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Laa axampiairaa originaux dont la couvartura an papiar ast imprimte sont fiimAs an commaneant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant suit par la durnikn paga qui ccmporta una emprainta d'lmpraasion ou d'illustration. soit par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras •xemplairas originaux sont filmte an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'lmprasaion ou d'llluatration ai: an tarminant par la darniira paga qui comporta una taiia amprall ACC. NO. DATA 111. ' ' 'I Ij ! , < Ml I I'ii L'jll. - v5 '-^ A. NOTICE :ii!iUi!r Of Sm William Edmond Logan. FROM 'I The Rkpokt of run Council of tiik Aukkican Acadkmy I OP Arts and Sciences, Mat, 187G. / it "■'^^^ «»io v. CAMBRIDGE: PRESS OF JOHN WILSON AND SON. 1876. if iZi 'n^fM4i' ■^i Sll Siu Wi Ciinada, in Wales, Jill tiuction ill allst stock, left the n then remo treal, carrj late associ: uncle of ]\ transferred the former cumstaiice of s})eakii) Montreal, Edinburgii ing-house ( devoting n to music ai In 1829,1 establishm Loijan reu nnie years study of t and he ma by him to oal survey region, tlit ment, and. mmn Sill WILLIAM EDMOND LOGAN. Siu William Edmond Lo(;an, Knight, was born in Montreal, Canada, in 17'.»8, and died at Castle IMalgwyn, Llecliryd, in South Wales, June 22, 1875. Like so many others who have attained dis- tinction in liritish North America, J^ogan was descended from a loy- alist stock, one of those faniiliiis who, adhering to the British crown, left the revolted colonies a hundred years since. His grandfather then removed from the neighborhood of Schenectady, N.Y.; to Mon- treal, carrying with him two sons, one of whom was the father of our late associate. Tliey were of Scottis.x origin ; and when the father and uncle of Mr. Logan had gained wealth in commercial pursuits, and transferred their business as merchants and bankers to Great Britain, the former jjurchased a small estate near Stirling in Scotland, a cir- cumstance which has led one of his English biographers into the error of sjjeaking of Mr. Logan as a Scotchman. His education, begun in Montreal, was continued at the High School and the University of ICdinburgh ; but we find him already at the age of twenty in the count- ing-house of his uncle in Londo'.:, where he remained for ten years, devoting much of his leisure to the study of natural history, as well as to music and painting, in both of which he was a successful amateur. In 1821), his uncle having acquired an interest in a copper-smelting establishment, with some coal lauds, at Swansea in South Wales, Loiian removed there to assume their direction, where he remained for nine years, becoming a successful coi)per-smelter and coal-miner. The study of the coal-field of the neighborhood here engaged his attention, and he made of it a very careful and minute map, which was presented by him to tlie British Association in 1837. When, later, the geologi- cal survey of Groat Britain under De la Beche was extended to this region, the work of Logan was placed at the disposal of the govern- ment, and, its exactness having been verified, was adopted and pub- 1 _|P, lisliod by tho survey. In the course of tlieso labors, lie m:i(l(> cixrefu. studies as to tlu^ relations of the stigniariai constantly found in tho clays which immediately underlie the coal-beds, and in 1840 brought this matter before the Geological Society of London, announcing the conclusion that the stiginaria? belonged to the plants which had fur- nished at least a large part of the coal. It was afterwards shown that other observers hati already indicated a similar relation, and that ISIanunatt, from his studies of the coal-field of Ashby-de-Ia-Zouche, liad ill iy;5G maintained that the coal was the product of a vigeftitiou in sIlK, rooted in the under-clay. To Logan is, however, due the credit of careful and original observations on the subji'ct, which he sub- sequently extended to the coai-lields of Nova Scotia and Pennsylvania, which were visited by him in 184L In 1842, he was offered the direction of a geological survey of Canada, which he accepted, begin- ning his work in the spring of 1843. with the aid of Mr. Alexander JNlurray, now director of the geological survey of Newfoundland. It was not till four years later that he, was joined by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. The labors of Logan fi)r 1843 and 1844 were directed to the coal basin of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and to the paleozoic formations of the adjacent peninsula of (iaspe, and iiududed his study of the now famous section of the .Joggins at the head of the JJay of Fundy, w'lere over 14,000 feet of coal measures, including seventy -six coal seams, are displayed in unbroken seipicnce. In 184;'), his atten- tion was turned to the more ancient rocks whicli appear on the Ottawa River ami its tributaries; and in 184(5 