])anicle with numer- ous slender branches, the raehilla articu- late above the emi)ty glumes and pi-o- duced beyond the perfect flower as a sliort bristle. Empty glumes persistent, deli- cately membi-anous, keeled, i)ointed, but awidess, the second one lai-gei-, o-nerved ; Fro. m.-C,d<,monlfn longi- ^^^'""^ «'*^^"'^ '^ 'it^'e «hoi-ter, membranous •SSl^,T'"'"" "• '"^"^- "'^^'' '' ^'^"•'^•- ''«^»«^^ ^loi-^Hl awn below ,, . , ^''^ ^^-tootlied apex; palea thin, shorter than ,ts ghune, ^-keeled, ri-toothed. Stan.ens 3. Stvles distinct, snort, (.rain narrow, enclosed, but not adherent. Blades flat, narrow; panicle terminal, diffuse or contracted Species or perhaps varieties, two, fou.id in Europe, western Asia and northern Africa. The characters come very near those of Calamaqrusti., while tho elegant panicle and numerous glal,rous spikelets resemble i^mny species of Agrostis, where the species has often been placed. 1. A. Spica-venti (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 151 (1812) SriKv Agkostis. Agrosth Spica-vcnfi h. Sp. I>I. Gi (i:.5;{). ,], ^,,,,.. A({l{()STinE.E. 357 puren Guud. Agrost. Ilelv. 1:70 (1811). A. effma S. F. (fray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. ^: 148 (18^1). Culms Jonsoly tuftod, ;U)-(JO cm. high. Ligule 5-7 mm. long; blades on largo plants 15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle \\h\x its base included or barely exserted above the ui)i)er sheath, usually si)readiug, ;i0-30 cm. long, the scabrid rays in half-whorls of 5-9. Fig. 61. — Apera Spica-venti. Spikelct, (iestituto of stamens and pistil. (Ricliunlson.) Fig. 63. Lagnriis ova- tus. Spikclft. (Kichardsoii.) Spikclets narrow, first glumo 1.5-2.5 mm. long, second 2.3-3.:3 mm. long; fertile Horet linear-liniceolate, 2-3.5 mm. long, the awn 5-10 mm. long; palea bearing 2 minute tui'ts of hairs at the base. Introduced with cultivated gra.sscs and in ballast. Var. iXTERuri'TA (L.). A//rosfis inlerrupfa L. 8p. PI. Ed. 2, 1:91 (17(13). Apcra infornipfa lieauv. Agrost. 31 (1S13). This may be looked for. Plant slender, about 20 cm. high, panicle interrupted, narrow. 10-15 cm. long. 72. (145). LagurUS L. Sp. PL 1:81 (1753). Spikelets 1-ilowered, in a very soft dense ovoid or oblong spike- 368 POAf'E.E. like panicle or hoail, rachilla articulate above the lower glumes, sleiidor, ])ro(lucotl above the perfecit floret. Empty glumes 2, linnar, clothed with ttne hairs; iloral glume unvvosv, smooth,' delicately membranous, termimitiug iu 2 sleiuler awns, and bearing a long bent and twisted awn below the ai)ex; palea luirrow, liyaline, '.'-keeled. Stamens ;5. Styles short, tlistinct. Grain narrow', scarcely eiu-losed by the glume and palea. A soft annual grass with short Hat blades. Species 1. found in western and southwestern Europe and northern Africa. 1. L. ovATfs L. 1, c. IIauk's-tail Grass. Culms 15--35 cm. high, pubescent, branching below. Sheaths soft, inflated; ligule pubescent, 1-1.5 mm. long. Spikes whitish, 2-4: cm. long. Em])ty glumes threadlike, plumose, S-10 mm. long- floral glume 3.5 mm. long, bristles of the same length; the awn 2-4 times as long as its glume. Often cultivated for ornament. Teibe IX.— AVENEJE. Spik.'lets 2- to several-flowered (1-flowered in Ammpoqon), flowers pei-fect or one of them staminate, in open or spikelike" pan- icles. Empty glumes often persistent, usually longer than the florets; rachilla bearing tufts of hairs under the floral glumes and usually produced above the upper one; awn of the floral glume dor- sal, or near the apex between the lobes, more or less twisted and bent; palea 2-keeled. Style short or none; stigmas feathery. Gram furrowed with embi-yo small, enclosed iu the floral glume and palea, adluirent to the i)alea or free. This ti-ibe has been very generally recognized and very little modifled for a long time past. A. Spikelets 2-flowercd. rachilla not prolonged 74 B. Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, rachilla prolonged above the u])per flower ,s a. Spikelets deciduous as a whole, 2-flowered, lower one perfe(;t, awnless, ui)per one awned, usually staminate. 73 AVION E.E. 359 a. Florets deciiluoiis. oTiipty ^ij:1iiiiu's persistent. . . . (c) c. Awii of llonil gluino on the hiii'k. ...... (d) d. Spikelets 1 cm. or less loii;^- , . (e) e. Flowers all perfect or the upper oues staiiii- uute or neuter (j\ i. Floral glume obtuse or denticulate. . . (k) k. Awns taiier-pointed, not articulate. . I (J k. Awns cylindrical, articulate near the middle, apex clavate 75 i. Floral glume '^-toothed, lower floret awned 77 e. Florets 2, the lower one staminate and strongly awned. the upper one perfect and more or less awned 79 d. Spikelets more than 10 nun. long 78 C. Awn of floral glume between 2 teeth or lobes. . . (m) m. S[)ikelets 2-flowered, the uj)per one perfect or l)i,stillate, the lower staminate, spikelets in threes. , 8q m. Si)ikelets 3- to several-flowered, all perfect or the upper imperfect. 81 73. (157). HOLCUS L. Sp. PI. 1047 (1753). Spikelets deciduous as a whole, ^-flowered, numerous and crowded in an open panicle, the lower flower perfect, the upper staminate; rachilla articulate above the outer glumes. Empty glumes 2, nearly equal, conduplicate, acute, the second broader, 3- nerved, acute or extended into an awn; floral glume shorter, mem- branous, the lower awtdess, the upper with a sliort dorsal l)ent awn; palea2-kecled. Stamens 3. Stvles distinct, Grain oblouf. nu;luded but not adherent. Soft annual or perennial grasses, with blades flat or rarely con- duplicate. Sp.'cies S, found in Europe, Africa, ami one or more spread by the agency of man. The genus //olrxs was made by LinnuMis and continued by Robert lirown to include species now separated aiul placed in Sor- ^^'^ POAt'E.Ti:. Illn,m, IX snl)cronus i,i Androponimcv'. JIolcus is neurly allied to Ihsrhampsia, but the ui)i.i.r floret of ouch spikelet is nuilo with uu uwiu'd ./a,/ja Klirli. liuitr. 4: U(j (irso). J'ruineid] c 14!) (118!)). J//////r>/m I'iirl. Fl. I'ulenn. 1 : 9x; (1.S15). /aW,,m l''i'-l. Fl. Itul. l:->;5;' (1848). Moliutria 1. c. 23U (1S48). /',/■/- ballia Tvui. Fund. Ayrost. 133 (1848). Fu,,ia Scl.iir. Euuni I'l 'I'mnss. :o4 (18()(j). Spikelets 2-fl()werod, small, in a loose or nirdy contracted pani- cle with capillary rays; rachilla articulate, minutely hairy and not ut all or scarcely produced lieyond the perfect flowers. Empty ^dumes thinly scarious, nearly equal, acute; lloral-lume close above tliem, shorter, thin and hyaline, linely j.ointed „r shortly hilld, with a fine dorsal twLsted awn below the middle; palea ;3-nerved,' hyaline, about as Ion- as its glume. Styles short, distinct. Grain enclosed and more or less adnate to the glume and i)alea. Delicate slender grasses, usually aniiuals with narrow blades. A sn)all genus with 4-5 species, all of which are Kuropean, though some of them are now widely disseminated in otlior temper- Fio. QB.—Aira cari/op7ii/lUa. Spikelet. (Ricliardson.) ate regions. The genus formerly was made to include Deschamp- sia, Airopsis, Cornncphorus, and others. It is nearly allied to ivena, Imchnc, Miciriira, Cwlachne. H62 poACK.lv A. raniflu loo.st'ly sprcudiii^^s almost triclioloiiious. ... 1 \^. I'iiuicle narrow uiid delist', spikcliko 'i 1. A. CAHYoiMivi.LK.N L. Sp. I'l. (Ki (IT."):;). .1. nijiilhiris Salzni. Stcud. Noni. Ed. '.I, 1: 44 (1S4(I-41). 'riiciv arc at least 17 other syiioiiyiMS. A .^lelidi'f and eK'jfaiit tiil'ted aiiiiual. l()-"*() nn. Iii,i;li. Liiiidi- 2-4 mm. long; blades l-'.> em. loiiir, sdl't, narrow, soon in volute ami twisted. I'anieU' l(j<»se and sprt'adinjj:. I'ays in pairs or threes. .Si)ikelets orect, silvur-shinin^^; empty glumes about •^'.;i mm. lon<,% ovate, aeute, sub-searious, 1-nerved: lloral jj;liime shorter, 'I mm. long, dorsal awn projecting over I mm. above. (Jenerally distributeil over the aresi of the genus. Introduced and naturalized in various portions of the United States from Del- aware to California. 2. A. PH.KCOX L. Sp. PI. G5 (1T53). A. pii,sil/a Sehur, Enum. PL Transs. ;r)4 (IHCf.). A slender annual, 4-l"i cm. or rarely more in height. Ligulo ahout "l mm. long; hlades 5 in number, 0.5-'^ om. long, soft, narrow. .«» 'ii involute and twisted. Panicle contracted, 1-2 cm. long. Spikelets erect, seldom over 10-20 in numljer; empty glumes scarious, shining, ovate, acute, 2.5 nun. long, 1-nerved; iloral glume 2 mm. long. A west l']uro]iean and Mediterranean grass, introduced into Delaware, Peiinsylvaniii. and elsewhere. 75. (15:?). WeingaERTNERIA r.ernh. Syst. Verz. Erf. 2:?: 51 (1800). Name used earlier. Cortpicphdrus IJeauv. Agrost. 00, /. 18, f. J (1812). Spikelets 2-ilowered. in a loose ]ianicle, rachilla articulate helow the floral glumes and produced beyond them. Glumes thinly s(!arious, 2 empty ones suhecpnd, acute, awnless; floral glume shorter, hyaline, entire, with a tine awn dorsidly attached below the middle, articulate near the middle, where there is a tuft of short hairs, lower part firm and twisted, the upper part more slender with a clavate apex; palea shorter than its glume, narrow, 2- toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. (J rain included, more or less adherent to the glume and i)alea. AVEXK.K. 363 Delioiito iiiimuils with tlio habit of .lira, liiivinsi((, hut tlu' ji^cnus is readily distinguished by the peculiar club-shaped awn of the lloral glume. 1. \V. CANMSCENS Beruh. 1. c. Coryncphnrus canesccns lieauv. Agrost. 159 (ISia). Tufted glaucous or slight iy purplish. 20-150 cm. high, with tine still" convolute blades, the lower 5- 10 cm., those on the culm about 1 cm. long. I'anicle 4-0 cm. long. Spike- lots about :{ mm. long: cm[)ty glumes pointed, coiu'ealing the florets, awn scarcely protruding; lloral glmne l.a mm. long. In saiuly soil. Tntroduced into the Unite(l States with grass-seed. 70. (154). DeschaMPSIA Heauv. Agrost. 01 . /. S. /'. :5 (lcSl2). A iridimn Steud. Syn. PI. f J ram. 423 (1S54). There arc at least 10 other synonyms. S[)ikelets 2-flowered. in a loose or rarely contracted panicle with sleiuler rays, rachilla articulate, hairy, more or less produced between the floral glumes and beyond the upper one as a hairy bristle, or rarely bearing an empty glume, Km})ty glumes keeled, rather acute, the sides thinly scarious; lloral glume membranous or nearly hyaline, ibtuse or truncate, 2-to several-toothed, with aline dorsal awn attached near tlu^ middle, the lower lloret sessile, the ui))H'r raised on a stipe; palea narrow, prominently 2-nerved, often '.'-^oothed. Stamens 3. Stylos short, distinct. (Jrain enclosed, but u'uallv not adherent. Perennial grasses with the shinin,', first l-nervL'd, sucoiitl iJ-iicrvud, tlio luleral nervL'S oitscuru; llorets l*.') mm. loii<^, overlappiii;,' lor Tuur- lirilis of their length, very spariiiuly i^lotlied at thu base with short weak hairs, raehilla aiiioolli. rinliiiu-iit al)ove the see()ii(l llower twice us h)iig us tho joint of racliilla lietweeii tlie llorets, boai'lng a small gliimu or rarely u third tloret; lloral gliuiio Ijroudly oval, truncate, irregularly toothed, thinner than the empty glume, deli- cately 5-uerved; u straight awn a littlo bulow the middle, scarcely reaching to the t\[t of its glume; palea broad, not keeled, a litllo shorter than its glume, irregularly -l-tootlied ; the two obscure nerves diviTiiing. I'eriiaps this should bo included in /K (■(is/ii/osir Heaiiv. (Jrinnell Land, /.iriif. llreelij in 188:^; (Jolorado, I'un'i) IJUT; Alaska, llitrriiKjIoH, /hill. '^. D. Pringlei Scribn. Proc. Acud. Phila. :}00 (1S91). Culms erect, i)auiclc simple, GO-'JO cm. high. Sheaths scabrid, smooth, shorter thau the iutornodes, oblique ut the throat; ligule truu(;ato, friugcd, decurrent, about 'i mm. long; blades scabrous, involute, rigid, 10-15 cm. long, 2— i mm. wide. Panicle dense, sitikelike, somewhat interrupted below, 7-17 cm. long, the lowest rays branching, spikelike, uppressed, 2-5 cm. long. Spikelets linear- lanceolate; empty glumes equal, 4.3-5.3 mm. long, 1-nerved, keel scabrous, joint of rachilla between florets about 0.3 mm. long; floral glume linear, about 3-4 mm. long, with 2 blunt lobes, awn one-third the way i'rom the base and projecting above its glume 3-4 mm. ; ])alea thin, 2-keeled, 2-toothed, a little shorter than its glume. Anthers linear, 1.2 mm. long. This has much tho aspect of Trisefum. Mexico, PrlnfjJe 1429. 3. D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. Bidl. Sci. Acad. St. Petersb. \'.m (183()). Aim Jlexuosa L. Sp. PI. 05 (1753). There are nuniy other synonyms. A tufted perennial, 40-00 cm. high, culms nearly naked. Lig- ule short; blades very narrow, those at tho base 3-12 cm. long, those of the culm 2-5 cm. long. Panicle spreading, 8-12 cm. long. 366 POACEiE. rays capillary in twos, bearing the spikelets near tlie tips. Spike- lets with the awns usiuilly protruding one-third of their length; empty glumes thinner than the floral glume, ovate-lanceolate, first 3.5 mm. long, 1-nervod, second 4.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves short and sometimes obscure or wanting; florets 4 or more mm. long, overlapping for five-sixths of their length, sparingly siliubequal, linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long, first 1- nerved, second 3-nerved, rachilla hairy, florets overlapping for one-third their length, 1.4 mm. long, oval before opening, trun- cate, irregularly 4-5-toothed, awn near the middle 4.5 mm. long; palea as long as its glume, apex truncate, ciliate. California, Pringle in 1882. 868 POACE^. This has been confounded with I), calycina Presl, which see. 6. D. osespitosa (L.) Beiuiv. Agrost. Itl, /. JS, f. 3 (1812). Aira ccpspitosa \j. Sp. PI. 64 (1753). There is a very large num- ber of other synonyms. A tul'tcd perennial, 60-120 cm. liigh. Ligule sliort. or long and acute; blades rather stilf, the lower 30-50 cm. long, 3 mm. or less in width, often Hat, deeply grooved on the upper side, scabrid. Panicle i)yram- idal or oblong, 1-3 cm. long, rays slen- der, bearing spikelets above the middle. Spikelets 'I- (rarely 3-) ilowered, com- pressed, shining, brownish, lead-colored or i)ur})lisli, first emi)ty glume linear, acute or obtuse or linear-lanceolate, 1-3- nerved, 3-6 mm. long, second glume oval, acute, a little longer, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves obscure; Horets 2.7—1 mm. long, overlapi»ing about half their length, tlie base sparingly hairy, awn starting 1 mm. or less from the base, equalling the glume or longer or shorter; iloral glume usually thinner than the empty glumes, oval, truncate. -1-5-toothed or jagged, 5- (rarely 7-) nerved ; palea broad, as long as its glume or shorter, 2-toothed. Vermont, Pringle; Michigan, Beal 82, Clark ^b, 30; Minnesota, Bailey M 424; Montana, Anderson 59, Buff urn C 43, C 53, C 03, C 73 ; Colorado, CassUly; Alaska, Merriain iov '^oX. Herb. Ill, 133; California, Jowe^ 2579, Parish 1543. Very variable and widely distributed in the north and south temperate aiul arctic aiul mountain regions. Found in New Eng- land and across the continent to Alaska. The European form is often viviparous. See Vol. 1, p. 37. Var. alpina Vasey ined. FiQ. 65.— Deschampaia eas- pitosa. A, spikelet; a, tiorets. (Scribiier.) AVENK^. 369 Culms 20-30 cm. liigli; blades soft, often flat; empty glumes about 5 mm. long; lloral glume 4.5 mm. long. Aliisku, Elliott; Colorado. Letterman. Var. Bottnica (Wahl.) Vasey ined. Aira liottnica Wuld. Fl. Lapp. 1:36, /. 4 (1813). D. JJoftnica Triu. Fund. Agrost. 158 (1830). A i)lant with a long panicle and projecting awns. Empty glunu'S 3-nerved, 6 mm. long; lloral glume oval, truncate, irregularly toothed, often T-nerved. Alaska, Harrington in 1871-2; Oregon, Ilowetl, Cimch. A note in Dr. J. T. liothrock's Sketch of the Flora of Alaska, in Smithsoiiian rej)ort 458 (18G7), speaks of specimens which he had (!()lleeted in that territory, as follows: "In looking over the specimens of A. ca>xpitosa in Herb. Gray I find one from the Sandwich Islands and another from Ft. Viin- couver, both of which appear identical with our forms from Sitka. They having been authoritatively named l)y Colonel Muuro as Aira ca^spitosa var Bottnica, I have labelled the Sitkan specimens in accordance with his determination. I find a specimen in Herb. Gray similar to the Sitkan ones marked (but from Onnalaska) as A. ccmpitosa var. lonr/i flora." Var. brevifolia (Hieb.) Vasey ined. Aira brevifolia Hieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. 3: 03 (1819). Blades soft, rather firm,6-10 mm. long. Var. Confinis. Vasey ined. Ligule 8-10 mm. long; spikelets about 5 mm. long. California, Palmer 231. Var. longiflora. Panicle ample; spikelets 3-flowered, awns projecting; empty glumes nearly equal, 3-nerved ; floral glume 5-nerved. Vancouver Island, John Macoun 1887. Var. montana (Schur.) Vasey. D, montana Schur, Enum. PI. Transs. T53 (18GG). Leaf blades thick and coarse, involute, and awns projecting. Arizona. Rothrock 23. Kocky Mountains. Var. maritima Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 48 (1888). 370 POACE.E. Smooth, 12-20 cm. higli; panicle slender, few- flowered ; spike- let about 5 mm. lon<^. James Hay, Mat on n 144; C'olonuio. Jones 475. 7. D. holciformis I'resI, Ueliq. Ihvnk. 1:251 (1830). Aim hohifnrm is Stcwd. Syn. IM. (Jram. 221 (1855). A smooth perennial <^rass, 60-70 cm. hiikelets 4.5-5.5 mm. long, florets overlap])ing for one-third their length, awns protruding about 1 mm., rachilla villous, rudiment about two-thirds as long as the floret: emi)ty glumes sube(]ual, his- pid «»n the nerves, al)out 5 mm. long, first linear, acute, 1-nerved, second acute, narrowly obovate, 3-nerved; floral glume oblong, .'t-iierved, 4 mm. long, 4-t()()tlu'd. faintly hispid toward the apex, awn nearly straight, starting at the middle of its glume; palea oblong, as long as its glume, 4-toothed. California, Hnlatuln- 0071. 8. D. calycina I'resl, Heli(i. Ilivnk. 1:251 (18^0). D. dantho- nioliloH Munro, Henth. 1*1. llartw. 342 (1857). Aim clanthoiniodes Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1:51 (1830). Annual; glabrous, culms slender, 10-100 cm. high. Ligule 2-3 mm. long, acute; blades 1-5-10 cm. long, very nari'ow, often exceeding the internodes. Panicle simple, spreading or narrow, erect, rays 2-4, in half-whorls, naked below. Empty glumes oblong- acute to linear-lanc^eolate. 3-nerved, first r).5-7.5 mm. long, second but little shorter, extending beyond the florets. The lower floret reaching one-third onto the second; floral glume ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, minutely 4-toothed. 5-nerved, awn mostly extending beyond the empty glumes; palea nearly as long as its glume, curved on the back. Grain flattened, not grooved, straight next the floral glume, curved next to the palea. Arizona, Lemmon; Washington, Brandegee 1175; Oregon, E. Hall 664. This has been confounded with D. danthonioides V'asey, which see. AVENE.E. 371 Texas, Colorado, California to Alaska. 9. D. gracilis Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10:324 (1885). Culms smooth, slender, 3U-T0 cm. high. Ligulu 4-5 mm. long, a(!uminat(S blades smooth, filiform, G-10 cm. long. Pani- cle 15-'^'0 cm. h>ng, lax and o])en, rays mostly in twos, the lower ones G-lO cm. long, slender, llower-bearing to or below the middle. Em[)ty glumes e•.' cm. diam., (li'iisc and spikdikc or inlcrruplud, silvcry-rthiiiiiig, ot'lcii i»iir|ilc. Spikclcts llattctiod, 2-3-llowcn'd, ruchillu producod bcvoiid iuto u slender briritlc or terminal glume; empty glum.'s 4-(i mm. long, linear-lauceolate or oval-lanceolate, lirst l-IJ-nervcd, second 3- nervc'il; lloral glume ob.scurely 3-5-norved, 3-(5 mm. long to the tips of the teetb, awn very short or usually extending more than imlf its length above its glume; palea '-i-toothed. Anthers short. Vliih, ,/oiirs Woi'r, Montana, Tivi'vihi Gill; Wyoming, /iiijfiDii V 30; Washington, Samlbvnj, J/oirrfl 4*^;}; Oregon, Ilotcel/; Cali- fornia, J'n'iii/ii'. Var. moUe (.Midix.). A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2: sr-i (ISr.O). Airnn m>ni,s Michx. I'M. Hor. Am. 1:73 (1803). T. molh' Kiinth, Ifev. Gram. 1: 101 (lS^>!»-35). Culms and leaves minutely soft downy. Xen Hampshire, Fa.ron 17; Vermont. PriHfilv: Micliigan, For- well; Utali, -/o//<'.s' for Srrihnei' 354.'); l'. S. Geol. Surv. of 40th Par., S. Wiitsiiti i:)43; Oregon, llmrrlL 'I'his polymorphous species is widely distributcMJ in tlic mouJi- tainous regions of Europe, Australia, Ni'W England. Lake Superior, Ikocky Mountains, California to Alaska, Canada ami Hritisli America. The (juality for feeding is probaly not very good, but in some portions of the country it funushes a good deal of pasture. 8. T. Toluccense U, H. K. Kunth, Gram. 1:101,297. /.On (1835). Avena Toluccense II. H. K. Nov. Gen. et. So. 1:14K (1815). A perennial 25-35 cm. Idgh. with rootstocks and numerous sterile shoots; culms clothed with sliort i)ubescen(!e. Leaves slightly scabrous, sheaths loose, covering the nodes; ligule lacerate, 2-3 mm. long; blades Hat, 3-S cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle 4-(i cm. long, 8-12 mm. diam., dense and spikelike or interrupted below, 378 POAlK.K. bliiuing, greoii and purple. Siiikolots slightly tlatti'neil. ti-llowt-ivtl. nu'liillii slii,'litly liuirv. proilucetl bovoiul into ii bristlo. soini'iiuu's bearini; ii rudinn-nt »)f ;i third spikolot; oinpty ^dniui's oval. acwU'. lirst t-r» nun. lonj::. 1-nervod. S'. .iind 5-.'».rt nun. lonjr, It-niTvotl ; lloral ^'hnno (»\al, acute. 4.0-.")..') mm. lonj:, includin;; tlit* ."iliort toetli. obscnroly 5-nervi>d. the upper third hrown-.soariou.s. tlio hrnl awn oxli-ntlinj; 11-5 nun. ln'yoi\d its glunic; palea nearly ;U5 ion*: as its <;lumi'; anthers l.',\ mm. lonj;. Nearly allieil to 7'. fi/iinifinii. Mexico. rriiKjlc A'W,). on the mountains. !i. T. sesquiflorum Triu. liull. Se. Acad. St. I'etersb. I: GO (iH;Jti). IVrennial; culms 15-'.'') cm. high, and glabrous throu_<:hout. Leat'-bhules of sterile shoots often reaching to the toj)of tlu» painclc, those of the culm shorter, the upper one 1 cm. long. Panicle dense, linear-ohlong, ;> -t cm. long. Spikelets narrow, purple; some of them consisting of four empty glumes, first and second 1-nerveil, third bifid, awned, ;5-nervi'il. fourth '^-nerved; the other spikylets l-','-tlowercd, empty glumes lanceolate, c«)ui|)ressed-keeled, verv nearly ecpnil, (1-7 nun. long, first 1 -nerved, secoiul o-nerved, raeliillsi consistijig of a few short hairs; lloral ghuue thin. ."> mm. long, 'i mm. witle, obscurely 5-nerved, the tips lacerate, awn starting but little below the middle, and reuching 4 mm. above its glume; palea obtuse, lacerate, a little shorter tlum its glume, 1.5 mm. wide. Anthers linear, ',\ mm. long, which is three times tlie length of those in T. siihspicalKiii. collected in the same locality. The plants have mui'li the aspect of tiiose last named. Alaska, lliirrinulon with the U. S. Coast Survey. Alaska and Kamtchatka. 10, T. Sandbergii n. sj). Panicle pur|>le, lax, llexuose or nodding. 15-:20 cm, long, rays in distant half-whorls of 15-4, the longest 4-(! cm. long, bearing a few spikelets on the outer third, Sjukelets '^-flowered, the hairy pi'dicel nearly 15 mm. long; first glume laiux>olate, 3-4 mm. long. 1-nerved, second oval when spread, about 5 mm. long, 3-nerved; lirst lloral glume ellijitioal, acute when spread, with a few very short AVKNK.K. 879 liaira at the basi*. 6 mm. loiij;, tlio iiwn (J-S imn. loiijr. 8trtrtiiieu. rays in clusters of thn-i" to live. 1-4 cm. louir, llower-bearing nearly to the base. SpikcU'ts 'i-llowere*! besides a hairy pedicel !.."» mm. Ions;, lirst Illume lam-eolate. 4 mm. loni;, 1-norved; second ovate-lanceolate, (>vt'r ."» mm. I«>nir. ■.>-uerved: lloral ,i,dume liiu>ar-lani'eolatc. bearii\{:f short hairs at the base, over 5 mm. loui;:. obscurely a-nervcd, tcr- iuinatin>; in two sleutler seta', the awn diverjjinjx when dry, 3-5 mm. lonir. startini; two-thirds of the distance from the base; palea linear, 4.') mm. loui;. •^-tt)othc»l. This has been mistaken for an opcn-[)anicled form of T. xuh- spi I'll him. Colorado. I'liseif for V. S. Dept. Agricul. Coloratlo to \ew Mexico. I-,'. T. cernuum Trin. Mem. Acad. St. IVtcrsb. (VI) 1 : 61 (1831). Art'iiii irnma Kunth, Knum. PI. 1:306 (1S33). Culms slcn«ler, 30-!U) cm. high, blades Hat, I't-'^O cm. loni?. Sheaths snu)oth or pubescent; blades tlat. Ift-'^Dcm. lon-3- (rarely 4-) llow- ered. <5 mm. lonjj or l«»n,irer, rachilla bristly hairy; empty j,dunu's much shorter than the llorets, lirst laiu'eolato-subulalc, l-iu'rved, about ;> mm. lonir. second oval, abruptly pointed, over 4 mm. long: lloral glume lirni. scabrous, with a few liairs at thvi base, oval- lanceolate, obscurely o-nerved, bearing a bent awn once or twice ita length; palea short with two hispid keels. Grain 3 mm. long witii a spongy hairy ajH?x. Washington, Luke, SnLtdorf for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 425, Sanilficnf. 380 POACE.E. Vur. canescens (Buckl.) T. canescens Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 100 (1862). Gray in same 3:57, Sl'.eatlis soft, pubescent, first empty glume lanceolate, 5 mm. long, about one-fourth shorter than the second. Oregon, Suksdorf 15-i for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 475. Alaska to California. 13. T. Virletii Fourn. Ilemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:550 (1880). Culms hard, robust, often 2-3 m. high. Leaves scabrous, upper ligule lacerate-pilose, 5-7 mm. long, blades involute, long- pointed, the upper often extending to the top of the panicle. Panicle oblong, lax or closer, 30-40 cm. long, rays in fives to sevens, glabrous. Spikelets 3-4-flo\vered. 7-8 mm. long, oblong, the hairs half as long as the florets, first empty glume 4 mm. long, second 5 mm. long; floral glume oblong when spread, about 5 mm. long, crosely subacute, not toothed [4-toothed. Fourn.], the awn of all florets attached three-fourths the distance fiom base to ai)cx, re- curved, 3-4 mm. long; i)alea linear, nearly as long as its glume, with two sharp teeth or entire. Mexico (Michoacan), PrimjU 3979, "Virl. 1384, MiiU. 651, Bourg. 1149, Sch a ff n. '' Yowrw. Cool slopes of mountains near Potzcuaro. 14. T. PRATEXSE Pers. Syn. 1:07(1805). A. flavescens L. Sp. PI. 80 (1753). YeJ LOW OAT-(iUASS. An erect smooth glabrous perennial, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths hairy; ligule truncate, ciliate; blades flat, narrow. Panicle open, oblong, 8-12 cm. long, with slender rays in half-whorls. Spike- lets comjn-essed, shining, often yellowish, 3-5-flowere(l, 5-7 mm. long; first empty glume 1-nerved, 4 mm. long, second 3-nerved, 4-7 mm. long; floral glume keeled, 2-cleft, 5-nerved, 4-G mm. long, awn twisted, divergent, 4-7 mm. long, starting two-thirds the way from the base; palea a little shorter than its glume. Found in Europe, northern Africa, some parts of Asia, and sparingly introduced into North America. In Great Britain it is cultivated in meadows and lawns. See Vol. 1, p. 191, Fig. 85, under Avenn flnrescens. Vermont, Hotiford 23, Prinyle; Michigan, Beul 83. AVENE.E. 381 15. T. paniculatum Foiiru. Ilemsl. Biol. Ceutr. Am. Hot. 3 : 556 (1880). Culms erect, 00-120 cm. high. Hlades of sterile shoots sca- brous, involute, 10-20 cm. loug, 3 mm. wide. Leaves of the culm scabrous, sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 1-2 mm. loug; blades flat or involute, 20-30 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle linear or oblong, rather thin, 10-25 cm. long, rays in fives, the longest 5-10 cm. long, flower-bearing on the outer iialf. Spikelets 2-tlowered, 5-6 mm. long, hairs on rachilla and florets 1 mm. or less in length, first empty glume 3.5-4.5 mm. long, second a little longer; floral glume oblong when si)rea'l, 4.3 mm. long, 4-toothed, the awns attached near the middle, 4-5 mm. long; palea as long as its glume. Mexico, Pringle 4919, distributed as T. paniculatum Fourn. ? Cool i)ine woods, at an altitude of 9500 feet. 78. (100). AVENA L. Sp. PI. 79 (1753). EUctotrichon Hess. Andrz. Kys. Hotan. 1:9 (1823). IleUcofrirliium liess. Heichb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 140« n. 352 (1832). Ihuffdia Schur. Enum. PI. Transs. 700 (1800). Spikelcts few-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, in a loose panicle; rachilla articulate above the 2 outer glumes, hairy under the floral glumes. Empty glumes scarious, at least at the apex, nearly equal, lanceoIatL'; floral glumes smaller, rounded on the back, 5-11- nerved, 2-cleft at the top, bearing a long dorsal twisted awn, the terminal glume often small and empty; palea narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Grain pubescent or hairy, rarely smooth, frequently adhering to the palea, ileoply grooved. There are 40 species of annuals or perennials, widely spread over the temperate and cooler regions of the world. The genus has been divided into two sections which are quite clearly marked. By cultivation, probably, the dorsal awn of the common oat has been lost or much reduced. A. Avenastrum. Perennial; spikelets erect or spreading. Panicle small, narrow, spikelets with more than two per- fect flowers; empty glumes 3-r)-nerved (a) a. Exotic; awn as long as its glume starting one-third 3b2 POACE.E. the way down tlie back ; may be looked for here. See Trinefnm jUivesreiis. a. Native; awn as long as its glume, starting near the Inise of the tt'otli 1 a. Native; awn starting near the middle and projecting above its ghime 3 B. Critlie. Annual; si)ikol('ts heavy, hanging, each con- taining no more than two fertile llowers, and often only one, and the empty glumes T-9-nerved. b. Not cultivated for grain or forage (c) c. Floral glume having two or more bristles. . . . 3, 4 c. Floral glume not bristly-pointed 5 b. Cultivatctl for grain (d) d. Floral glume firm, enclosing the grain (e) e. Panicle spreading in all directions. . . . G, 7, 8 e. I'anicle 1-sided 9 d. Floral glume thin, not enclosing the grain; empty glumes much shorter than the spikelet 10 1. A. striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:73 (1803). Tn'tietum jmr- purascens Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 137 (1834). A smooth glabrous slender tufted perennial. 30-100 cm. liigh. Ligule short; blades narrow, not numerous. Panicle simple, loose, 10-30 cm. long. Spikelets 1-1.5 cm. long, 3-G-flowered; empty glumes purple, lateral nerves obscure, first 3-nerved, 3-4 mm. long, second 5-nerved, about 7 mm. long; rachilla smooth, except the beards at the base of the florets; floral glume oval-lanceolate when spread, 7-nerved, G-10 mm. long; awn slightly twisted and bent, springing from near the base of the teeth, as long as its glume; palea rather firm, 5-G mm. long, 3-toothed, keels short-ciliate. New Hampshire (White Mountains), D. C. Eaton, Faxon 15, Oakes ; Vermont, Pringle ; Canada, Fowler, J. Macoun 3341; Alichigan, Faricell, Wood, liobhins. Beat, Clark 3G2G; Minnesota, Sandherg; Rocky Mountains, Hall &, Harhoiir G23; Yellowstone Park, Tweedy; Montana, Williams, Canby & Scribner 371; Oregon, Howell. New England, New York, Michigan and northwestward. AVKNEiK, 383 2. A. Hookeri Scribn. Hack. True CJrasses 123 (1890). A. ver- sirnliir Hook. Fl. IJor. Am. 2 : (1840), not \'ill. A. pralensis L. var. AiiK't-irana^cYihw. Coult. liot. Gaz. 11:177 (188(1). An erect smooth perennial, 30-40 en. high. Ligule ovate, acute; blades narrow, 5-20 em. long. Panicle simple, 8 em. long, 2 cm. broad. Spikelets erect, shining, 4-5-tlo\vered; empty glumes lanceolate, subequal, 3-nerved, scarious above, about as long as the spikelet; floral glume lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, 12 cm. long, lower part scabrid, the up])er scarious, 5-nerved, awn near the mid- dle, reaching 1 cm. above its glume; upper florets gradually shorter; palea oblanccolate, two-thirds as long as its glume, keels ciliate. Mo)\tana, Scribner, Williaiiis 581; Yellowstone Park, Tiret>(hj; Saskatchewan, Bourfjeaii; N. Trans. Cont. 8urv., Canby tk, Scrib- ner 3T2. Montana and British America. 3. A. lURHATA Brot. Flor. Lusit. 1: 108 (1804). A. hirsnta Roth. Cat. 3: 19 (180G). A. athemnthera Presl. Cyp. et Gram. Sic. 30 (182G). yl.>//^r^ Viv. Fl. Lib. Spec. 0(1824). A. seyotaJ'iH liianca, Nym. Consp. 810 (18T8). A. sesquiteria llort. Steud. Noni. Ed. 1:95 (1821). An erect glabrous annual, 60-100 cm. high. Leaf-blades sca- brous, flat. 4-25 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide. Panicle loose, 20-30 cm. long, with unequal filiform pedicels, Spikelets 2-flowered, narrow, droo[)ing; empty glumes oval-lanceolate, subequal, about 2.5 cm. long, 9-nerved; floral glume membranous, lanceolate, 2.3 cm. long (including 2 slender teeth), 5 mm. wide, 7-nerved, hairy below, some of them 5 mm. long, awn starting near the middle, 2-4 cm. long, with several firm twists, abruptly bent near the middle; palea oblanccolate, 13 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the nerves clothed with very short diverging hairs. Much like A. fafua, from which it differs in having a floral glume thinner, narrower, a little shorter, 7-nerved, with two shorter teeth, hairs on the back longer and more numerous. Lower California, Pahner 668. Introduced into Southern California. 4. A. STERiLis L. Sp. Ed. 2: 118 (1762). Animated Oats. A. 384 POACK/E. nffinis Ikrnh. Steud. Norn. Ed. 2, I : ITl, ITS (1840-1). A. hi(/()n'ri(ina Dur. Hull. Soc Linn. liord. 20:41 (1855). .1. marro- rar/ia Moench, Metli. 19G (i:!)4). A./afnn Schreb. lieiclw. (Jnios. lOf), /. 15 (ITC)'*). A. nutnus St. Lag. Hecli. Hist. Cl". liiill. Soe. Hot. Fr. 31: Hibl. 201 (1884). A. Hijriuca Hoiss. & Hal. Hoiss. Fl. Ork-nt. 5:542 (18G7). A slender annual, 60-120 cm. liigli, bearing a luirrow panicle of a few nodding spikelots. Si)ikelets 2- or niore-Howered, 2.5-3 em. long; empty glumes 9- anti 11-nerved respectively; floral glume of the lower floret 2.5 em. long, extending into 2-3 slender teetli, glume clothed on the lower half with numerous long bristles, awn 6 cm. long, stout, lower half brown aiul twisted. There arc varie- ties differing from the above description in several respects. A native of Harbary, sometimes cultivated as a curiosity. When moistened, the lo!ig awns slowly turn around till straight; in this way the spikelets move about. Said also to be used as an artificial fly as a bait for fish. 5. A. STUKJOSA Schreb Siiio. 52. A. nf/raria Hrot. Fl. Lusit. 1:105 (1804). A. (((jmria-mufica 1. c. lOfi (1804). A. (tf/raria- sesquiallem 1. c. A. alta Cav. R. & S. Syst. 2:G9l (1817). A. ardiiensis Lej. Steud. Xom. Ed. 2, i: 171 (1840-i). A . /lisjxniini llort. R. & S. Syst. 2:G91 (1817). A. iicrrosn Lam. 111. n. 1115 (1791). Spikelets 2-flowered; empty glumes 7-9-nerved; floral glume and pedicels glabrous. Snuiller and niore slender tlian A. fafna; leaves sometimes liairy; panicle unilateral, rays fewer; iloral glume more deeply bifid, segment awned. Found in similar places with A. fa fun. Descrijition mainly taken from Hooker's Flora of the Rritish Islands. Hy Hooker and some others it is considered a mere variety of A. faina. Not yet known in North America, but may be looked for. Here mentioned because some consider it the parent form of our cultivated oats. 6. A. FATUA L. Sp. 80 (1753). Wild Oats. A. amhigua Schoenb. Nym. Consp. 810 (1878). A. hyhrkla Peterm. Reichb. Fl. Saxon. 17 (1846-49). A. intermedia Lindgren, Hot. Notiser. AVKNK.E. 385 161 (1S41). J. Jainif/iiinm (lilib. Exorcit. '3: H.^O (1700). A. sferilis Dulilc. lioiss. Fl. Orient. 5:543 (1807). An erect glabrous annuiil, 00-100 cm. lii^'li. Leuf-bliwlos flat, long and broad, s(!al)rou8. Panicle 20-35 cm. long, loose, with fili- form unequal |)e(licels. Spikelels 2-3-tlowered, drooping: empty glumes ovate-laiuieolate, about 2.5 cm. long, with 9 prominent nerves; floral glume 0-nerved, firm, rough, brown, thinly bairy, tlic longest glume less than 2 cm. long, 7 mm. wide, awn from near the middle 3—4 cm. long, with several firm twists, abruptly bent near the middle; palea 14 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, the nerves clothed with very short diverging hairs. Grain hairy, much like that of A. barhata, which see. We have this species from Minnesota, Oregon, California, where it has been introduced. It is probably native to the eastern Afedi- terranean region and is a weed in cultivated fields of Euroi)e, Australia, South America. In ('alifornia it is often cut while young for making hay. The late Professor J. Huckman of Eng- land continued experiments from 1851 to 1800 and succeeded in inducing this species to so change, that he obtained what were called good samples of two sorts of oats, the Potato and the Tar- tarian. V\im\ this we conclude that our cultivated races of oats have descended from A. fafna. 7. A. SATiVA L. Sp. PI. 79 (1753). CoMMo>f Oats. A. aiif/Iira Ilort. R. & S. Syst. 2:009 (1817). A. dispeniiis M\]]. (Junl. Diet. Ed. 8, n. 1 (1708). A.fiism Ard. Saggi Ace. Padov. 3:/. 4 (1:89). .1. llcorfiiaiia W. & S. Syst. 3 : 009 (1817). A. f/enrffira Zuccag. l?oem. Collect. 120. A. trixperma Auct. T?. & S. Syst. 2: 009 (1817). A. cinerea Auct. R. & S. Syst. 2:009 (1817). A. Jhtra Hort. IJ. it S. Syst. 2:009 (1817). A. rubra Zuccagni, Rocm. Collect. 120. A stout annual, 00-120 cm. high. Panicle 20-30 cm. long, erect, spreading equally in all directions. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, nodding, empty glumes 9-11-nerved, 2-2.5 cm. long; floral glumo 7-nerved, about 2 cm. long, nearly destitute of hairs, light or dark colored, awn short or none. 386 POACE/Til. Tliia form is found only in eultiviition in tlie teniiMTiite regions of tlio world. See A. /(ifiui for a reference to experiments showing tluit (!0inmon oats have been or may be derived from that sjieoies. \\y cultivation and selection tlie grain has become larger, the awns removed or much reduced, the hairs have left the llorets, which are often light in color. 8. A. miKvis Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1:40 (17S8). A smaller species or race, with short spikelets, alumt 13 mm. long, cultivated in mountainous districts of Eurojic, where the seasons are cool and short. 9. A. OKiENTALis Schreb. Spicil. 52. Tahtarian Oats. A. tarlarica Ard. Snggi Ace Padov, 2: t. 1, 101 (1789). A. vnUate- rnlis Hrouss. ex \\. &. S. Syst. 2:(;G9 (IH17). This name is often applied to cultivated oats in which the pani- cle is narrow and the s{)ikelet8 turned to one side. 10. A. NUDA L. Amoen. Acad. 3:40 (1759). A. Cliincnsis Fisch. R. & S. Syst. 2:669 (1817). Bohemian Oats. Naked Oats. Pilcok\. A smooth annual about GO cm. high. Panicle 20-40 cm. long, erect, spreading mainly in one direction. Spikelets 2-5-flowered, the 2 lower florets sei)arated 5-6 mm. by a long smooth internode of the rachilla; empty glumes about 2 cm. long, 9- and 11 -nerved respectively, much shorter than the spikelet; floral glume mem- branous (not firm), 13-nerved, over 2 cm. long, often leaving the ripened grain, awnless or with a short awn; palea 1.3 nmi. long, 2- toothed, finely ciliate on the nerves. Grain liairy, easily escaping from the ripe floral glume and })alea. This is cultivated in China, and was at one time occasionally raised in gardens as a curiosity. Numerous cases of swindling were ]n-acticed by selling these oats to farmers of the northern United States about 1885-8. 79. (163). Abbhenatheettm Reauv. Agrost. 55, t. 11, f. 5 (1812). Spikelets 2-flowered, in loose panicles, the lower floret stami- nate, the upper perfect or pistillate, rachilla hairy, articulate below the lower flower and produced into a short point or bristle above AVENE.E. 387 the upper one. Empty glumes unequal, persistent, acute, keeled, thinly scarious on the margins; tloral glume lliinly scarious, 5-7- nerved, ayiQx slightly dentate, the lower enclosing u staminate flower, with a dorsal twisted awn attached near the base, the u])per unawned or with u minute awn near the apex of the glume, or with a dorsal, twisted awn; palea hyaline, prominently ;2-iierved. Stamens 3. Stigmas sessile. (}rain ovoid, enclosed in the glume and j)alea, but not adhering. Seed not furrowed. Tall perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades. Panicle erect, often 1-sided. Species 3, found in Europe, northern Africa, and the cooler parts of Asia. This genus is often included in Avena, but difTers from it in having the lower flower staminate and the upper fertile. 1. A. ELATiOR (L.) lieauv. ; M. & K. Doutsch. Fl. 1:540 (1833). Tall Oat-orass. Avena elalior L. Sp. PI. ?9 (1753). Avena tuherosa Gilib. Exercit. 2:538 (1700). Arena xecnnda Salisb. Prod. 22 (1790). Avena hulbosa Willd, Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Neue Schr. 2:110 (1799). ArrJienatherum avcnaccuni Heauv. Agrost. 152 (1812), name only. An-henalhcruni prerafo- rium Beauv. Agrost. 50 (1812). Arrhenatlicrum hulbosvm Presl, Cyp. et. Gram. Sic. 29 (1S2G). ArrhenatJierum pal(¥sfinvm Boiss. Diagn. (I.) 13 : 51 (1842-59). Arrhenathernm hiarititatum Peterm. Fl. Lips. Excurs. 106 (1840). Arrhcnatherum a.sperian Opiz, in Lotos, 3 : 65 (1853). Arrhenathenim cechicnm Opiz, in Lotos, 3: 06 (1853). Arrhenathernm exserens 1. c. 65 (1853). Arrhen- athenim zavadilianum Opiz. Lotos, 3: 60 (1853). An erect tufted grass, 60-120 cm. or more high. Leaf-blades few and flaccid. Panicle narrow and loose, 15-20 cm. long, 3 cm. broad. Spikelets 8-10 mm. long, second glume nearly as long as the floral ones, the outer one shorter; lower floral glume 5-7- nerved, awn about twice as long as its glume, floral glume of the upper floret usually 7-nerved. Grain pubescent. For a full account of its economic value consult Vol, 1, p. 121, Fig. 04. In the forms introduced into this country the bulb (or corm 388 POACE.E. more properly) is muoli roducod. llerbiirium spociiiiens from Eu- rope, when dry, sliow ;{ corriH, in ull '-i.5-3 cm. lon^f, 1-1.5 cm. wick'. HO. (104). Tristachya Neea. A^'rost. Brus. 458. (1829). Mum- j)(>;/o/i Presl. Ucl. llu'iik. 1 : :J24 (KS;30). Spikeli'ts '.'-llowered, collected in threes, sessile or raised on short subeciuid pcclicels at the enils of the branches of the panicles; ra(.'hilla iiairy, not extending above the upper flower, the lower ouo mall', the upi)er perfect or female. Km|»tv <;himes !i, slightly un- e'}\ m eana. A. spikdet; a, ' 1- 1 = ^08 (183.i). Moiiopof/on iu'enareiis floret, (llichuidsou.) pj.Q^\^ ll^^l Ha3nk. 1 : 3-,»5, /. 44 (1830). An erect glabrous perennial, 30-40 cm. high. Leaf-blades flat, 5 mm. wide, the upper blade 8 cm. long. Panicle simple, narrow, 20 cm. long. Emi)ty glumes with three prominent nerves, tips scarious, first 2.5 cm. long, second 3 cm. long, 3 mm. wide; AVKNK/K 389 floriil ^'Inriio of lower llorct iibout '.] cm. long, '.\ cm. wide, sinootli, with ;5 jn'omint'iit and 2 ol)8curo iicrvos; jmloii less tliiui l.T) cm. loiifj; llonil glume of upper llorct about 1 cm. long, with an awn 8 cm. long, the lower half of which is twisted; puleu shorter tlmu its glumo, lirm, !i-ncrved. A careful compari.son of the original descrijjtion of both species, and the cuts in I'resl, shows this to be correctly identified us above. Mexico, Pahtier 204. SI. (KiT). Danthonia DC. Fl. Fr. 3:32 (ISOn) in part. Peiitdiiivris Hcauv. Agrost. 02 (1S12). Meralhirjila Halln. Ser. Bull. Mot. 1:221 (1830). ('Iiu'lohromns Necs. Lindl., Introd. Nat. Syst. cd. 2, 440 (lS3t)). Shrhhirliwle lIo(!hst. PI. Schim|). Abyss, n. 412 (183-) ?). Triraphis Necs, PI. Afr. Austr. 2?0 (1841). Mniiavliather Steuil. Syn. (iram. 247 (IS,').'')). PUntlian- thexis Steud. 1. c. 14 (^1855). Criuipes lloclist. Flora, 38:279 (18;-.5). Spikelets soveral-lloworcd, pedicellate or rarely almost sessile, in a jjaniclc I'ither loose or reduced to a single raceme, racliilla articulate above the outer glume, hairy, extending above the flow- ers. Kmpty glumes 2, narrow, keeled, acute, umiwned, jjcrsistent, ;}-7-nerved, rarely 1-nerved, usually as long as the spikelet; lloral glume convex on the bai'k. 7-!)-nerved, with two lirm or scarious terminal lobes more or less 1- or 3-nerved, at least at the base, and a twisted and bent awn between them; palea broad, as long as the entire part of the glume or usually longer, obtuse or 2-pointed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Graiu varying in shape, enclosed, glabrous, but not adherent. Perennials or rarely annuals, varying in liabit. Species about 100, widely dispersed in temperate regions of both hemispheres, with a few tropical species, especially abundant in south Africa. This large genus is polymorphous, but all species are character- ized by the s])ikelets containing three or more perfect flowers; the terminal awn of the floral glume more or less twisted, usually flat- tened at the base, often 1-2 teeth each side of the awn. No good 300 POACK.E. natural Bcctions have yt-t lucn i»i(H)()so«l. Anutug tho ByiioiiytiiM ubov(t aru Huvurul wlii(;li hoiiiu oiio or iiioro itcrsotiH have luujioscd U8 j,'('H(!ri, G 1. D. sericea Nutt. den. 1:71 (181H), (/'ulnis not tufted. HO-lOO cm. Ion;,'. Sheaths silky hairy; blades narrow, often lU) cm. Ion;;, i'aniclc narrow, 4-13 cm. lon^j. Spikelets 7-tlowered, ompty glumes nearly cfjual, 17 mm. long. ft-H-nerved. much exceeding the florets; lloral glume mm. long to the base of the teeth, which are over half as long, conspii-tiously hairy, especially near the margins; awns about 14 mm. long, flat and brown at the base, twisted two to three times; paloa shorter, 4-') mm. long. Massachusetts, J. W. liohbitis; New Jersey, Parh-or for Scrib- iier ;ir»4',* ; South Carolina, danhji; l). Ciiliiirt lO-'^O ctn. Iiigli, '.M»; lloirrll, Liniiiion 4(57, J'ari.sh 1785, N. Trans. Coiil. Siirv. Cnii/n/ d' Snuhiwr lUT. :{. D. Mexicana Scrihii. Proc IMiihi. Acad. 301 (IS!»1). Culms (](>-!»() cm. high, crc(!t, firm, Hcahorulous. liigule acute, 3 mm. long; hladcs of stcrih; shoots numerous, lirm, urcct, .scsahcr- iilous, convolute, tJO-IJO cm. long, tho.se of the culm 13, the upper lO-l'i cm. long. I*ani(!le spikclike, .«trict. l.'j-'^'^ cm. long, the lowest rays rather nimote, l>earing l-;i spikelets. Spikelets .'{-4- llowered. pur})lc, ahoiit IT) mm. long; empty ghunes elliptical- lanceolate, H D-norved, first 9 mm. long, second a little longer; floral glumo 7-9-nerved, silky hairy below, .') mm. long to base of tooth, which are 5 mm. long, awn 1-1.4 cm. long; pulca extending to the middle of the teeth of its glumo. Ovary W mm. long, with a pube8(!ent cu.shion-like summit. Mexico, PriiKjle 3270, limestone ledges in September. 4. D. gpicata W. & S. Syst. 2: 690 (1817). A. (jh(i)iosa Heauv. Agrost. 93 (1812). (^dms tufted, 30-GO cm, high. Leaf-blades short, narrow, involute, the lower ones curly, sparingly silky hairy. p,„ m-Dt,nthoni,i spknfa. Simple panicle or raceme 2-0 cm. long. -'•, spikclei; c, gmin mui ' ' paioti. (bcnbner.) Spikelets 4-7-flowered, empty glume.s 3-nerved (or Avith 4-5 obscure nerves), first 10-12 cm. long, second a little shorter; lloral glume about 3 mm. long to the teeth, which are half as long or longer, lower floral glume 7-uerved, awn flat, 392 POACE.E. brown, 5-8 mm. long, twisted two to three times around: palea broad, less than 3 mm. long. Flowers sometimes eleistogamous, as discovered by C. G. Pringle. See Am. Jour. Sei. p. 71, Jan. N'erniont, Prinylc; Massachus'.-tts, Beat 85; New York, (,'U)it(jn for Clark 14 IT; Pennsylvania, Scribner for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 403; Michigan, Cooley, Beal 84, Wooil, Wheeler, Far- well; Miniicsuta, Jidilci/ \2. New Eiighmd to Minnesota and Texas, dry sterile soil. 5. D. compressa Austin. J'eck in 22d Kept. Reg. N. V. State Univ. 54 (18G!»). A Alleiii Anst'm, Bull. Torr. Club, 3: 21 (1872). Culms tufted, slender. 10-20 cm. high. Sheaths nake/(f only a variety of this si^ecies, and in my opinion his reasons are good. Vermont, Pringle; Kliode Island, Tireetlji for V. S. Deitt. Agri- cul., 24; Canada, Foider; Michigan, CUtrh 12!»4, 1:370; Illinois, BcalS^', yioutanii, Anderf^onj Colorado, Cassi/fi/; Orvgon, Ifoirell. Found along banks of rivers and lakes, from New England to the Rocky Mountains. The hard leaves have been manufactured into paper. Var. polystachya (Michx.) Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 10:86 (1883). Trachymtia pohjstachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:64 (1803). Salt REEn-oRASS. Culms stout, 120-250 om. high. Blades 00 cm. or more long, 15-25 mm. wide. Spikes 20-50 in number, 5-10 cm. long. Otherwise like aS*. cynosuroides Willd., of which it is likely only a variety. See notes on the species. Salt or brackish marshes, near the eastern coast. Delaware, Canhy for Clark 1912; North Carolina, McCarthy; Florida, 6V/7/.s\s 3433; Mississippi, Tracy. 3. S. patens (Ait.) Muhl. Gram. 55 (1817). Dactylis 2^afc)is Ait. Ilort. Kew. 1:104 (1789). S. juncea Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:94 (1817). Trachynotia juncea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:64 (1803). llusii Salt-grass. Culms slender, 30-00 cm. high. Leaf -blades smooth, narrow, rushlike, 0-16 cm. long. Spikes usually 4-5 in number, 3-5 cm. long, slightly imbricated, erect or spreading, on peduncles 3 mm. long or nearly sessile, rachis smooth, or hispidulous towards the apex. Spikelets oblong-linear, 6-8 mm. long, empty glumes hispid-serru- CIILOHIDE.E. 399 late on the keel, first recurved, linear, mucronate, 3-3.5 mm. long, second linear-lanceolate with 2 nerves on one side of the keel, 6-9 mm. long; floral glume nearly smooth on the 1-nerved keel, emar- ginate 5-5.5 mm. long; palea oval, 0.5-0.7 mm. longer than its glume. Very variable and often much like S. gracilis. The glumes arc not so hispid on the keels; there is a greater difference between the length of the first and second glumes, and the palea when de- tached is still longer than its glume; culms more slender, and blades smaller and harder. Vermont, Pr ingle; Massachusetts, Stiirtevant, Bcal 87; New Jersey, Brinton for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 126; Delaware, Canbij for Clark 1913; North Carolina, McCarthy; Mississippi, Tracy. Abundant on the sidt marshes of the Atlantic coast, where it is cut and cured as "salt hay." U. S. Dept. Agricul. 126 from Brinton in 1881. 4. S. gracilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Pctersb. (6) 5 (1840). S. junciformis Kngelm. tS- Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Ilirft. 5: 238 (1845). Culms 30-flO cm. high. Leaf-blades rough above, very smooth below, 6-30 cm. long. Spikes 4-10 in number, nearly sessile, 2-5 cm. long, appressod, slightly imbricate. Spikelets elliptical or lin- ear-oblong, 6.5-9 mm. long; empty glumes ciliate-hispid on the keel, first linear, acuminate. 3.5-4 mm. long, second linear-lanceolate with 2 nerves on one side of the keel, 6-9 mm. long; floral glume oval, 1-nerved, obtuse, 5-8 mm. long, ciliate on the upper part of the keel ; palea oval, emarginate, and when removed just as long as its glume. Very variable; compare with S. juncea. Mississippi, Tracy; Utah, Jones 1089; Colorado, Cassidy; Ore- gon. Ho well. Dakota to Oregon, south to Texas and Arizona. 5. S. stricta (Ait.) Rotli, Xeue Beytr. 1:101. Dactylis stricta Ait. Ilort. Kew. 1 : 104 (1789). Salt Marsh-grass. Rootstocks long-branched, extensively creeping. Culms erect, strict, smooth, leafy to the top, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule short, silky; blades firm, soon convo- 400 POACE.E. lute, strict, pungent, gliiucous above, 5-8 mm. wide at the base, more or less deciduous from tlie slietitlis. Panicle strict, 7-18 cm. long; spikes 3-8 in number, 2-7 cm. long, point of racliis often twice as long as tlie upper si)ikelet. Spikclets linear, ytfllowish freen, 12-18 mm. long; smootli, except tlie scabrous keels oi' tiio glumes, first glume luirrow, acuminate, second 1-3-uerved, 2- tootlied, and tipped with a stif! awn. Texas, yfallcy for U. S. Nat. Herb. 105. Marshes near the coast on both sides of the continent. Eaten by stock when young. Var. maritima (Curt.) Scribn. Dudijlis maritima Curt. Enum. Brit. (ir. 4 (1785). S. li(u'i(jnfa Willd. Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Potersb. (VI.) G:113 (1840). *S'. (jlahra Muhl. (Jnim. U (1817). -V. stricta glabra Muhl.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2:552 (1850). Culms and blades longer, si)ikes more slender, G-12 cm. long. Spikelets crowded or remote, 12-18 mm. long, first glume 7-8 mm. long, second 5-nerved. Vermont, PrunjJe; Massachusetts, Deal ^S, 89, Stiirtemnt; Pliode Island, Tweedy for U. S. Dept. Agriciil. 130; southern California, Palmer 274. Common on the Atlantic coast; also along Onondaga Lake in New York, and in California. 0. S. junciformis Eugelm. & Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 238 (1845). *S'. (iouini Fourn. ? Culms stout, very smooth, 60-180 cm. high, Lower sheaths mostly shorter than tlie internodes, the upper longer; liguleahairy fringe; blades of sterile shoots 30-GO cm. long, those of the culm 5-6. smooth, involute, rigid. Panicle truly spikelike, 10- 22 cm. long, tapering to the apex ; spikes 30-50, sessile, imbricate, 2-4 cm. long, the lower ones longer. Spikelets linear, 6-8 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, ciliate-hispid on the keel, first linear, obtuse or acute when spread, 4-6 mm. long, second broadly linear, truncate-toothed or emarginate; tioral glume a little longer and broader; palea narrowly ovate, about as long as its glume. Nearly allied to *S\ ,9yaf?/7/.s', and possibly to (9. denslflora Brongm. Florida, Nat. Mus. from J. II. Simpson, distributed as S. mul- CHLOUIDE^ 401 tiflora Vasey, MS,, but corrected us above in Coult. Bot. Guz. 16: )il)2 (1891). * Mississippi (Ocean Si)rin<(s), Trnry; Texas Acullei/. 85. (172). Campulosus Desv. Hull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189 (1810). Cfeuiutii Panz. Deukschr. Acad. Muench. 1813, 288, /. 13 (1814). MoHOcera Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 170 (1817). Cainpuloa Desv. Journ. Bot. 1:69 (1813). Monathcra lialiii. Am. Monthly Ma-,'. 190(1819). Spikelets 1-3-flowered, slender, sessile, crowded, pectinate in 2 rows on one side of a curved rachis, rachilla articulate above the lower glumes, lower flower perfect, the upjjcr slaminatc or neutral. First empty glume small, slender, almost hyaline, keeled, awnloss, second larger, membranous or firm, 2-3-uerved, acute or briefly bi- fid, tlie middle nerve spreading horizontally from the back as a stout recurved awn or reduced to a tubercle, third and fourth glumes em{)ty or including narrow palea^ often long-ciliate, with an erect awn below the apex, shorter and more slender tlum the second; fifth or floral glume shorter and more slender than the empty ones, clothed with long hairs with a slender awn below the apex. The 1-2 upi)er glumes narrow, empty or enclosing narrow palea>. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct, stigmas feathery. Grain oblong, without a groove, loosely included by the glume, but not adherent; pericarp easily removed from the seed. Blades broad or narrow, flat or convolute. Spikes solitary, rarely 2-3 in number, terminal, erect, sessile, often curved. There are seven species known, of which 4 are American and 3 African. The spikelets are elegantly pectinate, but when carefully examined are very distinct from Ilarpcchloa or Bouteloua. 1. C. aromaticus (Walt.) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5:45 (1894). iir ,. Til r. cnr\ -^^o. 71. — ('ampulosus nro- ^Ff/ilops aromatica \Valt. 1^1. tar. ^49 maiicus. Spikelet. (Kich- (1788). Chloris monosfachya Michx. nidsou.) Fl. Bor. Am. 1:59 (1803). Campulosus monostachyos Beauv. 402 POACE.T?. A11 (1S14). Motiorvru croinafint Kll. Hot. S. (*. iV CJii, 1:77 (1817). Ctvnhim AmerUanuin Sprong Svst. 1 : '-J74 (IS'^r)), 'roOTIIACIIK-GKASS. IVrt'iiiiiiil; culms 50-100 cm. high, rough, with u tuft of old (k'lul slu'iiths at the haso. HlacU-s narrow, involute, 5-12 vaw. long, those of sterile .slioots longer. S|)ike 1 (rarely ;.'), 4-10 cm. l(»ng. I'Mrst empty glunu; l-nerved, hyaline. '^ mm. long, includ- ing the short point, second A mm. long, the nerves warty-glandular, awn ahove the middle, about 4 mm. long, third 4 mm. long, ciliate, ;}-nerved, short-awncd, divided at the apex, fourth or lloral glume much like the third, ciliate. i\.h mm. long, enclosing a small hya- line palea. The fifth glume (a lloral glume) 4.5 mm. long, ciliate, IJ-nerved, a short awn hack of theai)ex; palea longer than its glume. Next lloret snniller neutral, with a snndl glume ahove. Taste of the plant very ])ungent. North Carolina, Mi-Ctirf/ti/; Alabama, .}fi)/n' ; l-'lorida. Ptihiirr 018, (Iurlis>tiovV .>>. Dept. Agri(!ul., also :54:i7: Mississi[)pi, Tnnii. Low pin»'-l»arreiis, southern \'irginia and southward. S(i. (114). ChloRIS Swartz. I'rodr. :?5 (17SS). EusturhiisDv^w Hull. Soc. riuloni. ;i: IHS (ISOO). SrhuUcsia Spreng. I'ugill. 2: 17 (1815). PharvUitria Willd. Steud. ^'onl. Kd. '.>, 1 : ;}5;i (1840): 2:;n;} (1841). M((rn>.sfttr/ii/u Ilochst. A. \lwh. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2:408 (1851). Chhroides Fisch. Kegol- in Iiul. Sem. Ilort. Petroj). 28 (I8(i;{). llrtcrulepis Ehrenb. Hoiss. Fl. Orient. 5:554 (1881). 8pikelcts 1-flowered |or 2-'.5- flowered], sessile, crowded in 2 rows on one siile of a rachis, rachilla arti(!ulate above the lower glumes, extending beyond the flower, bearing a glume (or male flower). The tw'o lower glumes empty, jjersistent, unequal, keeled, narrow or very narrow, acute, mueronate, rarely Spikt'U't. (Scril)- obtuse or truncate, or the second one with a short "*^''^ awn; floral glume narrow or broad. l-IJ-nerved, acute, obtuse, emarginate, or with two short points, the mid-nerve Fiu.73. ('/iloris adiata. CIILOUIDK.K. 403 extending; into a alpiidcr iiwii or rarely awnlcss. Tlio 1 to sovi'ral eni[ity iriiiincs towiinlrt tlio aju-x of tlie rjicliilla short, liroad and lriincat(! or narrow, often awned or bristle-pointcil, rarely awnlcsa; palea scarcely shorter than its f;;liiine, folded, nerves prominent. Stamens ;{. Styii-s ('istinet, sti^'nias feathery. (Jraiii included hy the <,dnme, but not adherent, ohlonj^-lanccolate or almost linear, subterete or nearly :J-sided, rarely grooved. I'ericarp very thin and loose as in Spnrolmlns. Mostly perennials, eulina compressed, bhuU'8 Hat, often with cross-veins. Spikes solitary or in pairs, erect, or many and digitate at the apox of the terminal peduncle. Tlie iloral glume often clothed with hairs. It is a natural though somewhat polymorphous genus. In u number of rij)ccies the upper empty glumes are broad and truncate at the apex. There are forty species, widely dispersed in tho warmer regions of the world. A. Floral glume with liairs 2-2.5 mm. long 1, 3 B. No conspicuous hairs on the floral glume (a) a. Awns prominent, si)ikelets rather remote, no spikelets on rootstocks 3 a. Awns prominent. S|)ikelets of the panicle rather remote; spikelets on the rootstocks also 4 a. Awns very short, spikelets crowded (b) b. Empty glumes longer than the floral glumes. . . 5 b. Empty glumes as long as the Iloral glumes. . . . G b. Empty glumes shorter than the Iloral glumes. . . (c) c. Spikes about li cm. long, light-colored. ... 7 c. Spikes over 5 cm. long, brown when mature. . (d) d. Spikes 1-3 S d. Spikes ;5-8 !> (1. Spikes 8-30 10 1. C. elegans H. W. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. I : IGO, (1815). C. alba Presl. Kel. lla'nk. 1 : 289 (18:]0). Culms 30-00 cm. high. Sheatlis sliglitly intlatetl ; blades lan- ceolate, 3-15 cm. long, slightly scabrous. Spikes 8-13, umbellate, 4-G cm. long, sometimes included, with internodes 1 nnn. long. 404 poACKi*:. Kmiity jiliinios niemhruiioiis, l-ncrvcHl, lirst ovutc, 1.7 nun. long, Hi'oojul lunceoluto, 2.5 nun. lon^', with ii Hhortuwn; ilorot oviite-cUip- tical. •^5 nun. loii^', with short stilT Imirs iit the hasc; flonil n;rtli. Kloritlii (rfoiitlicni piirt), ,/. Jl. Sifu/i.siin for V. S. Nut. Ilcrl). ; also foiitid in WvM Indies and Hni/il. :{. C. verticillata Nutt. 'rians. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) r*-. l.'to (is:}:j-:jr). Culms *.'0-:J() cm. liijrli. Li^ndo a fritifjo of short hairs; Idades niii^di, ahrnptly pointi'd, condiipliiuitts :{-!> cm. lon;^', the ii[»|ier .shorter, :{-4 mm. wide. Spikes 9-12 in inunher, t-H cjii. Ion?,', the lowertt in whorls, purple, a middle internode of a spike about 15 mm. loii<;. Kmpty ;,diimes luirrow, meml)raiious, 1 -nerved, toothed, first y mm. Ion;,', including' the 8ln)rt awn, second over ".' mm. long besides the short uwii; tloret ^.U-^i.! mm. long; lloral glumi' coiiipri'.ssed, broadly oval when open, short-ciliato on the margins, ('inarginate, awn ;J-4 mm. long; palea narrowly elliptical, emarginate. ciliate on the keels; empty glumes above the lloret mostly excluded from the lloral glume, obovate, truuc.ite, l}-nerved, \Jt mm. long, awned,sonio- tinies a second rudiment above. (Jrain elli|)tioal, Hat. tri<|Uetrous. Texas, A'. /A^// 773, Rererr/ioii, Xea/ln/, Ciir/iss "?,:], ;',44().* 4. C. longifolia (Kourn.) Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: '<284 (1S1»3). (ii/iinio(/oijoH hiiif/ifoh'iis Fourn. ; llemsl. Hiol. Contr. Am. Hot. ;3: 5G0 (ISSO). A rather stout ctespitose grass, 60-100 cm. higli, bearing fertile spikelots on panicles of two sorts, one in the soil among the roots or just above the surface, the other at the apex of the culms or in the axils of the ui)[)er leaves. Sheaths mostly longer than the inter- luxles; ligule very short, ciliato; blades smooth excepting near the auriculute base, flat, 15-25 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. The up[)er panicle 10-20 cm. long of 5-10 racemose spikes. Spikes mostly in three sets of three each, 8-lG cm. long, llower-bearing for the whole length. Spikelets 1-2-flowered; first empty glume O.T mm. long, second twice as long; floral glume linear with a short hairy callus at the base. 5-7 mm. long, scabrid on the 3 nerves ami margins, 2-toothed, awn back of the teeth, 6-10 mm. long; palea as long as its glume, terminating in 2 slender teeth ; second floret imperfect, borne on a pedicel 2 mm. long, its awn about 406 POACE.E. 3 mm. long. Grain linear. The lower panicles numerous, 5-15 cm. long, bninching irregularly. Spikelets 4-G mm. long, ovoid, abruptly pointed. Empty glumes subequal and ovate, but little shorter than the spikelets, many-nerved ; floral glume oval, rather thick, many-nerved; palea nearly as long and as wide as its glume. Grain oblong, abruptly pointed, about 4 mm. long, much larger than those borne on the upper panicles ; hilum half as long as the grain. Mexico (Ymala Simaloa), Dr. Palmer 1763. Dr. Vasey had a little doubt regarding the identity of this grass with G. longifolius Fourn. 5. C. sttbmutica II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et. Sp. 1:167. t. 50 (1815). A slender perennial, 30-100 cm. high. Ligule a fringe of hairs; upper blades 3-6 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, obtuse, rough, condujjlicate, reaching to or above the spikes. Spikes 6-12, each 4-12 cm. long, umbellate or in close whorls, an internode about 1 mm. long. Empty glumes narrow, acute, meml)ranous, 1-nerved, the lower nearly 2 mm. long, second over 3 mm. long; floret 3.5 mm. long, with fine bristles at the base; floral glume membranous, 3-nerved, cuneate-oval when spread, margins ciliate, apex emargi- uate, awn very short; paloaoblanceolate, emarginate, ciliate; upper empty glumes at the apex of the rachilla extojiding nearly to the apex of the floret, 1.7 mm. long, 3-nerveu^ "^ uncate with a very short awn. Grain oblong, 2 mm. long, 3-sided. Mexico, Bourgcaii, Palmer 242, Pringle 424, Schaffner 1074. Northern Mexico and vicinity. This is similar to C. elegans in character and quality, but rather more erect in habit. 6. C. ciliata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 25 (1797). An erect annual, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligule very short; blades flat, smooth, acuminate, 15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Spikes 3-6, digitate, purplish, the apex curved, 4-6 cm. long. Spikelets 3-flowered, crowded, subsessile, flattened, cuneate, truncate, 2.5 mm. long, awns projecting about 1 mm. ; floral glume of the perfect floret elliptical, long-ciliate on the CHLOUlDEiB. 407 margins and keel, second floret truncate, subincluded in the first, tiiird floret included in the second. There is some doubt as to whether this is the same as the Euro- pean plant passing by this name. Texas, XeaUey in 1888-89. Texas, Mexico, West Indies. 7. C. cucullata Bisch. Ann. Sc. Nat. (III.) 19: 357 (1853). Culms slender, 30—10 cm. high. Blades narrow, rough, 5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide,. the upper one obsolete. Spikes 8-13, um- bellate, light-colored, 3 cm. long with internodes 0.5-0.7 mm. long. Empty glumes hyaline, 1-nerved, broadly oval, first obtuse, 0.7 mm. long, second one-third longer, cuspidate; floret white, 3-8ided, oval, floral glume 3-nerved, ciliate on keel and margins, emargi- uate, mucronate, l.T mm. long; terminal empty glume mostly ex- cluded from the floral glume, triangular when spread, 1 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; apex truncate, involute, emarginate, mucronate, lat- eral nerves forked, making in all 5 nerves above. Grain ovoid, 3- sided. Texas, Wright 761, Palmer, Pr ingle 2405, lieverchon. Texas to Arkansas. 8. C. Floridana (Chapm.) Vasey, Cat. Grass. U. S. 61 (1885). Eustachiji^ Floridana Chapm. Fl. S. States, 557 (1860). A smooth slender glaucous perennial, 30-60 cm. high. Blades 5-25 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, the upper abortive or very short, cross-veins apparent. Spikes single or in pairs, 6-8 cm. long, each internode 1 mm. long. Spikelets 2-flowered; empty glumes 1- iierved, first ovate, acute, 2 mm. long, second oval, apex truncate, 2.5 mm. long, awn 1 mm. long; floral glume liglit-brown, firm, compressed at the back, oval when closed, 3-nerved, 3 mm. long, liispid on the back and margins, short-awned; palea oval, floral glume of the terminal floret truncate, short-awned, enclosing a })aloa, 3 stamens, and a terminal empty glume. Grain 1.5 mm. long, el- liptical, 3-sided. Florida, Blodgett, Curtiss 3445. Dry pine-barrens, Florida. 408 POACE.E. y. C. Swartziana Doell. Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: Part 3, G8 (1818). a ])etnBa Sw. Prod. 35 (1788). A tufted glaucous pereunial, 30-60 cm, high. Blades obtuso, 5-10 mm. long, 4-C mm. wide, cross-veins ai)])arent, the uj)i)er 0.5-2 mm. long. Si)ikes 3-8 in number, 4-i em. long. Empty glumes not extending to the apex of the lloret, white, hisi)id, 1- nerved, first incurved, ovate, acute, 1 mm. long, second a fourth longer, oblong, emarginate, with a short i)oint, lloi'et oval, bearded ut the base, brown, flat-compressed at the back, 1.7 mm. long; floral glume coriaceous, 3-ucrved, hispid on tlie back and margins, entire, mucromite below the apex; palea brown, oval, 1.5 mm. long. Grain ovoid. 3-sided, 1 mm. long. Terminal empty glume brown, truncate, half included by the lloral glume. Florida, Curtiss 34-43, Palmer G17, Hall 775. 10. C. glauca (Chapm.) Vasey, Cat. Grass. U. S. Gl (1885). Eustachys glauca Chapm. Fl. S. States, 557 (18G0). A smooth glaucous annual, 1-1.5 m. high, lilades 7-8 mm. wide, obtuse, some of the lower 30-'200 cm. long, the ui)per less than 1 em. long. Spikes 8-20, umbellate, 5-10 cm. long. Spike- lets 2 to each mm. of the spike; empty glumes curved, reaching to the top of the Horet, 1 -nerved, flrst obtuse, about 1 mm. long, sec- ond truncate, cuspidate, 1.5 mm. long; floret ovoid, 1.7 mm. long, floral glume brown, 3-nerved, coriaceous when nuiture, mid- nerve hispid above the middle, obtuse, awnless; palea brown, oval, iis long as its glifme, terminal empty glume brown, truncate, mostly ubove the floral glume. Grain oval, 3-sided, 1 mm. long. Florida, Cnrtiss 3444. Brackish marshes. West Florida. 87. (176). Chloropsis Hack. Engl. & Prantl. Pfl. 3:59(1887- 93). Trirhloris Fourn. Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc, 19:102 (1881). Spikelets 1, rarely 2-4-flowered, sessile, crowded in two rows on one side the rachis, rachilla articulate above the lower glumes, ex- tending beyond the flowers, terminating in a glume. Empty glumes small, membranous, subhyaline, first often very narrow, acute, awn- less or short-awned, second short-awned; floral glume membranous, faintly 3-uerved, 3-awned, the awns long, straight, subuquul, or CHLORIDE.E. 409 broader and much shorter; cmi)ty ghiriios sometimes 2-3, the low- est mueli like the floral ghime, tliose above smaller, l-awned or awn- less or sometimes only one; pulea included by its glume, hyaline, 2-keeled near the margins. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, stigma-s feathery. Grain narrow, oblong, subterete, pericar]) easily removed from the seed. Tall grasses with flat blades. Spikes many, slender, sessile, erect or spreading on the peduncle, formiug a dense oblong panicle, softly echiuulate with many long bristles. Si)ikelets slender, erect.' Fig. 1^ —Chloropsis pluriflora. Spikelet dissected. (Scribner.) There are four or five species known, of which 3 are found from Texas to Arizona and two in South America. Nearly allied to Trisetaria and to Chloris. Spikelets 3-5-flowercd ^ Spikelets mostlv 2-flowered o 410 POACEiE. 1. C. pluriflora (Fourn.) Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PI. 2: 771 (18!il). T. pluriflora Fourn. Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:5G0 (1880). Culms 40-50 cm. high. Lesives G-7, sheaths subcomi)resse(l, sliorter than the iuternodes, eiliate at the throat; ligule a ciliiite ring; blades flat, scabrous, narrowed at both extremities, 12-15 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide. Spikes 10-23 in number, 5-7 cm. long, in 2-4 whorls. Spikelets 3-5-flowered ; empty glumes hyaline, bristle- pointed, 1-nerved, first about 1.5 mm. long, second about 2.5 mm. long; lower floral glume linear, ciliate on the margins, lateral awns 1-2 mm. long, central T-11 mm. long; palea as long as its glume, scabrid on the keels. Grain triquetrous, 2.2 mm. long. Texas, NeaUey for Nat. Mus. ; Mexico, Priiiffle 2512. 2. C. fasciculata (Fourn. ) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:771 (1891). Trichlorin fdscicttlata Fourn. Benth. Journ. Linn. 8oc. 19:102 (1881). Culms smooth, about 60 cm. high. Blades 20-.30 cm. long, 7-10 mm, wide, upper sheath often partially including the panicle. Panicle 12-16 cm. long, with 15-30 rays in close whorls. Spikelets 1-3-flowered, the florets much shorter towards the top of tiie spike- let; first empty glume awl-shaped, about 2 mm. long including the awn, 1-nervetl, second ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, not toothed, 2 mm. long, with an awn half its length; floral glume ovate-lan- ceolate, hairy on the margins and at the base, over 3 mm. long, bearing a central awn 5-10 mm. long, and two lateral ones 1-2 mm. long; palea as long as its glume. Grain 1.5 mm. long. a Wright 263, 2025. Texas to Arizona. 88. (177). GymnopOGON Beauv. Agrost. 41, t. 0. f. 3 (1812). Anthopofjon Nutt. Gen. 1:81 (1818). Biafhcrium Desv. Opusc. 72 (1831). Diclia'taria Nees, Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 145 (1855). Spikelets 1-flowered, subsessile, remotely alternate on two sides of a slender triquetrous rachis, rachilla jointed above the lower glumes, extending above the floret and bearing a glume. Empty glumes 2, more or less unequal, narrow, 1-3-nerved, acute or the second bearing a short awn; floral glume a little broader, 3-nerved, the ml^j^0ve«^-fex]t?}ndiug into a straight awn; terminal glume CnLOHIl)E.E. 411 empty, bearing an awn; palea narrow, 2-keele(l. Stylos distinct. Oruin linear, subtorete, enclosed by a firm glume, but not adherent. Tall grasses witli short firm or long and flaccid loaves. Spikes numerous, slender or filiform, at first erect, finally spreading, scattered, or those below in whorls. Species 5 or G, belonging to America or the Old World. A genus nearly allied to Chloris. Our species are perennial from short rootstocks, with short firm blades, 1-uerved empty glumes, the floret bearing short hairs at tlie base. Gymnopogon differs from Trichloris in not having the spikelets closely crowded, although sessile in two unilateral rows, the spikes scattered or verticillate. 1. G. ambiguus (Michx.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69 (1888). Andropogon anibigims Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 58 (1803). (i. rare- mosns Beauv. Agrost. 104 (1813), G. svoparius Trin. Uuifl. 337 (1834). Culms wiry, leafy, clustered, 30 cm. high. Ligule a fringe of hairs; blades flat, lance- olate, 3-8 cm. long. Spikes 15-30 in number, 7-17 cm. long, each bearing 7-30 spikelets, remote at tlie base. Empty glumes 1-nerved, first 5 mm. long, second G mm. long, includ- ing a short awn; floral glume cylindrical, involute, 4 mm. long, with an awn as long; empty terminal glume raised on a rachis over 3 mm. long, bcariiig an awn of equal length, (irain narrowly oblong, 3 mm. long. Maryland, Bebb; Florida, Curfiss 3441. Sandy pine-bai-rens. New Jersey to Texas. 3. G. brevifolius Trin. Unifl. 338 (1834). Agrost. Bras. 430 (1839). Culms slender, wiry, leafy, 30-(IO cm. high. Ligule obsolete, destitute of hairs; blades 2-5 cm. long. Spikes 15-20, very slender, 8-30 cm, long, containing 8-30 spikelets, sometimes borne on the upper half or two-thirds. Empty glumes pointed, slightly unequal, 3-3.5 mm. long; floral glume 3.5 mm. long, with an awn 1 mm. Fig. 74. — Gymnomgon ambiguus. Spike-let. (Riclmrdson.) G. f(t!o(/on than to Lepturus Nutt. 1. S. paniculatus (Nutt.) 'IVelease, Branner t!t Coville, IJep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1888, Part 4, 23G (1891). Lepturus paniruJalufi Nutt. Gen. 1:81 (1818). RoitkeUia panicuhia Spreug, Syst. 1 300 (1825). Schedoniutnlus Texanus Steud. 1. c. Culms 20-60 cm. high, naked above. Lig- ule ovate, over 1 mm. long; blades numerous below, narrow, keeled, conduplicate, twisted, 3-5 cm. long. Spikes 3-10 in number, re- curved, secund, distant, 3-9 cm. long. First empty glume ovate, 1 mm. long, with an awn half its length, second ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. long, with a very short awn; floret cylindrical, acuminate, over 3 mm. long; floral glume elliptical-lanceolate, the lower part sparsely hairy; palea with 2 nerves near each Fig. To. — ScJud'iinardus ,i . t • , ,i -n i • pamcdatius. ^1, Spike- o"ier extending into the cusps, silky hairy let; b, floral glume; c, qh .^mj i)etween the nerves. Grain cvliu- l>aleii; d, flower. drical. Illinois, J/ea(/; Kansas, CV/^ifty; Colorado, J. WoJfe 1178: Mon- CI1L0KI1)E.E. 413 tana. Unmnl, CanUj cf- Svrihnrr 37G; Texas, DrummomJ 3(j0, liuUdider; Mexico, Fendhr HOI. From Illinois to Texas, Kansas, Colorado, Montaua, and Cali- fornia. !»0. (181). BOUTELOUA Lag. Var. Cienc. 3: Part 4, i;54 (ISOo). GiiAMA-cRASs. MrsgiiT-iJKAss. Athci'opoyon Mulil. Willd. Sp. IM. 4:937 (180.-,). Ileterosteca Desv. Nov. IJull. So.-. Philom. 2:188 (1810). Triafhcm Dosv. 1. c. Corethnim Vahl, Skr. Xaturk. Solsk. Kiobonh. 0:85 (1810). Chondrosium Desv. Joiirn. Hot. 3:G8 (1813). Buiebra DC. Cat. Hort. Mons. 104 (1813) in part. Truciin II. H. K. Xov. Gen. et Sp. 1 178 (1815.) Poli/ndoti 1. c. 174 (1815). Ifeferosfef/a Knntli, Mom. Mas. Par. 2:73 (1815). Actiiiuvhha Willd. H. Ot S. Syst. 2:22, 417 (1817). Eutviana Trin. Fund. Agrost. 101 (1820). Aris- fiditnn Endl. (ien. 94 (183G). rripJalhem Eudl. 1. c. Xesflem Willd. Steiul. Norn. Ed. 2, 2:192 (1841). Under each synonym above gi\en may be found synonyms for species. Spikelets 1-2 flowered, complanate, sessile and densely crowded in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rachis, rachilla continuous or articulate above the lower glumes, bearing 1-3 glumes or bristles or rai'oly staminate flowers above the single })erfect flower. Empty glumes 2, narrow, acute, keeled, equal or unequal; floral glume broader, usually firmer, 3-toothed or 3-cleft at the aj^ex: empty glumes at the apex of the rachilla 3-5-awned or deeply divided ; palca of the perfect floret narrow, hyaline, entire or 2-toothed. Stamens 3, usually orange-colored or red. Lodicules 2, fleshy. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, included, but not adherent. Slen- der annuals or perennials, low or tall, blades narrow, flat or convo- lute. Spikes single and terminal, or several on the side of the axis, first erect, finally drooping. There are about 25 species, all American. Bentham divided tho genus into 3 sections, founded mainly on the inflorescence. Plants of this genus are most abundant in the warmer and dryer portions of Xorth America, especially in western Texas, in Arizona and 414 POACE.E. northern Mexico. Often culled " CJrunia-grass,'' and some of them called " HulTalo-grass." The following division into tribes sliows the variation of this genus very well. A. Chondrosimn Dcsv. as a genus. Spikes one to several, linear or ohlonfj, more or less falcate, the usiialli/ verij numerous spikelets pectinatehj cromiedon one side of the rach is; terminal enij)ti/ fflnmes nsaalli/ J-aivned. . . .(a) a. Spike always solitary (b) b. Empty glumes glabrous.* (e) c. Floral glume 2.5-3 nun. long 1 c. Floral glume o-G nmi. long 3 b. Empty glumes villous. Plant 20-40 cm. high; empty glumes 2-3 mm. long 3 a. Spikes usually 2 or more (e) e. Spikes very dense, oblong, linear; empty glumes vil- lous (f) f. Rachilla above fertile lloret glabrous, spikes 2 cm. long 4 f. Kachilla above fertile floret bearded 5 e. Spikes dense, narrowly linear; empty glumes usually glabrous (h) h. Floral glume 1.5 mm. long 6 h. Floral glume 2 mm. long, besides the teeth, hairy 7 h. Floral glume 2.5-3 nun. long, spikes 1.5-2.5 cm. long 8 h. Floral glume 3 mm. long, spikes 2-3 cm. long. . 9 h. Floral glume about 3 mm. long; spikes 5-7 in number, 2.5-3 cm. long 10 e. Spikes looser and more slender; lower glumes gla- brous (i) i. Peduncles villous; floral glume 1-awned. . . 11 * B. tenuis Griesb. in piirt. A densely tufted perennial 20-40 cm. high. This may be exj)ected from Mexico. CHLOIUDE.E. 4, 1 i. Peduncle smooth; floral glume S-awned. . . (j) j. Floral glume 2 mm. long 12 j. Floral glume 1 mm. long 13 B. AfheropogoH Mulil. us a genus. Spikes several or nu- merous, nsualbf short, sfraiy/if, not pectinate, the few (J- P2) spikelets often fascicled; the terminal empty fjlume S-awned,or more or less reduced ami rudimentary, . . (k) k. Spikes 30-GO, axis scabrous, each bearing 4-10 spike- lets 14 k. Spikes 5-11, axis glabrous, each bearing 3-G spike- lets 15 k. Spikes 4-6, axis silky villous, each bearing 7-10 spikelets IG k. Spikes 3-5, each axis bearing 3-4 spikelets. ... IT C Triathera Desv. as a genus. Spikes several, short and narrow, the 1-3 slender spikelets closely appressed to the rachis; terminal glume reduced to a triple awn or having a jwlea (m) m. Spikes 5-10, each bearing 2-3 spikelets 18 m. Spikes 35-50, each bearing 1 spikelet 19, 30 D. Polyodon 11. B. K. as a genus. Spikes few, short, of few spikelets; floral glume 3-awncd, the 2-3 terminal empty ones crowded together and each 3-,5-awned. ... 21 1. B. prostrata Lag. Varied. Cienc. 2:141 (1805). B. pnsilla Vasey, liull. Torr.'Club, 11 :G (1884). Atheropogon hu- viilis Spreng. Syst. l:2>j.: (1824). B. tenuis Griseb. (loett. Ablu 24: 303 (1879), as ticketed by Vasey. A loosely tufted slender annual. Culms many, geniculate, 10- 20 cm. high. Leaf-blades 1-4 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, flat or con- volute. Spike solitary, much curved, })edicel velvety, bent, bract about as long as i)edicel or shorter. Empty glumes lance-elliptical, 1-nerved; first 1.5-2 mm. long, second 3.5 mm. long; floral glume firm, hairy on the outside, oval when closed, nerves obscure, 2.5-2.8 mm. long, lateral setjv about 1 mm. long, central one a little longer; palea as long and as wide as its glume. (J rain compressed, 2 juin. long, embryo on one thin edge. Kachilla above the floret about 1 410 POACE.E. nun. lonjj, luiirv ul)ovo, bi'iirin;; ;{ iiwl-sliapetl auta,', 2 mm. loiifj, tlio lateral ones bt-urinjjf a tliin inarfifac/tj/(i var. ranuisa Scril)n. A densely tufted slender light green perennial, 20-40 cm. high. Culms branching below, nodes smooth. Lower sheaths 'Z cm. long, ciliate at the throat, those of the culm 5-7, the lower nearly as long as the internodes; ligule a ciliate ring; blades of sterile shoots and culms 3-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, involute, apex filiform, curved. Spikes 1-2 in number. 1.2-1.7 cm. long, linear, very slightly falcate, pubescent, pedicels 2 mm. long. Empty glumes villous, lanceolate, 1-nerved, first 1.7 mm. long, second 3.2 mm.. long; lloral glume oval-ovate, the back shortly pubescent, 4 mm. long, the 3 setne about 1 mm. long; paloa as long as its glume, with 3 very short setae; rachilla hairy, 0.7 mm. long, bearing 3 seise 3-4 cm. long. Southwestern Texas, XeaUei/ for Xat. Museum. It grows in bushy clumps with nuich-branching perennial culms, Avith the habit of M nhJcnhergia Texamt, and is confined to calcare- ('ni,oKII>h.K. 417 oils l)lun'saii(l liills. occupyint,' siicli iicciiliur situations to tlio profit of tilt' .st(»cl< visitin;; tlicm in tlicir Avitle nin^iiif,'. 4. B. hirsuta La;?. Vur. t'icnc 'I: Part 4, 141 (ISOri). C/ionf/ro- Slim hirhnn 11. W. K. Nov. (Icn. ct. Sp. 1 : lie,. /. J/y (isif)). Ai'fitiorlihxt hii'siihi W. &. S. Syst. 'X'. 14'.t(lH17). A//ii'ropoi/i/ti jxt/iif- Ji)sii.v VA\pli' Kxped. Add. p. ii. (lsr»t;). Culms sUmkUt, ",^(1-50 em. hi,irli. Ulades narrow, ))apillose- liairy or glahrous. Spike-! 1-4 in number, pectinate, dense, al)out 'i, em. loiifT. on short liairy jx'dieels, braeta about twice as Ion;:, axis projecting' beyond the spikeiets i mm. Sterile ilorets mucli ]>rojectin^f from the side of tiic fertile. Empty ^dumes villous. 1- nerved. lirst hyaline, narrow, 'i, mm. lon,, Pan-ii d- Pahmr 943. From Florida to British America and ^lexico. Var. Palmeri Vasey. B. liohtnderi Vasey. Much larger, often a metre high; spikes 3-6 in number, broader, often 4 mm. long. Mexico, Palmer. 5. B. oligostachya (Xutt.) Torr. A. Gray. Man. Ed. '^:5r)3 (1856). (iKAMA. Me.S(H'ITE-(jhass. ActiHiirliloa (jrarilis Willd. W. & S. Syst. 2 : 418 (1811). Aflieropof/on oIi(/osfacJi)/iis Nutt. Gen. 1:78 (1818). Eutriania oJi(/osfocJii/a Knnth, Hev. Gram. MO (1829). Chondrosum oligostachyiim Torr. Marcy's Uep. 300 (1853). 418 POAC'K.K. Poronn'uil, 20-00 cm. hif^li. lit'iil'-hliidcs smooth or roupfli abovo, ',i-V) cm. Ion;,', l.r)-2mm. wide, liuiry at tlu! li^julo. SpikcM 1-3 iu number, nircly 4 to 5, rcmoti', ;*-4 cm. Ion;;; iK'(licclri '^-\\ mm. ioi»K. «bort, hairy, often with ii l)ruct )l-A times us lon;r; nichillu not projocitin;,' beyond the spikeleta. Spikoleta T mm. h»n;;; em|»ty ghimea villous, l-nerved, Hrst huuseolute, 4.r) mm. long, second ovjite-iunceoliito, 7.5 mm. long, sparsely hairy on wurty glands; floral glume hairy on the back, 5.5 mm. long, not ImMuding setre, and 1.5 mm. wide; lateral seta) extending to the top of the ii-cleft middle lobe, not including a seta about 1 mm. long; palea us long as its glume; rachilla above the llorot about 1.5 mm. long, clothed above the middle with soft hairs 2-3 mm. long, bearing 3 setiu about mm. long, the lateral oiu's wing- margined on the inside above; still another, broad involute emar- ginate 3-lobed empty glume 1.5 mm. long. Nebraska, Dtijf)'//; Texas, Nealley; Montana (Nor. Trans. Cent. Surv.), (' cm. loii":, those of tlu' sti-rilo shoots rather sliorler. S[)ikos 4-t) in luimbi'r, more or k'ss curveil, 1.5-2.5 cm. loui;^. First ghimc hviiliiu', bristk'-poiiittHl, "^-'J..*) mm. \o\\g, sccoml linear, about 3 mm. louj;, ^-tootheil, pubescent on the keel, the seta 1-2 mm. lonj;; lloral tflume pubescent on the back, oval. 2.5-3 mm. lontr. 2-lobed, lateral and central seta? reaching' to the same height 1-2 mm. above the glume; palea linear to oval, 2.2-3 mm. long, 4-toothed with 2 short seta>. the pedicelled rudi- ment bearing 3 equal bristles about 2.."» mm. long. Mexico. I^arnj if Pahuvr •.•43^. /" '>*')' 1351. Pvimjh 413; Arizona. yvaUeii. A{)parently confined to sandy alluvium of mountain streams. it. B. breviseta \'as(>y. ("ontrih. l'. S. Nat. Herb. 1:5S(181M)). A tufted more or less glaucous and rather slender perennial. 25-35 cm. high, from stout creeping i-ootstoeks. Culms hard, with no cavity. Sheaths O-ll in lunnber. mostly a little longer than the internodes; ligiUe a nu're ring, slightly ciliate: l)lades rigid, invo- lute. 2-(> cm. long. 0.5-0.7 mm. diam. Spikes mostly in twos, sometimes single. 2-3 cm. long, about 3 mm. diam. Spikelets crowded, empty glumes lanceolate, 1 -nerved, first 3 mm. long, second 4 mm. long; lloral glume of lower lloret oval. 3 mm. long, 3-nerved, sctjxi equal, about 1 mm. long; palea incurved, oval; second iloret 1.5 mm. long with hairs of the same length, tiie awns 2.5-3 mm. long. Texas, XcaUi'ij in ISSl). 10. B. Rothrockii Vasey, t'ontrib. V. S. Xat. Herb. 1:208 (ISiio). Ji. p()Ii/iif(ic/ii/(( var. major \'asey, U. S. (Jeog. Surv. by Wheeler, 6:28: (1818). Culms 40-60 cm. high, racemose, usually bearing 5-T spikes 2.5-3 cm. long, sessile, about 2.5 cm. ilistaut. Leaf-blades flat. 0-iO cm. long, scabrous above. Empty glumes hyaline, glabrous, oblong, 1-uerved, mucronate or short-awned, lobed or with lateral teeth, first glume 1.5 mm. long, second 2.5 mm. long; fioral glume ovate in outline, hairy near the base and on the margins, about 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, 4-lobed with 3 set^^j, lateral ones slightly long- t"IIlA)l{ll>K.K. 421 est; paloa with "i setas 3-lobeil, us long as its glume, the midtUo lobe I'liiargiiuite. Mexico. Ptihiier 1(U5; also fouiul in Arizona. 11. B. eriopoda Ton-. I'aeif. Kail. Kep. 4: Hot. 155 (185;). Culms tufted, white woolly below, MO-30 cm. high. Leaf- blailts very narrow, involute. \-\ cm. long. Spikelcts ;>-(;. rather loose and slender, oval or narrowly elliptical, 1. 5-^*. 5 cm. long, on short hairy i)edieels. First empty glume oblong, mucronute, about "i mm. long, with the single nerve towards one siile, sccoiul glume 4.5 mm. long, lance-clliptical, acute, without a cusp, with an ob- scure nerve toward the ajjcx on each side the miildlc; iloret hairy at the base. Iloral glume lance-ovate, 5 mm. long, central seta 1-'^ mm. long, lateral setiv obscure or absent; palea about equal to its ghnne, nerves weak or obscure at the apex; rachilla slender, 'i. mm. long, hairy near the apex, bearing 3 bristles 4-5 mm. long, the mid- dle one at the base twice as wiile as the lateral ones. New Mexico, Wriijltt 748, "ZO\.S\ Arizoiui, Loumon 305; Mexico. I*n'tti/h' 411. Texas. New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. Hunched on dry rocky or gravelly nu'sas and foot-hills; the wiry culms more or less elongated and trailing; (puility ami value equal to J), hirsiitit. 13. B. trifidaThurb. Ciram. Mex. Hound. Surv. iued. S. Wats. Troc. Anu-r. Acad. 18: i:r (188:5). A densely ca'spitose glaucous perennial, 5-18 cm. liigh. Hlades 3 cm. long, 1 mm. wide. Spikes 3-5. slender, smooth, rather loose, nearly straight, \-l cm. long. Mmply ghuues lanceolate, mucronate. scarious, 3-awm'd, first 4 mm. long, secoiul a little longer; iloral ghnne scarious or nearly snu)olh, '^ mm. long, the nerves obscure, lateral awns about mm. long, the central a little stouter and longer; palea rather iirm, ecpialling its glume; rachilla smooth, 1 nnn. long, bearing 3 nearly equal seta*, slightly dilated below, about (5 mm. long. Texas, liererrhon 1408. Xrttllei/ for Nat. Mus. ; Xew Mexico, iVn'yhf 4G. 22(i, T49, 2(V.H); Arizona, Priiiijle; Mexico, rarri/ 413, 945, Primjh', Pahiivr 1:555. 422 POACE.E. A pretty reddish-topped grass found in the regions above enumerated on dry mesas at the foot of hills, doubtless infrequent. 13. B. Burkei Scribn. S. Wats, in Proc. Am. Acad. 18:170 (1883). Bull. Torr. Club, 11: 5 (1884). A tufted perennial, 10-30 cm. high. Culms very slender, erect or geniculate. Blades glaucous, 10-40 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, often with a few scattered hairs. Spikes 3-G, rather loose, nearly erect, about 1.5 cm. long. Empty glumes smooth, ovate, nearly equal, first about 3 mm. long, second longer, both usually very short- awned just below the bifid tip; floral glume br ..?,, hairy, over 1 mm. long, bearing 3 nearly equal-winged seta?, about 4 mm. long; i>alea oval, with no projecting setae; rachilla slender, smooth, O.T mm. long, bearing 3 equal setse 5 mm. long, widening below. Texas, Mrs. Anna B. Nichols, communicated to Professor Scribner by Isaac Burk of Philadelphia, for whom the species is named. Sandy plains of Upper Concho, western Texas, lieverchon 1361, Curtiss 3440* ; distribution of North American Plants, Berlandier 107, 1437; U. S. Dept. Agricul. 510; Mexico, Pringle 1974. 14. B. curtipeudula (Michx.) Torr. Emory's Kep. 153 (1848). Chloris curtipeudula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 59 (1803). Bonfeloua racemosa Lag. Var. Cienc. 2: Part 4, 141 (1805). Dinebra curti- vcndula DC. Cat. Ilort. Monsp, 105 (1813). Eutriana curtijjen- diila Trin. Fund. Agrost. Kil (1830). A tufted perennial, 30-100 cm. high, from r^liort rootstocks. Lower leaves from the taller culms sometimes 40 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, the upper usually 5-10 cm. long; sheaths and ligule often hairy. Spikes 30-60, about 1 cm. long, on short bent pedicels on one side of an axis 15-30 cm. long. Spikelets purple, brown, or green, 4-10 in a spike, 5-8 mm. long, the lowest the shortest; empty glumes 1-nerved, first lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm. long, with an awn 1 mm. long or less, second glume ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-8 mm. long, including a short awn; floral glume sparsely hairy, membran- ous, ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, mucronate, the lateral sette a little shorter; palea as long and as wide as its glume, 2-toothed; rachilla 0.5 mm. long, bearing abroad divided empty glume 2 mm. CHLORIDES. 423 long; the lateral seta? as long, the middle one twice as long, or in the terminal florets the lateral setfe 0, and the terminal seta 4 mm. long. Anthers orange-red or yellow. Very variable and widely distributed. Pennsylvania, Bnrk for Scribner 3440; Michigan, Cooki/, Whcchr 90; Illinois, Bebh for Clark; Texas, Hull 772, Drummond 354 ; Arizona, Roihrork 284, 586, 677, Lcmmon 431 ; Mexico, Palmer 206, 1503, Pringlc 408. Southern Xew York, Pennsylvania to AV'isconsin, British America, Texas, Arizona, Mexico, South America. Often the most common species in Chihuahua, Mexico, scattered over mountains, liills, and plains. Unlike B. oligo- f'. /loli/sfac/ii/a Torr. var. major. Vasey. 19. B. uniflora \'asey, Coult. liot. Gaz. IG: 20 (18!)1). A slender perennial, 30—40 cm. high. Leaves of the cultn 4, sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; ])lades rigid, becoming involute, 8-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide. Panicle included at the base, racemose, 8-12 cm. long, bearing 35- 50 spikes. Spikes 7-8 mm. long, 1-flovvered, rachis linear, 4-G mm. loug; empty glumes conduplicate, 1-nerved, first linear, 3-4 mm. long; floral glume 5-6 mm. long; palea 4-5 mm. long, usually a capillary pedicel present, Texas, KeaUci/ in 1890. 20. B. Triathera Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10:104 (1882). Trifcnn racemosa IL B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1:178 (1815). AtheropogoH Triann Sprcng. Syst. 1 : 293 (1824). A slender tufted perennial, 30-40 cm. high. Ligule a fringe of hairs; blades of sterile shoots involute, G-12 cm. long, those of the culm siiorter, about 2 mm. wide. Panicle racemose, 8-12 cm. long, bearing 35-50 spikes. Spikes G mm. long, 1-rtowered, rachis bristlelike, 2 mm. long, empty glumes linear, conduplicate, 1-nerved, first 2 mm. long, second 4.5 mm. long; fioral glume 5-G mm. long, palea but little shorter; rudiment 3-4 mm. long, with 3 awns 8-10 mm. long. Mexico, Priiiffle 4782. 21. B. Texana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18: 196 (1883). A densely tufted glabrous or sparingly villous perennial. Culms erect or geniculate, 20-30 cm. high. Blades flat or involute, thinly })ubescent on the upper surface, the lower blades G-18 cm. long. Spikes 5-10, secund, cuneate, 1-1.5 cm. long, including the setas borne on an axis 4-5 cm. long. Spikelets 4-6, crowded on the very short hairy rachis, first glume lanceolate, 2 mm. long, with a seta half as long, second ovate-lanceolate, pubescent on the back, 3-5 mm. long, bifid, the strong midnerve produced into an awn about 2 mm. long; floral glume elliptical-ovate, about 4 mm. long, with 3 nearly equal setae reaching above the apex about 1 mm.; a mem- branous tooth on each side of the middle seta; palea as long and as CIILOllIDE.E. 427 wide as its glume; floral glume of the second spikelot cuneate, about 5 mm. long, including 3 slender lobes, 3 stout set* extending beyond A" B Fig. IQ.—Boutelotta Texana. A, B, spikelets; a, floret. (Scribner.) for 5 mm. ; palea small, hyaline; floral glume of third floret smaller than the one below and including a rudimentary palea and an empty glume. Texas, lievcrrhon^ Kealley; also found in Arkansas. 91. (G). Beckmannia Host, Gram. Austr. 3:5, t. (1805). Joachiniia Tenore, ex 11. & S. Syst. 2:605 (1817). BrucJcmannia Nutt. Gen. 1:48 (1818). I'aniclo terminal, long and narrow. Spikelets snbsessile on 3 sidesof asubtriangularrachis, articulate with the very short pedicels, broad, compressed, 1-2-flowered; emi)ty glumes 2, membranous, compressed, concave-inflated, obtuse or abruptly pointed, 3 floral glumes narrow, subequal, concave-keeled, acute or mucroiuite, deli- cately membranous; palea hyaline, 2-kecled, nearly as long as its glume. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, includeil, but not adherent. An erect grass with flat blades having much the 428 POACE.E. habit of Paiiicinn cnlonunt. A /]:enus contiiinin•//; Colorado, ('(i,s.si(?i/; Montana, Andcrxou; Washington, Lak-v; Oregon, /lo/rell. Mountain regions mainly west of the Mississippi. A grass of some prominence as u forage plant for certain localities. Bei'Jcnuiiniia has been usually i)laced in PhalaridCiT, but lieutham believed it be- longed to Panicew. The habit and inflo- rescence are those of Pdiiicum colonum; but it is exceptional in Panicea3 as having botli the flowers perfect; the lower flower is, however, usually sterile. A similar character is to be found in some of the species of ,Sefa- n'a, and very rarely in Fanicum itself, next A Fig. 77. — Beckmnnnin erucd'formis uniflorus. Splkelot dissected. ^^ Avbich the genus appears to be ])laced in (Scnbuer.) o 1 1 Chloridea^. 92. (191). EleusinE G»rtn. Fruct. 1:7, ^ -? (1788). Dactij- locfenium Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029 (1809). Acrachnc AVight & Arn. Liiull. Introd. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 381 (1830). Spikelets several-flowered, flat, imbricate in 2 rows on one side of the digitate or scattered branches of a simple panicle, rachilla articulate above the outer glumes, flowers perfect or the upper one stamiuate. (Humes spreading, keeled and conduplicate, thin but CIILOUIDE.E. 429 BtifT, I'nipty ones usually .sliorter, unequal, obtuse, neute, or tapering to a short i)oiiit; ilonil }^lume obtuse or abruptly pointed; palea ToMed. Styles sbort, distinct, (irain loosely enelosed by tlieglunio and paleu, but not adherent. Seed rugose witbin a loose* menibni- nous pericarp, which either i)ersists or breaks up and falls away. Species about 7, widely distributed in the troi)ies. The flat spikelets have sometimes been mistaken for those of Eniyrostis; but their arran^'emcnt in two rows is always that of Chlori(lea\ A. Spikelets very closely crowded, spreading at right angles. I B. Spikelets imbricate (a) a. Spikes 1-;J cm. long 2 a. Spikes 5-7 cm. long 3 1. E. ^EGYPTirA(L.) Desp. PI. Atlant. 1: 85(1798). ('//nosxrus .'FfiypticuK L. Sp. IM. 72 (175:1). IJ. vnivhtht Lam. 111. 1 : -.'03 (K91). E. perfinafa MoMich. Meth. Suppl. 08 (hSO'i). C/ihn'.i wucrnnald Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. l:r)0 (180:5). J>(irfi/Iorfcuiin)i .Kfpjptutrum Willd. Enum. 102!) (1800). E. radidans \{. \\v. Prod. 180 (1810). E. wurroiuda Stokes, Hot. Mat. Med. 1:150 (181-;2). E. ciliatd Ifalin. Desv. Journ. Jiot. 4: 27:J (1814). E. prosfrata ^prew^, Syst. 1 : ;550 (18'>4). Culms tufted or creeping and rooting like Copn'ola Darfi/hm, .'JO-50 cm. bigli. Blades short, flat, ciliate, with long points. Spikes usually 3-5 in number, digitate, 2-5 (^m. long, the angular rachis prominent on the up})er side. Spikelets very closely packed, spreading at right angles to the racliis, 2-tloweretl, with rudiments of 2 other llowers, tirst glume acute, 1-nerved, 1.5 mm. long, second a little longer, 1.5 mm. wide, emarginate, the keel exteiuling into a dorsal awn 2 mm. long; floral glume broad, complicate, abru[)tly pointed, 3-nerved, about 3 mm. long; palea shorter than its glume. New Jersey, Parker for X". S. Dept. Agricul. 525; Delaware, (:W«%for Clark 1910; Florida, Curfiss liu:, A common weed of warm countries, introduced into North America. 2. E. Barcinoxexsis Costa. Ind. Seni. Ilort. liorcin. (1859). Culms tufted, 15-30 cm. high. Leaf-blades short, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse or abruptly pointed, slightly ciliate about the short 430 POACE.!;. li<5'ulo. Spikes broad, 2-4 in iiimibor, di^jitatt', 1-3 oin. long, often purple. Spikt'lets clo.sely imbricate, ri-llowcMvd, lirst <,dume l- nerved, 1.5 nun. long, second broailly ovate, 5-(3-nervod near tho middle; lloral glume 3 mm. long, 2 nun. wide, when spread out, a double or triple nerve toward each nnugin, 1 below in the middle, with 5 above; palea 3.5 nun. long, with a double nerve at each keel. ^'ew Jersey, Scribner for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 52t5; Alaluuna, Mohr; Michigan (Cult.), Jieal 'Jl. Introduced on ballast. 3. E. Indica (L.) (JaM-tn. Fruct. et Sem. 1 : 8 (1788). Ci/iiosunis IndintH L. Sp. I'l. 73 (1753). E. dislans Mcench. Meth. 210 (17(»4). E. iU»tun0). E. (listacliija Triu. Steud. Kom. Ed. 2, 7:549 (1841). There are many more synonym?. A coarse erect tufted grass, 30-GO cm. high. Sheaths flattened, ciliate Avith a few soft hairs; blades rather abruptly pointed, nar- row. Spikes 2-5 in number, 5-7 cm. long, digitate, or one or more inserted rather lower \ down, rachis flattened aiul prominent on one side. Spikelets loosely imbricate, •3-5-tIowered, first empty glume 1-nerved, 2.7 nun. long, second ovate, acute, 3-7-nerved at the base, ;}.5 mm. A ^''^ a ' long; floral glume broadly ovate, 3-5-nerved near Fio. IH.—FJUusine the middle and 1-nerved near each nnu-gin, 3-4 Tndiexi. A. spike- . let; a, tloret; b, mm. long; palea 2.5-3 nun. long. Pericarp per- ovaiy. (Scrib- gj^tgjjt meml^ranous, very loose, ner.) ' '' New York, Clintun 12'.>9; Peiuisylvania, Scribner for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 542; District of Columbia, McCarthy; Florida, Cuvtisx 3448; Mexico, Palmer Zb, 328, 478. A common tropical and subtroi)ical weed. 93. (192, 202). LeptoCHLOA lieauv. Agrost. 71. /. 15, /. 1 (1812). Diplachne Beauv. Agrost. 80,/. IG. /. 9 (1812). Hah- dochloa Heauv. Agrost. 84, /. 17, /. 3 (1812). Oxydcnia Nutt. CIILOUIDE.t:. 431 Ocn. l-.TO (1818). LcjitnsfarJii/s CI. V. \\ . Moy. Prim. Fl. Esseg. 73 (1H18). Spikolotd 2- to nmiiy-flowftrod (very rarely l-flowered), sessile or very shortly lu'dieelluto in 2 rows along 1 side (in one section, along ;j sides of a triquetrous raehis of the slender rai^liis of a simple n\)'\\m or of the minierous braiujhes of a simple j)anicle, flowers all jjerfeet or the upporoncstaminato; rachilla articulate al)(»ve the outer j^lnnies, usually hairy and more or lesa produced above the florets. Km[)ty glumes "i, niemhranous, keeled, acute or obtuse, uneipuil, unawned, first 1 -nerved, second 1-3 nerved; floral ghuno 1-3-nerved, often with a sharply ;2-lobcd apex, the keel produced into a sharp point or awn between or a little below the lobes; palea tliin, shorter than its glunu'. prominently 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles short, dis- tinct, drain smooth or nearly so, enclosed, but not adherent. Seed loose or easily freed from the pericarp. Professor Scribner's reasons for uniting Diphchne io Lcptorhhia seem to me good, as given in Proc. Acad. Phila. 303 (18!)1), Hen- tham in some of his descriptions of Diphtchne defines the floral glume as 1-nerved, but in Flora Austruliensh 7:618 (1878) three of the species there mentioned are described as having the floral glume 3-nerved. The following sections have been proposed : A. Leptochhxt proper. Spikelets flat, ovate or oval, sessile in the regular rows on the numerous branches of a simple panicle. PseudncynQdon, one or two flowers to the spikelet. Eulepfochlod, two or more flowers to the spikelet. a. Floral glume mucronate 1 a. Floral glume emarginate (a) b. Sheaths sparingly hairy 2 b. Sheaths smooth (c) c. Spikes 2.5 cm. long 3 c. Spikes 3.4 cm. long 4 B. DiplacJuie as a section. Spikes of the panicle long and slender, spikelets almost linear, scattered along the 488 roAcE.E. racliis in 2 irregular rows. Secoiul ompty glume 1- ucrved (d) d. I'unick' spikc'like 5 d. Pur'cU- bniiiuhing (o) e. Klonil i^duinu loss than '.\ mm. long (in) m. i'uniclc 2-8 cm. long ni. 15-35 cm. long 7 c. Floral glunio .] mm. long, 8 e. Floral glumo :}.5 mm. long 9 0. Floral glume 4 mm. long (n) n. Seeond empty glume ',\ mm. long 10 n. Second empty glume -l-r) mm. long 11 0. Goiiinia Fourn. as a genus. Spike.s of the panicle long aiul slender. Spikelets scattered along the three sides of the rachis, 1-nerved, lloral glumo ;3-nerved (o) o. Awn l-;{ mm. long 12 o. Awn 8-13 mm. long 13 1. L. scabra Nees, Agrost. Hras. 4:55 (1830). L. Laufjhtisii Vasey, liuU Torr. Club, 13:7(188,^)). A. Liidanrinnn \iimy. Culm smooth, stout, leafy, 100-i;50 cm. high. The lower blades one-third as lOng as the culm; sheath.s loose, comj)ressed. glaucous, 30 cm. long, about 1 em. wide. Panicle scarcely proi Hid- ing or j)artially included by the upper leaf, racemose, 30-30 cm. long, about 5 cm. wide, loose, simple, spikes 100 or more, crowded below, single or 3-3 together, 5-7 cm. long. Spikelets :{-4-Howered, sessile, loosely imbricate, 4 mm. long; the internode of the rachilla for each floret 1 mm. long; empty glumes membrajious, ovate, acute, 1-nerved, first 0.7 mm. long, secoiul a third longer; floral glume oval when spread, mucronate, 3-nerved, hairy on the back, 3.5 nnn. long; palea about as long as its glume, ciliate on the nerves, 3-toothed. Grain 3-sided. Louisiana, Lafu/Jois. 3. L. mucronata (Michs.) Kunth, Gram. 1:91 (1839-35). Ehusine mucronata Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:G5 (1803). L. Jili- fonnis J. & C. Presl, Pel. ILvnk. 1:388 (1830). L. altenuata Steud. Syu. PI. Gram. 209 (1855). L. pcllucida 1. c. ('IILt>|{II)K.K. im A Hpariii^jly ^raiuilu'd aiimml :iO-«tO ctii. lii<;li. Sliciitli^ thinly t'lotlu'il with Hlt'iidcr hiiirpi from warty huscs; lihuh'S Hut, scahrous. S-I'.' cin. hmg. SpikoM '.'U-.")() in imnihor. 15-7 i-ni. h)n;r, in a i>anich'lil\i' rawnii', '2U-;J(> cm. lon^', often partially enclosed by tilt' upper sheath. Spikelets loosely imhri- c'uto, *.*-4-llowercHl, '^-II mm. loneious, very dissimihir; those of tlie staminate plant 2-3-flowered, sessile, complauaie in 2 rows on one side of the rachis, rachillanot articulate; empty glumes 2, membranous, awnless, in- equilateral, elliptical, 1-nerved, mucronate, first about 2 mm. long, second 3 mm. long; floral glume elliptical, 3-nervcd, mucronate, 3.5 mm. long; palea a little shorter than its glume, 2-nerved. Lod- icules 2, deltoid. Stamens 3. Kudimentary pistil none. The spikelets of the pistillate i)lant 1-flowered, sessile on one side of a very short rachis, forming a cluster partly enclosed by the upper leaves. The lowest glume of the lowest spikelets small, 1-3-nerved, lanceolate-subulate, adnate to the second empty glume, this glume firm with a 3-lobed apex, the central lobe longest; lowest glumes or the other spikelets free, much smaller, membranous, ovate-l;;nceolate, acute, 1-nerved ; floral glume narrow, firm or almost hyaline, 2- cleft or subentire, enclosing a broad convolute 2-nerved palea and a flower, Staminodia 0. Styles distinct, long, stigmas with short hairs. Grain ovate, obcompressed with a groove. Blades flat, nar- row. Staminate spikes 2-3 on one side of the apex of the culm ; pistillate spikes usually 2. Nuttall had male plants only for establishing the genus Scs- Icria, while Steudel founded the genus Antephora on the female CHLOUIDE.E. 439 plant. 1 )r. Engelinaun was the first to discover tlie true nature of the phint. One species, extensively spread over the great plains from Mexico to liritish America. 1. B. dactyloides (Xutt.) Rafiu. Kiintze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:76;j (1891). BuFFALO-GUASS. Hcshria dactyloides Nutt. Gen. 1: 65 (1818). Anthephora^Antephora) axiUrfiomHteud. Syn. PL Gram. HI (1855). Buchlo'c dactyloides Eugelni. '".''rans. St. Louis Acad. 1:43-^ (1859). Densely tufted, extensively spreading by stolons. Culms of the male plant 9-20 cm. high, those of the pistillate plant 4-7 cm. Fig. 80. — Bulhilis dactyloides. A, Stnniinate spikelct; B, pistillate spikelet. (After Engl.) high. Blades 5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, nearly smooth or slightly- hairy, bearded at the ligule. Texas, Hall TTO, Drunmnnd 359, 378; Xcw ^Fexico, WriyM 517, 785, 2079; Colorado, Pavry 369; Mexico, Schaffncr 1004, 1021, Parry tf- Palmer 922. This famous grass disappears rapidly with close feeding of live stock. 95. (195). Opizia J. & C. Presl, Rel. Ilamk. 1:293, t. 41, /. 1 to 11 (1830). Casiostega Rupr. Galcotti, in Bull. Acad. Brux. 9: Part 2, 232 (1842). Spikelets monwcious or dioecious, 1-flowered, the staminate in slender 1-sided spikes. Empty glumes entire, 1-nerved, the lower the 44() POACE.K smaller, secoiul not iis hnv^ us tlio spikelet; llonil glume obtuse, 3- ncrved; i)iileii "i-nerveil. Loclicules long, obtuse. Pistilliito flowers iirniiiged iu ti one-sided spike. First empty glume short, obtuse, pilose, second coriuoeous, involute, tipped by 3 long iiwns; floral glume large, compressed, 'i-lobetl, witii a sterile rudiment above bearing 2-3 awns; palea shorter than its glume, obtuse, 2-keeled, enclosing the comjjressed mucronate and subcordate grain; pericarp loose. Lodicules lanceolate. b \iliii!li4^ c Fig. Sl.—Opma stolonifera. Spikelets. (Scribner.) A low creeping grass with short rigid flat or conduplicate leaf- l)lades. One species known, and that is found in ^lexico. 1. 0. stolonifera Presl, 1. c. Casiostega anomola Rupr. Bull. ("lILomDE.K. 441 Acad. IJoy. Briix. 9: (II) 2:52 (184'^); Steiul. Syii. Cram. 218 (1855), iiialo plant. DilTuso, 4-10 cm. high. Sheaths compressed ; lifjule very short; blades 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 1.5 mm. \vi(k'. ajjcx uljruptly acute. Sjdkes of staminate tluwers 1-1.5 cm. long. Spikelets linear, .'} mm. long, first glume 1 mm. long, second 2 nmi. long. Anthers linear, 1.7 mm. long, .iecond glume of the j)istilh!le spikeU't o mm. U)ng, sterile rudiment of a stipe 1.4 mm. long, the tiiree awns 4-5 mm. long, the lateral ones with a broad expansion on one side near the base. Mexico, Pahner G15. THi. Pentarrhaphis II. li. K. Nov. rJen. 1 : Kr. /. (50 (1815). SI rom/m/ tints Willd. Steud. Xom. Ed. 3. 2:04: (1841). Mono'cious; sj)ikelets 2-llowered, 1-2 in each fasciclelike spike, accompanied by 1-4 shorter awidike rudiments, the first llower pistillate, the second ]iistillate or staminat-: rachilla produced into a sliort bristle. The two empty glumes 1 -nerved, the second the larger, usually 2-toothe(l, with an awn between the teeth: floral glume 5-:-toothed, the middle and nmrginal teeth exteiuling into long divergent awns: palea strongly 2-uerved, 2-tootiied. Stamens '>). Styles distinct. (J rain oblong, free. Low, slender, tufted grasses with Hat blades. Spikes very short, secuml along the flexuose rachis, articulate with the very short pedicels, falling oil' entire. They resemble .Egopotjoti in the disposition and a])pearance of the clusters of spikelets and their deciduous character. It is nearly allied to Mehitiofoichnts. Vrom Btiiife/otta. section Triathem, this genus may be distinguished by its 2-flowered spikelets and simple, bristlelike prolongation of the rachilla. There are three species; two and probably the third are ^lexicau. 1. P. Fournierana (Vasey), Hack. & Scribn. Hull. Torr. Club, 17: 232 (1890). JJoiifcIoiia Fitvrniemna Vasey ined. Culms crowded, 18-25 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks, nodes villous. Leaves hairy, ligule a ring of short hairs; blades of sterile shoots 3-7 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, those of the culm 15-30 cm. long. Si)ikes 3-0, rachis compressed. Si)ikelets 2 in each cluster, sessile, about 5 mm. long, not including the short awns, 442 POAC'E.E. rndimont simple or bifid; ompty fjlunics pilose, much shorter than the spikelets; lloral fjliime densely hairy. Mexico, Palmer '200. I'ritKjJc 'Zhh\). lal)eled /*. tjendnata. Fig. 83. — Peniarrhaphia Fourni'erana. Spike si)reii(l open. (Scribner.) 2. P. scabra IF. H. K. Nov. (ien. 1: 178, /. GO (1815). Culms branching, taller; leaf-blades longer and broader; si)ike- lets only one at each node of the ra(.'lii.s, first empty glume and the bristlelike rudiments scal)rous. Not seen by mo. 3. P. paupercula (IVesl). Seribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 17:233 (1890). Pohjschisfis pavperevla Presl, Kel. Ha-nk. 1:294, /. 41 (1830). lilades of sterile shoots short, like those of the culms; spikelets only one at each node of the rachis, the short pedicel of the second floret pilose, Xot seen by mo. TRUiE XI.— FESTUCEJE. Spikelets 2- to many-flowered, very rarely 1 -flowered, in a spread- ing, narrow or spikelike panicle, rachilla articulate or continuous, usually produced above the upper floret or bearing 1 or more ter- minal empty glumes. Empty glumes usually narrow, keeled, acute or obtuse, shorter than the nearest floral glumes; floral glume usually broader, entire, awnless or with 1- to many terminal (rarely dorsal) straight awns; palca 2-keeled, usually as long as its glume or nearly so. Embryo usually small. Griiin free from the paleaorad- nate. A very large tribe containing the most im])ortant meadow- grasses of cool I'egions. A. Spikelets usually few-flowered. Floral glumes divided into 3 to many awns or lobes, or the awns dorsal. . . (a) FESTltE.E. 443 a. Puiiicli' spikolike, llonil glunies tt'rmiimtliig iu 9-2:} pluiiuKSK uwns 07 a. Puiiick; lax, lloral glumes tormiiiatiiig in D-U irregu- lar lol)o.s OH a. Panicle raceinoae, floral glumes terminating in '.]-'> rigid lobes 10.'} a. Panicle subspicate, lloral glumes terminating in 5 deli- cate awns 104 a. Spikelets in threes ou a jointed racliis, lloral glumes deeply 4-cleft with awns between the lobes. ... 00 a. Plant dia'cious, iloral glumes of fertile florets .'3-clet't. 100 B. Floral glumes entire or '^'-toothed to 2-clei't, awnless or with 1 awn (b) b. Tall reedlike grasses (c) c. Floral glumes clothed with long hairs 10") c. IJachilla (alone) clothed with long hairs. . , , 10(J b. IS'ot reedlike, floral glumes naked or containing hairs shorter than the glumes (d) d. Stigmas with short hairs on all sides (e) e. Spikelets dicecious, solitary, termiiud, enclosed by terminal bracts 101 e. Spikelets in twos and threes, terminating in leafy branches lOv' e. Spikelets in an ovoid or cylindrical panicle, low- est s[)ikelets with bracts at the base 104 d. Stignuis ])lumose (f) f. Spikelets of two forms, the fertile l-3-llowered; the sterile with iiwned glumes (g) g. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered V^'o g. Fertile spikelets 2-3-flo\vered 124 f. Spikelets all alike (h) h. Floral glumes 2-3-toothed, lateral nerves and callus usually hairy (i) i. Spikelets 3- to many-flowered. . . . lOT i. Si)ikelots 3-5-flowered 108 h. Floral glumes of some other structure. . . (j) IV 444 I'OACHE. j. Floml glumes I-IJ-iutvihI. llowcis perfect, or the upper one stainiiuite (»r rudimeii- turv (k) k, Wiiys spiriilly arninged (1) 1. Panicle narrow, spiki'letrf small, conical, 2— i-tlo.vered, racliilla ar- ticulate no 1. Panicle variable, spikelets not conical, usually (len.sely many- flowered, racliilla usually continu- ous '. ... Ill k. IJays distichous (m) m. Panicle miri'ow, spikelets 'i-A- llowered. empty ty glumes . . . (u) u. Lateral nervesof the floral 446 POACE.*:. gluinos nearly piinilU'l, not coiivf ij^'mih;. • • • (v) V. Kinply <;liimt's not Hliortcr or vrry little HliortiT than the neiir- est llonil ;,'liiim's. . . (w) w. Fl()r!il;,'liiiii('s\vitli two very short ol)a('ure lateral nerves on each flircxico, Wriyht 435, 20-,^(t: Mexico, Palmer 350. 13(;o, 130-.', Prinyh l!t:3. Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Very nearly allied to, if not identical with, /*. I(if/N)'oi(leu7ii Schrad. 2. P. Wrightii S. Wats. I'roe. Am. Acad. 18:178 (1883). P. horcalc Torr., not (Iriseb. A rather slender branching erect or geniculate perennial. 20- 40 cm. Iiigh; nodes villous. Sheaths pubcrulent, ciliate at the throat; blades involute, those of the culm 2-8 em. long, 0.3-0.8 mm. diam. Panicles terminal and axillary, often more or less included by the sheaths, lead-colored or pale, spikelike, 1-7 cm. long. 5-8 mm. diam. Sjjikelets l-3-11owered ; empty glumes thin and scarious. 5-7-nerve( icute or toothed, sjiaringly puberulent uiuler a lens, first 3.5-4.5 mm. long, sec- ond 1 mm. longer; fioral gluma hirsute on the central and lateral nerves, oval. 2-mm. long, 0-nerved, the !) awns 3-5 mm. long. 'JY'xas, lldntrd, Junes; Arizona, Primjle in 1884, Lemmon 30()3; California (Los Angeles), Palmer 511. 'J'he latter says: '* Kare. found oidy :\ the h'gher ridges back of the bay." Mexico. Parri/ A- Painter 847, Palmer 1361. Texas to Arizona, California and Mexico. Fig. 8i3. — Pa p p oph o r n m Wriijlitn. A. si>ik<'li't ; '', Horcts; b, tloi'iil glmiic. (.' rib- ncr. ) Fio. 84. — Cottea pappoplwroides. Spikelet dissected. (Scribner.) 449 450 POACE.E. 98. (198). COTTEAKuiith, Hev. Gram. 1; 84, 281, /. o^ (1S.30), tSpikolets S-O-tlowored in a spreading oblong panicle, raeliilla ar ticulate below the flowers; flowers i)erfect or the upper ones male or neutral. Empty glumes persistent, membranous, acute or 3- toothed, 7-9-nerved; floral glume 9-13-nerved, irregularly 0-13- lol)ed, the lobes tapering into awns; palea broad, membranous, ellip- tical, ciliate on the keels. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, stigmas })luniose. drain ovate or oblong, slightly com])ressed ou the back, enclosed by glume and i)alea, but not adherent. There is only one species known, found from Peru and Brazil to Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. Nearly allied to J\ij)j)oj)//orH7)i, from which it differs in the looser panicle, and in the llorets, wiiich are usually more than two. 1. C. pappophoroides Kunth, 1. c. An erect perennial. The whole plant from culm and leaf to the empty glumes thiidy clothed more or less with short pubescence. Culms -±0-60 cm. high. Sheaths loose; ligule a ciliate ring of short hairs; blades 8-10, involute with very slender tips, 10-20 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide. Panicle 15-18 cm. long, rays solitary, more or less spreading. Spikelets about 8 mm. long, exceeding their pedicels; empty glumes lanceolate, subequal. 4-5 mm. long; floral glume 4 mm. long, pilose along the margins near the base, longest awns about '2 mm. long. Tsew Mexico. Wrii/ht 205T; Arizoiui, Jones:, Lcwmon 3001; Lower California, I'dhiier ~39; Mexico, Prinyle 420, Palmer 102, 339. Texas to Arizoiui and Mexico. 99. (02). Cathestecum Presl, Kol. llaMik. 1: 294, /. 42 (1830). Spikelets in threes, sessile on alternate sides of a slender-jointed rachis. Spikelets unisexual, those of the fertile s])ik('s 5 mm. long, villous. On ferfilc .yiikes, lateral spikelets 1-flowered, neutral with a second rudijuent in the terminal si)ikelot, the lower llower pistil- late, the second neutral, a third rudimentary. Lower emi)ty glumes minute, broad, irregularly toothed, or ()l)lif|uely truncate, theuiii)er 3 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, l-nei-ved, villous, mucronate; lloral glume of lateral spikelets 3 mm. long, elliptical, 4-lobed I'or a third FESTUCE^E. 451 Fig. 85. — Cathestecum erectinn . 8i>ikelcts dissected. (Scribner.) 452 POAC'E.E. of ilio apex, witli awns projoctiiig botwcon the lobes; ])ak'ii two- tliinlrf us lo)i<^ as its glume, •.'-nerved, with two jirojeetiiig awns; floral glume of lower floret of terminal spikelet like those of the lateral s])ikel<'ts, only a little longer; floral glume of neutral floret of terminal sj)ikelet broadly oval. 4-lobed for half its length or more, witli o ])r()je(!ting awns betwron tlu' lobes: jjalea snudler than in ])istillate florets. Ovary obovate. styles distinct, with long pur- plish hairs on two-thirds of the up]»er poi'tiou. On s/oiiii/Hf/c Kjiih'.s, lateral s])ikelets with 2 florets and a tiiird rudiment. Lower emi)ty ghnnes of lateral sj)ik('lets minute, broadly truncate; of ter- minal s[)iki'li't smaller, narrower. r[»pcr empty glume of lati-i'al flowers 2 mm long, elliptieal-laiiceolate, compressed, inecpiilaterid. 1-nerved; of terminal s[»ikelet oval. :>-nei'ved ; floral glume ;3 mm. long, oblong, 4-lobed for one-third of its length, witii awns be- tween the lobes; palea' oblong-lanceolate, as long as their glumes, with two parallel nerves slightly pntjecting. Stanu'ns .'{. There ai'e three siieeies found in Texas and Mexico. 1. C. erectum Vasey »S: Hack. Uull. Torr. Club. 1 1 : ;5r (18S4) and 14: 100 (ISS;). A tufted erect perennial. l.'j-IJO cm. high, stoloniferons. nodes villous; light green, tinged with purjile. Ijigule a ciliate ring; blades of sterile shoots ."i-S cm. long, nari'ow, flat or beeonung involute, slightly hairy on the nuirgins and U])])er surface. Culms simple or branching. S[)ikes about 3 em. long, containing 5-9 clusters of spikelets. Sjjikelets of the sterile spike 7 mm. long. Texas and Mexico. 2. C. Mexicanum I'resl. Rel. Tla^nk. 1 : 2U^, t. 4"i (18:U)). Nodes smooth, spikelets of the sterile spikes shortly pubescent, 4-.") mm. long: very variable and apparently only a variety of C. ererhini V. iS; IF. West Texas. Ifanird (i'l. ',]. C. prostratum I'resl, 1. c. Sheaths ciliate at the throat. Lower leaves 1-4 cm. long. u)>- per shorter. S[)ikelets of the sterile s])ikes nearly smooth. ;)-4mm. long. Description inconi})lete for want of abundant material. ^lexico, P((h>ier 2T0. FKSTl'CK.K. 453 100. (204). SCLEROPOOON IMiilippi. Scrt. Mi'iidoc. '2 : 4: (IHTl). Lesouvdia Fourii. Bull. Sue Mot. Fr. ?,] : 102, ;i, /. 