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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. t 1 9 1 8 3 4 5 6 '■ r. -N- %■ .^ a; I '■/ r-4 Ajg Jti ,<-s,. t o 4 k\ Concerning the lace TO By J^ft^rDl^ft*wE»' •" • • • H| i « i » * I • • • -»A-t;ifih»/^- ^ ) > I • •••••• •••• t • • ;'* • m iH^ Tf •.■<|jS' .->-«■' MU4 ' P- ^J& iVi Printed in the Ifear ij^iii tte^ and fold by 9*. i?;Mi fttJI I m^r % F \ 1 1 3- * G .K" i» 694^30 \ ♦ • • '• •♦ 1 1 1 • « • • • I • • • < «. « . ' ••• •**«rt* • •• ••f» « «i| • tta at- I 4 9 t*** •••••• • • ,..^0 ■\ ^ ca My LQRT>^ Q U R Lordfhip demands oF me SatisFafti- on in three Points, reFerring to the late u^^ fortunate Expedition to Canada: I. Of what Iniportance the tonqueft oF that Odibi* try would have been to the Crown, and wheth^lp it would have anfwerM the Expence of tbe^reful i^i^rmament that was made againft it. '^ <^t II. Whether the Expedition was well concerted ? And, ' ' - Lalily^ IF the ill Succefs oF it ought whoUy ta be chargM on Nev;- England^ as People here aifc m^de to believe. The firft oF thefe Queftions, as to the Importance of the Conquefty has been difcusM in a j^amphlet Publifh'd within thefe Few Days, but fo iraperfedly, that I have room left 1.0 give your Lordfhip the FoJ^; lowing Account. . ,^, 'v ; ., Canada theplja poor; Country/ kny^Vit'^lf little valuable ; "Its Situation between Forty fe^^enr'and fifty [Degrees of >^9rth .J^atitudct ^nd .it§v b^ing fuBjed ta Winds that bib W&qiiiJvkft'LiW* abbve a ihoufand |i»^ucs werferly'make it extremely cold and barren. The Ice locl^ up the Rivers, and the Snow- cove^5^ I the Grou/id more than halF the Year, in which time I connique^tly verj^ Uttle i^fipei^. or Comijaisrce QiP ga (4) on. Yet this Severity of the Clime would render it m^re fervice^ble to Great Britain^ than if it were mi* der a ten^perate Meridian. For where the Cold is fo extreme, and the Snow lies fo long on the Ground^ Sheep will hardly live, but nevei- thrive fo as to make the Wolien IVf anufadliures pradticable, which is the pfily (hing t^^^ c^^ make a Plantation iinprofitable to |he Crown. \^i>d a3 Qanada (had i( been reduc'd) muft have been furnifh*d from hence with Manufac- tures for ics own Inhabitants, fo it woqld have been a convenient Mart to vend 'em to the numerous and populous Indian Nations round about 'em ; with whom the People of Canada now maintain a great Traffick^ and in Exchange, for their European Commodities, re- 'f:eive theSl^in^ of fevers. Elks, Qtters, Deers, Be^irs, "Foxes, wild Cats, and other Creatures, with which |(ie Woodj^ qf 'i^oxih America abound. This Trade therefore would without doubt have made great Returns of Profit to the Nation, h^d the j Expedition profpcr'd ; and yet I muft tell you' this j y^as not the only, no^ the main thing that mov*d , jler Majefty to enter upon it. F^er Majefty's prin- cipal View, Cas (he was pleas'd to declare in Her Ijloyal Inftru6tions ^p the fcveral Cover nours of the Continent) was to mal^e Her good Subjeds in that Part of the Worfd;eafy-.an^ h^ppy» which they can never be.whilS; *tl^ • ^rAf^jLte * lyiaftei^s Canada. The'Sjt-uStion of thacICpyantry givejst,he; People ^n Oppdrtunity to invaSe'/all the ^rj///i5' *.'tr*l}e3Riv,er:j6fiSt. Lawrenm lies right oppofice' tO' We'ivfdundl'aiid/' s^tid the fren4^\ Settlement is at the Head of it, front! whence it' ftretches along wcfterly on the Back-^e of New-. ^am^Jbi/e, \h^ l^ajjailbufem^ Rhodfljland^ Qonne^ir. # ( 5 ) futj New-Torky Albany^ the Jerfiys, Penfihania^ Maryland^ and Virginia. And as the French are on the back of us, fo the Indians are behind them, who with their united Force often fail on the Englijh^ and may be able in time (if not extirpated) to drive ^m into the Sea. The Ravages which they have continually com- mitted on the Frontiers of New- England^ their fi- ring whole Towns and Villages, their butchering the People in cold Blood, and their unmafily Cruer- des to the Women and Children is too fad, and too long a Story to be here related. I believe your Lordihip never met with any thing like it in Hiftory, unleis you have feen the Account which Bartholotneo