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CIHM/ICMH 
 
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No. 9. ' i 
 
 INFORMATION FOR THE ELECTORS. 
 
 OUR IMPORT TRADE. 
 
 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN AS 
 AFFECTED BY THE TARIFF. 
 
 IMPORTS OF RAW MATERIALS-CONSUMPTION OF TEA AND 
 SUGAR— HOW THE NATIONAL POLICY HAS PRO- 
 MOTED HOME INDUSTRIEa 
 
 Opponents of the National Policy base much of their criticism 
 upon the figures relating to the foreign trade of Canada. If they 
 would deal honestly with the returns, there would be no cause 
 for complaint, because interesting knowledge of the working of 
 the present fiscal system can be derived from the statistics of our 
 import and export trade. But the hostile critics ignore in all 
 criticisms two material considerations : (1) the decline in the 
 price of all commodities since 1878, which affects the aggregate 
 value of foreign trade, and (2) the changes which have occun*ed 
 in the character of our imports, to some of which latter we pro- 
 pose briefly to allude. The total value of imports into Canada 
 during the five years of Liberal rule, and during the last five 
 years of National Policy, has been — 
 
h 
 
 Ji 
 
 
 ! ' 
 
 f;i 
 
 I. 
 
 
 2 
 
 VALUE OF 
 
 •^f' - Liberal Period. 
 
 at .1874 $128,213,582 
 
 ..tt-,, 1875 123,070,283 
 
 ,,^,.,1876 93,210,346 
 
 '1877 99,327,962 
 
 ^ 1878 93,081,787 
 
 IMI 
 
 '. ( 
 
 :( 
 
 v.OirfJ 
 
 >tfw 
 
 $536,903,960 
 
 
 IMPOETS. r ' i 
 
 Conservative Period. vt 
 
 1886 $104,424,561 ,. 
 
 1887 112,892,236 ,^ 
 
 1888 110,894,630 
 
 1889 115,224,931 
 
 1890 *.... 121,858.241 • 
 
 i: 
 
 $565,294,599 
 
 So that even upon the face of the returns the exhibit is altogether 
 favorable to the existing policy. The purpose of the National 
 Policy was two-fold : to produce an adequate public revenue pnd 
 to promote home industry. That the first object has been at- 
 tained is well-known, the finances of Canada having continued in 
 a most prosperous condition since 18*79. The progress in the 
 dii'ection of encouraging home industry is in some degree set 
 forth in the following statement of imports of raw materials, the 
 figures being taken from the official returns : — 
 
 ? IMPOET OF EAW MATEEIALS. 
 
 \','--A^v: ;»:.i^<;t;::' 1879. 
 
 Coal $ 3,054,846 
 
 
 Raw cotton , 
 
 Lumber 
 
 Rags 
 
 Iron, pig 
 
 Lead, pig 
 
 Steel rails 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Broom corn 
 
 India rubber 
 
 Raw furs 
 
 Grease 
 
 Guns 
 
 Hemp 
 
 Hides 
 
 Ivory nuts 
 
 Raw silk 
 
 Wool 
 
 Settlers' efiects... 
 
 Raw tobacco 
 
 Coin and bulliou. 
 
 Tinplates 
 
 Raw sugar... 
 
 'Tl^n^?c■^) '«' 
 
 774,703 
 
 205,984 
 
 92,179 
 
 488,824 
 
 85,654 
 
 1,334,163 
 
 72,378 
 
 89,954 
 
 187,234 
 
 142,899 
 
 89,275 
 
 39,229 
 
 278,299 
 
 1,207,300 
 
 26,197 
 
 82,004 
 
 1,106,210 
 
 803,506 
 
 711,129 
 
 803,726 
 
 85,156 
 
 40,939 
 
 $11,751,788 
 
 . 1890. , 
 
 $ 8,258,030 
 
 3,761,776 
 
 477,707 
 
 227,400 
 
 1,137,312 
 
 284,246 
 
 2,251,930 
 
 92,530 
 
 97,527 
 
 563,278 
 
 396,178 
 
 154,855 
 
 149,508 
 
 774,587 
 
 - ,^., 1,709,751 
 
 ^' 188,845 
 
 'T» t J 192,824 
 
 ^ jj^ 1,729,056 
 
 1.810,218 
 
 1,344,780 
 
 1,083,011 
 
 1,175,028 
 
 5,362,121 
 
 $33,222,498 
 
 , . . St). 
 