he made with Mr. Murray a preliminary survey of the geology of the north shore of Lake Superior. It is with the ancient crystalline rocks that his mnne will be chiefly associate, and published his report in 1847, they were again described as " inetamorphic rocks, .... ap- parently of sedimentary origin, chiefly syenitic gneiss with crystalline limestones," which were said to be distinctly int(M-l)edd(Ml. Resting upon these on l^ake Temiscaming, Logan (h'scribed in the same report a newer series, chiefly of chloritic slat(;s, holding pebbles of the underlying gneiss; and in his report of his examination of Lake Supe- rior in 1«4.') (also published in 1847), tl;t!SO two series wen^ distinctly indicated as a lower formation of granitic gneiss, often sycnitic!, and an upper one of micaceous, chloritic, and talcose slates, frequently with epidote, associated with hornblendic rocks and greenstones, rpuirtzites, and conglomerates including pebl)les of the older rocks ; this uj)[)er series being |)robal)ly sev(U-al thousand feet in thickness. In their rejmrt for 1851 on the geology of Lake Superior. IMessrs. Foster and Whitnev also described these crystalline rocks, includinreviously assigned. The name of Laurentian has since been adoi)ted for the similar rocks of Continental Euro[)e and of the British Isles. In 1855, the designation of Iluronian was given by the Canadian survey to the upper division, including the series (Jiaracterizod by greenstones and talt^ose and chloritic schists, which is largely developed on the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior (where it iiad been carefully studied and map[)i'd by Mr. Alexander jMurray), and constitutes the Huron Mountains to the south of the latter lake. The subsetjuent labors of Logan on the Ottawa establi>licd clearly the regularly stratified character of the Laurentian series, of which he measured about 20,000 feet, consisting of four gneiss formations sepa- rated by three limestcnes, each of the latter having a thickness of 1 *^ wwwsmsfBsm 6 . from 1,000 to 1,500 feet,ftncl nssociated with quartzites ; the whole con- stituting !i series comparable in value to the entire lower Taleozoit;. These strata, greatly aflTected by undulations and penetrated by eruptive rocks, were by Lot^an traced witli infinite labor over an an-u of 2,000 sijiiare miles ; and u geological map of this region, {)ublislu(l by him in the Atlas to the Geology of CiMiada in ISC.I. is the first attempt to un- ravel the stratigraphy of this most ancient and disturbed series of rocks. At the summit of this series was found a mass of about 10.000 feet of stratified crystalline rocks, which, unlike those below, consisted chiefly of labradorite and hypersthene rocks, with some little included gneiss and quartzite and a band of crystalline limestone. This series Logan subsequently showed to be unconformable to the older gneisses, and gave it the name of Ui)per I.aurentian, subsequently exchanged for that of Labradorian or Norian. Indirect evidence that these lowest rocks were not really Azoic was soon i)ointed out, and in 1858 obscure forms rcsendiling thosu of Stromatopora were detected in the Laurentian limestones, and were exhibited by Logan to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1«">9, as probably organic; but it was not till 18G4 that Dawson announced that these and other similiir forms were the remains of a gigantic rhizopod, to which he gave the name of Eozoon Cana- dense. TIk; history of this curious form is well known, and its organic nature, though at one time much contested, is now disputed by few. To Logan we owe a large part in the investigations of the Canadian Survey which have established the following great fticts in the geology of the Azoic or, as they may lienceforth be called, the Eozoic rocks : — I. The relations of the Laurentian as a great stratified series of crystalline rocks of a(pieous origin, occupying a pos=»ion at the base of the known geological column and containing evidences of organic life. II. The fact of the unconformable superposition to the Laurentian of the Upper Laurentian or Norian series. III. The first recognition that unconformably overiying the Lauren- tian was still another series of crystalline stratified rocks, the Iluro- nian. (The relative ages of the Norian and Huronian still remain undetermined, for the reason that they have never yet certainly been found in juxtaposition.) IV. The fact that the Laurentian, Norian, and Huronian, are all of them unconformably overlaid by the lower members of the New York Paleozoic series. His labors on the Laurentian rocks were continued at intervals up to 1.HG7, and were performed with an amount of fatigue and sacrifice f I III ff i <1 I mmmmBmmm f f fi ff 4 ( i I A. 4, 4 J! of personal comfort which can only bo understood by those who have hud to traverse those rugged forest regions. He often wandered for days through a