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 1 
 
 2 
 
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 1 
 
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4 
 
 APPLETONS' 
 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT 
 
 COMPAJ^ION. 
 
 BEING A 
 
 ®rat)ellcrs' ©uibc 
 
 THROCGH THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 CANADA, NEW HRINSWICK, AND NOVA ^^COTIA. 
 
 VVnil MAPS OF THK COUNTRY TIlROrCII WHICH TFIE KOUTKS PASS, 
 IN THE NORTHERN, MII)J)LE, AND EASl'ERN STATES. 
 
 Foniiing, likewise, a Complete Guide to the White Mountains, Catskill 
 
 Mduntains, &o., Niagara Falls, Trenton Falls, «.Vc., Saratoga Spring!), 
 
 Virginia Springs, and other watering-places ; with the places 
 
 of fashionable and healtlifui resort ; and containing full 
 
 and accurate descriptions of the principal cities, 
 
 towns, and villages, the natural and arlificial 
 
 curiosities in the vicinity of the routes, 
 
 with distances, fares, «Scc. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY 30 MAPS, ENGRAVED ON STEEL, 
 
 INCLUDING FOUR PLANS OF CITIKS, AND 
 
 EMBELLISHED WITK TWENTY-SIX EXOUAVINaS. 
 
 By AV. WILLIAMS 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 D. APPLETON &- COMPANY, 200 BROADWAY. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 GEO. S. APFLETON, 148 CIIESNUT-STREET. 
 
 M DCCC XLVIII. 
 
M 
 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year lfe48, 
 
 Uy W. WILLIAMS, 
 
 In the Clerk's OfTicc of the District Court of the Soutliern District of 
 
 ISew York. 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 The author claims the phin, &c. of the present work as his own ; a.id 
 having been at great expense and trouble, and devoted much time to i'£ 
 production, he therefore respectfully cautions others interested in, ( r 
 getting up, snuilar works, not to infringe upon his copyright. 
 
 
 V I 
 
 
TO THE TRAVELLING PUBLIC. 
 
 The want of a Guide such as the one here presented to 
 tlie Travelling Public, has been so long felt and so generally 
 acknowledged, that an apology for the present work would 
 be an impeachment of the judgment of the intelligent Tourist. 
 
 This work, although more particularly designed for the use 
 of travellers, will be found of great service to the public gen- 
 erally, — especially to those directly interested in the prose- 
 cution of works of internal improvement, or who may con- 
 template becoming so. Investments in railroad stock are the 
 safest and most profitable in the country. Such is the char- 
 acter of the country, so rapidly is it increasing in population, 
 and so greatly is its production yearly augmented, that the 
 keen eye of American enterprise seldom fails in making a 
 judicious selection of a route. For another class, our work 
 will have a higher interest than that derived from the calcu- 
 lations of pecuniary advantage. The eye of patriotism will 
 here see portrayed those mighty w'orks, whether completed 
 or in progress, that are bringing the most distant parts of the 
 Union into neighborhood ; and which, by blending into one 
 the interests of the East and the West, the North and the 
 South, are creating an additional guarantee for the repose 
 and permanence of our great confederacy. 
 
 In the preparation of this book, the old plan of filling the 
 pages with Tables of Routes, which, from their complexity, 
 it is difficult to trace or to understand, has been discarded ; 
 and instead of a General Map only, which, from the smallness 
 of the scale on which it is graduated, is of very little practical 
 use in a railroad car — and which, from its size, and the ne- 
 cessity of its being opened and re-opened, folded and re- 
 
TO THE TRAVELLING PUBLIC. 
 
 
 folded, is extremely inconvenient in a crowded conveyance, 
 a.s well as an annoyance to its possessor and his fellow-pas- 
 sengers — for the present work, maps of the several routes 
 have been engraved; and where it is a long one, the route 
 has been continued on another map, in such a way as to be 
 <jasily understood — thereby obtaining a much larger scale for it. 
 
 The distances (instead of being placed as formerly between 
 each town, thereby giving the Traveller the continual trou- 
 ble of reckoning up) have been carried on in regular order, 
 from the starting-place — an arrangement that will bo found 
 far more convenient than the old one. 
 
 The " Tours" commence at Boston, not only because that 
 city is the centre of a great railroad system, but also because 
 it is the most convenient for the plan we have adopted. 
 
 With this book in his hand, the Traveller, as he proceeds 
 on his journey in the railroad car, or glides along in the swift 
 and graceful steamboat, can open to the route he is going, 
 and follow it through without trouble or inconvenience. The 
 descriptive matter which follows the maps, will enable him 
 to form a pretty accurate conception of the places through 
 or by which he is so rapidly passing ; and when arrived in a 
 large city, he has but to refer to the text under the name of 
 the place, to find all the requisite information respecting ho- 
 tels, &c., and the charges for boarding — places of amuse- 
 ment — interesting localities in the vicinity, &c., &c. 
 
 The materials for this publication have been drawn from 
 the latest and most authentic sources. A large portion of 
 the work is the result of actual observation, and a corre- 
 spondence with individuals connected with the routes ; for 
 numerous facts we are indebted to friends resident in many 
 of the sections described ; and for a portion of the matter on 
 European railways, in the " Origin and Progress of Rail- 
 roads," we are indebted to that valuable work, the " Mer- 
 chants' Magazine." 
 
 The maps, which are engraved on steel, will be found clear 
 and distinct, a feature that will much enhance their value ; 
 
 i". 
 
LIST OF MAPS. 
 
 iveyance, 
 llovv-pas- 
 'il routes 
 iic route 
 as to be 
 ale for it. 
 between 
 iial trou- 
 ar order, 
 be fouikl 
 
 iiise that 
 I because 
 ;ed. 
 
 proceeds 
 
 the swift 
 
 is goin^, 
 
 ce. The 
 
 able him 
 
 through 
 
 ived in a 
 
 name of 
 
 iting ho- 
 
 amuse- 
 
 vn from 
 )rtion of 
 a corre- 
 tes ; for 
 in many 
 attor on 
 of Rail" 
 " Mer- 
 
 nd clear 
 value ; 
 
 I 
 
 and the introduciidii of rl/y maps (a thing entirely new in 
 works of this descrij)tion) will, wc trust, be duly apnreciated 
 both by riliz(Uis and f^trangors. The rmbelli^hments have 
 been engraved by the best artists, from appropriate di^signs, 
 many of wliich were taken expressly for this publication. 
 
 Having stated some of the original and more prominent 
 ffnitures of the work, we siibmit it with conlidence to the 
 judgment of that class for whom it is more especially de- 
 signed. We have withluld neither labor nor expense in our 
 eftbrts to make it worthy of public patronage : and we pledge 
 ourselves to keep it up to its present standard of usefulness 
 by thorough periodical revisions. 
 
 ^^ Railroad ami Steamboat Companies are requested to forward us 
 tlie latest information relative to their respective lines, which shall be 
 attended to in our corrected editions. Residents of the places described 
 in this volume, and travellers als^o, who may suggest any corrections or 
 additions, the result of personal observations, and written down, not 
 from memory, but on the spot, will confer a great obligation by ad- 
 dressing us, under cover to the publishers, and thus serve to render this 
 volume at all times a faultless guide to the travelling public. 
 
 LIST OF MAPS CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME. 
 
 Page 
 No. 1— Cities of New York and Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Jerti.'^ 
 
 City, and Hoboken, 1 
 
 No. 2— County Map of the Southern New England states, showing 
 the railroads, and their connection with the cities of New 
 
 York, Boston, and Albany, &c 12 
 
 No. 3— Plan of Boston, with parts of East and South Boston ; also 
 
 portions of Charlestown, Cambridge, &c 27 
 
 No. 4— Great Travelling Routes north of Boston, &c., &c 41 
 
 No. 5— Routes to the White Mountains and Winnipiseogee Lake ; 
 
 showing also the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, &.c. 5^ 
 
 No. 6— Boston and Fitchburg, and Worcester routes, &c 68 
 
 No. 7— Western Railroad to Springfield, &c 69 
 
 No. 8— Western Railroad to Albany, and a portion of the Housa- 
 tonic Railroad ; with the Connecticut River and the Hud- 
 son and Berkshire railroads 77 
 
 -■f-l 
 

 A 
 
 LIST OF iMAPS. 
 
 Pagt 
 
 No. 9— This map shows the rnilroads diverging from Concord, N. II., 
 
 with the Cheshire and SuUivan railroads, and a portion of 
 the Ruthmd Railroad ; also the Vermont and Massachu- 
 setts Railroad, &c., &c 85 
 
 No. 10— Lake Champlain, and railroads from Connecticut river 
 to Montreal ,• the Vermont Central, and the Connecticut 
 and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, &c 90 
 
 No. 11— Fall River, and Taunton and New Bedford railroads, &c. . 94 
 
 No. 12— Old Colony Railroad, and a portion of the Fall River route 
 
 from Boston, &.c 05 
 
 No. 13— New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield Railroad ; also the 
 
 Canal Railroad, and part of the llousatonic Railroad .... 102 
 
 No. 14— Providence and Stonington railroads, Norwich and Wor- 
 cester, &c. 103 
 
 No. 15— Long Island, Long Island Railroad, Long Island Sound, 
 
 and New York and New Haven Railroad, &:c 140 
 
 No. 16— New York and Erie Railroad from the Hudson to the Dela- 
 ware river 140 
 
 No. 17— New York and Erie Railroad to Binghamton, &.c. ; Ithaca 
 
 and Owego Railroad, &c. 146 
 
 No. 18 — Hudson River Railroad ; Harlem Railroad ; and the New 
 
 York and Erie from New York to Otisville, &c 152 
 
 No. 19— Routes to Saratoga Springs, and a portion of the routes to 
 
 Buffalo, &c 190 
 
 No. 20— Continuation of routes from Albany to Buffalo, &c 191 
 
 No. 21— Erie Canal and Railroad from Syracuse to Rochester, and 
 
 Railroad and Canal from Syracuse to Oswego 200 
 
 No. 22— Routes from Rochester to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, &c. . 201 
 
 No. 23— Great Travelling Routes between N. York and Philadel- 
 phia, with other routes in New Jersey ; also the railroads 
 diverging from Philadelphia 221 
 
 No. 24— Plan of the City of Philadelphia 230 
 
 No. 25— Continuation of routes from Philadelphia to Baltimore 
 and Washington, and to Harrisburg, &c. ; also the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Railroad 248 
 
 No. 26— Plan of Baltimore 263 
 
 No. 27 — Termination of routes from Philadelphia and Baltimore to 
 
 Pittsburg and Wheeling ; also to the Virginia Springs, &c. 284 
 
 No 28— Map of the Eastern and Middle States, &c., and the Brit- 
 ish Provinces, showing the connection of the routes ... . 313 
 
 No. 29— Falls of Niagara 313 
 
 No. 30— Land and Water routes from Cleveland to Detroit and 
 
 Chicago 31.1 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Acton 71 
 
 Altiaiiy 163 
 
 Alliaiiy (rouu-s from) 1('5 
 
 Allmiiy to Boston 165 
 
 Alliiiny to Kuliulo anil Nnigura Falls. ... 165 
 
 AIIiqm'v to New York 165 
 
 Alliniiy anil Schenectaily Rnilroad 191 
 
 AlOany and Troy to Ballaton Spa and 
 
 Surato;ra Sprinys 166 
 
 Albany and Troy to Hnlfulo aiut Niagara 
 
 Falls 190 
 
 Albany and Troy to Montreal and Que- 
 bec 176 
 
 Alleghany City 259 
 
 Allcg-hany Poruige Railroad 2h6 
 
 A lien town 247 
 
 Amlierst 8-1 
 
 AmherBi College 84 
 
 Amsterdam 19S 
 
 Andalusia 228 
 
 Andover 47 
 
 Anthony's Nose l.^S 
 
 Apponaug 105 
 
 Ashiabula, 298 
 
 Astorui 13.^ 
 
 Athol P8 
 
 Atlantic Dock 139 
 
 Atlantic and St. Lawrencfi Railroad. ... 60 
 
 Attica and Burtalo Railroad 207 
 
 Auburn 200 
 
 Auburn Stale Prison 201 
 
 Auburn and Rochester Railroad 201 
 
 Auburn and Syracuse Railroad 200 
 
 Augusta 61 
 
 Avon Springs 206 
 
 Baltimore (city) 263 
 
 Benevolent Institutions 268 
 
 Churches 265 
 
 Hackney-coach fare 271 
 
 Hotels 271 
 
 Literary and Scientific Ins.... 267 
 
 Miscellaneous objects of in- 
 terest 269 
 
 Monuments 261 
 
 Places of amusement 269 
 
 Public Buildings 265 
 
 Baltimore (routes from) 272 
 
 Baltimore to Annapolis 273 
 
 Baltimore to Charleston and intermediate 
 
 places 290 
 
 Baltimore to Columbia 272 
 
 Baltimore to Cumberland 273 
 
 Baltimore to Frederick, Harper's Ferry, 
 
 Winchester, and Cumberland 882 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 281 
 
 Pa (re 
 Baltimore to Pitt iihurg' and Wheeling. . . 284 
 
 Baltimore to the Virginia Springs 273 
 
 Baltimore to Washington 273 
 
 Ballston Spa 168 
 
 Bangor ti2 
 
 Barnegat 159 
 
 Bath fi4 
 
 Belfant »)5 
 
 Bellows Falls 88 
 
 Belvidere 223 
 
 Bethlehem 247 
 
 Beverly 42 
 
 Birmingham 269 
 
 Hirmingham, Vt IbO 
 
 Bloody Brook Village 84 
 
 Bloomingdale 134 
 
 Bordantown 230 
 
 Buscawen 86 
 
 Boston (city) 27 
 
 Banks Sfi 
 
 Briilgcs 28 
 
 Churches 32 
 
 Common 29 
 
 (East) 29 
 
 Hackney-coach fares. Ate 40 
 
 Harbor 29 
 
 Hotels m 
 
 Places worth visiting 38 
 
 Public Buildings .S3 
 
 (South) 28 
 
 Steamboat conveyances trom .... 40 
 
 Theatres, &cc 37 
 
 Water 30 
 
 Watering places in the vicinity 
 
 of. 38 
 
 Wharves 31 
 
 Boston to Albany 80 
 
 Boston to Athol 83 
 
 Boston to Cincinnati 296 
 
 Boston, Concord, and Montreal Rail- 
 road 85 
 
 Boston to Dan vers 45 
 
 Boston to Dedham 101 
 
 Boston to Fitchburg 70 
 
 Boston to Holliston and Milford 101 
 
 Boston to Gloucester 45 
 
 Boston to Lexington 72 
 
 Bobton and Lowell Railroad 48 
 
 Boston to Lowell and Concord 49 
 
 Boston to Fall River 97 
 
 Boston to Keene, N. H 89 
 
 Boston and Maine Railroad 46 
 
 Boston to Marblchcad 46 
 
 Boston to New York, via Fall River and 
 
 Newport 98 
 
 Boston to Providence 108 
 
 
i- 
 
 i 
 
 
 'i 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Botton to New York, via Providence ami 
 
 Hloiiliii'tnii lOt] 
 
 Boston ami Providenne, and Sionin^ton 
 
 riiilroadM 102 
 
 Boston to New York, via Sprnig'fiidd, 
 
 ll.irlt'ord, and New Hrvpii. . 109 
 
 Boston to New York, via Worcester and 
 
 Norwii'li 107 
 
 Bnnton to I'lyinnnth. . . ,. 94 
 
 ItoMinn to I'ortlund, via lliiVLTiiill and 
 
 Dover 46 
 
 Boston to Poiiiiinil, via Snlein, Newliu. 
 
 ryport, iind Porttmn'iiili 41 
 
 BoHiiiii to Tuiuiioii and New Bedlonl.. . W 
 
 HiiNloii to West Towiisi'iid V2 
 
 Uojioii unci WoriTKtfr Rnilroiid 73 
 
 B ONI nil to Worcester 7 I 
 
 Uuiii-hervillH 185 
 
 Braillord, Miii>s 47 
 
 Rriindon 91 
 
 Hriiiiilv Willi- Spriiifjs 246 
 
 llriiiilrborn' M8 
 
 Hrldfsl)iir^r 228 
 
 Hii<l<ri'por: Ill 
 
 Biiclu-ewa'er Branch Railroad t»6 
 
 Brighton 71 
 
 Bristnl 228 
 
 Brooklyn 136 
 
 Ailaiitie Dunk IIIU 
 
 Chiirclies 138 
 
 Dry Dock ... 138 
 
 ^— Greenwood Ceini'tery 139 
 
 Marine lIoHpitiii 138 
 
 Naval /^yi'enin 138 
 
 Navy Yiird 1.38 
 
 Public Buildings 137 
 
 Biillalo 207 
 
 BiillUlo and Niairaia Falls Railroad ... 209 
 
 BuilUo to Detroit and I'lucag'0 2h8 
 
 Biillalo to Nia^'aia Falls 209 
 
 Bull's Ferry 153 
 
 Burling'ton 179 
 
 Biiriiing' Spriiijr 203 
 
 Buuennilk Fulls 156 
 
 Cahotville 82 
 
 Caldwell 172 
 
 Caldwell's Landing- 155 
 
 Camden 244 
 
 Camden and Aml)oy Railroid 230 
 
 Canaan Falls 115 
 
 C.ionjoliarie 192 
 
 Camil Railroad 114 
 
 Cuiiamlai^iia 203 
 
 Caiiaiidai>>'iia Lake 203 
 
 Canton 103 
 
 Cape Cod Branch Railroad 99 
 
 Cape May 216 
 
 Cape Roiijje 186 
 
 Cape Vincent 219 
 
 Carbondale, Pa 150 
 
 Cat lisle 254 
 
 Castleton ltJ3 
 
 Catskill 160 
 
 Catskill Falls 161 
 
 Catskill Mjuntains 161 
 
 Catskill Mountain House ItJO 
 
 Cayn,?a 201 
 
 Cayu^tt Bridge 201 
 
 Cayug:a Lake 201 
 
 Charnbersburjr 254 
 
 Charleston. S. C 291 
 
 Charleston to New Orleans 2J1 
 
 Paj^e 
 Charleston to Savannah, Macon, and 
 
 (,'olninlms ?93 
 
 Charleitowii, Mali 70 
 
 Cherry Valley 198 
 
 Cheshire Railroad 89 
 
 Chester, Pa 91 
 
 Chester, N. Y I It) 
 
 ('hicago SDl 
 
 Chicago to Galena 303 
 
 Cliicujr" to St. Louis 3ll3 
 
 Chickopee Hranrh Railroad S3 
 
 (Miickopee Fulls Hi 
 
 Cincitinati 2^6 
 
 Cincinnaii to New York and Boitoii.... 296 
 
 Cleveland 3M 
 
 Coey man's 163 
 
 Cohasset 96 
 
 Cohoes Falls Iti8 
 
 Cold Spring' 159 
 
 Columbia '2S'i 
 
 Columbia Railroad 252 
 
 Concord, Mans 7| 
 
 Concord, N. H 50 
 
 Concord to Franklin b6 
 
 Concord (routes Iruin) 85 
 
 (Jnney Island 134 
 
 Cuniieciicut and Passnmpsic rivers Rail- 
 road 93 
 
 Connect ic lit River Railroad 82 
 
 Cooperstown lyS 
 
 Corning 151 
 
 Cornwall, Conn 115 
 
 Cornwall, N.y 159 
 
 Coxsackie Landing' 162 
 
 Crown Point 178 
 
 Cumberland. 284 
 
 Cumberland Valley Railroad 254 
 
 Deerfield 84 
 
 Delaware Water Gap 223 
 
 Detroit 299 
 
 Detroit to rhicago 2;)3 
 
 Dobb's Ferry 153 
 
 Dorchester 94 
 
 Dover, N. H 48 
 
 Duxbury 96 
 
 F.ast Canada Creek 193 
 
 Kasiern Railroad 41 
 
 Kasioii 223 
 
 Eastport 65 
 
 Klizabethtown 226 
 
 Kllicott's Mills 282 
 
 Klmira 151 
 
 Erie, Pa 298 
 
 Erie Canal 191 
 
 E.ssex 179 
 
 Exeter 48 
 
 Fair Haven Ill 
 
 Fairmount Water-works 233 
 
 Fall River 97 
 
 Fall River Railroad 97 
 
 Falls of Niagara 210 
 
 Fisherville 86 
 
 Fish House Village 192 
 
 Filch but T 72 
 
 Fiichburg Railroad 69 
 
 Fitchburg (routes from) 87 
 
 Five Mile Point 178 
 
 Flatbush 134 
 
 Flushing 133 
 
 Fonda 192 
 
INDEX. 
 
 9 
 
 Page 
 ■ hd 
 
 .' .' '. '. 70 
 
 . ... iva 
 
 . . . . Hy 
 .... «! 
 
 . ... im 
 
 . ... 301 
 309 
 
 .... aoa 
 
 . . . . »:i 
 
 .... «-' 
 
 .... 2y6 
 
 .... 'J'JtJ 
 
 8i« 
 
 1(33 
 
 .... i'H 
 
 .... it;a 
 
 .... 159 
 
 .... a52 
 a-sa 
 
 .... 71 
 
 . . . . 50 
 
 b6 
 
 .... « J 
 
 .... 134 
 laii- 
 
 93 
 
 «2 
 
 iy3 
 
 151 
 
 115 
 
 I.i9 
 
 162 
 
 178 
 
 284 
 
 254 
 
 84 
 
 223 
 
 299 
 
 29'J 
 
 153 
 
 94 
 
 48 
 
 96 
 
 193 
 
 41 
 
 223 
 
 65 
 
 226 
 
 282 
 
 151 
 
 298 
 
 191 
 
 179 
 
 48 
 
 Ill 
 
 233 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 210 
 
 86 
 
 192 
 
 72 
 
 69 
 
 87 
 
 178 
 
 134 
 
 133 
 
 192 
 
 j[ Pa ire 
 
 tj Fort Ann I7ij 
 
 .*■ Kdri Kilwiinl 176 
 
 *; Fori Hiimilion 131 
 
 Kc.rl !,.■«. 15? 
 
 ^ Fort MilliT 176 
 
 Fnrt Tirniiiltr(ij.'ii 177 
 
 Fun Wailiiri^uiii 153 
 
 . Fonlion.' I0:< 
 
 Fraiiiiii;r|iiiin 75 
 
 Frimkliii 86 
 
 Fiaiikliii Riiilroiul . 2.55 
 
 Frcderirk, .Md 28:< 
 
 FreiltTicktoii, N. B 66 
 
 OaninerN Islaiul 1 12 
 
 (;.ii.s..f Falls 205 
 
 <it'IIHVll 1^02 
 
 (iiTinaiitdwri 215 
 
 (iililoii- villi' 167 
 
 < ill- 1 11 Fal H 1 ,'6 
 
 (iir.inl Colltnrt' 235 
 
 (;>-Ikmi m 
 
 <iralicin 7,S 
 
 (iraiid On I (Rail way 304 
 
 (Jitai Falls , 48 
 
 rirccrilielcl 84 
 
 (irieiifieUl (ripiites IrnniJ yo 
 
 (iitH'iipiiri 142 
 
 (ircfiiwood Ceriieiery 1,^9 
 
 Uruiuii 72 
 
 IlHlil'HX 67 
 
 Hamilton 217 
 
 Ham J lion 1 59 
 
 Hampton 43 
 
 Ilainp'.uii Hi'ach 4.3 
 
 Hampton Falls 43 
 
 Hanover 87 
 
 Harlein 115 
 
 Harlem RaiToad \^,\ 
 
 Harper's Ferry 283 
 
 Harilbnl Hi 
 
 Harvard 71 
 
 Harnsburjr 253 
 
 Harrisldirg- and Lancaster Railroad .... 2.").S 
 
 Hasi lilt's 15:) 
 
 Hattifid S'H 
 
 Haveiliill 48 
 
 Haversiraw I55 
 
 ilawley'b Basin 1>J8 
 
 Ht'mp.stead 142 
 
 Herkimer I95 
 
 liij|ilands 156 
 
 Hiiiiflium 96 
 
 Hiiili(lay.-.bnr^ 257 
 
 'lolmeslnirfr 22"( 
 
 Holmes' Hole lot 
 
 HuiiL'sdale, Pa 150 
 
 llopkmton 75 ^ 
 
 Housatoiiic Railroad 114 | 
 
 W"^l on ; IC2 
 
 HikUoii and Berkshire Railroad 116 
 
 Hndson River Railroad 145 
 
 Huron 29i 
 
 IpHWich 42 
 
 Island of St, Helen .'.'.'.' 185 
 
 Isle anx Noix and Fort 181 
 
 Isle of Shoals 43 
 
 Ithaca I 151 
 
 Jamaica Plains 102 
 
 Jamaica Pond 102 
 
 I P«ir« 
 
 Jamaica, 1,. I M> 
 
 J^rwy City 224 
 
 I Joliintciwii, N. Y I9f 
 
 I Johnstown, Pa 257 
 
 Kaiijliii'M Point 
 
 Kaliihdm Mountain. . 
 
 Kfene 
 
 Ktvueville 
 
 Kinilerhook Landing 
 
 KiiiiThton 
 
 Kiii^rston I.unduig'.. . 
 
 La Chine 
 
 Lake Chainplain 
 
 Lake (ieurffe 
 
 I Lake St. Peier 
 
 ' Laiicasier 
 
 I La Prairie 
 
 j Leliitrh Water Gap 
 
 ■ Lewiamn, Me. 
 
 i Lewiston, N. Y ' 
 
 I Lexinjfion and W. Cainliridge Railroad 
 
 ; Litchfield 
 
 I I-ittlc Falls 
 
 ■ Lockimri 
 
 ' Lon^' Blanch 
 
 Long Island Railroad 
 
 Lon^ Lake 
 
 Lowell 
 
 Lower Red Hook 
 
 Madison's Cave, Va 
 
 Maiden 
 
 Manchester 
 
 Manlinltanville 
 
 Mansfield 
 
 Many link 
 
 Marshtielil 
 
 M.irllia's Vineyard 
 
 Maiich Chunk 
 
 Med ford 
 
 Meinpliis to New York 
 
 Micliijfan Central Kmlroad 
 
 Middlebury 
 
 Miildletown 
 
 Millord 
 
 Milford Branch Railroad 
 
 Mil i bury Branch Railroad 
 
 Milwaukie 
 
 Mississippi anU Ohio rivers (distances 
 
 from Pittsburg') 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Mobile to New Orleans 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Moiitg'omery to Mobile 
 
 Mimtpelier 
 
 Montreal 
 
 Montreal to Quebec 
 
 Moniiiaent Mountain 
 
 Moose Head Lake 
 
 Morris and Essex Railroad 
 
 MorrisviUe 
 
 Mount Auburn Cemetery 
 
 Mount Hope Cemetery 
 
 Mount Hope 
 
 Mount Independence 
 
 Mount Toby 
 
 Mount Tom 
 
 215 
 63 
 89 
 
 I7;i 
 
 163 
 
 2lH 
 16U 
 
 184 
 
 ir6 
 
 17,1 
 185 
 253 
 181 
 223 
 
 61 
 217 
 
 72 
 
 .50 
 I'JI 
 21 v. 
 1.35 
 140 
 171 
 
 4'J 
 I6U 
 
 290 
 47 
 
 ;o 
 
 131 
 
 Iil3 
 
 213 
 
 '.6 
 
 nil 
 
 217 
 
 4J 
 
 2.4 
 
 2'j9 
 "Jl 
 It'J 
 
 II'J 
 10! 
 
 ;5 
 
 3JI 
 215 
 
 i^yi 
 
 2'.:! 
 2..J 
 2'J2 
 
 181 
 1.S5 
 115 
 
 (il 
 222 
 2l8 
 
 72 
 205 
 178 
 178 
 
 84 
 
 Hi 
 
 Nantucket 101 
 
 Nashua 50 
 
 Nashua and Concord Railroad 4d 
 
: 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 F&ge 
 
 Nashua and Worcester Railroad 77 
 
 Nashville 50 
 
 Naiiok "6 
 
 Natural Biiilgt, Va 289 
 
 Na/.arelh 247 
 
 Necdliaiii 74 
 
 Nepoiiset Village 95 
 
 Newark 225 
 
 New lialtimcire Ifi3 
 
 New Bedford 100 
 
 New Bedford and Taunton Railroad ... 99 
 
 New Brig-liloei 135, 22J 
 
 New Brunswick, provuice of 65 
 
 New Brunswick, N. J 2SH 
 
 Newburo- 159 
 
 Newburyport 42 
 
 New Hamburg' 159 
 
 New Haven 109 
 
 New Jersey (railroad routes in) 221 
 
 New Lebanon 117 
 
 New Lebanon Spiings (loutes to) 116 
 
 New London 107 
 
 New London and Williinaniic Rail- 
 road lOS 
 
 New Oi leans 303 
 
 Newport y8 
 
 Newton 71 
 
 Newton Corner 74 
 
 New Windsor 159 
 
 New Yolk City 118 
 
 Blinks 125 
 
 Cliurclies, Public Buildings, 
 
 &,c 121 
 
 City Hall 124 
 
 Croton VVater-workf 129 
 
 Cusiom-IIouse 125 
 
 distances from tlie City Hall, 132 
 
 Exliibitions of the Fine Arts. 129 
 
 High BridiiB 129 
 
 Hackney coach fares, &,c. . . . 132 
 
 Hotels, &LC 127 
 
 -^— Insurance Companies 126 
 
 Literary Insiituiions 12d 
 
 Merchants' Exchange 121 
 
 places In the viciniiy of 133 
 
 places of Ainuscinent rJ8 
 
 Post Ofiice 125 
 
 Public Walks, Squares, &,c., 120 
 
 — — — Steamboat Lines 130 
 
 " Tombs" 125 
 
 Trinity Church U'2 
 
 Trinity Tower 123 
 
 New York to Albany and Troy 130 
 
 New York to Albany (winter route) 114 
 
 New York to Boston, via New Haven, 
 
 Hartford, and Springfield 131 
 
 New York to Boston, via Newpor'. iiid 
 
 Fall River 131 
 
 New York to Boston, via Norwich and 
 
 Worcester 131 
 
 New York to Boston, via Sionington and 
 
 Providence 131 
 
 New York to Bridgeport, 5c 114 
 
 New York to Cincinnati 2% 
 
 New York (trip from) to Detroit and Chi- 
 cago, via iJie great lakes 300 
 
 New York and Erie Railroad 146 
 
 New Yok k and New Haven Railroad ... 143 
 New York to New Haven, Hartford, 
 
 Springfield, &c 109 
 
 New York to Morristown and Schooley's 
 
 Mountain, N. J 921 
 
 New York to Paterson, N. J [ 2£l 
 
 I Page 
 
 New York to Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
 
 and Washington 221 
 
 New York to Philadelphia (railroad 
 
 route) 224 
 
 New York to Philadelphia (steamboat 
 
 and railroad route) 22i» 
 
 New York to Pierniont 148 
 
 New York to Port Jervis 148 
 
 New York to Somerville 282 
 
 Niagara Falls 210 
 
 Niagara Falls to Hamilton, Detroit, &".. 217 
 Niagara Falls to Montreal and Quebec 217 
 
 Niagara Suspension Bridge 214 
 
 Norlolk County Railroad 10' 
 
 Norristown 245 
 
 Northampton 83 
 
 North Boscawen 86 
 
 Northern Railroad 85 
 
 Northfield 88 
 
 Nova Srolia 65 
 
 Norwalk 143 
 
 Norwich 107 
 
 Norwich and Worcester Railroad 106 
 
 Nyack 154 
 
 Ocean House, N.J 1.35 
 
 Ogdensbuig : 219 
 
 Ogdensbui^r Railroad 220 
 
 Ohio and Mississippi rivers (distances 
 
 from Pittsburg) 295 
 
 Old Colony Railroad 94 
 
 Origin and Progress of Railroads 13 
 
 Oswego 19tf 
 
 Oswego and Syracuse Railroad 199 
 
 Otisvide 149 
 
 Overslaugh 163 
 
 Owego. ." 163 
 
 Palatine 193 
 
 Palatine Bridge 192 
 
 Passage up the Hudson 158 
 
 Passaic Falls 221 
 
 Paterson 291 
 
 Pa;erson and Rainiipo Railroad 22" 
 
 Pawtuxet Village 105 
 
 Peekskill 155 
 
 Pennsylvania Central Railroad 260 
 
 Petersboro' and Shirley Railroad 92 
 
 Pliiladelphia 2'M) 
 
 Banks 237 
 
 Benevolent Institutions 238 
 
 Churches 237 
 
 — Fairmouiu Water-works . . 233 
 
 Girard College 235 
 
 Hackney-coach fares 243 
 
 Hotels 243 
 
 Laurel Hill Cemetery 242 
 
 Literary and Scientific In- 
 stitutions 239 
 
 Medical Institutions 240 
 
 place-s of Amusement 242 
 
 places worth visiting 241 
 
 Prisons 241 
 
 Public Buildings 234 
 
 Public Squares 232 
 
 Philadelphia (grand routes from) to 
 
 Pittsburg and the West 855 
 
 Philadelphia to Baltimore 263 
 
 Philadelphir. to Baltimore (steamboat 
 
 route) 268 
 
 Philadelphia to Bethlehem, Mauch 
 
 Chunk, &.C 247 
 
 Philadelphia to Columbia 268 
 
INDEX. 
 
 11 
 
 Page 
 PhiUilelplua to Harrisl)ur!^ and Piits- 
 liiir;r 
 
 Philiiililplua 10 l,aiica«ier iimi Hanis- 
 limjf 
 
 PtiilHili-lpliui to New York 
 
 I'liiiii'iilptii.t, Rea(!iii?, and Puttsville 
 
 R;illin;,d 248 
 
 riuailelpliia ( roiiips rriiiii ) 246 
 
 I'lii.ailrtpliia (roiiiis Irmii ) lo Balliinore 
 
 niid WLi.-luiiirtiili 261 
 
 247 
 
 25!? 
 216 
 
 Sailor's Snug Harbor 
 
 Salem 
 
 Saint Anilrewii 
 
 Sainl Anne's 
 
 Sanit John, \. B 
 
 Saint Johns, Can 
 
 S.unl Jolinsvillc 
 
 S.iiiil LawriiKe and Allan; 
 
 St. Lnuis 
 
 St. Louis 10 the Kails ot St 
 
 ic Railroai^ 
 , Antljonv. 
 
 riiila'iclptiia to III ^iilniiT an 
 
 1 Poitsville.. 243 St. Louis to New Orlians 
 
 ^a:r- 
 
 •2.'!n 
 41 
 
 67 
 
 1 8.'; 
 
 l■.^ 
 1S| 
 
 I'.'S 
 1-1 
 
 3).' 
 
 ;siij 
 
 I' 
 
 ii'le.ji 
 
 Will 
 
 and Ualti- 
 
 llailroad. Sfil Salisbury, Vi 
 
 Sal I still rv Beaoli I- 
 
 'icini'ini . 
 
 l'ii.stnii-;f 25 
 
 15.3 S.illpeiie Cave, Va 2,'1 
 
 Saiiiln,«kv Cliv. 
 
 2'.JS 
 
 pilsliilisr (roUle.s lioiii). 
 
 Piislii'lcl. 
 l'iii.-li.-iil 
 l'iaitslinr;r 
 
 2>>5 Sandvliii: i:<) 
 
 'lid North Adams Rai!roa 
 
 ^l Saral( 
 8 I SaralOfra 
 
 d Shi 
 1.1 VVahli 
 
 dv R.iilioad. 
 Raili- 
 
 li;^ 
 
 ri 
 
 1^0 Saratoija I^ake K 
 
 I'lviiiniith '.'5 Sara'OL'-a Sp 
 
 It, J 
 
 Puini mix Tit-iiibles 
 
 I'.iri CMiiitiHi 24;» Sau;reiiies. 
 
 Pun <Jeiu'>ee 
 
 I^^5 Sarato;ia to Montreal and Quebec 1T2 
 
 P.,ti Hi 
 
 I'nit JiMvii 
 Pi.rl Kent 
 I'orland . 
 P 
 
 lit) 
 •219 Sav:iiuial ZlZ 
 
 \7i 
 
 iVllll' 
 
 l.l Saxniivi.le Branch Raiuoud 75 
 
 ll ( 11)11 I'S II IIMI I. 
 
 l;;) Schi-ni 
 44 S-hodi 
 5.) Schoci 
 
 I, 
 
 andiiiir. 
 Mount 
 
 lid 
 iri;i 
 
 222 
 
 P 
 
 l'..rilii.'"i lo Qiii-ii 
 
 •:aslp.ut 6J Schuylkill (Kads of the) 2 Iti 
 
 S'diiivikill Hav 
 
 r.iri Ri.dimoiid i;{5, 22'.i Scl.iiylkil, Vuulucl. 
 
 ■it-llli.U 
 
 III 
 
 ■ii 
 
 lb. 
 
 Pm tHiiiiiuth lo Cui 
 Poii.;tiki ell^l•• 
 
 16 Seneca Kalis. , 
 
 1 :,i) 
 
 Lakn 
 
 Pi>it"-.(owii 2ld Shaker Village. 
 
 Piilisville 
 i' 
 
 M;i Shaiiiii 
 
 riiC-lon. 
 
 Si 
 
 larcn 
 
 ^4y 
 .. 24',) 
 . 43 
 ,. 2t)2 
 . . 203 
 , . bi 
 .. 103 
 .. 192 
 
 103 Sheiiield 11 
 
 P 
 
 ovulence lo SMUiiiiiriou . 
 
 ioviiU!iii'e and 
 
 Wuii-esiei Raiirnad. , 
 
 105 
 
 ■:iii 
 
 pp.' 
 
 sblii 
 
 102 Siiii^wsbiii A'. 
 
 Piovidiiii'e to Worcester lOJ Sillerv Cove. 
 
 SiiiiT Siiiir 
 
 
 Rr 
 
 iic'bec 
 
 
 
 .. l-(5 
 
 ,tieljec (I'ai. mails la 
 
 iiiifi .H" 
 
 ttoin).. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. S02 
 
 iili Wit V 
 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 
 
 
 .. Ii8 
 
 p.jiiils 01 Si. Mill V. 
 
 radiiijr 
 
 eatliiw, i'a 
 
 
 
 .. I?5 
 .. 47 
 
 211) 
 
 ,'(1 n.mk 
 
 
 
 . .. 13.) 
 
 i»d Mountain 
 
 
 
 ... 59 
 
 t'lis^t-e'aer antl S.ua 
 
 .(lua Iiaiin)ai.t . . 
 
 ... Iii7 
 ... 10 
 
 i(;rie!if ti R.ipuis. , . 
 
 
 
 .. li-5 
 
 ir'hhrltl S[lllll"*S. , . 
 
 
 
 . .. 195 
 
 
 
 
 142 
 
 1)1' lies' er 
 
 
 
 . .. yoi 
 
 ,o*'^^away iJcach... 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 
 
 
 . .. I'.'S 
 
 
 
 
 . .. It'.O 
 
 .ntisje's Puiht 
 
 
 
 it-o 
 
 .owlov 
 
 
 
 . . . 42 
 
 L.(»xljurv 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 utuhmd 
 
 
 
 ... 91 
 
 aiilaiK-l Kailruad. . 
 
 
 
 . . . 90 
 
 aclieiu's \htn\ 
 
 
 
 ... Ill 
 
 Sk 
 
 tneateles 
 
 Skaiiraielos Lake . , 
 Siiioerville and Ea.~ 
 
 261 
 1.35 
 
 186 
 
 154 
 
 200 
 
 20;) 
 
 Railroad ^23 
 
 48 
 
 Siiner^worth 
 
 Siirel 1>'5 
 
 S iiiili Aiiib..y 2M0 
 
 Soiiili Berwick 48 
 
 MiiiiiiiM.ro' 
 
 Suiiih Hallev Kai 
 
 84 
 
 7 Soiiih lladiev Villiicrc M 
 
 Soiiili Readiii'T 17 
 
 .S.iiith .Shore Railroad ;'6 
 
 Sp:i' Rock 179 
 
 Spot Pood 47 
 
 Sproiu-field bH 
 
 Spriiit;(ield lo Noruianipion and Green- 
 
 liuld. 
 
 82 
 Spiiyien Diiyvei Creek 153 
 
 Sip 
 Sunt 
 
 Lake 
 
 slaiid 135, 2:0 
 
 Stillwater 17 
 
 Sii 
 
 L'liam 
 
 lOlllllg-tOll 
 
 Stoiiini^toii Railroad. 
 Stnyvi 
 
 103 
 l(;3 
 
 Railroad 89 . 
 
 ;uiibiiry 251 
 
 Suiiburv, Danville, and Pottsvide Rail- 
 
 Sacketi's Harbor 219 : S\ 
 
 road. 
 
 SaCL 
 
 44 , Sy 
 
 racuse an 
 
 d U. 
 
 Railr 
 
 251 
 198 
 198 
 
I' 
 
 12 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ; I 
 
 Tacony 
 
 Tnrryiuwii 
 
 Taunton 
 
 Trtunton Ilriiiicli Riiilroiiil 
 
 Thornaston 
 
 Tlioiinaml Isli'S 
 
 'I'liiee Rivers 
 
 Tiiiioii Fulls 
 
 Tuleilu 
 
 TiiimwHiiila Riiilru:i(l 
 
 'I'orotilo 
 
 'Troy 
 
 Troy to BalUion i^pa ^:. Saiatoira Spring's 
 
 Tiiiy to Hiiliiilo mill ,\i;i^';i'-u Falls 
 
 Tioy and (ireenlnish RiiilroMil 
 
 Tioy to Munireal uml Qntliec 
 
 Trenton 
 
 Trenton Falls 
 
 a!^e 
 22J 
 
 ion 
 
 W 
 64 
 219 
 \Hf> 
 I3;l 
 2'J9 
 207 
 21H 
 166 
 16i) 
 l'.»l 
 
 \m 
 ir.i 
 
 22- 
 liC) 
 
 VVrttertowii 73 
 
 Wet'linwkeii 152 
 
 Wei ilia in 42 
 
 Weir's C^ive 28j 
 
 Wesiliiiri)' 75 
 
 We.-t CiiinbriLl^e 71 
 
 We.-t Coiiconl 86 
 
 Western Railroad, Mass 77 
 
 Wes:tleld 81 
 
 Wesion 71 
 
 We>l Point 15ti 
 
 VVe>-tpi)rt \7'i 
 
 Wesr Spriiijrfield 81 
 
 West Siockbridjje 116 
 
 West Trov 167 
 
 Wesi Whately 83 
 
 Wheehiiij 2Hj 
 
 Wiiiieliall 176 
 
 While Mull II I an IS 51 
 
 Willie Mi)uiitanis (routes to) 56 
 
 Wluie I'Iniiis 145 
 
 Wliilrsboro' 19H 
 
 Wilkesbane 2511 
 
 Wiiiiam Henry 185 
 
 Willianisbnr^ \U 
 
 Will lit iiisport 251 
 
 Wiliniiiffion '17 
 
 Wi iiiiiijrioii, Del 262 
 
 Will (.11 Railroad •. . . 93 
 
 Wiiiiiipis'eciifee Lake 58 
 
 Wiiiiiipiseouee Lake (routes to) 58 
 
 Wiscas.-et 61 
 
 Wi>salnckun Creek 215 
 
 Wob'irii 49 
 
 Woodbiirv 241 
 
 Woud's Hne 101 
 
 Worcesier 75 
 
 WoK'ester lliii road 7.'i 
 
 Won-esicr III Norwich 106 
 
 Wori:ester to Providence 102 
 
 Wren liani 103 
 
 Yonkcrs 153 
 
 I York 253 
 
 j York and Wng'iiisvijle Railroad 257 
 
 YuikMile Hi 
 
 Union, Pa 285 
 
 Utica 19:') 
 
 Uiioaand Sdienectadv Railroad 192 
 
 Upper Red Hook .' 160 
 
 Val'.py Forge 219 
 
 Verg^eiiiies 92 
 
 Venniint Ceiural Railroiid 92 
 
 Verrnnut and MusMiilin.-eus Raiiii'ad .. 87 
 
 Vernna Centre 198 
 
 Virjrinia Spiiiijfs 287 
 
 Virginia Sprinjfs (routes to) 2 Jo 
 
 Wachnsett Mountain 77 
 
 Waldoboroiiirli 61 
 
 Wall ha III 71 
 
 Waiiip>viHe li'8 
 
 VVaretiain 9J 
 
 Warren 61 
 
 Warwick 105 
 
 WasliiiiiTloii Ciiy 2,"H 
 
 Hnckney-cuaclies, fares.... 2>l 
 
 — Hotels 281 
 
 Washing-ton, Pa 285 
 
 Waslmiij-ioii Jiraiii'li Railroad 273 
 
 Wash in ^f Ion to Baliiiiiore 27.'^ 
 
 Waieili.rd 167 
 
 Waterloo 202 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Steamships 305, 306 
 
 Sailing Packets 306, 30* 
 
 Telegraph Lines 307-31 
 
 Value of United States and Foieign Couis <S;,e 311, 31 J 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
73 
 
 152 
 
 42 
 
 28y 
 
 '•') 
 
 "I 
 
 86 
 
 it 
 
 81 
 
 71 
 
 158 
 
 17S 
 
 81 
 
 116 
 
 167 
 
 83 
 
 285 
 
 176 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 U5 
 
 198 
 
 250 
 
 185 
 
 133 
 
 251 
 
 47 
 
 262 
 
 "... 93 
 
 58 
 
 to) 58 
 
 61 
 
 2)5 
 
 4U 
 
 244 
 
 101 
 
 75 
 
 I *> 
 
 106 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 153 
 
 253 
 
 ail 25? 
 
 145 
 
 305, 306 
 
 306, 30' 
 307-31 
 311,312 
 

 
 
 
 ,\ 
 
 
 
 ■'r.i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 w 
 
 
 1 
 
 Hy 
 
 I ...1 .t.l.--tru 
 
 ,'1 H' i 1 
 
 'A:l\\ 
 
*f 
 
 hv 
 
 I' 
 
 i 
 
RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT 
 COMPANION. 
 
 ORIGIN AND PR0GRES6 OF RAILROADS. 
 
 The first railway of which we have any satisfactory notice, was one 
 constructed near Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, about the middle of 
 tiie seventeenth century. It was adopted in order to reduce the labor 
 of drawing coals from the pits to the places of shipment, and consisted 
 simply of pieces of wood imbedded in the ordinary road. These tracks 
 presented a much smoother surface for the wheels to run on, than was 
 previously used, and therefore greatly increased the available power of 
 the horses. The advantages of even this kind of railroad were so great 
 as to cause its extensive introduction into various mining districts ; while 
 improvements, from time to time, were made upon it. 
 
 This description of road continued in use for a century and a half 
 without any important step being taken for the introduction of a more 
 durable material. Stoneway j, it is true, were constructed for similar 
 purposes, but, although possessing some advantages, they were not as 
 smooth as wood. The next material improvement was the use of cast- 
 iron plates fixed upon the wooden rails— the result rather of fortuitous 
 circumstances than of premeditation, notwithstanding the well-known 
 effect of iron in diminishing resistance. This was first tried upon a 
 wooden railroad at the Colebrook Dale iron-works in Shropshire, Eng- 
 land, about tiie year 1767. In consequence of the price of iron becom- 
 ing very low, and in order to keep the furnaces at work, it was deter- 
 mined to cast bars which might be laid upon the wooden rails, and in 
 case of a sudden rise in the price, taken up and sold as " pigs." This 
 plan was first suggested by Mr. William Reynolds, the gentleman who 
 erected at Colebrook Dale the first iron bridge in England. The plates 
 of iron were five feet in length, four inches broad, and a quarter of 
 an inch thick, with three holes in each for nailing to the wood. 
 
 The introduction of malleable iron as a material for rails is an im- 
 provement which may perhaps be considered to have done more than 
 any other in preparing railroads for becoming the principal highways 
 of a commercial country. The brittleness of cast-iron rendered it 
 necessary that the rails should be made of much greater strength than 
 was sufficient to bear ordinary loads, that they might be able to resist 
 accidental strains and shocks. So long as the travelling was restricted 
 to a low rate of speed, the accidents and delays thus occasioned were 
 
14 
 
 nAILIiOAD AND STKAiMBOAT CO.MrANION. 
 
 t'. 
 f 
 
 ;| 
 
 I 
 
 ; I 
 
 V^ 
 
 of minor importiince ; but Iho diflloulty of guurding against them would 
 no doubt have greatly retarded the \ise of railways for the conveyance 
 of passengers, if an adetjuale remedy had not been provided before the 
 experiment was made. 
 
 Bars of malleable iron were laid down as rails to a limited extent 
 about the year IhOH, and .some engineers a<lvoeated their use, notwith- 
 standing tlie inconvenience arising from their unsuitable form ; no ma- 
 chinery being then used by whieh they coidd be made economically in 
 •iiiy other than a S(iuare or Hat form. The de.-ir(; to introduce a more 
 (iurabk! rail led also to exi)eriments on the combination of wrought and 
 i-ast iron ; but these and all simihir conlrivanees were super.<eded in 
 1820, by the invention of an eflficieul and chea[) method of rolling iron 
 bars suitable for rails and other purposes. .Malleable rails, when in use, 
 do not rust to any material extent, while the same rails, if lying on the 
 ground beside the track, rapidly waste away. 
 
 Animal power was the only means of locomotion originally employed 
 on railways to any considerable extent ; but the purpose to wliich it was 
 applied, was simply that of conveying mineral produce to a place of 
 shipment, somewhere in the neighborhood. 
 
 An ingenious contrivance was introduced in the latter part of the last 
 century for ascending and dcs(!ending declivities. When a declivity 
 occurs steeper than is convenient for the ordinary power, a self-acting 
 inclined plane is sometimes resorted to ; on which a train of carriages is 
 allowed to run down by the force of gravity, drawing a rope, which, 
 after passing round a wheel at the top of the plane, is conducted down 
 the slope and attached to an empty train— the force of the descent of 
 the -loaded vehicles being sufficient to cause the empty train to run up 
 to the top of the plane. Stationary steam-engines, which draw the car- 
 riages by means of ropes guided by pulleys in the centre of the track, 
 have been used from an early period. 
 
 The following is a brief notice of the steps by which the locomotive 
 engine has been brought to its present state of perfection. 
 
 The possibility of .applying the steam-engine to the purposes of loco- 
 motion was conceived by several of its earliest improvers, but it does 
 not appear that any carried their ideas into practice until about the year 
 1802. Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian, two Cornish engineers, 
 the inventors of the high-pressure steam-engnie, were the first who ap- 
 plied steam as a locomotive power. Watt, in 1784, first conceived the 
 idea that two persons might probably be carried by an engine having a 
 'Cylinder seven inches in diameter, and a foot-stroke, the piston moving 
 at the rate of one htmdred and twenty feet, or sixty strokes per minute. 
 This scheme, however, was never put \\\ practice. 
 
 In the year 1804, Trevithick and Vivian constructed an engine for 
 moving railway carriages. This was the first steam-engine applied to 
 locomotive purposes in Great Britain. It was used successfully on the 
 railroad at Merthyr Tydvil, in South Wales, and thereby proved the 
 practicability of their plan. Th ? following engraving represents a fronl 
 
 ■lif ' 
 
ORTf.IN AND PROGRESS OF UAIMIOADS. 
 
 15 
 
 would 
 jyance 
 are the 
 
 extent 
 
 otwilh- 
 no ma- 
 cully in 
 a more 
 gilt and 
 cded in 
 ing iron 
 1 in vise, 
 g on the 
 
 mployed 
 
 ch it was 
 
 place of 
 
 )f the last 
 declivity 
 
 self-acting 
 
 Triages is 
 
 le, which, 
 led down 
 escent of 
 to run up 
 
 [v the car- 
 Ihe track, 
 
 |)comotive 
 
 of loco- 
 lut it does 
 \t the year 
 mginecrs, 
 tt who ap- 
 fceived the 
 
 having a 
 |)n moving 
 
 ;r minute. 
 
 tngine for 
 kppUed to 
 Illy on the 
 Iroved the 
 kts a front 
 
 M 
 
 -c— ) 
 
 % ) 
 
 '■I 
 
 
 ami side view of tliis inaclii;io. Tlii^ locoinotivo cneiiio, wliicfi in many 
 of i!s Icaiiiim iVaiures was e.^.-cutially the same as those now in nse, 
 drew at its first trial as iiiaiiy waL'oiis as carricil ten tons of bar-iron, 
 with acoiisi(ioral)h' niunhcrof jx-rsons, and travelled at llie rate of five 
 miles an hour. Tlic "leniUM-," carry iii;-,' a siipply of fuel and water, and 
 a small force-pump, worked by tlie rnachnie itself, maintained the re- 
 quisite (]uantily of uatf'r in the l)()iler. 
 
 Messrs. Trevithick and Vivian also invented steatn-eoaehes for run- 
 ning upon eonunon turnpike roads, but not receivuig liic encotiragc- 
 ment they deserved, they ahaii lone I the enterprise. 
 
 In IStiT, .Mr. Cohlsworthy (Jurney obtained a patent for a steam-car- 
 riage, and in 182'J had broucrht it to such perfection that he was enabled 
 to ascend with it tlie highest liills round London, and travelled from 
 London to Bath, a distance of li;7 miles, and back. In 18:^1, one of his 
 steam-carriages ran about four nujnths on the road between Gloucestei 
 and Chelteidiam. The success of Mr. (I'urney's steam-carriage led tc 
 the formation, in Scotland, about the year 1831, of a steam-carriage com 
 pany for turnpike roads. The earriaQ;es connnenced plying regularly 
 between Glasgow and Paisley, when an unfortunate accident occurred, 
 in 1835, attended with considerable loss of life, from the explosion oi 
 one of the boilers. After this disaster, all attempts to introduce steam- 
 carriages on public roads proved abortive. 
 
 In 1811, Mr. Bienkinsop patented a locomotive engine, in which the 
 power w^as applied to a large cogged wheel, the teeth of which entered 
 a rack laid down beside the ordinary rails. Patents were taken out in 
 1816 and 1817, by George Stephenson, in connection with Messrs. Dodd 
 and Losh, under which several locomotives were constructed and 
 
 'V>1« 
 
 
 m 
 
16 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAIMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 t' 
 
 • r 
 
 brought into prucliciil operiUion upon colliery railways near Newcastle- 
 upon-Tyne. 
 
 There can he no douht that the idea of the construction of the Liver- 
 pool and Mandiester railway orij^inated with the late Mr. William 
 James, four years before the act of Parliatnent was obtained, which was 
 in 1825. To this gentleman we arc indebted for the present system of 
 railways. He, however, (as is usual in s\ich cases,) never reaped any 
 benefit from his valuable suggestions. To hun likewise is due the pro- 
 jection of the London and Birmingham railway. He had witnessed the 
 operations of the locomotive engines around Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and 
 imiiarted his sentiments to Mr. Saunders of Liverpool, which so deeply 
 impressed that gentleman with the feasibility of applying this plan of rail- 
 way traction, that he had a survey of the road made at his own expense. 
 
 When the projectors of the Liverpool and Manchester railway were 
 engaged in the design and execution of that great work, the advantages 
 of locomotive steam-engines were so imperfectly developed, that it was 
 uncertain whether they would be adopted. The experiment of forming 
 a railway for passengers, as well as for carrying general merchandise, 
 had scarcely been tried, although the Stockton and Darlington railway, 
 which was opened in the fall of 1825, had done more than any of its 
 predecessors in showing the capabilities of a railway for such a use. 
 As the Liverpool and Manchester line approached completion, the di- 
 rectors became convinced that horse-power was ineligible, since it was 
 .ntended to aim at considerable velocity- It was difficult to decide upon 
 the compiirative merits of stationary and locomotive engines. Various 
 suggestions were made for the application of fixed engines at intervals 
 along the line, to draw trains by ropes from station to station ; but it 
 was eventually determined to use locomotives, and to offer a premium 
 of £500 for the best which would fulfil certain conditions, of which some 
 were— that it should not emit smoke, (the nuisance of smoke was pre- 
 vented by the employment of coke as fuel, which is used at the present 
 time upon most of the railways in England)— should draw three times 
 its own weight at the rate of ten miles per hour— should be supported 
 on springs, not exceeding six tons weight, or four tons and a half if on 
 only four wheels— and should not cost more than i;^550. The trial was 
 fixed for October, 1829, when four steam locomotives were produced, 
 one of which was withdrawn at the commencement of the experiment. 
 The Sans Pareil, by Mr. Hackworth, was very similar to Trevithick's 
 engine, but had two cylinders, both working the same axle. This en- 
 gine attained a velocity of 15 miles per hour with a gross load of 19 tons, 
 but at length gave way, owing to a trifling accident. The remaining 
 engine, the Rocket, was constructed by Messrs, Stephenson and Booth, 
 of the Liverpool and Manchester railway. It travelled with a gross load 
 of 17 tons, and averaged a speed of 14 miles per hour ; but under some 
 circumstances it attained double that velocity, and succeeded in per- 
 forming more than was stipulated for. The following engraving repre- 
 sents a side view of the " Rocket." 
 
 m 
 
■»■■■ 
 
 vciistle- 
 
 e Liver- 
 William 
 lich was 
 ,'stein of 
 iped any 
 the pro- 
 )sscd the 
 yne, and 
 5f) deeply 
 in of rail- 
 expense, 
 rt'ay were 
 Ivantages 
 hat it was 
 >f forming 
 chandise, 
 1 railway, 
 any of its 
 ch a use. 
 m, the di- 
 nce it was 
 pcide upon 
 Various 
 intervals 
 on ; but it 
 I premium 
 hich some 
 ) was pre- 
 he present 
 ;iree times 
 supported 
 half if on 
 |e trial w as 
 produced, 
 ;periment. 
 revithick's 
 This en- 
 of 19 tons, 
 remaining 
 md Booth, 
 gross load 
 nder some 
 ed in per- 
 ing repre- 
 
 OnirJIX AND PROGRES.S OF RAIMIOADS. 
 
 17 
 
 Since the ."Juccessful adoption of locomotive steam-engines on the 
 Liverpool and Manchester railway, improvements have followed close- 
 ly upon one another ; but they have chiefly been of a minor character, 
 when conipared with that of tubing the boiler, which formed the di.stm- 
 guishing feature of the Rocket engine. Stephenson built several en- 
 gines, shortly after the competition in which the Rocket had proved 
 victorious, retaining this arrangement, but having the machinery dis- 
 posed in a different manner. The power of generating steam, which is 
 the measure of efTiciency in a locomotive engine, depends much upon 
 judicious tubing, it being desirable to deprive the heated air of its ca- 
 loric as completely as possible before leaving the boiler. An important 
 feature in a locomotive is its security from bursting, because, as the 
 tubes are much weaker than the external casing of the boiler, they are 
 almost certain to give way first, and the bursting of one or two tubes is 
 rarely productive of more serious consequences than extinguishing the 
 fire, and thereby causing a gradual stoppage of the machine. 
 
 On the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 15th Sep- 
 tember, 1830, the problem of the rapid transport of passengers by steam 
 
 •}V 
 
18 
 
 nAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 'li 
 
 on railways was solved, and the profitable character of the enterprise 
 soon hccatno ap[)arpnt. 
 
 This road was comtiuMiced under the direction of Mr. George 
 Stephenson, an engin(. - of great practical skill and experience ; and 
 fortunate indeed it was for (iroat Uritain and llie world, that a work of 
 such vast importance was placed in such able hands. Had this great 
 enterprise failed, there is nc^ knowing how long the progressive spirit of 
 the age would have slept upon this iiuportant subject, and the world 
 been deprived of the vast benefits resulting from it. The projectors 
 of this great work had iinincnse opposition to struggle against. The 
 powerful canal companies— which had settled down into odious mo- 
 nopolies, disregardfitl of the jmblic weal— had, by exorbitant exactions 
 and negligence of duly, aroused the people to tiie necessity of this great 
 undertaking, and afUT a deadly opposition to it m the Uritish rarlia- 
 nient of four years, the company at last obtained a charter. 
 
 The Liveri)0()l and Manchester Railway was designed, at first, only to 
 facilitate the transit of merchandise ; but its still greater fitjiess for the 
 conveyance of i)assengeis was soon demonstrated ; and from that time 
 the progress of railways has known no check. 
 
 In IHIO there were 1,300 miles of railway in full operation in England, 
 upon which, during that year, 12,000,000 of persons had been conveyed. 
 In 1841, 1,550 miles were in working order, over which 20,000,000 of pas- 
 sengers had been carried. The length of railway open in 1843 was 
 1,800 miles, and the number of passengers transported during that year 
 was nearly 27,000,000. In 1844 the length was increased to 1,900 miles, 
 and the passengers exceeded the incredible number of 30,000,000. 
 
 In June, 1845, 2,118 miles were opened for traflTic, and during the 
 same year 300 miles more were completed. In 1845 the passenger ser- 
 vice was equivalent io five hundred millions of people travelling one inile. 
 
 In 1840, 593 miles, and in 1847, 639 miles were opened for traffic, 
 making a total of about 3,830 miles of railway communication in opera- 
 tion in the United Kingdom. 
 
 The amount of capital absorbed in railways was, in 1843, £57,635,000 ; 
 in 1844, £63,489,100; in 1845, £71,646,100; in 1846, £83,165,100; and in 
 1847, it reached the enormous sum of £109,528,800. 
 
 Of the 619 miles of railway sanctioned in 1844,671 miles have been 
 opened ; of the 2,860 miles sanctioned in 1845, 1,030 have been opened ; 
 and of the 4,705 miles authorized in 1840, 36 miles have been opened. 
 In 1847 the construction of 1,408 miles of railway was sanctioned. 
 During the four past sessions, 9,732 miles of railway were authorized 
 to be made ; of these, 1,737 have been opened for traffic ; and it is esti- 
 mated that 200 miles are nearly ready for opening, leaving about 7,855 
 miles to be completed, and 8,055 to be opened for traffic, in addition to 
 the 3,449 miles already opened ; making a total of 11,494 miles. 
 
 The following calculation, with its extraordinary result of railway 
 travelling, is from the Edinburgh Review : " One hundred horses work- 
 ing m a coach would carry 25 passengers per day 100 miles. Omitting 
 
 
ORir.lN AND PRfMIRRSS OF RAILROADS. 
 
 19 
 
 fractions, llio number carried in tho year wouM bo 10,0(10, which would 
 be c<iMivalent to a million earned (,ni' mile. Such a coach, worked by 
 100 horses, would take .')00 years to execute the passenKcr Irafl'ic of the 
 railways in lSlt-5. In doiiiK tlii.x, it would liavel a distance eciual to 
 l.OOO tunes the circurulereiice of the ylohe. The locomotive engines, 
 therefore, employed in draw mg |iii"^sem,'er tiiins that year, performed 
 the work of 50,000 stai,'e-coach Iioim s." 
 
 The writ«!r then procer'ds to calculate the saving— first, in fare, 2UI. 
 per head per mile ; secondly, in time, Od. per hour; thirdly, iu tavern 
 expenses, 2d. i)er 100 ; making a total saving of— 
 
 In fare X'5,280,'J15 
 
 Intime l,llo,.V.>() 
 
 In tavern expenses .')(iri,<)00 
 
 Xr.,027,0U 
 
 The saving is thus double the siun paid as railway fare, even under a 
 complete system of monopoly. 
 
 I'ljonthe railways iu Kn^laiid locomotives attain a great speed, owing, 
 perhaps, to the substantial manner in which the roads are built. Trains 
 on the (rre;it Western Railway have gone 101 miles in three hours and 
 ."W minutes, at the same tune drawing (iO tons weight. Deducting 32 
 minutes for stoppages, it gives a rate of speed e(|ual to about 01 miles 
 per hour. The usual time, however, for performing this distance is 
 four and a half hours, including stoppages, with a train of 40 freight cars, 
 which IS drawn with perfect ease. 
 
 Formerly it took two hours to perform the journey between Edin- 
 burgh and Glasgow, a distance of 40 miles. The road is now gone over 
 l)y the mail trains in an hour and a rpiarter. The usual rate of travel 
 upon the English railways, of " swift trains," is 50 miles per hour, in- 
 cluding stoppages. 
 
 One of the greatest feats ever performed by a locomotive was un- 
 doubtedly that by one built by Mr. Norris of Philadelphia, which drew 
 a train of 158 iron coal-ioa^ons , weighing 1,208 tons, a distance of 84 
 miles in eight hours and three minutes. Trains in the United States 
 are sometimes seen of great length. One was observed passing over 
 the Western Railroad between Boston and Albany during the win* .r of 
 1847, which was three-fourths of a mile in length. 
 
 The London and Greenwich Railway passes through a sea of houses, 
 and for nearly four miles is constructed on a continued series of arches, 
 forming one vast viaduct from one end to the other. There are not 
 less than 878 brick arches, chiefly semicircular, 18 feet span and 20 
 feet high. 
 
 The Blackwall Railway, three miles and 843 yards long, is another 
 gigantic work. On it there is a viaduct of 4,020 yards, containing 285 
 arches, chiefly semi-elliptical, of 30 feet span. 
 
 As soon as the practicability of railroads for passenger traffic had been 
 
 tj ' 
 
drm 
 
 \ 
 
 % 
 
 M 
 
 ,1 
 
 20 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 determined on in Engliind, many persons in this country immediately 
 foresaw the immense ailviuitages that were to accrue from the adoption 
 of that system here, and rueasuros w ere at once taken to phint the " iron 
 road" in America. The progress was rapid, and in a few years a very 
 extensive system was entered into. The first railway constructed in 
 the United States was the Quincy in Massachusetts, in the year 1827, 
 which was four miles in length. It was built for the purpose of con- 
 veying granite quarried in the Ciranite Hills to vessels lying in the Ne- 
 ponset River. 
 
 In 1829, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was opened to the Relay 
 House, nine miles ; and that of the Mohawk and Hudson was also 
 commenced. In 1633 the railroad was completed connecting Newcastle, 
 on the Delaware, with Frenchtown on Elk River, which empties into 
 Chesapeake Ray. 'J'his was on the route between Philadelphia and 
 Baltimore. About the same time one was in progress between A mboy 
 and Bordentown, New Jersey, the first road upon which a locomotive 
 was used in the United States. The Boston and Providence Railroad 
 received its charter in 18%1. and was opened on the 4th day of June, 1834. 
 Since that period j ailroads have extended with even greater rapidity in 
 this country than in England, and a few years will no doubt witness 
 a more extensive system of railway communication in the United States 
 tl?;>.'i the most sanguine ever dreamed of. At the present time there 
 are upwards of 5,000 miles completed, and many thousands more pro- 
 jected. In the construction of these great avenues of intercourse, the 
 enormous capital of 120 millions of dollars has been expended. 
 
