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 A 
 
 /APPLIED IIVl^F u. 
 
 1653 Eotl Moin StrMt 
 
 ("6) ;aa - im - r„ 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA, DEPARTMENT OF AORICDLTDRB 
 
 SEED BRANCH, 
 
 OBO. H. OLABX, 8Md Oommiitioiicr. 
 
 IR THB 
 
 PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 SPECIAL BULLETIN 
 
 W. 0. McKILUOAH, B.S A., 
 
 8e«d Inspector for Alberte and British Oolnmbift. 
 
 and 
 HABVBT H. MILLEB, 
 
 Assistant Seed Analyst, 
 
 Seed Laboratory, Calgary, AlberU. 
 
 PublUhed by direction of the Hon. Stdset A. F18H.B, Minister of Affriculture, Ottawa Ont. 
 
 AUGUST. 1907, 
 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 SEED BRANCH, 
 
 Ottavira, Canada. 
 
 GEO H. CLARK, - ■ • 8eed Commigsioner and Official Seetl Analyst. 
 GEO. MICH AUD, - - - - AMistant Seed Analyst, OtUwa. 
 HAR"EY H. MILLER, - - Assistant Seed Analyst, Calfjary, Alta. 
 DISTRICT OFFIOEBS AND SEED INSPECTORS. 
 
 Calgary, for British Columbia and Alberta. 
 
 Regina, for Saskatchewan. 
 
 Edward's Block, Winnipeg, for Manitoba. 
 
 Ottawa, for Ontario. 
 
 Ottawa, for Quebec. 
 
 Truro, for Maritime Provinces. 
 
 W. C. McKILLICAN, B.8.A., 
 HAFH: McFAYDEN, B.8 a., 
 E. D. EDD\ B 8, A., ■ 
 T. O. RAYNOR, B.S.A., 
 J. C. COT6, 
 S. J. MOORE, 
 
Ottawa, Anguat Ut, 1907. 
 
 To the Honourable 
 
 The Minister of Agriculture. 
 
 Sir, — I have the honour to transmit herewith a special bulletin treating with the 
 conditions of the trade in clover and graNS seeds in the Province of British Columbia. 
 
 This bulletin has been prrpared by MesNrs. W. C. McKillican and Harvey H. 
 Miller of this Branch, The work of seed testing, which provides the data for this bulle- 
 tin, was carried on in the Seed Laboratory that was recently established at Calgary in 
 accordance with yonr instructionx. The information contained in the bulletin should 
 be uf much value to the farmers of British Columbia. I beg to recommend, therefore, 
 that it be printed for general d'itribution in that province. 
 
 * I have the honour tu be, sir. 
 
 Your obedient wrvant, 
 
 GEO. H. CLARK, 
 
 Seed Commiuioner. 
 
 4461— IJ 
 
CONDITIONS OF THE TRADE 
 CLOVi5R ^ND ORASS SEEDS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 INTKODUOnON. 
 
 A i*rg« proportion of the cultivated land of the provinoe of Britiih Columbia ie 
 Qied for the production of forage crop«. The graiMea and clovers are uaed almoet 
 entirely for this purpoee. Praotioally none of the wed for theM crop* i* grown by the 
 farmer who uses it. It is therefore obrioiit, ihat the purity of the grass an<l clover seed 
 sold tbrouuhout the province is a very important factor in determining whether or not 
 the land is to be infexted with noxious weeds. It is the purpose of this bulletin to state 
 as crnoisely as practicable, a summary of the present conditions of the trade in clover 
 and grass weds in the province of British Columbia. The facts here presented are based 
 on the results of an investigation made in the year 1907. 
 
 THE SUPPLY. 
 
 With the exception of a small quantity of Timothy seed, almost all the clover itnd 
 grass seeds used are brought in from outside the province. The bringing in is done 
 chiefly by a few wholesale houses. These e e either branches of the large eastern seed 
 flrus or distributors for them. We have therefore no seed.imen who conduct the 
 business of reoleaning and grading seed. The reason for tliis is that the whole of the 
 seed business in the province is not large enough to justify a firm in putting in expensive 
 c nng raachinery. They therefore, l- *he seed in a ready-for-market condition from 
 the . irger seed-houses, and distribute ' he retailers. There is a considerable nmount 
 
 bought direct from outside wholesalero , the retailers. There is also a considerable 
 mail-order business conducted directly between the farmers and outside firms. While 
 these latter methods of bringing in the supply cut out the middleman's profit, this 
 advantage is probably fully counterbalanced by the proportionately larger transportstion 
 charges on th ' smaller lots. On account of the absence of cleaning machineiy what 
 1 tie seed is produced locally is retailed again in practically the same condition as it 
 came from the grower. It therefore shows up to disadvantage against the imported 
 seed, unless it is grown on very clean land. Otherwise the local-grown seed compares 
 very favourably with the other. It is brighter in colour, and usually stronger, and 
 plumper. Were a greater quantity grown, it would pay local wholeaalers to fit up 
 recleaning plants. There is no reason why more should not be grown. It would be a 
 profitable line of agriculture, and would lesser the constant danger of bringing in new 
 weeds with eastern grown seed. 
 
 THE DEMAND. 
 
 The extent of the demand has already bren referred to in the introductory remarks 
 and in treating of the supply. Unfortunately for the agriculture of the province, there 
 
b too gTMt • demand on the part of the )mi j*ni of aeod for iom«tbing cboap mthor than 
 ■oaiMhiiiK K<i<)d. Ttw morohant can h«rdly b« bUmad for trring to m -at thia detnand 
 Mid ounaeqnvntljr Mlling • poor qualilv of i^od. The detiwiid however ie improving. The 
 famiera are becinniDg to realian that It in oheapnr in the end te pay • little more In the 
 initial ooiit, and avoid the daniter of having thi>ir Aeliln polluted through the falie eoooomj 
 of cheap Mid. Thie demand for tuw-graJ«^ mmIh exisU ohielljr through laeli of knowledge 
 on the part of the buji'r ae tu the danger that exist*. It haa been the object of the Heed 
 Branch in thia province, aa in tha reat of Se Dominion, to aupply that knowledge. 
 