wilderness, with a prismatic compass in hand, counting his paces, and gathering rock-specimens us he went. Ilis notes, mude in pencil, were always written out ouch night in ink, and the journey- ings of the day protracted, often by the light of the camp-fire. In the intervals of these investigations, Logan was devoting his attention to another region of crystallint^jocks, the extension of the Green Mountains of Vermont through ^Btu-n Canada to a point a little sodth-eiu* of (Quebec, the study dWfe^cii he begun in 1847. The previous attempts to establish a j)urull^Hi between the geologi- cal succession in eastern New York and western New England had led most American geologists to suppose that the crystalline schists of the latter region were the stratigrai)hical e(puvalents of the lower members of the New York Paleozoic series in an altenid condition ; though there v/ere not wanting those who, with Emmons, regarded these crystalline strata as a part of the primary or so-called Azoic seri(;3, Logan, who began, as was his custom, to work out the stratigraphy of these rocks in miiuUe detail, accepted the views of the majority on this disputed (piestion, and endeavored to establish a parallelism be- tween the subdivisions of these crystalline strata of the Green Moun- tains and their prolongation into Canada, and the uncrystalline fossi- liferous strata which are found everywhere along their north-western base from the valley of Lake Chumplaiu. These, the so-called Ujjper Taconic of Emmons, he at first looked upon as n'"^'^' han le Tron- s, assigned rizon of se un- vstal- idmit, ton limestone, but, yielding to the evidence of ovy- them at length to their true position immodiatelv this limestone, and named them the Quebec r;* crystalline strata were really newer rocks than > lines (of which they include fragments), Logan was u;- and spent many years in an unsuccessful attempt to establish ^ corre- spondence between the two series That these latter rocks, called by him the " altered Quebec group," belong to the same Huronian series wliich he was the first to distinguish farther to the westward as of pre- paleozoic age, will now be questioned by none who have compared the two regions. TJie record of Logan's later life is little else than that of his patient and unwearying devotion to the work of i\v geological survey of Canada, of which he remained the director for twenty-five years. In 18(33, he prepared and published, with the aid of Professor James Hall, a geological map of north-eastern America, including the region north to r" '>"IRP'# Jamefi's Bay, sonth to Virginia, and west to Nebraska. This map, on a HCivlc of twenty-livt) miles to \\w inch, remains the most (nmiplete attentpt to delineate the {,'eolo|^ of the region. His other published works lire confined to the roiK)rtl| of the geologioal survey, and a few pajKirs to scientific societies on khidred subjects. lie had little aptitude for literary liibor, and found thd work of composition difficult. IIo rend» ed good service to science juid to his native country at the inte;- nutional exhibitions of 18i^ind''18i"j.i, being a juror at the first, and a commisHioner at the seco^^k Oh the latter occasion ho was knrghted l)y the Queen, and by ^^Hnnperor Napoleon made a chevalier of tho Legion of Honor, in ^^^i order he was subscffuenljy raised to the rank of officer. IIo was a Fellov/ of tlie Royal Society of London, of the Imperial Leopoldo-Caroliniafi Academy of Germany, and of many other scientific societies. In the year 1857, he was president of the American Association for the AdvHUccment of Science. In IHGI), his advancing years and failing health, together with tho necessity of devoting more tine to his -ge estate, led him to resign his position as director of tho geological surv'^y, though ho still con- tinued to spend a portion of his summer in grological exploration, much of whidi was in the western parts of Vermo^-i. anti Massachu- setts. The incompleted results of these hist few years, however, remain unpublished. IIo left his home in Montreal in August, 1874, to spend the autumn and winter in Great Britain, intending to re- turn to his geological labors in the spring; but, his Imdily ailments increasing, he died and was buried at the home of his sister in Wales. Sir William Logan was unmarried, and, tliongli genial and kindly in his social relations, led a solitary and very retired life. His work in science was neither that of a pah ontologist, a lithologist, or a miner- alogist ; in all of which Separtnitnts he was, throughout his career, ably seconded by the labors of Jai^ies Hall, Sterry Hunt, Dawson, and Billings. His great merit was the possession of a rare skid in stra- tigraphy, and an amount of patience, industry, and devotion to his work, which has rarely been eipinlled, and hatfenabled him to con- nect his name imperishably with the geology of the older rocks. •% T. S. H. ^-^ i--M:. I