de las Cefas Bifhop of Chiapa in New-Spain^ has given the World of the Spanijh Barbarities to the poor Indians ©{ Peru and Mexico, But the' New- England has been the deepeft Sufferer, yet the other Colonics and Fac- tories have been far from efcaping. The Hudfon^s fi/jy Company will tell 'you they have had their full Share. In 1682, one Monfieur de la Cbaney with fome other Merchants of Canada cquip'd feveral Ships of Force, and entered the Com- pany's Fadlory at Port Nelfsn^ burnt their Houfcs, and carried away their Effcfts to the Value of 25000/. In 1684, they made a fecond Invafion, and plundered to the Ati)ount of loooo /. In 168$, Monfieur De Troy came by Land from Canada with a confiderable Force, and took three of the Compa- ny's Fadlories at the Bottom of the Bay, murder'd fome of the People, and inhumanely turn'd the reft to Sea in a rotten B.irk with little Provifion, fo that moftof'em perifh'd. This was in full Peace, but 9 Cfuejty fwc^ u>'4 in ihe fierceft Wa^ And this % coft ^■ I \ CO coft th- Company 50000/. In 1694, Monfieur JV JbervelU from Canada affaulted Tork Fortj^ took '% and carry'd off ^0000 /. And the very laft MoQtk we had News, that the Oovernour of Canada had fent a Farcy of Men to attack the Factory now th^r^^ but were bravely repuls*d. The whole which tli?c Company has fuSered from Canada is fas (hey have reprefented in fevcra,! Memorials to the GcJ^ vernmenc) upwards of Two Hundred Thou&od Pounds. s New Fcundland too has felt many Storm$ ^ronft this Quarter. It was twice invaded from th;nce and deftroy*d about fixteen or twenty Years agQ. And not long fince in the Year 1704, 5,' Mon^eu^ Subercafs, march'd from Placentia at the Head of 600 Men (moft of 'em Canadians) and be(ieg*d For^ William in New Foundland for Eve Weeks \ but Cafv tain Moody who commanded the Fort, did with 45 Men make a brave Defence, and oblige him to rc:- tire ; but the Fort from its bad Situation being no way able to protect the Town of Sf. Jobn% the Jlnemy burnt it as they went off, and the Damage which the Country then fuffer'd was computed to. be upwards of Eighty Thou/and Founds Sterling., About the latter end of the next Year 1705, whea M^'\or Lloyd commanded the Fort, Canada made a fccond AtLempt with Succefs; they took both the Fort and Caftle which with the Town they laid in A flics, and carry'd away the Garrifon Prifpners (or rather Slaves) to Rebeck, The Lofe wh^h New Fcundland fuftain'd by this fecond Misfortune vas computed to be above a hundred, and fifty ihou- jand Pounds Sterlings not reckoning the Fort and Caftle \jfhich were demolilh'd nor 4§ i^eces of Cannon, and (7) great Qt^kies of Ammunition, an^ Stores of War df all foits, whidi the Enemy carry'd off. Nor did this Booty content *em, but they laid the InhabitantJi dnd^r Contribution obliging 'em to pay twenty tiioufand Pounds fot Leave to ftay there : One Har- bour paid 7000 /. in Billis of Exchange the lad Year. So that I may venture to fay the Mpney and Effcds which the ^^rench have had from New-Foundland hav6 amounted to more than the Expence which the King of France is at to maintain his Garrifons in Placentia and Canada. If your Lordihip fhould enquire how it comes tb pafs, that a handful of People f comparatively) fhould have the Forts of NewFoundland^ and Hudfon*s Bay dlus at their Mercy, and be able befides to alarm and diftrefs fo many Colonics on the Continent ; I anfwer, •Tis by AffiftanCe of the Indian Nations, who are blindly bigotted to their Superflitions, and therefore entirely devoted to their Intercft ; which the French daily ftrengthen partly by marrying among Vm, and fo accuftoniinfg themfelves to their wild Manner of Life; but principally by having their Mirfionaries ever with 'cm, who teach 'em among other things that the Virgin Mary was a French Lady, and that her Son the Saviour of the World was crucified by the Englijhy and therefore to deftroy 'em is highly merito- rious: Add then a Zeal for a falfe and bloody Reli- gion to the natural Fiercenefsof the Savages, and- what Wickcdnefs is fo big which they won't grafp, or Vio- lence fo ^f^n/ which they won't commit? And