 If; 
 
■■■i 
 
 8 
 
 '• ... 
 
 The import of the articles above enumerated is to-day about 
 three times as great as twelve years ago. Apart from three 
 items — settlere* effects, coin and bullion, and steel rails — every 
 article mentioned has to undergo the process of manufacture in 
 Canada before becoming ready for the market, in which opera- 
 tions tens of thousands of artisans are employed. The manufac- 
 turing business of Canada to-day, measured by the importations 
 of raw materials, not a bad test, is about three-fold as large as 
 when the Liberal party went out of power, a growth due almost 
 entirely to the adoption of a protective tariff. ,, ,...^., ^ ,. ^ 
 
 The consumption of tea affords a good indication of the pro- 
 gress of Canada in wealth and population, and as the article has 
 to be imported, the Trade Eeturns give us the exact figures bear- 
 ing on the point. Here they are : — *^ . "" ..-, 
 
 '>'■" ^>5v•:--^.i•• ;■ ': iMPOETS OF TEA. "/"■-'- '^''^^ '^i ^^'^'^ 
 
 ■ ' ■- 1878. '^ ^^^ . • ^^ 189a '-^ 
 
 From. r • / wr.-i '. i ?/ ",?, ^ '. Lbs. ir» jk ( Lbs. 
 
 Great Britain..... 4,680,690 7,905,830 
 
 United States 5,810,966 763,267 
 
 China 484,542 2,195,898 
 
 Japan 1,101,968 ' 7,462,674 
 
 Germany 5,404 , , , 
 
 West Indies 50 127,011 
 
 Newfoundland 2,287 
 
 Total V 12,085,907 .18,455,280 
 
 Now it will be seen that : — 
 
 The consumption of tea has increased 6,400,000 pounds an- 
 nually, or 53 per cent, since 1878. . . " r i 
 
 The value of tea imported in 1878 was 23^ cents per pound for 
 green and 24 cents per pound for black, while in 1890 the value 
 of tea imported was 15^ cents for green and Japan, and 17^ cents 
 for black. 
 
 This reduction in the cost of tea, by which every consumer in 
 Canada saves money, has been brought about by the abolition of 
 the duties imposed by the Liberal Government, six cents a pound 
 
 
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 1 I 
 
 i 
 
 :i 
 
 4 
 
 on green and five cents a pound on black tea, and partly by the 
 agency of the Canadian Pacifio Eailway, by means of which a 
 direct and cheaper route to China and Japan is afforded. 
 
 If the duties imposed on tea by the Liberal Government -were 
 now in force the collection last year would have amounted to 
 more than $1,000,000. The present Government has made the 
 people a gift of that money. - » 
 
 THE SUGAE TEADE. -- 
 The character of our imports of sugar has undergone a remark- 
 able change under the National Policy. It is scarcely necessary 
 to recall the well-known fact that the single sugar refinery in 
 operation when the Liberals came into power in 18'74 was soon 
 after compelled to succumb to the one-sided competition from 
 foreign refiners encouraged by the Liberal tariff, an event which 
 deprived some 500 workingmen, heads of families, of employment. 
 Since 1879 half a dozen sugar refineries have .gone into opera- 
 tion,jthe latest addition to the number being in Victoria, British 
 Columbia, and now practically every pound of sugar consumed 
 in Canada is refined by our own people, several thousand of whom 
 obtain employment, directly and indirectly, in connection with 
 the sugar trade. Here are the figures of the imports : — , , . 
 
 ^''''.y^'^.i'd''i 'W- IMPC: . '^F SUGAR— 1878. j/),, _,.',...' \i^\^^ 
 
 >';.i^'F .^?«i-> '<■?• K' ;»::^i-: : K>yiK t'..,, ':»;*:' Raw. ftii; cv} Rbfinbd. ^> 
 
 ..,>,, From. -i^h-k-^^^ irtivi* avc^ Lbs- i,. fij..^., ,^ Lbs. .^.,,^, 
 
 United States 258,568 44,936,767 ,.; 
 
 Great Britain 30,094 53,208,068 '^- 
 
 • West Indies 714,616 tU^- 11,277,558 
 
 Other countries , .^. 533,285 ,, 
 
 <^"fl Total 1,003,278 AfHC: 109,955,678 ?.' 
 