4 (1880). Plant (liu'ciou.s; si>iki'lt't.s2- toiiiuiiy-llowiTt'cl. in u .sc^unty piiiiit'le, rachilla elongated, lu mule spilcdvts, rachilhi ylubrous, iuarticu- FlG. 86. — Scleropogon Karwinskianns. A, stiimiiiule spikclet; B, pistilliite spikelel. (Scrihiicr.) late; empty glumes tliin, narrow, acute, unawiied, :}-norve(l, un- equal; floral glume a little IfiUger. sometimes minutely iJ-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth stouter and longer: ])alea narrow, Arm, about as long as its glume, 2-keeled. "'-toothed. Stamens 3. Feiiilc Kpikehts 1- to many-flowered. u[)per ones sterile, their eni])ty glumes persistent, unecpial, larger than in the male spikelets; lloral glumes several, firm, narrow, enclosing the flower, the 3 nerves ex- 454 POACR/E. tc'iuliiij? into very long firm awns, which arc sometimes twisted. Short hmceohitc liyuliiie lobes, eacli side the central awn and out- side of each lateral jiwn; palea linn, narrow. Styles distinct, elon- gated, stigmas shortly plumose. Tufted or creeping perennials, the culms stoloniferous. They are all renuirkable for the unisexual spikelets, those of the two sexes so different in a.spe(!t that without positive evidence it would have been diflicult to sui)pose them to belong to the same plant. There are four species, one found in Chili, the others in Mexico or Texas. 1. S. Karwinskianus (Fourn.) Benth. S. Wats. I'roc. Am. Acad. 18: 181 (188;)). fjCsounUa Karwhiskiano Fourn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. :37:10^ (1880). Culins solid, 15-25 cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots numer- ous, ligule a mere ring, ciliate; blades firm, glaucons, sparsely i)u- l)escent, flat or conduplicate, 1-3 cm. long, those of the culm 2-3 in number, and usually less than 5 cm. long. Staminate spikelets about 15-flowered, 3-4 cm. long; floral glume 7-8 mm. long; pistillate spikelets about the length of the stamiiuite ones; floral glume linear, 10 mm. long, the twisted awns equal or the lateral ones shorter, the longest 0-10 cm. long. New ^lexico, Vasen 557 for U. S. Dept. Agricul. ; Arizona, Prinyle. Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 101. (213). MoNANTHOCHLOE Engclm. Traus. St. Louis Acad. 1:430, //. 13, 14./. 18-27 (185!»). Spikelets unisexual, slightly dissimilar. 2- or rarely 3-flowered, single or clustered, almost hidden by the leafy bracts. Emi)ty glumes firm, similar to the distichous leafy bracts; floral glumo firm, obtuse or denticulate, covering the 2-nerved palea and the flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, long, clothed Avith short hairs. CJrain narrowly oblong, subtriquetrous, enclosed by the palea, but not adherent. A creeping or stoloniferous grass, with crowded distichous leaves 0.5-10 mm. long, including the sheatli. There is one species found in Texas and Mexico. FESTl'CE.E. 405 M. littoralis Mii,i!('liii. 1. c. Ciiliiis lii'iii, iiiucli Itraiichi'd, eivct or crocpin;;, 1 '2-20 cm. liigli. Lear-bliuk's rif,M(l, curved, coiulupliciito, obtuse, uiauy-nerved, luostly crowdcil ou tho short bniuches. Floral gluuie.s \)-\)l- uervt'd above. Florida. C'lrti.^s ;504(!, (Utrhw; Texas, T. S. Dcpt. Afjrind r)t;0; southern Caliroruia, I'alinrr 123. This has been couipared to IJiilhilifi on account of its unisexual spikelets and cree[)ing iiabit, but the two soxes are very similar to Fw. S7.—}fonnnt/ioddo(' Uttoralifi. Spikelets, (After Engel.) each other in this genus, and there is no indication in the inflores- cence of any afliiuty with ("hloridoiv. 102. (314). MUNROA Torr. Pac. R. R. Rcpt. 4: 1-58 (185G). Spikelet;; 2-3 to-|ioiiite(l. tlie central nerve Uirniiniitin;^' us ii niiicio; palea liyaline. •.'-Iceeled. (•oni])Iicate. Staiiions ;J. Styles el<»n<;ate(l, olollieil with short hairs, (irain ovjite or oblonu;, enclosed, l»til not adherent. Low annnal <:;rassi's, witli many stilT c'reepin mm. \u\\'s: li-!(» cm. lii,<,di, often branching, growing in small chisters of lO-'.M) or more culms from the same root. Sheaths open and inllatcd; lig- y,^; ule obsolete; blades ;>-;}. Hat or involute, acuminate, sparingly pubescent, S-25 mm. long. Lower Califoriua (near San (^lintin Bay). C/. //. Orriilf for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 'X. 0. Greenii Vasey, Coult. Hot. (laz. 10: 140 (18i)l). IMant soft, erect, light green, ;.'()-:5() cm. Fm. >^9. — 0rniUia Culi- , 1 ii 1 .■ foriiicd. A, imiilcle ; high, branching near t lie base, clothed Irom „ spikelct ; b, tloml culm to iloral ghune more or less with soft gj|.';j',^,,;,,, ^ '• »'"'''''• short luiirs. some of them from tubercled bases. Culms containing 0-1 ])ur])le nodes separated by inter- nodes 1.8-'2.5 cm. long. Sheaths opi'ii. nearly as long as the in- ternodes; ligulea ciliate ridge; blades thin, easily splitting, involute, erect, '2-4 em. long. 1.5-2 mm. wide. Panicle with base included, dense, linear or oblanceohite, o-5 cm. long, the axis and short rays triquetrous. S])ikelets mostly sessile, scmiewluit tlatteiu'd. linear, 7-13 mm. long, 5-10-llowered, rachilla smooth: em})ty glumes sub- e(pud, about 4 mm. long, the margins searious, slightly keeled near oTu^ margir., first linear-lanceolate or linear, 5-1-1 (»-nerved. 1-3- toothed. second oval. T-lO-nerved. irregularly 2-3-tootlied ; iloral glume oval, 3.5-5 mm. long, translucent below and 5-;-ncrved, obscurely keeled above with 11-17 green nerves, 3-5-tootlied; ])alea hyaline, oval. 2-nerved, trui.,'ate. irregularly •i-4-toothed, nearly as long as its glume. Stamens:.; anthers 3 mm. long. Ovary oval, 1 mm. long, stigmas 2.5-3 mm. long. California, (ircen. 104. (21S). Sesleria Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 1.03 (1772). /^;- latithcra \Ank, llort. Herol. 1:121 (IS27). 4r)8 I'OACK.K. Spikelets ^-fJ-tlowercil. in iiciirly sessile clustors, crowded into an (iVdid or cylindrical s|)ikelil'.t). Anntilu sdlivti Lam. V\. Kr. ;5:tllS-.Mi). Cnlins ;>-() in. liif,di, from .stout rootstocks. Leaf -blades lanceolate- acuminate. 5-7 cm. wide. I'anicle tawny, IJO-fio cm. or more long. Spike- lets 2-;}-lloweivd: empty glumes 10-1 -t mm. long; lloral glume slender, acumi- nate, sliorttn* than the emi)ty glumes. silky-i)ubescent below, l-O-nerved. awn erect, often twice a.slung as the teeth. This nuijestic grass is often culti- vated for its large size, broad leaves, and beautiful [)anicles. A variegateii form is alsio cultivated. Introduced from .southern Europe. lOG. ('^l-.'). PhrAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrcst. l.'U (18:20). in part. Trirhuoit h'oth, Koem. Arch. 1 : i), I:] (K'DS). Aruiidn Beauv. Agrost. (1880-83). Reed-grass. Arundo Phnuj mites \j. '6\). PI. 81 (1753). P. aJ- FlG. 92. — Phragmites Phrngiintes. A, spikf^let ; a, floret. (Scribnor.) timimnx Mabille. hVch. IM. Corse, fasc. •.' : 39 (ISOT-it). P. (trnn- dinarva Allan). Munro. Journ. liinn. Soc. 0:40 (ISO*^). /*. aiis- traU.s Trin. Steud. Nom. Ed. •', 'l-.^U (1841). P. Ih'vlamUvri Fourn. Hull. Soc. Hot. Fr. "U: 178 (187;). P. ni/wnsis Nees. Fl. Afr. Austr. 3.")(5 (1841). /'. c/iih'tisis Stcud. Norn. Fd. •.', 2:3^4 (1841). P. ,'ln'nsanthi(s Mabillo, Hccii. PI. ("orsc, fasc. •»:3r (1807-9). P. ciuif/csla Lowe. Trans, ('ami). Phil. Soc. (5: part \\, 'rl\) (1838). /*. e.rjdanalus'Vv\u. Steud. Xom. Ed. ",', ^': 3-.'4 (1841). /*. //^r.svr^.v llcgetschw. Fl. Schw. (iS (184{)). P. f/i(/(iiif<'(i .). (iny. F. Schultz, Arch. Fl. Fr. ct Allcm. ■,'()() (1848). P. (jrwra Steud. Norn. Ed. 'I. 'l\'^'^\ (1841). P. fiis/xniira Nees, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19:Suppl. 1. 15'2 (1843). P. /iiimih's De Not, Cat. Ilort. Genuen. 27 (1840). P. isinm I{ei(!hb. Fl. Cfcrm. Excurs. 140* (1832). P. japonira Stcud. Syn. PI. Gram. 190 (185.')). /*. Karka Trin. Steud. Nom. Ed. 2. 2: 3-»4 (1841). /*. htxljfoni Steud. Syn. FESTUt'E.E. 461 PI. (Jram. 190 (185.")). /'. murerUnuro, .louru. Bot, 15 : 350 (18T7). P. iiKtrifiniKs Mabillo, Kecli. Pi. Corse, fasc. '^:4l (ISIil-O). P. marfitiireiisi.s Triii. Steiul. Norn. Ed. •,', ".*: '.Vli (1841). /*. ninuri- /r/n«w Kuntli, Kev. Gram. l:80(US-i9). P. Xaija Triii. Stoml. Xom. Ed. l. iio'U (1841). /'. itepaknsis Xt-es. Sti'iul. Syn. PI. Gram. 11»<; (1855). P. niyritcus Mal)ille, Pot-h. PI. Corse, fasc. •>: 44 (l8(;:-'.»). I*- '"'7-9). /*. spjeudenx Mabille 1. e. P. rnhjurix 'Vv'm. Fund. Agropt. 134 (18-.'»t). /'. W'ilU-oiiniiiiinii.s Mabille, l{ech. PI. Corse, fasc. •.*:58 (18(ir-!»). Annnto allisslmd lientli. Cat. PI. Pyr. Ov* (18-.'i)). Artoiifii hct/(/urplis]i. 15-35 em. long; r.iys very numerous. Si)ikelets 3-5-nowered. 14-18 mm. long, the silky hairs as long as the Horets, glumes with nerves anastomosing toward the apex, the empty ones 3-nerved, first 5 mm. long, second 8 mm. long, more ni less: thtral glume 5-nerved, about \i mm. long. Ontario. Fmr/er: New York. Clin/nn for Clark L3()l, //w? 92, 93; Michigan. Cooh'i/, Farirell. (7f/r/'727: F'lorida, Siiiipsoii 158; South Dakota, Duff)'//; Montana. Atiderson 1; ■\Vushington, Laie; Lower California, P(diner 38. New York to Mexico and the Pocky Mountains, northeiii Ku- ropc and Asia, Japan, xVustnilia. 462 POACE.E. 107. (201). SlEOLINGIA lienili. Syst. Vorz. Pll. P:rf. 40 (ISOO). Trimlia \l. Wr. Prod. 18'^ (IS 10). Tnnisph IJojiuv. Agrost. TT, /. 15, /. ^^(IHl-.'). Ti'iphms lioiiuv. Agrost. 8], /. IG. /. 10 (1812). Spikelets sevenil-lloworod, paniculate, racliilla articulate above the empty glumes ami between the llorets, hairy rouiul them or gla- brous, llowers perfect or the upper ones male. Kmjjty glumes firm, acute, uuawneil. l-U-nerved, keeled, glabrous or the keel, scabrous- ■ciliate; iloral glume uiuiwued, the lower part rounded on the back, more or less o-nerved at first, often hardened and nerveless in fruit, with 3 terminal l-;J-nerved lobes or teeth; palea broad, about as long as the entire ])art of its glume, with two i)rominent nerves. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous, styles very short, distinct. (J rain sonu'what dorsally compressed, enclosed by glume and palea but not adherent. Perennial grasses, often firm and branching or stolonifei-ous at the base; blades narrow, firm, often involute. Panicles narrow and simple, with few si)ikelets, or ample like those of numy species of E ray runt i,t. Spikelets mostly erect. There are ii\y.>'A 20 species, mostly found in temperate regions of Europe, America. Africa, Australia. It has the typical characters of the tribe without the ])eculiarities of the other genera, the lobes of the floral glume reduced to short teeth or points, or the central one sometimes lengthened into a short awn. Four sections liave been proi)osed : 1. I sot via, — three lobes of the floral glume narrow, lanceolate, and equal. 2. Vralepsia {SieffJinf/la liernh., Men'sarhne'Vyhi.). — the lateral teeth of the glumes broad and not pointed, and sometimes very minute. 3. Tricnspis Beauv. ( Wimhoria T^'utt.), — nerves of the lateral teeth produced into short points. 4. Lcptorarydion llochst.. — the dense soft panicle almost of TrirJilorix, but with the sjjikelets of Trimlia. A. Second empty glume 3-nerved 1, 2 li. Second empty glume l-iu>rved (a) a. Floral glume 2-3 mm. long (!>) FESTl'CE.E. 468 b. Piuiicle spikeliko , 3 b. Pauicle at len«;th open, second glume 2.5-3 mm. long (c) e. l^micle 30 cm. long 4 c. Panicle 10-14 cm. long 5 a. Floral glume more than 3 mm. long (d) d. Panicle at length open (e) e. Panicle 2-10 cm. long <5 e. Panicle 10-15 cm. long T e. Panicle 20-40 cm. long S d. Panicle capitate or sjjicate (i) i. Culms 3-10 cm. high, blades 1-3 cm. long. . 9 i. Culms more than 10 cm. high, blades more tlum 3 cm. long (m) n- Second glume 3 mm., floral glume 4 mm. long 10 m. Second glume 3,5-4 mm., iloral glume 4.5 mm. long 11 m. Second glume 4.5 mm., floral glume 3-;5.5 mm. long I'i m. Second glume 4.5-5 mm., floral glume 5 mm. long 13 m. Second glume 5-G mm., floral glume 4 mm. long ... 14 m. Second glume longer, floral glume usually longer (n) n. Panicle dense, 4-0 cm. long 15 n. Panicle slender, 10-20 cm. long. . . l»i 1. S. trinerviglumis (Munro) Kuntze, Pev. (Jen. PI. 2:789 (1891). Triciispis friitervic/Iiuiiis Munro. A. (Jray, Proc. Acad. Sc. Phil. 333 (1S03.) An erect tufted rather slender grass, 40-00 cm. liigh. Sheaths about as long as the internodes, ciliate at the throat; ligule a mere brown ciliate ring; blades of the culm 3, scabrous, with scattering hairs, flat or involute, slender jjointed, 1-2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Panicle spikelike, interrupted, the appressed lower spikelike rays 464 POACE.E. 2.5-3.5 cm. long. Spikelets jmrplish, ovato-lanoooliite, slifjhtly coinprossed, 8-1 l-llowerc(l. 9-1'^' imn. long: ('nii>ty glumes ovati'- lanceoliite. rounded on the back, first l-ner\ed. 4-5 nun, long, sec- ond 3-nerved. 5 mm. long; iloral glume ovate, awnless. pubescent on the loAver two-thirds of the nerves, 4.5 mm. long; palea ellii)ti- cal, hyaline in the middle, ciliate on the keel, 3 mm. long. Texas. Rererrlion for U. S. Dept. Agrieul. 545. Texas to Arizona. 2. S. Wrightsii Vasey, Contrib U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 2G9 (1803). Poa Tv.rana Vasey. An erect or decumbent dioecious perennial, 30-00 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks. Culms rather stout, nearly solid. Blades of the sterile shoots Hat or involute, 3-7 cm. long; leaves of the culm 5-8, nearly smooth, sheaths shorter than the internoth-s. loose; ligule a short fringe of hairs; blade sinooth, lO-'-iO cm. long. 5 mm. wide, staminate panicle narrow, simple. 5-10 cm. long, rays single. Staminate spikelets glabrous, flat, oval, 5-8-flowered, 8-11 mm. long; empty glumes subcqual, 5 mm. long, first 1-nerved, sec- ond 3-uerved ; floral glume broadly ovate, 5-() mm. long. 3- ncrved; palea nearly as long as its glume. Pistillate panicles 12-30 cm. long, rays mostly single, usually appressed. about 5 cm. long, l)caring 0-8 nearly sessile spikelets on the outer three-fourths. Si)ikelets comjiact, nearly terete, 5-7-flowere(l, 12-20 mm. long; empty glumes ovate-lanceolate, membranous, first 3-ncrved, mm, long, second 3-5-nerved, 7-10 mm. long; floral glume ovate, acute, often mucronate, 7-10 nnn. long. 5-nerved, coriaceous with scarious margins; palea but little shorter than its glume, broad and coria- ceous at the base. Styles 10 mm. long and protruding. Texas (Presidio County), XeaUeii 130, 137. Dr. Vasey says: *• It was first collected in Texas or New Mexico by C. Wright (2038) and was distributed as Trivuspis (tlhosrens Munro, from M'hich it is very different." Some doubt exists as to its affinity, but I prefer not to attempt a change at present. 3. S. stricta (Nutt. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 2 : 780(1801). Wiud- i^nria sfricfa Nutt. Gen. 70 (1818). Trimspis stricta Thurb. MS. FESTl'CE^. 4ur> A smooth erect tufted nither stout <,'niss, 50-80 cm. liigli. Sheaths compressed; ligule a ciliate rinj;; bhides of the culm 3-4, iuvohite, some of tlicm 00-TO cm. long, 4-5 mm. wi(U'. Panicle exserted, spikelike, more or less interrupted below, I'^-'^Ocm. long, 1-1.5 cm. diam, Spikelets often tinged with light ])ink or purple, ovate or oval, 5-7-flowered, 4-5 mm. long: empty glumes lanceo- late, 1-nerved, subequal, 3-4 mm. long; floral glume ciliate on the nerves, lance-oval, lateral nerves without a margin, '^.7 mm. long, awn 0.3-0.5 mm. long; i)alea ovate-lanceolate, slightly revoluto. Texas, Dnniimond, livvvrvhon. Texas to Arizona. 4, S. eragrostoides (\'asey & Scribn.) L. U. Dewey, Coult. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2:539(1804). Tnodia eraf/iusfuules Vasey & Scribn. Contrib. T. S. Nat. Herb. 1:58 (18!»0). A slender erect light-colored, nearly smooth grass, 80-120 cm. high; no les smooth, culm solid, comi)ressed. Sheaths compressed, longer than the intcrnodes; ligule obtuse, l-'l mm. long, blades 10, long-pointed, scabrous, involute, '.'0-30 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, often breaking at the base. Panicle scarcely exserted, slender, simple, open. 30 cm. long, rays single, distant, the lower ones at length drooping, the longest 15 cm. long, bearing a few slender brandies, which are flower-])earing for four-fifths of their length. Spikelets slightly tinged with purple, ovate-lanceolate, 5-8-(lowered. 5-0 mm. long; empty glumes ovate-lanceolate. 1-nerved, second 2.5-3 mm. long; floral glume oval or ovate, obtuse. 2-2..') mm. long, nerves short-hairy below; palea linear, about the length of its glume. Ikiicved to be of value for cultivation. Texas, Reverchm, yotfUei/; New Mexico, Wright 420, 478, 2054: Mexico (Nuevo Leon), Pringle 1072. Florida, Texas, ^lexico. ^'ar. scabra Vasey ined. Plant scabrous throughout; lower blades broailer. Texas, XealJeij for Nat. Mus. 5. S. ambigua (Ell.) Kuntzc IJev. fJon. PI. 2:789 (1891). Poa amhigua Ell. liot. S. C. & (ia. 1:105 (1810). Windsorin ambigua ^wii. Gen. 70 (1818). Triciisjjis atiibigua Chuimi. Fl. S. States 559 (1800). 466 POACE^. A smooth erect mtlier slender grass, GO-OO cm. lii^'li. Slieutlis sliorter tlian the intcrnodes, compressed; ligule a ciliate rin^'; blades of the culm 3-4 in number, Hat, 20-40 cm. lon^, ;{-4 mm. wide, the apex lon<^ and slender. Panicle much exscrted, becoming ovoid or l)yramidal, 10-14 cm. long, rays mostly single, smooth in the axils, clammy, rarely branching, bearing nearly sessile spikelcts on the outer three-fourths. Spikelcts purple, ovate, oval or deltoid, com- pressed, 5-7-ll()Wcrcd, 5-6 mm. long; empty glumes 1-nerved. ovate, acute or '^-toothed, 3 mm. long with a mucro; lloral glume villous on the nerves, oval, 3 nwn. long, with three short awns; palea ovate, obtuse, the folded margins wide, 2.3 mm. long. Florida, (furfis.s 34r)5; Texas, /'. ,S'. Depf. Atjnnd. 530. Florida, Texas to Arizona. G. S. Americana (Heau v.). Trij)hisis Ameriatmt Vk'^ww k^vo^i. 81, /. 10./. 10 (1812). A slender erect pur})lish grass, 40-90 cm. high; nodes pubes- cent. Leaf-blades scabrous above, those of the culm 1-8 cm. long, those of the sterile shoots 10-20 cm, long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Pan- icles thin, simple, the lateral ones included by the sheaths of the leaves, the terminal exserted, 2-5-10 cm. long, rays capillary. Empty glumes obtuse or lobed, 3.5-4 mm. long; iloral glume linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long; awn pubescent, 5-7 mm. long from where it leaves the notch of the glume; palea 3 mm. long, acute. Alabama, Mohr; Florida, Curtiss 345T, (ritrher, Chapnuot; Louisiana, LmKjhns in 1882; Mississippi (Ocean Springs), Tracy. Low pine-b.irrc:is. North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. T. S. Texana (Thurb.) Kuntze, Rev. (}en. PI. 2: 780 (KS!>1). Tricus^iis Texaim Thurb. S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18:180 (1883). A slender erect tufted grass, 50-70 cm. high, culm, leaves, and branches of i)anicles more or less pubescent with short spreading hairs, the nodes glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the intcrnodes, villous at the throat; lignle a mere ring; blades mostly involute, 15-20 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide. Panicle thin, diffuse, 10-15 cm. long, rays single, hairy in the axils, longest 4-7 cm. long, bearing 3-5 spikelcts above the middle. Spikelcts ovate-oblong, 5- FPxrrcK.E. 4(57 12-llo\vere(l, O-ll nun. loii<:, more or le.-^s tiii^'cd vitli red: ciiipty glumes tliiii, I-iutvciI. second ovale, olitusi; or shortly miicroiuitc, glaltroiis. 4 mm. loii;,'^: lloriil glunii- oval, 1 mm. loii^r. villous to- ward the base niton the ;J <;reeii ni-rves. the midillc nerve shortly ex- eurrent between the short teetii; palea l)road. the keels revoliite below. Texas, Rirenlion; New Mexico. IIW///// 770. TTT, *^045; Mex- ico, P via file I!»rO. Pahnn- \Vu\. Louisiaiui, New Mexico, western Texas, and Arizona. 8. S. seslerioides (Mielix.) Scribn. Mem.Torr. ("lub. ks(lS!)4). Poa seslerioides Mielix. Fl. lior. Am. 1:<;8 (180:5). /W i/in'm/Ke- fitht I'ursli. Kl. Am. Sept. 1 : 81 (1814). Trioiliaruprea A. F. .laeq. Eclog. (iram. 2:",»1, /. /'; (1814). Tricuspis seslerioides 'J'orr. Fl. U. S. 1:118 (18',>4). Sie(/liti;/iu Jlara Kuntze, liev. Gen. IM. :8!» (1891). Po<( flam li. = /'. eroeala Michx. teste Munro, Jourii. Linn. Hoc. : 43 (1863). S.Chdpmdiiii'^WMiW. inlierb. A smooth upright showy grass, 80-150 em. high. Sheaths com- pressed, about the length of the inter- nodes, ciliatenear the throat: ligule aciliatering: blades 3-5, tiat. eondu- plicate or involute, 30-40 em. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Panicle ample, tinally pyramidal, 20-30 or more cm. long. rays clammy, capillary in sets of 2-4 or single, llower- bearing ])ut little below the middle, hairy in the axils. Spikelets very numerous, linear-oblong, purple, 5 -7-flowered, 8-10 mm. long; empty glumes 1-nerved, ovate, muerouate, second 3.5-4 mm. long; iloral glume 4 Fio. 93. — Sief/liiiffui seslerioides. A, />, c, il, e, s|)iki'lct and dissec- tions. (SLTibner.) 408 POACK/K. mm. lonj,'. villous oji tlie lower liulf of tlic :» proj('('tiii<,' iicrvcd. iiK'liidiiig two iiitennetliate teeth; paleii oviil, revolule tit the base, as loujif as its {jliime. r. S. J >(•/>( . Jf/n'nil. hA'i (no locality); ^fassaohusotts, ('oalci/: Illinois. ('(Kih'i/: District of C'olumhia, Mi-C<(r//n/; Florida. Cur/iss 3454, ,f. K. SnuiU. Dry or sandy fields, Massachusetts, Xcw York, to Texas. A grass a])part'ntly of \wo\' (|uality for |)asturc or meadow. 0. S. pulchella (H. H K.) Kuntze. I{ev. {Wax. 1M. 2:780 (isni). Triodin puh-ln-Jhi 11. 1?. K. Nov. Ct-n. 1: XryTy. I. 47 (1815). /w/'- leria piihhi'lln S|)ren<(. Syst. 1 : IJ'i'i (I'^'U). I'rnh'pis piihlit'lh/ Kuuth. Kev. CJram. 1: 1(»S (lS-.>!»). A densely tufted yellowish or whitish j^n-ecn jrrass. 0-4 <'m. high. Culm scabrous, very slender, braiiching or stoloniferoiis. Leaves of sterile shoots glaucous, recurved, involute. 1-3 cm. long. 0.4-0.5 mm. diam. Panicle spicate in umbellat(f clusters, terminating the leafy branches. Spikelcts flattened, ovate-oblong. ; California (Los Angeles), Pahnrr 500, ()5'2, i:5r)!». Of the last. Dr. Palmer says : " l{are, in crevices of rocks on a bare promontory. 1T85 feet above tbe sea-level." Texas to Arizona and California. Var. parviflora Vasey ined. Smaller in every way; leaves 1 cm. or less in length: spikelets ;}_4.nowered ; empty glumes, flond glumes, and palcai a little shorter than m the species. Southern California. Orrutt. Texas to California. 10. S. congesta L. II. Dewey, Coult. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2:538 (18!U). KKS'ITCK.K. 4f'l) Culms ;J(>~K) ', (ilhrsmis. I'jinicle (leiirie. G-H ciii. loii;,', l.T) "' cm. ilium. Spikclcts tiiij^cd with |)iir|ile. tumid, oval or oltlon min. Ion;;; lloral ;;Iunu' sul't, sjion^a on the lower half near the nerves, hirsute on the lower half of ilic koel and the base of the lateral nerves, thi' ;;lunu' subcireular when spread, mucronate, 4 mm. Ion;;; palea :{ mm. Ion;;, deltoid-ovate be- fore spreading' the broad infoMed mar;;iiis, the base near the ki-i-ls thick aiul spongy. Clearly distinct from S, ulbesvots, with which some have con- foumled it. Texas, X)'(ilh';i in 1S!>:{. 11. S. purpurea (Walt.) Kuntze. I?ev. (Jen. IM. TS!) (ISiH). Aim /nd'jitnrii Walt. Fl. Car. 7S (liSS). I'mlipis imrjinnn and /'. orislnhilo Nutt. (leu. 1 : -"l mm. wide. I'aiMcles terminal or lateral, the latter inchuleil by the shi-aths, very simple, ."{-0 cm. long, rays spikelike. Kmpty glumes sid)ept. Agricid. at Washijigton are plants under the minu' 7'. sjKirsijhnui Cliapm. Jiotli of these are all'ected with smut. After cari'ful examination, I am (confident that they are defornu'd specimens of S. imr/mri'ii. Sandy soils. Massachusetts to Khtrida near the coast, also near Lake Erie at HutTalo, and parts of Illinois. 12. S. albescens (Munro) Kuntze 1. c. Triodia alln'sreuH IJenth. Vasey, (\v. V. S. 35(lSSr)). A smooth erect tufted grass, 40-TO cm. high. HIades of sterile shoots Hat or involute, taper-})ointed, IS-IJO cm. long, 2-4 mm. 470 IMtACK.K. wide, tlioso of tlio cuhn :{-4, aiul shorter; li;,'ule u ciliutc rinjr. I'lmiclc slijjhtly t'xsertt'd, (louse, sli^'lilly ititeniiptt'd, '.(-14 cm. loiij;, 7-14 diiim. SjdkoU'ts judo or tin;,a'd with purpU', uhloiig or ovate. T-lO-llowerud, 4.5-5.5 iiiiii. loMi,'; (Miipty j;li:nies broad, oviite, ueute, 1-iierved, lirst '.*.5-4 mm. loii^', second a little louijer; llorul glume nearly smootli, broad oval, mostly miicroiiate, :}-:). '» mm. lor.g; luilea ovate, obciiiieate before si)readiiig, 'Z.^-'i mm. Ioii;»', mar;,Mns broad and infolded. Texas, Hcverrluni, Ai'*)). A slender erect tufted glaucous grass, 15-20 cm. high, nodes smooth. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, curved, couduplicate. ;{-8 cm. long, 1.5-'^ nun. wide, apex obtuse, not recurved, those of the culm "l\ ligule a ciliate ring, all blades with light-colored mid- nerves and a similar one on each margin, the width very uniform throughout. Panicle much exserted. very simple, dense, oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. loug. Spikelets whitish or jjurplish, ovate-lanceolate, S-l(»-llowered. !)-! 1 nun. long; empty ghunes suberpial. linear- lanceolate, 4.5-5 mm. long; floral ghuue with keel pubescent neiir the base and lateral nerves throughout. ovate-Iaiu-eohite. acute or 2- tootlied. 5 mm. long, tlie awn 0.5-1.5 mm. long; palea oval or spatulate, ciliate on the keels, 3.5-4 mm. long. Texas, hWeir/ion for V. S. Dept. .\gricul. 534. IMI 779, Liiidlieinier 738; Arizona (llackbcrry), Jones, Pritujle in 18S4; Mexico, Pri>ii/h> 4O0. Very nearly allied to S. avcmicea (II. li. K.), aiul }>erliaps one should be considered a variety of the otlu'r. 14. S. Nealleyi (Vasey) L. II. Dewey, ("oult. C'ontrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2:538 (18!)4). Triodia Xenn<'i/i V-mv\, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:49 (1888). A slender erect tufted glaucous perennial, 30-40 cm. high, nodes villous. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, recurved, conduplicate, 5-8 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, apex obtuse, recurved, those of the culm 3; ligule a brown ciliate callous ring; all leaves with aeon- FKSTICK.K. 471 spicuous li;;lit-colore(l niid-nervt' and a similar oiu' on cacli niarfjin, till' wiiltii of leaf nearly uniform tliroiij,'liout. i'anicle much ex- Berted, dense, linear or ovoid, sliirlitly interniptcti helow, 4-") cm. lon^'. Spikelets whiti-sli, tin;,'i'd more or less with purple. oltlon<;, 0-T-llowered. I mni. long; empty glinues oval- lanceolate, 1-iicrvcd, first 4-4.') mm., second 5-r» mm. I<»ng; lloral ;.dume with keel pu- bescent toward the base, and lateral nerves tlirou_:rhoiit, ovate-oval, obtuse, 4 mm. long, the av.n ))rojeeting none or hut little ahovi- the lohed apex of its glume; palea falcate, spattdate, ciliate on tho nerves, 'i.o mm. long. Nearly allied to S. iiriindijhini. Texas, yvuUey for Nat. Mus., Chenate Mountains, I'residio county. 15. S. grandiflora (Vasey). Tn'odia (jrauiJIjJoni \'asey, ("on- trih. r. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : T)!) (ISilO). A sleiuler erect or geniculate tufted glaueotts grass, tiO-SO em. liigli; nodes villous. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, recurved, contluplicate. 5-8 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, apex obtuse, those of the culm 3; ligide a brown ciliate callous ring; all blades with a conspicuous light-colored mid-nerve and a similar one on each mar- gin, the width of blade nearly uniform throughout. Panicle much exserted, dense, linear or ovoid, 4r-6 cm. long. Spikelets whitish, tinged more or less with purple, linear to oval, 4-G-llower( d, 8-10 mm. long: empty glumes lanceolate, 1-nerved, first 5-() mm. long, second 7-8 mm. long; tloral glume with keel pubescent toward the base and lateral nerves throughout, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 5-0 mm. long, the awn 0.5 to I mm. long; palea falcate-spatulate. cili- ate on the nerves, nearly 4 mm. long. Texas, XmJh'n for Nat. Mus. ; Mexico, Prinyle 400. The latter was distributed as T. aveuacca II. K., by which name this grass has been known for some years. Dr. Vjisey, after comparing the draw- ings of T. arenacea with the above plant, deciited that the grasses are identical, hence the new name. Texas to Arizona ami Mexico. 10. S. mutica (Torr.) Kuntze, 1. c. Tricuspid mntica Terr. Tac. 1{. K. Hep. 4:150 (1857). A slender erect or rigid glaucous tufted grass, 40-70 cm. 472 POACE.E. high. Chihiis solid, scabrid, nodes sniootli or sparingly pubescent. Shoatlis mostly longer than the internodes; ligule truncate, eiliute, 1 mm. long; leaves of sterile shoots erect, slender, often breaking at the top of the sheath, those of the culm 4 in number, blades rigid, scabrid, involute, pungehc-pointed. 20-30 cm. long, less than 1 mm. diam. Panicle slendi.'r, erect, s])ikelike, interrupted, 10-20 cm. long. Spikelets linear, purplish, I'.early terete, 0-1 1 -flowered, 12-17 mm. long; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved. first 5.5-().5 mm. long, second 0.5-7.5 mm. long; floral glume linear or oval, enuirginate, awnless. pubescent on the nerves, 5.5-7 mm. long; palea elliptical, pubescent on the keels, ;3.5-4 mm. long. Texas, Ncrerrfinn for V. 8. Dept. Agricul. 2:5!): Arizona, Priiiglc'm 1882: Mexico (Chihualuia), Pn'>i(jlc iOb, Pahiier 2'ZW. Texas to Arizona and ^lexico. 108. (2Gla). RedFIELDIA Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 14:133 (1887). Spikelets 3-5-flowercd, pedicellate in a lax si)reading panicle half or more than half the length of the culm, raciiilhi sliort. ar- ticulate under the floral glumes, beset with white hairs. Empty ghuues about half as long as thespikelet. ovate-laiu'colate, l-nerved; floral glume com})ressed, rather rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the mid-nerve curved, the lateral nerves i)romini'nt and midway lo the margin, base more or loss pubescent: palea equalling or longer than its glume, of nearly the same texture, folded lengthwise in the middle and with two ])rominent keels folded in the o})posite di- rection. I>r. Yasey believes it nearest allied to Fes- tuca, from which it differs in having the flowers crowded on the rachilla, in the 1- nerved emptv glumes, in the pointed orconi- Fir.. U.-ltedfieldia Jkx- , ,, ' ' , , i „ , , , uom A, si)ikelet; a, cai floral glumes, not rouiideu on tlie back and fl..n.t. (Scribiier.) q,j,^, 3-ncrved. Named for the late J. II. IJedtield of Philadel])hia. 1. R. flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey 1. c. Grapheplwrum {'^)Jlexuosum Thurb. Proc. Phila. Acad. 78 (1803). FESTrCE.E. 473 Rootstocks strong, creeping. Culms sniootli. flexuous, 20-00 cm. high. Shcatlis longer than the internodes, smooth; ligiile u hairy ring; blades 30-50 cm. long, mostly near the base, rigid, .smooth, involute. Panicle with distant alternate spreading rays, naked below, the lower 10-15 cm. long, branches tilil'orm. divergent. 8j)ikelets on jiedicels 2-3 cm. long, ovate, com])ressed, 4-T mm. long, llorets crowded: first empty glume 2-2..') mm. long, second a little longer and broader; tloral glume with white hairs at the base, 1-2 mm. long, com])ressed, acute to erose. Kansas, Vaseij in IHSi) for Nat. Mus., also found in Colorado. 10!). (22(j). DiSSANTHELIUM Trill. Liiiiiavi 10:305 (1830). Phdaridiimt Nees, Kov. Act. Nat. Cur. l!i: Suppl. 1, 101 (1S43). Stcnocliha Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. Ser. 2. 1: 1S1» (!S47). Spikelets 2-4-llo\vered, in a narrow usually dense panicle, rachilla glabrous, articulate between tlie llowers and produced l)e- yond as a minute bristle. Em[)ty glumes persistent, narrow, keeled, 1-3-iierved. acute or acuminate, slightly uiie(|ual; llonil glume much shorter, l)roadcr, rather obtuse, awuless, keeled. 3-nerved; palea shorter than its glume, 2-ke('led. 2-toothed. Stamens 1-3. Grain oblong, subtri(iuetroiis, slightly furrowed or not, included, but not adherent. Low tufted annuals or peri'U- nials with nai'row flat blades. Panicle shortly exsertcd. 'I'here are two or three species found in America from California to Bolivia. 1. D. Californicum (Nutt.) P.entli. Hook. Icones. PI. 14:00, /. 1375 (1881). Stciiovhloa Califoniira Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 1:189 (^^"^')- Fia. or..— 7)4.va/i- Annual; culms sjiaringly branched below, 10- thelium Califor , . , iL.i 1 ' 1 ii 1 tiifum. Si)ik«'lft 30 cm. high. Siieatlis smootli, ratiier loose, Usseoied. iSnib- striate, about as long as the internodes: ligule ob- "*^''') tuse, 2-3 mm. long; blades flat or conduplicate. broad at the base, acuminate, 10-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Panicle loosely spike- like, 5-12 cm. long, rays erect, mostly in pairs (in large ])lants 474 I'OACE.E. 4-6 rays), tlic longest 3-4 cm. long simple and densely flowt^rod at the base. Spikelets mostly sessile, pale green, 2-3-no\vered ; empty glumes spreading, sul>e(iual, about 3 mm. long, first 1- nerved, second 3-ncrved; lloral glume loosely pubescent below, ovate-acute, the second 6 mm. long; i>alea pubescent. Lower California ((Juadalupe Island), Palmer 06. 2. D. sclerochloides (Steud.) Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 2: 112: (1886). Poa sclerochloides Steud. Herb, (fide Fourn.). A smooth tufted grass, 5-7 cm. high. Ligulo obtuse, 1.5 mm. long; blades involute or conduplicate, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 1 mm. diam. Panicle 1-2 cm. long, oval, rather dense, rays in twos to fours, the longest bearing two spikelets. Spikelets on short pedi- cels, 2-fiowered, oval, acute, spreading with age, 3-3. o mm. long; empty glumes 3-nerved, the margins white; fioral glume smooth, broad, ovate when spread, 2-2.3 mm. long. Stamen 1. Mexico, Pringle 4222, also in Chili. Moist places in the bottom of a crater, 13,500 feet above the sea- level. 110. (227). MOLINIA Shrank, Baier. Fl. 1:100, 334 (1789). Bnodium Gaud. Agrost. Ilelv. 1: 145 (1811). Monilia S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2:110 (1821). Amhhjtcs Dulac, Fl. Hautcs- Pyr. 80 (1867). Spikelets 2-4-flowered, in a narrow loose subterete panicle, ra- cliilla smooth, articulate between the flowers, and often produced Fig. 96. — Molinia carulea. Spikelets. (Richardson.) above them. Empty glumes persistent, awnless, 1-nerved, unequal, shorter than the florets; floral glume firm, membranous, awnless, convex, 3-uerved ; palea obtuse, 2-keeied, scarcely shorter than its FESTUCE^U. 475 glume. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, furrowed, subquadrangular, enclosed, but not adherent. There is only one species, and tliat belongs to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. 1. M. cdcuuLKA (L.) MttMich, Meth. 183 (179-4). Aim cwrulea L. Sp. PL C3(ir53). A slender tufted perennial, 30-90 cm. high. Culm with one to two leaves only, and those near the base. Sheaths smooth, bearded at the throat; ligule none; blades smooth, involute, rigid, tips very slender, 10-15 cm. long. Panicle 3-30 cm. long, rachis c-om- pressed, flexuose. Empty glumes 2-3 mm. long; floral glumes 4-5 mm. long. Anthers violet-brown. Sparingly introduced or likely to he introduced with grass-seeds. 111. (230). Erageostis Host, Ic. Gram. 4:14 (1809); Beauv. Agrost. 70. /. 14. /. 11 (1812). Menustachija Heauv. Agrost. 74: (1812). Erorhloe liufin. Xeogenyi. 4 (1825). Exayrostis Steud. Nom. Ed. 2. 1 : G22 (1840). llurparhne llochst. Cf. Flora, 24 (1841). Intell. 20, uomcn; et ex Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2:431 (1850). ('a'hclnjrniii Nees, Linnani 10:221 (1842). Jfan-ohk- pharus Philippi, Linn. 29: 100 (1857-58). Cladoraphis Fianch. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Spikelets usually many-flowered, in a loose and spreading or nar- row and clustered panicle, rachilla usually glabrous and articulate under the floral glumes, rarely inarticulate, flowers perfect or vari- ously unisexual. Empty glumes unequal, rather shorter than the floral glumes, keeled, first 1-nerved, second 1-3-nerved (ours all 1- nerved), floral glumes obtuse or acute, unawned, 3-nerved, the keel prominent, the lateral nerves sometimes obscure; palea shorter than its glume with a prominent nerve or keel, often persisting after the glume and grain luive fallen away. Stamens 2-3. Styles distinct, short; grain globose, ovoid or oblojig, usually not furrowed, en- closed, but not adherent, often deciduous with the floral glume. There are about 100 species widely spread in warm and temper- ate regions, not found in very cold countries or on high mountains. Two or three are cosmopolitan and several difficult to limit. Nearly allied to Poa, to which genus the species have sometimes been re- 476 POACE.K. ferrcd ; some species have beeu variously referred to Fesfnca, Briza, Duciylis, Ehusine, or Leptochloa ; some liave been i)ropose(l as genera. Henthani proposed tlie following sections: 1. i!((tadasion Do'll.. — those with short spikelets with few flowers and fragile rachilla. 3. Flagiosiachi/(i, — the inflorescence approaching that of Chlori- deae. 3. 3f)/rioSi^achya, — a complicated inflorescence. 4. Fe/ervessa Doell. , or Erayrostis proper, — many-flowered spike- lets, with the racliilla continuous or rarely articulate when old, floral glumes usually deciduous, leaving the palea persistent. Spe- cies numerous and may be subdivided into three subsections : a. CijUndrostachym, — narrow almost terete spikelets. b. LepfosfacJiycp, — with narrow-linear flat spikelets. c. MeyasfaclujiB, — broad-linear or oblong flat spikelets. 5. Flatystwhya, — broad, flat, many-flowered spikelets with rather paleaceous glumes, and the rachilla ^articulate as in Cata- clasfos. 6. SderoHtachya, — paleaceous glumes and jfi'ticulate rachilla, as those of Fhitystachya; but the spikelets are not so broad and the rigid leaves are long and rushlike or short and pungent. A. A prostrate, creeping annual 1 B. Erect or spreading annuals, panicle spikelike (a) a. Spikelets lO-oO-flowercd 2 a. Spikelets i-i-flowered 3 C. Diffuse annuals, not creeping, floral glume 1 mm. long, (b) b. Panicle spikelike, spikelets o-lO-flowcrcd 4 b. Panicle spreading, spikelets 2-5-flowered 5 D. Di'Tuse annuals, floral glume 2.T-3.8 nnn. long, panicle spikelike, spikelets 4-24:-flowered G E. Ditt'use annuals, panicle not spikelike, floral glume usual- ly 1-1.5 mm. long (c) c. Spikelets 2-5-flowered, floral glume 1.2-1.4 mm. long. 7 c. Spikelets 2-10-flowered. floral glume 1-1.2 mm. long. 8 c. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, floral glume 1.2-1.5 mm. long. 9 c. Spikelets 2-20-flowered, floral glume 1.5 mm. long. . 10 FESTUCE.E. 477 F. Perennials, floral glume more than 2 mm. long. . . .(d) (1. Panicle racemose or capitate, spikelets 15-30- flowered, floral glume 2.7-3.'-^ mm. long 11 d. Panicle usually ovoid (e) e. Spikelets 2-12-flo\vered, flora glume 2.5-3 mm. long, ligule not bearded 12 e. Spikelets 4-12-flo\vered, floral glume 2.5 mm. long, ligule bearded 13, 14 e. Spikelets 10-18-flo\vered, floral glume 2.5-3 mm. long, ligule bearded 15 G. Annuals or perennials, floral glume 1.8-2 mm. long. . (f) f. Panicle narrow, 10-15 cm. long, spikelets 10-40- flowered, floral glume 1.6 mm. long, annual. ... 16 f. Panicle spreading, annual (i) i. Panicle 15-35 cm. long, spikelets 5-14-flowered, floral glume 1.5-1.7 mm. long 17 i. Panicle 18-25 cm. long, pyramidal, spikelets 7-11- flowered, floral glume 2 mm. long 18 i. Panicle 8-16 cm. long, spikelets 10-50-flowered, floral glume 2 mm. long 19 i. Panicle 12-30 cm. long, spikelets 5-20-flowered, floral glume 1.5-1.8 mm. long 20 f. Panicle si^reading, perennials (k) k. Panicle 20-30 cm. long, spikelets 6-12-flowered, floral glume 1.7-2 mm. long 21 k. Panicle 30-60 cm. long, spikelets 6-20-ilowered floral glume 1.7-2.1 mm. long 22 k. Panicle 20-30 cm. long, spikelets 5-12-flowered, floral glume 1.8-1.9 mm. long 23 k. Panicle 20-30 cm. long, spikelets 4-7-flowered, floral glume 1.8-1.9 mm. long 24 k. Panicle 25-35 cm. long, spikelets 4-8-flowered, floral glume 1.7 mm. long 25 k. Panicle 30-40 cm. long, spikelets 3-4-flowered, floral glume 1.5 mm. long 26 1, E. hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69 (188S). 478 POACE.E. Poa hypnoidcs Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 185 (1701). Poa rcptmis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 09 (1803). Bragrosfis . eptans JS'ees, Agrost. Bras. 514 (1829). Prostrate aud creeping annuals, culms mucli-branched, 5-30 cm. long, ligule a ciliate ring; blades Hat or involute, 1-5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide. Panicle ovoid or pyramidal, 3-G em. long, or capitate. Spikelets Hat, elliptical, ovate or linear, im])erfeetly dia'cious, almost sessile or even capitate, 10-40-Howered. 5-14-22 mm. long; empty glumes acute, 0.5-1 mm. long; lloral glume broadly ovate, acute, 1.8-2.2 mm. long, with lateral nerves obscure or })rominent; palea shorter than its glume, ciliate on the keels. Grain oval, com- pressed, 0.7-0.8 mm. long. r. .S'. IJepf. Agncnl. 591; Illinois, Ctmhij in 18G8; Florida, Chtipnmn: Texas, Palmer \?>^^, Nealley; Oregon, JIaU G31; Cali- fornia, Pnmjle in 1882. \'ery variable in size, mode of growth, and arrangement of spikelets. In some the geniculate stems are 00 or more cm. long, with in- ternodes 10 em. long. In No. 431, T. J. Howell. Oregon, the si)ikelets are in very large numbers (hundreds) in a tuft 8-10 cm. diam. Wet places, New England to Oregon and Texas. 2. E. Vahlii (R. cS: S.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 2: 490 (1829). Poa VahUi R. & S. Syst. 2: 5G3 (1817). E. anmna Presl, Rel. lla?nk. 1: 275 (1830). Megastachya amwna Fouru. ilenisl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:572 (1880). An erect or ascending annual, 5-30 cm. high. Culms simple, branching below. Sheaths slightly compressed, striate, pilose at the throat; blades flat, attenuate-acuminate, smooth above, usually pilose. Panicle 3-10-15 cm. long, spikelike or with rays more or less remote and spreading, bearing spikelets to the base. Spikelets nearly sessile, crowded, erect or spreading, 5-25 mm. long, linear or linear-obloug, much compressed, 10-50-flo\vered ; empty glumes lanceolate, subequal, about 2.5 mm. long, scabrous on the keel; floral glume 2.3-2.7 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, nerves distinct, keel scabrous above; palea incurved, a third shorter than its glume, FES'i'lKJK.E. 479 the keels finely cilitite. (Jrain ovoid, compressed, 0.5-0.6 mm. long. Distributed as E. Prinf/ki Seribn. Mexico. Pfiiujk 3334, on the siindy plains of Jalisco. 3. E. pallida Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 285 (1893). An erect or spreading sparingly brauciied annual, 30-50 em. higli. Sheaths 3, nearly smooth, shorter than the interuodcs; lig- ule very short; blades scabrid on both sides, flat, S-Vl cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle spikelike, interrupted below, light-colored, 15-20 cm. long, rays often densely clustered, llower-bearing to the base, 3-5 cm. long. Spikelets on short pedicels, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, slightly compressed, 1.5-3.3 mm. long, 4-7- flowered; empty glumes 1-nerved, oval, obtu.-^e or acute, first O.U mm. long, second 0.8-0.9 mm. long; floral glume ovate or oval, acute or ob- tuse, 1.1-1.2 mm. long, lateral nerves less than the length of the glume: palea about 0.9 mm. long. Nearly allied to E. alba Presl. Mexico (State of Colima), Palmer 1208. 4. E. ciliaris (L.) Link, llort. Berol. 1: 192 (1827). Poa rill- art's L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2:102 (1702). Me(/as/arJi;/n riliaris lieauv. Agrost. 74 (1812). Poa eler/ans Poir. Lam. Encycl. 5: 87 (1804). A diffuse slender branching annual, 20-50 cm. high. Sheaths smooth or sparingly ciliate, bearded at the tiiroat; blades thin, flat or involute, 5-10 cm. long, about 2 mm. wiile. Panicle spiked, cylindrical, more or less interrupted. 5-10 cm. long, 5-7 mm. diam. Spikelets oval, 5-10-flowered, 2.5-3 mm. long; empty glumes ovate- lanceolate, 1-nerved, subequal, 0.8-1.2 mm. long; floral glume elliptical, lateral nerves very near the margin, mucronate, 1 mm. lono-, rough or ciliate on the back; palea as long as its glume, linear, the keels fringed with slender bristles often 1 mm. lotig. Grain ovoid, slightly flattened on the side opposite the embryo, 0.4-0.5 mm. long. Georgia, Curfiss 3493; Mississippi (Ocean Springs), Tracy; Mexico (Jalisco), Pruii/le 1851. South Carolina to Mexico. Var. patens Chapm. ? Blades broader; panicle more open, 3 cm. diam.; spikelets purplish, 3-5-flowered; empty glumes shorter 480 POACE.E. and broader: floral glume 0.7 mm. long; palea with cilia on the nerves 0.1-0.3 mm. long. Very likely a good species. (Jeorgia, Ciniifng. CJrain oval, 8hl : empty glumes 1-nerved, lanceolate or awl-shaped, first 1.5-3.5 mm. long, second 2-3 mm. long; Horal glume with three strong nerves, ovate-acute or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long: jialea slightly incurved, oval when si)read, obtuse, nearly as long as its glume. Grain subglo- bose, with a slight groove on one side, 1 mm. long. Illinois, Geyer, Patterson; Texas, Drifminond 7'3C), Lindheimer, NeaJky; Xew Mexico, Wright Til, 1317. Sandy soils, New England to Texas and Xew Mexico. 13. E. erosa Scribn. ined. A tufted perennial, about 00 cm. high. Sheaths smooth; ligule bearded; blades involute, rigid, smooth below, 30— 10 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Panicle diffuse, ovoid, 30-40 cm. long, rays diverg- ing, some of them in twos and threes, sparingly branched, branches capillary and bearing 2-5 pedicellate spikelets. Spikelets light lead- color, moderately flattened, linear, 4-1 2 -flowered, 0-12 mm. long; empty glumes smooth, thin, ovate, 1-nerved, first about 1.0 mm. long, second about 2 mm. long; floral glume broadly ovate, obtuse 484 I'oACK.K. or ac'uto, obscnroly S-iicrvcd, eiisily sidittiiig. about 2.5 mm. long; p-aU'ii slif^litly iiuMrved. Hpaluluto or luirrowly obovate whcMi not .-pri'iul oijcii, tninculL', tToso or slightly 3-lobt'd, nerves very ob- scure, aiMooth. 2-'-'. 5 turn. loii^'. Gniiii not seeii. MoxH.'O (^f'liihualiuii). J'ritit/Ir 115. 14. E. sessilispicata lluukl. I'roc. Aaul. Pliila. OT (1862). DIphu'hiif n't/i(/ir linntii. N'asi'y, (Jrassos V. S. 135 (1855). Erayros' tiHriyiih Scrihn. I'loc Acad. Phila. ;}04 (ISOl). Culms erect, slemlor. 30-50 cm. lu;.di. IMadcs of sterile shoots i=!cal)riil. involute or Hal, :5-l."> t-in. lonir. ".' uitii. uiilf. those of the culm I-".'; liuMih; a mere riiij,' lirariiig thin hairs. I'aiiifle much exserteil. simple, open, pyramidal, 12-".'0 cm. lon.ir; rayjisiuLde, the loii^'cst (5-8 cm. lonj;. bearin,:jf about six apprcsscd spilsdcts. Spike- lets sessile, G-'.i-llowcred. G-12 mm. lonj.': empty ^dumcs hmctolate, .sube(pial. 4-5 nun. loiitr: first l-iuTved, second 3-nerved; floral glume llrm, lane- dieellate, lead-colored, llattened, ovate-lanceolate or linear. 10-18- flowered, li-lO mm. long: em.pty glumes ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, scabrid on the k(>el, first 2 mm. long, second ;> mm. long; floral glume ovate-lanceolate, scabrid on the keel, lateral nerves less promi- nent, 2.5-3 mm. long; palea .slightly incurved, linear before spread- ing, acute, keels scaberulous. Grain very slightly compressed, ovoid, 1 mm, long. ^[exico (Guadalajara), Palmer '^■iO, Pri)ifilc 2311. 16. E. Brownei (Kunth) Nees, Steud. Xoni. Ed. 2. 1:562 (1841). Poa i)ohjmorpha W. Br. Prod. 1:180 (1810). Mega- FESTrcEJE. 48rt starhjin pohjmorpha Heiiuv. Agrost. 74 (ISl-?). Poa lirnn'ml Kiimli, Kcv. (Jnim. 1: U'l (l.s-.".!). A vi'iy v!iriiil)U' j)lant in stature uiul iwiu'ct, usuuUy above IJOcin. hi;:li. Lijriili' soinotimi's u itii ii few cilia; l)lii(li'S fliit or involutr. glabrous, 8-15 cm. loii^'. l.r)-'2 cm. wide. I'aiiiclo somotinios sijii- jtU' and tlen-o or spikclikc and inU'rrui>t«'d, lo 15 (Mil. long, soim- tinii'.s 150 cm. lonj;, with sliort spreading rays bearing a few scattered or clustered spikeiets. Spikelet-s sessile or very nearly so, Hat, ID 40-tlowered. (1.5-15 mm. Ion:,', racliilla very tardily articulate; empty glumes 1-iierved, about 1.5 mm. long; floral glumo broadly ovate, acute, 1.6 mm. Ion;:, nerve-; :5. prominent ami strictly par- allel when the glume is spread; palea incurved, the keels usually mi- nutely eiliate, about 1.5 mm. long. Stamens 3, or rarely ii. Ciraiu ovoid, conipressed, 0.5 mm. long. reriiai>s only a \ariety. Florida, Cfarbcr : al>o I'fjund in Australia; widely spread in India. K. E. Neo-Mexicana Vasey ined. (?) A ditVuse oi- cfi'i'i annual, branching near the base, GO-OO cm. hiffh. Slii-atlis smooth, beardedatthe tliro:it; liiiide a eiliate ring; blades ilat or invohite. scabrous, 1 •.'-'.'( »-;;(» cm. long, 2-4-0 mm. wide. Panicle often iucludcil at the base, light lead-color, ovoiil to linear, 15-'?5-:i5 em. Iimiv'. rays rigid, mostly single, naked for a fifth part of the length, branches numerous. a[ipressed. Spiki'lets pedicellate, tinged with red. slightly flattened, linear or linear- laneeolate, 5-8-1 4-flowcivd, 5-0 mm. long; empty glumes thin, 1- nei'ved, first 1-1.3 mm. long, second ovate-acute, 1.5 mm. long; floral glume smooth, thin, oval, broadly ovate or deltoid-oval, obtuse or abruptly acute when spread, the nerves all prominent, 1.5-1.7 mm. long; palea incurved, linear before spreatling, obtuse, eiliate on the keels, 1.3-1.5 mm. long. Grain broadly oval, slightly grooved, 0.7-1 mm. long. ^[exico. Pan'!/ '^' P"^'»'f' ^=56, Priuylr 410, Pahnoyni, 3(57. 18. E. Orcuttiana Vasey, C'ontrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. 1:269 (189;3). Apparently annual ; culms 00-90 cm. high, branching slightly below, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; lig- 486 poace;e. ulo very short, ciliate; blades Hat or becoming involute, 8-15 cm. loii<,', 4-6 niin. wide. I'aiiicle s])rea(lin mm. long. Craiu ovoid-oblong, sligiitly con'.[)ressed, 1-1.2 mm. lung. I !iavo reluc- tantly abandoned the separation of this from A'. /*Nrilom in the herbarium of Harvard University. In every one so named the floral glume is ;!-iu'rved. Texas, Ncalleti; New ]\[exieo, Jones; C'alifoinia, Paris/i llnilliers 1601; Lower California, Puhiter, Otriiff; Mexico. Prittt/Io 4'1, AO. Sandy or sterile o])en jdaces. New lOngland to Arizona and ^Mex- ico; also >" Europe, Australia and elsewhere. 21. E. curtipedicellata Huekl. IVoc Aeiul. I'hila. 97 (18G2). Perennial; erect or decumbent at the basi", GO-'.tO cm. iiigh. Sheaths smootli, ciliate at the throat; blailes Hat or involute, sm mih or nearly so, 10-15 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide. Panicle ditfuse, ovale, 488 POACEiE. 20-30 cm. long, rays single or in twos, diverging, bearing spikelets nearly to the base, rigid, ciiiute in tlie axils. Sj)ikelet3 light-colored, on pedicels 1-2 mm. long, ap})rossed or sjjreading, linear to ovate, compressed, 6-12-ilowereil, 4-0 mm. long; empty glumes ovate- lancoolato, 1-nerved, scabrid ou the keel; first about 1.5 mm. long, second about 2 mm. long; floral glume ovate-lanceolate, thin, the 3 nerves moderately conspicuous, 1.7-2 mm. long; palea slightly in- curved, linear when not spread, obtuse, slightly ciliate on the keels, 1.5 mm. long. Nearly allied to E. jiecfinacea. Texas, E. Hall 785, Revcrchon; Xew ^lexico, Wriglit 772. 22. E. refracta {}U\\\\.) Seribn Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 49 (1805). Poa vcfrarfa Muhl. T.ram. 14(3 (1817). E. mmpestris Trin. Hull. Sci. Aead. St. Petersb. 1 : 70 (1830). E. jwviinacec yav. i-efrarta Chapm. Fl. S. States, 504 (ISOO). Perennial; light lead-colored or jjurplish, culms branching only at the very base, erect, firm, 40-00 cm. high. Throat of sheath bearded; blades rigid, smooth, fiat, or involute, 20-30 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Panicle open, thin, oval, 30-00 cm. long, rays bearded at the base. Spikelets mostly sessile along the stiff branches, linear, fiat, 8-30-fiowered, 7-12 mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1.7-2 mm. long; fioral glume ovate, deltoid, acute when spread, wnth 3 prominent nerves, 1.7-2.1 mm. long; palea incurved, linear, ciliate on the keels, 1.3 mm. long. Grain oval, very slightly compressed, 0.7 mm. long. Delaware and Maryland, Caiih;i; South Carolina, Eavenel; Flor- ida, r?/r//ts\s 3500; Mississippi, Tracy. Dehiv^are, Florida. Mississippi and Texas. 23. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 406 (1841). Poa pecfinacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:69 (1803). A tufted firm grass, culms simple, 30-00 cm. high. Sheaths hairy, the throat prominently so; blades rigid, fiat or involute, mostly smooth below, often hairy or scabrid above, 20-40 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle usually purple, widely diffuse, compound, oval, 20-30 cm. long; rays in twos, threes or mostly single, rigid, diverging, bearded in the axils, the cajnlhiry pedicels 0.5-3 mm. long, appressed when young, but diverging with age. Spikelets FESTUCE^. 489 oval or linear, becoming purple, 5-12-flowereil, 4-8 mm. long; empty glumes subecjual, l-nerved, ovate, acute, sca])ricl on the keels, 1.4-1.7 mm. long; floral glume ovate, acute, lateral nerves conspicuous, 1.5-1.9 mm. long; palea incurved, obtuse, hirsute on tlie nerves, shalnslre L. Florida, Curtiss for S. M. Tracy, labelled E. ohtusata var. hijhrida. Dry pine- woods, Florida. 3. E. Dudley! Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 11:110 (188G). Culms very slender, CO-75 em. high. Sheaths clothed with very abort soft hairs; blades of the culm abruptly acute, 3-5 cm. long, those of the sterile shoots scabrous, 8-15 cm. long, 2—1 mm. wide. Panicle very slender, 8-15 cm. long, rays few, short, and mostly appressed. Empty glumes equal, 2.2 mm. long, first linear-obo- vate, second rhombic-obovate when spread; floral glume concave- oval when spread, 2.1 mm. long; rachilla scabrid. It differs from E. Pctinsylvanica in having shorter caidiue leaves, lower sheaths shorter, pubescent, first glume wider and more obtuse, second glume shorter. New York (Union Springs, Cayuga County), Heal 97 in 186G; West A'irginia, Small; Michigan, Cooley, Wheeler (Ilubbardston), 98, Beat 99. Often found on dry land. Long Island to Michigan and South Carolina. 4. E. obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray, :Man. Ed. 2:558 (1856). Aira obtusata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:02 (1803). Aira truncal a Muhl. Gram. 83 (1817). Kieleria truncata Torr. Fl. U. S. 1 : 116 (1824). liehouka ohtumta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1:591 (181.S). FESTUCE.E. 493 Culms 40-70 cm. high. Ligule fringed, 1.6 mm. loug; blades flat, scabrous, tliose of the culm 8- 16 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Pani- cle dense, coiitractetl, usually inter- rupted, G-ll cm loug, 8-12 mm. diam.. sometimes tinged witli pur- l)le. Si)ikclets crowded : iirst empty glume 1.2-2 mm. long, second 2-2.3 mm. long; lloral glume obovatc, 1. 8-2. 2 mm. long. Illinois, Wolfe for U. S. Dept. Fio. QH. — Eatonia obtusaia. A, . . , ^„. T rri 7 7 ypikclet; a, floret. (Scribner.) Agricul. oGi; Iowa, Ilitchcuck; Colorado, Caxxidij; Wyoming, />V^//Va/» C 104, C 148; California, Parish 1G40; Wasliiugtou, Lake; southern California, Ptirish 1040. Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Florida, ^licliigan, Colorado, and Oregon. \'ar. robusta Vasey, ined. Stouter, blades 5-7 mm. wide. Pan- icle branclied, l.">-18 cm. long. New Mexico, Vasey; State of Washington, U. S. Dept. AgriruL 5. E. Pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2:558 (1856). Kti'lcria ]\'nHsijlvaHica DC. Cat. Ilort. Monsp. 117 (l8i;]). Aim irijlom EU. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:153(1817). Aim mollis ^luhl. Gram, 82(1817), J'JafoniajJU rjmrascens llai'in. Journ. Phys. 89: 104 (1810). liebouUa Pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1: 501 (1848). Culms 00-90 cm. high. Leaf-blades scabrous, 8-15 cm. long, acuminate. Panicle slender or stouter, considerably internipiod, 12-20 cm. long, branches lax, racemose, often 3-5 cm. long. Knipty glumes thin, scabrid on tlio keels, first very slender, 1.5-2.2 mm., second obovate or abruptly pointed, 2.2-3 mm, long; lloral glume lance-linear, mucronate-pointed or scarcely acute when spread, 2,2-3 mm. long; palea 2 mm. long. Very large forms with ample i)anicles have been called var. major Torr. 494 POACE.E New York, Beal 101, 102; Ontiirio, Fowirr ; Peniisylviinia (Philu.), Scrihn. for IT. S. Dept. Agricul. 5G5 ; lUiuois (C'liicsigo), Beal 100 in 1869; Minnesota, Bailey B 32; Montana, Kelsey for Anderson 63; Washington, Lake. Moist land. Xew England to Montana. 6. E. longiflora (^'^asey). E. Fennsylvanica longiflora Vasey, Dewey, Conlt. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 544 (1894). Rather stont, 60-80 cm. higli. Sheaths smooth ; lignle 2 mm. long ; blades tcabrid, flat, 9-13 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide. Panicle linear-lanceolate, 15 cm. long, rays spreading, 2-6 cm. long. Spikelets 2-flowered ; empty glnmes scabrid on tlie keels, first glume compressed, linear-lanceolate when spread, 3.3-3.7 mm. long, second elliptical, acute Avhen spread, about 4 mm. long; floral glume ellijitical, almost acute when spread, about 4 mm. long; palea 2.3-2.7 mm. long. Nearly allied to E. Pennsylvanica, but all the glumes and palea longer. Texas, Xeallcii for IT. S. Dept. Agricul. in 1888. 113. (223)., KffiLERIA Pcrs. Syn. PI. 1: 97 (1805). ColUnaria Ehrli. Beitr. 4:147 (1789). Acffialitis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 127 (1820). Aci/ialina Sehultes, Maut. 2: 13 (1824). AirovJiloa Link, Ilort. Berol. 1:126 (1827). Foan'on Reiclib. Consp. 5] (1828). Lophochloa Reichb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 42 (1830). Milhelmsia C. Koch, Linna^a 21:400 (1848). Bmchystylus Dulac. Fl. Ilautes, Pyr. 85 (1867). Spikelets 2-6-7-flowered, rarely 1-flowerod, flat, shortly pedicel- late, numerous in a dense spikeliko cylindrical or interrui)te(l panicle, rachilla glabrous, articulate between the floral glumes. Em})ty glumes keeled, acute, or produced into short straight awns or points, unequal, scarious on the margins ; floral glume similar but nu)re scarious or hyaline, the upper ones gradually smaller, 3- or rarely 5-nerved ; palea hyaline, 2-keeled, acute, 2-toothed or 2- pointed. Stamens 3. Styles very sliort. Grain enclosed in the glume aiul palea, but not adhering. Aninud or perennial, tufted grasses, blades flat or almost seta- ceous. Nearly allied to Foa and Dartylis, A small genus of about twelve species, extending over the tern- FESTrcE.E. 495 perale regions of tlie Northern Hemisphere, Australia, and some parts of Africa and South America. It is difficult to assign to Kceleria any positive character. Tlio glumes are more scarious and have fainter nerves than in the others of the subtribe. It ha.s been divided into two sections: 1. Airochloa Link. The glumes obtuse or acute without dis- tinct points. 