 The principal theatres of raivay enterprise in America are in the 
 New England States, (^lassachusetts particularly,) New York, Penn- 
 sylvania, and Georgia. Great progress is being made in several of the 
 other states, and we have no hesitation in saying, that in a few years, 
 the country will be intersected at every important point by these great 
 thoroughfares. 
 
 From Boston there is a direct line of railway communication with 
 Buffalo, at the foot of navigation on Lake Erie, via Albsiny, a distance 
 of 563 miles ; and another road is in course of construction, across that 
 portion of Canada West lying between Lakes Ontario and Huron, which 
 when completed will form an important link in the iron chain connecting 
 the Atlantic seaboard with the mighty rivers of the western world. 
 This road will commence at Niagara Falls, and cross the Niagara River 
 on the suspension bridge, already contracted for, and thence pass along 
 the southwestern shore of Lake Ontario to Ilanulton, at the head of 
 navigation, 44 miles ; thence the route is to be continued to London, 76 
 miles ; with branches, one to Goderich, on Lake Huron, the other to 
 Port Sarnia, opposite Fort Gratio*. in Michigan, each a distance of about 
 50 miles. From London it will extend to Windsor, opposite Detroit, 
 Michigan, 110 miles. 
 
 From Detroit the Central Railroad is now in operation to Kalamazoo, 
 146 miles. The remainder of the route to Lake Michigan will ere long 
 
 tini 
 
ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF RAILROADS. 
 
 21 
 
 be completed, and the road finally extended around the head of the 
 Lake to Chicago. The latter place will, no doubt, eventually be con- 
 nected by railroad with St. Louis. 
 
 Boston will soon be unite Aith Montreal by the extension (properly 
 speaking) of the Lowell Rauroad after it has passed into New Hamp- 
 shire, and through Verniont to Lane Champlain ; and also by the ex- 
 tension of the Fitchburg via Keene : and the Vermont and Massachu- 
 setts, both meeting at Bellows Falls, and there joining the Rutland road, 
 will terminate at Burlington. These again will form a connection, by 
 steamboat across Lake Champlain, with the Ogdensburg road, now in 
 process of construction from Rouse's Point to Ogdensburg, on the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Other important branches will unite with the foregoing roads, the 
 principal of which will be the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Rail- 
 road, lately commenced, and the Boston, Concord, and Montreal road, 
 a portion of which is already built. 
 
 A new road is also proposed that will connect Boston with Troy, 
 New York, by the extension of the Fitchburg and Vermont and Massa- 
 chusetts Railroad, through the valleys of the Deerfield and Iloosic 
 Rivers, to Troy. It is slated that by this route, the distance between 
 Boston and the Hudson River will be from 30 to 40 miles shorter than 
 by the Western Railroad. 
 
 Railroads already connect Boston with Portland, and one projected, 
 and partly commenced, is to unite Portland with Montreal, on the St. 
 Lawrence River. The metropolis of New England is connected with 
 New York by several lines terminating on Long Island Sifiind ; by the 
 New Haven and New York road ; by the Long Island road from Green- 
 port to Brooklyn ; and by steamboats running on the Sound. 
 
 New York, the great commercial emporiun of the United States, 
 will, in a year or two, be connected with Albany by roads now being 
 constructed, and with Dunkirk on Lake Erie by the New York and 
 Erie Railroad. When these great works are completed, she will have 
 the same advantages for securing her portion of the trade of the great 
 West thiit accrued to Boston from the opening of the Western Railroad. 
 Wlien the road from Syracuse to Oswego on Lake Ontario is built, with 
 the Saratoga and Washington Railroad to Lake Champlain, and all the 
 advantages of her roads become demonstrated by practical benefits 
 conferred on her. New York will then wonder, how it was she allowed 
 such immense advantages for extending and facilitating her intercourse 
 and trade to lie unimproved so great a length of time. 
 
 The link, so much needed in the connection of New York with the 
 railroad system of New England, is about to be consummated by the 
 completion of the New York and New Haven Railroad. 
 
 The metropolis has also a railway communication proceeding south- 
 ward, traversing the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
 Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina : at present, liowever, termina- 
 ting at Wilmington, in the latter state. A road 158 miles in length, the 
 
'lit, 
 t 
 
 22 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 'i 
 
 only remaining link unfinished, is about to be constructed, which, when 
 completed, will form, with a few trifling exceptions, an unbroken line 
 of railway communication from Maine to Georgia. She will also soon 
 be brought in contact with the rich coal-fields of the " Keystone" state, 
 by railroads extending across New Jersey into Peiuisylvania. 
 
 Philadelphia by her Central Railroad will be united with Pittsburg, a 
 distance of about 350 miles, a portion of which, as far as Ilarrisburg, 
 107 miles, is already built ; and by another road in process of construc- 
 tion, it will be connected with Cleveland, on Lake Erie. Otlicr roads 
 yet to be constructed will unite this growing city with St. Louis, on the 
 Mississippi. Philadelphia will then have a direct steam commvuiication 
 with New Orleans. Another link of railroad, that will add greatly to 
 the prosperity of Philadelitliia, will be the route (already surveyed) 
 from that city to Erie, on the lake of tlie same name. These great 
 works will, no doubt, be carried through before many years. This city 
 is also the centre of the routes which connect the north with tlic south. 
 
 From Baltimore run two great arteries north and south, the former 
 terminating in the state of Maine, 5()() miles, and the latter at Wilming- 
 ton, North Carolina, 420 miles. From these al Ualtimore issues a branch 
 proceeding westward, towards the Alleghany range: at present, it is 
 completed only as far as Cumberland, on the Potomac river, 1T8 miles, 
 to the foot of the ridge, w Inch is from that point crossed by an excel- 
 lent Macadamized road, on \\hich stage-coaches run. The Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad Company have resolved to extend ti.eir road from 
 Cumberland (its present terminus) to Wheeling via Fish Creek, that 
 city having consented to the establishment of a depot on the Ohio, at 
 the mouth of said creek, which is 28 miles below Wheeling, making the 
 distance from Baltimore to Cincinnati 017 miles. 
 
 The legislatures of North and South Carolina have recently granted 
 a charter for supplying the connecting link in the chain of inland travel 
 between the North and the South, by the construction of the Wilming- 
 ton and Manchester Railroad, 158 miles in length ; at present, the travel 
 from Wilmington, N. C, to Charleston, S. C, is performed on steam- 
 boats, which circumstance operates, it has been ascertained, by divert- 
 ing the travel from this to other channels. In order to obviate this, and 
 to dispense entirely with the sea route, measures are now being taken 
 to construct the above road with as little delay as possible. 
 
 Besides this, it is in contemplation to connect the Virginia and Soiitli 
 Carolina roads, by the construction of a road from Raleigh, N. C, to 
 Columbia or Camden, in S. C. This is to be called the Metropolitan 
 Route, because it connects the capitals of the two states. The length 
 of this road will be 184 miles. The face of the country over which it 
 must pass is very broken, for the most part sand-hills. 
 
 The state of Georgia is about completing the Western and Atlantic 
 Railroad, from Dalton to Chattanooga, on the Tennessee river, 38 miles. 
 This is the last link in the chain between the Atlantic at two points, 
 viz. Savannah and Charleston, and the valley of the Tennessee. From 
 
ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF AAILROADS. 
 
 23 
 
 , when 
 3n line 
 o soon 
 
 " stiite, 
 
 burg, a 
 risburg, 
 )nslruc- 
 r roads 
 ;,on the 
 iiication 
 •eatly to 
 irvoyed) 
 se great 
 rhis city 
 \c south, 
 e former 
 Vilining- 
 ii branch 
 ent, it is 
 78 iniley, 
 an cxcel- 
 ialtimore 
 pad from 
 eek, that 
 t Ohio, at 
 iking the 
 
 granted 
 [nd travel 
 CVilming- 
 ,he travel 
 ^n steain- 
 )y divert- 
 
 this, and 
 ing taken 
 
 [nd Soutli 
 
 In. c, to 
 
 \tropolitan 
 \e length 
 which it 
 
 Atlantic 
 
 38 miles. 
 
 fo points, 
 
 le. From 
 
 this point where the road strikes the Tennessee river, there is about 100 
 miles steamboat navigation to Knoxville, Tenn., and about 500 to the 
 Ohio river. Tlie passage over the Muscle Shoals, however, can only 
 be effected when the river is high. From Charleston to Augusta, by 
 the South Carolina Railroad, is 13G miles ; thence to Atlanta, by the 
 Georgia Railroad, 171 miles. At Atlanta, the roads from Savannah and 
 Charleston meet. The total distance from Charleston to the Tennessee 
 river, at Chattanooga, is 445 miles. 
 
 The West has in contemplation a great enterprise, in the proposed 
 Mississippi and Atlantic Railroad. It is to extend from a point opposite 
 St. Louis, to Wheeling on the Ohio, passing over the route of the 
 present National Road, through Vandalia, Indianapolis, and Columbus; 
 the distance between St. Louis and Wheeling being 638 miles. It will 
 form part of the direct route from Boston. New York, Philadelphia, 
 and Baltimore, to the Mississippi at St. Louis. At Columbus, Ohio, by 
 connecting with a railroad to Cleveland, and thence to Dunkirk and 
 Buffalo, (it being about 300 miles from Columbus to Buffalo,) New York 
 has a connection with the chain of railroads from Buffalo to Boston, and 
 will have, ere long, with Lake Erie by the N. York and Erie Railroad. 
 At Wheeling, a connection will be formed with Philadelphia via Pitts- 
 burg, and also with Baltimore by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 Thus lines will extend from the four great commercial cities of the 
 East to St. Louis; the line from Boston being about 1,2.'>0 miles, that 
 from New York about 1,200, from Philadelphia about 1,100, and from 
 Baltimore about 1,000 miles. 
 
 Such are the artificial avenues by which the communication between 
 the large cities on the seaboard and in the interior of the country is and 
 will ultimately be carried on. Besides these, there are innumerable 
 navigable rivers, extensive canals, and good common roads, whereby 
 the commerce of the country is greatly facilitated. 
 
 The subject of railroads is occupymg great attention in continental 
 Europe. Belgium was the first state, after Great Britain, that moved 
 energetically in the matter ; four different lines, 348 miles in length, 
 have been constructed at the expense of the government, and the re- 
 sult of the first year after their opening fully justified the policy which 
 had dictated their construction. Before the establishment of these lines 
 of communication, the number of passengers between Brussels and 
 Antwerp annually was 75,000. In the eight months after the opening 
 of the railway, the number was 541,129 ; and afterwards the annual in- 
 tercourse between those cities amounted to a million. A secondary 
 system of lines, about 200 miles, to communicate with the inferior towns, 
 has been commenced under the authority of the state, by private com- 
 panies. 
 
 In 1842, the French government resolved that a system of railways 
 should be planned and executed. With thi-s view, it was determined 
 that from Paris as a centre, main branch lines should issue, to be di- 
 rected to those points of the frontiers, by land and sea, that should best 
 
24 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMTANION. 
 
 DC 
 
 m W 
 
 serve the purposes of foreign commerce. In 1844, there were 537 miles 
 of railway opened to the public, absorbing a capital of $57,320,000 ; in 
 progress of construction 1,837 miles, and 061 miles projected. When 
 these are completed the total length will be 3,335 miles, requiring the 
 enormous capital of $355,977,000. The Great Northern Railway, which 
 unites Paris and Brussels, is now open, and is said to be the most gi- 
 gantic railway concern in the hands of any one company in the world. 
 It will have need of 3,250 carriages and 175 locomotives. It has occu- 
 pied four years in its construction, and cost 180,000,000 francs. Most 
 of the railways in France have been undertaken by the government, 
 and when completed, are leased for a term of years to companies, or 
 individuals, on complying with certain conditions. At the expiration 
 of 40 years, they will revert again to the government, and in about 90 
 years private companies will cease to exist, except such as the govern- 
 ment may thinii fit to reconstitute. 
 
 Railway communication is proceeding rapidly in Germany. During 
 the latter part of the year (1818) the line will be complete between 
 Cologne and the extreme frontier of the east, north, and south of the 
 Germanic confederation. Vienna, Breslau, Berlin, and Hamburg, are 
 now connected by a continuous railway. It is stated that an under- 
 standing has taken place between the directors of the different railway 
 companies possessing this vast range of lines, and that they have agreed 
 on an arrangement of departure in correspondence with each other, so 
 that the distance between Vienna and Hamburg may be cleared in 48 
 hours, comprising stoppages, and between Vienna and Stettin in 40 hours. 
 
 The Austrian system consists of what may be called four great arte- 
 ries, which meet at Vienna ; and from thence proceed n., s., e., and w. 
 The southern line terminates at Trieste, traversing a distance of 335 
 miles. When this line is completed travellers may go direct from 
 Hamburg to Trieste. 
 
 The northern directs its course by Prague, on the frontiers of Saxony. 
 497 miles ; throwing off a branch to form a union by Olmutz, with the 
 great line througli Prussian Silesia. These two lines, running n. and s., 
 are destined to form a part of a more extensive line, by which the 
 Adriatic will be united with the Northern seas. The two arteries 
 which run e. and w. will connect Vienna with the confines of Hungary. 
 A line of railway, measuring about 200 miles, will traverse the Loni- 
 bardo- Venetian territory, connecting Venice with Milan, and commu- 
 nicating by steam navigation with the terminus of the great northern auG 
 southern line at Trieste. 
 
 The Great German and Italian Junction Railway, is a proposed line 
 of 143 miles in length, commencing on Lake Constance, and traversing 
 the entire breadth of Switzerland. Crossing the Alps by a tunnel 3^ 
 miles in length, it will terminate on Lake Maggiore. The capital re- 
 quired for this undertaking is 75,000,000 francs. 
 
 The German railways branching off from Lake Constance, and 
 which will connect with the above, are— 
 
 1 
 
 jo. 
 
 I in 
 iiii 
 Fr 
 ;t:i( 
 
 the 
 
 ()!!( 
 
 a l!ie 
 (.n 
 
 lin 
 lin( 
 
N. 
 
 ORIGIN AND rUOGllESS OF RAILROADS. 
 
 i5 
 
 were 537 miles 
 $57,320,000 ; in 
 >jected. When 
 s. requiring the 
 Railway, which 
 )e the most gi- 
 ly in the world. 
 5. It has occu- 
 
 francs. Most 
 le government, 
 
 companies, or 
 
 the expiration 
 
 and in about 90 
 
 1 as the govern- 
 
 rmany. During 
 
 nplete between 
 
 ind south of the 
 
 \ Hamburg, are 
 
 1 that an under- 
 
 liflferent railway 
 
 hey have agreed 
 
 h each other, so 
 
 be cleared in 48 
 
 ettinin40iiours. 
 
 four great arte- 
 
 ■j., s., E., and w. 
 
 distance of 335 
 
 go direct from 
 
 itiers of Saxony. 
 Hmutz, with the 
 [mning is. and s., 
 
 !, by which the 
 he two arteries 
 Ines of Hungary. 
 Verse the Loni- 
 |n, and comniu- 
 
 kat northern anu 
 
 I a proposed line 
 and traversing 
 
 I by a tunnel 3V 
 ^he capital re- 
 
 Constance, and 
 
 1. The naihn Railway, about to be constructed from Constancnto 
 Oilenburg, where it will unite with the Great Baden Railway, alre.idy 
 in operation, which, on the north, proceeds to Manheim and FrankI irt, 
 and on the west, to the French Inie from Strasburg to Paris. Ficm 
 Fianivfort, various lines will lead to Cassel, Hanover, and Hambiig, 
 ;i:i(i also to the great lines of Belgium and Holland. 
 
 2. The Wurteviburg Railway, from Frederick.shaven, via Ulm and along 
 the Neckar River to Stutgard and Loiiisburg ; with branches, ou the 
 one hand, to Heilbroun, (the place of departure for steamboats upon 
 the above river ;) and on the other hand, to Biirchsal, there joinmg the 
 Great Baden Railway before mentioned. 
 
 3. The Bavarian Railiuaij, from Lindau to Augsburg. At Aug.«burg a 
 line proceeds to ^Mimicli, where an extension will be made to meet the 
 line projected from Salzburg to Lintz,the Danube, and Vienna ; another 
 proceeds to Donanworth, Nuremljerg, and Bamberg. From the latter 
 p'ace a line proceeds in a northerly direction to ( oburg, and from thence 
 to Cassel, Hanover, Hamburg, and Bremen. I'rom Bamberg, also, is a 
 line leading to Altenburg and Leipsic ; w hence various lines diverge to 
 Dresden, Magdeburg, Brunswick, Hanover, and Berlin, as, also, to 
 Stettin and ports on the Baltic Sea. 
 
 4. The Swiss Railways from Romansliom to Zurich, recently author- 
 ized, and that in course of construction from Zurich to Bale. 
 
 The entire system of railroads in Germany, when completed, will 
 consist of 1,600 German (^ 7,(iOO English) miles of railway. At the 
 close of the year 1845, 4,700 miles were opened for traffic. When the 
 system is completed, one-third will have been constructed by the state, 
 and two-thirds by companies under the authority of, and subject to, the 
 control of the state. The total amount of capital absorbed by these 
 great undertakings will be $373,90^,000. 
 
 The Italian railways branching oft" from Lake Maggiore, are— 
 
 1. The Sardinian Railway, in course of construction, from Arona to 
 Genoa, via Alessandria. From this latter place a line is also being con- 
 structed to Turin, whence it will be extended through Upper Piedmont 
 and Nice, to connect with the railways of the south of France ; and 
 another is projected to Placenza, there to join those of Lombardy, Tus- 
 cany, and Ilomagna. 
 
 2. The railway (lately authorized) from Bellinzona to Lugano and 
 Chiapo on the frontiers of liOmbardy, destined to join, at Como, the 
 railway to Milan. From Milan, the line to Verona, Vicenza, and 
 Venice, will soon be opened; and another is projected to Piacenza, 
 Parma, Modena, and Bologna, where it will join the lines (lately au- 
 thorized by the Pope) from Bologna, Ancona, Rome, and Ceprano, on 
 the confines of the Kingdom of Naples. From Ceprano, a line is in- 
 tended to be made to Capua, there joining the railway now open to 
 Naples. From Naples, a line to Barletta has been authorized, and an 
 extension is contemplatetl from the free port of Brindisi, on the soutli- 
 eastern extremity of that kingdom. 
 
26 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 The system of Russian railways projected, and in progress of con- 
 struction, consists of the following principal lines. The first extending 
 from St. Petersburg to Warsaw, and thence to Cracow, where it unites 
 with the northern chain of German lines ; thus opening a continuous 
 communication with all the chief cities of Central Europe. The second 
 line will connect St. Petersburg with Moscow; and the third will be 
 tlie continuation of tlie Austro- Hungarian line to Odessa. The fourth 
 line, intended for merchandise only, will connect the Volga and the 
 Duna. The entire length of tlus system of railways will be about 1,600 
 miles. 
 
 The average cost of railways m the United States arid Etirope, p?r 
 mile, including purchase of lands, construction, materials, depots, sala- 
 ries, and every appendage and appurtenance, is as follows, in round 
 iminbcrs, omitting fractions. In Massachusetts $30,000; the other 
 Eastern States $24,000 ; New York $20,000 ; New Jersey and Pennsyl- 
 vania $40,000; Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana $11,000.* In England 
 $JT5.000; France $107,500 ; Belgium $80,000 ; Germany $40,000, (owing 
 to the low price of labor and land ;) and in Prussia $47,000. 
 
 * The small cost comparatively of the roads South and West is owing' to the nature ot 
 th« country, and the iinpcrfect workmanship bestowed upon them. 
 
igress of con- 
 irst extending 
 here it unites 
 a continuous 
 . The second 
 third will be 
 , The fourth 
 olga and the 
 be about 1,C00 
 
 d Europe, p?r 
 , depots, sula- 
 :)ws, in round 
 10; the other 
 and Pennsyl- 
 In England 
 140,000, (owing 
 00. 
 
 \S to the nature ot 
 

 FLANo. BObTON, 
 
 WITH C.M'.'I'S OK 
 
 EAST AN i> SOUTH BOSTON, 
 
 ALSO J'Oiri'iOXS OK 
 
 CHARI^STOWN 
 
 AXI» 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 Sliowiiii; liUi'wiric llif Miiili'Oiiil I><>|miIs. 
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 BOSTON. 
 
 Boston, the capitiil of Massjicliusetts, and mctropolia of N«nv 
 England, is situated on a peninsula at the western cxfreniity of 
 Massachusetts Buy. It is in N. Lat,. 42° 21' 23", and W. LonjLr. 
 71° 4' 9", and contains a population of 125,000. The peninsula 
 upon which it is built is nearly tiirco miles in len^^th, willj an 
 averaijo breadth of ono mile, with numerous elevations from 50 
 to 110 feet above the sea, affordinf^ admirable sites for building, and 
 giving to the city a peculiarly fine appearance, especially wlien 
 viewed from the water. Tlie Indian name of Boston was Shaw- 
 mut, but it was called by the first settlers Trimonnlain, from th. 
 three hills on which the city is built. It was incorporated Feb. 
 
 Boston is connected with the surrounding country by artificial 
 avenues or bridges, and with Roxbury by the Neck which forms 
 the peninsula upon which the city is built. It is united with 
 East Boston (formerly Noddle's Island) and Chelsea by means 
 of steam ferry-boats, which ply at regular intervals during the 
 day The bridges are among the greatest curiosities of the place, 
 being so different from any thing of their kind elsewhere ; and 
 
 . .<n 
 
 ■'■>. 
 
 I 
 
 
I 
 
 ss 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 thoir great length, with tlin fine views they ufTurd, renders them 
 objectii of interest to strangers. Boston is connected with Charles- 
 town by the C/iurles River or old C/iarlcslnwn Rridffe, and by 
 Warren If rid ire. The former was incorpiriited in March, 17H5, 
 nnd is 1M,;>03 feet long, 42 in breadth, and co«t npwardsof }^r)0,()00. 
 — Warren Bridge was incorporated in March, 1828; its hMigth 
 is 1,3!)0 feet, breadth 4'). The toll formerly collected from all who 
 j)iiHsed over these bridges, was abolished a few years since, on 
 their becoming t^tate property. — West Boston Bridge, leading 
 from the foot of Cambridgc-st. to Old Cambridge, was opened in 
 Nov. 171)3. It re.ts upon 180 piers, and, including causeway 
 and ubiilments, is (i,ll)() iVet iu length. This bridge was sold to 
 u company in June, 18 Ki, for ,'|^7j,000, who have twelve years 
 allowed for raising the sum by tolls, the interest of which is to 
 keep the bridge in repair. — Cragie^s or Canal Bridge, from the 
 foot of Leverett-st. to Lechmero Point, in East Cambridge, was 
 opened in Aug., 1809: its length is 2,71)6 feet, width 40. From 
 this bridge a branch extends to Prison Point, Charlestown, the 
 If'iigth of which is 1,820 feet, width 3.') feet.— The Mill Dam or 
 Western Aiienue, opened in Ju'y, 1821, extends from the foot of 
 Beacon-st. to Sewell's Point in IJrookline : it is constructed in a 
 substantial manner of stono and earth, and is a mile and a hall 
 long, and from (iO to 100 feet in width. It encloses about GOO 
 acres of flats, over which the tide formerly flowed. A cross-dam 
 divides this enclosure, which, by the aid of flood and ebb gates, 
 forms a receiving basin, thereby producing, at all periods, a great 
 extent of water-power. The cost of this work was about ^700,000. 
 — Boston Free Bridi^", from Sea-st. to South Boston, completed 
 in 1828, is 500 feet long and 28 wide. — South Boston Bridge, 
 leading from the '* Neck" to South Boston, was opened iu July, 
 1805. Length 1,550 feet, width 40: cost $50,000. These 
 bridges are all lighted with lamps. Besides the above, the river 
 is crossed by several railroad bridges or viaducts. 
 
 South Boston, formerly apart of Dorchester, is connected with 
 Boston by two bridges, and also by ttie Old Colouy Railroad ; it 
 contains about 600 acres, which is laid oiil into regular streets. 
 Pop. about 9.000. *' Dorchester Iltights," wi ich are situated 
 about the centre of the tract, 120 feet above the ocean, are fa- 
 
BOHTO>f. 
 
 29 
 
 mouH in the U«'Voliitiouary liistDpy of tlio country. From these 
 IK<i|jhts, and also riom ."Mount N\'uNhin<.'ton, in presented u line 
 view of Boston and its harbor, t'liarh»sto\vn, the Navy Yard, and 
 the surrounding conntry. The Institution for the Blind, and the 
 Houses of Industry, (-orroetion, and U< , )rniation are located here. 
 
 East Boston, fornurly Noddle's Island, lies about 1,9^0 feet 
 N. K. from Boston, and in divided from l'hels<a by (.'holseu creek, 
 (>00 feet wide, over which is a bridge, whenc(^ a tine road leads 
 to the iSalorn turnnikc. Pop. about G,()00. Here is the depot and 
 htaitinfj-point of the Kasttrn Railroad, and also of the t'unard 
 hue of stramships. Sui^ar-rcfinin;;, ship-buildin;r, and uifchan- 
 ical pursuits, arc ext'-nsivcly carried on here A steam-ferry 
 unites this place with Boston, Icavin;,' each side every five min- 
 utes, and occupyin;r in crossiu;r about three minutes. 
 
 Boston Harbor contains many islands, some of which are of 
 great beauty : it in 8afe, and Ciij)acious cn'jn;;!i for the larjrest 
 navy. The most imjxirtant j)art of this harbor is entered by a 
 narrow pass, about three miles below the city> aud is well pro- 
 tected by forts Independence and Warren. The outside harbor 
 is protecteiJ by a stroiiir fortress on (ieor^je's Island, recently erect- 
 ed by the general goveninieni. The view of the city, and the 
 towns and villajjes on the shores of the harbor, add much to the 
 beauty of the scenery. Fsliinif purtici fre(jMentiy jro out, and bav- 
 in;; secured a mess of fish, land on one of the many islands, and 
 regale themselves with a '' cliowder." Boats of twenty or thirty 
 tons are usually chartered for this purpo.se, men of experience 
 always goin;; with them. 
 
 Boston Common, one of tlie most delightful places of its kind 
 in the country, is a <^reat promenade, and on holidays and public 
 occasions is crowded with people. It contains about 7.') acres, 
 including what is termed the Public Garden, on the west side of 
 Cliarles-st. It is a njile and one-third in circumference, and sui- 
 rounded by an iron railing which cost the city about f*$75,0UIJ ; 
 outside of which are wide streets lined bv handsome buildinir«. 
 It is gently undulated, beautifully shaded with trees of various 
 kinds, some of which are more than a hiuiiired years old, and a 
 beautiful gravelled walk, or mall, extends throughout its entire 
 circumference. This spot, so greatly admired by strangers, is th«k 
 
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n-. 
 
 ^; -i' 
 
 h 
 
 30 
 
 RAII ROAD A^D STEA1\:B0AT COMPANION. 
 
 pride of all Bostoniuns. The ground was left to the city, on con- 
 dition tliat it should not be appropriated to any other than its 
 present use. 
 
 Watkr. — Boston is about to be supplied with water from Lonj» 
 Pond, in Framin«;rhani, by means of the splendid enterprise now 
 in prajTrea-s. The ceremony of Jireu king ground took place Aug, 
 2 llh, 1846, on which otjcasion Li/n«r Pond received the appella- 
 tion of '* ('Ocliituiito Lake." This lake covers an area of 659 
 acres, and drains a svirface of 11,400 acres. It is in some places 
 70 ft. deep, and is elevated 124 ft. above tide-water in Bosto*i har- 
 bor. The corner-stone of the Boston Reservoir, situated on Beacon 
 Hill, was laid ou Saturday, Nov. 19th, 1847, by the Mayor and 
 City Council. A lar^e number of citizens assisted at the ceremony 
 Tlie founcialious for the arches which support the reservoir are 
 very mafssive. The reservoir covers an area of 40,000 feet. The 
 water is broujjht in an oval aqueduct, six feet four inches in 
 height, and five feet in width, laid in brick with hydraulic ce 
 nient, about 14^ miles, from Cochituato lake to Brookline, when? 
 it discharjres itself into a reservoir 30 acres in extent. From 
 Brookline the water is forced by its owu pressure through pip^ 
 
 :a 
 
BOSTON. 
 
 31 
 
 •S>^H.> 
 
 ^/'j on coii- 
 r than its 
 
 of 30 and 35 inches in diameter, to the two reservoirs in the city, 
 the one on Mount Wasliinfrton ut South Boston, which will con- 
 tain a superficies of 70,000, and the one on Beacon Hill of 38,000 
 feet. The latter will contain, when full, 3,000,000 of gallons. 
 This rebervoir will he capable of throwing a jet to a great height. 
 The two reservoirs will deliver to the city of Boston 10,000,000 
 of gallons a diiy of the i)iirtst and best water. The entire cost 
 of construction will probably fall within 3,000,000 of dollars. 
 The greatest drawback to Boston has been, perhaps, the want 
 of a sulHcieut snp]>ly of this element, conflicting interests having 
 retarded its introduction at an earlier period. The aqueduct com- 
 pany for bringing water from Jamaica Pond in Roxbury, a dis- 
 tance of four miles, commenced operations as early as 1795, but 
 the greatest supply from this source is about 50,000 gallons daily, 
 a quantity quite inadequate for the rapid increase of tho popula- 
 tion. It is estimated that 28 gallons per diem would be required 
 for eacli individuul, including w.hat may be used for culinary and 
 other purjHises. At this rate it would take upwards of 3,000,000 
 gallons daily to supply the inhabitants. 
 
 W'liAKVEs. — About 200 docks and wharves surround the city, 
 forming one of its peculiar features. Long Wh.irf extends from 
 the foot of State-st. 1,B!)0 ft., is 200 ft. in width, and contains 76 
 spacious stores. — Ceiilritl W/iorf is 1,380 ft. long, with a signal 
 station in the centre, from whicli is obtained a fine view of the 
 city and harbor. — India Wluirf is 980 ft. long, and from 246 to 
 280 ft. in width. Sh'ps from the East Indies and China are gen- 
 erally to be found here. — Grduite or Commercial Wharf is 1,100 
 ft. long, and IGO wide, and contains many handsome granite 
 stores. — The Eastern Railroad Wharf, of recent construction, 
 extends 18 1 ft. on Commercial-st., and is 412 ft. long and 184 ft. 
 wide. On this wharf are 28 large stores, the depot of the East 
 Boston Railroad ferry, and the Exchange Hotel, a new and com- 
 modious building. — Lewis's TV7/ar/ contains a fine block of gran- 
 ite warehouses, some of which are four stories in height. On the 
 end of the wharf is an observatory, commanding a fine and ex- 
 tensive prospect. — Union IVZ/a// extends 290 ft. on Commercial- 
 st., and is G40 ft. in length. It has a number of fine warehouses 
 upon it. At the lowest tides tho water at this wharf is 22 ft. deep. 
 
 ■li 
 
jfisaasfer:'***'' 
 
 r 
 
 IIAILI.DAI) AM) .ST EA."^; COAT CCAIFAMON. 
 
 if 
 
 CiiuiK.'MKs. — The rN.TAi.iAN MIC as folluws : First Chiircft,m 
 ChauiKJcy-placo, l('a(r.ii;jj i'lOMi Siiiumcr-sf., R»'V. N. L. Frolhinir- 
 harn, j)aslor ; Srroud C/iiirr/i, in Ilaiiovcr-st., Rov. C Kul)l)ins ; 
 Kuii>-^s CiKipcl, on the corner of Treniont and School sts. ; 
 Bratilc-.strec.t Church, \n I3rattle-st., Rev. S. K. Lulhrop ; New 
 South Church, on C'hiirch Green, at the junction ol' tSunnner and 
 IJedford sts., Rev. A. Y nm^r ; Federal-street Church, at the 
 corner of Federal and Rcrry sis., Rev. E. S, Gannett. ; Hollis- 
 street Church, IIo!Ii.s-st. ; Purchase-S'treet Societi/, removed to 
 corner of Harrison avenne a. id Reaoh-st., Rev. C Coolid;^e ; Sou!h 
 Con<rregutlnn(d Church, oii WashiiiLrton-st., S. End, Rev. F. D. 
 IInntin;rton ; Church nf thy. Disciple,^, Masonic Temple, Rev. 
 J. F. Clarke ; Bedford-.strcc.t Surieti/, Rev. li. C. Waterston ; 
 Wurrcii-sfreet Chapel, Rev. r. R. Fox. 
 
 The Tkimtakian ('ihrcmi s are — Old S:)n!h Church, corner 
 of Wasliin;rton and Milk sts., ,lev. G. W. RkiLjden ; Park-street 
 Church, corner of Park and Treniont sts., Rev. S. Aiken. — Essex- 
 street Church, Rev. N. Adams; Ceutral C hurch ,\\"mtvr-iii., Rev. 
 W. iM. lion^crs ; Mount Veruon Church, Somerset-place, Rev. ,1. 
 N. Kirk; Bowdoin-street ('hurch, R-v. .T. W. Waterbiiry. 
 
 The liAi'Tisr Ciiuitcui-.s are--7V/r First Church, corner of 
 Hanover and laiion sts., Mcv. R. II, Neale ; Second Baptist 
 Church, Baldwin-place, near .Sa!em-st., Rev. B. Stowe ; Third 
 Baptist Church, in Charles-st., Rev. I). Sharp; Federal-street 
 Baptist Church, removed to Bedfurd-st., Rev. W. liajrue ; Har- 
 vard-street Church, corner of ilairison avenne and Ilarvard-st., 
 Rev. J. Barnard ; Treinont-strect Church, Treniont Temple, 
 Rev. N. Colver; B'jwdoin-sqnare Church, Rev. R. W. Cusjnnau. 
 
 Tlie EiMHCoi'AL CnuKcnKS are — Christ Church, in Salem-st., 
 near Copp's lliil, Rev. J. Woart ; Trinity Church, on the cor- 
 ner of Summer and Ilawley sts., Rt. Rev. IM. Eastburn ; St 
 Paul's Church, Tremonl-st., opposite the Common, Rev. A. If 
 Vinton ; St. Stephen^s Church, in Purchaso-st., Rev. E. W. V. 
 Wells; Grace Church, in Temple-st,, Rev. C. M. Butler. 
 
 The Catholic Chuuciies are — Church of the Holy Cross, in 
 Franklin-st. ; St. Marys Church, Endicott-st. ; St. Patrick's 
 Church, Northampton-.st. ; Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, 
 South Boston ; *S'^ Augustine's Church, South Boston ; Churchy 
 
 •M' -1 
 
BOSTON. 
 
 33 
 
 of the Holy TririHy, on Suffolk-st. ; Church of St. Nicholas, 
 East Boston. 
 
 The Umvf.rsalist Churciiks arc — First Univrrsnlist Church, 
 Ilanover-st. ; Second IJniversalisi Church, in School-st. ; Fourth 
 Church, S. B., Rev. T. D. Cook ; Fifth Church, on VVarren-st. 
 
 The Methodist Churcurs are — First Methodist Church, m 
 \ortli B'MUU'tt-st. ; Second Church, in Brornfield-st. ; the Mur- 
 iner''s Bethel, in North-square, Rev. E. T. Taylor ; Fourth 
 Church, in North Riissell-st. ; Fifth Church, in South Boston. 
 
 The New Jkiil'salem Cwukcii is in Bowdoin, near Beacon-st. 
 
 Public Bl'ILDINgs, tfco. — Of the puhlic l)uil(lings in Boston, 1}io 
 Sfatc-Houfie, on the sununit of Beacon H'll, and frontiufr tlio 
 " Common," is among the first. Its foiindition is 110 ft. above 
 the level of the sea. Lenjrtii 173 ft., breadth 61. The edifice 
 was completed in 1798, at a cost of 3133,330, about three years 
 haviii!r been occui)ied in its construction. On the entrance floor 
 is to be seen Chantrev's beautiful statue of Washinirton. Near 
 by is the staircase leading to the dome, where visiters are re- 
 quired to register their names, and from the top of which is ob- 
 tained a fine view of the city, the bay with its islands, and the 
 surrounding country, — one of the finest views in the Union, if not 
 in the world. The number of visiters to the cupola from April to 
 Nov. 184G, was 54,250. The state legislature holds its annual 
 session here. — The new Custom- House is located at the foot of 
 Stato-st., between the heads of liong and Central wharves. It 
 is in the form of a cross ; the extreme length being 140 ft., breadth 
 95 ft. The longest arms of the cross are 75 feet wide, and the 
 shortest C7 ft., the opposite fronts and ends being alike. The en- 
 tire heiglit to the top of the dome is 90 ft. It is built in the pure 
 Doric order of architecture. Each front has a portico of six fluted 
 Doric columns, 32 ft. high and 5 ft. 4 inches in diameter, and is 
 approached by 14 steps. The cohmnis are each in one piece, of 
 liighly wrought granite, having cost about .*$5,000 cacli. It is 
 built on 3,000 piles, driven in the most tliorough manner. Im- 
 mediately on the top of these piles is a platform of granite, one 
 foot six inches thick, laid in the best hydraulic cement, and upon 
 it the foundations of tlie walls, j)artitions, &c., were commenced. 
 Underneath the whole building is a cellar 12 ft. deep, perfectly 
 
 3 
 
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 »^i 
 
 t.ii 
 
,J^ms- 
 
 34 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAAIHOAT COMPANION. 
 
 I 
 
 IT 
 
 r 
 
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 ■v I 
 
 'I 
 
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 liii ■•» 
 
 J 
 
 dry, wliich is used for the storajre of goods. The architect of 
 this no!)Io. structiiro was Arnini IJ. Yoiin<r, Esq., of Boston. — 
 Funriiil. Hall. This venerated structure, termed the " Cradle ot 
 Liberty," is in Dock Square. It is about lUi) years old, and is 
 an oliject of deep interest to Americans. Here the fathers of the 
 ]{evo!ution met to liaranjrne the people on the events of that stir- 
 rinqf period ; and often since tliat time the jrreat men of the state 
 and nation have made its walls resound with their eloquence. 
 It was presented to tlic cily by Peter Faneuil, a distinguished 
 mercliant, who, on the 4lh of July, 1740, made an otl'er, in a 
 town-nxM'ling, to build a market-house. There being at that 
 time none in the town, it was accepted by a vote of 307 to 3G0. 
 The buiUling was begun the following year, and finislied in 1712. 
 The donor so far exceeded his promise, as to erect a spacious and 
 b"autiful Town Hall over it, and several other convenient rooms. 
 In commemoration of liis generosity, tlie town, by a sj)ecia! vole, 
 conferred his nami; upon tiic Ilall ; and as a further testimony 
 of respect, it was voted that Mr. Faneuil's fidl-lengtli portrait be 
 drawn at the expense of the town and placed in the Ilall. Tiiis, 
 with oiher portraits, can be seen by visiters. This gentleman 
 d'ed on the 3d of March, 17 13, and the first meeting of the in- 
 habitants of Boston held in Faneuil llall was on the -Ith of the 
 same month, to hear tlie funeral oration of the donor. — The Ex- 
 chau'^e, a new and splendid building fronting on State-st., was 
 completed in the full of 1842. It is 70 ft. high and 250 ft. deep, 
 covering about 13,000 ft. of ground. The front is built of Quincy 
 granite, with four pilasters, each A^> feet high, and weighing oo 
 tons each. The roof is of wrought-iron, and covered with g;il- 
 vanized sheet-iron ; and all the principal staircases arc fire-proof, 
 being constructed of stone and iron. The front is occuijied bv 
 banks, insurance and other ollices, and the rear is an hotel ; on 
 the lower floor are bathing-rooms, and at the top is a telegraph 
 station. Tiie centre of the basement story is occupied by the 
 Post-ofilce. The gr«'at central hall, a magnificent room, is 58 by 
 80 ft., having 18 columns 20 ft. in length, in imitation of Sienna 
 marble, with Corinthian c;ipitals, and a sky-light of colored glass. 
 finished in the most ornannMital manner. This room is used for 
 the merchants' exchange, and subscribers' reading-room. The 
 
r.asTox. 
 
 36 
 
 nitect of 
 ostoii. — 
 ^ radio ol 
 1, uud is 
 rs of tlic 
 ;lKit stir- 
 tlio state 
 oqucncc. 
 ii;ruishcd 
 llbr, ill a 
 \ at that 
 7 to 3 GO. 
 I in 171-2. 
 fions and 
 nt rooms, 
 cia! vole, 
 :cstiinony 
 ortrait bo 
 1. This, 
 ciitlonian 
 r tiie in- 
 Ih of the 
 The Ex- 
 ;^-st., was 
 ft. deep, 
 f Qnincy 
 (riiiajX oo 
 kvith gal- 
 re-proof, 
 upied by 
 old ; on 
 elt'nrraph 
 1 by the 
 is 58 by 
 If Sienna 
 led glass. 
 used for 
 In. The 
 
 I 
 
 .■'?■ 
 
 entire cost of the building, exchisivc of land, was ,*$17."),0U0. — 
 The Court-Hoitsr, a fmc building in Court-square, fronting on 
 Court-st., is built of (^iiiney granite. Tiie corner-stone was laid 
 in Sept., Is33. The interior contains four court-rooms, 50 ft. by 
 ■10, and large and commodious olRces for all the rrspectivo de- 
 partments. — The CHij If'ill is near the Court-IIouse, and front- 
 ing on School-st., with an oj)en yard in front. — The Mussachu- 
 srt!,-^ Ho/ipital is built of granite, and occupies an area of four 
 acres on Charles river, between Allen and Jiridgo sts. It has 
 recently been enlarged by the addition of wings. — The Massa- 
 chusctls Medical College, formerly in Mason-st., is now removed 
 to the foot of Bridge-st., near the ^lassachusetts IIosj)ital. A 
 large brick edifice has recently been erected for it. — Harvard 
 Vniversihj, located in Cambridge, was founded in 1()3(), and takes 
 its name from the Rev. John Harvard, who left it a legacy of 
 £1~\) 17s. :2d. sterling. Its funds at the present time exceed half 
 a million of dollars. The annual commencement is on the la^t 
 ^Vednesday in August. — The Afhcna'um, situated in Beacon-st., 
 has a library of about 45,000 volumes, together with a ricdi cab- 
 inet of medals, coins, &c. Besides an extensive reading-room, 
 furnished with all the best American and Eiu'opean periodicals 
 and newspapers, it has also a fine collection of paintings and stat- 
 uary. It is open to subscribers, and to friends that may be intro- 
 duced, from 9 A. yi. until dark. — The Lowell Insliluie was 
 founded by John Lowell, Jr., Esq., for the support of regular 
 courses of popular and scientific lectures. The sum beciueathed 
 for this purpose amounts to about .*3"250,000. By his will, he pro- 
 vides for the maintenance and support of j)ublic lectures on natural 
 and revealed religion ; physics and cheniistry. wilh their applica- 
 tion to the arts ; and on geology, botany, and other useful sub- 
 jects. These lectures arc all free. The season for delivering 
 them is from October to April, during which period four or five 
 courses (of twelve lectures each) are usually delivered. Mr. 
 Lowell died at Bombay, in March, 183f), in the 37th year of his 
 age. — T\\(^ McLean Asylum for the Insane, at Somerville, occu- 
 pies a fine situation on rising ground, and has 15 acres of land 
 attached to it. The grounds arc well laid out, and every provi- 
 sion is made to beguile the patients into forgetfulncss of their 
 
 
 K J» ^,jL ... 
 
 f^ 
 
 n 
 
36 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION'. 
 
 1 
 
 -I 
 
 1 
 
 il li 
 
 ■ |i 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 melancholy situation. — The Institution for tfie Blind, 'n\ South 
 Boston, is erected on elevated ground, and commands a splendid 
 view of the city, harbor, and surroiindir.;T country. An interest- 
 ing exhibition of the pupils takes place at the Institute on the 
 first Saturday of every month. Strangers can obtain admission 
 at any time by upi>lyiiig fer an ordtK Omnibuses from Boston 
 leuvo every 15 minutes. — Tlie Jlousrs of Industry, Correction, 
 and Reformation^ are in South Boston, near the brow of Dor- 
 cliester Heights, and occjipy about 00 acres of ground. — Fancuil 
 Hull Market, completed in 1827, at a cost, exclusive of land, of 
 ,^150,000, is built entirely of granite, and is 536 ft. long and 50 
 wide, with a porti'^o, at each end, of four pillars 23 ft. high. In 
 the centre of the building is a dome of fine proportions. — The 
 Misonir, Temple is situated on Tremont-st., opposite to the Com- 
 mon. — The Mclodon .^ en Washington, near Bedford st. — The 
 Tremont Temple, formerly the Tremont Theatre, is on Tremont, 
 near School st. — Anviry Hill, corner of Washington and West 
 sts. ; Concert Hall, corner of Court and Hanover sts. ; Congress 
 Hall, 01. the corner of Congres.'=, and Milk sis. ; Pantheon Hall, 
 on Washington-st, above Boylston Market ; Washington Hall, 
 on Washington, near Bromfield st. ; Covenant Hall, on Wash- 
 ington-st., near Boyh^ton Maiket ; and Winthrop Hall, in Tre- 
 mont Row, are occupied as Odd Fellows' Lodges. The Free 
 Masons meet at the INIasonic Temple in Tremont-st. 
 
 Banks. — These are as follows: Atlantic, South Kilby-st. ; At- 
 las, GO State-st. ; Bcston, 48 State -st. ; Boylston, corner of 
 Washington and Boylston sfs. ; City, 61 State-st.; Columbian, 
 34 State-st. ; Exchange, 28 State-st. ; Eagle, 49 State-st. ; 
 Freeman's, 28 Sea-st. ; Globe, 22 State-st. ; Granite, 61 State- 
 st. ; Hamilton, 66 State-st. ; Market, 1 Merchants' Exchange ; 
 Merchants^ 28 State-st. ; Massachusetts, 66 State-st. ; Mechan- 
 ics', South Boston ; New England, 67 Stato-st. ; North, 2 Mer- 
 chants' Ex. ; Shawmui, 39 State-st. ; Shoe and Leather Deal- 
 ers\ 65 State-st.; State, 40 State-st.; Suffolk, 60 State-st.; 
 Traders', 91 State-st. ; Tremont, 41 State-st. ; Unio}$,AQ State- 
 et. ; Washington, 75 State-st. 
 
 Hotels. — The Tremont House, en Tremont and Beacon sis., 
 was opened in October, 1829. It is a granite building, contain- 
 
 1^ 
 
r.osTox. 
 
 37 
 
 iiig 180 rooms, tind cost, without the Ittiul, .^(kS.OOO. Hoard .$!>.()0 
 p'^r day. — Tlio Anirrlrnn Iluiisc, in IIinovcr-st„ is one of the 
 best houses in IJoston, und is providi-d with every couveuieiice to 
 render it a nio.4 ujjrrecablc " slo|)pini>;-j)l:ic(3." IJoard, by the day, 
 }$:}.00. — The United States Hotel, corner of Lincoln unri Heacli 
 sts., and opposite the Worcester Ruih'oad dejiot, is u fine establish- 
 ment. Wintrs liavo recently been added to this buiidinjf, which 
 make it, in point of size, equal, if not superior, to any otiier of its 
 kind in the country. Board 1^:2.00 perday. — The Adams House, 
 a new and beautiful hotel, is located in Washintf(on-st., near its 
 junction with Bedford-st. It is furnished throu^ijhout in a superb 
 style, and the comfort of visiters is particularly attended to. Board 
 J^iJ.OO per day. — Rererc House, an iiotel recently opened, has a 
 handsoino situation on Bowdoin Square. Board i$:2.()0 per day. 
 — The Marlhon/ Hotel, in W'^ashinirton-st., is a strict temper- 
 ance house, and a po})ular establisliment. Board ,*^"-2.()0 per day. 
 — The Alhion, in Tremont Row, is a jrood house, conducted on 
 the European plan. — Among other good hotels in Boston, are the 
 following: Bromjleld House, Bromfield-st., near Washington- 
 st. ; Commercial Coffee-House, Milk-st. ; City Hotel, Brattle-st. ; 
 Eastern Exchange Hotel, op])osito Eastern Railroad depot ; Ex- 
 change C)ffee- House, corner of Congress-sq. and Devonshiro-st. ; 
 Eastern Railroad House, 115 Commercial-st. ; Franklin House, 
 44 Merchants' Row ; Hanover House, 50 Ilanover-st. ; Mer- 
 chants'' Exchange Hotel, SiiiiQ-st. ; Pemhcrton House, lloward- 
 st. The price of board, at the above houses, varies from Ij^l.OO 
 to $1.50 per day. 
 
 Theatres, and other Places of Amusement. — The Howard 
 AthencEum, in Howard-st., occupies the site of the " Millerite 
 Tabernacle," which, after being converted into a theatre, was 
 destroyed by fire. The present building, considered one of the 
 handsomest of its kind in the country, cost upwards of J^100,000. 
 — The Boston Theatre, until recently the " Odeon," stands on 
 the corner of Federal and Franklin sts. — The National Theatre, 
 at the junction of Portland and Traverse sts., was built in 1831. 
 It was first opened for equestrian performances, but is now used 
 for theatrical representations. — The Adclphi, recently opened in 
 Court-st., is devoted to Burlesque and Vaudevilles. — The new 
 
 
 
38 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 it' 
 
 1^' 
 
 7. ■ 
 
 Boston Museum is Kituatod oj)positc Treinont Row, near Court- 
 ht BcKidf.'S the curiosities of tlie Museum, it ofTers attractions iu 
 the way of tlieatrical perforinaiices, generally very entertaining. 
 Price of admission, 25 cents. — At the Missionunj House, in Pein- 
 l)erton-s(inare, is a Museum, collected and forwarded by mission- 
 aries in various parts of tlie world. Open daily : admission free. 
 — The Nnfural History Rooms, in Tremont-st., adjoining the 
 Boston Museum, are worthy of a visit. Admission free. 
 
 Placks worth VisiTiNc — The Bunker Hill Monuuient is in 
 Charlestown. The top of this structure commands a magnifi- 
 cent view, embracing a wide extent of land and water scenery. 
 The journey to the top is somewhat tedious, it being necessary 
 to mount nearly 300 steps ; yet liiis is forgotten in tiie charming 
 scene and delightfid air that await the arrival of the visiter. — 
 Near at hand is the United States Nary Yard, containing, 
 among other things, a ropewalk, tlie longest in the country. Tlie 
 machinery lu're is of tlue most perfect kind. — The State House. 
 — Faneuil Hall. — The State Prison, located in Charlestown. 
 Fee ,'i5 cents. — The Blind A.'^yluni and the Houses of Industry 
 and Reformation, both in South Boston. Omnibuses leave tiie 
 city every 15 minutes. F(tre {]\ cents. — The Custom-House, at 
 the foot of State-st. — Mount Auhurn Cemetery is about a mile 
 from Harvard University. It is an enchanting spot — a magnifi- 
 cent resting-place for the dead. The cemetery is reached by 
 taking the cars at Charlestown, which leave tiie depot several 
 times daily. (For the pages on which the above places are de- 
 scribed, see Index.) — Mr. Cushing's Garden, a place of great 
 beauty, is a short distance beyond Mount Auburn, in Watertown. 
 Tickets may be obtained gratis on application at the Horticul- 
 tural store in School-st. — Fresh Pond, another charming place 
 of resort, is about four miles from Boston, and half a mile from 
 Mount x\uburn ; it is reached by the railroad cars, which leave 
 Charlestown many times during the day. Fare 1:2^ cents. — The 
 other fine sheets of water in the vicinity of Boston, well worthy 
 the attention of visiters, are Horn, Spot, Spy, and Mystic Ponds. 
 
 Watering Pipages i\ the Vicinity of Boston. — Nahant, a 
 delightful watering-place, is situated about 12 miles from Boston, 
 by water, and 14 miles by land. During the summer season, a 
 
ROSTOV. 
 
 39 
 
 8t»^anil)0iit plios daily. Fare 25 cents. This is a most agroeiible 
 excursion, atlordiiijaii opimrtimlty, in passinjj tliroiifjh the harbor, 
 for sfointr some of the many heaiitiliil islaiuls with which it is 
 studded. Nahaiit may also be rer <"d by taking the Eiustern 
 Kiillroud cars as far as Lynn, and thence walkiufr or ridini^ a dis- 
 tance of three miles, aloiifr th*- hard sandy beach, in full view of 
 the open sea ; or by omnibuses, which intersect the railroad cars 
 at Lynn several times daily. 
 
 Tlie peninsida is divided into Groat and Itittle Nahant, and 
 Bass Neck. The former is the larjjest division, containinij 300 
 acres, a part of which is under cultivation, many liandsome 
 dwellings, and a sj)ac:ous hotel, with a piaz/aou each floor. From 
 this place the visiter has a boundless seacoast view. 
 
 On the 8. side of Great Nahant is the dark cave or grotto called 
 tlie Swallow's Cave, 10 feet wide, five feet high, and 70 long, m- 
 creasing in a short distance to It feet in breadth and IS or 20 in 
 height. On the north shore of the peninsula is a chasm 20 or .'JO 
 feet in depth, called the Spontinir Horn, into which, at about 
 half tide, the water rushes with great violence and noise, forcing 
 a jet of water through an aperture in the rock to a considerable 
 height in the air. 
 
 liarge numbers resort to Nahant, during the sultrj'^ heats of 
 summer, to enjoy the refreshing sea breeze. Visiters mayamu.se 
 themselves at this delightful place, by fishing, tlie grounds for 
 which are excellent ; by bathing, either in cold or warm water ; 
 with riding, «S^.c., &c. 
 
 Philip's Beach, a short distance n. e. of Nahant, is another 
 beautiful beach, and a noted resort for persons in search of pleas- 
 ure or health. 
 
 Nanfasket Beach, 12 miles from Boston, is situated on the e. 
 side of the peninsula of Nantasket, which forms the s. e. side of 
 Boston harbor, and comprises the town of Hull. The beach, 
 which is remarkable for its great beauty, is four miles in length, 
 and celebrated for its fine shell-fish, sea-fowl, and good bathing. 
 
 Chelsea Beach, about three miles in length, is situated in the 
 town of Chelsea, and is another fine place of resort. A ride along 
 this beach in a warm day is deliglitful. It is about five miles from 
 Boston, and may be reached by crossing the ferry to East Boston. 
 
 
1 ' 
 
 !•' 
 
 40 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT rOMPANTON. 
 
 The rates of fare in the city ofTiosfnii, to he taken hff or paid to the 
 owner or driver of any licenned carriage, are as follows: 
 
 For carrying a passenger from one place to another, within the city 
 proper, 25 cents. 
 
 For children between tlirec and twelve years of age, if more than 
 one, or if accornpHiiied by an adull. half price only is charged for each 
 child ; and for cliildrcn iimlertliree years of age, wiien accoiinianied by 
 their parents, or any adult, no (rharge is made. Every driver or owner 
 of any licensed carriag(% is obliged to carry with each passenger one 
 trunk, and a valise, saddle bag, carpet-bag, portmanteau, box, bundle, 
 basket, or oilier article us(;d in travelling, if lie be reipiested so to do, 
 without charge or compensation therefor ; but for every trunk or other 
 sucli article as above named, more than two, he is entitled to demand 
 and receive the sum of five cents. 
 
 DISTANCES I\ BOSTON I'UO.M Till'- KXCIl AN(; R IN STATE -ST RERT. 
 
 To the Providence Depot, three-quarters of a mile ; the Worcester 
 "•nd Old Colony Depots, two-tliiids of a mile ; the Boston and Maine 
 Depot, one-third of a mile ; the Lowell Depot, two-thirds of a mile ; 
 the Eastern Depot, half a mile; IJuiiker Hill iMonument and Navy 
 Yard, \\ mile; Roxbury, 2] miles; Chelsea, two miles; Cambridge 
 Bridge, three-quarters of a mile ; Harvard University, 2h miles ; Mount 
 Auburn, 4A miles; Fresh Pond, five miles ; East Boston, l^ mile; Mt. 
 Washington and Dorchester Heights, S. Boston, two miles ; House of 
 Reformation, S. B., 2;f miles. 
 
 Steamboat Convevances fhom Boston. — Duriiifj the season 
 of navigation steainbouts leave Boston for Portsmouth, N. H., and 
 also for Portland, Mo. The fares are nsuuUy low, as the boats 
 run in opposition to the railroad. 
 
 For Bath, Gardiner, and. llullowell. — St^'aniers leave Boston 
 for the above places, from the end of T wharf, every Tuesday 
 and Friday, returninor on alternate days. Stages will be found in 
 readiness at Hallowell and Gardiner, on the arrival of the boat, to 
 take passengers to Waterville, Farmington, Readfield, Win- 
 throp, &LC. The stage route from the above places to the e. of 
 the Kennebec, and to Quebec, Can., will be found both pleasant 
 and expeditious. 
 
 For Bangor. — A steamboat leaves from the foot of Hanover-st. 
 every Tuesday and Friday, in the afternoon, for Bangor. Usual 
 fare $3.00. At Belfast stages will be in readiness to convey 
 passengers to Castine, Deer Isle, Sedgwick, Bluehill, and Ells- 
 worth. 
 
jover-st. 
 Usual 
 convey 
 d Ells- 
 
 hV 
 
 I 
 
 t-k 
 
¥ .■ 
 
h: 
 
EASTERN RAfLROAD. 
 
 41 
 
 For Edftfport, Mr., and St. Johnfi, N. B. — A steamboat leaves 
 E;istrrii Steurnbout Wharf for the above places twice a week, re- 
 turniiijr on alternate days. Usual fare to Eastport {^6.00 ; to St. 
 
 Johns ^W.OO. 
 
 Note.— For the routes diverging from Boston, see railroads under 
 their respective heads. 
 
 EASTERN RAILROAD, 
 Skaboakd, or Lower Uolte. (See Map No. 4.) 
 
 There are two routes from Boston to Portland, Me. ; the East- 
 ern or seaboard route from Eiist Boston, 105 miles in length, and 
 the Boston and Main^•, or inland, or upper route, whicli connects 
 with the Eastern at South Berwick, Me. The distance by the 
 latter route is 109 miles. They are both well-manajjed roads, 
 and the cars and conveniences upon them not inferior to thase 
 uj)on the best roads in the country. 
 
 The Eastern Railroad from Boston to Salem was opened in 
 1838; to Portsmouth, N. U., in 1840; and to Portland, Me., in 
 1842. The cost of the road to Portsmouth, 54 miles, includinfj a 
 double track to Salem, with locoujotives, cars, &C., was .*$2,500,000. 
 The Portsmouth, Saco, and Portland Railroad, 51 miles, cost 
 $1,200,000. 
 
 From Boston to Portland via Salem, Newburyport, and 
 Portsmouth. — In order to take the ears from Baston, which 
 leave several times daily, to any place on this route, passengers 
 must purchase their tickets at the depot on Eastern Avenue, 
 Commercial-st., and cross the ferry to East Boston, where is the 
 connnencement of the railroad. 
 
 The first 8topj)ing-place on this route is at Lynn Hotel, one 
 mile from the town of Lynn. Persons wishing to stop at this 
 great shoe-mart, will leave the cars at the second stopping-place, 
 nine miles from Boston. Fare 25 cents. 
 
 Salem, which contains a population of about 17,000, is situated 
 on a peninsula, a short distance from the sea, and 20 miles from 
 Cape Ann. It was formerly extensively engaged in the East 
 
 
 •'■>4l_ 
 
 
^* 
 
 "»<Aji*«.-'5«»,t%.t -t . 
 
 42 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 . . I 
 
 r-n 
 
 rh 
 
 India trade, but has declined in commercial importance, most of 
 its KJiipping having been removed to Boston, aitlionj^li continuing 
 to be owned in Salem. Ci)eKtnut-i?t., one of the handsomest 
 thorouglifares in the country, has rows of elm-lrees on either side, 
 and contains many splendid mansions. Tho Naumkeag Steam 
 Cotton Factory, employing upwards of 500 hands, and the largest 
 of its kind in tlie U. States, is located here. The Museum of tho 
 East India Marine. Socicly is well worlh a visit, for which tickets 
 of admission can be procured gratis, on appliccxticn. It is remark- 
 able for tho variety and extent of its natural and artificial curiosi- 
 ties, collected from every part of the world. Fare from Boston 
 40 cents. The Eastern I^iilroad passes through a tunnel built 
 under Essex and Washington sts., and is thence carried over a 
 bridge of considerable length to IJeverly. 
 
 Beverly, two miles nortli of Salem, and 10 from Boston, is con- 
 nected with the former place by a bridge across the North River; 
 the bridge, which was built in 1788, Is 1,500 ft. in length. The 
 inhabitants are very generally engaged in tho fisheries. Pop. 
 about 5,000. Fare 45 cents. 
 
 Wenham is a very pleasant town, 20 miles n. by e. of Boston. 
 Pop. about 2,000. Wenham Pond, a beautiful s leet of water, 
 about a mile square, allords abundance of excellent fish, and is 
 much visited by persons fond of angling. It is ali>o noted for the 
 quality and quantity of its ice, a large amount of v/hich is yearly 
 exported. Fare 50 cents. 
 
 Ipswich contains about 3,000 inhabitants. The country aromid 
 is well cultivated and beautifully variegated. Fare 70 cents. 
 
 Rowley is an agricultural town much resorted to by families 
 seeking a healthy sunnncr location. Distance from Boston 29 
 miles. Fare 80 cents. 
 
 NKWBURYroaT, Mass., lies on a gentle acclivity, dn the s. bank 
 of tho Merrimack Uiver, near its union with the Atlantic. It is 
 considered one of the most beautiful towns in New ]']ngland. In 
 consequence of a sand-bar at the mouth of the harbor, its foreign 
 conmierce has greatly declined. The celebrated G^^orgo White- 
 field died in this town in Sept., 1770. Pop. about 10,000. Fare 
 from Boston ^1.00. 
 
 Salisburi Beach, celebrated for its beauty and salubrity, is much 
 
 one 
 AuK 
 
 ■)■■! 
 
EASTERN RAILROAD. 
 
 43 
 
 iroiuid 
 
 Is. 
 imilies 
 
 oil 29 
 
 . bank 
 It is 
 la 
 
 breign 
 Vli'te- 
 Fav 
 
 m 
 
 uch 
 
 visited during the warm season. Il is from four to five miles dis- 
 tant from Ne\vl)uryport. 
 
 Seahrook is noted for its wliale-bout huildinjx, which is carried 
 to a great extent. The inliabitaiits are mostly meehanics and 
 seamen. Poj). about 2,000. Fare from Boston ^lAH. 
 
 Hampton Falls was originally a part of Hampton, from whic'i 
 it was separated and incorporated in 1712. The inhabitants are 
 mostly engaged in agricultural pursuits. Poj). about 900. 
 
 liampiJtn is pleasantly situated near the Atlantic coast. From 
 elevations in the vicinity there are fine virvvs of the otrcan, tlie 
 I>le of Shoals, and of the sea-coast from Cape Ann to Furts- 
 iiiouth. Fare from Boston $;I..''2. II:uni)ton Beach has become 
 ;i favorite place of resort for parties of pleasure, invalids, and thos»' 
 seeking an invigorating air. (irrat lltiar's Head, in this town, is 
 uu abrupt eminence extending into (he sea, and dividing the 
 beaches on either side. There is here an iiotel for the acconmio- 
 <l;ition of visiters. The fishing a short distance from the shore is 
 very good. 
 
 The Isle Of ■> h is distant alwut nine miles from Hampton 
 and from Port: u.outh. These shoals are seven ia number. Hog 
 Island, the largest, contains .'^50 acres, mostly rocky and barren. 
 f!s greatest elevation is T).') feet above higli-water maik. Upon 
 tliis island is an hotel, recently erected. These rocky isles are a 
 p't'asant rt^ort for water parties, and the bracing air, wliile re- 
 froshing to the sedentary, cana(;t be otherwise tlian stilutary to 
 invalids. — Ri/r. Beach is another noted watcring-plaee on this 
 coa-t, much fre jueuted bj"" persons from the neigldjoring towns. 
 
 Po ITS MOUTH, N. H.. the principal town in the state, and the 
 only seaport, is built on the fi. side of Piscataqna river. It is in 
 X.Lat. 43^ 4' 54", W. Long. 70== 45'. Pop. about 12,000. Its 
 situation is a fine on", being on a j)eninsida near the moutli of 
 the river. It is connected by bridges with Kiltery in Maine, and 
 Newcastle on Grand Island, at the mouth of the river. 'Phe har- 
 bor is safe and deep, and is never frozen, its strong tides prevent- 
 ing the formation of ice. There is here a U. States Navy Yard, 
 one of the safest and most convenient on the coast. Tne North 
 America, the first Hne-of-batt!e-ship launched in this hemisphere, 
 was built here during tlic Uevoiulioii. Portsmouth is well sup- 
 
 
 M 
 

 
 ■ I. 
 
 '1^ 
 
 V 
 
 u J 
 
 '( 
 
 44 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 plied with excelltMit wutcr broii<rht from a fountain three miles 
 distant, and conducted into all the principal streets. Fare from 
 Boston, ^ISiO. 
 
 South Berwick is situated at the point where the Eastern Rail- 
 road is intorsoeted by the Boston and Maine Railroad, and is 66 
 niilps distant from Boston by the foriner route, and 7.3 by the latter. 
 
 Saco, situated on one of the largest rivers in New England, is 
 a port of entry, and has a flourishing trade. From the mouth of 
 the river a fine beach extends five miles, called Old Orchard 
 Beach Pop. about 6,000. Fare $2.90. 
 
 Vmw OF PORTLAN-p. 
 
 Portland is 105 miles from Bostou, 58 s. w. from Augusta, 
 the capital of the state, 125 from Bangor, and £50 from Wash- 
 ington, and is in N. Lat. 43° 39' 26", W. Lon. 70° 20' 30 ". It 
 is handsomely situated on a peninsula, occupying the ridge and 
 side of a high jwint of land, in the s. w. extremity of Casco Bay, 
 and on approaching it from the ocean is seen to great advantage. 
 The harbor is one of the best on the Atlantic coasi, the anchor- 
 age being protected on every side by land, whilst the water is 
 deep, and comtnunication with the ocean direct and convenient. 
 It is defended by forts Preble and Scammel. On the highest 
 point of the peninsula is an obser\'atoiy 70 ft. in height, com- 
 manding a fine view of the city, harbor, and islands in the bay, 
 'I'he misty forms of the White Mountains, GO miles distant, are 
 
EASTF,I:N CAK-r.OADS. 
 
