3« He John's TO kept li^ %tt from going far wrong in tngland by the Archbishop, Hubert W^ur/ " wjio beeame Chancellor that he might the more easUy keep John in onier. Geofl|ey Fitx-Peter il was cwf i)o use. willing to welcom loyalty to one who always been their tp ' ■ ''- ' ■"■■■^■■f ■-' '■■' ■jJ^t^l ■iff mi4iSi^'^i^- i,^iAiii*i^^- ■ R^«J Peter d«. B. of Win^^ Roser.i.ofSaIi.b„^,^3, STEPHEN. C. of ku,o^,.3,_ Stigand. II A WIL '" / - /;,.. INDEX OF' PLAGES. ALN ALNWICK, 43 Aaioa, 33 BEC II, to Berlchampttead, 3 Bouvinet, 60 RraolUey, 61 CAEN, II, 18 Cantej^iurv, 3 Chalaix, Cutlt of, 53 Chester, 6 Clarendon, 39 Chinon, 51 ^ DOVEJL 3"' DurHP T ■ »^^ jw» naa iosi ais mother before he lost Nor- ftlSS?*" ?*"'*^' N^'*«n8^«wards,ini2os,heIo«t Hubert'. H^K ^"^'^^"^^ Hubert Walter. After Hubert's death then: tras a quarrel about the election '■-M^'sssm/ma&smsi j^^^JI |iElfe»Sti^!%..^^ * ~ — --'v^ y\n ma Q0 bishops fled out of the coi discontent were heard asm sure of the baron, John tc them and kept them as hosi •# A DF FOR CORRECT At ADAPTED FC By Richard Lewis, Teacl J. M. PLATT, M. . . . Le#|B' "How t ever introduced utto our (^ fail to have his senior cUuses J. MORRISOlf. M.A., K Such a book was wanted {died by u Elocutionist ol so classes.'^.,, | JO^N SHAW, Het . . . fuln pleased wit earliest opportunity. (The i teadier and pii|^ aliki. R. K^RODOEBS, In . . . iN^e hope^hls bd ii^roduoed into every school. ^bmtcvr spmt.jthan in leamin praotisiiMr the suggestions it ( pleaatog and #toettve. n r - " '^' "" ooronacy. At last five of »i.^ ■« X ^OW TO READ; A DRILL BOOK OR CORRECT AND EXPRESSIVE READING ADAPTED FOR THk USB OF SCHOOLS. '»** " * f Richard Lewis, Teacher of Eloeutldn, Author of "'&imin Ion Elocutionist," do. ^: 'iO> / PRIOB 76 OBNTS. J. M. PLAIT, M.D., P. 8. Inspector, Pioton, Ont^ '. -. \ ^^ "How to B«ul," ia OM of the flnart lltUe b«>kj n- introduced iMo our Canadiui BehoX,^ Elocutionist ^«lW^«lU8gestion8 it ffives foir attaiirior »^1« of Madfaif bath C M. BIQO, M.A. W« the choice of a fot»ign« ^ ' "* **^» «*»< »<>* f w rnmce. He h^l alhad himatf with the Em* .^4*.- • t SH <^RAMMAR ?. MASON, i".A., F.C.P., University College. Londoi^ - noN Papers by W^ Houston, M.^^* PRICE 76 CENTS. MM, M.A„ K. M., h/s., OtkvJUe. yean ago I inked a tnmunar sshodi i<^ipector In 1 me the best gnammar publisluHi there. Hejm-^ ion. lf.A., H.M., Kingston CoUe«(late Institute.' best text book for the senior classes ^ our hi|^ ten offered to the Ctoadbm public. . A., LLJ)., Prinolpal, Caledonia, H. S. I win be fpund a most T«Iua|>le class-books es ^oB of advknced elaaes in E^lish. The chapter Icult sentences is of itseU sufficient to place ttie English mwnmar hitherto before the Oauadlan BWIS, H. M., Duflerin flkshool Toront*. treattse'its discussion of doubtful points apd its defln)tidns cannot fail to give it a high rank in >est Judges of such works^the school teacheta of cached- a twenty-flnt e. 11' • • • 0i 9tflMln9f iii-fe . isapi-fe U J., .x^:-:,'-'^^:t TAOm . 30 • 33 • 35 • 43 4» 54 5S 99 6i 11' 1^ %' S I Si .:?.''■'!< ;:dS9!is«««*ii:S *' i'5'flpKi.-.-:-f.'5» 'it- ENGLAND A CONTINENTAL POWER. ' Ma- INTRODUCTION. During the years which we are ioiag to talk about England went through great changes. She gre^ very powerful, and gained a strong JSSS" government, and order was made to reign SiSoch. to ^tic^"^ "^^^ ^ ^^'^ '^^ *^* *****"' ^^ "^ ^''« «r 'v^"*^ ^ A^tfmon Gw^j^,/ Jij/^ England,— We shall see that much good came to Engird from the Normans, even though at first they treated the SS'f !„^ ^ V "* '"^?^- '^^ «*^*^ ^« Engh-h new hfe; and the Norman kings, though harsh ^d stem. toved order and good government, and knew hoTTo niake wise laws. 2. How the Conqueror and his sons kt^iktBanma A»« /a,««^ too great A«^.~This is a very important Uie Wslury of F*ince are to ^^«nt. In France the B -y. LjC'ii' 'AV'^iBi?^'!;^^^".', ^mA. 1 4 Mngiand a Continental Power. baroiB w«e almost aj powerful as the king himself «d treated the people very harshly; b«, i„ ^l^^ l»m» w« not aUowed to g™w ,00 poweriU, fnd wht in a«er-t.mes they wanted to go against the king they h^ to get the help of the people, and so they had ,0 treat the people as friends. 3. ^^ the Engluh and Normans became one people. -The Nonnans did not drive out the English, as the themt H t'""'" ""' "^^ ^"*«"^> ^'"^ the>^mTx'e?JiA' I^Zo^ .^'^™^ T P^°P*^' ^"d ^h^' ^^3 good and • s-thfn^Lrhfd^ttf -^^^ -- - changes m the government of the land. They m^eTs^ law?.' burr" H *''T ^"^ '" ^'^ ^"^«^^ - "--n" ml.' J'^^^^^^y b~"ght in many new ways of govern- ment, for they knew more about law than the Englirh he oW Z r/"^"' l^"^ *"' "^y^ of go^n^men^n t Jat^me ' '" ^^'""^ '**'^ ^""" ^^"^^^ "^" ^'"<=« 5.' W*«/ Jr/^J the people made towards g- of Dover, Winchester, and Canterbury, and made them submit to him, so that London stood i alone. London was very helpless, for the great Earls of the Marchland and of Northumberland, Edwin and Morcar, had gone away to their earldoms, and there was no strong man left in the city. At last the chief men came out, and Kd ga r t h e A t he lin y wit h t h em , a nd met Wi lliam a l Berkhampstead. They bent humble knees to him and ■ • ■r." / 4 ^^"^^nd a CmHnental Power ,067 «» Abbey. The English ^'"JX";^^, ^i^ nomes. and non# w*r* ua. -...f ,. "''^'" save tncir betm»r A. ^ ? *** *e''«"8 ""> bloodshed He te all U.o,e who «.bJSjT. C^Jffi T' ^ " ~T^ •» "' own NorJ^i,Jl.^r« "^ WJ • \ > 1 c n fl n w w ti ^m W . f i*'ii if I ii -^^^ 1*1*^1! -J •j*«8 T / 1069. Risings of ifu English, that he mirht be sur»» *k-.,. jj -«» a«y.^ he t^Tm^^tS, ^ "t*'*' ""^ "» SWgeous robes, lie No™,T f** *°^ '««* "d gold „d «lver. ^Tknt ?;«l't aT" "^ ■»""" The Ei«ia, women too ww «!! uLT^ '='*™rty- needle, and William brouehTToJ!^ ^' *** *«' tau embroidery, whia te 0-"^'"'^ ^'^ •«»- monasteries in Noimandy ^*"° '^ -i-Khes awT S- But whilst Williani was a... ^ t. ' anse in England. (He W teft X^^ ^'"*' •*«»» «<> WiUiam FiuOsbeiS a^ Jf Sl^.*™'^ "o-d Odo, Bishop of B^^ ^ i^"^" ««SPrf TT»y treated the^^i^,"""!"'"?'- ^^^^i»^ the Norman r4^ aT^' ■?• ""d* them hate William were pnS '^ *''«^'»« ri«i««, ag«n« nCl^r^j^^."- ^ ..0 put down ««se ««a. strugKle. beCl^o^dtT?- "^ "^ «"« strong : (1) the str^gle whh^ T^ ^ Power reaUy power than he would gi^T^TTS:"'''"' ""'** »•« ^tTa^.'^l-l^tS^tS fleet under Wsb^iSL; STT'^'^' * ^^ nephew of the g«atCanu^'^j£!f^?^ Swendwai who had faUen « Srt'ttte 7if^^»* ^^ were hU kinsmen, andhe^^ed.«^!^ Si^T ' their dwa But v!rili? am^J^'yf°g . , ""H«3ef8, and ffic fleet «.LLi *h* Danish «iig:r blow. "^ *"^ »way without striking a ^jdfa&iaMj^ia;^^ y>\-.^ ^». ^ up *;•«!, i&i.„ 'iafe; ?%''5|5«*l'* .'_' ^*^ .,1#^ 6 England a Continental Paiver. 107^ 7. Then William marched northwards to put down ti gre^t rising in Northumberland. He wished to frightcti Harmngof ^^ EngUsh, SO as to tcach them not to riJe Nor^iS^ against him again. To do this he laid wastje '"*"*• the whole of the north of England. Tl^ houses and all that was in them, the stores of conji, 'even the living animals, were burnt- The whole Umi was left desolate. Many of the people died of hunge^, whilst some sold themselves as slaves, that they migUt get bread. For nine yisars the land renuuned untilled. It was a terrible deed, and men said that the wrath ajt Gdd was sure to follow upon it But the north never dared to rise «^;ainst William again. ", 8. One by one the risings all over the cotintry wei« pot down. The man who gave Willi^ most tivHible was Btoewttd. ^^'^^^''^ard, a great chieftain, who fortified him- self on an Island in the fiens near Ely, so that none could get near him. Many of the English took refiige with him, amongst otfa^ Eail Morcar. At last William had to make a great causeway of stones and trees and hides over the fens to get at Herewaid. Then Morcar and the others surrendered, but Herewaid es- caped, and many strange stories 1^ toM of his after life, but we know nothing more with certainty about him. Morcar was kept in prison till his death. Malcohn, kmg oC > Scotland, tried to help/ the English several times. Edgar the Atheling ai^ naany others fled to his court At la$t in 1073 Wi^m marched over the border and made iMakolm submit to hinft. .9^ In many of the towns wUch he took William built "^ great casdes, in which he put j^ldiers to watdi over the wuiiua'. dtixens, lest they should rise against him. In LoifdoA he Miiit thft Tower, which liasi fi u BO i is trE nri ish hUtoty. ^ I fa^t ouk away the land» of all the Englisli who rose against him, and -■■-■"-■'1 if » Pcudsliili' Fettdalism. ^ J he gave them to his Nonnan followers, so that by. degrees the lordship of nearly all the land passed out of English into Norman hands. 10. Now, all the men who got landis from William held them in ihe feudal way. Lands held in this way-were called y£^, and their holders had to make certain promises to the lord who gave them these fiefs. They werie called his vassals, or tenants, fix>m the French word teniry meaning to hold, and the lord was called their supeiior. The vassals were bound to follow their lord to War, arid to pay him certain services, whilst he in return took them under his pro- tection and defended them against their enemies. When land was granted to the vassal by his lord he had to do homage to him for it That means he became his man, froin the French word A^^mm^,' which means man. The vassal knelt before his lord, and, putting his hands be- tween his, swore to be his man for life and death, so God help him. When he died his son had to do the same homage, and then his Other's lands were given him by his lord. ^ 11. These feudal customs Ksul been growing up aO over Europe, iii England as well as hi other countries ; but' they had grown more quickly in France and Feudalism Normandy than in England, and William had >» nanoe. there seen what they came to at last There the vassals might give away part of thiehr lands to their followers, who then iterfe their men and not the king's men, and had not to do homage to the long at alL The great vassals of the king, too, had their own courts, where they judged their own vassals and laid on taxes at their pleasure. In this wayjthe great vassals grew very powerful and^d not care Siudi for their 1ori% to whom little moire ihaatjie de of "Kiaaife bound them. They were called ttmmm in chief because they bdd their lands directly frmn the J, 4 's 8 Englatid a Continental Power. i kii^. In thisway^William himself, as Duke of Nor- mandy, was a vassal of the King of France, and had to do him homage. Jix William did not wish things to become like this in England. He wanted to have one strong govenmient, William and ^^^ch should rule the land. He wished all f"*f^. the Uw courts to depend upon himself. He let the baroQs hold the land in the feudal way, because It seemed to him the best and simplest way, and the old Enghsh ways had not been at aU sunple. But m other ways he tried to prevent his barons from gaining as much power as the baroi^ had gained in France. ' (I.) He ^ude every holder of land, and not only the tenants m chief, taloe the oath of obedience to him and become his man. (2.