 THE 8EKD CONTROL ACT, 
 
 The Seed Control Act 190ft, haa now been in force nearly two yoara. It ia not the 
 object of tlie Act to compel farmers to purchaae for their own uie aeeda of a better 
 qnalifv than they deaire, except in ao far aa extremely bad aeed ia held to he a public 
 nniaiDce. Ita purpoae ia rather to give the fnrmnr a meana of protecting himaelf if he 
 wiahea to do ao. It alao terve* the purpoae of protecting a merchant who wiahen to do 
 a high-claaa trade, frum the unfair competition of unacrupuloua rivala. 
 
 The aectiona of moat direct intereat to the public are the followini( : 
 
 {Revited Statutu o/ Canaio, 1006.) 
 
 Section 9. "The proviaiona contained in the next following section aliati nr>t apply 
 to the aale of : ^ed that ia grown, aold and delivered by any farmer on hia own iiremiaea, 
 for eeedin); by le purcliaaer himaelf, unleaa the purchaaer of the imid aeed obtaina from 
 the aoller at the time of the aale thereof a certificate that the aaid aeed ia auppliad to 
 him aubjert to the proviaiona of the Act." 
 
 The exception in Section 6, ia baaed on the auppoaition that in aucb ciroumatanoea 
 the purchaaer ia in a poaition to aacertain for himaelf the nature of the aeed he ia 
 baying without the protection of the law. 
 
 taction 6. " No peraon ahall aell, or offer, or expoae or have in hia poaaeaaion for aale, 
 for the purpoae of aeeding, any aeeda of cereala, graaaee, clovera or forage plai.ta unleaa they 
 are free from the aerda uf the following weeda ; Wild Muatard or Charlock, (Brasaica 
 ainapiatrum, Boiaa) ; Tumbling Muatard (Sisymbrium ainapiatrum, Crantz.); Hare'a- 
 ear Muatard, (Conringia orientalia, Dumort) ; Ball Muatard, (Nealia paniculate, L. Deav.) ; 
 Field Pennycreaa or Htinkweed, (Thiaapi arvenae, Lk) ; Wild Oats, ( Avena fatua, I^ and 
 Avens atrigoaa, Schreb.) ; Bindweed, (Convolvulus arvenaia, L.) ; Perennial Sow-Thiatle, 
 (Soncaus arvenaia, L.) ; Ragweed, (Ambroaia artemiaiaefolia, L.) ; Great Ragweed, 
 (Ambhoaia triHda, L.) ; Purple Cookie, (Lvchnis Qitbago, Lsm.) ; Cow Cockle, (Vaccaria 
 vaccarra, L. Britton^ , Grange Hawkweed or Paint Bruah, (Hieracium aurantiaoium, L. 
 and Hiieracium praealtum, Vill.^ ; and from Solerotia known aa Ergot of Rye, (Clavi- 
 cepa purpurea, Tul.) unless each and every receptacle, package, sack or bag containing 
 auch a^eda, or a label aecurely attached thereto, ia marked in a plain and indelible 
 manner : — 
 
 (a.) with the full name and addrees of the aeller ; 
 
 (6.) with the name of the kind or kinds of aeed ; 
 
 (c.) with the common name or nameaof the aforenamed weeda, the aeeda of which 
 are preaent in the aeed sold or offered, exposed or had in poaaeaaion for sale. 
 
 Section 7. " No person shall sell or offer, expoae or have in his poaaeaaion for sale 
 any seeds of Timothy, Red Clover, Alsike, or any mixture containing the aaid seeds, in 
 or from any receptacle, package, sack, or bag upon which is marked 'No ? ' or any 
 other designation which repreaenta such seeds as of first quality, unless are free 
 
 from the seeds of v.'seds named in section 6 of this act, and are also free from seeds 
 of White Cockle, (Lychnis vesi^ertina, Sibth) Night-Flowering Catchfly, (Silene noctiilora, 
 L) ; False Flax, (Camelina sativa, Crantz) ; Canada Thistle, (Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm.); 
 Oxe-Eye Daisy, (Chrysanthemum leucantheraum, L.); Curled Dock, (Rumex criapus, L.); 
 Blue weed (Echium vulgare, L.); Ribgraas, (P'anUgo lanceolate, L.) Chi.ory, (Cicho- 
 rium intybus, L.). and contain out of every one hundred seeds not less than ninety- 
 nine seeds of the kind or kinds represented, or seeds of other useful and harmleas graaaes 
 and clovers, of which ninety-nine «eed8 ninety seeds must be germinable ". 
 
It will h* noted th»t iwetion iwrenappliM obIt to TiiiMttbjr, K-kJ Cl<ivi>r Miii AUikit 
 Mni,»iul provklw (nr * bigbcT tUiKiartl li>r mmmI that it iiMrknd Mof flrtt iiiiftlity. . 
 
 Hecuon 0. " No n>noii »hm\\ wll, or olTvr, »*£»« "f '*«v«< in hU iMMMNuiiun ttr mI« 
 for the purpoM of leedinK in Canada, any M<«d of Timothv, AUikf or KmI CloTprur any 
 mixture containinK the Mud »cmK if the Rcedn of the weedi nanwd in Mction* »ix and 
 ■even of this Aet are preaented in a greater proportion than Ave to t>ne tbouiand of the 
 ieed aold, or otfored, expoaed or hnld in pnane m iun for Naie.' 
 
 Thii motion abo refer* only tu Tiniothv, Hvd Clover and AUike *eed, am .JesiKnaten 
 the niaxin um proportion of wMd aaeda allowed in the Kood leeti. It forbid* tlieir pre- 
 ■ence only when the need is to be need in Canada, hut allow* it* i<x|iortatlon. 
 