they have one infuperable Advantage of their fide as they live in a vaft Wildernefs, and are therefore themfelves inacceCnble, but can fall upon the Englifii Towns Whenever they pleafc, For which reafon there's no . ; """ "~ " dif. ( 8 ) '**«>., difartning them but by extirpating tht Frencbi wh6 both fupply *em with Arms and Ammunition, and pay 'em for all the Mifchief they do. Thus, My LORD, You fee what a rcftlefs Und fatal Enemy Canada is to North America % what Mur^ ders and Depredations (he commits on her qu^ec Neighbours as well in Peace as in War. We hop'd the time was now come when we were to have made Reprifals 9 but Heaven has thought fit to dif« appoint us, and we muft be refign*d. However Tm fure it was worthy of Her Majefty*s Juftice & Good-> nefs to do Her part to difperfe this Band of Robbers^ and to reduce' a Place which has been the Source of fo many Evils to Her good American Subjeds. For my part I'm both forry and afham'd to hear fome People leffen the Delign, nay treat it with open Contempt by faying, it was of no moment in tbi World ; & that feeing fo many Men have been loft^ ^ fi much Money fpent about it^ tbey^ope fome body will be made to pay the Reckoning. Thefe Gentlemen muft excufe mcy if I fay thefe rafh and intemperate Words proceed partly from their Ignorance, but perhaps chleHy from a fettled Refolution not to like any thing the prefent Miniftry does. Tho* they might know fif they pleased) that the Late Miniftry came as heartily into it as thisy and that in their Admini«- ftration a Fleet under Vice- Admiral Baker^ with Troops on board commanded by My Lord Shannon^ bound on this Enterprize, lay fome Months at Portf- mouthy and had proceeded on it, if the Wind had fa-* vour'd before the Seafon was too far advanced* But as then the Tories reprbach'd it for being the Pro- jection of that Miniftry, fo the other fide for a €on«» trary R^afon do advifisdly exclaim agaioft it now. (9^ t^In fum then to the firft Queftten ; 0/" wJ^f Importance would the Conqueft of Canada he to the Crown} 1 demand of Your Lordfhip, Would the annexiog a large Country, extending above a thou- fand Leagues towards the Mijfafippi^ and the Con- fequence of this, namely a vaft Fur Trade, and an Exportation of our Wollen Manufadures, and other European Commodities for the Supply of all that Territory and the adjacent Indians^ would this be of any Importance ? Or would the Security of the Faftories of Hudfotfs Bay^ and Eleven flourifhing Britilh Colonies on 4he Continent, be of any mo- ment? Or Laftly, Is New^Foundland and the Fifliery worth keeping, which gains out of the Sea fuch immenfe Riches, is fo great a Nurfery for Sailors*, employs fo many Ships, and makes large Returnis home by Spain^ Portugal^ and the Straits in Pieces of Eight, and Bills of Exchange ; I fay, is this Fifhery (which the Prefent Lord Treafurer in one of his laft Speeches in the Houfe of Commbns, caird the Silver-Mine) worth preferving ? Why then truly if any one of thefe Articles be of Value, it cannot be deny'd that the Expedition waF. well grounded. But now if each of thefe Points be of high Concern, and the Redu6tion of Canada would anfwer and fecur(; 'em all, then it muft be own'd to be a truly Great and Noble Deiign. ^ The next thing Your Lordfhip defires Satisfaftlon In, is. Whether the Expedition was well concerted. To which I doobc not to anfwer, It was. The Troops employ*d in this Service were good, and for Num- ber more than enough, which was certainly a right '■■ B " jneafurc. ttieafure. For it's good to be always fure, efpecially in Affairs, where if we fail once we may never have an Opportunity to make a fecond Attempts Befidcs a little Superiority is neceffiry in cafe of Accidents^ CO which no Remedy can be apply'd at fo great a Diilance, as the Scene of this Adion was to be. And as there was a fuperiour Land-Force, fo there ^9er^ 14 brave Men of War, a fine Train of Artillery, {and all Stores of War in fuch a Quantity^ that fo well appointed a Fleet and Army was never before feen in that part of the World, and probably never will again. Then they were difpatch'd early^ and Colonel