> He let no man hold much land together. If he gave a mata many Umds he gave them to hhn in difierent counties, so that he might not form one strong powei?. . Canute had divided ther country into great earldoms, but WiUiam broke th<)(e up. He made very few earls, and governed the counties by the sherifTs, whom he chose himself and who couW not leave their office to their sons. He only made four great earldoms, where the earls were allowed to^ have aU the royal rights ai>d name their own sherifis. A.?^n ^**** Chesty and Shropshire, which were to defimd the border from the Welsh; Durham, to keep off toe Scot* ; and Kent, where the coast had to be defe^ed from foiicigB invad^ But Kent and Durham iie gave '° f^^^ «nigbtaiot many, and so could not found (3^) He did not let the courts of justice of the t>arons become too powerfriL The barons had courts of law for ^Jii,^^^ *'^^''^-^**^^^^ ^ ^^ bu t M William to<* care that their esute^ shoqki be for ^^i^^kl-^'^^^p^^^^,^^ r^^ '07S. Struggles with Rebellious Barons. they could not set up one strong \ from one another central court. Now, the barons did not like all this at all They had never loved WiUiam's nile. They had followed him to England because they Hoped to get more lands ana more power. They thought that they ^would rise in power as much as William hAd done; and when they found that he would not let them become great and powerful, like the barotis in France, they grew discon- tented and seiked every opportunity to resist his power. 13. At last two of the great Norman barons made a plot, intof. his Jatihier's last years. "^^Siain bad to spend mudE timfc daring his reiijn in ^tJjwL.* ^ ,- ^7f^^>%^ Er^i'i^^^*'--^tv4lfe^'4"\ A^ 10 I^ngland'W^ontifien^l Power, - 1084. his lands in Frwce. He had. most difficulty with tl^e province of Maine, which did not like his rule. His neighbour Fulk, Count of Ahjou, made plots to get It from him. The", was always g,*atj«|itf betwSi the Angevins, as the people ^i M^^J^t^ and the Normans, and we shaU see tbf ffid&NDf'menmity Uter on, when a king of Anprinl|5|| came to rule over England. |^ - JE& ^ . . William's absences in NdflRy werfc not very good for ^c people of Eng^arid. We have %e6n how the rule of Odo of Baj^ux ipade the English discontented in ^ ,^T ^^ ^^u*^*' ^^"^"^'- ''^" ^o"« ««en r„H 1 >„-2, '''**'^ *° ^ °"^*^ P«P«' ^d for Ais end he toed to get money in every pbssible way. He oppressed t&e poor and spoUed the Church.: Wh ' ■*""**5^gp / Hf- 1084. / / tanjrattc. U had gone to live in peace away from the woi|p at the humble monastery of Bee, ii) Kormandy. But he was too v great a man to be left quiet. The fame of his learning drew many to Bee, and a great sehool gathered n^md him, «> that Bee grew rich and famous. Then WiUiaai learnt to know Lanfrane, and soon saw his' greatness. ^t saw that whilst he was as strong as a Normpi, he had all the learning and cunning wisdom «-tiiat is, the law of tiie cS -not by tiie common law of tiie land. This worked vcrv weU at first, when king and archbishop were of tiie sanie mind ; but It had great evils, which showed tiiemselves. as we shaU see, in after-years, when tiie Church tried to take too much upon herself. Lanfiranc's zeal in spiritual matters gave new Ufe to rehgion in England. New orders of monks were brought JlU an d m a ny Jiew monasterie s^^ e re blnlt On air^r= too, new and beautiful churches began to rise, for Oio ...\. Faxation 13 Normans were weU skiUed in building. Their churches were strong and niassive, with bold ornaments, and n|uch of their work remains in England to this day. Great part of many of the English cathedrals was built by (he Nor- mans, and so were many parish churches. The finest of their churches is the great cathedral of Durham. 4. During the last eleven years of his reign William had no foe to fear in England. He kept strict peace . throughout the land. It was said that in his wiUian,-. day a man might go through the country with Kweniment his bosom fuU of gold and no one would dare to rob him ; neither did any man dare slay another, even though he had done him great evil. 5. Still the Conqueror's hand was very heavy upon the people. Love of money was the great sin laid to his charge by the men of his time, and many and severe were the taxes he laid on the land. He ^"^'»- raised the same sums as the English kings before him had raised from the royal estates; and besides this he made the people pay the Danegeld again, which Edward the Confessor had done away with. 6. The Danegeld was an old English tax which had been raised in times of danger from the attacks of the Danes. It was paid by all the holders of cultivated land for the defence of their ^"'KeW. country. William raised the tax, as it had often been raised before, when there was no question of an attack from thj Danes, and he mkde it three times as great as It had ever been before, fir-iv"^ *^"*^®* *®**^^ EngUshways of getting money WUliam used the Norman ways too. These were feudal «*, that is moneys which the great vassals were "bound >f> « %a«j * 1.»J — — t - J <» -» — ^^ — . — z = : -to IWky their terduir axed occasTcffi^ w on ihe mamage ^his eldest daughter and the knighting of his eldest son. The barons could only raise these moneys from the people »•*'■ •„i f !i! 14 England a Continental Power. io«5. who depended on them and worked on their lands; and so aU Aese heavy burdens feU upon the poor, and no class was left untaxed. 7- William's great love for hunting also brought much trouble upon the people* To make a good forest to hunt Forest laws. *"' ^® ^^ '^^stc one of the most fertile parts of England, from Winchester to the seacoast, 17,000 acres of land. It was caUed the New Forest, and has kept its name till this day. He made a law that whoever kiUed a hart or a hind should be bUnded. 'He forbade killing th|^er and the boars' the old English chronicle tell$ uIT 'he loved the tall stags as if he were their fa^eh -the rich complained and the poor murmured, but he "was so stark that he pecked nought of them ; they must will all what the king willed, if they would live.* 8. That he might b"« as in mind. He was of middle hd^^^th a fierce countenanae. Men J"" character. head was bare of hair. Whether he was stand- ing or sitting his look was kingly. So^t was hB strength of arm, that when his ho?^ w^at^ I«:''s^dl^on*r * ■"'7"^ "° ««.« ^"odd' draw standmg on the ground rui his death he never ton«'"?r"f^ He loved grandeur and n^l flcence. Three tunes a year he wore his crown at tte minster, /hen he gathered round him aU the meat men m Ae land, and gave royal feasts and showS Slw« and his wealth to the ambassadors who can^*^ ^ae.p'^tm^sh'^uirha^'l^^p.rjl'-S THe^ldl^BarScJ^ thatWlS^is jS",::: ^ST 1087. William /.'s Death. i7 queen. They seem to have loved and trusted one another perfg<^y aU through their hves, and when she died he caused a nch tomb of gold and gems to be put over her grav^ at Caen, and mourned for her tiU his death; 2. In his last years William grew very stout, so that he was quite deformed by his great size. He heard that the King of France made jests SS^i'' at his figure, and he swore to be revenged ''""»'• for this jest In the month of August, when the com was ripe upon ^e ground and the orchards and vines hung heavy with fruit, he entered France. To revenge an idle jest he laid Uie whole country waste, and so made the people suffer for then- king's fault He set fire" to the city of Mantes : but whilst he was looking with joy at the flames, his horse trod on a burmng ember and stumbled. William was thrown heavily forward against the saddle and was so severely hurt that he was carried away to Rouen only to die. On his deathbed he said that his son Robert must have Normandy, since he had promised it to him ; but he gave it to him sadly, for he knew that he was proud and H^t wi^*^ "?."*** ''*'^™*® ^^ ^"*^^y ^«"- He hoped that William, his second son, would have England. He did not name him ; he said that as he had won the kingdom by the sword, he dared leave it to no one but to the dis- posal of God. Then he thought of his sim^ of his harsh- ness to the English, of the lands he had burnt and plundered, of the vast numbers he had slain by hunger or the sword. To atone for his sins he left his treasures to the poor and to the churches in his lands. He gave orders that all prisoners should be aUowed to go free, even Jus broth er Odo of Bayeux. ^ dictated a letter to Lanfranc telling him what he wished about the government of England, and gave it to his son William, who started on his way to England «veQ )* O'li ■8 ^"Sland a Cj,nti„e,„al Po^„er. ,^, before hi's father", deatH Tn hi. •» g.« money ftom tuiJi ^/Cfv T' "•"'^• and trust in the Lord and ir!,!. u ^* '"" ""^ «»'■"" one morning, a. ftrC Jl 2''"''^«» ««««• A. last . hi. hand, in%„y^^ hti^'^ a:^^^^'"' °"' »X» the English chronicler a < »f^^ '^^ "" "'"• gnat, and more wor^iSl . l*^'"" >»« and very those who went^^S?- """«^ *« "^ «' other men at thet ^~ Z ?k"™ °" "» S^' "f '^^ filled with drST 7,; ZkT "■" '"'«' P""" no «»ner dead thanftose^^^ ** """« »» «' ""hed to their aThom.,? ^'' l""^ ''™»>J "« bed plunderer,. ^ ^^Z cJLX' **" -^^ ^^.m the ried off, clothe,, v«JS^^"^."-T^»e ^ car- the g„^, „„i, ;^' ^'»™fr; »°d the body of time, was left alone tadiwS?i»fc k^ "^"8 «»>*■ i=h?n>ber. Not a ^ oTJtJ? ^ "" *« «»<>' of the a humble Nonnan knighTf? hu^ *''**^ ^« "^^ body by water to C«f ^d ^T **!r^ «ook the ^7"^'''f«.abbey'oTst*rplr '^'^ » *« • ■^vT'iJ^'^r.^^^Ko'^'rr^^-" WiiiiMi the eldest son But wfii • V ^^ Conqueror's Red ehown ? ""' WiUiam the Red a* *!»• -^ Kin* of cond son was caDed fmm ♦! V ** **^" ^*'* hair, h»d a n^^w 2? *?^ ^^'^^^^ ^^ h'** WilUam was re^dyto do ^^ . ^*"** ^" Lanfranc. as the ban,ns^^i„^^"V'r *" ^^' ^^ tf>e support of the En^? ^ hT sti^To'r''"^ "P^" he woold rule with juSice and «,! I^nfranc that Chufch, and foUoJlTll^^i^^'ir'^^''^ '^' *^ ?