ORIGIN OF THE ABORIGINES OF CANADA. 
 
 ^ ■ 
 
 A PAPER READ BEFORE THE SOCIETY, 17th DECEMBER, 1880, 
 
 — BT — 
 
 PROF. J. CAMPBELL, M.A., 
 
 DiUgui G^6rul de VInstituiion Etlmographiqut de Paris. 
 
 About two years and a half ago, one of your secretaries, 
 Mr. Clint, read a very interesting and exhaustive paper on 
 the aborigines of Canada. My subject is a much narrower 
 one, and one upon which, fortunately for me, Mr. Clint 
 has barely touched. At the same time I may be spared a 
 description of the more important tribes and their classifi- 
 cation by referring my auditors to the paper in question. 
 
 Eleven families of American Indians are represented 
 
 more or less completely in Canada, taking that term in ts 
 
 widest acceptation, as extending from the Atlantic to the 
 
 Pacific, and from the Arctic Ocean to the great lakes. 
 
 These are the Algonquins, whose tribes, including the 
 
 extinct Bethucks of Newfoundland and the lilackfeet in 
 
 the far west, have been found from the extreme Atlantic 
 
 coast to the Rocky Mountain^ ; tha "Wyandot-Iroquois, so 
 
 well known in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, from 
 
 the Lorette Hurons to the Oneidas of the Thames ; the Daco 
 
 tahs of Manitoba, consisting of Sioux or Dacotahs proper and 
 
 Assiniboins ; the Tiniieh, Chipweyans or Athabascans, a 
 
 large family, extending from the Saskatchewan northwards 
 
 to the area of the Esquimaux, and westward to the Rocky 
 
 ijVlountains ; the Thlinkeets or Koljuches on the borders of 
 
 Alaska ; and the innuit or Esquimaux, stretching along the 
 
 13 
 
 X. 
 
— 62 — 
 
 entire northern part of the Continent. Then, in British 
 Columbia, we find the Haidahs of Queen Charlotte's Islands, 
 the Chimsyans of Observatory Inlet and Princess Royal 
 Islands, the Hailtzukhs and Nootkans of Vancouver Island, 
 and some tribes of the Tsihaili-Salish iamily on the oppo- 
 site mainland. 
 
 Three of these families I must for the present pass by, 
 as I have no sure and reliable data for their origin. These 
 are the Thlinkeets, tho Esquimaux, and the Salish. The 
 eight romaining lamilies I classify in two great divisions, 
 according as their derivation is insular or continental. 
 The four f\iinilies of British Columbia, and the Algonquins 
 I hold to be of insular derivation ; while the Iroquois, 
 Dacotahs and Tiiineh are emigrants from a continental 
 home. The tribes of insular origin ani Malay-Polynesian, 
 with some Papuan admixture; those of continoital origin 
 are Tungusic and Koriak-.Tapanese respeciively. 
 
 Many writers, whose opinions it would be a tedious and 
 iinproiitable task to specify, have asserted the autochthonic 
 nature of the American Indians, and have demonstrated to 
 their own satisfaction the impossibility of deriving themi 
 from any Old World population. B-ut the school of Agassiz 
 with its system of faunal centres, which gave no fewer 
 than six American Adams to the "Western hemisphere, has 
 been superseded by that of the Evolutionists, which throwsl 
 not only faunal centres, but species and genera, to thej 
 winds. According to this modern school, American mar 
 must be a product of the Old World, inasmuch as there ar( 
 no remains of manlike apes in the New from which he coulc 
 be developed. In this connection I must confess that 
 while I haA'e endeavored to carry on my investigations oi 
 the principles of pure inductive science, free from any pre 
 conceptions which might vitiate my procedure, I have eve^ 
 retained my faith, as a Christian minister, in the doctrine 
 
— 63 — 
 
 of the unity of the human race. I have not met with any 
 facts that have led me even to doubt this unity, while the 
 theories tending to destroy it have, on mller investigation, 
 been proved to be based on faulty generalizations. 
 
 It has been said that the Araerican Indians differ from all 
 other peoples in physical appearance, character, language 
 and arts, in all of wliich features they agree among them- 
 selves. Is this true ? Dr. Morton, the famous craniologist, 
 asserted that the physical structure of the American Indian, 
 from the Arctic North to the Fuegian South, :s one ; but 
 this view has been controverted and completely set aside 
 by many investigators, and among others by one of your 
 honorary members, Dr. Daniel Wilson, of Toronto. The 
 r.^sult of tlieir investigations has been to establish the exist- 
 ence, on the American continent, of as great divergences in 
 the form of the skull, whether in a normal or artiticial con- 
 dition, and of the rest of man's bony structure, as are to be 
 found in any continent of the Old World. It is but the 
 other day that I asked that well-known missionary and 
 writer upon Algonquin and Iroquois subjects, the- Abbe 
 Cuoq, if there were any similarity between the Algonquins 
 and the Iroquois. His answer was to the effect that in phy- 
 sical characteristics as in language they were entirely dif- 
 ferent, and evidently belonged to separate divisions of the 
 human family. The persistency with which observers, 
 who have noted a single American type, set this forth as 
 the type of our aborigines in general, is really a sign of the 
 small amount of attention that has b:^en bestowed upon the 
 subject. Sometimes we are told that the Indians are of 
 medium stature, or even below ihat of the average Euro- 
 pean or white American. This is from one who has made 
 a study of the Algonquin, and notably of the Cree. Again 
 •we hear that they arc large, robust men, of commanding 
 presence. This is from the observer of the Iroquois and 
 the Dacotah. In one case the face is flat, and in another it 
 
— 64 — 
 
 is prominent in its features, or half-moon shaped, as Catlin 
 calls it. The former is the peculiarity of the Algonquin, 
 the latt<^r of the Dacotah. Small suniien eyes, low forehead 
 and short hair characterize the American Indian in one de- 
 scription, and in the other we find large eyes, arched fore- 
 head and long hair. Here again the Algonquin furnishes 
 one portrait, and the Iroquois or Dacotah, the other. A third 
 and totally different type is presented by the Athabascan. 
 In rejrard to character, we find Chateau' >riand characteriz- 
 ingthe Huron as gay, witty, flighty and chivalrous ; and Cat- 
 lin, speaking of the Dacotahs as, with all their native dignity, 
 garrulous and fond of humour ; while many writers upon 
 the Tinneh or Athabascans point out features of character 
 that are peculiar to them, and describe them as inveterate 
 grumblers, unreliable, undignified and laughter loving. 
 The fact is that " the Stoic of the woods, the man without a 
 tear," the taciturn, undemonstrative, grave and deliberate 
 savage, who has given an ideal character to the whole of 
 our Indian population, is the Algonquin. He is totally 
 unlike the other aborigines on this side of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 It would be absurd to deny that there is some ground for 
 the common opinion which recognizes a family likeness 
 among the tribes of the continent. In their arts and 
 appliances and in their mode of life there is much in com- 
 mon, but this community has its origin not in the unity 
 of the tribes, but in the similarity of their conditions, and 
 in the fact of their mutual intercourse Yet, allowing this, 
 there are still wide diversities. The Spartan-like national 
 life of the Iroquois, described by Chateaubriand, the Hon. 
 L. H. Morgan, and Dr. Parkman, finds no counterpart 
 among the Algonquins, The large handsome lodges of 
 the Dacotahs are quite unlike the huts of Algonquins and 
 Tinneh. The Algonquin was no potter as were originally 
 both Dacotahs and Iroquois. Iroquois, Dacotahs, and Tin- 
 
— 65 — 
 
 neh are essentially inland and land lovinar tribes, while the 
 Algonquins with few exceptions are lluviatile and lacus- 
 trine, men of the wat(»r. "We, in Canada, are familiar with 
 the manly sports of the Indian, and especially with that 
 game which has become almost national in Canada, the 
 ball pl'-.y or lacrosse. This is no Aljronquin game, nor is 
 it Athabascan. It is common to Choctaws, Iroquois and 
 Dacotahs. The Aluronquin is no lover of manly sports, 
 but prefers to spend his spare time in idleness, while the 
 Athabascan developes under similar conditions the spirit 
 of the trader. And, finally, in point of religion there is 
 wide diversity. Iroquois, Dacotahs and Choctaws were 
 originally sun worshippers, while among the Algonquins 
 the worship of the lieavenly bodies was unknown till the 
 Delawares became women and formed part of the Iroquois 
 confederacy. In seeking to discover the origin of the 
 Indians, we have thus before us a problem not of one 
 origin but of manv. 
 
 The learned Humbddt in his Views of Nature charac- 
 terized the discovery of the relations between the popula- 
 tions of the New World and the Old as "one of the most 
 brilliant to which the history of the human race can hope 
 to attain." I confess it has never struck me in that light, 
 nor as anything but a simple task, requiring a good deal of 
 patient research and minute investigation. The key to the 
 relation must be found in language. Resemblances in re- 
 ligion and traditions, m manners and customs, in arts and 
 exercises, such as those set forth by Sir John Lubbock and 
 Mr. Tylor, may be useful adjuncts to philological research, 
 but, until a community of language is proved, they can be 
 nothing more. Numberless attempts have been made to 
 find the Old "World languages whose vocabularies are most 
 in accordance with those of the Indian dialects. Even 
 before the present century, comparative tables were drawn 
 up, but many of these contained such scant and widely 
 
-66 — 
 
 scattered materials as made them practically worthless. 
 The examples could easily ha^e been mere coincidences 
 instead of illustrations of g-enuine relationship This style 
 of coinparisou has been carried on to the present day, and 
 by its unscientific character has naturally created a pre- 
 judice among philologists and ethnologists against all com- 
 parisons of mere words. A good deal of bigotry, however, 
 has disgracotl the writings of scientific men in their argu- 
 ments against the possibility of an Old World connection 
 for the languages of the New; and they have resolutely 
 refused to weigh the evidence presented in coinciding 
 vocabularies or to attempt to account for the phenomenon 
 thus presented On both sides, it appeared to me, that 
 ignorance was the obstacle to agreement, an ignorance 
 namely of the langutiges of the two hemispheres, both as 
 regards their grammatical and verbal forms. I endeavour- 
 ed thoreibre during several years to gain an acquaintance, 
 imperfect, superficial, fragmentary to be sure, but still a 
 general acquaintance, with all the known families of speech, 
 so that I might have no temptation to form a theory and 
 favor any one group of languages in such a way as to force 
 a resemblance between it and others. Then proceeding to 
 a comparison, the Indo-European and Semitic languages 
 were necessarily counted out, as their structure is alto- 
 gether different from that of the American. Then, in the 
 gr<?at Turanian division, it was found unnecessary to com- 
 pare the African languages pertaining to it, as their home 
 is too remote from the region for which comparison was 
 sought.^ The Monosyllabic languages of China, India and 
 Indo-China, although Turanian, were excluded, because 
 only one American language, the Otonii of Mexico, is known 
 
 *At the eloho of the lecture, a gentleman who had spent konie time in Soath 
 Africa, pointed out to the lecturer resemblances between the Kaffir? and the Algon- 
 quius. This is confirmatory of the conclusions reached, as the KaSlr dialects belong 
 to the Bantu family of languages which includes the Polyaesiau. 
 
— 67 — 
 
 to be Monosyllabic. What does this leave us ? In Europe 
 we have the Bavsque of the Pyrenees, and, on the borders of 
 Europe and Asia, many Caucasian dialects, both of which 
 have much in common with some American forms of 
 speech. Besides thet^e, the two great divisions of the 
 Asiatic Turanian languages call for attention. In the 
 Southern, comprehending the Dravidian and other groups in 
 Hindostan, Thibet and Indo-China, the American analogies 
 are few, and, where they do appear, seem to rise into 
 greater prominence in the Malay dialects which are sora<»- 
 times classed as Turanian, and, of course, as belonging to 
 this division. The Northern Turanian division includes 
 the Finnic, Turkish, Mongolic and Tungusic classes, to 
 which some writers add the Sumoyedic of Archangel and 
 Siberia. Many verbal resemblances appear between this 
 grou]) and a number of Ami>rican languages, but so fur as 
 grammatical forms are concerned, it is only as its lanuunges 
 pre.^ent exceptions to Turanian order that they coincide 
 with American grammar. It is true, therefore, only of 
 some Mongolic and Tungusic- dialects, and in particular, of 
 the latter. There still remain two unclassified groups. 
 One, in Central Siberia, is the Yenisei family ; and the 
 other, in the extreme East of Asia, extending from the 
 Arctic Ocean to the Loo Choo Islands, may be termed the 
 Japanese-Koriak. An isolated language is the Yukagiv 
 within the Koriak area. Of all the Asiatic laniyuasies, the 
 JaptuK^se-Koriak have the closest affinities to those of A) - 
 rica. This I Ibund for myself, but I need not have done 
 BO, for Dr. Latham long ago pointed out the fact. He says : 
 "In the opinion of the present writer, the Peninsular 
 (Japan ese-Koriak) languages agree in the general fact of 
 being more akin to thos.* of America than any other." He 
 also seems to think it easier to connect this family with 
 America than with any other linguistic group of the Old 
 World. The Caucasian dialects, the Basque, and the old 
 
— 68 — 
 
 Accad of Cbaldaea have some of their closest analogies, 
 however, with the Japanese-Koriak. 
 
 Bat here the present school of philology steps in, say- 
 ing, and, within certain limits, saying rightly : — ''You must 
 attend to grammatical principles and not to mere forms of 
 words, whose evidence is apt to be fallacious." The lan- 
 guages of America, we are told, agree among themselves 
 and differ from all others, in being polysynthetic. It was 
 Duponceau who coined this bugbear of a word — " to de- 
 note the characteristic and peculiar complicated grammar 
 of American languages." Fr. Muller thus defines polysyn- 
 thetism : — " While, in our languages, each of the ideas, 
 whose order finds expression in the sentence, presents 
 itself as phonetically distinct, ihey are generally, in the 
 American languages, joined in an indivisible unity. 
 Sentence and words are thus completely confounded. By 
 this proceeding each word is abridged and summarily re- 
 duced to one of its parts." This is true to a certain extent, 
 but it has been grossly caricatured by the presentation of 
 the most exaggerated examples. The Abbe Cuoq, for 
 instance, illustrates this polysynthetism in the case of the 
 Iroquois sentence / have mnney, which he says is more 
 briefly and elegantly rendered by vmkwUtaien than by 
 wakien owista. Here, however, the only case of abridge- 
 ment is tne rejection of the initial o of owhla ; for the pro- 
 noun wak and the verb ien retain their integrity ; and, says 
 the learned Abbe, the true radical after all is not owisla 
 but wist. There is no more difficulty in decomposing such 
 a sentence than app-^ars in any Turanian language. Simi- 
 lar abbreviations in the formation of compounds can be 
 pointed out in all languages, not excepting those of the 
 Indo-European ftimily. In the American verb there is 
 undoubtedly a singular wealth of ability to express variety 
 of relation and shade of meaning, and many particles, the 
 original value of which has in some cases been lost, are 
 
— 69 — 
 
 added to give diminutive, aupfmentative, locative, causative, 
 progressive, frequentative, acquisitive and other powers to 
 the verb. The latter'is certainly not peculiar to America, 
 for even that high Aryan languag»», the Sanskrit, has its 
 causative, desiderative, and intensive verbs, similarly 
 formed. Dr. Latham has wisely suggested that many 
 examples of polysynthetism in American words are really 
 instances of printers' polysynthetism, as, for instance, if 
 we were to write as a single word, Jelaiine, the three French 
 terms ye Paime. Professor Max Muller refuses to recognize 
 a polysynthetic class of languages. He says : " The num- 
 ber of roots which enter into the composition of a word 
 makes no difference, and it is unnecessary, therefore, to 
 admit a fourth class, sometimes called polysynthetic or in- 
 corporating, including most of the American languages. As 
 long as in these sesquipedalian compounds, the significa- 
 cative root remains distinct, they belong to the agglutina- 
 tive stage ; as soon as it is absorbed by the terminations, 
 they belong to the inflectional stage." In this connection I 
 may be permitted to quote the opinion of a distin ruished 
 student of Turanian languages, and one whose; apparent 
 sympathies are not in favour of a connection between the 
 languages of the Old World and the New. After an analysis 
 of the grammatical systems of sixteen American languages, 
 M, Lucien Adam says : — " In fact the preceding languages 
 are all more or less polysynthetic, but this polysyn- 
 thetism, which essentially consists in suffixing subordi- 
 nate personal pronouns to the noun, the postposition and 
 the verb, characterizes equally the Semitic languages, the 
 Basque, the Mordwin, the Vogul and even the Magyar." 
 To illustrate this statement of M. Adam, we may compare 
 the Magyar latlak I see thee, in which lat is the verb and 
 lak a combination of the subject pronoun I and the object 
 thee, with the Iroquois konatkahtos. in which atkahtos \sih.Q 
 verb, and kon, a similar union of pronouns. Still, lest any 
 
 14 
 
— 70— 
 
 one should deem the chaTacter of polysynthetism, as it 
 reigiis in the domain of the American verb, to be unique, 
 let me turn your attention to Old "World parallels. The 
 Rev. Edwin James is credited with the statement that 
 the Chippewa verb has six or eight thousand different 
 forms or modes. This is certainly a large number, and 
 perhaps an exaggeration. But, in reading recently the 
 "Annales de la propagation de la foi pour la province de 
 Quebec," I came upon the story of a devoted missionary 
 among the Coreans, who belong to the JapAnese-Koriak, or, 
 as Dr. Latham calls it, the PenMij>ular family. He says : — 
 " The Corean language is not easy. The terminations of 
 the verb are in infinite variety : a single verb numbers as 
 many as eight hundred. I should never end if [ attempted 
 to enumerate all the different shades of this language, 
 shades which I myself am yet ignorant of" Santini, an 
 old traveller in Siberia, states, in regard to the language of 
 the Tungus and the Koriaks, that " their verbs are without 
 number, and are mcreased according to the variety and 
 quality of the action. For example, a Koriak does not use 
 the same verb when he says he saw a bird or a tree." Now 
 there is no room to doubt that the Japanese, which is not 
 a polysynthetic language, belongs to the same fam: ly as 
 the Corean and the Koriak, while the Mantchu, which 
 again is not polysynthetic, is a Tungusic dialect. It appears, 
 therefore, that not only polysynthetism, but that agglutina- 
 tion also of which it is an exaggerated form, are not separ- 
 ate forms of speech by which human families should be 
 separated from one another, but, as Max Muller calls them, 
 stages in the development of language, and thus accidents to 
 which all languages are liable. Among the Malay-Poly- 
 nesian tongues we find some in this stage, such as the 
 Tagala : and such a language the Basque still remains in 
 spite of its surroundings. It is, therefore, evident that no 
 classification of peoples can proceed scientifically on the 
 
— 71 — 
 
 basis of such a mere accident as poly83mthetism in 
 language. 
 
 Is there then any grammatical peculiarity by which the 
 languages of the Old World and the New can be connected ? 
 There are several such peculiarities, which are not com- 
 plex, almost indefinable, and ever varying like polysynthe- 
 tism, but simple, easily observed and pertaining to syntax 
 as illustrative of psychological phenomena. These have 
 been pointed out, and my attention has been directed to 
 them, by Dr. Edkins, of Pekin, in his suggestive book 
 " China's place in Philology," where he deals with them 
 mainly as illustrating the diversity between the Turanian 
 and Malay-Polynesian grammatical systems. The same 
 diversity which Dr. Edkins illustrates in Asia finds the 
 amplest illustration upon this continent. It consists prima- 
 rily in a distinction, which may fitly give names to the 
 classes, between Prepositional and Postpositional languages. 
 The former generally employ prepositions to denote rela- 
 tion ; the latter invariably make use of postpositions. Thus 
 Finns and Turks, Mongols, Tungus, and Japanese, who 
 are at liberty to present great varieties of agglutination 
 tending to complete incorporation and polysynthetism, 
 cannot, until the laws of their thinking are changed, place 
 the term denoting relation before the noun, or, in other 
 words, by using prepositions put a determinative, ab- 
 stract term before a concrete. In the case of Prepositional 
 languages, the same difiiculty does not appear. They can 
 make use of postpositions occasionally. Such are found in 
 German, in Latin, and to a large extent in Sanskrit. In 
 our English word heavenioards, the latter part is the prepo- 
 sition towards abbreviated. A distinction, therefore, is to 
 be drawn between languages, not as they make exclusive 
 use of prepositions, on the one hand, and postpositions, on 
 the other, but as they employ or do not employ preposi- 
 tions. That this is a valid line of demarcation between 
 
• —72 — 
 
 forms of speech is evident from the fact that the two oldest 
 languages known, the Egyptian and the Accad of Chaldaea, 
 illustrate it, the former being a prepositional, the latter a 
 postpositional language. 
 