 45 
 
 discernible in clear weather. The scenery urouncl Portland is 
 noted for its extent, variety? and beauty, and is not surpassed by 
 any similar view in the country. 
 
 The trade of Portland is larire, and is still Increasing^. Fish, 
 lumber, and produce generally, are the chief articles of export. 
 Its commerce with the principal places on the Atlantic coast, the 
 southern ports, and the West Indies, is very extensive. 
 
 The great railroad from Portland to Canada is in progress, and 
 also one to Augusta, (with a branch to Bath ;) this is to be con- 
 tinued to B aigor, and in time will be, no doubt, extended to the 
 frontier, and into New Brunswick, there meeting the " St. An- 
 drews, Woodstock, and Quebec Railroad,'' the route of which 
 has been surveyed, and a portion of which is now being con- 
 structed. When these great thoroughfares are completed, Port- 
 land will rank as one of the first commercial cities of our fust- 
 growing country. 
 
 There are several well-kept hotels in Poriland, the principal of 
 which are the American, in Congress-st. ; Elm Taceru, Federal- 
 st. ; and the United States Hotel, corner of Congress and Fed- 
 eral sts. Fare from Boston to Portland {^3.00 ; usual time 5^ 
 hours. (For routes from Portland, see Index.) 
 
 FaoM BosTO.v to Danvers. — Take the cars at East Boston for 
 Salem ; thence by the Essex Railroad to Danvers, 16 miles from 
 Boston. Fare 45 cents. This road is to intersect the Boston and 
 Maine and Boston and Lowell railroads at Wilmington. Tan- 
 niag, and the manufacture of pottery and boots and shoes, form 
 the chief trade of Danvers. 
 
 From Boston to M.viiblehe.vd. — Take the cars as above to 
 Salem ; thence by the branch road to Marblehead, a distance of 
 IH miles. Fare 46 cents. The enterprise of the inhabitants of 
 th!s rocky town is chiefly directed to the fishpries, and the amount 
 of its exports is very considerable. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Fkom Boston to Gloucester. — By Eastern Railroad to Bev- 
 erly, 16 miles ; thence by the Gloucester Branch Railroad to 
 Manchester and Gloucester : total, 34 miles. Fare 75 cents. 
 Gloucester is situated on Cape Ann, the eastern extren)ity of 
 Massachusetts, and on the n. shore of Massachusetty Bay. The 
 town is on the southern side of tiie cape, and has one of tiie finest 
 
 is,ii fi 
 
I. 
 
 r-^-xrf.f* 
 
 46 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 'i 
 
 .M'i 
 
 .h I 
 
 harbors on tlie whole Atlantic coast. The excUisive trade of the 
 place is maritime. In 1847, 150 schooners, with a tonnage of 
 10,000 tons, and manned hy 1,500 men, were en)ployed in the 
 co<l, hahhut, and mackerel fisheries. It is a port of entry, an(i 
 ith foreign and domestic trade is quite extensive. There were 1.30 
 arrivals from foreign ports in 18 KJ, and the importations at this 
 port were valued at }j$:200,000. Ahout 17,000 tons of shipping 
 are owned liere. In the town ire seven churches, a town hall, 
 stone hankin<r-house, and various other public buildings. Tlie 
 population of (iloucester is about (),000, and that on the whole of 
 Cape Ann about 10,000. During the sunnner season Gloucester 
 is a great resort for those who are desirous of enjoying the sea- 
 breeze of the Atlantic, and of bvthing in its clear blue water. 
 By many, this place is thought to equal Newport, and the situa- 
 tion and location of the two places are somewhat similar. 
 
 From Portsmouth to Concoud. — This is a new route, and will 
 j)robably be open for travel during the present year. The route 
 d^'termined on intersects the Hoston and Maine Railroad at South 
 Newmarket, and passes on through Epping, Raymond, Candia, 
 and Suncook village, in Pembroke, to Concord. 
 
 Nif 
 
 BOSTON AND MAE^TE RAILROAD. 
 (SeeMap ^'o. 4.) 
 
 This road is 73 miles long, and cost ^1,887,340. It was open- 
 ed from Wilmington in 1843. On the 1st of July, 1845, it was 
 opened to Boston, which it reaches by crossing the Charles river 
 over a viaduct of considerable length, and terminates in a com- 
 modious depot at the f(Jot of Union-st., in Ilaymarket-square. A 
 canal formerly occupied the space between this depot and the 
 river, over which t!ie rails are laid. By this arrangement the 
 cars are brought almost to the commercial centre of the city. 
 The stock of this well-managed and prosperous road is among 
 the best in the country. Cars leave Boston from the above- 
 named depot for Portland and intermediate places, daily. 
 
 Boston to Portland via Havi^iuiill and Dover, (Upper 
 Route.) — In crossing the Charles river, the State Prison, a gran- 
 
m 
 
 open- 
 lit was 
 Is river 
 
 coin- 
 re. A 
 lid the 
 lilt the 
 city. 
 
 imoiig 
 
 ibove- 
 
 Ipper 
 I graii- 
 
 EOSTON AND MAINE RAILROAD. 
 
 47 
 
 ite building situated ou Prison Point in Charlcstown, is an object 
 of attraction. The first sloppinir-place on this route is at Somer- 
 rillc, two miles distant from Boston. Fare 8 cents. 
 
 Mnldcuy five miles from Boston, is noted for its dyeing estab- 
 li.shments. Fare 12 cents. — Sfonefiain, three miles beyond, has 
 a population of about 2,000, which is principally occupied in the 
 manufacture of shoes. Fare 18 cents. In this town is Spot 
 Pond, a beautiful sheet of pure water, covering an area of Q^'.i 
 acres, and which is 143 ft. y'' ^ highwaler-mark in Boston 
 harbor. 
 
 South Reading is a neat and flourishing place, where shoes, 
 cidyuict-ware, and other articles, are extensively manufactured. 
 Fiirc 25 cents. A largo and beautiful pond, the source of the 
 Suugus river, is not far distant. 
 
 Read ng, 12 miles from Boston, is another important boot and 
 shoe mart. Fare 30 cents. Here the curs stop a few minutes 
 for refreshments. 
 
 Wilmington, 17 miles from Boston, is where the Boston and 
 Maine Railroad formerly commenced : it is united with the Low- 
 ell Railroad at the depot, two miles s. of the village. The town 
 is celebrated for its growth of hops, large quantities of which are 
 annually produced. Fare 40 cents. 
 
 Andover, a beautiful town, under excellent cultivation, has 
 long been celebrated for its literary and theological institutions. 
 Fare 60 cents. 
 
 At North Andover is a branch road leading to the new city of 
 Lawrence, which is situated ou the Merrimack at its junction 
 with the Spicket river. The water-power of Lawrence is very 
 great, and will no doubt make it an important manufacturing 
 place. Its population is now probably not less than 10,000. A 
 railroad is in progress connecting Lawrence with Manchester, 
 N. II. ; and also another, which is to unite it with the great 
 manufacturing town of Lowell. 
 
 Bradford is pleasantly situated on the Merrimack river. The 
 inhabitants are principally engaged in tlie making of boots and 
 shoes. A bridge 750 ft. long connects this town with Haverhill 
 on the opposite side of the river. Pop. about 3,000. Fare from 
 Boston 85 cent?. 
 
 {^r\ 
 
 ','♦1 
 
f- 
 
 u 
 
 48 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 Haverhill is delightfully located at the head of navigation on 
 the Merrimack, and is no situated as to command a largo inland 
 trade. Boots and shoos, morocco leather, hats, cabinet-ware, 
 and many other articles, aro extensively made here. Pop. about 
 5,000. Fare from Boston 85 cents. 
 
 Plaistow, N. //., is an old town, having obtained its charter in 
 1741). Pop. about 800. Fare . 1^1. 00. 
 
 Exeter is a beautiful town, 49 miles n. of Boston, 14 s. w. of 
 Portsmouth, and 40 s. e. of Concord, the capital of the state. 
 Cotton goods, morocco leather, paper, blank books, &c., are 
 manufactured here. Pop. al)out 3,000. Fare ,<^1.30. 
 
 Dover, N. II., one of the most important towns in the state, is 
 situated on the Cocheclio river, at the head of navigation, about 
 12 mi!i;s from the ocean. The falls in this river, whose name 
 they boar, have a sudden descent of 32 ft. Upon these falls have 
 been erected the mills of the " Cocheco Cotton Manufacturing 
 Company," incorporated in 1820. This company has a capital 
 of more than a million of dollars invested, and employs upwards 
 of 1 ,000 persons. The " mills" in Dover are well worthy of a visit. 
 Fare from Boston ^1.75. 
 
 Somerworth, on the Salmon Falls river, is a flourishing town 
 with an extensive water-power. The river is of sufficient depth 
 for vessels of 250 tons. — Great Falls is a large and extensive 
 n)anufacturing village. — At South Berwick the Boston and Maine 
 Ri: iroad unites with the Portsmouth and Saco Railroad. (For the 
 continuation of the route to Portland, see page 44.) 
 
 BOSTON AND LOWElCiL, AND NASHUA AND CONCORD 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 (See Map No. 4.) 
 
 The Boston and Lowell Railroad was opened in June, 1835. 
 Its length is 20 miles. It cost, including depots, engines, cars, 
 &.C., ^1,940,418. The country passed over is uneven, but the 
 average of inclination does not vary over 10 ft. in a mile, so well 
 is the grade preserved. It is undoubtedly one of the best, and 
 most productive roads in the country. A branch road extends to 
 
 VVc 
 1a)\ 
 Tlu 
 
 road 
 
 at a 
 
 R, 
 
 Cf'^rs 
 
 fhcir 
 
 l)y a 
 
 exfen 
 
 iiji/)or 
 
 Me 
 
 of niv 
 
 Fare 
 
 }Vo> 
 beantil 
 water, 
 rural b( 
 to Son 
 miles, i 
 to Wol) 
 ff>n, 15 
 cents ; 
 
 L0W£ 
 
 tent of 
 variety < 
 of Merri 
 "'hole fa 
 tity of w 
 '« very r; 
 consist of 
 mores, ar 
 'lie city 
 isolated d 
 'laving ail 
 '»? 12,63{ 
 fo $36,44 
 and the C 
 
BOSTON AND LOWELL RAILFIOAD. 
 
 49 
 
 IS 
 
 Il835. 
 
 cars, 
 it the 
 well 
 , and 
 kids to 
 
 Wobiirn Centr<», a distance of two miles. The Niishnu and 
 lif)\voll Railroad was opened in Ort., IH.'H. Its lenfjtli is 15 miles. 
 The cost of its constrnction was ,$r<()(),0()0. The Concord Rail- 
 road, opened in Nov., ISI.T, is .'}.') miles lonj^. It was constructed 
 at a cost of }$r^0(),()00. 
 
 Roi.'TR BRTWici'.N HosTON, Lowr.LL, AND CoNCOKi). — Passen- 
 irrrn on this ronte will take the cars of the Lowell Railroad, at 
 their dejmt in Lowell-st., near Charles river, which river is (grossed 
 by a viadnct to /v/.s/ Canihri(I<sr. a flonrishintj place, with many 
 extensive maniifactori«s, of wliicli the jrlass works are the most 
 inij)ortant, J$r)00,()00 worth of ;j;Iass beinjj annnally made here. 
 
 il/pf//c>/v/, a beautiful town, five miles |>om Boston, at t!>e head 
 of navijjation on the Mystic river, is noted for its ship-building. 
 F/irr IL'i cents. 
 
 Wohmn has a varied and p1tsisin<r aspect, and contains some 
 l)eantiful farms. Horn Pinid in this town is a delightful sliect of 
 wat<'r, surrounded bv ever;jfreens, and is so remarkable for its 
 rural beauties as to attract many visiters from a distance. Fare 
 to South Wohurn, eight miles, 20 cents, and to Woharn, 10 
 miles, 25 cents. A branch railroad extends from South Woburn 
 to Woburn Centre, a distance of two miles. Fare to WUminiT' 
 ton, 15 miles, 35 cents ; BiUrrica and Tewkshuri/, 19 miles, 45 
 cents ; Blllerica MUlft, 22 miles, 55 cents. 
 
 Lowell, the Manchester of Aiuerica, is remarkable for the ex- 
 tent of its water-power, its rapid (rrowth, and the i>crfection and 
 variety of its manufactures. The c'.ty is situate<l on the s. side 
 of Merrimack river, at its junction with Concord river. The 
 whole fall of the Merrimack at this place is IJO ft , and the quan- 
 tity of water never falls short of 2,000 cnhic feet per second, and 
 is very rarely so low as that. The goods manufactured here 
 consist of broadcloths, sheetings, calicoes, car})ets, rugs, cassi- 
 niores, and many other useful articles. In 1815 the site whero 
 the city stands was a wilderness, with the exception of a few 
 isolated dwellings; it has now 12 numnfacturing corporations, 
 having an aggregate capital stock of {^12,1 10,000, and employ- 
 ing 12,630 hands, whose weekly wages, clear of board, amounts 
 to ^36,446. There are two institutions for Savings — the Lowell 
 and the City — where their operatives depasited during the year 
 
 ^ 
 
 »::f«« 
 
 
 W^ 
 
h 
 
 «o 
 
 RAILR()\D AND STEAMIIOAT CUMFANION. 
 
 ending April MO, 1847, Jj^x.'jCjnor) ; throu HuukH, liaviiifr an ag- 
 gregate capital of }$?!)()(),()()(• ; and u Mutual Insurance Company, 
 wliif' has been highly successfnl in its operations. The perHons 
 employed in the neveral manufacturing eHtahlishments have ac- 
 cess to a library of 7,000 volumes, belonging to the city. An 
 hospital has also been established for the sick and disabled. The 
 various factories produce weekly an aggregate of 1, 920,900 yards 
 of cotton and 27,S!n of woollen fabrics, in which (>83,000 pounds 
 of the raw material are consiuned. The present popidation of 
 Lowell is3.'J,000. In 18128 it was only 3,3'J± Fare from Bos- 
 tort to Lowell, 2G miles, G') cents — time, one hour. Fare tu 
 Middles'eXf 28 miles, 70 cents ; (o Chelmsford, 30 miles, 75 
 cents ; Tijngshuro\ 31 miles, 80 cents ; and to Little's, 37 miles, 
 90 cents. 
 
 Nasuua, 41 miles from Boston, is the centre of a considerable 
 trade, and the seat of important manufactures. The volume of 
 water atForded by the Nashua river, at tho driest season of the 
 year, is 180 cubic feet per second. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Nnshrille is separated from Nashua by the Nashua river: they 
 are, however, conne-cled by a bridge It is the terminus of the 
 road from Lowell, which joins the Concord about a mile distant. 
 The Nashua and Worcester iiailroad, 42 miles in length, will also 
 liave its terminus here. Poj). 3,000. Fare from Boston $1.00. 
 
 Litchfield, on the e. side of the Merrimack, is a good agricul- 
 tural town. In the township are two ferries, Thornton's and 
 Reed's. Pop. about fiOO. Fare to Thornton's Ferry $1.10, and 
 to Reed's Ferry $1.20. 
 
 Manchester is on the e. side of the Merrimack, 59 miles from 
 Boston : it received a city charter in 1846. The river here affords 
 immense water-power, and manufacturing is extensively carried 
 on. The growth of Manchester has been so rapid, that it now 
 almost rivals Lowell. The population of tliis place, as shown by 
 a recent census, is 12,28G — increase in one year, 2,162. Fare 
 $1.40. A railroad is in progress i>om Manchester to Lawrence, 
 which, by forming a connection with tho Salem and Lowell 
 Railroad, at Wilmington, will be united with Salem harbor. 
 
 Concord, the capital of the State of New Hampshire, and 
 shire town of the county of Merrimack, lies on both sides of 
 
THE WIIITK .MOl'NTAINS. 
 
 51 
 
 ag- 
 ny, 
 
 ac- 
 An 
 
 The 
 •iirds 
 iinds 
 jn of 
 Bos- 
 tire to 
 's, 75 
 miles, 
 
 erablp 
 line of 
 of the 
 
 r : they 
 of the 
 dit^tant. 
 
 ill also 
 
 1. 00. 
 
 rricul- 
 [is and 
 
 0, and 
 
 ^8 from 
 affords 
 I carried 
 it now 
 [own by 
 Fav. 
 ^rence, 
 Lowell 
 
 jr. 
 
 lire, and 
 1 sides of 
 
 I' 
 
 Merrimack river, and is 7G miles n. w. of Boston. The princi- 
 pal villaj^e, and seat of most of the business of the town, is on 
 the western side of the river, exlendinj; nearly two miles, and is 
 one of the most healthy and pleasantly nitnatcd viliafrcs in New 
 Kiiijland. The Stat«'-IIonse, constrnct«'(' of hewn {granite, occu- 
 pies a beautiful site in the centre of the villajje. It is 12<) ft. 
 loiii;, 41) wide, and rises two stories above the basement. The 
 State Prison, a massive granite structure, is located here. l*o[j. 
 alxjut (),000. Fare from Boston J5>1-^5. Time 3^ hours. 
 
 NoTK.— For continuation of rotites from Concord, see Index for North- 
 ern Railroad, and Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad. 
 
 THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 These mountains are situated iu the state of New Hampshire, 
 Coos county, and extend from s. w. toN. e., about 20 miles. They 
 are, with the exception of the Rocky Mountains, the hijjfhest in 
 the United States. Mount Washington^ (),:2-43 ft. above the levtl 
 of the sea, is the most elevated peak. The others are Mount 
 Adams, 5,7G7 ft. ; JelFerson, 5,GG5 ; Madison, 5,.3S4 ; Monroe, 
 5,298 ; Franklin, 4,854 ; and La Fayette, 4,723. The ascent 
 to the summits of these mountains, thouyh fatijjuing, is not dan- 
 gerous, and the visiter is richly rewarded for his exertion. In 
 passing from the Notch to the highest sunmiit, he crosses the 
 tops of mounts La Fayette, Franklin, and Monroe. Li accom- 
 plishing this, he must pass through a forest, and cross several ra- 
 vines. These chasms are filled up with trees, exactly even with 
 the n^.ountain, on either side, their branches interlocking with 
 each other in such a manner as to make it difHcult to pass through 
 them, and they are so stiff and thick as almost to support a per- 
 son's weight. 
 
 Mount La Fayette is easily ascended ; its top, to the extent of 
 five or six acres, is smooth, and gradually slopes away from its 
 centre. The prospect from this summit is beautiful. To the 
 north the eye is dazzled with the splendor of Blount Washington. 
 On descending this mountain, a small pond of water is found at 
 its base ; from which the ascent is gradual to the summit of 
 
 ♦|i 
 
 M 
 
MM* 
 
 
 I .1 
 
 1 1 it 
 
 ■«l 
 
 62 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOA t' COMPANION. 
 
 :(*'*^{'-^ 
 
 ^1^7^ 
 
 TnB Wii.LUT HooBB, Whits Mountains 
 
 Mount Franklin. Aftor crossing this mountain, you pass over 
 the east pinnacle of Mount Monroe, and soon find yourself on a 
 plain of some extent at the foot of Mount Washington. Here is 
 a fine resting-place, on the margin of a beautiful sheet of water, 
 of an oval form, covering about three-fourths of an acre. Di- 
 rectly before you the pinnacle of Mount Washington rises with 
 majestic grandeur, elevated about 1,500 feet above the plain, and 
 presenting a variety of colors and forms. The view from this 
 point is grand and picturesque. Innumerable mountains, lakes, 
 ponds, rivers, towns, and villages meet the eye, and in the dis- 
 tance may be seen the waters of the Atlantic stretching along 
 the dim horizon. To the north is seen the lofty summits of Ad- 
 ams and Jefferson ; and to the east, a little detached from the 
 range, stands Mount Madison. During two-thirds of the year, 
 the summits of these mountains are covered with snow and ice, 
 giving them a bright and dazzling appearance. 
 
 The followinjr excellent account of the " Ascent of Mount Wash- 
 ington," we extract from a description by the Rev. J. S. C. Abbot. 
 
 " After passing the Notch of the White Mountains, the traveller en- 
 ters upon a plain, through which meanders the Ammonoosuc river as it 
 

 THF. WIHTK >1i>1:NTAINS. 
 
 63 
 
 over 
 
 on a 
 
 [ero is 
 
 ater, 
 
 Di- 
 
 with 
 1, and 
 [i this 
 [lakes, 
 |e dis- 
 I along 
 
 f Ad- 
 Ini the 
 
 year, 
 
 id ice, 
 
 Lvash- 
 l\bbot. 
 
 ller en- 
 ;r as it 
 
 hastens onward to utiili' its watiTs with tlie llixols of the C'oniirclicut.. 
 As you ii(l«' along this pleasant rouil, the valley, open in the west, is 
 frmi,'e(l on the north and tlir soiilli l)y IhkIi hills, wiiile hcliiiid you ris« 
 the niajestu' sKininits of Ihc riioniitaui raiiue yon have just passed. For 
 four miles you ruUi aloiiK niu'rli of th(! way under the shade of over- 
 liauuiiiK trees, ni(>etin^ Willi no house, and no si^ns of human life, ex* 
 oept the road over which you are trav<dliii«. A turn in the road suddenly 
 opens to you a heauliful scene. In the nil 1st of a smooth and vrrdant 
 meadow, appears the spaeious hottd of .Mr. Kahyan. Tlu; iiiaKiututle 
 of this establishment, and the nic».' table whicdi he spreads, seem to 
 make his house the fashionable place; of resort, though it is far less f.v 
 vorably situated, in respecl to si-cnery. than the house of Thomas ("raw- 
 ford, at the Notch. As you sit under the pia/za at Fubyan's, you see a 
 raiii^c; of ImkIi hills, covered with forest, runnint,' alont,' the border of the 
 valley upon the iiortli anil the south, the spurs or abutments of the White 
 .Mountains, v\ hudi, at the distani:e of about ten miles, re^r t eir majes- 
 t.u' summits into the cdouds. 
 
 " The next morniiij,' after our arrival at Fabyan's, we prepareij to as- 
 cend .Mount \Vasliiii;,'toii. The scene of ilejiarture is a very intere.stiim 
 one. Immediately nitt'.v breakfast the horses were found, iili saddlea, 
 standing by the side of the piazza, and the genllemen and ladies, in a 
 great variety of costume, were selecting their steeds for the mountain 
 ride. Our party consisted of thirteen— threi* l.ulies, nine gentlemen, a. J 
 u guide, with a knapsack containing provisions for our picnic: ui)on t le 
 summit. All the company in the house were asseml)led to witness luo 
 departure. The whole scene was one of unusual animation and hilar- 
 ity. Soon all were mounted, and starting otf at a brisk trot, we roile 
 along the road for about a mile and a half. Then striking into a little bri- 
 dle patii, just wide enough for t)ne horse, and entirely overarclied wiUi 
 trees, we trotted along in single tile, now uscen ling ami again desceiul- 
 1111,'; now riding alora the banks of a rushing mountain strciam. and 
 again fording the torrent with the water nearly to the saddle-girths— 
 occasionally emerging into some little oi)ening where inoiinlain torrent.s 
 had swept away the trees, and immediately again plunging into ttie 
 gloom of the eternal forest. The road, generally follow ing the mean- 
 dering banks of the Ammonoosue river, here a foaming i.i<'i,ntaiii tor- 
 rent, was smooth and easy for the feet of the horses, so ;I. a our long 
 cavalcade, one behind the other, proceeded very briskly on it.s way, 
 eidivening the passing hours with conversation and joke.s and fragments 
 of song. A ride of six miles over this delightful valley road, brought 
 us to the foot of Mount Washington ; and now we commenced the ar- 
 duous ascent. The path is as steep as a horse can climb, and winds 
 wildly about among rocks and stumps and prostrate trees, ar-d over 
 ledges and crags where one would Uardl} think that a horse's foot could 
 possibly stand. The horses toil, panting up the steep sides of the moun- 
 tains, stopping, as I observed by my watch, every two minutes to breathe 
 -As I rode in the rear of the party, it was truly a picturesque sight to 
 
 ♦«? 
 
;■••• jf*y;4 
 
 ' JfJUl-yiUiStiie^. ■ 
 
 54 
 
 RAIMKJAD AND STKAMROAT COMPANION. 
 
 ! ♦ 
 
 watch llir long prnc<'s>ioii windiiiR its way uiiioiif,' the crags above my 
 head. We oHen jmsseil siniiigs of eivsliil wuter gu^Iiing from the 
 rocks, iiiiil at o.ie in particular, about a tlunt of tlie way up the luonii- 
 taiii, (;a:lo 1 th(.' ' Moss Spring,' and where there chanced to be a levcd 
 spot of p('rha|)s two rods s(piare llie whole party dismounted foi leu 
 minutes to re(r(!sh the liorses, and to rctfresh tliemseives with water as 
 purr as mortal man can (h'ink. 
 
 •* We were soon again on our way, an 1 tlie forest trees, wliich had 
 towc!*,' 1 so ioftiiy above our lusuls, ra|»i<lly liwindlevl in size till tticy 
 becaiiK; but one or two feet in height, and spread their gnarled and 
 scraggy blanches ov(,'r the ground. We soon rose above this stuiite I 
 vegetation, and the horses climbed from rock to rock (jver the bald face 
 of tli(! inounlain, and tiiere was reveaied below us a wild and solitary 
 woiid of sombre foriists, and mounta n ranges furrowed liy avalan.dics, 
 and pcalxj nsmu on every shUn and torrents now vi>il)le by a silvery 
 foam leaping down .soi'k> rocky betl, and again only by a long hue m 
 the foiesl. showing the path it had cut through the trees. 'I'hr |)r«'cip;- 
 tous ascent now became at times ra;her fear.ul, and one could not but 
 sliu Itler a.s lie looked down into the gloomy gulfs bidow him, at tlie 
 thought of the consetpience of oiu; misslep by his hor>e. When we ha I 
 arrived willun about lialf a mile of the summit of the mouid.am we came 
 to a d !ap;d ited stone; hut. wiihoiit door or roof; and here we left the 
 horses, thougii adventurous |)ersonsdo sometimes keep U[)on their backs, 
 and climb over these precnpitous and crumbling masses of pranite, to 
 
 the vt ry top o 
 
 f the 
 
 mountain. We, however, fouii'l the la->t half mile 
 
 asardui>usan undertaking as we were willing toadvenluie even onf.>ot. 
 Climl<;i;g slowly in Indian file among the huge bloi;ks of stone v\hi-h 
 are pile 1 to.L'etlier in all im-igina!)l«! confusion, we soon stood \iyn\ I be 
 summ.t. Tliere is something awful in the aspect of the dark, itriished, 
 storm worn crags, whudi C(j;npose the brow of this mountain moniio-li. 
 JS'o I lie IS seen here, no sounds are heard but the rush of the slormand 
 tlie roar of the thmidtn*. A sccMie of wil Iness and desolation is spread 
 a:oiiiid wlnidi IS indes(!ribab!e, but wdiudi ar«)uses in the soul the liiuli- 
 esl fMiiotions of sublimity. An ocean of mou.ilains is outspread m eve' y 
 d .eel ion. Dark and bloomy gulfs, thousands of feet in depth, are opea- 
 e 1 befvue you. In the almost boundless e.Ki>anse ot'dreariiicss and des- 
 o alion, hardly a vestige of human liabila'.ioii can be seen. The soui is 
 (.ppr(!ssetl witli a sense of loneliness, solitude, and omnipotent power. 
 it IS the mount of meditation. It is the allar for spiritual sacrifice ai.d 
 piayei. Tlu! majesty of (ioil and the insigiuticaiii'e of man stand in 
 such strong contrast, that tlie meditative saul is overwhelmed willi 
 ^.Tatitude and adoration. 
 
 •' We spent an lu)ur ui)on the summit. It was the middle of July. At 
 a short distance from us were- svvn several acres of snow. S, .reading 
 oiir refreshments upon a llat rock we pa; took of our repast, and at four 
 o'clock we were greeted by our friends at I'abyan's, as we disiuouiileu 
 at liis door. 
 
Tlir. WHITE MOUNTAIN'S. 
 
 55 
 
 II, y. At 
 \:\\ tour 
 
 «' Tlie (iue!?li3n is often asked, Is it wise for ladies to undertake the 
 ascent ? My advice is tins : if a lady is in feeble health, or of very nerv- 
 ous temperament, slie will fuid iier.-elf far more comfortable to remam 
 111 her rocking-chair at Fabyan's. But if a lady is in ordinary lieallh, 
 and has the least love of adventure, or the least susceptibility to emo- 
 tions of tiie sublime, let her by no means forego the pleasure of the 
 enterprise. Every hour will be frauj,dit with luxury, and the remem- 
 brance will be a source of joy while life shall last." 
 
 T/ie Nofcii of t/ie \Vhi(e Moiiiitain)^ is a V( ry narrow defile, 
 fxteiulinj^ for wo miie.s between hufro clifls, aj>pareiitly rout asun- 
 dir by some vast couvu!.-ioii of nature. The entrance of the 
 chasm on the east side, is formed by two rocks standintr perpeii- 
 (li(;iilarly, about i20 feet from each oilier. The road from Port- 
 land to Ijancaster on the Connecticut river passes throii;!rIi this 
 notch, foilowiiiij the course of the iiead stream of the Saco river. 
 A short distance from the commencement of the chasm is a beau- 
 tiful cascade, iNSiiiu;r from a mountain on the r';j;ht, and passing 
 over a series of rocks almost perpendicular, with a course so little 
 broken as to preserve the api)earance of a uniform current. This 
 stream, one of the most beautilul in the world, falls over a stu- 
 pendoi!s precipice, formin;jr the Silver Cusr.ade. About a mile 
 distant from the Notch is the Flume, a stn'am of water fallinpf 
 over three precipices from a height of 2.')0 ft. It falls over the 
 first tw(j in a single stream, and over the lust in tiiree ; these are 
 again united at the bottom in a natural basin formed in the rocks. 
 'I'he Profile M nuifdin is about three miles s. from Mount La 
 Fayette, and rises to the height of ab:)Ut 1,000 ft. It is near the 
 road leading frotn Fraiicnn'ta, by the foot of the Haystack 
 Mountain to Plymouth and Concord. The bare rock on which 
 the |)rorilt! is delineated, is granite ; from its long exposure to the 
 atmosi)here, it is, however, of a dark retidish brown. A side- 
 view of this projecting rock, near the ()eak of the mountain in a 
 nortlierii direction, exliibits the [u-ofile of the human face, in 
 which every lim> and feature is distinctly marked, liut after 
 passing the mountain to the south the likeness is immediately 
 lost. The Willey H-mxe stands in the Notch, on the westerly 
 side of the road, a short d.stance from the bliitr, which rises to the 
 height of about t2,000 feet. This was formerly occupied by Cap- 
 tain Willey, \vl ), with his wif«', live children, and two men, was 
 
» 
 
 M»f><M«iii><.^dA&&t<Jt,.V., 
 
 y: 
 
 );- 
 
 iH' 
 
 ' K 
 
 'f ! '( 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMrANION. 
 
 destroyed on the 28th of Aug. 1^26, by an avalanche or slide 
 from the mountain. 
 
 " Nearly in range of tiie house, a slide from the extreme point of the 
 westerly hill came down in a deep mass to vvillun about live rods of the 
 dwelling, where its course appears to have been checked by a large 
 block of granite, which backed the rolhng mass for a njoment until it 
 separated into two streams, one of which rushed down to the north end 
 of the house, crushing the barn, and spreading itself over the meadow ; 
 the other passing down on the south side, and swallowing up the un- 
 fortunate beings, who probably attemjHed to fly to a shelter, which, it is 
 said, had been erected a few rods distant. This shelter was completely 
 overwhelmed. Hocks weighing from 10 to 50 tons being scattered in 
 every direction about the place, rendered escape impossible. The house 
 remained untouched, though large stones and trunks of trees made 
 fearful iipproaches to its walls ; and the moving mass, wb'ch separated 
 behind the building, again united in its front I The hou.^e alone, the 
 only spot untouched by the crumbling and consuming power of the 
 storm, could have been their refuge from the horrible ui)roar around." 
 
 A larj^o three-storied hotel, painted white, now occupies the 
 site of the Willey House, yet this curiosity has been preserved 
 and forms part of the estubUshnient. In the summer of 1846, 
 when digfrjng the foundation for this hotel, the bones of one of 
 the children of Captain Willey were discovered. 
 
 ROUTES TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. 
 (See Map No. 5.) 
 
 Portland Route. — As there arc various routes from Boston to 
 the Wliite Mountains, the traveller has his choice of them, 
 whether for business or pleasure : we shall now proceed to direct 
 him by the wiy of Portland. 
 
 The cars leave Boston for Portland in the morning and after- 
 noon, and an express train loaves in the evening; by the latter 
 ho will reach Portland at lU o'clock, p. m., in time for u night's 
 rest, and the next morning can take the stage for the mountains. 
 If disposed to tarry a few hours in Portland, ho can take the cars 
 in Boston, after breakfast, and arrive at Portland in time for din- 
 ner. The White Mountain stages leave the American House, 
 and General Stage-office, Portland, every day during the sum- 
 mer season (except Sundays) at 7 o'clock, a. m. After breakfast 
 
>. 
 
 i 
 
 
 ston to 
 them, 
 direct 
 
 after- 
 latter 
 liiight'd 
 lutaiiis. 
 |je cars 
 )r din- 
 [ louse, 
 smn- 
 feakfast 
 
 "•-It y 
 
..jtHF nmi> 
 
 'i- I 
 
 U 
 
 <a 
 
 >N ^ -' J/,» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
f-l 
 
 4 
 
 
 ■" -.It ^., 
 
 
fK t 
 
 U 
 
ROUTES TO THE WHITE MOUNTAIN'S. 
 
 57 
 
 he takes the slaire on his way to the niountuiiis, and passing 
 through Gorhaui 5 niili's, Stondish 1\, Baldwin \[),Uirnm 21), 
 lirownjidd 33, Fryehtinf 43, reaches Conway, distant 57 njiks 
 Iroin Portland, and tlie centre of ull tlie eastern roiit»^s, where he 
 will fnid excellent accommodations for the night. The next day 
 he will have an opportunity of visiting the Crawford House, and 
 the morning after may prepare for the ascent of the Wh'to 
 .Mountains The distance from Boston hy this route is 175 miles. 
 
 Dover Route. — Another agreeahle route from Boston to the 
 White Mountains, is hy the way of Dover, N. II. This latlrr 
 place is reached hy taking the cars of the IJ'jston and Maine 
 Railroad, and is CG miles distant. Here we ake the stage and 
 |)roceed to Allan, at the s. i:. extremity of Winn piseogee 1 ke, 28 
 miles ; thence hy steand)oat, up the lake to C'enlre Harhor, 20 
 miles ; hy stage to C'onway, a further distance of ahout .'3(1 miles ; 
 and thence to the White Mountains as hefore : making the dis- 
 tance from Boston, hy this route, ahout 178 miles. 
 
 Concord Route. — We take the cars at the Lowell Depot, in 
 Boston, passing through the busy towns of Ijowell, Nashua, and 
 Manchester, to Concord, the capital of N. H., 7'> miles. On the 
 arrival of the first train from Boston, at 11^ o'clock, a.m., tho 
 .s7r/ge is in readiness to convey us to Conway, 70 miles distant, 
 passing through the Shaker village in Canterbury, 12 miles, or 
 hy Sanbornton Bridge, IG miles ; from Concord to Meredith 
 Bridge we pass on through Meredith Village to Centre Harhor, 
 four miles, at the n. w. extremity of Lake Winniplseojjee. At 
 this|)laco wo have an extensive view of the lake, whicli is one of 
 great beauty and attraction. From Centre Harbor to Moulton- 
 borongh is 5 miles, to Sandwich 2, to Tamworth 12, to 1"] ilon 
 G. to Conway 8, to Bartlett 10, to the entrance of the Notch 
 12 ; and from thence it is 12 miles to the Crawford Ilous", 
 which is about 9 miles from the summit of Mount Wushiniiton. 
 The distance from Boston iiy this route is 180 miles. 
 
 The Connecticut Riccr Route. — Tlie White Mountains ara 
 also reached by the way of the New Haven, Hartford, end 
 Springfield Railroad ; and by the C'onnecticut River Raiboad, 
 from Springfield to Greeutield ; thence by stage t^o Brattle joro, 
 Windsor, Hanover, and Haverhill, to Littleton, towns on the 
 
 ■■■■_ikfS 
 
 Jffi'T 
 
 r^i'i 
 
T 
 
 58 
 
 RAILROAD AND STKAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 •■ \ 
 
 Connccliciit river ; thrnco in a s, k. direction to Betlilehem. 
 From lif'tlilelu'rn to the Crawford House it is 18 miles. The 
 distance from New York city hy this route is ahout 3xJ6 miles. 
 
 lioute up the Ifiidsmi Rirrr and across the State of Vcnnont 
 tit the White Mijtmtains. — 'I'here is another route from Nj'W 
 York, hy the way of Alhany and the Chumphiin canal, to White- 
 hall ; from thence hy st( aiiiho:it to Hurlintrton, Vt., 70 mihs. 
 From this heautiful town I he Green Ilills are crossed to Mont- 
 pelier, the capital of the state, 40 milfs, situated in a delifrhtfu! 
 valley. From Mont|»eli< r wo cross to Littleton, N. H., 40 miles ; 
 and from Littleton ihroufrh Bethlehem to the Crawford House is 
 uhout 18 miles ; from theiiec to the ascent of the White Momi- 
 tains, as hefore descrihed. By this route the distance . ibout 
 38f) miles. 
 
 1 •' ■ 
 
 WINNIPISEO&EE L>VKE, N. IL, is 20 miles in length from \.w. 
 to s. K., and from 1 to 10 miles wide. This lake, the form of 
 which is irregular, is of great depth, and is elevated ahout 500 ft. 
 above the level of the ocean. Its waters are very pure, and 
 when taken from a sufficient depth to give them a proper tem- 
 perature, are perfectly sweet and palatable. It has a great num- 
 ber of islands, and like those in Lake George, and in Casco Bay, 
 they are here declared to be 3()5, report assigning, as usual, one 
 for every day in the year. Most of these islands, which are of 
 all sizes and forms, are very beautiful ; some are cultivated as 
 farms. The aj)pearance of this lake from the mountains sur- 
 rounding it, is enchanting. It contains a great variety of the 
 finest fish. During the sunnner season steamboats, sloops, and 
 smaller vessels ply on its waters. 
 
 RouTKS TO Winnii'isi:o(;kk Lake, (see Map No. 5.) — This 
 lake can be readily visited, and at trifling cost, by taking the 
 cars of the Northern Railroad at Concord, N. II., to Franklin : 
 thence by stage to tlie lake : or by the route of the Boston, 
 Concord, and Montreal Railroad.* leaving Concord and passing 
 
 * This road is now being constructed as far as Meredith Bridge, 27 
 miles from Concord : it will probably be opened that distance during the 
 summer. 
 
ROUTES FROM I'OUTLAND. 
 
 59 
 
 'liom. 
 The 
 
 08. 
 
 rniniit 
 
 N.-NV 
 
 V\u{o- 
 inilcs. 
 Mout- 
 
 miles ; 
 ouse is 
 
 M'JMl- 
 
 .bout 
 
 in N.w. 
 
 orni oi 
 500 ft. 
 e, and 
 r tem- 
 t niun- 
 o Buy, 
 
 liul, one 
 lire of 
 ited as 
 lis sur- 
 of th»' 
 ps, and 
 
 )— This 
 ling the 
 lankhn : 
 iBoston. 
 passinj: 
 
 ridge, 27 
 iring the 
 
 on to Sanl)ornton Hridjjo, 18 miles, and to Mrredith Bridge, 9 
 miles further. Staiji's will convey passcnfjjers thence to Meredith 
 Village, Centre Harbor, and places in the vicinity. There is a 
 route, also, from Dover to Alton, by stage, 58 miles ; thence by 
 steamboat on the lake to Centre Harbor. By this route an op- 
 portiniity is afPirded tlie tourist of beholding the fine groups of 
 islands, th»> surrounding shores, and the grand outline of tlie 
 peaks of the White Mountains, which to the lover of the pic- 
 turesque pres(Mits a scene of grrat beauty. For the routes from 
 llttston to Concord, and also from Iiu>tton to Dover, see pp. IIJ, ID. 
 
 lied Monntain, about 1,()0() feet high, a remarkably beautiful 
 eminence, is situated on the N. w. of the above lake. The ascent 
 to the summit, although steep and arduous, can be ell'ecled, for a 
 portion of the distance, either in a carriage or on horseback. 
 From the s. e. there is a fine panoramic view of the lake and ad- 
 jacent country. On the s. ascends Mount Major, a ridge of a 
 holiier aspect and loftier height. On the n. e. the great Osi.ipec 
 raises its chain of elevations, with a bold sublimity, and looking 
 down in conscious pride upon ti.e regions below. 
 
 Sqnam Lake lies w. from Red Mountain ; and two miles n. w. 
 from Winnipiseogee lake is aiuitlier splendid sheet of water. • It 
 IS about six miles in length, and in its widest part not less than 
 tliree miles in breadth, and, like its neighbor, is studded with a 
 succession of romantic islands. This lake abounds in trout of 
 the finest kind, weighing from 3 to 1^2 pounds. 
 
 ROUTES FROM PORTLAND, (See Map No. 5.)--During tlie 
 sea.son of navigation, steamboats make regular trips between 
 Portland and Boston, and in connection with the cars from the 
 latter place, to the towns on the Kennebec river ; also to Bel- 
 fast, Bangor, Thomaston, Camden, Bucksjxirt, and Frankfort. 
 For route n from Portland to the White M tantalns, see page 5(). 
 
 A railroad is in progress vi construction fiom Portland to Au- 
 gusta via Brunswick, with a branch to Bath, under the name of 
 •' The Kennebec, Bath, and Portland Railroad."' Portions of it 
 are considerably advanced, and will probably be opened for travel 
 during the present year. 
 
 Stage Route kiigm Poutland to Qlebec. — From Portland 
 
B • T^f-'Vf^ -IW^*'"!)! 
 
 60 
 
 RAII-nOAD AND SIT, AIM BOAT COMPANION. 
 
 to North Yii, mouth, 12 miles ; Fn'pport, 18 ; Brunswick, 27 ; 
 Bowdoinham, \^) \ (iardiurr, ^A ; HnllowrU,C)Ci ', Auii[ustu,C)0 ; 
 Sidney, 70 ; Wutrniillr, I't ; Nornd^ruioch, 91 ; Solon, 101 ; 
 Mmcow, 111; Kciiucher Hirer, I'll ; M'uiunirt, 1K9; Quebec, 
 275. 
 
 s 
 
 Wu 
 
 r •! 
 
 ATLANTIC AND ST. LAWRENCE RAILROAD. 
 (See Map No. ."i.; 
 
 Roi'TK I'uoM l*o:iTi.ANi), NOHTii. — Tliis important thorou^hfaro 
 IH to connect tlie nuvi^fihle waters of Portland harbor with the 
 great commercial capital of C-anada. Its route will pas.s tlironfrji 
 a fertile ami prodnclivc country, {generally nnder fine cultivation, 
 the streams in its viciu'iy al)onndin<r in watti privileges of the 
 lir.'^t impttrtanee. From Portland it passes onward to the valley 
 of IJoyal's river, on its way to Lewiston, Xi miles: this part of 
 tlie road will he open for travel on the 4th of .Fnly, It'-H ; and 
 the Androacogirin and Kcnnrhec Railroad, nnitmj^ with it at 
 this place, will he opened some time in the fall of tlie present 
 year, from Du Falls, it follows np the valley of the Little An- 
 dro,sco(rjrin. It strikes and crosses that river at Mechanic Falls, 
 4'.i miles from Portland, :it which place the Burkfield Brunch 
 Riidrond will connect with it. Pursuing its course upward, it 
 passes in the vicinity of the " Mills"' on its way to Paris Cape, 
 in the neighborhood of Norway and Paris, drawing in upon it 
 the travel and business of that rich and poj)u!ous region. Still 
 following up the valley of the Little Androscoggin, {)assing on 
 the way two important falls, it reaches Bryant's Pond, the source 
 of that river. This point is 15 miles from Rumford Falls, on the 
 Great Androscoggin, one of the greatest and most available wa- 
 ter-powers in the state. Passing hence in!o the valley of Alder 
 stream, the route strikes the (Jreat Androscoggin, near Bethel, a 
 distance of 75 miles from Portland. Crossing that stream, it fol- 
 lows up its picturesque and romantic valley, bordered by the high- 
 est mountains in New England, till, in its course of about 20 mile; 
 from Bethel, it reaches Gorham in New Hampshire, distant from 
 the base of Mount Washington five miles only. From this point 
 
 I 
 
 45 
 
,27: 
 
 , 00 ; 
 101 ; 
 lebcCt 
 
 itii tlu' 
 irongl* 
 v;itioii, 
 of tho 
 valley 
 part of 
 8 ; and 
 h it at 
 j)rescut 
 e An- 
 i Falls, 
 hanclt 
 ard, it 
 Cape, 
 ipon it 
 Still 
 Isini^ on 
 source 
 on the 
 |)lo vva- 
 Alder 
 khfl, a 
 1, it fol- 
 hifrh- 
 |U milc^ 
 it from 
 Is point 
 
 ATLANTIC AND ST. LAW'RKNCE RAILROAD. 
 
 61 
 
 that celehratfd inoiiiitain may \w aj)pn)anht(l and »«sconded with 
 more ease, in a shorter distance, and less time, than from any 
 other uccessihic quarter in tho vicinity of tho White Illlls. This 
 point also is only live miles distant from Berlin Falls, the (rrcatost 
 waterfall in New Fitifrland, where tho waters of tho (Jreat An- 
 droscnirrrin, lar;4er in volume than the waters of the Conu'^eticiit, 
 descend nearly rJIM) feet in u distance of ahoiit two miles. From 
 the valley of tlu; Androscoirtrin the road passes into the valley of 
 the C'ounecticut, reachinir the hanks of that river in the reiriou 
 of Lancaster, N. II. Followiiifj np this rich and hiirhly pro- 
 diu'tivo valley ahout ,'J.") miles, the road reaches the parallel of 
 A'P N. Lat., and connects with tho «S7. Laiorcticc ami Atlantic 
 Railroitd at the houndary hetween the U. States and Canada. 
 
 Lcwislnn is a flourishin<_j manufacturiu'^ villa<j^e, containinjr 
 about 2,(M)() inhabitants, situated upon tho Androscoj^jrjn, midway 
 between Portland and Aii;justa, \\\\o\\ tho upper slajjo route. 
 Tlio waterfall here is one of exceedin<r beauty ; tho entire volume 
 of tho Androscoggin is precipitat«Hl some ."lO feet over a broken 
 ledj^fe, formin}^ in their fall a splendid specimen of natural scene- 
 ry. The river, iimnediately btdow tho fall, subsides into almost 
 a uniform tranquillity, and moves slowly and jrracefully alonij its 
 course, in stranjro though pleasinnr contrast with its wild and tur- 
 bid ap})e "ance at and above tho cataract. These falls, and 
 about 700 acres of land adjoininjj, have been lately i)urcbased by 
 a company of wealthy capitalists, principally from Boston, for the 
 purpose of establishing there a new manufacturing rity, tho fa- 
 cilities for which are said to b- unsurpassed. There are here, as 
 111 most New England villages, several religi'ius societies, with 
 schools, a well-endowed academy, and a flouri>hing public libra- 
 ry. It supports also four temperance liotels. 
 
 Lewiston is about to be connected with Portland liarlmr, by a 
 niiliuad on one side, with the eastern part of .Maine and the Ken- 
 nebec on tho otiier, and with the fertile west by the Atlantic and 
 Montreal road now building. There can be no doubt but that 
 tliis place is destined to be one of the largest inland towns in tiie 
 state. 
 
 Augusta, the capital of the state of Maine, and shire town of 
 Kennebec county, is 60 miles n. e. of Portland, and 1G5 from 
 
 
 
 
r,2 
 
 rAII-nOAl) ANIt ST r. A >!!;(» AT ( 'l\FIAM(»N. 
 
 '1' 
 
 Hoston, und is sitiiiitrd at th«' hotu\ of sloop ii.ivifjation, 43 nil' >• 
 from tlu' Koa. It lifs on Ixuli suic.x of K»im«'l)r(! river, a hridw ' 
 .WO fret loiiu iiintiiifj tin' two portions. Tho town ris«.'.s hy an 
 rasy ascrnt from the river to u level siirfueo ; it is well laid out, 
 neatly bnilt, and contains many liiindsome (iwelJin^-honses. 
 Some of the streets are decorated with trees, planted on either 
 side, forminf^ a very delight fid nhade. A short distance above 
 the villajro a dam has heen constrncted across the Kennebec, at 
 a cost of )j^30(),()()(), forminjr a very extensive water-power. — The 
 Slate House, built of white granite, is a spacious and ele(rant 
 structure, located upon a beautiful eminence half a mile south of 
 the villafje. In front is an extensive common, planted with trees, 
 forn)in}j a delifrhtful promenade. — The Vnited Slates Arsrnul, 
 constructed chiefly of stone, and presenting a very fine appear- 
 ance, is upon the e. bank of the river. — The Stale Insane Hus- 
 pital is a sj)lendid jrranite edifice, occupyin]nr a plat of 70 acrey, 
 on the E. side of the river. Its situation for beauty of scenery is 
 unsurpassed. Amonji^ the Hotels hero, may bo named the Man- 
 sion House and the Augusta House ; there arc other well-kept 
 houses, but these are the principal. 
 
 A railroad is in projrress, connecting Aujjusta with Portland, 
 and also with the " Falls" at Lewiston. The latter is called 
 the " Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad." During the sea- 
 son of navigation, steamhoats run between this place and Boston, 
 touching at Ilallowell, Gardiner, and Bath, important towns on 
 the Kennebec river. Stages leave for Portland, Bangor, Bel- 
 fast, Thomaston, and places in the vicinity. 
 
 Banggii (see Map 2H) lies G6 miles e. n. e. from Augusta, \'2(') 
 N. E. by e. from Portland, llG due n. from Eastport, and 2.'U .\. e. 
 from Boston, Mass. It is situated on the \v. side of Penobscot 
 river, 30 miles n. by e. from Belfast Bay, and about 60 miles from 
 the ocean. The site of the city is pleasant, commanding fine 
 views of the river and the adjacent country. The buildings are 
 constructed in a neat and tasteful nitiuner, while some apjiroach 
 a stylo of superior elegance. Ship-building is extensively car- 
 ried on, but trade in lumber is the principal occupation. This 
 place is one of the greatest lumber depots in America. Poj). 
 about 10,000. Conveyances from the city to places in the vicin- 
 
 Kat. 
 
 celebra 
 Bangor 
 
 certaine 
 
 <iay it 
 
ATLANTIC AM) ST. LAW ilKNCl-: 11AILI:UAD. 
 
 63 
 
 nu 
 ut, 
 
 h.T 
 OVP 
 
 ■, at 
 
 rhe 
 [rant 
 \\ of 
 rci's, 
 
 CIKlli 
 
 peiir- 
 llox- 
 
 lery is 
 
 Uan- 
 
 ll-k.pt 
 
 rtlund, 
 called 
 e 8CU- 
 Joston, 
 ^\\9, on 
 Bel- 
 la, l-3<5 
 
 in N.K. 
 
 liobscot 
 j8 from 
 ing fine 
 lugs are 
 )j)roach 
 |ly car- 
 This 
 Vop. 
 vicin- 
 
 ity, and also to tliosp at a (listancc, an- nniMfrmis and coniforia- 
 blo Dnrinij tlio hinisom of navi;rat;on, wliirlj continues for ahont 
 t\vo-tliir<ls of the year, Htvainhoots run ht-twtM'n Hanj^orand I'orl- 
 land, and also Boston. 
 
 A railroad, l"-2 miles in |«'n<,Mli, is in opf-rat'on to Old Titwn, \\ 
 villatre situated upon an island in tlic I'moUscot river. It was 
 o[><Mi'-d in l^')l), and eost ij^.').')l),llllll. A railroad (-tunnuuiicalion 
 will li*' oprncd, before lonj;, Ix'twrrn IJan^ror and Watrrvilie, on 
 tli;i Krnni'bec : ono is now in process of construcflon from tl»»* 
 lalti'r place to I'ortland via Anirnsta and Ilrunswick, and an- 
 other to Lewislon, on the An<lrosr(i;^'^nn, there uniting with the 
 Atlantic and St. Lawrence road. 
 
 D:irinp the sprinp of IHIT, a snceossful experiment was niaile of nav- 
 iKatinp tlie dipper waters of the I'eiiotKsoot by steam. Tlie boat ran tlie 
 wlidU? season, witli tlie exception of a few weeks during the drought 
 of summer, between Old Town and I'lscatacpiis Falls. The no!)le I'e- 
 nobs(;ot here, itt two pitches rushes over a fall of 16 feet. The boat 
 was put upon her course, and these falls were successfully encomitered, 
 aiifl the ascent of the (piick and rapul water from the mouth of the I'ls- 
 catacjuis to the heail of the falls, a distance of two mili's, was made in 
 2(1 minutes, or at the rate of six miles an hour. .\11 the difliculties of 
 the navigation were overcome, and the boat arrived at .Mattawamkeag 
 Point at an early hour, and made fast to the Military Hndge. The next 
 morning, after taking on board a cpiaiitity of freight, she started for the 
 head waters of the Penobscot, and after successfully encountering the 
 wild and rapid waters of .Mataseunk Ri[is, .Salmon Stream Falls, and 
 Joe Merry's Rips, arrived at Nicketon, a distance of 14 miles, in two 
 hours and a quarter. Having discharged her freight, she left for Old 
 Town at a quarter past 10, where she arrived at a (piarter before five 
 p. M., in time for the evening train of cars to IJangor. Her downward 
 trip was performed in six and a half hours, including stoppages: lier 
 running time down was just 4 hours and 58 minutes. The whole dis- 
 tance from Nicketon is tij miles ; she made a fraction over 13 miles per 
 hour. This expedition has determined the proprietors to put a boat 
 upon the river, the present spring, above Piscata(iuis l-'alls, and to estab- 
 lish a line of steamboat communication between Old Town and Matta- 
 wamkeag Point. 
 
 Kat.\iidin Mou.nt.\in is the j|rreate.st elevation, and the most 
 celebrated iu the state of Maine. It lies 80 miles n. n. w. from 
 Bangor, and 120 n. n. e. from Aujfusta ; its height has been as- 
 certained to bo 5,300 feet above the level of the sea. On a clear 
 day it may be seen from Bangor. It is steep and rugged, and 
 
 
 l-'fii,^ 
 
 V 
 
 'mm 
 
 ■'!?* 
 
 i^n 
 
i ' * 
 
 RAII.nOAI) AM) STKAMI'.OAT CO.AirANION. 
 
 stands ill almost solitary {j^raiidcur. Visiters lo its buinmit have 
 pronounced tiie Kceuery unrivalled in suhliniity. 
 
 Moobn IIk'i» Lakk, Me., lies 1.') miles n. from tlie town of 
 iNIonson, from wlii.di plane sta^^es leave for Hans^or, GO miles. A 
 steamboat usually plies up and down the lak*', for the purj)ose of 
 transpoilini^ passenj^ers. Its form ;k irrofridar, its lenj^tli about 
 4') miles, and its breadlli in tlio widest part about 1'2 miles. It 
 contains a number of islands, which are fertile, similar to the 
 coimtry surroundinji' the lake, except in some places where the 
 banks are steep and elevated. A little above the centre of the 
 hike is a nan-(nv pass, nf ratljer less t'ura a mile across. Here, 
 on the w. si(ie, is .Mount Keneo, an elevation of about GOO feet, 
 projectjifT over the water. Frou) tiiis liei;;iit is presi-nted a pic- 
 turesque view of tiir' lake, its islands, aiid a boundless wilderness. 
 Tiie waters of tiiis lake are deep, a!id abound in trout of the 
 finest de.u'ription. 
 
 FuoM rouTi.AM) TO F/Asri'onT. — To Ihun-:wirk-, 27 miles ; 
 Ihtili, .*M ; Wiscan.set, -Hi ; Wtildohitrotnjrfi, G7 ; Warren, 7G ; 
 T/iomanton, ^0; Camden, 01; Uelfasi, 100; (the Penobscot is 
 now crossed) to Casfinr, 118 ; EllntDnrth, 11:2 ; Franklin, 152 ; 
 Steuhrn, 177; Columbia, IbO ; Machias, 201; Eastport, 23 i 
 miles from Portland. 
 
 Travellers procecdiiifr by tlio latter route to the eastern front/T 
 of 'ho state, on leavinfj Portland, will pass round to the l)<'ad of 
 Casco Baj'', throni^h North VarnHnith and Free])ort, tj Brnns- 
 trirk, on tlic Androsco<x<jin, which is the seat of Rowduin Col- 
 lege. It is situated on the navijj^able waters of the above jarf^e 
 and beautifid river, which extends 140 miles into the heart of u 
 fertile country. The falls at this place furnish such a suj)ply of 
 water-power that it cannot fail becoming a large niunufacturing 
 town. 
 
 Bath is situated on the Kennebec, IG ii.iles from the ocean ; 
 its principal trade is shij)-bnilding, for which it is admirably 
 located. It has regular lines of steamboats to Portland and 
 Boston. 
 
 Wiscnsset is one of the principal ports of the state : its harbor 
 is excellent. 
 
 Waldoborough, Warren, and T/iomaston, contain quarries of 
 
^^■^^s^vu:k and n-ova scot.a. 
 
 — — 65 
 
 marblo ami linicstdjie • from fl i ' ' 
 
 '"■'•'"re u„n„ully ox,;,r,e<,. I ■'","".,'"'""' '"''*■"' '""""'"'<■' of 
 »"■ u l^niWin, occ„,,vi„g , ,,„ ";'?" ""■-"'of ,|,e S,u,.Pr„. 
 
 aiml, and ,is,.. 25 f,.,. ,„ ^ ^V "'• "'" '"le 1,.... is v.rv 
 •f --■ I" l7'Ji>, Ka,s,p„a CO ai, edit" ,'",""■"" "'"' "■<' 
 
 ■-•".- ,arri»o„. There i ^211: '"'-''""'''• """ " "'"'-'i 
 i'l'- to Bo.„o„ via Portland A :,' """"""'"O"'-" <>"", ,l,i» 
 i^u«,port and S, j„|,„, ^^ „ "^ ^ rt™„,cr also runs b,.„v,„,, 
 
 ". f .ily c„„„„n,.,.ea.io by "t'e "Z f' ^''' *'-^""- '''"'■- '» 
 Ula.«, ut .he head of „a2. i ' ^ "", "'" **'• ''™i« river ,„ 
 '"■"ediate places on bouC'of ,""'™' '"""'"'^ »' '"» "'- 
 "•golarly between Eastport Pe ,'" """■ *'"0-boa,s plv 
 British islands adjoinint' ' """'"'"'' "'"' ^">""=' and ,' ,» 
 
 " fiae appearance. The ,L 'H "^ '^'™' "■" >™""- Presents 
 "■°"". of the St. Johns r v7: Zv'" °"' ''•"""■ ^t .he 
 'oeks, extending across the r ve i? ' "'"T ''"'■ ^ reef of 
 ^''""gh ,0 admit vessels of Tki , ""' "' '"«'■''•'"- '^'■'•p 
 »'<"•. a«d penetrate 30 „,i|e h ,f ' ^'<''""''oats, &o., to pass 
 
 --en. to be e.nbra.ed o;,' e uhr.ir'; ' "" '^ '"^ "^ '- 
 ""eak or ripple be^nns at the W," ! '•^''"- '» f"". a .hgh. 
 
 I; 
 
 I- J. 
 
 1i>i-^i' 
 
 '^>»:i;l 
 
»'J> ■:■ 
 
 ! < «,' 
 
 •'' « 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEA3IB0AT COMPANION. 
 
 falls, until tho entire windin}^ rooky chiisni is exposed one-fourth 
 of a mile in width, throufrh which the nii;:^hty torrent of the great 
 Sf. Johns river pours in all its force for several hours, until the 
 rise of the next tide, when for a similar period vessels ascend as 
 heforo. 
 
 A sleamhoat runs between St. John and Portland, touching at 
 E;islj)<)rt. Fare J^G.OO. Steamboats ply regularly between St. 
 John and Frederickton, (tho seat of government of New Bruns- 
 wick,) DO miles, leaving each j)Iace every morning and evening, 
 (ouching at intermediate places on tho river. Steamers run from 
 Fre(leri(;kton up the St. Johns river to Woodstock, (iO miles ; they 
 also make occasional trips as far up as the Great Falls, a distance 
 of \'M) miles above Frederickton. Above the falls, a steamer runs 
 (when the depth of water permits) to Little Falls, 4(J miles, which 
 are situated at the mouth of the Madawuska river. 
 
 Stages leave Frederickton daily, for places in the vicinitj", and 
 also for Canada, a distance of 300 miles. Stages also leave twice 
 a week for Mirauiichi, Chatham, and intermediate places ; and for 
 Liverpool, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, there forming a commu- 
 nication with Prince Edward's Island. A steamer leaves St. 
 John, once a week, for Windsur, Nova Scotia, and touciiing at 
 places on tho Bay of Fundy. From Windsor stages leave daily 
 for Halifax, 45 mile;?. Steamers also cross the Bay of Fundy 
 from St. John to Annapolis ; whence stages leave for most of the 
 principal places in Nova Scotia, and for Halifax, 125 miles distant. 
 
 FiiKDEiiicKroN, the seat of government of New Brunswick, 
 stands upon a Hat sandy tont*uo of land, formed by a bend of the 
 St. Johns river ; the i)lain is three miles in length, varying in 
 breadth from a narrow strip to half a mile ; the river here is 
 about 1,000 yards across, winding past in front, with an amphi- 
 theatre of richly wooded hills for its background. 
 
 " The view both up and down the valley is most interesting,— to the 
 north an uncleared range of highlands, with detached cones and broken 
 liilLs thrown out in bold relief upon the landscape. Villas enclosed ni 
 the woods, and farms upon the clearings, are the chief objects it pre- 
 sents ; wliile to the south the river is seen winding, like a silver cord, 
 through the dark woodlands, until it disappears among the islands in 
 the distance.'' 
 
 Frederickton is a long and rather straggling place, laid out 
 
»g 1.1 
 
 ^ere is 
 liinphi- 
 
 Ko the 
 jrokcn 
 
 losed in 
 it pr'!- 
 
 jr cord, 
 inds in 
 
 lid out 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 €7 
 
 regularly in qnadran^rlos, with wido luui airy streets; the princi- 
 pal of them are a mile in lenj^th, and run parullci with the river. 
 The puhlic hiiildiii<^s, with the excejjtion of the (roverninent house 
 and the college, hoth massive stone edifices, jiave little to recom- 
 mend them. Its population is ahout 4,r)()0. 
 
 St. Andrews, in the British province of New Brunswick, is 
 situated on a peninsula, formed hy the St. Croix river and an arm 
 of PassanuKjuoddy Bay. Its local advantages for commerce are 
 very great, possessing a harhor, which, for safety and extent, is 
 equal to any on the coast. This is the starting-point of " The 
 St. Andrews, Wood.^l^lek, and Que})ec Ivailroiid," a route which 
 is to unite the Bay ol Fimdy with the St. Lawrence. Tiiis line, 
 which extends a d. stance of nearly 300 miles, has Ixmh mostly 
 surveyed, and that portion of it extending from St. Andrews to 
 Woodstock, a distance of alxjut bO mihs, is now under contract, 
 and will j)rol)ahIy he completed during the year \^V.). A caj)ital 
 of ^SOD.OOO has heen suhscrihed, aiul a portion of it j)aid in, the 
 remainder to he called in hy instalments during the progress of 
 tltc work. The government has granted free all the laud and 
 materials re(piired, whore the road passes through the puhlic lands, 
 and a further grant of 20,000 acres ; and a guaranty of five i)er 
 cent, upon one-half of the stock, for ten years. 
 
 The government engineers are now engaged in exjiloring and 
 surveying a railroad route extending from Halifax, through Nova 
 Scotia and New Brunswick, to C'anad.i, uniting with " The St. 
 Andrews, Woodstock, and Quehec Railroad," at (ir(»ut F.til^j on 
 the St. Johns river. 
 
 II.\LiF.\x. — This city, the capital of the })rovince, i; situated 
 on Chehucto Bay, on the s. k. coast of Nova Scoti;'. in N. Lat. 
 44° 3G', and W. Long. G.3° 28'. Its population, exclusive of the 
 army and navy, is ahout 25,000. The town is seated on the de- 
 clivity of a hill, ahout 2')0 ft. high, rising from one of the finest 
 harhors on the continent. The streets are generally hroad, and 
 for the most part macadamized. Viewed from the water, or from 
 the opj)osito shore, the city is prepossessing and animated. In 
 front, the town is lined with wharves, which, from the number 
 of vessels constantly loading and discharging, always exhibit a 
 spectacle of great commercial activity. " Warehouses rise over 
 
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 68 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 r ■ *■ I 
 
 
 the wharves, or tower uh)ft in dilFereiit parts of the town, and 
 dwelling-houses and piihlic hnildings rear their heads over each 
 other, as they stretch along and up the sides of the hill. The 
 spires of the different churches, the huildlng ahovo the town, in 
 which the town-clock is fixed, a rotunda-built church, the signal- 
 posts on Citadel-Hill, the different batteries, the variety of style 
 in which the houses are built, sonie of which are painted white, 
 some blue, and some red ; rows of trees showing themselves in 
 different parts of the town ; the "ships moored opposite the dock- 
 yard, with the establishments and tall shears of the latter ; the 
 merchant vessels under sail, at anchor, or along the wharves ; 
 the wooded and rocky scenery of the background, with the 
 islands, and the small town of Dartmouth on the e. shore, — 
 are all objects which strike most forcibly on the view of the be- 
 holder." 
 