-^^4himking,andl^ bo«n*Tte English people tfhim ^^ Ko^'^nim^R — #■ 1089. William I I., the Red. 19 'fhe barons stiU clung to Robert, and it t<£k much fighting both in England and Noniandy, to ^ut Tem down Many of the great Nortnan barons 4 E„eta^d ost the,r lands and liberty bjr rebeUion. A^ lit^te so many other men of his day, Robert ^w U^er s^^'^stu^r r *\^"-^^-^ fight ?r;in*^4 wM^wif^ ^'^ ^^^'^ ^^^ Saracens. He made peace in return for a large sum of money. BOOK II. THE NORMAN RULE. CHAPTER I. ^ STRUGGLE BETWEEN KING AND CHURCH. ':^^'^ ^"^ ^^ ^» *** ^ <^cr, a strong man ^ho knew how to make himself obeyed, but he 1^, his^thert virtues. AslongasLanftancUviid ^,, „ he kept h,m m^order, so that his vices did XS^^l not show themselves. But to the great toss of the comitry. came to tfie throne. Then William showed himself in h.s true l,ght~a man who feared neither CKKln^en who gave way to aU his passions, and openly scoflW at' religion and virtue. Flambard, a pnest, an able and crafty man, who cared m^^'Tn r"" "^ '^^^ ^"^ him«d£lS used eve^ Paeans to get mnne y fo r t he Irimr j»h^ L 1 :x Y as hiq fetw r !i J '"^^ "«;«B|^ who tovedit as nracfi^ U„ h!c^ , *"* done, and cared not how he got it In his days/ says the chronicler, ' all justice sank and c a 1/ \ Anaelm. 30 England a Continental Power. 1093 all unrighteousness arose.' When an abbot or a bishop died, the king and his minister did not choose one to fill his place, but drew all the rents for themselves and took all the money that belonged to the office. After Lanfranc's death nearly four yearspassed and no new archbishop was named, till all Aen murmured. Even the rough barons at William's court asked him to fill the s^ But he would not, till falling very sick he feared to die, and the tibought of his many sins came to frighten him. 2., It»thanced that at ifliat time there was a holy man in the land, abbot of that same monastery of Bee from which Lanfranc had come, Anselm by name. He had been a^end of Lanfranc's, and was, like Mm, an Italian and a learned man. He had long been spoken of as the ihan who should be archbishop. So in his sickness the frightened king sent for him and , told him that it was his will that he should fill the see of Canterbury. But Ansehn had no wish for this honour. He was a simple monk, he said, and wished to live in peace— he had never mixed with the business of the world. The bystanders had to use force before they could make him take the cross in his hands, and it was against his will that he was made archbishop. 3. When the king got better of his sickpess he forgot his vows to l«id a new life, and behaved worse than before. Ansiim and ®^* ^ AnseUn he found a man bold enough waiiani"' tol rebuke his crimes. When all the land trembled before the tyrant, the archbishop spoke out for the cai^ of liberty and good government That the two should live in peace side by side was impossible. The Kiiig grew.to hate Ansehn and quarrelled with him, be- ^ us e-he y ^hnki i rf fern for his vices, and be c aus e he would not give him the money he wanted. Moreover, there were at. that tune two Pope? in Christendom, each *.- 'I. I093 1 100. Hmvy i: 2\ claiming to be the rightful one Anselm had said that him to look upon either as Pope till he alli^wed it Anii^V ^'\^'I"*"* ^"^ ^ **'"*^'' ««»'»«t him that rwck tiU the Red Kmg's death. For twelve w.,- t, . ong yeara of misery William ruled over the 5SU: ' h^ * ?* ^^'^ '"^'^^ *»" vices, and on aU sides the people were oppressed. Ranulf Flambard found Tw w« T T'. °^ ^"**^^"«^ ** ~""*^ ^th taxes. Lawwas ahnost silen^and only money weighed with the William loved hunting as much as his fother had done and his fo^t laws were very cruel One day whilst hunting m the New Forest he was shot by 1 arrow and killed on the spot Whether this was done by chance or on purpose was never known, and perhaps no ">^^ to ask, frop joy that the tyrant was dead. 5. Henry, WiUiam's y«^unger brother, was hunting with him when he was kiUedi Robert wa^ still awaymi the Crusade, and Henry had him. HS^., self chosen king by the few barons who <>»«•« Wng. were round William at his death. _ 6. But Henry knew weU that the barons really wished Robert to be king, and so hastened to make himself sure of the people. At his crowning he swore „ ,. to give th« land peace, justice, and equity. 2SS.'' Afterwards he gave the people a charter in which he promised to free the Church from aU unjust burden* ^d the land from all eva customs; he itve uSc to ^. ^^ which had crept ia dtoing the Red King's We must remember this charter, because it states ^ clearly for the fir* time the ri^uTThe ^^t ■ft- ^ 22 , England^ Continetitat Power^ »'o3. it puts bounds to the power of the king by sayik^ that the freedom of the people cannot lawfully be intxrfervd with. It gave the people good hope that their tioubles «^ereat an end. . . 7. Henry ^d been bom in England, and the I'nglish people joyfully welcomed him as in truth an English Henry's *"*»?• Still greater was their joy when he marriage, took for hjs wi^an English maiden, Edith, "**• daughter "of Malcohn, King of Scothmd, and Margaret, the siste^^M Edgar the Atheling. She took the name of Maude ^cm her marriage, andlier virtues made her very dear tio the English people, who spoke of her as the' good ^ueen Maude.' ' _.- — - 8. One ^f Henry's first acts was to send for Anselm to come bjick. The archbishop came full of hope that Henry I. and ^ ^ow he might do Something to reform the ^°*™- .^Church and the monasteries. Henry was willing t© jrc^orm the Church, but he meant to keep the old customi that had been in force in his father's teign. He wantepe, and is tailed the dispute about investitures* .,i>i:r^£u' -» •iA, •'# ilo^. 1 109. Death of^nselm. 23 IJc point was whethei- it was the lay power or th« Church which had the right to invest or cIoX a marit the dignities of a spiritual office. an/H.H^'* »ot follow out the quarrel between Ansehn and Henry, which lasted for many vears. For tv»^ years Ansehn was banished from EnS, hecausf^ would not giv^ way to the king. At last^ c^!?o ^ J^ment by each side giving way a little '-^I^^po^ tant thmg about the quanel^ls that the Church ^^^L Hen^ "? "^1 ' '^'^ ^«^««' ~^ * st/ong Wng is Henry, and in the end really made him irive un 3.!^ I^'hf wmel^'T^ ^"^thatCuld'Tot^^^^^^^ as he wiUe^ and it taught the people, too, that Ly Were not so much at the king's mercy afu seerned. ^ Ansehn did not live quite three years after his return from exile, but during tha$ time Henry 2^^16 1^ when he spoke of the som>ws of STp^^^d tm^ thmg was done to help them. Ansehn wai Jmoi^^t over Christendom for his learning amdhnieS^!^ mourned nych when he died, IS^l^StJ/L.^c Church made him one of her saints. ' <»ay* «»e CHAPTERill. HOW THE NORMAN KINGS GOVEIu4d >?! LAND. I. Henry \. ^ hardly crowned wh^n Robfert reached Normandy on his return from the Crusade, ke Sen^ to the barons, who urged him to try and take" ""^^ the English crown from his brother. The 2S*l ' barons saw that Hemys rule would be strict ^^ while they knew that Robert, th6u^ a brave soldier^ tang they hoped to be able to have things mons thdr ■ 7 • - •. iS, V,: ■■'.Xft: .■'f *" ,._, J -'— ; f '.V-,- . - -.*-,^.^^ , * , ■T^ "~t ■ . i Hennr I. and the banmi. 24 ' England a Continental Power, own way. In the whole quarrel the barons^ looked only ifbr their OMm gain and cared little for Robert, but the English held firmly by Henry. The fighting was mostly in Normandy, lyhcre at last Henry won the great battle of Tencheb^i (i 106), and took Robert prisoner. Henry I. now ruled 6ver both Normandy and. England, and kept Robert in prison till his death. . a. Still he was not left undisturbed, for th^ King of France feared his power, and the barons were always discontented. Robert's son claimed Nor- mandy, and the King of France fought for him ; but hit died young, and Henry had no other rival to fear. The wars in France really strength- ened his pbwer at home He was able to seize the lands of those barons who rose against him, and in this, way the descendants of many of the great men who had taken part in the Conquest lost their lands in England. Henry did not, as a rule, jeiie their lands in Normandy also. He was afraid that if he did so he would drive them to seek help from the King of France. 3. These struggles with the borons brought mtich good to the English peoi^e. Henry had to trust to their help, an(^ that he might be sure of it, he had to and & ' give them the good government which they P«op'«- wanted, a^nd give them back the old laws and customs which they had had under Edward the Con- fessor. It is in this reign that we find the beginnfngs of English liberties. It was not that Henry loVed his people ; his aims were quite selfish. He wanted them to help him, and he was wise enough to take the right means to get them to dp so. He began his reign by arresting Ranulf Flambard, William the Red's wicked minister, and th is seem ed to t he pe^le to pro mise goo d govem- ment He made friends with the Church by filling up all the sees which William had left empty, and, except n Henry I. s Govcntntent. J5 for his quarry with Ansfelm, woricfcd with the Church to do away ^ith the abuses in the land. 4- Henry was a hard, selfish man,* but fortunately for the people his interests were the same as theirs. He knew what he wanted, and he knew how to „ get ir. He kept his aims clearly before him ehSSi!' in all that he did. He wished to build up a strong power out of the- firm union of England and Normandy. Men did not love him, but they feared and trusted him, for they could see and understand his aims. ' Great was the awe 6f him,' says the chronicler; 'nb man durst illtPCat another in his time : he made peace for men and deer.* ^ 5. Thfe Conqueror had loved order and made peace In the land. But time had tried his system and showed the pomts In which it failed, so that Henry could see where it would be well to make changes. In his plans for reform his chief adviser was Roger, Bishop of Salisbury. He Was a v*iy wise and able man, a Norman by birth, who had risfen in HennX service from being a poor clerk to be Bishop of Salis- bury and chief minister ofjie king, in Henry V% time these ministers of the arown fim grew up to Helc the king in all that he had to do. " ^ 6. The chief minister in those days was called the Justiciar. At first the Justiciar only existed when the kmg was away from England and some dne j. had to take his place there. The Conqueror SSidar. wanted no minister, for he liked to look afker everything himself. But as the business of the government grew greater, some one was much ofkener wanted to fill the king's, place and look after things for him, Roger of 4^"frg: ^ Jjg^ggLtOLlhe e n d of Hcnry'aieigL^md It is m Bis time that^ilusticiar seems to haveaown to be chief mmister of the crown. Htary l.^ govtiu- itl ■ i 26 England a Continental Power. 