Nicbolfon fent before to get every thing ready ; for altho' (as I Ihall afterwrrds obfcrve) they might have gone up the River of St. Lawrence in September^ yet it*s good to take Time by the Foretop, and to be rather too early than too late. In the next place. Colonel Nicbolfon^s marching by Land with a good Body of Englijfh and Indians to attack Mont Real^ and thereby make a confiderable Diverfion was well laid. And all this carried on with that Secrecy, that even the Lords of the Admiralty who appointed the Fleet did not know the Service for which it was defign'd. But the wifeft Miniftry can't prcfage Events, nor provide againft all Cafualties and Emer- gencies which often blafl the faired Enterprises, and have adlually defeated this, from which we expect- ed to reap fo much Glory and Advantage. Which introduces the lall Article, viz* Whether the unfortunate Mifiarriage af this E9(» f edition is to be imputed to tht Governmwi and Pe(h fl< o/New-tngland? I am not Ignorant, My LORD, of what is given out, that after New-England had made earned an^ repeated Applications to the Throne for this Ex- pedition, and Her Majefty had gracioudy come in- to it, at a time too when fhe had the mofl: prefHng Occalions for Her Men and Money in Flanders^ SpaWt and Portugal^ that yet notwithftanding the Country did every- thing in their Power to defeat the Succefs of ifi and that the Misfortune is to he wholly^ attributedih the barbarous treatment of the Northertt Coloniej^ Nor am I unacquainted with the fevere Menaces .which fome People ufe againft 'em on this O/Ccafion, which yet I'll allow are juft, and O'jght to be ftriftly executed, if this Charge or any part of it bfi true. But let us confkier this Matter foberlyv I have often heard it faid, ^hat Men may lie, hut htereji will not. And if I know any thing of Man- kind, this is a Rule that never fails. Now that the Reduftion of Canada is of the laft Confequence t& New-England can't be doubted from what has been already faid* unlefs one can believe, that the People there don'c like to live in Peace and Security as well as the reft of the World. I am fure it has been the Cry of the whole Country ever fince Ca* nada was deliver'd up to the French, Canada ejl de- hnda. They .always look'd •qpon-it as a Carthage- to the Northern Colonies, which i't'.they did not deftroy^ WOQld in tinw d-eftroy then>.*" • ,•. Of this ihcy' wtre lb .aipiSrehenfi^e In the Year 1690, that fhcy tame unanMnoudy into a great ancj ^xpenfive Undertaking againft it undeti the Command q[ Six Williatn* Phil's, But iaiwting with an unac- t iB, 2 • countable countable Train oF Difappointments, returned with- out doing any thing. This Enterprize cofl: the fmgle Province of the Maffachufetts about fil^cy thou- fand Pounds, which together with the Lofs of Abun«r dance of their young chofen Men by a malignant Fever that reign'd in the Camp, and fevcral DiSfters that happen'd in their way home, gave that Pro- vince fo deep a Wound, that it did not recover it fclfinmany Years after. ; However ^bout fivt Years ago, obferving thei^ "Prencb Neighbours to encreafe and grow more and more formidable every Day, they refolvcd to make •em another Vifit ; but not thinking themfclves (Vrong enough to deal vrxth Canada^ they were content to make only an Attempt on Port Royal, which was accordingly done, but mod unhappily mifcarry'd. Yet far from being difliearten'd by thefc Misfor- tunes, when Htr Majefty about three Years after, fignified her gracious Intentions to reduce Canada^ and dtfir'd *em to get ready their Quota, it can't be cxprefs'd with what Chearfulnefs they came into it : They rais*d their Men immediately, cloath'd *cm handfomely, and difciplin'd *em for the Service, and liad laid up Magazines of Provifion both for their own and the Queen's Troops then fhortly expedlcd : And though the* Court altering their Meafurcs did not proceed tn (lie Derign,.yct the Colonics, and par- ticularly NeiJD' England, were at near the fame Charge as it they had. Well; the ^ next Ytiar'thcy rais*d a Body of Troops again, which commanded by CoK Jt^icholfon, and join'd by 500 Auxiliaries