 Of the public buildings, the chief is a handsome edifice of 
 stone, called the Province Building, 140 ft. long by 70 broad, 
 and ornamented with a colonnade of the Ionic order. It com- 
 prises chambers for tl'.e council and legislative assembly, the su- 
 preme court, various government offices, and the public library of 
 the city. — The Government House, in the southern part of the 
 town, is a solid, but gloomy-looking structure, near which is the 
 residence of the military commandant. — 'I'lie Admiral's residence, 
 on the N. side of the town, is a plain building of stone. — The 
 Dockyard, which covers 14 acres, and forms the chief depot of 
 naval stores in the British North American colonies, is reported 
 to be the finest in the world, if the works of a similar kind in 
 England be excepted. The n. and s. barracks are capable of 
 accommodating three regiments. — There is also a Military Hos- 
 pital, erected by the late Duke of Kent. — Dalhousie College is 
 a handsome edifice of freestone. — The Church of England and 
 the Presbyterians have each churches ; and there are besides 
 a Roman Catholic chapel, and several chapels belonging to 
 different religious denominations. — There are two private bank- 
 ing companies in the town, and a chamber of commerce, com- 
 posed of 15 members. — It is said that the hotels and boiirding- 
 houses are very indiff*erent. The inhabitants of Halifax ore in- 
 telligent and social, and travellers have remarked that the tone 
 
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 cost of u 
 
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 Th's ro 
 
 cost, Jncli 
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 i" freig-ht 
 
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 onheFit( 
 
FiTciinuru; railroad. 
 
 69 
 
 of Kocicty is there more decidedly English than in most of the 
 other colonial cities. 
 
 The harhor opposite (he town is more than a mile wide, and 
 has, at medium tidcvS, a depth of 12 fathoms. Ahoiit a mile ahove 
 the upper end of the town it narrows to one-fourth of a mile, and 
 then ex])ands into Bedford Hasin, which has a surface of 10 scj. 
 iniks, and is completely land-locked. On an isliaid (j|)posite the 
 town are some slrouiji;, m!)unted hatteries. Tho harbor is also 
 defended by some other minor fortifications. 
 
 Halifax, ever since its settlement in 17 U). has been the seat 
 i)f a piolituble fishery, its trade, which is in a very prosperous 
 cond.tion, is j)rincipally with the \V. Indies and other liriti h col- 
 onies, with the U. States, and the mother country. It is nl o the 
 (■liit'f rendezvous and naval depot for the British navy on tho 
 North American station. The Hritish {j^overnineiit havinjj made 
 Halifax one of tho stoppiufr-jilaces of the C'unard line of steam- 
 ers, in their trips either way across the Atlantic, has added jLjreat- 
 !y to its importance as a maritime city, as well as advanced its 
 commercial prosperity. 
 
 FITOHBURG- RAILROAD. 
 (See Map No. 6.) 
 
 The new depot of the above railroad is situated in Boston, on 
 the corner of Causeway and Haverhill sts. It is .'Jll) ft. lont^, 9G 
 wide, and two stories hij:i;h, and built of Fitchburtr jrranite, at a 
 cost of upwards of 1^70, 000, without the land: it is, at tho pres- 
 ent time, the handsontest d? j);)t in tlie United States. 
 
 Th's road was opened for travel from C'barlestown to P^itch- 
 burg, in ^Nlarch, 18 15, and extends a distance of 50 miles. Its 
 cost, includinfj bridge over Charles river, and depot in Boston, 
 with ground. Sec, was about ,^'3,115,100. The Fitchburg Rail- 
 road is one of the best roads in the country ; the business, both 
 in freight and passengers, is yearly increasing, and will be great- 
 ly augmented by the completion of the roads leading from it, and 
 unitinor with those destined to reach Montreal. Tho construction 
 of the Fitchburg road has been the means of developing the re 
 
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 1 7 
 
 I: 
 
 
 '.* .'!■ '. !>>■<♦ ft". 
 
 •. *' Ik* 'IM M 
 
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 70 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMDOAT COMPANION. 
 
 
 Botircps of the towns through wlkich it pu.sHPs, to a Vtiy grcul 
 extent. 
 
 UotlTF BKTUKKN BoBTON AND FlTCMIUIU;. — ('/inilftitOlPn, til" 
 
 first place rraclu'd after cros><iii;( tlm viiidiu't ovmt ('l)ail»>« riv^r, 
 is built ou a i»''uin.sul!i formed l»y the Charh's and MvMtic rivers, 
 and i.s eonnected with Huston hy twopuhlic hridj^fs — hy on' with 
 ClitilHea an' Mahlen, over the Mjstic — and witli ('aMihri(Ji.'e, \)\ 
 u })ridj:;o over Charles river. It contains many handsome private 
 dwelUnjjs. Top. ahoiit 1<,00U. The Hunker Hill Mtumnn i 
 
 is in this city, the site ol which 
 ^ ^- ?i -• is Gil* feet uhovo the level of the 
 
 sea. It is a plain granite shatt 
 ^>-20 ft. ill hei}rl,t,:Jl wpiare at the 
 base, and 15 at the lop. The 
 corner-stot:'- was laid June 17th, 
 lb:25, on the 50th anniversary ot 
 the battle, by the Marquis La 
 Fayette, and the work was com- 
 pleted June 17th, 184:2. From 
 the top, which is a chamber 11 
 ft. in diameter with four win- 
 dows, the visiter has one of the 
 finest j>anoramic views in the 
 country. — The United States 
 NnvyYtnd was established about 
 the sear 1798. It contains about 
 
 ■•-'--jr=— '--^ 
 
 60 acres, and is cneloscd by a hijrh wall built of stone i»i a sub- 
 stantial manner. It has four Vargo shiphouses, where vessels of 
 vrar of tlie first cla.ss are built, houses for the officers, and many 
 other buildinjTs. The Ropcii'nlk, which is 700 feet in lenjjrth, '\i 
 indeed a curio.sity, and should not be overlooked by visiters. It 
 is Pv loujr, low buildinj;, entirely firo-prouf, bein<r built of granite, 
 and covered with slate. The machine ry hero is of the most 
 elaborate and ingenious description. The Dry Duck, at the up- 
 per end of the yard, is a stujjendous work, and worthy the ad- 
 miration of all lovers of great ar< liteetural skill : it is unrivalled 
 by any other work of its kind in the country, is built of hewu 
 granite, and is 341 feet long, 80 wide, and 30 deep, and cost 
 
;l* 
 
 riTCHBUUf; RAILROAD. 
 
 71 
 
 le ad- 
 ■viilleti 
 hewu 
 Id cost 
 
 ,Ci(i7(l,()^^. It wjis completed in .lime, l^.'J.'l, and tlif* first vessel 
 it received was the frijriite ('oniftitulinn. — C'liurlestovvu ooiituiuH 
 also the State Prisnn, whieli was lumnh-d in iSOd. \ isitcrs are 
 admitted within thei walls hy payin^j u let' of 125 centH. 
 
 Wt'st ('(tnihridire is a very pleasant place, contaiiiinfj nnrner- 
 ouH country-seats and well-cultivated larms. Spy l*ond aiid u 
 part of Fresh I'ond lio in this town ; they both ahonnd with tlsh, 
 and are popular jtlices of resort in the siJinm<r season. They 
 ;iIso furnish lar;^e r|u:intilies of ice, much of which is exported. 
 Fare to tW.v/ {\niihiid<jp, 1.') cents. 
 
 Wdlthnm, 10 miles from IJrtston, is one of the most beautiftd 
 towns in its vicinity. From Prospect Hill, whi<'h i.s elevated 
 nearly oOO feet above the level of ;ae 8»>a, iher- - a fine view <.f 
 the surroundin<£ country, with iJostou and its no^ harbor in the 
 (1 stance, raif '2'i cents. 
 
 Wrston, formerly a jiiirt of Watertown, from wli ch it was 
 taken in ITl.'J, is u well-cultivated town 13 miles fro/ii Boston. 
 Fine .'Ul cents ; to Linniln Id cents. 
 
 Cournrd is situated on the river of the s;ime name, *JU nnlea 
 from IJoston. It is celebrated as the place where the first effect- 
 ual resistance was made, aiul tho first Uritish blood shed, in tho 
 Revolutionary war. On the l!)lh of April, 177.'), a party of 
 Uritish troops was ordered by Cien. (ia^e to j)roceed to this place 
 to destroy some military stores, wliicji had been deposited hero 
 by the province. The troops were met at the north bridj^e by 
 the people of Concord and the iieijrhborin;^ towns, and forcibly 
 repulsed. A handsome granite monument, erected in 1M.'}(), com- 
 memorates the lieioic and patriotic achievement. Fop. about 
 2,()U0. Fmc :)() cents. 
 
 Acton, till 173'), formed a part of Concord. Najrojr Fond, in 
 this town, is much visited. Fare to South Acton, 2o miles, <!j 
 cents ; to West Acton, 27 miles, Go cents ; and to Littleton, 32 
 miles, 80 cents. 
 
 Harvard is becoming important for its manufacture of paper. 
 An industrious community of Shakers, who own a considerable 
 tract of land about three miles from its centre, reside in this town, 
 and supply its market with a variety of articles. There are here 
 some fine fish-ponds. Fare 90 cents. 
 
 .;'rt 
 
 
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 ,'j^yl' 
 
s>a. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 // 
 
 
 :/ 
 
 f/j 
 
 /, 
 ^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 1^ 
 
 12.8 
 
 2.5 
 2.2 
 
 I.I 
 
 ■is m 
 
 u Hi 
 
 £ US 112.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 11.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 1^ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. H580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 \ 
 
 ,v 
 
 
 ^>^ 
 
 
 O^ 
 
72 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT fOMPAMO'C. 
 
 I ^ 
 
 Grolun, 37 milf's, is ono of tlie fiiK-st lowii.s hi Middlesex conn- 
 y, and has fjrcal local beauty. Its schools (for wiiich it is fa- 
 mous) are admirahly conducted. Fare 1)0 cents: to Shirlfi/, 40 
 miles, J|i;l.()(l; Luiipuhitrgf 43 miles, ,*jj)].lO; Lr.oniinster, 45 
 miles, J^l.l'). 
 
 Fitchhnrg, 50 miles, since the completion of the railroad, has 
 increased both in poi)ulation and importance. It is situated on a 
 branch of Nashua river, which allurds an extensiv(3 and constant 
 water-power. The manufactures of the town consist of cotton 
 and woollen fjoods, leather, boots and shoes, ])a])er, and a variety 
 of other articles. Pop. about 4,000. Fure. ;^1.:25: Vfitinl time 
 from liosfori :2i Jtours. — Fur coutinaatioii of routes from Fitch- 
 hurg, see Index. 
 
 i! 
 
 LEXINGTON AND WEST CAMBRIDGE RAILROAD, (See 
 Map No. 6.) — This road, seven miles in len;^th, was oj)ened for 
 travel in Sept. 184G, and cost about ^-00,000. It is a branch of 
 the Fitchhuri^ Railroad. 
 
 Fkom Boston to Lkxingtox. — Over the Fitchburg Railroad, 
 5 miles, and throuL^h West Cambridire to licxinj^ton, 11 miles 
 from Boston. Fare ^23 cents. Lrxi.iigtnn will ever bo a mem- 
 orable j)Iace : it was here the first blood was shed in the causo 
 of American Indejxnidencc, 19th of April, 1775. On the village 
 green, near the church, and on the site of the battle, a monu- 
 ment is erected, with an inscription commoinorating the event. 
 
 
 WATERTOWN BRANOII RAILROAD, (See Map No. 6.)— 
 This road, a branch of the Fitchburg, was opened for travel in 
 June, 1847 ; it is three miles in length, and cost J^112,000. Car.s 
 leave C/tarlcs'tomn several times daily for the places on this route, 
 passing over the Fitchburg road to Frfsh Pond, five miles, a de- 
 lightful sheet of water, and a great resort during the summer 
 season. Boating and fishinjj are t!io chief amusements. Fai'e 
 12i cents. 
 
 Mount Auhurn Crnirfcri/ is half a mile from Fresh Pond, and 
 a mile from Harvard University : it is a lovely place for the re- 
 pose of the " mighty dead," and one of the sj)ots most worthy of 
 the tourist's observation in the vicinity of Boston. It contains 
 
 Th 
 
 It 
 
f;^r \ 
 
 6.)- 
 el in 
 Cars 
 oiite, 
 de- 
 ll rncr 
 Fare 
 
 , and 
 |e re- 
 jiy of 
 
 htains 
 
 BOSTON AND WOKCESTEll KAILROAU. 
 
 73 
 
 about 100 acres of land, and is laid out with gravelled walks, and 
 embollished with all the varieties of trees, shrubbery, and flowers. 
 There are numerous monuments, many of which are of exquisite 
 workmanship. The labyrinthine walks are named after various 
 trees and flowers, thus : Woodbine, Poplar, Violet, Narcissus, 
 Ivy, liily, Moss, &c., &c. This cemetery was dedicat'^d in Sept. 
 Ir^.'U, and the first person interred hi^re was Mrs. Hannah Adams, 
 (inc of the earliest female writers of New Enidand. Visiters are 
 tiaed 1$-.'), if they disturb or take any thini^ away from the cem- 
 etery. The frrounds are kept well regulated, and in the best 
 fondition, and every attention is paid to preserve order and de- 
 corum. 
 
 Watertoirn, ei<rht miles from Boston, is situated on Charles river, 
 which is navigable to the viiiatre for vessels of liirht drauixht. In 
 tlio town are several manr.factories, with paper and cotton mills, 
 prnit works, &-c. The United States Arsenal is on the n. bank 
 of the river, a short distance below the villarro ; it contains a lari^e 
 iiniount of munitions of war, and covers about 40 acres of ground. 
 .¥r. Cushing^a heantiftil gtirdcn is in this town, two and a half 
 miles w. from Harvard University, and six and a half from ]Mount 
 Auburn. It comprises about ()0 acres of choice land, so elevated 
 in its situation as to command a view of the fine scenery which 
 surrounds it. Strangers desirous of seeing this delightful spot 
 can do so by obtaining an order from the President of the Horti- 
 eultural Society, School-st. This place can bo visited at the same 
 time with Fresh Pond and Mount Aul)urii, beini; on the souio 
 route, and only a short distance apart. 
 
 BOSTON AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. 
 
 This road was commenced in 1831, and opened for travel in 
 1^35 ; it is 44 miles in length, and according to tho company's 
 •iist annual report, ending Dec. .'31st, 1847, the cost of the road 
 to the present time has been ^3,7()7,939, and of engines and cars 
 8345,670, making tho total cost of road and e({uipment ^4,113,609. 
 The transportation, both in freight and travel, on the road has 
 greatly increased during the last year, much beyond that of any 
 
 -mM 
 
 
 '-mm 
 
■Siaitaejiu^tm^.. 
 
 74 
 
 BAILIIOAD AND STEAMBOAT CO.MrANION. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 former year; arninj^enients have accordiiifrly been made for the 
 erection of additional frei;rht-honses, within the city of Bostoi; 
 and also for the enlarfrenient of the passenjrer depot buildinj^. 
 Tracks are to be set off' for departinj^ trains, with rooms for pa.<- 
 8en<^er8, distinct from those which are appropriated for trains on 
 tlieir irrival. 
 
 Tiie branch roads, unitinfj with the Boston and Worcester, are : 
 — the Brookliiie, Britrhton, Newton Lower Falls, Natick, and 
 Saxonville ; the Milford branch from Sonth Framinfjtoii depot to 
 Milford ; and the Millbiiry branch from (irafton to Millbury. A 
 rfliife for a branch from llolliston to Med way has been surveyed, 
 and found favorable. 
 
 Fiu)M Boston to Wokci;ster, (see INIitp No. G.) — Passengers 
 leave for places on this route from the depot, Lincoln-st., corner 
 o( [Jeach-st, opposite tiie United States Hotel. 
 
 Bri^r/iton, the first stopping-place on this route, five miles from 
 Boston, is a pleasant town on the s. side of Charles river. It is 
 noted for its cattle market, the largest in New England. IMon- 
 day i.-i the market-day, when buyers and sellers congregate in 
 largo numbers, to traffic in live-stock. This town has become 
 tlie residence of many persons of wealth and taste, who occuj)y 
 beautiful country-seats, with splendid gardens attached. Wiu- 
 ship's garden is famed for its nursery of fine fruit-trees and shrub- 
 bery, and for its grand display of fruits and flowers of every 
 variety. It is free to visiters. Fare from Boston to Brighton. 
 17 cents. 
 
 Newton is both an agricultural and a manufacturing town. 
 Its borders are washed by Charles river for several miles. There 
 are two sets of falls on that river in this town, two miles apart, 
 called the Upper and Lonier Falls, on which are extensive 
 paper-mills, and other manufacturing establishments. There is 
 here a Theological Seminary, established in 1825. Newton 
 Corner, or Angler's Corner, and West Newton, villages in this* 
 town, are growing places. A branch railroad running along the 
 west bank of Charles river, connects Lower Falls with the Wor- 
 cester Railroad. Fare to Newton Corner, 7 miles, 20 cents, and 
 to West Newton, 9 miles, 25 cents. 
 
 Needham is now quite a manufacturing town, having several 
 
the 
 
 or. 
 
 ing. 
 
 i on 
 
 are : 
 
 aiul 
 
 ot to 
 
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 eyed, 
 
 ■ngoi> 
 corner 
 
 s from 
 
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 Mou- 
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 ccupy 
 Wiu- 
 
 shrub- 
 
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 \ighton. 
 
 town. 
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 apart, 
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 Jeicton 
 
 in thi^ 
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 le Wor- 
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 sev 
 
 eral 
 
 BOSTON AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. 
 
 75 
 
 paper-mills, a chocolato-niill, a coach and car n^.anufactory, and 
 manufactories of shot-s, hats, &c. It has also (luarries of stone, 
 which are hecoming yearly more valuable. Fure to East Need- 
 ham, 13 miles, 35 cents ; in West Needham, 15 miles, 45 cents. 
 
 Natirk, 17 miles, called by the Indians "the place of hills," 
 is watered in part by Charles river : it contains several delightful 
 ponds, well stored with fish. The soutlicrn part of Lnnf; Pond 
 is in this town, and is seen from the cars while j)assing. The first 
 Indian Chureii in New England was «'stahlished hero in 16(50, 
 under the direction of the a|)ostle Klliot. Poj). 1,500. Fare 45 
 cents. The Saxoiifille Branch Railroad, four miles in length, 
 e,\tends from Natick to Saxonvilie, and is a branch of tho Wor- 
 cester Railroad. Fare 10 cents ; from IJoston 55 cents. 
 
 Fruni'mghnm, 21 mi'es from Boston, lias the Sudbury river 
 passing through its centre. Its fishing, fowling, and other sports, 
 make it an agreeable placo of resort. Saxonvilie, in tho north- 
 eastern section of the town, is wliere the chief water-power lies. 
 From Long Pond in Framingham, the city of Boston is to he 
 supplied with excellent water. Pop of the town about 3,250. 
 Fare 55 cents. 
 
 Hopkintun, 24 miles from Boston, is rapidly increasing in poj)- 
 ulation and wealth. The Mineral Spring in this town is much 
 resorted to. [Persons de irons of visiting this celebrated place, 
 should leave the cars at WeHihuro'' , eight mile.5 west from Hop- 
 kinton, and three and a half northwest of the Springs.] It is 
 situated near Wiiitehall Pond, a popular fishing-place, with the 
 otlraction also of a fine hotel, at which visiters for health or pleas- 
 ure meet with most agreeable entertainment. The waters of the 
 Mineral Spring contain carbonic acid, and carbonate of lime and 
 iron. Fare to Hopkinton, 65 cents ; to Soulhhoro\ 28 miles, 
 80 cents; and to Westhoro'', 32 miles from Boston, 90 cents. 
 
 Grafton, 38 miles. The Blackstono river and other streams 
 give this town a constant and valuable waier-power. After leav- 
 ing Grafton, the Millhury Branch Railroad pa.sses through the 
 N. corner of the town of Millbnry, wlience a branch road ex- 
 tends to the village, on Blackstone river. 
 
 Worcester, capital of the county of tho same name, is a large 
 and flourishing town, situated in the " heart of the common- 
 
 ^;|y. 
 
 
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 1 .3 *■ 
 
 
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 'Iff., 
 
 
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 76 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 (■? 
 
 m 
 
 wealth," and is the centre of a j^rcat inland trade. It is distant 
 44 miles from Boston, 45 from Providence, 54 from Springfield, 
 42 from Nashua, N. II., 59 from Norwich, 79 from Hartford, 15G 
 from Albany, and 194 from New York via Norwich. Pop. in 
 Dec. 1847, was 15,043, bcinfr a gain since 1810 of 7,497. Wor- 
 cester is the centre of an important railroad communication, which 
 makes it one of the greatest thoroughfares in the country, and 
 contributes much to its growth and prosperity. It has railroads 
 diverging from it, on the e. to Boston ; on the w. to Springfield 
 and Albany ; in a s. e. direction to Providence, R. I. ; on the s. 
 to Norwich and Allyn's Point, Conn., — from t!ie latter of which 
 l)laces there is communication by steamboat with New York : it 
 is also connected, in a n. e. direction, with Nashua, N. H. The 
 Blackstoue Canal extends from Worcester to Providence, on both 
 sides of tlie Blackstone river, 45 miles. The village, pleasantly 
 situated in a valley surrounded by hills of slight acclivity, is one 
 of the finest in New England. It is abundantly supplied with 
 water, brought through an aqueduct from the neighboring hills. 
 Main-street, the most important, is broad and handsome, shaded 
 with trees, and more than a mile long, containing many fine 
 buildings botli public and private. 
 
 The American Antiquarian Society at this pi .ce was founded 
 in 1812, by the late Isaiah Thonuis, LL. D., the father of print- 
 ing in New England. The Hall of this society, erected in 1820, 
 has a central building 4G ft. long and 3G wide, with a neat Doric 
 portico, and two wings 28 ft. long and 21 wide. The Society 
 has a library of 12,000 vols., a large and valuable cabinet of an- 
 tiquities, and many interesting specimens of early printing. — The 
 State Lunatic Asylum, established here in 1832, consists of a 
 centre building 76 ft. long, 40 wide, and four stories higli, with 
 two wings, each 96 ft. long, 36 wide, and three stories high. At 
 each end of the wings are two other buildings 134 ft. long and 
 34 wide, forming, with the main building, three sides of a spacious 
 square, all built of brick. The interior arrangements are admi- 
 rably suited to the accommodation of the different classes of pa- 
 tients, and on the whole it is one of the best institutions in the 
 country. Fare from Boston to Worcester ^1.25 : usual time 
 about 2 hours. From Worcester a railroad is in progress of con- 
 
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 nt 
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 56 
 
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WESTERN RAILROAD. 
 
 rt 
 
 stniction to the town of Marro, u distuuco of 'JO miles. (For Prov- 
 idenco and Worcester liailroad, see Index) There iu also ouo 
 unitin};f Worcp«ter with Na.shnu, N. II. 
 
 Warhuseft Moiintnin, IG miles .\. .\. w. from Worcester, rises 
 'J,(MH fe«'t ubove the ocean: it is ascended l>y an easy path, 
 and is now much visited diirinjr the pleasant months of siunmer. 
 The view from this monntain is wide and extensive, while the 
 atmosphere is in a high degree exhiluratinj^. 
 
 NASHUA AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. 
 (See iMaps No.s. and 9.) 
 
 This route extends from Worcester, Mass., to Nashua, N. H., 
 40 miles. The opening of this line will form a direct inland com- 
 mnnicatiou from Long Island iSonnd to the Merrimack river, and 
 there uniting with an important chain of railroads that will ere 
 long extend from Boston to Lake Champlain. On its route it 
 intersects the Fitchburg Railroad, and by the branch, now build- 
 inir, (1848,) from the Nashua and Worcester to Fitchburg, will 
 open a direct intercourse with the Chesliire, Rutland, Vermont, 
 and Massachusetts railroads, and also with the roads pervading 
 the valley of the Connecticut. It will likewise form, in the year 
 1649, one of the inland routes from New York to Canada. 
 
 WESTERN RAILROAD. 
 (See Maps Nos. 7 and 8.) 
 
 This road connects with the Boston and Worcester Railroad 
 at Worcester, and is 118 miles long ; and the Albany and West 
 Stockbridge Railroad, connecting with the Western at the State 
 Line, is 38 miles. The entire length of the road from Boston to 
 Albany is 200 miles. 
 
 The merchandise dcjx)t of this railroad is said to be the largest 
 in the country, being 120 ft. wide, and 460 long, occupying an 
 area of 55,200 square feet, or nearly two acres of land. The 
 roof, which is 120 ft. span, rests wholly on the walls, without any 
 
 rt\*r 
 
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 -^^i^m^^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 'H*'. 
 
78 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAM IIOAT COMPANION. 
 
 U 
 
 other support. 'Vhr walls, huilt of brick, iiro 18 ft. hijih, mid 20 
 ImcIm'h tliick, and where tlu" rafters rest upon them the ihicknesw 
 Ih doubled. The entire spaen within these walls is ono iinniense 
 room, unbroken even by a single pillar, and is usually filled with 
 piles of merchandise. Tlwi cars from Albany on the oust track 
 delivir tlieir frei^rbt — c(»nsistin<r chiefly of the produce and pro- 
 visions of Western New York, and the varied manufactures of 
 Worcester, Sjirin^lleld, and the towns adjacent to the road — on 
 an amj>l' platform furni.shed with scales, on a level with the ear.-'. 
 The cars on the w<st trard; for Albany, and the interniediato 
 places, arc at the same time receiving ^rrf)cerics, dye-stulls, woo!, 
 cotton, and a variety of other articles, in incredible qiianfities. 
 
 This railroad was cliartere*! in Alarch, 18').*J, and opened iVir 
 travel from Worcester to Spring iicld in \^'.VJ, and as fur as A!- 
 l)aiiy on the Hudson, in 184:2. The cost of this road (ITjC miles) 
 lias been }ij>S,|,S.'),7t^S. Its crross receipts between Worcester and 
 Albany, in 1847, were ^^{^ili^^^ilW, an incivase of }j^:j8(),9 1^.11 
 over 18 l(). It is built in the mast sidvstantial manner, and Ik 
 considered a model u'ork of its kind. The enjrineevinjr diflicul- 
 tics upon it were very ^roat, in consequence of the elevated and 
 rugf^-ed sections of (tountry through which it passes to reach tlio 
 western boundary of Massachusetts. Bt^tween Worcester and 
 Sponcer, u distance of 12 miles, it (;ix)sscs u chain of hills eleva- 
 ted O.IO ft. above tidewater in IJoston harbor. After leaving 
 .*>pringneld, it ascends by the valley of Westtield river, crossing 
 and recrossing that stream and its branches 27 times, in conse- 
 quence of the rocky and unfavorable nature of this part of the 
 state. In the township of Washington it crosses a sunmnt 1,180 
 leet. and 20 miles further another 918 foet above tidewater, with 
 grades 80 feet to the mile. 
 
 " That section of the Western Railroad which traverses the wild hills 
 of Berkshire is a work of immense labor, and a wonderful achieve- 
 ment, of art. 
 
 " After leaving the wide meadows of the Connecticut, basking in 
 fheir ricii inheritance of alluvial soil and ur.impeded sunshine, you wni'- 
 iln-owf^h the niirnnv valleysof the Westtield river, with masses of moun- 
 tains before you, and woodland heights crovvdmg in upon you, so that 
 at every puff of the engine the passage visibly contracts. The AlpinC' 
 character of the river strikes you. The huge sloaes in its wide chan- 
 nel, which have been torn up and rolled dov/ii by the sweepmg lorreulii 
 
 Albany 
 '^ic line s 
 
 X '■ 
 
 llHt 
 
WESTERN RAILROAD. 
 
 79 
 
 MISC- 
 
 I with 
 
 hills 
 Lie ve- 
 ins ii' 
 
 Inouu- 
 |o th:il» 
 
 Ichun- 
 
 of spring and :uitiirnn, lie biired and whiltMung In llio siininicr's sun 
 Vou cross and recross it, as m its dcviaUous il leavt's space, on one 
 side or tlie other, for ;>, pra(!tieable road. 
 
 "At ' Chester Faetories' yon t'CLnn your aseent of 80 feet in a rrnle 
 fi;r 11? miles ! TtK! stream l.ctut'cn you and tlie precipitous hillside, 
 cramped into its rocky t)c I, is tli(> I'ontoosne, one of th»' tnl>uturies of 
 the Wcstliekl rivcT. As you trace this stream to its mountain home, it 
 dashes along beside you with the recklessness of childhood, it leaps 
 down pr((upic(>s, runs forth lamdiiiii,' in the dimpling' sunslune, and then, 
 »hy as tlie mountain nymjih, it ihid^cs ixdiiml a knotty copse i,i fver- 
 izreens. lu approaciiiiiu the ' summit IcncI,' you travel hrulRes built a 
 luindrt'vl feet alio v{! oiliiu* mountain streams, leann;^ alon^ their drcp- 
 wiirn beds ; and at the ' d<'ep cut' your passage is luiwn through solid 
 -ocks, whoso niighty walls iVowii over you. 
 
 " .Mountain scenery clianses with every changing season— v\e might 
 almost say wiiii every cliaiit:e of atmosphere. In tlic sprint', while th<; 
 skirts of winter sull hung over this high coltj region, and the trees seem 
 afraid to put out tliiir buds, the Pontoosnc break.s forth from its icy 
 bars, and leaps and ruslies on as if with consciuus joy for its recovered 
 liberty. 
 
 " in stiiiuner, as there is little on tliesc savage hills of what is pecu- 
 liar to summer, flowers and fruilfulness, it is a hajipy chance to make 
 tins pass when piles of clouds hide the hot sun, and the rain is pouring 
 (lovMi in slau'ts, when every little dropping rill ttiat has dried away in 
 the summer'.s heat, is sucUienly swelled into a waterfall, and over the 
 bank and down the clilfs they come pouring and lea[)ing. 
 
 " In autumn, the beeches and maples on tlie lull sales are glowing 
 with a metallic brightness, .softened and set olf most exquisitely by the 
 evergreen of the towering pines, the massive cones of the Norway frrs, 
 and the griiceful, plumy hemlocks that intersj)er.>«#' ihem. 
 
 " In winter, the art that sends you swiftly and securely through these 
 Jtern solitudes, is most gratefully felt. The trees bend creakiiiu; before 
 the howling blast, the snow is driving and drifting,— here it is piled on 
 cither side in solid walls above your ear, and there the hideous roots of 
 the upturned stuai[)S are bare. 
 
 " On you glide, by the aid of the most recent discoveries and inge- 
 nious contrivances of art, through a country w hose face is still marked 
 with the savage grandeur of its primeval condition." 
 
 The iniportunco of tliis road to Bo.stou, and that section of iho 
 country through which its route lies, is demonstrated by the in- 
 creasing amount of business yearly transacted upon it, both in 
 passengers and freiglit. It is said that such is the regularity and 
 ])recision with which the locomotives and trains from Boston to 
 Albany perform the distance of 200 miles, that the farmers oti 
 the line set their clocks by them. 
 
80 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 THE PITTSFIELD AND NORTH ADAMS RAILROAD 
 leaves the Western Railroad at Plttslield, and extends to North 
 Adams, '20 miles: it was opened in Oct. lb4G, and cost about 
 $450,000. Fare GO cents. 
 
 RouTH FROM IJosTON TO Alfiwy, (see Maps Nos. G, 7, and 8.) 
 — Trains leave Boston, from the Worceiiter depot, Beaih-st., op- 
 posite the United States Hotel, thrre times daily for Albany, 
 Sundays excepted. Those jeavinj^ in the morning reach Spring- 
 field in time to dine, and stoj) half an hour ; those leaving Boston 
 in the afternoon stop overnight at Springfield, and leave next 
 morning for Albany, arriving there about noon. Usual time be- 
 tween Biistoti and AUuinij, 10 hours. Fare .^.l.OO. The trains 
 for Troy leave Greenbush on the arrival of the trains from Boston. 
 Stages and other conveyances will bo found at most of the depots 
 on the route, to convey passengers to the various hotels and places 
 in the vicinity. {For the route from Boston to Worcester, see 
 Index.) 
 
 The stopping-places between Worcester and Springfield, (see 
 Map No. 7,) with fares and distances from Boston, &c., are as 
 follow : Clappvillr, 53 miles, ,'^1.50 ; Charlton Depot,"* 57, $IM; 
 Spencer, G2, $1.70; E. Brookfield, G4, $1.75; S. Brookjield, 
 G7, $1.95; West Brookfield, G9, $1.9G; Warren, 73, $1^.05; 
 rainier Depot, 83, $2.25 ; N. Wilbrahani, 89, $2.55 ; Wilhra- 
 ham, 92, $2.G5. — W^o now arrive at 
 
 Spkingfikld, the most important of the towns on this route, 
 lying upon the e. bank of Connecticut river, 98 miles from Bos- 
 ton, 102 from Albany, 18 from Northampton, 36 from Green- 
 field, 26 from Hartford, Conn., and 142 from the city of N. York. 
 It is the centre of a large inland and river trade, its natural as 
 well as artificial advantages rendering it one of the most impor- 
 tant commercial depots on Connecticut river. It has railroads 
 diverging from it, on the e. to Boston, on the w. to Albany, N.Y., 
 on the N. to Greenfield, (this road is being extended to Bellows 
 Falls, N. H.,) on the s. to Hartford and New Haven ; and the 
 New York and New Haven road (now building) will connect it 
 
 * From Charlton Depot extends the Southbridge Branch Railroad to 
 Southbridge, 10 miles. This short branch is to be finislied and opened 
 for travel some iime during the summer of 1848. 
 
■M'% 
 
 PITTSFIELD 4ND NORTH ADAMS RAILROAD. 
 
 81 
 
 )adto 
 
 with the great commercial depot o^ the Union. The house i here 
 are well made and uniformly huilt of hrick, and the appearance 
 of the town is lively and cheerful. Main-st., the principal, is 
 about two miles and a half long, and runs i)arallel with the river 
 The chief part of the business of Springfield is transacted in thia 
 street. Pop. about 17,000. 
 
 Cars leave Springfield for Hartford on the arrival of the trains 
 from Boston ; and for Greenfield three times daily. During the 
 season of navigation, steamboats j)ly between this place and Hart- 
 ford, and other towns on the river. 
 
 The United States Armor]/, at this place, is the most exten- 
 sive in the country. It is situated on an elevated plain about 
 half a mile from the village. The buildings, which are of brick, 
 are arranged around a square of about 20 acres, presenting a 
 iiandsome appearance. A cupola on one of thern atlbrds a de- 
 lightful view of the river and surrounding country. There are 
 about 300 men employed in the Arsenal. About 15,000 nuiskets 
 are annually made here, and 150,000 are stored in the buildings 
 connected with this establishment. There are several well-kept 
 hotels in Springfield, that offer excellent acconmiodations at a 
 reasonable rate. Fare from Boston, ,*j§2.75 : time about 5 hours. 
 
 West Springfield, on the w. side of the river, 100 miles from 
 Boston, and two miles from Springfield, is connected with the 
 latter place by a bridge over the Connecticut, four ferries, and 
 also by the Western Railroad, which passes through it. It is 
 equidistant from Boston and Albany. Fare ,'j^2.85. 
 
 Westfcld, on the river of the same name, is a delightful town, 
 with great natural beauties. It is 108 miles from Boston, lying 
 in a valley about four miles in diameter, and surrounded by hills 
 of considerable lieight. The Hampshire and Hampden Canal 
 passes through it. Fare ^2.95. Russell, IIC miles from Bos- 
 ton, 1^3.05; Chster Village, 119, $3.15; Chester Factory, 
 12G, $3.35 ; N. Becket, 135, $3M ; Washington Sumtnit, 138, 
 $3.70 ; Hinsdale, 143, $3.85 ; Dalton, 14G, $3.90. 
 
 PiTTSFiELD, 151 miles from Boston, is a large manufacturing 
 and agricultural town, elevated 1,000 feet above the level of the 
 sea. It is 151 miles w. from Boston, and 49 e. from Albany. The 
 village is beautifully situated, and contains many handsome 
 
 6 
 
 ■ii' 
 
 . -'H 
 
 
82 
 
 RAILROAD ANO STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 Pi 
 
 dwellings. In this village there is still standing one of the origi- 
 nal forest trees — a large elm, 120 feet high, and 90 feet to the 
 lowest limb — an interesting relic of the primitive woods, and 
 justly esteemed a curiosity by persons visiting this place. Pitts- 
 field contains a medical institution, and a seminary of learning. 
 The town received its present name in 17G1, in honor of William 
 Pitt, (Eurl of Chatham,) the celebrated British statesman. Fare 
 from Boston, |$4.0(). 
 
 Shaker Villagr, 15G miles from Boston, Fare J^4.20 ; Rich- 
 mond, 1 59, J^ 4.35. — The Slate Line, 1 G2 miles from Boston and 3S 
 from Albany, is the point from whence diverges the Housatonic 
 Railroad, terminating at Bridgeport, on Long Lsland Sound, 9b 
 miles, and also that of the Hadson and Berkshire Railroad to 
 Hudson, on the river of the same name, 33 miles. — Canaan, 167 
 njiies from Boston, ^4.60 ; E. Chatham, 172, ^4 70 ; Chatham 
 Four Corners, 177, $490 ; Kinderhook, 184, ,^4.95 ; Schodac, 
 192, $5.00, — arrive at Greenl)ush,a.i)d cross the ferry to Albany, 
 200 miles from Boston. Fare $5.00. 
 
 '.*' 
 
 CONNEOTIOUT RIVER RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Map No. 8.) 
 
 This road extends from Springfield, Mass., to Greenfield, 3(> 
 miles: it is being continued to Brattleboro', N. II., and from 
 tiience to Bellows Falls, where it will meet the railroads from 
 Boston on their routes to the St. Lawrence and the West. The 
 road from Springfield to Northampton, a distance of 17 miles, 
 was opened in 1845, and from thence to Greenfield, 19 miles, in 
 1846. This road cost $1,010,542. 
 
 Route from Springfield to Northampton and Greenfield. 
 — To Cabot Junction is four miles. Here is situated Cabotville, 
 a large manufacturing village on the Chickopee river. There 
 are three cotton manufacturing establishments, with a capital of 
 $1,700,000 giving employment to upwards of 1,500 operatives. 
 The Ames Company are largely engaged in the manufacture of 
 swords, brass cannon, bells, machinery, and cutlery. — Chickopee 
 Falls, another important manufacturing village, is united with 
 
 r«( 
 
d, 3(i 
 
 from 
 
 from 
 
 Tlie 
 
 miles, 
 
 les, in 
 
 CONNECTICUT RIVER RAILROAD. 
 
 83 
 
 Cabotville by the Chlckopee Branch Railroad, two miles long. 
 There is a ciittou manufacturing company established here with 
 a capital of ^700,000, giving employment to about 800 operatives. 
 There are also extensive manufactories of pape.', iron castings, 
 fire-arms, machinery, &c. — Willimansetl, 7 miles, Fare 20 cents ; 
 Smithes Ferry, 13 miles, 37^ cents. 
 
 NoRTnAMrTox, 17 miles from Springfield, is delightfully situ- 
 ated on the w. side of Connecticut river, on rising ground, about 
 a mile from the river, and is surrounded by large tracts of fertile 
 meadow land. It is a favorite place of resort for travellers, and 
 is one of the most beautiful villages in New England. Agricul- 
 tural and manufacturing pursuits are the chief employments of 
 the people. For some years past it has prosecuted with spirit and 
 success the rearing of the silkworm, and large quantities of sew- 
 ing silk are annually produced. Pop. about 4,000. Fare 50 cts. 
 
 Mount Tom is in the town of Northampton, on the w. side of 
 Connecticut river, and Mount Holyoke on the e. or opposite side ; 
 tiie former is elevated 1,214 feet, and the latter 1,120. To visit 
 Mount Holyoko the traveller must cross the ferry, which lands 
 him at the base of this renowned elevation, where, by a rather 
 steep ascent, he can attain its very summit, upon which houses 
 for the accommodation of visiters have been erected. Here he 
 will be amply rewarded by a view of the vast panorama of varied 
 beauty which lies spread at his feet, and extends to the very 
 verge of the horizon. Immediately beneath, the beautiful Con- 
 necticut winds through one of the richest valleys of New Eng- 
 land, — a valley checkered with fields and woods, hillock and dale. 
 
 Passing Northampton, we proceed to Hatfield. Fare 65 cei?' ■ 
 In this town large quantities ol broom-corn are grown, and bruon 
 manufactured to a great extent ; also vehicles, boots, shoes, &c. 
 
 Whately, 26 miles from Springfield. Fare 75 cents. It is 
 watered by Mill river and West Brook, on which streams are tan- 
 neries, manufactories of woollen goods, of gimlets, hannners, 
 &-C. Like the above town, it produces broom-corn in abun- 
 dance, which is manufactured into brooms. A few miles w. of 
 the Connecticut, and in the vicinity of West Whately, is Mount 
 Esher, which rises nearly 1,000 feet above the river, from which 
 the prospect is very imposing. 
 
 **t. , i! ^ 
 
 ^■ "Si" 
 
 
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 84 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEA^IBOAT C0:\1PAN10!T. 
 
 Bloody Brook village is noted as the place where, in 1675, 
 Capt. Lathrop and 76 out of 81 men under liis command were 
 slain by the Indians. In 1838, a monument was erected here 
 commemorating the event. 
 
 Deerjield is a town of considerable trade. In one year the 
 goods manufactured at this place amounted to about J}^250,000. 
 Fare ,*^1.00. — Deerjield and Sugarloaf Mountains are in this 
 vicinity. The former rises 700 feet above the plain, and the lat- 
 ter, which is an isolated hill of a conical form, rises 600 feet above 
 the river. 
 
 Greenfield is situated on an elevated plain, on the margin of 
 Green river, and contains many handsome buildings. The man- 
 ufactures of the town consist of a great variety of useful articles. 
 Faie from Springfield, 36 miles, Jj^l.lO. (For continuation of 
 this route into Vermont, see Map No. 9, and for routes from 
 Greenfield, see Index.) 
 
 South Hadlcy Falls are in the Connecticut river, seven miles 
 N. from Cabotville : they extend a distance of two miles, the en- 
 tire fall from the u])per dam being 50 feet. A canal is construct- 
 ed around these falls, with five locks, and a cut through solid rock 
 40 feet in depth and 300 feet in length. There is a dam across 
 the river of 1,100 feet, which was constructed to overcome the 
 principal fall in the river : it produces a water-power of groat ex- 
 tent. The cataract rushes over a confused mass of rocks, pre- 
 senting varied forms of beauty and wildness. At South Hadley 
 village, three miles n. of the falls, is situated the Mount Holyoko 
 Female Seminary, a school designed to give a practical domestic 
 education with intelligent instruction. 
 
 Amherst, seven miles n. e. from Northampton, is conspicu- 
 ous for its elevated, healthy, and commanding situation, being^ 
 surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills. Amherst College ranks 
 among the most respectable institutions of the kind in the coun- 
 try It is located on high ground, in the centre of the village, 
 surrounded by a fertile country, and commanding a prospect of 
 one of the most picturesque sections of the state. A regular line 
 of stages leaves Northampton for Amherst on the arrival of the 
 cars from Springfield. From Amherst, we can proceed n. through 
 Sunderland to the foot of Mount Toby, an elevation which rises 
 
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 yoko 
 
 neslic 
 
 picu- 
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 ranks 
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 ROUTES 
 
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NORTHERN RAILROAD. 
 
 85 
 
 1,000 !'t above the Comiecticut river: it is composed of pud- 
 (iiii{5-stone, and the small stones within it, ofvarions sizes and 
 of every color, are round and smooth, as though washed by the 
 ocean. There is a cavern on one side of the mountain, which 
 is about 60 feet deep and 150 in length ; and on the n. w. side, 
 in the n. part of Sunderland, are a curious cave and fissure. 
 From Sunderland the traveller can cross the bridge over the Con- 
 necticut to VVIiately, and theiiCL' to Deerfield. 
 
 ROUTES FROM CONCORD, N. H., (See Map No. 9.)— From 
 tiiis place a chain of railroads leads in a s. and s. e. direction to 
 Boston, and in a n. w. to the Connecticut river at Lebanon : an- 
 other runs towards Winnipiseogee Lake in the n., and one on the 
 E. to Portsmouth. 
 
 BOSTON, CONCORD, AND MONTREAL RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Map No. 5.) 
 
 This road is to eiftend from Concord, N. IL, to Plymouth, on 
 Pemigewasset river, 45 miles ; thence to Haverhill, on the Con- 
 necticut, passing through one of the best farming and lumber 
 regions of the state : ultimately it will be connected with he 
 chain of railroads from Montreal. This work is in a state of for- 
 wardness, and will bo completed during the summer of 1848 to 
 Meredith Bridge, 27 miles from Concord. The total cost of the 
 road to Sanbornton Bridge is estimated at ^199,403, and to 
 Meredith Bridge at ^343,703. 
 
 THE NORTHERN RAILROAD, N. H. 
 (See Map No. 9.) 
 
 This highly important thoroughfare is a continuation of the 
 route from Boston to Concord via Lowell and Nashua, to the vil- 
 lage of Lebanon, which is within about five miles of the Con- 
 necticut river ; the completion of which to the mouth of White 
 river, Vt., including the construction of a truss-bridge, some 600 
 feet long, oyer the Connecticut, will be effected in season for the 
 
 'a! I 
 
 
 
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 •t m ^A 
 
 Mm 
 
8G 
 
 i;a:lii()ai) a'.d .stla:.:j:(>at coiMrANioN. 
 
 I i 
 
 t\ 
 
 opniiiifT of tlio Vrnnoiit Cnilrul Killraiid to Xorthfidd, and per- 
 liaps to Moiit|t(Ii(r, by tlio -lili oi' July, I.- IS. 'I'lio latter road 
 (hoc Map No. 10; will liiiilc Iho ( Viniioftticiit rivt-r with Lake 
 ('lKUiij)laiii, and l»y tlif fxlciisioii road Iroia I{iirliii;.r|o!i fr» tlu> 
 St. liawroiicc, will coiuH'ct wilh .Montreal. It will al>() fofjii, 
 with that of tho ( )^r<l<Mis!)iir;f road, a coiiliiiiioiiH lino to the M'a- 
 tcrs of tli(' {Treat lakes. The Northern lia;In»ad, frt»rn the vailry 
 of thcs Meniniar to that of the ('.»nnec!i('iit, G!) ni les, pasHc- 
 over a ronijh and forhiddini; conntry, and seven' natural ((h.-tacles 
 have heen overruMie in its (•on.'^lnu't'.on. Mtire than .M,.']') l,t)(MI 
 f;ni):(! yards of earth and r^7,00() of solid ror-k have he( n removed, 
 and (j I, .'/.') 1 p<'rclus of hiid're and eulverf ni isonry conHtrncted. 
 at a cost of ahoiit .^rJ, OIK), 1)00. 'i'he sunnnlt of the road is in 
 (.)ran}»e, and is ahmit 700 feet alu.ve the Merrimac and ^Otl 
 above the Connecticut. It is overcome by a jrrade (d" .'^0 feet, 
 whi<th is the hij^diest on t!ie whole line. 'J'lie Northern Railroad 
 between Concord and Franklin wis opened Dec. i2H, 1^<1(J, and 
 to Lebanon Nov. 17, 1H17. 'I'hc whole ori;:i:inal caj)ital stock of 
 this company was Jj^ 1,500,000, with the right to increase it if 
 found necessary. 
 
 RourK FUO.M Concord to Fj'.anki.in, (see Map No. 9.) — On 
 leavinj]^ the Concord depot it passes along nj)on the interval e. of 
 the village, and crossing Iforse-Shoe Pond takes the conrso of 
 tho Merrimac river, keejjing the w. bank, (to enal)le it to do 
 which the river has been tnrned from its ancient bed,) and pass- 
 ing along not far from the West Parish in Concord, where a depot 
 is established with the name of West Concord. 
 
 The next stopping-place is near Fishervillr, a bustling little 
 village upon Contoocook river. Here the track crosses Mrs. Dus- 
 tan's Island, made illustrious by the notable ex})loit of that lady 
 with the Indians, in March, 1698. Passing on, the next dei)ot 
 is at Boscawen, a very excellent farming town ; thence to North 
 Boscawen and to Franklin, 18 miles from Concord, a place of 
 considerable importance, at tho head of Merrimac river, or at the 
 junction of Pemigewassct and \Vinni})i.scogee rivers. Franklin 
 contains about 2,000 inhabitants. 
 
 This route is on^i of considerable interest and picturesque beau- 
 ty: it passes through the Webster farm, an object of curiosity to 
 
VERMONT AND MAS-iACIIUSF.TTS UAILnoAD. 
 
 87 
 
 straiif^rrs, as boiiijr ili(> plac^ wIutc IIk^ lloii. l>iiMicl Welwtfr 
 passed his youth, /w//-.' fioiii Coiiconl to U'. Conrurd, 10 rrnts ; 
 to Fis/trrvillfy 120; to liascnrrn, 'M) : to U'. /^^s••v/ »/?<•//, 10; to 
 Franklin, 51); to E. Anditvrr, 70 ; to Anion r, ^'t ; to W. An- 
 dirvr, 1)5; to I) tnhnry,^lA') : to d'i'if/fin, s;l..'J."> ; to (\/unun, 
 .•^l.ti.') : to I'njirhl, .'liil.DO; to /;. It'lntimn, :;^i.nO ; to lr!>nti>n, 
 NCj.lt); to \V. Lebanon, >^-i. '}.'». Fare fr mi lin.'itun h> f.'ir luttiv 
 place, .$1.00. 
 
 llannrcr, N. II., is sitiiatrd ii, lew mil) s x. of \V. Ii(l);iiioii, on 
 ;tii cxtciisivo pliiin, hull' a mile from tlu' C'oimecticiit river, aiiJ 
 irtU feet above the level of its waH'is. Tiie principal Ixaisi s aro 
 er"ctt'(l around a s(|ii;ire of 1*2 acres ; the remainder stand on dif- 
 ferent streets, Ieadin.r from the ;^''i'een in all directions. This is 
 the seat of Darttnonili Cttlh'irr, fonnded in 17(!D, for the educa- 
 tion of Indians, and niiminl after WMllam, l.arl of Dartmouth. 
 It is an inslitntion which holds a very respectable rank for learn- 
 inuf and inllnencc, and the ability of its oHujers. — {For the con- 
 t'luiatlon of t/iii route t!ironi['i Vermont, avn " Vermont Central 
 Ivailroad.'') 
 
 Routes from Firciiiii;af7. — At FitchbMrsr, the traveller will find 
 stages to convey him to places in the vicinity, and also to thaso 
 at a distance, away from the lino of railroads. Trains leave 
 Fitchbnr*;^ for Boston four times daily ; trains also connect with 
 tlie Vermont and iMassachusetts Railroad, and also with tho 
 (^hci^hire Railroad, as far as opened for travel. 
 
 VERMONT AND MASSACHUSETTS RAILROAD. 
 (See Map No. y.) 
 
 This road leaves tho Fitchbur^ Railroad at Fitchburg, passing 
 through Athol, Northfield, &.c., to Rrattleboro', N. II. ; thenco 
 lip the Connecticut river to Bellows Falls, where it will unite 
 with the chain of railroads throufj^h Western Vermont to Bur- 
 lington, and also with those following up the valley of the Con- 
 necticut. It is open for travel to Athol, 33 miles from Fitchburg 
 and 83 from Boston. An attempt lias been made to obtain a 
 
 
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88 
 
 UAiLKOAi) AM) .sti:a.>i;»)AT COMTAMON. 
 
 churt<-r for tho coiistriurtiou nf a railrnad from (JrcrMifioId, Mass., 
 to 'I'roy, N. Y. At (Jn^t'iilidd, tint Vermont and MassafrliiiKottH 
 Ituilroad would then coimcct Troy with Itoston, making a new 
 routo from tlio latter oity to the Hudson riv»'r. 
 
 From HosroN .o AriioL. — To /'V/r///;//;-y, TiO miles, J|^l.t2.'), 
 (see this route ;) thence to W. Fitclihurir, iVJ, ^\.\ii) ; Wesiinin- 
 fttrr, 55, }|^1..'J7; »S'. Ashhuriifnun, (ill, Jg;!.;')!); (}<trdner, (m, 
 $l.(;t2; TenijilHon.li), $1.75; liahluunsrilh', 11, }a{l.75;5^. 
 Rt)i/'ilstt)ii, 77, }j^l.l>5 ; At/ml, H'.i miles from Boston, JjJj'-i.lO. 
 
 Tho inhahitants of At /ml manufacture a j^reat numher of arti- 
 cles. Miller's river, a fino stream, allbrds this place a j:freat 
 water-power. — Noi t/ijirld, consists of one street u mile lonjj: the 
 houses have a neat and comfortahle appearance. 
 
 liiaUlehoro\ Vt. is a v«'ry pleasant place, situated on an ele- 
 vated plain above the C'onn(^cticut. The vicinity is noted for its 
 jnvifToratinjr air, pure water, and fine moimtain scenery. The 
 town is connected with th(i oj)posito side of tho river by a hand- 
 some covered bridjje. There are several factories and mills here, 
 which derive their power from a creek, whoso water falls over a 
 ledjj;e of rocks. 
 
 Bellows Falls are a series of rapids in the Connecticut, ex- 
 tendinjr about a mile alonjr tho base of a high and precipitous 
 hill, known as '* Fall Mountain," which skirts the river on the 
 New Hampshire side. At tho bridge which crosses the river at 
 this place, tho visiter can stand directly over tho boiling Hood ; 
 viewed from whence, the whole scene is wild and exciting in the 
 extreme. The Connecticut is here compressed into so narrow a 
 compass that it seems as if one could almost leap across it. Tho 
 water, which is almost one dense mass of foam, rushes through 
 this chasm with such velocity, that in striking on the rocks be- 
 low, it is forced back upon itself for a considerable distance. In 
 no place is the fall perpendicular to any considerable extent, but 
 in tho distance of half a mile the waters descend about 50 feet 
 A canal throe-fourths of a mile long, with locks, was constructed 
 round the falls, many years since, at an expense of ^50,000. 
 
f IlKSIIfRR RAIM'.OAn — sn.MVAN KAILHOAD. 
 
 «0 
 
 CHESHIRE RAILROAD. 
 
 (8ec Miip No. U.) 
 
 Tliis miitc is also ill! rxtftjsioii of tlir Fitclilmrj roul : it l< av's 
 tlu* juiu'tifiii lit South .\:<liliiiriilniii, Mk-i,. hmI whrn coiiiplrffd 
 
 will puss t!iroii;rI| Ivciiir, N'. II., i» nrH'iws l'';j|l>, at wl.irli |)|;u'0 
 it will coMiit'ct U'itli tlii' Kuli mmI road and fhf valley ot" Luko 
 ('liam|»laiii ; and also wi'li the Sullivan road, a l)i'aii/|i niiit.ii'^ 
 tlif Clif'sliiri' with the \'t ruiop.i Crutra! Kailrriad. This n.ad 
 will ii fcivf a ijrt'at jmrt of lh»' travel and husiii»'>s of tlir Kiit- 
 l.tiiil, with which and llif FitchhuiLl it will form tin* shnrlf.-f, 
 cheapest, and oiH' of t!n' hi'st railroad line-< hetwern Ko-Inn and 
 I> irlin'ftou. If will have an e(| lal chance of dnini;- the hnsincssi 
 oreat'd |)\- the oi»>nin:r of the ( ) rd(Mid>'ir'j; liailroad, and al^o of 
 Montreal. The Cheshire liailroad is open to Troy, N. II., 10 
 miles from Iveene, '21 from Hellows i'alls. and dnriiiLj tiw sum- 
 ni'T of l""H will he oj)ened to K»'ene, !)"2 iinles from Hoston. 
 
 Roi'TK nio.M HosToN 'ro 'I'koy AND Ki:km;, N. II. — Overtho 
 Fit(dd)urir liailroad to F:tr/ihiir<j, ')() miles, .*j«; I .'J.') ; from theneo 
 to St)ut/i As' III) urn /hi III, .5>1.')<>: to Winr/iciidoii, J^l.T.') : Filz- 
 iriljidin, ij^'J.OU ; Trni/, H"2 miles from Hoston, {jjiri.l.'). 
 
 Keenr, one of the ])rettiest places in the stat(\ is situated on u 
 Hat K. of the Ashuolot river. It is parti(!idarly cniitled to nol;e(3 
 for tlip extent, widtii, and uniform level of its Htreets. Tho 
 main street, extending; one mile in a strai<;ht line, is almost u 
 perfect level, and is well ornamented with trees. It is a place 
 of considerahlo bnsinoss, there heinfr several mannfactnrinjr estah- 
 lishments here. Passeuijers will fmd sfn<sr. conveyance at W'in- 
 chendoii to Rindgo and JaflVey ; at Fitzwilliam, on Tuesday, 
 Thursday, and Saturday, on arrival of the llrst train from IJos- 
 ton, to Richmond, Winchester, Hinsdale, and IJrattleboro' I'.nd 
 oil opposite days from tho.se places to Fitzwilliam. — ^li I'roy, 
 stages will connect with all the trains, throui,di Keene and liel- 
 lows Falls, to and from all Western New Hampshire, Vermont, 
 Canada, and Northern New York. 
 
 THE SULLIVAN RAILROAD, 25 miles in length, connects 
 with the Cheshire road at Bellows Falls, and unites it with the 
 
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 A 
 
90 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 i 
 
 Vorrnoiit Central Railroad : it will be the means of throwing a 
 lar^o amount of business upon the former from the northern parts 
 of Vennont and New Hampshire. 
 
 Routes from Greenfield. — Trains leave Greenfield for North- 
 ampton and Springfield three times daily ; at the latter place 
 connecting with the trains for Boston, Albany, Hartford, and 
 New Haven. Fare from Greenfield to Springfield, $1.10 ; from 
 the latter place to Boston , ,$2.75 ; to Albany, $2.25 ; to Hart- 
 ford, 75 cents ; and to New Haven, $1.87. From New Haven 
 to New York by steamboat. Fare to New York from Spring- 
 field about $.3.00. 
 
 Stages leave Greenfield daily on arrival of the early trains 
 from Springfield, for Brattlehoro\ Burlington, and Canada, and 
 by the first train to Keene, N. H. 
 
 From Greenfield, the Connecticut River Railroad is being con- 
 tinued to Brattleboro', (see Map No. 0,) uniting with the Ver- 
 mont and Massachusetts at the State Line. This link will com- 
 plete the connection with the roads in progress pervading the 
 valley of the Connecticut, which, when finished, will open a 
 railroad communication between New York city and the extreme 
 northern boundary of Vermont, and by other roads yet to bo 
 built, will open the communication with Montreal and Quebec. 
 
 fi 
 
 .1 
 
 h; 
 
 ?!>i 
 
 THE RUTLAND RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Maps Nos. 9 and 10.) 
 
 This road, when completed, will extend from Bellows Falls to 
 Burlington, 117 miles : it will form a continuation of the Cheshire 
 Railroad in New Hampshire, and will open a new route and the 
 Bhortest from Boston via Fitchburg to Lake Champlain and Can- 
 ada. Starting from Bellows Falls, it runs up the valley of Wil- 
 liams river ; it then passes into the valley of Black river, and 
 continues to the Green Mountains ; upon passing Mount Holly 
 gap, it runs into the valley of Mill river, and the valley of Otter 
 creek, till t reaches the valley of Lake Champlain. For almost 
 the whole of its course, it runs through valleys of rivers and 
 the valley of the lake, with easy gradual slopes. This road will 
 
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 rts 
 
 th- 
 ace 
 and 
 rom 
 art- 
 iven 
 •ing- 
 rains 
 , and 
 
 ; con- 
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 com- 
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 to bo 
 
 bee. 
 
 i'alls to 
 leshire 
 Ind the 
 Id Can- 
 If Wil- 
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 ]t Holly 
 af Otter 
 almost 
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 load will 
 
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RUTLAND RAILROAD. 
 
 91 
 
 be finished and opened for travel some time during the year 
 1841). 
 
 Chester, on the route of the Rutland roud, is a thriving place: 
 in this town manufactures of various kinds are carried on. This 
 is a great thoroughfare for travellers from the eastern part of 
 New England to the Hudson river at Troy, N. Y., via Manches- 
 ter, the passage over the Green Mountains being one of the best 
 in this part of the state. — Ludlow is mountainous, but contains 
 good land for the grazing of shcoj) and other cattle. Woollen 
 factories are established here, and in the town soi»»o valuable 
 minerals have been discovered. — Mmut Jlolbj is a pleasant town, 
 situated on the summ t of the Green Mountains. The soil is 
 well adapted for grazjig, and here are produced large quantities 
 of wool, beef, butter, and cheese. 
 
 Rutland is a very neat village, well built and handsomely 
 located : it is the centre of trade fur a larj^e section of fertile 
 country. Its agricultural products are large and valuable. The 
 town is watered by Otter creek and its tributaries, which sup- 
 ply it with good water-power, and upon which are several man- 
 ufacturing establishments. (For continuation of this route, see 
 I\Iap No. 10.) From the Rutland Railroad at this place, a branch 
 will be built to Whitehall, N. Y., via Castleton. 
 
 Brandon, on the route of the Rutland Railroad, is a flourishing 
 town, finely watered by Otter creek, Mill river, and Spring 
 Pond, on which streams are good mill-^ieats. Minerals of fine 
 quality are found in this town. There are hero two curious cav- 
 erns formed of limestone, the largest containing two apartments, 
 each from IG to 20 feet square. It is entered by descending from 
 the surface "beat 20 feet. 
 
 Salisbury is watered by Otter creek and by Middlebury and 
 Leicester rivers. The latter affords a good water-power, which 
 propels a number of valuable manufacturing establishments. 
 
 Middlebury is a beautiful and flourishing town on Otter creek : 
 at the falls on this stream are extensive manufacturing establish- 
 ments ; and large quantities of white and variegated marble, with 
 which the town abounds, are sawed and polished for various uses, 
 and transported to market. It is the shire town of Addison 
 county. 
 
 
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 92 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION'. 
 
 Vergrnncs has a liim silvitiou on Oiler cirrk, seven iniloij 
 from Luki' Champlaiii. 'J'lio crcok at tins placu i^ .lOO feet wide, 
 and at tlie falls is separated by two islands, wlix'li form three 
 distinct I'alls of .'^7 feet. These ])ro(hice a f^reat hydraulic j)o\ver, 
 rendered valuable hy bein;; situated in tht^ heart of a fertile coun- 
 try, and in the vicinity of tiie lake, and will be much increased 
 in value by the opening of the Rutland Railroad. From Ver- 
 jrennes the railroad is carried alonjr the eastern shore of Lake 
 Champlain to Rurlinirton, and from thenco it will unite with 
 Montreal. (For description of liurlinj^ton, see Index.) 
 
 PETERBORO' AND SHIRLEY RAILROAD.— This road, cx- 
 tendinor from the Fitchbur<r road, in Groton, to West Townsend, 
 was opened in the fall of 18 17, and is V2\ miles in lenirth. 
 
 Fkom Boston to VV. Tow.nskm). — Over the Filchburg Rail- 
 road to (rruton, 37 miles, Fare UO cents; S(juannacook, 41, 
 $1.0.5 ; Townsend Harbor, 15, and Townsend Centre, 47, J^1.20 ; 
 W. Townsend, 41), }B 1.25. ■ 
 
 WILTON RAILROAD.— This road has been laid out by the 
 railroad commissioners as far as South Merrimack, a distance 
 from Nashua of five miles. It will bo continued to Wilton and 
 Peterboro', and perhaps ultimately to Keene, there intersecting 
 the roads from Canada. 
 
 THE VERMONT CENTRAL RAILROAD. 
 (See Map No. 10.) 
 
 Tiiis road, which is rapidly proj^ressing towards completion, is 
 properly un extension of the Northern Railroad from Concord, 
 after it has passed through New Hampshire, and across the Con- 
 necticut at Lebanon. Its route is up the valley of White river 
 to Bethel, 28 miles, thence ascending by one of its branches to 
 Roxbury, a further distance of IG miles, meeting no serious obsta- 
 cle to its construction, and with no considerable ascent in its gr''d'\ 
 From Roxbury it has an easy descent along the banks oi Dog 
 river, through Northfield to Montpelier, 14 miles, to which places 
 
CONNECTICUT AND I'ASSUMPSIC RIVERS RAILROAD. 
 
 93 
 
 it will bo open for travel durinjj the summer of 1848. From 
 Montpelier it passcvS down the Winooski or Onion river to Bur- 
 liiijrton, 45 miles. The same company are constructinjr a branch 
 road from the mouth of White river, down the w. bank of the 
 Connecticut, crossing this river into New Hampshire, a short dis- 
 tance below Windsor, and by the Sullivan county company is 
 being extended throu|rh Charleslown, and unitiuj^ with the Chesh- 
 ire road near Bellows P'alls. From Burlinjrtoii, a railroad run- 
 nin^r along the e. shore of Luke Champlain, and into Canada, 
 will unite the Central Railroad with Montreal. 
 
 Mimtpclier, the capital of New Hampshire, is situated very 
 near the centre of the state. It is surrounded by hills of consid- 
 erable elevation ; and although it is too low to command an ex- 
 tensive prospect, it is very pleasant, and quite romantic in its 
 appearance. It is a great thoroughfare from all directions, and 
 commands a largo and valuable trade. (For Burlington, see 
 Index.) 
 
 f: "-^ 
 
 m 
 
 CONNEOTIOUT AND PASSUMPSTC RIVERS RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Map No. 10 ) 
 
 This new route will extend from the mouth of White river, in 
 Hartford, Vt., opposite the town of Lebanon, N. H., following up 
 the valley of the Connecticut and Passumpsic rivers, to the north 
 line of the state at Derby. 
 
 The valley of the above rivers n. of the White, forms the nat- 
 ural business centre, and the outlet of one of the best agricultural 
 districts in New England, abounding also with available water- 
 power to any desirable extent. Numerous business villages, and 
 some of considerable importance, are located upon the immediate 
 line of this road within the first 75 miles. 
 
 The construction of 40 miles of the Connecticut and Passump- 
 sic Rivers Railroad, between the mouth of White river and the 
 village of Wells River, is now rapidly going forward, and it is to 
 be completed early in the fall of 1848. At the Canada line it 
 will connect with the St. Lawrence and Canada Railroad, lead- 
 ing thence to Montreal. This road, which is to extend from this 
 city through the eastern townships to the line, has been com- 
 
 i.1 > 
 
 ^r. 
 
94 
 
 IIAILIIOAD AND STKAMDOAT COMPANION. 
 