 Standing alone this distinction in syntax would be im- 
 portant, but it does not stand alone. The mark of tense, or 
 temporal index, bears the same relation to the verb that the 
 mark of relation (preposition or postposition) bears to the 
 noun. In the Turanian or postpositional languages this 
 mark of tense is placed after the verbal root invariably, in 
 some such form as the ed of the English past tense Inved or 
 the rai of the French future aimerai. But, in such prepo- 
 sitional languages as the Malay-Polynesian, the temporal 
 index invariably precedes the verbal root, as in the slia/l of 
 the English 1 shall love. Here again we have a psycholo- 
 gical phenomenon, the preference by one branch of the 
 human family of the temporal and determining, and by the 
 other of the assertive and undetermined. Still a third dis- 
 tinguishing feature is the position of the object or direct 
 regimen of the verb relative to that which governs it. The 
 postpositional languages place this regimen invariably be- 
 fore the verb, as is the case so frequently in Latin. Thus 
 Deum nemo vidtt, or the English Paul I know exhibit the 
 postpositional ordei But the prepositional languages 
 follow our English order by placing the A^erb before the 
 regimen. To these three important distinctions I add two 
 others, which are perhaps less universal than those men- 
 tioned. The postpositional languages place the genitive 
 before its governing noun, as in German and largely in 
 English, while the prepositional follow the French order, 
 placing the genitive last. Thus the former would say 
 Peter's hat, and the latter, the hat of Peter. Finally, the 
 place of the adjective is generally in postpositional lan- 
 guages before the noun, and in prepositional, after it To 
 sum up the elements of grammatical distinction between 
 the two classes we have found that : — 
 
• —78 — 
 
 Postpositional Lanjuages 
 
 place the mark of relation (postposition) after the noun, 
 the temporal index after the verbal root, 
 the active verb after its regimen, 
 the nominative after its genitive, 
 the noun after its adjectiv^e : 
 
 "While Prepositional Languages 
 
 place the mark of relation (preposition) before the noun, 
 the temporal index before the verbal root, 
 the active verb before its regimen, 
 the nominative before its genitive, 
 the noun before its adjective. 
 
 This I hold to be a natural and philosophical classification 
 of languages, as much superior to that which rests on mere 
 forms of agglutination as the natural system of Botany is 
 to the old artificial system of Linnaeus. I do not propose, 
 however, to apply this system beyond the limits of the so- 
 called Turanian languages, taking that term in its widest 
 sense as including all that are not classed as Indo-European 
 and Semitic. It is thus applicable to all the American 
 languages. 
 
 Of the languages now under consideration two, the 
 Algonquin and the Chimsyan, are known to be preposi- 
 tional. They exhibit at least thiee of the peculiar features 
 of such languages in the use of prepositions, the preposi- 
 tion of the temporal index to the verb, and of the verb to 
 its regimen. Other languages on the Pacific coast agree in 
 these respects wath the Chimsyan, but, in the East, the 
 Algonquin dialects stand alone as the only representatives 
 of the prepositional class. The Maya-Quiche family of 
 Central America is preposing and so are many languages of 
 South America, such as the Kirriri of Brazil and the 
 Mbaya-Abipone family of La Plata and Paraguay. To sup- 
 
. -74 — 
 
 pose that the Algonquin and Chimsyan languages are de- 
 rived from Northern Asia, because, like the Koriak and 
 Corean languages, they are poly synthetic, would be to 
 make the Asiatic immigrant completely invert his order of 
 thought. Their grammar is that of the great Malay-Po- 
 lynesian stock and thus of the Asiatic languages with 
 which this stock is related. If, therefore, the Algonquins 
 and Chimsyans are Asiatic colonists on American soil, they 
 must belong to the Malay-Polynesian family. 
 
 On the other hand the Wyandot-Iroquois, the Dacotah, 
 and the Tinneh languages are postpositional. They in- 
 variably employ postpositions ; they place the temporal 
 index after the verbal root, the verb after its regimen, and 
 the nominative after its genitive. In these respects they cut 
 themselves off from fellowship with the Malay- Polynesian 
 and Algonquin dialects, and claim kindred with the Finnic, 
 Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, ' Dravidian and Japanese- 
 Koriak languages. It is desirable, however, to reduce if 
 possible so large an Asiatic element in the comparison, and 
 to do so by means of gr mmatical forms. The position of 
 the personal pronoun supplies the desideratum. In the 
 Finnic, Turkic, Dravidian, and in most of the Mongolic 
 languages, the pronoun is terminal, as it is in the languages 
 of Peru ; but, in a few Mongolic dialects and in the 
 Tungusic and Japanese-Koriak families, it is initial. Now 
 in the "Wyandot-Iroquois, the Dacotah, and the Tinneh it is 
 initial, so that there is reason in connecting these languages 
 with the Eastern Mongolic, the Tungusic and the Japanese- 
 Koriak. Grammatical forms, therefore, lead to the same 
 conclusion as that reached by Dr. Latham and myself from 
 a comparison of words. This, however, I claim as original, 
 the discovery of the totally diverse origin of the Algonquin 
 and allied prepositional languages. There are certain 
 minor features of language to which I merely allude, but 
 of which a great deal has sometimes been made ; these 
 
— 7^ — 
 
 are the distinction of nouns into animate and inanimate, 
 the use of the plural of the first personal pronoun in an 
 exclusive and in an inclusive form, the employment of 
 separate terms to denot; elder and younger brother, &c. 
 These and similar pecul" \rities find abundant illustration 
 in America, and are also common to the Malay-Polynesian 
 and Turanian languages of Asia. 
 
 It would be a simple matter, did time permit, to pro\e 
 that the Wyandot-Iroquois and the Dacotahs belonged 
 originally to the same family, but this on my part is un- 
 necessary as the Hon. L. H. Morgan has already asserted 
 the fact, showing, at the same time, that the "Wyandot- 
 Iroquois were of the two by far the earliest offshoot. To 
 them, did the limits of my lecture permit, I would add the 
 Cherokees and the Choctaw family, in doing which I 
 should find myself in accord with Dr. Latham. The gram- 
 matical forms and the vocabularies of these tribes coincide 
 with those of the Japanese-Koriak family of Eastern Asia. 
 This family embraces the people of Japan and the Loo Choo 
 Islands, the Ainos, Coreans, Kamtchatdales, Koriaks and 
 Tchuktchis. To connect these peoples with our Indian 
 populations is nothing new. Dr. Barton did so towards 
 the close of last century, and Dr. Pritchard, favouring his 
 views, found relations between the Indian tribes and the 
 Koriaks, Tchuktchis, Tungus, Voguls, Kamtchatdales 
 and Japanese. Von Matiushkin, the chief authority upon 
 the Tchuktchis, says: — "They are distinguished from the 
 other Asiatic races by their stature and physiognomy, 
 which appears to me to resemble that of the Americans." 
 Again Mr. Baldwin, in his "Ancient America," asserts that 
 — "our wild Indians have more resemblance to the no- 
 madic Koraks and Chookchees, found in Eastern Siberia, 
 throughout the region that extends to Behring's Strait, 
 than to any people on this continent" The Tchuktchis, 
 as described by Martin Sauer in his account of "Billing's 
 
Expedition to the Northern Parts of Russia/' are of tall 
 stature and stoutly built, brave warriors and skilful work- 
 men, living in large houses, the iioors of which are ex- 
 cavated to the depth of several feet, and in which there are 
 hearths, raised seats and beds. In all of these features and 
 possessions they resemble the Dacotahs, as their portraiture is 
 given by Catlin. Martin Sauer also directs attention to 
 the manly sports of the Tchuktchis, and, in particular, to 
 what he calls their game of prisoner's bars, which is that 
 species of ball play common to Dacotahs, Iroquois and 
 Choctaws and known in Canada as lacrosse. The same 
 game is played in Japan Japan indeed has been associated 
 with American populations since the time of Dr. Barton, 
 who discovered striking affinities between the Peruvians 
 and the Japanese. Humboldt also pointed out important 
 resemblances in the Japanese system of government arid 
 that of the Muyscas of New Granada, whose religion was 
 identical with the Peruvian. And, in the narrative of 
 "Commodore Perry's Expedition to Japan," it is asserted 
 that the Muyscan and Japanese astronomical systems are 
 identical. The umbrella also in Peru was used as a mark 
 of dignity as in Japan and the Loo Choo Islands. . Also some 
 Peruvian tribes flattened the head like the Koriaks ; and 
 others mummified their dead like the Ainos ; while they 
 all agreed in the worship of the sun, like the whole of the 
 Japanese-Koriak family. The same artificial compression 
 of the skull prevailed formerly among the Choctaws and 
 several Dacotah tribes, thus linking them "with the Koriaks. 
 The Dacotahs, Iroquois and Choctaws agree likewise with 
 the whole Japanese-Koriak family in being originally sun- 
 worshippers. The Huron chiefs, indeed, like those of the 
 N atchez and the Incas of Peru, professed to be descendants 
 of the sun, as did the princes of Japan, whose very name 
 Miko is identical in form with the Choctaw word for 
 prince. The war god of the Iroquois, called Ares- 
 koui, is almost identical in name as he is identical in fane- 
 
77 — 
 
 tions Tvith the Koriak Arioski, There is thus sufficient 
 evidence for the fact that from an early period the Japan- 
 ese-Koriak family has poured a tide of population into the 
 American continent iu waves which represented the 
 civilization of the Japanese and the barbarism of the other 
 tribes. The Peruvians, Muyscas, and probably the Mound 
 Builders, (for mounds similar to those of this continent have 
 been found in Japan) exhibited the civilized type of the 
 Japanese ; while the Araucanians of Chili, the Cherokee 
 and Choctaws, the Iroquois and Dacotahs represented the 
 savagery of Koriaks and Tchuktchis. As the Koriak 
 Arioski is the Iroquois Areskoui, so the Istla of the 
 Tchuktchis is the Hostahli of the Choctaws ; and the very 
 tribal names, Cherokee and Choctaw, are American repro- 
 ductions of Koraeki and Tchekto, the names by which 
 Koriaks and Tchuktchis know themselves. The Iroquois' 
 names for man, nenekin, eniha, connect them with the 
 Japanese, whose form is nin^en, and with the Ainos, who 
 call themselves ainuh ; while hokque, another Iroquois 
 form, is the Tchuktchi luka. The Dacotah name for man 
 is wica, in which we find the Aino oikyo and the Tchuktchi 
 uika. Both the "Wyandot-Iroquois and the Dacotah 
 languages have miscellaneous Japanese-Koriak affinities, so 
 that there is no one branch of the latter family with which 
 they may be respectively associated. Thus in the Wyandot- 
 Iroquois vocabularies there are many words which are 
 pure Japanese, and others which as plainly attest their 
 Koriak-Tchuktchi origin ; while, in the Dacotah dialects, 
 we find an abundince of verbal forms that appear most 
 prominently in Loo Choo, and others which are best repre- 
 sented by the Kamtchatdale. 
 
 The average brain capacity of the Dacotahs and Iroquois, 
 according to Schoolcraft, is from two to five cubic inches 
 greater than that of the Algonquins Mr, Slight, a Wesleyan 
 Missionary, in his " Indian Researches," bears testimony 
 
 15 
 
— 78 — 
 
 to the unifonn superiority in ptrsonal appearance, intelli- 
 gence and the arts of the Wyandot-Iroquois to the Algonquin. 
 Many of the oldest writers on Indian subjects have referred 
 to the same fact, and have characterized the Wyandot- 
 Iroquois do stationary and semi-civilized populations. Such 
 a distinction rppears in Siberia, between the stationary and 
 the roving Tchuktchis ; and, on American soil, Catlin has 
 illustrated it in a comparison of the Mandans with other 
 Dacotah tribes. In all the features in which the Iroquois 
 and Dacotahs differ from the Algonquins, they resemble the 
 Tchuktchis and other members of the Japanese-Koriak 
 family. 
 
 There are great analogies between the Dacotah and 
 Kamtchatdale vocabularies, and especially between the 
 latter and the Assiniboin, in both of which the verbs in 
 their simplest form end in tsh, just as the Sioux or Dacotah 
 proper and the Loo Choo verbs equally terminate in ng. 
 The Dacotahs and Kamtchatdales agree in their unseemly 
 dances, in the general structure of their houses, in river 
 worship, in a belief in a subterranean Hades, and in a 
 superstitious dread of touching a fire with steel or any 
 metal implement, as has been set forth by Mr. Tylor in 
 his Primitive Culture, and other writers. While, according 
 to Catlin, the Osages, a Dacotah tribe, flattened the skull 
 artificially in infancy, like some Koriak tribes described by 
 Abernethy, the Konzas, who are closely related to the 
 Osages, shaved part of the head and gathered the hair that 
 remained into a knot upon the crown, through which they 
 passed an ornamental pin, like the people of Loo Choo. The 
 majority of writers who have attempted the foolish task of 
 characterizing the features of the American Indian, have 
 given him a broad flat face and a diminutive but spreading 
 nose. Now the face of the Wyandot-Iroquois and of the 
 Dacotah is neither broad nor flat, but oval and prominent, 
 and in general the nose in these tribes is a most distinctive 
 
— 79 — 
 
 object, forming in many cases a decided arch ; in which 
 particulars they agree with the Koriak features. It is not, 
 therefore, too much to say that the Dacotahs and Wyandot- 
 Iroquois find the counterpart of their physical structure 
 and appearance, their character and religion, their arts and 
 recreations, their grammatical and '.erbal forms, among 
 the tribes of the JapmeseKoriak family, and that there is 
 thus no reason to doubt the derivation of these American 
 peoples from that eastern Asiatic stock. I am not aware of 
 the existence of any Iroquois or Docotah legends attestin';^ 
 such a derivation, but, among the Choctaws, who are un- 
 deniably of the same extraction, there is one which states 
 that : — "a long time ago the Choctaws commenced moving 
 from the country where they then lived, which was a great 
 distance to the west of the great river and the mountains of 
 snow, and they were a great many years on their way." 
 It is not at all likely that the tribes mentioned reached 
 America by a long sea voyage, as none of them are lovers 
 of the water, although Japanese junks have been frequent- 
 ly cast ashore on the Paciiic coast. Dr. Pritchard says : — 
 " There is no difficulty in supposing them to have passed 
 the strait which divides the two continents. The habita- 
 tions of the nearest Americans are only 30 or 40 leagues 
 distant from the dwellings of the Tchuktchis. These people 
 carry on a trade of barter with the Americans. They employ 
 six days in passing the strait, directing their course from 
 island to island, the distances between which are so short 
 that they are able to pass every night on shore. Such was 
 the information obtained by persons sent into the coun- 
 try of the Tchuktchis by the Russian Government in 1760. 
 See Coxes account of the Russian discoveries in the North. 
 In winter the two continents are joined by ice and the 
 people pass over in one day with their rein-deer. — Cook's 
 last Voyage, vol. 2, page 509." 
 
 North of the Saskatchew^an appear tribes of the great 
 Tinneh family, so called from the word denoting man in 
 
— 80 — 
 
 many of their dialects. One of the best known tribes is 
 that referred to by Mackenzie and other travellers as 
 the Chipvvcyan or Athabascan. Their grammatical forms 
 are virtually those of the Iroquois and Dacotahs, but their 
 vocabulary i£ quite different from those of the Japanese- 
 Koriak family ; and the appearance and habits of the Tin- 
 neh show no less divergence. Yet, if Asiatic colonists, 
 they must have passed into America from some northern 
 part of the Eastern Hemisphere, and thus from a region 
 which is occupied almost uninterruptedly by the Japanese- 
 Koriak family. Now Dr. Latham, in speaking of the latter 
 family, which he calls the Peninsular, draws attention to 
 the fact that its continnity is broken — " by Tungusian tribes 
 whose area has certainly been an encroaching one." Their 
 national appellation, and, at the same time, their name for 
 man, is Tungus, Donki, and they are called Tung-chu by 
 their Chinese neighbours. The Loucheux tenghie and the 
 Kutchin tingi are two Tinneh names that answer perfectly 
 to the Tungusian words ; and the whole Tinneh vocabu- 
 lary offers similar instances of verbal relationship with the 
 Tungus. We have already seen that the polysynthetismof 
 the Tinneh characterizes equally many Tungusic dialects, 
 although some of them, such as the Mantchu, have attained 
 a higher position or one of more simple agglutination. The 
 Tinneh traditions, as reported by Mackenzie and Father 
 Petitot, state that their enemies, who were very wicked men, 
 (probably the Yakut Turks), dwelt to the west of their 
 nation ; that fleeing from them, they crossed a shallow 
 sea, passing from island to island in a bitterly cold climate ; 
 and at last found the sea to the west of them and their 
 enemies to the east. 
 
 The small eyes, high cheek-bones, low forehead and 
 coarse black hair of the Tungus are alluded to by Santini 
 and Sauer, and identical features are ascribed to the Tin- 
 neh by Hearne, Mackenzie and later writers. Although 
 
— 81 — 
 
 both peoples are in the habit of depilation, it is not univer- 
 sal among either the Tungus or the Tinneh. Some of the 
 Tungus tribes, such as the Tshapqjirs, tattoo their luces 
 after the prevailing Siberian fashion with bars or straight 
 lines on the cheeks and forehead, and so, according to 
 many authoiities, do the Chipweyans and other Tinneh 
 tribes. In character the Tungus lacks the dignity of the 
 Iroquois and the taciturnity of the Algonquin. He is do- 
 cile, demonstrative, mirth-loving, good natured, communi- 
 cative, but full of deceii. Now the docility, the childishness, 
 the jocularity, the talkativeness and the craft and cunning 
 of the Tinneh have been a fruitful theme of remark by all 
 who have had dealings with them. The same resemblances 
 appear in the domestic and social relations o the two peoples, 
 in the form of their dress and the shape of their houses and 
 canoes, in their ornamentation with the colored quills of 
 the porcupine, in their games, and their religious rites and 
 ceremonies. Some very peculiar customs connect them. 
 They agree in a species of divination by means of the 
 shoulder blades of the deer thrown upon embers, in the 
 practice of demonolatry, in placing their dead in wooden 
 boxes above the ground, in eating the undigested food in 
 the stomach of the deer, and in other practices that it 
 would be difficult to find a parallel for in any other com- 
 munity, Asiatic or American. I might occupy your atten- 
 tion for a long time with such proofs of relationship, but 
 must hasten to consider the position of the Algonquius, in 
 whom we are more interested. 
 
 Shall I describe the Algonquin. Let me say then that 
 •' his hair is invariably black and straight ; that his face is 
 nearly destitute of beard and his limbs are free from hair ; 
 that his stature is always considerably below that of the 
 average European, his body robust, breast well developed, 
 feet small, thick and short, and his hands small and rather 
 delicate. The face is a little broad and inclined to be fiat ; 
 
— 82 — 
 
 thft forehead is rather rounded, the brows low, the eyes 
 black and very sli'jhtiy oblique ; the nose is rather small, 
 not prominent, but straij^ht and well shaped, the apex a 
 little rounded, the nostrils broad and sli^jhtly exposed ; the 
 cheek-bones are rather prominent ; the mouth large, the 
 lips broad and well cut, but not protruding; the chin 
 round and well Ibrmed.* In this description there seems 
 little to object to on the score of beauty, and yet, on the 
 whole, they are certainly not handsome. In youth, 
 however, they are often very good looking, and many of 
 the boys and girls up to twelve and fifteen years of age 
 are very pleasing, and some have countenances which are 
 in their way almost perfect. I am inclined to think they 
 lose much of their good looks by bad habits and irregular 
 living. At a very early age they chew tobacco almost in- 
 cessantly ; they suffer much want and exposure in their 
 fishing and other excursions ; their lives are often passed 
 in alternate starvation and feasting, idleness and excessive 
 labour ; and this naturally produces premature old age 
 and harshness of feature." 
 