2. Lophorhloa Reichb. The floral glume with a distinct point or short awn at or Just l)elow the tip. 1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Syn. 1: or (1805). Air a crisfafa L. Sp. PL 63 (175;}). Fesfiica crififafa Vill. Dauph. 2:93(1787). Poa pi/rawiduialiiim. 111. 1:183 (1791). P.rristdfit Willd. Spec. 1 : 4()-* (17!)7). luelcria nilida Nutt. Gon. 1 : 74 (1818). K. 2m'- vijlom liert. Schult. .Maut. 2:344 (18-34). An erect very variable i)ereunial, 30-70 cm. higli. Ligule very short; blades flat or involute, the lower sparingly hairy or downy. 10-20 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obliquely auriculatc at the base. Panicle si)ikclike, more or less interrupted or lobod, 5-13 cm. long, axis and rays downy. Si)ikelets 2-4-flowercd, 4-5 mm. long; iirst empty glume 2.5-3.5 mm. long, ^? , 1 n 1 1 .,' , 1 *'IG- 99.— ifefo- second and floral glumes 3.4 mm. long. ,.^7^ cristata. Michigan, Heal 103, Wheeler (llubbardston) for ^'?\^*-;'^V U. S. Dept. Agricul. 5(;3, Cooley; Illinois, BcaJ, Behh for Clark 3390; South Dakota, i)?//e^ in 1889; Colorado, CW.svs/W^, Joues 254; Wyoming, Buffum, c. 14, c. 15, c. 27, c. 50, c. GO; Arizona, Totimet/ 721, 921, Jones 4013; Geol. Surv. Canada, Van- couver Island; Washington, Lake; Oregon, Howell j California, Torre// 5G9 in 18G5, Bolander 31. 114. (229). Catabrosa Beauv. Agrost. 97 (1812). S])ikelets 2-rarely 3-4- flowered, in a loose panicle, rachilla articu- late between the flowers, smooth. p]mpty glumes thin, mem- l)!an(ms, broad, unequal, very obtuse, nerves obscure, much shorter than the floral glume; floral glumo Arm, membranous, obtuse or barely 3-toothed, conspicuously 3-nerved, the upper one smaller, empty or enclosing an imperfect flower; palea scarcely shorter thau 49C POACE.E. its glume, oouspicuoualy 2-keeltHl. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Griiin obovoid-oblong, subtereto, witli a narrow groove or without one. A creeping perennial grass, erect or spreading. Leaf-blades Hat. Hranclies of the panicle spreading, capillary. There is one species widely dispersed over the temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. Nearly related to ColjmiUioii, Panicidarid. Entf/rosfis. 1. C. aquatica (L.) Heauv. 1. c. Aim afpiatira L. Sp. PI. G4 (ir-);',). Culms lO-OOem. high, rather stout. Sheaths loose, longer than the internodes; ligule '2 -3 mm. long; bladi's5-15 cm. long, '2-8 mm. wide, ol)tuse. Florets overlup[)ing about half their length, llrst glume 1 mm. long or less, 1-nerved or nerveless, second l-''-;3-nerved, about 1.5 mm. long, obovate or oval, the a])i'X variously toothed or truncate; floral glume about ;3.r) uim. long, broadly oval, concave, the apex thin and truncate ; palea equal to its glume, irregularly truncate. Dakota; Montana, Canhj cO Scribncr 383; Europe. Fio. 100.- Catn. ^^'>' C^^T). Melica L. Sp. PI. G-'^5 cm. loiijf ; niVH in twos, tlie loii,if(*st 4 !» cnLlonii^. beuriiig L'-f) s|»ii\e- Icts on tluM)ul,cr thrcc-lirtli.s. SpikcleLs r)-S-ll()W(!ri'(i, 1*^-1S mm. loiiff, joint of nuiliillii ',^-3,5 mm. loiij;, glnmt's sciil)ri(l, empty ones oviil, lirst, ;{ r)-nerve(l (the liiteriil nerves very short). 7 mm. lon^% second r)-7-ii((rved, 8 mm. long; llonil <,dumc oval, scabrons, tlio very tip obtnse, 7-nerved, H mm. long; puleii elli|)ti(!ji! witiiout sj)reading, (1 mm. long. Calirornia, Lmniion .'iMS, /io/mii/rr (II'.M, in lierb. 1 1. S. Dc'pt. Agricul. a. M. fugax Mohmder, Troc. Calif. .\cad. 1:104 (1870). M. GejU'fi 'riuirl)cr. Hot. Willvcs Mxp. 4!M, not, .Miinro. (ilijiiria hulhusa Ibuiklcy. I'nie. IMiiia. Acad. 1»5 (18(i:i). Culms sl((nder, :.M) (iO cm. high, fi'oiii Ixdblike bases. Ligulc white, ]a(!eratc, 3- li mm. long; blach-s '^ :! in niimbcir, Hat, 10-15 cm. long, '3 mm. wiih", smootli or scabri;'., the lowest short and ohtiise, the others setaceous. I'aiucle simple, (i-l'i cm. long, rays remote, soon horizontal, l-d-llowenid, the longest W ciu. long. S[)ikelet3 IJ-o-llowertHJ, tinged with purple, joint of rachilla thi(;k, soft, si)ongy, 2.;5 mm. long; tirst empty glume I mm. long, ovate, .')-iiervcd, st^eond 5 mm. long, broa-nerved ; palea incurved, i") mm. long. Oregon, lloirdl, Ciisick 10153; (California, JJohuider, Mrs. Alls/ ill, l.vniiiioH. Idaho, Oregon, and Califoriua. 0. M. multinervosa \'as(iy. Culms geniculate, .'")0-!i0 cm. higli, with oidarged bases. Sheaths W, slightly siiabrous, about the length of the internodes; ligulo very short, (uliatc; blades Hat or involute, 30-40 cm. long, 3-4 mm, wide. Panicle nuu-h cxserted, simph^, IT)- 17 cm. long; rays single, the longest h cm. long, bearing about 5 s])ikelets on tho outer three-lifths. Spikelets 1O-30 mm. long, appressed. linear- 002 POACE^. lanceolate, 5-12-flowered, raeliilla pubescent with short silky hairs; glumes with prominent green nerves, first empty glume 4 mm. long, ovate, 3-nerved, second 5.5 mm. long, oval when spread, 7-nerved; floral glume pubescent at tlie base, 7-nerved. ovate- cuneato, apex obtuse; palea softly pubescent, nearly 4 mm. long. Anthers ovate, 0.7 mm. long. Texas, Ncalhy for Nat. Mus. 7. M. diffusa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 77 (1814). M. aUissima Walt. Fl, Car. 78 (1788), not L. M. mntica var. dipisa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2:558 (1856). Culms rather stout, 80-120 cm. high. Sheaths about the length of the internodes ; lignle white, lacerate, 4 nun. long ; blfides 5 in number, flat, slightly scabrid, about 15 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide. Panicle linear or becoming oval, 20 cm. long, rays mostly in threes, the longest 5-7 cm. long, bearing a few spikclets above tlie middle. Spikelots borne on weak flexuose or bent i)edicels, 2-3-flowered with one or more rudiments, longest joint of rachilla 2.5 mm. long : first empty glume 7 mm. long, broadly oval, 5-7- nerved (if 7-nervod the lateral nerves obscure), second obovate- obloug, mm. long, scarcely acute, 5-nerved; floral glume 9 mm. long, ellii)tical, 7-nerved above, 21-uerved below; palea spatulate- oval, 7 mm. long. Pennsylvnnia, T. C. Porter ; Kentucky, C. W. Short ; New Mexico, Wriffht 2062. Pennsylvania, Texas, Arizona, and ^fexico. Yar. nitens Scribn. Proe. Pliila. Acad. 44 (1885). " It differs from the species in its more leafy culms, narrower leaves, more densely flowered panicle, and in its much l)roader and more unequal outer glumes, the second one being nearly as long as the spikolet." Scribner, 1. c. Texas, Reverclioii, Curtiss 3464a, NeaUcii; New Mexico, Wright 2063, JoHcs 4334 ; Arizona, Pringle, Rothrock 805 ; Kocky Mountains, IlnlJ t(- Harbour 228. Texas, Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona. 8. M. parviflora (Porter) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 6:50 (1895). J/, iitutica var. parviflora Porter, Porter & Coulter, Fl. FESTUCE.E. 503 Col. 149 (1874). M. Porferi Scribu. Proc. Phlla. Acad. 1885, 44, t. i, /. 44 (188")). Culms slender, 60-80 cm. high. Sheaths scabrous, longer than the internodes ; ligule white. 4 mm. long; blades G-T in number, flat or becoming involute, scabrous, 20-30 cm. long, ;5-4 mm. wide. Panicle simple, 'iO-30 cm. long, raj'S in threes and fours or fewer in half-whorls, remote from each other 4-7 cm., tlie longest 0-7 cm. long, bearing a few spikelets above the middle on hairj- pedicels turned to one side. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, longest joint of rachilla 2.5-3.5 mm. long, first glume 5-7 mm. long, ovate, 5-nervedj second G-7 mm. long, l)roadly oval, acute, 7-nerved ; floral glume 7-9 mm. long, firm, scabrous, elliptical, acute, 7-14-i: ved; jialea 5-G mm. long, spatnlate, acute. Texas, XeaUei/ ; New ^fexico, Wripht 20(i^, Jones 4134 ; Ari- zona, Primjle, linthrock 805 ; Rocky Mountains, Hall tC Harbour 228. Nebraska, Colorado, and Arizona. 9. M. stricta Roland. Proc. Calif. Acad. 3:4 (18G3). Densely tufted, 20-50 cm. higli. Slieatiis longer than the internodes, scal)rid or pubescent; ligule white, lacerate, 4 mm. long; blades 4-5 in number, sometimes scabrous above and i)ubesceut beneath, the apex convolute and rigid, 10-15 cm. long. 4 mm. wide. Panicle very simple, or instead often a secund raceme, 10- 15 em. long, bearing 9-12-20 spikelets. Spikelets ])orne on slender curved, finely pubescent ])edieels, 2-4-flowered, longest joint of slender rachilla 2.5 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, 12-15 mm. long, elliptical when s})read, acute, almost hyaline, 5-nerved ; floral glume narrowly elliptical, 5-nerved ; palea spatulate-linear, 5 mm. long. Oregon (Stein's ^lountain), I To well j California, (rray, Greene, Bohnuler, PrimiJe ; Kevada, Walsuii 1305. Montana, Oregon, California, and Nevada. 10. M. frutescens Scribn. Proc. Pliila. Acad. 45 (1885). Culms stout, 70-100 cm. high, simple or branched near the base or near the top. Sheaths about 8 in luimber, longer than the in- ternodes; ligule 4-5 mm. long, rather firm and brown below; blades r)()4 POACE.E. scabrous, 20-30 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, involute near tlie tin. Panicle 15-30 cm. long, strict, densely llowered and spicate above, interrupted below, the appressed branches 3-7 cm. long, the longer ones naked for one-fourth ol" their length. Spikelets on stout orcct pedicels, usually r)-llowered, joint of rachilla 3 mm. long ; cmi)ty glumes elliptical-lanceohite, 5-7-nerved, first 11-12 mm. long, second 12-13 mm. long; tloral glume 9 mm. long, ellii)tical, 0-1] -nerved; i)alea 5 mm. long. sj)atulate-oval. California (San Diego). Orcittt ; Mexico, Jones 3148. The plant from Mr. Jones is more slender, blades involute, 0-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, distichous; sjjikes more slender, fewer-tlowered ; perhaps a distinct variety. Southern (lalifornia, Ari^oiui, Mexico. 11. M. nana, new name. M. an/eii/a (Howell) lieal. Bull. Torr. Club. IT: 153 (1890), not Desv. Poa argeiitea Howell, Bull. Torr. Clul), 15: 11 (1888). An erect tufted perennial, 15-20 cm. high. Sheaths loose, membranous; ligule 2-3 mm. long; leaves of sterile shoots nunu'r- ous, curved, blades condu])licate, 3-7 cm. long, in cross-section oblong, O.G-0.8 mm. diam.. bullifoi-m cells Avanting, ai)ex obtuse ; ligule of the culm-leaves acute, 3-5 mm. long; blades of the culm 2 in number, conduplicate, 11-nerved, 1.5 cm. long, 1.3 mm. diam. l^anicle oblong, spikelike. 2-3 cm. long. Si)ikelets oblong-linear, C-S mm. long, 3-5-Howered, joint of rachilla 1.7-2 mm. long, all of the glumes brownish, shining and with broad scarious margins; empty glumes subequal, 3.5-5 nun. long. 3-4-5-iuu'ved, obovate, ovate, lobed, toothed or entire; floral glume 5.5 juin. long, oval or obovate when spread, denticulate, 5-G-7-nerved, minutely scabrid or smooth; palea lanceolate, about the length of its glume. Anthers 3 in number, 2.5 nmi. long. The following, among other things, indicate that this is a Mcliva : the soft smooth or scarious obovate or irregularly toothed glumes, empty glumes often 4-5-nerved, the long spongy joints of the rachilla, floral glume without hairs at the base, 5-6-7-nerved, the nerves evanescent, not connivant above. The s[)ecili(! name argcntca had been previously used when this was transferred from Poa to Mvlicit, hence the new name. KESTICK.E. 505 Orepfon (Siskiyou Mountains), Hinrcll in July, 1887. 12. M. mutica Walt, Fl. Car. 7S (i:,ss). M. (jlabm Michx. Fl. Uor. Am. 1 : G3 (1803) in part. M. miificuxiw. (jlahru A. \vc'red, joint of racliillii 1.5 mm. long; empty glumes ovate, ol)tuse, or acute witli transverse nerves near tlie middle, first glume 3-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, second r)-nerved, 5-G mm. long; floral glume 7-8 mm. long, abruptly tapering, oval, the apex with 2 very short teeth or a notch, 7-9-nerved, with cross nerves; ])alea elliptical, 5 mm. long. Professor Scribner says : "This grass has l)een referred to Oeyer's M. hulhosa by authors, but aside from its affecting higher elevations, it is readily distinguished from that s})ecies by its usu- ally taller and more slender. culms, by its more open and nodding panicle, by the more slender and flexuose pedicels, by its shorter empty glumes, and by its broader flowering glumes, which taper abruptly to a rounded and usually two-lobed summit." Montana, Anderson, Wil/idinsj Oregon, Cuskk 851. Montana, Oregon, and California. 16. M. Californica Scribn. Proc Phila. Acad. 4(j (1885). M. po(Poi(les Tow. Pac. 1{. Kei). 4: 15? (185T), not Xutt. J/, biilbosa Thurb. S. Wats. liot. Calif. 2:304 (1880), not Ceyer (1850). Culms slender, 30-80 cm. high, with corms and \voolly-i>ubes- cent roots. Leaves 4-5 in number, sheaths shorter than tho inter- nodes, scabrous, ligule 3 mm. long, brown and pubes- cent below; l)lades iirm, scabrous, involute. 8-12 cm. long, 2-3 nun. wide. I'aniele 10-15 cm. long', spikelike, interrupted ])elow. rays mostly in jtairs, the longest 3-4 cm. long. Spikelets scabrid. 2-3- llowered on erect stout pedicels, joint of rachilla 2 mm. long, first empty glume ovate, ;'.-5-nerved, al)Out G mm. long, second elliptical. 5-l-nervod, al)out 7 mm. long; floral glume G-7 nun. long, oval, ai)expjj^ loi— ¥<■ obtuse or notched, niinutelv scabrous, 7-l)-nerve(l ; ''"''" Cuiifor- . "^ nica. Spikfk't. j)alea elliptical, about 5 mm. long, J he plant seen (Sciihuer.) was marked J/, bidbosa Oeyer, and from ^1, K. Jones, collected at Kelsey, California. Utah, Watson 1303; Wyoming, Pftrri/ 205; Idaho, W'afsoii -155; Oregon, f'lisick S\i^; California, Jones. 508 POACE.E. . Wyoming, Utah, Oregon, Culifornia. IT. M. bulbosa (Jeyer, llouk. Jour. Bot. 8:10 (1S5G). A. Gray,. Proc. Am. Acad. 8:4(»!t (is:;3). Culms sleuJor, growing singly or in dt'iiso tufts, with corms at the base. Slieatlis scabrous, or sonu'times pubescent, about the length of the internodes; ligule white, thin, about 4 mm. long; blades 3-4 in number, erect, scabrous. 10-15 cm. long. Panicle erect, spikelike, more or less interrupted below, ?-]■-> cm, long; rays in twos, threes, or single, stout, erect, ap|»ressed. Spikelets 5-8-flowered, joint of rachilla 2.2-5 mm. long; em{)ty ghime{> scabrid, first glume elliptical-lanceolate, JJ-o-nerved, (J-T mm. long, second elliptical, obtuse-retrorse, 5-nerved, IS mm. long; floral glume 9 mm. long, scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse oi notched at the tip. 1-nerved, with some shorter nerves interven- ing; palea elliptical without spreading, 7 mm. long. ^lontana. ]\i//i(ttius ; Washington, lii'ditdcyec 11S2; Oregon^ HoweU, 0/.s'/V/l- 900, /fdllCi:; Nevada, Wafson UOi. jMontaua, Washington, Nevada, California, Utah, Wyoming. 18. M. subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. 47 (1885). Jiroinas t^ubiihtus Griseb. Ledeb. Fl. lioss. 4: 358 (1853), M. aruminata lioland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 104 (1870). A slender grass, nO-1'20 cm. high, the culms scabrous with corms at the base. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a white ciliate fringe 1 mm. long; blades 4-5 in number, scabrous, fiat, 12-18 cm. long, 4-G cm. wide. Panicle slender, few- flowered, 12-15 cm. long; rays slender, plumose, the lower in threes or fours, the longest 5-T cm. long, bearing 3-5 si)ikelets above the middle. Spikelets about 5-flowered, rachilla zigzag, each joint 3-4 mm. long, M'ith an unequal callus-like swelling just below the empty glumes; lower glume ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, first 5 mm. long, second G mm. long: floral glume 9-12 mm. long, hirsute or scabrous, oval-acuminate, l-nervcd; palea linear, 5-G mm. long. Oregon, KeUogg tf- llavurd 1112, llowvll 445. Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California. 19. M. bromoides A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:409 (1873). M. Geyeri Munro, lioland. Proc. Calif. Acad. 4:103 (1870). FESTUCE^i. f>09 Culms 90-100 cm. high, with corms at the base. Slieaths often scabrous, half as long as the intcnuxles; ligulo 3 uiiu. long; blades scabrous, flat or iuvolute, 20-40 cm. long, 5-12 luni. wide. I'anick" much cxserted, thin, pyramidal, 12-15 cm. long; rays in twos or threes or single, the longest 6-7 cm. long, bearing 2-5 spikelets on the outer three llfths. Spikclets 4-5-flowered, l(;-2a mm. long; empty glumes ovate, narrowed above, acute or obtuse, iirst 4 mm. long, second T mm. long; floral glume 8-!» mm. long, 7-nerved, scabrid, linear-lanceolate, acute, with 2 teeth, the 3 nerves extending to the apex, the middle one ending in a point; palea a little shorter, ciliolate on the keels. Washington, Vasey ; California, Bohtndcr 40. Washington, Oregon, California. Var. Howellii Scribn. Proc. Thila. Aca«orth Anieiica, the other to Japan ; nearly allied to J/c7/Vy/, but tlic floral glumes have only three nerves aiul arc hardened round the grain, which usually exceeds them, and the stamens arc reduced to two or one. The ha])it is much that of the section J~'ro»H'Iic(( of the geiuis Jfi'h'ri/. J. K. diandrus (Michx.) Kuntzc, IJev. Gen. PI. 772 (1891). Festuca ditnidra Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1 : 67 (1803). Diarrhena Americana Beauv. Agrost. 143 (1812). Kori/rarj>i(s arnndinaretis Zea, Act. Matr, (1806). Culms erect, ujibranched, 60-90 cm. high, nearly smooth, compressed, almost aolid, with running rootstocks. Ligule very f)l-> I'OACK.K. short; blades IliU, :•()-»;() cm. luiiii', 1-1.5 oin. widt'. J'liniclo vei-\ siiii])lt'. ir)-".'0 cm. long, rays siiigk', IVw ami few-llo\verc(]. S|iik('lnts sliortly pedicellate, ol)- luiiU'ly ciirviii",' from tlio axis: first empty glimio 2-2.5 mm., second aliont -l.'t mm. long; floral glume 4 mm. or more long, besides the point. Grain compressed, semi-oval, 4.5 >nm. long. Indiana, /'riiif/fr, lival. Sliady river-l»anks and rich woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. " Rare in Michigan, a3 far north as JIubbardaton, Ionia County." (J. F. Wheeler. lir. {'lAW). Zeuoites I*. Hr. Hist. .Tamaic. 341 (1750): Schrub. (ien. IM. Sl()(i:()|). Se- )ii/rs Adans. Kam. 2::5!i (K'ti;',). /hs/im'-ia pus (ii cm. long, with 10-15 norv«!8 nioh a'nlv the initlrih. I'aniclo ])yi'iiini(hil, about 20 em. h)n<,'. lower raysternato and remote, more iiumerou> above, the luii^fest 10 cm. lon<,', beariug 10-1.") spikelet.s from base to apex. Sj)ikelet8 linear or ovute-laneeolate, S-l» mm. Ion;,'; I'mpty ^dumes 7-nerve(l, first 3 mm. lon^', 3 mm. wide, se(;ond narrower and a pia. 103. — Zeugites little lon<'er; lloral ^dume of female floret tumid, ("f'>^'«- '^' fl'i'<'-- =" ' '^ ' let ; a, lloitt. 4-5 mm. long, 11-nerved; palea obovate, 4 mm. (Scribiier.) long, (iiliolutc on the keels; lloral glume of male florets broadly ovate, subacute. I'.a mm. long, T-nerved. with a few eross-uerves near the apex; its i)alea oval, 3 mm. long. Antliers 2.2 nun. long. Mexico, Priuiik 20-t(), 2322. 2. Z. Mexicana (Kunth) Trin. Steud. Nom. Va\. 2. 2 : 798 (1841). Dcspretzia Mexicana Kunth, Kev. Gram. 2 : 485 (1820). Culms slender, branching, 20-50 cm. high, from creeping root- stocks. Sheaths shorter than the intoruodes, smooth ; ligule 1.5-2 mm. long; petiole distinct, 4-10 mm. long, puberulent next the blade; blades ovate, acute, -5 cm. long. Panicle thin, ovoid, 4- G cm. long, lower rays in twos, threes, or single, bearing each 1-0 spikelets. Spikclets glabrous, 3-flowered, 4-1 mm. long; em])ty glumes equal, 3 nim. long, 5-uerved, truncate, 5-toothed; floral glume oval, about 5 mm. long, mauy-nerved; palca longer and nar- rower than its glume. Mexico (San Luis I'otosi), Pn'tu/le 3919. Kich woods. 118. (244). PleuROPOGON K. lir. Parry, First Voy. Suppl. 280. (err. typ. 180) (1824). /*. Lophochlwna Xees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 0) 1: 283 (1838). Spikelets 8-14-flowercid, secund, racemose, on a simple raciiis^ rachilla articulate above the empty glumes and between the florets. Empty glumes membranous, subhyaliue, 1 -nerved or the second with an obscure nerve on each side the central one, awnless, unequal ; floral glume longer, membranous, rather firm, 5-T-nerved, apex nu I'OACEiE hyulino, entire, eiuurginiito or S-tootlicd, the midnervo terminiitinf» in ii inucro or sliort awn; pult-a S'jjircely shorter thun its gltiinc, liyiiliiHi, with 2-wing('cl ciliate kecds. Stamens ',i. (J rain oblon^% liard, enclosed, but not adherent. Soft u})rigl»t perennial grasses with Hat leaf-blades. Haeenies simple, sliortly pedicellate, lax. Spikelets large, distant, erector jicndulous on short pedicels. 'IMu'rc are three species; one arctic, two in (!alifornia. 1. P. Californicum (Xees) Henth. ; Vasey, (Jrass. U. S. 40 (18.*)')). Lopliorhhi'tKi ('(ili/ornirn Xees, 1. c. (hilins 4(i-()() cm. high; nodes con. "ted and dark-(;ol<)red. Sheaths shorter or as long as (he interiiodcs; ligule thin, mm. long; l)lades 10-15 (!ni. long (the iipjtt'r 15 5 cm.), 4 mm. wide. Ttaeerae llexuose, ir)-2() cm. long, containing (!-]•.' spikelets. Spike- ,,.. lets l.r)-'.'.5 cm. long, on flattened pi'dicels, ;}-(» mm. W^ [j^ long, subiu'ect or spreading; empfv ghlm(^s shining, second 15-iierved, notched at the a])((X ; Moral glume very scabrous. ;')-(') mn». long, the ;5 central m-rves uniting abovt;, the awn 8-10 mm. long, lateral awns very short; ])alea curved, (Uineate, .") mm. long, the winged keels toothed. California, llolaiulvr \\, /foiif/Iiis \\\ IHlV.l. lllm Wiw liolandcr believed it worthy of cultivation as a forage-plant. 2. P. refractum ((«ray) Uenth. I'roc. Am. Acad. 402 (1S7;.'). Ldjihirhhvna rvfrarta A. (J ray, I'roc. Am. Acad. 8:40!) (18r2). Culmsstout, l)()-r^*0 cm. high. Sheaths scabrous or smooth; ligule obtuse, 15 -0 mm. long; lower blades flat, about 20 cm., tin; upper .'5 5 cm, long. (J s nim. wide. Kaehis vt^y slender, llexuose. •.'()-;5('cm. long. Spikeli'ts refracteil ]»y the curving of the pedicels, Fio. I04.--Pte«- 2.r)-;5.,") cm. long, nitlier looselv flowered ; floral ro])oiji}nr(fr(te- turn. J,8i)iUo- glume T-Smm. long, scabrous, oblong, apex truncate- i niiit'ii- r'pis^'''^*'^"'' ''^^'' ''^''•'''' '•""•'•huig; palea 7 mm. long, the til. (Scribner.) wings ending each in a blunt tooth. Oregon, Hall ();>(), lloirvll. FESTUCK.K. 01.") Very nearly iillied to /*. ('(difor)ilcitni, into wliioli, porhups, it passes. ;}. P. Sabinii 1{. Hr. Parry's First \'oy, Suj)])l. '^S!), (orr. typ. Culms orecl, siiwotli, simi)l(', 0-15 ciii. liij^li. SlieiUhs sliji^lilly compressed, closed iilinost to the apex; li;^'ule very short; hluth-s of tile culiii Hat, sniootli, ',l-\ iiiiii. wide, the upper i)Jy-l em. loiif^, tliosc of liu' sterile shoots louj^cr and narrower, liaciiis h-H ('m.lon<;, p('(li('els of spil\elets hut little loiij^er than the empty ^dimu's, re(Mirveout 4 i.im. loni,^ r)-nerve(i, clothed with very line apjtressed puhesctence, the upper half white, scarious; palea ciliate on the keels, deeply enuir^inate, as Ion*,' as it.s <,dume. 'i'lu're are two varieties. Mi'lville Island, r. S. Dvpl. A(/rind. from the Uritish Museum. Oidy a fraf^meutary speciiiuMi was examined scunewhat su|>erlicially. no. ('MO). Uniola L. Sp. IM. 71 (i:r.:{). Trisin/n UnWu. in FI. Ludov. 144 (1817). Cliasnuinlhiuin Link, jlort. lierol. 1: 15!) (lH;w>T). Spikehits <'losely ;)-~0-llowere(l, very Hat with tliin ed^r,.s, one or more of tlu^ k>west neutral or eonsistinf,' only <»f an empty j,dume, rachilla artieulat(! between the florets. Kmpty ;j;hnnes lanceolate, eompressed-kceled, rii^id, numy-nerved, awnless; Iloral ^lumo lonjrer, usually acute or pointeil, ttjitire; palea rather lirm. with two narrowly winj^ed keels. Stamens)?, (irain ohlonir, <'om pressed, loosely enclosed, hut not adherent. Ere(!t tufti'd smooth perennials from creepinif rootstocks, with blades Hat or involute. Paidcle loose or s|»ikelike. There are live or six s[)ecies known, all belonj^dn;; to .North America, and one extending' into South America; all with broiid, Hat spikelcts in which th(> !]-() lower glumes arc empty, in size and shape i^radually passin;^ into the Horal ones. A. Spikelcts "i-'.\ cm. long (a) a. Km[>ty glumes thin ' L 516 POAC'E.E. a. Empty glumes sj)oiigy 3 B. Spikelets ;3— t mm. long 3 C. Spikelots 7-S mm. long 4 D. Spikelets 12-16 mm. long 5 1. U. latifolia Mi(;hx. Fl. IJor. Am. 1:71 (l.S()3). Culms rather stout, G0-12() cm. high. Leaves numerous, sheaths mostly slu)rter thau thi; internodes: ligulo a fringe of very sliort hairs; blades lanceo- late, about ll-ril)l)e(l, 10-18 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide. Panicle loose, nodding, 18-30 em. long. Spikelets i)edi(!ellatc, droo[»ing, ol)long, acute, 2-3 cm. long, lo-15-flowered, empty glumes subefjual, linear-lanceohite, 5-9 mm. long; lloral glume 10- 13 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, the keel winged and ciliate; ]>alea falcate, shorter than its glume. Stamen 1. Fw. mi. — Uniola Dchiware. ('(in/>i/; Illinois, Mead; 'J'exas, latifolid. Spikc- lei. (Scribiitr.) Jf<'li'i*X\, J)nniuno/i(i ; New Mexico, Fcndlcr U\4. Kiver-banks, southern Pennsylvania to Illinois, Florida, and New Mexico. 2. XJ. paniculata L. Sp. PI. 71 (1753). Ska-oats. Culms stout, hard, 1-3 m. high. Ligule a fringe of hairs; blades very long, rigid, soon involute or convolute. J'auicle open, droojjing, 3()-G0 cm. long. Spikelets on short pedicels, whitish or straw-colonul, 2-2.4 cm. long, oblong, about 12-flowered; eini)ty glumes glabrous, 6-8 mm. long, spongy, 3-nerved; lloral glunu' 10- 12 mm. long, 7-nerved, keel not winged nor ciliate; palea sciarcely falcate, serrulate on the keels. Stanu'us 3. North Carolina, ID/ams ; Florida, (larbvr ; Texas, \\'ri(//iL Sand-hills along the seacoast, Virginia, to Florida, aiul Mexico to Ecuador. 3. U. laxa (L.) ii. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69 (1888). Jfolni.,^ I(i.n(s L. Si). PI. 1048 (1753). U. gracilis Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1:71 (1S03). Culms slciuler, (10-120 cm. high. Sheaths smooth or downy; ligule a ciliati' ring; blades 20-;J0 cm. long, ;5-5 nin;. wide, Hat or FESTUCK.E. 517 involute, scabrUl abovo, smootli below. Panicle erect, slender, 20- 30 em. long, rays spikelike, ai)[)resse(l. 1— i em. long. Spikeiets short-pedieelled, broadly wedge-sbaped or oval, about '.) mm. long, 3— 4-flowered; tbc two lower empty glumes equal, awl-sliaped, 1.6 mm. long ; first floral glume obtuse, ovate-lan(.'eolate wben spread, 2 mm. long, keels smootli, not winged, about T-nerved ; palea sub- faleate, 2 mm. long. Stamen 1. Maryland, GarOcr ; District of Columbia, AfcCnrfhi/ ; Cieorgia, iSwalL Sandy, !) (1S(I4). ^Fore robust tban IJ. hua. Slieatbs two-lbirds tlie lengtb of tbe internodesor longer; ligule a dense ring of soft bairs; blades of tlie culm oO— tf) em. long, G-10 mm. wide. ]*aiiicle 2.")-()() cm. long. Spikelets broadly oval or euueate, 7-8 mm. long, ;)-4-llow- ered; first and second empty glumes sube(iual, nearly 2 mm. long, first floral glume ovate, trun(;ate wlien s[»read, .'J..-)-.") mm. long, !>- 11 -nerved. u[)per floral glume longer. Some of ^Ir. Small's })lauts seem to conneet tbis witli I', hi.ra. Ticorgia (Little Stone Mountain). J. K. Small 3\\\y\'6^db; Florida, CVW/.s'.v, 3521 ; Mississii)[)i. Tranj. a. U. sessiliflora Poir. Kncyc -2(» cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicles spikelike, simi)le, 2-8 mm. long. Kpikelets subsessile, wedge-sbaped, 0-8-llowered, 12-1 G mm. long; empty glumes awl-sliapcnl or lanceolate, first 2 mm. long, second Hlx>ut 3 mm. long; floral glume G-S mm. long, acute, ovate-lanceo- late wben spread, keels scabious, about 13-nerved; j)alea falcate as long as its gliune. Stamen 1. Soutli Carolina, Ravenal ; nortbern Alabama, V. S. Jh/if. Afirlcnl. GIO; Florida, 6'»/'//.s.v 3521 ; ]N[ississip[)i (Ocean Springs), Tnirji. Swami)s of Soutli Carolina to Texas. 120. (247). DiSTICHLIS Ualin. .Tourn. Pbys. 89:104 (1810). 518 POACEiE. Brizopijrum Presl, Eel. Ilaenk. 1 : 280 (1830), not Link. Dischlis Pliil. Sort. Meml. Alt. 51 (18:i). Spikelets sevcrul-flowered, didccious, shortly i)edicellate in a nar- row jianicle, often reduced to 3 or 3 spikelets, racliilla glabrous, articulate between the fertile florets only; outer empty glumes narrow, keeled, acute; floral glume Arm, broader, keeled, obscurely many-nerved, all acute, unawned; palea folded, the keels very prominent or narrowly winged. Stamens in the male flowers 3, ovary rudimentary or 0; staminodia in tlie female flowers very rare. Ovary pedicellate, glabrous, tapering into 3 rather long styles with ex- serted stigmas. Grain obovoid or elliptical, free, Avitli a thick spongy pericarp. Kigid grasses, having creeping rootstocks. Bniznpjjnini Presl has been used as a generic name for those with perfect flowers. The genus consists of a single species, usually maritime, which is very variable and has been often separated into 4 or 5 species. It has a wide range in North America, both along the sea- coast and on saline or alkaline lands; also found in Australia. 1. D. spicata (L.) Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 3:415(1887). Uniola spicdfd. Jj. Sp. PI. 71 (1753). D. maritima Pafiu. Journ. Phys. 80:104 (1810). JJn'zupi/rum f-() mm. long; blades 5-8 cm. long, 2-4 nun. wide. Panicle erect, open, ])i'oadIy oval, 3-S cm. long, rays in twos or single, branching. Sjukelets deltoid, 4-0-flowered, ;5-4 mni. long: emi)ty glumes subequal, 5- uerved. longer than the first floral glume. \'irgiiiia. J\ S. Depf. Jf/n'rtiL 624 from .T. \V. Chickering. Jr.; Oregon (C rant's Pass), IfnireU. Foiuul in Europe and northern Africa, aiul sparingly naturalized in North America. 2. li. MEDIAL. Sp. PI. 70(1753). MkDIUM (^rAKIV(i-(iHASS. B. clatior Si1)th. & Sni. Fl. (Iraec. 1 : /. 75 (1 80(i). />'. hthsceiis [Fou- cault, in] Desv. Journ. 3: A 24,/. 2 (1814). /?. Clxsii Schult. U. FESTl'CE.E. 521 •& S. Mant. 2 : 394 (1824). B. vircns Trin. ■^^em. Acad. St. Petersb. '. scrofina Bum. Obs. Gruiu. Bclg. 110 (18:8). B. tremida Ltim. Fl. Fr. 3:587. Perennial; 20-GO cm. liigli. Ligulo 1-2 mm. long; blades thin, scabrous, Hat, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rather abruptly pungent-pointed. Panicle ovoid or pyramidal, open, rays capillary. Spikelets 6 mm. long, 5-9-flovvered, green or purplish, half oval; •empty glumes shorter than the first lloral one. Vermont, Primjh. Sparingly introduced from Europe. 3. li. MAXIMA L. Sp. PI. 70 (1753). Large QrAKixo-caiASS. B. monspeHsnlana (Jouan, Hort. ]\Ionsp. 45 (1708). B. rvhens Poir. Suppl. 1:()9!). B. rubra Lam. 111.1:187 (1791). B. {jrandis Salisb. Prod. 21 (1790). />'. copensis Schrank, Ilort. Monac. /. 43 (1818). B. major Presl, Oyp. et Gram. Sic. 42 (1820). Annual; 40-00 cm. high. liigule 3-5 mm. long; blades flat. Panicle simple, ovoid, 5-10 cm. long, rays single or in twos, ca^iil- lary, each bearing 1-3 spikelets. S{)ikclets nodding, ovate. 10-17 mm. long, 8-10- flowered; empty glumes 7-9 mm. long, 11-nerved; floral glume sjjaringly puberulent on the back. 8 nmi. long, coii- cave-s})lierical, 11-nerved; ])alea oval, 4 mm. long. Massachusetts, Beal 105; Michigan, Clark 2327; Colorado, Cassidy. Found in Euro})e; cultivated for ornament. 4. B. rotundata (IL B. K.) Steud. Syn. Pi. Gram. 284(1855). Brotiiiix rohtiiilalKS IL P). K. Nov. Gen. et. Sp. 1:152(1815). Briza Lainnrklana Cham. & Schlecht. Linuiva 0: 39 (1831). A tui'ti'd erect perennial, 00-90 cm, higli. Leaves scabrous, ligule 1-2 mm. long: blades 15-30 cm. long. 2-:> mm. wide. Panicle sim[)le; 8-10 cxn. long, rays mostly in twos and threes, erect. Spikelets ovoid, sliglitly (•omj»ressed. G-8-tlowered. 4-15 mm. long; emi)ty glumes green, first IJ-nerved, seeoiul 5-nerved, about 2.5 mm. long; floral glume 3 mm. long, firm, circular, tumid on the back, apex contracted, subacute; palea flat, broadly oval, subacute, 1.7 mm. long. 522 POACE^, Mexico, Parrij tf- Palmer 035, Schaffner 1035, Pringle 2051. 3'243. Tliere is souic doubt about tlie correct ideutiticatioii of this grass. Fig. 107.— Zfmrt rotundata. Spikelet dissected. (Scrlbner.) U-2. (-iol). Demazeeia Dum. Coram, liot. -.'G (lS^>-^>). Desnia- zet'ia Dum. Obs. (inun. lielg. 40 (1823). Brizojii/ni'ii lAnk, Jlort. Berol. 1:150 (lS-v>7). Splkelets maay-flowered, compressed, sessile or some of tlie lower pedicellate, racliilla articulate between the flowers. (Jlumes keeled, coriaceous, obtuse or mucrouate-acute, awnless, the empty ones persistent, 3-5-T-nerved, shorter than the floral glumes: floral glumes 7-nerved; palea rigid, about the length of its glume, 2- keeled near the margins. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, stig- mas feathery. (J rain oblong, slightly obcompressed, concave in front, enclosed, but not adherent to glume and palea. Annuals or perennials with narrow involute leaf-blades. Spike- lets conspicuously distichous on two sides of a 3-sided rachis. There are about four species known, one of them in the vicinity of the Mediterranean, the others in South Africa. Xearly allied, to DisticJtlis. FESTUCE.E. 623 1. D. sicuLA Diim. 1. c. A smootli erect umiuiil, L*0-30 cm.liigh. Leaves 3-4 in number, ligulel.5-'^ nun. long; blades tliiu, 5-S cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. long. I'iUiiclo spikelike, •i-6 cm. long. Spikelets oviite to linear, 8-'20-tlowered, lU-15 mm. long; empty glumes ovate, first 3-5-nerVetl, second 4-7- nerved ; fionil glume 4-5 mm. long. Colorado, ^'assidi/ in 1885. Not unfrcquently cultivated for orna- ment. r.'3. (249). DacTYLIS L. Sp. PI. 71 Fm. i08. - nrmmeria si (1753). Ania.ritis Adans. Fum. 2 : ;54 (17(i;5). '^^'\ ;}•. «PikHet; a Spikelets several-flowered, mncli flattened, sessile and densely crowded in tliiek one-sided clusters, arranged in a short irregular spike or at the ends of the sliort branches of a dense irregular one-sided panicle, rachilla glabrous, inarticulate or tardily articulate between the florets. Empty glumes firm, thin, keeled, mucronate, une(|ual, 3-nerved; floral glume larger, scabrous, cartilaginous, ;5-5-nerved, the ciliolate keel produced into a jioint or short awn; i>alea little shorter than its glume, "^-keeled. Stamens 3. (Jrain obcom})ressed, concave or broadly furrowed, included by glume and palea, but not adhering. A perennial tufted grass with flat-keeled or couduplicate leaf- blades. There is only a single species, sometimes separated into two or more. Common in Europe, temjjcrate Asia, and northern Africa, and now naturalized in many parts of Australia and North America. 1. D. GLOMERATA L. 1. C. OuCirA RD-URASS. CoCK'S-FOOT. D. (tUaiea Bess. Schult. :Mant. ".':(;-2(] (18->4). D. ahhrcviata liernli. Link, Ilort. Berol. l:ir)3 (18">:). D. mpi/aia Schult. Mant. 1. c. D. ciliata Opiz, Xym. ("onsp. 81!). D. f/htitresrens AVilld. Enum. Ilort. Uerol. 111. />. hispanira lioth, C'atalecta, 1:8. J). Orf)ii((nnicoi(f Opiz. Seznam, 3(). I), pendnht Dum. Obs. Gram. lielg. 14G. J). viUosa Tenore, Prod. Fl. Na^). p. 9. 524 poACE.i;. A coarse stiff grass, 40-90 cm. liigli. Shcatlis of sterile slioots compressed, tliose above keeled ; ligule 3-5 mm. long; blades sea- Ijrons, 20-GO em. or more long. Clusters of spikelets often pink- ish, ovoid, forming a panicle, S-l.'i cm. or more long; floral glume lanceolate, 4-G mm. long; palea bifid, nerves ciliate. Vermont, Priiigle; New York, Clinton for Dr. Clark 1396; Michigan, Beal 106, 107, Clark 1999. A grass which has been long and favorably known in cultivation in Europe and some other countries; now exhibiting a remarkable number of forms, varieties, and races. See Vol. 1, Fig. 63, for a more extended account. 134. (33L>). Cynosueus L. Sp. PL 72 (1753). Fah-onn Adans. Fam. 3:490 (1763). Fhuluna Dum. Agrost. lielg. 80. 114 (1833). Spikelets dinior})hous, clustered on a unilateral spikelike j)ani- cle, the outer spikelet of each cluster consisting of several glumes, all empty; the other spikelets containing 3-5 flowers; em jity glumes linear or sublanceolate ; floral glume broader, membranous, 1-3- nerved (rarely 5-nerved), mucronate or sometimes awned; })alea with two ciliate nerves. Stamens 3. (J rain adherent to the floral glume and palea. There are 3 or 4 species with a wide range over the temperate regionsof the Old World, and one is now naturalized in several other countries. It is remarkable for having tlie lower spikelets barren, and the spikes are elegantly pinnate with empty glumes. 1. C. CRISTATUS L. 1. C. CrK.STKD I)0(i',S-TAIL. C. HCffh'chlS Opiz, Natural. 9:151 (1825). (\ poly bract eat us Vow. \'oy. Barb. 3:97. A rather slender slightly tufted erect perennial, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes, the upper ones slightly inflated, often reaching only to the middle of the plant; ligule oblique, about 1.5 mm. long, blades of culm flat, 3-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide. Spike semi-cylindrical, oblong or linear. 3-10 cm. long, the clusters of spikelets all regularly turned to one side, the empty spikelets forming involucres to each cluster. Massachusetts, Faxon; ^fichigan, Bral 108. FKSTrcE/E. 525 Common in Europe: introduoi'd into lawns and some old north- ern pastures. See Vol, 1, p. I!i4, Fi^'. 87. 125. (231). LamaRKIA ^fcpneh, Mcth. -301 (1:04). (nirysurus- IVrs. Syn. 1 : 80 (18(>.')). Plerhim Desf. Journ. Hot. 1 : 75 (ISI.*}). Tlna>a (Jarzia, Kol. Acnad. Zel. Aci Iteale, Ann. .'}-4, 24; ex Pari. Fl. Polerm. 1 : 138 (1845). Fertile spikelots 1-llowered, intermixed with oterile ones in little clusters on the very short branches of a 1 -sided spikelike pan- icle, rachilla glabrous, inarticulate and often produced above the flower, bearing a narrow awnlike glumo and sonietimes a second ru- dimentary one above it. Empty ghnnes narrow, awuloss, slightly uneqiuil, floral glume broader, bearing a snuiU dorsal awn. Sterile spikelets hmger, with several truncate awnless empty glumes above the two outer acute ones; palea of the perfect flowers narrow, 2- keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distincit. (Jrain slightly com- pressed, included by the Horal glume ami i)alea, but free from tliem. A low grass with nuuiy branches and Hat leaf-blades. There is only one species known, a native of the Mediterranean. Introduced into many parts of the world, including Australia and the United States. Nearly allied to Ciinosin'UA. 1. L. Ai'UEA (L.) Mtench. 1. c. Hankeriana Griff. Itin. Not. 349. C'linoxiinis an reus L. Sj*. 107 ( 1 753). Chri/sxrus aureus Beauv. Agrost. 123 (1812). An elegant tufted annual, 10-18 cm. high. Leaf-blades thin, 5-8 mm. wide; ligule 1-8 mm. long, panicle linear or oval, 5-8 cm. long. Empty glumes of the fertile spikelets very luxrrow, keeled with five points, 4-4.5 mm. long, floral glume inserted 1 mm. above, oval, 3 mm. long, bearing a dorsal awn a little below Pig. 109 —Lnmarkia aurea. ,1 (- n . .^ 1^ ~ -^. -S. spikelets; c, ovary. the apex, b-0 mm. long. (Kicbiirdsou.) California, Jones 3214, Pr ingle in 1882, Mrs. Jones for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 563. Introduced into California. 620 POACE.E. 130. (350). POA L. Sp. PI. or (1753). Paid him Nces, Llndl. Introd. Njit. Syst. Kd. 3, 450 (183»;). Alhigustavhymn Nces, ♦Stoud. Noni. Ed, 3, 1 : 50 (1840). riotia Schicb. Steud. Nom. Ed. 3, 3:350 (1841). Spikelets of modium size, conipressod-keelod, 2-0- (nirely 7-10-) llowerod, pcdicelhito in a iniiiiclo usually looso uiul sprojid- iiig, rarely narrow and spikelike, raehilla articulate between tho floral glumes, glabrous or rarely pilulose, flowers ])erl'ect or aomo of tbo upper ones iin})erfect. Empty glumes membran- ous, keeled, acute or obtuse, unawned, persistent, 1-3-nerved, commonly shorter tliau the floral glumes; floral glume mem- branous or herbaceous with a delicate scaricnis nuirgin, usually obtuse and surrounded by a few loose woolly liairs, 5, rarely 7, nerved, the nerves usually bending toward eacli other near tho ui)Ox; palea nearly as long as its glume, i)rominently 2-nerved or 3-koyled. Stamens 3-3. Styles short, or very short, distinct, stig- mas plumose. Grain ovcid, oblong, or almost linear, comi)ressed, and rarely with a broi/l groove, glaln-ons, included by glume and palea, free or adhering more or less to the palea when mature. Theij are about 80 s})ecies, thougli some authors have extended the number to 300. The genus is the most widely diffused over the globe of any in the family, chiefly in temperate and cool regions, reaching the Arctic circle and Alj)ine summits; very few in tho tropics. The gour.s is a very natural one, well distinguished from Fnigrosfis, Panicidaria (Glycerin), and Fei^tucd by tlie lu-rves usu- ally connivaut in the a\)cx of the floral glumes, liy numy authors J'ua is made to include Atropis. The species dift'er from Eriitjrostis in their 5-nerved floral glumes, from Panicidaria and F^duca in their glumes keeled from the base; but there are species apparently intermediate between these largo genera. Poa has also been distinguished from Feslura by the obtuse, always unawned glumes, and the non-adherence of the grain to the palea. Several species oi Poa, however, have acute glumes, and in one 6j)ecie3 they bear fine points. There are some Chilian and Australian species and some Asiatic ones where the grain is adherent to the palea, as in Festucaj even in Poa jjratensis the floriil ^'luinc often adlioros mori' or less, whilst there ure several true FestucdH where it is (|uite free. Alorit of the rtpecieri wiilely dispersed urc very variable and diHi- cult to define. Ueiitiiani ])roj)()ses no sections for the genus, hut refers to some proposed by ('. Koeh; 1. J*Kviii/ojt()ii, si)ikelets very small and with nearly the liabit of Arp/iehic/i/od. 2. Lcuropoa (Jriseb., spikelets rather larger than usual, and with glumes soineAvhat searious and shining. 3. Dioiruj)oa Desv., K])ikt'lets usually, possibly not always, dia>- cious. As will bo seen, I have nuule a jturely artificial key for our species of PiKt. A. First empty glume 1 -nerved, annuals (a) u. Ligule 'l-'i mm. long, spikelets 3-r-ilowered, tloral glume y-l> mm. long 1 a. Ligule 'I mm. long, spikelets '^-4-llowered, floral glume 3 mm. long ?. B. First empty glume 1-nerved, jjerennials (a') u'. Upper ligule 5-0 mm, long, rays in sets of ')-(;. lloral glume '^.5-3 mm. long 3 a'. Upper ligule 5 mm, long, rays 3-4, lloral glunu' 5,5-6.5 mm. long 4 a'. Upper ligule 4 mm. or less in length (b) b. Floral glume mm, long; both emptyglunu's 1- nerved 5 b. Floral glume 4, '-2-5 mm. long, ligule 'J-3 mm. long b. Floral glume less than 5 mm. long, except some of no. 1(3 (c) c. Ligule O.T mm. long, rays in twos, Horal glume 2.7-3.3 mm. long 7 C. Ligule 1 nnn. long, rays 2-4, floral glume 4 mm. long, upper leaf 1.5 cm. long 8 c. Ligule 1 nnn, long, rays ',)-'k floral glume 3.5-4 mm. long 9 c. Ligule 1-2 mm, long, floral glume 3-4,5 mm. long 10 628 POACEiE. C. Ligule 1-1.5 mm. loug, rays 4-7 (d) d. Floral glume 3.5-4 mm. loug 11 d. Floral ghune 2.5-3 mm. long 12 C. Ligule 1-3 mm. long, rays 2-3, floral glume 2.5 mm. long 13 c. Ligule 1.5 mm. long, rays 3-4, floral glume 3.5-4.5 mm. long 14 c. Ligule 2 mm. long, floral glume 3-3.5 mm. long 15 c. Ligule 2-3 mm. loug, rays 2-3, floral glume 4-5 mm. long 16 c. Ligule 2.5-3 mm. long, floral glume 4,2-4.7 mm. long 17 C. Ligule 2.5-4 mm. long, rays 2, floral glume 2.4-4 mm. long 18 C. Ligule 2-3 mm. long, rays 2, floral glume 3.5- 4.5 mm. long 1J> c. Ligule 3-4 mm. long, rays 2, floral glume 3. 5-4 mm. loug 20 C. Ligule 4 mm. long, rays 3-7, floral glume 2.4- 2.7 mm. long 21 C. Empty glumes 1-3-nerved, leaves very abruptly pointed (o) e. Ligule 2-3 mm. long, rays 2, spikolets broadly oval, floral glume 3.5-5 mm. long, no rootstoeks 22 e. Ligule 1.5 mm. long, rays 3-G, s])ikelets oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3-6-fio\vered, floral glume 3-4 mm. long; creeping vuotstocks. 23 C. First empty glume 1-3-nerved (a) a. Xo running rootstoeks, ligule 1-2 mm. long, rays 2. .1, 22 a. No running rootstoeks, ligule 2-3 mm. loug, some- times number 6 a. lUmuing rootstoeks, ligule 1.5 mm. loug, rays 3-0. . 23 D. First empty glume 3-nerved (or sometimes 1-nerved in numbers 1, 0. 22, aiul 23). s. Annual (?) dwarf (a) FESTUCE.E. 52^ a. Floral glume 3 \nin. long 1, 24 a. Floral glume, 2.5 mm. long 25 a. Floral glume 3-3.5 mm. long 26 8. Perennial (c) c. AVitli creeping rootstocks (d) d. Culms much compressed, firm 27 d. Culms terete or but little compressed. . . . (e) e. Floral glume 4.2 mm. long 2S e. Floral glume 3-4 mm. long. (3.5-T in no. 30) (h) h. Ligule 1.5 mm. long, rays 3-G. . . . T.i h. Ligule 1-2 mm. long, rays 2 2J> h. Tiigule 2-4 mm. long, rays 2 30 h. Ligule 4 mm. long, rays 3-4 31 e. Floral glume 5-7 mm. long, ligule obsolete. . (i) i. Blades 2 mm. wide 32 i. lilades 8-12 mm. wide 33 e. Floral glume 5-Gmm, long, ligule 2 mm. long. 34 C. Destitute of good creeping rootstocks (m) m. Floral glume 2.3-2.5 mm. long (also P. nein- ondis, var. slricfior) 35 m. Floral glume longer (n) n. Apex of leaves abruptly pointed, the apex tapering for 2-3 mm., ligule 3 mm. long, rays 2-3 3G n. Apex of leaves acuminate (r) r. Ligule 0.5 mm. long, rays 4-7, lloral glume 3-3.2 mm. long 37 r. Ligule 1-1.3 mm. long, rays 2, fl(n-al glume 4.5-5 mm. long 38 r. Ligule 2 mm. long, rays 2-3, floral glume 3.7-4 mm. long 35 r. Ligule 2-2.5 mm. long, rays 1-5, floral glume 3.2-4 mm. long 3(> r. Ligule 2-2.5 mm. long, rays 1-5, floral glume 3.2-4 mm. long 39 530 POACE.E. r. Ligule 2.5 nun. long, ruys 2-5, floral glume 3-5 mm. long. 40 r. Ligiilo ;} mm. long, rays 3-5, floral glume 5.5-6.7 mm. long 41 r. Ligule 4 mm. long, rays 2, floral glume 4 mm. long 42 r. Ligule 5 mm. long, rays 4-5, floral glume 3.5-4.5 mm. long 43 1. P. ANxrA L. Sp. PI. (i8 (1T53). Low Spear-cuiass. Annual Poa. /*. Kupind Selirad. PI. (ierm. 1:280 (ISOC). P. fn'tniffuhin's (iilil). Excrcit. 2: 531. /'. diiriuftcula AVillil, Spring. Syst. 1:339 (1S24). P. huinilis Lej. PI. Spa. 1:4'J. P. ovalU TiiK'O, PI. Par. Sicil. 21 (184<5). A soft smooth bright, light-green anniuil, sometimes glaucous; culms weak, compressed, 5-30 cm. higli. Ijigule 2-3 mm. long : blades of the sterile shoots half or two-thirds as long as the t-ulm, often with wavy margins, those of the culm 3, flat or conduplicate, abruptly acute, the upper 1-4 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Pani- cle sometimes pur[)lish, ovoid or ])yramidal, subsecund. 2-5 cm. long, rays mostly in pairs, the longest 2.5 cm. long, sometimes drooping, bearing spikelets on t])o upper half, Spikelets very short-pe«(t3G3 in 1S83, Tweedy Ttl, G3S; Colorado, Wolfe 1144; New :\iexico, Fendler !)31». Wet meadows. 11. P. alsodes A. (iray, Man. Ed. 3:5()3 (185(5). P. nemom- lis Torr. Fl. V. S. 1 : 1 U (1834), not L. A soft smooth Avoak light-green tufted perennial, 30-SO cut. high. IJlades of sterile slioots 30-30 cm. long, 3.5-4 mm. wide, flat or conduplicate, acute or abruptly ))ointed, those of the culm 3 in number, ligule 1-1.5 mm. long, truncate, lacerate; blades 5-10 cm. long. Panicle often partially included by the upper sheath, 30-45 cm. long, slender, open, lanceolate, or loosely linear or oval, rays slender, in fours to sixes, tlie longest 10-14 nini., bearing scattered spikelets from the middle or ahovif the middle. Spikelets 3.5-5.5 mm. long, 3-3-flowered, oval or linear-oval, joint of rachilla 0.5-0.7 mm. long, first em})ty glume 3-3 nun. long, ovate-lanceo- late, 1-nerved, second ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-3.5 mm. long, 3-nerved; floral glume 3.5-4 mm. long, oval, acute, webbed at base, pubes- cmt or nearly smooth on the lower half of the keel, the tip scarious for one-fourth its length; palea linear, 3.5-3 mm. long, keels nearly smooth. Plants from Grand Traverse and Alcona counties, ^Michigan, have the keel of floral glume nearly smooth. Wet woods, New England, Alleghany ^Mountains to Wisconsin. Vermont, Pringle; Massachusetts, Faxon 10; New York, Clin- FESTrOE/E. 537 ion', Michigan, Sm'bner 3488 from Wheeler, Cooh'ij, Bcal 12:2, 123, (Flint) Clark 12!»8. 12. P. sylvestris A. Gray, .Man. Ed. 1 : 5!)G (1S48). A soft smooth palo-groen tufted erect perennial, (!0-8() cm. high; culms flattish. Sheaths smooth or scabrid, mostl} shorter than the iuteruodes; ligule ol)tuse, lacerate, 1.5 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots soft, flat, acuminate, 10-1.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, those of the culm 4 in number, acute or ai-uminalc, (i-lO cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle open, oblong-pyramidal, 10-15 cm. long, rays slender, in fours to sevens in about ten sets, often drooping, the longest 4-G cm. long, bearing a few branches beyond the middle. Spikelets pedicellate, oblong or wider, 3-4 mm. long, usually 2-3- llowered, joint of rachilla 0.(!-0.7 mm. long, first empty glunu' 1.7- 2.3 mm. long, ovate-acute, 1-nervcd, second oval-acute, 3-ncrvcd, 2-2.7 mm. long; floi'al glume oval, obtuse or sul)acute wlien .s})read, 2.5-3 mm. long, keel and. marginal nerves villous for nearly tlieir entire length to the narrow scarious apex, sparingly webbed at the base; palea oval, 2-tootlied, 2-2.2 mm. long, ciliate on tlie keck. Delaware, Cauhy; Disti'ict of Columbia, Vusey for U. S. Dept. Agricul. GG9; ;Mi(!higau, Beal c(- ]]li€eler 124. Woods, Delaware, Xcw York to A^'isconsin and southward. 13. P. conglomerata Ilupr. Bull. Acad, lirux. 0: Tart 2, 236 (1842). A rather soft and nearly smooth light-green perennial, 30-50 cm. high. Culms Aveak and compressed; nodes 2-3. Leaves of sterile shoots not numerous; ligule 2 mm. long; blades flat, acute, 5-8 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, blades of tlie culm much tlie same. I'an- iolo slender, spikelikc, 8-15 cm. long, rays mostly in pairs, aji- pressed, the lowest distant 2-3 cm., tlie longest 2-4 cm. long, bear- ing short nearly sessile branches for most of its length. Spikelets ovid, acute, 3-flowered. 3-4 mm. long, first empty glume lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1.7-2 mm. long, second oval, acute wlien spread, 3- nerved, 2.3 mm. long; floral glume sparingly webbed on tlie lower third of the 3 nerves, oval, acute when spread, 2.5 mm. long; lateral nerves evanescent one-third tlie way below the apes; palea 2 mm. long. Anthers oblong, 5-G mm. long. 538 POACE^. Mexico, PringleAZOn, Under dry cool cliffs. 14. P. nervosa (Hook.) Vasey, 111. N. A. Gr. 2: 81 (1893). Fes- iiica nervosa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 251, 232 (1810). Culms rather slender, 45-75 cm. high. Blades of sterile shoots 15-24 cm. high, those of tlio culm about 3, upper ligule rouuded, 1.5 mm. long; blades erect, tlat, 3-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Panicle thin, pyramidal, 5-12 em. long, rays spreading or somewhat erect, the lower in twos to fives, the longest 6-8 cm. long, each bearing 3-G spikelets near tlie apex. Spikelets 3-8-llo\vercd, tlat- tish, 4-5 mm. long, first empty glume 3 mm. long, 1-nerved, sec- ond 3-nerved, 3.3-3.6 mm. long; floral glume linear-lanceolate, 5- uerved, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, scabrid on the nerves; palea as long as its glume. Ovary linear, 1.5 mm. long. Stigmas 3 mm. long. Montana, Canhy tf- Scriljiwr 379, 395; Washington, Vd.sei/j Oregon (Colund)ia River), Jloivell. Alaska to Oregon. Yar. Tracyi (Vasey), Poa Traajl Vasey, Contrii). U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:276 (1893). Floral glume webbed at l)ase, pubescent on the lateral nerves and on the keel. New Mexico (Raton), S. M. Tracij. 15. P. acuminata Scribn. ined. 'J\ifted, erect, 25-35 cm. high, smooth throughout. Sheaths of culm 3 in number, ligule truncate, 2 mm. long; blades flat or con- duplicate, abruptly pointed, 3-6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle ovoid, 7-10 cm. long, rays slender, capillary, flexuose, 4-5 cm. long, bearing on the outer half 10-16 spikelets. Spikelets much com- pressed, ov;ite to linear, about 5 mm. long, 3-5-flowered, tinged with purple and brown; first empty glume 3 mm. long, oval-lanceolate, l-nerved, second 3.5 mm. long, oval-acute, 3-nerved; floral glume 3-3.5 mm. long, the keel and lateral nerves clothed with webby hairs for two-thirds of their length, ovate, obtuse when spj-ead; palea 2.5 mm. long. Montana, F. Tweedy 639 in 1885, 1027 in 1886 for U. S. Dept. Agricul. FKS'ITCE.E. 639 Subalpinc bogs. 16. P. Idahoensis, new name. P. filifolia Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : -.'ri (1893). P. Sanilherfjii Vasey, 1. c. 270. A slender tufted erect perennial, 40-GO cm. higb. Leaves of sterile slioots, lO-^i') cm. long, the blades involute, filiform; leaves of the culms 2-3 in number, upper ligule 2-3 n)m. long; blades 3-5 cm. long. Panicle simple, subsecund, G-8cm. long, raysflexuose, in twos and threes, the sets ratlier close, longest ray 3-4 cm. long, bear- ing 1-3 spikelets. Spikelets smooth throughout or scabrid, oval to linear, pale green, 2-5-flowered, 7-10 mm. long, first empty glume ovate-lanceolate, first 1-nervcd, 2-3 mm. long, second S-nervod, oviitc-lanceolate, 3—4 mm. long; floral glume much compressed, rather thin, oval when spread, 4-5 mm. long, 5-nerved; puleu nearly as long, ciliohite on the keels. Nearly allied to P. occiilcnfaJis. The name filifolia had been previously used, hence the need of a new one. Jvocky slopes, Idaho, Sandherg 138, 104, for U. S. Dcpt. Agricul. in 1S!»2. IT. P. occidentalis A^asey & Scribn., ('ontrib. V . S. Nat. Herb. 1:274 (18'i3). P. trivialis occidenfalis Xn^eVyDv^c. Cat. (ir. 85 (1885). Culms and leaves more or less scabrous; culms (!0-80 cm. liigh, sliglitly compressed. Ligule ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long; leaves of (!ulm 5-0 in number, blades 10-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Panicle 10-15 cm. long, spikelets oval or ovate-lanceolate. 7 nun. long, first empty glume lanceolate, 1-nerved, 3 mm. long, second ovate- lanceolate, 4 mm. long; floral glume oblong-lanceolate, 4.2-4.7 mm. long, very thinly pubescent on the marginal nerves and tlie lower iialf of the keel. ov;:l-acute; palea 3.5 mm. long, otherwise like P. fiexiatsn, to which it is nearly allied. Oregon (Swave's Island), HoirvU in 1880. 18. P. debilis Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2:450 (1843). Weak Spear- GKASS. A soft smooth weak light-green tufted perennial, 60-80 cm. high ; culms terete. Blades of sterile shoots flat or conduplicate, -5-8 cm. long, leaves of the culm 4, ligule 2.5-4 long; blades acute 540 roAC'E.B. or ncuminute, 4-10 cm. \o\\^, about 4 mm. wide. Pauiclo slender, open, oval, or loug-pyraniidal. 10-15 cm. long, rays mostly in ]tuir8, sleudor, llexiiosu or uoddiiig in fruit, the lower onus often distant, the longest 5-9 cm. long, hearing a few 8[)ikelels, for 1.5-2 cm. at tlie end. Spikelets broadly oval, 3-;3-llowered, 3-4 mm. long, joint of rachilla 0.4-O.G mm. long; first empty glume 52-ti.5 mm. long, 1-nerved, ovate-lanceolate or obtuse, second 2.5-3 mm. long, 3- iierved, oval-lanceolate; iloral glume 2.4-4 mm. long, membran- ous to very near the tii), broadly oval, slightly webbed at base, mi- nutely scabrid on the keel; palea oval, 2-2.5 mm. long, minutely scabrid on the heavy keels. New Ilampslure, Foxon 18, 26; Vermont, Pringle; Pennsyl- vania, F. E. Fenioic; Michigan, Cooky, Dr. Clark 711, 715, 713, Beal 125, Whedir 126. Woodlands and hillsides. Lower Canada, to New York and AVisconsin. 10. P. Kelloggii Vasey, 111. N. A. dr. 2: 79 (1893). Erect slender, 40-(10 cm. high, smootli throughout except the nerves of floral glumes and paleie. Ligule 2-3 mm. long; blades of the culm 2 in number, flat, acute, 2-7 cm. long, 2-2.5 unn. wide. Panicle thin, jiyramidal, 7-10 cm. long, rays mostly in i)airs, capillary, rather distinct, often curved or reflexed, the longest 4.5 cm. long, bearing a few spikelets on the outer third. Spikelets purplish, oval or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long, 2-4-flowered, joint of rachilla 0.7 cm. long; empty glumes acute, first lanceolate, 1- nerved, 2.3 nmi. long, second oval-lanceolate, 3.3-4 mm. long, )>- nerved; floral glume 3.5-4.5 mm. long, tinged with brown as well as purple, si)aringly webbed at the base, and slightly ])ubescent on tlie lower part of three nerves, narrowly oval, acute, subacute or obtuse, 5-nerved, the intermediate nerve on each side obtuse, all the lateral nerves extending about two-thirds the length of the glume; palea linear, 3 mm. long. Montana', Tioeedij 638 ; Alaska, Harrington; British Columbia,, M. Kay; Oregon, Cusich 977; California, Bolander 4705. Colorado to Alaska and California. 20. P. Bolanderi Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 8; 32 (1882). FKSTICK.E. .*)4I A tufted erect r.itlu'r sU'inU'i* perennial, 30-00 cm. hi,i;li. Culms compressed; sheutlis striate, smooth, loose, sliorler than the inter- nodes; upper lijjule obtuso, 3-4 mm. long; blades of the culm ;{ in number, nearly smooth, Hut or eondupliesite, 2-10 em. Ion;,', :i-'.i mm. wide, acute or ai'uminate. I'aniele contracted or open. 10-15 cm. lon^% rays mostly in j)airs, :{-5 cm. distant, tlie longest 5-8 cm. long, mostly llower-bearing along the upper third. Spikeleta subscssile or })ediecllate, linear-laiu;eolate, 1-3-llowered, 3-0 mm. long, joint of raehilla 1.5 mm. long; empty glumes thin, green, scarious-mar- gined, first 1-nerved, '2-'.] mm. long, second ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, »»ften lacerate, 3-norved; lloral glume tinged with violet, linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4: mm. long, thinly webbed at the base, otherwise smooth or scabrid; palea a little shorter than its glume, adherent to the grain when nuiture. Nearly related to F. arclira. Oregon, IloweU; Southern ('alifornia, ]*iihiirr :»42. Oregon and ("alifoi'iiia. 21. P. Howellii ^'asey & Scribn. ; \'asey, Cat. (irass. V. S. 82 (1885). A slender erect perennial, 45-00 cm. higli. Sheaths nearly smooth; ligule acute, lacerate, 4 mm. long; leaves of sterile sln»ots few, 4-8 cm. long, those of the culm 3. l)lades flat or becoming condui)licate, smooth, thin, acuminate, 2-7 cm. long, 3 mm. wide. Panicle thin, linear or ovate-lanceolate, 12-25 cm. long, rays in threes to sevens, remote, rather rigid, the longest 4-10 cm. long with short appressed branches bearing s[)ikelet3 on the u})per half. Spikelets light green, ovate-lanceolate, 2-4-flo\vered, 3.5-4.2 mm. long, joint of raehilla sleiulor, 1 mm. long; empty glumes thin, scabrid on the keel, first lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, second oval-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 2-2. T mm. long; lloral glume thin, sparingly webbed at the base, ciliate-pubescent on the nuir- gins and on the lower two-thirds of the keel, 2.4-2.7 mm. long, ovate, subacute or obtuse, erose; jtalea about 2.4 nun. long, ciliate on the keels. Much like P. BohtiiderL See description for the dilferences in floral glumes. Once distributed as /'. fn'rialis L. var. M2 I'UACE^. Moiitaiiii, WiUianis; Colorado, Jones; Oro8:5 (1S(;4). P mronensis Scliiir, Knrni. PI, Transs. 77:? (LSiUi). /', nrmphihi Sdiur, Knnni. PI. Transs. 773 (18(Ui). /'. ijelida Suliur, Kimni. I'LTranssj, 775 (18(W)). A soft erect tufted perennial, P^-40 cm, lii..") mm. long. Anthers 1.7 mm. long, liabnidor, /Hodt/e/l; Tiower Canada, .1. Allen: .Michigan (Islo Koyale), T. ('. Porter: Montana, Willinin.-. SrrilD.er, /•'. 'Drredi/, 338, 027; Colorado, ./oy/^v. ,/. llW/e, 1120: i'tali, ,/«//r,v, 12(i8. Greeidand, Canada, Kew Hampshire to Kocky Mountains. FESTl'CE.E. 64 - Var. minor Scribn. ined. lu every respect diminutive, 5-10 cm. liigh; blades 1-2 cm. long; pimicle l-'i.i) cm. loug; spikelets sliorter, 3— t-ttowerod. Montami, ^:^cril))ie>' in 1883. Kooky Moimtiiitis. Var. purpurascens (Vasey). P. imiyKrascens Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. G:297 (1881). Culms smooth, 3-4.5 cm. high: panicle oblong or pyramidal, 5-8 cm. long; spikolets ovate, 8-i) mm. loTig. 