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MICTOCCWV RESOIUTION TEST CHART 
 
 (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 21 
 
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 1.25 
 
 1.8 
 
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 ^ dPPUEDJVHGE Inc 
 
 ('16) «82 - 030o"- Ohone' 
 (^16) 288-5989 -Fa, 
 
 
. i. 
 
 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, 
 ST. LOUIS. MO.. 1904. 
 
 THE 
 
 FOOD PRODUCTS 
 
 OF 
 CANADA. 
 
 BY 
 
 W, W. MOORE. 
 Chief, Extendon of Markets Division, 
 
 Branch c. Mie Commissioner of Agriculture and 
 Dairying, Department of Agriculture. 
 
 CKNADA 
 
 NATtONAL tlBRARIT 
 
 VIHJOTHEOUE NA;i,..rf 
 
 J. I'riiiti'd by (lirt'ction of tlu- 
 
 oes 
 
 PIIBtlCATIOWS DU GOUVt.freMEMT 
 
TAHI.K OK CONTKNTS. 
 
 Kxli'iil iiiiil Ai'Di tit t unit 
 A lihiiip I'm.!, I'niUli. . : 
 
 l-rhxi' Kihviiiil Mawi.. 
 
 Nimi >: 111 ill 
 
 Ni-w liiiui-«lik 
 
 guciiii-.... 
 
 Ulltlll'ill 
 
 Miiniti.liti 
 
 Niiilli Wi-l TiniliiHi" 
 llrill.li I iilinuliiii' . . 
 
 I'liv-lnil KnilMIr- 
 
 C'lllMilli' 
 
 Alflli ultur.lii I iiiiiiilii 
 Aliiiiillil iir< iiliilul lini-liil ill 
 Tntal K\|ii.il»iif Aiiiii illtiirni i 
 liimi.l;!- Ki..«l l'ii«liiilliK 111- 
 Tran>iiiirliiliiiii KiniliHi- 
 
 Iliiirv I'liMiiirN 
 
 Clii'i'*' 
 
 IIIICHT. 
 
 "iinili'iisi'il Milk 
 
 Ilnilil-liiir-,. 
 
 U'liiiit 
 
 nmir 
 
 OiUs iinil lijittiii-iil 
 
 I'l-asi-, Hiiikwhiiil tliiiir. rti... 
 Aiiliiiiil I'li-liiil-. , , 
 
 llHI 
 
 Anili iilliiir 
 
 ml Alllilliil I'lmliHlH 
 
 Itiiriiii Kxiiiil 
 
 Hi'i'f ( iillli-. 
 
 I'lllllllV 
 
 Knilt , 
 
 Kxpiirtmif AlMilfs 
 
 It'iiii'y 
 
 Mh.iIi Siiuuiiuul Syillji.. 
 
 Ki«ll y'lmlllils 
 
 loilli«i 
 
 l.illl«tcl » ■' 
 
 Suliiimi ■■ ;" 
 
 WhlU'tli^.i. -St iirKfon ami Ti-imt -w 
 
^^'-iai .f"-;**-' :f.»~. - ^ t !, ' g t M l ».;' 
 
Cbc foo^ pro^uct^ of <^ana^a. 
 
 HV «. «. MODKH. 
 
 The CaiiailiaiL peopip rniDy a goodi) horilXKit. 
 Thpy possess a country v«sl in area, rich in t ural 
 resiuiri'cs, and ti'rtili' iu ^I'll , a land bli'sscd iili a 
 cliniatp sii hfalthtul and hraiinR that il tends id the 
 dcvclopnicnt ut a viKorous, hardy and solf-rt'liant 
 race. 
 
 Canada oci-upirs the nt)rthfr:i ' ilf nf the c-nn- 
 tincnt 1)1 N'lirth Anierica, strotd.n.'; from the At- 
 lantic on the cast to the I'aiillc on the west, and 
 from a Utile soulh "f 12 denrees N. latitude to the 
 Arctii' regions. Tiie distance across Catiada from 
 east to west is about :t,ri(m miles and irom north to 
 soulh about 1,1(1(1 miles. Within these far-l nK 
 boundaries is an area of ;i,715,57l square mile or 
 about ine-third of the Ilritish Kmpire. The ai . of 
 the I'nited States (includiuK Alaska) is :),(il«,18l 
 square miles, or 1311,01111 square miles less than that 
 of Canada. 
 
 A (II.I.MI'SK OF KALU I'KOVINCK. 
 
 Comprised in the Dominicui are seven provinces 
 four provisional territories and a Kreat area to the 
 north mostly uiu'\plored. 
 
 In the east, cradled in the waves of the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, lies the sea-xirl province of I'rince 
 Kdward Island, wiilely known as "The (ianlen of the 
 lulf." The vivid creeness of the trees and Rrass 
 anil the dull reil color of ihe soil combine to form a 
 picture that is beautiful beyond description. The 
 soil IS exceedingly fertile, and the numerous streams 
 are pure and sparkling. The vvhcde Island nilKht he 
 termed one liu.ce farm, as over eif^hty per cent, of 
 the population are euf^ased in aj^ricuUural pursuits. 
 The lishing industry is, nevertheless, a very important 
 
KOOl) I'UODUCTd OK ( AXADA 
 
 one the lobster and oyster fisheries being among the 
 most valuable in the world. Generally speaking, 
 Prince Edward Island is a land of well-tilled tarms 
 and cosy comfortable homes, which are occupied by 
 a contented and happy people. 
 
 The province of Nova Scotia possesses great 
 mineral wealth ; while in value of yield its fisheries 
 have led those of the other provinces for many years 
 past Large areas of dyke-lands, on which hcivy 
 crops of hav are grown year after year, are a fea- 
 ture of the farming districts. Nova Scotia is prob- 
 ably best laiown abroad for her proiUiction of choice 
 fruit the far-famed Annapolis and CornwalUs val- 
 cys exporting annually the lincst sorts of apples by 
 the hundreds of thousands of barrels. In view of her 
 large coal deposits and excellent shipping facilities 
 there is no doubt that Nova Scotia is destined to 
 become a great manufacturing province. 
 
 New nrunswick, the third maritime province in 
 the east, is rich in timUor, and lumbering is the 
 mo.st prominent industry. In many sections of the 
 province, however, the soil is rich and fertile and ad- 
 mirably adapted for mixed farming. Many cheese 
 factories and creameries are in operation throughout 
 these districts and the output of cheese and butter 
 is increasing vearlv. Along the coasts there are 
 fishing grounds of great value from which large 
 quantities of raarl<etable fish are taken every year. 
 The province of Quebec is rich in historic as- 
 sociations and its people arc industrious and law- 
 abiding. A large proportion of the population are 
 engaged in farming operations ; and the Eastern 
 Townships are noted for their choice dairy products. 
 Stork raising is extensively carried on in certain 
 portions of the province. The surface of the country 
 is varied, ridges of mountains and lofty hills being 
 interspersed with fertile valleys, rivers and lakes. 
 Fruits are grown freely in certain localities, especi- 
 ally on the Island of Montreal and adjacent dis- 
 tricts, where the ilaintv and high-llavoured fan.euse 
 apple attains its highest degree of perfection. Que- 
 bec still pos.sesses vast areas of virgin forest and 
 the timber industrv is one of the most important in 
 
FOOD PRODUCTS OF CANAIIA. 
 
 i 
 
 the province. Large inanufaciuring cslablishinculy 
 arc tentored in the cities and towns, which are veri- 
 table hives of iruluslry. 
 