 HectHin 4. " The proviaion* conUined in thi* Aot (hall not apply to :— 
 
 (a) any peraon growing ur Milling >wed* for the purpose of foot* in respect of seed 
 ■old, or offered, expoiied or bad in possession for s<.le, for Ruoh purpose ; 
 
 (b) any pemon selling seed^ to merchants to lie cleaned or graded br'>re Ijeing 
 offered for sale for the purpose of seedint( in re«pect of need* sold, or offered, e< ^xised, or 
 bad in passeMi»n for sale, for surh purpoiui ; 
 
 (c) need that i* held in Rtorsge fur the purpose of beinu nnjleaned, and which lias 
 not been offered, exposed or hold in*|HMM-Mion for sale for the purpose of M<<>diiig ; 
 
 (d) ■eed marked ■ not absolutely cloan ' and held or aold for export only. " 
 
 Tlie purpose of ttoction 4 i» to make the neeeMary I'xceptions to the application of 
 the Act in order that it may not hamper legitimstt> trade. 
 
 The remaining itevtions r«'fer to the method of in*pection and analyiii* of leed, the 
 enforcement of the Act, penalti<><i, etc. The full text of the Seed Control Act may by 
 had by applying to the Meed Commiititioner'a office. 
 
 While the Seed Control Aot prevents the sale Oi *treroely bad seed, it iii not be 
 any mean* a dnwtic measure. Seed may be sold under it* proviHion* that i» really 
 inferior in quality. The ■action m<»t frequently violated in Briti*h Columbia i* section 
 8 a* stated alxive. What the proportion of ftve seeds per thousand amount* to in bulk 
 lots may be understood from the fact that a pound of average sized Ked Clover leed 
 c<mtain< about 360,000 seeds, of Alsike 700,000 seeds, and of Timoihy 1,. 150,000 needH. 
 Timothy, therefore that containe<l 6,000 seeds of Canada Thintle per pound, if it con- 
 taine<l no otht-r seeds, and wa* not aold as No. 1 would be allowed under the Aot. 
 Except in the sectiuu governing iteed sold aa No. 1, there i* no proviaion made against 
 any other weeda th,.n those mentioned. It is therefore possible to sell seed of which a 
 large proportion is the seeds of other less noxioua weeds. In some few aamplex examined 
 from British Columbia, Sheep Sorrel was found in large quantitie*. White clover. 
 Alfalfa, and the grasses other than Timothy are not controlled by th<- Act except in 
 Section 6. It i* therefore possible to sell these seeils with any other wee:** in them in 
 any proportion provided the fourteen named in Section 6 are not present. There is 
 also no protection given a* to the germination of any seed* other than Timothy, Red 
 Clover, and Alsike, and only in respect of these when they are sold a* No. 1. it »»ill 
 therefore be seen that the Act provides only a measure of protection to f^rm?r« ncvi 
 tend merchanu who desire to protect tbemaelve* in the purchase or tale of aeedb •>! the 
 more common kinda of farm crop>*. 
 
 TRADE NAMES. 
 
 More than half the seed told in Britith Columbia is sold without any trade name 
 or brand. Most merchant* have only one grade in stock and use no name to describe 
 it. The greater part of that which does bear a grade name might just as well be unnamed, 
 ■o far as the name conveys any meaning to farmers. Such names as " Globe," " Elder," 
 "Lion," "Pine Tree," " Beryl " and others equally meaningless to farmers are used by 
 seedsmen. It is apparent that by selling his seeds under such names the seedsman 
 assumes no responsibility as to their quality. The farmer who buys seeds with these 
 picturesque names is getting therewith no assurance that they are clean and good. There 
 is a small proportion of Timothy, Red Clover, and Alsike seed sold as " XXX " or No. 1. 
 The merchant who marks thus is, according to Section 7 of the Seed Control Act, re- 
 sponsible for a much higher quality in his seed, than if he did not so mark. It is there- 
 
fore adviiable for bayero to require of seed merchantii, that wed of these three kinds, be 
 marked u of first quality. There are several names that might be used to so distin- 
 Kuish it Some are "XXX," "No. 1," " First CUss," "Prime," "Extra Choice," 
 " Fancy," etc. Seed so marked must conform to the standard set in Section 7 of the 
 Seed Control Act, if it is seed of Timothy, Red Clover or Alsike. 
 
 From the investigation made this year, 1907, it would appear that the merchants 
 might assume a little more responsibility in marking their tied as of first quality. Of 
 the Red Clover examined, only 9 per cent was so marked, while &3 per cent was of high 
 enough quality to conform to the standard set for No. 1. Of the Alsike Clover, 18 per 
 cent was marked as first-class, while 77 per cent conformed to that standard. Of the 
 Timothy only 7 per cent was marked as first quality and 86 per cent could pass examin- 
 ation as No 1. It would therefore appear that the majority of the sellers of seed are 
 selling a fir8'.>clai)8 article, and that for the assurance of the buyer it might as well be 
 marked as such. Such marking also makes the selling of an inferior grade by the few 
 so disposed much more difficult. 
 
 The names given to Alfalfa, White Clover and to the grasses other than Timothy, 
 are much more ambiguous than those given to the three kinds of seed discussed above. 
 Such names as < Fancy ', ' Prime ', or ' Extra CHbice ' are met with. Section 7 of 
 the Seed Control Act does not apply to these kinds of seeds and consequently no addi- 
 tional responsibility is assumed by such marking. 
 
 SEED INSPECTION. 
 