3-.")-ll<)were(). /*. Niiri/olia Schur. Fnum. Pi. I'ranss. 'It'i7 (18G<)). /'. pnhi'strits Lcj. FI. Spa. 1:51. P. xiinmx Hotl'in. Deutsc Id. Fl. Fd. 2, 1 : 44. P. striijosd. I. c. P. suhrivvKlca Sni. Engl. Hot.. /. 1004. P. sijl. vicoUi Guss. Enum. PI. Inar. :>; 1 (1854). /'. friria/is (uiss. Fl. Sic. Prod. 1:89 (1827). /'. \'i//(irsii (imel. Syst. 182 (1778). P. viridis (iilib. Exi-rcit. 2: 530. A very variabb-, common, and widely distributt'd pcrciii'Ial. Culms terete, glabrous, slemler or rather stout where not, crowded, 30-()('» (rarely 10-120) cm. high, fi'oin copious running rcotstocks. Sheaths smooth, snbcompressed ; ligide truncate, 1.5 mm. Imig; 644 POACE^. blades of sterile shoots flat, or oftener more or less conduplicate, very abruptly concave-pointed, 5-30 cm. long, tliose of tbe culm 3, smooth or scabrous, tlie upper one sborter than its slieatb, usu- ally 6-10 cm. long, 2-2.5, rarely 4-7 mm. wide. Panicle ratbor close or open pyramidal, tbe diameter of the base about tbe same as the length, 1-19 (mostly about 10) cm. long, rays scabrous or smootli in half-wborls of 3-6, the longest 3-11 cm. long, ratber densely flower-bearing on the upper half. Spikelets often tinged with purple, many with pedicels 1 mm. or less in lengtb, oval, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-6-flowered, 4-7 mm. long, joint of rachilla 0.5 mm. long; empty glumes acute, ,',cabrous on tbe keels,, first 2.5-3 mm. long, 1- (rarely 3-)nerved, ovate-lanceolate, second 3-3.5 nmi, long, 3-ncrved, oval-lanceolate; floral glume tbickly wel)l)ed at the base, pubescent on tbe marginal nerves and on tbe lower two-thirds of tbe keel, 3-4 mm. long, oval, subacute wlu-n spread, the apex scabrous for 0.5 mm. or less; palea linear, 2.5-3 mm. long, scabrous on tbe keels. Antbers 1.5 mm. long. Variety angnsti folia is a nameapi)lied to forms witb mirrow radi- cal leaves, but is scarcely a variety. A very valuable ])asture-gniss. See Vol. I. p. 133, Fig. 51. Nearly allied to P. trlvialis L., under wbicb see note. Pennsvlvania, V. S. Dejit. AffririiJ. (iG2 from Scribner; ^Um- tana, Ctinhy tP Scrihnvi' 303; Yellowstoiu' Park, Frank Tircodij 277. 04(5; Oregon, /foirelL tbe indigenous form. Several forni.s cultivated at Agricultural College, Micbigan. Common throughout Europe, central and Russian Asia, also North Ami'rica and in the Southern IIemisi)bere. 24. P. Brandegei Scribn. An alpiiu^ annual (?) 2-4 cm. bigb. Ligule truncate, 1 mm. long; blades tbiu, flat or conduplicate, 1-3 em. long, 0.5-1 mm. wiole. Panicle sparingly branched, 0,5-1 ctn. long. Spikeleti purplish, broadly oval, 3-4 mm. long, ;}-4-flowered, joint ot rachilla 0.5-0.7 mm. long; empty glumes tbin, 3-nerved, second oval, acute or obtuse. 2.7-3.1 mm. long; floral glume not webbed not- pubescent, about 2 mm. long, very broadly oval, erose, tbin. ob- scurely 5-nerved; palea linear, incurved, smootb, nearly 2 mm. FESTUCE.E. r)45 long. Anthers 0.6 mm. long. Distributed as P. ahbreviuta Thurber. Colorado (Gray's Peak), Jones 714, 14,000 feet altitude. 25. P. Chapmaniana 8cril)ii. Hull. Torr. Club. -Zl-.'M (1804). Poa cristafa Chai)iii. Fl. S. States, aH-i (ISOO), not Walt. An ort'ct light griH'ii, nearly HUiooth annual. lO-'.M) cm. high. Ligule 3 nun. long; blades of sterile shoots oiR'-([Uarter tlu^ length of the euhn. Slieaths of the (uilnis ;? in number, usuidly shorter than the interiiodes; blades ilat or ci)ndui)licate, acuminate or abruptly pointed, 3-5 cm. long. \.^-i, mm. wide. Panicle obtuse, linear or pyramidal, 2-S cm. long, rays in twos or threes, one of the longest 2-4 cm. long, bearing spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets shortly pedicellate or ahnost sessile, 3-;]. 5 mm. long, 3-5-flo\vered, narrowly or broadly elliptical or rhomboidal, joint of rachilla 0.5 mm. long; em[»ty glumes siibcqual, ovate, subacute, 3-nerved (first rarely 1-nerved), second 2.2 mm. long; lloral glume thin, webbed at base, pidjescent on marginal nerves and two-thirds of the keel, the 4 lateral nerves obscure, 2.5 mm. long, conciive, elliptical, the u})per fourth scarious; jialea thin, 1.7-2 mm. long, pubescent on the lower two-thirds of the keels when seen through a lens. ^fuch like Poa (unina and likely to be confounded with it. When compared, this species is more nearly erect, blades of sterile shoots shorter, empty glumes narrower, with narrower scarious margins, lloral glume oval (not ovate) and shorter. Tennessee, Srrihner; Mississippi (Tupelo & Starkville), Tracy; Missouri, llifrhcock. Tennessee, Florida, ami Mississip})i. 20. P. Bigelovii Vasey iS; Scribn. Vasey, Cat. Grass. U. S. SI (1S85). /'. ainiH(t\i\v. sfn'c/d \'asey, Scril)!!. liull. Torr. Clul). 31 (1883). A glaucous annual or perennial; culms Ilat, green or jiurple, 20-70 em. high. Leaves of sterile shoots few. the l)la(les 2-4 cm, long, those of the culms 3 in number, ilat or conduplieate, 3-10 cm, long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, apex acute (not abruptly acute as in /'. annua); ligule 2 nan. long. Panicle linear, secund, very simple,. f)46 POACEiB. interrupted, 5-20 cm. long, rays in pairs, the longest 3-4 cnn. long, densely flowered on the upper half; in a very long panicle, the lowest rays 5-7 cm. from the next ahove. Spikelets oval or ovate- lanceolate, 3-0-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, Joint of rachilla 0.7 mm. long; empty glumes 3-nerved, first ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-3.5 mm. long, second oval-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long; floral glume oval, acute or obtuse, notched at the apex, 3-3.5 mm. long, the nerve on each side next the midnerve obscure, webby hairs at base often 4 mm. long, hairs on the keel for threo-fourths of its length and half the length of the glume on the lateral nerves, 0.7 nun. long; i)aloa lanceolate, 2.7 mm. long, pubescent on the keels. Certainly a good species. Texas, Ciirtisfi 3477a irom Eeverchon, Feiidler 03; New Mexico, Vaseij for IT. S. Dept. Agricul. G35; Arizona (Santa Cataliua Mountains), Prinyh 458. Texas to Arizona. 27. P. coMi'iiEssA L. Sp. PI. 69 (1753). Klat-stemmkd Poa. Bluk Grass. AV^irixjkass. P. aiiceps Presl, ('v[). iS: Gram. Sic. 43 (1S2C)). P. comphnala Scluir, Euum. PI. Transs. 770 (KSdli). P. L(i)u/eaiin Reichb. Fl. Gci-m. Excurs. 140* (1833). /'. ninraUs Wihfl, Prim. Fl. Werth. 114. P. po///)wda. Parn. (Irass. Scot!. 84 (1842). /*. snIx'ONipres.sa Parn. 1. c. Glaucous, bluish green, culms 30-()0 cm. high, smooth, firm, miu'li compressed, ascciuling from crec})ing rootstocks. Sheaths mostly much shorter than the internodes, ligiih! ()l)tusi', about 1 mm. long; sterile shoots few, those of the culm 4. blades tlat or condui)licate. -1-10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the apex abrujitly pointed as in /'. annua. Panicle usually contracted, linear or open und ovoid, secund, 5-10 cm. long, lower rays scabrous, in ])airs or single, the middle ones in tlii-ees or fours, the longest 3-4 cm. long, ilower-bearing on tlie outer half. Spikelets subsessile, oval or ovati-- lanceolatc, 3-10-ll()wered, 4-() mm. long, l)luish green, often tinged with purple, joint of rachilla 0.5 mm. long; empty glunu'S sub- equal, 3-ncrved, acute, ovate or elliptical-lanceolate, second 2.5-3 mm. long; iloral glunu' 2.5-3 mm. long, lirm, smooth or scabrid, Webby hairs few or wanting, pubescent on the keel and lateral FESTUCE.E. 547 nerves near the base, oval, abruptly acute, the 5 nerves obscure; palea nearly as long as its glume, scabrid on the keels. For a fur- ther account see Vol. I. p. 137, Fig. 67. Yermout, Prinyle; Kew Jersey, Scribner for U. S. Dept. Agri- cul. 04:>; Michigan, Clark '^W, 717, Heal 127, V:iS,Cooleii; :Minne- sota, Arthur X 18, B 527; Colorado, Lelteruum 30; Arizona, Tuumey 122 ; Oregon, Howell. Dry soil, rarely seen in woods. Extensively naturalized from Euroiie, and possibly indigenous northward. 28. P. Wheeleri Yasey, Kothr. Kep. l?ot. U. S. Surv. G:291 (1878). Perennial, with running rootstocks. Culms 20-00 cm. high. Ligule 1.5 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots 15-20 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, rigid, conduplicate or involute with a lirm ol)li(|ue point, U2)per l)lade of culm 1-3 cm. long. Panicle o[>en, thin. .S-12 cm. long, ovoid, rays slender, mostly in pairs, the longer 3-5 cm. long, l)earing a few spikelets near the apex. Spikelets lance-ellip- tical, G-7 mm. long, 3-llowered, lower joint of racliilla 1.5 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, ovato-laiu'eolatc, 3-nerved, second one 3.7 mm. long; floral glume not webbed, 4.2 mm. long, ciliate on the lateral nerves and on the lower two-fifths of the keel, oval, subacute Avhen spread, margins scarious; palea truncate, very nearly as long as its glume, ciliate on the keels. Colorado (South Park). Wolfe 1131-', in herb. Scrii)ner, Dr. Enyelman, Lefterman 29, 44. 2!). P. confinis Vasey, 111. X. A. (Jr. 2: 75 (I8!i3). An erect tufted dio'cious perennial, 10-20-30 cm. high, from slender creeping rootstocks. The second and often the third and fourth leaves from the top of the culms containing erect leafy, non- flowering branches in their axils. Sheaths smooth; ligule involute, acute. 1-2 mm. long; blades of the branches smooth, exteiuling to the base or the apex of the panicles, coiuluplicate, in cross-section ovate or oval, destitute of bnlliform cells, (i-S mm. di'am., 7-nerved with 9 bands of sclerencbyma, the extreme a])ex obli([uely obtuse, the ui^per blade 1-3 cm. loug, Avith the upper part of the sheath involute,' like the blade. Panicle dense, linear, subsecund, 2-4-5 n48 POACE^. em. long, rays smooth, in pairs, the longest 1.5-3 cm. long, densely ilower-beariug above the middle. Spikelets oval, 4-G mm. long, :{-5-ilowered, softly scabrid; empty glumes lance-ovate, acute, 3- nerved, second 3.5-4.3 mm. long, reaching three-fourths to four- fifths over the glume above; floral glume Avith a few webby hairs at the base. 3-3.7 mm. long, involute, broadly ovate, abruptly acute; palea linear-lanceolate, ciliate on the keels. Oregon, Howell in July 1882. and in 1887. Some of tliese liavc been distributed as P. ahh rev lata W. Br., but Dr. Vasey had an opportunity for comparison and I follow him in the selection of name. Oregon to the Aretic Coast. 30. P. Grayana Vasey, Contrib. ^5. S. Xat. Herb. 1:2T2 (1892). Kootstocks and sterile shoots numerous; culms 30-50 cm. high. Blades of sterile shoots conduplicate, abruptly pointed, 15-20 cm. long, 2 mm. wide; leaves of the culm 2 in number; liguledecurrent, 2-1 mm. long; upper blade 4-G cm. long. Panicle open, 8-12 cm. long, rays in pairs, the longest 4-6 cm. long, bearing 3-G spikelets on the outer third. Spikelets tinged with purj)le, the margins of the ghunes broAvn, Q-'ii mm. long, 3-5-ilowered; empty glumes oval, subacute, 3-iierved, first about 3.5 mm. long, second 4-4.5 mm. long; lloral glume pubescent on tiie keel and marginal nerves of the lower two-fifths, 3.5-T mm. long, ovate, obtuse, erose; palea but little shorter than its glume, linear when closed, ciliate on the keels. Colorado, Patterson 14 in 1885. High Mountains about Gray's Peak; altitude 10,000-12,000 feet. In herb. Y. S. Dei)t. Agricul. 31. P. Thurberiana (Kuntze) Vasey(?) An erect light-green rather slender perennial, 50-80 cm. high, culms aiul leaves smooth or scabrid. Sterile shoots few, the blades 20-40 cm. long, leaves of the culm 4-5, sheaths mostly longer than the internodes, smooth; ligule truncate, lacerate, 4 mm. long; blades mostly flat, acuminate, 2 mm. wide, the upper extending to tlie base of the panicle or beyond. Panicle narrow, thin, 15-25 cm. long, rays iu threes and fours, some of them very siiort, the FKSTrcK.E. 649 longest 3-5 cm. long, thinly flower-bearing for the whole length. 8pikelets 2-tlowore(l, tlie upper floret nulimeiitary; empty glunu's sube. 140, Fig. (iS, undi'r /'. f^erotina. Colonel Moiiioe, the most acute agrostologist of his day, l)laced this with 7^ /le/iioralis L., while Grisebaeh, Pries, A. (iray,. and Anderson keep it distinct. See Dr. ,1. I). Il()(»ker, on Distri- ])ut,ion of Arctic Plants, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 23, ISIH). ^lonroe observes that stunted or arctic si)eciniens of P. iieDttiralis L. , /'. .^rri)/ina Ehrh., P. c(vxia Sm., if not identical arc extremely difficult to distinguish the one from tlu' other. 36. r. fiavicans Ledu. Fl. Poss. 4:373 (1853). 5r)2 roACK.E. IMiiut nither soft, i25-GU fin. high. Leaves of tlie culms 3, shoiiths ('OV(!riu, 7-1'^ cm. long, 3.5-3 mm. wide. Panicle linear, ovoid or pyranii-(> cm. long, snb- secund andspikolikc, or 10-12 cm. long and open, tbo longest niys 5 cm. long. Spikelets '^-4-llowered, part of tlietn snlwessilc; empty glnmes oval, acute, first 3.3 mm. long, second 3.5-4 mm. long; floral glume 3.7-4 mm. long; palea 3.5 mm. long. Anthers 1.7 mm. long. New Ilampsbiro, (■. E. Fd.mn ; ^Montana, Williams; Arizona, IhiHhii S99. Maine to Oregon and Rocky Mountains. Var. firmula Host. Oram. Aust. 2:/. 71 (IS()4). P. cipxia var. strict ior A. (J ray, Man. Ed. r):G-»9 (IS(JS). Culms 15-30 cm. high, flattened; panicle contracted or open, grayish purple; empty glumes subequal, l)road, '^-".'.7 mm. long; floral glume 2.5 mm. long; palea '•2.5-'2.7 mm. long; anthers 1.2 mm. long. \'ermont. Fa.ron, Ilusfdnl, l^riiiglr ; Michigan (Keweenaw Co.). Fur veil ; Canada, Faxon; Minnesota, Arthur; jNlontana, Canhji tl- Scribner ;)S7, 3S!), Williams. 38. P. Wolfii (Vasey), Scribn. Uull. Torr. Chd'), 21:/. :.';>S (1804). P. alsodes A. Gray, var. Woljii Vasey ined. ('ulms slender, 00-80 cm. high. Uladcs of sterile shoots 2.j-;)5 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide; ligule 1-1.3 mm. long; blades of culm 5-10 cm. long, acuminate. Panicle lax, 7-15 cm. long, rays in distant pairs, slender, the longest 7-10 cm. long, bearing 4-7 spike- lets near the apex. Spikelets open, 0.7 mm. long, ;)-4-flowered; empty glumes oval when spread, acute, 3-nerved, first 3.5 mm. long, second 4 mm. long ; floral glume 4.4-5 mm. long, pubescent for most of its length, elliptical, acute; jialea 3.5 mm. long, puberuleut 664 POACE^. on the keels. Nearly allied to P. Jlexuosa, but its first glume is 3- nerved, the floral glume longer and strongly pubescent. Illinois, U. S. Dept. Agricul. 360 from J. Wolfe. 39. P. laxa Haenk. Sudet. 118 (1791). P. flextioaa J. E. Smith,. Fl. Brit. 1:101 (1800), not Wahl. (1824), not Muhl. (1817). Tufted, smootli, flaccid throughout, slender, ascending or erect from a geniculate base, 10-25 (rarely 35) cm. high. Ligule 2-2.5 mm. long; blades flat, acuminate, 4-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, those of the culm 2-3 in number. Panicle 5-10 cm. long, simple, linear, dense and interrupted or spreading and nodding, rays flexuose, 1-5 (mostly 2-3) at a node of panicle. Spikelets often pu' r'.ii, sometimes tinged with brown, oval or oval-lanceo- law, 2-4-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, joint of rachilla 0.7 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, ovate-lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, 3-nervcd, second 3.5-4.2 mm. long; floral glume 3.2-4 mm. long, thin, spar- ingly webbed at base, pubescent on the marginal nerves and the lower half of the keel, oval, obtuse, subacute, emarginate or erose with an extended scarious apex; palea thin, 3-3.5 mm. long, ciliolute on the keels. Nearly allied to P. alpina L. New Hampshire, Faxon; Vermont, Hosford tor U. S. Dept. Agricul. 654, Pringle. New England to Eocky Mountains and well northward ; also in Europe. In Hooker's Flor. Bor. Am. this is treated as P. Jlexuosa. 40. P. gracillima Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 272 (1893). A slender, densely tufted perennial, 30-50 cm. high, the upper node extending one-fourth or less than the len,7:th of the culm. Blades of sterile shoots tliin, smooth, acute, flat or conduplicate, filiform, 5-10 cm. long, 0.6-1 mm. wide, those of the cnlm 2 ; ligule 2.5 mm. long. Panicle open, pyramidal or ovoid, 5-8 cm. long, rays scabrous in twos to fives, the longest 3-5 cm. long, bear- ing 3-4 spikelets on the outer third. Spikelets tinged with violet, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3-5-flowered, 6-10 mm. long, a long joint- er rachilla 1.5 mm. long; empty glumes oval-lanceolate, 3-nerved, flrst 3-4 mm. long, second 3.5-5 mm. long; floral glume elliptical^ 8-5 mm. long, 5-neryed, subacute or obtuse with a wide scarious tip,. FESTUCE^. 650 scabrid, pubescent on the nerres of the lower half; palea linear, as long as its glume, strongly ciliate on the nerves. Antliers 3 mm. long. Vasey says some of the plants approach P. tennifolia Nutt. Oregon, Howell, Cusick fqr U. S. Dept. Agricul. 649. Washington and Oregon. 41. P. hiipidnla Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:372 (1893). A stout perennial, 50-70 cm. high. Gnlms simple, decumbent at base. S)ieaths shorter than the internodes; ligule obtuse, tlic central portion 3 mm. long, appearing longer; leaves of the culm 4 iu num- ber, blades smooth, flat or conduplicate, 5-15 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, the apex pungent. Panicle pyramidal to linear, 6-15 cm. long, rays in threes to fives, the half-whorls rather close, the longest 3-6 cm. long, bearing spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets broadly oval to narrowly oval, 3-5-flowered, 7-9 mm. long. Joint of rachilla about 1 mm. long; empty glumes membranous, subequal, linear- lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, 3-nerved, second 5-7 mm. long; florp^ glume 5.5-6.7 mm. long, densely webbed at base, marginal nerves and three-fourths of the keel densely and conspicuously pubescent, thinly clothed between the nerves with very short hairs or nearly smooth, oval, subacute, denticulate; palea linear, ciliate on the keels, 5.2 mm. long. TJnalaska, Harrington for IT. S. Coast Surv. iul871; Alaska, L. M. Turner in 1881 for Scribner; liehring Island, Macoun 49 in 1891. 42. P. Bnpreohtii Peyr. Linna?a, 30: 6 (1859). A densely tufted perennial, 20-50 cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots scabrous, blades conduplicate, long-pointed, 30-40 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, when old breaking near the ligule; those of the culm 2-3 in number, ligule 4 mm. long ; blade 10 cm. long. Panicle thin, ovoid or pyramidal, 8-15 cm. long, rays scabrous, in pairs remote from each other, the longest 4-6 cm. long, bearing 3-6 spikelets on the upper third. Spikelets linear-lanceolate or OTate-lanceolatc, 4-6- flowered, 6-9 mm. long, joint of rachilla 0.8 mm. long; first empty glume ovate-lanceolate, 1 nerved, 2.5 mm. long, second -oval-lanceolate, 3-3.2 mm. long; floral glume scabrid on the keel. 906 POACE^. not webbed at the base, ovate, acute, 4 mm. long, the upper third soarious; palea linear, 3.7 mm. long, scabrid on the keels. Mexico, Pringle 1437, Palmer 1316 ; New Mexico, Tracy. 43. P. Oronttiana Vasey, West. Am. Scientist in Aug. 1887. An erect perennial, about 60 cm. high. Leaves of the culm 3 in number, sheaths smooth; ligule scarious, fringed, 5 mm. long; blades of sterile shoots thin, flat, taper-iK)inted, 10-15 cm. long, the upper blade of the culm 5-7 cm. long. Panicle purplish, 12-15 cm. long, rays in fours and fives, the longest 8-9 cm. long, bearing about 25 spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets linear, purplish, 6-8 mm. long, 3-5-flowered, scaberulous; empty glumes thin, 3-nerved and green only near the base, first 3 mm. long, second 3-4 mm. long; floral glume thin, 3.4-4.5 mm. long, with a trace of a tuft of huirs at the base, oval, subacute, apex often erose; palea about the length of its glume, linear before spreading, 2-tootheil, ciliolate on the keels. Stamens 3. Anthers 2.5 mm. long. Lower California (northern i)art), Orcutt in 188(> foi* U. S, Dept. Agricul. 127. (257). COLPODnm Trin. Fund. Agrost. 119 (1820). Arc- tophila Rupr. Beit. Pfl. Russ. Reich. 2: 62 (1845). Spikelets 1-2-flowered, rarely 3-flowered, rachilla arti; ulate above the lower glumes and between the florets. Empty glumes awnless, softly membranous or hyaline, 1-3-nervetl or destitute of nerves, obtuse or rather acute, unequal; floral /^hmie with the tex- ture of the empty glumes, very broad, obtuse, more or less 5-nerved, the lateral ones short or almost obsolete; palea about as long as its glume, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles short; distinct. Grain oblong, without a groove, included, but not adherent. An- nual or perennial grasses. Leaf-blades flat or almost setaceous. Panicle slender, effuse, pyramidal, branches capillary. Spikelets often small, sometimes colored. Ten species are known in Asia, Europe and North America. The genus is very closely allied to Poa and by some made a section of that genus. The spikelets are small, containing only one or two flowers, thus connecting Poa with the Agrosteae. The Arctic plant pub- FESTUCEiR 557 lished by R. Brown aa a doubtful Colpodium now forms Grise- bach's genus Arctagrostis. 1. C. folvum (Trill.) Griseb. Lee. It difTfr.s from /W ill liuviii^ tin; llonil ^'liimu round on tlu> hack and not kci'Icd, from Fvsiiini in liavin;.' broador and moro obtuse floral ^dumcs, and tin- ;(rain usually free from the ])alei, and from both in the shortness of the nerves of the jrlnmes. Henthum was some- what in doubt as to whether to inelude Jfropis Hupt. in this <,'enus or not, but linally concluded to do so. The characters given for tlic sections are not constant. A. Spikelets ovate, oblong or linear-oblong, 3-8 nun. long, (b) b. Spikelets turgitl, llattened laterally, panicle nodding. 1 b. Sjtikclets somewhat turgid and ihittened, panicle narrow (c) c. Panicle oblong, dense, erect, S-l*> cm. long. . . '2 c. I'anicle slender, nodding, !i()-:50 cm. long. ... 3 b. Floral glume truiu-ate, obtuse, ])aniele ditfuse . . . (d) d. Floral glume contracted near the apex, T-nervcd, 2.5-3 mm. long i d. Floral glume n(»t contracted near the apex . . . (c) e. Floral glume obtuse, 7-nerved. l.t-'^' mm. long. ."> c. Floral glume obtuse, i- nerved. *i-".'.3 jum. long. <> e. Floi'al glume obtuse, often denticulate. 7- nerved, 2.5 mm. long 7 c. Floral glume obtuse, irregularly toothed. 5-T- nervcd, 2.2-3 nun. long S B. Spikelets linear. ai)})r<'ssed, terete when not in tlowcr, 20-;5«) mm. long (I') f. Floral glume 3-5 mm. long it f. Floral glume 7-8 mm. long 10 1. P. Canadensis (Miehx.) Kuntze, 1{(V. den. I'!. 7s;j (1S!»1). Bn'zH i'iDHuhnsis Michx. Fl. lior. Am. 1 : 71 (1803). O'li/reriu Canaiknsis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1:300(1831). A stout perennial, G0-!>0 cm. high. Sheaths rough, slightly compressed, about the length of the internodes; ligule 2 mm. long; blades G, scabrous, flat, erect, 20-30 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Panicle exserted, oblong-pyramidal, soon drooping, lS-2.5 cm. FKSTCCK.K. MT} long, rays mostly in twos nnd thrcos, the longest two-thinl.'^ lu long :i8 the panicle, branching aiiuring for two-thinls of its Kingtii. Spikclets ovate, hcconiing broiuli-r, tiiniid, like those of liriza, 6 mm. long, O-JMloweied, pale, sometimes tinginl with purple, joint of rachilla about ().r> mm. long, and brittle: empty glumes ovate, often acute, 1 -nerved, first l..'»-*2 nmi. long, second *-J-:{ mm. long; floral glume oval, acute or bluiit-i>otnte«l, T-nerved. .'{-.'{.*> mm. long; palea broadly ovsd, 'J-5 mm, long, ti-keeled. y-toothed, tho keels bent backward. Vermont, IWinyJc ; ^lassachusetts, Heal IIU; lihoots, scabrous above, thick, flat or the margins involute. 15-30 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Panicle erect, rigid, narrowly ol)long, dense, S-1"J cm. long, rays numerous, very short. S])ikelets 4-8 mm. long, ovate. 3-0-8- flowered, joint of rachilla about 0.,5 mm. long; empty glumes Jiearly equal when separated and measured, 2.2 mm. long, ovatt-, 1-iierved ; floral glume concave, coriaceous, 3.5 mm. long, oblong be- fore spreading, indistinctly 7-nerved; palea firm, oval before sj)n'uding, nearly as long as its ghune. (Jrain nearly 'J mm, long, rougliened, compressed, oval, jjoiuted at the base. Massachusetts, 11'. /*. Conunf, Ti. J. CtmijiUn, Slurlennil : New Jersey, Srribiier for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 090. Clark 1918, Co/ihi/, Scribner 3406, Dr. J. li. llrinton, Ural 113. Low grounds, New Englaiul to Nortli Carolina, near tlie coast. A striking plant, when once seen not soon forgotten. 3. P. elongata Torr. Kuntze, Kev. Cen. PI. 7b3 (Ii>91j. I'liu 066 POACE^. chugafn Torr. Fl. U.S. 1:112(18:24). GUjccria clmtijafa 'Vr'm^ ]{ull. Sci. Aciul. St. I'otorsb. l:<;s (18:5(;). A slender iiereiiiii!'.!. ti(»-90 ciii. lii<,'li. Sbeallis closed, ubout the leii;2;tli of the iiiteriiode.s; linjle, Jfosfon/, C. K. Faxon 10. Wet woods from Canada, Ne.v England to Minnesota. 4. P. pallida (Torr.) Kuntze, Kev. (Jen. I'l. 7s;j (1801). Winihoria paUida Torr. Cat. PI. N. V. !tl (1810). a/i/nria l>aUi(/u Trin. Ibill. Sci. Acad. St. Peters)). 1 : (58 (18:5(1). Poa di'utafa Torr. Fl. V. S. 1 : 1(»7 (1S34); Torr. FI. N. Y. 3: /. 155 (184:5). A pale slembn* aseeiuling perennial, 30-GO em. high, from a cree]»ing base. Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligule ;}-5 mm. long; blades 4-()cm. long or more, 3-10 mm. wide. I'anicle exserted, erect when y<)une|tt. Agrieul. ()8!); Michigan, Coitfei/, />/•. Clarke 708, 2054, liiiiJ 14, \Vli('ch't\ Fanrvll, Wood; Minnesota, Arthur W 103, li24!), ;54!>, Siiti(//>rr(/ 14, 507; Montana, Anderson t;6, Wil- liams; Wasliington, Lake; Oregon, Howell. It thrives on wet land from the Atlantic to the Paciiic. In some ]daces known as " fowl meadow-grass*'; a name more appro- priate for I'oajhira (serofina). G. P. laxa Scribn. I?ull. Torr. Club, 37 (18!)4). A stout perennial, (50-120 cm. higli. Leaves scabrous through- out, sheaths slightly compressed, mostly longer than the internodcs; ligule 2 mm. long; blades 5-G in number. Hat, acuminate. l<»-4() em. long, G-8 mm. wide. Panicle ex.serted, oval, 18-24 cm. long, rays scabrous, mostly in twos and threes, the longest nearly two- thirds as long as the panicle, flower-bearing on the outer half. Spikelets green or tinged with purple, broadly oval, 3-5-flowered, 4-5 inin. long; empty glumes ovate, lirst 1.3 mm. long, second 1.5 568 I'OACEiE. mm. long; floral glume broiully oval when spread, 2-2.3 mm. long, 7.nervea; pulea nearly as long as its glume, incurved. SpikeleU smaller, less turgid and greener than those of P. Cnuutensis. Maine (Mt. Desert, Seal Harbor), ./. H. IMjiM in 1894. 7. P. Americana (Torr.) Mai^Millan, Metasp. Minn. 1:81 (1802) Fod (tqunliM var. Amerirom Torr. Fl. V. S. 1:108 (1824). G. aqnadra J. E. Snuth, Kngl. Fl. 110 (1824). not AVahl. G.grandi^ S. Wats. A. Cray, Man. Ed. G, COT (1890). Panmaaria aqiiatua {li.)K\n\^y.Q^ Kev. (leu. PI. 782 (1891). A robust pereuuial, with ereci.ing rootst.»eks; eulnis 90-1 '.() cm. high. Sheaths m<»stly shorter than the internodes ; li.uide 2-;3 mm. long; blades 4-5 in number, flat, smooth or seabrid, SO-00 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide. Panicle oblong or oval, 20-40 cm. long, rays numerous, ascending, nodding, bearing many , spikelets. Spikelets oblong or linear-oblong, nsiially jiurplish, 5- 9-flowered, 4-0 mm. long, joint of rachilla 0.7 mm. long: empty glumes oblong or oval, acute or ob- tuse, 1-nerved, first 1.5-2 mm. h)ng, second 2. 5-;5niiM. long; floral glume oval, 2.5 nun. long, 7-nerved, apex truncate, obtuse, often denticulate under a lens; palea elliptical, 2-toothed, nearly 2.5 mm. long. Massachusetts, Beal 115; Michigan, Cuolv,,, Clark 2055: Mm- nesohi, Arthur B 97, 1^203; Monhuv.i, Ant/ersan 70; Colorado, Cassidy; Dakota, Duffei/j AVyoming, /luffian C 52. Wet grounds, Canada to :Montana, New Mexico, Northern States to Tennessee. /-.unn 8. P. pauciflora (Presl) Kuntzc, l{ev. Cien. PI. 783 (18J1). Glyceria paucifiora Presl, llcl. llaMik. 1 : 257 (1830). A robust perennial, 30-120 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, or longer, in small plants; lig- FiG. W^.—Panicularia Americana. Spikelet. (Uic'.-.ardson). FESTICEK. 569 ule broad, obtuse, 5-7 nun. long; bla7, in Syn. (1833). Jli/i/ror/iloa (lis/t/Hs Iliirtm. Gram. Skand. 8 (ISIO). Parrofera) fJte Dnnn- iiniHdn Steud. Syn. Fl. (Jrani. 2S7 (18.").")). Ghjcevin. armninata Scliur. Enum. PI. Transs. 781 (1800). (iJijceria tlorlinata Breb. Fl. Norm. Fd. 3, 3r)4. (ilt/ren'a iii'nfirith(/. 4:27 (1853). Glifrrritt inleynt Dum. 1. c. Ghjcrria liiJiarca Godr. Fl. Lorr. 3: 1G8 (18(12). Glyrcrid jwdirvUnht Towns. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (II.) 5:105 (1850). Gli/reriti jilirata Fries, Mant. 3: 17G. G. spicafa Guss. Fl. Sic. Syn. 2: 784 (1845). Perennial, witli creeping rootstock; culms G()-150 cm. higli. Slicatlis smooth, compressed; ligule broad, lacerate, 4-7-10 mm. long: blades 5-G. flat, usually smooth, often floating, 15-25 cm. long, 3-7-15 nun. wide. Panicle usually narrow, loose, 30-GO cm. lojig, rays mostly in threes and erect, the longest usually about 10 (rarely 20) cm. long, bearing few si)ikelets. Spikelcts i)ale. terete, except when in flower, erect, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 6-20-flowered, joint of rachilla 1.3 mm. long; empty glumes obtuse, hyaline or membranous, l-nerved, first 2-:5.5 mm. long, ovate to linear, sec- ond ellipticab 2.5-5 mm. long; floral glume sca'urid, oblong, 2.5-5 570 POAf'E.E. mm. long, 7-nerved, apex subacute to truncate, entire, slij^htly denticulate or obscurely lobcd; palca narrow, ".'-tootlied, about :),'> mm. lon<,'. Vermont, Prinyh'; .Massachusetts, Ucal lli>: Pennsylvania, Scribner for U. S. Dcpt. Agricul. G.S.j: Miobi^'an, hr. Clark '201, Cooh'ii, 1ie((l 110, lir. Wheehi; Favm-U; Illinois, Beal US; Min- nesota, Arthur X 't. li riO; (^)regon, JIoiccll. Found in shallow water in temperate regions of Xorth America, Europe, northern Africa, western Siberia, Himalaya, and Australia. The Australian i)lant has narrow blades; so have j)lants (No. 45) of Xat. Hist. Surv. of Minn. In the latter they are often eondupli- eate. The floral glume of a plant from Berlin. CJernnmy, is .").'» mm. long, while one from Minnesota is 'AJ> mm. long. The blades of the plants from Xiles, ^lichigan, and one from Oreg'> i aa; scabrid. 10. P. acutiflora (Ton.) Kuntze, l{ev. (Jen. PI. T83 (ISIM). Ghjceria arn/ijlora Torr. Fl. V. S. 1 : 104 (1S24). Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; culms r)0-l:20 cm. high. Sheaths smooth, compressed; ligule about (i mm. long; blades of the culm about 4 in number, erect, nearly smooth. Hat, 10-1'J cm. long, ,^-4 mm. wide. Panicle included at the base, simple, sleiuler, loose, 20-30 cm. long, lowest rays in pairs, one very short, the other 3 cm. long, beside the single spikelet. Spikelets erect, pale, terete, 3-3 cm. long, 7-13-flowered, joint of rachilla 3 mm. long: empty glumes linear-lanceolate, l-nerved, first 4 mm. long, second mm. long; floral glume scabrid, oblong-lanceolate, usually acute, T-8 mm. long, T-nerved; i)alea lanceolate, 8-9 mm. long, 3-toothed, scabrous on the keels. Massachusetts, Dr. Sturfevanf; Pennsylvania, Scribner 348, Martindale. AVet places, Maine to Tennessee; rather rare. 133. (350 a). Atbopis Rupr. Fl. Samoj. [Beitr. Fl. Russ. Reich. 3:] 04 (1845). Hydrochloa Ilartm. Oram. Skand. 8 (1819), not IJeauv. PucctneUia Pari. Fl. Itid. 1:300 (1848). Spikelets 3-9-flowcred in a panicle usually contracted after flowering, rachilla articulate between the flowers. Emjity glumes I'KSTrCK.K ^^^ U-i.crvea or the first 1 -nerved, umcli sl.ortor than the florets; floral glume usiuiUv eliartueeous, rarely l.orbueeous, convex on the bu.-k, sometimes sU-htly k.ele.l, obseurel) r,-nervea, the mi.lnerve often reaching the aenti.-nhite apex or extending as a n.ucro, the hiteral nerves Til vanisliin- at some distance below the broad scarions apex; palea with converging ciliolate nerves, --toothed. Stamens '^. Stvles short, the stigmas nearly sessile, short, slightly branched. (;rain more or less obcomi.resse.1, ench.sed, but not adherent, ob- Bcurelv grooved. pjrennials or annuals, dilTering from Pou in the roundel floral cdume and in the parallel nerves of the same, in the more or less scarions or chartaceous ghnnes, an.l from r,h,n„ m the ob- scure nerves of the floral glume, and the narrower and simpler nearly sessile stigmas. A. Kirst ulume 1 -nerved ^'^f a. Ligule 1.5 mm. long, rays in sets of •.', fl<.ral glume •>.')-'3.r) mm. long a. Ligule l-".' mm. long, rays S-"., ilond glume -l.r^-'.i mm. long \ •> a. Lignle 2-3 mm. loug. rays 4-!*, floral glume ii.l-o.' mm. long a. Liiiule 'i mm. h.ng, floral glume ^.l-^.'! mm. long. . 4 a. Ligule '>-3 mm. long, rays '^. floral glume .-.-:..:. mm. , 5 Iousj: ft. I.iii-ule 2 mm. long, rays l-!], floral gluuH' ;i,nuM. long. b a. Ligule ;5-4 mm. h>ng, rays •>-:, floral glume -.:-4 mm. long a. Ligule '-5-5 mm. long, rays :>-;'., floral gbnue 4-:. mm. 1»>"^' .'. B First ulunu' ;}-m>rved ^' ' c r.hnde -^-3 uun. long, rays in sets of 1-3, floral glun.e 4-5.2 mni. long c Licrule 2 mm. Ion-, floral ghune n.2-4.-' mm. long. . 4 c. Ligule 2-4 mm. long, rtiys 3-5. floral glume 4-.. mm. long c. Li-nle 2 -:5.r. mm. Imig, floral glume r.-.-..5 mm. long. 11 572 i'oack.t:. c. Ligulo 3 mm. long, niys \-'l, iloral glunu' -^-'i.b mm. loiii;- *c. Lif^ulr ;5-4 mm. loii-r. niy.s •.'-:'., tl«>nil glume :} mm. r.) o long. - C. Ligulc :'.-4 mm. long, niys '^-:5, Iloral glum.- IJ. 4..) 1-1 mm. long 0. Li-rulc :•..') mm. lung, rays 'i-.\, Iloral glume 4-.-) mm. long C. Li'Milc 4-0 mm. l(»ng. rays :5-r), Iloral gliimo ;}.r)-4..) mm. long * c Li, ll«.ral glnmc 4-5 mm. , '"^ 1(5 C Lignle 5-12 mm. long, rays '.>, Il(»ral glnmo :5-:].^» mm. \r long 1. A. angustata (V,. T.r.) Griseb. Lfdeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 300(1 S53). Po^^ oiiiinxlata W. Br. Parry's 1st Voy. Supi)l. [err. typ. ISTj 287 (lS-24). 0/i/reriu (i/KJiiKfdfd Fries, Maut. o. 7 (J (1842). A smootii soft tnftea grass, 20-M cm, high. Sheaths about the length of the internodes; lignle 1-5 mm. long; blades 2-3. erect, ilat°or c-ondnplioate, 3-G mm. long, abont 2 mm. wide. Panicle often included at the base, lanccohuo oi ovate, G-10 cm. long, rays mostly in pairs, the longest half the length ot the panicle, llower- bearing on the upper half. Spikelets linear U) oval, tinged with j.urple, 4-0-llowered, joint of rachilla 1 mm. long; empty glume oval to ovate-lanceolate, first 1-nervod, about 1.5 mm. long, second 2-3 mm. long; iloral glume 2.5-3.5 mm. long, very slightly hairy towards the base, oval, obtuse or acute, mucronate or irregularly toothed; palea ciliolate on the keels, nearly as long as its glume. Hudson Strait (Oigge's Island), 7.'. />V//; Alaska, Hnm^f/fon. Turner: Oregon, HoireU, collecte^tans L. :Mant. 32 (1707). Gli/ceria pmiiht Vasey, herb. Poa airohles Nntt. Gen. 08 (1818). IIiKlro- chloa di,tans Ilartm. (Jram. Skand. 8 (1819). Glyccria disUms^ FKS'I'ICK.E. r>7.J Wuhl. Fl. Ups. :)»; (IS-^o). Puciuellia ilhtuns I'iiil. Fl. Ital. 1: Uur (I8.j(»). (I. (limiilrs A. (iray, Proc, Afiul. Sc. IMiilu. 3;u; (^Stj.'Jj, and many oiIkt synoiiyiMS. IViviiiiial; oulins gciiiculato ut the base, asceiulin<^, 30-00 ciii. hi^'li, witlioiit (M'(n'])iii^' rootstocks. Louvos 2-',\ in number; ligiilc \-l mm. long; bladi-s scabrid al)OV(', mostly Hat or becoming invo- lute, 5-10 cm. long. Panicle erect, oval or pyramidal, lO-'^O i in. long, rays in lialf-wborl.^ of 3-5, spreading or even dellexed from a curved thickened callus base, the longest G 8 cm. Ion;,, ilower- Itearing from a little below the middle. Spikclcts oblong or linear, 3-G-llo\vered, joint of rachilla slender, 0.7 mm. long; em])ty glumes membranous, rounded on the buck, first 1-nerved, about 1 mm. long, second 3-nerved, about 'I mm. long; lloral glume 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly jjubescent below, tinged with purple, oval, obtuse or subacute; i)alea nearly or fully as long as its glume. Benthain in *• Hritish Flora." M'hcn comi)aring it with (i. inari- tima, says: *• The leaves are tlatter, the stem taller and more slender, the panicle niucli more spreading, with long slender branches, and tlie spikelets smaller, the glumes not above a line long." Dr. 'J'hur- ber includes hero 0. iHurifitiiaWnh]., if. (tinjusfata Griseb., ({. fcs- tii(.'(p/(>r/ti is Welch., G. ainndes Tliurb., (f. monfaiKi liuokl. Intr()du(!ed along the coast. Var. CONTEKT.V (Fries), (ilifcvria ronferla Fries, Mant. 2:lo (1842). Stoloniferous, branches of the panicle scal)rid, rachis not fur- rowed, spikelets crowded, smaller, llorcts 4-1. apex of lloral glume 3-toothcd. Intermediate between A. niuritiiiut and .1. (Uslttux. Fouiul in western Europe. Introduceil with ballast. The above notes are adapted from 1 looker's Students' Flora of Jiritish Islands. 3. A. Lemmoni (Vasey). (t. Lcmmoin N'asey, Grass. U. S. 43 (1885), name oidy. A slender erect tufted i)erennial, smooth or nearly smooth throughout, 20-40 cm. high. Siu'aths longer than the internodcs: ligule rather firm, 2-3 mm. long; blades involute, filiform, those of the sterile shoots numerous, erect, 5-10 cm. long, those of the 574 POACE.E. culm 2-3, rigid, 1-0 cm. long. Pauiclo exsertcfl, linoar, oval or pyrainidul, 0-10 cm. long, rays in hiilf-whorls of 4-9, the longest 2-4 «;m. long, and Howcr- bearing above tlic middle. Si)ikolet8 tinged with red, linear, t.*-4 -flowerod, joint of racliilla 1 nun. long; empty glumes keeled, acute, 1 -nerved, tirst l-'2 mm., secuiid 2-3 mm. long; floral glume oval, abruptly jwinted, ".'.i-I'.'J nun. long; palea linear, oiliohite or soabrid on the keels, as long or nearly as long as its glume. Nearly allied to A. ((it(fan,s, and perhaps it should be included in that species. Oregon (alkali flats). IfunrU; California, Lennnon. Alkaline soils, Nevada, Oregon, and California. 4. A. Suksdorfii (Vasey) Pcxt Siihdnrfii \'iisey ined. A densely tufted liglit-coloretl grass, lo-l') i-m. long; no root- stociks. Ligule truncate, decurrcnt, '2 nun. long; blades of sterile shoots rigid, recurved, conduplicate, ])ung('nt-i)()iiited, 5-Tcin. long, those of the culm erect and shorter. Panicjlc narrow, simple, spike- like, purplish, 2-5 cm. long. Spikolets linear-lanceolate, l-o- flowered, 4-0 mm. long; empty glumes linear-laiu-eolate, fii'st .'?- (rarely 1) lUM-ved, 3-4 mm. long; second a little longer; floral glume chartaceous, ovate when s[>read, 3.2-4."^ mm. long; luilea ciliate on tlie keels. Washington, iSuhyilorf IIU. Gravelly jdaces near glaciei-s. Se|)teinbei\ 5. A. pulchella (\^asey). Poa pulchella N'asey, Coult. Bot. Oaz. 7:32(1882). Densely tufted, the decumbent base from much-branched root- stocks; culms slender, smooth, erect, 10-20 cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, blades conduplicate, abruptly pointed, 2-4 cm. long, less than 1 mm. wide when spread, those of the culm 1-2 in number, 1-2 cm. long; ligule 2-3 cm. long. Panicle ovoid or pyramidal, 2-4 cm. long, with rays mostly in pairs, smooth, eacli bearing a single spikelet. Spikelets pur])lisb, oval or linear, 3-5- flowered, 0-8 mm. long, joint of rachilla scabrid, 1.2 mm. long; empty glumes obtuse or acute, often erosely denticulate, broadly gcarious-margined, first ovate-lauceohite, l-n(^rved, second oval-Ian- FESTUCE.E. r)7a rooliitc. 3-nerve(l, 3.5 mm. long; floral gliuiio 5-5.5 mm. long, 5- m-rvtMl [;{-nerved Vasey], ovute-lanceolate, sometimes ol»tu.si', sm- berulous, not i)ubescent nor Avcbbwl at the bast-; tlio lateral nerves only exteniling half or two-thirds the way to the ajwx, and two of them obscure; palea curved, linear, 4.5 mm. long, 2-tootlied, tiea broua on the keels. Allied to Poa la.ra and Pan arrfica. Oregon, Howell, T\ S. Depf. Agricul. G(!4, Suksdorf. Oregon and Washington. C. A. PUOCUMHENS (Curtis) Thurb. S. Wats. liot. Calif. 2:309 (18S0). Poa jmx'umhcm Gwvi. Fl. Lond. fase. G:ll (1817-'JS). Sfhrorhloa procumhtnM Beau v. Agrost. 08 (1S1"2). (I'lt/rcria pro- cumhens 1)1X111. Obs. Gram, lielg. 145(1823). Fe.shtca jtrocumbens Kunth. Rev. Gram. 1: 129 (1829). A stout tufted glaucous decumbent annual, 15-25 cm. higli. Sheaths smooth, loose, longer tlian the internodes; ligulc 3 mm. long; blades of tlie culm 3-4 in num1)er, flat or becoming con- duplicate, 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scarious above. Panicle often included at the base, ratlier dense, ovate-lanceolate, 2-G cm. long, rays stout, solitary or more often in twos or threes, erect or spreading, the longest 1-2 cm. long, I)earing distichous spikelets. Spikelets subsessilo, linear or lanceolate, 2-5-nowered, joint of ra- chilla 1.3 mm. long; empty glumes ovate or oval, first 1 -nerved, 1-2 mm. long, second 3-5-norved, 2-3 mm. long; floral glume 3 mm. long, pubescent below, oval, obtuse, erose-toothed or mucro- nate ; palea ciliate, as long as its glume. Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), Scribncr 3473 a, from Dr. Brinton. Introduced from Europe witli ballast on the coast at various places. 7. A. MAUITIXA (Iluds.) Griseb. Fl. Ross. 4:380 (1853). Poa maritima Iluds. Fl. Angl, Ed. 1, 35 (17G2). PurrincUia nurri/ima Pari. Fl. Ital. 1:3G7 (1850). Sdfrorhha marifima lleichenb. Fl. Exc. 3C (1830-2). Ghjceria maritima M. & K. Deutsch. Fl. 1 : 588 (1823). DiacJtroa maritima Nutt. ex Steud. Xom. Ed. 2. 1: 407 (1840). IIi/drocMoa marifima Ilartm. Gram. Skaud. 8 (1810), and many more synonyms. 576 i'(».\(i:.K. A (locuiiil)cnt or erect pcreniiiiil. :\0-^A) cm. hi^li, witli cree])iii^ rootsto«'ks. lUtitlea of sterile slioots j-S ein. long, ;.'-3 iiiiii. wide; ligiile ;U4 nun. loii<;; blatlcs uf ciilni smooth, lusnully :>, Miostiv in- volute. Piiniele erect, S-lt! em. Ion;;, rays mostly in twos to seven.s. erecit or tlie lower ont-s s])rea(liti<;, the longest (J mm. lon^r, flower-hearing ahove the middle. Spikelets ohlong or linear, iniiied to one side of the rays, 2-4-H-llower('d. joint of rachilla ].',) mm. long; empty glumes scarious, rounded on fho hack, firtit l-iicrved, l..')-;J mm. long, second :>-.")-nerved, 'l-'.i.i) mm. long; lloral glume '■2.T-4 mm. Ktng, slightly puhcscent helow, tinged with |tur|»le. oval, obtuse, or suluieute; jtaleii hut little shorter. Much like J. ilisUuis, which si^c. I have followed Kuropean authors in keeping them distinct, though perha]»s they should be united. Oregon, IIoii'vll; California, Lcniiiinn. S. A. Fendleriana (Steud.). Hragrnstis f^tmlhritnia Steud. Syn. IM. fJram. I : •»T.S (IBoo). A. CaJifornini Munro. A, (Jray, I'roe. Aeud. Sei. Pliila. WM) (iSOt.'). /'w amfiiiu Nutt. S. Wats, in l?ot. Kings Exp. 3SH (ls;i). /W L\i/(un S. Wats. Hot. King's Exp. ;3S0 (ISTl). Pon orifla Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Xat. Herb. 1 : t»70 (1S!>;5). /W huiila Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nut. Herb. 1:".':4 (181»:J). .V strict scubrid densely tufted ])ali'-green perennial, 30-50-70 cm high, usually dicpeious, from short rootstoeks. l?lades of sterile shoots flat or eondui»licate, us, as long nn its jrlnmo or shorter. A very viiriahlo uml puzzliiijr spccios. Ort>;foii, lliiii'vll: Cfilit'oniia. J'rinf//o in ISSI. I^nrish r»88. I'tali. Wvoiniii,!,'. On';;on. ('aliroiiiiii, ami vicinity. {>. A. Nevadensis (N'a.si'v). /'. yinuhnsis Nascv. Ilnll. 'I'orr. Club, \{):Wi (ISh:}). An erect lij;lit-git'en or ^ianenns ju'reiiiiial, ."io-SO cm. Iii;:li: enlnis and leaves oltcn seubrons, sometimes, if not always, iliu'eious. Second sluiatli from the top lon^jer than the internode, or half as Ion;,' on plants of the same hei^dil ; li^^Miie ohtnsi^ or acute, linn, •.'-;5 mm. ion;;; blades (!ondui)licate or Hat, tiiose (tf sleriK' shoots 1(»-:J() cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, the itoint often lon^' and narrow, those of the culm ?-'.{ in number, erect, the n|»pcr 5-*2i> cm. Ion;;. Panicle linear or slightly spreading, rather densely llowerod. l()-".'() cm. long, many of the rays single, but some near the mitldle in threes or fours, the longest 5-7 cm. long, tlower-bearing on the upper third to two-thirds. Spikelets linear, linear-huiceolate or oval, ;j-8-flowered, C-12 mm. long, u long joint of raehilla, l.;J-l.r mm. long; empty glumes ecabrid, sul)e(iual, or the second usually the longer, IJ-uerveil, first ovute-laneecdato to elliptical, 3-5 mm. long, second ovul-lanceolate to oval, 3.'~*-(! mm. long; floral glunu* sca- brid, oval, narrowly elliptical, with a lew slntrt hairs at the base, purple and yellowish brown above, 4-5.".* mm. long, apex often eroso and with a niucro, the 4 lateral nerves extending two-thirds the distance from base to Jipex; ))alea linear, ^'-toothed, .scabrid, ciliate on the keels, 3.5-4. "3 mm. long. The above is the result of careful measurements in all the details of nine different jjlants; no two are alike in all important respects. I must either make each a variety, or rather prefer for the i)reseut to make uo varieties. It shades off into A. lien's. Montana, Scribner for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 058, WiUimnx 579; Nevada, »/«««.*;; Oregon, I fotrelL Utah, Nevada, Montana to Oregon. 10. A. Isevis (^'ascy). J'oa Iwris Vasey, ("ontrib. IT. S. Nat. Herb. l:-273 (1893), not liorb. (Is::). A tufted rather slender perennial. 30-80 cm. high, with creep- /578 I'OACH/K. ing rnotHtock. Hlodos of storile ghootri Hut or coiuliiplicato, scu- brous ahovo, lioldiiij^ tlioir width to iirur the piiiigont upcx. IO-;i() cm. long, 3-4 iiiiii. wide, those of thu oulni 'i-'-i in iniinbcr, 5-10 cm. long; ligulu 2-4 mm. long. I'linido thin, open, ovuti^hincoo- luto or linear when in fruit, 12-20 cm. long, riiva Hcuhi-ouH, Hlcnder or rather stont, tin- middio ones in tlireoM, fours, or lives, tho long- ost 4-«t cm. long, llower-hearing o.i the iijjper third or half. Spike- lets oval or ovute-Ianceolate, ll-.'i-flowered, 5-7 mm. long; empty glumes sul)u(|iuil, thin, seuhrid, i-T) mm. long, li-ncrved, linear- lanceolate, each nearly covering the Moral glume above it; iloral gli'.rnt! 4-5 mm. long, scarious or pul»orulous, ovato or oval, acute or obtuse, u few short hairs near the base; palea4 mm. long, linear, scabrid on the keels, 2-toothed. It shades ol! into J. KemdfHsis and -1. Fendhrinna, Colorado, Vnseii i)T\'.\, Let term an 13, 15, 54, etc. ; Montana, Scrih- iicr, Williams 5i:S, A ndrrsou 41; Nevada, Trary; Washington. \'ar. rigida. Leaves of .sterile shoots numerous, rigid, 20-40 cm. long. Utah, Jon ex. Distributed as P. tninifoUa. 11. A. Pringleii (Scribn.). Pixt Pri nf/Iei i ficr'ihn. Bull. Torr. Club, 10:31 (1883). Pou Palkrsoni Vasey, Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. 1:275 (189.3). A densely tufted strict glalirous perennial, 15-20 cm. liigli, from creei)ing rootstocks. Sterile shoots numerous, the blades 3-5 cm. hmg, conduplicato, curved, smooth, 7-10 mm. diam., the apex ob- tuse; leaves of the culm 1, starting below the middle of the culm; ligule 2-3,5 mm. long; blades 5-12 mm. long, apex pungent or obtuse. Panicle linear, strict, 2-3 cm. long, bearing few spikelots. Spikelets brown and purplish, 5-7 mm. long, 3-5-flowered, linear- lanceolate; empty glumes broadly lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, 3-nerved below, margins scarious, broad, subequal; floral glume elliptical-lanceolate, 5-5.5 mm. long, minutely punctulate-Bcabrous throughout; palea one-fourth shorter than its glume, 2-toothcd, ciliate on the keels. Spikelets variable, of a membranous or char- FEHTic K.K. 571) tacoons appenranco, apparently (lia>cioug, tlic stamiuatc plant the nioru Hlondcr. with more lUMito iloruts. C'liliforniii, /'rin(/fr in 1H82. Mouiitaiiirt iihoiit tlu! lioiul-watrrs of the Sarrumciito Hivcr. 12. A. Lettermani (Nuscy). /W Lrf/frmani Vwwy, i'ouinh. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:273 (ISJKJ). A dwarf tuftod percniiiul, 4-10 cm. Iii^'li. SlieatliM tooH<<; iipptT lipilu 3 mm. loii^' uoiito, lacitiiatc; Ifladc.H rondiipliraic 1-2. f) cm. Ion;;, 1.5 mm. wid(>, abruptly pointed. I'aiiiclc linear, 1-2..') cm. Ion;;, rays in paira or win^jlc. Spikclcts tin;rc*«l with jturplo and brown, oval, 3-3. T) mm. Ion;;, 2-4-fIowcrcd. empty ;;liini -^ Hiibcipial, cxtcnilin;; nearly to tiio tip of the upi>cr tlon-t, cIliptical-laiKrcolatc. 3-ncrvctI; floral ;;lnmo 2-2.5 mm. Ion;;, minutely scalirid, broadly oval when spread, denticulato; ])aleH bntlittluriliorter than its glume. Colorado ((Jray'.s Peak), Lrffermnn in 1885, .lonett. Colleele*! 12,500 feut altitiidu on the mouutuin.s. 13. A. pauciflora Tliiirb. S. WatH. Hot. Talif. 2: 310 (ISSO). Poa paiicljJoi'a Hentli. Vasey, Cat. 1). J'oa SheldoHi Y'dsey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:276 (1893). A strict slender tufted perennial, 40-60 cm. high, usually gla- brous and tinged with brown or pink. Ligule a<-ute. 3-4 cm. long; blades conduplicate, those of the sterile shoots 5-15 mm. long, 1-2 r>80 POACK.K. mm. wide, apex abruptly pointed, tliosc of the cnlm 2 in number, 0.5-5 cm. l«»Uf;. I'auiclo erect, rarely sprendiuj,'. 5-15 em. lon;^, rays in twos or threes. Si)ikelets ratlier llrm, 5-S mm. lon mm. Un\*f, elliptical or linear-oblont;;, aeute or obtuse, entire or erose. bluntly keeled or almost round on the back, pubescent on the lower third, puberulent above: palca linear, '^'-toothed. '.]Ji mm. loiiijf, mi- nutely scabrous on the buck and keels. Dr. \'asey, al'ter prolonj^ed study of lar<;e nundiers of a])ecimeus. found them very variable and perjdexinp^, and says in Coult, iiot. Gaz. (»:•.'!): (18S1): '"It nuiy well be conjectured that Nature is now eniiUii'ed in the work of dilTerentiation, and that in process of time the lines will beconu! more sharply delined, and several new species establislu'd.'" Montana, Scrihiirr ;!!•(;, and for L\ *b'. JJi'pf. J(/n'cul. G70, Tirci'di/ iuVl, {)'S'7 : ()relume 4 mm. lonpf. second 5 mm. loni;-; floral sjjbnne 5 mm. louij; the latter minuti'ly scabrid below or smooth; palea 4.7 mm. long. Oretron, IToircll in ISSi. ]\Iontana, Orej^on, and Califorida. 15. A. Canbyi (Scribn.). (lljurria Cahhyi Soribn. Hull. Torr. i'hxh, 10:7:. /. (IHs;]). An erect snu)oth stout ])erennial. (i()-lt() em, high, culms simple. Sheaths shorter F\Q. W^.—Atropis Can- than the internodes; ligule broad, obtuse. 4-('> 6v/ Spiia-lets. (Sciil)- , |^, blades of the culm :]-4 in num- ner.) '^ ber, flat below, eonduplicate above, scabrous, the upper about 15 cm. long, 4-0 cm. wide. l*aiuele exscrted, linear or lanceolate, usmiUy interrupted below, about 15 cm. long, KKS'riX'KJ-:. 581 rays 3-5 in hiilf-wliorls. oreot or asciMulinf:;, donsely llowerod, tho loiigi'si 4 S ciii. long. Spikt'lt'ts ;5-5-llo\voiV(l, tlic longest joint of rncliilla I nun. long; i'mi)ty gltunos ovmI, aciitt^ or olttnso, aliiiost keeled. IJ-nerved, (Irst '1 '•) mm. long, seeoiul ;>-4 mm. long; lloral glnme oval, seabrous. I}..")-!.') mm. long, .")-nerved, apex acute, often irregularly tootiied ; jtaK'a ;'>.."» mm. long, narrow, '.'-lootliod, shortly eiliate on the nerves. Allied to .1. Inniifoliit 'riinrber. So'ihiivr 'I;> from Tweedy; Wasliington (Casrade Mountains), /Irandegrem:), ll!>(). J(j. A. unilaterale (Serihn.). /'ai/ inn'/u/rnilr Serih. int«d. A tufted glaucous |terennial, XM)-:>() cm. liigli, from ascouding bases; culms smooth, rather stout, liigule acute, t-tJ mm. long; lilad(>s of sterile shoots Hut or conduplicafe, soft, lleNUo.s(>, ST.' em. long, 2 mm. wide, those of the culm ".' in number, the blades shorti^r and widiM*. Panicle si)ikelike, dense, oval-lanceolate. .")-•') em. long, rays stout, very short, in throes, fours, or lives. Spikelets oval or linear, O-T-ilowered, T-lO mm. long, joint of rachilla 1 mm. long; empty glumes oval, obtuse or mucronate, subearinate; lirst ;!- lU'rved, ;).r)-4 nnn. long, .second Il-.'i-nervi'd, 4-r» mm. long; lloral glume 4-.") mm. long, nearly smooth, chartaceous, subearinate, oval. abrnj)tly or irregularly acute, mucronate; i)aleu liiu'ar, 4-r» mm. long, drain lu-arly terete, "iJt mm. long, including thes])ongy apex. California (Santa Cru/,), ('. L. AiKlcrsmi. 17. A. scabrella Thurb. S. Wats. I'.ot. Calif, '.'iino (ISSO). Poa srahrvlhi Vasey, ('at. Crass, l'. S. S4 (ISS.')). A slender perennial, 40-70 em. high, seabrid. IMades of sterile shoots Hat or eonduplieatci, 12-'20 em. long, 1-'.' nun. wide, curved; leaves of the eulm 'i.-\\, ligule 5-1'.* mm. long, aeute; bhules r»-7 tin. long. Panicle narrow, r-J-I.') em. long, rather dense, rays in pairs, \\\v longest 5-7 em. long, branching and mostly llower-lH'aring lo lh(^ base. S])iki'lets 5-t! mm. long, 3-5-llowered, joint of raehilla 1 mm. long; empty ghnnes IJ-iu-rved, lirst about '-3.5 mm., si'eontl about ;5 mm. long; floral glume W-W.^l mm. long, o\al. rough-hairy on the lower part of the nerves, apex denticulate, often unieronate; piilea but little shorter. Lower California, Miss F. K. Fish for Nat. Mus. /)82 POACE^. Calfornia and Lower California, and probably in Mexico. 133. ('^'GO). Festuca L. Sp. I'l, 73 (1753). A mp/ii(/enes J ai\- ka, Linna'a 30: Olif (1859-00). Cmldlia Tiueo, V\. liar. Sic. 1? (1817). Cutapoilium\Ank,\lo\'\. Herol. 1: 44 (18-.»7). Chloanmin liafin. Neogenyt. 4 (182*)). Dishmusfhns Diilac, Fl. llautes-Pyr. fll (18()7). DrynioiKPtex l£\\r\\. Heitr. 4:147 (1789). Fcsfiiraria Link, Linniva, 17:398 (1843). Goinnia Founi. Hcntli. & Hook, f. Gen. 3:1178 (18S3). IMhria Founi. 1. c. 1199 (18s:i). L^)retiaT)\\^^'A\.-^o\\\. Kev. Se. Nat. (If.) 2:38(1880). Mirn,- pyrnm Link. Liiuh'va, 17:397 (1843). Mi/(/a!nnis Link, EniiTii. llort. lierol. 1:92 (1821). Xonhinis Heielib. Xoni. 39 (1841). Prosphi/ttis Dulue, Fl. ILintes-Pyr. (!7 (18(57). Srhcdonontx Heauv. Agrost. 99. t. JO. f. ;.'(1812). SderochJmi Heiclib. To. Fl. (ierni. 1:23. /. J.^ (1834). ,sV7mv>»« Griseb. Spicil. I*''- Ifmiiel. 2:431 (1844). Stj na phe V>\\\iic,V\. llautes-Pyr. 90 (18(;7). Vnlpioi'. 0. Gniel. Fl. Had. 1:8 (1805). Zenia Panz. Deuksehr. Akail. Mueneb. 290 (1814), in part. Spikelets 2-inany-fl()\vered, podicollate, varioui^ly ])aniculate. racbilla articulate under tlie floral glimies and between tbe florets. Eniptyglnmespersistejit, narrow, usually acutely keeled, more or less uneqtml, flrst l-nerved, second usually 3-nerved; floral glumes nar- row, membranous, cbartaceous, acute or tapering into an untwisted awn or rarely obtuse, rounded on tbe back below, often keeled above, faintly 5-uerved; palea a little shorter, luirrow, witb two prominent keels. Stamens 1-3. Ovary glabrous or pilose at tbe apex. Styles very sbort, distinct. Grain enclosed in tbe glume and palea and more or less adherent. Mostly i>erenuial grasses, usually tufted, low or tall, blades flat or coudui)licate. Panicle sometimes narrow, se(Uind and strict, sometimes open and nodding. Tbe genus is very widely spread over the globe, especially in tem- perate or mountainous regions. There are about 80 well-marked species, tliough some authors have extended the number to 230 species. The genus is one as to whose limits botanists are the least agreed. It is generally distinguished by having the floral glumes round, without any prominent keel at least at the base, and acute FESTUCK.E. ^8'S or awned at the end, and by tlie glabrous grain adhering to the jialea. Hut there are exceptions to eaeli of these characters ; some species run very much into Puu and Alropin, others into /Irnmtts. If we had only European species, Vulpia might well have been retained as a geiuis; but in some of the South American s])ccies the panicle is loose, the awn sometimes very short ami the inflorescence rather that of Eufedma. Jienthum proposed as sections tho following: 1. Vnlpia (Gmel. as a genus). 2. Eiiffstura. Panicle loose, spreading or narrow, empty ghnnes nearly equal, iloral glumes acute or muoronate; stamens 3, anthers and stigmas iirojecting from the glumes at the time of flowering: ])erenniuls. ;J. SrhedoHorufi (Reauv. as a genus). Panich^ loose, narrow or spreading, glumes awnless and the grain quite free from the palea. 4. C((t(ipii(liiitn (Link, as a genus). Infloresceiu'e nearly simple, like that of llordew, but the racliis not notohe*!, aiid the spikelets not quite sessile, the lower ones of ten two or three together on a very short branch. 5. Sclcropfid (fSriseb. as a geinis). I have lu'arly followed E. Ilackel in the selection and use of the sections of Fesluca, believing them preferable to those given by Bentham or others. A. Vii.i'i.v. Lcaf-hUulcssoff, thin, involute. Panirhsecund^ iisiKiUt/ iiarrotr and densf, einptij fflnniis usually ve.ij unequal, thefrst l-nerred, scrond •i-nereed, jioral ffluuie.^ awned, ''>-nenrd. Stanit'ns usnally -/-;.'. Anthers and sfiijnuis reniaininy within the glume (indjjalea at time of flowering. Onrx are annuals (a) a. Spikelets l-rj-tlowered. Iloral glume 4-7 mm. long. . 1 a. Spikelets .>-S-llowt;red, Horal glume 4-() mm. long. . 2 a. Spikelets 7-13-llowered, fhtral glume tJ-t mm. long. . 3 }\. ScLKUOPOA. Leaf-fdades thin, fltd. Panicle semnd, rags short, rigid, hearing frw (dmost .srssile sjdk-rlets, floral glumes sidn'arinate toward the apex, awnlrss, hiluni j)unrf(de. Annuals 4 684 POACE.^l. €. TioviNM: Hack. Ligulc very short, truncate, throat of sheath o/tni falcate-aurirnhte, hhules usuallif all flat, rarely sii/>ronvohite. Ovary ohovoid, glabrous. Grain often adherent to ylnnie and 2>alea. a. Arctic; jfrasses. small 5 a. Not arctic, larger (b) b. Ujiper ligulc 1-2-5 mm. long, floral glume 6-8 mm. long G b. Upper ligulc 1 mm. long, or less (c) c. Floral glume 4 mm. long, coriaceous, obscurely nerved 7 C. Floral glume 5 mm. long, cliartaceous, ob- scurely nerved 8 c. Floral glume 5-!* mm. long, not eoriaceoiis. . (d) d. Floral glume (5--S nun. long, seabrid, awn 8- 12 mm. long d. Floral glume 8-!) mm. long, scaljrous, sliort awned 10 d. Floral glume 7-8 mm. long, scabrous, sliort awned 11 d. Floral glume G nim. long, S(!al)rous, sliort awned 12 d. Floral glume 0-7 nun. long, scabrid toward the apex, rarely awned 13, 14 d. Floral glume 5-7 mm. long, awn 5-12 mm. long 15 D. Ovix.'i: IFaek. Lirpdc very short, trnncote, itsnally lii- anricnlate, hlades all condnplintte or thosr of the nilm more or less jhitfened. Ovary ohovatc-ohltmy, ylafirons. or the apex rarely thinly hispid. Grain adhering closely to Jloral (jlume a)ul palea (e) e. Ligule very sliort, symmetrically biauriculate, blades more tlian 2 cm. long, all conduplicate. in transverse section, oval to oblong or cuueatc, oblong. Ovary very smooth (ni; m. Leaves oi" culm 2-3 16 FESTrcKj-:. 58r) m. Leaves of culm 4-5 17 C. Lij,MiIo 1-3 mm. long, biauriculate, blades of the culm 1-2 cm. long, rigid, curved, setaceous. Ovary obo- vate, glabrous 18 e. Ligulo minutely biauriculate, blade conduplicate, sub- sctacoous, in transverse section obtusely six-angled. . 