 Ontario, usually described as the banner province 
 of Canada, has a wonderfully varied climate, the ex- 
 tremes of heat and cold being tempered by the Great 
 Lakes. The greater proportion of the soil is fertile and 
 productive and all branches of agriculture are pro- 
 secuted with vigour and success. In dairying and 
 stock-raising, Ontario has always set the pace for 
 the rest of Canada and at present both of these in- 
 dustries are in a very flourishing condition. Fruit 
 is grown to a very large extent, the yield of apples 
 alone ranging from thirty-seven million bushels to 
 fifty-six million bushels per year. In the Niagara 
 peninsula and along the shores of Lake Krie peaches 
 and grapes arc grown successfully. Ontario posses- 
 ses great mineral and timber resources while her 
 manufacturing interests exceed those of any of the 
 other provinces in importance and value. 
 
 The province of Manitoba situated midway be- 
 tween the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, enjoys the 
 distinction of having the richest soil on earth and 
 is famous for the production of wheat, "Manitoba 
 No. 1 Hard" being now the world's standard uf ex- 
 cellence. The literal meaning of the word "Mani- 
 toba" is said to be "God's Country," a title which 
 is justified by the exceeding fertility of the soil. 
 
 On the west of Manitoba arc the territories of 
 Assiniboia, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Over this 
 vast area the soil is uniformly fertile and is canable 
 of supporting many millions of people. Assinaboia 
 and Saskatchewan .ire within the great wheat grow- 
 ing belt, while Aliorta is eminently well suited for 
 ranching, mixed farming and dairying. In these 
 Territories millions of acres of land are still avail- 
 able lor settlers. 
 
 Leaving the Territories we cross the giant 
 Rockies and enter British Columbia, the most west- 
 erly province of Canada and the one possessing the 
 grandest and most romantic scenery. Here are found 
 rugged and lofty mountains, rushing rivers and foam- 
 ing cataracts, with many rich valleys full of agricul- 
 
 ■SianrT«wE5»r%jrflEWW 
 
8 
 
 FOOD I'HODUCTS OK CANADA 
 
 tural promise. Immense forests of valuable woods 
 cover the face of the counlry and precious minerals 
 lie thickly embedded beneath the soil. In the valleys 
 fruits of exquisite flavour ajul large size are grown. 
 Enormous quantities of salmon are taken every year 
 along the coast and in the waters of the Fraser 
 Kiver. The bulk of the catch is put up in cans and 
 the canning of salmon is now one of the most im- 
 portant industries in the province. 
 
 PHYSICAL KK.M'IRES. 
 
 The physical features of Canada are in keeping 
 with her great extent of territory. Noble rivers 
 wind their way seaward, many of them navigable by 
 ocean-going steamers for hundreds of miles into the 
 interior ; a network of lakes— inland fresh water 
 seas many of them— cover the country and contain 
 about one-half of the fresh water of the globe ; 
 magnificent forests stretch far to the north and only 
 await the application of capital and labor to exploit 
 their latent wealth ; while the coast line, thousands 
 of miles in extent, is indented with many safe and 
 commodious harbours which aftord ample facilities 
 for the shipment of Canadian products. 
 CLIMATE. 
 The climate of Canada is healthy and invigorat- 
 ing. The mainland practically lies between 60 
 degrees west longitude and 135 degrees west longi- 
 tude, and has a wide range of temperature. In 
 Prince Edward Island, Nova .Scotia and New Bruns- 
 wick the weather during the summer months is tem- 
 perate and delightful. The days are sunny without 
 being oppressively hot, while the nights are cool and 
 refreshing. In Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, .Vssiniboia 
 and Saskatchewan the summers are warm and the 
 winters cold, but the extreme dryness of the atmos- 
 phere makes both cold and heat less acutely felt 
 than the readings of the thermometer would lead 
 people to suppose. In winter the atmosphere is crisp 
 and bracing, while the ice and snow render incalcul- 
 able service to the lumberman, farmer and merchant. 
 In Southern Alberta cattle graze at large the year 
 round ; while British Columbia, west of the Rocky 
 
POOD PRODUCTS OF CANADA. 
 
 U 
 
 Mountains, possesses a milder climate than anf other 
 part of the Pyminion. In the most southern portions 
 of Canada, crops grow in almost tropical luxuriance. 
 The cool evenings and rights, however, give the 
 plants a robustness of quality not to be found in 
 tropical rcgioas. 
 
 AGRICULTURE IN CANADA. 
 
 Agriculture is the most important Industry in 
 Canada, about 46 per cent, of the entire population 
 being engaged in agricultural occupations. In the 
 census statistics of Canada for 19(11, the aggregate 
 value of the cultivated land, buildings, implements 
 and live stock is placed at $l,?87,102,6:iU ; while 
 from this cmount of invested capital there was 
 realized, in the census year, from sales of crops, 
 animals and animal products, the sum of $363,126,- 
 384. The farmers, therefore, are rightly regarded as 
 the backbone of the country. They produce the most 
 wealth and their products head the list of exports. 
 In the year ended June 30th, 1903, they sold abroad 
 agricultural and animal products worth 114,441,863 
 dollars, as against 53,785,989 dollars' worth in 1893 
 — figures that tell eloquently of progress. 
 
 There has been a much larger increase in the 
 production of these products than is indicated by the 
 preceding figures. The increase in population and 
 the greater prosperity of the people generally has 
 added enormously to the home consumption. 
 
 This increase in production is not so much due 
 to an extension of the areas devoted to agriculture 
 as it is to the improved methods of farming now 
 einployed and the progress which farmers are mak- 
 ing in ability to manage the forces of nature for 
 their advantage and profit. 
 
 I 
 
 ^m 
 
 idy^ 
 
 .o 
 
 M. 
 
FOOD I'BODUCTS Ol' lAXADA. H 
 
 CANADA'S FOOD I'HODLCING UESOUUCES, 
 
 
 
 Kxceptiiig lish, the food products which susUih 
 human life come wholly from the farm ; and more 
 Ihan iiinetv-live per cent, of the constitueiils of these 
 foods are derived from the atmosphere and water. 
 In Canada the conditions of almosijhcre, water, sun- 
 shine anu soil arc singularly favourable for the 
 production of wholesome and toothsome foods. 
 Moreover the Canadian farmer, by virtue of these 
 propitious condilions, is enabled to produce large 
 cro|is at the lowest possible cost to himseli. 
 
 11 follows, Ihcreturc, that Canada is in an ad- 
 mirable position to supply European counuies with 
 large quantities of foods ; and that the people are 
 thiuoughlv alive to this fact has been forcibly 
 demouslrated during the past ten years by the re- 
 markable increase in the export trade in fooiistuffs^ 
 In niu.i Ihe exports of the -ight leading classes of 
 fond products were valued at sil,;iui,ll;)ti dollars, 
 as against ;fl,l!n,71ti dollars in lS!i:i, or an increase 
 of lti2 per cent, for the decade. These ligurcs re- 
 quire no comment. They cannot be parallelled by 
 anv other eountrv in the world. 
 
 ■ Canadians take particular pride in the absolute 
 puLitv 01 their cheese, butter and other foods, not 
 one iiound of oleomargarine, filled cheese, or any food 
 substitute being made in Canada. This fact tells 
 strongl, in Canada s favor in (ireat Britain, which 
 is the market of markets for Canadian food pro- 
 ducts. The nritish consumer is (he most discrimin- 
 ating buver on earth and he is beginning to realize 
 Ihe fact that Canada is not only the premier colony 
 of the Empire, but is a countr' from whii all sorts 
 of good wholesome foods can be obtained, from the 
 finest qualilv of wheat and Hour to prime cheese to 
 eat with the bread ; from nourishing beef-steaks to 
 plump and tender poultry ; from golden creamery 
 butter to luscious and dainty flavoured fruits. 
 