 •'In character he is impassive. He exhibits a reserve, 
 diffidence and even bash fulness which is in some degree 
 attractive and leads the observer to think that the ferocious 
 and blood-thirsty character imputed to the race must be 
 greatly exaggerated. He is not demonstrative. His feel- 
 ings of surprise, admiration or fear are never openly mani- 
 feisted and are probably not strongly felt. He is slow and 
 deliberate in speech, and circuitous in introducing the sub 
 ject he has come expressly to discuss. "When alone he is 
 taciturn ; he neither talks nor sings to himself. When sev- 
 eral are paddling in a canoe they occasionally chant a mono- 
 tonous and plaintive song. He is cautious of giving offence 
 to his equals. Practical joking is utterly repugnant to his 
 
 * Ihe Daootah ohin is needing. 
 
 a I 
 
— 83 — 
 
 disposition, for he is particularly sensitive to breaches of 
 etiquette or any interference with the personal liberty of 
 himself or another. The intellect of the race seems rathei 
 deficient. They are incapable of anything beyond the 
 simplest combination of ideas and have little taste or en- 
 ergy for the acquirement of knowledge." 
 
 Now I ask any one acquainted with the appearance and 
 the character of the Cree, the Ojibbeway, the Micmac, the 
 Montagnais, imperfectly influenced by our civilization, if 
 this be not a true portraiture of the Algonquin. And yet 
 it is no Algonquin who sat for this portrait, but the Malay 
 whom Mr. Wallace thus describes. Dr. Pickering was 
 right, therefore, when he said : — " If any actual remnant 
 of the Malay race exists in the eastern part of North Ame- 
 rica, it is probably to be looked for among the Chippewas." 
 The Chippewas hang together with the whole Algonquin 
 family. Physical appearance then and character tell the 
 same story as grammatical constructions. Of the dress and 
 implements of the Algonquin I need not speak, because 
 these he has borrowed from other tribes in order to adapt 
 himself to the wants of a new country. But, in contrast to 
 all the eastern tribes, he is essentially a man of the water, 
 having changed maritime habits for the fluviatile and the 
 lacustrine. His story of the creation of ♦^he world is of an 
 island drawn up out of the water, in connection with which, 
 as Mr. Tylor has shewn, Manitou is the counterpart of the 
 Polynesian Maui. His heaven, as the Abbe Maurault says 
 in his " Histoire des Abenakis," was no continent of happy 
 hunting grounds, but "une lie du grand lac (I'Ocean Atlan- 
 tique)." The Pacific Ocean and not the Atlantic must have 
 been the original great lake. Like the Malay-Polynesians, 
 the Algonquins did not worship the heavenly bodies ; and, 
 like them, they never practised the art of pottery. Their 
 tradition of the creation of mankind out of trees and reeds 
 is the i^ame as that of the Islanders of the Indian Ocean 
 
- 84 — 
 
 and the Pacific. They were originally idolaters and had 
 idols of carved wood. They agreed with some Polynesian 
 peoples in identifying the soul with the shadow, and Mr. 
 Tylor draws attention to " the conception of the spirit 
 voice as being a low murmur, chirp or whistle, as it were 
 the ghost of a voice," a conception common to the Polyne- 
 sians and the Algonquins. The extraordinary stretching 
 of the ears that prevailed among the Shawnoes is a Poly- 
 nesian and Malay practice, and appears in Sumatra and in 
 Easter Island. Their very icopper colour is that of the 
 people of the Philippines and Friendly Islands, the La- 
 drones and the Carolines. Sir John Lubbock finds the tree 
 worship of Crees and Abenakis among the people of the 
 Philippines, of Sumatra and of Fiji. The veneration of 
 many Algonquin tribes for the turtle is an indication of a 
 Polynesian origin, for in the Tonga Islands and elsewhere 
 the turtle plays an important part in mythology. It is also 
 worthy of note that decapitation, not scalping, is the Malay- 
 Polynesian's method of securing a trophy, and that, ac- 
 cording to Dr. Gilpin of Halifax, the Micmacs, who had 
 little opportunity of studying the Iroquois' arts of warfare, 
 by similar procedure attested their Malay ancestry. 
 
 The Algonquin word for man appears in the designation 
 of the Lenni Lenape or Delawares. It is the Delaware 
 limwn, the Miami lenno, the Missisagua Itnneeh, the Illinois 
 illini, the Micmac ainew. In other dialects the Z, either as 
 initial or preceded by a vowel, becomes n, th, r or y, giving 
 such forms as inini, elhini, renoes and eyinew. So in the 
 Malay-Polynesian dialects we find the Javanese lanan, the 
 Malagasy ulun and the Bouru umlanei, with the nonan of 
 Tidore, the tane of Tahiti, the Malay oran and the Tongan 
 ohana. Such tribal designations as Oran-Benua, Oran-" 
 Malaya among the Malays explain the Lenni-Lenape of the 
 Delawares. Almost the whole of the Algonquin vocabu- ' 
 larymay be found in the Malay dialects. What I have ""* 
 
— 86 — 
 
 said regarding the Algonqnins refers also to the British 
 Columbian tribes, the HaiJahs, Chimsyans, Hailtznkhs and 
 Nootkans. In the Haidahs we find the Ahts of the Philip- 
 pines, and the relations of the Moluccan inhabitants of 
 Ahtiago, whose Papuan intermixture the Haidahs evince 
 by their shock heads of hair, and the appearance of Papuan 
 terms in their language. The masks of the Nootkans find 
 their counterparts among the Kanakas of the Sandwich 
 Islands. 
 
 When did these Malay-Polynesian elements find their 
 way into the American continent ? It appears that from 
 the thirteenth century onwards great emigrations took 
 place from the Malay archipelago in an eastern direction, 
 prior to, and consequent upon the Mahommedan invasion 
 of these islands. Passing from one group of islands to 
 another, the wanderers would at last fall into the cur- 
 rents which set in towards the American coast. " In at- 
 tempting from any part of Polynesia to reach America," 
 says Dr. Pickering, "a canoe would naturally and almost 
 necessarily be conveyed to the northern extreme of Cali- 
 fornia; and this is the precise limit where the second 
 physical race of men makes its appearance." At some 
 point in Oregon, therefore, or, it may be, further to the 
 north, the ancestors of the Algonquins must have landed, 
 for their own traditions bring them from the far west. 
 Moving south-eastwards they came at last to the Mississippi, 
 and there met the Allighewi, a powerful and cultivated 
 people, who allowed some of their bands to cross over and 
 form settlements. Then, according to joint Iroquoia and 
 Delaware traditions, war broke out between the Algonquins 
 and the Allighewi. The Iroquois who had come from the 
 north made common cause with the Algonquins, and the 
 result was that the Allighewi were exterminated, or exi)el- 
 led to the south. This is supposed to have taken place 
 about five hundred years ago, or at about the time that. 
 
 16 
 
— 86 — 
 
 seems to have marked the end of mound-building in the 
 valley of the Ohio. 
 
 During their period of separation from the parent stock 
 in the Indian Ocean, the language of the American immi- 
 grants does not appear to have undergone any very radical 
 change. Its forms and words were probably at the beginning 
 more Moluccan than Malay or Polynesian, as now the chief 
 resemblances to Algonquin grammar and vocabulary are 
 found in the Moluccas. Thus the Ojibbeway weewan 
 and the Mohican weewon are virtually the same word as 
 the wewina of Teor, denoting a woman. The Micmac 
 epidek, a girl, is just the opideka of Galela. And even that 
 strange word pickaninny, applied to a chUd in the Southern 
 States, for which so many derivations have been proposed, 
 probably came in with some southern Algonquin tribe, as 
 it appears in all its integrity in the pigineneh of Salibabo. 
 The same laws which govern the permutation of letters in 
 the different [dialects of the Malay-Polynesian are found 
 among the dialects of the Algonquin, as has already appear- 
 ed in connection with the name for man. One might as 
 well deny the unity of the Malay-Polynesian stock as to 
 refuse a place in it to the Algonquin languages. 
 
 Many other American families have the same Oceanic 
 origin. Not only the Haidah, Chimsyan, Hailtzuk and 
 Nootkan families of British Columbia are of Malay-Poly- 
 nesian descent, but also the Kalapuyas and other Oregon 
 tribes ; the large Maya-Quiche family of Central America ;• 
 the equally extensive Carib family of G-uiana and adjacent 
 states ; the still larger Guarani family of Bi azil, which, 
 with the Carib, but in greater degree, exhibits much Papuan 
 intermixture ; the Kirriri of the same empire ; and the 
 Mbaya-Abipone family of La Plata and Paraguay. In ap- 
 pearance and language, in manners, character, religion, 
 pursuits, and arts, these tribes and families are well differ- 
 
-^8Y — 
 
 entiated from those of Continental origin, such as the Da- 
 cotahs, Tinnehs, Iroquois, Choctaws, Natchez, Aztecs, Muy; 
 seas, Peruvians and Chileno-Patagonians. The two di- 
 verse stocks have almost equally divided the American 
 continent between them, although the Continental has ever 
 exercised domination. In Yucatan, however, and in Gua- 
 timala a genuine Malay civilization, different in many 
 respects from those of Mexico and Peru, long flourished. 
 
 In becoming an American or, at least, a North American, 
 the Malay was forced to become a borrower and a learner, 
 as I have elsewhere stated. "A fisherman he still remained, 
 but to this he must add the pursuit of wild beasts unknown 
 in Polynesia, and thus he became a hunter. His scanty 
 clothing which answered all purposes under a tropical sun 
 (and which is still sufficient for the Haidahs), was found 
 insufficient in his new northern home, so he assumed the 
 skin dress of neighbouring tribes, and with all a Polyne- 
 sian's love of finery did not disdain the ornamentation with 
 the coloured quills of the porcupine in which his Turanian 
 brethren indulged. His dug-out canoe became too serious 
 a burden to carry over river portages, and was discarded 
 for the light and elegant shell of birch-bark, whose model 
 had been brought from Northern Asia. No palms or 
 bamboos appeared in the forests of America to furnish ma- 
 terials for house-building, so that once more he had recourse 
 to the birch tree, and coated his structure of saplings with 
 its bark. He found the snow-shoe, the calumet, the scalp- 
 ing art and many things beside in his new continental home. 
 Thus he changed all the accidents of his condition with his 
 change of sky, but as " caelum non animum mutant qui trans 
 mare currunt,'" so he preserved unalloyed his language and 
 his character. The Iroquois and the Dacotah taught him 
 the art of American warfare, but all the arts of peace he 
 learned from the feebler Athabascan in the North, for the 
 skin dress, quill ornamentation, the bark canoe and lodge, 
 
 
— 88 — 
 
 the snow-shoe and almost all the accessories of North 
 American Indian life seem to have been introduced by that 
 originally Asiatic people. One has but to read the narra- 
 tives of Martin Sauer, Abernethy and Santini, in order to 
 see that birch-bark canoes, houses and baskets, skin dresses 
 aiid lodges, snow-shoes and calumets, quill work and moc- 
 cassins were, and are probably still, in use among the 
 Tungus, who must have invented them ages before they 
 appeared in the Western Continent ; so also scalping, a 
 practice unknown among Malays or any Old "World people 
 at the present day, was an accomplishment of the ancestors 
 of Asiatic Koriaks and American Iroquois in the far off 
 days of Herodotus." 
 
 I trust that I have not unduly depreciated the Algonquin 
 intellect and character, in what I have said concerning the 
 difference between them and those of the Iroquois. It is 
 far from my intention to do aught but justice to any of our 
 Indian brethren. The Iroquois have given us great names 
 in Logan and Ked Jacket, Norton and Brant. But it must 
 be remembered that Canonicus was a Narraganset and 
 King Philip a Wampanoag, Pontiac an Ottawa, Captain 
 Pipe a Delaware, Little Turtle a Miami, Tecumseh a 
 Shawnoe, and B^ack-Hawk a Potawatomie, all Algonquin 
 tribes. On the other hand there are no Iroquois or Dacotahs 
 so low in the social scale as the Scoffies of Labrador, who 
 are also Algonquin ; nor in civil government, domestic life 
 or military prowess can we place the Algonquins in general 
 on a par with these more cultivated and warlike nations. 
 After all, my subject is one not of culture and character, 
 but of origins, and of the former only in so far as they tend 
 to shed light on the latter. That there is a path from the 
 Old "World to the New, which has long been open, from 
 the Asiatic continent and the idlands of the sea, has I hope 
 been demonstrated. "What this demonstration may yet add 
 to our store of historical knowledge who can tell ? The 
 
— 89 — 
 
 writer of the Old World's ancient history may yet be com- 
 pelled to find the illustrations of his fragmentary notices of 
 ancient populations on American ground, ind to see in the 
 Indian tribes who dwell under the shadow of a flag they 
 have learned to honour, and under the protection of that 
 pater ul policy which is one of Canada's glories, the des- 
 cendant!, of races long grown old, who once played a great 
 part in tj le annals of history, when no paddle ruffled the 
 surface -f our waters, and no human voice echoed through 
 our ppthless woods. 
 
 Your President has done me the honour to ask my opi- 
 nion on that much discussed subject, the origin of the 
 names Canada and Quebec. This subject has lately been 
 re-opened by Father Arnaud in a communication publish- 
 ed in the June number of the Annales de la Propagation de 
 la Foi, where I first saw in print the peculiar views of that 
 excellent missionary, of which I had previously heard more 
 than once from those who had enjoyed the pleasure of a 
 conversation with him on Indian topics. Historicus, in a 
 letter to V Evenement, has championed these views. Father 
 Arnaud contends that Canada is a Montagnais and thus an 
 Algonquin word, its true forms being Kanata, Kanalak, 
 Kanalats, bearing the obscure meaning " celui qui va voir, 
 visite, explore," which the correspondent Historicus makes 
 equivalent to " stranger." The proof offered is that the 
 whole region visited by Jacques C artier was inhabited by 
 Algonquins. Hochelaga, however, was certainly not Al- 
 gonquin, nor have we any reason to believe that the Isle 
 of Orleans was inhabited by any other than a Huron tribe. 
 The strong leanings of Father Arnaud in favour of the 
 Montagnais, and at the same time the doubtful value of his 
 derivations, appear in his attempts to explain the names 
 Hochelega and Cataraqui by words in that language. Both 
 these names are certainly "Wyandot-Iroquois. It is impos- 
 sible to explain Cartier's geographical names by the Mon- 
 
— 90 — 
 
 tagnais or any other Algonquin language, so that matiy 
 writers from Charlevoix onward have supposed that be- 
 tween the time of Cartier and that of Champlain a great 
 change took place in the population of the Lower St. Law- 
 rence. The Huron traditions explain this change. Accord- 
 ing to these, as given by Peter Dooyentate Clarke and 
 others, " the "Wyandots (or Hurons) once inhabited a coun- 
 try north-eastward from the mouth of the St. Lawrence, or 
 somewhere along the G-ulf coast, before they ever met 
 with the French or any European adventurers." The same 
 traditions inform us that the ships of Cartier were first 
 seen by the Algonquins whom the Hurons of Quebec had 
 sent " to look out for the strangers and guard the shores." 
 Clarke also speaks of a portion of the Bear clan returning 
 from the west to their ancient home near Quebec. The 
 facts, that the Huron and Algonquin nations wore con- 
 tiguous or intermingled, and that they were allies from an 
 early period, are patent to every reader of Canadian his- 
 tory. To the west of the Hurons in the neighborhood of 
 Montreal the Iroquois dwelt, and some of the oldest 
 Huron traditions are those which relate the causes of the 
 warfare between these kindred peoples, which ended so 
 disastrously for the former. These traditions make the 
 Seneca tribe the first to commence the war which drove 
 the Hurons into the west. As a geographical term the word 
 Canada connects with the Senecas, and with hardly any 
 other people. Thus we read in the " Description of the 
 Country between Albany and Niagara in 1792," of the 
 Canada-saga or Seneca Lake, and, near it, of Canada-qua 
 or Cananda-qua. Again, in Wentworth Greenhalgh's 
 Journey from Albany to the Indians in 1677, the Seneca 
 towns are given as Canagora, Tiotohatton, Canoenada and 
 Keinthe. And, in Sir William Johnson's Report on the 
 state of the Indians in 1763, the Seneca villages mentioned 
 are Kanada-sero and Kanade-ragey. The name for vil- 
 lage or town in many savage languages is either the same 
 
— 91 — 
 
 as that for house, or is simply derived from it. The 
 Iroquois word for house is Kfvo*t«n ajid that for village 
 Kanata. In some Huron dialecis the word for house is 
 the same as the Iroquois, so that, while it is probable that 
 the French discoverer may have obtained his name Canada 
 from the Senecas, he may also have found the same term in 
 use among the Hurons. The Montagnais' etymology can- 
 not stand against such a weight of evidence. The deriva- 
 tion from Kanata, a village, is that of all the old writers, 
 and is accepted by the Abbe Cuoq, whose knowledge of 
 the Algonquin and Iroquois languages better fits him for 
 expressing an opinion than if he were but a specialist in 
 the Montagnais. 
 
 With the word Quebec it is different. The Wyandot- 
 Iroquois languages are destitute of labials, and could not 
 therefore furnish such a word. The argument drawn from 
 the name Quebec in favour of a similar origin for the name 
 Canada is, however, not just, because Quebec belongs to 
 the time of Champlain, Canada to that of Cartier. A change 
 in population had meanwhile taken place. Pressed upon 
 by the Iroquois, the Hurons had lost their supremacy. The 
 old writers agree that it is an Algonquin word, not neces- 
 sarily Montagnais, signifying relrecissement, a narrowing or 
 contracting. To this view I can see no valid objection. 
 The view of Father Arnaud, who makes it mean deharquez, 
 descendez d terre, is not complimentary to the intelligence 
 of Champlain and his followers, who had ample opportu- 
 nities of discovering the true meaning of the word, and 
 would not have been likely to perpetuate such a miscon- 
 ception. There is another etymology possible from an 
 Algonquin standpoint, namely, that Quebec is an abbrevia- 
 tion of the common geographical term Kennebec, whether 
 that word designate a serpent originally or, as the Abbe 
 Maurault suggests, " the great water." There was ancient- 
 ly a route from the "West to the Atlantic coast of Maine, 
 
— 92- 
 
 and Quebec was a stage in this route connecting with the 
 Kennebec river. It is not necessary to find an etymology 
 for proper names, which are often taken from tribal desig- 
 nations, the origin of which lies in the remote past. The 
 French geographical name, if of Indian origin, is most prob- 
 ably borrowed not from a chance Indian expression, but 
 from a similar geographical term by which the place was 
 previously known. Thus the States Massachusetts, Illi- 
 nois, Iowa and Dacotah take their names, the two first from 
 Algonquin, and the two latter from Sioux tribes. So Que- 
 bec may have taken its name from the Kinnipiaks of the 
 Abenaki family. The Portuguese aqui nada and the French 
 que bee are etymologies of equal value with those of Father 
 Arnaud and equally uncomplimentary to those who adopt- 
 ed the words. Everybody knows that Paris derived its 
 name from the Parisii, a Gaulish people, and Kent from 
 the Celtic Cantii. No other derivation can be given for 
 these names, nor is it necessary to be more exacting in 
 America. The Abbe Cuoq associates the name Canada 
 with the Canadaquois of the older writers, who are said to 
 have dwelt along the Gulf of St. Lawrence. "We may thus 
 find a ibe giving name to a region as the Angles did to 
 England and the Franks to France. That tribe must have 
 belonged to the great "Wyandot-Iroquois race, and was in 
 all probability a division of the Senecas, who seem to have 
 exercised chief authority in the East. It is probable that 
 the name Quebec may be similarly accounted for. Geo- 
 graphical names of the same character are often found at 
 great distances from each other, and thus afford a means of 
 tracing tribes in their migrations. "While it is true that 
 savages occasionally coin new names for places arising out 
 of some natural feature, it does not seem that this is even 
 their usual procedure. The geographical like the tribal 
 name is generally of ethnological as well as of philological 
 value. 
 