 While it. is possible for any individual to make prosecution under the Seed Control 
 Act, the work of enforcing it falls chiefly on the ofScials of tb; Seed Branch. During 
 the two seasons that it has been in force, a fairly thorough inspection has been made of 
 the seed sold in British Columbia. As yet no prosecutions have been made under the Act 
 in this province. There are several reasons. The violations have not been as numerous 
 nor as flagrant as in Eastern Canada The evidence was that where violations did occur 
 they were not intentional. During the season of 1906 all samples analysed had t > be 
 sent to Ottawa, which occasioned considerable delay in the return of reports. For these 
 rea ns the department has so far instituted no prosecutions. Merchants who sold 
 seed contrary to the Act have, however, been warned. Now that warnings h-ive been 
 made for two seasons, the department can justly prosecute those who violate in 1908. 
 
 For the season of 1907 the work of analysis was done at the new seed laboratory 
 established at Calgary. This laboratory is within easy access of any part of British 
 Columbia, at present under agriculture, and reports can be returned within a few days. 
 This year, 1907, about 200 samples of the clover and grass 8eed sold in British Columbia 
 were taken for inspection. The result of this investigation is presented in the following 
 tables. 
 
 RED CLOVER. 
 
 Red Clover is grown more extensively in British Columbia than is any 
 other kind. There are two distinct varieties commonly used, the Common Red 
 and che Mammoth Red. Of these the Common Red is more generally in use. 
 It is a deep-rooted biennial plant. Though rarely appearing in quantity after 
 the second year, if the aftergrowth is not cut or closely pastured, it freely 
 reseeds itself and thus continues its existence. Ita stems are shorter and finer 
 than those of the Mammoth variety, and it matures a few days earlier. The 
 Mammoth clover is a short-lived perennial, but after the second year it seldom produces 
 a profitable crop, unless it has re-seeded. It is very hardy and is considered 
 a better variety for light soils than the Common Red. 
 
 It is pract cally impossible to distinguish the seeds of one variety from the other. 
 The Mammoth seeds sometimes show a little higher colour. The two varieties are very 
 often mixed. 
 
 Very little Red Clover seed is grown in British Columbia. It is a branch of agri- 
 culture that mi«ht profitably be entered upon. The seed can be grown success- 
 
fttlW. PrioM are neoeiurily high owing to high tnuuportation charges, 
 seed used at present is gro\ini ia OnUrio and the United States. 
 
 Most of the 
 
 RED CLOVER. 
 
 Laboratory 
 teat 
 
 Where 
 ObUined. 
 
 Grade 
 ai 
 
 Per cent 
 Oenni- 
 nation. 
 
 Percent 
 ; Purity. 
 
 No. OP SEEim OF Wun« named in 
 
 Skeii Co.ntrol Act, 1905, in 
 Sauplk nF5,(iiUMH (i oz. Approx.; 
 
 Total 
 Number of 
 
 Number. 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Rib- 
 graw. 
 
 Curled 
 Dock. 
 
 weed. 
 
 Catch- 
 Hy. 
 
 Werd Seed! 
 per lb. 
 
 411 
 
 Armatr'ng 
 
 "Mink" 
 
 92 
 99 
 
 KiO 
 98 
 
 100 
 95 
 !U 
 
 100 
 97 
 98 
 98 
 99 
 98 
 99 
 8!) 
 98 
 99 
 97 
 90 
 
 96 
 96 
 97 
 98 
 97 
 98 
 98 
 
 98 
 96 
 90 
 97 
 97 
 96 
 96 
 88 
 97 
 
 98 
 89 
 98 
 92 
 98 
 94 
 96 
 89 
 (M 
 !« 
 98 
 98 
 92 
 97 
 97 
 92 
 96 
 97 
 97 
 94 
 
 92 4 
 
 98 9 
 99 
 937 
 
 99 6 
 94 4 
 93 
 99 9 
 97 6 
 99-9 
 99 3 
 98 
 99 3 
 99-8 
 99 1 
 97 5 
 99 6 
 997 
 90 2 
 
 944 
 99 4 
 99 7 
 99 8 
 964 
 998 
 997 
 
 94 2 
 
 99 3 
 97 -8 
 995 
 99 
 92 
 99 8 
 99 4 
 87 6 
 
 99-8 
 99-8 
 99-8 
 926 
 998 
 99 4 
 99-2 
 99 8 
 
 95 8 
 999 
 99-9 
 99-8 
 99 3 
 !« 9 
 99 9 
 99 39 
 !)9-8 
 91 
 
 94 
 99-8 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 2" 
 
 3" 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 t 
 
 * 
 
 2" 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 8" 
 
 6,120 
 1,620 
 2,250 
 5,130 
 540 
 
 413 
 
 
 417 
 
 Vancouv'r 
 
 ;; : 
 
 ;; • 
 ;: • 
 
 Victoria. ] 
 
 •< 
 
 Kelowna. '. 
 Ramloopa. 
 
 Enderby. . 
 
 
 419 
 
 
 478 
 
 
 48.'? 
 
 484 
 
 488 
 
 "Elder".. 
 "Otter".. 
 "XXX". 
 "Victor". 
 "XXX". 
 "Dove".. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 i' 
 
 8 
 4 
 
 10,2H0 
 
 ^220 
 
 540 
 
 486 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2,790 
 
 489 
 
 1 
 *\ 
 
 2" 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 490 
 
 496 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1,080 
 
 4,320 
 
 1,440 
 
 180 
 
 497 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 807 
 
 
 812 
 
 
 
 
 9!)0 
 
 514 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 900 
 
 828 
 
 " Lioli'V . 
 "Elder".. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 990 
 1 360 
 
 660 
 
 
 
 
 
 682 
 
 556 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 (ZCVda 
 Thiitle). 
 
 13 
 
 9,900 
 1,080 
 
 661 
 
 Kelowna. . 
 Vernon. . . 
 
 NewVeat'. 
 ininater 
 
 Ladner. . . 
 
 "Otter-;: 
 "Victor". 
 