12 FOOD PROUUITS OF CANADA. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 The transportation facilities on land and water 
 in and from Canada arc such as to permit of reason- 
 ably cheap, safe and speedy carriage of food pro- 
 ducts to their ultimate markets. By taking advan- 
 tage of the waterways provided by the St. Lawrence 
 River and the Great I-akcs it is possible for a 
 vessel to load a cargo of grain at Port Arthur, on 
 Lake Superior, and sail to Liverpool without break- 
 ing bulk, a distance of 4, '191 mi.c^;, of which 2,260 
 miles are within Canadian territo.. Montreal, the 
 commercial metropolis of Canada, situated on the 
 St. Lawrence River 98fi miles from the ocean, is, 
 in eRecl, an ocean port, being accessible to vessels 
 drawing 27^ feet of water. A splendid freight ser- 
 vice 11, maintained between Canada and Great 
 Britain and the fleet of steamers engaged in this 
 trade is b-iing augmented yearly by ships of a 
 superior class. Through the action of the Dominion 
 Department of Agriculture these vessels are provided 
 with adequate cold storage accommodat'on, which 
 permits of perishable products being landed on the 
 British markets in good condition. In the season of 
 1903 there were 172 sailings of 37 steamers from the 
 port of Montreal having cold storage accommoda- 
 tion, and 61 sailings of steamers fitted with cooled 
 air chambers. 
 
 Also by arrangement of the Department of 
 Agriculture, a weekly refrigerator car service for the 
 carriage of exrort butter is operated by the railway 
 companies. Cars start at over fifty different points 
 and run into Montreal on an advertised schedule, so 
 that shippers know exactly when to deliver their 
 butter at the various railway stations. Shippers 
 are charged the current "less than carload rates," 
 without extra charge for icing. 
 
 In addition to the transportation facilities af- 
 forded by the great water highways, Canada is well 
 served by steam railways, ab'^-it 20,000 miles being 
 in operation at the present time, and the building 
 of new lines steadily going on. 
 
I'irll 
 

FOOD I'RODfCTM (IF CANADA. 
 DAIRY PHODIJCTS. 
 
 13 
 
 In recent years the dairying ini jslry in Canada 
 has advanced by leaps ami bounds, and today it 
 occupies a position of commanding importance. In 
 the census of 1891 dairy products ranked eighth in 
 value in the statistics of manufactures, but in the 
 census of I'JOl they ranked third. In the last named 
 year the chei-se and butter factories in the Province 
 of Ontario distributed $12,059,210 among their 
 patrons, while the factories in (Quebec enriched the 
 farmers of that province to the extent of $11,039,- 
 279. The total value of the milk and cream supplied 
 to cheese factories and creameries throughout Can- 
 ida in 1901 wa.T $29,462, 402. This amount would 
 be largely exceeded in 1903, when the production of 
 cheese and butter was the greatest on recoi;i 
 
 According to the census figures there were 1736 
 cheese, butter and condensed milk factories in 
 operation in Canada in 1891, and 3,580 factoiies in 
 1901, ti.e number having more than doubled during 
 the decade. The value of the products in 1901 was 
 $29,731,922, as against $10,780,879 in 1891, certainly 
 a most substantial increase. This wonderful develop- 
 ment furnishes conclusive evidence of the adapt- 
 ability of Canada for successful dairy farming. 
 With sweet grasses, pure air and water, cool nights 
 and healthy cattle, the conditions are almost ideal 
 for the production of pure, wholesome milk ; while 
 the cleanly habits, skill and enterprise of the people 
 ensure a manufactured product of the highest type 
 of excellence. 
 
 CHEESE. 
 
 According to a writer in the Toronto "Farming 
 World," the history of factory-made cheese in Can- 
 ada dates from the year 1842, when the first factory 
 of which there is any record was started in Oxford 
 
H 
 
 FOOD I'RoliriTS OK CANADA 
 
 County, Ontario. Milk was received from about lOU 
 cows and manufadured into cheese by tlic most 
 primitive mclliods. It v,ns in ISIil, however, that 
 the industry was properly launched, a factory on the 
 co-operative plan iiavm^; been started in that year. 
 .\bout this time the possibilities o( the industry 
 began to be ajipreciated, and the pioneer co-opera- 
 tive factory proving; a success, the movement 
 quickly spread. Three years later there were 
 reported lo be 2(Kt cheese factories in operation in 
 the Province of Ontario alone arid the inihistry was 
 looked upon as thorouf^hly established. In (Quebec 
 the first factory benan operations in l«Wi, alter 
 which the industry made rapid progress in that 
 province. 
 
 In lSo3 iiMl in 18!).! stringent laws were eiiacled 
 by the Dominion (iovernment to prevent the making 
 of skim-milk or adulterated cheese in the factories, 
 and this legislation has been enforced so eflcctivcly 
 that today there is not one pound <;f filled or 
 imitation chee:e made in any Canadian factory 
 
 The cheese manufactured in Canada is chiefly 
 of a .ariety known as Canadian t hcddar chr'csc. 
 The Aord Cheddar, while originally designating 
 cheese made at the village and parisli of Cheddar, 
 I, Somerselshirc, England, has for the past century 
 been applied to the method of making cheese rather 
 than to the locality where it may be made. It is 
 essentially a food ihoese rather than a tasty or 
 appetizing condiment such as is eaten in other coun- 
 tries with pastry or after dinner dishes. Compared 
 with beef, it is so nutritious, that one pound of it will 
 furnish as much nourishing material as iij pounds 
 of the best beefsteak. It is easily digested when 
 properly cured. It is manufactiired in factories hy 
 skilled labor ; and the niiik, the curd and the cheese 
 are handled in a cleanly manner, with very littio 
 contact w h the hands of the operatives. In com- 
 position it usually shows 3i per cent, of water, 33 
 per cent, of fat and 27 per cent, of casein. 
 
 On three occasions at least Canadian cheese 
 have been placed in competition with cheese made 
 in the United States, and each time tlic Canadian 
 
= W*- ■"Jiff*** ■*! 
 
FOOIl I'HIIIllTT* OK I'ANADA. 
 
 16 
 
 article soriircd the laritrt share nt tlic uwarils. At 
 the Ceiiliriiiiul Kvpiisiliiiii iil rhiluilel|ihia in IKTS 
 there were 10(1 awards "t which l^anada seciiri'd 49 
 and the I nilrd Slates 1.1. At the Worlil's Fair, 
 held ill I'hiiano in 18'J:i, Canada hud liH7 exhihits 
 and secuicil «07 awards , the I'nitcd States had 686 
 exhihit.s and secured 51 awards. At the Pan-Am- 
 erican Kxpnsition at Iluflalo in 1901, Canada re- 
 ceivwl the only Riild medal awarded lor cheese, 
 (exhibited Irnm .July 10th to Novetiibor 1st), and 
 also the silver medal lor exhibits ot cheese and but- 
 ter. 
 
 The (olIowiiiK table shows the number ol cheese 
 lactones in ii|ieratii>n in Canada in the years 1881, 
 1891 and 1901 : 
 
 1881 1891 1901 
 
 Number of cheese factories . 17:2 1510 2389 
 
 TMK KXPOUT TRADE. 
 
 Canada's cheese exports have received a great 
 mpctus in the past tew years, and Canadian Ched- 
 .lars appear to be steadily gaining in favour in the 
 British markets. Th? following table shows !ie 
 remarkable growth of the export trade in the past 
 80 years (years ended June .toth) : 
 
 1873 1883 1893 1903 
 
 $2,280,412 $C,451,8';'0 $13,107,470 $24,712,943 
 
 In 1903 the exports ot cheese exceeded those of 
 1902 by $.^,026,653. This marked increase may be 
 ascribed partly to the improved quality ol the 
 cheese and partly lo the improved transportation 
 facilities, provided at the instance of the Dominion 
 Department of Agriculture, such as Iced cars on the 
 railroads and ^-nolcd air service on the steamships, 
 which made it possible for shippers lo place the 
 cheese on the British markets with less deteriota- 
 tion than formerly. 
 
 The following .able taken from the London Times 
 .shows the quantities of cheese imported into Great 
 Britain during the last four years and the pcrtx-nt~ 
 
10 POOD I'ROm'CTS OP CANADA. 
 
 age supplied by dificrcnt countries : (years ended 
 December :ilst.) 
 