 IMPORTS OF SUGAR— 1890. - 
 
 From. • ,; Lbs. y , 
 
 United States..^ 17,974,331 . 
 
 Great Britain 9,459,239 
 
 West Indies 58,075,488 
 
 East Indies 11,818,571 
 
 Brazil....,...., 18,830,177 
 
 Germany 34,274,474 
 
 British Guiana 3,864,968 
 
 Spanish possessions 32,425,646 
 
 Other countries 2,559,343 
 
 Total 189,282,237 
 
7 
 
 Q 
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 h 
 
 t. 
 
 h 
 
 m 
 Hi 
 
 Of the importation of nearly 190,000,000 pounds of sugar last 
 year, only 5,140,000 pounds ranked as refined, the balance being 
 raw sugars brought direct from countries of growth, and worked 
 into the finished state in Canada. 
 
 The total amount of duty collected on sugar in 1878 was 
 $2,515,655, or $2.26 per 100 pounds. The total amount of duty 
 collected on sugar in 1890 was $2,851,547, or $1.50 per 100 i^s. 
 
 TEADE WITH GREAT BEIT AlK 
 
 The allegation thdt the fiscal policy adopted in 1879 has done 
 much to injure British connection may safely be left for answer 
 to the observation and discernment of every intelligent Canadian. 
 It is interesting, however, to examine the influence of that policy 
 upon our trade with Great Britain and the United States. la 
 1873 Canada purchased British goods to the value of $68,522,000, 
 in 1879 to the value of $30,993,000, and in 1890 to the value of 
 $43,390,000. In the first period our import trade from the 
 mother country declined more than one-half. It was a period of 
 severe commercial depression, of falling prices, during which the 
 aggregate trade of the councry suffered a serious shrinkage. It 
 was also a period of low tariff. But mark the course of trade 
 with the United States. In 1873 we purchased from that country 
 to the value of $47,735,000, in 1879 to the value of $43,739,000, 
 and in 1890 to the value of $52,291,000 ; that is to say, while 
 under a low tariff the imports from Great Britain declined 
 $37,500,000, those from the United States declined only $4,- 
 000,000 ; and while under the protective system imports from 
 Great Britain have augmented $12,400,000 those from the United 
 States have augmented less than $9,000,000. A fiscal policy pro- 
 ductive of these results cannot truthfully be described as hurtful 
 to British connection. 
 
 It may be said, however, that we buy more largely from the 
 United States than from Great Britain. We have done so for a 
 great many years ; we did so before the National Policy was 
 established, and we are likely to continue the practice indefinitely. 
 The excess of our purchases from the United States over those 
 from Great Britain was greatest between 1875 and 1879 under 
 the low tariff, for the reason that in addition to raw materials we 
 

 1 1 
 
 6 
 
 then bought largely American manufactureB. 
 
 figures : — 
 
 If 
 
 A 
 
 •..17 ' 
 
 . b'j.' 
 
 ■/Mi 
 
 IMPOETS. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 1873 $68^22,700 
 
 1376 40,734,200 
 
 1877 39,572,200 
 
 1878 ^ 37,431,100 
 
 1879 30,993,100 
 
 
 M,i. I.:, 
 
 Look at the 
 
 ,'...* ■'" /yriUO^ 
 
 United States. ,v 
 $47,735,600 .■ 
 46,070,000 
 
 ' 51,312,600 '; 
 48,631,700 '' 
 43,739,200 ''^ 
 
 That is the way our trade with England went to the dogs in 
 the days of Liberal rule. Now, under the National Policy, our 
 purchases from the United States consist principally of raw 
 materials, while Britain supplies us with our manufactured 
 imports. Here is a statement of some leading imports into 
 Canada in the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1890 : — , ,\ \..,ri- 
 
 <■ )V 
 
 ' ■ ^ . IMPOETS IN 1890. 
 
 Coin and bullion $113,232 
 
 Settlers' efiects ... 327,460 
 
 1 
 
 r,:r. From • 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Gutta percha 
 
 Raw cotton 
 
 Leaf tobacco 
 
 Clover and grass seed 
 
 Trees and plants 
 
 Green fruit 
 
 Broom corn • 
 
 Wool 678,897 
 
 Raw silk 
 
 Hides 
 
 Grease 
 
 Eggs 
 
 Logs and lumber 
 
 Anthracite coal 
 
 Ivory nuts 
 
 Raw furs 
 
 Marine furs 
 
 7,816 
 40,722 
 5,444 
 1,121 
 2,383 
 5 
 
 30,177 
 
 69 
 1,990 
 9,066 
 
 76,835 
 
 ■■••■»... ,.;.^ " ;'?ia 
 
 ., '.' ; • • J, , . ..?«-. 
 