7. In later times the Justiciar became only a judge— the Lord Chief Justice, as he is now called. Most of his Tli„ duties then fell upon the Chancellor ^ who was ChanceUor. at first only the head of the royal chaplams, the priests in the king's service. They were the king's seattaries. He got his name from the scnta—cancglli, as it is called in Latin— behind which he and the chap- lains did their work. The Chancellor also became in time only a legal officer, but is still a minister of the crown. B. The Treasurer was simply the keeper of the king's TheTrcft. treasure, and had to look after the accounts. •»»«r. Still the -office was important, and Roger ol Salisbury got it for his nephew, the Bishop of Ely. These i^ere the chief men who did the business of the government for the king. They were generally clergymen, for the kings did not wish to give these offices to any of the great barons, for fear they should grow too strong and hand on the offices to their sons. /g. Most of the government was really in the king's own hands, though it was always said that he acted by The Gnat ^^ advice of his Great Council, the Wite- OwkH nagemot, as it had been called under the English kings. But it had changed its nature since the Conquest It was now not a meeting of the Wise Men, but a court of the king's chief barons. It had only the forms of power; and though the king asked its advice, it does not s^em to have dared to do more than agree to what he said. But by rig^t it had the power to make laws, and it was important for the growth of English freedom that it kept even the forms of its rights; for when the people grew stronger they could mtSce these forms real powers. Besides the Great C ouncil the king h ad two other courts, the Ex^quer and the Curia Ri^. felij£4i^ik^i£^«l!. &'&i>^»%-« The King's Revenue, la The Excjiequer was the court which managed the accounts of the govonunent and received the taxes The Justiciar was the head of the court. ,- „ The ChanceUor and aU the great officers of 2S,S: the king's household sat in it, and were caUed Barons oj the Exchequer. The Exchequer got its name from the diecked cloth which covered the table round which the barons sat. Its chief meetings were held twice a vcar. when the sheriffij came up from the counties with W accounts. Each sheriff had to bring up the money due .o the crown from his county. This money came chiefly from the rents of the land belonging to the king in each county, and from the fines paid by ofienders to the county courts. The sheriff agreed to pay the king for his dues a fixed sum, which was called the Fertn of the county. If he got more out of the county he kept it for himself, if tew he had to make it up out of his own purse. Accounts between the sheriff and the Exchequer were kept on a long piece of stick, m which notches were made marking the pounds, shmmgs, and pence paid in by the shcrife ; the and half kept by the Exchequer. n. The King's revenue, as the money which came in every year to the king was called, was made up of the following payments : i. The Ferm of the Z^ki^ counties, which has just been explained. Sl-S?' 2. TheDancpld; this m time was done awaywith under Aat nMie, but the kings .tiU laid a tax of much the same land on the cultivated land. 3. The fines which hadtobepaidtothekingby certain kmds of criminals, and the fees and other profits of the law courts 4. TTie feu^aids. The vassal of the king had to p^yWm S3!i!?°** J^^" ^" "^^^^ '^'^ ^ knighted, ^ hi. fc » ^^ ? J "^^ ""''^> "^ whentfaerr tends pasiccr" from one hand to another. 5. Henry I. got a gre^TJS iAijsv^fei^vl: :*!;: :* 28 England a Continental Power. of money by fining those who broke the fo™., i. and kOIed «,e kings gan.e. The^: fo^tt t« X' so very harsh that they bought much suffe^^ ZJ he people. AU tijese different moneys were p^d C the^Exchequer, and made a very Ur^ ^,^Z t Z 1 2. The Curia R^is was the King's Court, as its Larin name means, i„ whic. the king saf a. ti^T'h^ o^hS Thjp.ri. barons to give justice. It acted as a sort of the Great Council did not meet often. The usual cey found It profitable and useful for Aemsdves. 13. Henry I felt as strongly as his fether had done from groi,ang too great He saw that the Con- r- ° qt«ror had not gone far enough in this way. SffiL. He went on to make it impossible for the barons to wt strong powers of their own in the counties. HrdidX by connectmg all the county courts^th the oSi R^^ we^?ue t?2ir"' '^r" ^* ^^* «^» of °^o°ey ^dFniU J^^* ^«y «t » the shiremoot, thi oW Enghsh county court At first they only had tolc^ ^er money matters, but m time they sat L jucte^Hn the court as well, m the same way as o\,r Ju^i^dHow when they go on circuit Their circuits .^ . .•.. '« yguii J, '^^^ 33 I r England a CoHtinmtal Power. ,,38. make i^Z^, a ^ ^* '='*«>' *»<»« t^'d to S^Kli^;'*^ »»' Stephen .^ged to nude ■ Heiv^:^"""" -^Salisbury, the great minister 01 Sjflphen had done wrong to the Church. m disorder, for he alone had looked after the govern^ ^"^ *"• ^^ P"* ^^ ^''^'' °° ^°»»er carried out fourtten yc^ Cf "^^ "°' f '^^^ ^ '^^^ l^d- For ftS^ ^.. T "^ *^^**° Stephen and oaS On2^ SteXn''*'' n "^*^ 3«ccess,'^thk the ^Tw!!nf^' 1^^ P'^"^^- Once Matilda ^/^X not^ "^ floods clad aU in white, so £tt •Ji V ^ ***^ *«*^' tJ»e snow. l^"" "^"h J" " ^ ^^ ^ ^^ "" ° °^ *^^ ^ ^*^- ^^Ijf* '^o* «»^ ^th^ lor.^phen or Matil^ tjy£^»i>«.';4«^&.4!£i^>. iijS. 'A •»52 ^ HmryofAnjou. 33 but only wanted td^t power for themselves. The dennr do mu^^""' ^''''' ^"' "^^ '^ °°' ''^^^ *°**"«^ *^ In the meanwhUe the misery of the people was very gn»t. One chronicler says: 'Some did what was right m their own eyei, but mariy did what they knew to be wrong ^ the more readUy, noW that the fear of the law and the king was taken away/ Another says: 'The barons greatly oppressed the wretched people by makine Aem work at their castles. They took, by night and 1^ da)^ those whom they thought to have any goods ; seiring boa my» and women, they put them in prison for their gold and sUver, and tortured them with pains unspeak- able. Many thousands they kiUed with hunger. T^ WM corn dear, and cheese and butter, for there was none in Ae hmd. Wretched men died with hunger; some lived on ahns who before were rich; some fled the country Neverwas more misery,and never acted he^ithcns worse than these. , . . Men said openly that Christ slept and his samts.' CHAPTER II. SETTLEMEMT OF THE DISORDER. I. The country at last wearied of the struggle, and thtere came to England a man who seemed fitted to bring it to an end. This was Matilda's son, Henry of -. - . Anjou, who had now grown to manhood. w«^ Ah^y he held many lands in France. His father's death had given him Anjou. From his mother he had Normandy, which Stephen had t.^^ w^ nb[f to hold. *le bad married Eleanor of Guienne, the heiress of the i»unty of Poitou and the great duchy of Guienne. In M :;;:&fci:^- ■-: '/-'\ v.. 34 ^ ^ng:^nd a Continental Power. |r^ makejeaee. Theobald, Archbishop of C^terbw ™ ^t!,^J,^''^'T "^^ " persuading Stq,h« and Henry to conie to terms. *^ 2. By the Peace of Wallingford it was agnjed that Ste. Phen should keep th. crown as long as X^^ntl Peace of ^"o*» "^^^ »* Went to Heniy on his death A wjjiiogforf, plan of reform was also made, most likely by Henry, so that means might be takfcn to bnng back order and lessen the people's suffering St^ pave been too weak to do, so. He died the vear after the^P^^e of Wallingford, and the cln ^JT^^^y An^JIf' v"*"*^'": *^* ^ * »*«^ »ace of kings-the Angevin Kings, as they were caUed, becau^ ofieir w^Sr^ f«cent from Geoffrey of Ai^u. IfromGeof- ^ "^ frey too they got their surname of Planta- genet, because he had a habit of wearing in his hat a piece of broom called in Latin, Planta Genista. ^^J^^v- ^"^ ^^ii kings JPngland made gi^t pro- ftSfn; f K ""i"^ u'"^ "• ^^^ wi^om made her strong, for he fai^w how to make use of what the Nor- man kings had done, and how to make their work better Afterwards the weakness and bad government of John ?nl^r T^ ^"l ^^ P*^P**^ ^ ^^"^ "'^ wisdom had f^^'il fdt^ "^^ ^"^ '^"?*^' ^^ '^ "^ ^Jl"^. ^t^. ^^"^ ""^ **^^ England became one. ^l^ntJ^^^^^^he^Ea^ni^ c ountr y, u nder o ne- r>v*n.m«„. The Normans and the En^AWbe^ . I I c t =^ s a ■t'' ',■■'■'*■■' e'r .-.!i >... .t *». . »»S4. Hmt^ Ii:s Character. j 35 one people They had marritd with onc^er and very few iamaies were still of pure Non^T T. blood^ennolongerspokeof'theNormans^;- SSte^" the two people shared the name of English. Freftch was Aefamguageusedatcourtf Latin was the language of Uw and learning, but English was the language If ZlZ mass of Uie people. It was used too by pocts a^d The Normal Conquest dij not stop the groXSSfglsh hteraturt, though it nSde it sl<^ for a time. ^ CHAPTER III. -«• . • • , ' ■ ,• . HENRY II. AND BECKET. abljr. He ome to it as long of the whole hJ^tT nation not brought to it by any one party SSS&' taow n*S,rSS;H ^»6«i:» own'^te'h. must Know neitner friend nor foe. To brine neace anH ,^tA^. into the land was his first olgect ^ *^''' Thii^ would have been a difficult task for a wise and experienced ruler, and the new Ung was only^^ one years old. But he seems to ha^e kno^ L^" Sr^ftTr ""^^ r^«^-»>-v- -i 5,?k£ 36 England a Continental Power. iiSS. cent He cared little for religion, but whispered and scribbled at mass. He had a distinct aim in life, and kept to it steadily: this was to strengthen and bind to- gether , the vast dominions over which he ruled. To do this, h^ saw that, in the first place, he must govern England as an English king. His foreign possessions werp much larger than England ; but he hoped to keep them all t(^ther by wise alliances and marriages. Fo- reign afeirs often called him awaf from England, and whilst he was away his ministers ruled the country in his place. But he himself was ahvays the centre of all power. He remembered everything, he thought of every- thing, he cared ^x everything. When busy with foreig* wars he fbund tune to think of reforms in English la^ nothing escaped his eye and his hand. 3. England welcomed Henry to the throne, because he promised to bring back order in the land. He gave the Hemy IV% pcople a charter of liberties in which he con- «**»• firmed aU that Henry I. had granted, and he at once set about the woric of reform. In this he was helped by Archbishop Theobald, and also by a young English clerk in Theobald's service, Hiomas Becket. Thomas wi^ tall and handsome, a man of ready wit, whom the king soon grew to like, and whom he made his Chancellor. The two became intimate fnends, who joked and laughed together whilst they managed the business of the country. In his first reforms Henry followed the plan which he had agreed upon with Stq>hen. He sent out of the country the foreign troops which Stephen had brought to England. He bade the buons destroy the castles, whidi they had built in the time .of disorder. When -Some. q£ them, jcefiiaed th ft « micHy J e d his troops ^gaias t^ thom and made tbem obey. Stephen bad j;ranted H ' i* ■w; ■■?» .