 1<«» IWIl li«« IMS 
 
 mini (.„., („i, cwi. ( wt. 
 
 /..,„,,,|,, l.jll.8-2 l,.il7.-:« l,:(«l..-.(l.-| l.KlS.l.ii 
 
 ,f"s i ;::; mi.m M(i.m :mm mi.mti 
 
 h;,ii,;,,,i , .. ;fi7.:w2 :ii.-i,!Ki ■-'m.iMi arj.sa 
 
 \"n.lnVia ..... HlKEl 7U.24:) .-.LOTi .'ili.™ 
 
 Krai™ :i.".iiii xxa :r.m :ii.i«i 
 
 mh"i",-m,ntrl,.. CBUW JIW "URi J»Mo4 
 
 T„t«l -jlilisTS i.iUfi.S)- ■2M«.-iVi 2.691,211 
 
 IViC'ent. I'orCent. Per Cent, IVrCcnt. 
 
 Canada 55.8 59.8 67.2 C8.6 
 
 US V 35.1 20.9 15.3 !3.4 
 
 Holland 12.0 12.3 11.2 11.2 
 
 Australasia 3.2 3.1 2.0 2.1 
 
 France 1.3 1.0 l-l 1-3 
 
 Other countries 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.4 
 
 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
 
 The above figures strikingly illustrate the pre- 
 eminence of Canadian cheese in the British markets. 
 
 BUTTER. 
 
 During the last tew years Canadian creamery 
 butter has won for itself a good name and an in- 
 creasing demand in foreign markets. It is made in 
 creameries where the milk, cream and biitter are 
 bandied by skilled makers. Centrifugal cream separ- 
 ators are used to separate Ihe cream from the milk 
 and the most up-to-date machinery and methods are 
 generally emjiloyed. The creameries are provided 
 with special cold storage rooms, into which the 
 buttet is placed the day it is made. For export it 
 is packed in square boxes, made of spruce or some 
 other odorless wood, which arc lined with parchment 
 paper and contain each 56 pounds net of butter. 
 
 In 18(11 the number of creameries in operation in 
 Canada was 170 ; in U'Ol the number had increased 
 to 1187. 
 
 A good deal has been done by the Canadian C.ov- 
 
ernnK'nt h, ircoMt yi-ur. to improve the trahsporla- 
 Umi facUties i.r the export butter trade w,h 
 Great Britain, so that today Canadian butter is 
 earried in eold storage from 'h^" ^*">V\ T'' The 
 ereainery until it reaches tlie Hriush docks 1 he 
 followiuR table shows the growth of the exports of 
 butler since 19U3 ; 
 
 iXMii 1X!I!) l''U2 IDU'i 
 
 tl 296,814 $:i,-()0,S7:i *r..6ti0,511 $6,954,618 
 ' The inaiov portion oi the bultcr exported from 
 Canada roes to the Inited kinsdom-the great but^ 
 tor market of the wmUI. One advainaRC possessed 
 by the Cr. idian arucle is that it is drier lliau 
 much of the Knropean butters which compete with 
 it in the British marl<ets. '.'his was established in 
 liiua when 105 samples of fanailian creamery butter 
 were submitted to analysis by the Chemist of the 
 Dominion Experimental Farms. Of the 105 samples 
 analyzed 75 were collected at creameries located in 
 diherent parts of the Dominion and 30 were taken 
 from butter held for export in warehouses in Mont- 
 real. , , 
 
 FollowinK are the results of the analysis . 
 
 AveraRi! t'er Cent, of Water m Canadian Creamery 
 
 Butter. 
 
 In samples from creameries (75) J2-16 
 
 In samples taken at warehouses {-W) l-iO'' 
 
 In 105 samples '^-^^ 
 
 According to (he report of "-e Departmental 
 Committee on Butter Hegulaticui Kngland, 1902), 
 the percentage of water in loreiKii butters was as 
 
 follows ;— ,,.,,:<, 
 
 Danish : average in 1899-1892, 1,288 samples... 14.58 
 
 1887-1900, 8,311 " ... 13.07 
 
 .Swedish : " 1894-1900, 8,310 " ... 13.57 
 
 Irish : yearly average, 1896, 131 " ... 13.93 
 
 1897, 321 " ... 14.31 
 
 1898, 298 " .•■ 14.42 
 
 1899, 552 " ... 14.24 
 
 1900, 615 " ... 14.11 
 Finally, nothing hut genuine butter is made in 
 
 Canada. The people have jealously guarded their 
 
]K 
 
 l-\MH) l*R<U)l'(r.S 01-' CANADA. 
 
 reputation iri tliiia respect, .and throu{;li wise legis- 
 lation have carefully protected tlie best interests of 
 the bulter-Miiitiirif; industry. The niosl recent enact- 
 MUMit in lliis ronnection Wiis passed at the last 
 session of the Duininion I'arliamenl and is iinown as 
 "The Butter Act, l!l(i:; " It deiincs llie fuilowing 
 words and expressimis :— "Hutler," "Creamery,'' 
 "Dairy," "Creamery Hiitter," "Dairy Hutter," and 
 "Renovated" or "I'rocess Hiilter." It lixos a le^al 
 limit of water in butter ; jirohibils the nianufaclure, 
 importation or sale of "Oleomargerine, ' "IJut- 
 terine," "Adulterated Butter" or "I'roccss Hui- 
 ter" ; and also prohibits the improper marking of 
 butter. 
 
 CONDENSED MILK. 
 
 Up to a few years ago the output of the con- 
 densed milk factories in Canada was insunicicnt to 
 supply the home demand, but latterly this state of 
 affairs has been gradually changing and today Canada 
 expoit.^ considerable quantities of condensed milk 
 of the finest quality. This trade will probably con- 
 tinue to expand from year to year owing In the 
 excellent facilities in Canada for the successful 
 prosecution of this business. In IHO.i the eight fac- 
 tories then in operation, besides supplying the home 
 markets, exported 3,078, tG7 pounds of condensed 
 milk and cream, valued at $211,859. 
 
 BKKADSTCKFS. 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 All the world has now heard of the golden wheat 
 fields of the Canadian N^»rth-\Vest, but for many 
 years this portion of Canada was neglected and 
 coiiipatativiM) unknuw n. fiuuluali> , liuWo\ t-t , its 
 magnificent resources became better underslood and 
 
|.'(M>I) I'RODfCTS OK CANAIlA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 apprcciati'il ; and each year saw more land taken uji, 
 new settlements started and an advance in scilid 
 devclupment. Such was the history ol tne ''ap iian 
 West up to a few years ago. Since then, however, 
 the tide ol immigration has assumed ujiwonted pro- 
 portions and in settlement and development this 
 section ot Canada has advanced by leaps and bounds. 
 
 Canada has always been noted as a wheat-grow- 
 ing country, but, prior to the opening up ot the 
 North-west, the wheat was largely produced m 
 Ontario and the Kastern Provinces and was of the 
 softer varieties. That grown in Manitoba and the 
 Territories, however, is Spring wheat of the hard 
 variety, the seed having been first obtained in Min- 
 nesota and the Dakotas, the great wheat producing 
 areas of the United States. It was soon found that 
 this seed, when sown in the richer Canadian soil, 
 not only gave a greater return per acre, but that 
 the wheat therefrom was oi a highly superior 
 quality. This result has been amply confirmed by 
 time, and today "Manitoba No. 1 Hard" is known 
 all over the world as the wheat par iwcvl- 
 'fjicc for milling purposes. 
 
 The combined land acreage ol the province ol 
 Manitoba and the Territories of Assiniboia, Saskat- 
 chewan and Alberta amounts to 239,101,715 acres. 
 To this may be added the great district ol 
 Athabaska, comprising 155.622,400 acres of land sur- 
 face, much of which is well within the wheat grow- 
 ing section and rich in agricultural possibilities. 01 
 all this vast area only about 4,700,000 acres were 
 under cultivation in 1003, yet the yield of grain 
 from this traction of the cultivable land was over 
 102 million bushels. The wheat crop for 1903 is 
 placed at 50,502,085 bushels, as against 2.1,191,399 
 iiushels in 1891. 
 