from hence, ;iiade another Attack on ForhRoyal^ and carried ir. as every Body knows. Thus that poor Country, ex- haufted hy many expenfive Ji^ -i fall but one; friiitlefs Enterprizes, befidcs the Opp :fion of a twenty Years Frenicb 9ind Indian War that has lain heavy upon •em, yet did this Summer paft furnifh more than the Quota affign'd 'cm for this laft fatal Expedition, and advanced at the fame Time a great Sum for Her Majefty's Forces, which it is not doubted the Juftice of the Government will order foon to be paid, or elfc the People there arc utterly ruin'd. < I ihall only add one Thing more, that over and above thefe extraordinary Articles, the ftanding year- ly Charge of the Province of the MaJfachu^ttSy to maintaia their Barrier againfl: the Enemy, is thirty thou/and Pounds Communibus Annis^ which they would be eas'd of if Canada were taken. And now, after all this to fuggeft, that the Coun- try was not in good earncft to promote the Expedi- tion, but obftrudted it all they could, mud appear to every Body as abfurd as falfe. But they tell you, ^he Bofton Merchants found their Account in a clande- ftine Trade with the French, and nofVonder if they would not have the Seat of their Commerce broke up. And thus the great Secret is out, and the true Reafon fas you are to believe) why the Wheels mov'd fo hea- vily. Well! Suppofe this to be Fadl, what's this to the General Aflembly, who had the Conduft of the Expedition ? Would they (do you think) forfeit their Honour with Her Majefty, and betray their dear native Land, only to gratify a few fmuggling Traders ? But the beft on't is, there's no Truth in this Allegation; The Bojion Merchants have more Ho- ! Cm) Honour and Confcience apd Love to their Coqntryv (whatever fome People may fay of 'em tiere, judging them I fuppofe, by themfelves) than to engage in fo criminal a Commerce. Indeed fome Years ago, there were three Merchants at Boflon (nei- ther of *<;m of Engli/h Extradbion, nor Natives of the Place, and two ol 'em very new ComcrsJ who were detefl-ed in a private Trade with fome of the French Indians^ which the General Affembly of the Province refented fo highly, as not to fufFer 'em to be try'd by the ordinary Courts of Juftice, but fat themfelves in Judicature, and after a full hearing of the Delinquents, found 'em guilty, and laid on ^m fuch heavy Fines^ as they chofe rather to lie in Prifon than pay, till by Application here [London] they got the Sentence re- V€rfcd. But the Gentlemen that accufe the Colonies come to Particulars, and alledge. That when the Troops arriv'd, there were no Provifwns j^ot togethers ^o^ ^ny thing in a Readinefs^ though Colonel Nicholfon was difpatch*d long before for that Purpofe, To which I anfwer. It is true, Colonel Nicholfon was (elit away "fearly, but lying Wind bound two Months in the Weft, and meeting with a long PaiTage, he arriv'd but a Fortnight before the Fleet ; fo that little could be done in fo (hort a Time. Efpecially if you con- fider that Bojlofi is fupplyed with Provifion from the neighbouring Colonies, and Ibme Time at leaft is re- quired to get it thence. To this I may add, that the conftant Demands of the Garrifon at Annapolis Royal, and the furnifhing feveral of the Queen's Ships that had occafionally put in there from Europe and the IVefl Indies, a little, before, bad. cxhaufted Ac GoontryV However all that could be done, was done^ The Government feiz'd. all Veffels out- ward and inward bound that had Provifions on board, and appointed feveral Perfons to make dili- gent Search for all Species of Provifions that could be found in any part of the Country, and to fecure »em for the Service. Whilft at the fame lime thfe Bofti>n Gentlemen came generoufly into an Agree- ment among ihemfelves to live on their own Salt Meat in their Houles, left there fhould not be fufH- cient frefli Provifions for the Forces during their Stay there.