10 e. Ligule symmetrically biauriculate, blade involute or conduplicate (n) n. Apex of ovary pubescent 30, 31 Ti- Apex of ovary glabrous (k) k. Kays single 33 k. Hays in twos, threes, or fours 3:), ;3+ e. Ligule of cdm-leaves inecpiilaterally biatiriculate. . (o) o. Blades filiform, involute 35 0. Blades usually ilat, rarely conduplicate, 3 mm . diam. 3(» e. Ligule of culm-leaves auricnilate on one side, Idades often of two forms 37 1. F. microstachys (Monro) Xutt. Journ. Acad. I'hila. N. S. 1 : 187(184:). Vuljiia microstitrhiia :\[unro, Henth. IM. llartw. ;U3 (18:u»-o7). ("ulms slender, erect, 10-40 cm. high. Sheaths shorter llian the internodes, smooth or pubescent; ligule 0.5 mm. or less in length; blades 3-4, erect, slender, ;>-8 cm. long. Panicle erect, i-acemose or spicate, 3-9 cm. long, rays stilT, channoUed, single or some of tht! lowest in pairs, ere(;t, spreading or deflexed, the longest^ 1 - :) cm. long bearing 1-8 spikelets. Spiki'lets l-5-Howered on clavate pedi- cels, joint of racliilla over I mm. long; empty glumes involiiic, lirst 3-5 mm. long, second 5-8 mm. long; floral glume convi'x, in- volute, acuminate, scabrous, 4-7 mm. long, besides the awn, which is G-10 mm. long; palca scabrous, bearing two short awns. Stamen I. Very variable. Oregon, Jlnireil; C'alifornia, Joiivs^ Ormtl . Arizona to British America. Yar. ciliata A. Cray. Axis, rays of panicle, glumes and tloral glume strongly ciliato. Oregon, Hoicr/l; also found in California. 586 I'(JACE.E. Viir. pauciflora Scribii. ; N'liscy, Cut. Gmsses U. S. 00 (1885), without ilescription. S[)ikolcts l-S-tlowercd. Oroiioii, llnicrll, 'I. F. Myckos Ti. Sp. IM. 74 (irr):J). Vnlpia Jfi/nrHs riniol. Fl. Had. 1:S(1S(h;). Culiiis .sIciKltT, sniootli, jLjoiiiculiito or cri'ct, i)0-80 cm. hi,i,di. Shoatlis sinootli, longer tli;in tlio intcniotles; liifulo less tliiin 1 iiiiii. long; bliidos of the cuhiis .'5-.') in iiunihcr, croct, slender, G-l"i cm. loiiij:. Piiiiiclo narrow, 8-;i(>-:ir) ctri. long, rays scabrous, tri(|uctr()iis in twos and ihn^cs below, approsscd, the longest racemose, (l-l".' cm. long. S|)il\elet3 on stout jiedicels, linear, 5-8-flowere(l, 8-1 o mm. long besides the awns, joint of rachillaa little more than 1 nun. long; (irst glume 2 mm. or much less in length, second involute, lanceolate, 4-G mm. long; lloral glume scabrous, involute, acuminate, 4-0 mm. long, besides the awn, 0-18 mm. long; palea lanceolate, scabrous on the keels, nearly as long as its glunu^, bearing 2 very short awns. Stamen 1. Pennsylvania (I'hiladelphia, ballast grounds), Srrihner ;'.5(t.") from Hurk; Virginia, Cid'tiffs; Oregon, Ilotrell; California (Sail liernanliuo). Parish 6, 55. Introiluced from Europe and naturalized. 3. F. octoflora Walt. VI Car. 81 (ir88). /: hromoi<]es Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : GG (1803). F. svlumi Poir. Eucyc. Suppl. 2 : 638 (1S04). F. tviU'Ua Willd. Knum. 1:113(1 80!i). Au erect slender annual or biennial, culms sparingly branched on large jdants, 20-40 cm. high. Sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes, sometimes pubescent; ligule about 1 mm. long; blades of the cidm 2-5 in number, erect, slender, mostly 4-7 cm, lojig. Panicle simple, erect, 5-10 cm. long, narrow or spreading at the base, rays in i)airs or single, the longest 2-4 (rarely 7), cm. long. Spikelcts flat, oval, 6-10 mm. long, 7-13-flowored, often becoming brown when old, joint" of rachilla 0.5-0.7 mm. long; emj)ty glumes invo- lute so as to aj)pear subulate, first 3 mm. long, seciond about 4 mm. long; (loral glume convex, involute, acuminate, scabrous, nerves obscure, 3-4 mm. long besides the awn, which is 1-7 mm. long: palea lanceolate, a little shorter than its glume. Stamens 2. Plants FESTUCE.E. n87 In M'liich the awns were 5-7 nun. long were called vur. aristuhtdt by 'J'orrey, but llorets uro ol'teu long-uwned, wliilo otliers on tlie same })lant are short-awned. Massachusetts, Dr. Citoh'ii; Micliigan, Dr. Coule//, />/■. C/tn'/r, Wlii'eh')', Jk'iil lo'-]; Illinois, 7)V7// l;}',': Minnesota, //iih:iii;/rr Ki; Iowa, Jfi/rJirockj Colorado, Casnithj; Montana, Andcrxon t**^; Texas, JiercnJion I'^Ml, S. Jcniiei/, Jones '37 o'^, yvoUfn; Washing- ton, Luke; Oregon, Iloii'eJl. Dry barren land, Kew England and Canada to Florida and the Paeillc. 4. V. uiiilDA (L.) Kunth. IJev. Gram. 1:12!) (18'!!i). Pua rigiila L. Cent. Tl. IJar. 1:5 (irSo). Culms slender, geniculate or erect, 10-40 cm. higli. Sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes; ligule about 3 mm. long; blades 3-4 in number, sinooth, 5-1.") cm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Panicle oblong, 4-9 cm. long, rays single, large, sti IT, tri(inetrous, diverging, brancliiug, the longest \.'i-Z cm. long. Spikeli'ts linear- lanceolate, 5-l:-*-l1o\vered, 7-10 mm. long, joint of rachilla 1 mm. long; empty glumes ovate, oblong, acute or ol)tuse, first 1.5 mm. long, second 1.5-"2 mm. long; Ihn'al glume scabrid, ovate-elliptical. 2.5-".\7 mm. long; i)alea nearly as long aa its glume, short-eiliate on the keels, 2-toothed. * Introduced on ballast from luirope. 5. F. Richardsonii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:250, /. 230 (1840). A tufted brown geniculate perennial, 15-20 cm. high. Blades of the sterile shoots flaccitl, 3-8 cm. long; ligulo very short; blades of the culm flat, the upper 10-15 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Panicle dense, more or less interrupted, 3-4 cm. long; sjiikelets G-12 in number, approxinuite, ovate on short pedicels, densely pilose. Spikelets 3-4-flowered, G-7 mm. long; empty glumes oblong-ovate, unecpud, obtuse; floral glume broadly ovate, yellowish puride, 5-G mm. long, acuminate or with a short awn; palea hirsute on the keels. Ar(^tio coast, Alaska. 6. F. confinis Vasey, liull. Torr. Club, 11:120 (1884). A tufted stout rigid, light-green perenniMl, 40-120 cm. high. 588 POACE^. liladcs of sterile shoots lialf as lon!»!» (ISTo). F. intlans iiuijor Vasey, Grasses U. S. Si*. Kept. V. S. l)ei)t. A«,m-. No. GI], 43 (lss:5), name only. Panicle more or less contracted, rays l)eariii,i; ni(»re nunieroiis clustered spikelet.s. Iowa, llitchcurk; ^lississippi, Tranj: Minnesota, Siindhi'ry. Kentucky, Illinois, Mis.souri to Iowa, and Minnesota. 8. F. versuta, now name. /'. Tc.nnut N'asey, Hull. 'J'orr. ("lul), 13: 110 (1SS()). not Steud). ISr)*)). Culms rather stout, GO-SO cn^ liij,di. Sheatlis shorter tluin (he interuodes; lialea nearly as long as its glume. Texas, lieva-chon in 1884 for Scribn. !t. F. denticulata, new name. /'. rf ////>/// //r/ \'asey. Con t rib. I '. S. Nat. Herb. 1::.':7 (18!»3). not Le (lall. (185-.»). A rather stout erect perennial, 00-00 cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots rather rigid, 15-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; those of the culm 4, slieaths scabrous, longer than the internodes; ligule very short, slightly unsymmetrical ; blades attenmite, jiointed, flat or becoming involute. Panicle 15-20 em. long, the iiodes distant, rays flexuose, chiefly in pairs, the longest 7-10 cm. long, bi-aring spikelets above the middle. Spikelets i)urplish, 3-4-flowered, empty 690 I'OACt.K. gliimos narrow, first 2 nun. loiij^, scnoml 4 nun. lonrr, H-norvod; joint of nicliillii iiliout ;.' nun. long, scabrid, hcnt and i'nlur<,'('d and di.sarticuhilin;,' nearly niidway iK^twcen the contiguous llon-ts; lloral giunicO-S nini. long, ol)S(Mnvly /i-nurvcd, scabrid, acuniinatf. tcctli niu'ciual, awn S-l'i nun. long; palcu as longas its glume, ".'-tttotiu'd. Antlu'rs ?> nun. long. Apex of ovary |»ul)('SCL'iit. Oregon, JfoiirU in 1H80 for V. N. Dcpt. Agricul. l»0. 10. F. Californica Vascy, Contrih. U. S. Nat. llcrh. 1 ::.'?? (1893). An erect rather stout pereTUjial, 1»()-120, rarely ;)()-(!() cm. liigli. Leaves of sterile shoots scabrous, blades involute, half as long as the culm, about 4 mm. wide, the bladed breaking away, leaving the sheaths, those of the culm usually 2 in number, the uj)per [)-lO cm. long; sheaths scabrous, shorter than the internodes, hairy at the throat; ligulo a ciliate fringi;. Panicle open, i>yramidal, S-IT) cm. long, the hnviw rays slender, ilexuose; distant in j)airs. llie longest .')-]() cm. long, llower-bearing above the middle. Spikclets 4-()-llowered, 10-15 nun. long, joint of ra(Oiilla scabrid, :* nun. long, empty glumes ovate-lauceohite. lirst T) mm., secoiul G nun. long; iloral glume scabrous, linear-lanceolate, 8-0 nun. long, be- sides the awn ;' mm. long; palea scabrid, liiu'ai', 2-tootlied. about the length of its glume. A native grass valuable for cattle. Oregon (near i'ortland), Jfoivcll in 1886, distribute(l as /'. .scadreUa. Uocky ^[ountains to Oregon. 11. F. viridula Vasoy, Hi. N. A. (!r. •.•:(i:; (IS!):',). /■'. ,/niri/. limn Thurb. S. Wats. Hot. Calif. r.':;)lS (1880), not Hooker. ("ulms tufted, ere(;t, 50-TO cm. high, mostly smooth throughout. Leaves of sterile shoots nunu'rous, blades mostly involute, narrow, 30-40 cm. long. Sheaths of the culm mostly '^ in uund)cr. the lower iibout the length of its internode; ligulo short, blades 5-8 cm. long, ^-3 mm. wide. I'anicle 8-10 cm. long, rays erect, mostly in ])airs, the longest 5-7 cm. long, bearing 1-4 spikclets. Spikelets 10-15 mm. long, G-9-llowered, rachilla scabrous-pubescent; empty glumes lanceolate; iloral glume oval-lanceolate, 7-8 nun. long, awu 1-C FKSTl'CK.K. 591 mm. long, intormediato nerves somctiiiu's ol)scure; puleu nearly us long, cilioliite on the keels. Anthers T) nun. long. Montana, Ctnibn *'' >^'f'il»K'f' -l^'T; Washington, (I. li. Vosey; (.'alil'oniia, linhttuhr d' KeJhijij in ISi:.'. \'l. F. Howellii Mack. An erect perennial, alxmt 70 cm. liigh. Ulailes of sterile shoe i\ot. Prosp. \^\. Ligust. 5(1. /•'. mrlivti Schur. Knum. I'l. Transs. 709 (iSliC). /•'. arliviilohi De .Not. I'ari. V\. Itul. 1:455. /'. anxh'uJis Sclu.r, 1. c. TDS (ISIK]). /'. nclira Wmk. Nym. Consp. 8-~*5(lHT8). /'. 7'W/^^s• Lag. (Jen. et Sj>. Nov. 4 (Isk;), /•'. hHcroiiuiUa Pourr. Mem. Acad. Toul. ;i :;{!!» (ir«.S). /•'. ///- tvrrupla Desf. I'l. Atlaiit. 1:89 (1798). /'. hillfulin Dulac Fl. Ilautes-Pyr. 93 (18GT). /'. la.at (laud. Agrost. llelv. 1 :-.'(> I (1811). /'. lilomi Hack. Monog. Fest. Ku. 15:; (188-.'). /•'. Inlimn, Lam. Encyc. :.*:4C:- (178:'.). /•'. w/-/V;/A///.s' Kern. Hack. .Monog. Fest. Eu. 154 (1882). F. mdicans Steud. Syn. IM. Cram. ;5(»9 (1855). F. simplex lioiss. & Jial. Diagn. (II.) 4: 1:58 (1859). F. .yimh'rnt Mcench, :Meth. 190 (1794). A tufted i)erennial, 5()-r^*0 cm. high, often with short creeping rootstocks. Sheaths smootli, striate, sliorti ban the internodes; ligule of npper sheath short, blades of the culm 3 in number. Hat, f)l)2 POACK.K. Hinooth or scubrid iibovo, 15-20 cm. loii;;, 4-(i mm. wido. I'uiiido contnictcd tiflcr llowcrin^', H-IA-'^O cm. loii^', riiys mortlly in [m'wA, tlio l()n;;i'st (i-K) cm. lon^', llower-bt'iiriiij:^ lor thnr-liltlirt of llio upper part. SpikcleU liiioar-oldoiij;, ^Mvcii or tingiMl with piirph;, U-1 l-l1o\verr(l, Iv'-IH mm. loii^'. joint of racliillii 1./) mm. Ion;;; empty glumes liiiicoolutc, lirst 3 mm., second about 4 mm. Ion;;; tlonil fjlunu' oblong, acute, Hubrid toward tbo tip, rarely awiied, A-nerved, G-T tnm. long; j>alea linear before spreading, as long an itri ghime, scabrid on the keels. Introduced from Europe; cultivated and very variable. See Vol. I, Kig. 05, for a full account of ibis and subspecies onimli' nacca, i""ig. 66, Vol. 1. Var. i'UATKNsis(Iluds.) Hack, ^fonog. Fest. Europ, l.".(i (ISS'.'). F. jyrntensitt lluds. El. Augl. Ed. 1, 37 (176".'). S.mai,i,i;k Mkauow- KKSCl'K. I'anicle subsecuml, luirrower, simpler; rays sborter, very near tbo above, into wbicb it i)asse3 imperceptibly. Eounikelets aro racemost! it is tlie form known as loliacen, 14. F. fratercula liuin-. liuU. Acad. Hrux. {»: |»art )l, 3J0 (184:.'). A slender perennial, (!0-80 cm. bigli, glabrous tbrougbout ex- cepting tbe spikelets. Sterile slioots few, witb leaves like tbose of the culm. Sheaths shorter than tbe internodes; ligide a mere fringe, slightly ol)li(pic; blades flat, 1*2-18 cm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide. Panicle slender, 15-;iO mm. long; rays single or tbe lower in pairs, 10-15 cm. long, bearing l)l-'lO spikelets on tbo outer half or third. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long, IJ-llowered, lirst glume subulate, 3 mm. long, 1-nerved, second oval, 6 mm. long, 3-nerved, subacute; floral glume membranous, scabrous, 6-7 mm. long, 5-nerved, ovate-lanceolate, the awn 0.5-2 mm. long; palea linear obtuse, 6.5 mm. long. Apex of ovary hairy. Somewhat nearly allied to F. suhulnta. Arizona, Xcallei/ for V. S. Dept. Agricid. 177 in 1891. Dr. Vasey placed this under the above name "with much doubt" I do the same. 15. F. Joneiii Viwoy, (irass. U. 8. 43 (18H5); Coniril.. l*. S. Nut. Horb. 1:278 (18»:i). A Bli'iiiItT ort'(!t perennial, 40-120 cm. high. Sheuthn UHually scuhroiiB, shorter than the internuderi; ligule usuuily not uvcr 1 mm. long; bhideB of rudical tufts about half as long an tin* eiilm, thoHeof thu culm 3-4 in number, Hat or involute, xmooth or hcabroiis, 10- 30 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide. I'anielo fllendcr, open, l't-'M)vui. long, ruys cupiliary, spreading, (lexuose, in jtairs or «ingle, rarely in threes, the lowest retnole, the longest 7-10 «-m. in length, sparingly branching above the middle. Spikelets narrow, 3-.')-llowered. T 10 mm. long, joint of rachiliaBtiabroiis, l.'i-'i mm. Imh;:, geeoiul 3-r) mm. long; llorul glume scabrous, eonve.x-subcarinate, linear-lanr»'niate, 6-7 mm. long, 3-r>-nerved, lateral nerves obscure, awn t*lender, 5-12 mm. long; paloa lincar-lanceolute before opening, as long as its glume. Stamens 3. (i rain hairy. Sometimes distributed us /'. occit/eiifalin Hook, and F. jxiiirijlora. Idaho, IhilatKlvr G073; T'tali, Jonex IsOft; Wushingtou, Sukx- dorf, S((U(lherii, Lake, HvtiderxDii; Oregon, J/mrrll. Idaho, Oregon to Hrifish America. Var. conferta K. Ilackel iiied. Panicle denser, rays bearing many sj)ikolets on the upper half, awn 1-3 nwn. long. California, C, S. Dejit. Ayrirul. from Nornud School San dose, ■now in Herb. Scribner and seen by K. Ilackel. 16. F. ovina L. Sp. PI. 73 (1753). SiikkKs Fkhch:. Tiiu number of synonyms and varieties is very large. A sleiuler densely tufted or slowly cn-eping glaucous-green perennial, 15-00 cm. higli. Sheaths split Icngthwis** nmre or less, 3-8-nerved, throat conspicuously and .symmetrically biituriculatc; ligule very short; bhulcs of sterile shoots very niiini'rous. those of the culm 2-3 in nuniber, the blades all more or less conduplicatc, e8i)ecially toward the ai)ex, often with longitudinal grooves, oval, subcircular, oblong or cuneate-oblong in transverse section, 3-'.t- nerved on the up[)er or inner side, 1-3- (rarely "»-) ribbed, the sclerenchyma even and continuous on the lower side or more or less interrupted; bulliform cells absent. Panicle rather compact and subsecund, 3-10 cm. long. S])ikelet8 ellijttical or oblong-elliptical. 694 POACE.E. 3-8-flowcrccl ; floral glume niirrow, witli scarions margins, involute with age. Ovury obovatc-yblong. smooth, rarely with a his])idulous line on one side. Styles terminal. Grain oblong, with a deep groove, adhering to glume and palea. A wonderfully variable or polymorphous s])ecies, widely distrib- uted in the Xorthern llemisi)here. 'riiost^ interested are referred for details to Monoiirapliia Fcsiumruin Enropwanimhy K. JIaekel. Var. CAPILLATA (Lam.) Iluek. Monog. Fest. Eu. 8.") (LS8"i). Feahtm capillafa Lam. Fl. Fr. ;{: .')!»: (ITiS). Densely tufted, '^0-30 em. higli. Culms liliform, 0.3-0.4 mm. diam.. eom])ressed or four- to five-sided. Hlades of sterile slioots .">- 15 em. long, filiform, 0.3 mm. diam., those of the culm 2-3 in num- ber, ■i-3 em. long. I'aniek' 4-G em. long, rays single, soon divid- ing, 1.5-3 cm, long. S])ikelets elliptical, 3-8-flowered. 4-7 mm. long, lirst glume "i mm. long, second 3 mm. long; floral glume 3-3.5 mm. long, awnless. Anthers lu'arly '* mm. long. A very ])retty grass. Michigau, Ih'dl iov V . S. Dept. Agricul. M'.*, Htr Agricul. Coll. 134. Introduced into lawns at AgricviUual College, Michigan, and elsewhere. Var. vulgaris Koch. Syn. Ed. 1, 'i-.SVi (1837); Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 80 (188-.»). Densely tufted, *^0-30 cm. high; culms slender, firm, with two nodes. Sheaths scaberulous or smooth; blades setaceous, firm, ob- tuse, 0.4-0.(5 mm. tliam., 5-7-nerved, cylindrical or compressed, sclerenchyma continuous on the lower side. Panicle oblong, erect, rather dense, 5 cm. long, rachia and rays scabrid. Spikelets ellipti- cal or ol^long-elliptical. tl-7.5 mm. long, densely 3-8-flowered, more or less purplish; empty glumes unequal, second ovate-lanceolate, 4 mm. long; floral glume 3.5 mm. long, the awn 1-'^ mm. long. ^linnesota (Vermillion Lake, Agate Jiay, respectively), Arthur d- Baih'i/ B 450, 489. Var. supina (Schur) Hack. F. mpina Schur, Enum PI. Transs. 784 (18GG). Culms P2-30 cm. high, firm with two nodes, four-angled, and scrtbenilous below the piiniclo. Slicutlis smootli ; blados sotiioeous, 0.3-0.6 iliiiin., smooth, green, extending more or less above tiio middle of the culm. I'anicle linear-oldoug, ",'-4 cm. long, dense, ruehis and rays seaberulous. Spikelets G-8 mm. long, vuriegutod; floral glume ;5..")-5 mm. long, hearing an awn of varying length. Some of the florets viviparous, i.e. l)ecoming foliaceou.s. New llam])shire (Ml. Washington. Great (Julf), C. E. Faxon. Alpine summits of theWliite Mountains of New Hampshire and high northward; also in Euro[)e. Var. Di'iuusci'L.v (L.) Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 89 (18S-,'). /'. (hiriuscidn L. S]). 1*1. T-i (1T5;}). IIauo Fesci-k. Culms 15-30-70 cm. high, usually lirni with 'i, nodes, the upper one-third the way to the to}) and more or less angled below the panicle, smooth or seaberulons. Sheaths smootli or seaherulous or slightly pubescent; blades firm. 0.(i-l.l mm. diam., green or glaucescent, usually smooth, 7-9-nerved, sclcrenchyma continuous on the lower side, rarely interrupted. Pani(^le variable. Spikelets elliptical or oblong-elliptical, G-IO mm. long, -i-O-flowered ; floral glume lanceolate, 4-0 mm. long, more or less awned. Variable, exhibiting many subvarieties and fonns. Common iu cultivation in the older Northern States. Sub. var. trachypiiyll.v Hack. 1. c. Culms 50-70 cm. Iiigh. lilades firm, 0.7-0.8 mm. diam. Panicle 4-10-15 cm. long, oblong, erect, rather dense, rachis and rays scabrous. Spikelets green or tinged with violet, 0-10 mm. long; floral glume broadly lanceolate, 4-0 mm. long, with a short awn. Chicheriny for U. S. T)ept, Agricul. 700; also cultivated at Cambridge, Massachusetts, anil elsewhere. Var. pseudovina Hack. 1. c. F. pseadorina Hack. \Viesb. Oestr. Bot. Zeit. 30: 130 (1880). Culms slender, 20-40 cm. high. Blades filiform, 5-nerved, jibout 0.5 mm. diam., sclerenchyma in three bumlles, scabrous. Panicle ovate-oblong, 5-9 cm. long, rachis and ra3's scabrous. Sjjikelets elliptical-oblong, 5-G mm. long, 4-8-flowered. green or tinged with violet, glumes all subulate-lanceolate, second 3 mm. 596 POACK.IO. long, 3-nerve(l ; floral glume 4 nun. long, the awn I 5 nun. long. Anthers 1.5 mm. long. Michigan (Benzie, Bay, Crawford, and Macomb countie-s), probably indigenous; also in Europe, A pretty careful examination of many j>lants lias been made, all compared with llackel's description. Subsp. sulcata Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 100 (188;J). F. .siilrafx Hack. Bot. Centralb. 8:405 (1881). Culms 70 cm. high, with two nodes, leaf-blades 5-T-nerved, capillary, 0.5-0.6 mm. diam. Panicle 5-10 cm. long. Spikelets 8-10 nun. long, 5-flowered. Montana, Canby d; Scribner 407. Var. MARGINATA Hack. 1. c. Densely tufted ; culms slender. 30-40 cm. high, with 2 nodes, the upper one one-fifth to one-third the heiglit of the culm, angled be- low the panicle. Sterile shoots numerous, the leaves half as long as the culm, the blade obtuse, conduplicate, 3-ribbed, the sclerenchyma in three bands (at tlie keel and the margins only), 0.6-0.8 mm. diam., rigid, glaucescent; ligule obsolete, ciliate, blades of the culm 3-6 cm. long. I'anicle 3-8 cm. long, ovate, spreading when in flower, rachis and rays scaln'ous. Spikelets ob- long-lanceolate, 6-10 mm. long, a-8 f'.GVvored; empty glumes sliglitly unequal, first oljjong, secoml linear-oblong, subulate, ex- tending two-thirds of the way over the floral glume next above: Horal glume linear-lanceolate; 4.5-5 mm. long, glabrous, smootii, nuicronate or aristate; palea linear-oblong, with ~ short teeth, scabrous on tlie keels. Anthers 2.2 mm. long. Michigan, HeaJ 135; Colorado, Clarl- ^O^jS. In cultivation on the lawns, Agricultural College, Michigan, and elsewhere, often mistaken for var. (InriuHCulu. Subspecies Borderii JIack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 113 (1882), F. Borderi i Ihn^k. Bot. Centralb. 8:406 (1881). Culms firm, smooth, J 0-20 (in this case 40) cm. high, with one node, and another among tlie lower leaves, lilades of sterile shoots O.T-0.8 mm. diam., rigid, glabrous, compressed, the sclerenchvnni in 9 bands. Sheaths smooth, entire almost to the FESTUCE.E. 697 apex; ligule obsolete, of those on the culm bianricmlHte, ciliolate; blades of the culm loosely conduplicate when living. Panicle 2.5-7 cm. long, dense, linear, oblong, lower rays bearing 3-4 spikelets. Spikelets with short pedicels, 7-10 mm. long, oblong-elliptical, 3-6- flowered, strongly tinged with violet or red ; empty glumes acute, subequal, first 3 mm. long, second 4 mm. long and reaching three- fourths of the distance over the floral glume next above it; floral glume lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acute, keeled even below the middle, scabrous on the keel, awn 2 mm. long; palea linear-ob- long, obsoletely bidenticulate, keels ciliolate. Anthers 1.75-2 mm, long. Ovary obovate-cuneate, truncate, apex s^ Ah. Vermont, Hosford for C. E. Faxon, collected in lumber-yards at Burlington. Specimens are larger than the European plants. Probably introduced from Europe. Subspecies, brevifolia (R. Br.) Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 117 (1882). F. brevifolia R. Br. Parry, 1st Voy. Suppl. 289 (1824). Densely tufted. Culms rigid, 5-10 cm. high, nodes 1-2 in number, the upper one near the ground, nearly terete above, glabrous or ])uberulent. Blades of sterile shoots setaceous, 0.5-0.6 mm. diam., 2-6 cm. long, smooth or scabrid, those of the oulm shorter or almost obsolete, 3-5-nerved, 1-3-ribbed on the inside, sck'renchyma in 5-7 bundles; sheaths entire to the throat, soon splitting with age. Panicle dense, linear, simple, racemose, 3-6 cm. long, the lowest branch bearing 2-3 spikelets. S])ikelet.v elliptical, 6 mm. long, 1-4-tlowered, varying from green to violet; empty glumes scarcely equal, second broadly lanceolate, acute or obtuse, scarcely exceeding the middle of the floret; floral glume 3-4 mm. long, elliptical-lanceolate, smooth or scabrid, keeled above the apex, awn about 1-2 mm. lung; palea oblong, acute, 2-toothed. Anthers oblong. 0.75-1 mm. long. Colorado, Letterman for Y. 8. Dept. Agricul. 714; Arizona, Knowlton in 1889, Lemmon in 1884. Rocky Mountains, also Melville Island and Europe. A'ar. polyphylla Vasey ined. Culms 00-70 cm. high, grooved below the i)anicle. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, sheaths split for most of their length; 598 POACE.B. blades 20-40 cm. long, obtuse or pungent, smooth, nather 3oft, 5-aiigled, 7 bundles of sclerenchyma, 5.7 mm. diam., tbose of the culm 2 in number, of same form as those below. Panicle thin, open, 8-16 cm. long, rays in pairs or single, distant, the longest 5-7 cm. long, bearing a few spikelets on the upper one-third. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10 mm. long, 5-flowered, second glume ovate-lanceolate, 3.2 nmi. long, 3-nerved: floral glume slender, 5-6 mm. long, the awn 3-0 mm. long; palea about the length of its glume. Anthers 2-2.2 mm. long. Oregon, Hoivell d- Henderson. Oregon and California. Var. Arizonica (Vasey) Hack. ined. F. arizonirn Vasey, Cou- trib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 77 (1893). A rather stout scabrid, pale, glaucous grass, 50-00 cm. high; nodes 2 in number, the upper two-lifths of the -vay up the culm. Blades of sterile shoots numerous, 30-40 cm. long, scabrous, con- duplicate, in cross-section circular or oval with obtuse angles, sclei'en- chyma in .") -7 rather broad bands, about 0.5 mm. diam.; ligule consisting of two equal ciliate teeth, 0.7 mm. long; blades of tlie culm like those of the sterile shoots; ligule symmetrically biauri- culato, 1.3 mm. long. Panicle simple, erect, 10-1.') cm. long, rays single, erect, rather stout, scabrid, soon branching, the longest ray 4-7 cm. long, bearing a few s])ikelets. Spikelets linear or linear-lan- ceolate, 7-9-llowered, 10-15 mm. long; emi)ty glumes keeled above, scabrid, first awl-shaped, 4-5 mm. long, second ovate-lanceolate, 5-0 mm. long, reaching two-thirds of the way to the apex of the floral glume next above; iloral glume 6-7 mm. long, elliptical-lanceolate, obscurely nerved, slightly keeled below the apex, the awu 0.5-1 mm. long; palea linear, 5.5-8 mm. long, 2-toothed. Anthers 3.7 mm. long. Ovary obovate, apex pubescent under a lens. Colorado, Wolfe in 1873, labelled F. ovinn var.; Arizona, Tracy. The plant from Flagstalf, Arizona, collected by 'I'raey, is the same us one above named l)y Ilackel, and comes under F. ovina as defined by him, Var. ingrata Hack, in herb. Culms 40-60 em. high. Leaves of sterile shoots scabrous, 18-20 FESTUCE.E. f)!)!) cm. long, elliptical in section, 0.5 mm. diam., 5-nerved, those of tlie culm 7-!t cm. long. Tiinicle 8-11 (to. long, rays in pairs or single, the longest about 4 cm. long, bearing 4-r spikelets on the outer lialf. Spikelets C-S-Uowered ; secoiul ghime linear, acute, 3-nerved. about mm. long; floral glumeelliptieal-lauceoljite, aljout 6 mm. long, tlie awn 1-5 mm. long; palea about 7 mm. long. Anthers o.S mm. long. Identified by E. llackel and named " imjrata" because he presumed it would be disagreeable to cattle. Oregon, Howell in 1880 forU. S. Dept. Agricul. Var. Columbiana n. var. Cnlms 40-60 cm. high, with 2 nodes, scaberulous. Sheaths smooth, entire at the base, split for most of their length; blades 0.4-O.G mm. diam.. those of the sterile shoots 15-25 em. loni'. firm, glaucous.. scal)rous, 5-7-nerved, nearly cylindrical, grooved. Panicle thin, oblong or ovate-oblong, 9-14 cm. long, the erect rachis and branches scabrous, longest ray 4-Tcni. long, bearing 1-4 si)ikelets. S})ikelets lanceolate to elliptical, S-IG mm. long, rather loosely 3-7-flowered, first empty glume narrow, 4-5 mm. long, secoiul linear, acute. G-7 mm. long; iloral glume G-8 mm. loii"-, the awn 1-5 mm. long; palea 7-8 mm. long. Anthers about 4 mm. long. Ovule obovoid, 0.7 mm. long. So far as I am able to learn this is new, possibly a species, bnt T think better to consider it a variety. There were three jdants, one of which had the longer florets. Washington (Pulman in ISfci), E. //. TMke. "Var. Oregona Hack. ined. ('ulms slender, 2o-;}5 cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots S-i;j cm. long, the blades 0.5-O.G diam., i)i section cuncate-oblon<>-, 5- nerved; upper blade 2-G cm. long. Panicle thin, 5-7 cm. long, rays single, the longest 3-4 cm. long, bearing 2-4 spikelets on tlie outer two-thirds. Spikelets 2-G-flowered, second glume linear, sub- acute, 0.5 mm. long; floral glume linear when spread, 7 mm. long, the awn about 4 mm. long; i)alea a little longer than its glume. Anthers 3 mm. long. Oregon, Cusirh in 1SS4, T. S. Dcpt. Afjrind. 753. 600 POAC'E.^i. 17. F. parviflora Kll. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 170 (1816). A slentlor T^labrous percMinisil. Chilms geniculate, 30-fiO cm. high. Leaves oi' the i;jihn 4-5 in nunibor, slieaths about tlio length of the internotles; ligule aoiliate fringe, subauriculate; blades invo- lutc-iilifonn, scabrous above, G-13 cm. long, 0.2-0.6 mm. cliam. Panicle scarcely exsorted, narrow, 8-U) cm. long, rays mostly in pairs, the lowest internode of panicle -4-5 cm. long, longest ray 5-S cm. long, bearing 4-7 spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets 4-5- ilowered, about 6 mm. long; cmj)ty glumes lanceolate, even when spread, first 1 -nerved, 4 mm. long, second ;5-nerved, 5 or more mm. long; floral glume 5-nervcd. 5-0 mm. long, lanceolate when spread, awn 4-6 mm. long; j>alea acuminiite. 5.5 mm. long. Anthers 1.2 mm. long. Ovary glabrous, stigmas linear. Texas, Xealley in 1800 for U. S. Dept. Agricul. There is some uncertainty about the correct identification of this grass, though the plant answers well to Elliott's description. South Carolina to Texas. 18. F. ilYSTitix Hoiss. Elench. 8!) (18;{8). F. duriusculn var. HijHtrix lioiss. Voy. Ksp. 2:671 (1845). /'. indUjesta var. Hystrix Willd. IVod. Fl. Ilisp. 94 (1870). Culms slender, erect, 8-30 cm. high, the upi)er node 4-6 cm. from the roots and concealed. Ligule biauriculate, 1-2 mm. long, blades of sterile shoots ascending, curved. 4-0 cm. long, terete, smooth; those of the culm l-l cm. long, 3- ncrved, setaceous, rigid, curved. Panicle 1-4 cm. long, dense, linear, simple, rachis scabrous. Spikelets pedicellate, lanceolate, ;5-5-fi()werod, the longest 7 mm. long; empty glumes une(|ual, acute, dark violet, second lanceolate reacliing Ui the mitldle of the floral glume next above; floral glume 4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, sub- carinate below the apex, smooth, nerves obscure, green or light- <'olored near the apex, margins scarious, the awn short; palea ob- lojig-lanceolate, acute, 2-toothed, ciliate on the keels. Anthers 2. mm. long. Ovary obovate-oblong, glabrous. Michigan, (Hancock,) /'. J]. Woinl. Probably introduced from Europe. The description answers FESTlTEJi. 601 well to that given by E. llackol, excepting that the plant is a little taller and the spike a little longer. 19. F. amethystina L. Sp. PI. T4 (1753). Perennial ; culms rather slender, 50-80 cm. high, slightly genic- ulate at the base, with 2-3 nodes. Sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes, anriculate; ligule a mere ciliolate ring; blades of steiilo shoots flacoi (1840). An erect perennial, 50-70 cm. high. Leaves of the sterile shoots numerous, blades smootli, involute, 5-angled, filiform, 20-40 cm. long, ;j-0.6 mm. diani., loaves of the culm 3 in number; sheatlis longer than the internodes; ligule vory short, slightly un- symmetrically biauriculate; blades C-10 cm. long. Panicle slender, 12-18 cm. long, but little exserted, rays mostly in pairs, the lowest two hal f- whorls G-7 cm. distant, the longest ray 6-8 (im. long, bear- ing a few scattered spikelots on the outer half. Spikelets linear, 4- fiowered, 10 mm. long, first acute, 1-nerved, 4 mm. long, second subacute, 3-nerved, 5 nun. long; floral glume scabrous, 5-ncrved, 5.5-6.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide when spread, the terminal awn 5-10 mm. long; palea 6 mm. long. Anthers 2.3 mm. long. Ovary obovoid, pubescent above. California, Bulander, Nash for Thurber, and both now in Herb. U. S. Dept. Agricul. 26. F. scabrella Torr. Hook. Fl. Wov. Am. 2: 252, /. 233 (1840). /: Thurberi Vasey, Rothr. l{ep. Bot. U. S. Surv.6: 292 (1878). An erect tufted perennial, 40-90 cm. high. Leaves of sterile shoots numerous, the .sheaths smooth and persistent; blades smooth or scabrous, involute, 15-40 cm. long, 0.8-1.2 mm. diam., mostly deciduous at the base, leaves of the culm 2 in num])cr, sheaths striate, smooth; ligule acute, 3-4 mm. long, unsymmetrically auricu- late, blades smooth below, scabrous above, involute, rigid, 6-10 cm. long, about 2 mm. diam. Panicle thin, 10-15 vm. long, rays mostly in twos, 6-9 cm. long, flower-bearing on the outer half. Spikelets more or less red, 3-5-7-flowered, 8-10-14 mm. long; empty glumes chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, first 1-nerved, 5-6 mm. long, second 3-nerved, 4-7 mm. long; floral glume o1)long. scabrid, 5-nerved,6-7 mm. long, sometimes with a stout awn about 1 mm. long; palea as long as its glume. This resembles some species of Melivit con- siderably. Yukon River, Macoun in 1887; Mt. Albert Gaspe, Macoun in FES'IL'C'E.E. 005 188'2, both for tlie U. S, Dept. Agrieul. ; Colorado, Patterson in l«y2, Cuiuulii, lowii, (volorudo, liritish Anierioji. Vur. Vaseyana lluuk. iiieJ. Blades of sterile shoots Ulil'orm, firm, scabrous, 10-25 cm. lonj?, 0.3-0.5 mm. ditim., those of the cuhn 2-3 in niinibor, narrow, invo- lute; ligulo truncate, very short. Spikelets linear or elliptical- lanceolate, 5-G-llo\vered; lirst glume J-ncrved, second almost keckMl, lanceolate, 3-nervcd, G-7 mm. Ion;/, the lateral nerves extending half the length of the glume; floral glume obscurely nerved, ovate- lanocohite, keeled above, T mm. long, the awn 1 mm. long. Anthers ^'.7 mm. long. Ovary cuneate-obovoid, apex liispidulous under the lens. Colorado (Vota Pass), Vttsei/, at an altitude of t»3oO feet. 27. F. rubra I.. Sp. 74 (1753). The number of syncmyms and varieties is very large. Culms geniculate, ascending at the base, terete or more or less angled. Sheaths of the sterile shoots all entire, thin, splitting with age, destitute of longitudinal grooves, closely tilled by the culms, 5-9-1 lerved, the nerves except the marginal ones extending into the blade; ligule very short, those of the culm unsymmetri- cally biauriculate or aurieuhite on one side; blades often of two forms, rarely of one form. Floral glume obtusely keeled below the apex, rather obscurely 3-o-nerved, with a narrow scarious margin. Anthers linear, about half as long as the palea. Widely distributed from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Subspecies hetrophylla (Lam.) Hack. Mon<»g. Fest. Eu. 130 (1882). F. heterophijlla Lam. Fl. Fr. Ed. 1, OUO (177H). Densely caispitose, 50-00 cm. high, nodes of culm often 3 in number, blades of two forms, smooth, soft, those of the sterile shoots deltoid in section,!). -4-0. (> mm. diam., 3-nerved, ol)tuse, sheaths tri- angular; blades of the culm wider, flat, 7-11-nerved. Panicle 6-16 cm. long, lax, ovate, nodding, rays scabrous in twos or threes. Spike- lets linear-oblong, 8-10 mm. long, remotely 3-9-flowered, green or tinged with violet; empty glumes unequal, very acute, second sub- ulate-lanceolate, ^{-iKM'ved, the lateral nerves short; floral glume 0<>6 I'OACK.K. Imcur-liiiircnlutc, 5-0. Tt iiiin. Imip, vt'iy acute, ^'lnlnous, tlic awn liulf as long as tlic glniiic or longi'r; j)al('a liiiour-oMong. apex en- tiro or with two short Icetli. Nortiicrn Michigan. FancrJI, \\ herkr ; Itritisii Coliinihia, Macoun; Washington, E. li. Lnhi'. Var. glaucescens ihick. Monog. Kcst. Eu. !;{!• (IHM'J). /•'. (jlnmu'st't'tix Ilcgctschw. V\. Schw. 93 (1840). It rescnilth'S /' rnhjaris, o.\-ccj)tiiig that the spikoh'ts arc 10 nun. or more long: floral gluini' (1-7 nun. long, the awn rather long. 'rcnnesscc (('nnil)orlan{) (iroo). Densely ca'S{)itose. glan(H)us. strongly tinged with purple <»r violet, 40-00 cm. high, blades obtuse, in sci-tion obtusely 0-angled, rarely suboval. 0.7-O.S mm. diam. Panicle G-8 cm. long, ra_\s densely ilowered. the longest 15-4 cm. long. Spikelets elliptical- lanceolate, .^>-7- flowered, 8-10 mm. long, second ginmo lanceo- late, 3-iu'rved, extending to the middle of the floral glume; floral glume 5-0 mm. long, rather abruptly pointed, with a very short awn. Anthers 3.7 mm. long. Montana, Ant/i'rso)i: Washington (Seattle), Jfo/ivJI \u 1S80. Washington, Oregon, and Uocky Mountains. Var. trichophylla (iaud. Hack. Monog. Fes. Eu. 141 (1883). /'. irirhophyUa Ducros. Gaud. Fl. Helv. \:'l^>> (1838). Culms slender, about 00 cm. high, curved below and ascending from creeping rootstocks. lilades obtuse at the extrenu' apex, folded, setaceous, destitute of buUiform cells, 0.4-0.5 mm. diam., tlio lower sheaths torn into shreds, glabrous. Panicle linear-ob- long, 0-10 cm. long. Spikelets lanceolate, 7 mm. long; floral glume linear-lanceolate, 4..'>-5 mm. long, glabrous, bearing a very short awn. Oregon, Howell; also found in Europe. Var. longiseta Hack, iiied. F. longiiteta Ilegetschw. Fl. Schw. 93 (1840). Culms 30-70 cm. high. Leaves 3 in number, blades involute or conduplicate, smooth, faintly nerved, terete or oval, ir)-30cm. long, FKSTICK.K. 6(>7 0.7-1.2 mm. dium. Punicle tliiii, o|h'|i. 0-1*2-18 cm. long, rays Hingle, l)i'iiit(hiii;{, '.'.T) em. loii);, hcariii;; a few Hpikdcts. >S|)iki>- lotH lanceolate, 'j-IJ-U-llowerotI, about 7 mm. Ion;:, joint of raeliilla 1..') mm. loii;;. jointed near the middle; .second ;.'lume lane(>-lineai-. :(-nerved, '.\Ji mm. lon^^; lloral glume r.itlier tliin, oval-latieeolate. 5 mm. long, hearing an awn twice its length: palea longer than its glume. \'an(!ouver Island. Mdcoitu in 1SH7. \'ar. pubescens Vasey ined. Iioosoly tufted, 50-SO cm. Iiigli. Sheaths of sterile shooti' mostly torn into strips, blades en-et, •,N>-40 cm. long, in section triangular, 7-I> mm. diam.. those of the culm tlat or condu plicate, '.' mm. wide, 7-l>-nerved. Panicle 10-1,'» cm. long, interrupted, more or less pubesiiont throughout: lower rays in jiairs, .')-S cm. long, rather densely flowered on the u|tj)er two-third>. Spikelets linear-lancoolatc, 11-1:5 nun. long, .')-.S-tl<»wered. more or less tinged with violet, second glume oblong, abruptly acute, .'{-nerved to near the apex; floral glume oval, acute, 6 mm. long, the awn 2-5 mm. long; palea linear, acute, subeutire, longer than its glume. Anthers over 3 mm. long. Oregon, ffoivell for U. S. Dept. Agricul. Var. littoralis Vasey ined. Glaucous and .smooth; culms lO-l.'i cm. high from creeping rootstocks. Blades obtuse, involute, grooved, 5-ribbed. oval to tri- angular, about 0.7 mm. diam. Panicle dense, scarcely exserted, secund, 3-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. diam. Spikelets oval to linear- lanceolate, 5-flowered, 7-8 mm. long: second ghune ovate-lanceo- late, 3-nerved; floral glume oval, acute, 5 nun. long, awn 1-2 mm. long; palea as long as its glume. Anthers 2.7 mm. long. Oregon (on sand-dunes by the sea), Ifonrlf in 1882. Var. genuina Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 132 (1882). Loosely ctvspitose, creeping more <>r less. ."JO-.'iO cm. liigli. Hlaues of sterile shoots obtuse, setaceous, obtusely hexagonal. 0-7- nerved, O.G-0.7 diam., those of the culm flat, pubescent above; sheaths glal)rous. Panicle secund. 3-T cm. long, rather dense. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, T-8 nun. long; second glume lanceo- 608 POACE.E. late, 3-nervc(l, extending to the middle of the glume neiir it; floral glume glabrous, 4-5 mm. long, mucronatc or with a short awn. Vancouver Island, Mavonn in 188T; found also in Europe. i:U. (tiG;{). BromusL. Sp. PI. 70 (1753). AnimHtha C. Koch^ Tiinna^a, "21 : 304 (1848). Jironwpsis Fourn. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon. X. S. 17: 187 (ISO!)). CeraforhJm IJeauv. Agrost. 75. t. ir>. /'. 7 (1812). Laaiopoa Elirh. l^oitr. 4:147 (1789). LihcHiii Lej.. Nov. Act. Nat. Our. 13:755. /. 65(1825y. Mirhelaria\)\\m. Ohs. (Irani. Iklg. 77. /. 16 (1823). Schc. lorus Beauv. Agrost. !t9 (1812), in part. Sorrnfalcm Pari. PI. Nov. 75 (1842). THnius,( Stond. Syn. PI. Gram. 328 (1854). Zerna Panz. Denkschr. Acad. Muenoh. 290 (1814), in part. Spikclets several -flowered, oval to lanceolate, pedicellate, erect, or drooping, in a more or less braiKjlied exserted panicle, racliillu articulate between the floral glumes, glabrous or scabrous-])ube.scenc. Empty glumes unequally acute or flue-pointed, unawned, 1-5- nerved or the second with a very short awn; floral glume longer^ keeled or convex on the back, 5-0-nerved, the hyaline apex usually shortly bifid, the midrib produced into a straight or curved awn> free from or little below the apex; palea nearly as long as the glume, the two jn'ominent keels usually pectinate-ciliate. Stamens 3 or rarely fewer. Ovary oliovate or linear, crowned by a hairy membranous apendage, the very short distinct styles more or less lateral. Grain oljlong or linear, often more or less conduplicato,. adhering to the palea or more or less to the base of tlie lloral glume. Annuals or perennials, witli flat blades, the sheaths often closed. The genus is a fairly natural one, widely distributed over the tem- perate regions of the globe, and contains about 40 species. It is very closely allied to Festnra, into which it passes imijcrceptibly through F. (/i(/nnlea Vill. Bentliam proposed the following sections: 1. Fcsfiiroidcs Coss. & Dur. — tall pereiuiials coming near to. Festuca, with the awns usually very short or I'educed to small points. 2. Stcnohromns Griseb.— -mostly annuals, with narrow long- awned ijlumes. FKSTrCK.E. 0(){> 3. Zeohromns Griseb. — spikelcts usuully hroad luid thick, the floral glume awuecl, and the nerves of all the gluine.s more numer- ous than in the preceding sections. 4. Ceratochloa DC. (or lieauv.). — spikes Hat, not uidike those of Vniola, but at length often thickened as in Zeobromiis, iloral glume scarcely notched at the end, and the awn very short. Tiie following artificial key nuiybe J'ound easier for the student than the sections al)ove named: A. Panicle densely obovate-cuneate 1 li. Panicle otherwise than the above (a) a. Floral glume 23-27 mm. long, awn 35-45 mm. long . 3 a. Floral glunui about 20 mm. long, awn 4-8 mm. long. 3 u. Floral ghnne shorter (b) b. Panicle 5-10 cm. long; Iloral glume about i.S mm. long, awn 20-25 mm. long 4 b. Panicle 13-18 cm. long; iloral glume 9-10 mm. long, awn very short or 5 b. Panicle 15-18 cm. long; floral glume 11 mm. long. G b. Panicle 15-25 cm. long; Iloral gume 16-10 nmi. long, awn 20-30 mm. long T b. Panicle 15-30 cm. long; Iloral glunu' 15-17 mm. long, awn 5-12 mm. long S b. Panicle about 30 cm. long; Iloral glume about 14 mm. long, awn 5 mm. long *J b. Panicle 8-18 cm. long; floral glume 10 mm. long. awn 3-5 mm. long 10 b. Panicle 5-15 cm. long; floral glunu' 13 mm. long, awn 4-0 mm. long 11 b. Panicle about 30 cm. long; iloral glume about 10-14 mm. long, awn 20 mm. long. Var. vutjor. 10 b. Panicle 15-20 cm. long; floral glume 12-18 mm. long, awn 2-4 mm. long 13 b. Plant otherwise than those above (c) c. Branches of panicle drooj)ing; spikelets smooth, flat, oval; floral glume broad-oval, awn 1 mm. long or less IS 610 POACE.E. c. Branches of panicle flexuose; spikelets smooth, flat, oval, floral glume broadly oval, awns 5-10 mm. long I'* c. Branches of panicle short, ascending; spikelets pubescent, flat, oval, floral glume broadly oval, uwn G-S mm. long 15 c. Plant otherwise than those above (d) d. First glume 1- (rarely :}-) nerved, second 3-nerved (e) e. Joint of rachilla 2 mm. long or less, spike- lots r-12-flowered 10 e. Joint of rachilla 3 mm. long, spikelets 3-C-flow('red 1~ e. Joint of racliilla more than 2 mm. long. . ( f ) f. lilades involute, 2-3 mm. wide. . . 18 1". Blades flat, 2-3 mm. wide 10 f. lihules flat, 4 or moro mm. wide. . . (g) g. Awn 2-3 mm. long 20 g. Awn 4 or more mm. long. . . . (h) li. Longest rays 8-10 cm. long, an exotic annual 21 h. Longest rays 3-5 cm. long, a native pereimial 22 d. First glume 3-nerved (rarely l-nerved), sec- ond glunui 3-nerved 23 d. First glume 3-nerved, second o-T-iu'rved. . (i) i. Spikelets scabrid 24 i. Spikelets densely silky hairy 25 d. First glume 3-nerved (rarely 5-nerved), sec- ond glume 7-nerved, spikelets firm, flat, floral glume turgid, broadly oval, apex obtuse, exotics 2G, 27, 28 1. B. RUBEXS L. Cent. 1:5 (1755). Festnra ruhcns Pers. Syn. 1:94 (1805). B. ranescens Viv. Fl. Lyb. Spec. 5 (1824). A soft densely tufted slender annual, 20-40 cm. high. Leaves 3 in number, ligule lacerate, 1.5-2 mm. long ; blades pale FKsrrcK.E. 611 green, pilose, 3-6 cm. long, 2 mm. wide. Panicle erect, dense, tinged with purple, obovate-cuneate, 4-6 cm. long. Spikelets. 6-9-llowered, joint of rachilla 2.5 mm. long; first glume narrowly lanceolate, nearly 10 mm. long, 1-nerved, second linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, about 14 mm. long; floral glume linear-lanceolate, 7-uerved, about 15 mm. long, including the two hyaline points, awn 12-18 mm. long; palea linear-lanceolate, ciliatc-pectinate, 13 mm. long. Kansas; California, Sones. Introduced from Europe. 2. W. RKJiDUs Koth. Koem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 4: 21 (1790). B. maximvs Desf. Fl. Atl. 1:95. (1800). B. amhigcns Jord. Xym. Consp. 8-U (1878). B. asperijxs Jord. I. c. An erect annual, 30-50 cm. high. Sheatlis scabrid; ligule broad, lacerate, 4 mm. long; blades of the culm dark green, sca- brous or i)ubescent, 5-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Panicle erect, 12-20 cm. long, rays mostly in twos and threes, the longest 4 cm. long, each usually bearing a single nodding fipikelet. Spikelets scabrid, 5-8-flowered; joint of rachilla 4 mm. long, empty glumes narrow, first 1-nerved, 14-18 mm. long, including the narrow apex, second linear-lanceolate, 5-nerved, 18-25 mm. long, including the narrow apex; floral glume linear-lanceolate, convex below, com- pressed above, 5-7-nerved, 22-27 mm. long to the tip of the two slender teeth (4 mm. long), awn 35-45 mm. long; palea linear, pectiiuite-ciliate, 15 mm. long. Michigan, II. E. Owen; Colorado, Cassidy; California, Sanes, Pringle. * Colorado, California, and Arizona, introduced from Europe. 3. B. aleutensis Trin. Ledb. FI. Ross. 4: 3G1 (1853). Culms smooth, erect, stout, 9(t-120 cm. higli. Slieatlis smooth, shorter than the internodes; ligule fringed, 5 mm long; l)Iades fiat, scabrous. 30-40 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. Panicle erect, simple,, lanceolate, 15-25 em. long, rays scabrous, stifi", single or in pairs, the longest 5-8 cm. long, bearing 2-3 spikelets, other rays mostly bearing single spikelets. S]>ikelets erect, com})ressetl, 5-7-fiowered, joint of rachilla 5 mm. long, first glume ovate, acute, 5-nerved, 10- g^2 POACE^. mm. long, second oval, acute, T-ncrvod, 13 mm. long; floral glume scabrous, compressed, elliptical, acute when spread, 11-nerved about 20 mm. long, awn 4-8 mm. long; palea narrowly elhptvcal, 2.toothed, keels pectinate-ciliate, U mm. long. An incomplete specimen examined. The spikelets resenible those of B. ntiiohmles, though larger. Alaska, M. 1)'. Harritigton in 1871-3. „ .,. , 4 B. MAniUTEX.is L. Cent. Tl. 1:5 (1755). B cd^a^s nudl Fl. Angl. Ed. 1, 40 (1703). B. n.n-alis ""^Jj' ^\f"^'\^^; 9 1-50 (1778) B. fj^inatuh-vs Ifoth. l^.en.. cS: I'st. Mag. 4.30 Curt. Fl. Lond. fasc. C: ^ 5 (1838). B. polystachyus DC. Fl. Fi. ^'T'soft erect slender annual. 20-40 cm. high, from a genicu- hvtebase. Sheaths longer than the hiternodes; liguleentn-e, ob- tuse, nearly 2 mm. long; blades of the culm 5-(>, scabrous .-10 cm long, 2-3 mm. wide. Panicle oval, compressed, o-lO cm. long, rays scabrid, n.ostly in threes or fours, the longest abou .1 mm long, not including the spikelets. Spikelets dull green .-H- flowered, joint of rachilla 3 mm. long; lirst glume slender, 1- iierved, about 10 mm. long, second linear-lancoolate, ;{-nerve.l ubout 15 mm. long; floral glume linear-lanceolate, 7-nerved about 18 mm. long, including the two slender points, awn 30-2o mm. long; palea linear, pectinate-ciliute, 14 mm. long. Michigan. //. E. Owen 137, Beal 138; Californ.u, Paush 1994; southern California, ParUi. Introduced from Europe. *5 \^ iNEUMis L. Mant. 3:180 (1707). Awnless Buomk (^^,^^.' Fctnea inennis DC. Fl. Fr. 3:49 (1805). B. enrt.s Ledeb.Fl.Koss. 4:358 (1853). A rather coarse erect perennial, 60-130 cu.. high, w.th creep- in'. iraokcrinnus Thurb. Bot, Wilkes Exped. 2:493 (1874), An erect tufted rather slender perennial, 20-00 cm. high. 614 POACE.E. Slieaths smootli or densely ciliate, eiliutc at the tliroat ; ligule 1-2 mm. long; blades of the culm 3—4 in number, smooth or scabrid or thinly pubescent, 15-25 cm. long, 4-G n)m. wide. Panicle simple, very variable, rays erect or the lower spreading, iry-'M) cm. long, rays in threes, fours, or fives, or tlie lowest and tliose above in twos, the longest bearing 2-4 spilvek'ts. Sjjikelets compressed, linear or oval- lanceolate, G-10-llowercd, longest joint of racliilla 5 mm. long; empty glumes sn)ootli, comi)res8i'(l, oval-lanceolate, acute, first 5- nerved, ll-ll) mm. long, second T-9-nerved, lo-ll mm. long; floral glume oval-lanceolate, conduplicate, scabrous or i)ubescent, 9- uerved, 15-17 mm. long, awn 5-12 mm. long, starting below the entire apex of its glume; palea linear, 13 mm. long, finely pecti- nate-ciliate. Wyoming, 7>//^'?/m 10;*; Washington, *S'//^.s7/o/7; Oregon, JIowelL British America to California. Var. minor Scribn. Macoun. Cat. 4:238 (1888). Leaves finely pubescent, blades scarcely 3 mm. wide; panicle thin, slender, with few si)ikelets. Arizona and Oregon. !». B. segetum II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 : 153 (1815). Annual; culms simple, erect, glabrous, 80-120 cm. high. Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligule 2 mm. long; blades 4 in number, flat, scabrous, 15-20 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide. Panicle simple, secund, nodding, about 30 cm. long, axis and rays scabrous, the lowest half-whorl of rays 5 in luimber, the next above fewer, 8-9 cm. distant, the longest 13-15 cm. long, bear- ing about 3 spikclets near the apex. Spikelets scabrous, com- pressed, linear-oblong, nearly 3 cm. long, 3-10-flowered, joint of racliilla 2 nun. long, empty glumes linear-lanceolate, compressed, first 5-nerved, about 10 mm. long, second 7-nerved and about 12 mm. long; floral glume ovul-lanceolate, 7-nerved, about 14 mm. long to the acute single joint, awn 5 mm. long, more or less; palea concealed in the conduplicate grain. Introduced into California from Mexico and South America. 10. B. brrbatoides, I'rmtnm harhatum Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 229 (1855). FESTUrK.E. 615 Culms smooth erect brannhiiig below, 30-50 cm. liigh. Leaf- hlades flat, sparsely pubescent, ;j-8 cm. long^ 2 mm, wide. Panicle simple, 8-18 cm. long, rays in half-whorls of 4, tlio lowest often remote from those above. Spikdets ;.*-4-lIowerc(l, the riicliilla smooth, each joint .5 mm, long. Cilumes I'ougli, pubcsci'iit, narrowly lanceolate, first 1-nerveil, 8 mm. long, with a bristle 4 mm. long, second ovate-lanceolate. JJ-u-nerved, 17 mm. long, with a bristle !> nmi. long, the mai'gins and s[)ace between the nerves thin iuid ])nbescent; floral glume compressed, softly membranous, oval-lanceolate, 7-nerved, 10 mm. hmg to the bases of the awn, iind seta', the latter 3-5 mm. long; palea pubescent on the keels. 10 mm, long. The following are some of the reasons for considering this a species of lirnvins and not Winefviii : the sheaths mostly closed, florets of a large spikelet several to many, and large second em})ty glume 5-nerved; tloral glume 7-nerved, grain plicate and adhering to glume and palea, (luadidoupe Island, off Lower California, Pabiier 99; California, 0. n. Alhu. Oirult. Oregon, California, and Chili. Var, sulcatus, T. harbalmn major Vasey, ined. A rather stout grass, braui^hing near the base, GO-TO or more cm. high. Sheaths about the length of the internod^s, mostly closed, clothed with short ])ubescence; ligule obtuse, 1 mm, long; blades flat, scabrous, 15-20 cm, long, 8-13 mm. wide. Panicle ovate-lanceolate, 30 cm. long, rays in half-whorls of 5-7, the sets 5-9 cm. distant, the longest 10 cm. long, bearing about 5 spikelets on the outer half. Spikelets somewluit com[»ressed, S-rf-flowered, ;)-4 cm. long; empty glumes subequal, l)ristly-pointed, l,5-"2 cm. long; floral glumes scabrid-pubescent, compressed, 7-iu'i-ved, 10-14 mm. long to the base of 2 teeth, which are 4 mm. loiiir; awn fi'om the notch between the teeth, irregulai'ly twisted and bent, about 2 cm. long, (irain compressed, deeply grooved, adherent to floral glume and palea. Mexico, Pcihner GOT. 11, B. laciniatus n. sp. 616 POACE.E. Porennial; 10-00 cm. high. Leaves of tlie culm 3 in number, the shoatli of the middle one usually sliorter than tlio interuodo; ligulo truncate, laciniate, 1 mm. loii;,^ blades ilut, 5-15 cm. long, .'{-4 mm. wide. Panicle erect, thin, 5-15 om. long, rays of the larger panicles mostly in fours, the longest 0-10 cm. long, bearing 1-3 spikelcts. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, 20 mm. long, first glume ovate-lanccoliitc, 3-5-nerved, G-7 mm. long, second oval, 7-nerved, 8 nun, long, joiiit of raciiilla 3 mm. long; Horal glume cliartaceous, ovate-lanoeolatc, 5-nerved, 13 mm. long, awn 4-0 mm. long; i»al('a 10 mm, long. Mexico (Oaxaca), Prinyle 4S07, growing at an altitude of 1)500 feet. Professor Serlbncr identifies it as near />'. grandijlorus Hook. Vi. B. unioloides (Willd.) II. H. K. ^'ov. Gen. et Sp. 1:151 (1815). SciiHADEii's liuGMi's. KKscuK-dUASs. Fentitca uiiidloides AVilld. Ilort. lierol. 1:3, /. 5 (ISOG). lironms cathaHiciis Vald, ,Symb. liot. 2:23 (1790-94). Cemfochloa fcsfitroides Beauv. Agrost. 75 (1812). Ccratochloa unioloides PC. Cat. Ilort. Monsp. f)2 (1813). Bromus Willdenowii Kuntli, Rev. Gram. 1: 134 (1829- 35). Ceratochlo(t2)cndiiIaSdn'ai\. Tnd. Sem. Ilort. Gotting. (1830). B. Svhradcri Kxnith, Fauixu. PI. 1:410 (1833). Bromus Ilaen- keamis Kuntli, Enum. PI. 1:410 (1833). Ceratochha aifsfndis Spreug. Steud. Nom. Ed. 2, 1:332 (1841). A stout erectannual. 00-90 cm. high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, often pubescent, throat si)aringly ciliate, ligule 3-5 mm. long; blades flat, 4-5 in numbei', mostly smooth on the lower side, scabrous on the upper, 20-30 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Panicle strict, linear or spreading, 15-20 cm. long, rays rather stout, mostly in twos and threes, rather remote, 10-18 cm. long, bearing each 1 to few spikelets along three-fifths of the upper part. Spikelets much com- pressed, oval to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, joint of rachilla scubrid above, al)Out 3 mm. long; empty glumes firm, lanceolate, first 5-nerved, 9-12 mm. long, second 7-9-nerved, 11-14 mm. long; floral glume firm, scabrid, ovate-lanceolate, 9-nerved, 12-18 mm. long, the awn 2-4 mm. long; palea linear, pectinate-ciliate, in- «ourved, 10 mm. long. Grain conduplicate. AVashington (l). C.),Vasei/ 750; Mississippi, Tracy; Colorado, Cassidy; Texas, Jenny. FKSTITCK.K. 617 Tfixas to Arizona. Tliis lias been cultivated for fodjler to ii limited extent, l»ut doubtless almost every re<,Mon wliicli can . 15. nuizjiroioiis Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. llort. Potrop. 3::J0 (18:50). A soft nodding annual or biennial, 20-50 cm. liigli. Leaves 5 to 7, s()ft-pu])e.scent, ligule about '.' mm. long; blades ilat, 7-10 cm. long, .'5 mm. wide. I'anicle at leiigtb nodding, 10-1") nim. long, riiys in tbrees to fives, the longest 5-7 cm. long, usually bearing single spikelets. Spikelets nodding, ovate-oblong, compressed, lO-lo-llowered. 2-2.5 cm. long, joint of raeliilla \.'> mm. long; first glume ovate-oblong, almost acute, ;}-r)-nerved, '>-() mm. long, second broadly oval, acute or obtuse, 7-nerved, 7-8 mm. long; fioral glume compressed, broadly oval or rliombic-obovate when s])read, 9-nerved, awn seldom 1 mm. long; i)alca obtuse, i)ectiuate-ciliato on tbe keels, about G mm. long. Vermont, Pritif/Ie; Nevada, Tracy. Introduced into cultivation as an ornamental grass from south- eastern J^^uropo. It lias considerably tbe api)earance of Briza maxinM. \A. B. SQUAUROSUS L. 8p. PI. 70 (1753). />'. hii-Kiihis Scbrank, Denkscbr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. IGl (ISIS). A soft slender erect grass, 30-40 cm. bigb. Slieatlis ])ubescent, shorter than the internodes; ligule short; blades 3 in number, fiat, pubescent or scabrid, 5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide. I'anicle simple, 6-10 cm. long, rays in twos, threes, or fours, filiform, llexuose, the longest 4-5 cm. long, bearing a single spikelet. Si)ikelets fiat. sca1)rid, linear or ovate, elliptical, 8-10-fiowered, joint of raeliilla l.f) mm. long; first empty glume ovate, acute, 5-nerved, 5 mm. long, second acute, 7-uerved, 7 mm. long; fioral glume oval-obovate. 0-nervcd, 10 mm. long, apex entire or notched, hardly acute, awns of lower fiorets 5 mm. long, straight, those above 10 mm. long, bent and slightly twisted; palea oblanceolate, 8 mm. long, pectinate ciliate. 618 I'uAri:.!:. The plant seen for (lo.scripiion cjinie from Italy from the Her- barium of I. Hurk, uiid is now owned l»y !•'. \u Scribner. 15. u. iioKDKACKis T.. Sp. ri. ;; (i;r>:{). //. hio/UsI,. sp. v\. Ed. 2:llii {l:^'>'l). A tomt'Utosoor iiiib('S(!ont^dim('oiis>_M'(rn eroctor^^'cniculiiteiri'iif^!^. 30-50 cm. hijj:li. Shi'iitlis id)oiil tho Iciifftli of the intornodcs; li^iiilc 1 mm. long; blatU's Hat, 4-5 in niinihcr, S-15 cm. lony;, 4-('» nun. wi(U'. Panich'O void, erect or noddinu;. rays in fours or lives, I'cw- llowered, the lonj^est 3-4 cm. Ion;,' beside the spikelets, but most of them less tlum I cm. long. S[iikclets 0-10-llowered, oblong, acute, sliglitly compressed, 1.5-'i cm. long, joints of the racliilla I nun. h»ng; emi)ty glumes ovate, acute, lirst ;j-5-nerved, G-S nun. long, second T-D-iu'rved. 8-10 nun. long; lloral glume oval-obovate, 5-T- nerved, billd. (5-8 nun. long, tlie awn from the sinus 0-8 mm. long; palea pectinate-ciliate, reaching neai'ly to the simis of its glume, (irain linear, ilat. licgardcd by Bentham as only a variety or form of fi. (inu'iiniK L., but usually named as above. IVruisylvauia, Ciuthy for ('lark ISi'ii'i) jMicliigan, Beal 140; Cal- ifornia, Pruif/h: Introduced from Europe into nu-adowa and lawns. 16. B. ciliatus L. Sp. PI. 7(5 (1:53). B. Canmli-nsis ^lichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:G5 (1803). B. pithescem Muhl. Willd. Euum. Ilort. Berol. 120 (1809). Au erect jjerennial, 60-90 or even 150 cm. high. Sheaths longer than the internodes. smooth, scabrous, or hairy; ligulealirm ring, 1 nun. or less in length ; blades G-0 or rarely 14 in number, ilat or involute above when dry, tapering toward the base, smooth, scabrous or somewhat hairy, 20-30 cm. long, 5-10-17 mm. wide. Panicle open, oval ov pyramidal, slightly nodding, 10-25 cm. long, rays in twos, threes, or fours, the longest 0-10 cm. long, branching near the middle, each bearing 1-2 or few spikelets. Spikelets terete- lanceolate when young, but when older flattened, oblong or oval- cuneate, 7-12-flowered, longest joint of racliilla 1.5-2 mm. long, with a few hairs at least on the convex side; first empty glume compressed, linear-lanceolate, 5.5-7 mm. long, usually 1-nerved, sometimes 3-nerved, both forms on the same panicle, seconil glume FESTI'CE/E. 619 sli^'htly compresaod, linear, 7-9 mm. lonjr, IJ-norved, usually obtuse wlicti s))ri'a(L mucroiialo, appoariiij,' ucuve wlieu in lliiwcr, or later narrowly elliptical, apex nearly flat, entire, obtuse, when spread, lO-K! mm. lon^^ T-tU'rved, the alternate nerves lon;r<'r, jiubescent near the marjiins, usually on the lower hall' only, awn back of the a)>e.\. about 4 mm. lon^'; jmleu linear, jiectinate-(!iliate, 8-10 mm. lonj,'. Massachusi tis, Unil 1 Ki ; Miehifjan. I)(iiifihis lldinihldti. Utal 14-'. 144. 14.'), /'. E. low, WhcchrXU, \A'.\\ Ohio, Fraid- in is:!r; l(jwa. AilliKi' "t'.W of tlu' I'. S. Dcpt. Ajjricul. ; Minnesota, Aiiliur W .'). Siii/i//irrf/ 1, 4!t!); Kansas, J'cfrr Frlkrr: Colorado. Ciissii/i/; Wyoming', /liijfinn (' ;i(); Montana. Srrihni'r. ]\ i//itiiiis. Andirson 10: Ari/(uia, Toinncij 7l<»; Washin<,'toii, Lokv; ()re (J- flowori'il, joint of racliillu 1) mm. long; empty gin iiu-s nurrow, with hIciuUm', liyulino points, first l-ntTveil. mm. l(Mig, stTond li-nt'iVfd. 8-I(> mm. long; llonil ghimc mirrowly flliptical, •'i-T-norvcd, Id I-.* mm. long including tiio liyulini* ti't-tli at the upcx, uwn l()-:.'