■■«■ tl62. Henry and Btcket 37 many of the barons parts of the royal lands. These now had to be all given bafk to the king. The courts of justice began to work again. New sheriffs were put over most of the counties, and once more justice was done in th^ land. Under Henry's rule a staff of able men grew up, fitted^ to do justice and ^reform the laws. For the first ^en years of the king's reign all went smoothly, and peace and order 'reigiied in the land; 4. In all Henry's reforms Becket was at his right * hand, and got rich rewards for his services, so that the Chancellor became one^ of the richest and Henry .6(1 most powerful men in England. Never, it B^dS. was said, had the world seen two friends so thorot^ly of one mind as Henry and Becket. Once as they rode through the streets of London side by side on a cold winter's day, they, met a beggar aU in rags. 'Would it not be charity,' said the king, • to give that fellow a cloak and cover him from the coM?' Becket agreed ; so the king, in jest, plucked from Becket's shoulders, in spite of his struggles, his rich furred mantle, and threw it to the beggar. It was in this way ;that the two jested together like friends and equals.' Becket Kved like ^ prince; every day he tept an oj table, to which every man was wekome. His household was like that of a great baron, and thfe nobles sent the* sons to be brought up as pages under his care, though he was only a merchant's s waOm^tA. that as archbishop he must put God before the khig ' I', 1^ V il! 38 ^England a Continental Power. ii6a. But Henry thought that by choosing the nian whom he had raised from a humble rank in life and made his friend and favourite, he would get an archbishop who would obey his wishes, and so he would have the Church in his power. For the same reasons the Church was afraid of having Becket for its head. The clergy thought that the king's friend would put the king's interest before theirs, and that they would have a primate whose mind was given up to the world. 6. But when Becket became archbishop he showed that he meant to livens one of the strictest of the clergy. B«cket's He wore a haircloth next his skin, he fasted M»M Mch- arid prayed much, and at mass often melted into passionate tears. He gave very large sums to the poor, and every night he washed the feet of thirteen beggard; He no longer invited knights and barons but learned clerks to lul table, and whilst they ate, grave Latin books wene read ^oud to them. He gai^ up the GhanceUorship, and in this way jcemed to cut himself off from his old friendship with the king. Henry was not pleased; he had hoped to keep Becket as his minister, but now' the archbishop seemed to nqean to act by himself apa;^ from the king. The two soqp began to quarrel Henry wanted to bring the tCliurch under his rule, as he had brought everything else Becket dung doscly to the rights of the clogy. He would not allow clerks who had been guilty of crimes ^ be judged in the lay courts. #5 Wef have seen that the Conqueror had pven the bishops courts of their own, and so had separated ^e Church law from the common law of the land. The evils pf this ware now^n. Many diffks iriio were iruilty of ^rimajrwRt mw^ mym€n who had hamed derks wei^ not ^mished at all. Henry wi$|ied to jput a stop to this dis- • f \ \\l -t» II63. 1164. Henry II. and Becket. 39 .* =i# order by bnnging them to trial before the king's courts. But Bwktt refused to lessen the power of the bishops' couits, «fnry grew more and more angry with him. but could get hmi^ to agree to nothing. 7. At last, in January 1164, Hert^ bade all the bishops meet hmi at Clarendon. A list of the customs which Henry said the Church had observed in the time of his grandfether, Henry I., was then SSSrf^ drawn up. This was caUed the Constitutions °«»*«- . of Clarendon. They were mudi the same as the cus- toms which the Conqueror had brought in. They said that bishops and abbots should be chosen before the king's officers, with the Mug's assent, and that they were to hold their lands like other feudal vassak and do . homage to the kmg. They went on further to say that the fang's .court should diecide whether a suit between • <,a clerk an^ a layman should be judged m the Chutch couit or theking's court A royal officer was to be present \ ^n Uie Chu^i couits to see that they did not go beyond their powerj,. and men might appeal from the toch- bishop's to the king's court All 1* ^ ^^ ^"^^ °°* *8^ ^«* ^ «ood alone. Mthe otl^ buAops bent lo the king's wiB, and at hut they persuaded Becket to put his seal to t^Constitu- tions. A-.?* '!**'"^ v?*^*"™^ *** '^P^***^ He wrote to Ae Pope to a^ ^ to foigive him and ftet hjp^ from his T> l* JP*" **?* ^^'^ "*«* ^'^ ^ bounds, and all Beckefs enemies felt that the time was come ^en his power might be destroyed. He was bidden to ^ . "Zt^A^^J"^ "^^y^^ »*rought against him. In the midst of his enwmes he showed his true courage and .*'" iiii^iJS' '0"!,A.'w^.a&i,»j4-j, 4^^*. vw >*-T^ 40 England a Continental Power. 1 1 70. i*# pridfe. As a sign that he looked for martytjdoni, h6 came in carrying his cross himself, in spite of the other bishops, who tried to wrest it from him, before the king aiDd aJl the bishops and barons sitting in council ^ He forbade the bishops td sit in judgment on their primate, and said that he appealed to the judgment of the Pope. « Mjr person and my Chmrh,' he said, * I put under the protection of the Pope.' He blamed the barons too for daring to sit in judg- ment on theb spiritual father, saying, < I am to be judged only under (xod by the Pope.' Then he jros6, and amid the murmurs of die crowd iN^tikeid sldiwfy down the haU. Some took up straws and thr^ them at him. One muttered * Traitor.' «Were it' not for my order,' said Becket, fiercely, *you should rue miLit6t9i? Outside the pei^le greeeed hitn with loud ciill«ts, for iHey loved him for his charities.^ ^' , §^ itreit was t&e anj^ of the king and Ae barons tliit locket fearfed for his safety and e*«n for hts life. Bwlnt't He fled in disguise that night, and after a «<**• journey foU of hardships arrived in Fttmcc. ' There l«e cdnld in^ikil himself known, and wa» well teeelved. The 10% bf Fraiice, Lewis VH., hated Henty II., and was glad to be aWe to shcrw honour ito lus enemy. The Pope was very much puzzled wfiattb doi his dwn. position was not very sine, and he owed much to the support of tiTenry !l. He did not dare to go agahist so powerful a king. 4». For sixyestfs the quarrel went on, and Becket stayed lai fedie. Heniy at last got into difficulties with his enemies in France. The Pope, too, had grown stronger, alad threatened to Excommunicate Henry— that is, to put him outside the communioM of the Church— and this ■JTOuld have #ren the king's enemies new coura ger—Sor^ Henry was kd to nwke a hasty peace with Becket, who iX%^^t^^^Mi^'iM^>' i'^-i- "^^^ 4"^ «.»• -rfi iS-ctt ^^ "'Y^ 1 1 70. the other i the king iL t on their Igment of id, 'I put t in judg- be judged t> * the crowd trawsand *Were it hottld nte with loud he barons r his itfb. d after a 1 France, was well itf hated honour to i what to he owed t dare to et smyed whh his sifUngef, at is, to -and this «» ■«i«ftv\3 ''P^V ' 1 1 117a Beckef 5 Murder, 4t went back to England. The people greeted hun with joy. But Beckef s pride had not grown less in exile, and he could not come back to forgive and foiget His first thought was to puni^ the bishops^ who had Opposed him by excommunicating them. la Henry was very angry when he heard what Becket had done. In one of his wild bursts of passion he cried out, * Is there none of my thankless and Becketi cowardly courtiers who will free me from the ^**^ "y^ insults of one lowborn and unruly priest ?' He was in ' France at the tune, and four knights on hearing his words hastened at once to Canterbury. At first they went to the archbishop in his chamber and spoke to him angry and violent words. But he defied them, and they rushed away shouting for their arms. Beckef s friends persuaded him to seek safety in the cathedral There in the dim twilight the din of anned men was heard outside, ahd soon the four knights rushed mto the church shouting, «Where is the traitor?* 'Behold me,' answered Becket through the gloom, as he turted to meet them ; * no traitor, but a priest of God.' They tried to drag him from the church, for they feared to do violence m the^ly place, but Becket clung to a pillar. . In the sbniggleTie even dashed one of them to the ground. But • they quickly got the better of him. Kneeling on» the steps that led to the choir, Becket cried, 'Lord receive my spuit' Blow after blow m upon him, and not tiU they were sure their work w»8 done» did the murderers leave the place. - . • .s^Sw, , %-. - -^ The news of this terrible outrage filled aU Christen- dom with horror. Henry II. trembled at the stonn that was raised, and he himself was fiUed with anger and horror at the deed which his passionate words had vvuSCCL Beckei was hailed u a f^f^auad^^ n^a^;^ aaint, nnder the name of $t. Tbon^« »»»<* soon shown him - that he did not mean him to have apy real power. Young Henry was so angry that he fled to Lewis VII King of France, who was very glad to receive him ' 12. Ai»d at this time, when he thought Henry would be very weak, Lewis invaded Normandy. Henry's younger Hemyll.'. sons, Richard and Geofirey, took up arms tr^'in. Jt'T i^'"" ^**^' '" Aquitaine. Meanwhile ar^y. The great barons rose in revolt in different parts Of England. At the same moment all the different fbrces against which Henry IL had to struggle aU his Kfe rose ngainsthun. Tlica^i w«i« (aWirebaiious sons, helped by the King -A -L JtJU / -: ^^-■^iMh^'.tT'^ '."^t^L, \l^ ii74 1. til enry I i:s Reforms. 43 of Fraijcc ; (2) the King of the Scots ; {3) the reb^Uious barons. I j Herir/s great ehergy saved him in this danter The English people and his ministers were tnif to him. Hardly |had he risen from his knees before the tomb of St T^<^ at Canterbury, when news came tkt Ranirif de Glatavil had surprised William the LionElCinK of Scotiairf, in a mist, and had taken him Xisoni^ at Alnwick. This seemed to the people a sign that the king's repentance had been accepted. His foes had no common cause, and were beaten one by one with wonderful speed. Henry Was always moderate in his use of victory. But though (he spared his enemies he never let them out of his hands tiU he had so weakened th^ that they could do notiimj^ agamst him. After this revolt the barons lost stiU more of their power, and Henry was more powerful than he had been even at the beginning of his reign. CHAPtER IVv. HENRY'S GOVERNMENT* g. ! w«if he could help it ; though when he had to do so he showed himself an excellent soldier. But it was by his wise measuj^s more than anything else that hegdt a firm hold wcr aU his possessions, and made himself the most powerful Irulcr in Europe. . When he had chishcd hfs enemies Heiay #«^ batk t^xTJtj^ *>ir reforming the law. h«^.