 F^- 
 
 menced from Montroal to Aotoii, 45 miles, ami is to be completed 
 ill 1848. The con.striictiou of the rcmuiniiij^ distance to the line 
 will he prosecuted suhseipi^nlly, coincident with the work on the 
 Vermont side of the line. The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Rail- 
 road Co. is authorized to construct a branch from u point below 
 Sherbrooke to connect their railroad with the city of Quebec. 
 Sherbrooko is 30 miles from the norlhfrn terminus of the (Con- 
 necticut and Passumpsi(! Rivers Railroad, and the point fur the 
 intersection of tl»e Quel)ec branch is n(>arly e(piid;stant from 
 Quebec and ^Montreal, about 80 miles. 
 
 The completion of ll esc roads will form almost a direct lino 
 of communication from Huston to Quebec and Montreal, and, in 
 connection with the lines in ihe valley of the Connecticut, will 
 o|)en a new thoroujjlifary bitwcen New Vork city and the above 
 iujportant places in Canada: for a descr;j)l:on of which, kco 
 the Index. 
 
 ■a, 
 
 .i 
 
 OLD COLONY RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Map No. 12.) 
 
 This road was opened for travel on the 19th of Nov. 1845, and 
 extends from the South Cove in Boston to Plymouth, 37 miles. 
 It is designed to extend it through Sandwicli to Barnstable on 
 Cape Cod, a further distance of 28 miles. The cost of this road 
 was ^1,397,058. The depot in Boston is at the corner of Kneel- 
 and and South sts., where tickets are procured before taking 
 seats in the cars. Stages and other conveyances are always in 
 attendance to convey passengers to or from the depot, or to any 
 part of the city. Faj'e 25 cents each person. 
 
 The DoKciiESTER AND MiLTox TRAINS Icavc Bostou fivo tiuics 
 daily : the arrangement is similar from those places to Boston. 
 
 Dorchester, four miles from Boston, lies on Dorchester Bay, 
 in Boston harbor. It is under a high state of cultivation, — fruits, 
 vegetables, and flowers being raised here in great abundance. 
 This town, in consequence of the facilities for reaching Boston, 
 has become a fa^'orite place of residence for many of its citizens. 
 Fare 12 cents. 
 
 
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 I- Bay, 
 
 Ifruits, 
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OLD COL IVY R K. 
 
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OLD COLONY IIAILUOAP. 
 
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 v- < 
 
 NfffnmH Vitluirr, sitiiatrd in llio town of l>or('hostor, Ih oh 
 tlio N«'iH)iist't river, nr-:ir its nioiitli. It lius cousiderublo Irudo, 
 uiul the ]H)|)iihition is rapidly iiinrcasiii^. 
 
 Qiiinry, t>ijjr|it, miles tVoiii Hoston, is sitiiatrd on Qiiiiiry Hay, 
 ill IJostoii harbor. The villu^t , which is huilt mi an «'|«ivatt'd 
 plain, is roriiarkahio for its nratin'ss and bounty. The aneestral 
 estate of the Q lincy family, one of the most beantifnl residences 
 in New Enjrland, is in this town. In a chnrch in the village, 
 erected in 18:28, at a cost of >j5 10,001), is a beantifid monument 
 to the memory of John Adams and his wile. 'I'liis town siipj)lies 
 the " (^nin(;y jrranite," jioted for its diirabilily and beauty. Im- 
 mense quantities are annually (juarried and sent to various parts 
 of the U. States. JJy means of u railroad from the (piarries to 
 Neponset river, this material is transported at a small cost. Fare 
 from Jioston, 27) cents. — .V. lirnintrcc, lOj) miles, 30 cents ; iS. 
 Jirahitrcc, 1 1 i, '.V.] coi»ts ; S. W'cipnoiilh, 1."), 10 centjj ; N. Ahing- 
 toii, 18, 45 cents; Ahin^lon, I'Ji, 50 cents; *S'. Ahimjlun, 21, 
 5.") cents ; N. H<iiis'oii, 'S.i\, 0.3 cents; Ilansmi, 2l|, G5 cents; 
 Pli/mptnii, 30, 80 cents ; Kin^rsfon, IV.i, liO cents, 
 
 Flyrnuitth, 'M miles k. e. from Boston, is celebrated as bein!r 
 the lundinjT. place of the " Pdj^rims,"' who disend)arke(l here on 
 the 22d of Dec. 1020. It is the oldest town in New Kn^rhmd. 
 Pilgrim Hall, the buddini^ most wortliy of notice, contains ;i 
 valuablo painting representing the landiuj^ of the Piljjrims from 
 the " May Flower." It is 1.3 by IG feet, and is valued at $3,000. 
 The cabinet of the I'iljrrim Society contains many valuable an- 
 tiquities. From BuryinfT Hill, in the rear of the town, which is 
 elevated 100 feet above the level of the sea, is a fine view of the 
 village, the harbor, and shipping beyond, with the coast for some 
 inilcs in extent. " Plymouth Rock," a deeply interesting spot to 
 New Englanders, is near the termination of Leyden-st. The 
 town contains about 200 ponds : the largest, called the Billing- 
 ton Sea, is about six miles in circumference. It is situated two 
 miles s. w. of the village, and contains a good supply of pickerel 
 and perch. Fare from Boston to Fhtmoiith, 5$ 1.00: usual time 
 If hours. Stages convey passenger.i from Plymouth to Barn- 
 stable, 28 miles, and to other places on Capo Cod. Stages also 
 leave Kingston for Duxbujy, three miles distant. Stages will 
 
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 ■' 1; 
 
 96 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 also be found at most of tho depots on the route to carry to any 
 of tlie neighboring towns or villages. 
 
 THE BRIDGEWATER BRANCH, six and a half miles in 
 length, connects with the Old Colony road at S. Abington, and 
 passes from thence through North vi lie and E. Bridgewater to 
 Bridiicivatcr, 27^ miles from Boston. Fare 65 cents. 
 
 THE SOUTH SHORE RAILROAD commences at the Old Col- 
 ony Railroad in Qiiincy, and will pass through the towns of 
 Ilingham, Cohas.-et, Scituate, and Marshfield, to tho town of 
 L)uxl)ury, a distance of 22 miles. This road as far as Cohasset 
 is under contract, and the work of construction is going rapidly 
 forward. 
 
 Ilingham, a pleasant town situated on Boston harbor, lies 12 
 miles E. of Boston by water, and 14 by land. It is also five miles 
 8. w. from Nantasket Beach, and an equal distance from Cohas- 
 set village. It is, during tho summer months, an agreeable place 
 of resort for the people of Boston, and also for strangers visiting 
 that city. The ride by steamboat through Boston harbor, and 
 the passage among the many beautiful islands, is truly deliglitful. 
 The scenery from tho hills in tho village present fine and exten- 
 sive views of the bay and surrounding country. A steamboat 
 plies regularly between Hingham and Boston, making three trips 
 daily during the summer months. Fare 25 cents. The Old 
 Colony House, an excellent hotel, is within a short distance of 
 tho steamboat landing. 
 
 Cohasset, five miles from Ilingham, is of easy access from tho 
 latter place. The situation being cool and refreshing of a hot 
 summer's day, large numbers are attracted thither. The bathing, 
 fishing, and marine scenery aro equal to any on the coast. 
 
 In the s. part of the town of Marshfield is situated the Hon. 
 Daniel Webster's country seat: it lies 12 miles n. from Plymouth, 
 in full view of the open sea, and is surrounded by highly cultivated 
 grounds, 
 
 Duxhury, a maritime town, is six miles n. from Plymouth and 
 30 s. E. from Boston. It is pleasantly situated on elevated ground, 
 and commands a view of tho ocean. At present the most con- 
 
 ". I 
 
FALL RIVER RAILROAD. 
 
 97 
 
 vcuieut way of reaching this place from Bo>itoii is by the Old 
 Colony Railroad to Kinr^ston, and thenno by stajjc to Dnxbury, 
 three miles. 
 
 e Hon. 
 mouth, 
 Itivated 
 
 ith and 
 [rround, 
 )st con- 
 
 FALL RIVER RAILROAD. 
 
 This road extends from the Old Colony at S. Braintree, 11^ 
 inilos from Boston, to the town of Fall River. It is 42 miles in 
 length, and cost {*^l,Or)0,OOU, or ,^25,000 per mile. It was open- 
 ed for travel in 184G. 
 
 Route from Boston to Fall River. — Trains leave the Old 
 Colony depot, Boston, daily, passing over that road to ^S*. Brain- 
 tree, (see Map No. 12 ;) from thence to Randolph, 15 miles, Fare 
 35 cents ; to E. Stoughton, 17, 40 cents ; to N. Bridgeicater, 
 
 20, 
 
 50 
 
 cents ; to E. and W. Bridgeivatcr, 25, GO cents ; to 
 
 Bridgewater, 27, 65 cents, (now see Map No. 11 ;) Titicut, 31, 
 70 cents ; Middleboro' , 35, 80 cents ; Myrick^s Station, 42, 
 $1.00; Assonet or Freetown, 45, $1.10 ; Terry's, 47^, ,*$1.20 ; 
 Somerset, 48^, $1.25 ; Fall River, 53, $1.35. 
 
 Fall River, a flourishing and important manufacturing town, 
 is situated on the falls of the outlet of the Watuppa Ponds, at the 
 junction of the stream with Taunton river, and near Mount 
 Hope Bay. Tliese ponds contani about 5,000 acres, being 11 
 miles long, and, on an average, about one mile broad. They are 
 produced by deep, never-failing springs, and are two miles e. of 
 the village. The descent of the river is 136 feet in a regular 
 volume of water, not liable to excess or diminution, and adequate 
 to heavy manufacturing operations. The harbor of Fall River is 
 safe, and of easy access, and has sufficient depth of water for 
 ships of the largest class. Several vessels from this port are en- 
 gaged in the whale-fishery, and many others are employed in 
 the coasting trade. The principal business of the place consists 
 in the manufacture of cotton, wool, machinery, stoves, the print- 
 ing of calico, &c. The establishment for the manufacture of 
 iron, wholly operated by steam, is on a very largo scale, employ- 
 ing between 400 and 500 hands, and using up about 30 tons of 
 pig and hoop iron per day. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 7 
 
 
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 11 
 
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 L^ 
 
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 98 
 
 llAILKOAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 On Sunday, July 2(1, 1843, Full River was visited by a de- 
 structive fire, in which 2U0 buildings, including the Pocasset Hotel, 
 a splendid structure, were consumed. The loss oi property was 
 estimated at upwards of half a million of dollars. 
 
 There are regular stage routes to New Bedford, Taunton, 
 Bristol, and Providence. There is also a steamboat line to the 
 latter place, a distance of 28 miles, which plies daily, each way. 
 
 Route from Boston to Nkw York via Fall River and New- 
 port. — Passengers take the cars in Boston, at the Old Colony 
 depot, corner of Kneeland and South sts. (For the route to Fall 
 River, see page 97.) At Fall River the railroad from Boston ter- 
 minates, and passengers are conveyed from thence in one of the 
 s]!lendid steamers bclongiug to this line, through Narragansctt 
 Bay (see Map No. 14) to Newport, R. I., 18 miles distant, where 
 the steamer stops to land and receive passengers, and are con- 
 veyed from thence round Point Judith, and through Long Island 
 Sound (see Map No. 15) and the East River, passing over the 
 boiling waters of " Hurl Gate," to the city of New York, arri- 
 ving at an early hour the next morning ; distant from Boston, 
 23G miles. Fare $5.00 ; state-room $1.00 extra. (For city of 
 New York, see Index.) 
 
 Newport, one of the towns where the state legislature holds 
 itw sessions, is situated on Rhode Island, (the island from which 
 the name of the state is derived,) in Narragansctt Bay, and is, 
 by the channel, 5 miles from the sea, 30 miles s. e. from Provi- 
 dence, 71 from Boston, and 165 from New York. Tlie harbor, 
 one of the finest in the world, is safe, and accessible by ships of 
 the largest class. The town, lying on ground gradually risii^g 
 from the water, has a beautiful site facing the harbor, in a south- 
 easterly direction. It is celebrated for the salubrity of its climate, 
 its cooling ocean breezes, and its fine views, which have made it 
 a favorite resort during the summer season. Visiters and inva- 
 lids will here find every accommodation, either at hotels or board- 
 ing-houses. Sea-bathing, fishing, sailing, and riding, are the 
 chief amusements. In the waters in this vicinity there are about 
 GO different kinds of fin and shell fish, which are taken in great 
 abundance. 
 
\EW BEDFORD AND TAUNTON RAILROAD. 
 
 99 
 
 CAPE COD BRANCH RAILROAD. 
 
 This road leaves the Old Colony at Middleboro' Four Corners, 
 and extends 15| miles to the villa<re of Ajrawani, situated a short 
 distance from Buzzard's Bay, Mass. It will, during the suininer 
 of 1848, be opened to Sandwich. 
 
 Route fkom Bosro.x. — From the depot of the Old Colony Rail- 
 road to Middleboro', .35 miles. Fare 80 cents ; to Rock Meeting- 
 Ilouse, 38^,95 cents; S. Middleboro', 4:2^, $1.10; W. Ware- 
 hani, 4G, $1.^0 ; Wurehani, 4!),^, $1.25 ; Agawam, 50^, 1^1.3.3. 
 
 Warcham, at the head of Buzzard's Bay, is favorably situated 
 fi>r trade and commerce. Its harbur is safe for vessels drawing 
 lr2 feet of water: 240 coasting vc :>tls arrived here in 1844, 
 bringing and taking away 50,001; tons of merchandise. There 
 were also belonging to this port three ships and three brigs en- 
 gaged in the whaling business, -t an outfit of e$ 1.3 1,000. In the 
 town of VVareham are several ponds containing a great variety 
 of fish, whilst the shores abound with oysters, lobsters, clams, &c., 
 and the forests with game. This and the adjoining lowus aflbrd 
 a great field for the sportsman. 
 
 TAUNTON BRANCH RAILPOAD, AND NEW BEDFORD AND 
 
 TAUNTON RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Map No. 11.) 
 
 The former of these leaves the Providence Railroad at Mans- 
 field, and extends to Taunton, 11 miles. It was opened for travel 
 in 1836, and cost $250,000. The latter road is a continuation 
 of the former to the city of New Bedford : it was opened in 1840, 
 is 20 miles long, and cost $400,000. 
 
 Route from Boston to Taunton and Nkw Brdford. — Pas- 
 sengers by this route will take the cars of tiie Providence Rail- 
 road at their depot in Boston, near the foot of the *' Common," 
 to Mansfield, 25 miles, (for this part of the route, see page 102;) 
 thence to Norton, 29, Fare 70 cents ; Taunton, 3G, 75 cents ; 
 Myricks, 42, $1.00 ; New Bedford, 56, $1.50 : usual time from 
 Boston, 3 hours. 
 
 .•m:'i, .tC '.-'.': 
 
 I 
 
 , ''mm 
 
 
 m 
 
 ■f iV-. 
 
100 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 mm' 
 
 T., 
 
 Taunton, a beautiful town, Is situated on Mill river, at its 
 junction with Taunton river. The latter is navij^ahle to Taun- 
 ton for vessels of small draft, and affords great water-power. The 
 village, in the centre of the township, contains many handsome 
 public and private buildings, located around a fine enclosure, 
 called Taunton Green, a public walk ornamented with trees. — 
 The Mount Pleasant Cemetery, near Taunton Green, is laid out 
 in a tasteful manner, on the plan of Mount Auburn Cemetery, 
 near Boston. 
 
 New Beuford, an important place of business, and port of 
 entry, is on the w. side of Acushnet river, a small stream whicli 
 falls into an estuary of Buzzard's Bay. It is situated in N. Lat. 
 41° 37' 43", VV. Long. 75° 59', and is 56 miles from Boston, 230 
 from New York, 14 from Fall River, and 55 from Nantucket. 
 Between the latter place and New Bedford there is a regular 
 steamboat communication. 
 
 The city of New Bedford is built upon rising ground, and the 
 streets are laid out with much regularity, crossing each other 
 at right angles. The buildings are mostly of wood, although 
 more durable materials are now used to some extent. Many of 
 the houses are neatly surrounded by extensive and well-cultivated 
 gardens, and the streets on which they are built arc bordered 
 with ornamental trees. Among the public buildings maybe men- 
 tioned the Town Hall, Custom-House, and Court-House. The 
 former is a magnificent structure of granite, 100 feet long, 60 
 wide, and three stories high — the lower of which is used as a 
 public market. The Custom-IIouse, built of granite, is also a 
 fine structure. In this building is the Post-Office. The Court- 
 House is a plain structure, built of brick. The County Jail and 
 House of Correction are near it. 
 
 The people of New Bedford are extensively engaged in the 
 whale-fishery. This branch of trade is, however, declining, ow- 
 ing io the diminution of profits. We copy from the Whalemen's 
 Shipping List of New Bedford the following statistics in regard 
 to it : — Whole number of vessels employed in the fishery, Jan. 
 I, 1848, 617 ships and barks, 25 brigs, and 17 schooners — 210,541 
 tons. Whole number employed in the fishery, Jan. 1, 1847, 670 
 ships and barks, 31 brigs, 50 schooners, I sloop — 230,218 tons: 
 
MILFORD BRANCH — NORFOLK COUNTY RAILROAD. 
 
 101 
 
 fchowinjT a diinimUion of 53 siiips and barks, G brii^H, 3 schooners, 
 and 1 sloop — 1!),G77 tons. Tho popnlatiou of New Bedford, in 
 1845, was 15,0(10. 
 
 A steamhont, runnin;r in oonnoction with tho cars from Bo>!- 
 ton, leaves liere on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, (on 
 arrival of the early Irain,) for Nant ticket : time five hours, and 
 from Boston ei^^dit hours. A boat also leaves New Bedford, (on 
 arrival of the fust train from Boston,) on Mondays, Wednesdays, 
 Fridays, and Saturdays, for Martha's Vineyard, WaoiVs Hole, 
 and Holmes's Hole. Passengers from New York to Stoninj^tou 
 take the cars for New Bedfcrrd, and arrive at Nantucket by 
 steamer the day after. 
 
 MILFORD BRANCH EAILROAD, (See Maps Nos. and 14 ) 
 — This is a branch of t!ie Boston and Worcester Railroad, opened 
 in Dec. 1847. It leaves tliat lino at S. Framingham, and ex- 
 tends to Mil ford : lenjrth 13 miles. 
 
 From Boston to Uolliston and ^Milford. — From the W^or- 
 cester Railroad depot, over that route to S. Framingham, 21 
 miles ; from thence to Uolliston, 8 miles, F.ire 70 cents ; and to 
 Milford, 5 miles ; total, 34 milers Fare $1.00. 
 
 From Boston to Deduam, (see INIap No. G.) — Passengers by 
 this route are taken over the Providence Railroad to Low Plain, 
 eight miles. From this place a branch runs to Dedham, two 
 miles, a very pleasant place, and the conveniences for reachiujj 
 it from Boston make it a desirable residence. Fare 25 cents. 
 
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 THE NORFOLK COTTNTY RAILROAD, now building, begins 
 at Dedham, and is carried through Walpole to Blackstone, there 
 intersecting with the Providence and Worcester Railroad. This 
 road forms one link in the proposed " Air Lino" between New 
 York and Boston. 
 
 P: ?■' 
 
 
 I 
 
 f; 
 
 IKK 
 
102 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT C03irANI0N. 
 
 ■;' i . 
 
 s I 
 
 PROVIDENCE AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. 
 (See Map No. 14.) 
 
 This road, which extends from Providence, R. I., to Worces- 
 ter, Mass., 45 miles, was oj)cncd to Milhille, on Tuesday, Sept. 
 28tli, 1847, and to Worcester, on the 25th Oct. following ; on 
 which occasion a train of 20 cars drawn hy two locomotives, and 
 containing 1,500 j)t'rsons, made a pleasure trip over tlie road, 
 during the course of which they were saluted by the discharge 
 of artillery along the whole line, and were received at Worcester 
 with every demonstration of joy. Cost ^1,226,22.3. ' 
 
 From PiiovinENCE to Worckstkr. — Trains stop at Pawtuck- 
 ct, Central Falls,Valley Falh, Lonsdale, Ashton, Albion, Man- 
 ville, Hamlet, Woonsncket, Woterford, Blackstonc, Millvillc, 
 Uxhridge, Whitin's Northbridgc, Farnumville, Grafton, Sut- 
 ton, and Millhury. The trains arrive in Worcester in time to 
 connect with the trains for Springfield, Hartford, and Albany ; 
 and the down train arrives in Providence in time for the steam- 
 boat Iraln for New York. 
 
 \\ 
 
 BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE, AND STONINGTON 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 The former of these railroads, which connects Boston with 
 Providence, was opened in 18.34: it is 42 miles long, and cost 
 ^1,928,G00. The latter road, which is properly a continuation 
 of the above to the head-waters of Long Island Sound, was com- 
 pleted ill 1838, at a cost of $1,920,000. 
 
 Route from Boston to Providence. — Cars leave the depot in 
 Boston for Providence daily, stopping at the following places on 
 the route to land and receive passengers, (see Map No. 6 :) — Rox- 
 bury, two miles, Fare 10 cents. This place, a handsome sub- 
 urb of Boston, is under a high state of cultivation, and abounds 
 witn beautiful gardens and pleasure-grounds. Omnibuses ply 
 regularly between this city and Boston. — Jamaica Plains, four 
 miles. Fare 10 cents. Jamaica Pond, in this vicinity, is a de- 
 lightful and attractive spot ; the cars pass within a short distance 
 
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BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE RAILKOAD. 
 
 103 
 
 of it. — Toll Gate, five miles, Fare 12 cents ; Ketineifs Bridge, 
 7 iiiilt's, 20 cents ; Dcdham Low Plain, 8 luilos, 20 cents. 
 
 Canton* (SCO Map No. 14) is 14 miles from Huston, Fare 40 
 rents. It is a beuniifnlly diversified and j»ietnres(|ne town, wa- 
 tered by the Neponset river, which, with the nnnierous ponds 
 ill its vicinity, gives it an extensive water-power. The rail- 
 road bridge, which crosses the river at Canton, is one of the 
 Jiiicst pieces of masonry in the covmtry. It is of hewn fjranitc, 
 IS t]l2 feet lonjr, and elevated (13 feet above tho foundation, rest- 
 ing on six arches, with a succession of arches on top. Its cost 
 c.vcoeded ,$90,000. 
 
 Sharon, eight miles, Fare 50 cents. This town occupies tho 
 iiighest land between Boston and Providence : its natural scenery 
 IS exceedingly fine. IMashapoug Pond, a beautiful sheet of water 
 over a mile in length, rests upon a bed of iron ore. During the 
 low stages of the water, the ore is extracted by machines made 
 for the purpose. Fishing and pleasure parties frequent this j)ond 
 in the summer soason. 
 
 Foxhnrt), 21 miles, Fare 56 cents. This place, together with 
 Wrenlham, the latter being situated off the line of the railroad, 
 is noted for ihe largo quantities of cotton and straw annually used 
 in the manufacture of bonnets. In the last-nained place is a 
 curious cavern, called Wanipuni's Rock, nine feet square and 
 eight feet high. Wrentham is 28 miles from Boston, and about 
 bcven w. from the depot at Foxboro'. 
 
 M'lnsjleld m 25 miles from Boston and 17 from Providence. 
 The New Bedford and Taunton Railroad here joins tho Boston 
 and Providence. Fare from Boston 70 cents. — Tohetfs Corner, 
 27 miles, Fare 60 cents; Attleboro\f 31, 95 cents; Seekonk, 
 38, ,$1.15. 
 
 PaoviDENCK, a city and port of entry, and the semi-capital of 
 Rhode Island, is situated in 41° 4!)' 22"', N. Lat., and 71° 24' 48", 
 VV'. Long-, and is, next to Boston, tho second city in New Eng- 
 land for population and trade. It is 42 miles s. s. w. from Boston, 
 
 * Stoughton Branch runs from this depot to Stoughton Centre, four 
 miles. 
 
 t From this station, a brunch road, four miles long, runs to the Prov- 
 ;d£nce and Worcester road at Valley Falls. 
 
 • Ir .'i'l 
 
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 I 
 
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 ix 
 
 "•tit"; 
 
 
104 
 
 RAILHOAD AND STEAM Il'JAT COMl'AMON. 
 
 ' I 
 
 41 M 
 
 • I 
 
 III /'• 
 
 173 K. from New V'ork, 30 n. from Xcwport, f*.") n. e. from Now 
 London, 45 h. k. from ^^'orcf»slrr, and 70 k. from IlMrtford, Conn, 
 The ])o|)nliition in IH 10 was upwards of :lVJ,OI)0. TIu^ city is hnilt 
 on both sides of the river, and is connrctod l»y wide and substan- 
 tial brid^ji'cs. On tlio k. sid<i aro threo principal strrofs, nninini; 
 parallel willi the river — Water, Main, and llenetit streets. On 
 Main-st. stand a nnndier ol pnhli? biiildinixs, and n»any ejc^rant 
 brick edifices. On this side of the river the land, rises abriiplly, 
 and Ino cro.ss streets have a ste«'p ascent. JJenetit-st. has an 
 elevated situation, and ea.st of it the city is laid out with much 
 regularity, tho streets generally runninf^ in an k. and w. direction, 
 crossed by others nearly at right an<,deK. On the hill, overlook- 
 ing the city, is IJrown University, a l)iij)tist Insiitntion, established 
 in 1770. From this place there is u (leliiihtful view of the city, 
 with a great extent of the surrounding country. 
 
 Among tho |)ublic buildings an^ a State-IIonse, City Hull. 
 Hospital, Jaii, State Prison, C'listom-IIouse, Atbeiuouni, the 
 buildings of Hrown University, a 'riieutre, and a number of 
 Churches. The Arcade, ono of the finest buildings of its kind 
 in the com»try. Is on the w. sidM of the river, and fronts on tno 
 streets, extending from Wrybosset-st. on ono front, to Westnim 
 ster-st. on tho other, with a Hue Doric portico on oaci). It is '2i2.") 
 feet long, 80 feet broad, and 7'J feet high, (divided into three sto- 
 rief , containing upwards of bO shops, the whole lighted by a glas.s 
 roof. It is built of granite, and was completed in 1828, having 
 cost $130,000. 
 
 Tho citizens of Providence have long been celebrated for 
 their conniiercial spirit, and their large investments of capital in 
 foreign connnerce ; but of late years, much of it has been di- 
 verted to the pursuit of domestic manufactures. The amount 
 of capital invested in manufacturing establishments, within as 
 well as without the city, is very great. The manufactures con- 
 sist chiefly of cotton goods, steam-engines, machinery, and cop- 
 per, brass, iron, and tin wares. 
 
 Lines of packets ply regularly to New York, Albany, Phila- 
 delphia, and Baltimore. The lilackstone Canal extends from 
 Providence to Worcester, 45 miles, passing through numerous 
 manufacturing towns and villages scattered along the whole 
 
 I 
 
 Ml ; 
 
PROVIDENCE AM) ST()MN<;TftN HAILHOAD. 
 
 105 
 
 courso of HlackHtoiu' Jiiid I'liwtuckt't rivers. Furc from UusioHt 
 jjll.iJS: usual tinir j2 /iouik. 
 
 Slriimhonts riiu from I'n^vidriinr to Fall Itivcr, and also from 
 tlio former place to Newport. Usual fare 50 rents. 
 
 Staires leave the Alamifactiircrs' Hotel, IVovidenee, f(»r planes 
 
 in Illiodo Island, Connecticut, and .Massachusetts. Fareio l*inn- 
 
 f'rct Depot and IJnniclsourillp, Conn., )8(l.()l); to lldrtfardf 
 
 ."$.'}.0O, (stoppini^ at the intermediate towns ;) to JSurwich, }j{$ 1.(15 ; 
 
 10 l^fw London, .$"J.I)0. 
 
 A charter has heeu obtained for constructing,' a railroad iVom 
 Trovidence, II. I., to \\'illimantic, in Windham county, ('onn., 
 and from thence to Hartford, an«l from the latter place to l''ish- 
 kill, on the Hudson river, o{)posite the Newhnr^r branch of tho 
 New York and Krie Railroad. At Willimantic, it will connect 
 with tho one (alwut to bo built) from New liondon, Cunn., to the 
 Western Railroad, Alass., at Palmer d<'j)()t. 
 
 From Pkovidenck to Stom.ngtox, (see Map No. 14.*) — To 
 Warwick, 5 nnles, 12 cents ; Ajiponauir, 9, 25 cents ; Green- 
 tticli, 12, IJ5 cents ; Wick ford, \^, 55 cents; Kiuisston, 2^), 15 
 cents; Kiclimond, 'M, 00 cenls ; C/iarlcslouut,'.i^,i'j^l.\0 ', Wcs- 
 lerlij, 42, i^l.'M ; Sloninglon, 4S, $1.30. 
 
 Waritick, an important manufaclurinj^ town in Rhode Island, 
 ts situated on the west side of Narraijanset Bav, six miles from 
 I'rovidence. From some of the elevations hero, a lar{re part of 
 the state and the bay can bo seen in clear weather. — Apponaug 
 village, in its south part, is on a branch of Narraganset Bay, 
 and has a good harbor, a mile distant, for vessels of any size, and 
 those of from 20 to 50 tons come up to the village. A mile from 
 Apponaug is " Drum Rock," a huge rock so perfectly balanced 
 nj)on another, that a boy 14 years of age can .set it in motion, 
 causing a noise more sonorous than tiiat of a drum, and which 
 in a still evening may bo heard a distance of six or eight miles. 
 This curiosity is much visited in the summer season. — Paictuxet 
 Village, m Warwick township, at the month of Pawtuxet river, 
 lour miles s. from Providence, is noted for the manufacture of 
 cotton goods, which is here extensively carried on. 
 
 * The distances on the map are from Boston. 
 
 -■ $)\ 
 
 M' 
 
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 ! 
 
 1) 
 
 'M:l 
 
106 
 
 RArLIlOAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 ll 
 
 Stnnington, Conn., is sitiiat*^! at the eastern extremity of Longf 
 Island Sound. Bt-in": the tt-rmination of the railroad from Provi- 
 dence, it is an imj)ortant point on this route, between New York 
 and Boston. Its harbor is well })rott'cted by a breakwater, made 
 by the United States, at a cost of ,$50,000. 
 
 Route from Boston to New York via Providence and 
 Stonington. — Travellers by this route will take the splendid cars 
 of this hij^Iily important and wcll-manaired t borough lare, at the 
 Providence depot in Boston, and are thence conveyed over the 
 railroad to Providence and Stonington, see pages 10:2, 105. The 
 cars in future will go through direct, either way, without the 
 interruption of crossing the ferry at Providence : a branch road 
 now extends arouiul the head of the Cove, uniting the Stoning- 
 ton and Providence railroads. At Stonington, (see Map No. 
 15.) passengers take the steamboat, and are conveyed thence 
 through Long Island Sound and the East River to the city of 
 New York, arriving there early the next morning. Fare from 
 Boston to New York, ^5.00 ; deck passage, ^3.50 : time about 
 12 hours. 
 
 •ir 
 
 H: 
 
 NORWICH AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. 
 (See Map No. 14.) 
 
 This road extends from Norwicli, Conn., to Worcester, Mass., 
 where it unites with the chain of railroads from Bftston to Albany, 
 and also with those pervading the states of New Hampshire and 
 Vermont. This line, including the branch to Allyn's Point, is 
 Gfi miles in length : it was opened for travel in 1839, and cost 
 .$2,400,000. 
 
 Route from Worcester to Norwich. — To Auburn, 5 miles, 
 Fare 10 cents; Oxford, 12, 25 cents; Webster, 16, 35 cents; 
 Fishersrille, 22, 50 cents ; Thompson, 25, 60 cents ; Pomfret 
 Depot, ^2S, 63 cents; Dai/'^'rille, 32,75 cents; Danielsotiville, 
 35, 85 cents ; Central Village, 40, $\M ; Plainfield, 43, $1.10 ; 
 Jewett City, 49, $1.25 ; Norwich, 59, $150; Allyn's Point, 
 66, $1.75. 
 
 Stages leave Central Village for Providence, on Tuesdays, 
 
NORWICH AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. 
 
 107 
 
 Thursdays, and Saturdays ; aKso from DanielsonvUlc, ou Mon- 
 days, Wednesdays, and Fridayn. Fare 01.25. 
 
 Norwich is situated at the head of navigation on the Thames 
 river, at the confluence of the Shetucket and Yantic rivers, 
 whoso united waters constitute the Tlmmes. It is 13 miles n. 
 from New London, 38 s. k. from Hartford, 38 s. w. from Provi- 
 dence, and 50 n. e. from New Haven. The city is built on a 
 Ktocj) acchvity facing the s., the liou.ses rising in terraces, street 
 Id'vond street, and as approached from the s. in coming up the 
 river, it exhibits one of the n)ost beautiful and interesting views 
 on the route. Tlie falls at Yajdicville, a flourishing manufac- 
 turing village about a mile from Norwicii, are a curiosity, being 
 siiigidarly wild and picturesque. From a high projecting rock 
 which overhangs the foot of these falls, the IMohegan Indians 
 formerly plunged to destruction, wlien pursued by the Narragan- 
 s«'lts, preferring thus to perish than fall into the hands of their 
 enemies. About a mile e. of Norwich is the flourishing manu- 
 lacturing village of Greenville, situated on Shetucket river. A 
 dam across the river at this place furnishes a large amount of 
 water-power for manufacturing purposes. Paper is made here 
 to a great extent. 
 
 Route from Boston to New York via Worcester and Nor- 
 wich. — Passengers leaving Boston by this route, take the cars of 
 the Worcester Railroad at the depot on Beach-st., opposite the 
 United States Hotel, whence they arc conveyed to Worcester, 
 44 miles, (see Boston and Worcester route, page 73 ;) thence to 
 Norwich, Conn., 59 miles ; and thence to Allyn's Point, 7 mih-s 
 further, a distance from Boston of 110 miles, (see Norwich and 
 Worcester route, page lOG.) From Allyn's Point, the traveller 
 is conveyed in a splendid and commodious steamer io New York, 
 128 miles, (arriving there early the next morning,) which, on its 
 way down the river Thanies, stops at New London to land and 
 receive passengers. The total distance from Boston to New York 
 by this route is 238 miles : time 13 hours. (For map of Long 
 Island Sound, see No. 15.) Fare through 05.00 ; deck, 03.50. 
 
 New London is admirably situated on the w. bank of the 
 Thames, about three miles n. of the Sound. It is 13 miles s. 
 
 n\ 
 
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 ^t|t: 
 
 
 ■ H I 
 
108 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 li 
 
 S '.•, 
 
 from Norwich, 42 s. e. from Hartford, 54 e. of New Haven, and 
 120 from New York. Its harbor is one of the best in the U. 
 States, with water of sufficient depth for the largest vessels, and 
 is seldom frozen. The city is defended by forts Trumbull and 
 Griswold, the former being on the New London side of the river, 
 a mile below the city, and the latter on the opposite side, on an 
 eminence overlooking the city of New London. 
 
 A few years after the last war with Great Britain, the mer- 
 chants of New London turned their attention to the whale and 
 seal fisheries, which have become an important branch of com- 
 merce. About ^2,000,000 are invested in this trade. There is 
 also a number of vessels employed in the shore fisheries, which 
 supply the markets of New York, and most of the neighboring 
 cities, with fish. 
 
 On the 6th of Sept. 1781, a largo portion of New London was 
 laid in ashes by the British, under the traitor Arnold. Fort Gris- 
 wold was captured, and great part of the garrison put to the sword. 
 A granite obelisk, 125 feet high, erected near the spot, commem- 
 orates the event ; and on a tablet are inscribed the names of those 
 who fell on that occasion. During the last war New London 
 was blockaded for some time by a British squadron under Com- 
 modore Hardy. 
 
 f » 
 
 THE NEW LONDON AND WILLIMANTIO RAILROAD 
 will extend from the harbor of New London to Willimantic, 28 
 miles, and from thence to Palmer depot, Mass., on the Western 
 Railroad, 35 miles further. At Willimantic, it will unite with a 
 railroad, about to be built, from that village to Hartford, which is 
 also to be extended e. from Willimantic to Providence, and w. 
 from Hartford to Fishkill, opposite the Newburg branch of the 
 New York and Erie Railroad. 
 
ROUTI FROM N. YORK TO N. HAVEN, ETC. 
 
 109 
 
 DAY LINE FROM BOSTON TO NEW YORK VIA SPRING- 
 FIELD, HARTFORD, AND NEW HAVEN. 
 
 Passengers preferring day travel between these two cities, will 
 avail themselves of the above route. The steamboat train leaves 
 Boston from the Worcester depot, Beach-st., at 7 a. m.,* whence 
 we are conveyed over the Worcester and the Western railroads 
 to Springfield, 9S miles, (see this route at page 77 ;) thence to 
 Hartford, 124 miles, and to New Haven, IGO miles. At the lat- 
 ter place we take the steamer, and are conveyed over the Sound 
 to New York, 240 miles from Boston, arriving there in about 12 
 hours from the time of departure. Fare ^o.OO. By referring to 
 Map No. 2, the route will be more readily understood. — (For New 
 York city, hotels, &,c., see Index.) 
 
 V Jul 
 
 
 mA ii 
 
 
 Route from New York lo New Have.n, Hartford, and 
 SpKiNca-iELD, (see Maps Nos. lo and 13.) — Passengers leave 
 New York daily by steamboat from Peck Slip, East River, for 
 New H^v^ Histant 80 miles, which is usually reached in about 
 live hour." \ he proceeds up the river, the traveller has an 
 opportunity oi viewing the upper portion of the city, bordering 
 on the river, with its shipping and ship-building ; and on the 
 Long Island shore, Brooklyn, its Navy Yard, and Williamsburg. 
 Four miles above New York is Blackwell's Island, on which is 
 the Penitentiary. A short distance beyond is A^^toria, a suburb of 
 New York. Presently the boat is carried with arrowy swiftness 
 through the boiling waters of Hurl Gate, and thence onward to 
 Throg's Point, and into the broad expanse of Long Island Sound, 
 which extends to Fisher's Island, a distance of 100 miles. Pro- 
 ceeding up the Sound, the shore on either side becomes dim, in 
 consequence of the distance we are from it, except some of the 
 more prominent headlands, which jut out beyond the general line 
 of the Connecticut shore. 
 
 New Haven, semi-capital of Connecticut, is situated at the 
 head of a bay which sets up four miles from Long Island Sound, 
 
 * We would advise travellers to make inquiry overnight at their ho- 
 tels, or consult the newspaper advertisement, as to the exact hour the 
 train starts, as the above time of departure is liable to be changed. 
 
 11 .liifj-i'-l 
 
 S< 
 
 ..>:• I 
 
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 0:' 
 
 'S\ 
 
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 110 
 
 RATLROAPt AND STEAMBOAT COMPAMON. 
 
 i' 
 
 \ I. 
 
 % 
 
 m 
 
 \y'' I. 
 
 m 
 
 i» .! 
 
 It! 
 
 in 41° 18' .'iO" N. Lat., and 72° ^G' A')" W. Lon;r. from Green- 
 wich. Pop. in 1810, 1 2,000. Tlio city, which lies on a plain, 
 with a jTcntlc incliiiation towards the water, is in ether directions 
 skirted by an amj)liitheatrei of hills, which at their termination 
 present bold bliifls of trap-rocks, risinjr almost perpendicularly to 
 the height of .3*J0 to 370 foet, and constitutin;r a striking feature 
 of the scenery. From the summit of these bluffs is presented 
 a fine view of the city, of Long Island Sound, hero about 20 
 miles wide, and of the adjacent country. The harbor is entered 
 by three rivers — Quinnipiac on the f... West river on the w., and 
 by Mill river on the k. (Quinnipiac, towards its mouth, furnishes 
 great quantities of fine oysters and clams, to the trade in which 
 the village of Fairliaven cliietly owes its prosperity. New Ha- 
 ven consists of two j)arts — the Old Town and the New Town — 
 and is laid out with irieat reirularifv. The Old Town was laid 
 out in the form of a square, half a mile wide, divided into nine 
 smaller stpi;ires. Tiiese squares have, by intersecting streets, 
 been divided into four i)arts. The central was reserved for pub- 
 lic purposes, and nuiy vie. with the public grounds of any other 
 oity in the country. On this ^quare are located three churches, 
 of various architecture, and which are not excelled by any simi- 
 lar ediiices in New England. The State-House, a splendid edifice 
 of the Doric order of architecture, after \hx- model of the Parthe- 
 non at Athens, stands n(>ar the centre of the western half of this 
 square. On its west side is the line row of buildings belonginir 
 to Yale College. There is a public cemetery at the n. w. corner 
 of the Old Town, that has been denominated the Pirc-la-Chaise 
 of America. IJeautifulIy ornamented with trees and shrubbery, 
 this "garden of graves" deservedly attracts mucU attention froin 
 visiters. 
 
 There are about 20 Churches in New Haven, a Custom-IIouse, 
 a Jail, an Almshouse, a State General Hospital, th 'ee Banks and 
 a Savings Institution, a A'^oung Men's Institute, and an Institu- 
 tion for the support of Popular Lectures, with a well-selected 
 library. — Yale CoUeire, founded in 1701, and named in honor oJ' 
 Elihu Hale, of London, who bequeathed it £300, and an equal 
 amount in goods, (the latter of which were never received,) is the 
 most important public institution in the city. Besides possessing 
 
 exteih- 
 
 from N 
 waterii 
 ?ood he 
 tlie stei 
 
 See 
 miles, 
 Irf, Go 
 ^"i cent) 
 ilartfo) 
 Hart 
 miles fn 
 72^ 50' 
 It is :3.3 
 
 * FroiT 
 'eibury o 
 
ROUTE FROM N. YORK TO N. HAVEN, ET ^ 
 
 111 
 
 the most splendid inineralo;Tieal ciibinet in the United States, 
 consisting of more than 16,000 specimens, it has a magnilicent 
 collection of paintings, by Trumbull and other distinguisliod art- 
 ists. It has 33,000 vols, in its libraries. Thoiigh possessing lim- 
 it »'d funds, it has more students than any other college in the 
 Union. 
 
 The harbor of New Haven is safe, but shallow, and is gradii- 
 rtlly filling up wit'.i mud in its northwestern part. When the first 
 settlers arrived, it was sufliclently deep for all the purposes of 
 comuierce, and ships were built and launched where now art^ 
 meadows, gardens, and buiklinixs. The maritime commerce of 
 New Haven, however, is extensive, its foreign trade being chiefly 
 w,lh the West Indies. — A lino of steamboats j)lies daily between 
 tills city and New York ; and tliere are several lines of pack( ts 
 ruini.ng to the same place. Tiie Farmington Canal connects it 
 with Nortiiampton and with the Connecticut river near it. Usual 
 fare from New York, ^1.30. 
 
 Fit'.r Haven, in the immediate vicinity of New Haven, is on 
 the Quinnipiac river. It is an enterprising and thriving village. 
 Its wealth is chiefly derived from its trade in oysters, which is 
 extensively pursued between the months of October and April. 
 
 SacJicin^s Head, a wild and picturesfjue spot, IG miles s. e. 
 from New Haven, and three miles s. of Guilford, is an attractive 
 watering-place during the sultry months of summer. It has a 
 good hotel, with ample accommodations for visiters, near which 
 the steamboat lands its p^'ssengers. 
 
 See Map No. 13. — From New Haven to North Haven is 7 
 miles, Fare 25 cents ; to Wallimj^ford, 12, 37 cents ; Mcriden,* 
 18, 65 cents ; Berlin Slaiion, 2:2, 75 cents ; Ncic Britain, 25, 
 87 cents ; and to Hartford, 36, <$1.12 ; and from New York to 
 Hartford, 116 miles, $2.50. 
 
 Hartfo.id is situated on the wcat side of Connecticut river, 50 
 miles from its mouth, and is in N. Lat. 41^ 45' 50". and W. Long. 
 72^ 50' 45" from Greenwich. The population is about 15,000. 
 It is 35 N. N. E. from New Haven, 26 s. from Springlleld, 44 n. w. 
 
 * From this station stances leave for MidJletownon tlu E. and for Wa- 
 
 teibury on the w 
 
 '■ ■•! U: 
 
 m- 
 
 
 
 ■J \>'l 
 
 ^.1 
 
 
 'f .■:.i™ 
 
112 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 iC- 
 
 from New London, 15 n. from Middlotown, 73 w. from Provi- 
 dence, R. I., 124 from Boston, and 116 from New York. The 
 city, built, on ground rising gradually from the river, is laid out 
 with little regularity, appearing to have been more the result of 
 
 ■ ili' 
 
 YiKW gT Hartford, Conk. 
 
 circumstances than of foresight and design. Many of its streets, 
 however, are attractive from the elegance of their edifices, and 
 important from the extensive business of which they are the seat. 
 The scene of the principal retail business is in Main-st., which, 
 broad, but not entirely straight, extends through the city from n. 
 to s., presenting an almost unbroken range of buildings, many of 
 them large and elegant. Most of the public buildings are in 
 this Htreet ; and hero Mill river, which crosses the city from vv. 
 to E., is passed by a bridge 100 feet wide, consisting of a singi': 
 arch of 104 feet span, elevated 30 feet 9 inches above the bed of 
 the river to the top of the arch. From Morgan-st., a bridge of 
 six arches of IGO feet each, crosses the Connecticut river to East 
 Hartford. It is a costly and substantial structure. 
 
 Hartford, from its situation, is calculated to become a place of 
 considerable commerce. The Connecticut river, which has been 
 made navigable 120 miles above the city, brings to it a great 
 amount of the produce of the fertile country through which it 
 flows Steamers ply daily to New York ; and there are two 
 
ROUTE FROM N. YORK TO N. HAVE5, ETC. 
 
 113 
 
 :reets, 
 I, and 
 
 scat, 
 rhich, 
 •om N. 
 
 iny of 
 larc ill 
 loni w. 
 
 siugl'' 
 
 bed of 
 lidfje of 
 lo E-'i^t 
 
 llace of 
 
 IS been 
 
 great 
 
 fhich it 
 
 ire two 
 
 steam freight-packets — one of which runs to Philadelphia, tlie 
 other to Albany. There arc also packet lines to Boston, Albany, 
 New London, Norwich, Providence, and Fall River. 
 
 Of the public buildinj^s, the ISiair-IIoiifte, built in the Doric 
 style, is the most proujiucnt. It fronts on Main-st., standing on 
 tiio public square, and is surrounded by an iron railing, and orna- 
 mented with trees. The legislature holds its sessions here — 
 meeting at Hartford and New Haven on alternate years, the odd 
 years ai, Hartford. — The Cchj Hall, also in the Doric style, is a 
 largo building, fronting on Market-st., between Kingsley and 
 Temple sts. — Triiiily Coll'' , formerly Wasjiinuton C'ollege, 
 for.nded m lS2t, and " Ay k 'ed in the soiUh. \.^.rn part of 
 tiie city, is under the direction of the Episcopalians. — The Athe- 
 7i(iium, an elegant edifice of the Doric order, was erected ibr the 
 accommodation of the Young IMen's Institute, the Historical So- 
 ciety, and a (ilallery of Paintings. — Hartford has the honor of 
 having established the first institution for the relief of that most 
 unfortunate class of persons, the deaf and dumb — the American 
 Axijlum. This establishment was opened for the reception of 
 pupils in 1617, the number of whom rapidly increased from 7 to 
 140, which rather exceeds the average. The institution has spa- 
 cious buildings, with eight or ten acres of ground attached. Con- 
 gress also granted it a township (or '^IJjOUU acres) of land in Ala- 
 bama, to constitute a permanent fund. — The Rclicat fur the 
 Immune, an eipialiy njeritorious institution, is on an elevated site, 
 a mile and u quarter s. w. of the State-House. TI»o ground.s 
 around the buildings are laid out with much taste, and orna- 
 mented with siirubbery and gardens. — There are in the city sev- 
 eral churches, some of which are remarkable lor their architecture, 
 five banks, a bank for savings, and four insurance companies. — 
 Tlie old burying-ground jiere, is a place of much interest, con- 
 taining as it does the monuments of some of the first settlers of 
 the place. Another attraction, and which must continue to bo 
 au object of interest as long as it exists, is the " Charter Oak," 
 with whose history every one is familiar. 
 
 During the season of navigation, steamboats for the conves'- 
 ance of passengers usually ply between Hartford and Springfield. 
 
 From Hartford to Windsor, 7 miles, Fare 2,j cents ; Windsor 
 
 6 
 
 'i. . 
 
 I'-t^ 
 
 i"'t 
 
 »<j 
 
 .■...-':>' 'i— ,. 
 
 >i\ 
 
 i' # itli 
 
 
 
*^^w^^**' " 
 
 114 
 
 RAILROAD AND STHAMBOAT COMrANION. 
 
 It 
 
 hock, 13.38 cents ; T/iomi>snnrille, 18, 50 cents ; and to Spring' 
 field, 20 miles from Hartford, 75 cents. PVom New Havon, C2 
 miles, .*$1.87 ; froirj New Yoik, 142 mile.s, {|^3.25 : usual time 
 about 8 hours. — (For descrij)tion of Si)rin;rficld, see Index.) 
 
 THE CANAL RAILROAD extends N. from New Haven to 
 riainville, 28 miles, to which jilaco it is now in operation. It 
 will soon be oj)ened to Farniiiifjion, whence it will be carried 
 either to Springfield or to Northampton, Mass. It has not yet 
 been decided at which of these places it shall terminate. If 
 the former siiould be selected, the road will be brought in direct 
 connection with the roads extending on the e. to Boston, on the 
 w. to Albany, and on the n. to iJreenfield. If Northampton is 
 to be its terminus, it cannot successfully compete with the road 
 already in " full play" from New Haven to Springfield via Hart- 
 ford, for the through or local travel to B)stou, as it will intersect 
 the Western Railroad 10 miles w. from Springfield. 
 
 ROUTE FROM NEW YORK TO BRIDGEPORT, CONN., AND 
 THE HOUSATONIC RAILROAD. 
 
 Passengers at New York take tlie steamboat from the foot of 
 ]\Iarket-st., East River, and in about four hours reach Bridge- 
 port on Long I.slaud Sound, a distance of GO miles. (See iMaps 
 Nos. 15, 13, and 8.) Here is the commencement of the Housa- 
 tonic Railroad, which extends to West Stockbridge, 96 miles. A 
 branch, extending thence to the state line of Massachusetts, uniti s 
 this road with the Hudson and Berkshire, and also with tlie 
 Western Railroad from Boston to Albany. The Ilousatonic Rail- 
 road was opened for travel in 1S42, having cost J^2,000,000. 
 
 Tiie WiNTKii RouTi: fiiom New Youk to Albany at present 
 is over this roa<l, and by the winter of 1848 the New York and 
 New Haven Railroad will be in operation to Bridgeport, thereby 
 opening a railway comnuiuication (somewhat circuitous, how- 
 ever) between the conunercial emporium and the state capital 
 (See Map No. 2.) Usual time 12 hours. 
 
 BKiDGi;roRT is situated on the west side of ar, ann of Long 
 
 ■' (it 
 
HOUSATONIC RAILROAD. 
 
 115 
 
 AND 
 
 ca 
 
 piuil 
 
 jf Long 
 
 l8land Sound, wliich receives Pequanock river, a considerable 
 inill-stroam. This is one of tho most beautiful and flourishing 
 places in New England. The city is chiefly built on an elevated 
 plain, 12 feet above liighwatcr-inark. Northwest of tho city tho 
 ground grudiuilly rises to the height of 51) feet, forming an emi- 
 nence called tiolden Hill, the summit of which is a plain, with a 
 commanding view of the Sound and surrounding country. There 
 is a bridge across the harbor I,3.'^6 feet long, with a draw for tho 
 passage of vessels. Carriages and saddlery are extensively man- 
 ufactured for exportation. Pop. in 1840, 4,570. Fare $1.00. 
 
 From Bridgeport to Strpury, 10 miles. Fare 25 cents; Boits- 
 ford, 15, 50 cents ; Neirfon, 19,02 cents; lfawlei/srille,'23, 75 
 cents; Iirookfid(f, 2S, ,$1.00; New Mil ford, 3fi, J$1.25; Gay- 
 lord's Bridge, 41, .$1.37 ; Kent, 47, $1.50 ; Cornwall Bridge, 
 .')5, $1,024 Cornwall, 59, $1.75; Canaan Falls, G6, $1.87; 
 N. Canaan, I'.i, $2.00: State Line, 133 miles from New York ; 
 Sheffield, 80 ; Great Barrington, 85 ; Van Deusenvillc, 88 ; 
 West Stockhridge, 9G miles from Bridgeport. Fare to each of 
 the places from Connecticut State Ijine, $2.00. 
 
 Cornwall is where the Foreign Mivssion School was established 
 in 1818, in which some distinguished heathen youth have been 
 educated as missionaries, who have been useful among the Amer- 
 ican Indians, and in the Sandwich Islands. In the village grave- 
 yard is a monument erected to the memory of Henry Obookiafi, 
 a pious Owyheean youth, who was brought to this country in 
 1808, and from whom this school had its origin, in tho attempt to 
 qualify him for missionary labors. 
 
 Canaan Falls is the most extensive cascade in the state of 
 Connecticut. A ledge of limestone rocks crosses the Ilousatonic 
 river at this place, causing a perpendicular fall of GO feet, which 
 affords extensive water-power. 
 
 Sheffield, Mass., 80 miles n. of Bridgeport, is one of those de- 
 lightful towns where the lover of majestic mountain scenery 
 wishes to linger. The village, which is very neat, is situated in 
 a beautiful valley, surrounded by hills, one of which rises to the 
 height of 3,200 feet. (See Map No. 8.) 
 
 Monument Mnnntain, in tho town of Great Barrino-ton, derive-s 
 its name from a rude pile of stones on its southeastern point, 
 
 :' ■%'.'' 
 
 (■•>j 
 
 :i': 
 
 4 
 
 ir 
 
 rc^A 
 
 - it' .pS ill 
 
116 
 
 RAILHOAD AND STEAMBOAT CU.MPAMOX. 
 
 • » 
 
 ', . 
 
 \)\ 
 
 ) ■' 
 
 raised over the jjravo of n beautiful f ndian {jirl, who, throiifrh tlio 
 influence of a j)a.-;siunato luvo for one witli whom the n-hj^ion of 
 her triho would not allow lier to ho united in iiiarriajfe, threw 
 herself from tho inountain, and fell upon this Kjiot. Kvery In- 
 v4iun, who afterwards passed the place, threw a atono upon tho 
 grave to conuneniorate the event. 
 
 West Stnckhridire is the terminus of the Ilousatonic Railroad 
 from 13rid<feport ; but u branch railroad, of about two miles in 
 leufTth, unites it to the ^Vestern Railroad at tho st ite line, where 
 there is a depot, from which tho traveller is conv«'yed over the 
 Albany and NVest Slockbridire Railroad to (Ireenhush and Albany. 
 
 Stage Lines connected with ilia Ihtusatonic Rdilroad. — 
 Stafjes leave Bridgeport for Fairfield, Nuncnlk, Strafford, Mil- 
 fard. New Haven, and Dcrhy. A sta;j;o leaves Hawleysville for 
 Danhunj, vtc. ; from C'ornwall Iirid<ro and New Milford to Litch- 
 field, idVG from New York, {jjl'-i.?.") ; from Canaan to Norfolk 
 and Sharon, fare from N. York, }$:2.{)0 ; from West Stockbridgo 
 to Lee, Itennx, Old Stockliridge, and Curtisi)ille,iiite. from New 
 York, f^'2M). 
 
 HUDSON AND BERKSHIRE RAILROAD, (See Map No. 8.) 
 — This road extends from West Stockbridjrr, Mass., to the city 
 of Hudson on Hudson river, and connects at the state line, and 
 also at Chatham Four Corners, with the Western Railroad to 
 Boston and Albany, and with the Housutonic Railroad to IJridije- 
 port. Its len;rth is Xi miles, and it was opened for travel in iSept 
 1838. The original cost of constructing the whole distance, in- 
 cluding outfit, &c., was }jj5575,()1.3. (For description of Hudson, 
 see Index.) From Hudson to Claijcrack, 3 miles. Fare 12 cents ; 
 Mellenville, 7, 25 cents ; Ghent, 12, 37 cents ; Chatham Four 
 Corners, IG, 50 cents; Edward's Depot, 28, 87 cents ; State 
 Liney 30, 90 cents; W. Stockbridge, 33, ^'1.00. 
 
 ^^5 in I 
 
 (■..' 
 
 ROUTES TO NEW LEBANON SPRINGS. 
 (See yiap No. 8.) 
 
 These celebrated springs, one of the most delightful waternig- 
 pJaces in the country, can now be reached with facility from 
 
 Tl 
 
 lis 
 
 lions 
 
ROUTES TO NEW LEBANON SPRINGS. 
 
 117 
 
 . 8.) 
 city 
 
 ami 
 
 ,d to 
 
 lidge- 
 
 ^Sept 
 
 , in- 
 Idson, 
 
 iits ; 
 [Four 
 tate 
 
 from 
 
 various dirpctious. Tlio Hudsou and Berkslilre Railroad forms a 
 direct route for siimtiifr travel from New York city, and indeed 
 from all the towns on the river below Hudson. By this route the 
 traveller can leave New York at 7 a. m., hy the steamer, and 
 reach Hudson at 3 v. m., where the cars of the Hudson and Berk- 
 Khire Railroad are in readiness to convey him to Ih/wardfi J)rjn)f, 
 'JS miles from Hudson, and 8 miles from the Springs. Upon his 
 arrival at Edwards Depot, the company have in readiness a linn 
 of stages, with carefid drivers, that in one hour reach the Springs. 
 Distance 142 miles. Visiters are also conveyed thither by the 
 Ilousatonic Railroad. Passengers by this route leave New York 
 for Bridgeport in the steamer, from the foot of Murket-st., East 
 River, at ^^}s o'clock, a. m. ; arrived at Bridgeport, they take the 
 tine cars of the company, and reach the Massachusetts State Line 
 Depot at 3^ i». M., and proceed thence to licbanon Springs by 
 stage-coach, arriving atr)^ i*. m. of the same day. Fare through 
 i$i2.5(). Distance 1(17 miles. 
 
 From Albany and the West, visiters take the cars of the Al- 
 l)anv and the West Stockbridge Railroad to Canaan Corners, 
 33 miles, at which place a stage will be in waiting to convey 
 them directly to the Springs, 7 miles distant. Total distance 
 from Albany 40 miles: through tickets f$l.G:2. 
 
 From Boston and the Eastward, the Lebanon Springs can like- 
 wise be reached by the Western Railroad, stopping at the State 
 Line, and taking the stage from thence to the Springs. 
 
 New Lchanon is situated in the n. e. corner of Columbia coun- 
 ty, N. Y., on the turnpike-road from Albany to Pittsfield, Mass., 
 :25 miles from the former and seven from the latter place. It is 
 delightfully situated in a valley, surrounded by cultivated liills, 
 which present variegated and pleasing scenery. This is the chief 
 seat of the family of Shakers, a religious community practising 
 celibacy, and alike remarkable for their mode of worship, and the 
 singular order and economy of their domestic concerns. The 
 society, which numbers about GOO, owns 3,000 acres of excellent 
 and highly improved land. 
 
 This place has become a great resort for visiters from all direc- 
 tions ; some to enjoy the romantic scenery of this region, and 
 others the beneficial influence of its waters. The Spring, a 
 
 ■'!' 
 
 xM , 
 
 
 'm 
 
 ^U 
 
 r^ nJl k! 
 
 
 if ty 
 
 
 
 Ul. 
 
gj>.^V.».:,,- ,..i, 
 
 7^ 
 
 iJMiL.^,, 
 
 118 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEA^iDOAT COMPANION*. 
 
 fti ■: 
 
 '11 
 
 mile and u half from tlio villatrp, on thn side of a hill, is ten fent 
 in diuiMf'tcr, and four left (i."f|», and di.scluirift'.s, near its source, 
 water wnliifjifnl to tinn a nnll. Tlie liiuperalurc is 1:P Faiirm' 
 lieit, uiiicli bfin<j near sinnnier h«'at rei\(l<'r.s it d('ii<rlitful for 
 Ijalliin;;. TIk! waltr is taslclt'ss, pure as erystal, inodorous, and 
 soft, and is dtienied bcn'-tloial in internal obntruclions, saltrheuin, 
 and cutaneous all'ectlons i;i'nera!lv. 
 
 NE77 YOr.K CITY. 
 
 This nily, tlie ^rcat enipoiiuin and nirtropolis of America, en- 
 joys fronj nature adreided siijxTiority over every other city in tiie 
 Union, its vie'iiity to the ocean, and its direct avenues of in- 
 tercourse, not oidy with every j)art i)\' ils own stat", but with New 
 lln;r|iiii(| and tlie states borderinj^ soutii and west, and through 
 ti.ese with every other section of the country, otlir unrivalled fa- 
 cilities for trade and conunerce. Its latitude from the City Hall 
 is 40° \'2' 13" N. ; lonir:t„!ie w. from (Jreenwicii 74° 00' H"— east 
 from Washinijton IP I' Hi'. 'I'he |)oj)ulalion at dlHerenl j>eriods 
 has been as follows: in Hi.'jd, it was 1,000; in KJDT, 4,'i():2 ; in 
 17;n, ^,(y2'l ; IT.')!), 10,000 ; 177 1, 2:2,7:)0 ; {^(H), (;o,4S|) ; 1810. 
 1H),:)7:J; lb^>0, l:23,70r, ; Is'K), ;20:>,'j:)7 ; l^'Ao, X>70,069 ; 1H40. 
 :]lxJ,710: at the present time (1848) it probably exceeds 400,000 
 — niakin;^ it, amon^r the connuercial cities of the world, the third 
 in jjopnlation ; while it is the second in commercial importance, 
 hAi]'^ suri)asscd oidy by London in the extent of its commerce. 
 The compact jjortion of the city is built on the south end of ."Man- 
 hattan Island, at the junction of the Hudson with the East river, 
 which connects the wafers of Lonjr Island Sound with the harl)(<r 
 of New York. The island is 11^ miles lon<j^ from n. to s., vary- 
 ing' from half a mile to somewhat more than two miles in width 
 — the irreate.st width bein;r at 8ith-street — and contains about 'Ji 
 Kciuaro miles. It is bounded on the E. by the East and Harlem 
 rivers, the former separating it from Lonij Island Sound ; on the 
 w. by Hudson river, which sej)arates it from New Jersey ; and 
 on the N. by Harlem river — a part of which, between Kingsbridge 
 and the Hudson, received from the Dutch the name of Spuyteu 
 
 B 
 
 ef sfe 
 
 faros 
 
 '•elled 
 
 'I'll el 
 access J 
 i-'S.-) „f 
 ''tin fli^ 
 'f>' sliorl 
 "'■.•Its of 
 (lie pifH 
 
 '"ipart tl 
 '» (lie ;,f 
 r^ws to 
 
 '"iirs fro 
 
 eriior's, 
 
 ''^rtifieatj 
 
 '"'i^lndes 
 
 ^{attery. 
 
I '• 
 
 NEW VOIIK CITV. 
 
 110 
 
 i;. '"» 
 
 '*¥. 
 
 Tny. i'aks, xc 
 
 AKWi; ri. :.i a w.ui'OW i>i the JJnaurM 
 
 PnYVcl Creek. Constant coininnuicution between the city and 
 its rajjidly inereasjni; and picturesque subnrbs, is kept up by means 
 of steam ferry-boats, tlio IlarJcni Railroad, omnibuses, «fcc. ; tbo 
 fares beinjr extremely modertite, with accommodations not ex- 
 celled by similar conveyances of any other city. 
 
 The harbnr of New Vork, which is perfectly saf'% and easy of 
 access, extends eijjht miles s. of the city to the *' Narrows," and 
 is ii.') miles in (;ircimiferenc;', beini; snfllciently cai)acions to con- 
 tain the united navies of the world. 'I'he varie"-:itr(l scenery npon 
 its shores, toLjether with the neatly-built cotl --r «, \hv country- 
 seats of opulent citizens, and the fine view of the ishuuls, and of 
 tlie city i>f New Vork in approacliinnr it tV(»ui the " Narrows," 
 iuipart to this harbor a beauty nusin"passeii by that of any other 
 in the world. The outer iiarbor, or bay, extends fnun the Nar- 
 rows to Sandy Hook, where is a liixlithouse. at the distance of IS 
 miles from the eitv In the Iiarbor adioininir the citv are Gov- 
 ' rnor's, Hedlow's, and Ellis's Islands, on ail of Vvdiiclj are stron^r 
 tortifieations. The first, which istlie most important of the tliree, 
 iaehuies 70 acres of ijronnd, and is situated 'j,2('() feet from the 
 battery. It has Fort Columbus in the centre, and on its nortii- 
 
 f 
 
120 
 
 HAILROAD AND STEAMKOAT COMFANION. 
 
 lu 
 
 »f ■ ■' 
 
 W 
 
 east point Caatle William, a round tower (500 feet in circumfer- 
 ence and GO feet high, with three tiers of guns. There is also a 
 battery on the northwest side, conunanding the entrance througlj 
 Buttern)ilk Channel, a strait which sej)arates it from Brooklyn, 
 L. I. Besides these fortifications, the harbor of New York is well 
 defended by similar works on Bedlow's and Ellis's islands ; at the 
 Narrows, on the Long Island shore, by Fort Hamilton and Fort 
 Lafayette, (formerly called Fort Diamond,) which is built on a 
 reef of rocks, about 200 yards from the shore ; and on Stateii 
 Island, opposite, by forts Tompkins and Richmond. The Nar- 
 rows hero is about one-third of a mile wide. The entrance from 
 the Sound on the East River is defended by Fort Schuyler, on 
 Throg's Neck. 
 
 The first settlement of New York was made at the southern 
 extremity of the city ; hence many of the streets in that section 
 are narrow and crooked, no regular order having been observed 
 in laying them out. In later times many of them have been 
 widened and iniproved, at a great expense. The streets in the 
 northern part of the city are laid out straightly, and some of them 
 are of considerable width. Many of the most splendid mansions 
 and places of religious worship of which the city can boast, arc 
 to be seen in this (puirter. The most elegant and fashionable 
 street is Broadway, which traverses the city in a straight line 
 from N. to s., being '2)^ miles long, and 80 feet broad, and termi- 
 nating at Union Square, where it is connected with the Fourth 
 avenue. It is occupied by many splendid stores, elegant houses, 
 and public buildings, and few streets in the world equal it in the 
 splendor and bustle it exhibits. It is also the great promenade of 
 the city, being much resorted to in pleasant weather by the gay 
 and fashionable. 
 