 "K'v 
 
 ' i" 
 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 270 
 
 862 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 %0 
 
 368 
 
 
 1 
 
 3,150 
 270 
 
 670 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 575 
 
 
 
 
 460 
 
 879 
 
 "No. 2".. 
 "XXX" 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,670 
 
 881 
 
 
 
 
 720 
 
 6,570 
 
 270 
 
 584 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 587 
 
 
 
 
 
 600 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 ... ^. 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 2,970 
 
 3,600 
 
 360 
 
 611 
 
 N'anaimo. . 
 Victoria.. 
 
 "2iid"... 
 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 614 
 
 616 
 
 
 
 5,130 
 
 7,830 
 2,250 
 
 619 
 
 620 
 
 "Elder"..' 
 
 "Otter".. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 (6C'n'da 
 Thistle). 
 
 10 
 1 
 
 623 
 
 13 
 2 
 
 ? 
 
 7 
 
 9" 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 2,.'>20 
 270 
 
 624 
 
 
 
 
 631 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 
 11,070 
 .%0 
 
 636 
 
 
 638 
 
 Chilliwack 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,706 
 1,890 
 2,790 
 8,190 
 270 
 
 641 
 
 643 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 646 
 
 Nanaimo.. "2nd". . .' 
 
 . "XXX". 
 
 Chilliwack 
 
 Kamlooiiii- "Otter".. 
 
 . "Victor". 
 
 . "Elder".. 
 
 . "Otter". 
 
 
 
 
 604 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 807 
 
 
 
 360 
 
 652 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 270 
 
 665 
 
 
 
 7,2<.X) 
 
 :<60 
 
 662 
 
 663 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 360 
 
 6«6 
 
 
 
 7,290 
 
 869 
 
 670 
 
 671 
 
 II 
 
 " Dove ". . 
 "Otter".. 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 
 S 
 
 •too 
 
 3,690 
 3 780 
 
 676 
 
 
 3,240 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 More noxious impurities were found in Red Glover than in any other kind of seed 
 inspected. Nos. 411, 496, 552, 584, 619, 631, 646, 671, and 675 violate Section 8 of 
 
10 
 
 the 8«ed Control Act The five lott marked "XXX" comply with the requirements of 
 Section 7. Of the weeds not named in the Seed (Tontrol Act, Green Foxtail is the 
 most prevalent, occurring in the following quantities in the lots named, as well as in 
 smaller proportions in others: 
 No. 411, 2,S20 per lb. 
 
 « 483, 9,180 per lb. 
 
 .. 484, 4,050 per lb. 
 
 M 486, 2,790 per lb. 
 
 •. 952, 2,340 per lb. 
 
 .1 568, 2,700 per lb. 
 
 « 600, 2,160 per lb. 
 
 M 611, 2,340 per lb. 
 
 .. 616, 2,700 per lb. 
 
 .1 631, 3,600 per lb. 
 
 .. 6«6, 5,670 per lb. 
 
 M 655, 6,390 per lb. 
 Other we^dg occurring in large quantities are : In No. 552, 5400 Black Medick per 
 lb.; in No. 579, 5220 Yellow Foxtail per lb.; in No. 619, 3780 Black Medick; in No. 
 631, 1890 Lambs-quarter's per lb. Fourteen different species of weeds were found in 
 No. 631. The vitality of the Red Clover was uniformly good. 
 
 ALSIKE CLOVER. 
 
 Alsike is not nearly as extensively grown in British Columbia as is Red Clover. 
 However, it is used to quite an extent to mix with Timothy, particularly in the districts 
 near the Coast. It is a hardy plant, in some soils perennial, but not usually living more 
 than from two to four years. Its stems are finer and shorter than those of Red Clover, 
 and it produces a finer hay but not as heavy a crop. When once cut, it produces no 
 aftergrowth the same season. Alsike will grow in land that is too wet for other clovers. 
 
 The seed is about half the size of Red clover seed and is a deep green colour, vary- 
 ing to yellow. The deeper coloured seed is usually the stronger. 
 
 Most of the Alsike seed used in the province is grown in Ontario. 
 
 ALSIKE. 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Where 
 Obtained. 
 
 Grade 
 as named 
 
 .Merchant 
 
 Per cent 
 Germina- 
 tion. 
 
 Per cent 
 Purity. 
 
 NcuBKR .Seeds of Weeds named 
 
 IN Seed Contbol Act, lim, in 
 Sample of 2 Grams (ft oz. approx. ) 
 
 Total 
 Number of 
 
 Number. 
 
 Rib- 
 graw. 
 
 Curled 
 Dock. 
 
 Canada 
 Thistle. 
 
 Catch- 
 fly. 
 
 Weed Seeds 
 per lb. 
 
 476 
 
 Vancouver 
 Victoria . . 
 
 
 99 
 99 
 96 
 97 
 98 
 98 
 9X 
 94 
 92 
 94 
 
 ei 
 
 92 
 96 
 91 
 !W 
 93 
 89 
 94 
 97 
 89 
 93 
 96 
 
 98 5 
 
 99 9 
 99-8 
 99 4 
 99 3 
 96 4 
 981 
 99-8 
 
 98 9 
 89 
 
 99 1 
 99-8 
 99 1 
 99 9 
 99 7 
 09 6 
 98-8 
 
 98 8 
 100 
 
 99 9 
 99- 
 999 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 34,426 
 
 
 487 
 
 "XXX". 
 "No. 2".. 
 "No. l".. 
 
 
 
 
 488 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 450 
 
 493 
 
 
 
 
 1,125 
 675 
 
 804 
 
 . 1 
 
 
 611. 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 3,600 
 
 1,800 
 
 676 
 
 523 
 
 Nanaimo . 
 Katnlcope 
 Enderby. . 
 Vernon... 
 
 
 KB 
 
 "XXX ". 
 
 
 556 
 
 
 
 
 2,476 
 16,200 
 
 460 
 
 675 
 
 569 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 580. 
 