 Nowhere on the surface ot the globe is there 
 richer soil than is found in Manitoba. This state- 
 ment is based on the evidence of Professor Tanner, 
 the gieat Knglisb agricultural chemist, who sail' 
 that "although we have hitherto considered the 
 
 Ai'K f-AYT\\ of Cf 
 
 we nave uiLiien" i 
 
 t.',-t1 P,,<ci.i:i thp rirhf 
 
 ■Id that land would ha 
 
 ssia tne ricne?! ■<"" i" <' 
 „A 4n iri'AlH ifc distincruis' 
 
 e 
 
20 
 
 IMiil) i'KODl < IS or I ANADA 
 
 nl iiosili.iii Id II,,' n.li ,l,r|i hl.u'K soils iif .\l.,mi.,|i.i 
 Here il is llj.il llic cluiniiiuii soils of llli' worlil „ii.' 
 to lie louMll '■ 
 
 Hilliliu Ihc p,l^l Jl yi'.irs the .i\eriinr whf.il \irlil 
 III i!ii' |ijo\ii!ic ..I M.iiiiiolia w.is 311.5 Iiiis1r-Is' pn 
 ;uic. Till' .ivii.i!:.' ioi liic liiikoias for thi' same 
 
 porioil 'A,is If Miniirsol.i, II,.-,. Uislolisill, [',.:,, 
 
 Ohio aiul .\rhi.iskii, liuh hn \\«-ii 11 ami I:; 
 
 In llir .\oiili-«i'st Ti'iriiorics llir >.oil is 
 iinifornily fcrlilc ami I'XcmlinKly rich. Tin- liuiii can 
 be iropiicil year afi'T year witlioiit the applicatiDn 
 of fcrlili/crs. anil iln- lahors of ih|. hiislianilman are 
 sure of a siiiistaniial rinvaril. In llir TiMriiorics 
 the aviTaKi' yield of wheal siiiie |S!IK, when oflicjal 
 returns were lirsi niaile. was lil.H Imshels per acre, 
 the Mia\' iiini I'einsr ohtaineil in liini, when the 
 average ., as J.'i.iT bushels. 
 
 Oi'tsiile of Alanitoba anil the Territories, Ontario 
 is the ehief wheat-Krowin^ provinee of Canada. In 
 ltMl3 Ontario prodiieed 20,n:i:i,efi!l bushels of fall or 
 winter wheat, the a\eraKe vielil beini; 2fi.x bushels 
 per aere, and i;. II IS. 113 i bushels of sprini; wheal 
 aieraLTini; 3d bushels |ipr acre. 
 
 The values of the wheat exported from Candida 
 in the years IKIW. piiiii, iiiiij ,,nil l!)ii:i are shown in 
 the following table :— 
 
 ISil.i niiiii |,|||o ,j,|,,j 
 
 S7,iiiiu,ii:i:i .lill.iin.-,.is,s <|,s,tiss,«!i2 S2l r,6(; -ir; 
 
 Fi.orii. 
 
 ranadian hard wheat Hour has already gamed 
 an enviable reputation in the world's markets, owin;; 
 to its uniformly line quality and lonn-keepint 
 properties. It h..s been tested in (ireat Hrilain and 
 pronounced .superior to any on the market. Not 
 only does it contain a high percentage of albu- 
 minoids, but the dilTerent forms of gluten are 
 present in such a condition as to i;ive the dough 
 great tenacity and capacity to take np water. Rv 
 actual lest it was found that Canadian Hour pro. 
 
prl 
 
 ic;ial 
 
 shcls 
 
12 
 
 KOOl) IMlOIll'CTrt OK CANADA. 
 
 lluceil 151 iHuiiiils of bread »( excellent qiuility which 
 kept fresh iiiui palutable for days Such a thing 
 as adulteration i,( Canadian Hour hy Indian corn 
 flour, or by other cheaper and inferior substances, 
 is entirely unknown. 
 
 The values of the flour exported from Canada in 
 18!):), 111(12 and 11103 were as follows : 
 
 ISiCi lil02 1903 
 
 Jl, 711,028 $3,1)68,850 $1,691), 1-13 
 
 OATS AND OA'l'MKAL. 
 
 Oats, thin in husk, and of heavy weight per 
 bushel, are grown all over Canada, while in some 
 sections of the country, notably in Northern Alberta 
 and British Columbia, the yield of oats per acre is 
 exceptionally large. As a rule the weather through- 
 out the Dominion is favourable for both the growth 
 and harvesting of the crop. Consequently the oats 
 and oatmeal ilo not become bitter from sprouted 
 grain, or musty from the heating of the straw when 
 stacked, as is sometimes the case in countries where 
 wet weather is often experienced during harvest. 
 
 There is a considerable export trade from Can- 
 ada in oatmeal, rolled oats, etc., the figures for the 
 fiscal vears l!)n2 .and 11)03 being as follows :— 
 ltl02 1903 
 
 Oatmeal exported J3H,332 ,5537,002 
 
 PEAS, BUCKWHEAT FLOUK, ETC. 
 
 Peas in large areas are grown free from serious 
 'rouble with insect pests. Split peas for soup, 
 green peas as vegetables and sweet peas for canning, 
 are obtained in perfection. The values of the peas 
 exported in 1900, 1901 and 1903 were as follows : 
 
 1900 1901 1903 
 
 Peas exported. ,, $2,145,471 $2,674,712 $1,052,743 
 
 Buckwheat Hour is used in considerable (jiianti- 
 ties in some districts for the making of buckwheat 
 cakes, eaten with maple syrup. These two make an 
 exquisite breakfast dish, characteristic of Canada 
 and sonie of the New England States. 
 
 There are numerous forms of preparations from 
 cereals, sold as breakfast foods. Owing to the 
 
rooii i'ui)urir« oe' canada. 
 
 ■-•:) 
 
 supcriiirity of the );<'!>>'<!< Kiown in C'.inaiia ami the 
 cure t'Xrrfisi'd in thfii manufacture, liicsc cuiiipare 
 favourably with similar products in other countries. 
 
 AMWAL I'UOUtCTS. 
 
 UAC'ON. 
 
 Tlie export bacon trade of Canada has grown with 
 >nar\cllous rapidity during the past decade. In ISD.i 
 ti:e exports were valued at $l,((;)U,3li» ; in I'Mi at 
 $lf), 155,171. In ten years, tiierefore, the trade in- 
 creased by Til per cent., a rate of development 
 uiiprccedenled in the history of ('.madian itulustncs. 
 JJesides rapid iirogrcss in regard to (piantity, there 
 has been marked iin|»rovt'nient in the qualily of the 
 product, so that today Canadian bacon, like 
 Canadian cheese, is fast becoming a staple article 
 in the liritish markets. 
 