() mm. long; paloa shortor. (jrain coticave, round on the hack, 7-.S mm. long. ('. S. Dcpl. Aiji'inil. Tr)5; \'frmont. /'n'lif/k; Massacdnisotts, L. II, /tdilri/j New .ItM'.sey, *SV7*/7iwt'r ;jj1T u Introduced from Kuropo. 20. B. Pumpellianus Sciihn. I^nll. 'i'oir. Cluh, 15:9 (18SS). An crccit .stout perennial, 5l)-l()(> mi. high, with creopiug' rootfltoeks. Sheaths 4-r). smooth, or .sjiaringly pubcacont; ligiilo tirm, I. it mm. long; hhules .sjnooth below, scabrous above. Hat, with long involute points, tlie blades 15-25 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad. Panicle iisnally erect, linear, rather dense. 8-20 cm. long, rays 2- .') at each joint, the longest 5- 10 cm. long, each bearing 1-3 spikelets. S[»ikeli'ts linear-lanceo- late, compressed, tinged with purple, 4-lO-llowered, 2-4 cm. long, the longest joint of rachilla pulH'.scent, 8 mm. long; empty glumes smooth, first lineur-lanceohite, l-nervcd, 5-9 mm. long, second elliptioal-lanceolati', o- itevred, 7-11 mm. long; lloral glume softly pubescent, oval-lanceolate, T-9-nerved, the lateral nerves obscure, 10-17 mm. long, including the eiitin; acute a])e.\, nwu 2-t> mm. long ; palea linear, 13 mm. long, finely ciliate on the kecl.-^. (Colorado, Vusey for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 740; Wyoming, Bujfum C 35. m Fio. 116. — Bromns PuinpclU- anus. A, .'^pikelet ; a, llorot. (.Sciibner.) ^22 i'OACE.E. Nearly allied to B. hreviaridatus. The itiilicized words above mark the most distinctive points which separate this from B. (jfcridrisfatufi- IJocky ^louiitains, Coloi'ado to Montana. Var. Tweedyi Scribii. ined. Panicle villous, smaller, rather slender, more pubescent. Montana, Tweedy 5S;. •>1 r, ssi-KU Murr. Prod. Stirp. Gott. 42 (ITTO). B. alt is- ,i,HHs Web. Wi-. J'riin. Fl. Hols. 9 (1780), teste Kunth. Fe^Uica a.prnt M. &. K. Deutsch. Fl. 1 : 07-2 (IS:>:5). An erect annual or perennial, 00-150 cm. high. Sheaths clotlu'd more or less with relloxed hairs; ligule short; blades 5-0, iUit, scabrous or thinly pubescent, 3-4 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Panicle open. 8-15 cm. long, lowest rays scabrous, mostly m^ twos ami threes, the longest 8-10 cm. long, branched sparingly. Spike- lets ol)U.ng or lanceolate, compressed, O-lO-ilowered, 2-3 cm. Ion.-, joint or rachilla scabrid, with few iiairs, 3.5 nun. long ; lirst enu.ty glume lanceolate, 1-nerved, mm. long, second oval- lanceolate, 3-nerved, 9 mm. long, with the apex mucronate; iloral glume scabrid, hairy, elliptical-lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, 13 1 nn. long including the very short teeth, awn 5-8 mm. long; palea narrowly ol^lanceolate, short-ciliato on the keels, 9-10 mm. long. Michigan (near Lansing), Bailey in 1880. Introduced from Europe. 22. B. Orcuttianus Vasey, Coult. Bot. Caz. 10:223 (1885). An erect perennial, leafy below, scabrous above, 90-120 cm. hiikelets lanceolate, com- pressed, scabrid, G-8-flo\vered, joint of racdiilla scabrid, 3 mm. long, first empty glume lanceolate, 3-nerved, 8-10 mm. long, second oval-lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, 10-12 mm. long; fioral glume shortly pubescent or scabrous, elliptical-lanceolate, obscurely 7-nerved, 11-13 mm. long, including 3 very short tips, awn 3-8 mm. long; pulea lanceolate, pectiuate-ciliate, 7-9 mm. long. Grain condn- plicate. Micl.iKan, (Petoskey) Wlwdcr, (Charlevoix) Spalding; Wyom- ing Biifuni c ;}4; Montana, Amlerson VZ, 13, WilUams ; Vtuh, jr^es •■Vanconver Island, J/aco..« ; Washington, Lake, Smnlhcrg 450 ; Oregon, Ihwell Joi- U. S. Dept. Agricnl. 743 ; California, Jones 2487, 3V08 ; Arizona, Pr/»r;/(^ Tracy, Tourney 747. Nortliei n ^liclngan, Kooky Mountains to Oregon. 25 B. Kalmii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 1:G00 (1848). B. eiUafus Mnhl. firani. 100 (1817), not L. B. pnryans Torr. Fl. ^^ Y. 2:408 (1843), not L. An erect slender perennial, 00-90 cm. high, with droopmg panicles. Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodcs; ligule about 5 mm. long ; blades 4-5, usually conspicuously hairy, flat or becom- in- invoh;te in adry climate, 12-18 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Pani- clls-lScm. long, ravs slender, mostly in twos and threes, the longest 4-G cm. long, bearing 1-2 spikelets. Spikdcts oval, drooping, 7-13-flowcred, the glumes densely silky all over, espe- cially the floral glume, joint o\' rachilla pubescent, about 2 mm. lono- first glume linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 5-G mm. long, secoiid oval, scarcely acute, 7-nerved, 7 mm. long; floral glume round on the back, oval, obtuse, even near the apex when mature, 7-0-nervod, 9-U mm. long; awu 2-3 mm. long; palea linear, strongly pectinate-ciliate, 7 mm. long. Di: Gray was folio ed m some respects in the above description. Michigan, Beal d- Wheeler 147; ^linuesota, Art/arrj Montana, Anderson. . Dry grounds, New England, New York, Michigan, Montana, and northward. Var. occidentalis Vasey, ined. Blades narrower, not so hairy, joint of rachilla 3 mm. long, first glume obtuse, 5-7.5 mm. long, second oval, almost obtuse, 6-8 5''mm. long; floral glume with shorter hairs. Montana, Canby di Scrihier 384, Anderson 11; Colorado, Cassidy. llocky Mountains. FESrUCE.E. 625 26. B. SECALiNusL. Sp. PI. ro (1T5;3). Ciikss. Cheat. B. arvensis Oed. Fl. Dau. t. 293 (Koy). B. baiknsis C. Gruel. Fl. Bad. 4:75. t. 5 (183G). B. Billotii Scli. Bip. Fl. 3:2:333 (ISIO). B. Ehrlmrfi Claud. Itoem. Collect. 10. B. (jrosaus D C. Fl. Fr. 3: 08 (1805). B. honlmreus D C. Gmel. Fl. Bad. 4: GS (1805-:i(;j. B. via.n'miis Gilib. Exercit. 2:535. B. ttHidtiH Dum. Ob.s. (Jrain. Belg. llt)(18;23). B. scijvfalisA. liraun, Xym. Consp. S?Jl (1878). All erect stout annual, nearly smooth, 30-120 em. liiuii. Sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligule 1.5 mm. long; blades 4 in iiumber; scabrid above, 12-20 em. long, 4-0 cm. wide. Panicle oblong, 8-18 cm. long, rays in threes, fours, and fives, the longest 0-7 cm. long, benring a few spikelets near the end. Spikelets compressed, oblong-ovate, 8-lG mm. long, 5-10-llowereil; joints of rachilla nearly 2 mm. long, first empty glume ovate-acute, 3-nerved, 5 mm. long, seeoiul broadly oval, mucroiuite, 7-nerved, mm. long; floral glume broadly oval when spread, 7-i)-nerved, at length coria- ceous, 7 mm. long, awn variable, usually 5 mm. or less long; palea as long as its glume, pectinate-ciliate. Grain in section shaped like a horseshoe. Kegarded 1)y Bentham as only a variety or form of B. arrrnsis L. Pennsylvania, SrrUnicr for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 749; Michi- gan, Conlcy, Bcdl 148, 149, 151, W/icekr 150. Introduced from Europe and too common in fields of winter wheat. 27.15. KACKMOsus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2:114 (1702). Cjirss. CiiKAT. B. (inriisis Knap[), Gram, lirit. /. 82 (1804), not L. B. comnmtatns Schrad. Fl. (ierm. 1:353 (1800). B. af/rariiis Ilornung, Steud. ^'om. Ed. 2. t. 22G (1841). An erect annual, 00-90 cm. high. Sheaths half or two-tliirds as long as the internodes: ligule 2 mm. long; blades and slu'aths smooth or more often pubescent, 4 in number, 8-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. Avidc. Panicle narrow, about 15 cm. long, rays in threes, fours, and fives, the longest 4-5 cm. long, besides the spikelet. Spikelet ovate-lanceolate, G-10-flowercd, 15-25 mm. long, joint of rachilla nearly 2 mm. long; empty glumes oval, acute, nearly smooth, first 3-uerved, 6 mm. long, second 7-nerved, 8 mm. long; 626 POACE.E. floral glume oval-obovate, 5-7-uervcd, bifid, 7-8 mm. long, the awn from the sinus about the length of its glume; i»alea pectinate- ciliate, extending nearly to tlie sinus. Ilooker in his Britisli Flora says: " Very similar to J5. imillis, but subglabrous, often 3-3 ft., rigid; leaves rigid, more ciliate; branches of panicle 3-5-nate, long and slender; spikelets narrower, more acute, scabrid; empty glumes inirrower, esiiecially the lower; floral glume broadest above the middle, margin obtusely angled." Dr. Thurber in Bot. Calif, says: *' Some European botanists regard this species, B. mollis and B. secalunis, all as varieties of B. arvensis." Vermont, Pritnjh; Massachusetts, Deal IT)"?, 153; Pennsyl- vania, Scribner for U. S. l)ept. Agricul. 747; iMichigan, Farwell; Washington, Lake. Introduced from Europe. 28. B. AiiVEXsis L. Sp. PI. 77 (1753). B. althsimus Gilil). Exercit. '2 : 537. An erect annual or biennial, often softly downy, 30-00-00 cm. high. Sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule 2 mm. long; blades Hat, 6-13 cm. long, 3-3 nmi. wide. Panicle erect or at length nodding, oval, 8-15 mm. long, rays in threes to lives, the longest 4-5 cm. long, usually bearing a single spikelet. Spikelets slightly compressed, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 0-10-flowered, 15-25 mm. long, joint of rachilla over 1 mm. long, ihst empty ghime lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, 5-0 mm. long, second oval, acute, 7-nerved, 6-7 mm. long; floral glume oval, acute, or sometimes almost rhombic-obovate, 7-9 mm. long, the awn 3-7 mm. long; palea linear, pectinate-ciliate. Grain involute. New Jersey, Scribn. for V. S. Dept. Agricul. 730; Michigan, Beal 154. Bentiiam in his British Flora says: " Many of the forms assumed by this ubiquitous species, difficult as they are to distinguish, and passing gradually into one another, have been universally recog- nized as species, although with characters very differently marked -out by ditfereut authors." lie includes as varieties or forms of the FKSTrci'LE. 627 above B. secalimis L., B. mollis L., B. racemosus L., B. mnlti- jlonis L. Iiitroduceil from Europe. 135. (2()4). Beachypodium Beauv. Agrost. 100 (1812). 7>/.s'- lichcla Elirli. Bortr. 4 : 14S (ITS!)). Trachynia Link, llort. Borol. 1 : 4.: (lH'i7). Iletnibromus Steiul. Syn. PI. Griini. 1 : 317 (Lsaa). Spikiilt'ts niiiiiy-flowert'd, coin])resse(l or snbterete, few in ji simple spike, subsessile or witli fc„ )vi pedicels, rjicliilla ;.diibroiis, jirtieulute between tbe florets. Empty glumes shorter thau the llorul gliimo, shortly uwjied or awn- k'ss; lloral glume firm, narrow, round on the back, T-9-nerved, entire or producing a sliort awn; palca but little shorter tlian its glu»ne, bi'oad, 2-keeled, eiliate. Stamens 3, rarely 3. Ovary ciliate, styles very short. Grain linear or narrowly oblong, flattened on tlie back, grooved or concave in front, adhering more or less to ghime and palea. Erect perennials or annuals, blades flat or involute, terete. Spikek'ts distant. 'I'lierc are six to eight species found in Europe, Asia, Africa, Mex- ico, and South America, three of A which belong in North America. ^ 1. B. Pringlei Scribn. ined. . 1 1 i (?i. 1 1 1 1 1 Fig. 117. — BracJn/podii/m Mixira. A densely tufted slender branch- „„„, Spikeletl A, empiy ing perennial, erect or ditfuse, 20-70 Kl'inu's; n, b, views of 11. .ret. cm. bigh. Culms slender, sometimes capillar}', nodes pilose. Sheatbs often loose; ligule very short; blades of the culm variable, firm and closely involute, rigid, 3-4 cm. long, or thin, flat, scabrid, 10-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, ta[)ering froTU the middle toward each end. Spikes bearing 4-G erect spikelets, which are linear, 5-9-flowered, lG-23 cm. long. Empty 028 POAC'E.E. glumes linear, obtuse, S-ncrved, first 4 mm. long, second about 5 mm. long; floral gluiiie about (i mm. long; palea G.5 mm. long, spatulatc-linear before s[)roatliiig, rovolutc. ]\[exico, I'l-imjlc ;>5-3.5 in 1889. ^loist banks near Moiiteroy. '2. B. Mexicana (IJ. «!t S.) Link, Ilort. Berol. 1:41 (1827). Fvxtvm Me.rinnia \{. Ik S. Sy.st. 3:733 (1817). F. srahm Lag. (jen. et Sf). Nov. 4 (181()). A slender brandling perennial, 30-30 cm. high, with a few root- stocks. Culms slender, nodes smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule about 0.5 mm. long; blades mostly Hat, seabrid, pungent-pointed, 3-4 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, tapering towards the base. Spikes bearing 1-3 erect linear-lanceolate spike- lets, 3-G-flowered, 1.5-3 cm. long; empty glumes ovate-lanceo- late, abruptly pointed, first 5-nervcd, 5-G mm. long, second 7-9- nerved, 7-8 mm. long: floral glume elliptical, 7-nerved, 8 mm, long, the terminal awn 3-4 mm. long. Mexico, Pringle 4331. Triije XIL— HORDEiE. Spikelets 1-many-flowcred, sessile in the alternate notches oi the rachis of a simple spike, rachilla usually i)roduced beyond the upi)er floret. i;5('.. (205). LOLIUM L. Sp. PI. 83 (1753). CnrpaUa Schrank, I'.aier. Fl. 1:103. 382 (1789). Cn/j)f/iri(s Link, Limuva. 17:387 (1843). Ai-throrhortus Lowe, Hook. Kew. Journ. 8:301 (1850). S[)ikelets several-flowered, sessile, single (or al)normally branch- ing) at each joint of the single S2)ike, distichous, compressed, turn- ing one edge (or the backs of one row of glumes) to the rachis; I'achilla articulate between the florets, which are jierfect, or the upj)er one imperfect. fJlumes firm, 5-7-nerved, round on the l)ack, not keeled, obtuse, acute, acumiiuite or the Tii;rves above ex- tending into an awn; the lower glume of the lateral spikelets and the 3 lower glumes of the terminal spikelets empty; palea shortei than the floral glume, narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens three. Styles IlOUDKiE. 020 distinct, vory short, with feuthi'iT stigniiis. Gi'iiiu oblong, ghibi'ous whon niiiturc, udliering to tlie palt'ti. Annuals or perennials with Ihit bhulos. Spikes terminal, often quite long. According to some authors tlu'ro are twenty or more 8i)ecies, but iJcntliatn roduccil tliem to 2 or 3. Indigenous to Europe, the cooler parts of Africaund Asia; culti- vated in other countries also. The genus is at once distinguished from all others of the tribe by the position of the flat spikelots with their c^Ige to the racliis. 1. Fi. I'ERENNK L. Sp. PI. 83 (1753). PkUKN'XIAL l{YK-(iKAS3 on Kay-ouass. Daknkl. L. (lyrcsfe llort. Ko-ni. »S: Scliidt. Syst. 3:748 (1817), L. anmmni Kernh. Sein. Ilort. Erf. (I8(»l). L. arcnarinni Kouv. ]\Ionog. ;58. L. anpcrum Hoth, Kunth, Eiium. PI. 1:430 (1833). L. rnnadcnsc Bernli. Waw. .>[onog. 37. L. aristatina Pers. Syn. 1:110 (1805). //. PseiKlo-italinim >Schur, Euum. PI. Transs. 81'i (1SG6). L. rcmoium Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1:382 (1789). L. stricfiim Presl. Oyp. & Gram. Sicul. 49 (1820). L. temie L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 122 (1703). L. vuhjare ITort, Gram. Austr. 1:25 (1801); and other synonyms. A smooth erect or slightly decumbent perennial, 00-90 cm. high. Culms slightly compressed. Ligulc short; blades of sterile shoots abundant, shining. Spike strict, 10-30 cm. long, slender. Spikelets 8-20 in number, the lower often sej)arated 2-3 cm., obtuse or acute, 8-13 mm. long; empty glumes stiff, linear-lanceolate, strongly nerved, shorter than the spikelet; floral glume 0-1 G mm. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, acute or rarely short-awned. Europe and Xorthern Asia. Extensively cultivated and very variable. (See p. 159 and Fig. 74 of Vol. I.) 2. L. MULTiFLORUM Lam. Fl, Fr. 3:021. Italian IIye ou IvAY-GKASS. L. ariHtattim Lag. Xym. Consp. 445. L. rerhinon Opig. Oekon. Tcckn. Fl. lioehm. 379 (1830). X. ehimjatum llort. Rouv. :Monog. 35. L. itaUcum A. Br. Flora, 17:259 (1834); and other synonyms. 630 POACILE An annual, taller and more vif?orous than the apocica; floral glumes turniinatod hy slondur awns. Muoh employed in Great Hritain for irri«j;ated nu'iidows. Sec ]). 101, Vol. I. Michi^iiin, Chirk 1081, jSml 15'), 156. 3. L. TKMLLKNTl M L. .Sp. IM. 83 (175:}). POISOX-DAUXKL. L. aujupliriiHi liell. Kouv. Mouog. 4:}. A. idhim Steud. Noin. Ed. 1, 4!>:> (18'M). A. (iHiniiiiii liiini. Fl. Fr. :):(5v!0 (1TT8). L. (lenpii'iis Diim. Ohs. (iniiii. liol^. l>8 (18->;}). L. infrlix KNniv. Moiio.ii-. ;>!). L. hidduin Diim. 1. c. ; and other syiionynis. Aiimiid; taller and stouter than L. perciine. Empty .diimes equal or usually exceeding the 5-7-now('red .spikelet; floral -rlume shorter, hroader, firmer and more turgid than in L. jHiritne, usuiilly termiuatiug in an awn as long as tlie spikelet. Europe, north Africa, west Siberia, India; introduced into North America. A wei'd in waste phices, seldom very common. Said to he very poisonous, though this statement is (pu'stioned hy many. Delaware, ('(iii/>i/ for Scribner 3527', Virginiii, Chich-rimj for U. S. I)ei)t. Agricul. 700. Var. AUVi'NSK (With.). L. arreiise With. Arr. Brit. PI. Ed. 3, '-3:108 {\':\m). Si)ikelets more turgid, awn very short or none. Europe. (15)4). JouVEAFourn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15:475 (1870). "Si)ikelets unisexual, dia-cious, very dissimilar, the staminate cues comi)ressed, many-llowered. spikatc on slender terminal or lat- eral pedicels, rachilla continuous. Empty glumes 2, thin, the second 1-ncrved and longer than the first (in old specimens the empty glumes, particularly the first, are rarely present) ; flowering ts b'npr. Hull. Acad. lioy. Brux. 1»: excluding the synonym, hrizojnirinii /ti/osmii I'resl, Eel. Ibenk. 1:2S0. ''J. sfrotiiinva Fourn. is readily distinguished from ,1. inloxa Scribn. by its more slender habit, less rigid leaves, less crowded inllorescence, more slender and proportionately mueli longer spike- lets. In J. piloxa the glumes are grown to the axis for almost tlieir entire length, and there are paleas or rudimentary pistils of a second flower within the floral cavities.'' Scribner, 1. c. 138. (2G9). Lepturus I{. Br. Prod. 207 (1810). nolfhwUia Host, Gram. Anstr. 1 :/. 24 (1801). Leptoi-crcux Batin. Am. ^lonth. ^[ag. 100 (181(1), PholiuruH Trin. Fund. Agrost. 131 (1820). Lepinrm Duni. Obs. Giani, Belg. 140 (1823). Spikelets 1-2-ilowered on a simple sj)ike, single, sessile, narrow. 632 PUACE.E. distichous ill the exeiiv.atiourt of tlio jointed nicliis. JJachilla very .short, articulate above tiie lower glumes, extemliiig as a short awn Fig. lis— Jourm strtiminea. J, pistillate spikelets ; a, portion of staminate Inflorescence ; h, two-Howered i)istillate spike ; d, staminate floret ; e, floral f^lunie of same ; c, grain. (Scril^ner.) above the flowers, which are perfect or the upper one imperfect. Empty glumes 1-2, persistent, narrow, firm, acute, 5-nerved ; the floral glume much shorter, slender, hyaline; palea hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3 or fewer. Stylos short, distnict, distant, stigmas feathery. Grain narrow, glabrous, enclosed by the glumes, but not adherent. Low branching annuals or sometimes taller and perennial, blades IIOHDK.K. 688 narrow. Spiko terminal, sloiulor, linn, striii.). Hack. 1. c. Lvjihinis liiibnidvii Thurb. I'loc. Am. Awid. 7: 101. Tho rhuracters of liii' \ii'\\m. Calironiiii and Oregon. 140. ('^(5t)). AOROPYRON J. (Ja'itn. Nov. Comm. Petrop. 14: (I) 5:5!) (1T70). Aiilliosarhtu' SteiHl. Syn. IM. (inim. 237 (ISoD). JJraconoim Codr. I.e. Ed. l.:5 : ltd (1844). ('o.s/ia Willk. Hot. Zoit. :577 (1S5S). f'rentopi/ritm Sclmr, Enuni. PI. Transs. 807 (ISOO). Cfi/hopi/nua lloi-t. Pnig. Steud. Syn. PI. (Irani. ^44 (1855). J-Uiilriijia Desv. Nonv. liuU. Sou. Pliiloni. '^: l!iO (1810). J'Jrcmo/ii/rinn Janb. & Spucb, Illustr. PI. Or. 4:!.m; (IS.V)-',:]). Jlayiialdia Sduir, Ennm. PI. 'J'ranss. 807 (180G). J/e/ertnifheJiiiin lloclist. Jaul). & Spacli, Illustr. PI. Or. 4:24 (1850). hWr/- neria C. Kocli, Linna'a, 21 : 41 :5 (184S). Se- mUdiiim Schnr, Verb. SielK'ub. Yer. Natnrw. 4:01 (185:1). Spikelots;J-8-llowc'red, comprossod, sessile at each joint of the simple spike, distichous, turning one side or sometimes oblicpie to the rucbis, racbilhi often articulate between the flowers, which are perfect or the upper im- perfect. Empty glumes rounded on the buck, not inflated, narrower than the lloral and Pig. 120.-5m6nma7?.- witli fewer nerves; floral glumes firm, round lamhri. A, spikolet ; on the back, very little if at all keeled, 5-7- a. floret ; d, grain. , , . ^ l\ (ScribMcr.) nerved, obtuse, acute, or the upper nerves extending into an awn, the upper smaller, often emi)ty or enclosing an imperfect flower; palea shorter (sometimes longer) than the iiuuDK.K. o:w floriil gliimo, koolH oftoi\ ciliatc. Stum(»ii8 .'I. SlyltH very Hliort, (listinot. (Jriiin imrrowly oldoiig, roin|»r('HHoriual- sided and not keeled. 2. J'Jn'»i(>pi/niin Lcdel*. — mostly anniuils. spikelets disticlious anil close to^'etlier in a short dense spike, the narrow empty glumes nearly e(|ual-si(led an) I). Kootstooks numerous, plant not glaucous, ... 3 b. Ifootstocks present, jtlant glaucous 4- b. No rootstocks (c) c. Awns slender, recurved 5-6 c. Spike long, Hexuose, nerves of empty glumes conspicuous 7 c. fjiko No. T, oidy with short erect spikes. . .8,1) 1. A. violacescens (If. I'ound). -/. rauinum (forma) riolarcsreus R. Pound. Minn. Hot. Studies, liull. f» (III) lor (lSf»4). A. imi- laterale Cassidy, I?ull. Col. Agr. Fxp. Sta. 12: O;} (1800). A. rani- num loiihtferale Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, 1 : 2711 (I SI);;). A. nnildfenilo lieuuv. is a synonym of Feufncd Icndijlora Sclirad. A i)erennial, OO-SO cm. high; culms strict, smooth. Leaves !>-4 in num])er, sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; blades r();igh, involute, ])ungcnt-pointed, 5-7 cm. l<»ng, 5-12 mm. wide. Spike cxserted, 1-sided, 7-10 cm. long, 5-S mm. wide, often purple; internodes of rachis at the middle 3-4 mm. long. Spikelets 3-4-tlowered, regularly breaking in pieces, first glume 9 C36 POAtE.E. mm. lon<,% witl- 3 strong nerves, short-awned, second U mm. long,, witli very strong nerves, awn 5 mm. long; llonil glume «-!» mm. long, witli 5 ol)scure nerves, awn about Ji mm. l..ng; palea shorter than its glume, with 2 ciliate nerves. Grain adlierent. IMonlana, Scribncr 4:i2, the type; Colora.lo, (Wn,s-/V///. I ^'.st//; Iowa. llUchrork; northerti ^lichigan, Heal The speeilic name HnihUcrah had been used before Cassidy ap- plied it to this species. 2. A. dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Bull. lorr. Club, 10: .b (1SS;3); Vasev. Grasses U. S., Special Kej-t. U. S. Dept. Agr. Js'o. (;;5, 45 (IH8;5). TritirumrepenxS'AW ,/(is//s/achi/>nii llcolv M. Bor. Am. :.': 254 (1840), teste A. Gray. T. r/n/H>H A. Gray, Man. Kd. 1, ('.0-> (1S48). A smootli glauous perennial, GO-90 em. high. Avitli slender rootstocks having internudes 3-4 em. long. T.eaves of ster.lo shoots ,iunu>rous, bl.des involute, ;)0-40 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, those of the culm 3-4 in number, siieaths nearly as long as the inter- nodes; ligule a mere ring; bhules G-12 cm. long. Spike exserted, 14-20 cm. long, Joints of ra.diiUa 1 cm. long, or near the base longer. Spikelets muTOW, 2 or more cm. long, 5-9-llowered; empty glumes smooth or puberuleiit, lirst T mm. long, 3-nerved, second 10-12 mm. long, 5-nerved; ilorul glume U mm. long, soft-hairy throughout, awnles ; or with short awns, margins scarious. Abr rnial or thrifty plants bear branching spikes. Jklichigan, n-heeler 15G, 157, 158, Seal 158, 159. Shores of the Great Lakes, British America and the Kocky Mountains. 3. A. repens (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 102 (1812). Quick-, Couch-, Quack-, Twjtcii-Guass. Trillcmn repem L. Sp. Tl. 8G (1753). A smooth pale green or glaucous perennial, very variable, 30-120 cm. high, with the internodes of the vootstock 1-1.5 em. long Liy-ulc very short; blades Hat, scabrous, 5-10 mm. wide, the upper 10-20 cm. long. Spike G-20 cm. long, c/ect or bending, mostlv rigid, joint of rachis 5-15 mm. long. Spikelets 10-20 mm. long,'2-8-llowered, florets at the middle of the spike overlapping for three-fourths of tlieir length 01 more; empty glumes each un- IIOHDE.E. 637 symmetrical, 7-11 mm. long, first strongly 5-G-nervcd, second . •< nerved, acute or notched, margins si-arious; lloral glume uboui t cm. long, those above shorter, 5-nerved at the cuspidate or short- awned a])ex. Found in Europe, north Africa, Asia, and extensively natural- ized in (uUivatcd grounds in Xorth America. Vcniiont l^rhiyle ; Massachusetts, lical Ifil ; f'ennsylviiiiia, Srrilnici' for T'. S. Dept. Agricul. TG7; iMicliigan, Bcallb\), HiO, Clark ;2:'.10; Towa, Ililclicock; ^Minnesota, ArlliKr Ji 511; Mon- tana, Aiidcr.sdn, 9. For an extended iiotice see Vol. T.. p. 107, Fig. 7G. A'ar. tenerum (Vasey). A. tcnerum Vasey, Coult. liot. (iaz. 10:;.'r)8 (1SS5). t)estitute of rootstocks; blades usually narrower and shorter and rather more rigid; spike riither inoi-e slender, sometimes tinged Avith purple. After growing i)atches, from seed obtained from more tlnin one source, in a variety of soils for more thnn 15 years, 1 am umiljle to indicate any differences other than those here given to distinguish this from A. rcjwns L. A promising grass for cultivation. Coloriido, Cd.ssidi/; Montami, Anderson 37; Arizona, Tourney y Sandhurg "X'-IS), WM; California, Lotinioii. 4. A. glaucum (Desf.) K. & S. Hyst. 2: 753 (1817). Trilicnm (jhiiiriiiii Desf. Tabl. Bot. Mus. IG (1804). A. rcpens, various authors. A smooth usually glaucous perennial, 30-l()0 cm. high. r'ree[)- ing rootstocks numerous. Sterile shoots numerous; leaves of the culm :!-+ in number, blades 3-12 cm. long, narrow, involute. Spike 1;.'-14 cm. long, with internodes about 7 mm. long, the lower some- times twice as long. Spikelets occasionally ".' ala node, 2 cm. long, 5-tt-ilowered, smooth or rough, llorels in the middle of the spike overlajiping for three-fourths of their lengt^'; empty gluni(>s nar- I'owly lanceolate, first 7 mm. long, l)-nerved, second 10 or nH)re nun. Inn-', 5-nerved, incfiuihiteral ; tlorid glnmi' a litlh^ longer than the empty glumes, lanceolate, obtuse, acute or avvu-j)oiuted, 5-nerved. 638 POACE.E. Iowa, Hitchcock; Colorado, Vasey, Cassidy, Jones; Montana, Anderson ^(i; Texas, Nealley; Utah, Jones; New ^lexico, Vasey; Wyoming, Buff urn C 5, (' 40. ('95; New ^[exico, Vasey; Wasliiiig- ton, Sandhery 310, 435,466; Oregon, Howell; Arizona, Jones 4012. A native of the western plains from Texas to Montana, much valued for hay. See Vol. I., pp. 93,93. Also found in Europe and Asia. 5. A. divergens Nees, Stoud. Syn. PI. Gram. 347 (1855). Triticmn strigosum Les. Linnjta, 9:170 (1834). A slender dense!v tufted glaucous perennial, 30-80 cm. high. Leaves 3-4 in number, sheaths about the length of the internodes; ligulo very short ; blades narrow, convolute, setaceous, nearly smooth, the upjjcr 4-8 em. long. Spikes 6-14 cm. long, very slender. Spike- lets o-O-flowci'ed, rather distant, first em])ty glume (i mm. long, 3-nerved, margins scarious, second 8 nnn. long, 5-nerved, witli the midrib at one side, awnless; floral glume 7-8 mm. long, })lainly 5-nerved above, awn stout, diverging or recurved when dry, longer than the floral glume; i)alea about as long as its glume or longer. Colorado, Cassidy; New Mexico, Vasey; Montunu, Anderson 35, 40; AVyoming, Btiffnm C 94, ('97; Washington, Sandhery 583, Lake; Oregon, Howell, Cusick; California, Parish; Mexico, Pringle 1439. Kocky Mountains to tlie Pacific. G. A. Scribneri Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 10: 128 (1883). Culms densely tufted, geniculate and decundjent near tlie base, 30-00 cm. high, rather slender. The upi)er sheath thrice as long as tlie blade; ligule obsolete; blade 3.5-3.5 cm. long, involute, narrow, rigid. Spikes exserted, 5-7 cm. long, their internodes 4-5 mm. long. Sj)ikelets 3-0-flowered; empty glumes 5-7 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, extending into along point, 10-35 mm. long; floral glume oblong-lanceolate, the base about 8 mm. long, smooth, 5-uerved, sometimes slightly bidentate, the mid- lurve extended into a strong, spreading or recurved hispid awn; palea equalling the floral glume, acute, margins hispid. The spike resptnlil'S that of A. caninum, but the plant dilTers in its tufted HOKDE.E. 639 habit, low size, and smooth, rigid, sometimes glaucous leaves. Found only high up on mountains near the timber line, growing in scattered tufts. Named for Prof. F. L. Scribner. In the Sierras, Priii(jh>; Colorado, Patterson; Montana, Scrib- ner; Wasliington, Tiveeihj. 7. A. caninum (L.) lioauv. Agrost. 102 (1812). Tritirum rammim L. Sp. PI. 86 (ir53). A smooth perennial, 70-90 cm. high, culms slender, rather weak. Leaves 4-5 in number, sheatlis smootli; ligule very short; blades thin, 10-35 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, taper-pointed. Spike nar- row, flexuose or slightly nodding, 10-17 cm. long. Spikelets 3-5- flowero;!; empty glumes with scarious wing-margins above, nearly equal, with 3-5 conspicuous nerves, first 7-9 mm. long, second a little longer; lloral glume 8-9 mm. loTig, awn 2-18 mm. long, flexuose; paloa longer than the floral glume. fJrain adherent. Maine, Feruahl 196; Vermont, Prim/tc; Michigan, Prentiss, Beat 164, KiG. Wlwelcr 165, Farwell; Montana, Anderson 28; Utah, Jones; Arizona, 7h /imei/ 7 Gl; Minnesota, Arthur }\ 4^2. New Kngland to California. 8. A. violaceum (Tlornm.) Vasey, Grass. V. S., Special Kept. Dept. Agricul. 45 (1883). Triticnm violaceum Ilornm. Fl. Dan. t. 2044 (1832). Perhaps this is a northern or alpine form of A. rn)ii}iiiui R. Sc S., from which it dill'ers in having a culm 30-50 cm. liigh, leaves 3-4 in number. l)hi(les proportionally shorter. S])ike 3-S-12 cm. long, narrow, strict, more or less tinged with violet. Si)ikelets 3-5- flowered ; floral glume wider than in A. raninnin, not so firm, nerves more })ro!nincnt, awn short or none; ])alea shorter than the floral glume, pectiuate-ciliute. New ITaiiipshire. Pri//f/Je, Faxon 20. 23, TLisfuril : Colorado, Cfassidy for U. S. Dept Agricul.: ^lichigaii. Wlirvlcr, F((ni'rU ; Minnesota, Arflntr li 494; AVvoiiiin--, A'////'///// C 30. C 4."). Mountains of New England. New ^'ork. nonlierii Minnesota, Colorado. California, and northward; also found in Europe. Plants collected in Crinnell Land by Lieut. Greely are 8-15 cm. high, with short spikes ami densely pubescent glumes, which (540 POAC'E.E. are very broad with short awns. Pl.iuts are found in various places whicli sliado oit' uhnost inipercoptibly into .1. caniiium. 9. A. caniuoides (R. Pound). A. violaccnm (rornia) canuioitles R. Pound, .^riuu. Hot. Stuilios, Bull. 9 (III), lOT (KS94). PtM'onniul with no rootstocks. Culuis ris 7-9 mm. long, with scarious margins, 5-7-nervcd, the awn 2-5 mm. long; floral glume 7 mm. long, hearing a rather stil! awn, 10-;20 mm. long. Usually compared with A. nni'untm. Micliigan (Agricultural (Allege). Ihal tf- Whcclcr, 1G3, 103. Dry knolls or low hiiul and hoi'ders of woods; growing in isolated hunches. ]*romising for cultivation. Xew Hampshire, ^richigan, Minnesota to Rocky ]\rountains. 141. (;2()7). Secale L. Sp. PI. 84 (17r)3). Ryk. Spikelcts usually li-llowered in a (^yliiulricul or flattened sjiike, sessile, compressed, one at each joint on alternate sides of tlio raehis, not inllated, convex on the outer side and Hat next tlic rachis, racliilla becoming a slender stipe above the ilowers. Em})ty glumes firm, narrowly linear, compressed-keeled, acute, acuminate or with a short awn; floral glume lu'oader, com[)rcssed-keeled, scarcely longer, not counting the long aun, 5-nerved, the outer ones prominent, those next the rachis obscure; })alea a little shorter than the floral glume, narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct, stigmas feathery, drain oblong, subterete, furrowed on the inside, hairy at the apex, included by the glume and palea, free or slightly adhering to the palea. Erect annuals with flat blades. Spike terminal, compact, jointed at the nodes of the slender rachis, which is usually hairy. Species 3 or 2>erhapso]dy 1, indigenous to tlie country bordering the ]\[editerranean Sea. The genus differs slightly froin the section Eremopyrum of Agropyron in the dense cylindrical spike, and in the spikelets usually containing only 3 ilowers. 1. S. fEIlKALK L. 1. c. I1UUDE.E. 641 An erect glaucous annual, with slender but stilt' culms 1-2 in. high. Glumes 1-nervetl. A valuable cereal, tlio grain inferior to that of wheat. Much grown in cool regions where the land is liglit and poor; also grown as a forage-crop and for green manuring. See Vol. I. 141. (rJfiS). TriticumL. Sp. ri. S") (its:]). Wiikat. ("("orn"' in England.) .AV//7f>yy.s' L, Coroll. (Jen. '20 (IS:??). JifoiNKs Scop. Introd. 74 (1777). Crithodium Link, Linmea, 9:i;5;i (IS;54). Cn//if(>pi/n/ni lleynh. Norn. '2: 174 (lS4i;). Spikelets 2-5-flowered, the fertile ones inflated, distichous, sessile, somewhat compressed, single at the alternate notches of the Fig. 121. — Secale cereale. Spikelet, (Richardson.) rachis of a simple spike, one side of the spikelet next the rachis; rachilla often jointed between the flowers, 1-5 of the lower flowftrs perfect, the upper often nude or neuter. Enii)(y glumes iirni, shorter and often narrower than the iloral glume, usually ine([uilateral, with few nerves, awn short or none, Iloral glume ventricose, broadly obhmg, round on the back or keeled above, often toothed or awned, 5-9-nerved, nerves not meeting at the a[)e\; palea shorter than its glume, witli two ciliate keels. Stamens -5. Styles 2, very short, stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, usually villous at tlui i.pex, with a groove on the inside, included by the glume aiul palea, not adhering to them or slightly adhering to the palea. Erect 042 POACE^. annuals or winter annuals with flat leaf-blades. Spikes terminal, cvliiulrical, or somewhat llattened. Speckles not over 10, I'ounil in the vieinity of tlie Mctliterraneiin Sea. The genus Triliciiin excludes A(/ro/)i/ron. Ihe species of wliich were at one time included in it, and now includes .Kyilopx. In Triticnin the lateral nerves of the floral gflumo are not connivent, but parallel or nearly so, and either stop sliort of the apex or are produced beyond it into distinct teeth or awns. There are three groups: I. U7/«;/,s in cultivation. Floral ulumes keeled at the apex and sometimes at the base, and terminate in a single awn; lateral nerves usually barely reaching to the end of the glume. 3. ('rifliodium. Link. Spikelets with only 1 fertile flower, floral ghune keeled from the base and ends in a single awn. One s])e('ie3 sometimes has two or even three fertile flowers, and the lateral nerves of the floral glumes sometinu'S produceil into sliori teeth. 3. .Kf/ilop.^ L. DilTering from the cereal wheats in iiaving a floral glume more rounded on the ])ack and not at all keeled, lateral nerves of floral glume often produced into long awns; hybridizes freely with the cultivated wheats. 1. T. vrL(.AKE Vill Hist. PI. Dauph. 2:15;}. AViiKAT. This includes all the well-knoAvn races cultivated in this t'ountry, whether "bearded" or "bald,"' " i-cd clKitf " or "white chall'."' spring wheat or winter wheat. ^J'lie luitive countrv of this very Fig. 123. — Triticiim milgare. ' . Spiki'let, (Hiclitmisou.) valual)le cereal is not Kiu)wn. it is not improbable that a wild plant of southern Europe known as ^Egilops L. is the original form. 143. (274). HORDEUM L. Sj). PI. 84 (IT.-);]). B.mm.kv. Citri- eni Koel. Gram. ;52S (1802). Zcorrilun Heauv. Agrost. 114 (1812). Crifcsion Eafin. Journ. Pliys. 89: 103 (181!)). Cri/Jw E. Mey. Ind. Sem. ITort. Kogiom. 5 (1848). Spikelets 1 -flowered, 3 together, distichous, sessile or on short U()[U)K.E. ()43 stipes, one aide next the racliis at the nodes or notches of a simple spike. KachiUa very short, artieuhite above tlie lower glunxes, extending above the llower as a long slender awn or a very narrow glume, llowers perfect or those of the lateral spikelets male or rudi- mentary. Kmpty glumes sul)ulato or lance-linear, firm, ])ersistent, the G at each joint ap[)earing like an involucre; lloral glume lance- olate, round on the back, 5-nerved above, extended into a straight or s[)rcading awn; palea 1)ut little shorter than the lloral glume, ;i-keeled. Stamens 3. Lodicules 2, ciliate. Styles very short, distinct. drain ovoid-oblong or narrow, hirsute at the apex, grooved on the inside, adhering to the palca or rarely free. Erect annuals or rarely })ereiniials, with Hat leaf-blades. Spike cylindri- cal, usually densely llowered with long, or rarely short awns. Species l*.*-l(j, iiuligenous to Europe, north Africa, temperate Asia, North and South America. Heauvois restricted Ilorileuiti to the common cultivated barley, which appears in a great variety of forms. 'J'he genus, as here understood, is distinguished from J'JIi/mus by the single flower in each spikelet, and is distributeil into three sections: 1. Zoorn'foH lieauv. Central spikelet alone of each three is fertile, the lateral ones sterile or reduced to em})ty glumes. 2. Cri/hopsis Jaul). Two perfect spikelets at each notch, the intermediate one defuuent or rarely represented by one or two empty glumes. 3. < 'Hi'ierd Koo\. Spikelets 3 and collateral, all fertile. A. Not in cultivation (a) B. Cidtivated for grain (e) a. Awns -l-G cm. long 1 a. Awns 3 cm. long or less (b) b. Empty glumes 0.5-0.7 mm. wide, upper blades 1- 3 cm. long 3 b. Empty glumes 0.3-0.5 mm. wide, upper blades 10- 15 em. long 2 b. Empty glumes narrower (c) c. Spike 7 mm. wide ;5 c. Spike wider (d) 044 POACEiE. (1. Joint of r.'icliis 1 mm. long 4,5 (1. Joint of nic'his ;{ mm. long 6 0. Spikclets all furtilc 7 e. SpikeUfts with tlio latonil onc'9 stcrilo 8 1. H. jubatum L. Sp. Tl. H5 (1T5;3). SqiiiMu-.L-TAn. Grass. CritesKin (irnirnlatuiit Kiilin. ,Tonr. Piiys. 8!): lo;{ (ISI!)). A smootli annual or biennial, 30-45 em. high. Culms slender, protruding 5-15 cm. above the sheath. Slieuths sliorter than the internodes; ligule 1 mm. long; blades of tho upper leaves 4-7 cm, long. 8])ike 4-7 em. long, raoliia very slender, breaking in pieces when mature, each piece 1.3 mm. long. Lateral spikclets on 2)edi- cels 1 nun. long, central one sessile; emjjty glumes ca])illary, j)alo straw-color or purple, 4-6 cm. long, recurved wlicn mature and dry; iloral glume of the lateral florets small and sliort-awned, tluit of tho perfect floret with an awn much like tiioso of tlie emi)ty glumes. Grain elliptical, flat-concavo, 3 mm. long, Vermont, Pringlc ; Micliigan, Clark, Ileal, Fnrwell ; Iowa, Hitchcock; Illinois, Ikhh, HeancA; .Minnesota, Arthnr B 128; Montana, Anderson 39; Colorado, Cass id y ; Wasliington, L((ke, Sandhcry 2i' \ Oregon, IloircU. On tho seacoast and saline soil, about tlie Great Lakes and elsewhere. AVidely distributed. Were it not for the breaking of the spikes so freely, it would bo cultivated as an ornamental grass. 2. H. Montanense Scribn. ined. Culms smooth, slender, about 80 cm. high. Leaf-blades flat, scabrid, 10-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Spike exserted, some- times purplish, 6-8 cm. long, Avith internodes about 3 mm. long. Empty glumes 10-20 mm. long, 0.3-0. 5 nmi. wide. Central spike- kt 9 mm. long, the perfect floret bearing an awn 15-25 mm. long; second floret merely an empty glume ; floral glume scabrid or shortly hairy, 5-nerved; palea a little shorter than its glume; florets of lateral spikclets raised on a pedicel about 1 mm. above the central, each consisting of floral glume, i)alea, lodicules, a rudimentary pistil and sometinu'S a se(!ond floret reduced to a small empty glume. ii(»in)K.K, 045 INFontana, Srribner 4'^*0, 430. Sliuued borders, lloiuul Cret'k, und by si)ring3 iioiir tlio liciid of Jim ('oulic or Ti<,'er J^attle, An;,'. 3, 1883. Nimihcr 430 lias tlio shorter iiwiis, and tlio llorul gliimt'S st-abrid; number 4^!) has tho lon<,'t!r awns and tlio floral glunica pnborulont. 3. H. pratense Iliids. Fl, Anj;l, I'M. '.',50 (\7i>2). II. mdosinn. L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, l-.'G (17(1'^). H. .svfaliniim Sclirel). Siiioil. Fl. Lips. 148 (1771). JI. pusiUuin Niitt. Gon. 1: 87 (1818). Culms 20-70 cm. liigli. often ^fonioulato below, lieaf-blados Hat or involute, usually nearly smooth, 10-13 cm. long. Spiko exsertod, 3-7 cm. long, about 7 mm. wide, readily se|)arating when ma- ture, each joint of rachis 1.3-2 mm. long. Empty glumes all very nar- row, subulate from tho base and slightly scabrous ; lateral spikelets borne on stipes 0..5-().7 mm. long, lanceolate, awn-pointed ; central floret cylindrical, about 8 mm. long with a sbort awn. Cirain elliptical. Col. W. ]\[unro in Proc. Lin. Soc. p. 50, 1802, says in reference to tho grasses of Linna3us' llerbari- Fm. m. — irordenm pratense. ° Two views ot !i spikelet. (Scnb- um: " //. noilusnm 2d Edit. Sj). PI. uaw) p. 120, is certainly II. pratense Iluds., of which there are also two other specimens without any name, and the species does not seem to have been taken up by Linna3us." low a, Hit, I'lcork; Illinois, Patterson for U. S. I)ei)t. Agricul. 778. Canl)ij, lleht) for Dr. Clark 29GG; Missouri, Hvl>t,; Montana, W Uliams h'$)\\ houmiina, Lanfftois; Wyoming, iy////"?5') (ITH')). //. //y.s/y/r Kotli, Ciitiilcct. 1:23 (1707). 11. piihescrnx (iiiss. V\. Sic. I'nxi. I : U4 (IS2T). A sinootli soiiu'wliiit {jliuit'oiis ainl tlccimibciit aiimml, lO-liUciii. lii^'li. Slicallis iiltoiit tin' Icii^Mli of tile iiiU'rnodi's, tlii> upper oiio iiillatcd; li<,aik' a inert' riii;,S l)liitle.s '.•-() cm. loii^, mostly iiivoliito. Spiko .suhlcrett', sciircely cxserteil, 2-t cm. ls llochst. Flora 31 : 118 (1848) in foot-note. Or/Iiusfarhi/s Elirli. I'.eitr. 4 : 140 (1789). Po- ?//rt> (IT"):}). Iiaucheuia Grass. Culms stout, glaucous, \-:l m. or more high, from creepiug rootstocks. Sheaths smooth, ligulo very short; blades strict, pun- gent, 30 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide, the upper sliort. Spike dense, strict, 15-30 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad; rachis hirsute. Spikelets 2-3 at a joint, 2-3 cm. long, appressed. pubescent, mostly 3-llo\vered ; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, o-'i-nerved ; floral glume rigid, ciliate, keeled toward the cuspidate a])ex ; palea a? long as its glume. It considerably resembles B. mollis. Alaska, Fumton for Nat. Herb. 140; Washington, Iloioell, Sul-sthrf \{)?,S. Sandy seashores, Alask'a to California, also in Europe and northern Asia. 2. E. mollis Trin. Spreng. N. Endt. 2: 72 (1821). Culms stout, .SO-170 cm. iiigh. Leaves much like those of E. arc/Kirius. Spike erect, 20-30 cm. long. Spikelets 2-3 at each joint, 2-3 cm. long, 5-8-llowered, more or less soft-pubescent. Empty glumes as long as the spikelets, 5-7-nerved; floral glume ^ j-20 mm. long, T-nerved. 'J'his is much like JJ. arenarius. The leaves and spikes are softer, the empty glumes more ciliate and broader and often 7-nerved. Maine (Kastport), Iicall(\2; Isle of Shoals, Caiihy. 3. E. dasystachys Trin. Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 1:J20 (1829). E. Vancourerensis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:48 (1888). Culms smooth, rather stout, 60-SO cm. high from creeping rootstocks. Leaves scabrous throughout, or the sheaths smooth; ligule very short; blades rigid, more or less involute, pungent- pointed, 20-35 cm. long, 5-8 mm. witie. Spike strict, 8-12 cm. long. Spikelets 2 at each joint, 15-20 mm. long, closely imbri- cate, 4-7-flowered ; empty glumes equal, 13-15 mm. long, more or less ciliate, sliort-uwned, narrowly -lanceolate, 3-nerved ; floral glume slightly ciliate, the lower one 12 mm. long, besides the short awn. Montana, William h ; Vancouver Island, J/«to?per equalling or exceeding the culm. S])ike 7-15 cm. long, erect, loosely or rather closely flowered. Spikelets 2, sometimes 3 or only 1 at a joint, 4-8-flowered, sometimes glaucous: empty glumes equal, linear- lanceolate, rigid, long-pointed, 6-10 mm. long, about as long as the floret; floral glume firm, lanceolate, acumiiuite or short-awned, nerves indistinct below, 7 above. Very near to Agropyron, for which it would pass in cades Avhere this jilaut is slender and has 1 spikelet at a joint. E. Onuttianns Vasey is a slender or small form of the above, and perhai)s even that passes insensibly into E. condcnsatns, which see for a full account. Washington, Stikxdorf ^V2^; Oregon, Howell; (JaWiovma, Parish 1102, 1162 A, Orcntt ; Arizona, linsby 909^, Pr ingle. Tourney 750, 762. Rocky Mountains, Colorado, Oregon, and California. 6. E. condensatus Presl, Reliq. IIa?nk. 1:205 (1S30). Giant Rye-guass. Culms in dense tufts, stout, reed-like, 1-4 m. higli. Ligule very short, auricled ; blades flat, smooth, often glaucous, 2 cm. or more wide. Spike 15-40 cm. long, compact or interrupted, bear- ing branching clusters of spikelets at each joint. Spikelets 3-6- IIOKDE.E. 651 flowered; empty glumes subulate, setaceous, as long as the florets or longer or shorter; floral glume 8-10 mm. long, firm, smooth or rough, mucronate, 5-nerved above. " This is perhaps the most strikingly variable grass upon the coast, and would furnish several species were the characters con- stant. At one extreme its stems, according to Mr. Bolander, are 13 ft. high and its roots do good service in retaining the soil of the banks of streams. In these luxuriant forms the culm is as large as the little finger, and the leaves, an inch or more broad, are over 8 ft. long. The spike is sometimes an incli and a half thick, dense and continuous, with erect appressed branches 2 inches long, or it is much lobed or sometimes interrupted, with the branches in sep- arate clusters. In most of these large forms the florets are jiale straw-coloi i, membranaceous, though in some they are greenish and coriaceous, in which respect they approach the variety friii- coidi's ; indeed no strict line can bo drawn to separate them, and the variety is proposed for those forms that are liable to be taken for some large Tn'ficuin. When it violates the diaracter of the genus so far as to have but 1 spikelet at a joint, there is uotliing to distinguish the specimens from Triticuni, tliough none have been noticed in winch there were not somewhere upon the spike two spikelets to the joint. The triticoid forms sometimes branch, and Nuttall collected on Wapatoo Island a subpaniculate form, with branches naked below." Thurb. S. AVats. liot. Calif. t» : Siij ( 1S80). Colorado, CuKsidy ; Montana, Anderxon (»; Wasliiiigtoii, Smid- Icrg 437, Suksdorf WH^', California, Orruti 473: Lower California, Orrntt. Coloratlo to Washington and California. 7. E. ambiguuB V. & S. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:280 (1893). A densely tufted, rigid perennial, 00-120 cm. high. Leaves of the sterile shoots erect, the blades involute, .r/i- ?/c;'3535; Michigan. //«'«/ 1 03; Jowa, Ilifrlirork; M'mncsotu, Arthur li 205; Kansas, Cassidi/; Wyoming, liuffuni C 41. Low land, Xew England, Minnesota, Colorado to Texas. Var. glaucus n. vai-. Glaucous throughout and seedlings also glaucous. 15-20 cm. taller than the species. Michigan (Agricultural College), Beat 1G4, 105. Var. submuticus Hook Fl. lior. Am. 2:255 (1840). Awns none, empty glumes acute or acuminate. This passes insensibly into the species. Michigan, Heal; Illinois, J. Wolfe. 11. E. Macounii Vasey, (irass. IT. S. 40 (1883), name only; in Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 1H» (1880). /;. nilidns Vasey, 1. c. Culms in dense tufts, 00-!»0 cm. high. Leaves of culms 3 or 4 .n inimber, ligulc 1 mm. long; blades erect, scabrous, S-15 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide. Spike erect, slender, cylindrical, exserted, 5-12 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. broad, an internode of the rachis near the middle 4 mm. long. Some of the lower spikeb'ts in pairs, those above often single. 1-3-tlowered; empty glumes 2 to a spikelet, 8 mm. long, about 1.3 mm, wide, 3-5-nerved, or for 1 or 2 spikelets there may be 3 emjity glumes, 1 each side and 1 in front, all alike or the middle one wider, awns slender, 1.5 cm. long, some of them with a short awn at one side. Spikelets when in pairs arc alike or one is smaller and raised on a })edicel; lloral glume oblong-lanceolate, scabrous, margins hyaline, ciliate; 2 lower llorets of a si)ikelet very 654 POAC'E^. nearly the same height, the third raised 2 mm. or more. In one case a 10-uerved glume with 2 awns covered 2 paleae and the stamens and pistil; palea obtuse or retuse, equal to its glume. This resem- bles Agropyron iu having some single spikelets, Ilordeum in having a small spikelot raised on a pedicel, and Elynrux in other particulars. Colorado, Vamjm 1S84; Montana, Anihrson'i^; British Amer- ica, Macoim (4500 ft. alt); Oregon, Cusich (GOOO ft. alt.). Mountains of Colorado to Oregon and British America. 12. E. Caput-Medus.e L. Sp. PI. 84 (ITSS). E. rrimfva Schreb. Beschr. Graes. 1'). /. 24 (1810). Culms slender, geniculate, 30-40 cm. high, the upper node not over one-fifth as high as the culm. Leaves of the culm '2 in number, upper sheath slightly inflated; ligule very short; l)lades involute, narrow, 3-<; cm. long. Spike dense, stout, 3-4 cm. long, with spreading awns, some of which are 5 cm. long. Spikelets 2 at a joint or only 1 on the lower part of the spike, 1-floweretl, racliilla bearing an empty glume of a second Horet; empty glumes narrow, rough, spreading, 2 cm. long; floral glume liispid, 7 nun. long, gradually merging into the long awn. Oregon, Ilovell 132G. Introduced from Europe. 13. E. Canadensis L. Sp. V\. 83 (1753). E. riiilmJeJpJnnfs L. Amu'n. Acad. 4:200 (i:5i>). Culms stout, GO-120 cm. high. Leaves rough, 4-5, sheaths mostly louger than the internodes; ligule about 1 mm. long, auric- idate; blades flat or involute, 15-30 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide. Spikes exserted, nodding, 12-15 cm. long. Spikelets usually 2 at a joint, 3-5-flowered ; empty glumes subulatt;, 1 mm. wide, 3-4- nerved, the nerves tapering into an awn usually shorter than itself; floral glume 10-12 mm. long, rough hairy with a slender awn 2-3- cm. long, usually spreading. Michigan, Be((l IGO; Illinois, Beat 107; Colorado, Casxidy; Montana. Anderson 27. New Endand to California. Yar. glaucifolius (Muhl.) Torr. Fl. U. S. 1:137 (1824). E. glaucifoUns Muhl. Willd. Enum. 1:131 (1809). HORDED 665 Pale and glaucous throughout; awns usually more slender. Massiichusetts, Cooky; Michigan, Wheehr; Texas, yealley. 14. E. glaucuB. Viir. tenuis Vascy, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, 1:280(1893). E. Sihiricus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:255(1840), not L. E. Aniericanns V. & S. Macoun, Cat. Can. Pt. 4, 245 (1888). E. Sibiriciis var. Americamis Wats. & Coult. A. Gray, Man. Ed. G, 673 (1890). Smooth tlironghout excepting the awns, or scabrous, or culms and leaves puberulent, rather slender, 60-100 cm. high. Leaves 4 in number, shcatlis three- fourths as long as the internodes; ligule very sliort; blades flat, 15-25 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. Spikes exsorted, 5-18 cm. long, erect or nodding. Spikelets in pairs, sometimes single, 2-6-flowcred; empty glumes about 8 mm. long, linear- lanceohite, 3-5-nerved, with an awn 3-35 Bnm. long; floral glume rough, firm, 10 mm. long, with an awn 1-3 cm. long. ForFio. 124 — 7?Z//to«« glavcua. , , . A. spiktlet ; b, empty glume, some years supposed by American au- (liichurdsou.) thors to be E, Sihiricus Jj. Washington, IToiveU, E. C. Smith; Oregon, Howell, CiisicJc: southern California, Pariah. Very variable. Lake Superior to the Pacific Coast. 15. E. striatus Willd. Sj). PI. 1 : 470 (1797). E. striatus vil- lostis A. Gray, Man. 1 : 603 (1848). Plant usually more or le.-<3 pubescent. Culms slender, 30-GO cm. high, often not over 0.7 mm. diam. just below the spike. Leaves 5-C in number, sheaths about as long as the internodes, unsymnu'trically auriculate ; ligule very sliort ; blades scabrous, flat, 15-18 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide. Spike dense, often nodding, 5-10 cm. long. Spikelets usually in pairs, 2-3- flowered ; empty glumes awl-shaped, 1-4 nerved, twice as long as the florets and half as wide as the floral glunu^, which is 6-7 mm. long, not including the slender awn 1-3 cm. l<»ng. 066 POACE.E. New York, Clinton for Dr. Chi He U'.Ml; Delaware, Martinilale; District of Columbia, McCarthy; Micliigau (Fliut), Dr. Clarke (Rolliu) Beal River-banks, New England to Minnesota and southward. 145. (276). ASPEBELLA llunib. Roeni. & Ust. :Ma«,'. ]>art 7, 3: 6 (1790). Ifiistrix Ma'ucli, Metli. 294 (1794). Giimioslii-lnim Sclircb. licsclir. Griics. '.' : 127, t. 47 (1810). Asprella Will.l. Eiiuni. llort. lierol. i:}2 (180!»). Spikelets 1-4-flowi'red, 2 or rarely J in number, sessile at the nodes of the excavated racliis of the simple spike, rachilla urtieulato below the florets, which are perfect or the ujiper imi)erfect. Em])ty glumes 0, or represented by 1-2 small spines below the K]>ikelets; floral glume narrowly lanceolate, involute, firm, round on the back, 5-nerved above, extending into an awn; palea shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct, stignuis jdumose. Grain narrow, oblong, villous at the apex, grooved on the inside, adhering to the palea. Perennial grasses; spikes ter- minal, looser and more slender than in Lli/tniis. Sj)eeies 4, of which 2 belong to North Anu'rica, 1 to Siberia, and a fourth to Xew Zealand. 1. A. Hystrix (L.) Micnch, .Afetli. 2!)4 (1794). Hottlk-mucsh Grass. Asprella Jfi/.sfri.r Willd. Enuni. 132 (1S09). Elynius Hystrix L. Sp. PI. 5G0 (I7r)3). (iytnnostivhnni /fys/ri.c Schreb. lieschr. Griies. 2:127 (1810). (ryiiuiosf ichnmmaj us Uaynh. ^oin. l:3;i. Hystrix jxttula Mwnch, Meth. 295 (1794); Ify.strix Hystrix Millsp. Fl. W. Va. 474 (1S!»2). A rather smooth or sparingly scal)rous tufted grass, 60-120 cm. high. Leaves 5-0 in number; sheaths shorter than the in t "modes ; ligule a mere ring; blades flat, inverted, 15-20 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide. S[>ike loose, rachis slender, 6-15 cm. long. S])ikeleta 1-3 at a joint, spreading, early deciduous; empty glumes sometimca rei)resented by slender rudiments; floral glume smooth or rough, 9 mm. long, tipped with an awn 2-4 times its length ; i)ah'a as long as its glume, obtuse. Glaucous plants were found by 0. F, AVheeler in Ionia County, Michigan. Vermont, Pringk ; Pennsylvania, Scritmer ^or V. S. Dept» BAMBUSEiE. 657 Apricul. 790; Now York, lien} 108; Michigan, Wheeler, Heal, CVflrX; 734; WLsconsin, Ilohiuyvr. Moist woods. New Eiijijliiml to Miiiiiesotji and Texas, 'i. A. Californica (lioland.). (rf/miios/irhinn Catifornicum lioland. Cat. .'Jo (1870); Tliurl). S. Wats. Hot. Calif. 2:327 (18H0). Asprella Cult- fontica Hentli. Culms 1-2 m. liigli. Slioaths, at least the lower, clotlu'd with short stiff spreading hairs; ligule very short ; blades Hat, ample, scahrous, 10-25 mm. wide. Spikes 15-25 cm. long, llexuose, interrupted below, dense above. Spikelefs mostly in pairs, 1-3-llowered, on very short eallus-like pedicels, with little trace of empty glumes, ap- pressed, at least when young ; floral glume 12 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, 5-0-nerved above, the nerves, especially the marginal ones, ciliate- hispid with short stiff rather distant white hairs; awn stout, rough, straight, one-half longe.' than its glume; palea equal to its glume, ciliate above. When young much resembling Elyinus conilen* safufi. California, Anderson for U. S. Nat. Herb. California. Trttji: III.— BAMBUSEiE. Fio. 135. — ^«- perella II y a . trix. Spike, k't. (Scribner.) Spikelets 2-8- (rarely 1-) flowcre<], in i)anicles or racemes. Empty glumes 2 to many, shorter than the nearest tloral glumes: floral glume many-nerved, awnless or with a sliort straight terminal awn ; palea 2- to many-nerved, rarely nerveless. Lodicules usually 3. very large. Stamens 3 to many. Styles 2-3, often united at the base. Grain free. Tall woody grasses, with broad blades usually articulate at the sheath. 151. (277). AruNDINARIA Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 1:73 (1803). Miegia Pers. Syn. 1:101 (1805). Ludoljia Willd. (Jes. Naturf. 668 POACE^. Fr. Berl. Mag. 2 : 320 (1808), Macrotmx Rafin. Mod. Rejios. N. Y. 5 : '.]b'l (1808). Tnghmum Fisch. Cat. Jard. (Jorenk. (1812). Thamnovuhimns Miinro, Trans. Linn. Soe. 20 : 33 (1868). Spikelets many-flowered, often long, compressed, vacemosc or paniculate, rachilla at lengtli articulate below the flowers, which are j)crfect or the upper imperfect, rarely the lower nude. Empty glumes 1-2, unequal, the lower sometimes absent ; floral glunie longer, membranaceo-herl)aceous, convex on the back, not keeled, many-nerved, acute, acuminate, or bristle-pointed ; palea a little shorter than its glume, or equal to it, strongly 2-keeled. Lodicules 3. Stamens 3. Ovary often hairy aliove ; styles 2-3, joined for a little way at the base; stignuis clothed with long feathery branches. Grain oval or narrowly oblong, grooved, included by the glume and palea, but not atlherent. 1 all woody grasses, with clustered branches, broad, flat, persist- ent blades, often with short-jointed petioles, transverse nerves obscure or conspicuous. Inflorescence usually terminal, simple and close, or loosely panicled. Spikelets large, green or colored, the long glumes finally spreading. Species 24, belonging to the warmer or tropical parts of Asia and America. The Bamboos have l)een admirably monographed by General Munro in the twenty-sixth voluine of the Transactions of the Lin- mwan Society. 1. A. macrosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:T4 (1803). Caxe. A. hamhusiana Trin. Fund. Agrost. 97 (I81'i). .1. (jigantm Chapm. Fl. S. States, 561 (1860). Culms erect, hard, woody, 3-12 m. higli, 0.5-7 cm. diam., jointed every 20-30 cm. for lialf its length, simple the first year, branching the second, fruiting after (?) years, and then dying to the ground. Ligule cut-fringed; blades lanceolate, acuminate, nearly smooth, 2-5 cm. wide. Panicles lateral, racemed. Spikelets purple, erect, elliptical-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long, 7-12-flowered, first empty glume 5 mm. long, ovate-obtuse, 7-nerved, second 10 mm. long, clasping, ovate-acute, 11-nerved; floral glume ovate. BAMBl'SK.E. eno short-pointed, l7-norvctl, margins ciliutc ; palea equal to its glume, 2-toothe(l. ll-nerved, two of wliioli uro ciliutf. Arkansas, \Vorthi»yton for U. S. De|)t. A<,'ricul. Banks of the larger rivers in the Soutliern States. 'I'ho young growth is some- times used for forage ; the mature stems for lish-rods, scatTolds for drying cotton, pieces for pij)e-stenisand pipes, and the bottoms of chairs, mats, and for other purjjoses. Var. tecta (Walt.). SwiTcii-cANE. Small Cane. Kekd. Arundinan'a frcta Muhl. Desc. Uber. liU (1817). Aruudo tecta Walt. Fl. Car. 81 (1788), teste Muhl. Culms suffruticose, slender, branching, 60-300 cm. high. Sheaths bearded at the throat, often purple ; blades linear- lanceolate, acuminate, nearly smooth. Spikelets solitary or Fio. '[26.—Arundinaria macrotperma. t , fl 1- 1 -1, spikolet; a, floret. (Scribiier.) raccmeu on leafless radical ^ ' culms, lance-elliptical, 2-3 cm. long, ."i-D-flowered ; first eni))ty glume oval, abruptly pointed, 7-nerved, 5 mm. long ; second oval, abruptly pointed, 15-nerved, 9 mm. long ; lloral glume ovate, mucronate, 17-nerved, 13 mm. long; palea emarginate, equalling its glume, about 13-nerved, liis})id on 'i nerves. Virginia, Chirkeri}ig for U. S. Dept. Agricul. 79S. General W. Monro, in his Monograjyli, says: "This one species bears no less than nine different generic 'uid nineteen specific names. It varies much in form." Swamps, Maryland, Illinois, and south. 