 <)./ From ji'C'iu 
 United States, k 
 
 *'v $925,644 :. 
 1,469,268 
 565,373 
 3,721,054 
 1,316,718 
 199,662 
 41,923 
 748,381 
 97,527 
 691,599* 
 ^^'•'' 192,824 
 1.660,553: 
 — - • 154,865- 
 89,444 
 893,890' 
 4,586,661 
 175,377 
 248,484 
 39,063: £ 
 
 .■•<"^0f>r* 
 
 Id 
 
 Totals $1,295,217 
 
 $17,818,300. 
 
i 
 
 T 
 
 i 
 
 1 ,- 
 
 '^O 
 
 1 
 
 Now there is not one of the articles above enumerated the 
 soui'ce of whose importation can be affected by the tariff. If 
 duties, high or moderate, were levied upon any one of them, the 
 extent of the trade might be dwarfed, but the place of origin 
 would not be changed in any degree. They are, for the most 
 part, natural products which constitute the raw material of 
 manufacturers, and ai*e put on the free list for the purpose of 
 encoui'aging and fostering industrial enterprise in Canada. More 
 than one-third of our imports from the United States are em- 
 braced in this list, and as manufacturers grow and prosper in the 
 Dominion, the purchase of these goods from our neighbours will 
 increase ; but will any one pretend to say that the enlargement 
 of an import trade so constituted implies tariff discrimination 
 against Great Britain, or tends to impair British connection? 
 Then, Canada buys a considerable quantity of farm produce from 
 her neighbor, upon which duties are levied, partly for revenue 
 and partly for protective purposes. The list comprises natural 
 products not exported from Great Britain to any appreciable 
 extent, as the following statement of imports by Canada during 
 the fiscal year 1890 will show : — , ,, ,,^„ 
 
 .jV- ,-p, (,;; ~ From v. ^ Frora '^ 
 
 "'';.'', \. , f - i Great Britain. United States. 
 
 *U'f, ( . > • U«> A/4' 
 
 Beans.. $ 156... ^ $ 15,809 
 
 Corn t^&^A'^^;. 1,170,022 
 
 Oats 565 .-. emit! I 97,970 
 
 Peas 1,472 ,,.n....<. i^'n 6,312 
 
 Rye 6 ...>...... tttJ' 271 
 
 Wheat 111,,., .... 149,994 
 
 Bran and flour 18,688 ^.i , . . > • . 1,122,852 
 
 Softcof 141,348 . 3,549,943 
 
 Live St. -i.. 2,565 . 345,388 
 
 Butter and cheese 5,709 .,...,*..♦. 77,228 
 
 Lard 2bS .:..,,, iooasn 301,028 
 
 Meats 18,152 ..,.,,..:.£ 1,611,043 
 
 ^^t/^' ! Totals $189,030 $8,447,840 
 
 Here again we have a list of articles the source of importation 
 of which cannot be affected by the tariff, although the extent of 
 the trade may be. Deducting these items of natural products, 
 
 
 M 
 
•!■ 
 
 8 
 
 which England cannot furnish us with, however anxious we may 
 be to buy from her, the relative value of imports into Canada 
 stands thus; — 
 
 From Great Britain $41,905,994 
 
 From "United States 26,025,833 
 
 The trade represented by these figures is principally in manu- 
 factured iron, cotton, wool, linen, etc., and the large excess of 
 purchases from the mother country indicates plainly that, what- 
 ever else it may have done, the National Policy has certainly not 
 injured British trade. 
 
 Moreover it does not lie in the mouths of advocates of unre- 
 stricted reciprocity to attack the National Policy on the ground 
 of discrimination against Great Britain, when at the same mo- 
 ment they advocate the imposition of still higher duties against 
 the mother country, and free markets for American products. 
 Canada to-day buys from Great Britain to the value of $8 per 
 head of population yearly ; the United States buys to the value 
 of $2.'75 per head of population. Adopt unrestricted reciprocity 
 and any school-boy can tell you that our trade with England will 
 at once decline to nearly one-third its present dimensions. 
 
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