 685. 
 
 NewWest- 
 minster. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 597 
 
 Ladner . . . 
 Nanaimo . 
 Victoria . . 
 Chilliwack 
 
 Kamloope. 
 
 "Hawk"! 
 "XXX". 
 
 "Duke".. 
 "Klk"... 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2,028 
 
 
 60S. 
 
 
 i 
 
 625 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 2,280 
 
 642. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 64a 
 
 650. 
 
 i" 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3,375 
 
 2,475 
 
 664 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 666. 
 
 
 
 450 
 
 666 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1,360 
 
 
 674 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11 
 
 No. 669 violates section 8 of the Seed Control Act in having 16 seeds of Catcbily 
 in 2 grams or at the rate of 3,600 per lb. The three lota marked " XXX " and one lot 
 marked No. 1, all comply with the requirements of section 7. The weeds present in 
 largest quantities were as follows ; in No. 476, 21,375 seeds of Sheep Sorrel and 2,250 
 of Mayweed per lb. ; in No. 569, 11,025 seeds of Black Medick per lb. 
 
 The vitality of the Alsike seed was uniformly good. 
 
 WHITE CLOVER. 
 
 Although White or Dutch Clover is used very little for hay production, the seed is 
 ■old in considerable quantities throughout British Columbia to be used for lawns and 
 permanent pastures. 
 
 The plant forms a fine dense growth near the ground and makes a splendid turf. 
 It is well suited to permanent pasture as it is extremely hardy, and will stand close- 
 cropping. Its seed is rather smaller than Alsike seed, and is light yellow in colour. 
 
 
 
 WHITE CLOVER. 
 
 
 
 
 laboratory 
 
 teflt 
 Number. 
 
 Where obtained. 
 
 Graflc am named by 
 Merchant 
 
 Per cent 
 (iermination 
 
 Per cent 
 Purity. 
 
 Total 
 Number of 
 Weed Seeds, 
 
 per lb. 
 
 409 
 
 
 
 84 
 96 
 96 
 96 
 92 
 86 
 98 
 89 
 94 
 !I4 
 93 
 91 
 92 
 87 
 91 
 '.13 
 96 
 90 
 93 
 
 99 
 89 9 
 
 98 7 
 990 
 97-4 
 98-6 
 96 5 
 73 3 
 73 6 
 
 99 3 
 996 
 99 
 96 .1 
 9i»7 
 99 2 
 '.•9 7 
 9i) 6 
 !»93 
 it9 8 
 
 •JOO 
 
 416 
 
 
 
 2,475 
 
 474 
 
 
 
 226 
 
 479 
 
 602 
 
 
 "Fancy " 
 
 6,175 
 
 
 613 ... 
 
 616 
 
 
 ::::■;;■ ;::.::::";■. ' 
 
 12,150 
 15,730 
 
 628 
 
 
 
 8,100 
 
 829 
 
 673 
 
 Vancduver 
 
 
 r),975 
 2,025 
 
 577 
 
 678 
 
 
 i,360 
 225 
 
 686 
 
 
 225 
 
 602 
 
 2,700 
 
 636 
 
 
 ii,7.')0 
 
 eati 
 
 684 
 
 6«7 
 
 Duncann 
 
 Chilliwack 
 
 4,050 
 1,125 
 1,575 
 
 668 
 
 1,126 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 Sections 7 and 8 of the Seed Control Act do not apply to White Clover. The 
 weeds present in largest quantities were : in No. 479, 4,500 needs of Broad-leaved 
 Plantain per lb. ; in No. 513, 7,650 seeds of Sheep Sorrel per lb. ; in No. 515, 
 9,500 seeds of Sheep Sorrel and 2,700 of Broad-leaved Plantain per lb. ; in No. 528, 
 5,585 seeds of Black Medick per lb. ; in No. 529, 5,400 seeds of Black Medick per 
 lb. ; in No. 626, 5,625 seeds of Broad-leaved PlanUin per lb. Nos 528 and 529 
 each contained about 26 per cent of Alsike seed ; as Alsike retails for less than White 
 Clover and is not suited to the purposes for which the latter is used, this must be 
 considered as an undesirable, though not a noxious adulteration. 
 
 ALFALFA. 
 
 Alfalfa or Lucerne is a crop that is year by year coming into greater popularity 
 and more general use. Particularly in the dryer regions in the interior of the province, 
 it is being used extensively as a forage crop. 
 
 It is a deep-rooted long-lived perennial. With reasonable care the life of the plant 
 has scarcely a limit. The roots penetrate far into the lower subsoil in search of mois- 
 ture. It can withstand drought better than any of the other clovers in use. The hay 
 produced is very nutritious. Two or three cuttings can be made each year. 
 
13 
 
 The Med it aa large or » little larger than Red Clover leed, ia kidney shaped, and 
 dull yellow in eolour. The principal aonrce of the eeed in British Columbia ia the region 
 including the States of Utah, Idaho and the neighbourivg Mountain States of the Union. 
 Some Alfalfa aeed ia grown locally. So far the amounts have seldom been greater than 
 the grower's needs. None of the aeed herein reported was sold as local-groi^n. It can, 
 however, be grown with succeaa in the Interior region of the province. 
 
 ALFALFA. 
 
 Lsboimtory 
 tMt Number. 
 
 Where obtained. 
 
 Grade a* named by 
 Merchant. 
 
 Per cent 
 (iemiination 
 
 Per cent 
 Purity. 
 
 ToUl 
 
 Number of 
 
 WeedSeedi, 
 
 |ier lb. 
 
 477 
 
 
 
 99.6 
 
 97 
 990 
 1«0 
 830 
 830 
 940 
 880 
 660 
 980 
 980 
 960 
 
 98 
 
 97 
 
 98 9 
 
 97 8 
 
 99 1 
 98-6 
 99 8 
 99 7 
 
 98 9 
 1000 
 
 99 9 
 99'8 
 99 9 
 088 
 
 1,360 
 
 482 
 
 
 "Turkestan ". 
 