 \ glance at the lif;urcs of bacon exports (or 
 some years back will .show that, prior lo l,si)l, the 
 bacon trade of Canada was uniniport.ini. .\ few 
 packing houses were in operation, but, as they 
 found It dinicult to secure a sulliclent supply of ho(;s 
 of a suitable type, the business naturally lanj^ulshed. 
 About the year named aliove, howe\,';, the farmers 
 of Canaila were arou.sed lo the fact that the rear- 
 ing of swine would be a prolitahle ad.iunct of the dairy 
 Industry and they at once took hold of the business 
 with luteilii^ence and vigor. In the intervening years 
 the Dominion and I'rovlnclal Departments of Agri- 
 culture and the live stock associations have been 
 endeavoring to give, the farmer.? systematic, helpful 
 Information on the bacon hog ; while the experi- 
 mental farms and others, with the large packing 
 houses, have been '"vestlgatlng the elTect of dllTerent 
 sorts of feed and hods of feeding on the softness 
 or firmness of pork. ,.\11 this information has been 
 given to the farmers and it has cfTected a notable 
 imi covemcnt in the class of swine raised In Canada 
 No doubt there Is ; '1 a number Of undesirable hogs 
 
24 
 
 KOIlll IMIODUtTH (IK lANADA 
 
 bi'liiK iiroiliniMl, but till' [ifriciianf nt si'lecl liucon 
 hiiK^ "1 ""• i'"ii"lfy !*li"»s a HT\ ureal irurcaM' in 
 rcii'iil ji'.irs. The furiiiers haie realueil tlie iieee;.- 
 sil) 111 raisiiin iHilv the kiiiil ii( lioijs wanli'l by the 
 trade and cil mi feediiij: thcin as In prndiiie ihe liiiest 
 quality i>( bacon. In this way Ihe Ihuli fat ly|ie 
 lit liun, cDiiiimm some years ano ou Canadian larnis, 
 has largely been replaced by the selei I baeon hoR, 
 loiiK ill baeli, trim and straight in underline anil iif 
 from INII to ;!ll(i pounds live weinhl. 'I'liey are led 
 in J. cleanly way. on skim milk, or whey, combined 
 with such cereals as oals, barley, pease and rye. 
 This class of feed produces swine that are vigorous 
 and healthy in appearance and without excess of 
 fat. 
 
 The followins table shows the exports o( bacon 
 from Canada in the years IS'.i:) to lllll.l inclusive, 
 (years ended .luiie :ill) :— 
 
 Hacon l')xporls. 
 
 Year 
 
 tiuantily 
 
 Value 
 
 
 I.bs. 
 
 
 J 883 
 
 lT,2((S,:ni 
 
 1,K3U,U68 
 
 1894 
 
 2(!,«2«,840 
 
 2, 751, 179 
 
 189S 
 
 37,52(i,05S 
 
 3,510,107 
 
 :896 
 
 17,<I57,612 
 
 3,802,135 
 
 1897 
 
 ,')U,r)lli,OoO 
 
 .•.,0ljn,3'J3 
 
 1898 
 
 7(i,M 1,948 
 
 7,201,285 
 
 1899 
 
 Ill,8fi8,ll38 
 
 0,053,582 
 
 1900 
 
 132,175,688 
 
 12,171,509 
 
 1901 
 
 10:i,U20,6(il 
 
 11,103,868 
 
 1003 
 
 in:i,8ii,36ti 
 
 12,162,953 
 
 l()o:t 
 
 137,!l51,r)52 
 
 15,155,174 
 
 Of the quantity exported in 1003, Great Britain 
 received no less than 09.81 per cent., thus showing 
 that, in bacon as in other classes of foodstiids, she 
 is Canada's best customer and the one most worth 
 while cultivatiuK. The Canadian packers have real- 
 ized this and it has been their aim to supply a 
 product that will meet the critical demands of the 
 most fastidious nritish consumer. How well they 
 ,- re succeeding ir. indicated in a nio'Jf =ati';!nrt..ry 
 manner by the rif;ures )?iven above. 
 
%^ 
 
FOOD IMUJDltTS O CANADA 25 
 
 111 Canada the sUuif^ht"' ;;.., :.■; curinp of swine 
 I producls is carried on < .ncily at '.a-i'. packing 
 
 [, houses. The equipment, sal' 'l 'Aw v, -rkmen and 
 
 I commercial talent ol the :r'.i>,iiiigc"s h. ve resulted 
 
 ^ in the turning out of bacoi. ^i.u li^' 's of exception- 
 
 I ally fine, mild quality. The use ot mechanical 
 
 I refrigerating plants for chilling the pork, and in 
 
 f other conned ions, have made it practicable to cure 
 
 \ the bacon with the use of a small percentage of 
 
 i salt, leaving it mild in flavour when delivered in 
 
 4 European markets. The business is now carried on 
 
 1 in such a way that resjular supplies are shipped from 
 j^ Canada during every week of the whole year. 
 
 As by-products from the packing houses, large 
 quantities of lard, brawn and pigs' feet are 
 exported ; and there is a growing trade in dainty 
 and exquisite food put up in hermetically sealed 
 tins under the name of lunch tongues. 
 
 BKKF CATTLK. 
 
 It hf,s been well said that Canada is the natural 
 home of cattle. The fertile soil and bracing climate 
 give vigorous health to the domestic animals and 
 entire freedom from diseases of a serious nature. 
 Moreover, such cattle feed as hay, Indian corn fodder 
 and ensilage, turnips, carrots, mangels, peas, bran 
 and coarse grains, can be produced in Canada in 
 abundance and at a low cost of production. 
 
 In the older settled portions of the country, 
 where mixed farming is the rule, the breeding of 
 cattle for the production of beef is extensively 
 carried on. The province of Ontario, in particular, 
 has long been noted for its excellent herds of pure 
 bred stock, and her farmers derive a great part of 
 their income from sales of pure bred cattle which 
 are shipped all over Canada, as well as to various 
 portions of the I'niled States, for breeding purposes. 
 In the Xorth-west, especially in Western Assiniboia 
 and in Alberta, the conditions are extremely favour- 
 able for stock raising. Ht re is found fresh water in 
 abundance, large tracts of hay lands which yield a 
 plenteous return, and vast areas of rich pasture 
 land, once the home of countloss numbers nf buf- 
 
m^^ 
 
 ■3S 
 
 KOOl) I'BOmtTS OF CANADA, 
 
 falocs, but new furnibliiiig iusU'iiaiice lor thousands 
 of bullocks which arc quickly fattened on tne 
 nourishing and succulent "bufialu" and "bunch" 
 grasses. Shipments of cattle from these two great 
 ranching districts are increasing annually. The 
 principal market is found in Great Britain, where 
 the animals are slaughtered upon arrival. This live 
 ■stock trade with the motherland is of considerable 
 importance lo t'anada, the value of the e.\port of 
 live cattle in Vmi being %n;A\:fiil. The trade is 
 ■losely looked after by the Dominion Government, 
 I he spaces on the steamships carrying cattle being 
 sub.icct 10 Government control, and the animals to 
 careful veterinary iii>,pcclion to prevent the cipor- 
 latioii of any that might lie ailccted with disease. 
 Following arc the values of the live cattle exported 
 from Canada in the years named :— 
 
 18!i:i liiUli Itiua 
 
 Cattle exported... .i;7,7t-),(i.s:i $!I,0SU,77G $11,313,032 
 I'ractically speaking. Canada has no export trade 
 in dressed beef, but t; c time seems opportune for 
 the establishment of this iiulustry, which has pro\cd 
 so bciuiicial to the stock raisers of the Uniled 
 Stales. In recent years, however, Canada has 
 developed a c(Hisi(lerable export trade in canned 
 meats, the principal item being corned beef, which 
 is put up in hermetically sealed tins of dil"ierent 
 sizes. .\ good quality "f beef is packed, consequently 
 Canadian tiniieil beef has already won for itself a 
 high reputation. 
 
 SllKKP. 
 In the census returns for lilDl Canada is credited 
 with 2. 'ill, 2 ill sheep. Kxccpting the North-west 
 Territories, it will be founil that this number is 
 pretty evenly distributed all over the country, 
 almost every farmer keeping a Hock ol sheep. With 
 regard to the Territories, sbeeii ranching is quite 
 fxtensively carried on in Western ,\ssiniboia, but in 
 Eastern .\ssiniboia and Saskatchew.in Wheat is King 
 and but little attention is paid as yet to the keeping 
 of live stock. Sheep thrive well in every section of 
 Canada, and the local markets are kept plentifully 
 supiilied with lamb and mutton that is at once fresh, 
 
..r- 
 
 ffi: 
 
 -^i^: 
 
 rnoT) I'RonrcTs ok caxada. Ui 
 
 teiulor. delicious and strorigthi'iiinK. The province of 
 Prime Edward Island, in particuUu-, is noted tor 
 its exceptionally linc-tlavoured lamh and mutton. 
 Following are "the values o! the sheep and lambs 
 exported "from Canada in the years named ;— 
 
 1!)02 iaii:i 
 
 Sheep and lambs exported ?;i,18S,52G $l,(i5:),tiSl 
 
 IH)i:i,TRY. 
 