 PuBi-ic Walks, Squares, &,c. — The Battery, which contains 
 about 1 1 acres, is situated at the extreme s. end of the city, at 
 the conmiencement of Broadway, and is j)lanted with trees and 
 laid out in gravelled walks. From this place is a delightful view 
 of the harbor and its islands, of the numerous vessels arriving and 
 departing, of the adjacent shoret, of New Jersey, and of Stat<»n 
 and Long islands. — Castle Garden, connected with the Battery 
 by means of a bridge, is used for public meetings and exhibitions, 
 
 basin 
 beyonU 
 subst; 
 ted w 
 in III 
 trees, 
 railing, 
 radc G 
 i^urroun 
 forjner 
 ininatio 
 iron rai 
 mercy I 
 ^- E. par 
 with tre 
 
 CllURl 
 
 can boat 
 

 in Ih*^ 
 
 iaJo of 
 
 lie gay 
 
 lontains 
 Icity, at 
 lees and 
 lul vi«'^v 
 ling and 
 Stat'Mi 
 iBattery 
 libitions, 
 
 NEW YORK CITY, 
 
 121 
 
 and is capable of containing within its walls 10,00C persons. 
 Since the destruction of Niblo's Garden by fire (Sept. 1846) the 
 fairs of the American Institute, which were formerly held there, 
 have been removed to this capacious place. — The Bowling Oreen, 
 situated near the Battery, and at the commoncemont of Broad- 
 way, is of an oval form, and surrounded by an iron railing. 
 Within its enclosure is a fountain, the water from which falling 
 upon a rude pile of rocks about l.'> feet in height, forms a pretty 
 artificial c 5cade. — The Park is a triangular enclosure situated 
 about the centre of the city, and has an area of 1 1 acres : it con- 
 tains the City Hall and other buildings. It is embellished in its 
 south part with a superb fountain, the basin of which is 100 feet 
 in diameter. In the centre of the basin is a piece of work in the 
 shape of an Egyptian lily. Through convex iron plates, with 
 numerous perforations, placed around the base of this work, the 
 water is projected into the air, and falls in the form of a heavy 
 mist, around a colunm that ri.ses to a considerable hoighi, through 
 the midst of the green leaves of the lotus. When the sun is 
 shining full npon the fountain, the elTect is extremely phrasing, 
 from the number of miniature rainbows then ok«crvable. The 
 basin is encircled by a neat coping of white marble. Sixteen feet 
 beyond tha coping, the whole is again surrounded by a pretty and 
 substantial railing of iron — the intermediate space being deeoru- 
 ted with various kinds of handsome shrubbery. — <S7. John's Park, 
 in Hudson-square, is beautifully laid out in walks, with shade- 
 trees, and is kept in excellent order. It is surrounded by an iron 
 railing, which cost about J^:26,000. — Wasidngton Square, or Pa- 
 rade Ground, in the n. part of the city, contains about 10 acres, 
 surrounded by a wooden fence. A portion of this square was 
 formerly the Potter's Field. — Union Square is situated at the ter- 
 mination of Broadv/ay It is of an oval form, enclosed with an 
 iron railing, and its centre ornamented with a fountain. — Gra- 
 mcrcy Park, near Union-squari, and Tompkins Square, in the 
 N. E. part of the city, are handsomely laid out in walks, and shaded 
 with trees. There are other square;' further up the city — Mad- 
 iaon, Hamilton, &c. — which are extensive, but not yet laid out. 
 
 Churches, Public Buildings, &c. — Tlie city of New York 
 can boast of many splendid public buildings. It has about 220 
 
 
 •' *i I fir ;}•"■ 
 
 
 ■tT 
 
 -' •si" 
 
122 
 
 KAILUOAD AND STEAMHOAT CO.-.irAMON. 
 
 rhnrrlipw, many of which iirc* inniriiificcnt and cosily stnictiires ; 
 and the nnnilxT is constantly incrcasini;, ospociully in tho iippor 
 part of tho city The new Trinity C/nircIi may he regarded as 
 the hest specimen of pnre (Jothic architecture in the country. 
 The engraving which follows represents a view of this churcli 
 taken from tho Cnstom-I louse steps, Wall-st. 
 
 •If* 
 
 ^' 
 
 J '• 
 
 The following is a hrief history of tl o origin of this church. 
 The first religious services of this societv (at that time known as 
 the "Church of Ei.xjland in America") were held in a small 
 chapel which sluod !,ear the Hattery. The rai)i(i increase of the 
 congregation made it necersary to erect a larger and more co;n- 
 modious edifice, which was done in 1 (![»(», diuing the reign ni' 
 William III. and INIary. It wa-s <h>t ojieiu'vl for divine servi'.' 
 
;hurch. 
 
 lown as 
 
 li sniiiU 
 
 of th<' 
 
 to co;n- 
 
 scrvl'''" 
 
 NEW YUIIK CI TV 
 
 123 
 
 ill February, 1G97, by Ibe Rev. Mr. Vesiy, Uoctor ol'Ntw York. 
 In 1735 it was foiinil necessary to make an aiidilion at its ea.st 
 end, and two years afterwards it was a<,raiii enlar^t'd on the north 
 and south sides. This bniUlinnr was 140 feet lou^ and 12 wide, 
 with an ornamented stee])le IfcU feet hi<^h. Darinj^ tiio awful 
 conflajfration of the city in Sept. 177G, this sjjacious tdilico was 
 entirely destroyed, and remained a heap of ru!ns durinj,' tlie Uev- 
 ulutionary war. " Fiom the si/e and height of this noble Ktruo- 
 ture, from the s:mi)le style of its arciiitecture, from the lofty trees 
 which embosomed it, and the irravt\s and monuments of the dead 
 whicli surrounded it on every side, it jjresented to the spectator 
 i; Btrikinj^ object of contempIati<ni, and imj)n>ssed him with ideas 
 connected with reverence." At tlie close of the war it was aix^uu 
 rebuilt, and consecrated in 179U by liishop Provost. Tiiis cdillce 
 was not as spacious as the one destroyed, it beinjr only 104 feet 
 lonjjr and 7:2 feet wide, with a stee[)le about i2U0 feet hijrh. In 
 18.'i9, this ])uil(iinjr was taken down, and the present ma^nifjcent 
 edihce erected in its place. It is built tlirou;j;hout of sandstone, 
 without jralleries, and is capable of seatiuir with comfort bOO per- 
 sons, beinjr li'J feet long, bl wide, and (J I hi;^di. It cost nearly 
 ,^4UU,0()0. The iieight of the tower, inc!udin<r the spire, is 2G4 
 feet. The tower contains a chime of bells and a clock. In the 
 graveyard adjoining the cluu-ch may be seen the monuments of 
 Hamilton, Lawrence, and others, who occupy an enviable dis- 
 tinction in the history of the country. Trinity C'hurch is the 
 oldest and riciiest l-'piscopal society in America ; she annually 
 devotes a largo jjortioii of her vast income to the erection anil 
 support of churches throughout the state. Her corporation, or 
 ve>t(y, whose business it is to conduct the alluirs of the church, is 
 eon)j)osedof men of high standing in society, and who are usually 
 characterized as being just and liberal in their ollicial capacity. 
 
 TiUMTV TowKii. — Visiters have access to the tower of Trinity 
 (■hurcli, it being open to the public, except when the building is 
 occupied for religious j)urposes.* This tower atlbrds one of the 
 most splendid panoramic views to be seen on this continent. 
 Ascending the stairway we reach a lainling, on a level witii tlio 
 
 ♦ A. fee is expected from visiters by the person in attendance. 
 
 M' 
 
 ' -? 
 
 ^ 
 
 I r 
 
 *♦■ . 
 
124 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAIMDOAT COMPANIOX. 
 
 1- ' 
 
 ceiling of the church, from which there is a coniplcto view of tho 
 eh^guiit interior. A.scen(hn;]f another flit^ht, we reucli the helfry, 
 where tlio hells forming the chime are deposited, which so fre- 
 quently ring out their sweetly solemn peal. Hero on the out- 
 tiide, surrounded hy a strong railing, is a halcony, affording a view 
 of the city. On ascending still higher, one of the most superb 
 views greets the heholder. The city, full of life and animal. on. 
 lies, as it were, at his feet, while far uiul wide, in every direction, 
 the country, the rivers, the islands — cities and villages — are 
 spread out before him, arrayed in all the attractions with which 
 nature and art have invest, d them. 
 
 'I'he following was the niunhcr of churches of each denomina- 
 tion in the city of \ew York, in Jan. ISlS^: Protestant Episco- 
 pat 4\, I'rcslii/trritnt [VA, Mrtliddist Episcopal 31, Baptist ^i\. 
 Duirh Rrformed 1."), Refonnvd ProsJujtorian 1.3, Roman Catho- 
 I'C 1.'}, Jrirish !), ('(>ii<^r("j,ational 7, Friends 4, Unitarian .3, ItU- 
 thcran .3, Associate Preshi/trrian 3, Unirersali.st 3, Associate 
 Reformed Presbyterian !:2, Welsh 2, Methodist Protestant 1, 
 INIiscellaneous V2. 
 
 The Citi/ Hall, a huilding of the Corinthiiin and Ionic orders, 
 displaying a fine comhination of taste and elegance, is 21 G feet 
 long, 105 wide, and, including the attic story, G5 high. The first 
 stone of this edifice was laid in 1803, and its construction occu- 
 |>ied, with little intermission, a period of 10 years. It covers 
 22,89'"' s(iuare feet of ground, and is two stories high ahove the base- 
 ment, with an attic story in tlu^ centre of the '^uilding. The front 
 and the ends are of white marble — the rear, of Nyack freestone. 
 In this building are 28 offices, and other public rooms, the prin- 
 cipal of which is the Governor's room, a splendid apartment ap- 
 propriated to the use of that functionary on his visiting the city, 
 and occasionally to that of other distinguished individuals. The 
 walls of this room are embellished with a fine collection of por- 
 traits of men celebrated in the civil, military, or naval history of 
 llie country. It is 52 feet long hy 20 feet wide. In the Com- 
 mon Council room is the identical chair occupied by Washington 
 when President of the first American Co igress, which assembled 
 ill this city. 
 
 Tho Merchants* Exchange, iu Wall-st., is built in the most 
 
if tlio 
 c'lfry, 
 ) fre- 
 i out- 
 , view 
 lupcrb 
 laiion. 
 jclion, 
 s — are 
 which 
 
 ntnina- 
 'Ipisco- 
 list 2(5, 
 Cat ho- 
 3, Ln- 
 ssociatc 
 stunt 1, 
 
 is. Tho 
 
 of por- 
 [story of 
 lie Com- 
 Ishington 
 \sembled 
 
 Ihe most 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 125 
 
 durable maimer of Quincy [rranito, and is fire-proof, no wood 
 havinfj been used in its construction, except for tiie doors and 
 window-frames. It is erected on tlie site occupied by the Kx- 
 chanjfo building destroyed by the great fire of l^'.]r>. The })res- 
 ent one, however, covers the entire block, and is 'JIIO feet long i)y 
 171 to 111 wide, 77 feet high to the toj) of tlie cornice, and 121 
 to the top of the dome. The entire cost, including ground, is 
 estimated at }i^l,8()0,()U0. 
 
 'I'he Custoni-IIousr is situated on the corner of Wall and Nas- 
 sau sts. It is built of white marh!(>, in t!ie I)or"c order, similar to 
 tiie model of the Paitlienon at Atliens, and is 2U() feet long, 'JO 
 wide, and bO high. The great hall for the transaction of busi- 
 ness is a circular room (iO leet in diaimter, surinomited hy a dome, 
 Hiipported by 1(5 Corinthian columns, .'}() feet high, and having a 
 sk\ li'flit tlirou'fli which the hall is lighted. 
 
 The Post-Ojjire, a short distance above, in Nassau-st., was f(ir- 
 nierly tlie Middle Dutch Church, now rented to the general gov- 
 ernment for ,^r),000 a year, on a lease for .seven years. 'I'lie 
 inside has been fitted up suitably for the business of the ollice, no 
 other alteration having been made in the building. 
 
 Tlie Hulls of Justirr, or ''Tombs," is located in Centre-st., 
 between liConard and Franklin sis. It is a substantial-looking 
 building, in the I'^gyj)lian style of archit<cture, tl')U feet long and 
 2U0 wide, constructed of a light-colored granite brought from Ilal- 
 lowell, Mo. 
 
 Uanks in the City of Nkw York, (arraui^ed ali)habetically.) 
 — American Exchan>rr, 50 Wall-st. ; linnk of Am ricfi^Ai) Wall ; 
 Bank of Commerce, 32 Wall ; Bank of New York, Wall, corner 
 of William ; Bank of the Slate of N. York, 30 Wall ; Butchers 
 and Drovers', Dowery, corner of Crand ; Chemical, 21(5 Broad- 
 way ; Citij, 52 Wall ; Dry Dock, Avenue 1), cor. of lOth-.st. : 
 Fulton, Fulton-st., cor. of Pearl ; Greenwich, 402 Hudson ; 
 Leather Manufacturers', 45 William ; Manhattan, 40 Wall ; 
 Mechanics', 33 Wall ; Merchants', 42 Wall ; Merchants Ex- 
 change, 173 Greenwich ; National, 3G Wall ; North Hirer, 
 Greenwich, cor. of Dey ; Vhw.nix, 45 Wall ; Seventh Ward, 
 Pearl, cor. of Burliug-slip ; Tradesmen's, 177 Ciiathuin ; Union, 
 3iWall. 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 ■»■; 
 
 i 
 
 M'J 
 
 ir ■ '■i':.'. 
 
 
 ,! . 
 
 
 !■(: 
 
 
126 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPAMON. 
 
 i ,1 
 
 
 The Insurance Companiks are mostly in Wall-st. 
 
 LiTF.RAiiY Inktitctionr, «!tc. — Of the literary institutions of 
 Now York, Columbia Collp<fe, at the foot of Park Place, is the 
 oldest, having been chartered by (ieorjre II. in 1754, by the 
 name of King's College. The original name was changed to 
 Columbia College in 1784. It has a pre.sidenl and ten professors, 
 1,170 alumni, 100 students, and a library containing 14,000 vols. 
 The building contains a chaprl, lecture-room, hall, museum, and 
 an extensive philosophical and chemical apparatus. The Grani' 
 mar School attached to the college has usually from 200 to 300 
 scholars, and instruction is given in all the branches necessary 
 for admission into any college, or for the performance of the busi- 
 ness of the coiuiting-room. — The University of the City of New 
 York is in University Place, opposite Washington Srpiare. It is 
 built of white marble, in the Gothic style, and is 180 feet long and 
 100 wide. The building contains a chapel, which receives its 
 light from a window of stained glass in the west front, 24 feet 
 wide and 50 high. This institution was founded in 1831, has a 
 president and 11 professors, a valuable library, and an extensive 
 j)hilosophical apparatus. — The Union Theological Seminary, 
 founded in 1830, is located in University Place, between Seventh 
 and Eighth sts. It has six profe.ssors, about 100 students, and a 
 library containing over 10,000 vols. — The General Theological 
 Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United 
 States, situated at the corner of 9th avenue and 21st-st., was 
 founded in 1819, and consists of two buildings, constructed of 
 stone, in the Gothic style of architecture. — The Rutgers Female 
 Institute, in Madison-st., has a fine building, a valuable library, 
 and choice philosophical apparatus. — The New York Society Li- 
 brary is on Broadway, corner of Leonard-st. Thiy institution, 
 which was founded in 1754, has a library of about 40,000 vols., 
 a lecture-room, and rooms for the Academy of Design. — The 
 Apprentices* Library, situated in Crosby-st., has a library of 
 12,000 vols., and offers facilities for the cultivation of the mind, 
 of which a largo number of apprentices have availed themselves. 
 Here is also the Mechanics' School, which has many teachers, 
 and 550 pupils. — The New York Hospital, situated on Broad- 
 way, opposite Pearl-st., has extensive buildings, and is finely 
 
NEW YORK CITY 
 
 12* 
 
 located. — The New York Lunatic Asylum is at Blooiningdale, 
 near the IIiulsoii : attachod to it aro 40 acres of jrroniul, laid out 
 ill gardens, j)leasure-gronnds, and walks. Heing on elevated 
 ground, a fine view of Hudson river, willi the Biirrounding coun- 
 try, is hero obtained. The principal biiildinj^, which is of stone, 
 cost, with its grounds, upwards of 5^"JU(),UU0. It contains 150 
 patients. 
 
 There are in New York city IIG moral, benevolent, and liter- 
 ary associations, 110 miscellaneous schools, dS newspapers, CO 
 periodicals, 100 insurance companies, .33 banks and savings insti- 
 tutions, and nearly 101) (lillerent streets, avenues, and places. 
 
 IIoTKi.s. — The hott'ls are ninuerou' well kept, and not sur- 
 passed in comfort and accommodation by those of any other city 
 in the Union ; the following are the principal : 
 
 Th(^ Aftfor House, in Broadway, is among the first in point of 
 attraction, although there are many others ecjually well kept. This 
 building was erected by the late John Jacob Astor, and opened 
 on the 31st of May, 1^3G ; it is built of Qumcy granite, in a re- 
 markably massive style, simple and chaste, is five stories high, 
 with a front of 201 feet on Broadway, directly opposite the Park, 
 ir>4 on Biirclay-st., and 140^ on W'sey-st. Its height is 77 feet, 
 and it contains uj)wards of 300 rooms. The dining-room is 108 
 feet by 42. The entire cost of the building, including the ground, 
 was about ^750,000. The price of board per day is }$2.00. — 
 The American Hotel is jjleasantly situated at 221) Broadway, 
 opposite the Park. Board }$2.00 per day. — The At/ienoium Ho- 
 tel, 347 Broadway, is a well-kept house. Board per day ,*$1.50. 
 — The Atlantic Hotel, 5 Broadway, opposite the Bowling Green. 
 Board per day $1.50. — The Carlton House, 350 Broadway. 
 Board ^2.00 per day.— The City Hotel, 133 Broadway, on the 
 corner of Cedar-st. Board $2.00 per day. — Clinton Hotel, in 
 Beekman-st. Board per day $2.00.— The Croton Hotel, 142 
 Broadway. Board per day $1.50. This is a temperance house. 
 — Delmonico^s, in Broadway, near the Bowling Green, is a new 
 and handsome budding. This establishment is conducted on the 
 European plan. — Florence's, in Broadway, corner of Walker-st., 
 is a new and elegau*. establishment, conducted upon the Euro* 
 peau plan. — The Franklin House is in Broadway, corner of Dey- 
 
 1 I,' 
 
 
 .1 r 
 
 
 :jl m 
 
 iMfM. 
 
128 
 
 KAILKOAD AND STCAMHOAT COMPANION. 
 
 < •», 
 
 
 V ■-»! 
 
 St. Board ^$,^.00 pr-r clay. — II<ni'<ird\s Ilnicl is in IJrcatlwuy, cor- 
 iior of Maidcii-Iiitiic. IJuard per day S<-.UO. — Ju(Is(hi's Ilutal, 
 Gl IJroadwuy. Htjani iJji^i.Di) per day. — Lorrjnifs Hotel, on the 
 corner ol' Park-How and Ht<knian-st., is condnctrd on tlie Euro- 
 pean j)lan. — Tho Mm-haiitti llulr!, 11 Courtland-st. IJoard 
 $\S)() jior day.— TIkj ^atinmd llttrU o Conrtland-st. Hoard 
 J^l.f)!) per day. — Tlio Ncip Enuhnid Jfnusr, HI IJroadwoy. 
 IJoard 5$ 1.50 per day. — 'I'ho New Yurk lloirl, 7:21 IJroadway, 
 is retired, but elij^ibly (situated. Board J$:2.()0 j)er day. — The Pa- 
 cific Hotels 10:2 Greenwich-st. Board ,*$1..jU per day. — The 
 Pcnrl-strcct Iluime, ^S IVarl-st. Board reduced to $J.OU per 
 day.— The Rochester Hotel, 31 Courtland-st. Board 'RXSltt per 
 day. — Rathbun's Jlotel, 1(J5 Broadway, between ( ""rtland and 
 Liberty sts. Board Jjjj'J.OO per day. — »S7. Charles hotel, Broad- 
 way. — Tammany Hall, corner of Nassau and Frankfort sts., is 
 conducted on the Eurojuan plan. — Trcinont Temperance House, 
 110 Broadway. Board ,$1.50 per day.— Tlio United Slates 
 Hotel, formerly Holt's, is on Fulton-st., bounded by Pearl and 
 Water sts. Board [)er day $1.50.— Tiie Western Hotel, 1) C'ourt- 
 land-st. Board ?S)1.;25 per day. 
 
 Besides the hotels, with which the city abounds, there arc nu- 
 merous private Buardin<^-houses in dillerent parts of the city. In 
 addition to these, there are many Eatin^r-houses, where the visit- 
 er pays in proportion to wiiat lie consumes ; the.se, however, are 
 principally in the lower or business part of the city. A person, 
 if he desires it, may have a sieepinj^-room at Lovejoy's or else- 
 where, and take his meals at one of these places at any hour 
 during the day that suits his convenience. Bills of fare, with the 
 prices affixed to each article, are always at hand, so that one 
 knows exactly what he has to pay before ho \f\v<iH his order. 
 
 Places of A.musk.me.nt. — These are not numerous; but that is 
 charurferistic of American cities {rcnerally, when compared with 
 those in Europe. They are as follows : — 
 
 Broadway Theatre, Broadway, near the corner of Anthony- 
 st. ; Astur Place Opera House, corner of Astor Place and Eighth- 
 st., ii})per part of Broadway ; Park Theatre, Park Row, opposite 
 the Park, (at present not opened for theatrical performances ;) 
 MitcheWs Olympic Theatre, 444 Broad /ay, above Canal-st. ; 
 
are 
 
 "hat is 
 with 
 
 Ihoiiy- 
 lighth- 
 lipoisito 
 
 lices ;) 
 lal'St. ; 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 129 
 
 Dowcry Theatre, Bowery, above Bayard-wt. ; Chathnm Thea- 
 tre, near C'hathaiu S(iiuiie ; Pabnu's Opera House, 41 Charn- 
 hors-st. ; American Museum, Broadway, opposito the Astor 
 [louse; Baurnrd's Panorama of the Mississippi Hirer, at Pan- 
 orama Hall, Broadway, bctwetMi Prince and Houston sts. ; Cas- 
 tle Garden, olFtho Buttery ; Vauxhall Garden, uj)per end of the 
 Bowery. 
 
 Exhibitions OF THE Fink Aiir^. — American Art Union: Coi- 
 ■pction of Paintinj^s, 41)7 Broadway, above Brooine-Ht. Adniis- 
 iion free. The Hall is a very iiandsoino one, ITjO feet lonj^, and 
 well arranged for its purjwse, having room on its walls for a very 
 huge collection of jiictures. — A«/t' York GalUrij of Fine Arts, in 
 llie Rotunda in the Park, corner of Centre and t'luunbers sts. 
 Admission 25 cents. Life membership i$1.00. — National Acad- 
 emy of Design, corner of Broadway and Leonard-st. 
 
 The Cuoio.v ^VA■^l<:ll-^VouKS. — The building of this great work, 
 was decided on at the city charter election of lb'.?.'), and on the 
 4lh of July, if<4il, it was so far complcti'd that the water was let 
 Uito the Reservoir, and on the 14lh of (Jctober foll'wing it was 
 brought into the city. The whole cost will be about ,^14,01)0,01)0, 
 more than double the originid estimate. Between the Distribu- 
 ting Reservoir in 40th-st. and the Battery, up to Aug. 1847, 171 
 miles of pipe were laid, from G to 3G incjies in diameter. 
 
 The aqueduct commences five miles from the Hudson, and is 
 about 40 miles from the City Hall. Tlie dam, which is 250 feet 
 long, 70 feet wide at tiie bottom, and 7 at the top, and 40 feet 
 high, is built of stone and cement. A pond five miles in length 
 is created by the dam, covering a surface of 400 acres, and con- 
 taining 500,000,000 gallons of water. From the dam the aque- 
 duct proceeds, sometimes tunnelling through solid rocks, crossing 
 valleys by embankments and brooks l)y culverts, until it reaches 
 Harlem river. It is built of stone, brick, and cement, arched 
 over and under ; is G feet 3 inches wide at the bottom, 7 feet 8 
 inches at the top of the side walls, and 8 feet 5 inches high ; 
 has a descent of 13.^ inches per mile, and will discharge G0,000,000 
 of gallons in 24 hours. It crosses Harlem river on a magnificent 
 bridge of stone, termed the " High Bridge," 1,450 feet long, with 
 14 piers, 8 of them 80 feet span, and G of 50 feet span, il4 feet 
 
 9 
 
 -irii*! 
 
1' 
 
 130 
 
 KAILr.dAD AiNU b'lEAIVn.OAT Ct^IFAMON. 
 
 I' V 
 
 ,. gi^JJAIf ■ ■» 
 
 View cp the IIi iit Bkii.uK, 
 
 ',« I 
 
 above tidewater to the top, and which will cost J$!.)nO,000. Tho 
 Rpceivinjj Reservoir is ut RGth-st. and Glh avenue, coverinir 3r> 
 ncres and eontaininj; 1 .')(), 000,000 }r;dIonn of water. Persons 
 wishing ti visit the lii'j^h lirldirr will take the cars of the Har- 
 lem Railroad to Harlem, Fare 12^ cents ; at which place a stage 
 will he in waitin;^ to convey thom to the brid«:;e. Fare ]8| cts. 
 
 There is now no v\{y in the world better 8n})plied with pure 
 and wholesome water than New York ; and the supply would be 
 abundant, if the population were five times its ])resent number. 
 
 The most convenient mode of visitinj; the DisfrihutiiiiS Re- 
 seri'uir in 40th-st., or the Rrcfiinmr R, .^crvoir in 86th-st., is by 
 the cars of tho Harlem Railroad, which leave the depot opposite 
 the City Hall every 15 minutes during tho day. Fare 12^ cts. 
 
 Steamboat Links fiiom Nkw York. — During the season of 
 navifjatiou, regular lines of steamboats ply upon tho Hudson, 
 passing between New York, Albany, and Troy, and also for the 
 intermediate places on the river. 
 
 From New York to Albany and Trov. — There are both 
 morning and evening boats, the former usually leaving New York 
 from the North River side, at 6i or 7 o'clock, arriving in about 
 
The 
 
 nsi ^'^ 
 rsons 
 
 Har- 
 
 stage 
 cts. 
 purp 
 >ul(l be 
 ber. 
 <r Re- 
 . is by 
 posito 
 i cts. 
 
 re both 
 York 
 about 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 131 
 
 10 hours. Th«> luttor loavo Now York at 5, fi, or 7 oVIork, ar- 
 riving,' at Albany nrxt ninrninj;. Fare varies arconlins; to roin- 
 potition Ironi 2.') conts to .'^l.'iU. (See " Pa.ssa;,'o up the Ilud- 
 fjon," and also Maj) No. 18.) 
 
 Day Link fkom Nkw Yohk to Hoston via Nkw H \vi:\, Hart- 
 Fouu, AM) SriiiN(iFiKLi), (hcg Map No. 3, also tliis route frotii 
 IV)ston to New Y(trk.; — A ^;teanlboat leaves New York daily, 
 Sundays exeeple 1, at (1 a. m., from l*eck Slip, Kast River, and 
 roaches New Ifnrrn, bO niib's, in abonf five honrs. Fine J^Lf)!). 
 Hero we take the cars for If irtfoni, .'III miles distant, and arrive 
 in one hour and a half. J'ure >^\A)i). Vr n thence wo aro 
 conveyed to Sprit/ijli- hi. :JfI miles further, in one hour, Fare 
 ,^1.00 ; and from thence to Bi)^t:ni, f)8 miles, in four and a half 
 hours: total distance 2-10 miles: time l.'J honr^. Fare throiigh 
 
 ,Sr).oo. 
 
 FiioM Nkw Yoiik ro BosroN via Ntciwicu am> AN'orckstkr, 
 (see Map No. 2, and also this route from |{')ston to New York.) 
 — I'assen;rcrs by this route to Boston take the steamboat from the 
 foot of Battery Place, jit .'» i'. m. in summer, and 4 r. m. in win- 
 ter ; whence lliey will be conveyed throni^h the Sound to the 
 terminus of the Norwicli and Worcester Railroad at Allyn's 
 Point, 12') miles; thence over tlie above road to Norwich, l'J2 
 miles, F(ire !$2..')0 ; tlienc-' to W,)rcester, 101 miles, Fiirri^WSiO ; 
 aiid thence to Doston, 235 miles. Time J.')^ hours : Fare throu^rh 
 
 Fkom Nkw Youk to Roston via Sto.mxgton and PnovinrvcR, 
 ,sec Map No. 2, and also this route from Ronton to New York.) 
 — Passengers leave New York from Pier No. 1 North River, foot 
 of Battery Place, at 5 i*. M. in summer, md 4 r. m. in winter, and 
 are thence conveyed over the Sound to Sfunin'jrton, 12.5 miles, in 
 nine hours, Fare !$2..')() ; thence over the railroad to I'ljvidcnce, 
 47 miles further, Fare .$ 1.00 ; theuc to Ruston, 42 miles : total 
 distance 224 miles. Time 12 hours: Fare jj^.'>.00. 
 
 Fkom Nkw York to Roston via NKwrour and Fa;.l Rivkr. 
 (See Map No. '2, and ;dso this route from Ro^tl)n to New York.) 
 Steamboats leave New York daily, (Sup.days excrpled,) from 
 Pier No. 3, Nortli River, at 5 p. m. in Kummer, and 4 p. m. in 
 winter ; passing throuj^h the Sound and around Point Judith to 
 
 y>\. i 
 
 >i9 
 
 fJ4v.Afat 
 
 
 
132 
 
 RAIMIOAD AND STEAMBOAT ( OMPAMON. 
 
 'if 
 
 Netrpurt, M. I., If).') milns. 'rimo 10 hours: fnrr .$ l.(!0, 'l'"i;'iici< 
 to Fall Jiirrr, Is miles fiirtlHT, in oim hour. Fiirc I'l • •. Ne'v 
 York, )5< l.OO. 'J'JKMino hy cars to Ititslon, ^)'.i iiiiN's, in t\v< oours. 
 Total (li.^tanop 'J'M) miles: time 13 hours: fare }$3.()(). On 
 tlio nrriv.il of tlio hoat at Fall Kivcr, pansrnifj'rs ran procepd im- 
 mt'diafcly hy railroad to Iloston ; or if tlii-y wish to remain till 
 tlin Htarlinj^ of the Acconjinodalion Train, (liavin;; breakfast on 
 hoard, if they desire it,) they will h-ave Jit C)^ a. m., and reach 
 Hoston at about D^ \. m. (For ront(8 from Nrw Ymli to Philn- 
 tlelj>liia ; thr. AV/r York (ind Erie Railrodd ; from New York to 
 New Unreii, Hartford, &.C., see Index.) 
 
 Rates OK KAKK. in Xkw Vouk fok IlACKXEv-CoAcnEs, Caukiaoes, 
 OR Tabs. —For conveying a passenger any distance not exceeding one 
 iinle, "Jr) cfMls ; two pi^seiigers, 50 cents, or 25 cents each ; every addi- 
 tional ftassenger, 25 cents. 
 
 For conveying a passenger any dLsfance exceeding a mile, and within 
 two miles, 50 cents ; every additional passenger, 'Jo cents. 
 
 For the use of a liackney-coacii, carriage, or cab, by the day, with 
 one or more p:i.»sent.'eis, .•»i.>.()(l. 
 
 For the use of a hackney-coach, carriage, or cab, by the hour, witli 
 one or more i)assen.i.eis, with the privilege of going from place to place, 
 and of stopping as often as may be re(piired, as follows :— first hour. 
 $1.00 ; second hour, 75 cents ; every succeeding iiour, 50 cents. 
 
 Children under two years of age, nothing ; from two to fourteen, half 
 price. 
 
 Each passenger is entitled to fake one trunk, valise, box, bag, or other 
 travelling package ; and as many more as he pleases, by paying six 
 cents for each extra one, or 1'2.V cents if over ? i.ile. 
 
 If the distance be over one mile, and not over two miles, the charge 
 for one passenger is 50 cents, and each additional one, 25 cents. 
 
 If a carriage is taken by the day or hour, it nmst be so specified. 
 
 If a hack is detained or hindered, the driver is entitled to 75 cents for 
 the first hour, and :<7A cents per hour afterwards, in addition to mileage. 
 
 Every hack is required to be conspicuously numbered, and to have 
 the rates of fare posted up within it .; and in default of either of these. 
 tlie driver is not to demand or receive any pay. 
 
 Cfl/ij.— Calls to and from dwellings, to or from steamboats, or other 
 parts of the city, with one or two persons, 50 cents. 
 
 When leaving the stand with one person, any distance not over a 
 mile and a half, 25 cents. When with two persons, 37A cents. When 
 by the hour, driving in town from place to place, for each hour, 50 cents. 
 
 Distances from the City Hall.— To the Battery, north end, three- 
 ■1 nttis of a mile— south end, one mile ; foot of Courtland-st., three- 
 Quarters of a mile; foot of Barclay st., half a mile; foot of Chambers 
 
 
otlicr 
 ing six 
 
 over a 
 Wlieii 
 )0 cents. 
 1, three- 
 ., three- 
 ambers 
 
 VICINITY Of NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 133 
 
 St., half Ji mile; foot of Canal st., one mile; Dry Dock, two miles; 
 Cutharine-st. Ferry, threrMpKirters of a mile ; I-'ulton Ferry, half a 
 mile ; S<tiith Ferry, one milf ; Navy Yar^l. Urookiyn, one mile ami a 
 (juarter ; Jt-r^ey City I'rrry, half a iiiilf ; Harlem, ei^lit miles; Dis- 
 inljiiting lU'.servoir, three miles anil a (lu.irler ; Keeciving llefservoir, 
 live miles. 
 
 ri.j\ri:s IN Tiir, vicinity of Nk.w Yokk. — tirnoklyn, deseribed 
 at leiifftli, at Yii\lG VM\ ; Navy Yard, iJrooklyii, at piij^e \'.\)i ; 
 Alliintic Dock, at pafje V.Vd ; CJreenwood Cemetery, at pajje I. '{'J. 
 
 Williiimnhiiri! is situated on IiOn;j Island, opjjosite tlie north- 
 east part of New York, from which it is separated by the Kast 
 Kiver. This place, which, as well as Urookiyn, has become the 
 residence of mnnhers doiiijr business in New-York, is increasing 
 rapidly in wealth and population. At the present time its poj)u- 
 lation is not less than l."),()0(). It is connected with N<'W York 
 by three steam-ferries, the boats on which ply at regular inter- 
 vals. The ferriage is from 3 to 4 rriits enc/i way. 
 
 Astoria, a flourishin}^ villajre six miles n. i:. of the city, has a 
 tine location, beinjj situated on the East liiver near •' Hurl 
 (iate." It has become a favorite residence for persons from 
 New York. 
 
 Flnsliinir, at the head of Flushinjr Bay, five miles from Loiifj 
 Island Sound by water, and nine miles from the City Hall, New 
 York, is a favorite place of resort for the inhabitants of that city 
 and of Brooklyn. The ride from the latter place is delij[rhtful : 
 from the former it is reached by steamboat, one plying between 
 the two places at regular intervals, — affording, during the sum- 
 mer season, a delightful, though short, aquatic excursion to one 
 of the most inviting places in the vicinity of the city. Flushing 
 is celebrated for its nurseries, and thousands are every season at- 
 tracted thither, who love to revel among the beautiful creations 
 of the Floral world, which are here to be seen in greater variety 
 and on a larger scale than, perhaps, at any other place in the 
 country. There are four considerable nurseries in the town. Of 
 these, the establishment of Parsons & Co. is, wo believe, the 
 most extensive, covering, as it does, about 70 acres. The other 
 establishments are those of Winter & Co., King &- Ripley, and 
 VV. R. Prince. The latter gentleman claims, we believe, for his 
 Qursery the title of the " Linnean Botanic Garden ;" but the 
 
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134 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
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 11 
 
 garden formerly cultivated by his father under that ajpellation, 
 and vIjIcIi gained such celebrity (hiring his Hfetinie, is the ono 
 now owned by Winter «fc Co. The trees, «fcc., the produce of 
 these gardens, are in demand, not oidy for every j)art of tlw 
 Union, but also for iMirope. Visiters have free access to t/ieac 
 frardrits on all dai/s, (Sandaijs excepted.) 
 
 Flathitsli, about live miles from Brooklyn, Flatlauds eight. 
 (rrurcseiid ten miles, are small but handsome places. Tln' 
 shores of the latter j)lace abound with clams, oysters, and water- 
 fowl, and are niuch resorted to. 
 
 Coney Island, belonging to the town of Gravesend, is five 
 miles long, and one broad, and is situated about 12 miles from 
 New York. It has a hue heach fronting the ocean, and is nnirh 
 lVe(pieiited for sea-])alliing. On the .\. side of the Island is an 
 hotel. Steamboats ply regularly between the city and Coney 
 Islanil (luring the summer season. Fare I'i^ cents each way. 
 
 Fort Hantilton, one of the fortifications for protecting the har- 
 bor of New York; is situated at the " JV arrows,*' about seven 
 miles from New York. There is here an extensiv<> hotel (^r 
 boarding-house, for the ac(;ommodation of visiters. The C'oiif>y 
 Island boat stops at Fort Hamilton to land and receive pass* n- 
 gers. Fare 1:2 J( cents. 
 
 Rockaa'aij Beach, a celebrated and fashionable watcring-i)lari\ 
 on the Atlantic sea-coast, is in a s. i:. direction from New York 
 'i'he Marine Pavilion, a splendid establislur.ent, erected in l^.'^^. 
 upon the beach, a short distance from the ocean, is furnished i.; 
 a stylo betilting its object as a j)lace of resort for gay and tash- 
 ionable (;ompany. Then.' is anotln-r hotel here which is w'.l 
 kept ; also several priv.ite boarding-houses, where the visiler. 
 seekijig i)leasuro or health, may enjoy the invigorating oee;iii 
 breeze, with less parade and at a more reasonable cost than at 
 the hotels. The best route to Rockaway is by the Long Isiaiiu 
 Railroad to Jamaica, twelve miles, 23 cents; thenco by stage 
 eight njiles, over an excellent road, to the beach, 50 cents. 
 
 Bloom in irdalc is a neat village, five miles from the City H:ti!> 
 on the left bank of ihe Hudson. Hero is the Orphan Asylum. 
 Man/iattanrille, two miles north of the latter place, contains tli<- 
 Lunatic Asylum, which occupies a commanding situation, lloi- 
 
 lent, eij 
 
 Flarlen 
 
 t.nies (1 
 
 riac( 
 
 ;il'e ili^s 
 
 I 'J gel") 
 
 'Stat I 
 
 \eu- Y 
 
 t.dll COI 
 
 I-i'aiid, 
 teceptioi 
 
 daily, fr( 
 
 cents. 
 
 Hurlj'ji-f 
 
 file .\. p;i 
 
 of Hatter 
 Long 
 niiies froi 
 Ihase foil 
 iiting atn 
 Tile O 
 N from I 
 Ileal of SL 
 'lian, per 
 >'t'a-breez( 
 ^ad tli(.> c 
 "•storing 
 view of th 
 'Hit before 
 'j^'i'fze, an 
 tary etlect 
 vicinity fo; 
 'i»d the oc 
 of fish will 
 ^hreu'sl 
 die above, 
 A steam 
 "bovc plac 
 

 VICIXTTY OF NEW YORK CITV. 
 
 135 
 
 ation, 
 
 B Olio 
 
 ICO of 
 
 .f tlu- 
 
 tliei^c 
 
 Th.' 
 watcr- 
 
 s fmm 
 i much 
 
 .1 is an 
 Cun<-y 
 
 ^vay- 
 he liar- 
 
 t Sf'V(U 
 
 \\uU'\ or 
 
 );iss<'ii- 
 
 pl;ir'>. 
 Ycik 
 IKM. 
 
 siH-(i ;.- 
 
 11(1 fash- 
 is W'-'.l 
 
 visllrr, 
 fr ocean 
 than ;st 
 (f l>laihi 
 )y Static 
 s. 
 
 ity Hai!. 
 Asylnui. 
 
 tains til'- 
 II. i/'" ■ 
 
 111 
 
 /c>/i, eight miles from the City Hall, is reached by the cars on the 
 Harlem Railroad, which leave tho depot in New York many 
 t.iues daily. 
 
 I'laces on the Hudson river worthy the attention of stran^jers, 
 uri' described under the heading, " Passage up the Hudson," at 
 j'lil^e lo'J 
 
 Shilcn fsjaiiil, tho l;uiding at which is about five miles from 
 .Nt'W York and fronting the Quarantine (Jround, has a tine situa- 
 tion commanding a splendid view of the beanlilul bay, Long 
 I>laiid, &c. There are here hotels and boarding-houses, for tho 
 reception of visiters. Steamboats leave New York several times 
 daily, from tho foot of Whitehall-st., at the Hattery. Fare \'2^ 
 cf ills. New BvighlDii, Poll Rirlimond, and the Sailor's Sunn 
 Hnrh'jr, an asylum for superannuated seamen, are situated in 
 t!ie N. part of tho Island. Steamboats leave daily from the foot 
 of Battery Place. 
 
 Lnug Blanch, situated on the eastern coast of \«'W Jersey,. TiJ 
 miles from the city of \ew York, is a pojadar place oi r»'st)rt for 
 those fond of seashore recreation, and where a pure and invigor- 
 ating atmosphere is always to be found. 
 
 The Ocean House, a hotel of the first order, a short distance 
 N from Long Branch, is a place where, during the oppressive 
 IruI of summer, a greater degree of real comfort can be enjoyed 
 than, perhaps, at tho more fashionable watering-places. The 
 sea-breeze, whi(;h is constant here as well as at Long Hrancii, 
 and the convenient surf-bathing, iiavo an alnKK->t magic ellect i;i 
 restoring the exhausted energies of tho human frame ; while a 
 view of that grandest of objects, the Ocean, which is here spread 
 out before you — now gently undulating in dalliance with the 
 breeze, and now u])l>eaved by the tempest — has an etpially salu- 
 tary etlect on the animal spirits. There is admirable sport in this 
 vicinity for the angler. Th<' Shrewsbury river on the one side, 
 and the ocean on the other, swarm with all the delicate varieties 
 of tlsh with which our markets abound. 
 
 Shreivshuri/, Rid Bank, and Tiitton F<ills, in tho vicinity of 
 the above, are also places of great resort. 
 
 A sleanihoat leaves New Y'ork daily from Fulton-slip for the 
 above places. 
 
 i i .,' 
 
 (I! 
 
 I 
 
 mi 
 
 i • 
 
136 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMrANION. 
 
 V. 
 
 View from Brooklyn ' Heighta ' 
 
 BROOKLYN. 
 
 Brooklyn, the secoiul city in the state of New York for pop- 
 ulation, is nitnuted at the \v. end of Lonir Island, opposite theciiy 
 of New York, from which it is separated by the East Riv^r. 
 The coinini'.nication between the two places is rendered easy aii'I 
 convenient by Jirc steam-ferries, viz : The FiiUoii ferry, ^vliirh 
 is by far the jrrealest thoronj^hfare :) the Soui/i ferry ; Calharinv 
 ferry ; Jurf.tion, or Nun/ Yard ferry, and the Ifuniilton Arrinit 
 ferry. Two new ferries are about to be e,-tablished — tho Man- 
 tdij^iic and the liiid^f-st. ferries, (tlie former for f<r>t passeniri'is 
 only,) — and will soon ^o into op(>ratioii. Tho local on of tin' 
 above ferries is ehown in Miij) No. 1. 
 
 The Fulton tVrry boats run every few minutes dnrinj; the day 
 and evenin^r. until 1:2 r. m. Afdr tliat hour, a boat leaves etieli 
 s!de every HO minutes until morniuLT. Tl;e pr,c'> on each ferry i"' 
 two rnitfi for foot pit-^senj^crs ; children half price. Conmuitcr' 
 are charijrd .^iO.OO per annum. Tiie crossing to and fro, on bdli 
 tho Fulton ami South ferries, esjx^ciidly morninos and ev^'uini:'^, 
 is so great as to strike a stran^jiT w.th a.stoni,i!imcnt. Tliri'c 
 
 r- 
 
BROOKLYN'. 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 ilx# 
 
 
 'or pop- 
 ihe cily 
 4 River. 
 easy an<l 
 -, ''whirh 
 ::t(hnrlnc 
 
 ho Mon- 
 as-cnii;''!"-- 
 
 )|1 of I'll'' 
 
 It the il:iy 
 ;!i ferry i^' 
 
 OUlllUU'T' 
 
 ■0, on b'. th 
 it. Tlirec 
 
 boats constantly i)ly at the sanio liino on eacli, and tlie time oc- 
 ciipiod is usually from four to six minnlrs. 
 
 lirooklyn is laid out witii consideral)lo ro<,niIarity, the streets, 
 witli the exception of Fulton. hv'\\\<f 'generally straiijiit, and cross- 
 iiijT each otluT at ri^lit aii'rjcs. Many of them are shaded with 
 line trees, which, in the summer season, impart to the eity the 
 l.-e.-hness and {^ayety of a country toxv'U. It is this, with the jiu- 
 lity of its atmos[>here, and tiie facilities aflbrded for reaehinii the 
 jrrtat nu'trojtolis, that has uuule this j»lace increase so rapidly in 
 wealth and poj)ulation. Mo.^t of th<^ liouses are well built, and 
 iiianv are distinn[uished for chasteness and eleijance of archii'ectural 
 (iesijrn. 
 
 The ;rround on whicli (he eity is built is more elevated than 
 the ojiposite shore. 'I'he " Heights," on the Kast liiver, present 
 a liold front, elevated 7() feet above tidtnvater, alVordini; a de- 
 liirjilful view of New York, its harbor, the islands in the bay, and 
 the shore of New J<'rscy. 
 
 The shor<'s, where not defended bv wharves, underiro continual 
 and rapid chauLfos by the velocity of the current in the East 
 River, (lovernor'.s Island was formerly connected with Brook- 
 lyn at Red Hook Point ; and j)revious to the Revolution, cattio 
 were driven from the Hook to the island, lh<n separated by a 
 narrow and .shallow |)a.ssa(Tf> called RiiMermiik Channel, which 
 ia now wide and deep enou;^h for the passa;^e of UH-rchant ves- 
 sels of the largest size. 
 
 Brooklyn was incorporated as a villaire in April, U-iOG, and as 
 u city, with greatly extendt-d limits, on the htli of Airil, 1S34. 
 Il is divided into nine wards, and is governed by a ma) -or and a 
 board of \^ aldermen, two from each ward, annti'dly electetl. 
 
 The j)opuiatiou of BrookKii increa.^ed from l.-iJO to IHJ*' at 
 the rate of 57 per cent, for each five years, ^iud from 1P40 to 
 \>\x), it was Gl per cent. The latter rate, if applied to IbaO, will 
 produce aii aggregate population of D.'),r)"-23 ; in 1855, 15.3, .377. 
 Al the present time (184H) it may bo placed at 60,000. The 
 taxable property in 1847 amounted to .*$'JI),305,189, and the 
 amount of taxes the same year was within a fraction of f9-^0,()00. 
 
 Rl'ulic BuiLDLNGs. — Of tlicsc the most prominent is the new 
 City Hall, situated on a triang ilar piece of ground, bounded by 
 
 '\A it' 
 
 ryi 
 
138 
 
 RAILROAD AND STZAMHOAT COMrANlON. 
 
 Court, Fulton, and Jorulcnion sis. It is constructed of white 
 inurble, from tiio (iimrrios of Wcslclicslfr county, in the Ionic 
 Ktylo of architecture. It is 1G:2 by 1();2 fi.'ct, and 75 feet in height 
 to the top of the cornice. It is surnjounted by a cnjiola, the top 
 of which, from tlie Ktrcct, is Ij.'J leet. The interior contains 
 rooms foi.' tlie various depurtmeuts of l)usin('ss connected with tlio 
 city and county. Its whole cost will not exceed .^iiUOjOOO. — The 
 Jail, a substantial bnildinjr erected in l':"37, is situated in the east- 
 ern part of JJrooklyn, near Fort Greene. — The Li/reiini, in Wash- 
 inj^tou-st., corner of Concord, is a line j^ranlte buildii)[j, with a 
 spacious and connnodiou;; lecture-room. — The Citi/ Lihninj con- 
 tains a lar™ number of valuable lllcrary and scientific works*. — 
 The .Vl7J•///^^s• Hunk is in an eb't^ant new building on the corner 
 of Fulton aiul Concord sts. — Tlie iiioukliju Fctn ile Acn(L'ini/, a 
 spacious building, is in Joralemon-st., near Clinton. 
 
 CnuiiciiKS. — The churches in IJrooklyn are about 50 in num- 
 ber, and many of those r^ccnlly construe' el arc splendid edifice^, 
 — the principal of which is the new Ejiiscoj) d Church of "The 
 Holy Trinity," situated in C!inton-st., whitdi is a fine specimen 
 of Cothic architectme. This church was erected by tlie muniti- 
 cenco of a citizen of IJroolcIyn at a cast of ab)ut .*$ I .')(), OOi). 
 
 The Unitkd States Navv Yakij is situated on the s. side of 
 Wullabout Bay, in the northeaster:- part of Ijrooklyn, and occu- 
 pies about 40 acres of ground, enclosed on the land side by a high 
 wall. There arc here two large ship-houses for vessels of the 
 largest class, witli workshops and every requisite necessary for an 
 extensive naval depot, 'i'iie Unltcl S.'/it'Hi Nnval Li/rcitin, an 
 interesting place, also in the Navy Yard, is a literary insiitutioii, 
 formed in 1833 by olhcers of the navy comiected with the port. 
 It contains a sj)lendi(l collection of curiosities, and mineralogical 
 and geological cabinets, with numerous other valuable and curi- 
 ous things worthy th'- inspection of the visiter. A Dry Duck is 
 being constructed here, at a cost of about J^^ 1,000, 000. On tho 
 ojjposite side of tlie Wallahout, half a mile east of the Navy Yard, 
 is the Murine Jfus'pital, a fine building erected on a comuuindiug 
 situation, and surrounded by upwards of 30 acres of well-culti- 
 vated ground. 
 
 At the ^Vallabout were stationed the Jersey and other prison- 
 
BUOOKLVN. 
 
 139 
 
 <'uh of 
 ocou- 
 a hi;:l) 
 of til- 
 for an 
 \iin, all 
 itutioii, 
 lo port. 
 ilo;i:cal 
 1(1 ciirl- 
 \)i)ck is 
 |)n tho 
 Yurd, 
 
 tuidin;; 
 ll-cuUi- 
 
 h)ri 
 
 ;^on- 
 
 ships of the Euglisli durin;^ tlio R<nolutioiiary war, iti which it 
 is said 11,500 Amoricau prisoners j)orislie(l, from had air, closo 
 confiiicmont, and ill-treatnuMit. In 180S, tho hones of the suf- 
 ferers, which had been washed out from tiie hank wlure thev 
 liad been slijrhtly buried, were collected, and deposited in 13 cof- 
 fins, inscribed with the names of (ho 13 original states, and placed 
 in a vault beneath a wooden building erected for the j)i!rpose, in 
 Hudson avenue, opposite to Front-st., near tho Navy Yard. 
 
 The Atlantic Dock, about a iriile below ti)e South Ferry, is 
 a very extensive work, and worthy the attention of strangers. 
 The Hamilton Avenue Ferry, near tiie IJattery, lanus its passen- 
 gers close by. The company was incorporated in l^.Iay, IH-lO, 
 with a capital of §;i/)(jl),(|l)U. Th^ basin within the piers con- 
 tains 4'^}^ acres, with sunieient depth of water for the largest 
 ships. The piers arc furnished with many sjjacious stone ware- 
 iiouses. 
 
 (jiiEF-Nwooi) Cejietkkv is in the s. part of Brooklyn, at Cow- 
 anus, about three miles from tlie Fulton Ferry, at which place 
 visiters take the stages, which leave hourly, for the Cemetery. 
 Ffire 12.i cents. Another way to Croeaw(X)d is by tho new 
 ferry at Whitehall, wliich lands its j)assengers in the vicinity of 
 the Cemetery, on a pier of great length jutting out from the 
 shore: carriages run from the landing-place to the Cemetery, 
 currying passengers at a tritling cliarge. 
 
 This Cemetery was incorporated in 1S33, and contains 212 
 acres of ground, about one-half of which is covered with wood 
 of a natural growth. It originally confined 172 acres, but re- 
 cently 70 more have been added l)y iMirchase, and brought with- 
 in the enclo'^Msre. Free entrance is allowed to persons on foot 
 during week-days, but on the Sabbath none but j)roprietors of 
 lots and their families, and j>ersons with them, are admitted ; oth- 
 ers than proprietors can obtain a j)ernjit for carriages on week- 
 days. These gro(Hids have a varied surface of hills, valleys, and 
 plains. Tho elevations afford extensive views ; that from Ocean 
 Hill, near the western line, presents a wide range of tho ocean, 
 v.ith a portion of Long Island. Batthj Hill, in the \. w., com- 
 mands an extensive view of the cities of Brooklyn and New 
 York, the Hudson river, the noble bay, and of Now Jersey and 
 
 'lU .1 'Iff 
 
 I ■ I 
 : ■( I'l '9'. •II. ( mi U ;? iM'i 
 
 t '■■!*; Wy\v, 
 
140 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 f 1; 
 
 'i 
 
 /• p 
 
 Staton Island. From tho other elevated {^rounds in the Ceme- 
 tery there are fine prosjiects. (Jreenwood is traversed by winding 
 avenues and pallis, which afford visiters an opportunity of seeing 
 this extensive C/emetery, if suffk'ient time is taken for the pur- 
 pose. Several of the monuments, original in their design, are 
 very beautiful, and cannot fail to attract the notice of strangers. 
 Thaso of the Iowa Indian princess, Dohummo, and the " mad 
 poet," McDonald Clark, near tlio Sylvan Water, are admirable. 
 
 Visiters by keejjing the main avenue, called The Tour, as in- 
 dicated by ir aide -hoards, will obtain the best general view of tlie 
 ('emetery, and will be able again to reach the entrance without 
 difficulty. Unless this caution bo observed, they may find them- 
 selves at a loss to discover their way out. By paying a little 
 atPMition. however, to tho gropuds and guide-boards, they will 
 }>;ron be able to take other aveniu^s, many of which pas^i through 
 ^frounds of pecidiar interest and beatify. 
 
 " fn Greenwood, are (juiet dells, nestling little lakes in i!>eir 
 !)i>,.^-ins, shaded by locusts ;ind willows from the s\u», made cool 
 1j| \he sea breezes and musical With th(>. songs of birds; or you 
 li);" loiter in a villa'je of giaves, a?- it were, with hundreds of 
 visiters, like younself, poring over s-xnilptured tukeiis of atlection.'' 
 
 These delightful grounds now attract much attention, and have 
 already become a pla(;e of grt-at resort, and they will continue 
 yearly to attract additional crowds of visit(>rs, as their beauties 
 becojue more generally known, and the ties n»ore extended that 
 bind many in the surrounding country and neighboring cities, to 
 the once-loved — not, to the eyes of Faith and AlVt ction, dead. 
 but sleeping — forms of those who lie in this heautilul resting- 
 place of the departed. 
 
 LONG ISL /YD 'RAILROAD ROUTE. 
 (See Map No. 15.} 
 
 This road extends froiii i'vjuth Brooklyn, opposite the lower part 
 of the city of New York, to Creeupoit, at tho eaf^t end of Long 
 Island, 9() miles. It was opened for travel in 1838, and cost in 
 its construction, up to Jan. I, l8-'-8, !$-i,():J7,l)Ul.(j8. After leav- 
 
Lhat 
 
 4, to 
 
 liug- 
 
 part 
 Lons 
 3st in 
 leav- 
 
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 Etifrr,;j .).. -.ij-, .'•,■,. • ■ 'rt ■■' r 
 
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 \ liOMG ISLAND* 
 *^ LOINC 19 RAILROAD, 
 
 an. I 111.' <'()\\K( rH ir SIIOKK, 
 
 showiiuj lltr RAILROADS wliiih 
 U'lniiiiah- oii (li»' sorx/} 
 witli insr.Wt hS /iciii XJork. 
 
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LONG ISLAND UAII.KOAD. 
 
 Ml 
 
 iu(r the depot near tlw Soulli F«'rry, llio cars p;i8s lliroiiMi 
 a linuu'l, mirlcr Atliiiitif-st., wliicli is iJ,7.')() fn-t loni,', and 
 iil»out HO dtM'p, at tlio hij^lipst ji;irt of tlie street, and which cost 
 JS'J(i,(JUO. 
 
 The railroad to Jamaica, ]'2 inilcM, was the first link of the 
 road coiislruntcd, hy a fDmpaiiy iiiforporated Ajir.!, l^."{"i. with a 
 rapital of }5<:M(),(I()(). In April. In'U, the \.uu<r Island Railroad 
 Cumpany was incorporated, with a capital of >«(l,r»OII,l)()(), to con- 
 *ftriict u road Ihroii'rh Ii')n;r Islmifl to (Ireenporf, with permission 
 t'l unite with t!ie lirooklyn ami Jamaica Company. The desiirn 
 of this road originally was to ojnii a speedy communication he- 
 tweeii N( vv V(jrk and Hoston. whifh, l-y a ferry crossln^r the 
 Soimd, was to ciinn<*ct with either of tl -nut routes that ter- 
 minate in the hitter city. This is the sh<> 'onte Ijetwecii the 
 two cities, and until recently wa>^ opcued lor th- day travel he- 
 iween New Vork and Huston, hut owin:x 'o som • temj>or;:ry ein- 
 barrassmeuts of the company, has hecn disenntimjed for the pres- 
 ent. The cars, howevi r, run re<jidarlv b( iween Hnntklvn and 
 (Ireenport, and intermediate places. The .scenery ou the route 
 is neither varied nor inten-sliii;;, the country throu;rh which it 
 {•asses beinjj mostly flat, witjj a poor and sandy soil. The dis- 
 t.mce between New York and Boston, by this ronte, connectinij 
 with the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, is "J.'ij miles. 
 
 Trom Brooklyn to liedftml, 2^ miles, /'\/re G cents; Eust 
 Xt'iv York, .'(i, I'i cents; Union Race Course, 8, 20 cents ; Ja- 
 inaini, 12, 2."» cents; Jii ns/iriHe, 15, 31 cents; /[fmjtshdft 
 Urnnch, 19, .'^7 cents ; IfirJcscillr, 27, fiO cents ; Ffirmini^dalr, 
 :)2, (12 cents : /^<r»- /'^/rA-, :iS, 75 cents ; T/i'inii»^'.;n, M, J$1.00; 
 Sulf'oUc Sf(if:on,4'i, $100 ; Mvdfonl Slalion, aC, ::i<1.12; Yap- 
 Jhink, GO, i$1.25; St. (icnr<rc's Mttnor, GS, §'-'>^>; Rii-er/tcnd, 
 7.'), .$1.02 ; Janieiii>ort,m, i^\.{]1 : Mi'lrfurk,S:), $1.75; South- 
 old. 92, $1.87; Oircnport, 90, $2.00. On arrival of the cars 
 at the latter place, a steamboat leaves for Sui; Harbor. 
 
 Stages leave Jamaica daily for Rochairay, on arrival of the 
 ears. Fare 50 cents. From Ilicksville to Culd Sprinif. Hunt- 
 ington, and Oldster Bai/ ; from Deer Park to Bahi/lun ; from 
 Tliompson to Islip and Merhanirsvillc ; from SulFolk Station to 
 Patchogue ; from Yaphank to Millville ; from St. George's 
 
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 WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 
 
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142 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 *% ! 
 
 Manor to Moriches; and from Riverhoad to Quogue and <S. and 
 E. Hampton. 
 
 Jamaica, situatod on the railroad, and on the tnrnpike-road 
 leadinjr from Brooklyn to I[cmj)stead, is a neat and pleasant vil- 
 lage, aj)proachcd hy roads riuming through a district highly cul- 
 tivated, and richly adorned with productive farms and splendid 
 country-seats. This village is a great resort for persons from the 
 neighboring cities, the railroad rendering the communication easy 
 and convenient. Many persons doing business in New York have 
 permanent residences here. 
 
 A branch road, two and a half miles, extends to Hempstead. 
 centrally situated upon the south side of " Hempstead Plains," 
 and, by a turnpike-road, about 21 miles from Brooklyn. The soil, 
 which is sandy loan>, is rendered highly productive by judicious 
 cultivation. Fare from Brooklyn 37^ cents. 
 
 North Hempstead, '21 miles from Brooklyn, is situated a short 
 distance north of the railroad, and on the turnpike-road which 
 runs throughout the island. It is the seat of the county, and 
 contains the courthouse, &c. In tliis town is " Harbor Hill," 
 which rises to the height of 321 feet above the ocean, and is said 
 to be the most elevated land on the Atlantic coast from Mon- 
 tauk Point to Florida. It is about 12 miles from the Atlantic, 
 and is visible some distance at sea. Success Pond, situated on u 
 high hill, in the west part of the town, is a mile in circumfer- 
 ence : it abounds with yellow perch, and is a favorite resort for 
 the angler. 
 
 Rirerhead is situated on the Peconic river, 75 miles from 
 Brooklyn, and is the capital of SutTolk county. Vessels of 70 
 tons burden come within two and a half miles of the village. 
 Large quantities of wood are sent from this place to New York. 
 
 Greenport is the eastern termination of the Long Island Rail- 
 road, 96 miles from Brooklyn. Before the construction of the 
 railroad, it consisted of a few straggling houses only, but is now 
 quite a largo and prosperous village. 
 
 Gardiner^s Island, situated across the mouth of Gardiner's 
 Bay, about 10 miles from Greenport, was settled as early as 1638, 
 by a Scotchman who had served in the English army. This, it 
 is said, was the first British settlement in the state of New York. 
 
NEW YORK AND NEW HAVEN RAILROAD. 
 
 143 
 
 The island is remarkable for its fine cultivation, its extensive 
 dairy, numerous herds, and jrreat product of wool. " The cele- 
 brated Ca])tain Kidd called at this island on his way to Boston, 
 when he returned from his cruise in 1G99, and deposited there a 
 box of gold, silver, and precious stones, intrusting the then owner 
 of the island with the secret, and holding his life in pledge for his 
 fidelity. An account of this deposite was found among the j>irate"s 
 jKipers upon his arrest ; and the box was disinterred, and delivered 
 to the commissioners appointed to receive it. It contained I'i^^l 
 oz. of gold, b47i oz. of silver, and 17^- of jewels." 
 
 
 from 
 Jof 70 
 lillage. 
 
 ""ork. 
 
 Rail- 
 
 )f the 
 now 
 
 liner's 
 
 |l638, 
 
 lis, it 
 
 Tork. 
 
 THE NEW YORK AND NEW HAVEN RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Map No. 15.) 
 
 This road, whicli is to extend from the Harlem Railroad, at a 
 point near " Williams' Bridge," about 14 miles from the City 
 Hall, New York, is in a good state of forwardness. It is to bo 
 opened as far as Bridgeport, GO miles, during the summer of 
 1848, (we presume the latter part,) and through to New Haven, 
 bO miles, before winter. It will then form the inland route (see 
 Map No. 2) from New York to Boston, and in fact to the whole 
 fabric of the great system of New England railways. Over this 
 road the winter travel from New York will almost wholly pass, 
 thereby dispensing with the necessity of the Sound navigation, 
 which, during the " iron grasp" of winter is fraught with more or 
 less danger. In the summer season the pleasure travel will, of 
 course, go mostly by way of the Sound, water excursions then 
 being always preferable, efpecially where the journey is a long 
 one, and a ])ortion of it can be made during a state of repose, and 
 in such floating palaces as the noble Sound can boast of. 
 
 Norwalk, Conn., on the route of the New York and New Ha- 
 ven Railroad, is a very pleasant town, situated on Long Island 
 Sound, 45 miles n. e. from New York, and 33 w. s. w. from New 
 Haven. The village is built on both sides of Norwalk river, over 
 which is a bridge, to which vessels come that draw only six 
 feet of water. One and a half miles s. of the borough is South 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 #-' 
 
I 
 
 r.> • 
 
 m 
 
 144 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 Nonvalk, where the steamboats land which ply between New 
 York and Norwalk. Pop. hi 1848 about 4,000. (For descrip- 
 tion of New Haven and Bridgeport, see Index.) 
 
 HARLEM RAILROAD. 
 
 (Sec Maps Nos. 15 and 18.) 
 
 This road is in operation to Somers Town, 53 miles from New 
 York, and during the present year will be opened to Dover 
 Plains, 20 miles further. It extends from the City Hall, at the 
 junction of Centre and Chatham sts., through Centre, Brcome, 
 and the Bowery, to the Fourth avenue ; at .32d-st. it enters the 
 lirst deep cutting into the solid rock, at INIurray's Hill, and then 
 proceed.s towards the tunnel under Prospect Hill, at Yorkviile, 
 which is 595 feet long, 24 wide, and 21 high to the top of the 
 arch, cut through solid rock, and which cost ^90,000 ; from 
 thence it proceeds to Harlem, crossing the river over a substan- 
 tial bridge into the county of Westchester. The total cost of con- 
 structing the road in operation to Somers Town was $1,874,892. 
 
 There is no doubt but Ihat by the winter of 1849, the Harlem 
 road will open the communication direct between New York and 
 Albany, and also that portion of the state e. of the Hudson river, 
 Ihrough which its route lies. By the close of the year 1848 two- 
 thirds of this road, extending between the commercial and state 
 capitals, will be completed, if we take into consideration that 
 portion of the Albany and West Stockbridgo Railroad of which 
 it will form a part, and with which it will connect near Chatham 
 Four Corners. The completion of this road will open a new 
 trade with the rich and flourishing counties through which it is to 
 [)ass, that will give a new impetus to its business prospects. 
 