660 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GRAMINE.E OF NORTH AMERICA. Grasses are very widely distributed over the earth's surface. The species are most numerous in tropical regions, where the plants are usually scattered, while in a moist, temperate climate, though the species are less numerous, the number of plants is enormous, often clothing vast areas and open places with a close growth. In temperate regions, wliere sufficient moisture is wanting to sustain a dense growth, the grasses appear in tufts or bunches more or less isolated. The species of grasses of many parts of North America have not yet been sufficiently studied to enable anyone to outline with much precision their distribution. Tl.is is partly ov.'ing to the difficulty of the subject and partly to the lack of thorougli exploration in the newer sections, especially in ^Mexico and countries to the south. In Genera Plantarnm of Bentliam and Hooker the genera of Gramineae have been recorded at 298; the species, at the highest, about 3200. The number of genera is now known to be a little larger, and the number of species discovered has increased con- siderably. Many botanists are inclined to separate grasses into more genera and more species than have the authors of the standard work above mentioned. The number of genera native to North America, including the West Indies, so far as discovered and described, is about 140, The number of genera introduced, mostly as weeds, 25. The number of species native to North America, about 1275. The number introduced as weeds, etc., about 105. The whole number of genera, IGo. The whole number of species now known here, 1380. No doubt there are still a considerable number especially of native southern species yet to be discovered, and some others will ere long find a home as emigrants from foreign lands. THE GRAMINE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. 661 The lists of grasses to bo fouud in Asia, Africa, and Soutli America are too imperfectly known to be mentioned here. For Europe we are more fortunate in having the excellent Conspectus of C. F. Nyman, published in 1882. According to Nyman, the number of genera of grasses in Europe is -iT ; the num- ber of species, 5T0. In 1877 was publislied lientham's Flora Aiistraliensis. In this work the author records the number of genera of grasses, native and exotic, as 41 ; the species as 338. In these enumerations it must be remembered that the Eu- ropean rej)ort is the more recent, that the grasses of Europe have been the more thoroughly studied, and that Nyman makes more species than woukl Mr. Bentham in the same territory. No doubt by this time a considerable number of species have been added to that given by Bentham in his Australian Flora. Most likely the various persons who have from time to time described the grasses found on this continent have nuide many more species, and some more genera, tlum Mr. Bentliam would have done, and we are using his list as our standard in comparing the grasses of these countries. Even with these explanations, the reader must understand that the figures here given are somewhat misleading and in favor of North America. Below I include the species introduced and established, as well as those which are endemic. Among the genera of grasses in the world there are at least twenty-four which contains each thirty or more siiecies. -. \..-.v y-' '>:x- ...... ■I 1 \ -:^ ' > ., -1 ~ 6 ---/-^A'^ b fi > V o- "i • -»■.,, I ^ ^^v. t. I. y >^ .,, ... ;■ f ■ ' •'"'J X-#-v»-^ U. ,(.., .0 ^ x^-^^' u.^'^, ... %^ 662 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF Pivnicum. PuspuUira Species. . , < Chrysopogon ) Audiopogon ^ Heteropogou ] Calamagrostis Agrostis Arlstida,. Eiagrostis Stipa Danthonia Muhlenbcrgia Poaaud Atropis Sporobolus Festuca Trisetum ChamiBraphis (Setaria). Broinvis Pennisetum Cliloris Avena Melica Bouteloua Paniculaiia (Glyceiia). Clnis(iuea IscluL'inum. 250 160 130 120 105 100 100 100 100 89 80 80 80 50 42 40 40 40 40 32 30 30 30 30 III N. A. 85 74 59 31 37 51 38 31 6 76 58 49 46 18 40 27 18 17 11 23 30 16 8 1 I'er Cent of all In N. A. 84 46 45 26 35 51 38 31 6 85 73 61 57 36 95 67 43 43 27 68 100 53 27 3 Of genera of medium or small size, containing from 2-28 speeiea each, the following are named, viz. Species. Ill N. A. Per Cent of all ill N. A. Leptochloa (Diplachue). . Oryzopsis Aiuiidinaria • . • Arundinella Biunbusa Cenchrus Elymiis Siegliugia (Triodia) Agropyroii l)escluunpsia Alopecurus Eriochloa Ichnauthus Pappophonim Olyra Isiicbne Miitiisiinis (RottbffiUia.) . Oplismcnus Epicanipes Gaudca Hordeum Arlbrostylidiuin Ellonurus Eriantbus Saccharum 28 24 24 34 24 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18 16 16 15 12 12 13 12 12 18 10 4 4 2 19 18 14 13 13 7 7 7 6 4 8 3 16 13 6 8 3 3 8 2 64 40 17 17 8 95 90 70 60 60 35 35 35 30 20 15 17 100 81 40 41 THE GUAM1NE.E OF NOKTH AMERICA. 663 Kneleria Tnichypogou Polypogou Phiilaris Hi'iza Phleum Pariunii SaviistiiDa (HierocbloC). . . Spartina Grapliepliuruin Hclcochloa Cainpiilusus (Cttiiiium). . . Eleusine Bracliy podium Eiitunia GyinnopogoD Zeiigites Hilaria Leptiirus Luziola Milium HoinalocencUrus (Lcersia) Dislichlis Tricliloris IMiarus Arthophora Oryza Platonia Uniola Ammophila Tripsiicuni Iinperita Sclt'iopogou Munroa Reiniaria ^Egopogoii Anthttiiitinthia Catliesteclium Cha;tiiim Ciniiii Euchlicim Tripliispis Asperellti Disantlielium Pleuropogon Gyiiericuui Heiiiiirthria Ampliiciirpuni Boiilia Ert'inoclila' Eriocoma OrcuUia Ortiioclada Tliurberia Konycarpus (Diarrheua). . Piiragmites. Species. lu N. A. IVr Cent of all in N. A. 13 1 8 11 3 27 10 5 50 10 5 m 10 4 40 10 3 20 10 1 10 9 5 55 8 6 T5 8 4 50 8 2 25 7 3 43 7 3 43 6 3 50 6 6 100 6 r, 83 6 83 6 4 66 6 3 33 6 2 33 6 1 17 5 5 100 5 3 60 5 3 60 5 2 40 5 1 20 5 1 20 5 1 20 5 5 100 4 4 100 4 4 100 4 3 75 4 2 50 4 1 35 4 1 25 3 3 100 3 3 100 3 3 100 3 3 100 3 3 100 3 3 100 8 3 100 3 2 67 3 2 67 3 67 3 1 33 3 1 33 2 2 100 2 2 100 2 2 100 2 2 100 2 2 100 2 2 100 2 2 100 2 1 50 2 1 50 664 GEOaitAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION^ OF The following genera of only one si)ecies eacli are found in North America and elsewhere : Catabrosa, Coleanthus, Cottea, Phippsia. The following genera, containing one species each, arc limited to North America: Bavchea, Brachychjtrmn, Bulbilis, Calamachloa, Ifydrochloa, Monanthochloc, Opiziu, llachidospei'mmn, licdfieldia, lieynadia, Schaffncra, Schedonnardus, Scrihneria, Zizaniu, Zi- zaniopsis. The following species found in North America are very widely distributed elsewhere, viz. : Agrostis {scahrit) hyemalis B. S. P. Cool N. A. and Australia. Andropogon con tortus. Tropical and subtropical America, Asia, Africa, Australia. Ardagrostis Uitifolia Gris. Arctic Ai^ia, Europe, and North America. Beckinamtia erncceformis Host. Tonii)eriite Europe, Toniperato Asia, Western North America. Ciitabrosa aquativa lieauv. Tennterate Europe, Asia, Nortli America. Cetichrus tribuloides L. North America, South America, Asia, Africa. Coleanthus subtilis Seid. Cottwa p(ij)pophoroides Kunth. Deschampsia ciespitosa Bcauv. Temperate and cool regions of the world. BisticJiUs marititna Raf. Seacoast of America and Australia. Erayrostis ciUaris Link. Nortli America, South America, East Indies, Africa. Eragrostis reptaus hypnoides !>. S. P. Nortli America. South America. Festuca ovina L. Temperate regions of the world. Panicularia {(Hyrvria) Jlnitans \{. \\r. Temperate anil cool Northern Hemisphere and Australia. Savastana {Hierochlo'd) cdpina R. & S. Cold Northern Jfemi- sphere. Savastana {IlicrocJdoc) borealis R. & 8. Cold and temperate Northern Hemisphere. New England to Kocky Mountains. THE UUAMINE.E OF NORTH AMERICA. 665 K(vlcria cristata Pers. Temp, and subtrop. X. Ileniis. and Aust. Homaloceiichnis (Leersia) hcjranilrn Swz. Soutli Eastern North America to Buenos Ayres, Al'rica, Australia, East Indies. Lycurus phlvoiiles II. H. K. jilani.su r us granularis Swz. All tropical regions. PaHumm capillare L. All cool and warm regions. Paniciim Crus-galli L. All cool and warm regions. Paninun lulunum L. Most warm and tropical regions. P((nicuin prosirafttm Lam. Most warm and tropical regions. Paxpahim coxjugatum Borg. Warm parts of North America, Soutli America, Australia, Africa. PasiHtlutn distich II m L. AVarm parts of North America, South America, Australia, Africa. Phippsia algida R. Br. Spartina cynosuruides Willd. Spurt ina polystachya Willd. Spartina striata Both. Sporobolus Virginicus Kth. All warm regions. Chamcprap/iis (Sefaria) glauva Beauv. All temp, and trop. regions. Xazia (Tragus) racemos^^s Hall. Trisi'tum sHhspicatum Beauv. Temperate and cool North America and Austral ia. The following species of North America are couliuvil to limited areas, viz. : Aiiifthiriirpmih Fioviuainnn Fla. Orcnttin ^r/vv /i(7 Vascy. Calif. Aiidrnjioi/D/i tiivliitux C\m\). I Uuinlii Piifnui^i Vnsvy, Mouth of Colo- " bnicfii/M/iK'/ii/ UK L'hii\K ', ^ rado River. " (//v/r/Vi.v Spreiii:. I ''^'^' Anxtida F/nrulniKi Viisvy. Fla. " liiii/i/ii rlii.iUnck. J " (///riiii.t i'\\»\). Kla. Eriorhloa iiioIUs Kth. I'hi. " JunesH Vasey. Arizona. Uoiiiiilofenfliru.t (Lk vxi.i) inonanld " Orriitfidun Yixi^vy. Arizona Swz. Fla. " Pidinivi Vasey. Arizona. Liiziila Alidiniiivnsis C\\A\K Ala. " piduxtvixXaaey. Fla. Eriocldoii Li iiniiiini \ . IL 'A, Arizona. " «ca/>/v/ Chap. Fla. Jlitiiria rii/idii Vasoy. Arizona. " simplkifoUa, Fla, P/ndiiri-i Li'iitinoiii Vasey. Arizona. " spkifoninx Ell. Fla. ■OrctitlUi Cidi/oruicu Vasey. South Calif. 666 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Oi Ninety genera are represented by species in both hemispheres. In comparing some of the genera of Europe with some of thoso of North America, we find that Europe has 40 species of Arena ; North America has 11 species. " " 28 " *' FeHtiica; " " " 40 " *i *' 12 " *• Kwhria; •' " '• 1 " " 9 " " Phleum; "■ " " 1 North America has 171 species of Panicmn ; Europe lias species, • • «> Q H, 70 " Mithlenbergia; 59 " Andropogon ; 51 " Aristida; 49 " Sporobidus ; 74 " Pasjndum ; 38 " Eragrostis ; 30 " Bouteloua; 10 " Oryzopsis; *' 1 " 1 t « •• ' 5 " < One species each of foar small though conspicuous European genera are cultivated in North America, viz.: Anfhoxanfhiwiy ArrhenntJiernm, Dadylis, Lolium. In comparing some of the genera of Australia with some of those of North America, we find that Australia has no large genus of grasses not represented in North America, though that country has a few genera of medium size and many of a small size not rep- resented in this country. North America h (i tt n tt t( <( tt tt ct IS 70 Sp. of Muhlenberg ia ; Australia has Sp. 30 " " Bouteloua; << i t '' 10 " " Oryzopsis; << '• " 6 " " Hilar ia; <( t . " G " " Spariina ; <( . li " 12 " *' Deschampsia ; 4( tt 1 " 40 " " Festnca; (< tt 3 " 37 " " Agrostis ; (< It 3 *' 74 " " Paitpalum ; << tt 4 " 49 '• "■ Sporobolus ; tt tt " 76 " " Poa (A/ropis); >< tt 8 " THE GRAMINEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. 667 t North America, as would be expected from its extent and con- figuration, has a greater number and variety of grasses than Eu- rope, and Europe a greater number and variety than Australia. Europe lacks many of the species found in tropical and subtropical North America and Australia. North America compares favorably with both Europe and Australia combined. In the north of North America are species of European genera; in the south, species of many of the Australian genera. CENTRES OF CERTAIN LARGE GENERA, SO FAR AS NORTH AMERICA IS CONCERNED. Agros/is. Cool west North America. Andi'opogon. East of Rocky Mountains in warm states. A ristkla. East of Rocky Mountains in warm states. Bouteloua. Arizona and Texas. Bromus. Cool west North America. Eragrostis. Warm east North America. Mclica. Pacific coast to Rocky Mountains. Muldenbergia. Arizona and New Mexico. Panicv.m. Warm southeastern North America. Paspalmn, Warm southeastern North America, especially Florida. Poa. Cool regions of west North America. Sporobolus. Warm regions of west North America. Stipa. Warm regions of west North America. The following upon the same subject was taken from a paper read at a meeting of the A. A. A. S. in 189;} by Prof. S. M. Tracy: " Agrostis, with its 37 species and great number of varieties, is, as the manuals say, 'common everywhere,' New England having 6 species, Minnesota 3, Oregon 21, Texas 6, and Florida 3; 14 of the 37 species are confined to the Pacific coast. " Agropyron, with its 9 species, is distinctively western, all the species being found in Colorado, the only instance in which so large a genus has representatives of all its forms in a single state. 668 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF *' Alopecurnx is a Piicilic-coast genus, 7 of its 9 species being found iu Oregon, wJiile only one other state, Colorado, has more than 3. " Andropogon. If we omit those species which have commonly been called (linjsopogon and Sonjhum, we shall still have 33 left, and these are largely southern and eastern. Florida leads the list with 25, of which 7 are peculiar to that state. " Arisfida is well distributed over tlie entire country, though more abundant in the south and west. A. pu rpu rmcens is the common type of the genus, being credited to 31 states. " Boufelom finds its home on the eouthorn plains, 18 of its 22 species being found in Texas, and 4 are confined to that state. " Browns, with its 20 species, is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, though more abundantly in the far "West, 14 species being found in California and 10 in Colorado, against 7 in New England, 1 in Florida, and 5 in Tennessee. B. secaHnus and B. Kalmii are the most widely distributed species, and 10, half the entire number, are immigrants, mostly on the Pacific coast, and the number of these will doubtless be largely increased in the near future. "The famous Buchloe, which was formerly supposed to cover the entire Western plains with a dense mat of turf, seems now to be confined to eight or ten states, and to be nowhere abundant. " CalamagroKfis is essentially a Northern genus, reaching its greatest development along the slopes of the IJocky Mountains and among the hills of New England. New England and Minnesota have 9 each, Oregon 11. •* Oonohrics (ribuloides makes trouble from ^Maine to California, and from ^linnesota to Florida, but is not reported from the ex- treme Northwest. ** Of the 9 species of Chloris only 1 is found beyond the southern tier of states, and even that does not venture beyond Kansas and Tennessee. " Cinna, whether it have 1, 2, 3, or 4 species, as published by different authors, covers nearly the entire country with some of its many forms. ''Dantlionia, with its 7 species, is quite local, 3 species being THE (JRAMIXEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. 669 (•oTiliiied to the Western coast, wliile the otiier 4 are all east of the mountains and, with a single exeeption, east of the Mississippi River. Almost the same may be said of the 'J si)ecies of JJetitltdmjmu. " Ely mils, with its 18 species, has representatives in nearly every state excepting Florida, but is most abundant in the Kocky Moun- tain region and on the Pacific slope, California and Oregon having 8 si)ecies each, while New England has but 3 and Texas 5. ** J'Jrttf/rns/is is another genus of wide distribution, 5 of its 25 species being found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, while but 3 species, 1 in California and 2 in Florida, are confined to single states. " Fvstnra is also widely dispersed, and is so extremely variable that it is very difficult to define the limits of many of the so-called species or their geographical range. " Glyceria and Afropis form a group with representatives in nearly every state, though more abundant northeast than elsewhere; New England having the greatest number, 12, while Minnesota has 6, (^)regon 7, I'exas 2, and Florida only 1. '' Melica with its 18 species is strongly Avestem, having 12 spe- cies in California and 11 in Oregon, while only 2 arc found east of Colorado and Texas. " Mi(hlenher(iia centres in the arid regions of the Southwest. 28, or more than half of its 46 species, being found in Texas, while Ari- zona has no less than 30, or about two-thirds of the entire number. " Oryzoptiis in some form is found in nearly the Avhole country excepting south of the Ohio Kiver, where its occurrence is noted but once. '* J^anicnm, with some of its 83 species, covers the entire country, but its distribution is very unequal and appears to be influenced by both climate and the cultivation of the soil. Many of its forms are rarely seen excepting in cultivated fields, where they may grow * as thick as crab-grass,' and many others have a limited range. Many species which are annuals in the North become perennials in a miltler climate, and so we find both species and individuals becoming more numerous as we go South. New England has 21 species, while Florida has 45; Minnesota has 14, and Oregon oidy 5, while 670 UEOURAPHICAL DISTUIBUTION. Texas claims 59. California, usually so prolific in local specios of large genera, has only 11 in all, and none which are peculiar to that state. *' Paspalum, with its 39 species, has a still more marked liking for the southern country, having 29 species in Florida and 28 in Texas, against 3 in New England, none in Minnesota, and only 1 in Oregon. It is a genus which flourishes best in heat and moisture, and is almost wholly absent from the plains or among the moun- tains ; Tennessee having 9 species, the greatest number in any in- land state. " Poa, with its 63 species, finds a place for some of its forms in every state, but it is most at home in the cool mountain regions of the North. Oregon and Colorado each luis 26 species, many of them being local, while California follows closely witli 23, and Utah with 19. New England, New York, and Pennsylvania each has 10, while Texas has but 6, and Florida 3. *' SiegUugia {Triodia), with its 18 species, is almost wholly Southern and largely Southwestern, Arizona and New Mexico having 10 eacli, Texas 16, and the other Gulf States 5 each. "• Spartina, with its 7 distinct forms, whether they be called species or varieties, has some representatives in marshy soils every- where. " Stipa, with its 29 species, has but 3 species east of the Missis- sippi River and but 3 south of the Ohio, but is more abundant westward, having 7 in Colorado, 15 in Arizona, and 18 in Cali- fornia. " Trisctum finds a place for just one-half of its species in Cali- fornia, while Oregon and Colorado have 4 each, and Texas 3." BIBLIOGRAPHY. Anderuon, N. J. Plaiitse Sciindiiinvia'. Vol.1. Cyperograpliia, 1849. Vol. 3. Grnminooe. 1852. 8'. Holniia'. Baldwin, William. An accouut of two North American Species of Rott- boClliii, in The American Journal of Science, Vol. 1. New York, 1817. Bentham, 0. Flora Australiensis. 7 vols. 8°. London, 1863-78. Handbook of the British Flora. 8'. London, 1865. New Edition. Illustrated. 2 vols. 8°. London, 1866. Notes on Graminea;, in Journ. Linn. Soc. Botaoy, Vol. 19, p. 18. -V London, 1881. On the Structure of the Flowers in Graminea?, in Journ. Linn. Soc ^ Botany, Vol. 15. London, 1877. Bentham, 0., and Hooker, J. D. Genera Piantarum. 3 vols. Vol. 3, Part 2, contains Grnrainea'. 8'. London, England, 1862-83. Botanical Gazette, The. A Monthly Journal embracing ail Departments of Botanical Science. 1875. Edited by John M. Coulter, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Numerous contributions couceruiug Gra- mineae by many persons. " Coult. Bot. Gaz." Brown, Bobert. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works, in the Memoirs of the Ray Society. 2 vols. 8'. London, 1866. Buckley, S. B., in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- phia, Pa., 1862. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. ^Monthly Journal of Botany. 1870. Edited by N. L. Britton, Columbia University, New York. Numerous contributions concerning Graminea; by many persons. " Bull. Torr. Club." Casaidy, James, in Bulletin No. 12 of the State Agricultural College. Some . Colorado Grasses and their Chemical Analysis. 8". Fort Collins, Colo., 1890. Chapman, A. W. Flora of the Southern United States. 8". Ed. 1, 1860. Ed. 2, 1889. New York. Coulter, J. M. Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany. 8°. New Y'ork, 1885. Coville, Frederick V. Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, Vol. 3, No. 6. Botany of Yakulat Bay, Alaska. 8'. Washington, 1895. Curtis, Hoses A. Enumeration of Phints growing spoiitaneoiisly around Wil- mington, North Carolina, witli remarks on some new and obscure species, in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. 1. Boston, Mass., 1837. Soell, J. C, in Flora Braziliensls. Graminea;. 3 vols, folio. Leipzig, 1840. 671 672 BIBLIOilHAlMIY. Dudley, W. B. liiilloliri of the Conull UnivtTHity (Science). Vol. 2. Tlio Cnyugii Flom, Pint 1. S\ hUnva, N. Y.. 18H«. Oumortier, B. 0. ObwrvutioiiH 8ur k'S GmiiiiiiooH du In Floru Itel^iiiuc. H . 18','3. Elliott, B. A Ski'tch of the Rolany of South Cnrolinu and Oforgiu. "i vols. H\ CImrleston. S. (".. 1821-^4. " Ell. Hot. S. C. iV (Ja." Endlioher, S. L. Ocnera Piautunini Hccnndtini Ordincti Natiiialcs Disposita. 4'. Vindoboniu, 18;!6-r)0. Engelmann, George., in the Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. f.onis. Vol. 1. St. Loids. Mo., IS.W. Fournier, E. Me.xicunas Plaiitas. Part 2 contains Graniiueie. Folio. Paris, 1H80. "Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram." Gray, A. Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. Ed. 1, 1848. Ed. 3, 1850. Ed. 8, 1802. Ed. 4, 18«3. Ed. 5, 1867. p:d. 0, 1890. 8'. New York. A notice of some new, rare, or otherwise intercstinj? Plants from the Norlliern and Western Portions of the Stale of New York, in Annals ot the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, Vol. '.i. New York, 1828-86. , ill Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia, Pu., 1862. Grieebaoh, A. H. B. Flora of the British West Indian Islands. 8°. London, England, 1864. Hackel, E. Monographia Fcstiicarnm Eiiropierum. 8°, plates 4. Berlin, Gernniny, 1882. "Moiiog. Fest, Europ." Monographiiu Phaneroganianiin. Edited by A. and ('. de Can Hooker, J. D. Distribution of Arctic Grasses, in Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. 23. 1862. The Students' Flora of the British Islands. 8°. Ed. 1, 1870. Ed. 2. 1878. Ed. 3, 1884. Hooker, J. D., aud Jackson, B. D. Index Kcweusis. An enumeration of the genera and species of flowering plants from tlie time of Liiuueus to the year 1885 inclusive, together with Iheir authors' names, the works in which they were first published, their native countries, aud their synonyms. 4 vols. 4°. Oxford, England, 1893-96. Hooker, W. J. Flora Boreali-Americaua. 2 vols. 4°. London, 1833-40. "Hook. Fl. Bor. Am." Humboldt. A. von, A. Bonpland, C. S. Kunth. Nova Genera Plantarum. Vol. 1. Folio. Leipzig, 1815. "II. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp." Humboldt, A. von, and C. 8. Kunth. Distribution Methodiquc de la Famille BIBLIOCJUAPIIY. C73 (Ips Grnmlnoes. 3 voIh. foUo. 220 plntcs, folio. Paris, 1835. " Kiinti* U«'vis. Onim." Xunth, C. 8. Kiiuineriilio Pluntiiniin. 5 vols. 8*. Htuttgtirdiiu ct Tuobiiigtc. 183a-5(). Siipiilcnu'iHiim. Toini Priini. 8°. 18!W. Kuntic, 0. l{cvi»io QtMioniiit I'ittiilaniin. Pint 2. H . Lcipxig, Gernmiiy, 1891. Llnnaui. Carl. Species Pliuitanim. 3 vols. 8". Wt'.l. "Sp. PI." MaoHiUan, C. 'I'li*> M(>taHpt'rimt> of tiit; Minnesota Viillcy. (Geological niui Natural History Survey of Miiincsotn.) 8 . Minneapolis, Minn., 1893. Hacoun, John. Catalogue of Canadian Plant.s. !i vols. 8\ Montreal, 1888- ^ 92. Miohaux, A. Flora Boreuli-Aniericana. 3 vols. 9\ Paris, 1808. Muhlenberg, D. H. Dcscripiio Ulx-rior (iraniinum et Planlaruiu Calaniuriuni Ainerine Septeulrionalls. 8\ Philadelphia, Pa., 1817. " Midd. Oram." Munro, Colonel. Catalogue of the Grasses in the Herbarium of Linnieus in Proc. Linn Soc. Vol 6. 4". 1H(12. A Monograph of the BamhiisaceH', in Trans. Linn. Soc., Vol. 36. 1800- OH. Nees ab Esenbeok, C. 0. Agrostographia Bra.siliensis. S\ I^'ipxig, 1829. " Nees, Agrosl. Ihas." Nuttall, T. Genera of North American Plants. 3 vols. 12^ Pliiladelfilda, Pa., 1818. "Nutt. (;eii." PaliBot do Beauvois, A, H. F. J. Kssai d line Nouvclle Agroslograpiiie. 8\ Paris, 1812. " Beaiiv. Agiost." Peck, Charles H. Report of the liotanisl of tiie State Mu.seuin of Natural History of New Yorlv, Vol. 22. S". Albany, N. Y.. 1808. Porter, T. C., and J. M. Coulter. Synopsis of tlie Flora of Colorado, in U. S. Geol. and Geoi.'. Survey of the Terrilories, F. V. Hayden, U S. Geologist- in-chaige, 8 . Washington, I). C. 1874. Presl, C. B. Relicpiiie Ha-nkeaiite. . . . Praga'. 3 vols, folio. "Presl, Heli(i. Ilienk." Pursh, F. Flora Ameiicie Septentrionalis. 2 vols. Va\. 2. 8 . London, 1810. " Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept." Bamaley, Francis. Revision of the Minnesota Species of Grasses of the Tribe Ilordoie, in Minnesota Botanical Studies, Bulletin No. 9, Part i/,^ Vasey, 330 hyemaliB(Walt.)B. S. P., 327 imhliiittit Spreng., 264 Imiia, L., 296 Inflata Scribn., 325 iiitiiryupta L. , 3i)7 ///;/«•ciis Scribn., 328 /v'owvr Vasey, 331 rostiiuln Raddi, 283 scahra Willd., 327 Scouleri Trin., 328 Stviili-rii Trin., 323 seri.ra Ell., 256 serotimi Torr., 296^ setifolia Fourn. , 325 solu'Ut'fi'" Muhl., 244 Spict'i-renti L., 356 Mini flora Willd.. 25;» tenuiB Vasey, 331 Tornvana Schult., 29 « triifiopoties Ell., 256 variauB Trin., 331 vertioillata Vill.. 329 Tirescens H. B. K., 323 riri^iniid L., 302 yiri^iniiii Muhl., 293 iiidis, 323 _ with ■,iili; ti'trnstiulniis Ell.. 52 var. tiistiuhyus Chapm., 53 Torrciinns Stfuil., .")7 unilateralis Mack., 60 Tiiirhiiitus Ell., 51 VirginicuB L., 51 var. glaucuB Mack., 52 var. tetrastachyus (Ell.) Hack., 53 Wrightii Mack., .56 ANDROFOOONEJE. 20 Anrmdi^ro.stis 'i'rin., 3.56 Animatki) Oaks, ;!83 Anisantha C, Koch, 608 pontica C. Koch, 680 .A.NMAL FoA, 530 Antiphora Steud., 66 Antlicnantia R. Hr., 97 ANTHJENANTIA Beau v., 97 lanatadL H. K.) Renth., 98 rufa(Ell ) Schult., 97 villosa Fieauv., 98 ANTHEFHOBA Schreb., 66 680 INDEX. Anthephora axillijlora Steud.. 439 elegans Schreb., ti7 A nt liopoi^'on Nuit., 410 Ant/iosachne Sleud., 634 ANTHOXANTHUM L., 184 alpinmii Sclnir., 185 gii^anlftim Walt., onoKATUM L., 185 var. ruEi.ii (Lecoq & Lamoite), 185 Ptulii Lecoq & Lamotte, 185 Antiuoria Pari., 361 AFERA Adans., 356 e[fiisa S. F. Gray, 357 iHtcrrupta Beauv., 357 Si'icA-VKNTi (L.) Heaiiv., 356 var. iNTF.KurrrA (L.), 357 ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb., 316 arundinacea (Trin.), 317 latifolia (R, Br.) Griseb., 316 Ardophilii Rupr., 556 Ltestiuiii Rupr., 557 mttifonata Hack., 558 ARISTIDA L., 193 Ailsccnsioiiis Walt., 203 Americana L., 204, 305 appressa Vasey, 198 var. brevier Vasev, 198 Arizonica V^asey, 198 barbata P\)urn., 199 basiramea Vasey, 300 bromoides W. li. K., 204, 205 Californica Thurb., 197 var. fugitiva Vasey, 197 coarctata H. B. K , 205 coguata Trin., 205 iO>i(/t-iisiita Chapin., 204 desmantha Trin. & Rupr., 196 dichotoma Michx., 208 var. Curtissii A. Gray, 208 iiispa-s'i Trin. & Rupr., 204, 205 Jivaricata H. B. K., 203 divergens Vasey, 209 fasciculata (R. & S.) Torn, 206 var. Californica Vasey, 207 yar. Fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey, 207 var. Hookeri Trin. & Rupr., 207 var. micrantha Vasey, 207 var. Nuttallli Thurb., 208 Fendhriana Steud., 207 Tloridana (Chapm.) Vasey,- 201 gracilis, 203 gracilis Ell., 209 var. depauperata A. Gray, 209 gyrans Chapm., 200 Havardii Vasey, 205 ARISTIDA Humboldtiana Trin. & Rupr., 203 hum u lis, 205 Jonesii Vasey, 197 lanata Poir., 203 lanosa Muhl., 203 loni;isiia Steud., 208 manzanilloana Vasey, 210 Nealleyi Vasey, 199 tiii^n-sifiis Presl, 204 oligantha Michx., 203 var. nervata, 202 Orcuttiana Vasey, 210 Falmeri Vasey, 203 palustris Vasey, 206 purpurascens Poir. , 201 var. depauperata Vasey, 201 var. minor Vasey, 201 f>urpiir,a N'utt., 198 ramosissima Eugelm., 208 var. iiiiiiiristata Enjjelm , 208 var. uniseta Eugelm., 208 Reverchoni V^asey, 198 scabra Kunth, 211 Schiediana Trin. & Rupr., 209, 210 var. minor Vasey, 209, 210 sco7'ii Vasev, 199 setifolia II! B. K., 206 simplicifolia Chapm., 200 spiciformis Ell.. 197 stricta Michx.. 203. 204.215 var. condensata (Chapm.) Vasey, 204 var. A'calleyi Vasey, 199 tenuis Kunth', 211 tuberculosa Nutt., 196 virgata Trin., 202 var. piilustris Chapm., 206 Aristidium Endl., 413 ARRHENATHERUM Beauv., 386 asperuin Opiz, 387 iiveuaceum Beauv., 387 biaiislatum Peterm., 387 hulhosum Presl, 387 it\lticum Opiz, 387 Ei.ATioR (L.) Beauv., 387 t-xserens, 387 paLcstinum Boiss., 387 precalorium Beauv., 387 zavadiliiinuin Opiz, 387 Arrozia Schrad., 171 Artlirathcrutn Beauv., 193 ARUNDINARIA Michx., 657 bambusiaua Trin., 658 gii^antea Chapm., 658 macrosperma Michx., 658 var. tecta (Walt.), 659 tecta Muhl., 659 INDEX. C81 ABUNDINELLA Raddi, 76 Cu/iinsis Griseb., 78 Deppeana Nees, 78 pallida Nees, 77 Falmeri Vasey, 76 AruHiio Heauv., 459 ASUNDO Journ., 458 oi^rostoiihs Piirsh., 351 allisiiiiiii Meiith., 401 ureiiaria L., 354 hrtvipilis Torr., 35 Canadensis Michx., 351 cinnoidcs Muhl., 348 coarctata Torr., 348 toloyata Ait., 1H3 ionfinis W'illd., 353 DoNAX L., 459 festuouea VVilUi., 560 I.ani^sdorJTii Link, 344 tiiaxi'itii Korsl^., 461 nt'i^lecta Elirh., 353 pa lust r is Salisb., 461 Phragmihs L., 460 rsiHiiophraginiti-s Lejeune, 461 funi^t-ns A net., 461 purpurasicns Scliult., 344 rivu'iaris Auct., 461 sativa Lam., 459 scriptoria L., 459 stricta Tinim., 353 tecta Walt., 659 vulgaris Lam., 461 ASPEBELLA Humb., 656 Californica (Roland.), 657 Hystriz (L.) Moench, 656 Asfrflla Schreb., 177 Asprella VVilld., 656 Californica Henlli., 657 Alexandra R. & S.. 179 Nvstrix Willd., 656 Ic'ntictilaris R. & S., 179 monaiidia R. & S., 179 orvzoidis Lam., 178 Viri^inica R. & S., 178 Aspris Adaiis., 361 Ataxia R. Br.. 185 Atheropoi^on Muhl., 413 hiiinilis Spreng , 415 olii^ostachyus Nutt., 417 papillonts Engelm.. 417 Ti iicna Spreng., 436 Arllnochortus Lowe, 638 ATBOPIS Rupr., 570 angUBtata (R. Hr.) Griseb., 572 Californica Munro, 576 Canbyi (Scribn.), 580 DiSTANs (Host.) Rupr , 573 var. coNKERTA (Fries), 573 ATBOPIS. Fendleriana (Steud.), 556 IflBviB (Vasey), 577 var. rigida, 578 Lemmoni (Vasey), 573 Lettermani (X'aseyi, 579 MARiriNA (Huds.) Griseb., 575 Nevadensis ( Vasey ). 577 pauciflora Tlnirb., 579 Priagleii (Scrihii.). 57M i'K()cuMni.N.s (Curtis) Tluirb., 575 pulchella (\'asey), 574 scabrella Tluirb., 581 Suksdorfii (Vasey). 574 tenuifolia Tluirr)., 579 var. stenophyla X'asey, 580 unilaterale (.Scril)ii.), 581 Aulaxanlhus KM., 97 i Hiatus Lll., y« ;-///>/.• Ell., 97 ^///r/i//,'> iix St. Amans, 620 m^rariiis llornung, 625 ,i-;v.v//.v .Ail., 620 aleutensis I rin., 611 allis^iiiius (jilil)., 626 altisuiiiiis Web., 622 aiiif>ii;,iis Jord., 611 tiiiipliis C. Kdcii, 613 angiistifoliiis Sclirank, 620 arvensis Knapp, 625 AKVio;sis L., 626 ar'i'ciisis Lain., 620 arvcr.sis Oed., 625 Asi'KR Muir., 622 aspcr Pall., 620 aspi-ripi-s Jord., 611 avi'iiati'iis Lam., 620 />ai/iii.ii< C, 625 barbatoides. 614 var. Bulcatus, 615 Billot a Sell., 625 breviaristatus (Hook ) Biickl., 623 ji'.tiz.KKoKMis Fiscli. & Mey., 617 Caiiaiiriisis Michx., 618 aitliartiitis Vahl. 610 ^aiiisii'iis V'iv., 610 ciliatus L., 618 var. Coloradensis Vasey, 019 BROMVS. ciliatus var. minor Munro, 619 var. montanis \'asey, 619 var. pauciflorus Vasey. 61!> var. purganB (L.) A. Gray, 619 tiliatiis Hulls., 612 liliafiis Mil hi.. 624 colli III iitii/ lis Sihrad.. 625 depauperatuB Prcsl, 613 (iiaiii/riis Curt., 612 Khiliarii Gaud., 825 KKKcrus Muds., 620 t'lvitiis Lc'dcb., 612 cii; A.Ni K.rs L., 619 ji^'raitili lloriis Hook., 616 gross us DC, 625 gviuiiii/riis Roth., 612 J /an kt-a litis K until, 616 /lirsutHS .Schrank, 617 J/ookt-riaitiis '1 hurb., 613 IiorJcaceus DC, 625 iioum'.ACKUs. 618 iM uMis L., 612 Kalmii A. Gray, 624 var. occidentalis Vasey, 624 laciniatuB n. sp., 615 li-.iiliis 11. M. K., 602 .MADKI 1 KNSIS L., 612 iiHixiniiis Disf., 611 ma. \i III IIS Gilib., 625 mollis L.. (i27 mollis L., 618 mnlli /loriis L., 627 miilt'ispi.a.iis R. &S., 613 miiralis I luds., 612 Orcuttianus X'ascy. 622 iiiliilus Dum., 625 J^olvsta./iviis DC, 612 piilhsoiis Ml hi . (;l^^ Pampellianus S( ribii., 621 var. Tweedyi Scribn., 623 ptirgaits L., 619 piirgaiis Torr. . 624 latiniiosiis L. , 627 KACKMosrs L., 625 KKWDIS Kolh., 611 rotiiiiiialiis 11. H. K., 521 uuiii.NS I... (!18 Sill rail,' I- i Kiiiuh, 616 St'ra/iiiiis L,, 627 SKCMiMs L , 625 .*■,•;•<■/"//>' A. Urauii, 625 Begetum II. H. K., 614 s<,>UAKU<)sis L., 617 STKKII.IS L., 613 sti/>iilaliis Griseb., 508 Suksdorfii V.isty, 623 TKCidUI'M L., 620 unioloideB (Willd.) H. B. K., 616 684 INDEX. Bbomus virens Buckl., 01 U var. minor i^cribn., 614 Willdtnowii Kiinth, 61<5 Brown Bkni Grass, ;524 Bruiktnannin Nutt., 4'J7 Bmhloc diutvloidi's Engelm., 439 BriKAi.o-CKASs. 439 BULBILIS Rafin , 438 dactyloides (Nutt.) Rafin., 489 Bitm'h-i;kass, 210 bukgrass, 101 Ciibriiii LuR., 81 CALAMAGROSTIS Adans., 330 Aleutica Bon^.. 340 (iri'iiaria Roth, 354 blanda, 3-19 Bolanderi Thurb., 352 /'rt'Tipilis A. Gray. 354 breviseta (A. Gray) Scribn., 3.50 Canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., 351 Caiiiuitiisis Nutt., 348 cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn., 348 ionjhiis Nutt., 352 crassii^lnmis Thurb,, 353 Cusickii Vasey, 350 diitsa Vasey, 345 deschampsioides Trin., 339 liiihia Vasey, 343 erecta. 340 Howellii Vasey, 339 koelerioides Vasey, 345 var. densa (Vasey). 345 lactea (Suksdort), 340 Langsdorffii (Link) Trin., 344 iongi folia Hook., 355 Macouniana Vasey. 343 Jliwiaina Nutt., 351 Montanensis (Scribn,). 342 neglecta (Ehrh.), Gjertn., 352 var. conflnis (VViild.), 353 var. crassiglumis (Thurb.), 353 var. gracilis Scribn , 352 Xuttiilliaiia Sieud., 3-18 Orizabae (Rupr.) Steud., 340 pallida Vasey & Scribn., 349 Piikiringii A. Gray, 350 fliiiiio.ui (Fourn.) Scribn., 340 poseformis (Fourn.), 349 Porteri A. Gray, 342 Fringlei (Scribn.), 345 f'l/r/^itnisu'fis R. Br., 344 rubescens Buck!., 341 Scribneri, 343 s/n\:'i/ lieauv,, 352 Soksdorfii Scribn., 340 sylvatica var. Americana X'asey, 347 CALAMAGROSTIS svhvfini Vcir. /ireTisvta A. Gray. 350 var. longifolia Vasey, 3'18 Tweedyi Scribn,, 348 Vaseyi, 344 Calaminhloc Reichb., 76 CALAMOVILFA Hack., 354 brevipilis (I'orr.) Hack., 364 Curtissii Vasey, 355 longifolia (Hook ). 355 CiiliintJi.ru Nutt., 4;i8 Cai.ikorm.v Timoiiiv, 182 • Callichhva Sprang., 30 Cii/ot/nua Desv., 519, 520 Calycoiion Nutt., 234 Ciim/'uloti Desv., 401 CAMPULOSUS Desv., 401 aromaticus (Walt.) .Scribn., 401 inoitostiuhvos Beauv., 401 Canary-crass, 181, 182 Cank, 058 CAFRIOLA Adans., 395 Daci vi.oN (L.) Kuntze, 395 Cin-yocldoii Trin,, 171 CaryochhHi Spreng., 223 Casiostega Rupr., 439 aiicmola Rupr., 440 CasU'lliti Tineo, 582 CATABROSA Beauv., 495 aquatica (L.) Beauv., 496 Catiultistos Doell,, 470 Catapoilium Link, 582, 583 Catch-ki.y Grass, 179 Ciitijthfropliora Steud., 102 CATHESTiiCUM Prcsl, 450 erectum Vasey & Hack., 452 Mexicanum Prcsl, 452 prostratum I'resl, 452 CEXCHRUS L,, 159 Carolinidntis Walt,, 101 echinatus L., 100 gniiiii/dris L., 33 incertus M. A. Curt., 160, 162 myosuroides H, & K., 160 Palmeri Vasey, 102 /•aiiiijlorus Benth., 102 niii'wostis L., 73 srtfl.r/is Sw., 100 stiiitus Chapm., 100 tribuloides L., Kil CfnitOi/i/oti DC, 009 Ccratoi/iloti Beauv., 008 aiistralis Spreng., 016 hi-tviaristala Hook., 623 festuioidiS Beauv., 010 graudijiora Hook., 613 j'.iii/ula Schrad., 010 INDKX. 085 Ceratoc/iloii unioloiilis DC, 616 Cerfsiii I'crs., HI Jluiliins Ell., 8() Ch,rtit>ia Heauv., 19!l ainnis R. & S., ',>01 fasiiiuliifit R. & S., 206 ,^ossypinii Heauv., tiOiJ oli^iittlhii Ui-auv., 20'i s.'li folia R. & S., 806 sliitta Bcauv. , 5J04 CHJETIUM Nees, 148 bromoides (Lam.) Ik-nth., 148 i/iTtiriaitii Heauv., "HYA Chatolironitis Nees, ;{8}) CHAMJEBAFHIS R. Hr., 150 caudata (Lam.), 157 var. pauciflora Vasey, 158 composita ( H . H. K.) Kuntze, 154 corrugata (Schultes) Kunt/e, 156 flava (Kunth) Kunt/e, 153 (iLAicA (L.) Kuntze, 155 var. genioulata (Heauv.), 156 var. IsBTigata (MuhL), 155 var. perennis (Curtiss), l.'>6 imberbis (Poir) Kuntze, l.*>7 Itai.ica (L.) Kuntze, 154 latiglumis (Vasey), 152 magna (Griseb.), 152 pauciseta (Vasey) Kuntze, 152 sulcata (Rail(li), 158 uniaeta (Presl) Kuntze, 158 Yentenatii (Kunth), 153 verticillata (L.) Porter. 151 viRiDis (L.) Porter, 157 ChiisiolvtrioH Desv. , 51!) Chiismant Ilium Link, 515 CiiKA 1, 025 ('11I.SS, 625 Chilochloa Heauv., 274 CHINKSK SUCAR-CANK, 58 Chloamnia Rafin., 582 CHLORIS Swartz, 402 olhii Presl, 403 ciliata S\v., 406 cucuUata Hisch., 407 Jnhia W. H. K.. 437 I iirtipi'iiiiiild Michx., 422 eleg^ns IL li. K.,4(i:t Floridana (Chapni.) Vasey, 407 glauca (Chapni.) \'a4 submutica II. H. K., 40G Swartziana Doell., 408 verticillata Nutt., 405 CHLOBOPSIS Hack., 408 faioiculata (Fourn.) Kuntze, 410 pluriflora (Fourn.) Kuntze, 410 CHLORIOEJE, 3U3 ChloyoiJcs Fisch., 402 C/iont/nit hyrum Nees, 406 ChoHtirosium Desv., 413 firiiiim Torr., 417 /lilt urn H. H. K., 417 olii^os/iiikyuiii Torr., 417 polysliiiliyuni Henth., 419 CiiKVs<)i'()'(;oN Hack., 61 l:'hfysopi{^on Trin., 39 a-'cmunis Henth., 59 Cliyysiii IIS iiiirt'iis Heauv., 525 CiNNA L., 317 arundinacea L., 318 Bolanderi Scribn.. 310 latifolia (Trev.) Griseb., 318 var. glomerata Siribn., 319 mairoura Kunth, 3(i9 niiuroura Thurb. , 310 Mcxiiiiiia Heauv., 253 p,-uns Zi-a, 51 1 Co}\'n,[n Willd., 439 Dtutylo;^i-iim))Ht Link, 334 l^aluaiin Ai aiiv., .")(|;i Jliiii'iiii.t IJiaiiv., 509 jJi'vi'it I ill (' ar., !i;5({ Al.Hliiii Mi.iir.., !M0 lioiiihliri V'ascy, i}."*^ coiijinix Kiiiiih, W^Vl iinisi-, lis Kuiitli. I{44 iii/i,:siiii.t Vascy, IM I sy/:iiliiii Kuiith, J!44 Siii'si/or/ii Scriljii., Ii4l Iri Ihifii N'cfS, 374 'r\iiihietiiriii Nt-fs, 410 DicnANTiiiiM (Willcmft), 39, 42, 63 DiKcioMis Hiauv., 40 jyii^i III rill llcist., 104 Di(;irAUi\ Heist., 105 filiformis Muhl., 109 // // '// ifiisii 1 'e rs . , 110 piis/'iilihfi:C()u\, 58 Khrluutiii WiKC., 177 i/iiiidi-siiiiii WipR., 178 ElEUSINE Ga-rtn., 428 /EcvnicA (I,.) Desp., 429 Bakcinonknsis Costa, 429 ciliiitii Rafin., 429 cniciittti Lam., 429 i)88 INDEX. ELEU8INE Jisliuhya Trin 430 Mshiiis Moench., 4dO ,/„w/;/-<".v/V Sieber 4J0 .r.jiilis Salisl... 4.50 Indica(L.)tia^.in..430 w«<7v;/<;/<« Michx. 4d^ N-itiii„t,i M(Kiicli, 4.V» M-ostr,iU> Spreng.,4^J n„////.N/.v R. Br., 4','9 Elulotnchov Hess., ;5»1 „ ELIONURUSlI.&B- Willd-.-^G barbiculmis llaik, .5< ,a;/•> Sitamm R. & ^- 6.»'J Btriatus WiUa., 05.) var. r///,yi,^^^ Gray, 48(> /•itrs/i/i ilort., 487 pusillus Scribn., 481 refracta ( M lib 1.) Scribn., 4S8 ;■,//,;;/.>■ Nees. 478 sp,;iul'ilis A. Gray, 489 ;7\/Vi; Scribn., 4^*4 sesBilispica Huckl., 484 spicata Vasey, 490 tenuis (F.U.) A. Gray, 4S^ Vablii (R. .'<: ^■) Nees, 4.» EREMOCHLOA Huese, 34 l.i r.RSioiDi.s (Munro) Hack., -.4 INDEX. 68» Etwmopyrum laub., (534 Enmot^vnwi Ledcb., 635 Erianthus Miciix., ae alopecuroides (I..) Ell., 27 brevibarbis Michx., 28 it'll tor I IIS Kll., 28 Jiif'oniais Heauv., 24 KAVi-.N\,K (L.) Beau v., 20 -uii/orp»ioi,/i-s Kuntli, 423 lurtipt'iulula 'I'liii., 422 olif;ost,u/iya Kuiith, 417 Exaorosfis Steud., 475 /■:xy,/ra Endl., 503 l-'tilanut Allans., 524 Kai.sk Rick, 177 Eiiniln-ia Stouil., 223 FESTUCA L., 582 altaica Trin., 003 iim/>i\i;iia Vasev, 589 amethystina L., GO I var. asperrima Hack., 001 amplissima Kupr., 002 var. elliptica 11. var., 003 apeiinina Do Not., 591 Festuca II ret ill! Schiir., 591 iirizoiiiid Vascy, 598 artiiiiliita De Not., 591 tirtnii/hi(i,,(i I.ilj.. 559 as/<,;;i M. & K., 022 iiHstnilis Schur., 591 Bor.t.rii Hack., 590 brcvifoliii R. Br.. 597 l>etschw., COO j,'r var. ciliata ,\. (,rav, 585 var. pauciflora .Scribn,, 580 MviiKos L., .'hSO iii-rrosa Hook., 538 nutans Sprenfr., es8 var. iihi/or Vasev, 589 viir./<,iliistr/s Wood, 589 var. Shortii(Kimili), 589 o/'tiisa Sprciif.;. , 58i) cns Kiinlh, 575 pseudovina Hack., 595 rdduans Steud., 591 Bichardsonii Hook., 587 RiciDA (L.) Kunih, 587 rubra L. . 605 var. fallax (Thuill) Hack., 606 var. genuina Hack., 607 var. glaucescens Hack., 606 var. littoralis Yascy. 607^ var. longiseta Hack., 606_ var. pubescens Vasey, 607 var. trichophylla Gaud., 606 rti/'i'iis Pers., 610 satl'ni LaK , 628 scabrella Torr., 604 var. Vaseyana Hack., 605 s.iittYd Poir., 586 S/iorfii Kuiuh, 589 simplex Hoiss. & Hal., 591 s/iit(i Srhur, 594 ten,//,! Will.l., 586 ieiiui flora Srhrad., 6o5 Texana Vasey, 589 Tliur/hi-i Vasey, 604 trich,phylla Ducros, 606 Vaseyana Hack., tiOl ,ni,'hi,les Willd., 616 versuta, new name, 589 viridula Vasey, 590 Fesltiearid Link, 583 FESTUCEJE. 443 J-'estiiii>iJ,s Coss., 608 1-ihiehia Ka'l.,'305 FiNci-U-cuASS, 55, 110 FioKiN, ii;!2 /■'i,>rinia, iUil Fl.ATSIKMMI.I) PoA, 546 Flumiuia Fries, 559 Fowl. Mkadow-grass, 550 Foxtail, 155, 276 Foxtail, Meadow, 378 FoxiAiL, Slkndkk. 378 Foxtail. Watk.u, 280 Fkksh-water Coru-grass, 397 luissia Schur, 361 Gama Grass, 18 OASTBIDIUM Beauv.,335 Ai .-^TRALE Keauv^, 335 laxtim Boiss., 335 leitdii:;eruin Gautl., 335 vcstittiin Spreng., 335 GEOGR.APHICAL DISTRIRU- TION, 660 Giant Reed-grass, 459 Giant Rye grass, 650 GII.KKRI'S ReI lEE-GRASS, 183 Glvieria R. Br., 563 acuminata Schur, 569 acutijlora Torr., 570 airoities A. Gray,j")73 ani^ustata Fries. 573 a,JHatiia ]. E. Smjih, 568 bulhosa Buckley, 501 Cauailensis Trin., 564 Can/'vi Scribn. , 580 cmferia Fries, 573 ,l,;'linala Breb., 569 (lentieulata Duin., 569 ,iistans Wahl., 573 elcn^a/,! Trin., 566 /luilansR. Bnj^569 Julva Fries, 557 gnuhlis S. Wats., .568 "liyhrida Towns.. 569 i'nt,-i;?-a Dum., 569 I.emmoni Vasey. 573 h'liaeea Godr., 569 marilima M. & K.,_575 Alitliauxii Kunih, 567 r.errata Trin., 567 ohtiisa Trin., 565 pallida Trin., 5U(1 pendiiiiiui I.aestail., 558 pauei flora Presl, 5U8 pedieellata Towns., 569 pi i eat a Fries, 509 proeumlhiis Duin., 575 funiila Vasey, 573 spieala Guss., 5(lil Gi.VCKKi.E. 497 Goat's-heard Grass, 70 GoldlhieJiia Trin., 7<) Colli nia Fourn., 583 folv.^aina Fourn., 437 Grama, 417 Grama-grass, 413 GRAMINE/E. 1 Graminea;, Morphology of, Bentham, C INDEX. 691 GRAPHEPHORUM Desv., 560 altijugum Fourn., 561 /Itwiiosunt Tliurb., 472 fuhuDi A. Gray, 557 iite/icoiiit-s Heaiiv. , 563 melicoideum (Michx.), 563 var. Cooleyi (A. Gray) Scribn., 563 var. vtiijor A. Gray, 563 pcndnliniiin A. Gray, 557 Pringlei Scribn., 561 Wolfli Vasey, 563 Grkkn Foxtail, 157 Greciiia Nutt., 314 Arkansaiut Nutt., 316 GUATKMALA GrASS, 14 Guinea Corn, 58 Gu»i)iaitthili(i, 39 GYMNOPOGON Beauv. , 410 ambiguus (Michx.) H. S. P., 411 brevifolius Trin.,411 /(istii;iR. & S.. 186 macrophylla Tluirb., 187 A/txicaiia Benth., 187 paudjlora R. Br., 188 lupi-ns Host., 186 HllARIA H. B. K., 67 cenchroi'' '1. B. K., 68 var. cihutus Scribn., 69 var. longifolia Vasey, 69 var. Texana Vasey, GO Jamesii (Torr.) Benth., 70 mutica(Buck.) Benth., 69 rigida (Thurh ) Scribn., 68 HOLCUS L., 350 alpiiius Svv., 187 dtitsiis Peterm.. 3(i0 glauiiis Willlv., 300 kahpt-nsis L., 58 la::atus L., 360 laxus L., 516 MOLLIS L., 360 odoraius L., 186 Holy Grass, 185, 180 HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg, 177 hexandra (R. & S.) Britton. 179 lenticularis (Michx.) Kuntze, 179 monandra(R. & S.) Britton, 179 oryzoides (L.) Mcig, 178 Virginicus (Willd.) Britton, 178 llookeriatui Griff., 535 HORDE.S:, 638 HORDEUM L., 043 chilcnse R. & S., 645 ciliatiim Gilib., 040 DISTICHOM L., 047 gtiiiciilalum All., (i45 CrUssoNKANUM Pari., 646 heteroslychyou Beauv. , 647 iir.XAsi'iciioN L , 047 llystrix Roth, O-IC) i III her lie Arduini, 647 jubatum L., 044 leporimtin Link, 040 MAKITIMI'M Willi., 645 Montanense Scribn., 644 Mr K I MM L., 040 nodosum L. , 045 pratense Huils., 645 pnbesceiis Guss., (J46 692 INDEX. HOBDETJM pusillum Nutt., 645 secalinwn Schreb., 645 Hydrochloa Hartm., 563 HTDBOCHLOA Beauv., 170, 570 Carolinensis Beauv., 170 distans Hartm., 573 maritima Hartm., 569, 575 Hydropyluin Link, 173 esculentuin Link, 173 Hymenachnk Beauv.. 104, 106 Myurtis Beauv., 121 Hyvienolhedum Lag., 70 IJyparrheuiii Aniierss., 39 Ruprecliti Fourn., 64 Hvpogvnium Nees, 39 liypudieurns Reichb., 66 Hystrix Moench, 656 JJystrix Millsp., 656 pdtiila McEnch, 656 ICHNANTHUS Beauv., 145 pallens (S\v.) Munro, 146 iMPERATACyrill., 21 arundiiiiUi'ti L., 32 Braziliensis Trin., 23 brevifoliii Vasey, 23 caudata Chapm., 23 candata Scribn., 38 Hookeri Rupr., 23 I M PUKE, 58 Indian Corn, 15 Indian Grass, 57 Indian Rick, 173 Jsc/urmiiin, 34 leersioides Munro, 34 sectmdatiim Walt., 167 Isotria, 463 Italian Mii.i.et, 154 Italian Ryk-grass, 629 Jarava Ruiz & Pav., 211 Joachimia Tenore, 437 Jon's Tears, 20 JOHNSON Grass, 58 OUVEA Fourn., 630 pilosa Scribn., 631 Btraminea Fourn., 631 var. straminea Scribn, 631 Junk Grass, 543 Kentucky Blue Grass, 543 Kielboul AdSins., 193 KffiLERIA Pers., 494 crUtata (L.) Pers., 495 nitidu Nutt., 495 parvi flora Bert., 495 Petitlsvlvanica DC, 493 K(ELEBIA pitkhella Spreng., 468 truuaita Torr., 493 KORYCABPUS Zea, 511 aruudinaceus Zea, 511 diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze, 511 Kromhhohia Rupr., 513. latifolia Fourn., 513 I.achnaf^rostis Trin.. 336 Ladies' Traces, 184 l.acrtiii Greinow, 177 lAGUBUS L., 357 ovATis L., 358 LAMABKIA jSIoench, 535 aurka(L.) Moench, 525^ I.apf;■/0 mongolica (Turcz.) Beal, 327 Fringlei Scribn., 326 erecta Beal, 330, 331 A'ic/nndsonii Beal, 339 Sibirica(Lam.), 336 U'Meri Benlh., 233 OviN.K Hack., 584 Oxyant/ie Steud., 450 japonica Steud., 461 Oxydenia Nutt., 430 Padia Zoll. & Mor. FANICACE.S:, 13 FANICEJE, 78 176 696 INDEX. PaNICULAEIA Fabr. , 5fi8 acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze, 570 Americana (Torr.) MacMillan, 508 aqualiiii (L.) Kuntze, 508 Canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze, 564 elongata Torr., 565 fluitans(L.) Kuntze, 569 laxa Scribn., 567 nervata(Willil.) Kuntze. 567 obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze, 565 pallida (Torr.) Kuntze, 566 pauciflora (Presl) Kuntze, 568 Paniiulatiim Ard., 146 PANICUM L.,104 adspi-rsum Trin., 116 agrostoides Muhl., 128 amarum Ell., l!24 var. minor V. & S., 135 anceps Michx., 128 var. striitum Chapm., 136 atigiistifolitoii Chapm., 121 aiii^iisli foil inn Ell., 141 arenarium Cham. & Schkcht. , 125 autumnale Kosc, 121 uTiitiii'iiin II. B. K., 133 harlniio-.ic Trin., 121 iHirlnihitiiiii Mirhx., 139 brachyanthum Steud., 121 brevifolium L., 136 /iroiNcii/is Lam., 148 bulbosum II. B. K., 131 var. avenaceum(H. B. K.), 132 var. minor Vascy, 131 iirspilostim Spreng., 116 crspi/osiitn Sw., 113, 115 capillare L.. 129 var. ii^'ri'sff Gatt., 130 var. campestre Gatt., 130 var. flexile Gatt., 130 var. geniinlatum Scribn., 130 var. niiliiiceum V^asey, 130 var. minimum Engel, 130 var. vulgare Scribn., 130 «apillarioides Vasey, 134 carina til III Torn, 115 tratu/atiim Lam., 157 Chapmani Vasey, 137. ciliatissimum Buck., 133 liliatiiin Ell., 139 clandestinum L., 144 colonum L., 118 var. Zonalk(Guss.) L. H. Dewcv, 118 commutatum Schultcs, 141 var. oonsanguineum (Kuiuh), 141 compositum Nees, 154 consangiiincHin Kunth, 141 corrui;;ata Ell., 156 Crus-gaUi L., 119 PANICUM, Crus-gaUi. var. hispidum (Muhl.) Torr., 119 var. sabulicolum (Nees) Trin., 120 Curtisii Steud., 115 Dactvlon L., 396 dehile Ell., 135 ddnle Poir, 127 depauperatum Muhl., 140 var. lazum Vasey, 140 dichotomum L., 138 var. laxiflorum (Lam.), 139 (ti;inun DC, 110 Jilodi^t-ttii Chapm., 88 Bofcianum F'liigge, 92 Buckleyanum Vasey, 93 csespitosum Fliigge, 88 f liatifoliiim Nlichx., 91 compressum (Swartz) Nees, 85 conjugatum Herg., «9 till syp/iy Hum Ell., 91 i/t/ii/e Michx., 90 Jh'i^ifarin Polr., 85 dilatatum Poir., 02 var. decumbens Vasey, 93 distichium 1.., 92 Drummondii C. .Muell, 90 elatum Kicii , 93 i/,xtit//i Vasey, 140 zanthophysum A. Gray, 143 zoiiiih' Guss., 119 P,r/iM Pour., 373 Pectinarici Hack., 34 Pcltophoia Desv., 39 Pcnicilhria Willd., 163 PENNISETUM Rich., 163 bambusiforme Hems!., 165 cenchroides Rich., 165 crinittitn Scribn., 163 durum, new name, 163 };t-iiiit(l(ilH>n Jacq., 156 LATiFOLiUM Spreng., 164 i.oNcisTYi.rM Hochst., 166 Mezicanum Hemsl., 165 multiflorum Fourn., 164 myosurotiles Spreng., 160 purpurascens W. \\. K., 166 setosum (Sw.) Rich., 166 vt-r icillatnin R. Br., 151 Pt-ittti'iii'ris Beauv., 389 PENTABRHAPHIS n. B. K., 441 Fournierana (Vasey) Hack. & Scribn., 441 pauperoula (E'resl) Scribn., 443. Bcabra IK B. K.. 443 Pvntastachvii Hochst., 163 PEREILEMA J. & C. PresI, 871 cillatum Fourn.. 273 orinitum J. & C. PresI, 371 PcreiUmii PresI, 330 Pkrknnial Rvixjrass, 639 Perihallia Trin., 861 Petfioessii DcEll., 476 Phinelhiyia Willil., 403 P/uucliiriis Griseb., 29 FHALARIDEJE, 180 PHALARIS L.,181 Aiiit-rii,iiia Ell., 183. amethystina Trin., 183 iiui;usta/a llort.. 183 iingus/ata Nees, 183 aqtiatiai Delile, 183 arundinaoea L., 183 var. picta (Hori.), 183 (irtindinacta Michx., 183 rt < 7V«/rt;7j Salisb., 183 Canariensis L., 183 Caroliniaua Walt, 183 colorata Beauv., 183 intermedia Bosc, 183 var. angu8tata(Hort.), 182 Lemmoni V^asev. 183 mitrostac/iya DC, 183 oryzoides L., 178 ovata Moench, 183 Plialaiidiiim Nees, 473 Phahma Dum., 524 PHARUS p., 171 glaber H. B. K., 171 liifi/oliiis Trin., 171 PHIFFSIA R. Br., 283 algida (Soland.) R. Br., 283 PHLEUM L., 274 alpinum L., 275 pratense L. , 276 sclurnoides L., 374 Pholiiiriis Trin., 631 PHRAGMITES Trin., 457 altissimtis Mabille, 460 urundinacca Allam, 460 ittts trails Trin., 400 gt^s^iintm J. Gay, 460 japonica Steud., 460 occidi-iittilis Trill., 461 Phragmites (L.) Karst., 460 viils^aris Trin., 461 Pkikon'-ckass, 157 PiicoKN, 386 LNDKX. 699 Piptatheruni Beau v., 223 ni};nim Torr., 225 J'i/>tiu/i,ctiuiii I'resI, 223 /'lii:^ivs(iichya, 470 J'liiHtinia Bubaiii, 275 rintystachva, 470 J'litiraphis 'I'orr., 67 Jamesii Torr., 7U inutica Hiickl., 69 ri ill, ill Thiirb., 08 P/iiif/i,iiit/i,\sis Steiid., 389 PlEUBOPOOON R. Hr., 513 Californioum(Nees) Henth., 614 /.o/>/t(>,/iliviiii Nees, 513 refraotum (Gray) Benth., 514 Sabinii R. Br.. 315 P/oth Sclireb., 520 J\'a,iensis Uaenke, 542 Bigelovii V, & S., 545 Bolandcri Vasey, 540 hrac/np/iylla Schult.. 534 Brandegei Scribn., 544 l>n-.if,ilia Gaud., 542 brevifolia .Muhl., 534 Brownei Kunth, 485 hryophila Trin., 553 ccesia Am. authors, 552 CiFsia J. E. Smith, 553 var. strictior A. Gray, 553 POA Calif arnica Steud., 549 Canipyle Schult., 533 capillar is L. 481 Caroliniana SpreuR,, 487 Chapmaniana Scribn., 545 tiliari.1 L., 479 cin.na Vil., 543 carul.a Knapp, 543 colli 11,1 Host., 542 coiiiplanata Sclinr, 548 cn.\iiM<|.;«s.\ L , 540 coii/crt.i FCII., 481 oonflnis Vasev, 547 conglomerata' R u p r . , 537 coroiiciisis Schur, 542 coslala Schum., 543 cristata Chapm.. 545 crKcata Michx., 550 Cusiokii Vasey, 533 ciispit/ata Nutt., 534 debilis Torr., 539 Uensi/loia Buck I., 535 ileiitata Torr., 500 ittprcssti Presl, 543 di scalar Hoppe, 542 ili .stalls L., 573 tliraricn/a Vil!., 543 Douglasii Nees, 5J9 tlithia Leers, 531 t/ii/iia [Hont k.] Verz., 543 ttis(i Muiil., 505 occiden talis V. & S., 539 Orcuttiana Vasey, 556 orcpphila Schur, 543 ci'uUs Tineo, 530 piilustris, Mucll., 531 pa lust r is \\. Mart., 550 Pattersoni Vasey, 578 pectiimcea Michx,, 488 peiidiilimi J. Vahl, 558 pilosa Muhl.. 487 pilosa L., 487 polvmorpha R. Br., 484 polynoda Parn., 540 pratensis L., 543 prateusis Pollich, 531 Pringh'ii Scribn., 578 prociniibens QwxX.., 575 Psfudo-hyhrida Schur, 531 pseudopratensis Scribn. & Rydb., 550 pubescens Lej., 543 pule he I la Vasey, 574 ptiHij^t'ns Nutt., 534 puiigens Torr., 533 FOA piirpHnistcns Vasey, 548 ijiiinijiii/ii/ii I'ursh., 467 reflexa V. & S. , 530 re/niitii Muhl., 488 iiplans Michx., 478 lii^'idii L., 587 Rapreohtii Peyr., 555 Siiii(>ir.) II. B. K.. iilii •; loin era t us Willi!., 252 MTioKMs sm., ;n4 MAKITIMIS VVillcl,, '6VA MoNsi'Ki.iF.Nsis (L.) Desf., ni2 Polyrapliis Trin., 447 Polvsihistis ptuipentih Prcsl, 442 P()rcui'ink.-<;kass, 215 J'orrotcranthe Steiul., 503 Pristdla Bcrtol.,212 Prohuia F.hrli.. ^01 Prosphysis Dulac, 583 Psamma Beaiiv., i55;{ lit t oralis Beau v., 854 J'siimiiiflyiiir G\'\sv\)., 648 /'siiidocvtiodon, 4!il Pseitdopoa, 527 Pseudorvza Griff., 177 Psihinthera Link, 457 Pterium Desf., 525 Ptihtgrostis Griseb , 212 PiYCiioriiYi.i.iM Braun, 106 Ptucinellia Bar)., 563, 570 dislaiis Pari., 571! iiiarilima Pari., 575 QUACK-GKASS, 630 yiAKINCM.UASS, 619 yilCK-GKASS, 636 Kabdochloa Beauv., 430 Rtuhidiospcrntum Mexicauum Vasev, 631 Kaddia BcrtoL, 168 Kiirem Adaiis., 159 Kaspailin Mem., 312 Raiciikkia Grass, 649 Ray-grass, 629 JitaiKi Brign., 13 liixnriivis Uur., 14 KcboiiUa Kunth, 490 ohtiimtti A. Gray, 492 J\'nnsyhrr/>is R. & S., 157 Ititlua Heauv. ,154 lutii;;li4iiiis- Vascy, 153 Miix'Hi' (iriseb., 153 pauduta Vasey, 153 purpiir a Heauv. , 164 suliiita Raddi, 158 iinhitii Fourii., 158 I'enti-iiiitii Kunth, 153 T'l'i-ticillata Beauv., 151 '.•iridis Heauv., 157 SiiKKi-'s Fi'SCiiK, 593 SIEOLINOIA Bernh., 463 acuminata (Munro) Kuntzc, 470 albescens (Munro) Kuntze, 469 ambigua (Ell.) Kuntze, 465 SIEOLINOIA Americana (lieauv.), 466 <,rr;/./.r L IF., Dewey. 465 var. scabra Vasey, 465 JUwii Kuntze, 467 grandiflora Vasey, 471 mutica ( lOrr.) KiUi'.ze, 471 N.'alleyi(Vasov) K. II. Dewev, 470 •nlchella ( 1 1 . li. K.) Kuiuze, 468 .;ir. parviilora Vasey, 468 purpurea (Wait.) Kuntze, 409 seslorioides (Miclix.) Scribn., 107 stricta (Null.) Kuntze, 464 Texana ( I'hiirb.) Kuntze, 460 trinerviglumis (Munro) Kiaitzc, 463 Wrightii X'asey, 464 Sii.KV AiiKosTis, 356 Sitdiiion Katin., (»47 f/\'/ni>is Adans.. 047 Smai.i, Cank, 059 Smai.i.ku Mkadow Fkscuk, 593 Smai.i. i:r yuAKiM;-GRAss, 530 Sori^/iiini i'ers., 39 aTi-iiiuriim Chapm., 59 hiili-p,iisi- I'ers., 58 iiiiliins CHiapiu., 00 nutans A. Gray, 59 piiHiiJloruni Cliapni., 01 sriiniiitiin Chapm., 00 SomiiKRN Rkiu), 183 SPARTINA Schreb., 390 cynosuroides (L ) Will.!., 397 var. polystachya(Michx.) Scribn., 398 densiflora HronKu., 397 ,C/-//'n/ Muhl.,400 gracilis Trin., 399 doiiiiii Foiirn., 397, 400 /'//;/, r,/ Ell., 398 junciformis Ennelm. & Gray, 400 jiiiiii f'orniis Engelm. &.(iray 399 '/,rri[ii„/„ VVilld.. 400 patens (Ail.) Muli!., 3!)8 stricta (Ait.) Roih, 399 var. maritima (Curt.) Scribn., 400 var, j^^/a/>ra Muhl., 400 Si'KAK-lJRASS, 543 Spoi/iipdoon FoiMii., 20 SFOROBOLUS R. Hr., 383 airoides Torr., 299 m-niiiiyus Huckl , 398 argutus (Neesj Kuntli, 301 INDKX. 703 Sforobolus Aiizoiiims riiiirh., 28fi aruiiiiiniuiiis V.iscy. 'Ml asper (Miclix.) Kunih. 'J.^T vai. Srummondii \'asiy, ~H7 var. Hookeri ^'l'Ii^.) Nasty, ^yS asperifolius ^Nt■(•s) I hurl)., 'JIKS Inurifolitis Vascy, 'iSS\ ulrovirem Kunili, !!()() auriculatus V'as., ;!()."> var. strictus Sciii)n., IM).*) {uxpiiiatiis Wood, 'JMS depaiiperatus ( i'orr.) Scril)!) , 2'.)5 var. filiformis nov. var., 'Jl)(> Domingensis ( Iriii.) Kiiiiih, :t01 flliculrais ( lliiirl).) Vasi-y, 288 Floridanus Chupm.. 2!>0 var. Curtissii X'asoy, 290 gracillimus ( Tluiil). ) \'asey, 25)5} heterolepis A. (irav, 28!> iM.ici s(I,.) R. Mr., 2<.t(i inflata Vasev & Dewey, 289 interruptus Vasev, 2S(j inrolula Miilit.. 287 I.\( tjui.MONi'ii Kiiiuli, 202 Jonesii Vasey, 29;i junoeuB (Mirlix.) Kiinlh, 200 macrospermus Sirilxi., :{U2 niiiior X'asey, 5i()0 minutiflorus ( I riii.) Link, 290 ovatus, :!(H) Nealleyi Vasey, 5501 purpurascens llaniiltoii, 291 raoemosus N'asey, 300 lilDlll/oSllS, 29-t repens I'resl, 207 Sacatilla (irisel)., 205 serotinus ( Torr.) A. (Iray, 20(5 Shepherdi Vasey, 208 tenacissimus Mean v.. 202 Texanus \'asey, i{()2 tricholepis (Torr.) IDiili., 291 vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Vasey, 20i{ Virginicus (!..) Kiinth, :i02 Wolfii Vasev. 280 Wrightii Miinro. iior. S(.)U1UKK.I.-IAII, ffKASS, O-l t Sfi'/i/>//itri>s Allans., 274 ,Sf(Hii/>n>/>iu.t (irisel)., 008 .V/fV/Cr ///.'<; Ctilifoniiiii Null., 47!t STENOTAFHRUM Trill., 107 Aiiit-r'hanitiii .Sihrank., I(i7 seoundatum (Wall.) Kiintze, 107 Sri.w.vur's ("an.\uv i;kass, 182 Stipa I.., 211 avenacea L., 218 harluiUi Miehx., 218 I'uolor I'ursh., 218 lUooiiitii Holaiiil.. 221 iiiiiiiiti Serihii., 220 ('iiii,i(/,>isis I'oir., 228 < Hassei \asev' 22:i liyntcnoid.s K. iS: .S., 232 /,//// Kimtli, 217 Jarava Meaiiv., 217 JHtiiiit Michx., 228 Kiii-ii Holaiiil., 220 l.ctti-riihini Vasi-y, 222 MiiiOiiiiii Siiibti., 229 iiit-hiiHHai f^a Muhl., Oil iiitinhriuhiiiw I'llisli.. 232 .]/i>H:;('/iiii Tine/., 227 muoronata II. H. K., 210 multinode Seribii., 222 oocidentalis Tliiirl)., 214,221 Farishii \'asey, 2:0 parvilhoa Nlill., 221 pennata, Neo Mexicana Thiirl)., 214 J'riii-/,i .Serihii., 230 A'/. //(/;. Ac;/// A. dray, 220 Scribneri Vasey, 220 siri,,i Lain., 220 spartea Trin.. 215 .spur/, a I look., 221 speciosa Trin. ct Riipr., 215 Still'iiitiniii Hiijanil.. 219 striota N'asey, 221 tenuissima Trin., 217 / 'i>i;ini,,i I'crs. ,218 viridula I'rin., 221 var. Lettermani X'asey, 222 var. minor \'asey, 222 var. pubescens \'asey, 222 var. robusta Vasey, 222 Stipii^rostis Noes, 102' S/r.'f/iiiini Sehrail., 108 ,SV/ ,//,/, ////<■ II. i{. K., 193 704 INDEX. Streptachne R. Br., 213 Floridana Chapm., 301 scabra H. B. K., 211 tenuis H. B. K., 211 Stripkd Grass, 184 Strombodurus Wilkl., 441 Strebloc/uetf Mocbst., 389 Subtribes, Bent ham, 7, 10 SUGAR-CANK, 25 SwEKT Vernai, Grass, 185 SWIICII-CANE, fioO Symbasiandni Willd., 67 Syitophe Dulac, 583 Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum, Steudel, 4 SyntherisHia glabra Schrad., 110 firacox Walt., 110 serotiiia Walt., Ill villosa Walt., 109 Tall Fescue, 591 Tall Oatgrass, 387 Tartarl\n Oats, 386 Teosinte, 14 Texas Bue Grass, 535 Texas Millet, 117 T/iatHitocalaiHus Munro, 058 Thin Grass, 328 THUEBERIA Benth., 314 Arkansana (Torr.) Benth., 316 Thysanaclinc Presl, 76 Timothy, 276 Tiuica (iarzia, 525 Toothache-grass, 402 Tom-si a Ruiz & Pav., 185 'J'osai^ris Beau v., 234 Tozzettia Savi, 270 Traihynia Link, 627 Trachytiotia Michx., 396 juiiii-a Michx., 398 polvstachya Michx., 398 TRACHYPOGON Nees, 35 Moiitufari Nees, 36 pblymorphus Hack., 35 var. Montufari(ll. B. K.) Hack. 36 Sirobiiulatiis Nees, 63 Tragus pccidcntalis Nees, 74 raccmosiis Hall, 74 Tremularia Heist., 519 Triac/ivrum Hochst., 282 Tri 1 6 CENTIMETERS 7 1 8 . U.I 1 Jil III! Jl^ -iJlillillillll nil jiuuniiiiii iininii nil llll III! nn iMI III liM 10 MILLI-1 METERS 2 1 3 4 1 6| 1 b CENTIMETERS 7 s 9 lUj l:i:i III! nil mil nil 1 nil nil nil III! nil nil nil iiinninnnninnni Iin iin 10 MILLI-1 METERS 1 2 1 3 4 1 ol 6 CENTIMETERS 7 1 8 1 9 10 !l!l nil nil !i!i Jill II ii nil nil nil nil nn ijj! nninii nn iiiiiiin nuun nn 10 M LLI-1 METERS 2 3 4 CENTIMETERS^ 1 7 8j 10 .!!l!l!|l nil ill! nil ni! nil nil nil II II! nil III! nil iinnni liii,:':; nn iMniiin 10 mil;.i-1 METERS 1 2 3 4 fj b 7i 8| y CENTIMETERS ! ho TITTJIli nil III! iniMiii nil nil nrini nil III! llll III- llll nil III! ni' nn lILI 10 MILLl-1 METERS 1 2 1 3 4 CENTl'lV 6 lETERS 7 8 9 10 !ll!|ll!l nil III! jiaiiii III! III! mi mr mini nil III! 1 ninnniniiiii nil nn 10 MILll-1 METERS 2 3 4 o 6 CENTIMETERS 7 1 8 1 9 10 ...III nil JJ.1I lllllllllllll! nil iniinnininiiiinin nil nil ini nn llll nil niiinin 10 MILLI-1 METERS 2 1 3 4 1 r> 1 6 CENTIMETERS 7 8 9 1 10 inijIlM HI! Mil mi 1 1 III! nn III! nil llll inn: n iiiiiiiniiin ninnni 10 MILLI-1 2 1 Li 1 4 METERS CENTIMETERS '1 8; 1 9 1 10 ;i!!MiH hlllllii nil nil III! nil III! nn nn nn III! ill' 1 liM iii! Il!> llll nil 10 MILLI-1 METERS 1 2 3 4 CENTIMETERS 7j -S oois 8% additional. For further fiarticulars send /or />c- logiie 0/ Science Books. HENRY HOLT & CO., 29 W. 230 St.. New York. ** Should find a place in every college and public lidrary."— Boston Transcript, KERNER'S NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Translated by Professor F. W. Oliver, of University College, London. A work for reference or continuous reading, at once popular and, in the modern sense, thoroughly scientific. With i6 colored plates and looo wood engravings. Four parts. 4to. Cloth. $15.00 «