— OS- 
 Ill concluding, permit me to appeal to the members of 
 this learned Society on behalf of our great unexplored field 
 of aboriginal antiquities. No better starting point for the 
 study of our native races could be found than this 
 ancient city of Quebec, on whose site the great French 
 navigators first gained a true acquaintance with them, and 
 no more worthy agency for collecting the materials of their 
 history could be employed than the oldest, and at the same 
 time, most active and useful of Canadian Scientific Socie- 
 ties. The materials are at your very doors, but how long 
 they may remain there it is hard to say. The Hurons of 
 Lorette should be better known to the world of science. 
 1 am sure that there are some among you able to add to 
 your valuable Transactions, unique and invaluable informa- 
 tion which will win for this Society the gratitude of scho- 
 lars in every land. A sketch of Huron grammar, a full 
 and trustworthy vocabulary, a collection of Huron legends 
 and traditions, would mark a new era of scientific research 
 in Canada. You have nobly justified your motto in the 
 important additions made year by year to our knowledge 
 of historical events and personages belonging tothepeiiod 
 of European colonization. Is it too much to hope that 
 under the same auspices the facts of aboriginal history 
 may struggle into the light of day, thai Canada's ancient 
 Capitol may add fresh laurels to the Canadian name, and 
 the first page of American history be written in your 
 Transactions ? 
 
 17 
 
EIT 
 
 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WYANDOT-IROQUOIS AND JAPANESE-KOBJAK LANBUABES. 
 
 WYANDOT-IROQUOIS. 
 
 JAPANESE-KORIAK. 
 
 niiigen Japaneite 
 ainuh Aino 
 luka Tihnklrhi, elku KamlchatUale 
 iiuiago Loo-Choo 
 aganak T 
 tackki L 
 ko<lomo J 
 chigazi A 
 wocka L (young) 
 akek, jakak Koriak 
 laki 
 
 rinaka T 
 ngewek A' 
 
 Man — nenekin Iroquoix, aingahon Huron, 
 eniha Nottoway, aneehah Tmcorora, 
 look(jue Oneida, 
 Woman — yonkwe Mohawk, 
 ekening T, 
 otaikai //, 
 Child — kotonia /, 
 
 chealihah //, 
 woccanoune T, 
 Boy, son — haksaah Onondaija. eawook Seneca, 
 laxha O (Oneida), 
 ronwaye Af, 
 Girl, daughter — kaunuhwukli T, 
 
 ikheawog Cayinja, keawook S, gufikuku " 
 kayung O, suwijigh Ka (Kamtchatdale) 
 
 Father — ionniha /, ihani C, una A 
 
 ata T, aihtaa //, atta T 
 
 lahkeni 0, rakeni M, illigin T 
 
 Mother — ena N, aneheh //, eaiiuh T, aingga, anguan Ka 
 
 ahkenolha 0, ella, elhi K, illia Ka 
 
 Brother — jattatege On (Onondaga), ataquen //, tyga Ka, otoko-kiyodai J 
 teetoteken S, itschamitugin T 
 
 teeahgattahnoonduclih M, ; tschaindakal A' 
 
 Sister — tsiha /, auch tehee T, ' ahtschitschA'a tchakyhetchA" 
 
 God — ocki //, egeg K 
 
 tezhuzkahau H, duzdeachtschitsch Ka 
 
 War-god — areskoui II, agreskoue/, arioski K 
 
 Head— noatahira II, kashira / 
 
II 
 
 Wtamdot-Iroquois. 
 
 .1 Ar.V.N K.<*E-K«»RI AK . 
 
 Hair — aroohia H, 
 
 nih A 
 
 ahwerochia .', 
 
 tseracher Ka 
 
 Eye— acoina //, 
 
 gan J 
 
 kaka .V, oka<{hha (\ 
 
 Rhtgi A, ilk 7' 
 
 Ear — ohuchta On, 
 
 tschiftuulik T 
 
 Huntunke N, 
 
 t«chiiitAk " 
 
 Neck — oiieaya ^f, 
 
 onnajnn A' 
 
 NoHC'— yauiiga //, 
 
 cuku A', haiia./ 
 
 oojyaaa T, 
 
 echaech, yachohaya T 
 
 "teuaag N, 
 
 idu A, tatiik T 
 
 j^eneuchsa M, 
 
 chyngak T 
 
 Month — chigue /, 
 
 kuchi J. 
 
 yasook O, 
 
 syeksye, Haaxxa Kn 
 
 agwag}isene M, sishakacut C, 
 
 ekigin T, sekiaiigin A' 
 
 Lip — hechkwaa /, 
 
 kkovan Ka 
 
 Tongue — ennnsa /, 
 
 cntsel " 
 
 Tooth — onawira /, onouweelah C, 
 
 wannalgj'n A' 
 
 otoatseh T, 
 
 gutuk T 
 
 Arm — onentona /, 
 
 oondee A 
 
 Hand — osnonsa " 
 
 Boan Corm 
 
 chotta •• 
 
 syttu Kn 
 
 Foot— saseeke iV, 
 
 shaku / 
 
 oosa T, 
 
 aasi " 
 
 ochsita On, achita H, 
 
 gitkat T 
 
 Fingers — eyingia H, 
 
 aihanka T 
 
 Nails — ohetta /, 
 
 wegyt *' 
 
 oocheelah M, 
 
 wachelang A' 
 
 Bone — onna //, akstiyeh /, 
 
 hone, kotsu J 
 
 Body— oieronta /, 
 
 karada " 
 
 Belly — unagwenda M, 
 
 nanchiin T 
 
 Stomach— utskwena /, 
 
 ikuwan J 
 
 Navel — hotchetota " 
 
 katkatschik T hozo J 
 
 Skin— hnonk 
 
 nakka T 
 
 hoserochia " 
 
 rus A 
 
 Blood— otquechsa On, cotnuh T, gatkum K, 
 
 ketsu J 
 
 Heart— hahweriacha /, 
 
 kokoro / 
 
 Saliva— wtchera /, 
 
 yodare J 
 
 House — kanosiod C, kanoughsode if, 
 
 kisd, kishit Ka 
 
 anonchia H, 
 
 ennit T 
 
 Axe— askwechia /, 
 
 kvasqua Ka 
 
 ahdokenh M, 
 
 adaganu K 
 
 Bow— awraw T, 
 
 erit 
 
 Basket — atere I, 
 
 teeroo L, zaru J 
 
 Knife — kainana C, 
 
 ko-katana J 
 
 Shoes — onokqua T, 
 
 hungimi C 
 
ni 
 
 Wyani>ot- Iroqpoih. 
 
 Sun — kelanquaw M-, 
 karakkwa /, 
 adicha //, 
 onteka /, 
 
 heetay T, aheeta N, 
 Mood — kaiiaughkwaw C, 
 
 kelan([uaw Af, karakkwa /, 
 Star — iahonda C, ojechaooudau S, 
 Day — entit'koh /, 
 
 ennisera " egbnisera M, 
 yorhuhuh T, 
 Night— sonrekka /, 
 
 kawwassonneak O, 
 nuhsoha .S', 
 Heaven, sky — kiunyage S, 
 
 quaker-VfutWiSk N, 
 The spring — kungweeteh M, 
 " summer — akenha M, kayahneh /, 
 " winter — koashlakke <>, koscra /, 
 oxhey //, koosehhea T, 
 Earth — ohetta /, 
 
 onouentsia /, 
 ucnjah .S', ahunga 0, 
 Field— kaheta / 
 Mountain — kaunatauta C, 
 
 onontah //, onontes On, 
 Water — ohneka /, oneegha Minekussar, 
 
 auweah T, awwa 2f, 
 River — kihade C, geiliate On, 
 Snow — onyeiak S, ouniyeghte M, 
 Fire — ontchichta /, 
 
 yoneks T, 
 Thunder — kaweraa /, 
 Copper — quennies M, kanadzia /, 
 Silver — hwirhtan-oron /* 
 Stone — owrunnay T, 
 Dead — kenha /, 
 Alive, life — konnhe /, 
 yonhe M, 
 Cold — wathorata /, turca H, 
 Hot — otarahaute H, 
 
 yoonaurihun T, 
 Bad— hetken /, 
 washuh T 
 Good — oogenerle M io, ioyanere /, 
 
 Japanuc-Koriak. 
 
 galenkuletsch Ka 
 
 kulleatah K<t, tirkiti T 
 
 Uatsch T 
 
 matachak T • 
 
 tida L, tyketi K 
 
 kounetauu A 
 
 gailigen K 
 
 agajin, aahangit Ka 
 
 nitchi L 
 
 nichi ./, aghynak T 
 
 halui A', hallu gg Ka 
 
 unnjuk T 
 
 kyunnuk Ka 
 
 nikita T 
 
 chain Kn, khigan K 
 
 gokuraku /, kochall Ka 
 
 anchtoha T 
 
 sakan A, kegmu T 
 
 kollealaa Ka 
 
 achaachsaan A' 
 
 ttati C 
 
 nutenut K 
 
 nuna T 
 
 tahata, hatake/,get8chigyn K 
 
 kimita A 
 
 neit T, enshida, namud Ka 
 
 inh K, mok, emok T 
 
 wakha A, 
 
 kiha Ka, kuigutt T 
 
 anighu T 
 
 undji A 
 
 annak, eknok T 
 
 kyhal, kyigala, ikigigrihan K 
 
 akagane J 
 
 elniT^el- iri/chtin K 
 
 whraugon " 
 
 gangi/ 
 
 kyjuniliu T 
 
 inochi J 
 
 kiyetaru / 
 
 hoteru ' ' 
 
 nomling K 
 
 chaitkin " 
 
 wasa L, 
 
 gemelewli K, yoi, zennara / 
 
IV 
 
 Wyandot-Iroquowj 
 
 (Jreat— kowa /, 
 
 tatcluuiawiliie iV 
 Small— ontonha /, 
 Ulack — tetiu-calaa O 
 
 hontai /, 
 Red — qucchtahu .S', 
 
 guwonta-rof/on / 
 oni<iuah-/u/'i O 
 White -kearagea J/, kcnrakeii /, 
 
 keaankea C, 
 Yellow— hotgikk-waro»/OH /, 
 
 checna-guarle M, 
 To burn — gatchatlia /, 
 " come — karo M, 
 " do — konnis /, 
 " eat — higuech f, 
 
 tehatskahons ^f, 
 To give— keyahwe, wahetky /, 
 " go — higue /, 
 
 yehateatyese Af, 
 " kill — kerios /, 
 
 *' love — enorongwa M, aindoorookwaw //, 
 " place — kiterona /, 
 " sleep — wakitas " 
 " speak — atakea //, 
 " walk— erai " 
 
 ahteatyese M, 
 " weep — garkentat /, 
 " write — khiatons " 
 Above — ehneken " 
 Below — ehtake " 
 
 Much — eao /, aysoo iV, 
 All — awquayakoo ' ' 
 Name — osenna /, 
 
 Bear — oochereuh T, ooquharlee M, 
 Dog — yunyenoh //, 
 cheeth T, 
 
 erhar M, cheer ^V, tachierha On, 
 Fox — iitsho 31, 
 Wolf — ahquohhoo 3f, 
 Frog — skwarak / 
 Fiah — otschionta On, 
 yeentso H, 
 kenyuck S, 
 Duck — aoluck M, 
 
 Japanese Koruk. 
 
 ko, okii J, kaaguk T 
 
 chytachiii Ka 
 
 uitacheiian " 
 
 kyty-halu Kit, nat-chala T 
 
 nuduhen T 
 
 kawachtuk T 
 
 nituchel- rnrhfn K 
 
 Inha-tifKilo Kn 
 
 ahcurooMa L, nilgachen A' 
 
 genggahlau Ka 
 
 nntel-ijrttrhen T 
 
 ducnl-karallo Ka 
 
 yatta L 
 
 kuru J 
 
 okonai J 
 
 VmJ 
 
 tekitachigyn T 
 
 katchu A'(t 
 
 yuku J 
 
 utashish Ka 
 
 koroahi J 
 
 anurak Yukuijir 
 
 kakeru J, 
 
 kangwitkis A' 
 
 idakuwa A 
 
 hiroi J 
 
 ita J atchoong L 
 
 terugatirkin T 
 
 katchoong L 
 
 uyeni J 
 
 jechtok T 
 
 osa-osa J 
 
 oowhoko L 
 
 ninna K 
 
 akliak T 
 
 inu J 
 
 getten T, sheda A 
 
 atar, chatalan K 
 
 iachka T, hitschkat K 
 
 aiguyeh, chgaliuwa *' 
 
 gayeru J 
 
 etschuda Ka 
 
 entachudu " 
 
 annegui T 
 
 galgagalach T 
 
WVANDOT-lROQrOlS. 
 
 Japaxese-Koriak. 
 
 Feather — onasa /, 
 Egg— onhonchia /, 
 Hungry — cautsoie 0, 
 Ouc— unji T, iinti X, 
 
 uskot Al, 
 Two— techi-ni M, 
 nekty T, 
 teghia O, 
 Tliree— shegh <S', segh C, ahseh M, 
 
 absenh O, aushank //, 
 Four — kayerih Af, 
 kayelili, 0, 
 hunUk T, 
 Five — vdak M, &c, 
 Seven — tsatak M, tchoatak On, 
 Eight— nakruh T, 
 tagheto O, 
 Nine — tutonh M, tiohton Caughnatmija, 
 
 tiohto C, 
 Ten— oyelih 0, 
 I— ka /, 
 waka /, 
 deeh H, 
 Thou — sa, ise /, iseh M, 
 
 eeta T 
 He — ra /, 
 
 hearooh T, 
 We — dawshaw //, dwaquaigo M, 
 
 onkwa /, 
 You — sewa /, eese Af, 
 
 senoflha M, psooniohauh // 
 They — oundoya II, 
 
 hannee L 
 
 nyhach Ka, nohk, nuku A 
 
 katsuyeni J 
 
 ingaing A' 
 
 dyshak Ka 
 
 ni-techaw A' 
 
 niechtsch A' 
 
 ytechgau " 
 
 giuch T, taook Ka 
 
 sang L 
 
 gyrach A" 
 
 tsagelch Ka 
 
 niyach, ngshakaw A" 
 
 asheki A 
 
 itatyk Ka 
 
 angrotkin T 
 
 tshookotiik Ka 
 
 tschachatonoh, tschanatana^a 
 
 tschuaktuk Ka 
 
 kulle T 
 
 clioo L, kem A'a, gim A' 
 
 wanga T, wang L 
 
 toogai A 
 
 kyse Ka, gahs K, ya L 
 
 utschogai A 
 
 are J, ari L 
 
 kare J 
 
 tsogaich A 
 
 wangkuta T 
 
 suae Ka, suseh A'', sokka J 
 
 sonoho J 
 
 anuudari A. 
 
▼I 
 
 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 DACOTAH AND JAPANESE-KORIAK LANGUAGES. 
 
 DACOTAH. 
 
 Man — wica Dacotah, weechasha Yankton, 
 wahsheegae Otto, 
 wongahah Winnebcujo, wineha Astlniboin, 
 
 neka Osatje, nikkah Quappa, hihua D, 
 mattra Minetari, 
 oeeteka D kida Ilklatsa, 
 Woman — wingy, wiunokeja D, nogahah Fr, 
 wakka-angka Z>, 
 
 nieha Mandan, meyakatte Upsaroka, 
 tawicu D, 
 
 moorse M, (Mandan), wife, 
 - moah U, mega loway, (wife), 
 Child — wahcheesh D, 
 bakkatte l^, 
 shinga-shinga Oma/ui, 
 Boy, son — eeneek W, eejinggai Min (Minetari), 
 eeingai Of, (Otto), 
 disi H, 
 
 shekaiija J/t«, 
 
 cingksi Z>, shinzoshiuga O-t (Osage), 
 meetshingshee D, 
 Girl, daughijer — meyakatte (7, macath Min, 
 
 meetshoongshee D, meeyaikanja Mi 
 sookmeha M, 
 eejonggai Om (Omaha), 
 heenukhahhah W, 
 shemashinga Os, 
 Father — ate H, atag D, dadai Om, atcucu Y, 
 
 menoomphe U, 
 Mother — ina, hung D, enaugh Os, 
 Brother — sonkakoo D, 
 
 boocouppa IT, 
 Sister — wetonga Os, 
 itakisa H, 
 
 JAPAKESE-KORIAE. 
 
 uika Tchuktchi, okkai Aino 
 
 ickkeega Loo Choo 
 
 ningen Jajmnese, kenge Kamt- 
 
 chatdah 
 ainuh Aino 
 nutaira Koriak 
 otoko ./, hito J 
 innago L, mennokoosi A 
 aganak T 
 math A, 
 tackki L 
 maroo A (wife) 
 mazy '* " 
 
 wasaso A, wocka L, (yomig) 
 paliatshitsh Ka, Iwgotschi A 
 shoni J 
 oongua L, yegnika T 
 
 doji J 
 
 shisong J 
 
 shoni, shisoku J 
 
 muauko " 
 
 math A, newekik T 
 
 neuweku T 
 
 shuguina Ka 
 
 ungua L, suwing Ka 
 
 kanaz A 
 
 shinzo J 
 
 teteoya /, atta, attaka T 
 
 enpitsch Ka 
 
 ainga T, anguan Ka 
 
 tschangkuon Co, kamgoyak T 
 
 yubi, yobu A 
 
 ichtum Ka 
 
 tschakyhetsch K 
 
VII 
 
 Dacotah. 
 
 Japanese-Koriak. 
 
 Head — naso (Jt, nahsso W, nanthu /, 
 
 pa D, pah }', pahhili Q, 
 Hair — nijihah Q, maaheah U, natoo Ot, 
 
 ajTa Mill, 
 Eye — esa U, 
 
 eshtikeZJ, ishcliulisahhah W, 
 Ear — nectah Om, iiottah Q, uaughta 0,>i, 
 akuhi //, 
 lahockee Alin, 
 Mouth — iiptshappah Min, 
 Tongue — dezi //, tsheclzhi D, theysi Mln, dehzee- dytschil Ka 
 
 hah W, 
 Teeth— hi D, If, he /, W, Ot, hih Konza>>, ea I/, ha J, L, ][ C 
 
 nashko, naskok T 
 
 bosi L, gpa A 
 
 nujak, nujet T, matihushi C 
 
 nih A , tseracher Ka 
 
 iik T 
 
 sik, shigi A 
 
 tachintak T 
 
 kui (', igiad Ka 
 
 ilyud Ka, wilagi A' 
 
 jeep C 
 
 Neck — shuah U, 
 
 doti H, dote D, tashai Ot, 
 
 apeeh Min, 
 Arm — ada //. arda M, 
 
 istoA Y, 
 
 Shoulder — idaspa H, 
 
 liiyete D, 
 
 amdo ' ' 
 
 Hand — shantee Min 
 
 sake D, saki H, shagah Os. shagai Om, 
 Finger — onkaha M, 
 
 shake B, shagah Os, shagai Om, 
 buschie U, 
 
 napchoopai Y, shantee-ichpoo J/jh, 
 Foot— sihi. D, sih Q, si W Of, Om, 
 Beard^iki H, eshaesha If, 
 Belly— ikpi D, 
 chesa Os, 
 bare U, 
 Blood — uoai Y, waheehah W, 
 wamee Om, 
 
 kuiich Ka 
 
 iityg T, hutdehu K 
 
 kubi J, L 
 
 ude, yeda J 
 
 settoo Ka 
 
 tapsut, tapfka .4, tschilpit T 
 
 kutta L, kata ./ 
 
 oondee A, (ann) 
 
 syttu, sotong Ka 
 
 ki L, chketsch, chkatsch Ka 
 
 aihanka T 
 
 keks, gyhgek Ka, sokora C 
 
 pkotsha Ka 
 
 jubi A, yubi /, eebee L 
 
 ashi, shake J 
 
 hige /, uika 2' 
 
 fuku /,paiC,ksucb ^a,piigi K 
 
 aksheka T 
 
 hara J 
 
 auku T , 
 
 kehm A 
 
 ketsu J 
 
 idi H, eda U, 
 
 Bone — hidu H, kotsu J, kutsi L, kotham Ka, hatamfa K, atitaam T 
 
 Heart — nasse U, nochteh Q, natah Min, nokguek, nunjugu Ka 
 
 cangte D, shing J 
 
 Nail (finger)^ — shaka D, shakahough Os, saki H, kugi J, kukuh Ka 
 Skin — uka, koku D, aduaka H, ka L, kawa /, kooogh Ka, kotschi C 
 
 House — assua U, cheehah W, tshe /, 
 t^pi D, teepee Y, teib A, 
 ote M, ati H, attee Min, teeah Os, 
 
 Bow — beerahhah Min, warehnoopah M, 
 etazeepa D, 
 
 uche, ke J. zise A 
 zibu, tschap, tschibi C 
 yado, taku J, katchi L 
 f am C 
 edzak Ka 
 
Till 
 
 Dacotah. 
 