 .<Mid 
 
 603 
 
 
 630 
 
 626 
 
 Kelownft 
 
 
 270 
 
 530 
 
 Vancouver 
 
 
 630 
 
 861 
 
 667 
 
 Kamloo|M 
 
 Vernon 
 
 "ExtmChoioe" 
 
 180 
 360 
 
 876 
 
 New Weitminstor. .'.'.'.. 
 Ksmloops 
 
 
 1,080 
 
 C88 
 
 657 
 
 661 
 
 667 
 
 673 
 
 "Choice" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 360 
 
 90 
 .160 
 
 Sections 7 and 8 of the Seed Control Act do not apply to Alfalfa. No. 530 con- 
 tained 6,300 seeds of Green Foxtail per lb. Six out of the thirteen lota contained seeds 
 of Ribgrasa, No. 688 was in appearance the beat sample of Alfalfa in the lot ; the low 
 germination (66%) is due to the tact that a large proportion of the seed remained hard 
 during the teat, and neither germinated nor decayed. Thi- is occasionally found in- 
 particularly fine looking aeed, and ia due to a thick impermeable seed-coat. -Exposure 
 to frost while the seeds are wet will start many of them. Noa. S30 and 551 contained 
 a large proportion of dead seed. 
 
 TIMOTHY. 
 
 Timothy is grown much more extensively as a forage crop than any other, in all 
 parts of British Columbia. Probably the acreage devoted to Timothy is equal to that 
 devoted to all the clovers and other grasses combined. Even when other crops are 
 used, they are usually mixed with Timothy. 
 
 It is a long-lived hardy perennial plant. Its root spreads by throwing out secondary 
 roots from the crown, thus producing branches ; it has not the running underground 
 rootstock of tsome perennial grasses. It is very shallow-rooted and feeds at the surface. 
 Consequently when left several years, it starves itself out and produces poor crops. 
 For the first year or two it is a heavy yielder. The hay ib of excellent quality and is 
 the standard hay of commerce. 
 
 The seed is very small, 1,350,000 approximately being required to make a pound. 
 The principal source of supply for British Columbia is the central Northern part of the 
 United States, including Iowa, Illinoio, and Minnesota, also some Ontario F.eed is used. 
 There is more Timothy seed produced in the province than there is of all the other 
 grasses and clovers. Many farmera grow their own supplj'. Some few grow more than 
 their own needs, and there is a little offered for sale in the trade. The British 
 Columbia grown seed is remarkable for its plumpness and its bright colour. There being 
 no recleaning machinery in the province, it shows at a disadvantage in point of percent- 
 tage of purity. The impurities are not usually of a seriously noxious nature. 
 
13 
 TIMOTHY. 
 
 Labontorjr 
 
 tot 
 
 Number. 
 
 410. . . 
 414... 
 416. . 
 418. . 
 
 475. . . 
 
 m... 
 
 402.. 
 
 4W.. 
 
 606.. 
 
 610.. 
 
 607. 
 
 6M.. 
 
 631.. 
 
 649. 
 
 664... 
 
 668. 
 
 669.. 
 
 600 . 
 
 666.. 
 
 674. 
 
 6GS.. 
 
 693. 
 
 698.. 
 
 BOB . 
 
 601.. 
 
 eu6.. 
 
 606.. 
 
 615. 
 
 621. 
 
 Wban obUined. 
 
 Gnde M Nuncd 
 MeroDMit 
 
 Amutroog. 
 
 Vanoouver. 
 
 Vietoru. 
 
 "Globe" 
 "Local" 
 l"2nd".. 
 "Beryl" 
 
 "XXX' 
 
 "Globe' 
 
 Per cent Per oent 
 Germiiuition' Purity. 
 
 Kelowna . . . 
 Nanaimo.. . 
 Vancouver. 
 Kamloopf 
 Enderby... 
 II . . 
 Kelowna . . 
 
 Vernon 
 
 New Weatminster. 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Ladner 
 
 Nanaimo.. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 632.. 
 
 633. 
 
 635.. 
 
 640. 
 
 644 . 
 
 645. 
 
 649. 
 
 651,. 
 
 653.. 
 
 Duncana. 
 
 Chilliwock 
 
 G64. 
 672. 
 
 Kaniloo|)8 . 
 
 Pine Tree' 
 
 'Tiocal".. . . 
 'Pine Tree" 
 'Globe" 
 
 'Globe" 
 
 Local' 
 
 "XXX". 
 
 'Local' 
 
 " Pine Tree ' 
 
 "xxx;;.. 
 
 " Globe "... 
 
 98 
 »0 
 96 
 99 
 !« 
 96 
 97 
 93 
 98 
 73 
 96 
 
 100 
 90 
 98 
 63 
 «9 
 98 
 96 
 94 
 94 
 
 100 
 !« 
 09 
 97 
 99 
 98 
 98 
 97 
 98 
 !»7 
 90 
 98 
 98 
 98 
 73 
 99 
 98 
 98 
 9B 
 98 
 94 
 
 Total 
 N umber o( 
 WeedSeedi, 
 
 per lb. 
 