- With this Care the Fleet and Army were well provided, arid ready to fail in lefs than five Weeks. But they fay, this was too late^ and there was no going up the River^ and Jo the Ex* pedition was loft. Admitting this to be true, yet 'tis plain it could not be help'd. But I mud on the contrary with all Submifllon aver that /iuguft and September are two very good Months for the Navi- gation of that River. For firft, every body does or may know that the Store-lhips from France which go there every Year, and are very large Ships always take that time, and I think this is one pretty good Argument. In the next place Sir William Phips in his Expedition did noc enter the River till the 14th of September^ and it was the beginning of the next Month before the Wind blew fair at Eaft to carry him up. H^tlly but when they were in the River^ they were eblig^d to come away Jor fear the Colonies Jhould not fend 'em a further Supply ^ in which cafe the Fleet mujb have Jlarv*d. I only wilh for the Good of the CroWA ABd the PUncationS) that they had made the Expe* ■n y II' K I C x6 ) Experiment. For the Event proves that thefe F^ari were groundlefs. The Province Galley fail'd from Bofton the third of September for Canada with Pmvi- fions, and fo did the Feverjham Man of War with three Tranfports from New-Tork the i8th of the fame Month ; and (Pm told) that a Veffel with eleven hundred Barrels of Prize Pork was going to 'em from Newfoundland at the fame time, fo that they could not have wanted ; befides the ten Weeks Provifion they had on board would have kept 'em there longer than was neceffary to have reduc'd the Place, and have brought 'em back to Europe or Bofton, The next Charge is, That as foon as the Eeet ar- rived, the People there debauched their Men from the Service, and concealed *em in their Houfes, That Sea- men and Soldiers will defert whenever they have Op- portunity, is no new Thing, and that there fhould be found in all Countries fome few ill People to en- courage and harbour 'em, is as little (Irange. The Queftion therefore is. How the Affembly of the Province then fitting behav'd themfelves on this Oc- cafion. Why as foon as they were informed that fuch things were done, they immediately pafs'd an Adi wherein a fpecial Court was erefted to try all Offenders of that kind; and a Penalty of fifty Pounds or a Twelve- months Imprifonmcnt without Bail or Mainprize injoin'd for the Offence. And for the fpeedier Difpatch, the Sheriff was impower'd to return the Jury, ( a thing never before done in that Province ) and all Officers required to enter any Houfes by Force where Soldiers or Sailors wcrefufpe&cd to be conceal'd, To impute a Thing . ' * ' Chen 17 tfien to the Country in general, which they tooK Cfaefe extraordinary Methods to prevent, is not onff untrue but highly diiingenuous. The lad Accufation againd Netv-Ettgldftd is, nat they provided the Fleet with ignorant Pilots. In Ajtifwer to which it is fufiicient to fay, that they were the ableft and moft experienced Men the Country had, and having been often in the River of St, Lawrence could not but l^now it psCrticularly well. To what then, or to whom the Difafter that happened there is to be attributed I don*c pre* tend to determine, but hope I have made it plain that the Government and Feople of New-England are entirely innocent, and have in every refpeddone their Duty. I am Aire the People there thought fo, as appe^ri by the Letters from thence, dated when the Fieec was ready to fail for Canada^ fince which we have received no Advices. The GoVernouf of the Maf-' facbufetts writes to the Agent of that Colony at London thus : " The Fleet is now upon failing, and the Expedition has proceeded well, we having in all things gone beyond the CJuota Her Majefty afTignM us. The Secretary of the Province thus : The Expedition ( of the lad Importance to thefe *' Plantations ) has been brought forward beyond " what could have reafonably been es^pedted, the ^* Supplies demanded being (o large. The Govern* ** ment have exerted their utmof^ Powers to encou- rage it with all manner of Intention and Appli- cation* and I hope the General and Admiral will ** fo Tcprcfcnt it in their Favour, Another Pcrfon - C of cc CI i ^ b .1 Pi <( «i 6F Note writes from 5^(?