 Arrow — mahha M, ma, inong D, 
 
 minja On, 
 Axe — ahana, ongspe D, 
 
 oceopa A, 
 Knife — matai Min, mitsa (7. mahee Ot, Om, 
 Canoe — wata Z), 
 
 mati H, maheahe U, 
 Cloth as — sheena D, 
 Bole — mahetoh M, 
 Belt— ipasaki H, ipiyaka D, 
 Pouch — wozuha D, 
 Shoes — hangpa Z>, honpeh Q, 
 
 opah Min, hupa H, 
 Village — ameteh Min, 
 Sun — wee D, pee Ot, weehah W, 
 
 meencajai Om, menahkah M, 
 Moon — hangetu-wi D, (night-sun), 
 
 minnatatche U, 
 Star — hkaka 3f, icka H, eekah Min, 
 peekahhai Ot, 
 wickangpi D, 
 Heaven, sky — ammahhe U, mahagh Os, 
 Day — cang D, hangwai Ot, 
 Night — hangyetu D, 
 
 estogr M, 
 Bain — maghazu D, mahajon Y, nezuma Os, 
 harai Min, 
 hannah U, 
 Snow — beah U, mahpai Min, pau Os, 
 Hail — makkoupah U, 
 Ice — cagha D, 
 Wind — hootsee U, 
 Storm — tattasuggy Os, 
 Thunder — walkeeang D, 
 Earth — maka D, maha Ot, 0$, moneeka Om, 
 
 mahnah W, 
 Moxmtain — khyaykah D, haiaea Y, ohai Ot, 
 paha D, avocavee Min, 
 mahpo, ahmahabbe U, 
 Stone — eeyong Y, 
 eengro Ot, 
 Salt — miniskuya D, amahota //, 
 Fire — pechae /, pajah Os, pytshi W, 
 beerais Min, wareday M, 
 
 Japanese-Koriak. 
 
 mechim Ka 
 machmiuche K 
 ono J 
 
 kvasqua Ka, kal-kapak T 
 wattslioo Ka, majiddi A 
 agwat K, attuat, hetwutt Ka 
 machdyhm Ka 
 ching L, choongay C 
 makak T 
 obi J, L, tapsbi T 
 fossa L 
 
 hunginn C, angesuf A' 
 sabock L 
 machi J 
 fi 
 
 matschak T 
 
 tangkitti K, (night), fi/,(sun) 
 mangetsu J, (fuII-moon) 
 hoshi J 
 fosi L 
 
 ashangit Ka 
 ame J 
 gannak T 
 
 tyngfouti K, unnjuk T 
 atziroo L 
 
 muchemuks K, neptaehuk T 
 furi J 
 
 ame /, kantsch Ka 
 upas A, pangopag K 
 yobu J 
 cigu K 
 kytegA", kyttych, tsehichutsha Ka 
 techtok T, tschitchutscha " 
 yegilkegie T 
 mok C 
 nunna T 
 oka J, gyeigoi A' 
 pehguktsch Ka, bukkon K 
 fnufa, tenup K, 
 uigum T 
 whraugon K 
 mashoo L 
 
 apeh A, ^ L, pangitsch Ka 
 pol C, bryuumchitsch " 
 
 13 
 
DC 
 
 Dacotah. 
 
 W'atei- -nil) Q, neah On, ninah H', 
 
 mini D, meenee J', niinne (/, 
 pasaahah At, 
 mini H, 
 Sea — tehha, tehchuua IV, 
 Lake— tehha W, 
 River — wakpa Z>, wacopa T, 
 
 passahali M, watishka Om, ahesu U, 
 Buffalo— tahtunkah Z), 
 
 sha ()s, bisha tT^, 
 Dog — shong A , shonka D, chouhnkehah W, 
 Fox — soheeda D, 
 Flesh —cehpi " 
 
 tado Y, tatookai Ot, tando D, tandocah 
 cuructshittee Min, 
 chahhah W, 
 Tail— tsita H, 
 Bird — dikkappe [I, 
 tsakaka //, 
 Fish — hoaahug D, haugh Os hohhah W, 
 hoho Om, ho Ot huh Q, 
 poh M, boa Min, booah U, 
 hoghang D, hohung F, 
 Grass— pezi D, beka 11, mika //, 
 Flower — odakapaki H, 
 
 * hkaA 
 Fruit — waskuyeca D, 
 Forest — ochaw " 
 
 Tree — nahnah W, 
 Wood — tschang D, 
 
 money fl, 
 Leaf — ape, wapa D, 
 
 moneyahpe U, 
 Warrior — ahkitshiitah D, 
 Enemy — toka " 
 
 Servant — toka " 
 
 Bad — shicha D, ishia //, 
 Good — uohta •' 
 tonhai Os, 
 itsicka U, tsaki H, 
 Small — tcheestin, tonana Z>, 
 
 ecat IT, 
 Cold — oisnaitch A, 
 
 taflaka D, 
 
 ceereeai Min, 
 
 Japaskse-Kobiak. 
 
 inh K, nouna T 
 
 nouna, uiok T, mimel K 
 
 peh A 
 
 meze L 
 
 ta C, atui, aducka A 
 
 to A, touga T 
 
 woyampih K 
 
 peth, fez, bez, bezu A 
 
 tachimga Ka 
 
 shao C, wooooshe L 
 
 ching, inu J 
 
 tschkuada Ka 
 
 tubis 
 O^.taat, tatchal Ka 
 
 korattal K 
 
 kokiC 
 
 dzoo L 
 
 tzkepf A 
 
 tacC 
 
 koki, kuki C 
 
 giyo J, eo L 
 
 uwo J 
 
 sakana J 
 
 phee C, wuk, wehei T 
 
 ibuiki, sipoike A 
 
 kuC 
 
 kuwashi J, isgatesitch Ka 
 
 hayashi " ooda " 
 
 nan C, nih A, 
 
 tschitschini A 
 
 nammo C 
 
 wha L, jipan Yuhagir 
 
 niep A 
 
 shisotsu J 
 
 teki 
 
 tshequatsch Ka 
 
 ashiki J 
 
 hotaC 
 
 itainoktok T 
 
 matschinka " 
 takine, takoni^, uitschenan ^a 
 
 ekitachtu T 
 
 koenetsch Ka 
 
 tschachtschen K 
 
 syrriam A 
 
Dacotau. 
 
 Japanese-Kobuk. 
 
 Cold — hootshere U, 
 
 sinnee D, snee Y, Ot, Om, seenechce W, 
 Hot — dsasoah M, 
 dindita Z>, 
 ahre U, arraise Min, 
 cheustungatch A, 
 Dead, die — tha D, tehe H, 
 
 carrafiha U, 
 Alive, live — niya J), nee Ox, 
 ti Z>, itshasa U, 
 Black — chippushaka U, 
 
 eeokhpazec D. 
 Red — hiain H, iahshee Mm, sha D, hishecat U, 
 White — ataki //, hoteeclikee Min, 
 sang Z>, 
 
 ska D, Ot, Om skah, W, A, Os, chose, U, 
 Yellow— tsidi/T, 
 To bind — kashka D, 
 " bum — ghu *' 
 
 adahahe H, 
 " do— hidi 
 " drink— hi 
 
 smimmik U, 
 meeneatgautsch A, 
 heeiatekaupeteka D, 
 " eat — yuta D, duta H, 
 
 bahbooshmekah U, 
 utahpee D, 
 " fight — kastaka D, 
 " give — khu, accuje D, ku H, 
 " go— dah U, de D, 
 " hear — kikua H, 
 " love — wahtacheeng D, 
 ahmutcheshe U, 
 " make — echong D, 
 " run — doozakon " 
 
 akharoosh Oi*, 
 kikaki H, 
 " be sick — yazang D, 
 " sing — dowang " 
 " sleep — eistim-match A, 
 mughumme U, 
 ishtingma D, 
 " speak — ide IT, 
 ia A 
 
 kiyetaru J 
 
 samui, kan J 
 
 attisa L 
 
 danki J 
 
 karai " 
 
 kuinitschkit K 
 
 tokok T 
 
 rai, rairosiwo A 
 
 inochi J 
 
 itchitchee L 
 
 nufsunke K 
 
 aekuropech A 
 
 akassa L, akai •/ 
 
 attych Ka 
 
 chein C 
 
 haku J 
 
 dsadsal Ka 
 
 kuku-ru J 
 
 yaku J, akka L 
 
 yaddee L, taku J 
 
 itashi J 
 
 kuiki Ka 
 
 samgam K 
 
 migutschi T 
 
 tapatken K 
 
 etsyh Ka 
 
 ippah, imbi A 
 
 tabe-ru J 
 
 kogdak Yukwjir, tatakau J 
 
 qui-ung L, kachu Ka 
 
 tout, teut Ka 
 
 kiku J 
 
 eiwatschim A' 
 
 aksmatjen " 
 
 oochoong L 
 
 tschasgoa A 
 
 hashira J 
 
 kuke-ru " 
 
 yadong L 
 
 ootayoong L, utau J 
 
 miich-aten T 
 
 miilchamik K, moguru A 
 
 tungykushih Ka 
 
 idakuwa A 
 
 ii, in / 
 
 r 
 
Dacotah. 
 
 XI 
 
 Japa:«isk-Kokuk. 
 
 To Bteal— ki D, 
 " take — ichu, eyaku D, 
 '• think— echin " 
 
 " wash — yuzaza ** 
 
 " weep — eheya " 
 
 " write — akakashi H, 
 Yesterday — tauneehah £>, 
 Tomorrow — hayahkay tseebah D, 
 Near — askahaah " 
 
 I — be U, vieh Q, veca Oa, me M, mea A, 
 Thou — de [/, deeah 0«, dieh Q, 
 
 nish D, nehe Min, ney [V, nea A , ne M, 
 He — na 17, nee Aliii, neeah W, ount M, 
 We — bero U, 
 
 onkia D, ungea-ip A, ungu-ar 0», 
 You — dero U, neeah-pe D, 
 They — eonah M, 
 One — duetsa H, 
 wajitah D, 
 
 jungihah W, eyunkae /, onje D, 
 Two — dopa H, 
 
 nopa D, Boopah Min, nopi W, 
 noue Ot, nowae /, 
 tekeni Ot, 
 Three — rabenee Orn, laubenah Os, 
 
 ikka A 
 uhk, oku A, eech-oong L, uke-ru J 
 sbiang, kangaye J 
 yuaugu " 
 
 kia T, tschisgoa A 
 kaki J 
 tcheenoo L 
 haiedsai C 
 kakio T 
 wu " na C 
 tu Ka 
 
 no C, eanny A , nanji J 
 oan, onno, miin K 
 oure C, warera J, muru A' 
 wangku-ta T 
 turi T, nohue C 
 oanas K 
 
 tizi 1, dysak Ka 
 hitotsu J 
 
 ahnehn, ingsing, inshingyan K 
 tupu C, tup A 
 yhnap, inipf A, (4) 
 ni J 
 
 ni-takaw A' 
 liep, raph A 
 sang L, san J 
 
 tana Ot, tanye /, tahni W, 
 Four— topa//^,2>, topah Min, Y, toba Om, tobah Os, tupu C, tup ^, (2) 
 tome A, iah-tama T 
 
 tuah Q, toua 0^ tsaak Ka 
 
 Five — satsch IF, sattou Q, sahtah K, sahtsha Min, itsutsu J 
 
 thata /, kihu H, kakhoo M, cheehoh Min, asheak A, go J, goo L 
 Six — ahkewe W, shaque Ot, kohui W, iishu C 
 
 akama/f, kemahilf.acamai Jfi«,ahcamacat U, ywam, ihguaen A 
 schappeh Q, shappeh K, shapah Os, juwambe " 
 
 Seven — shahcoi), shakoee Y, shagoa^, shahko W, shichi J, iikii C 
 
 painumbe Om, panompah Os, pennapah Q, aruwambi A 
 Eight — dopapi H, kela-tobaugh Os, duhpyhs, tubishambi A 
 
 pehdaghenih Q, pigayuk T 
 
 tatucka M, tschookotuk Ka, yatsu, hatchi J 
 
 shahendohen D, shakundohuh Y, tschonutonu Ka 
 
 kraerapane/,kraerabane 0<,krairabaine Om, 
 perabine On, (rabenee 3) 5 and 3, raph A, (3) 
 
 Nine — schunkkah Q, shanke Ot, shonka Om, chonatschinki K 
 
 8hankahOs,nowassapai J/in,napchingwan- syhnapyhs, sinesambi, sinobs- 
 gka D, nuhpeetchewungkuh Y, am A 
 
 mahpa M, ahop C 
 
 Ten— wiketshi-inaai D, weekchee-minuh Y, min-gitke K, tschom-chotako Ka. 
 
XII 
 
 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY 
 
 or THB 
 
 TINNEH AND TUNGUS LANBUABES. 
 
 *' 
 
 /*>• 
 
 TINNEH. 
 
 
 TUN0U8. 
 
 Man — tengi Kutchin, tenghie . 
 
 Loucheui, 
 
 tungus, donki 
 
 sykka Ugalenze, 
 
 
 chacha 
 
 Woman— ekhe Umpqua, chaca TacuUy, 
 
 heghe, cheche 
 
 Husband — deneyu Moatarfnain 
 
 (of Petitot), 
 
 edin 
 
 ahoteey Chipweyan, 
 
 etsayoh Beaver, 
 
 edee, oddia 
 
 Wife— sak Tacully, 
 
 
 ashi 
 
 jarcooey Chipweyan, 
 
 
 narkan 
 
 Son— tsiah Kutchin, 
 
 
 dsui 
 
 Daughter — nitchit " 
 
 
 unadju 
 
 Child— beye Taculbj, 
 
 
 buya 
 
 quelaquis Chipweyan, 
 
 
 uli, aljukan 
 
 Father — mama Tlatskanai, 
 
 
 ama 
 
 Mother— anna Kenai, an Montagnais, 
 
 ani, enie 
 
 Brother — chah Kutchin, echill 
 
 TacuUy, 
 
 aki 
 
 Head — edzai Dogrih, 
 
 
 udjoo 
 
 Forehead— sekata Yukon, 
 
 
 onkoto 
 
 Eye — eta Montagnais, 
 
 
 esha 
 
 Vav — xonade Tlatskanai, 
 
 
 schen 
 
 szulu Kenai, 
 
 
 korot 
 
 Nose — neuzeh Atnah, 
 
 
 nigsha 
 
 huntchu Hoopah, 
 
 
 onokto 
 
 Lip — edanne Montagnais, 
 
 
 aodjun 
 
 Tongue — tsoola TacuUy, 
 
 
 tschola 
 
 Tooth— shti Tolewah, 
 
 
 ikta 
 
 Beard — tarra Dogrib, 
 
 
 tshurkan 
 
 Blood— sko TacuUy, 
 
 
 shosha 
 
 shtule Umpqua, 
 
 
 sugal 
 
 Belly — kagott Ugalenze, 
 
 
 chukito 
 
 Arm — ola TacuUy, 
 
 
 ngala 
 
 Hand — kholaa Tlatskanai, YmVLdih. Navajo, 
 
 gala 
 
 inla Montagnais, 
 
 
 nala 
 
 House — zeh Kutchin, 
 
 
 dzsho 
 
 Canoe — tsi TacuUy, 
 
 
 djaw 
 
 Clothes— thuth Chipweyan, togaai Kerud, 
 
 tetiga 
 
XIII 
 
 TiNNlH. 
 
 TCNOCit. 
 
 Axe — taih Kutchin, 
 
 tukka 
 
 Bhaahill TaruUy, . 
 
 abuko 
 
 Knife— teish 
 
 utach 
 
 Spoon— Bchitl Umpqiia, 
 
 knili 
 
 Threail— mo Montmjnaia, 
 
 umi 
 
 Sun — chokonoi Navajo, chignonakai Coppermine 
 
 , sshiguu 
 
 shoounahaye Metcalero 
 
 shun 
 
 Star— klune Yukon, shlum TacuUy, 
 
 haulen 
 
 kumshaet Loucheux, 
 
 omikta 
 
 Day— tiljcan KolUhane, 
 
 tirgani 
 
 Heaven, sky— jujan Kenai, 
 
 njan 
 
 Thunder— idi Montagnais, 
 
 addi 
 
 Lightning — nahtunkun Kut4^iH, 
 
 talkian 
 
 Wind — atae Yukon, 
 
 cdyu 
 
 Rain— tsin Kutchin, naoton Tacully, 
 
 oodan, uddun 
 
 tchandellez Montagnais, 
 
 tukdol 
 
 Ice — ttatz Ugalenze, 
 
 dacbuche, djuko 
 
 Earth — ne Navajo, 
 
 na 
 
 Mountain — schhell Tacully, 
 
 tscholkon 
 
 Stone — tachayer Pinaleno, 
 
 djoUo 
 
 Iron — shleatay Tacully, 
 
 sele 
 
 Copper— thetara Kutchin, 
 
 tschirit 
 
 Salt — tedhay Montagnais, 
 
 tak 
 
 River — okox Tacully, 
 
 okat 
 
 Fire — teuck Atnah, takok Ugaletize, 
 
 toua, tog, 
 
 Bread— kliuthchu Kutchin, 
 
 kiltora 
 
 Bear — sua Tacully, 
 
 keki 
 
 Wolf— yeas " 
 
 guako 
 
 Buffalo — chasaka Ugalenze, 
 
 chjukun 
 
 Deer— batahish Koltshane, 
 
 buchu 
 
 Bird— kakashi Kenai, 
 
 gaaha 
 
 taoje Koltshane. 
 
 doghi 
 
 Fish- uldiah Chipweyan, 
 
 olda 
 
 lue Montagnais, 
 
 olio 
 
 Snake — nadudhi " 
 
 nogai 
 
 Leaf — chitun Kutchin, 
 
 awdanna 
 
 Tiife— anna Tacully, 
 
 inni 
 
 Crood — sutchon " 
 
 Bsain 
 
 Bad — tschoolta Kenai, 
 
 kaniult 
 
 Cold — nikkudh Kutchin, 
 
 inginikde 
 
 hungkox Tacully, 
 
 inginishin 
 
 oulecadze Beaver, 
 
 yuUiahin 
 
 Great — unshaw Chipweyan^ 
 
 ekzsham 
 
 choh Kutchin, 
 
 choydi 
 
t\7 
 
 TiNMH. 
 
 TCHOOtl. 
 
 Small — astekwoo Tlattkanai, 
 
 adaigh* 
 
 nacoutza Yukon, 
 
 njuktachukan 
 
 Old — saiyirlhelkai Kutchin, 
 
 sagdi 
 
 BIa«k — tkhlsune Tlattkanai, 
 
 sachalin 
 
 Green — dellia Montagnaia, 
 
 tschurin 
 
 Red — delicouae Chipweyan, 
 
 cholachin 
 
 To come — tchatchoo Loucheujc, 
 
 tshi 
 
 " go — antonger Yukon, 
 
 genigar 
 
 *' eat — beha Loucheux, 
 
 biahui 
 
 " drink — esdan Montagnais, 
 
 undan 
 
 chidetleh Loucheux, 
 
 koldakoo 
 
 *' give — hamiltu Chipweyan, 
 
 omuli 
 
 " see — eahi Montagnais, utschtsuhiilia Ug, 
 
 itachetschira 
 
 " sleep — azut Ugalenze, 
 
 adjikta 
 
 " write — edesklis Montagnais, 
 
 dokli 
 
 The Tinneh numerals are not Tungus, but seem to have been borrowed frem 
 the Japanese- Koriak family. 
 