 100 
 999 
 90 I 
 998 ! 
 99-76 
 99 99 
 99-9 
 
 98 5 
 99-7 
 
 99 8 
 907 
 999 
 99 8 
 99 9 
 
 100 
 
 98 8 
 98-9 
 
 100 
 
 99 3 
 it9 8 
 
 96 1 
 996 
 66 4 
 81 6 
 
 97 8 
 99-9 
 99 9 
 99 9 
 9!) 9 
 99 9 
 996 
 99 8 
 Oit 5 
 99-8 
 !« 8 
 93 
 99 9 
 99 9 
 99 9 
 
 100 
 100 
 98-8 
 
 
 
 43,775 
 
 
 ^860 
 225 
 2% 
 3,6)10 
 225 
 
 1,125 
 226 
 4fiO 
 225 
 
 1,3M) 
 9,225 
 
 
 
 460 
 
 15,750 
 
 4,050 
 
 6,975 
 
 2,475 
 
 4,600 
 
 226 
 
 460 
 
 
 
 450 
 
 675 
 
 5,175 
 
 325 
 
 3,825 
 
 675 
 
 225 
 
 16,200 
 
 676 
 
 
 
 223 
 
 O 
 
 
 There were no violations of the Seed Control Act, in the sale of Timothy seed in 
 British Columbia. The weed, the seed of which is most prevalently found, is Sheep 
 Sorrel. No. 415 contained 40,500 seeds of it per lb. ; Na 559, 9.225 per lb ; 
 No. 582. 15,750 per lb. ; No. 598, 4,725 per lb and No 601, 4,275 per lb 
 No. 632 contained 2,250 seeds of Cinquefoil per lb. No. 598 contained over 30 
 per cent of Alsike and No. 599 had a considerable proportion of both Alsike and Rfd 
 Clover While these are impurities, they retail at a higher price than Timothy and 
 are often mixed with it for sowing ; the buyers would therefore not consider this mixing 
 as objectionable. With these two exceptions and those of the samples named above, 
 the purity of the Timothy in British Columbia is very good \Vith the exception of 
 Nos 520, 554 and 644, evidently old seed, the vitality is uniformly good. 
 
 OTHER GRASSES. 
 
 The grasses other than Timothy are not grown extensively. A small ''■^omitot 
 Orchard grass U used for hay production, particularly on Vancouver Island. Red Top 
 is also us^ to a slight extent for the same purpose. I^he Blue-grass and the Rye-grasses 
 are used for lawns and permanent pastures, but the sale of seed is quite hjnited. 
 
u 
 
 OTHUl GRASSES. 
 
 I«bonlory 
 
 tCkt 
 
 Kumber. 
 
 When obuinod. 
 
 Unde u naiiMd 
 Mtrchuit 
 
 Per eent- 
 Utmunation 
 
 Total 
 PrroMit Numbwol 
 Purity. Weed He«l>, 
 per \h. 
 
 413 
 
 Amutroog 
 
 
 28 
 99 
 67 
 88 
 S9 
 61 
 SO 
 83 
 86 
 44 
 
 987 
 90 
 90 
 98-9 
 088 
 100 
 998 
 994 
 99-8 
 99-7 
 
 aao 
 
 900 
 
 480 
 
 801 
 
 VuMouver. 
 
 Viotori* . 
 
 
 B6S 
 
 Kelowna 
 
 
 180 
 
 890 
 
 New Westmiiuter. 
 
 
 608 
 
 NaPMrao 
 
 
 
 
 
 790 
 
 
 aao 
 
 617 
 
 
 827 
 
 Victoria 
 
 
 687 
 
 «39 
 
 DunoaiM 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brome (imu. 
 
 Red Tap. 
 
 494... 
 495... 
 510. . . 
 671. . 
 S!I2. 
 666... 
 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Venion 
 
 New Wettminater. , 
 Kamliiope 
 
 "No. 1." 
 
 "Fancy". . 
 
 Perennial Rye (ilrat$. 
 
 481 'Vancouver. 
 
 .109 Victoria 
 
 818 , „ 
 
 «2d I .. 
 
 Italian Sue Oram. 
 
 500 i Victoria 
 
 819 j „ 
 
 589 New Westminater 
 
 591 : 
 
 Kentuckp Mine urau. 
 
 508 Victoria 
 
 617 
 
 564 Kflo^iTia 
 
 572 . Vernon 
 
 •ISS New Weatininater. 
 
 613. 
 629. 
 660. 
 
 Nanaiino . 
 
 Victoria . . 
 
 Kamloopa . 
 
 64 
 43 
 H 
 21 
 34 
 39 
 46 
 50 
 
 99-9 ' 
 
 !I9 
 
 99 
 
 7 1 
 
 H9 
 
 5 ! 
 
 99 
 
 5 
 
 99 
 
 
 !t96 1 
 
 9!t 
 
 i 
 ] 
 
 Canadian Blue OraM. 
 
 ■'568 Kelow^a, 
 
 80 
 
 98-9 
 
 81,678 
 
 
 
 
 
 228 
 
 1,128 
 
 83,038 
 
 90 
 
 
 450 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 4,500 
 
 4,060 
 
 450 
 
 1,125 
 
16 
 
 Ma 666 hM the dUtinctica of baring th* UrgMt number of weed leede of any 
 Minple in the whole invrstigittion. It coateined 83,026 per lb. made np of 72,460 
 •eeda of Uinqnefoil, 6,076 seeda of Broed-leeved Plantun »nd 4,600 of » Roeoiet of Mint 
 Ma 494, eridemtlT from the Mme oouree, w«e » oloae teoond with 73,000 leadi of Cin- 
 qnefoil, 6,176 leede of Broed-le»ved Plantain and 4,600 aeeds of the tame Mint. No. 
 613 had 2.260 aeedi of Shepherd'a PurM per lb. and Na 621) bod 2,025 weds of Mou«e- 
 ear Chiokweed per lb. No*. 496 and 692 had a large proportion of Timothy. 
 
 The ritality of the granaet ia on the whole not aatiafactory. The sale i* very email 
 and merchanta in man* inatancea hold over atock from year to year, and the vitality 
 
 fradually leaaena. All the Orchard Uraaa except No. 480 ia low. The one aamplo of 
 Irome graaa ia low. The Red Top with the exception of Na 610 ia ver\ ^^ood in 
 ^ tality. Kentucky Blue Oraaa i« not expected to germinate a high percentage, but 
 ahould not be so very low aa Nos. 672, 693 and 613.