^ Never in aU his busy reign did he fqmt £™»»«»l>« this. - ' '•-,.■1. ..■-<'■'■ - -!*;i- , yST' ,,-, ^»>'>' ^4^»i i^H<^:^ I "tt-i lk\ 4'^' -•#* It -^ '■V '.^ "''T;''^' ''s^'^y'P^'! I^C 44 * England a Continmtal Power. Latin word which means journeying from place to pladc: tg^t Henry H. divided the country into districts kT^ . ^^<^rcHiis, place? throtigh which the judges should journey; and several judges were sent to go Z^J^ ^^.J^^^ ^^ '^^^ "*»^ «^ ^y 'o <=oM«:t taxi, but they judged cases and h^rd pleas in the county courts. As the justices wefe members of the Curia Regis, their circuits brought the county courts into dose^n' nexion with the Curia Regis. ^ «: con 3. The greater importance of the itmerant justices naturaUy took away from the power of the sheriffs. Sherifli. .*^«*>*y found t6at the sheriffs used their bfficc to gain pojver and wealth for them- !nT'' u .^"i *"^ ^« »n«J time the king removed all the shenfis from their offices, and then had an ingu€si or mquiry made ihto the way in which they M done their duties. The sheriffs do not seem to have met with gcat blame, but they did not get their plac . =^-Iir tmir trf^hese assiws fie oraw^rfHat the sluoi^ " Should name four knights, who were to choose twelve "•a « 't . -;■. '. ••' /"* ffenry Ws Armies, 45 r'tril' "^ Th^'"' neighbourhood to give evidence on tna^s. These men swore to speak truth and AnoAer assixe order^ that the twelve jurort from L^T^ \^\ ^**"' ***• '^«''' j"«^ic«»» ^J»ei they Zthr"!'^^ ^" *"^ neighbourhood' who m^ thought gudty of any crime. ,. We see, therefore, that the jurors wera at finrt wit- nc«««^morethap anything else. But as timewentVn^d t was found that the jurors often had not enough know- ledge about the matter in que?timi, they were iS6wed to c^l eyewitnesses, who had^n the thin^ themsdvtei to ^Z^T'"^ time they came to fflrr^ti<^^ iirhich Aey do now, of deciiding as to the truth rf^ ma^er itom afl tiiat wltn«ses p^ teU them aZ* if wJ* ^Tt^T^^ ^'""^ "^^"^ ^^ ^ foreign waw, and hi made some important changes h_^ . m ^e way in whi<*.he got armies togeAer £SS' rJtJ^l "^^J^^^ that the feudal vassal^ of the crownliad to bnng their foUowers to aid the kine in br"- I^^ allve^weU for a war iTESbnS^ MUt was diflfaent for foreign wars, when m^n had to ^ taken out of the country for k>ng and dangerous «pe! ^Tjl^t Enghsh times thfe «um Lo did'tt louow his king to war harf to pay a fine. Henry now ^^tivl^^*"^''r ."^^*'"«" * punishment ^T" ^* vaa«U who did not Wish to eo to W wMd tSe ki4 a fixed sum of money, accost S the amount of hii4 he P^««e8sed. mi ""ngto ^^nir/i^^,and^wltirtBe w^ calliTd '•vfr? !.._. « mon^ so raised Hi»ry h nuwl troops to fight his waw. These troops *='*•* were raised fit>m diffeient countries; at that time they '*?T%' «'./ *t< ."Sr: I /w 7' '« Uv 46 England a ConHfiental Pmver. were mosUy Flemings, from Flanders. Henry lU, habit w^ to hire tooops for his foreign wars, but to trust to tl^e national force in England. 7. This national forc« was not a feudal force. In raisme It Henry w«it back to the old custom by which evay AjAtof ™nian was bound to serve for the defence T\ «^ds the government of England as it S^' IS now-by a Parliament which reprismts or chosen i'l^'*''**^ ^ ^ P*^^ '^^ '"^ .«iv *"*? .^°« "«^^ made a change in the laws or did ' ?; J^ ^^l'"^"^** ^^'^^^^^ ^« *d^«of W» Council iL .S!.*^? ^^ ^°*=" ^^^"» **^ ^ oppose him, and asked their advice on every pomt hnJ?'L^''^'?^? "^"^ *****" o«* of their pei^ibour- hood to stand m the place of their neighbourhood, and Uiis accustomed the people to see a few men representing i^lL ^^ '^'^ "^ *" '^^ "«""^ Courts, where each lownship was r^resented by four men. nrJ^ The Itinerant Justices brought the county courts, «^d,iremoots,and the Curia Regis into close cliexion: In the county courts there was representation, and the rf^^^K ""u ^ **^ ^^^ ^"^^ ^"^^^ by the advice ^^J^^Ae kmg governed. The bringi«t together of representatives of the counties and the towns to advise tlle^ madein time our Hm<^^ ConmioniL >nany~hiMl been present in early English customs. It is " .m. A'tWj ./• i>: Grmvth of the Towns. ^^ byWully watching how this idea grew that we shaU' understand how the government of England as it now is came about » -^ 9. It was in the towns at this timethat the people were • Zt' JIk"^^*""^^ i"^^**^ ^*» prospe^ty. At the time of the Conquest the towns, like the rest of the county, had been under the rule of the S^^^gL. shenff. Little by little they made their way »<"Wf- to mdependence. They were aUowed to pay their taxes direct to the Exchequer, and not through the sheriff, and (he sum of money demanded from them was called the Ftrma Burgt; the citizens were aUdW^ to have their own magistrates and courtsof law; their GiwiVar also were recognised by the king. , »u were ■ '°* '^'^, «»"<^s wele in early times bodies of men bound together by oath foi: some common puipose, such as taking part in some religious service, and help- ing one another when in difficulties. As tmde *''*"*• increased there grew up Merchant Guilds of aU the mer- chants of the town, to watch over the interests of trade. These Merchant GuUds were now the chief body in the to^s, and filled the same sort of place as the corpora- tionfiU«jd afterwards. Craft GuUds also began to s^ng up, m which the members of any particuhir craft, such as weavers or goldsmiths, bound themselves togeAer to watch over the interests 6f their craft, and allowed no man to practise it who was not a member of the guild ^. Thediflferent privil^:es of the towns were given ^^ by the king in form of charters, which were bought from him by the town with lai^ sumi of money. The poorer towns, whidi ^^^""^ , could not pay so much, could not buy sudf^iteat privi- l^ il^MS'^.'l?' . y ' t ^^^ "' ^0 ^- ^ t o w n , to Xmr lands fbUS^^dtiw k^ example attd sold chais t«r8 to thfem. This iwit dbnif veiy often af the tiliw ''it ¥^L H 4^. X J "S, ^ k' V » ■ It 'J ,.«(«'> ■(y»»i«^,'. r" 'A yd I J 48 England a ConHnental Power, oT the Crusades, when the barons wanted to raise as much money as they could to help them to go to the *f8t AU over Europe many towns gained their liber- ties at tnat time. !; • «r J?*^ "* ^^ ^' *^^ P***'y favoured the growth of «»e towns, and did aU they could for the ^ of trade and manufecture. As the towns grew richer, they could tax them more and get more money out of them, whilst by granting charters they also got money. Henry ' was repaid for what he had done for the towns by the way m which they stood by him when the barons le- belled against him. / ^ London was, of course, the larg«5t aiid most/ifnpor- tont of the towns and had the greatest pMeg^ In the time of Kmg John she obtained her Cd^mmunai that is. theright herself to elect the corporation or body of men who should govern her, witid the mfiyor at their head. BOOK IV. HENRY II. AND HIS SONS, J, 5. CHAPTER I. LAST YEARS OF HENRY II. 1. Henry II. loved his children dearly, but he did not know how to win their love, the last sixteen years of CpoqoMt; his life were made bitter to him by ^eir con- stant revolts, in which their mother encouraged ■ft. otlnkad. them. Whilst the elder onies rebeUed against him^he Lyou n gest, Jnh n ^ clung widi all the more feoderaess to the el^ c >retto< ^my of the quaneb wiC the elder ones came from Henry's attempts to get lands and money for John's mar- ' yr J '^>'''*^ ^ *'-;^ ^';3"V'j ■,^N4r ■ :'*?:«■ V f^tijp^. r i>- 1155. Conquest of Ireland, 49 1 , nagc-portion. For John's sake most likely he took in hand at last the conquest of Ireland, which he had long been planninjr, hoping that John^^ig^t at least be King of Ireland. Besides this Ireland was in a very kwless condition, and needed a strong ruler. 2. Some few hundred years earlier, Ireland liad beeh in a v«y much better stite. In 43? St. Patrick had gone from Gaul and laboured amongst the Irish to c^^ ^ make them Christians. This was more than ^52^: 1^"^^ ?*?"*S!?*^** Augustine pit»ched Christianity to^Uie English. *The , Irish soon be '^ ^ But wh«i the Northmen at last found their way to Ireland, Aey soon destroyed all the refinement and lewnmg they found there. Ireland became agam wfld and barbarous. T]^ere we>« several kings ruling dif- ' t^L"^ u^ ^^ ^^ ^*^ struggling together which should be the most powerful But these kings had litUe real power even in their own kingdoms; tbe clan system was very strong in Iitdand, and the different clans and their chieftams Wei« aFways fighting togeth^ sSn/s::^H-:s;"'^'^'^*^^«- sfthe^JCn^' thing but disorder m the la«d. The Popes sent |i^tes ^Ir^'thT^T'"' T**l?i^ t6 .bring back ordeTand ^T^L « *^ ""^.^ ^"^ ' ^^ '* ™ of '^o good. am^ i!S^J?^ ":. P~P°»^ ^^^^^ «»»ould hSd m army mt o the land and conquer it and nil«> » .-■ Uie p^ ^ptewdl, the Pope ttidfehfak^g ^^ t SS&. •In > i'^" ■»>* .-^' :-:M-r 4%4t>- - ^4t^ 9Q Ef^e^land a CmHnental Power. uzt For a long^ while Henry was to^ busy to tniublc him- Sl*^"'i.'?^ ^* ^'»^" "^> Dermot,an Wsh tang, who^had been worsted in a struggle with a rivaL caihe to Henry and asked to be aflowed to gtet EnpUst? \ "T.^^fPj*^ '^ back his power. Hertry a^, and love of adventure led many to go and help D«mot Stron^w, Earl of Pembroke. He at last became so powerful m^ Ireland that Henry grew alarmed. But Strongbow hastened to Henry's comt:and promised to hdd aU his kmds m Iitland iu vas9al of the English It was sBwi after tlii^ in i^^ tkrt Henrj^ himself went to Ireland. Perhaps he was glad to, go there for a while and let men have time to foiget Beckefs death. r^\v^ „ * *^°"'* "* * «^* ^»'^e<* palace outside UuWm. He ordered castles to be buUt over the land and made many of the Irish kings artd cl^eftains sub-' mjtto him. He also gave away lands to many of his tollowcn. I^ he had been able to stay, he would doubt- less have gaked a firm hold over the country, but he left Ireland to meet the legates whom the Pope had sentW brmg his pardon for Beckefs muitter. ^^ Xater^hfsentjohntheretobeoverloid. ButTohi didnot knowhowto make friends of the Irish chieftains, /elui :,i f ; ^« laughed at then- irough dresses,and^uUed jn Wttd. tiieir long beards, with rude jests. He made ^ so many enemies that he had to be caUed bade to England. Sp for Henry's plans for John had not been ^ svccessfal; but the English possessions in IielMi4 went on graduafly increasing for the j^ two mmared years. De^ put an end to theplots of two of his other -^v ^y^r^ ' ^-'wl ^bein^ ^ iow aed lCtero ^ under his lather, and Geofl&ey, Duke of pjittany. RiduHd ] V I t:. ■f: 1185: ble him* tn liiat^ a rival^ English- agreed^ i)ennot. '. iDamed ame so L But »ised to ^ English t' 1189. Richard I J 51 himsdir ere for death, outside : land, IS sub- of his doubt- he left sent to it John iftains. pulled made called id not >ns in A two Other gtend I chani «iU went on plotting against his fether with PhUip Augus- ts, Kmg of France. At M th^y entered Maine, where Hen^ «^s, with.