XT 
 
 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AL&ONQUIN AND MALAY-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 ALGONQUIN. 
 
 an — lenno Delaware, illini Illinois, 
 
 ilenni Shawno, linneeh Mimsarjua, 
 
 helaniah Miami, alnew Micmnc, 
 
 run Long-Inland, renoes Sankikani, 
 
 nemarough Vinjinia, weewarah Miami, 
 
 ililew, irirew Cree, 
 
 mini Algonquin Nipimmj, aiiiui Ottatixi, 
 
 MALAY-POLYNESIAN. 
 
 lanan Jaraneae, aulong Formosa 
 ulun Malagasy, utnlanai ^o»ru 
 malona.^ mhoyna,he]aneCeram 
 oron Malay, remau Amblaw 
 niomaru Mille, paraigh Formo 
 lelah Baju, roraki Celebes 
 nonan Tidore, anow Gilolo 
 
 enainneew Menomeni, neneo Sac and Fox, omani Celebes, umaiie Taraivan 
 
 nnin Narragansct, neeah Potawatomi, 
 ninnow Black/oot, neemanaoo Mohican, 
 mahtsee Black/oot, enanitah Arrapaho, 
 menapema Miami, 
 wechian Delaware, 
 ethinew Cree, 
 
 tommawahew New England, watamahat 
 Arrapaho, 
 Woman — ohkwi Del, ickoe //, ichkwe Sh, 
 
 abitase Micmac, apet Etchemin, 
 Bchow Scoffi, sehquow Sheahtapoosh, 
 sqwasis Narraganset, squah L-Island, 
 phainen Abenaki, pghainom Mohican, 
 wiwali Piankashaw, 
 
 niaona Siila, men Gilolo 
 inuana Ceram, anainhana Bou 
 motu My sol, m\xnflii.i Amboyna 
 mondemapin Gilolo, (husband) 
 wehoin 7Vor, " 
 
 tane Tahiti 
 
 taumata-esen Celebes, tomata 
 Salibabo, tamata Fiji 
 ahehwa Jfcw!a6eWo,gagijau Cel- 
 ebes, (wife) 
 opedeka Gilolo 
 saua Borneo, sawa Sanguir 
 sowom Bouru, (wife) 
 ifneinein Ceram, fiua Sula 
 vaivi Tarawan, vabai Tagala 
 
 weewon Moh, wewan Ojibbeway, (wife), wewina Teor, (wife) 
 
 meetayayrao Menomeni, 
 
 newah Shawno, neowoh Potawatomi, 
 Child — memendid, nitsch Del, 
 
 hippelutha Sh, apilossah Miami, 
 
 bobeloshin Ojib, 
 
 anese Nar, niechan Sh, 
 
 awansis Abenaki, 
 
 pappoos Narraganset, Piankashaw, 
 
 peisses Natick, pokah Black/oot, 
 
 abbinoji Ojib, 
 
 motyu My sol 
 
 in vina Cera m, " ,mewina7'e 
 nanat, naanati Bouru 
 opoliana Amboyna 
 
 anak ifai.anik Teor ngone Fiji 
 wana Amboyna, Ceram 
 bibigi, fawha Tonga 
 pigeneneh Salibabo 
 piyanak, Bali. 
 
 necovis Micmac, bawtoos Micmac, (boy), ngofa Tidore,hudak Mal,(hoy) 
 negusia Alg, nkos Etchemin, " anak Malay, Tagala, " 
 
XTI 
 
 ALooxQrnf. 
 
 Child— tahana //, (girl), 
 
 . nalitcii Ckiftthn', (girl), 
 Ue«d— wilo IM, wilon .S'A, 
 
 wilustikan Af'mni, 
 
 wyer S'lnkHcani 
 
 iiulahaiKtTiDU Nanlicoke, 
 
 puhkuk AfanMirhiiJiHftM, 
 
 puhliili Ar, bc<|Uu<iuo Xar-Eiiglantl, 
 
 uppa Afij, uppa4{iiuntiip Xar, 
 
 wuj>ip //, weensia Mohicnn, 
 
 dup, utup .yfoh, iudeptfcune Minmi, 
 
 niippuiikiik Xdt'nk, 
 
 uiiidgik Mil- mar, 
 
 mistikwan C'ree, 
 
 neiicHgan Etchi-min 
 Hair — milach Dtl, niytra/h s'aiifrihtni. 
 welathoh 6'/r, 
 liHsJH Alij, Oj^i, 
 peorso Pftiohnrol, 
 
 weiish Loiuj JmIuikI, woicheken Mlnnl, 
 weshek NorrnijanAet, weghaukun Molt, 
 peeahqualiun Shf«/Unpnoxh, 
 inikldiekeu Del, 
 otokan Bhirkfool, 
 Nose — wikiwon Del, kiwaueh Miami, 
 
 schanguiii Ojih, 
 
 iiekkiwauuek Sac, 
 
 nickskceu NaCirlc, 
 
 yash Arrapa/io, cha,a8ie Shairno, 
 
 yoch Ojib, 
 
 kitan Abenaki, keeton Penohwot, 
 
 peochten N-Ewjland, 
 
 wutch Natiric, ottschass Potawatomi, 
 
 ochali, chalik Shatpiio, 
 
 niton Etcfiemin, 
 Mouth — wdoou Del, wuttone NarraijonfiH, 
 
 Malat-Poltnisiak. 
 
 tahine Tonga, (girl) 
 
 nedji Mill*-, ** 
 
 ulu Malay, ulin Tear 
 
 ulukatiiii Ctram 
 
 uru Amhoyna 
 
 ulumo Cerarn 
 
 \wi Gildo, obaku CeUhea 
 
 upoko New-Zt-aland 
 
 hiingo Formoita, buiiituk l^win 
 
 penu Pitunuduan 
 
 tiiultonang C'/,tuinbo Sanyuir 
 
 nap Siila 
 
 iiudaHS Jura 
 
 tiietcemuni Tofn 
 
 nangasalii (/ilolo 
 
 mala Fiji, nuitlen MiimI 
 
 wulhj Mttlayaxy, wultiifun Ti- 
 
 low Tonga, levu Jiofiinia, 
 
 barer Tarawan 
 
 wooko ('el, waukiigh Forviosa 
 
 uwoh(>.S'((y>a/(/(«, bohok Tatja'a 
 
 wliakaliipa N-Zealami 
 
 iiiukawe, iiiahunga N-Z'laml 
 
 toim Tohi 
 
 hewonga Sum 
 
 jjungaf''7, bliouggulu Mysol 
 
 iigiiun .Vcwicx', ngiluug Langoic 
 
 ingok liiiifiH 
 
 iij30ii Tiroiiia, iaii I{ol,Fahuifo 
 
 iuka A mboyna 
 
 hidong CeMri.idun Jiotti 
 
 baten Mill*- 
 
 iithu Fiji 
 
 olicolo Cerarn, liinika^ mhoyvd 
 
 neinyateha Avihlaw 
 
 vudin Ceram 
 
 mailoon Penobscot, muttoon MnjimirliKnitft, mondoo Ton, motoo Ma rUuiven 
 
 mettoou Nanticoke, mitoon Cree, 
 
 maytone Metiomeni, 
 
 namadthun Belhucb, 
 
 nedun Abetiaki, endonnec Miami, 
 
 indown Potannitomi, nettee Arrapaho, 
 
 meessei 
 
 lUIVKJVW, 
 
 marthc Chyennt 
 
 moda Tidore, motu Man/iitMaM 
 
 mautauo Formosa 
 
 numatea Amblaw 
 
 nhoutou Ticopia, nutsii Rotu 
 
 ngutu Fukaafo 
 
 inusu Fiji, mohoa Sanguir 
 
 mulut Malay 
 
 19 
 
xyli 
 
 AUiOKQCIN. 
 
 Tongne— weUno Dfl, weelinweo Sh, 
 
 wilei ///, >««!laul(X) i'fnotntrof, 
 celaylceueu Smffi, uuclane Minmi. 
 iiyllal Ktr/ifintn, 
 tclleiiiieo SlifxIitajHtotth, 
 nirnuu Mirmnr, 
 
 minau AfaMnarhiiMff, ninantih Mohirfni, 
 nectmunohA''i<iV'il',iiecaiiiiau Nitntlrokf, 
 iieiinaneweli .S'rrr, 
 tenan Ahj, tenanian Ottawa, 
 mitayune Crff, natiiun A rrajmlio, 
 Tooth — meepit <>fih, Mohm, incl)et Mifvuir, 
 wipit Del, put Ottawa, 
 waypay Mfnomeni, 
 veisike Chyenrw, 
 nibit Al(j, nepeetah Miami, 
 neeput Nanticoke, nepitau Hoc, 
 nepit AhHiuiki, 
 I — nin Alg, Ojih, neen Natick, Narraijamet, 
 
 ni Del, ney&Crce, neah Mohiran, 
 Thou— keya Cree, ki JM, Ojih, Sh, 
 
 keah Mohican, kee Lony Islutul, 
 kir Alg, kira ///, Cree, 
 leelo Micmar, 
 He — oo Sh, ewoh Narrmjamet, uwoh Mohican, 
 weya Cree, 
 
 witha Cree, wistoi Blackfoot, 
 neha Del, noh Natick, MansachuMet, 
 One — peyak Cree, bejig Ojih, pejik ^/j/, 
 pasuk NcUkk, beesick Penobscot, 
 cotc'u Del, cotte Sankikani, quottie iSA, 
 gutti Miim, 
 chassa Arrapaho, 
 sa Blackfoot, 
 
 nuke Chyenne, naookt Micmac, 
 naynut Lon/j- Inland, 
 ngodto Potawatomi, 
 weembut Piankashav, 
 Two — taaboo Micmac, 
 tarpoo MelicUe, 
 nujueh Miami, nijo Cree, Alg, 
 Three — nihi Etchemin, niso Alg, nacha DeJ,, 
 
 nethwe Sh, nisto Cree, 
 Four— yaw if aa», yohiV^ar, ieu Aherit 
 
 Malay-Poi.vniwiav. 
 
 moliii Ci-rnrn, elunto Ttnnrtre 
 
 wowelli Allor, ewel Solor 
 
 elelo Tomjit, alulo Fnkan/o 
 
 nuiiul Timor, nangalndi (iilolo 
 
 ileltth /i*y«, ilmiiUi Forviow 
 
 aran Ahfool 
 
 niaan, laauneu Bouru 
 
 niaan AV/i, i)iiium Cerum 
 
 nuiiiawn Amhoijna, newe Tor 
 
 tuinoma Matahdlo 
 
 hkkI Kaioa iinod Cfitolo 
 
 mbati /'T/*', moi>ou BeUtng 
 
 afoil ^i'tVo/o 
 
 ipa Solor, itfi Malagasy 
 
 vesBi Omfxiy 
 
 nifo Ticopia, nifan Ceram 
 
 nifoa Mutahi'llo, nifin yeor 
 
 nifo Fakaa/o 
 
 nang 7'oW, ngo Rotuma 
 
 ngai Tarnwan, naak Pelew 
 
 kwe J/»//^,ko Tarawan,goToh 
 koai Malay, kovf Pekw,ke Ton 
 
 ger Tonga 
 
 loo Malay 
 
 ia J/*7/f, Tarawan, Samoa 
 
 aia Tonga,oio, Tahiti, iyaTaga 
 
 hate Rotuma 
 
 nia Tarnwan, na Malay 
 
 pacha f/fa 
 
 wasa Amhoyna 
 
 yat Toit.kotahai iESM^er.hetsy 
 
 katim Mysol, sedi ^u>yw 
 
 kusa Sanguir 
 
 Bu yofti, sa yatvi, ^q/u 
 
 nehi Manatoto, nai Semang 
 
 nosiuni Bouru 
 
 ndua Fyi 
 
 soboto Ce?, sembaow Salibabo 
 
 duwa ^Mf/M 
 
 dalava Tagala 
 
 nua tS'ara 
 
 nih Timbora 
 
 neti Paumotuan 
 
 aha Marq, ahaa 0<aA«(i * 
 ih« (?tto^, hah 'S'avtt 
 
XVIII 
 
 AuutNgutM. 
 
 Four — y*ugh NnhtiroLi, yehhou /Vmo/m.o/, 
 yaut Ao«7 Inland, 
 
 yeaiic Arnt/mJu), 
 iiewa Def, nave ChyrnHf, 
 nalio K/rhrmin, nihoui I Uim*, 
 Five— nan Mir, nant! Etih, 
 
 nanan Al'j, (ft, nainau <^jtt>, 
 na|>aiina Mum, Nar, 
 pa Louij Iitlnnd, 
 nalan Ihl, nialinwe Sh, 
 yalanwtih Miami, 
 null ran Alg, 
 Bad — niayutisuw Cree, niutldy Bet/imk, 
 motchie Sh, mattik Xantkoke, 
 mokhtitsu JJfl, 
 Good — wulillisiwi " 
 
 ouret Sankikani, 
 meyoo Crte, 
 mino Alg, 
 Black — kusketa Cree, 
 
 mukkudaiwah Ojih, mackatay Alg, Of, 
 mandzey Bethurk, 
 oappaishnn Menomeni, 
 nsikkayooh Mohican, nesgeek Minsi, 
 White— bisae Jll, 
 
 opee iSVt, apiu Blackfoot, wape Del, 
 wawbizze Ojih, wapiaew Cree, 
 wompesu Narr, wompayu Loiuj Island, 
 To sleep — nebat Micmac, 
 " break — piekocka Alg, 
 " bum — kwakootao Cref, 
 ' ' come — ome Shyenne, tootoo BUirk/oot, 
 
 pittaeimous A Ig, 
 " drink — meneen Del, majmaan Menomeni, 
 " eat — mechisoo, mechew Cree, 
 *' give — makew Cree, noiimia New-England, 
 Canoe — oot ' ' 
 
 Mai^y-Polynbsian. 
 
 hako Holuvui, ahka Ki^oa 
 
 hata AmftojfHii, haat Timoro 
 
 ehuMt Manntfffo 
 
 cian Tof'i, c>ang /'elem 
 
 am pah Lamiiong 
 
 maha Tahiti 
 
 nim YrngtH, (\iroliHe 
 
 nima Cfram, Tonga, Tarawa^ 
 
 panim Baliui 
 
 pae Tahiti 
 
 culima Ceram, lailem Mille 
 
 lima Malay 
 
 ereenia OtaJwiti 
 
 muiatu CelehtH 
 
 madiiki " 
 
 niagaaaki BitHuyan 
 
 weel Pelew, leilei Jiotitma 
 
 wini Paumotuan 
 
 meu Tarairan, mni Amlioynn 
 
 emman Millf 
 
 kukotu Tidore, kitkudu Oilolo 
 
 mahitum /ffl^aArtn, moitomoCe/ 
 
 muhonde Belang 
 
 paiain Dorey 
 
 ngoa Batrhian, ngeo Botti 
 
 bua Myml, fis Hotuma 
 
 apo Borneo, boo Myml 
 
 habut Ceram, botcilwtc Tohi 
 
 umpoti Bourtt, niaputi Cel 
 
 moopat Pelew 
 
 fachi Tonga 
 
 kabuk Tarawan 
 
 omai Bouru, taitu Tohi 
 
 paituco Bajii 
 
 meenum Malay, minum Malag 
 
 makeu " muka Tohi 
 
 makoe Tonga,n&hcume Malag 
 
 ote Tidore, 
 
 jobi " apuau Amh, djub5'«/a 
 
 Bow — uchape Cree, abe Micmac, hattepe Del, 
 
 Arrow — attouche Cree, utcu Arrap wepema Miami,tkugh Formosa, pana Malay 
 
 Axe—tecac&Sh, togkunk Alg, togi Tongi, toki Fakaafo 
 
 warcockquite Etch, thooiianyen Bethuck, barakaa Giiolo, tanai Tarawan 
 Bed, mat — nipawin Cree, apine Bouru 
 
 "Clothes— weyachikuna, ukoop Cree, packian Jfa&ty,kftpa<S'o»£ZtokA 
 
XIX 
 
 AliOONQUlS. 
 
 House — opee Sh, 
 
 wetu Mass, Nar, wannoji Etch, 
 
 Kuife — pakhshikan Del, raaiiasa //, mokoman 
 
 Sun — kijiss AUj, kiUwoa Miami, 
 
 Moou— debicat-kijiss Abj, (night-aiin), 
 
 Star — attack free, watawesu Aben, 
 
 Earth — pockki DeJ, 
 
 Sky— lieyring Sh, 
 
 Fire — bukten Micmac, 
 
 Water — beh Del, abo (Jjii>, okhki Bktrkfoot, 
 
 Bird — pethesew Cr<:<', tchipaliit M'umnc, 
 
 Dog— -weesch Sh, mekaune Del, 
 
 Fish — gigo Ojih, kickon Alij, kinoosas Cret', 
 
 Malay-Polyn^sun. 
 
 abi Tonija, sapu Celebes 
 bata Tarawan, mbeto Fiji bi- 
 nna Celebes 
 0/j6,piauk Malay, mirass Matabel' 
 lo makouosim Ceram 
 koyo33 Pelew, kaliha Sairjuir 
 daputo Gilolo, (night) 
 hetika Paumotuaii, whetu X Z 
 buchit Moluccas 
 haraui Samlicich 
 putung Celebes 
 
 lx)i Baju, pape Tahiti, akei Ce^ 
 pitek Java, teput Bouru, 
 wasu Ceram, mog Taraican 
 jugo Celebes, jikan Borneo. 
 kcna Sula 
 
XX 
 
 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HAIDAH AND MALAY-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 HAIDAH. 
 
 MALAY-POLYNESIAN. 
 
 Man — eetling Kaigani, eetlinga Chutsinni, 
 
 eetlingah Ulcittatjet, 
 People — baits K, haidah S, 
 
 tehaidaahga C, 
 Husband — teetlahla C, teetlalh .V, 
 Woman — aiadda A', nuntshaita C, 
 
 ntzahta .S^, 
 Child — hudsu (little), keet A', 
 
 kinnasli S, 
 Son — tlkinn S, 
 
 Father — haidi K, haat C, haddeh .S', 
 Mother — oi K, owwai S, 
 Brother — tuni //, townai S, 
 
 teetah C, tekwai S, 
 Sister — teetaa C, teejahsha S, 
 Head— hatsh C, katza .S*, tihhats A', 
 
 Hair — tihhatsin K, kats C, kaahkeht .S', 
 
 Face — haugh C, hung S, 
 
 Ear— tekiua C, 
 
 Eye — hongai K, hungeh .S', 
 
 tlhungee C, 
 Nose — kun K, k^vun H, 
 Mouth— kut K, 
 Tongue — tangul S, 
 Teeth— tsing S, 
 Neck— tunghill C 
 Hand — tunsklai C, 
 
 Finger — tunsklai-akungee C, 
 Nails — tunstlekwun C, stlekun S, 
 Body — klueh K, tectul C, kann iS", 
 
 Bone — skwuts C, 
 Heart — teekuk C, 
 
 lanang Ball, langang Madura 
 
 aulong FormoMi, lanan Java 
 
 heieiti Ceram 
 
 taotao Formosa 
 
 taroraki Celehen 
 wong-wedo,/(i''rt, pina-hieti Ceram 
 motyu Mijsol,ino&viRotuma,{vi'iiti) 
 kiiti Ceram, (little), atai Tarawan 
 
 keni Tidore " a.nak Malay 
 
 talakoi Pclew 
 
 uthai Rotiima, cattani Pelew 
 yaiya Tidore ma-owa G'dolo ibu Java 
 
 taiua Fakanfo, Neio Zealand 
 
 tathi FijL tuaka Fiji 
 
 djatan Mille, tuahine N-Zeal 
 
 katowTaTOO, kahutu Mynol, 
 atu Taravan 
 
 tcim 7'o6*,hutu Tidore, Gihlo 
 
 hiliika A mhoyna, gonaga ' ' 
 
 tayinga Taijala 
 
 kanohi X-Zi'akind, hama Sula 
 
 tun Myfol, lako Gilolo 
 
 ngunu Gilolo 
 
 ngutu Fakaa/o 
 nangaladi Gilolo, dadila Fo)inOHa 
 
 ysangli Ncw-IreUmd 
 
 tengkok Malay 
 
 taughan " tanaraga Mamj- 
 arri 
 tetenkilai Omhay, kaniuko Mysol 
 
 talahikun, seliki Ceram 
 
 kalsh Celebes, teocolo Ceram, 
 (l)elly), chino Tonga 
 
 kapiti New-Zealand 
 
 ikeike Tarawan 
 
XXI 
 
 Haidau. 
 