>if in thefe Words: " Ne- ver any People fell into arty matter with greater Akcrity and Application than thefe Colonies did ?' inW this, nor made a braver Difpatch^ They ** heartily and inftantly cpmply*d with all Her Ma« «* jefty's Direftions, and perform'd even mpr^ ihani f fhe demanded. Methinks this Confcioufnefs of their well-doing without Fear or Thought of being blam'd has the f^ace of Innocence, Guilt being ever timerous and JTufpicious. But I forbear any further Remarks, having already ( as I flattcc my felfj given your Xord£hip full Satisfadtipn, , ,^- .^ I can*t difmifs the Subje£l; till I have exprefs'd sny Hopes that Canada^ which we mifs'd gaining in War, will be reftor'd to us at the Peace now in Agi^ tation. And that Annapolis Royal^ which we have recover'd, will with the whole Country of Nova Scotia as far Eaftward as the Illand of St. Paul for ever remain to the Crown of Great- Britain, They originally belonged to it in Fa5t^ and do of Right now. All that Country on both Sides of the Ri- ver of St Lawrance was feiz'd for the Crown about the Clofe of the fifteenth Century by Sir Sehaftian Cabot^ Grand Pilot to Henry the Seventh, and by him fent to find out fuch Parts of North America as were left undifcover'd by Columbus, The French pretend indeed to a Difcovery of it by John Ver^ razna a Florentine under Francis the firft of France j but this was in 1606, which being of a later Date could give the French King no Right to it. King James the Firft therefore kaowing his Title to be (( ^9 ) good, did in 1 62 1 ho J>e a Grant of this Country to Sir fFilliam Alexander (afterwards Earl of Sterling) who fettled a Colony there by the Nan^e of I^ova Scotiay znd held pofleflion of it feveral Years. Yet upon the Marriage of King Charles the Firft with the Lady Henrietta Maria, it was by Order of the King given up to iht French. In 1627 and 28 we got it again, and the North- fide of the Ri- ver call'd Canada was given to Sir David Kirk^ who was both Proprietor and Governour 5 and the South-fide (call*d by the French Accadia) fell a- gain into the Hands of Sir William Alexander, In 1632 it was given away again; though the King (when he found the French had poffefs'd them- felves of t|ie whole Country ) declar*d publickly that he had given away only the Forts, and not the Soil, and therefore attempted to recover it agaiii but faird. Befides the King of France oblig'd him- felf to pay in lieu of the Forts five thoufand Pounds (to Sir David Kirk^ which he never did, but his Fa- mily was ruin'd. Cromwell weighing the Premifes ittiiCo\, Sedgwick in 1654 and retook it, and when he made Peace with France the following Year, tho' their Ambaffador made prefiing Inftances for the Reftitution of it, yet he would not part with ir, infilling that it was the ancient Inheritance of the Crown of England^ and did of Right belong fo it. Where- upon Monfieur St, Edienne Son and Heir to Monfieur Claude de la ^our a French Refugee, who bought Nova Scotia of the Earl of Sterlings came over into England^ and making out his Title, had it delivered to him, and then fold it to Sir ^homa^ Temple^ who was Governour of it till the Re- ftoration \ foon after which King Charks deliver'd it up % i II !i > [I SI Jsp again to the French and Canada with it, where they both refted to the unfpeakable Lofs and Detri- ment^ of the Crown and the Plantations, till Col. Ntcholfon lately recovered the former. From hence it's evident, that both Canada and T^ova Scotia were the ancient Inheritance of this Crown. The only Queftion is. Whether the King^ of England had Power to alienate thefe Countries, which being incorporated into the Crown were] Farts of the Common- wealth, and defcended to| them from their Anceftors? The Civilians and all that have wrote of the Law of Nations aftablilh it as a Rule, Non alienandas ejfe Imperii partes^ They exprefly fay, 7)5w/ a Prince can no more alie^l nate any Part of bis Dominion, than the People may\ renounce their Obedience, Thus * Baldwin^ Molina^ Bodin^ Matw0us Parijienjis^ Gretius and PuffendorfJ as may be Heea in the Margin, And ^ Domini am Rex remittere Se abdicare non poteft, quia ifta cflet expropriatio, quae a fupremo Principe fieri non poteft. SaUtv. in prtelud. ffiud. (9lum. 8. virtic. exftdita. Mtlin, Tom, \ 1. p, 1 1 70. nu 99. Prsdia regalia ^ publica nuUo modo abali* enari poflfunt ut fit in civitatibus ^rmamentum aliquod ^ velutil lundamentum quo publica res nitatur. Qaamobrem hujus regni Principes cam prxdia publica privatorum ^audibus obfeiTa revo- cant, iilud obtellantur fe juratos ineunte imperio publica prsedia nunquam diftrahi pafTuros. Atque haec quidci^ r^bus {cepe judii* f atis confirmata fuere, nee tantum noftris fed ctiam Hifpanoruiq, Anglorum, Polonorum, ^ Hungarorum (egibus ac inftitutis. ^•d. di republica. Edit. Prancafurt. p. 1 000. 