^ army, before which Henry had to flyihufl«ht filled England iad all Europe 4ith sur- - pnae. / • The ha^ of death was/upcto the (X>nqu«^ Wiig. The cup of his sorrow ove^owed whts^ he was diown m a hst of the conspirator^ against him the „.^ name of his fiivourite son, John, 'Now,* he SSTJis^ said, 'let thmgs go as they wiU ; I cai« no moie for myself and ai he lay dymg there he cried out from time to time bhame, shame on a conquered king !* At last he bade Uiem carry hun before the altar of the chapeL and his fieiy sold passed away after he had taken the last sacra- memsoftheCluirck ^ ^j ■ ■ ' .^ha)^ succided his fether withou/any difficuUy, tfrnugl^, Phihp of France, his friend before, became his foe the moment his fath^s death made him T Itmg of England. His mother kept order **'*^ * ^ himj^ EngUnd whilst he settled matters with Phiip. "^^ ^\ """^^ ^"«^' Ws one wish was lo rjo on the Crusade, and with this object to raise as much money as he could. . „. .. .^: . ,T , Rj^hard was very little in filgfifmfe^ or -pft<^hebecanaeMnfr We do not even know whether J»e «»Jd Bpgak Zntm* Hf wan nothjag but ^ "^^ f i^^endiil tastes, a great love of fine clo"^^ imn9%^etUng for poetry. But he had no caie for hit 4 It ff 52 Enghmd a QmHnenial Power. 119a. people; aA that lie wanted was their money, ite loved adventure and thirsted for the glory of victory. The fiuae of his brave deeds filled Christendom with wonder, and made the English proud of their long, thou^ he cared nothing fior them. ^^^^; ^^Fortunately for Englahd he hahded her over to tfae cart of a number of wise ministers, who kept good peace Hk niqk- juid Order, though they made the peoplip pay •»* deaily'for it Richard only stayed a few months In England and then started for the Crusade. He left William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely, whom he made Chawc^Uor and Justiciar, to rule England in his absence. Lohgchamp was faithful to Richard, but he taxed the people ISeavily, and the barons envied his power and wealth. 7 ' -* * Whilst Richard was away, his brother John begin to plot against him with the help of Philip of Fitoce; He got> the barons on his side, and then took away Lon^- champ's offices from him and made him leave EnglaM. But new ministers were named, and the Queen-mother / Eleanor managed to keep some order in the knd. « 3. Then news reached England that Richard on his way back from the Holy Land had been seized and thrown jy^jj^^^ uito prison J^ the Duke of Austria. A large iopriMii. ransom was asked for him, a sum &r more "*"•**•■• than twice the whole revenue of the crown. The money was got together in England with gteat diffi- culty, whilst Philip and John did aH they could to destroy Richard's power now that he was in prisoa * The Devil is kx>se : take care of yourself,' Philip wrote to John when he heard that at last Richard was free. The Justiciar, Hubert Walter, who was also Archbishop of Canterbury, crushed John's revolt. Hubert Walter was an old servant -« govern- ment, for It was of no use to rebel PhiL^i?^'* T ^"'J *" '''^^* making^war on King Phihp.a^d pumshmg those of his subjects who had riseS against him. The better to defend Ncmnandy Z against the King of Fiance, he began to build SSS a great fortress on the Seine. It caitae to be caHed Chateau Gaillani, or Saucy Castle, a«d waTo^ oT^ strongest and finest fortresses of L Middle A^ ^ Ridiard saw its walls rise he cried with joy, * Ho^ JJ^ ^S: "itiu'S^^"' ^iP^ anger wis^'gr^Hn^^ ^id, I wiU tdipi, were its walls of iron/ M wffl hrfd IV answered Wchard, 'were the walls of buttci/^^^^^^^ AattherewasnchtreasureintheCastleof Chalu^ Sfe^ his troops againstit But the CasUe was str<»g ^ ^^ would pot fell Richard rode round tt^SSSrti^ ^^^" ^* r" * ^^ wound. The Wng lay dying whde the castle was taken. He wai 9hm ^LS^ m hu bcdwie ^ he fi>iff»w> Kjip, '"ugnt -*WI—— .M^Mpr^wiJi.i.> m «* rt »ilM i H iMp^ifc-^- ia # ^.M M Li i** i - *i^»^r«J^Pwir'fc**--f-*^'-WlBi M M ^^^fc i-^ littfe effect upon English history, si^ce ho U* SJS •\ ■■■ '■■ •■■■■• ; !»•. M, i:/' ■ \ • " V ' '^ S4 England a Continental Power. 1199. England and left the government to his ministers. Eng- ' land was proud of his brave deeds, but he was in aU ways a stranger to her, and she only felt his hand in the heavy taxes which burdened her. ^N^ U CHAPTER III. LOSS OF NORMANDY. I. JOHNfucceeded his brother without any difficulty. Ac- cording to our ideas young Arthur of Brittany, the son of Succeniw John's elder brothet', GtoXtKy^ Duke of Brit- of Joha. tany, was the rightful heir. But in England men knew nothing of him but his name, and no voice was rais<(d for him. ' 2. We have seen how John deceived his father and betrayed his brother, amfhe had no idea of treating the John'. English any better. The men of his time **««"• tell us i\pUiing but evU of him. He had all the faults of his famUjr and none of their virtues. Even his vices were^onean. He is the worst ^^1 the kings who have ruled over England-a man fo^Kom we can feel no sympathy, even when he suffers most. Like Richard he lov^ money, but unlike him he was miserly and mean. He did not care for truth or honour, but tried to get on by cunning. He cared neither for law nor religion, |hoi^ he was very superstitious. He was savage and violent, and punished his foes with horrible cruelty. Even to the ministers who served him well he showed no gratitude, but rather dislike. ^ He was kept «| first from going far wrong in Jotoy mngland % the Archbishop, Hubert Walter.* mimiMM ^y^ UeouttC ChahccHor^fHat" Be might tlie more easUy keep John in order. Geofl&cy Fita-Peter -- ♦ .;.... \.v-- --- - - - --- '%. p^*' no voice- 1203. Loss of Normhl 55 was Justiciar ; he too was a wise' minister, who had been trained under HoB-y II., and knew how to care for law and order. *^ John's mother, Eieanor, was of great use to him. She was a very able woman; and even now, though eighty years old, was full of activity and energy. She had not loved her husband, Henry II., and had quarreUed with him and brought much evil upon hhn. But she loved her sons and did much for them. She helped John to keep together ^ his possessions in France, which were attacked both by. King Philip and by young Arthur of Bntt^y, who claimed some part of them. 4. John, with the help of his mother, got from Arthur the provinces which he claimed. When Arthur again took up arms, he was defeated by John and jj,^ taken prisoner. He was carried to Rouen, aS^.^o,. and there mysteriously disappeared. Everyone beHevcd that he had been murdered by the command of his uncle. This cruel act made the l(arons of Normandy and the neighbouring provinces aU the more ready to turn awa)r from John to PhiUp II. of France. Philip 1 1, had made it the aim of his life to strengthen the power of the Kmgs of France by humbUng the great vassals of the crown. Now he seized his chance of striking a blow at the Kjing of England, who, as Duhe of Normandy and Aquitjune, was the greatest and most dangerous of his vassals. , 5. Philip's troops entered Normandy whilst Queen Eleanor lay dying. Even from her deathbed she wrote letters to the chief barons of Normandy, urging them to be faithfiil to her son. But i^SSLdy It was <^ no use. The barons were quite '"^ "f^y^ we lcome Philip. Th ^ ), ad no fcelinge Q |f — loyalty to one who was of the house of Anjou, which had always been their enemy. John himself ^ras not a man n T^v 1% •/t ^■-•i- V'v'^rt j^ti^H^^ •^z*~^-*^,^ise'>^-'^ t i I I 56 ^^giand a Continental Power. to bind them closely round him. He did not even try to . ^ther a force to lead against PhUip. One by oneAe baxons went over to Philip's side, and Normandy i^s lost vathout a struggles It settied down quite ^S^eTb y to be a French province, for PhUip had the wisdmn to let it keep Ae customs and liberties which it most valued. . When John saw that Normandy was lost he fled to atta^ck PhUip, but nothing came of it In the year 1204 England and Normandy were separated for ever oeoo^e^ tej °f,Nonnandy did much to unite the EngHsh r^?i\ ^»« Norman barons had to choose whether they wouW keep their lands in Eflgland qr in Norml^/ Nomjandy, and this made them thorough Englishme^. ^e kmg,^, had to And his home orJy in EnS power to ^ back upon. He was not far above them tihe ruto- of a mighty empi,^ as Henry II. had ^n' They knew h,» strength, and then ieamt to know thS rwr tr^^ ^^ ^" ^ ^-^ ^^^ -^^ -^^ n^ ! I ! i ■ BOOK V. T/f£ GREAT CHARTER. .M. ■ "CHAPTER i. : JOHN'S QUARREL WITH THE POML I. Kino John had lost his mother before he lost Nor- JteSr*^' "^""^y- Notlongafterwards,in,aos.helo.t Hubert's death there was m qu^wl about the election V *'. •. Jt \ H* »ii« i| ii »were left as sheep without ^nSJT ?^ was «Ied with fary. He an^S^rlS k T^P***^ Joh« of the clen^who'obey^ll^n'^^?^ cleigy as his demies, andXwed A^ wh! ^^'^ •niu^et^l them to go:unpu„i^ T^ who jobbed or He did all he could to show men tiiat the Pon« «{-fc. do hw worst-he would not auT^lTZ^r^^ peopte suffered for his ob«in^' H t^^t '^"f ?* bishops fled out of the co^S;rand Lu^'^T;,"^*^* dis contmt w ifre h e ar d aii Jthe Jl. "T"".°^ 4* •« i#; ■f&'fa."^" _vii^ I I 5^ Mf^Umd a Continmial Pomer. taij. rebelled he could punish them bV making their childrai suffer. 3. After two years the Pope went farther and ixcom* muHMUedlchn; that is, he put him out of the coinmuhion John's M. °*^ *^ Church, so that no Christian should • MM wn n t o . henceforth have anything to do^th him. X3I2, wh^ the interdict had Iain on th^ land for four years, the Pope bade Philip of France lead a crusade against John, the cnei^c^ the Church. He also caused it to b^ publicly dedarecHhat John was no longer king, and that the English owed him no obedience. 