 Chickens, turkeys and geese are raised in large 
 numbers in Canada and are favoured artitles of food 
 with the Canadian peo;'' Consequently while the 
 production of poultry is relatively large, the home 
 consumption is so great that only a small surplus is 
 available each year for export. Canadian chickens 
 are specially fattened for a few weeks before they 
 are killed, so that when prepared for market they 
 are plump in body, tender in flesh, and tempting in 
 flavour. They are well liked in the Uritish markets, 
 where they command remunerative prices. The 
 Canadian turkey is also a prime favourite in Britain, 
 owing to its dainty " r and fine size. O' late 
 years jioultry farming ceived increased atten- 
 
 tion in Canada and pr^ :velopmenls point to a 
 
 greatly increased production in the future and a 
 consequent cxtensiiui of the export trade. At the 
 date of census taking in lilOl the number of hens 
 and chickens in Canada was Ifi, 51)2,2(17, while the 
 number killed or sold for slaughter in the census 
 year was 7,n(!3,.')!)7. In 11102 the exports of poultry, 
 dressed or undressed, were valued at .$238,017, and 
 in in03 at .1;160,,')18. The reduction in the exports 
 in ItiOa was due to a great increase in the home 
 consumption. 
 
 i-:gciS. 
 
 In IIIOI the Canadian hen produoed no less than 
 Sl.l.'il,802 dozens of eggs, which were vahied at 
 $10,288,10.5. One would think that this quantity 
 would suffice for all the needs of the Canadian 
 jjcople many times over. Yet, as a matter of fact, 
 less than one-seventh of the above production was 
 available for export. Canada's export egg trade is 
 mainlv with Great Britain and it is in an eminently 
 
*: li 
 
 28 
 
 FOOD I'UOIIl LTH OF (•A>fAI)A 
 
 .satisfactory conditiun. The eggs arc eullected al 
 cold storage warehouses, where Ihey are candled, 
 sorted and paclved for shipment. For export they 
 are usually packed in cases holding ii'i do/.eii each. 
 Cardhoard tillers are used whiili provide a separate 
 compartment for each egg. This package gives great 
 satisfaction to the trade in liritain and is now 
 j)referred to any on the marl- I. The eggs also in 
 size, (piality and strength of shell, rank among the 
 best imported into the L iiitcd Klrigdiur,. 
 
 The values of the eggs exported in lxn;i, ItsliS and 
 lUO.'i were as follows :— 
 
 Eggs e.\po. ted.. 
 
 l«!i:i 
 $81)8,007 
 
 18118 l!)U:i 
 
 $l,2.i,"),;i04 $1,130, lliO 
 
 FRUIT. 
 
 In several districts of Canada, paL.cularly in 
 the southern jiarts of Ontario and British CoUimhia, 
 and in a portion of .\ova Scotia, large areas are 
 devoted entirely to the growing of fruit. In these 
 sections of the Dominion the climatic conditions are 
 extremely favourable for the production of peaches, 
 grapes, i)ears and apples of unrivalled llavour and 
 substance; while in all the settled portions of the 
 country, eastward of the Ureal Lakes, the finest of 
 apples, plums, strawberries, cherries, raspberries, 
 currants, gooseberries, Ac, grow i)lentifully. 
 
 In ItlOl the total number of bearing and non- 
 bearing apple trees in Canada was 15,l)!)il,li81, of 
 peach trees I,:i02,;ill8, of pear trees 9(i5,099, of plum 
 trees 2,118,103, of cherry trees 1,280,171, of other 
 fruit trees 200,017, making a grand tota' of 21,284,- 
 19f) trees. The total yield of fruit in that year was 
 20,720,302 b ,hels, of which 18,020,735 bushels were 
 apples. 
 
 The above ligures bear ample testimony to the 
 fact that the apple reigns supreme a.nong Canadian 
 fruits. It is grown extensively in Ontario, (^ueli.'c, 
 Nova .Scotia, New lirunswick, I'rince Kdward Island 
 and Hritisii (.'olunibia. Careful attention is paid to 
 


 ":^c' 
 
 30 
 
 FOOD l-HODl-crs OK ( AXADA. 
 
 "•'' ^■"'"v.ili the most scinitilic and prufiiahlu 
 
 melliods beuiK employed. Kjiorinous quanlitii-i ari> 
 Muppcd annually in barrels and boxes to Hreat 
 Hntain and other Kuropean eountries where Cana- 
 dian a|)ples have become famous for their luscious 
 lla^oi.r, crisp, juicy llesh, Rood appearance and lonjr 
 kcciiiUK qualities. The); now take first position in 
 the liritish markets and realize unifornilv higher 
 prices than the apples from oilier countries 
 
 The following table shows the quantities and 
 values of apples exported from Canada in the years 
 natied, (years ending 30th June) :— 
 
 Year. 
 I8'J:j 
 180; 
 
 1 !)flO 
 190,! 
 
 Quantity. 
 Barrels, 
 1, 187,665 
 1,(1(11,170 
 1,075,0(!8 
 0.")6,l;i8 
 l,000,r)28 
 
 Value. 
 
 2,731,223 
 2,502,968 
 2,621,352 
 2,578,2,13 
 2,758,721 
 
 Owing to judicious legislation on the part of the 
 Dominion Government the fruit trade of Canada is 
 now in a better position than ever before In 1901 
 the measure known as the "Fruit -Marks Act" be- 
 came law, and it is generally admitted to have been 
 a most beneficial piece of legislation. Through the 
 enforcement of this Act noticeable improvement has 
 been efiected in the grading and packing of fruit' 
 and m the proper marking of the packages. As a 
 result, Canada's reputation for honest packing has 
 been greatly enhanced, and the supremacy of 
 Canadian apples more firmly established in the 
 markets of (Jreat Britain. 
 
 In addition to the apples shipped in a natural 
 condition almost eight million pounds of evanorated 
 apples were exported in 19C3. Large evaporating 
 plants are operated in the various apple growing 
 districts, but there is still room for the further ex- 
 tension of this business. Factories for the canning 
 of fruits and the making of jam have been estab- 
 lished in different parts of the Dominion, and their 
 goods meet with a ready sale both at home and 
 abroad. Owing to the enormous supply of raw 
 
.vr.: 
 
 ^.^J^' ■ \ V ^'' 'IFi-'fi, 
 
82 
 
 KOOD I'RODCCTS (IF CAXADA. 
 
 material pro.luini i„ the ccuntry and other natural 
 anvanlaKes it seems reasonable to suppose that 
 Canadian eanned fruits and fanadian anis and 
 jellies will soon be shipped to all parts of the world 
 oltennK a market for these products. 
 