7. c. 2. Vide Mmtb.] Tarif.p. 306, 308. Grot, di Jure BtHi ^ Pads, I. 2. c. 5. iw tigrMm caput. Vuff. dt Ltgt Natur, i^ Gtutiumt i. 3. f. 5, Sir\ Kober; CouonV Pnf. i. R, ?. n. 4^. i, If. 4. «. 190. $. If, 4. «• 29, 52. I. H. 5, (, 9. «8. H, 6, ». 54. With manf §titr Portia* ( " ) y And Tor our own liaws. Sir Robert Cotton in his Preface to the Abridgment of the Rolls in the tower obierves, That our Parliaments have at all Times been careful to refume Lands aliened from the Crown, which they condemned as an undue Pradtice, and there- fore re- united them. If then it was wrong to difpofe of Lands that were the Patrimony of the Crown, how much more fo muft it be to give away the Subje6ts Property, and to alienate part of the Empire to a fo- reign Power ? If the former were to be inviolable, then the latter a fortiori muft be facred and inalienable. If it be pleaded that thefe Countries came to the Crown by Acquifition, and therefore may be difposM of at Pleafure, I reply, that they were not acquir'd by Charlei the Firft and Second, but came to 'em both by Hereditary Defcentj and further, that if Acquifi- tion gives a Right of Alienation, then it is within the Prerogative to give or fell Ireland and all the Plan<* tations to any Potentate in Europe^ which I believe no Lawyer in Great Britain will give under his Hand for Law. V Our Tide appears equal on both Sides of the River of St. Lawrence^ that is, Canada on the North*, and Nova Scotia or (as the French call it^ Accadta on the South. But 1 muft beg leave to fay, that in point of Intereft the latter is of more Confcquence to the Crown than the former. For when that is in the French Hands, it's a Bridle to the Eaftern Parts of New-England^ where the tall Pines grow, which are yearly brought home in the Maft fleet; and indeed where there is fuch a vaft Quantity of Naval Scores of all forts, as is not to be found in any i;| any part oF the World. I conceive therefore that feeing Naval Stores are growing fcarce and valu-* able all over Europe^ and the Strength and Glorjr of our Nation depends upon 'em, and yet we are at the Pleafure of the Rufs and the Swede whether we fhall have 'em or no, and that at their own ex* ceilive Prices; furely we fhould take Care to fe-t cure what we have in America as an eneftimable Treafure, Befidts if. we (hould leave this Country to the French^ we (hall be defeated of our Ends in turning *em out of Newfoundland. For they'll find here as good a Fifhery as they left tbere^ and infinite- ly better Harbours, and confequendy will ilill bc able to bring their Fifh to Europe and damp ouf Markets as formerly ; and we (hall have one fat4 Difadvantage more by the Bargain, in that wc remove 'em from an Ifland to the Continent, where they have more room to fpread and encreafe to the Terror of Her Majefty's Subjedts. In one word then, if we give up this Place, our Naval Stores are gone, our Fifhery is extremely hurt, and we lofe the only Opportunity which we may pro- bably ever have to eftablifh the Peace and Securi- ty of all the flourifhing Colonies on the Continent ; which 1 hope Her Majefty and Her Miniltry will in their Wifdom confider. Thus, My LORD, I have anfwer'd the three Qaeftions relating to the unhappy Expedition to Canada ; which I've done as well in Obedience to your Lord (hip's Confjmands, as for other weighty Obligations that mak,g it my Duty, " -i C*3) • I conclude with afiuring yoar Lordfhip, 'Ho^ I am wilh the higheft' Refpeft, Hy lord. ^jtour Lordjhifs Devoted Humhle Servant^ Jcr. Pummer.