4. In tbeendjo^s^semed to grow ainud; he could not trust his people, and he knew that Philip was very strong. John"! sub- *^« ''^ ^'^nr superstitious too, and was much miaioii. frightened by hearing that it had beefa pro- "'^ pbesied that on the next Feast of the Ascen- sion he^ would no longer be king. His terror seems to have been quite abject.; He gave up at qnce every point for which he had been struggling. He ^cepted Stephen Langton as archbishop, and promised to give back the money which he had plundered from the churches. To humble himself utterly he gave up his crown to the ^ope and took it back again, doing homage for it as if he wer^ the Pope's vassal. He also promised to pay a fixed sum ^ OKMiey as tribute to Rome every year. Tlus act filled the people witii disgust They did not like to see their country so humbled before Rome, and the general dislike and dirtrust of John grew gieate^ everyday. ^MfiAi' *"(WWfR Wt ""^wtwi'i*. 'f^np ii(x.- w^-w^™ ^ m,:-^.:: ^okn and Utis Baromt, f^ CHAPTER 11. t X JOHN'S QIJARRKI^WITH HIS BARONS. I. THE barons wefe beginniii^ to omiDlain v.«, «. -i. * they liad been mow hearay ttted. Se»«^ ^^ ^ fce had bidden them bring v^ ^£iSL the» forces to fellow him to w ^STaI. lV^ no^eofthea. T1» norths I^JSTtlMT^ "mpWrnng. They ,«. n^C^^tot^^" ftwn the gnat Norman ftmilies of the cIZL?^f -«U.r. and -ho tiU -JlLtLflZ^^SS: In 1213 John's fiuthliil mmister. GeAflT»«r i?;*-tt^ J*J >d>.g been Ju^tioar, ^ '^S^^^S^' Mid ;.ta'. bidding. vK?TotaSS;'2fh^ "Pon the barons; but the Idnr W. !^^_™ 2 '?" *«hM hiswthfe. "r^t'xt^s^rin^.s: WiSl^*'' ^"''!*^ ~ ^P*^ ^e» Roches, filsh'to of J^™»««tf r, a native of Poitoii. aad Am^lZ^^ I am a. John had for lonff olanaM W ««...* ** •_. ■/fei^i !^ htntail Power. 1214. ^^gether'they^uld - ' iiiaiTel ■¥«-.,- ■* c Count of Flaa^ert, and hoped that to- ^«..ij u- -'^•-^ crush Philip. When his Fope was settled, he called k« l.^>'5^P^ ^'^V'**^ TT*ey Said th«y were not bound to foUdw |he king out of England. At 4 great counca held^ Si Albans fouhe sake of settimg Church Mattel^ ehe barons and the clergy spent much time m talking^ut the state of the country and the abuses of " KW?"**"*- '^^^ «*«»« talk went on in another **i!!^ v^^ *" ^^^on soon after. In this the lead was taken by|Ktephen Langton. He was a true tever of his country, akd tried in every way to help the people and bring back 0rder and good government He had tried speaking to John aboitf the abuses of his rule, but found Uiat It didXno good. He was now willing to help the barons to force thp king to reform. . . t^: J°^ ^^ enraged when the barons refused to foUow hmi m hisjrench war, and when he saw how they and v^«jth the deigy were banded together againit hkh /".■ But he felt that it was no good doing anything to punish them ^len. He made up his mind to go abroad firsthand make liw upon PhiKp. He trusted that be would gs|iQ a great victory and easily win back Nor- mandy. Afterwards, crowned with suctesi, he would come back to England and punish the * - * disobiedie ( part his knight ofFi Meanwhile, too, he hoped tqv ,^^ »„ 18, either byt^ireats or bribraij so that there strong a party against U^in the country. ^. France was attacked by many enemies at ice, and was in great^ger, but this diaig# ro'Jj^ bis . subjects bTdefend their king. At ■M»w^«^»vttvi«tc^-on^ne noi luerii^fitRlGir fcated a great army made up of Qi^rmans, 1 // laiS. Oppontum to yohn. 6i n«aA and EnglidL John was ih Anjoa at the time^ fastest, and that he should be able to do nothm^ CHAPTER III. f STRUGGLE FOR THIGREAT CHimTER. nnrio. Vw^ Stephen Langton had brought to their noticcthe charter which Henry I. had riven L!l ^F-Me. It^p^mised j^the^^^^^ Sj^Ss?" S^ h""^^ "^^ ^"'^ ^^T^^ their cause ngni for. The barons swore that uiiless Tnl»»i »«..w • them a sealed charter. mnX Z^ ♦t • T^ ^""^ anxthiogfianhtai;^''^?^'""" >* »ble to get L*^ « part U„ Ch.^ ^^ b«S^ ^^„' A** I ** , . ^-•-.-««. But ^ghten^ Thegf^^t ^nd met at a «iacc •^A te oaroiis were not leir army together SucOMtof tlMf \ ;^'(: 6i England a CmtimnUd Power. I2|5- shh^ The d«igy had not, of course, taken un «m. and h«l not been forced to S^^ T.>n^ *^* ^°f °**"^«*^ *0 London, and the U>i»donaj greeted them widi joy. This was not h^ ^revolt* of the barons whichl^e ha^ 1^1^^, brfore, a struggle to gate power for themsel?«L It^ a 8t«g^c to get good go^enunent for the whole cx> «uuBiuueu noe oy iidJSi witn ^ uie mtcr««ft,Q( th«l ijs,,:o«i. ^ TWfi i« the im^rti^^^ f^' I3I5. ' The Great Charter, 63 to rtiark abj>ut it, that for the first time the whole nation. T^'Tx^r '^" "^ ^^ "" *^^"'* ^ ^^ '^ «^^ ^i^/J]? "^^ "^"^^^ always seen the people on the «de of the king against the barons. Now ^e nation h^ become one. The Nonhans and thel:^. ^^^^ hsh were one peophr: they felt that they had S^S^. the same interests, and that they oMild get ohi best by workmg together. ^ ■ "^ ^ Under Heniy I. and Henry II. the barons hftd lse in which ^ to raise a^itage or •f the Great by name all arons. The Uy in a writ shire. This B consent pf 1 stlso states There was t so cle^ly could l^ope ave been a pit towards, the Great ^ money offending 1* and the jquer and ses. The ■d, and all one avi^y Death of John. 65 oyld not help himself: He did so with rage in. hit J»eart, and rode away from Windsor ^A soon as he could to see how he could find means to resist the barons. joHb., ^^ This time the Pope was on his side. John ^nifsie- had made himself Innocent III.'s vassal, and he was , now rewarded by Innocent's help. Innocent sent letters to Engird, in which he said that he looked upon the Charter as unhiwful and put it inside, whilst he bade Stephen Langton no longer act as archbishop. Then he went on to eatcommunicate the barons, but they were not frightened by "this, but clung to their cause: John hire4 troops from abroad, and both sides got ready for war ; for the barops soon saw that John did not mfean to keep the Charter. But the king's troops were the strongest, for they were trained to fight as their business in life. The barons turned to France for help. They offered the crown of England to Lewis* eldest son of KingPhiUp. « 10. Lewis and the barons together were too strong for John. He was inarching southwards to try and save Dover, which held out for him, when, as he j^,^^ crossed the Wash, the t^e rose suddenly and Jo"*". "»«^ carried away the bagi^^j^ the army, with the royal treasure. This was aAflPMow to the king^ who loved money dearly. Soon1i8rhe was seized with a fever, which was made much worse by the greed with which he partook of a great banquet. He died at Newark, in October 12 16, just three months after the death of Pope Irmocent III. , During his life he had never tried to serve God, and » had always scoffed at His name. On his deathbed fear seized him, and he gave orders that h^ was to be buried in the habit of a^monk. at tf he hoped ^wBTcfi^licTiad scorned durmg his lifeVwoukl protect him after his death. ^\ ■*vv •i.-" y *vv Cannot ni*v ut -__"• It is not hard t^ ' »«--,. J*™. Under HeSTl^-S^ «*« ^on- fc^ Jn !ir"* "•■• " ttat af Cm^*" «o put m ■ '^."m. r . fi-^ ° jWeend,but "« Jiad loved • 'bonder tbat ' 'one, becaiw I mert shrink ' sfiledljy the ■ds that men W nothing *ang,^h«d ^ tfce Con- * seen how *^aron% the same Jer, - *Jwegood * tit But i' change; ^orsome J learned •««» Had i^PW th^ INDEX OF PERSONS. A. m ArehUihop AfilB O. m Dnk* E. •lari Eoqp. m Emptror P. -Print Q. -QuMn & V Sum ADBLA.SI AaMia, A it Cwurboiy, aa, HECKET. . DERMOT.5D A, ofCular- EDOARtbe AdMiSai, 3, « J*«wiidI»BiM^3 * BdWMd tiM rflnfiiiior. is. ao EleMMrorGuiaum.,33. ja* s$ HAKOCD^s PHI < H««yJl rf WiachMttar. 3a, m HUdebtaid, la INNOCENT III.. Ptop.,jy.. S4-« LANnUNQ A. of QMMrimry, lo-ia, ir, ifc ao Lugtoo. SMphen. A. of CuMiw «5 Matilda, Q., 9 If andc. a, aa Mfltof , E. of NocthnadNtiaiMl. }. 000,aflrB«y«»,s.n^„ PATRICK. St., JTATKI^K, St, 40 '^ Awgutttt. K. Of fhBtCfc «y ^ * / - S'. ii ^^^dex of Persons. Richard CirS-f," ''• '*' »< ax. aj ""uiay, 9, ,7, ,g^ R^ Peter dc. B. of Win / - It I«IV a INDEX OF' PLAGES. ALN WIN 4- ALNWICK. 43 LONDON, 3. 4, 6, 48. 60, t: AnJou. 33 .•*»'' •: ■ ■^' 'V BEC II, so Berknampstead, 3 MAINE. 10, 51 ^ ^^ Mantes. 17 Bouvinea, 60 ' V . Bnnlky, 61 « NEWFOllaST.14.s1 i- Newark,65 ^ « CAEN. 11. 18 Wormandy, 5. 94. 31. 53, 55 Cantcfbury, 3 Chalaix, Outl* of. 33 Northampton, 30 Nordiuinber^;^ . Chester. 6 ' , f • CUreadon, 19 {f Chinon, 51 . V <^ OXFORD, 3f 1 ' ' %' ^. if DOVEIL3 Duriia^P ' * • HASTIMOS.s IRELAND. 49 T|p|IEBRAI.S4; . .--^■ '.:••.■ ^ wallingford, $ "^ V ; •s- •♦'V KENT,»^ • -N ^ % ■•■# 111 .11 i—i- i p ! ,<>* 1 • HOW TO READ; A DRILL BOOK FOR CORRECT AND EXPRESSIVE READING ADAPTED FOR THE USB OP SCHOOLS. ' " * By Richard Lewis, Teacher of Elocutldn, Author of '''Pomtn-, Ion Elocutionist," do. ■o. tf \ PRICE 76 OBNTS. J. M. PLATT, M.D., P. S. Inspector, Pieton, Ont.^ - W -^ ^?^."^°*>* ''*^''' to one of the flnart UtU* bapb vm introduced ibto our CanadlMi Sehool*. No effldent triufattHHll feu to have his senior pImmr supplied witii the work at one*. J. MORRISON. M.A., M.D., H. M. High Sehool, Newmwket. SachabookwaswantedandlamgtadtlwtthewMithMbettiiio^ P"«gby,igt Elocutionist of some note. 1 htTe adopted U for our \x^ JOttN SHAW, Head Master High Sdiool. Omemee. ,.' : • Cf^Plw^'l'rtth it and shall certainly Introduce it at the earliest opportunity. The publioatfoo cannot hut be proOtable to teacher and puj^ alik«. ^^ R. E l^DGERS, Inspector of P. Sdioirib, (MUngwood. . . . H^e hope^is book will be broogfat to erery teaeiia introduced into every school. We flmdy bdtere, that no time cmM be 'Wtt^ spent, >han in iMraing the simile prindplw it lays down aad pKSS'^liSSKf^"' " ^^"^ '** ■*^'** ^^ «« «•«»»» »»««» I. v. BIGO, lf.A. I mp«t iv^esitatiail^ resrapMid fjiwii' How #o Rju» to be immedi^ly UMroduoed IntodH craTMliMria aaAJhat .irTirtirT lompdf pupils in the hlg^ dAssee to (Mi^ ii^«il inalRkflt wB ft mmxm ©fit """ ■"""* ^ every day. J.MIU4BB,B.A.,«.# . . ItwP «|ors attanlkMi. ENGLISH GRAMMAR BY C. P. MASON, lf.A., F.C.P.. F»how of University CpUage, Londoi^^ Wish Examination Papers by W^ Houston, M.iy^' » PMCE 76 CENTS. ALEX. SIM, M.A., B. M., H.B., OdtvlUe. Opwardfl of three yean ago I asked a |n»mmar ■ahool i^^spector in tbe old country to send me the best gounmar published there. Heim-* mediately sent me Mason. ' ^ , *^ A. P. KNIGHT, M. A, H.M., Kingston GoUeffiate Institute.' ^ Incomparably the best text book for the amior dasses ^ our high schools that has yet been offered to the CknadUn public. J. KINO, M.A., LL.D., Principal, Caledonia, H. 8. Mason's gnmmart will be fpund a most valuable class-books es pecjally for the instnictioa of adTtooed elasaes in EkigliBh. The chairter on the Analysis of difficult sentences is of itself si^cient to place tiie work far beyond any English arammar hithevto before the Canadian public. /RICHARD LEWIS, H. M., Dufferin 8cho