 The New York and New Haven Railroad, which will be in 
 operation in the fall of the present year, (1848,) will unite with 
 the Harlem at a point near Williams' Bridge. From New York 
 to Yorkviile, 5 miles. Fare 12i cents ; Harlem, 8, 12^ cents ; 
 Morrisiana, 8^, 20 cents ; Fordham, 13, 20 cents ; Williams* 
 Bridge, 14^, 25 cents ; Tuckahoe Station, 20, 37 cents ; Hart^s 
 Corner, 24, 50 cents : White Plains, 27, 50 cents ; Pleasant- 
 
'lew 
 irip- 
 
 New 
 Oovcr 
 it the 
 come, 
 rs the 
 1 then 
 rkville, 
 of the 
 ; from 
 Libstan- 
 of con- 
 
 4,892. 
 
 arleui 
 
 ii-k and 
 in river, 
 
 :8 tWO- 
 
 id state 
 n that 
 which 
 
 Ihatham 
 
 a new 
 
 it is to 
 
 111 be in 
 lite with 
 iw York 
 cents ; 
 filliams' 
 Hart's 
 ieasant- 
 
 HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. 
 
 146 
 
 rille, 31, 62 cents ; New Casile Corners, 41 , 75 cents ; Bedford, 
 44, 87 cents ; Whitlockville, 48, 90 cents ; and to Croton Falls 
 and Somers, $1.00. 
 
 Stitges run daily, connectinjr with the cars, between Harlem 
 and the HighBridge ; from Ilarleni to Mticomh's Dam and Kings- 
 hrufgc ; from Williams' Bridjro to E. Chester, W. Farms, W. 
 Chester, Nciv Rochclle, and Mamaroneek, fare 25 cents. From 
 Fordham to Yonkers, 25 cents ; and fr6m Williams' Uridine to 
 Yonkcrs, 18| cents ; from Croton Falls to Lake Mahopac, 23 
 cents ; from White Plains to Port Chester and Rye, 25 cents. 
 
 Yorkville is live miles n. of the City Ilall : the ci'rs pass throijcrh 
 it many times daily. In this vicinity is the Receivinjr Reservoii 
 of the Croton water-works, containing 35 acres, enclosed by a 
 hji^h, substantial wall. 
 
 Harlem, eight miles from the City Hall, is a suburb of New 
 York, and is quite a manufacturing place. It can bo reached 
 from the city by the cars, many times daily. Harlem was 
 fonnded by the Dutch, in 1658, with a view to the amusement 
 and recreation of the citizens. The following is from an ancient 
 Dutch record. " The Governor and Council, desirous to form a 
 new village at the end of Manhattan Island, proposed to settlers 
 grants of land of 45 acres each, at 13 shillings the acre, free from 
 tithes, for 10 years, and to assign 15 soldiers for their defence ; 
 to erect a sub-court of justice when there should be 25 families 
 established : to provide a clergyman, half of whose salary should 
 be paid by the government ; and to make a road to the city by 
 the company's negroes." 
 
 White Plains and Bedford are each semi-capitals of West- 
 chester county : the latter is situated upon a highly fertile plain, 
 encompassed by hills. Whitlocksville, at the junction of Cro.ss 
 and Croton rivers, has some manufacturing. 
 
 HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Map No. 18.) 
 
 This road is to extend from the city of New York to Albany, 
 144 miles. The whole route has been surveyed, and portions 
 
 10 
 
 ;l "*' 
 
 W: -^ 
 
 < < ■>■,! 
 
 
 
 .*: 
 
i: 
 
 W' , 
 
 l\ 
 
 (!''! 
 
 146 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COl^IPANION. 
 
 \'^ 
 
 
 of it contracted for. The cstimaled cost is about $6,000,000, in- 
 cludiiifr the gradinj^r for a double tracii from New York to Pough- 
 keepsie, about one half the distance to Albany for a single track, 
 with culverts and bridges made so as to admit the grading for a 
 double track, if at any time it should be found necessary. It will 
 pass through all the populous and thrifty towns and villages on 
 the banks of the noble Hudson. 
 
 It is estimated that one arid a half million of people pass 
 yearly between the cities of New York and Albany, being obliged 
 to devote from 8 to 10 and sometimes 12 hours in summer, and a 
 longer time in winter, (wh.cn the navigation of the river is closed,^ 
 to the journey. By the Hudson River Railroad the time pro- 
 posed for running the divStance between the two cities, including 
 stoppages, \sfour and a half hours, uniform at all seasons of the 
 year, and the fare lower than the average of prices by the pres- 
 ent conveyances. For some years past, the people of the me- 
 tropolis have been obliged to pass through other states to arrive at 
 the capital of their own. To New York, then, the opening of 
 this road will be of tlie first importance, securing to her a large 
 portion of the western trade, which is now monopolized by the 
 Mass. Western Railroad, and which has contributed so much to 
 the wealth, prosperity, and well-doing of its enterprising neigh- 
 bor — Boston. 
 
 NEW YORK AND ERIE RAILROAD. 
 (See Maps Nos. 17 and 18) 
 
 This road, when completed, will extend from Piermont, on the 
 Hudson river, 24 miles above New York, to Dunkirk, on Lake 
 Erie, 450 miles ; the cost of which, at $30,000 per mile, would 
 bo $13,500,000 ; three millions of which was contributed by the 
 state and individuals, by reducing the amount of their stock 50 
 per cent. It is thought, if the income of the Erie Railroad should 
 only ecjual that of the northern chain of railroads from Albany to 
 BufFalo, the company could divide from 12^ to 14 per cent, on 
 the investment. The company was incorporated by the legisla- 
 ture on the 24th day of April, 1832, with power to construct a 
 
JOO, i!i- 
 Pough- 
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 much to 
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NEW YORK AND ElUE RAILROAD. 
 
 147 
 
 railroad from the city of Now York to Lukr I'.ric, with u capital 
 of $10,()0(),()00. TJic road is open to the puhlic as fur as ruit 
 JerviSf on tlio Dclawaro rivrr, wlirro it intersocts tlio Delaware 
 and Hudson Canal, a liiindrcd miles from riiila'!il|)liia. The 
 cost of constriictinj? uj) to Jan. 1st, 1848, was J^'itToDj^-'J'), in- 
 cluding; tho pier at Piermont, a milo in Icnj^tli, wliicli cost 
 j$:2iJ0,00(). From Port Jcrvis to liiu'^iiamtou, 1XJ7 miles, the 
 work has been vigorously prosecuted since the fall of 18 l(j, at 
 which tiino it was put under contract. It is in such a state of 
 forwardness, and tho work proirressing so rnpiilly, that tliere is 
 every reason to believe it will be completed and open to the i)ub- 
 lic by the fall of 1848. Ten miles of tho road at Dunkirk aro 
 already completed, other portions are graded, and a part of the 
 .superstructure laid down between. The route traversed by the 
 Erie Railroad is through one of the best agricultural districts in 
 tho country. At Dunkirk, the ternLuation of this road, the lako 
 navigation usually opens from four to six weeks earlier, and re- 
 mains open for tho same period later than at Buffalo. When the 
 extension to Binghamton is completed, the New York and Erie 
 Railroad will extend from the Hudson river 203 miles, and the 
 distance from New York will be 227 miles: about one-half of 
 the entire route will then be constructed. When this is accom- 
 plished, New York will begin to realize, in some measure, the 
 immense value of the Erie Railroad. 
 
 This important thoroughfare will, on its route to the lake, in- 
 tersect other railroads, some of which are already built, and others 
 about to be constructed ; thereby " tapping" tho western trade be- 
 fore it shall have reached its own destination. The most impor- 
 tant branch for accomplishing this will be the Attica ami Hor- 
 ncUscille Railroad, uniting the Erie road with the northern 
 chain at Attica, 32 miles e. from Buffldo, (see Map No. 28.) 
 The Ithaca and Owego Railroad will join the Erie at Owego, 
 :24 miles w. from Binghamton ; 38 miles further it will meet tho 
 Wiliiamsport and Elmira Railroad, a portion of which is con- 
 structed, and the whole of which will probably be completed by the 
 opening of the New York and Erie road to Elmira ; and 15 miles 
 still further it will meet the Blosshurg and Corning Railroad. 
 The two last open the communication with the rich coal-fields 
 
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 148 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT rOMl'ANIO!*. 
 
 of I'ciinsylviiiiia. Tho coiistruntion of tho Pofrrsnn and Rnmapo 
 Ritili<Ki(l, wliicli it is cxpectrd will hn complttcd l»y July, If^l"^, 
 will o[i«'u to the |»us.sou<r»'r travel of the llrie liailroiuj a more di- 
 rect, expeditiouH, and convenient route to New York, being \',\ 
 miles nearer to that city than by way of I'iermont. Tho advuii- 
 tugeH of tills road will bo seen by referrin;^ to .Map No. IH. 
 
 Fhom Nkw Youk to Pout .Ikkvis, cVc, (see Map No. 18.) — 
 PasKeiifrcr.s leave New York daily, (Sundays excej)ted,) by steam- 
 boat, from the foot of Duane-st., for I'iermont, where the cnrn 
 are taken for places on the route of the Hrio Railroad. The fol- 
 lowint( are the sto|)pin{r. places, with the fares and distanc^es : — 
 
 I'rom New York to Vicnnoiit, i24 miles, 2.j cents ; Bluurrll- 
 villc, 'M, .'}() cents ; Clark's Town, Xi, 30 cents; Spriii<r Vnl- 
 If I/, 'Si), .'JTi cents ; Mitnsey's, 31, 40 cents ; SiiJ'crns, 42, (iU 
 cents ; Knmap't, 44, 70 cents ; Monroe Workfi, ,52, 87^ cents ; 
 Turner's, 57, i>5 cents ; M.tnron, GO, JJ^l.OO ; Chester, (i7, JJjil.OtJl ; 
 (Joshen, 70, $1.12^ ; New Hampton, lA, »^1.18|; Middle town, 
 77, ,i^l.25 ; OtisriUe,Sl, }$1.50 ; Port Jen-is, lUO, $1.1'). 
 
 Staires run in connection wilh the cars from Middletown to 
 Monticcllo ; from Chester to Warwick ; from Port Jervis to 
 Milford, Iloncsdale, and Carbondale, Penn. ; to Owego, Binir- 
 haniton, Ehnira, uml Ithaca, N.Y.', to Wilkesbarre, Movtrosr, 
 and Great Bend, Penn., &c. 
 
 Ramapo is situated two and a htdf miles above the New Jer- 
 sey hue, and lies in the deep valley of Ramapo river, on the old 
 stajje-road from New York to Albany. Here will be the con- 
 nection vvith the Paterson Railroad leading to Jersey City, oppo- 
 site to New York, over which pas.sengcrs may go direct to that 
 city. 
 
 Chester lies on tho stage-road from Goshen to New York, about 
 18 miles s. w. from Newburg, in a rich and picturesque country. 
 
 Goshen, tho shire town of Orange county, lies in a beautiful 
 valley, 4G miles from Piermont, 70 from Now York, and 20 from 
 the Hudson at West Point. It is celebrated for the largo quan- 
 tities of butter with which it furnishes the Now York and other 
 markets. The Newburg Branch Railroad will connect with the 
 Erie at Goshen. From Goshen and Chester conveyances can 
 ftlways be obtained to Greenwood Lake, one of the ploasantest 
 
iinapo 
 
 1818, 
 ore (li- 
 
 idvun- 
 
 18.)- 
 stoiun- 
 
 ;iic foi- 
 
 os : — 
 liinrell- 
 ig Vnl- 
 , 42, (iU 
 I cents ; 
 
 iiii.or.', ; 
 
 llrtoicn, 
 
 'town to 
 Icrvls to 
 liini:- 
 
 ew Jer- 
 the old 
 the con- 
 
 y, oppo- 
 t to that 
 
 NEW YORK AND ERIE KAlhKOAD. 
 
 no 
 
 watrrin(r-planp.s iii tho vicinity of Now York. The roinitry 
 alioniids with hikes und ponds, (■ont:uuin<^ pickcrri, and other 
 hue li.sh. 
 
 Midi/lrtinrn, u hirrje and han('s(»int'|y-hniU vilhiixe, cfMitains 
 live cliiireheH, an actuh-niy, iJtc. It has inereasetl raj)i(lly sine* 
 the ronstruelion of the raih'oad. 
 
 Oli.sviUc is a phiee of coiisiderahle trade, situat'-il on th<' east 
 fjjch' of the Shiiwanjrunk inonnlaiii, a few roih from the eeh-lira 
 ted pass, forint'riy ctalh'il thf '• Dtrr-park (iaj)," tlir(»ui:!i whieij 
 an opcnin;,^ is M\a(lt' for tin- passage of the raihoad, cut in the 
 solid rnck. e\t<'ii(hii<; fnr haH' a mile, and whleh in sonic |)!aces is 
 .")() ft'ct (lrc|). After passing; this place the railroatl turns .s!iirhf!y 
 to the s., kecpiiiiX tl>e western side of the Shawa!iij;iin!\, and ^rrad- 
 iially (h'eiininir hy a ;^ent!o slope tiuoii^h t!ie h( autiful valjry of 
 the Nrversink, riMrhes the Delaware at the vill;i<re of Port .ler- 
 vis, near which it crosseb the river and the Delaware and Hud- 
 son Canal. 
 
 Vovl Jrrvin, or Carpenter's Point, is a larije and rapidly {jrow- 
 '\\\<y villajre, situated on the Dehiware river, near its junction with 
 the Neversink, which is here ahont HO feet wide. IJy the Dehi- 
 ware, it carries on an extensive trade in hunher and j^eneral 
 produce with the towns in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and 
 hy the Delaware and Hudson C^aual, with the towns on tlio Nortli 
 Uiver. Tiie completion of tlie I'irie llailro;id to this place will 
 prove of immense benel'it, as it hrin;^s it in immediate connect on 
 with New York. 
 
 Diii<r/i(imtun is situated at the junction of the Chenanji^o and 
 Susquehanna rivers. It is on the line of tlie Erie Rallroa<l. The 
 Chenango Canal connects it with the Erie C'anal at Utiea. It 
 has an extensive trade, particularly in Iiiud)er, and exports nuich 
 to the towns on the Hudson, and also to Baltimore and Philadel- 
 phia by tlie Susquehanna river. Its population amounts to 
 about 4,000. 
 
 Milford, on the Delaware river, is six miles below Port Jervis, 
 and the intersection of the Erie Railroad with the Delaware and 
 Hudson Canal. The inhabitants are much engaged in the lum- 
 ber trade. The Sawkill, which dashes down the ravine, near the 
 Boulhern border of the town, iu its course turns several mills, 
 
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 H 
 
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 1*^ \ ■ 
 
 
 150 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 About a mile and a quarter s.w. from Milford, in a very seclu- 
 ded spot, rnay be seen tbe magnificent " Falls of the Sawkill." 
 This stream, after flowing slugjirishly for some miles through level 
 table-land, is here precipitated over two perpendicular ledges of 
 slate-rock — the first of about 20 feet, and the second about GO 
 feet — into a wild, rocky gorge. The stream still continues, dash- 
 ing and foaming on for a quarter of a mile, over smaller preci- 
 pices, and through chasms scarcely wide enough for an Individual 
 to pass. The beetling clifls that form the sides of the gorge are 
 surmounted and shaded by cedars and hemlocks, that impart a 
 peculiarly sombre and terrific air to the scenery. The surface of 
 the hill by which they are approached, is on a level with the top 
 of the st'cond fall ; and the spectator, on account of the bushes 
 Bud trees, may reach the very verge of the precipice, and within 
 almost leaping distance of the ialls, before ho perceives them ; 
 and if he should happen for the first time to have trodden that 
 lonely path without a companion, after the shades of twilight had 
 thrown a deeper gloom around the glen, he will not soon forget 
 the awful sublimity of the scene. 
 
 Ho/iesdulc, Penn., the shire town of Wayne county, is a thri- 
 ving place, and contained, in Jan. 1848, 5,000 inhabitants. There 
 are here six churches of different denominations, various manu- 
 factories, the mechanical establishments usually found in places 
 of this description, and at least 25 large and well-conducted 
 stores, besides numerous smaller ones. This place owes its origin 
 and progress to the Delaware and Hudson Canal, at the termi- 
 nation and junction of which with the Lackawana Railroad, it 
 is situated. 
 
 Carbondnle, Penn., at the west end of the Lackawana Rail- 
 road, 15 miles from Honesdale, is now, though it has sprung into 
 existence entirely within a few years, a populous place, owing to 
 its situation in the great anthracite coal region. Its products are 
 transported by inclined planes and railroad over the Moosic Moun- 
 tain to Honesdale, and thence by canal to New York. Stages 
 leave Carbondale for Wilkosbarre, and other places in its vicinity. 
 
 Owego, N. Y., is advantageously situated for trade, on the 
 Susquehanna river. It is a beautiful place, and is fast growing 
 iu importauco. A railroad, 29 miles in length, extends to Ithaca, 
 
 St 
 
 llr 
 
:'. t 
 
 NEW YORK AND ERIE RAILROAD. 
 
 151 
 
 c\u- 
 
 dll." 
 
 level 
 8 of 
 At GO 
 lash- 
 M-eci- 
 :i(luul 
 re aro 
 lart u 
 ';vce of 
 ho top 
 bushes 
 withUi 
 them ; 
 ni that 
 nrht had 
 ^i forget 
 
 a thri- 
 There 
 manu- 
 
 places 
 iducted 
 l8 origin 
 
 termi- 
 Iroad, it 
 
 \a Rail- 
 Lng into 
 Iwing to 
 lucts are 
 i Mouu- 
 Stage8 
 Ivicinity. 
 on the 
 [growing 
 Ithaca, 
 
 by which, and the Cayuga Lake and Canal, coniniunif^ation is 
 had with the Erie Canal : it is also on the line of the New York 
 and Erie Railroad. 
 
 Ithaca is beauLifully situated a mile and a half above the head 
 of Cayuga Lake, being surrounded on three sides by hills, which 
 rise by a gentle ascent, in the form of an aiiiphitlieatre, to the 
 height of r)00 feet. A ])ortion of the village is built on the hills, 
 from which commanding situation a splendid view of tiie lake 
 and the adjacent country is obtained. The population is about 
 6,000. Its location for trade has been very fortunate. By the 
 Ithaca and Owegn R.iHroadf '2d miles in length, it communicates 
 with Owego on the .Susquehanna river, and by the lake and the 
 Seneca and Erie canals with New York and liulf ilo ; and in 
 1l>4[), it will connect with the Erie Railroad, forming the most 
 direct route between Itiiaca and New York city. Its trade with 
 Pemisylvania is considerable, receiving iron and coal in exchange 
 for plaster, salt, lime, flour, 6cc. 
 
 Elmira is situated at the confluence of Newton creek with the 
 Chemung river, having a very favorable jwsition for trade. By 
 the Cliemung and Susquehanna rivers, it conununicates with the 
 interior of Pennsylvania, and by the Chemung Canal and the 
 Seneca Lake and Canal, it has access to the Erie Canal. By the 
 Williamsport and Elmira Railroad, it will receive from Pennsylva- 
 nia bituminous coal and iron, for which important articles it must 
 become the great depot ; and by the completion of the New 
 York and Erie Railroad, it will obtain a ready communication 
 with the Hudson river and Lake Erie. 
 
 Corning is a pleasant and enterprising village of about 2,000 
 inhabitants, and being at the head of navigation on the Chemung 
 river, it must become a place of some importance. In addition 
 to the coal business, carried over the Blossburg and Corning Rail- 
 road, from the mines in Pennsylvania, it is the depot for vast, 
 quantities of lumber, Drought there from the country above for 
 Bale and shipment. The great New York and Erie Railroad 
 will pass throujrh this place on its route to the lake. 
 
 Blossburg, Penn., is situated on the Tioga river, at the head 
 of the Blossburg and Corning Railroad, connecting the bitumin- 
 ous coal and iron mines of Tioga county with the Chenmng river 
 
 ; i 
 
 ■■M 
 
 ii- . •J 
 
 'K ^;.>. 
 
 
152 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 and canal of New York. This will, no doubt, become a point of 
 some importance, when all the natural resources in its vicinity 
 shall be properly developed. 
 
 U !• 
 
 PASSAGE UP THE HUDSON. 
 
 (See Map No. 18.) 
 
 On leaving the city of New York, in any one of the many 
 steamboats that ply upon the waters of the Hudson, — not inaptly 
 termed " floating palaces," from the expensiveness and splendor 
 of their construction, the gorgeousness and profusion of their dec- 
 orations, and the many appliances with which they are provided 
 to charm the senses and dit-sipate the ennui of travel, — tiie trav- 
 eller is at once introduced to a scene of great beauty, and which 
 forms a fitting prelude to the enchanting views that await his 
 progress up the river. Behind him, a short distance, lies the 
 Battery, the ornament of New York, and the pride of its citi- 
 zens ; and a little farther on, his attention is arrested by Govern- 
 or's Island and its fortifications. Casting his view down the Bay, 
 he has a glimpse of the " Narrows," and of the shores of Long 
 and Staten islands ; which, in the distance, seem almost to meet 
 — apparently separated by only a thread of water ; while on the 
 west ^ide of the bay his eye is attracted by Bedlow's and Ellis's 
 islands, whose batteries can hardly bo said to frown, amid the wa- 
 ters and the verdure that flash and smile around them. These, 
 with many other but lesser objects that enhance the beauty and 
 interest of the view, place this scene among such as are, " like 
 angel visits, few and far between." 
 
 Opposite New York is Jersey City, where commence the Phil- 
 adelphia and the Paterson railroads. This is also the starting- 
 point of the Morris Canal, which unites the Hudson with the 
 Delaware river. One mile n. is Hobokcn, a popular place of re- 
 sort for the citizens of New York. The walks, which are shaded 
 by trees, extend for about two miles along the bank of the river, 
 terminating with the Elysian Fields. Four miles above the city, 
 on this side of the river, is Weehawken. Under a ledge of rocks 
 facing the river, is the spot where Alexander Hamilton fell in a 
 
X 
 
 1 ■ •■K. 
 
 ■W' 
 
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 e 
 
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 of re- 
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 HUDSOl 
 
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PASSAGE UP THE HUDSON. 
 
 153 
 
 duel with Aaron Burr, July 11, 1804. Formerly there was here 
 a marble monument erected to his memory, but it is now re- 
 moved. 
 
 The Palisades are a remarkable range of precipices of trap- 
 rock, extending up the river on the west side 20 miles toTaj)pan, 
 and forming a singular and in many places an impassable boun- 
 dary. They rise to the height of 500 feet. 
 
 BnWs Ferry, six miles from New York, is a place of considc:- 
 able resort during the sunnner season. It is connected with New 
 Vork by a Icrry. Fare 12^ cents. 
 
 On tbo opposite shore, five miles from the City Hall, is Bloom- 
 iugdale, a suburb of New York. From tbc river is seen the 
 Orpban Asylum, with its green lawn extending to the water's 
 edge. 
 
 Fort Lee, on the w. side of the river, 10 miles above the city, 
 is situated on the brow of the Palisades. The fort — the site of 
 wbich is about 300 feet above the water — was the scene of im- 
 portant military operations during tlie Revolutionary war. A 
 large body of American militia stationed here, in attempting to 
 'etreat, were overpowered ' y a vastly superior force, consisting 
 chiefly of Hessians, when they were either slain or consigned to 
 the prison-ship — a fate more terrific tban death itself. A ferry 
 connects it with New York. Fare 12^ cents. 
 
 Fort Washington is nearly opposite. Here, during the Revo- 
 lution, the American arms sustained a defeat, and 2,G00 men 
 surrendered themselves prisoners of war. 
 
 Spuyten Day eel Creek, 13 miles above New York, flows into 
 the Hudson : this creek, with the Harlem river, of which it is a 
 part, forms Manhattan Island, on which the city is built. 
 
 Phillipsburg, or Yonkers, 17 miles above New York, at the 
 mouth of a small creek called the Saw-Mill Creek, is a thriving 
 village, much resorted to in warm weather. Fare by steamboat 
 from New York, 25 cents. 
 
 Hastings, three miles n. of Yonkers, is a neat little village 
 containing some fine country-seats. 
 
 Dobbs" Ferry, 22 miles n. of the city, was a noted place du- 
 ring the Revolutionary war. 
 
 Piermontf on the west bank of the Hudson, is the starting- 
 
 
;•■].' 
 
 ■i> 
 
 '4 
 
 n 
 
 i»: ' ■' j;<- 1 . 
 
 y*: 
 
 ^•^i^: 
 
 iU 
 
 154 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEaIMBOAT COMrANION. 
 
 point of the New York and E.io Rjiilroud. A pior extends from 
 the sliore a mile in length. A bteainboat ])lies daily between this 
 place and New York, and connects with the railroad. Three 
 and a half miles w., lies the village of Tiippnu, celebrated as 
 having been the head-quarters of Washington during the Revolu- 
 tion, and the place where Major Andre was executed, in Octo- 
 ber, 1780. Here commences the expansion of the river known 
 as Tappan Bay, extending a distance of 10 miles, with an aver- 
 age breadth of two and a half miles. 
 
 Four miles n. of Duhhs' Ferry is the beautiful residence of 
 Washington Irving. This villa is built on the margin of the river, 
 with a neat lawn and embellislud grounds surrounding it. It is 
 built in the old Dutch style, and may be distinctly seen from the 
 steamboat, in going up or down the river. 
 
 Tarrylown, 27 miles above New York, is beautifully situated 
 on Tappan Bay. Here Major Andre was stopped, (on his 
 way to the British lines,) returning from his visit to General 
 Arnold. 
 
 Nyack, on the w. side of the river, 28 miles above New York, 
 was formerly important for its quarries of red sandstone ; but the 
 Quincy and other granites have supi)lanted it in public favor. A 
 steamboat plies daily between this place and New York. 
 
 Sing Sing is on the e. shore of the Hudson, 33 miles above 
 New York. It is situated partly on elevated ground, and com- 
 mands a fine view of the river and the surrounding country. 
 This place contains the State Prison, occupying 130 acres of 
 ground, which can be distinctly traced from the boat, as it pro- 
 ceeds up or down the river. It is noted ioi its marble quarries, 
 which are extensively worked by the state convicts, who have 
 erected two large prisons, workshops, o6c., from the stone quar- 
 ried here. The Croton river, after running s. w. for about 40 
 miles, enters the Hudson two miles above Sing Sing, and during 
 the spring of the year pours a considerable volume of water into 
 that river. Its source is derived from ponds of pure water in a 
 granite region of country. A portion of this river is diverted from 
 its course to supply the citizens of the metropolis with pure 'va- 
 ter. The rapid freshets of the Croton have brought down such 
 an amount of earth and stones as to form Tellers or Croton Point, 
 
above 
 d coin- 
 ounlry. 
 cres of 
 it pro- 
 uarricB, 
 10 have 
 e quar- 
 )Out 40 
 daring 
 ter into 
 ter in a 
 ed from 
 ure 'va- 
 n such 
 I Point, 
 
 PASSAGE UP THE HUDSON. 
 
 155 
 
 an isthran «'iat extends about a mile from the eastern shore, sep- 
 arating the Tappan from Ilavcrstraw Bay. 
 
 On the opposite side of the river is Verdritegc's Hook, a bold 
 headland rising majestically from the water ; above which the 
 river again expands to the average width of two miles, extending 
 six, and is known as the Ilaverstraw Bay. On the Verdritege 
 mountain there is a crystal lake, about four miles in circumfer- 
 ence, which forms the source of the Hackensack river, and 
 which, although not more than a mile from the Hudson, is ele- 
 vated 250 feet above it. This is the Rockland Lake, from which 
 New York is supplied with ico of the purest quality. The ice, 
 cut into large square blocks, is slid down to the level of the river, 
 aiid, when the river breaks up, is transported to the city. 
 
 Haverstraw, or Wancn, is on the w. side of the river, 36 miles 
 from the city, with which there is daily communication by steam- 
 boat. Verplanck's Point, on the e. side of the river, and Stony 
 Point on the opposite side, are memorable from their connection 
 with events of the Revolutionary war. 
 
 Caldwell's Landing, on the w. side of the river, 44 miles 
 from New York, is at the base of the Dunderburg or Thunder 
 mountain. From this elevated position, which is 300 feet above 
 the river, the visiter has a view that extends over Westchester 
 county to Long Island Sound, down the river and bays to the 
 vicinity of the city, and across the rivor to Peekskill and the 
 mountain summits around West Point. Caldwell is usually a 
 place of landing for the Albany boats on their way up the river. 
 Just before reaching this place, the traveller who has never be- 
 fore ascended the river, is scarcely able to conjecture, as he looks 
 around, and sees all further ingress apparently cut off, which 
 course the boat will pursue, — whether through the deep opening 
 to the right, or the one in front, leading through the mountaiutj. 
 During this brief suspense, and while contemplating the stupen- 
 dous elevation close at hand, which the steamer almost grazes in 
 its rapid course, the boat is suddenly directed to the left, around 
 the acute angle that opens into the Horse Race, a short reach of 
 the river between the mountains on the s., and St. Anthony's 
 Point on the n. 
 
 Peekskill, on the opposite side of the river, is a village of some 
 
 - f 
 
 
 '■I V' 
 
 .4. 
 
 n 
 
 ■V- 
 
 1 .-"" IT"..-. Kfl '%• 
 
 II m^i 111 
 
'W 
 
 pi 
 
 8 
 
 ) TK:' 
 
 illi 
 
 I 
 
 156 
 
 RAILUOAD AND STKAMROAT COMPANION. 
 
 importanco. A riiilroiid huH hooii proposed to connect this place 
 with N»'W Ilixvru, Conn. 
 
 77/c Uijrhlamls. — Tlifso may ho considcn-d flio most reniarka- 
 blo ft'ttturo in the Hudson riv»'r ncencrv- 'I'li^'y liro IG miles in 
 width, and extend in a n. v.. antl s. w. direction, ahont 2'* miles. 
 The hifrlK'st elevation is l,(jfS() feet. The course of the boat now 
 is tliron<rh the " llorso Race," a term derived from the rapidity 
 of the current, caused by an abrupt anijle in the bed of the river, 
 which is contracted to a narrow space l)y its passajro throufjh the 
 mountain-pass. 
 
 Aiit/iuni/s None on the rifjlit or east shore, is a mass of rocks 
 rising 1, 128 feet above the level oflhe river, which runs deeply at 
 lis ()ase. Two miles above tho last-named place, is the Suirar- 
 Loaf Mf)Uiitain, which rears its sunnnit to the height of 8G0 feet. 
 
 Tho Buttermilk. Falln, 49 miles above tho city, nearly oppo- 
 site the Sugar-Loaf Mountain, present a fine appearance, espe- 
 cially when the stream is swollen by heavy rains. They descend 
 for more than 100 feet in two successive cascades, spreading out 
 in sheets of milk-white foam ; a fine view of them is obtained 
 from the boat whilst passing. 
 
 Wkst Point. — Tho traveller has now arrived at this romantic 
 and interesting spot, 52 miles above JNevv York, and 93 miles 
 from Albany. It was one of the most important fortresses during 
 the Revolutionary war ; and is now tho seat of the national 
 Military School, organized in 1802, under the direction of Gen. 
 Williams. The clift' selected for the site of the fortress rests 
 against a lofty ridge broken into small eminences that form a 
 species of amphitheatre, washed below by the river. It rises in 
 terraces, the first of which is very narrow and jiearly level with 
 the river ; the second is approachable by a steep ascent of 80 or 
 90 feet, and the third, rising 188 feet above tho level of the wa- 
 ter, spreads into a plain of more than a mile In circumferenee, on 
 which tho principal works were constructed, the chief of which 
 was Fort Clinton. Upon the eminences were several redoubts 
 which commanded Fort Clinton, of which Fort Putnam was the 
 most important. This fort is elevated 598 feet above tho river. 
 As tho boat proceeds on her course the outworks and buildings 
 attached to the Military School are plainly discernible. During 
 
PASSAGE UP THE HUDSON. 
 
 157 
 
 hiring 
 
 tlio Uovolutiorwiry war this post was emphatically the key of the 
 country, as it commandod the river, wliich admitted vessels of 
 heavy burden as fnr as Hudson, and prevented tlxi British from 
 holdiii}; communication with (Minada. For this reason the Brit- 
 isli ronunanders were very anxious to ohtain it, and its surrender 
 was to have been the first iVuit of Arnold's treason ; but in this he 
 was disappointed by the arrest of Maj. Andre. — Tlw^ boat stops at 
 t!ic liindinj^ at West Point to dischar;:;e and receive passenjjers, 
 allowing the traveller barely time enouj^di to catch a prliiiipse of the 
 hnaiities of this locality. There is a hotel at the brow of tho hill 
 which is approaciied by a good carriage-road from the steamboat 
 hinding : tho pedestrian may mount by another path, though not 
 without some difficulty. The view from the observatory at the 
 top of tho hotel is peculiarly fine in all its parts, but especially on 
 the north, — looking down upon the Hudson and towards New- 
 burg, and the remote chain of the Shawangunk Mountains, seen 
 in the dim distance towards the northwest. The hotel is built of 
 stone, and is surrounded by extensive piazzas for promenade, com- 
 manding in front a full view of the plain and buildings, ajkd 
 ill the rear a delightful prospect of the river and Highlands. I)u- 
 riug tho months of July and August, tho cadets are encamped on 
 the plain, when it is highly interesting to witness tho dsills and 
 parades of these embryo chieftains. Near the n. e. extremity of 
 the grounds, at the projecting point forming tho abrupt bend of 
 the river, is a monument of white marble, consistiii;^ of a base 
 and a short column, on the former of which is th,^ simple inscrip- 
 tion, *« Kosciusko. — Erected by the corps of C'a4cts, 1628." It 
 cost !$5,000. Another monument on a hillock ut tho n. w. cprner 
 of tho plain, is an obelisk, 20 feet high, erected by Major-general 
 Brown to Colonel E. D Wood, a pupil of ths institution, who fell 
 leading a charge at the sortie from Fbrt Erie, on the 17th of 
 Sept. 1814. On the river bank at the s. e. extremity of the 
 parade-ground, upon a lower level, is KosciusKo;'s garden, whither 
 the Polish chieftain was accustomed to retire for study or reflec- 
 tion. Near this garden is a clear boiling sjji:ing, enclosed in a 
 marble reservoir, with durable and. ornamental steps leading down 
 from the plain above, with an ar^-.a^gem^ut. qS benches on. a pro- 
 jection of the rock for visiters. 
 
 ' •^''- 1 
 
 ,1 ! I 
 
 *J 
 
 ' L 
 
 ;..iu' Ci 
 
 fHEl 
 
15S 
 
 TlAir.nOAD AND STEAMBOAT COMTANIO!?. 
 
 Thf ro is hIiowii at West Point part of tlie very nhniu ns^^d to 
 ol>«lriK;t \\\o paHsiinro of tlio rivor by the American troops in tlio 
 Hcvolution DMrinjT the sunnncr evoningn frpquont cotillion jiar. 
 ties arc pfiven, to which visiters aro always invited 
 
 i"'lt ';i 
 
 ,(« 
 
 :f 
 
 
 As the boat takes a sliarp turn around the low, rocky projec- 
 tion ol" the river, it unfolds to the eye one of tlio loveliest viows 
 in the world : — the lake-like expansion of the river, with the 
 steep front of the lofty mountain that here faces it, called tht* 
 Crow's Nrst, risingr to the heijrht of 1,428 feet, with a depression 
 on the top for the nest, giving a fancied resemblance to the name 
 it bears. ' * 
 
 [The engraving represents a view of the " Crow's Nest," look- 
 ing down the river, with West Point and Fort Putnam in the 
 distance.] The general view of the mountains, and entire pano- 
 rama of the lesser hills and rocky eminences or projections, com- 
 plete the framing of this magnificent picture. A mile above West 
 Point, on the opposite side of the river, is the West Point Iron 
 Foundry, the largest establishment of its kind in the country: it 
 is situated on a stream that flows down from the hills iu the vi* 
 cinity, and which affords considerable water-power. 
 
 li 
 
PAS^Af.E LT TJIE UUD^UN. 
 
 15^. 
 
 Colli Spriiii^, ulittlr liiyhrr iijxm tlw"! sumo slioro, is liaiidsonu'- 
 Iv situated in a rove hclut't'ii Cinnstifiilinii Island ami Itiill Hill, 
 with a {jood laiidmj^-pliict', and contains l,"JUi> inlialiitaiits. Hull 
 lliH, 1,5S«] feet, llnuikii'irk II. 11, U''', 'hhI //' '"" /^'//» I .'W') 
 I'fi hijrli, arc .sitnulcd iniint'diatrly al)ov«i ( '<»ld Spiiiiir. Iliitlcr 
 Hill is the last of tlic lliirliland r.inixe on the w. .sjiori', and is 
 1..V2I) f(M't Injrii. 'I'liis lorins a more ini|irissivo siirlit to tlic Iimv- 
 t'litT than th«' others, Irum its iiinn* nsr loppliu",' masses of crajxi^N 
 rocks and sweep of precipice, espet-ially towards lh»' sonth. In 
 trottint; clear of the lIiLjhlnnds we puss i\>/«y;<'/'.v Isl nid, a mass 
 ol' rock K. of the channel, havinij the appearance ol the top of a 
 siiidcen inotnjtain. — ('oihiriilL near tlie northern hase of Hiitiei 
 III!!, two miles south of Newhiir;;, is the conirnt'ncenient of the 
 exi»ansion of the Hudson called Nrirhurir liny, one nrin wide 
 uatl live lon<^. — Ncui \Vi:iii-i:)r, on the w. hank, .')!) miles ubovo 
 New York, is noted as the hlrthplace of iJo Wift Clinton. 
 
 ^Ve now approach Aru'lmi'^ on the left, with homio t),0()0 or 
 7,0UU inhabitants, and which, from its elevated situation on a 
 steep acclivity, is presented full to the view of the pas>in<r trav- 
 eller. It is one of the jirineipal landiuij-places, and is connected 
 with the opposite side of the river at Fis/dill. (a thrivini,' place 
 of some 1,000 inhahitants) by a ferry. A railroad is beinLf con- 
 structed from Newburg to (joshen, to connect at that j)oint with 
 the Erie Kailroad. 
 
 Low Point, three miles above Fishkill Landinr:^, is a t.mull set- 
 tlement on the river. 
 
 New Hambiirfr, the next place abjvo, (near Wappiu^er'^ 
 Creek, an important mill-stream,) is another steamboat landing 
 — Ifampfon, nearly oi)j)osite, is connected with Newburg by a 
 ferry. A little n is the village of MiirUnni)\ 
 
 Barnegat, two miles above New Hamburg, is remarkabie t.i 
 its many lime-kilns. 
 
 PoL'(;nKEEj*siE, one of the handsomest places in the state, was 
 founded by the Dutch in 17.35. It is 74 miles from the city of 
 New York, 71 from Albany, 14 from Newburg, 18 from Kings- 
 Jon, and 42 from Hudson. It is a place of considerable trade, 
 being surrounded by one of the richest agricultural districts in the 
 country. Steamboats and t-ailing vessels are owned heie. Pough- 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 1% ■■;. 
 
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 ^^mM 
 
 
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 j«.l 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMRl AT COiMPANION. 
 
 keepsie contains several well-kept hotels. The Collegiate School 
 is situated on College Hill, ahout half a mile n. e. of the village. 
 Its location is one of unrivalled heauly, commanding an exten- 
 Hivo prospect of the river and surrounding country. — New Paltz 
 Laudinif is on the ojjposite side of the river, the village lying a 
 short distance hack. — Ilijdc Park, 80 miles from New York, and 
 G5 from Albany, is situated on the k. bank of the river. The 
 co\intry-scats hero are very beautiful. 
 
 Ronilout, at the mou'Ji of the Wallkill river, is a place of con- 
 siderable trade, it beiu;; within two miles of Eddyville, the ter- 
 mination of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. Lackawana coal 
 is brou;,^ht from the mines in Pennsylvania to Rondout, where a 
 number of vessels arc employt'd in conveying it to other parts. — 
 One mile further north is Kingston Landing, where stages are 
 always ready to convey passengers to Kingston, three miles in- 
 land. — On the opposite side of the river is R/tincbeck Landing. 
 originally settled by the Dutch, the descendants of whom still 
 retain the habits, language, and frugality of their forefathers. — 
 Lower Red Hook is seven miles north ; and three miles still fur- 
 ther up is Upper Red Hook Landing. This place is connected 
 by a steam-ferry with the opposite side of the river, at Sau<rer- 
 ties, an important manufacturing village, with a never-fading 
 water-power, derived from the southern slope of the lofty Cats- 
 kill. — Bristol is two miles above Saiigerties. 
 
 The village of C'atskill, 111 miles from New York, and .34 
 from Albany, is seated on both sides of Catskill Creek, near its 
 junction with the Hudson. Coachrs, so arranged as to be at the 
 steamboat landing on the arrival and departure of the boats, run 
 regularly to and from the mountain for the conveyance of j>as- 
 sengers, and also to enable those who are so inclined to visit the 
 ditierent falls in the vicinity. The time required for ascending 
 to the Mountain House, a distance of \2 miles, is usually four 
 hours, and the price cue dollar — half the time being sufficient to 
 return. The journey up tlie mountain, though a safe one, is 
 rather trying to timid persons ; the road for two-thirds of the dis- 
 tance from the landing being very uneven, and the remaining 
 distance a steep ascent in a zigzag direction to the top. The 
 Catskill Mountain House is 12 miles from Catskill landing, upon 
 
one, Id 
 the dis- 
 inuiulng 
 The 
 ig, upon 
 
 PASSAGE UP THE HUDSON. 
 
 161 
 
 the summit of one of tlie principal mountains, known as " Table 
 Rock," ut an elevation of :2,r)U0 feet above tbe Hudson. This 
 hotel, erected by the citizen' jf Catskill at a cost of |§2"-2,00(), is 
 140 feet long, and four stories high, with a piazza extending 
 arrosB the front, sni)poited by a coloiniade. It is placed at a 
 convenient distance back from the verge of the precij)ice, in order 
 to allow carriages to drive up in front to set down and receive 
 passengers. A few feet from the building the rock terminates in 
 a feartul precij)ice, from the brow of which the inexperienced be- 
 hulder starts back in uncoutroihd»!e alarm. " In the rear, peaks 
 upon peaks rise in every direction, and tar away in t!ie distance, 
 all covered with luxuriant foliage. No description can do justice 
 to the almost illimituble i)rospect in front. Standing upon the 
 piazza or the rock, you seem to have left the earth and to bo ga- 
 zing from some ethereal height down upon the world and its con- 
 cerns. You see nothing above or around you — all is below : 
 even the clouds wheel and roll in fleecy grandeur at your feet. 
 I'orests, meadows, harvest-fields, plains, njountains, rivers, lakes, 
 cottages, villages, and cities, are in every direction. A deep re- 
 pose seems to have settled upon '^ 
 the world. No sound reaches ,d 
 you, except, perhaps, the rattle |^ 
 ol the thunder from .some distant 
 hi!!, or the sweet song of the 
 mountain bird upon the tree bo- 
 titiith you." 
 
 The Catskill Falls, of which 
 liio engraving is a representa- 
 tion, are formed by two lakes, 
 one mile in length and 2,000 
 feet above the Hudson. 
 
 The water over the first pre- 
 cipice falls a distance of 175 
 leet, and within a short distance 
 takes another plunge of about 
 7o feet, and then follows the dark windings of the ravine to 
 the valley of the Catskill. Following the circuitous path that 
 leads down a distance of 90 feet, and then passing under the 
 
 11 
 
 
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 ^W- 'r''h\ 
 
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 162 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT CO.yiPANION. 
 
 rock behind the waterfall, tlie visiter will enjoy many fine scenes.* 
 The pure air inhaled at the Mountain House is very invigorating, 
 and its exhilarating qualities have restored to health persons who 
 hud in vain tried almost every other means. Stages leave Cuts- 
 kill daily for Oswego, IlhacayUjid other places. 
 
 On passing C-atskill the boat shapes its course towards the city 
 of lluL'SON, which is IIG miles above New York, and 29 from 
 Aibiiny. The ciiy is built i>rinc:pally on the summit of a liill, G'J 
 feet above the river, commanding a fine prospect. At the land- 
 ini; are several Vv'arehou.srs, wliich, with steamboats and suijiiv 
 ves-sels, are evidence of t!ie copitul and enterprise exl.stir.g here 
 ropulution 10,OJO. Here d.vergrs the Hudson and IJerk.-hire 
 Uui!road, connecting with the IIou;>atcnic at the Massachusetts 
 t-latc line, and terminating at Bridgeport, on Ijong Island Sound. 
 Travellers intending to visit the Shaker Village at New L''ha- 
 tion, about 3G miles distant, will land at Hudson, and take the 
 railroad cars to within seven miles of the Springs, wliich are much 
 r.'rforted to in warm wcat'.ier. (See routes to Lebanon Springs.) 
 The New York and Albany boats land and receive passengers 
 several times daily. Four Mile Point, on which is a lighthouse, 
 is 129 miles above New York. Here is the head of ship naviga- 
 tion on this river. 
 
 Coxsackie Landing, on tliC w. side of the river, has about 
 1,500 inhabitants; the village is one milo w. of the landing. 
 Nutter Ilook, directly opposite, is a bustling little place, with 
 some shipping. 
 
 * The engraving, it will I>e observed, e.xliibits three fall."?, which i;« 
 ever the case in the suuniier monllis, vvlien tlie supply of water is sinail. 
 Oociisionall)', however, but two are to be seen. This occurs only in tl;(.' 
 tall or early spring, in whicli, from excessive rains or from freshet,-:, the 
 volume of the lakes is greatly increuscd, ulun the aecunnihited vvalei.« 
 rush with such impetuosity, that instead of plunging at the first fall, :l.^ 
 represented in tiie engraving, they are carried beyond it, to the second - 
 thus making two falls. Visiters seldon\ see the falls in this state, since, 
 as a matter of course, they seek such haunts in the sunnncr months, 
 when there is a diminished supply of water. At such times the water 
 Is preserved with great care, in order to inerease the body of the fall oa 
 the arrival of strangers ; and a small fee is demanded as a conipensatioE 
 for the labor tUuij expended for their graliticalion. 
 
rating, 
 lis who 
 ! Cuts. 
 
 he city 
 :9 from 
 hill, GO 
 le land- 
 
 suilin^ 
 ,;ir here 
 iTk>hire 
 chuseUs 
 1 Sound. 
 [J L''l)(i- 
 uke the 
 re much 
 jiprings.) 
 issengers 
 hlhouse. 
 
 nuviga- 
 
 ns iibout 
 audiug. 
 ice, vvilli 
 
 \\h\ch is 
 18 small- 
 ily in tl:(; 
 ^he\.<. tlie 
 il waK'i- 
 •st fall, :ift 
 secou'l — 
 lie, since, 
 r months, 
 the water 
 he fall oa 
 pens alios 
 
 ALBANY 
 
 163 
 
 Stuyvesanti a little further on, is a flourishing place that sends 
 largo quantities of produce to the New York market. 
 
 Kinderhook Landing is 127 miles above New York. Tho 
 village of Kinderhook, situated about five miles e. of the river, is 
 the birthplace of Martin Van Buren, Ex-President of tho United 
 States. His present residence is two miles s. of tho village. 
 
 New Baltimore, 130 miles above New York, is a village of 
 about 500 inhabitants. Coeymnns, on the w. side of the river, is 
 three miles higher up. Schodac Landing is directly opposite. 
 Castleton is three miles above tho latter place. Here a bar 
 injurious to navigation, is forming in the channel The Over- 
 slaugh, within three miles of the city of Albany, has heretofore 
 formed tiie principal obstruction to the free navigation of the 
 river. The general government has spent considerable sums of 
 money in deepening the channel ; still, the evil has not been en- 
 tirely overcome, the place fiiling up again as often as cleaned 
 out. 
 
 Greenhush, nearly opposite Albany, is the terminus of the Bos- 
 ton and Albany Railroad, and als^o of the railroad from Troy. It 
 is connected with Albany by a ferry. 
 
 ALBANY. 
 
 Tiie capital of the state is situated on the w. bank of Hudson 
 river, 145 miles above the city of New York, 3iJ5 by railroad from 
 BulFalo, 200 from Boston, 3bO from Washington, and 250 from 
 Montreal, Cauiida. Population, about 45,000. This city was 
 founded in IG12, by people from Holland, and, next to James- 
 town in Virginia, was the earliest European settlement within 
 tlio thirteen original states. On the capture of New York by the 
 English in lOCi, this place received its present name, in honor of 
 James, Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James tho Second. 
 The city has a commanding situation, and when viewed from 
 the water appears to great advantage. 
 
 The position of Albany, near the head of tide navigation, on 
 the direct line of communication from tho e. and tho s. with the 
 St. Lawrence river, with Saratoga Springs, and with tho lake 
 
 ■-'yi 
 
 iti 
 
 {:r.:m 
 
 ti i;' 
 
 m 
 
 ■' i';tl 
 
 '■;• ^ *- 
 
1#t^ 
 
 iS; 
 
 164 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 
 ^^^.I^TJ' 
 
 wif^m^^ 
 
 
 View of Albany 
 
 country, necessarily makes it a great thorouglifare. The com- 
 pletion of the Erie and Champlain canals gave this city great 
 commercial imi)ortance, making it the entrepot for a large oro- 
 portion of the products of the state destined to the New York 
 markets. To accommodate this trade, a noble basin is con- 
 structed, upon the river, in which all the boats of the northern and 
 western canals are received. It consists of part of the river in- 
 cluded between the shore and a pier 80 feet wide and 4,300 feet 
 long. The pier is a stupendous work, containing several acres, 
 on which spacious stores have been erected, where immense 
 quantities of lumber and other articles of trade are deposited. It 
 is connected with the city by drawbridges. 
 
 Of the public buildings in Albany, the Capitol ranks among 
 the first. Within it are the legislative halls, the rooms of the su- 
 preme and chancery courts, the state library, &c. It stands at 
 the head of State-st., 130 feet above the river, and is 11.5 feet 
 long, 9G broad, and 50 high, of two stories, upon a basement of 
 10 feet elevation. On the e. side is a portico of the Ionic order, 
 with columns three feet eight inches in diamote- and 33 feet 
 
ALBANY. 
 
 165 
 
 V 
 
 e com- 
 y great 
 [re Dro- 
 York 
 is cou- 
 ?ru and 
 iver in- 
 .00 feet 
 |l acres, 
 iimense 
 
 ,0(1. It 
 
 among 
 I the su- 
 mds at 
 |15 feet 
 lent of 
 order, 
 133 feet 
 
 high. It is built of Nyack freestone, and cost about ^125,000. 
 The legislative halls and court-rooms contain portraits of emi- 
 meut men. The building is surrounded by a public square en- 
 closed with an iron railing. From the observatory at the top, 
 which is accessible to visiters, a fine view of the surroundingcountry 
 is obtained. — The Albany Academy, a part of which is occupied 
 by the Albany Lyceum, is built of the same stone as the state- 
 house, and fronts on the square n. of the capitol. It cost ^100,000. 
 — The City Hall, fronting the capitol square, at the foot of 
 VVashington-st., is constructed of white marble hewn out by the 
 convicts at Sing Sing, and appropriated to the city authorities. 
 Its gilded dome is very conspicuous, especially when viewed from 
 a distance. — The Exchange, at the foot of State-st., is a commo- 
 dious building of granite, constructed a few years since. The 
 Post-OJfice is in this building. It has also an extensive reading- 
 room, su])plied with papers and periodicals, both American and 
 foreign ; strangers are admitted gratis. — The old statehouse is 
 now converted into a Museum, for the reception of the geological 
 cabinet formed under the direction of the state geological sur- 
 veyors. — The Albany Female Academy, a fine building in North 
 Fearl-st. This school enjoys a high reputation. — Stanwix Hall, 
 built of Quincy granite, is surmounted by a large dome. — The re- 
 ligious institutions of Albany are numerous. The principal hotels 
 are the American, City, Clinton, Columbian, Congress Hall, 
 Delanan House, (Temperance,) Eastern R. R. Hotel, Franklin 
 House, Mansion House, Stanwix Hall, United States Hotel, 
 and Washington Hall. 
 
 Routes from Albaisv. — During the season of navigation, nu- 
 merous steamboats ply on the Hudson between Albany and New 
 York, and also the principal places on the river. There are both 
 morning and evening boats. The icinter route from Albany to 
 New York is over the Albany and West Stockbridge and Hou- 
 satonic railroads to Bridgeport ; thence by steamer to New York 
 
 From Albany to Boston. — Cross the ferry to Greenbush ; there 
 take the cars for Boston via Springfield and Worcester. (See 
 route from Boston to Albany.) 
 
 From Albany to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, and from Al- 
 bany to Montreal and Quebec, Saratoga Springs, &c., (see lu- 
 
 .»■• 
 
 '■ h i 
 
 ■\ ■>■ 
 
 hti 
 
 
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 s 'ft ' *;i- ■JW' "'J 
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 1 • . . ' 
 
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 ii^ 
 
 166 
 
 nAlI.KOAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 dex.) Stages run to all the principal places in the vicinity of 
 Albany. 
 
 KOUTES FROM AlBANY AND TrOY TO BaLLSTO.N SpA AND SARA- 
 TOGA Springs, (see Map No. 19.) — Those fashionable resorts are 
 easily reached by the cars both from Albany and Troy. From 
 Albany f by the Albany and Schenectady Railroad, 16 miles ; 
 thence by the Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad to Ballston 
 Spa, 14 miies ; thence to Saratoga Springs, 7 miles : total 37 
 miles. Fare $1.02. From Troy, the traveller has his choice of 
 two routes, — either by way of the Troy and Schenectady Rail- 
 road, 20 miles, and thence as by the former route : total 41 riiles • 
 Fare ,^1.62; — or, by the Rensselaer and Saratoga Rai road, 
 via Mechanicsville, terminating at Ballston Spa, 24 mile.', there 
 connecting with the railroad to Saratoga Springs: total 32 miles. 
 Fare {$1 50. (See Index for these routes resj)jctively.) 
 
 TROY AND GREENBUSH RAILROAD. 
 (See Map No. 19.) 
 
 This road is six miles in length, and was opened for public 
 travel in 1845. The cost of construction up to Jan. 1, 1848, was 
 $276,276, and the total income during the year was $63,828. 
 The travel over this road is constantly increasing, and its stock 
 is amon • the best in the country. It is united at Greenbush with 
 the Western Railroad to Boston, and also with the Ilousatonic 
 at the state line, terminating on Long Island Sound. At Troy 
 it is connected with the Troy and Schenectady, and the Rens- 
 selaer and Saratoga railroads ; the former uniting with the chain 
 of railroads to Buffalo, and the latter with routes to Lake Cham- 
 plain. 
 
 This road, and the Schenectady and Troy, and the Rens- 
 selaer and Saratoga roads, all pass through the main street of 
 Troy, and take up passengers at the door of each of the principal 
 hotels, the Mansion House, Troy House, &lc. 
 
 Troy is situated at the head of tidewater on the Hudsi>;., on 
 the E. bank of the river, six miles above Albany. It is a port of 
 entiy, and the seat of justice of Rensselaer county. It received 
 
lity of 
 
 Sara- 
 
 rts are 
 From 
 miles ; 
 luUstou 
 otal 37 
 loice of 
 / Rail- 
 
 1 rallies • 
 lilroad, 
 !fi, there 
 
 2 miles. 
 
 )T public 
 848, was 
 ^()3,828. 
 its stock 
 )ush with 
 ousatouic 
 At Troy 
 le Rens- 
 he chain 
 e Cham- 
 he Rens- 
 I street of 
 principal 
 
 ludsu;-, ^>n 
 
 I a port of 
 
 received 
 
 RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA RAILROAD. 
 
 167 
 
 its city charter in 1816. Troy is celebrated for its beauty and 
 healthiness ; most of its streets are wide, laid out at right aufjles, 
 and planted with trees. Mount Ida, directly in the rear of the 
 s. part of the city, and Mount Olympus in the n., are distin- 
 jjuished eminences, affording fine views of the country. The 
 city is abundantly supplied with water, by subterranean pipes of 
 iron, from a basin in the noijrhboring town of Laui^ingbiirg, 72 
 feet above the plain of the city. It has numerous hotels, several 
 of which are well kc{)t ; the principal are, the American Hotel, 
 Manftinn House, Troy Hmise, National Temperance House, 
 Northern Hotel, Washinirton Hall, and the York Hotel. The 
 cnrs leave Troy and Groenbush every hour during the day and 
 evening. Fare 12^ cents. Steamboats and stages also run be- 
 tween Albany and Troy. Fare 12^ — by stage 2.'5 cents. 
 
 West Troy, a suburb of Troy, on the opposite side of the river, 
 is a rapidly growing place. The inhabitants are employed prin- 
 cipally in manufactures. A fine macadamized road leads from 
 West Troy to Albany, a distance of six miles. 
 
 At Gibhonsville is a United States Arsenal, where is kept a 
 large and constant supply of small-arms, and the various muni- 
 tions of war. This is one of the most important of the national 
 depots, and is worthy the attention of the traveller. 
 
 THE RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Map No. 19.) 
 
 This road extends from Troy to kSaftoga Springs, 32 miles. 
 It was opened in 1835, and the cost of construction to Jan. 1, 
 1848, was $475,801. It leaves Troy for Mechanicsville and 
 the Springs, from the vicinity of some of the principal hotels, 
 and crosses Hudson river to Green Island by a bridge about 
 1,600 feet long and 35 wide, resting on piers of solid stone ; and 
 thence taking a direction north to Waterford, five miles, it crosses 
 several branches of the Mohawk on substantial bridges resting on 
 stone abutments. 
 
 Waterford, 157 miles from New York, and 12 above Albany, 
 is situated at the junction of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, on 
 
 : rJ 
 
 ' '*' ^ itk 
 
 i\ 
 
 ■ I 1 
 
 .,-:|ti 
 
 ..v.* 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 l-cl 
 
 U-:>i 
 
 
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 iiii 
 
 lift 
 
 r 
 
 1-^ 
 
 If i. 
 
 168 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPAMOX. 
 
 the Champlain Canal, and on the railroad above described. This 
 is the extreme head of Kloop navigation. Waterford is connected 
 v/ith Lansingburg, on the e. side of the river, by a bridge. 
 
 Cohoes Falls, on the Mohawk river, about 2^ miles w. of Wa- 
 terford, near the village of Cohoes, and in view of the Erie Canal, 
 is much resorted to by visiters from all parts. The falls have a 
 perpendicular descent of 75 feet. The banks of the river vary in 
 height from 50 to 150 feet, and present grand and romantic 
 scenery. A short distance below the falls the river is crossed by 
 a bridge about 800 feet in length. 
 
 From Waterford, the railroad passes for eight miles along the 
 w. side of the Hudson river to Mechanicsvillc, a small but thri- 
 ving village: it then crosses the canal, and in about four miles 
 passes Round Lake, on its way to Ballston Spa. Here it con- 
 nects with the routes from Schenectady, and the cars, after a 
 short detention to land and receive passengers, pass on to Sara- 
 toga Springs. 
 
 THE SARATOGA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Map No. 19.) 
 
 This road, constructed in 1832, at a cost of $.300,000, com- 
 mences at Schenectady, near the Erie Canal, where it connects 
 with the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad from Albany, the Troy 
 and Schenectady Railroad from Troy, and the railroad to Utica 
 and the West. It crosses the city to the bridge, which it traverses 
 without interruption to the ordinary travel ; thence nms across 
 the Mohawk Flats, for about three-fourths of a mile ; then takes 
 a northeasterly course, in full view of the river, for about four 
 miles ; then a northerly course, along the banks of Ballston 
 Lake, and enters the village of Ballston Spa. Leaving Ballston, 
 it crosses a creek, by a substantial bridge, and is thence contin- 
 ued to Saratoga. The scenery along the whole line is beautiful, 
 and the country remarkably level ; the greatest inclination on the 
 line of the road being 16 feet to the mile. 
 
 Ballston Spa, situated on Kayaderosseros creek, a small 
 stream which flows through the village, 25 miles from Troy, and 
 
SARATOGA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD. 
 
 109 
 
 32 from Albany. Its mineral waters, which were discovered in 
 1769, are celebrated for their medicinal qualities, althouj^h not 
 so popular as formerly, those of Saratoga being generally prefer 
 red. The Sans Souni Hotel, a handsome building situated near 
 the centre of the village, is IGO feet long, w-ilh wings extending 
 back 153 feet, and is surrounded by beautiful pleasure-grounds. 
 It is a well-kept house, capable of accommodating 150 visiters, 
 and is a place of fashionable resort. Lang Lake, five miles 
 south of the Springs, afTords fine sport for the angler. 
 
 Saratoga Springs, 184 miles n. of New York, 39 from Alba- 
 ny, and 32 from Troy, is the most popular watering-place in the 
 United States, and one of the most celebrated in the world. It 
 is a great resort for people from all parts of the Union, and also 
 from Europe. During the summer months, particularly July and 
 August, the hotels and other places of accommodation are much 
 thronged, the number of visiters being very great, 2,000 having 
 arrived here in a week. The waters are useful in many diseases, 
 and have an almost mag- . effect upon the system relaxed or ex- 
 hausted by disease or sedentary habits. After drinking the waters 
 for a short time, which is usually done before breakfast, the ap- 
 petite improves, and the entire system feels their invigorating 
 etTects. 
 
 Here are a number of splendid hotels and boarding-houses, 
 some of which are on a scale of great magnificence. The United 
 States Hotel, situated in the vicinity of the depot, and within a 
 short distance of the chief mineral springs, is built of brick, is four 
 stories high, with n. and s. wings, and can accommodate between 
 300 and 400 persons. Congress Hall, near the Congress Spring, 
 is a popular establishment. It has a spacious piazza in front, en- 
 twined with evergreens, and in the rear a beautiful grove and a 
 garden. Union Hall, near Congress Hall, the American, and 
 several other houses, furnish excellent accommodations. 
 
 Congress Spring, the most celebrated, was discovered in 1792, 
 by a member of Congress named Gillman, issuing from an aper- 
 ture in the side of the rock that formed the border of a little brook, 
 which rises from the earth 50 rods to the west. For several years 
 it could be collected only in limited quantities, as it came in a small 
 stream from the rock. The supply not being sufficient to satisfy 
 
 i>i 
 
 :• :•*' 
 
170 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 the wants of visiters, attempts were made to lemove tlio obstrue- 
 tious which prevented a larger supply. In excavating for its 
 t^ourco the spring disappeared, and was supposed to bo forever 
 lost ; but in a short time after gas was observed rising through the 
 water of the brook, near the old fountain, which inspired the hope 
 of again recovering it by turning the stream from its course ; and, 
 ^y *^'ffff'"S eight feet through marl and gravel, the fountain was 
 again discovered, over which was placed a tube of plank 10 
 inches square, rising to the surface, from whence flows an abun- 
 dant supply of the finest mineral water. In the spring of 1842, 
 this fountain, after being thoroughly cleansefJ, was renovated by 
 putting down a new tube, extending to the rock from which the 
 water issued, which restored it to its original strength. The fol- 
 lowing is an analysis of the water of this spring, made by Dr. 
 Chilton, of New York, May 1, 1843. One gallon, of 2.*31 cubic 
 inches, contained chloride of sodium, .3()'i.829 grains ; carbonutt 
 of soda, 7.200 ; carbonate of lime, 8G.143 ; carbonate of magne- 
 sia, 78.621 ; carbonate of iron, .841 ; sulphate of soda, .651 ; 
 iodide of sodium and bromide of potassium, 5.920; silica, .472; 
 alumina, .321 : total, 543.998 grains. Carbonic acid, 284.G5 ; 
 atmospheric air, 5.41 : making 290.06 inches of gaseous con- 
 tents. 
 
 Within the last year or two, a new spring of many medicinal 
 virtues was discovered, and has been named the " Empire," in 
 honor of the state. It is nearly half a mile distant from the cele- 
 brated " Congress" Spring. The following is the analysis, pre- 
 pared by Dr. Emons, one of the state geologists. Chloride of 
 sodium, 269.696 ; bicarbonate of soda, 30.848 ; bicarbonate of 
 lime, 141.824; bicarbonate of magnesia, 41.984; hydriodate of 
 soda, 12.000. 
 
 The other springs are numerous, many of which have the 
 same properties. Columbian Spring is a short distance s. w. 
 from the Congress ; Washington, 50 rods from the Columbian ; 
 Hamilton, the second discovered, lies directly in the rear of Con- 
 gress Hall ; Flat Rock Spring lies 100 rods n. e. from the Ham- 
 ilton, and High Rock, 100 rods further n. 
 
 Persons visiting the Springs, either at Saratoga or at Ballston 
 Spa, should have their letters directed either to Saratoga 
 
bstruc- 
 for its 
 forever 
 Lijfh tl»e 
 tie hope 
 <i ; and, 
 ain waH 
 unk 10 
 11 abun- 
 )f 1842, 
 ated by 
 lich the 
 The fol- 
 by Dr. 
 31 cubic 
 arbonutt 
 f mague- 
 la, .651 ; 
 ca, An ; 
 I 284.G5 ; 
 ous con- 
 
 ne 
 
 dicinal 
 pi re," in 
 the cele- 
 y^sis, pre- 
 
 loride of 
 )onate of 
 
 iodate of 
 
 lave the 
 nee 8. w. 
 uinbian ; 
 of Con- 
 6 Ham- 
 
 Ballston 
 Saratoga 
 
 SARATOGA AND WASHINGTON RAILROAD. 
 
 m 
 
 Springs or Ballston Spa ; otlierwiso they may have diflicuti/ 
 in obtaining them. 
 
 Sarnlnga Lake, a beautifnl sheet of water, hes six miles si 
 from Saratoga, and the same distance from Ballston pa. It is 
 nine miles long and three wide, and is much resorted to by com- 
 piiny at the watering-places, foY fisfiinff, fowlijig, and boatin<r. 
 The shore of this lake is accessible in a few j>laces only, on ac- 
 count of tlie marshes which border it. The country around the 
 lake rises gradually into elevated ridges, forming a vast amphi- 
 theatro of picturesque landscape embellished by cultivation. On 
 Ihe eastern shore, three miles from the s. end, Snake Hill pro- 
 jects into the basin, and rises 20 feet above its surface. 
 
 LonfT Lake, five miles s. from Ballston Spa, another beautiful 
 sheet of water, situate iu the midst of very agreeable scenery, is 
 five miles long by one wide, and teems with fish. The surround- 
 ing country abounds in game. 
 