 Chief — itluktas C, itlagata S, 
 Friend — teelhawee C, 
 Knife— heatsa C, yahdz S, 
 
 kutkwan K, 
 Canoe — klu K, kluh S, 
 Sun — choweein K, kung S, 
 
 Stai- — kaeeltah K, kailtah C, 
 
 kaitsahw S, 
 Day — sainthah K, halsa-haunsa C, 
 Night — singgah K, ahlekwa S, 
 Kain — tuUeekwa C, talla S, 
 Fire — tsunno K, taanuo S, 
 Earth— klik K, klika C, kleega S, 
 Sea — tung C, tanga S, 
 Stone — kwoah C, 
 Salt— tung C, tangkahya S, 
 Iron — tatets K, heats C, 
 Tree— keht C, kait S, 
 Wood— kuk K, 
 Leaf— hyill 5-, 
 
 Flesh— ghaat K, kaht C, kiagh S, 
 Dog — haah K, haa C, hagh S', 
 Fly— kaiskal S, 
 Egg — kaua C, 
 Feathers — chaua C, 
 Wing — slieai G, liyai <S^, 
 Fish — cheena C, tseena S, (salmon) 
 White— hater K, 
 Black— klehut K, 
 Yellow— kundlh S, 
 Red — mush K, shit C, shaida S, 
 
 Malay-Polynesian. 
 
 aliki Fakaa/o, New-Caledonia 
 
 aloha Samlmch, alofa Samoa, 
 
 akaditc Tarawan, kota^-Z'rf 
 
 katanan Boiiru 
 
 hoi Tevr, saloi Borneo 
 
 coing, keun Australia, singa 
 
 /yj, sunjiji Java 
 kuliginti Baju, toloti Bouru 
 hetika Paumotitau, 
 taginita Gilolo, bal-anto Gilolo 
 sangan Baju, olawaha Matahello 
 ulah Amblaw, kuU Pelew 
 guni Java, kaiiaku N-Zealand 
 kele Fakaafo, gele-gele Tonga 
 towein Ceram, tahi Malabello 
 kohata New-Zealand, 
 teiaim Ceram, tintui Fiji, 
 dodiodo Gilolo, heta Ceram 
 kathu Fiji, gota Gilolo, (wood) 
 gagi Gilolo 
 allell Pelew, ailow Amboyna, kaluin My ml 
 wat Formosa, gusi Sanguir 
 how Teor, kaso Tidore 
 kasisili Bouton, (mosquito) 
 gosi Tidore 
 gogo " 
 
 sewiwi Java, kihoa Amboyna 
 kena (S'M/a, dhyng Formosa, 
 daari (ri^oto 
 kele Rotuma 
 kuning Malay 
 
 miha Bouru, mosina Ceram 
 mecoit (?i/,shei My,iak Borneo 
 jinny^r(i,wanko Langowan 
 kutu Kaioa, kadodo Salibabo, 
 
 Great — uun K, iuunk C, 
 
 Small — hudzu S, ehudau A', ehutsungkn C, 
 
 aliuntai Amboyna 
 Good — lai K, lahkung C, lahgung S, lelei Fakcuifo, laha Tidore, ringei Formosa 
 Bad — tahner /T, tahungka C, tahnuga S, atoro Gilolo, tama ^oftt 
 
 Cold — tut A", teewhehkai C, tehweega -S', toetoe jTaA J/«,tijok Malay 
 
 Hot — keena 5, hunan K, kuna Saparua 
 
 One — okwansen A", sowhunsun C, shwansung S, seenaTimftorajSaMiji/ara.saa- 
 
 nguCeMes, umsiun, nosiuni^owru 
 Two — stun K, stunga C, shtung 8, sinuto Gilolo 
 
 Three — klunet A', klohuntlaC, thlonutl S, kuneteZyj/M,kulo<S''t<Hc/i,entol Ceram 
 
 tatlu Tagala, telon Sanguir, taruano Celebes 
 
XXII 
 
 Haidah. 
 
 Malay-Polyxesias. 
 
 Four— stansien K, stunsung C, stansung S, 
 Five— klaith K, klehtlilk C, khehtl .S', 
 8ix — klumith A', klowunthlil ( ', klewunnutl ^S', 
 Seven — Hekwa A', tsikkwaiilk (', tzegwah .S^, 
 
 tan Caroline 
 
 kutelin, kuklin Timhora 
 ohalemen /-/■/"«, guiuni Tuham 
 h\k\iSanilii.'kh,nim weluk }V«- 
 (/en tujuh Celfhen 
 Eight — stanaiona A', stunsunga C, staliusimga <V, /(//-kangi Tidore,TenMt>',]s.on- 
 
 eho Timhora, adjino J/J/^.kunengemen Lifu 
 Ten— klath K, klalialh (\ klahtl .V. liutn T-or, hulu Rotti, horihori Paumotuan 
 To come — halo-it 'S', alowei Ceram 
 
 " go— daka-itla S, tetak " tagi Tvhre 
 
 " walk — kahung-la S, hahani Tahiti, 
 
 " love — kidishtaht-la S, kawdangoi Formosa 
 
 " run — kahheet-la " katehau Cerarn 
 
XXIIt 
 
 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY 
 
 OF THB 
 
 CfllMSYAN AND MALAY-POLYIISSM LANGUA&ES. 
 
 CHIMSYAN. BLALAY-POLTNEfilAN. 
 
 Man — yoit Chimsyan, yat Naaa, yukht KittiHtzu, heieiti Cmim, taata TahUi, 
 
 hatoe Bajti 
 Woman — anaugh V, haiinakh ^V. unnaakh A', iiia Funiiom, aiiie Tarawuii, 
 
 hani Rotnma 
 Husbaml — anaks C, nakseedo A', nau Tvlon', ndako /?<(/« 
 
 Wife — anaks C, uakso N, iiiosii Hotunia, nihino Cfruni, lako Buju 
 
 Boy, son— elkaiiaugh <', tlkohlko ^V, alak /c)/vfto.'<a, talaooy Pelew 
 
 Child — klke-womelh N, mala-kell Pilun 
 
 Brother — wikkit (', welik N, weko Fiji 
 
 tswaiigit A, tehina Tovjo ,iVjenJUi/!i', s.asianga Rotnma 
 
 Sister — tamaughti C, teina M<iori 
 
 Head — tain-kaus C, tum-kaus A', tam-\io San<iiiir, tim-hoi^awgCtlehes 
 
 tem-nis N, tandas Baft, uluka-tini Ctram 
 
 Hair — kawes C, kaus iV, A', keo Ainboi/ua, hue C< ram 
 
 Ear — chemon C, tsimuiuh N, tzimmu K, kopine Malay, tiuacono Cfram 
 
 Nose — chaiigh C, tsakh N, tzukh K, iuka. Am lioi/na, isaou Ticopia 
 
 Mouth — aiigh C, aaugh K, hihika " hihico Veram 
 
 tsimmakh N, smnd Afulay, snmut (Ulolo 
 
 Tongue — tule, tulah (.', tula A^, A', dila 7'a7a/a,(.VW>'-,s,delah/i(yM 
 
 Teeth— wan C, waan N, K, waan7'a/iaioa«ia,waang/L«'ma 
 
 Beard — emaugh C, yeemh N. kumi Fiji, kunikuui Rotnma 
 
 Neck — tamlani C, tinilaan N, tamcni Omhay 
 
 Arm — anolin C, anon N, kallchuwald C, ooma, ninia Tonga, ban Mill' , 
 
 kaligli Formosa 
 Hand — laughsneld C, anon N, unon K, \imsico\oVtram,mo&Samlu'ich, 
 
 kaniu Mynol 
 Fingers — kaulchuwald-amanon C, kadzo-aal K, numouin-tutulo Ceram, gedgee 
 
 Malay 
 Nails — klaughs C, klakhs N, seliki Ceram, silu Bornro 
 
 Body— thamoh N, tihumo Bouru, (belly) 
 
 Leg — ansee " nen Milk 
 
 Foot — aaee C, ansee AT, sisaee N, aika Amboyna, si, kake Malay 
 
 kaienena Ceram 
 Bone — saip C, sehp N, kovo Gilolo, yobo Tidore 
 
 Heart— kohd C, koht N, suthu ly* 
 
XXIV 
 
 Chimstax. 
 
 Blood— etlilay C, itlileh X, eelthlay A', 
 
 Chief — Binoket C, siuogit iV, 
 
 House— wallap t', waalp ^V, waalip A", 
 
 Arrow — tehs ^V, 
 
 Axe — kekoit C, kegiotk X, kikiotik A', 
 
 Canoe — aughso C, hsoh iV, 
 
 8ky — laha C, lahagh iV, 
 
 Sun— kemahk C, keink N, kiuniuk A', 
 
 Star— piallis C, peeyahlst N, pialust A', 
 
 Night— att C, ahtk xV, hupul K, 
 
 Thunder — kallapleep C, 
 
 Rain — wasa C, haiwaaa iV, waase A', 
 
 Fire— lak C, N, luk A', 
 Water — aks C, N, uks A', 
 Earth — yup A', hiyohp ( ', 
 
 tsatsnks N, 
 Sea — keyaks C, lakhseuil N, 
 Hill— opakh X, 
 Island — laughsta C, likstah K, 
 Stone — lohp C, JV", K, 
 Salt — mohn C, mohn iV, 
 Iron — tuta C, tutsk X, 
 Tree — kan C, N, kaiidt A', 
 Wood— lak C, khun .V, 
 Leaf — yinish C, lukhs X, 
 Flesh — shami C, sammi X, sumiiii A', 
 Dog — hass C, haas ^V, liaushosh A', 
 Fly, mosquito — keek C, X, 
 Snake— lahlt X, 
 Bird — tsuwut X, tzouts A', 
 Egg— klkumaht X, 
 Feathers — leh C, leeh, manleeh X, 
 Wing — kakakait C, kekai X, 
 Fiah — hohn C, X, K, (salmon), 
 Name — waah X, watl C, 
 Black — tuts C, tutsk X, tohtz K, 
 Great — weelaaks C, willehks X, wileiks A', 
 Small — ohusk X, chuskin G, 
 Old — mechien C, 
 Young — supas C, 
 Good — am C, ahm X, 
 Bad — attaugh C, huttahk X, 
 I — noiu C, nuiu X, K, 
 Thou— nun C, X, hun K, 
 
 Maiwiy-Polynksia.v. 
 
 darah Maiuy, lalai Ceram 
 ngaiigatca Rotunui, 
 vale Fiji, f ola Tldore, lebo Borneo 
 dota (Jinliiiij, tkugh Fonnoita 
 ikiti Arnil)otjna, katuen Buuru 
 haka " siko Ceram 
 laghi, laugi Toni/a, Imig Afil/e 
 gawak lioiirn, (day) 
 tillassa Ceram, toloti Boiiru, 
 petu Bourn, hunioloi Ceram 
 bekilop Maluji 
 usa BotunM,ho»i Celebes, bessar 
 
 rahi Rotuma, lap Mysol, lutau, uku ^?*7oto 
 akei Celebes, aki Cr«/o^o 
 apa Tarawan, soupe Easter, lopa Bissayan 
 tougoutoo Tonga 
 lioak Tfor, lauhaha Ceram 
 puke Maori, buked Philippine 
 liwuto Celebes, lusan Cei-am, 
 ofai Tahiti, papa Fakaafo, atipa Taraican, rau roftt 
 masin Ceram 
 
 taa J mbotfna, dodiodo Oilolo 
 kaynMulii!/, kani Mille, (wood) 
 lyeii Ceram, " " 
 noho liotuma, lau Fakonfo 
 ismun CVrow, isim /io«rM, sanipi Malay 
 yas, asu Ceram, yes Mysol, kaso Tidore 
 kias Borneo, sisi Tidore, 
 alcte Rotuma 
 tuwi Amboyna, towim Ceram, teput Bouru 
 kalothi Rotuma 
 lo Gilolo, manuhrui Amboyna 
 ahiti Bouru,, kihoa *' 
 ian Gilolo, iyanAmboyrut, yani Ceram 
 ioa Tahiti, vrasta, Java, yatha. Fiji 
 tatataro Gilolo 
 
 ilahe, flau Ceram, belang .^ofcr 
 cheka Sahoe, kokaneii Ceram 
 makaua i^i/i 
 save " 
 
 emman Mille, amaisi Amboyna 
 
 ahati Ceram, yat ^sor, tha, thakatlia /'ty» 
 
 ngo i?o?M?na, ngai Tarawan, naak Pelew 
 
 mu Borneo, Java, ano Malagasy, ogoe raro«"a« 
 
 20 
 
XXV 
 
 Chim-iyan. 
 
 He — kwcet N, 
 
 We — nuin C, nuhm N, 
 
 Ye — Dusim C, nun N, 
 
 They — nusum N, 
 
 One — kaak K, keahk X, 
 kakwit C, 
 
 Two— taphacl C, tupliaht X, tupghaat A', 
 
 Three — kwant X, kwun A', 
 
 Four — kalp C, 
 
 Six— kohl C, K, 
 
 Seven — tophold C, 
 
 Eight — kundohn X, 
 
 Nine — stamohs C. 
 
 Ten— kip C. K, kehp X, 
 
 To eat — tam-kip C, tum-kiiph X, 
 " speak— tam-alliaugh C, tum-alyegh X, 
 " see — tam-needzi C, tuin-ueets X, 
 " kill— tum-tsukw ^V, 
 " sit — tam-tan C, tum-taan X, 
 " go — tam-dawl C, tum-dawtl X, 
 ' ' come — tam-akhoiteka C, tum-hoituks X, 
 " walk — tam-ian C, tum-yian X, 
 
 Mala Y-PoLVKKSiA s . 
 
 hate tiofiima 
 
 am liotumu, naie Malwjasy 
 nkani, unggami Tarawan, nmnu Fiji 
 
 nakaki Tarawan, nau Toni/n 
 
 ku8a.S'an;/(((V, kayi Teor, kahi Sandicir/i 
 
 sawiji Jara, hots Yfmjfn, yat Tohi 
 
 luwaflwr/M, {\\id\ia. Celebes, piti Tahiti 
 
 kunete Llfu, heyen Ye.ntjpn 
 
 kopa Satujuir 
 
 hoi Caroline 
 
 tomdi Tamhora 
 
 koneho Timbora 
 
 siam PhiUpjnne 
 sow Matabpllo, lafu Mywl, sapulu Mnioij 
 
 kami Maori, kai Malay 
 
 lolocoy Pelew 
 
 niiagi il/j//*", missak Pihir 
 
 teussoo Malay, tsavek Rotunui 
 
 tina Maori 
 
 ettal J/«//e 
 
 waito " paituco Bajtt 
 
 hahani Tahiti. 
 
XXVI 
 
 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY 
 
 OK THE 
 
 HAILTZUKH AND MALAY-POLYNESIAN LAN&UA&SS. 
 
 HAILTZUKH. 
 
 MALAY-POLYNSSIAK. 
 
 Man — wisham Hailtzukh, pekwanniim Kwa- wehoin Tear, abawinena CtUhe.% 
 
 kiuti. 
 Woman — kunam H, 
 Child — auullus H, 
 Father — aump H, aohmb K, 
 Mother —abbohk H, 
 Son — hunnukh K, 
 Brother — munnoya H, 
 
 tsaiya //, tsahie K, 
 Head — aikhteh H, 
 hyiimus K, 
 Hair — seeah //, sugheea K, 
 Face — kokoma H, kaukomai K, 
 Ear — pespehyoh //, pespaheeo K, 
 Nose — hyintsus K, 
 Mouth — simmis H, simss K, 
 Tongue — killem H, kellum A', 
 Teeth— keekh //, keekyh K, 
 Beard — aphtai //, apukhstai K, 
 Neck — kokoneh H, kaukoui K, 
 Hand— aiyassu H, 
 Finger — kohna //, 
 Body — tkaboah //, 
 
 pekwahli A", 
 Foot^kokwehu H, 
 
 pelkahtshidzi A', 
 Bone — hakh II, hahk K, 
 Heart — owakhteh H, autlaitl A', 
 Blood— alhkum H, elhkhu K, 
 Bow — skweess IT, 
 Axe— sohpai A', 
 
 Knife — hainum //, keahweh K, 
 Canoe — kilhwa //, 
 
 hwahkunna K, 
 Sky— lowah H, 
 
 (husband), vavani Rotu'm(i,(h\x&\)A) 
 hani ifo^uma, cuani Taamanian 
 ala Ceram 
 
 ama " nambaba Gilolo 
 ibu Java, Malay 
 anak Malay 
 manu Tarawan 
 taeae Tahiti, tuaka, tathi Fiji 
 oyuko Cf ram, kahutu My sol, katow Tavoo 
 ulumo Ceram 
 
 keo, hua Amboyna, uka, hue Cfram 
 uhamo Ceram, 
 pepeiao Sandwich 
 heugento Tomor^, neinyateha Amhfav 
 simud Malay, sumut Gilolo 
 kelo Ceram 
 
 gigi Malay, Celebes, Baju 
 buai Tarawan, pahau, pailiau. tfao/i 
 kaki Maori 
 arsiu Rotuma 
 
 kokon Bourn, kokowana Sula. 
 tekapana Omhay, tihumo Bourn, tiara, Amboyna 
 pokwa Malay, poko Gilolo, (belly) 
 kaki Malay, yohu Tidorf 
 beeruyatietani Amhlair, 
 wheua Maori, hoi Snla, hooi Tonrja 
 ati Buffis 
 laia, lahim Ceram 
 husu Snparua 
 ta{)oi Tobi, lopo Cf ram, CAmba Malay 
 cheni J/ys,koffe 7'tco/)ia,i8owa Teor 
 hoi yeor.saloi^orneo.yalopeiC'cram 
 waka, koniaAfaori, wuna Ceram, sakaen Celebu 
 laghee Tonga 
 
IXVtl 
 
 Hailtzcxb. 
 
 Sun— klikseewalla H, klehsill A", 
 
 Moon — muk-kwuUa K, 
 
 Star — totowah //, tohta K, 
 
 Day— kokallah H, 
 
 Night — kahnut H, kahnutl K, 
 
 Wind — yiwaala //, heaul K, 
 
 Rain— yohkh //, yukw K, 
 
 Water — waamp //, wapp A', 
 
 Earth — awehnakus A', 
 
 Sea — temmishahhch //, aaawaik A', 
 
 River — wah K, 
 
 Stone — tehsum //, A', 
 
 Salt— tumshi A", 
 
 Tree — klaaus H, kloha K, 
 
 Wood — lukkwah B, 
 
 tahs K, 
 Leaf— kwakhhala//, klissnaik A', 
 Dog — wahtseh //, wats A, 
 Moscjuito — kaikhha //, klehatlinua K, 
 Bird — taeeku H, 
 Wing — patlum K, 
 Fish — mahkelees H, 
 White — mella A", 
 
 mohkwa //, 
 Red— klahkw K, klakhkohni //, 
 Black — tsohtlin H, tsohwtl K, 
 Blue — klehksto H, kwuskwutsum A, 
 Yellow — klenhsum K, 
 Great — waulus A', 
 Small — auwullalh //, awlatl A', 
 Good — aik H, aihmu A, 
 Bad— yakh H, 
 Ck)ld — tennehk J/, 
 Hot — kuchhwa //, tsulkw A', 
 I — nokwa //, A", 
 Thou — 30um A", 
 He — assum H, aibi A', 
 We — nokwunt //, yiunn A', 
 Ye— yikhtahotl K, 
 They — nahwha K, 
 One — mennoh //, num A', 
 
 Malat-Polvnesux. 
 
 Two — mahio H, 
 
 Three — yotohk H, yiotohw K, 
 
 klub Mytol, kaliha Sanguir, woleh Ctram 
 wulan Jam, &c 
 
 tahwettu Tahiti, tuitui Taraxoan 
 kila, kasciella Ceram, kluh 3fyaol 
 ameti ('tram, hulaniti A mhoyna 
 havili Tonya 
 oha Celebes, huya Sula 
 
 pape Tahiti, waiim Ceram, woya Kaioa 
 hwhcnnua Tahiti 
 towein, tasok Ceram, hoak Ttor 
 weyoh Mysol, wai Ttdore 
 teko Maori 
 
 tintui Fiji, tasi, teisim Ceram 
 kalu Sanyuir, Salibabo, (wood) 
 lakou Fakaa/o, (tree), lyeii Ceram 
 taki Taraivan 
 
 allow Amboyna, kaluin Mysol 
 wasu Ceram 
 
 kias Borneo, kelang Myaol 
 toko aiolo, tehui Bouru 
 afeti Amblaw 
 nerkell Peleiv, nggoli Fiji 
 mawirah Sanguir, wulan Gilolo 
 ma Maori 
 
 kula Fakaafo, Fiji, coreick Pelew 
 tatataro Gilolo 
 
 kotteetow Pelew, kokotu Tidore, (black) 
 kunukunu Ceram 
 hella Amboyna, elau Ceram, musolah Belang 
 ihihil Saparua olihil Ceram, 
 baik Malay, emman Mille 
 gauk Borneo, akahia. Amboyna diAaCa'am, 
 dingin Malay 
 sasahu Tidore, asala Ceram 
 
 ngo Eotuma, ugai Turawan, naak Pelew 
 kowe Ponape, 
 izi Malagasy, aia Tonga 
 kenda Fiji, cami Tagala 
 koutou Maori, gimotoloo Tonga 
 now To?!;/a, nakaki Taraivan 
 
 nehi Manatoto, nai Samang, moi Gilolo 
 nosiimi, umsiun Bouru 
 malofo Tidore, parroo Balad 
 othey Pelew, veti/sfe of Pines, tiga, Malay 
 
XXVIII 
 
 Hailtzckh. 
 