 HONEY. 
 
 t'anada is favourably situated for the pniduction 
 of honey ol the ehoicest qualitv. Clover is a 
 coinmon crop in almost every section of the country 
 and a plentiful supply of clover blo.ssoms is thus 
 a.ssured for the use of the honey bees. The fra,;rant 
 lo .soms of the fruit districts al.so furnish the bees 
 with larRc areas of pasturaRe, Canadian honey has 
 
 w ere iJ 1 "'" T '"''' '"'"""""nal H:^P"sifion.s 
 «herc 1 has always won u.istinted praise lor its 
 Kood ccdor and delici,.us flavour. .A small quantity 
 1 annua ly exported, but the great hulk of what is 
 no V produced ,s required to tueet the demands of 
 
 here i "litn^V't, o ",' "" ""'"«"' P™"'"^""" 
 
 ere is little doubt that a profitable export trade 
 
 .n,j.oney could be established with Keropean co„n- 
 
 -M.VPLK .Sl.OAK AND SYRUI'. 
 Maple .SuRar and Syrup are made in tho.se areas 
 of the country where the maple tree nourishes The 
 ^yrup IS used chiefly as a substitute for jams or 
 
 hmres'Tor ""'•/"" *"" '"«" '^ '''"' '" 'he country 
 .on.es for sweetenmR, for cooking purposes and for 
 
 h making of confectionery. During 'recent years 
 he processes of manufacture have been improved by 
 nl 'm,™ r"" ';' ■'•"■?'""' ™"^'^"cted eviporatirs 
 available for the export trade. 
 
 FISH PRODUCTS. 
 
 Among the important ind- ^ries ol Canada must 
 be classed her fisheries. , ,. j„ p„i„t „? 'J^'^^^ 
 productiveness, varietv and nualily of fish nre the 
 
FOOD I'BOOUrTS OF 1ANAI»A 
 
 33 
 
 „rpalrst in Ih.- world. Tlu'V l..tni a nullniial asset 
 S(Tncaln:hU.le value anU U,.,.sh e.nployu.ent lor a 
 
 r^-r^:;nn^r':LVi^::r.:at'ar;?.v^f 
 
 ,X m.erior, an.l iL' l-a..ne foast m .he wesL 
 Kver • s|,e.'ies ,f mark.,al,lc lish is to be tou.,.1 .n 
 71,0.0 waters and Ihe supply seeu.s to be n.ex- 
 haustible Kor more Ibaii three eentur.es llshiuR has 
 been arried on all al,u„ the eoasts of the Mar, .n,e 
 Provi„'es and ,n the (iult of St. l.awronee,w,tl,out 
 any slRn of a deereas,nK supply heeou„„K ,nan,fest 
 Some seasons fish are less nuiuerous j- "■■^Vj;!; '':':"' 
 than is usual, but this is aser,bed ,. teniporary 
 causes and not to any dimiuutton of the n.ynads of 
 
 lish which annually ""l"™'. "'^■''^',;;i|'';'"- ,,ju., „>e 
 
 1„ the te.i-vear period irom l«:i.i to UU. ne 
 
 value of the lish exp..rted from Canada, together 
 
 ^Jh what was sold on the local '""^^s armmn 
 
 to $215,809,601, or an averaRe oi pi.''<'".Jf'' 1'" 
 
 ;ar U we add to thts the value o ^^^ ''^^^ 
 
 or domestic use, it will hriUK the value ' ' h ^oU 
 
 catch up to about thirty-seven million dollais per 
 
 annum exclusive of the quantity taken hy United 
 
 States lishenuau as allowed by International treaty. 
 
 \ 
 
 t'ODKlSH, 
 
 Among Canada's u. rilimc lish the ''"•1 f'''^"^ 
 supreme. .\s a fo,.d-lish it takes lirst rank all om r 
 ?he world in some countries beins regarded as an 
 indispensable article of diet. In fact t is ollen 
 ea ed the "bread of the sea." Cod is found in all 
 the seas of the Northern Hemisphere lyms he ween 
 40 degrees and 65 degrees of latitude, but the Great 
 Banks' of Newfoundland seems to be its particular 
 
 haunt. Cod-lishing usually '":R'"^:,f ;''f,;'",„\;"'^f 
 dian coasts, some time during the latter hall ot 
 m", a" lasts till the end of November Trior to 
 1899 the fishing season was very short, as a supply 
 o bak could not be procured ov the fisherinen du nng 
 the summer months. In the above named vear. 
 
.11 
 
 KOOII PBODl't TS OK CANADA 
 
 hiiwcvcT. tlic DiiMiiiiiiiii (ii)vcrnmrnt arraiiKPil to 
 iis.sist the llshcTTMi'ti to lorm Kishcrnicn's Bail As- 
 sdcialioiis fur the [lurpiise of prcsiTvinj; hail in a 
 frozen condition for use (iuring tlie sunim'T. 
 
 Tile values of the exfiorts of cod-fish from 
 Canada in 19U3 and IMIi:i were as fcdlows : 
 
 V.Wi llin.) 
 
 Codfish exported $:i,2(M,ri_. $3, 381), 717 
 
 I.OHSTKHS. 
 
 In th" Maritime Provinces and alons tlie coasts 
 of the I'roviiiec of Quebci the l(d)ster industry is a 
 very important one. 'I'he eunuiiif; (tf Canadian lol)- 
 sters dates irnm ISTll when the first factory was 
 started in ''rincc Kdward Islaj. '. The venture was 
 a success ;> : i other factories were soon established 
 there and .:, the ncighhorinn iirovinees. Fresh 
 fillisters are shipped in considerable quantities to 
 the Inited Stales, ami Ciiuned lobsters to all parts 
 of the world, FoUowiiij; are the export figures for 
 1!MI2 and l!10;i :— 
 
 1!I03 1003 
 
 Lobsters exported, 
 (fresh and canned) $2,524,5S!) ?2, 1)89,852 
 
 The other principal salt water fish of Canada 
 are the mackerel, herring and halibut, large quanti- 
 ties of which are annually exported. 
 
 SALMON. 
 The salmon is the undoubted kins of fresh water 
 fish, and Canada possesses many s?!mon streams 
 which are renown^ d for the v.iiendid fish they yield. 
 From a commercial standiioini, however, the home of 
 the salmon fishing industry in Canada is found on the 
 Pacific Coast, where each year enormous quantities 
 are fished and packed. Lp to the year ItlOO Nova 
 Scotia led all the provinces of Canada in fish pro- 
 duction, but owint; to the rapid development of the 
 salmon-fisheries of Kritisti Columbia the latter pro- 
 vince has about caught up t'l Nova Scotia, and 
 before long will doubtless occu, first place. British 
 
KOOII I'ROIIUCTS OK CANADA 
 
 ;i." 
 
 t'oimnliia canned salicmn is now shipped In all purls 
 ot tlic gliibe, as llic Kcncral csiTllcncc (i( Uiis I'ana- 
 dian produit has ii'ceived world-wide reciiKiillion 
 'I'hu values of the Canned Salmon exported froni 
 Canada in ISflll, lllOi; and 1903 were :— 
 Canned Salmon exported ;— 
 
 is!i:i liinj l"o:) 
 
 $2,1117,1X1 $.i,l)l2,"a8 $2,.^K«,liC0 
 White lish, stnrKeon, trout and other Ramc lish, 
 arc also (onnd in great numbers in Canadian rivers 
 and lakes, and are imporlant sources o( wealth for 
 the people. The whilefish is eomparahle to the 
 salmon in the excellence and lirmness of ils flesh, 
 while Canadian trout are noted lor their superb 
 edible ('ualities. In the lakes, trout fishing is 
 legularly carried on as a commercial pursuit, 
 the markets of Canada and the United States 
 heinn supplied with lir(;e quantities of trout 
 duriuK Ihe lisliinp; season. A few years ago the 
 quanlily of trout and whiteflsh exported fresh 
 hy the Ontario fishermen was estiuiaied at 1J,837 
 barrels. 
 
f a 
 
 30 
 
 l''(llll> I'RDIlllTM (IK lANADA 
 
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 ■:0' -ii..-iiiiiL i«i:''ijfl|w<i Jr ■*''>ijB' 
 
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 3 3286 07687623 
 
 FOR 
 
 FULL INFORMATION 
 
 REGARDING 
 
 Free Farms 
 
 ..IN THE 
 
 ,^ '■■"■^r ■■•■■ 
 
 Great 
 
 C a IX a di an 
 
 Wheat Belt 
 
 VbHthe 
 
 'Canadian' Building 
 
 Situated NortH of the 
 Palace of Agriculture 
 
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