 Four — mohk H, moh K, 
 Five— skeauk H, sehkyah K, 
 Six— kutlaohk H, kahtluh K, 
 Seven— atlipoh A", 
 Eight — yohthohs H, 
 Ten — aikyus H, 
 To eat — umsagh H, 
 
 " drink — nahka //, nahkah K, 
 
 " sleep — mehukhha A', 
 
 " speak— pekwahla H, yiahkatah K, 
 
 " see— tokwuUa H, tohwhit A', 
 
 " sit— kwaitl H, kwukheetl K. 
 
 " go— hyahla H, latlelahlia K. 
 
 " come— tohwa H, kaielash A', tae T'aAt/i.taweke J/aori, taitu TobikMleCeram 
 
 »• dance— yukhwhah H, yukhwa A', haka Maori. 
 
 Malat-Polvnesun. 
 
 maha Tahiti, naah Tnnor 
 ngeka Pauinotuan, tahue Isle qf Piwt 
 
 kutelin Tambora, (5) 
 
 lepfit Gilolo 
 kutus Bali, haste Jara, gatahua Sufa 
 ocho Ceram, yagi Tambora, yasek Tobi 
 amu Tahiti, muka Tobi, makeu Malay 
 
 inu " ngunu Fiji 
 mohe Tonga, muse Tobi, mose Rotuma 
 
 puaki Maori, kata Malay 
 
 kele Rotuma, kite Maori 
 
 kuduk Borneo 
 
 hael Tonga, laka .S'a/a, ettal iViVte 
 
XXIX 
 
 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY 
 
 or THK 
 
 KOOTKAN AND MALAY-POLYNESIAN LANGUABES. 
 
 NOOTKAN. 
 
 MALAY-POLYNESIAN. 
 
 Man — checkup Nootkan, tchiickoop Wnkush, gebha Bourn, kapopungi Sanffuir, 
 
 gagijanni CeUbfs, (husband) 
 tillicham Chekeeli, tauaag N taruraki CeUbeg, (husband), tena- 
 
 wan Borneo 
 
 orakenana C'tlebtM, (wife), elwinyo 
 A rnhldir, (wife) 
 
 tiuna Faknafo, tainachi Tonya 
 tamaiti Maori, untuna Gilolo 
 nibaba Snla, nambaba " 
 ina Ceravi, mako Bojtt 
 kahutu Mi/Hol, tikolo Baju 
 " whakahipa Maori, uwooho Saparua, 
 
 bohok Toffola 
 " pepeiao Sandwich 
 
 usnut Gilolo, ueinyateha Amblaw, 
 shonggulu Mysol 
 gigi Malay, Celebes, Baju 
 nima Tonga 
 
 kaimuk Tobi, komud Oilolo 
 gedgi Malay, odeso Oilolo, kakae Hotuma 
 kuyut Oilolo 
 
 suthu Fiji, tintin Formosa 
 lawa, lahim Ceram 
 fatu Tahiti 
 
 umah Java, mbeto Fiji 
 " iliti Bouru, lading Java, akaditc Tarawan 
 tapoi Tobi, toke Fakna/o 
 mossa Ombay 
 tkugh Formosa 
 
 Woman— cloochamen " tlootseniin H', 
 
 Child— tanais C, tauassis W, 
 
 tannais Tlaoquatch, 
 Father— noowexa N, 
 Mother — una, hoomahexa N, 
 Head — tokhotset Newitlee, towhatsetel ^V, 
 Hair — apsaiup " hapscup " 
 
 Ear — papeesia " papai " 
 
 Nose — neetsa N, tshowitkhltam ^e, 
 
 Tooth — chichi " tshishitshee " 
 
 Arm — nonupi Ne, 
 
 Hand — kookaniksa, coucoumitzou N, 
 
 Finger — uotza N, kakatsiduk Ne, 
 
 Nails — tshatkhatsi Ne, 
 
 Heart — teteitshao ' ' 
 
 Blood — <M^alkhlawakabus Ne, 
 
 Chief — tahabata " 
 
 House — mahs N, maas T, mbaus ^Ve, 
 
 Knife— chiltayek N, kakaiuk 
 
 Axe — taawish N, 
 
 Bow — mostutsh Ne, 
 
 Arrow — tsekhatsh ** 
 
 Canoe — tshaputs " sepo ^47n^oyrtfl,tawai J/a.s>7, tafunga 7'oh[/« 
 
 Sun — opheth W, ioweOi,lolo,h&iia,Batta,aama,ii Marquesas 
 
 ootlach C, oophelth N, opatkhluk Ne, matalou Borneo, woleh Ceram 
 Moon — oophelth N, bula Celebes, waurat Formosa 
 
 Star — tartoose " tearri ro^i^ j,tolotijSoi/ri<,tilaasa Ceram 
 
XXX 
 
 N<x>TKAX. Malay- PoLYNMiAN. 
 
 Day— /i/i/isiakakuk Xe, gawak lioiiru, crxiook Pflew 
 
 Fire— etsiiuek, uiiimksee N, tivki J'uiimotuan, ngiha, kaiiakii .Vaorj 
 
 eloek A', a'lak N*-, mhi Hn'itma, kidjaik Millr, hatete Maori 
 
 Watar— obut;k f, olmliak X, tiK:l»;iak ))', • aki (Jilolo,, Sutujuir, Hatahan 
 
 tshauk AV, 
 Sea— toputklil A'c, thoup Prlew, towoin C>>ram 
 
 Stone — inooksee A'^, inacca Tonija 
 
 laland — oputshukt AV, piutui Sula, motu Maori 
 
 Tree — suochin A', kaju OMjm, gagi GUolo 
 
 Flesh — chis<|uimi8 A', Hcsiiun C'i'ram, giaiui Cflehfs 
 
 Bird — acutap ^V, okutop Nr. ttkayap Mynol, teput liunni 
 
 Fish— ukieuk AV, jugo CeMhtt, iko Ton<ju 
 
 Wing — ^/l7i/-upkha3upato AV, i;iipacow Tomja, pakaukau Maori, afeti Anthlaw 
 Serpent — klieii AV, yeya T'ulort, kuioim L'tram 
 
 Fly— matc-kwuii AV, kain-unius J///.'*o/, umuti C'eram 
 
 White — klesook A', tklilisuk A'' seleseleke Fiji 
 
 atit-tzutle A', teatea Tahiti, putil Soparua 
 
 Black — topukouM A'' , pango Maori, paisim Dorey 
 
 Red — hissit X ^/,7i/-ekhou3 A^. , shci Mi/tol, mecoit Gilolo,c']a, Ctlthe8,kao Ceram 
 Good — closh C, hooleiah JK, <M/-otkhIou8hAV, alia Baju, v/ctilPelew, laha 1 iilore, 
 
 aolo, taloha Ceram 
 Bad — takho A^, tha, thakatha Fiji 
 
 peahakC, peishakeis Jr, wekhuseshA'^e, buaka Tarawan, hooasooe Malay, 
 
 bohei Amhlaw 
 Great — iikhwais AV, asco A', jackabey Malagaxy, aiyuk Ceram, owhosi Tornort 
 Small — kwaanits " kokaneii Ceram, ahuntai ^ mZioyna 
 
 Hot — <i7^^opatkhl Ne, aputu Amboyna 
 
 Cold — tcituscitxl " tijok Malay, toetoe Tahiti, toketoke Raratonga 
 
 Thou — sua N, koe Tonga, &c 
 
 He — ahkoo " aia *' koikoia Fiji 
 
 We — newoo A^t-, mowa " na.ie Malagasy 
 
 One — tsawack, sahwank X, tsakiwak AV, sawiji Java, saangu Celebes 
 Two — akkla, attla X, attkhl Xe, kalae Timbora, glu, golu Tobi, lu-ete Lifu 
 
 dalava Tagala, (atlo Philippine 3) 
 Three — katsa X, wiyu Xe, gatil -Su/a, othey Peleic, \eti Isle of Pinejt 
 
 kunete Li/u, ya Tobi, heyen Yengen 
 Four — mo, mooh A'^, mbo A> maha Ta^t/i, ampah Z,am/)ongr, beu/s/eq/*/'t«ea 
 Five — Boochah " sutslm " tahue Isle of Pines, ngeka Paumotuan 
 
 Six — noohoo X, nopo A^ mupo Xe, nooh Sajxirua, noh Amhlaw, num 
 
 Formosa, ganap Sunda 
 Seven — attlepoo X, utkhlp Ne, lo-ijt-fou Isle of Moses 
 
 Eight — atlahquelth X, utkhlkwutkhl Xe, tolu Uea, delapan Malay, guala 
 
 Tuham 
 ITine — sawwaukquelth X, tsauakwutkhl Xe, seewah Lampong, sigua Tagala 
 
XXXI 
 
 NOOTKAX, 
 
 Ten— heyya A^, haiolia T, /i-A/ttkhwa AV, 
 
 To eat — khouku Ne, 
 '* uleep — wuitsh " • 
 
 " speak — wawa N, 
 
 tseuktHeuk Nt, 
 " see— naaatkhl 
 *' love— wikiinaks ** 
 •* ait— tekwutkhl 
 •* come — Backu C, tshako N, tchoo([iia \V, 
 
 hatnaiatkhl Nm, 
 " run — utautahiutkhl " 
 
 Malay-I'oltnuun. 
 
 Iiusa, oclia ('tram, ya>{i Thnfioru 
 
 yattuk 7*0/(1 
 
 kalii Tuit'ja 
 
 muse Tohi, inata Tarawan 
 
 lt)oa Towjn, voua Fiji, puaki Afuori 
 
 taitai T'dmKvtn, tukuiia/''(;t 
 
 missak I'lhir 
 
 iakai Tarnvmn, 
 
 tckatcka " 
 
 seika liiimayitn, taitu Tobi, taweke 
 
 Miiari 
 
 thithi Fiji. 
 
 THE SALISH. 
 
 Although in the lecture I refrained from expressing an opinion as to the 
 origin of the many tribes classified as Saliah, Tsihaili-Salish or Niskwalli- 
 Salish on account of the miscellaneous affinities of some of their vocabularies, 
 I deem it right to append the following comparative table of the Niskwalli and 
 Malay-Polynesian languages, which, if the Niskwalli be a fair type of the Sa- 
 lish in general, will settle the matter in favour of an oceanic origin. The Nisk- 
 Tralli grammar is prepositional and thus in entire harmony with the Malay-Poly- 
 
 nesian. 
 
XXXII 
 
 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY 
 
 nF THK 
 
 NISKWALLI AND MALAY-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 NISrWALLI. 
 
 Arm — chalesh, 
 Arrow — teiiud. 
 Axe — kwalius, 
 
 kobatit, 
 Back— lak, tulak, 
 Before — dzehu. 
 Belly- klatch, 
 Below — klep, stlup, 
 Bird — stlekelkub, 
 Black — hitotsa, 
 Blue— " 
 Blood — toligwut. 
 Body — dautsi, 
 Bone — sblanyu, 
 Bow — Btsasus, 
 Bread — sapolil, 
 Break — o-whutl, 
 Bum — o-hod, 
 Canoe — kelobit, 
 oothus, 
 klai, 
 Chief — siab, siam. 
 Child — miman, 
 
 bibad. 
 Cloud— tchabkukh, 
 Cold — tus, 
 Day — slahel, 
 Die — o-atabud, 
 Dog — komai, 
 
 kobai, 
 
 skeha, 
 Door — shi.gwtl. 
 Ear — kwillade, 
 Earth — swatekhwten, 
 Egg— oos, 
 End — eluks, elahuB, 
 
 HALAT-P0LYNE8IAN. 
 
 kaligh Formo$a 
 
 dota Ombay, tkugh Formota 
 
 galeleh Salihabo 
 
 kaniba Malay, badi Bajii 
 
 illigan Millc tukalek Tohi 
 
 tai BoTMo 
 
 kalakalath Pelew, (body) 
 
 lausilopa Rotuma 
 
 tekayap Myaol 
 
 kitkudu Oilolo, hitam CeUbtt 
 
 kotteetow Peletc 
 
 darah Malay 
 
 tutut Oilolo, (belly) 
 
 balong Java 
 
 husu Saparua, ten-hassaou Ticopia 
 
 paul Formosa 
 
 whawhate Maori, patu Malay 
 
 katia Fin 
 
 yalopei Ceram 
 
 oti Tidore, 
 
 hoi Teor, saloi Borneo 
 
 sau Rotuma, Fiji 
 
 ninana Sula 
 
 bigigi Tonga 
 
 yabbath Pelew 
 
 tiyok Malay, toetoe Tahiti 
 
 kluh Mysol, kaseiella Ceram 
 
 patei Formosa 
 
 kamia Rotuma 
 
 kapuna Celebes 
 
 kasa Tidore 
 
 Boweni Amblaw 
 
 kodeelou Tavoo 
 
 cootoom Pelew, tougoutoo Tonga 
 
 gosi Tidore 
 
 alos Malay, hilianga Tonga 
 
XXXIII 
 
 NlSKWAI.LI. 
 
 Eye — kalus, 
 Face — satzus, 
 Fatlier— man, 
 
 ba, bad, 
 Fire — hod, hot, 
 Fish — yokw (salmon), 
 Flesh — beyets. 
 Food — satla. 
 Forehead — silels. 
 Give — abshits, 
 Go — o-okh, o-hob, 
 Good — klok, tlob, 
 (xreat — hekw, 
 
 aslakhw, 
 Hair — skudzo. 
 Head — shaiyus, 
 chathiis, 
 
 spakhns, aspukwus, 
 ikhpelus, 
 
 Heart — hut«h. 
 Heaven, sky — sluikli 
 
 Hot — ohadakh. 
 
 House — alal. 
 
 Husband — chesthu, 
 
 Knee — lakalotsid, 
 
 Leaf — chuboba. 
 
 Leg — auteks (calf). 
 
 Lie down — otudzel. 
 
 Life — hale, 
 
 Man — atobsh, .stobiLsh. 
 
 Moon — slokwalm. 
 
 Mother— skoi, sako. 
 
 Mountain — spokMiib. 
 swatatnli, 
 
 Mouth — kadhu, 
 
 Jiame — sda, sdas, 
 
 Neck — kaiukhkwa, 
 
 Night— slakhliel, 
 
 slatlahe (evening), 
 
 No — hwe, 
 
 Nose — muksn. 
 
 Rain — skal, 
 
 Red — he-kwetl, 
 
 See — o-labit, 
 
 Sit — gwuddel, 
 
 Malay- Poly.n esi a n . 
 
 karu Afnori lau Tidore ' 
 gati SaiK/uir 
 mama, iamaii Ceram 
 bah Sumiffra 
 hatete Maori 
 jugo Cflehfis, ika. Malay 
 wat Formona, waouti Ceram, 
 telaa Rotuma 
 alis Malay 
 
 wacito Toll, anna-lx)okeeth PeU-w 
 jog Mijml, aka, aou, oweho Ceram 
 malopi Saparna, rap Tarawan, taloha Gilolo 
 aiyuk Ceram, jackabey Mahijas-y 
 clowe Pelew, sala i/yxo/, ilahe Ceram 
 hutu Tiilore, Gilolo 
 oyuko Cernm 
 
 kahutu Mysol, katow Tamo 
 obaku Celebes, upoka Maori 
 kapala Malay 
 ati Bufjijf, suthu Fiji 
 surga Java 
 katakata Fiji 
 vale 
 
 essah Salihaho, tahu Maori 
 loukout Malay 
 chafen Tear 
 
 vetis Malay, ateateuga^V/<70/-(,(Lalf) 
 tcte Maori 
 ora " 
 tomata Salibabo, taniata Fiji 
 
 wulan Java, melim Ceram 
 
 koka. Maori 
 
 pukepuke Maori 
 
 vohita Malaf/asy, baukit Malay 
 
 ngutu Fakaajo 
 
 wasta Java, yatlui Fiji 
 
 kaki Maori, kuya Tou<ja 
 
 garagaran Ceram 
 
 hatolu Amboyna 
 
 hea Tonga 
 
 ngunu Gilolo 
 
 kull Pelew 
 
 kula Fakaa/o, Fiji 
 
 leM'a Fiji 
 
 kuduk Borneo 
 
XXXIV 
 
 NiSKWALLI. 
 
 Skin— hudzadmit. 
 Sleep — o-etut, 
 Short— skakhuab, 
 
 lekhu, 
 Small — miman, 
 
 mimad, 
 
 chachas, 
 Snake — wekhpush, batsuts, 
 Sou — dbebada, 
 Speak — o-hothot, 
 Star — chusud, 
 owhetlil, 
 ^ Stone — chetla, 
 Sun — klowatl, 
 Tongue— klalap, 
 Tooth — dzadis, 
 Water — ko, 
 White — ho-kokh, 
 Wind — stobelo, 
 Wife — chugwush, 
 
 Woman — slane, 
 I — atsa, kets, chid, 
 Thou — chu, dugwe, 
 
 We — debetl, 
 One — dutcho, 
 
 asdutcho, 
 Two — assale, salew, 
 Three — klekhvv, asklokhw, 
 Four — bos, asbos. 
 
 Five — tsalats, 
 Six — dzelachi. 
 Seven — tsoks, 
 Eight— tkachi, 
 Nine — hwul, 
 Ten — paduts, 
 
 Ma l.\ y- Polvx ksi an . 
 
 kutai Saparua, kakutut Gilolo 
 tudui Borneo 
 
 takupu Maori, kathep Pelew 
 leka Fiji 
 
 meamea Jiotuma, moemoe Tonya 
 umit Borneo 
 cheka Sahoe, koki Tomohon, ichi-ichi Teniate 
 pok Mysol, ekeb Samariff 
 butu Borneo 
 kata Malay 
 tawhettu Tahiti 
 betol Oilolo, whetu Maori, attatalingahei Formom 
 kohatu Maori, hathu Rotuma 
 kluh Mysol, kaliha Sanguir 
 kelo Ceram, elelo Tonga 
 ngedi Sahoe, dongito Celebes 
 hoi Timor, akei " 
 
 kowse Pelew 
 havili Tonga 
 a&y,&Sanguir, aowom Bouru, gagijau Cefe6e« 
 sengwedo Java, ahehwa Matabello 
 elwinyo Amblaw, ruwahine Maori 
 atu Tahiti, itar Mille, te, gita Tonga 
 go Tobi, ko Taraican, kwe Mille 
 kowe Ponape 
 giwotoloo Tonga 
 tahi Marquesas, tasi Fotuna, tatsaat Formosa 
 sato Malay, atahai Otaheiti, kotahai Easter 
 kulae Timbora, golu Tobi, heluk Yengen 
 kal Kissa, kolu Sandwich 
 beu Isle of Pines, pahi Mangari, 
 ope Paumotuan, kopa Sanguir 
 kutel-in Timbora, lailem Mille 
 tahi, loacha Uea, dildjino " 
 tuju Malay, tujoh Celebes, 
 tei Philippine, tofkangi Tambora, Ticiore 
 heva Tonga, siwer Teor, sambilan Malay 
 putusa Serang, painduk Yengen, fotusa Ceram 
 
 THE THLINKEET AND THE ESQUIMAUX. 
 
 The Thlinkeet or Koljush and the Innuit or Esquimaux families by their 
 gran, -atical forms attest their Turanian or continental Asiatic origin. The for- 
 mer group has its affinities with the American representatives of the Japanesa* 
 Koriak family in point of vocabulary.