 SARATOGA AND WASHINGTON RAILROAD.— (See Map No- 
 19.) — This road will extend from Saratoga Springs to Whitehall, 
 42 miles, and will be one of the most important roads in 
 the country, as all the travel between the South and Canada 
 will pass over this route. Surveys were made of this road as 
 early as 1835, and grading was commenced in 1836, but owing 
 to embarrassments of the company, attributable to the deranged 
 state of the monetary affairs of the country, its construction was 
 discontinued. In Feb., 1847, the directors entered into a con- 
 tract to complete the road, including grading, superstructing a 
 bridge over the Hudson river, a heavy iron rail, and the laying 
 thereof, from Saratoga Springs to Fort Ann, a distance of about 
 30 miles, by the 1st of July, 1848, for the sum of $448,000. In 
 July thereafter, the directors made a further contract to complete 
 the road, in like manner, 9 52-100 miles farther, by the 1st day 
 of October next, for the sum of $176,165 ; .and in November 
 thereafter, a further contract was made to complete the road to 
 Whitehall, a distance of about two miles. As the estimates for 
 grading were at difTerent prices by the cubic yard, depending on 
 the nature of the excavation and embankment, the amount there- 
 of cannot be fully determined till the work is done. 
 
 ^M-n.' • 
 
 •'. 
 
 
 i..-f1' 
 
 l>^ 
 
172 
 
 RAILROAD AND STF,AMI1')AT ((CirAMON'. 
 
 Tho present capital of the coinpuny is $."ir>O,O0n— on .«|fiOO,000 
 of which 75 per cent, has ht-en callrd in, and nearly all that 
 anionnt paid. Of tho reniaininjf ^ti^UiOOO, wliirh is now 
 stock authorized by an act of tho lejrislature to be created, tho 
 payment of ^100,000 is secured to the company, and 10 per 
 cent, has been paid oil about $GO,000 — leaving about »^1)0,000 to 
 bo disposed of. 
 
 
 h^ ■ i; 
 
 ROUTES FROM SARATOGA TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 
 — Travellers can proceed by stafro from Saratojra Sprin^rs to 
 Glen's Falls, on tho HudKon river, 18 miles ; and to Caldwdl, 
 at the head of Lake George, six miles ; there taking the steam- 
 boat down the lake to Ticonderoga, 3G miles, where steam pas- 
 sage-boats, on their way from Whitehall, stop to receive passen- 
 gers for St. John and Montreal. 
 
 Or they may proceed from Saratoga to Sandy Hill, 18 miles ; 
 thence to Whitehall^ 22 miles ; thence by steamboat down I^ako 
 Champlain and the Sorel river to St. Johns, Canada, 156 miles; 
 thence by the railroad to La Prairie, 15 miles ; and thence down 
 tho St. Lawrence to Montreal, a further distance of nine miles. 
 At Montreal, those destined for Quebec take the steamer down 
 the St. Lawrence to William Henry, 45 miles ; Lake St. Peter, 
 53; Three Rivers, 90; St. Anne, 153; Cape Rouge, 176; 
 thence to Quebec, 180 miles from Montreal. 
 
 The stage route from Albany and Troy, during the winter 
 season, and when the navigation is closed, is to Saratoga by rail- 
 road, as before given ; thence by stage to Glen's Falls and 
 Caldwell, 62 miles from Albany ; thence to Warrensburg, 69 ; 
 Schroon Lake, 96 ; Elizabeth, 127 ; Keesville, 148 ; Peru, 154 ; 
 Plattsburg, 165 ; Rouse's Point, 190 ; Napierville, 207 ; St. 
 Philip, 217 ; La Prairie, 223 ; thence dovvn the St. Lawrence 
 to Montreal, making the entire distance 232 miles, which is usu- 
 ally performed in about 40 hours. 
 
 Caldwell lies at the head of Lake George, on its s. w. part, 
 62 miles n. from Albany, and 24 fro.T> Saratoga Springs. This 
 village and the lake are ordinarily taken in the circle of the 
 northern tour, and commonly sought by visiters to the Saratoga 
 Springs. There are few places in the country, where two or 
 
EXCUnsiON ON LAKE GEORGE. 
 
 173 
 
 tlirco (lays, dnriiij; tho opprrssivc lit'at of siinuiicr, ran he wpput 
 more airreoahly tlum on tlio niar^'jiM of this hcaiitilul lak«'. The 
 inr,untaiiis which lioidt r it cau.-iiij^j th(^ prevailinj; wiiidH to taU« 
 tho (lirf'Ctioii of the hns',\\, thcro ih a miistaiit nMrrshinj; hrtTZo 
 from tho n. or »., which ph-asantly tfiiJitrra thti atinosphoro Tho 
 villa;fo of Cal(lw«^ll is hoidcrcd hy a raii^rp «)f hills upon the w., 
 tlio hiijhf'st of whici . I'rospcct or Itattlrsiiakn lldl, attains an 
 clfvation of near 1. .")()() fcit. Thrrc is a path (»f (liUknilt ascent 
 to its siniunit, yet wh.cn this is once attained, the extensive and 
 (Iversilied view it all'ords fully compensates for the troul)^^ '* IJe- 
 licath is the vllla;:;e, and its n«'iifhl)orinff farms: in the dcej) val- 
 ley on the N. the lake stretches away, decked with its hundreds 
 of fairy islets visihN? for 17 miles; its shores rij^ht and left sur- 
 mounted i)y cra;;}Ty ridj^es, rlsin;; gently from the water for a few 
 rods, then by a bolder acclivity to the height of f!00, 800, and iu 
 some places, 1,200 feet, tufted with dwarf everjjreens." Tho 
 visiter hero may derive enj'iyment from numerous sources, — sail- 
 ing on the clear waters of tho lake, riding, fishing for salmon 
 trout, perch, and bass, fowling, or in exploring the beauties of tliis 
 locality, which abounds in «lie most diversified and ])ictures(pie 
 scenery. The lioke George Jlmtsr, at Caldwell, a spacious Jio- 
 tel, cajjable of receiving upwards of 100 persons, atlbrds superior 
 acconmiodations. A steand>oat plies daily down the lake, to meet 
 the boat running on Lake ('hamplain. Two miles from the hotel 
 is a sheet of water, known since the French war by the name of 
 " Bloody Pond," from tho fact that after a battle fought near it, 
 1,000 French, English, and American dead were thrown into it. 
 A mile distant is to be seen the rock on which Major Williams 
 was slain by the Indians about the same time. At the south end 
 of Lake George are tho ruins of forts George and William Henry. 
 
 : w 
 
 :« 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 .!< 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 ^ 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 .,.•1 
 
 
 f !' 
 
 EXCURSION ON LAKE GEORGE. 
 (See Maps Nos. 9 and 10.) 
 
 Lake George, or Horicon, a pure mountain lake 230 feet 
 above the level of the Hudson, is 3G miles in length, and varies 
 from three-fourths of a mile to four miles in breadth. In somo 
 
 
 : 111'*? 
 
j« -V.'v,iiiJSfci' ,■".'& 
 
 I'.t I 
 
 ^'.i\\ 
 
 i." ■ 
 
 174 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT CO.MrANlON. 
 
 parts it has a depth of 400 fcot, and its waters aro so clear that 
 fish may be seen swiinmin^r ut a depth of 30 feet below the sur- 
 face. It is said to contain 305 islands ; many of them, however, 
 are very small, mere rocks, with scarce soil sufficient to produce 
 the meanest vegetation. The passage of the lake has nuich in- 
 terest from the beauty of its waters, the wild and varied scenery 
 of its shores, and from its deeply interesting historical reminis- 
 cences. On leaving Caldwell in the steamboat, we pass a num- 
 ber of islands. Sea, Diamond, Limg, «fec., when the lake becomes 
 wid«r, and its course less interrupted. Occasionally the angles 
 of the mountains, which are covered with foliage, protrude far 
 into the lake. After continuing our course for twelve miles, we 
 reach Twelve-Mile Island, situated in the middle of the lake, 
 containing 20 acres, and elevated 30 or 40 feet above its surface 
 A mile farther, on the n. w. side of the lake, is Tongue Moun- 
 tain ; and on its w. side is Northwest Bay, which extends in a 
 northerly direction six iniles. Hero the iVarroir* commence, and 
 continue for about seven miles, the lake being only three-fourths 
 of a mile wide, and very deep. Black Rock, or Mountain, 18 
 miles from the head of the lake, and situated on the east side, 
 raises its cloud-capped summit 2,200 feet above its surface, and 
 is on all sides surrounded by rolling hills, and covered with ver- 
 dure. Half -Way island is directly opposite ; and a short distan«;o 
 beyond, the traveller will behold the choicest mountain scenery 
 on the lake. Twenty-four miles from the head of the lake is 
 Sabbath-day Point, a projection on the w. shore, noted as the 
 place where, on the Sabbath, a sanguinary conflict occurred du- 
 ring the French war, between a party of English and the Indians. 
 The small island called the Scotch Bonnet, is three miles beyond, 
 and three miles further on is the village of Hague. Hero the 
 lake attains its greatest width, being four miles across. Another 
 stretch of three miles brings us to Rogers^ Slide, a rock 200 feet 
 high, standing at an angle of 25 degrees with the lake. Here 
 during the French war the intrepid Major Rogers, a partisan 
 ofllccr, made his escape from the Indians, by whom he was pur- 
 sued. It was winter, and his feet were shod with snow-shoes. 
 When on the verge of this precipice, and nearly in their grasp, 
 he slid down the declivity, and lauded safely on the ice, leaving the 
 
ROUTES TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 
 
 175 
 
 Indians standing ag^hast and shrinkinfr with amazement from the 
 daring feat which they had just witnessed. — Anthony^ s None, one 
 of those peculiar prominences, similar in shape to a projecting 
 rock of the same name in the " Highlands" of the Hudson river, 
 is nearly opposite to Rogers' Slide. It rises from 50 to 100 feet 
 above the lake. The shores here are bold, and contracted amid 
 huge masses of rocks. Two miles beyond is Frisoncr\s Island, 
 where, during the French war, those taken captive by the Eng- 
 lish were confined ; and directly w. is Lord Howes Point, where 
 the English army under Lord Howe, consisting of 10,000 men, 
 landed previous to the attack on Ticonderoga. Wo nov/ ap- 
 proach the termination of our excursion on this beautiful lake, 
 and in a mile reach the steamboat landing near the village of 
 Ticonderoga, whence stages run a distance of three miles over 
 a rough and romantic road to Fort Ticonderoga, the steamboat 
 landing on Lake Champlain. Here passengers can take the 
 steamboat for places either down or up the lake. 
 
 ROUTES FROM ALBANY AND TROY TO MONTREAL AND 
 QUEBEC— Passengers by the Champlain Canal take the packet 
 boats at Albany, and continue through to Whitehall ; or they 
 can go by railroad from Albany and Troy to Mcchanicsville, 
 where the cars connect with the boats bound to Whitehall. 
 There is also a stage route from Albany, passing through Troy, 7 
 miles; Lansingburg,d', Schaghticoke,l6', Easton,2G; Grecn- 
 wich, 36 ; Argyle, 46 ; Hartford, 57 : Granville, 6.3 ; and 
 Whitehall, 73 miles from Albany. By the canal, after leaving 
 Albany, the route is through West Troy to Cohoes Falls and 
 Mcchanicsville, to Whitehall. 
 
 At Cohoes Falls, the Mohawk presents a sublime scene. Here 
 the Eric and Champlain canals unite, the former having, within 
 a short distance, 17 locks. 
 
 Stillwater, on the Champlain Canal, four miles n. of Mcchan- 
 icsville, is one of the oldest places in the state. The town is dis- 
 tinguished as containing the battle-ground of the armies com- 
 manded by generals Gates and Burgoyne. It was on Bemus 
 Heights that the latter general was defeated by Gates, ill 1777, 
 after a fierce and san^juinary struggle. 
 
 >, 
 
 1. J.1 
 
 tr" 
 
 .}fA 
 
176 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 Fort Miller and Fort Edward, places on the canal, are inter- 
 esting from their historical reminiscences. The latter is memo- 
 rable as being the spot where the young and beautiful Mitss 
 McCrea met her tragical fate. 
 
 Sandy Hill, incorporated in 1810, lies upon a high sandy plain, 
 on the upper bank of the Hudson, opposite Baker^s Falls, where, 
 in a space of less than half a mile, the water has a fall of 76 feet, 
 affording useful water-power. 
 
 Glen's Falls, three miles w. of Sandy Hill, lies partly on the 
 N. and partly on the s. bank of the Hudson. The falls in the river, 
 which have given name to the village, have a descent of 70 feet. 
 Tlie waters flow in one shoi't over the brink of a precipice, 900 
 feet long, and, in floods, rush in one mass down the cataract ; 
 but in ordinary seasons tliey are immediately divided by rocks 
 into three channels, with an angular descent of several hundred 
 feet. 
 
 Fort Ann, on the Champlain Canal, is fil miles above Albany 
 From this place the canal bus a descent of 54 feet to the lake, 
 and 30 only to (he Hudson. 
 
 Whitehall is 73 miles n. from Albany, 22 from Sandy Hill, 40 
 from Saratoga Spriufrs, 218 frou) New York, and 180 s. of Mon- 
 treal. It derives its importance from its favorable situation for 
 trade — on the canal and Lake ('hamplain — by which it com- 
 mands the business of a very extensive country. Its situation \> 
 low and unpleasant, the village being built on almost naked rock. 
 The population is about 4.000. This ]>lace will be the termina- 
 tion of the Saratoga and Washington Railroad. Canal packets 
 and stages leave daily far Troy and AlLany ; and during ih/^ 
 summer stages run to Saratoga Springs. ■. 
 
 At Wliitehall passengers take the steamboat down the lake 
 and the Sorel river to <S'/.JoA//.9, 15t) miles ; there take the cars 
 to La Prairie, 15 miles ; thence pass by steamboat down the St. 
 Lawrence to Montreal, 9 miles farther ; from which place they aro 
 taken by steamboat down the St. Lawrence to Quebec, 180 miles, 
 making the entire distance from Albany to Quebec 360 miles. 
 
 LAKE OHAMPLAIN, (see Map No. 10,) lying between the states 
 of New York and Vermont, is 13"2 luilcs lou;^. In its s. part it i^ 
 
:. 'H 
 
 3 inter- 
 mcnio- 
 
 il Miss 
 
 y plain, 
 , where, 
 7 G feet, 
 
 f on the 
 ne river, 
 ' 70 feet. 
 ►ice, 9U0 
 •dtaract ; 
 3y rocks 
 hundred 
 
 I Albany 
 the lake. 
 
 r Hill, 40 
 of Mon- 
 ation for 
 it com- 
 timtion i- 
 ked rock, 
 termina- 
 packets 
 ling the 
 
 the lak*^ 
 
 the cars 
 
 \\ the t^t. 
 
 - they aro 
 
 80 miles, 
 
 miles. 
 
 Ilho states 
 part it is 
 
 ROUTES TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 
 
 177 
 
 generally narrow. From Whitehall to the s. part of Orwell, Vt., 
 about 20 miles, it has an average breadth of half a mile, though 
 in one place it is contracted to 80, and in another to 40 rods. To 
 the N. of this it gradually expands. The widest part unobstructed 
 by islands is opposite Burlington, Vt., where it is 9J miles wide, 
 and has a depth varying from 54 to 282 feet. Still farther n. it 
 embodies several large islands, and has a width of about 14 miles. 
 Its outlet is through the Sorel river, which enters the St. Law- 
 rence 45 miles below Montreal. Below St. Johns the navigation 
 is interrupted by the Chambly rapids. The principal islands in 
 the lake are South Hero, 13 by 4 milos, North Hero, 11 by 2 
 miles, separated by a narrow strait, and ' Motte, G by 2 miles. 
 Several important rivers flow into this lake, both on the Vermont 
 and New York sides. The lake abounds with fish of various 
 kinds. It is generally entirely frozen over in winter, and passed 
 on the ice. The wide part of the lake usually closes about the 
 first of February, and opens about the last of 3Iarch ; those parts 
 that are narrow, remaiji frozen some time longer. S»^veral fine 
 steamboats ply between Whitehall and St. Johns, stopping at in- 
 termediate places. The excellent accommodations of these boats, 
 the picturesque scenery on the shores of the lake, crowned by 
 lofty mountains, and the interesting localities, celebrated in former 
 and the late wars, render this excursion delightful. 
 
 Fort Ticonderogdy 24 miles li-oni Whitehall, of which the 
 ruins only aro visible, was erected by the French in 1756, and 
 called by them " Carrillon." It was originally a place of much 
 strength ; its natural advantages were very great, being surround- 
 ed on three sides by water, and having half its fourth covered 
 by a swamp, and the only point by which it could be approached, 
 by a breastwork. It was afterwards, however, easily reduced by 
 an expedient adopted by Gen. Burgoyne, — that of placing a piece 
 of artillery on the pinnacle of Mount Defiance, on the s. side of 
 Lake George outlet, and 750 feet above the lake, and entirely 
 commanding the fort, from which shot was thrown into the midst 
 of the enemy's works. Fort Ticonderoga was one of the first 
 strongholds taken from the English in 1775, at the commence- 
 ment of the Revolutionary war. Col. Ethan Allen, of Vermont, 
 at the head of 83 Green Mountain Boys, surprised the unsus- 
 
 12 
 
 \C ^ 
 
 i5;? ;'' 
 
 "i 
 
 -'M;/: 
 
178 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 
 pectiiig garrison, jnMietrated to tlie very bedside of the command- 
 ant, and waking him, demanded the surrender of tlie fort. " In 
 whose name, and to whom ?" exclaimed the surprised officer. — 
 •* In the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental Con- 
 gress !" thundered the intrepid Allen, and the fort was imme- 
 diately surrendered. 
 
 Mount Independence lies in Vermont, opposite Ticonderoga, 
 about a mile distant. The remains of military works are still 
 visible here. — Mount Hope, an elevation about a mile n. from 
 Ticonderoga, was occupied by Gen. Burgoyne, previous to the 
 recapture of Ticonderoga, which took place in 1777, nearly two 
 years after its surrender to the gallant Allen. St. Clair, the 
 American commander, being forced to evacuate, it again fell into 
 the possession of the British, and was held during the war. The 
 picturesque scenery and historical interest of this neighborhood 
 recommend it to the tourist. — Five-Mile Point, so called from 
 its distance from Ticonderoga, extends some way out from the 
 E. or Vermont side, in the town of Shoreham ; and in nine miles 
 the boat reaches Crown Point, and also the landing at Chimney 
 Point, on the opposite side of the lake, half a mile distant. — 
 Crown Point, the name of the ancient fort, is situated on the 
 N. E. extremity of a point of land, formed on one side by a deep 
 bay, and on the other by the body of the lake. The French 
 built a fort here in 1731, but it was afterwards destroyed, and its 
 site is now marked by a heap of ruins which may be seen from 
 the boat when opposite Chimney Point. A new fortress was af- 
 terwards constructed hero by Lord Amherst, of wood and earth, 
 16 feet high, 22 feet thick, enclosing an area of 1,500 square 
 yards, surrounded by a deep and broad ditch cut in the solid 
 granite, with immense labor. There were hero a double row of 
 strong stone barracks to contain 2,000 troops, with a gate on the 
 N., a drawbridge, and a covered way to the lake. These works, 
 which are said to have cost the British government two millions 
 sterling, are now a heap of ruins. Near Crown Point, on the 
 13th Oct. 1776, terminated the expedition against Canada, by the 
 destruction of the American fleet under Arnold. 
 
 Port Henry is a small village and place of landing, 44 miles 
 from Whitehall. — Westport, at the head of Northwest Bay, 11 
 
 kli ^. 
 
ROUTES TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 
 
 179 
 
 miles from Port Henry, is a thriving village, surrounded by a 
 well-cultivated country.— Essex, a village, and landing-place on 
 the w. side of Lake Champlain, is 68 miles n. from Whitehall. 
 The town contains iron ore of good quality. — Split Rock is a post- 
 office in Essex township, near wliich is the Split Rock, a part of 
 a rocky promontory, projecting into the lake about 150 feet, and 
 elevated 40 feet above the water. The part broken ofl', contain- 
 ing half an acre, covered with trees, is separated from the main 
 rock about 20 feet ; the opposite sides, if brought together, would 
 fit closely, as the prominences of the one correspond with the 
 cavities of the other. Through the intervening space a line has 
 been dropped to the depth of 500 ft., without finding bottom. 
 
 Burlington, Vt., is 83 miles n. from Whitehall, and 74 miles 
 s. from St. Johns, Canada. It is built on a bay on the e. side of 
 the lake. The shore in the s. part of the village is low, but to- 
 wards the N. rising to an elevation of about 300 feet, the town 
 appears to good advantage when approached by the lake. The 
 streets are regularly laid out, intersecting each other at right an- 
 gles. Near the centre is u public square, on which the Court- 
 House is built, surrounded by fine brick stores, and the principal 
 hotels. The University of Vermont , which occupies a fine ele- 
 vated situation on the e. of the village, was founded in 1791. It 
 has a president and five professors, and a library of about 10,000 
 vols. This town is of greater commercial importance than any 
 other in the state w. of the Green Mountains, and owns more 
 vessels navigating the lake than any other place on its borders. 
 Its trade will be much increased by the completion of the Ver- 
 mont Central and the Rutland railroads, whose termini will be 
 here. (See Index for these routes.) Steamboats stop daily at 
 Burlington, on their way from Whitehall to St. Johns, and a steam- 
 ferry connects this place with Port Kent and with Plattsburg, 
 on the w. side of the lake, the former being 10 miles, and the 
 latter 24 miles distant. The travelling from the e. through Bur- 
 lington to Canada is very great, and will, of course, be much 
 increased by the opening of the above railroads. 
 
 Port Kent is finely situated on the w. side of the lake. The 
 broad view here of the water, islands, headlands, and places on 
 Ihe opposite shore, is most beautiful. — Keeseville, a few miles t» 
 
 
 m 
 
 ^'•-5 
 
 mmu 
 
 J--V 
 
180 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 the w. of Port Kent, is a village of about 2,000 inhabitants, situ- 
 ated on a river which here affords great water-power. — Birming- 
 ham, at Adgato's Falld, two and a half miles below Keeseville, 
 and three w. of Port Kent, is situated near the mouth of the Au 
 Sable river. Its channel, which here resembles a canal cut in 
 the solid rock, with many falls or locks, retreating as we advance, 
 is au object of much curiosity to visiters ; the whole forming 
 scenery of the most picturesque character. The water falls over 
 a precipice 80 feet high into a narrow channel, whose walls of 
 rock rise perpendicularly from 60 to 100 feet, with a breadth of 
 70 feet. Half a mile below, the falls are contracted to a width 
 of 27 feet. Here the.water again falls over a high precipice, and 
 enters a deep ravine of much romantic beauty. 
 
 Plattsburg, the seat of justice of Clinton county, is situated 
 at the mouth of the .Sar nac river, at the head of Cumberland 
 Bay, 108 miles from Whitehall. It is prettily laid out, and con- 
 tains the county buildings, a lyceum, several churches, and a 
 populatior of about fi,500. This place is famous as the scene of 
 the victor)' of McDonough aiid Macomb over the British naval 
 and land forces under Commodore Downie and Sir George ^ro- 
 vost. Here the American commodore awaited at anchor the ar- 
 rival of the British fleet, which passed Cumberland Head about 
 8 in the morning of the 11th Sept. 1814. The first gun from the 
 fleet was the signal for commencing the attack on land. Sir 
 George Provost, with about 14,000 men, furiously assaulted the 
 defences of the town, whilst the battle raged between the fleets, 
 in full view of the armies. Gen. Macomb, with about 3,000 
 men, mostly undisciplined, foiled the repeated assaults of the en- 
 emy ; until the capture of the British fleet, after an action of 
 two hours, obliged him to retire, with the loss of 2,500 men and 
 a large portion of his baggage and ammunition. The American 
 force, on the lake, of 86 guns and 820 men, was opposed to one 
 of 95 guns and 1,050 men. The British commodore, a brave 
 and skilful officer, was killed by the concussion of air caused by 
 the passage of a cannon ball. 
 
 Rouse's Point, 132 miles n. from Whitehall, and 24 miles s, 
 from St. Johns, is situated on the w. side of the lake, and is the 
 ast landing-place before we enter Canada. The stone forti com- 
 
, situ- 
 mng- 
 eville, 
 lie Au 
 cut in 
 vance, 
 )rming 
 Is over 
 alls of 
 dth of 
 1 width 
 ce, and 
 
 situated 
 berland 
 nd cou- 
 I, and a 
 scene of 
 h naval 
 ■ge ?ro- 
 r the ar- 
 d about 
 rom the 
 ad. Sir 
 Ited the 
 e fleets, 
 It 3,000 
 the en- 
 iction of 
 nen and 
 merican 
 to one 
 a brave 
 lused by 
 
 miles B. 
 
 is the 
 
 bit, com- 
 
 MON niEAL. 
 
 :8i 
 
 mciiced hero by the U. States government in 1815, was discov- 
 ered, after a large amount of money had been expended upon it. 
 to be on British territory, and was in consequence abandoned. 
 Afttr a lapse of 27 years, however, the territory was ceded to the 
 United States by virtue of the treaty concluded at Washington 
 by Lord Ashburton and the Hon. Daniel Webster, in 184:2. 
 
 Wo now enter the Canadian waters, and in our passage down 
 (he Sore!, (Richelieu or St. Johns river,) which is the out- 
 lit of Lake Champlain, we glide past an uninteresting portion 
 of country, the shores on both sides of the stream for some miles 
 being low and damp, and almost even with the water's edge. 
 
 Isle wx Noix and Fort, 11 miles from Rouse's Point, is the 
 place at which we receive on board a custom-house officer, and 
 passengers' baggage is duly submitted to inspection before being 
 removed on shore at St. Johns, to which we are fast approaching. 
 We must now prepare to resign the steamboat for th.'i railroad 
 cars, which will convey us hence to La Prairie, 15 miles. 
 
 (S^ Jo Arts is situated at the head of steamboat navigation on the 
 Sorel river, and is the eastern terminus of the Champlain and St. 
 Lawrence Railroad, over which we pass in about an hour, the 
 country being generally very level. Usual fare f*^1.00. 
 
 La Prairie, the termination of the railroad on the St. Law- 
 rence river, is a town of good size, with narrow streets, and con- 
 taining a nunnery. There is nothing here worthy the attention 
 of a stranger. From this place we proceed down the St. Law- 
 rence, and in 9 miles reach Montreal. 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 This city stands on the s. e. side of the island of the same name 
 in the river St. Lawrence, 180 miles by the course of the river 
 from Quebec, in N. Lat. 45° 30', and in W. Long. 73° 25'. Its 
 population, including the suburbs, is about 00,000. Though 
 Quebec has the advantage in position, it is in other respects sur- 
 passed by Montreal. The latter city is less crowded than the 
 former ; and even of its older streets, some have a convenient 
 breadth. Unlike Quebec, it is distinguished for its cleanliuess. 
 
 •• • pi. 4 -i ■^''^ 
 ' 'til* \' ^-''% 
 
 .1. 
 
 4. m\ 
 
 »• 
 
 ^■' 
 
 
 1 i^!'' nil 
 
 
182 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMPOAT COMPANION 
 
 Vijw of Montreal from the Mountain. 
 
 The houses in the suburbs are handsomely built in the mod- 
 ern Ktyle, and mostly inhabited by the principal merchants. 
 Including its suburbs, of which it has several, the city 
 stretches along the river for two miles from s. w. to n. e., 
 and, for some distance, extends between one and two miles 
 inland. It was formerly surrounded by a battlemented wall; 
 but this having fallen into decay, it is now entirely open. Paiil- 
 st, the chief commercial thoroughfare, extends along the river 
 the whole length of the city. Notrc-Damc-st. is the fashionable 
 promenade. 
 
 Of the public buildings, the most remarkable is the Roman 
 Catholic Cathedral, in Notre-Dame-st., constructed in the Cinthic 
 style, with a length of 25.5 Jj feet, and a breadth of 13^^. It hns 
 six towers, of which three belonging to the main front are 2:^M) ft. 
 high. The view from these towers — embracing the city and its 
 suburbs, the river, and the surrounding country — is exceodin'j;ly 
 beautiful. The principal window of the Cathedral is C4 fett 
 high and 32 broad. Of the vastness of the interior of this rdifico 
 an idea may be formed from the fact that it is capable of acconi- 
 
the mod- 
 lerchunta. 
 the city 
 
 to N. E., 
 
 [two niilcrt 
 ^ited wull; 
 
 ■11. Taul- 
 tlie river 
 
 fashionable 
 
 he "Roman 
 (the (inthic 
 1^. It has 
 lare ^'2i) ft. 
 Ity and its 
 cceedin'Jy 
 lis C4 iVrt 
 Ithis oditico 
 of acconi- 
 
 iM( Nr;:r,AL. 
 
 18;; 
 
 modating from 10,001) to r2,000 persons. This immcnso assem- 
 bly may, by numerous outlets, disperse in five or six minutes. — 
 The Seminary of St. Sulpice, adjoinin<j the Cathedral, is 13:2 
 feet long and l2i) deep, and is surrounded by spacious gardens. — 
 The principal edifice of the Church '-^ England is handsomely 
 built in tlio Grecian style, and suiiiiounted by a beautiful spiro. 
 Tluro are also a Scotch kirk, an American Protestant church, 
 and chapels belonging to the Methodists and the Scotch dissent- 
 ers. The Ilotcl-Dicu is a largo conventual structure, for the ac- 
 commodation of the sick and indigent. — The extensive convent 
 of the SoBiirs Noircs is devoted to the education of young girls. — 
 The General Hospital has the reputation of being one of the best 
 regulated institutions of the kind in America. — The other princi- 
 pal buildings arc the govermnent-housc, bank, barracks, and 
 ordnance-ofhcc. 
 
 Montreal also possesses a college, erected in 1819, which is at- 
 tended by several hundred students ; an English university, charter- 
 ed in 18:21 ; and many other institutions for the promotion of learn- 
 ing, — French and English seminaries, a royal grammar-school, 
 with parochial, union, national, Sunday, and other public schools. 
 It has numerous societies for the advancement of religion, sci- 
 ence, and industry ; several public libraries, an excellent news- 
 room, &-C. 
 
 The harbor of Montreal, though not large, is secure, and ves- 
 sels drawing 15 feet may lie close to the shore. The quay here, 
 about a mile in length, is said to rival in beauty and strength of 
 masonry most of the celebrated works of the same kind in Eng- 
 land. No feature of Montreal will so charm the visiter as a 
 promenade along the edge of the quay. 
 
 From its position at the head of ship navigation on the St. 
 Lawrence, and near the junction of that river with the Ottawa, 
 as well as its situation with respect to the United States, Montreal 
 has trading facilities of a high order. Hence it has become the 
 chief seat of the commerce of Lower Canada. The citizens are 
 enterprising, and great activity prevails among all persons con- 
 nected with trade. During the summer, a regular steamboat 
 communicatiou is kept up with Quebec ; and at this season, come 
 down vast rafts of timber, sweeping by Quebec ; while scows, 
 
 rr.f 
 
 
 :!,••■•!*.'« 1 
 
 
 
 ^mmttm 
 
184 
 
 RAILiKJAl) AM) STKAMIJOAT CUAIl'ANION. 
 
 battcaux, Jiiul Durliain boats pour into tbo lap of Montreal tbc 
 produce of Upper ('aiiada. Montn'ul is tbc o^'lllr(^ of tbo com- 
 inercc betvvt'Cii Canatla and tbo United States, carried oii l)y 
 Lake Cbain|)Iaiii and tbo Hudson ; and not only is it tbe depot 
 of all tbo adjacent country, but most of tbo business done in Que- 
 bec is carried on by brandies from tbe Montreal bouses. 
 
 Tbe hotels in Montreal are y^enerally very pood, and accom- 
 modations e(pial, })( rbnps, to tbe best in tbe United States. Tbe 
 following are some of Ibem : Donrfrfnias Ilutcl, Montreal House, 
 Grant's Hotel, Ottaicu House, Exchange Hotel, Swords" Ho- 
 tel, &C. itc. 
 
 From Montreal, tbe '* St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad" is 
 conHtruclin<r to tbe boundary line of the province, at wbicb place 
 it will meet tbe '* Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad" from 
 Portland, tbereby openiiifr ji communication with tbe Atlantic. 
 Tlie entire distance is 2d0 miles, of which 130 are in Canada 
 and 150 in tbe United States. 'I'be cost of construction of tbe 
 joint lino is estimated at £1,750,000, and that of tbo Canada 
 section at jC8'25,000. 
 
 There are also several lines pervading the states of New IIuuip- 
 shire and Vermont, some of wbicb are in a forward state, and ap- 
 proaching completion, that will make Montreal their termini. (For 
 these routes, more particidarly, tbe reader is referred to the In- 
 dex.) From Montreal, a railroad has been recently completed to 
 La Chine. 
 
 An excursion througb the Island of iMontreal is recommended 
 to tourists. From the summit of Mttntreal Mountain, wb'cb is 
 two miles back of tbc city, the view is very extensive. From 
 ibis elevation is seen tbe St. Lawrence, in all its grandeur ; while 
 the city, and the Island of St. Helens, are immediately beneath 
 the eye. This view is represented in our engraving. 
 
 La Chine is nine miles from Montreal, and on the island of the 
 same name. A railroad now connects the two places. Tbe canal 
 was made in order to pass boats round tbe rapids. St. Anne is 
 at the southwest extremity of the island, 20 miles above La 
 Chiwe. Varennes, 15 miles below Montreal, is a handsome vil- 
 lage, and is much visited. It can be reached either by steam- 
 boat or by stage, over 3 road en the bank of the river. 
 
 sr 
 
 (kH xVi 
 
ROUTE FROM MONTREAL TO QUEBEC. 
 
 185 
 
 cal tho 
 
 cotn- 
 
 1 on by 
 je depot 
 ill Qiu.'- 
 
 accom- 
 8. The 
 I Iloniip, 
 ds Ho- 
 
 ilroud" is 
 ieli pliicc 
 Ad" from 
 Atlantic. 
 . Canudu 
 on of the 
 5 Canada 
 
 w Ilamp- 
 e, and ap- 
 nini. {Vot 
 to the In- 
 npleled to 
 
 |)inmond('(l 
 
 , wh'.ch is 
 
 k'c. From 
 
 ur ; while 
 
 y beneath 
 
 and of the 
 The canal 
 t. Anne is 
 
 above La 
 idsome vil- 
 
 by steam- 
 
 Tho Caledonia Sprinf;^s aro situated about 75 miles from Mon- 
 treal, in the vicinity of Grand river, in tho Ottawa dintrict. 
 They aro much visited, and form a i)lcasant excursion during 
 the hot weather. 
 
 Route from Moxtrkal to Qlkhkc. — Numerous larjjo and 
 elegant steamers navigate tho St. Lawrence between tho above 
 important places. Tho distance is 180 miles, and tho time usual- 
 ly occupied in making the excursion is about 1:2 hours. 
 
 On leaving Montreal for our passage down the St. Lawrence 
 we pass Longueilf a village, on the opposite side of tho river, 
 which is connected with Montreal by a steam-ferry. Gliding 
 past the lovely Island of St. Helens, and its fortifications, wo 
 enter tho Rapids of St. Mary, where the current runs with such 
 velocity, that steamers frecjuently have much d.fiiculty in passing 
 over on their way up tho river. Point aux Trembles on our 
 loft, and Doucherville on our right, aro soon passed. The mouth 
 of the Ottawa is seen on leaving tho island upon which Montreal 
 is built. The attractive village of Vareunes, with its neat build- 
 ings, is seen on our right, when 15 miles on our journey. This 
 place was formerly celebrated on account of tho mineral springs 
 in its neighborhood. 
 
 William Henry, or Sorel, 45 miles, is on the s. side of the St. 
 Lawrence, at the mouth of the Sorel river. It is an old town, 
 built on the site of a fort erected as early as 1G65, by one Sorel, 
 an engineer. In the next few miles wo pass a number of islands, 
 and find ourselves gradually entering Lake St. Peter, 50 miles 
 from Montreal : it is about 25 miles long, with an average breadth 
 of nine miles, and is generally smooth, tho water here having 
 little apparent motion. 
 
 Three Rivers, called by the French Trois Rivieres, is a land' 
 Ing-place on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, about half-way 
 between Montreal and Quebec. The town is regularly built, 
 with generally straight but narrow streets, and the houses seldom 
 over two stories high. In 23 miles farther we reach St. Anne^s, 
 a place situated on our left, and at the mouth of St. Anne's river. 
 
 The Richelieu Rapids extend about nine miles. This is con- 
 sidered the most dangerous part of the navigation, although 
 Steamboats pass it in safety. The channel is here somewhat 
 
 '..^ 
 
 11 
 
 :,-H K' 
 
 "■;:'. ' 1 
 
180 
 
 HAILUOAD AND STEA.MllOAT COMPANION. 
 
 m 
 
 coiitr.ii'tcd from fornior ;)n)()()rti()ns, and tlic curnMit riishos tlirmifrh 
 with {rr(nit impetuosity u::ioiijrHt rovfn q( rock, Honio simkcn, and 
 others projectiutjr above the wutor. It is not unlVeqiiently thn 
 case that stoandjoatK, at Quebec, destined up tlio river, vary tho 
 time of departure, on acconnt of the current prcvaihnj:^ her(< at 
 cil)b-tid«s so as to have the flood-tide throujrh the rapids. 
 
 ('(ilic RitusfH, Ko tertned from its color, is within eii^ht miles of 
 Quebec ; and as wo approaf'h that city the scene increases in in- 
 terest. In two miles we reach the mouth of the Chan lure river, 
 on wiiich, a short distance from the St. Lawrence, are to be seen 
 its bejintiful falls. It is also a great hnnber depot ; anJ here ships 
 take in their cargoes of hnnber, bound for English ports. 
 
 Sillcri/ Cove. Near this place was fought, in 17.')!), the final 
 battle between tin; French and Knglish, which comj»letely anni- 
 hilated the i)ower of the former in North America. WoljVa 
 Cove is the j)lace where (Jen. Wolfe landed, in the night, previous 
 to the battle of the Plains of Abraham. 
 
 As we approach the city, the first view is striking in the ex- 
 treme : — the long line of shipping, extending a distance of two 
 miles or more, with ' .^ forest of masts — the powerful batteries, 
 upon which the greatest ingenuity and military skill have been ex- 
 pended, to render them impregnable, — the houses of the city, 
 with their glittering tin roofs reflecting the brightness of the sun, 
 and a variety of minor objects, all combine to render the scene 
 one of pleasing interest. 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 This city occupies the extremity of a ridge terminating in the 
 angle formed by the junction of the rivers St. Lawrence and St. 
 Charles, 340 miles from the mouth of the former, in N. Lat. 46° 
 48' 49", and in W. Lon. 71° 10' 45". Pop. about 40,000. The 
 promontory, heie called Cape Diamond, is surmounted by the 
 Citadel, a fortress occupying the most elevated point of the ridge, 
 from wliich the town extends down to the water's edge. From 
 the difference of elevation, the city is divided into the Upper and 
 the Lower Town ; the former including all that is below the ram- 
 
n, nnd 
 
 ily the 
 try thn 
 hero ut 
 
 uilrs of 
 's ill in- 
 •(' river, 
 he seen 
 ire bliips 
 
 [he final 
 
 ly nnni- 
 
 \rr>//V''.s 
 
 pre V ions 
 
 the ox- 
 e of two 
 latteries, 
 heeu ex- 
 ho city, 
 the sun, 
 lio scene 
 
 ig in the 
 \g and St. 
 Lat. 46° 
 )0. The 
 by the 
 Ithe ridge, 
 |e. From 
 ijpper and 
 the ram- 
 
 gi;KBEC. 
 
 187 
 
 parts or fortified hnes — the latter einhracini; till that iH ahovo 
 and within that harrier. 'I'he streets of the Old Town- are nar- 
 row, ir'-egular, and dirty; hnt those of the liower 'I'owii are gen- 
 erally clean, and tolerahly well paved or ujacadaini/ed. 
 
 *' On landing at Qnehecr, the traveller linn to wind hi.s way np 
 through steep, narrow, and tortnous str( ets, with still narrower 
 ulleyn on his right and left, till he reaches the fortdicd line or 
 harrier. Here he enters hy I'reseott (iate, on the right of whieli, 
 after passing throngh it, ho sees the inijjosing strnctnre of the 
 New ParliamfMit House, with its lofty cupola and fine front, and 
 on the left a douhle lll;::l:t of mean and straggling woixU-n steps, 
 It-ading to one of the oldest streets, as an avenue to tin- IMaco 
 d'Arine.^. (Joing across the last, he passes the lwiy;lish and 
 I'Veiudi ('athe<lrals, the (Joverninent Ollices, and Palace of Jus- 
 tice, on the right ; and has the site of tlie okl crastle of St. Louis, 
 and the plat form c/verlooking llu^ harhor, on his left. Passing by 
 these, and (•ontinuing for ahout half a mile heyond, he reaches 
 the ramparts and gates on the njtper side of the city : and going 
 through these, he comes to the open lawn in front of the glacis, 
 beyond which is the snbnrh of St. Uoch, on the level ground 
 along the southern hank of the St. Charles river." 
 
 This city, celebrated alike for its fonnidahlei defences and the 
 deeply interesting military events of which it has been tlio the- 
 atre, has a conwnanding position, and, together with its vast and 
 beautiful harbor, presents, from whatever (piarter it is approached, 
 a magnificent view. It has been called, from its natural and 
 artificial strength, the Gibraltar of America. The Citadel, a 
 work of stupendous magnitude, frowning in impregnable strength 
 from a height of 350 feet above the river, will first attract the 
 attention of the tourist. This work includes an area of about 40 
 acres, and is constructed on the most approved principles. The 
 line of fortification has an inner circuit of 2^ miles, and is inter- 
 sected by five gates. Besides its accommodaticns for the garrison, 
 it contains depots for stores, an ample parade-ground, «&c. Tick- 
 ets of admission can be obtained at the office of the adjutant- 
 general, in St. Louis, near Ursula-st. 
 
 The public buildings of Quebec are substantial rather than ele- 
 gant. The Parliament House, the most perfect of its edificesj 
 
 m 
 
 liF 
 
 
 * .. ■ ■» i 1*1 
 
 !. ! 
 
 t» ■.!■ 
 
 rM 
 
 Mm 
 
 f 
 
 «'-\>3 
 

 fi 
 
 188 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMrANION. 
 
 ■ 't*-] 
 
 ^)S 
 
 is supposed to stand upon tlio first spot of ground cleared by 
 Chaniplaiu for his fort, on foundiufr the city in 1608. — The Ro- 
 iMiau Catholic Cathedral of Notre Dame, a massive stone struc- 
 ture, with a lofty tower, fronts the e. side of Market Scpiare, in 
 the centre of the town. The Cathohcs l:avo four other churclies. 
 — Tlio Church of England has a cathedral and four chapels. 
 There are two churches belonging to the Scotch dissenters ; and 
 the Wesleyau Methodists have two ciiapels. — The Hotel Dieu 
 is both a nunnery and an hospital. — The Ursulinc Nunnery, for 
 the education of young females, is in the vicinity of the Catholic 
 Cathedral and the Place d'Arrncs. The body of Montcalm was 
 deposited within the walls of this convent. 
 
 The ])rincipal establishment for educational purposes, is the 
 F'rench college. There are also a royal grammar-school, a class- 
 ical academy, and a national school ; a Royal Institution for the 
 promotion of learning in the province ; a Literary and Historical 
 Society ; and a Mechanics' Institute. The Public Library con- 
 tains upwards of 6,000 volumes of valuable and standard works. 
 There is also a good library attached to the garrison. — The city 
 has tiiree banks, a savings-bank, and numerous benevolent insti- 
 tutions. 
 
 Though on the whole good and healthy, the climate here is in 
 extremes. The heat of summer resembles that of Naples, while 
 the cold of winter is not inferior to that of Moscow. Travelling in 
 winter ip effected, as in Russia, by moans of sledges and carricoles. 
 
 The majority of the population being of French descent, the 
 French language predominates, and is spoken in some of the best 
 circles with great propriety. Society here has much refinement. 
 Great attention is paid to etiquette. From the seductive exam- 
 ple of the mimic court established among them, all classes are 
 much given to show, and living is consequently expensive. The 
 citizens of Quebec are less enterprising than those of Montreal, 
 and there is a greater spirit of improvement in the latter city 
 than in the former. The trade of Quebec, however, is extensive ; 
 and vessels from all parts of the world may be seen riding at 
 anchor in its capacious harbor, which has in general a depth of 
 28 fathoms, the water rising from 16 to 18 feet at neap, and from 
 25 to 30 at spring tides. 
 
QUEBEC. 
 
 189 
 
 Quebec was taken from the French in 1750. Its capture was 
 the result of the victory jriiiaod by the En^rlish, on the Plains of 
 Abraham. The British, under Gen. Wolfe, havinfj etlected a 
 landing near the city, attacked and defeated the French under 
 Montcahn. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory ; and Mont- 
 cahn, who was wounded in the battle, expired tioon after. Panic- 
 struck by the death of their commander, the French surrendered 
 the city, before a sinjfie battery had been opened against it. 
 
 An attack made on this city during the American Revolution, 
 by an army under Montgomery and Arnold, was attended with 
 results widely different from those that crowned the efforts of the 
 liritish in their contest with the French. The attack was simul- 
 tuneously made by Montgomery on the southern, and by Arnold 
 on the nortiiern side of the lower town. Both attacks failed, 
 though made with great courage and impetuosity, (ien. Mont- 
 gomery and nearly all his stafF were killed, while Gen. Arnold 
 and most of his men were made prisoners. 
 
 There are three great lines of railway proposed, and in course 
 of construction, radiating from Quebec, viz : — 
 
 1st. The hue extending from Quebec to Toronto, and from 
 that city to Hamilton ; tiiere uniting with the Great Western 
 Railway, that will terminate opposite Detroit, Michigan. 
 
 2d. A railroad leaving Quebec, in a s. w. direction, to unite 
 with the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad, already in prog- 
 ress, which is to connect Montreal and Portland. 
 
 3d. The railway connecting the cities of Halifax and Quebec, 
 and passing through the provinces of Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 There are other important lines of railway proposed, all of 
 great utility to their respective localities, but their routes are not 
 yet determined on. 
 
 There are many places of resort worthy the attention of tour- 
 ists, in the vicinity of Quebec. The Falls of Montmorenci are 
 nine miles distant, and should be visited by all who delight in 
 looking on such wonders. The C/iaudicre Falls are on the op- 
 posite side of the St. Lawrence, 10 miles distant from Quebec. 
 The waters of the Chaudiere river, which is here about 400 feet 
 wide, fall a depth of 125 feet down a wild chasm, which is fear- 
 
 ■ '4- '(^ r:J 
 
 V w m 
 
 u 
 
 >'i' 
 
 ,:ii. 
 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 I £ •^\lA 
 
-^4^0^ 
 
 ■■\ 
 
 190 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 fully grand. A visit to the Saguenay River is a very pleasant 
 steamboat excursion from Quebec. The banks of this river vary 
 in height from 500 to 1,000 feet, and are very rocky. Its gen- 
 eral breadth is from two to three miles, but is contracted at its 
 mouth to rather less than one mile. Jts depth is also very great ; 
 attempts have been made to fathom it, near its mouth, with a 500 
 fathom line without reaching bottom. In some places, the stream 
 falls over intervenjng precipices from 40 to 60 feet in depth. 
 
 GRAND ROUTES TO THE WEST FROM ALBANY AND TROY 
 TO BUFFALO AND NLA.OARA FALLS. 
 
 The traveller to the West, via Buffalo and intermediate places, 
 has the choice of two routes. The first is by a continuous line of 
 railroads to Buffalo, 325 miles, which has been chartered under 
 different names, and under the control of separate companies, viz : 
 the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, 16 miles in length ; the Uti- 
 ca and Schenectady Railroad, 77 ; the Syracuse and Utica, 
 54 ; the Auburn and Syracuse, 2G ; the Auburn and Rochester, 
 77 ; the Tonawanda Railroad, which extends from Rochester 
 to Attica, 42, and the Attica and Buffalo Railroad to Buffalo, 
 33 miles. The other route is by the Erie Canal, which extends 
 to Buffalo, a distance of 364 miles. The former route is the 
 more expeditious and agreeable, but those travelling at leisure will 
 find the latter a very delightful one ; the canal, passing through 
 a highly fertile and interesting part of the state, affording the 
 traveller a succession of varied and beautiful scenery. 
 
 The rates and the time between the principal places are as 
 follows: — By railroad from Albany to Schenectady, 50 cents — 
 time one hour ; from Schenectady to Utica, 5^ hours, ^3.00 ; 
 from Utica to Syracuse, 3^ hours, $2.00 ; from Syracuse to 
 Auburn, 2 hours, $1.00 ; from Auburn to Rochester, 6 hours, 
 $3.00 ; from Rochester to Buffalo, 5 hours, $2.50 : time be- 
 tween Albany and Buffalo, 23 hours, Fare $12.00. The cars 
 leave Albany and each of the principal places on the route three 
 times daily — morning, afternoon, and evening ; except during the 
 winter mouths, when they leave twice daily. Returning from 
 
eosant 
 (F vary 
 8 gcn- 
 1 at its 
 
 great ; 
 h a 500 
 
 stream 
 h. 
 
 ) TROY 
 
 3 places, 
 18 line of 
 ed under 
 [lies, viz : 
 the Uti- 
 d Utica, 
 ochester, 
 och ester 
 Buffalo, 
 extends 
 Ite is the 
 lisure will 
 through 
 ding the 
 
 '/ ; 
 
 ;*i 
 
 \s are as 
 cents — • 
 I, $3.00 ; 
 \acuse to 
 6 hours, 
 Uime be- 
 JThe cars 
 lute three 
 luring the 
 l.ng from 
 
 ii* 
 

 s«i«jte»!-«>-' 
 

 • 
 
 .4^ 
 
 
 ' M 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 I. 
 
 '■■■j:-'. 
 
 ' * 
 
 
 
 
 • '....:!!.. 
 
 
 ■ J 
 
 .,u 
 
 I' . 
 
 • <: 
 
I. 
 
 i ' if • ^ 
 
ALBANY AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD. 
 
 191 
 
 Buffalo, the regulation is the same. The depot in Albany is in 
 Maiden Lane, comer of Dcane-st. 
 
 Persons going by the Erie Canal from Albany cr Troy, take 
 the railroad cars to Schenectady ; there taking either the packet 
 hoata, which go through in about three and a half days, or the 
 line boats, which occupy seven days. By the former the charge 
 is $7.50 with board, and $5.50 without ; and by the latter, one 
 and a half cents per mile with board, and one cent a mile with- 
 out. From Schenectady to Utica, 94 miles, the charge by the 
 packets is $1.50 with boa'-' $1.00 without; from Utica to 
 Syracuse, 64 miles, th( ime *, )m Syracuse to J' 'j. tester, 98 
 miles, $2.50 with board— $2.00 without ; from Rochester to 
 Buffalo, 95 miles, $2.00 with board— $1.50 without. (For de- 
 scriptions of Albany and Troy, the reader is referred to pages 
 1G3 and 16G.) 
 
 ALBANY AND S0H."3NE0TADY RAILROAD, (See Map No. 19.) 
 — This road, formerly the Mohawk and Hudson, extends from 
 the city of Albany to Schenectady, IG miles, and is 4,837 feet 
 long. It was opened for travel in 1831, and the cost of construc- 
 tion up to Jan. 1, 1848, was $1,473,253. Duringthe year 229,401 
 passengers had been conveyed over it. This road forms a con- 
 nection at Schenectady with the chain of railroads to Buffalo, and 
 also with the routes to Lake Champlain. 
 
 Schenectady, one of the oldest places in the state, and the 
 seat of Union College, is 16 miles from Albany, and 18 from 
 Troy. The compact portion of the city is on the s. e. side of the 
 Mohawk river. The prosperity of this place has received a new 
 impulse by the railroads which pass through it from Albany and 
 Troy, to Saratoga Springs and to Buffalo ; and also from the 
 establishment of the packet-boat lines on the Erie Canal. This 
 is the point of embarkation for all travellers proceeding west- 
 wardly by the canal. Owing to the length and tcdiousness of 
 the way, by the canal to Albany, the passage-boats leave this 
 city. The cars, on leaving Schenectady, cross the Mohawk 
 river and the Erie Canal by a bridge nearly 1,000 feet long, and 
 an embankment of considerable length ; when the roads diverge, 
 that for Utica to the West, the other in a northeast direction to 
 
 
 %: 
 
 ;.ii 
 
 nn 
 
 ii 
 
 
 ■■■ 
 
 .1 H 
 
 
 J1 -it 
 
 
 M 
 
192 
 
 RAILROAD AND S^'AMROAT 6v/>lPANi«n> 
 
 tlie Sprinjrs. The canal is contiiuH'd on the south bank of thj 
 Mohawk to Rome, where it is joined by the iilack Uivcr Cuual. 
 
 pi' 
 
 UTICA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD, (See Ma|)s Nos. 19 
 and ^0.) — This road is properly uu extension of the railroads fronj 
 Albany and Troy, which meet at Schenectady, and one of thw 
 important links in the chain of railroads from Albany to Bnffalo 
 It was opened for travel in 1836, is 78 miles lonuf, and cost np to 
 Jan. 1, 1847, .^I'^.'if):),! 14.80. The atlairs of this company are 
 in u i)rosj)erons condition : it is one of the most productive rail- 
 roads in the state, and etpial perhaps to any in the country. Its 
 dividends have averajj«'d about 10 per cent. ])er annum, and its 
 stock at the j)resent time ranjrfs from 15 to !;20 j)ercent. above par. 
 
 Amalprdnm, on the railroad, 17 mMes from Schenectady, is a 
 small but tlirivinj; villajre. The Ciiuctawnunda creek passes 
 throufjh it, with falls of 125 feet near its month, which afford 
 considerable water-power. Sla<rex leave this place daily for Fish 
 Hoiise villajife, a very pleasant place on the Sacandajja river. 
 This river is crossed by a wooden bridge 125 feet long, with three 
 arches, and with walks on each side. 
 
 Fonda, the county-seat of Montgomery county, contains a fine 
 courthouse, and other county buildings. — Johnstown, four miles 
 N., is an old place, having been laid out in 1784 ; it is situated 
 upon a fine plain, skirted on the n. and w. by the Cayadutta 
 creek, and on the s. by a hill of moderate elevation, and contains 
 the courthouse, prison, and county offices. 
 
 Palatine Bridge, on the railroad, 53 miles from Albany, is 
 connected by a bridge with the opp site side of the river. 
 
 Canajohurie is situated on the Erie Canal, 69 miles from Al- 
 bany. Its name is derived from an Indian word, signifying *' the 
 pot that washes itself," applied to a whirlpool at the foot of one 
 of the falls of the creek. This village, which was incorporated 
 in 1829, is a place of much trade, and has a population of about 
 2,000. From this place, and also from Palatine Bridge, stages 
 are in readiness for Cherry Valley and Sharon Springs, situated 
 about 10 miles in a s. w. and s. direction from Palatine Bridge, 
 the route being over a fine country. The Springs are situated 
 near the village, about half a mile n. of the turnpike-road ; they 
 
UTICA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD. 
 
 193 
 
 are pure and clear, and notwithstandinnr they flow for one-fourth 
 of a mile from thrir source with other water, preserve their dis- 
 tinctive character. The water fulls, with Huflicient volume to 
 turn a mill, over a ledge of rocks, which has a perpendicular de- 
 scent of ahout G5 feet. There are two 8prin{]fs, called the sulphur 
 and magnesia springs, the former being highly impregnated with 
 sulphur, and somewhat resembling the White Sulphur Springs of 
 Virginia. These waters have an exhilarating effect upon the 
 spirits, invigorate the system, purify the complexion, and are efH- 
 cacious in rheumatic and other diseases. — The Pavilion House 
 is large, well-constructed, and admirably arranged to accommo- 
 date a great number of visiters. It is erected on an eminence, 
 with large columns in front, and presents a comfortable and invi- 
 ting appearance. The prospect from the piazza towards the north 
 is unlimited, and few views surpass it in grandeur. The air here 
 is always pure and bracing, and in hot weather delightfully cool 
 and refreshing. 
 
 Cooper stow n lies at the s. end of Otsego Lake, 13 miles s. w. 
 from Cherry Valley, and 26 miles s. w. from the Erie Canal at 
 Canajoharie. From the village there is a fine view of the Otse- 
 go Lake, through its whole extent, — a delightful prospect, tlie lake 
 being nine miles long from n. to s., and from one to three wide. 
 The hills which encompass it have an elevation of from 400 to 
 500 feet above its surface. The purity of its water, and the 
 rich and varied scenery around, give it the highest claim to the 
 attention of the lovers of natural beauty. It is replenished with 
 several small streams and numerous springs, and affords an 
 abundant supply of salmon-trout, pike, pickerel, and bass, — the 
 last of which have a remarkable delicacy of flavor, and are said 
 to be peculiar to this lake. 
 
 Palatine, 59 miles from Albany, on the railroad and Mohawk 
 river, at the mouth of Garoga Creek, is one of the stopping- 
 places on this route. St. Johnsville is a small settlement three 
 miles distant. East Canada Creek joins the Mohawk three 
 miles above : the cars cross it by means of a substantial bridge. 
 It is a very rapid stream, and within the last two miles of its 
 course falls 200 ft. Its descent near the outlet is by six cataracts, 
 which, with the intermediate rapids, occupy three-fourths of a mile. 
 
 13 
 
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 ^i 
 
 (''•! 
 
 U' 
 
 la •■ ■ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
194 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 Little Falls, on the Mohawk river, 72 miles from Albany, is a 
 place of considerable trade, and owinjj to the facilities afibrdedby 
 the railroad, canal, and river, is constantly increasing. The pop- 
 nlation is about 2,700. The village is supplied with water brought 
 fium a spring in the granite mountain, the elevation of the spring 
 being 306 feet above the tops of the houses. It is remarkable 
 for the passage of the Mohawk river through the mountain bar- 
 rier, for its wild and picturesque scenery, and for the difiiculties 
 which have been overcome in constructing the Erie ('anal 
 through the pass. This defile, which extends for two miles, is a 
 deep cut through the solid rock, and presented obstacles inferior 
 to none, save the deep excavation at Lockj)ort. This j)lace re- 
 ceived the name of Little Falls in contradistinction to the (Jreut 
 Falls at Cohoes. The falls extend upon the river about three- 
 fourths of a mile, descending in that distance 42 feet, and consiist 
 of two long rapids, separated by a stretch of deep water, each 
 occupying about the fourth of a mile. The np{)er rapids are the 
 most considerable. Above them, a dam across the stream ren- 
 ders it placid, over which the waters, separated by a small island, 
 form beautiful cascades falling into a deep pool beneath, whence 
 the current rushes, murmuring and foaming, over ridges and 
 masses of rock, — flowing with comparative gentleness beneath 
 the overarching bridge and aqueduct, and thence hurrying, with 
 now impetuosity, over the stony bed below. The Erie Canal 
 descends the pass by five locks, 40 feet in the distance of one 
 mile ; and the time occupied in passing it affords travellers in 
 boats ample time to view leisurely the natural scenery and artifi- 
 cial improvements. Here are to be seen vast works of art, as 
 well as of nature, costly viaducts, aqueducts, locks, raceways, 
 waterfalls, mills, machinery, and a noble stream urging its rapid 
 course over its rocky bed in the very midst, and giving life and 
 animation to all around. Here is the beautiful aqueduct that 
 spans the entire volume of the Mohawk, (that is at this place 
 compressed into its narrowest limits,) resting on three arches, two 
 of 50 and one of 70 feet span, and thus forming a navigable 
 feeder for the canal, 170 feet song. If ihe traveller has time to 
 tarry here, if only to wait for the next train, he will be highly 
 gratified by descending to the stone bridge and viewing the cen- 
 
UTICA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD. 
 
 19A 
 
 tral arch, with the basin beneath, and then clinibinfj up to the 
 top of the mountain to catch a view of the Mohawk valley for an 
 extent of i20 or 30 milea. 
 
 Herkimer, seven nnles w. from Little Falls, is the county town 
 of Herkimer. The villapre, which is mostly built on two parallel 
 Bfrects, contains the courthouse, jail, and other public buildings, 
 and a population of about 900. 
 
 Richfield Sprinirs are situated in Otsego county, on the n. 
 side of Schuyler's Lake, one mile distant ; they are reached from 
 llie north, east, and west, by raiboud or the Erie Canal to Ihr- 
 kimer, where post-coaches and other conveyances are in constant 
 rpiuliness to convey visiters to the Springs, 12 miles distant. 
 Their location is in the vicinity of beautiful lakes that afibrd the 
 finest variety of fish ; wliile their shores and the neighboring 
 hills and woods alK)und in game. At the lake, in the vicinity of 
 the Springs, pleasure-boats and fishing aj)paratus are always kept 
 in readiness for visiters. The ride to Otsego Lake, six miles 
 distant, is over a fine road. Six miles farther is Cooperstowu, the 
 residence of Mr. Cooper, the novelist. Cherry Valbij, Spritig^- 
 field, and other pleasant villages, are within the circuit of a few 
 miles. The accommodations at tho Springs for visiters, whether 
 in search of pleasure or health, have recently been greatly im- 
 proved ; and the hotels, which are of the first class, furnish every 
 luxury and comfort usually found at those resorts. The follow- 
 ing is an analysis of the Sulphur Springs, made by Professor 
 Reed, formerly of the University of Edinburgh, and now consult- 
 ing chemist in the city of New York : bicarbonate of magnesia, 
 20 grains ; bicarbonate of lime, 10 grains ; chloride of sodium 
 and magnesia, 1.5 ; sulphate of magnesia, 90 ; hydro, sulph. of 
 magnesia and lime, 2 ; sulphate of lime, 90 ; solid matter, 15.3.5 ; 
 Bulphureted hydrogen gas, 20.8 inches per gallon. 
 
 Utica is situated 93 miles from Albany by railroad, and 232 
 from Buffalo : by the Erie Canal it is 110 from the former place, 
 and 254 from the latter. The city is beautifully located on the 
 8. side of the Mohawk river, on an inclined plane rising from the 
 river, so as to command, from its elevated parts, many fine 
 views. The stre-ets are generally laid out with regularity, are of 
 good width, and well paved. The buildings, which are of brick, 
 
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196 
 
 RAII-nOAn AND STHAMnoAT rOMPAMON. 
 
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 are mostly of u HiijH'rior kind. Its population \h ithont 15,000, 
 It contuinH n conrtliouHc, and otlior cniinty linil(lin<j;H, hanks, nn- 
 niProns cluirrlifs, and has several charitahlo and oIIht institu- 
 tions. The Slafc LiLuntic A'<(/lum, situated on t'U'vattMJ frroiuid, 
 ahoiit a inilo west of the (M'utro of the city, l;as lino huiidiufrH, 
 with a lar((o farm attached to it. Tiiis institution, which is an 
 honor to the state, was estahlished for persons of unsound mind 
 rcsideiit within its limits. Frif nds of this unfortunate class can 
 always ohtain admission for them hy applying to the proper au- 
 thorities. 
 
 Utica is a central point for canals, railroads, and tnrnpikep, 
 which radiate from it in all directions. The railroads, and the 
 ICrie Canal, (whi»,'h is hero 70 feet wide and -even feet deep,) 
 pass through it, on the east to Alhany, and on the west to Buf- 
 falo ; and the CherMugo ('anal, which is here joined with the 
 Erie, extends 8. to ninghamton, in Itniome county, 0(1 miles dis- 
 tant. The country around is fertile, popidous, and rich, and is 
 the centre of an extensive trade. There are many w«'ll-kept 
 hotels situated on Genesee-street, the princi|)al street of the city. 
 Stages leave Utica for all the rhief places within a circuit of 
 many miles ; and for Il/iaca, 04 miles from Utica, three times a 
 week. » . 
 
 Trknton Falls, situated on West Canada Creek, 15 miles in 
 a N. K. direction from Utica, are yearly growing in interest with 
 twirists. They can be reached by conveyances from Little Falls, 
 Herkimer, and Utica : they are, however, nearer to the latter 
 place, and by leaving early in the morning, the visiter, if ho in- 
 tends devoting but one day to them, will have an opportunity of 
 returning in the evening. These falls, which are six in number, 
 commence a short distance above the High Bridge, on the Black 
 River road, and terminate at Conrad's Mills ; embracing a dis- 
 tance of two miles, with an aggregate fall of 312 ft. The ap- 
 pearance of the falls varies greatly with the state of the water. 
 The scene, which at all times possesses great interest, is in sea- 
 sons of freshet extremely wild and exciting. 
 
 There is a well-kept hotel near the falls, where visiters meet 
 with every accommodation ; and the fine trout dinners which are 
 usHally served up here are in high repute. From this house you 
 
15,000. 
 uks, nu- 
 
 institu- 
 
 {rround, 
 tuildiii^H, 
 ch IH an 
 nd mind 
 '.\nm can 
 roper uu- 
 
 airnpikep, 
 , and the 
 eet df'cp,") 
 t to IJuf- 
 
 vvitij lU<' 
 
 inilfs dis- 
 ich, and is 
 
 wt'll-kopt 
 f the city. 
 
 circuit (if 
 ee times a 
 
 5 miles in 
 :orcst with 
 iittle Falls, 
 the latter 
 I, if he in- 
 Jortunity of 
 111 number, 
 the Black 
 |in<T a dis- 
 The ap- 
 Ithe water. 
 ;, is in sea- 
 
 Isitere meet 
 which are 
 house you 
 
 UTK'A AM) sriIF.NF.lTADV HAILU(UD. 
 
 107 
 
 View of Trenton Falls. 
 
 (IcsroiKJ a j)iitluvay ItJulinj^ to a lon^j staircase down the steep 
 ])d\\k of thf Wfst ('anadii Creek, which has worn a friglitful 
 rliasin throui^h a rocky range, in some places 150 ft de. p ^ 
 t 'Mice yoii proceed lip the stream, and follow the wiiidin<( f »ot- 
 [nih to .S!ierman"s Fall, which has a descent of 35 ft., with its 
 ^ri' atest fall towards the west, from the foot of which the stream 
 pn.iis along, with less rapidity desceiidinjr to Conrad's Falls, 
 ulilch have a |)itch of about X.M) ft. The High Falls hav? a 
 jx'rpi'iuiicular pitch of lUI) ft., and are divided by rifts in the rock 
 ii.lo three d.ilrrent and splendid cascades, — forming, with tlio 
 cliii-iin. l!ie high banks covered with foliage, and the rocky clitTs, 
 a scene of the wildest grandeur. I'lie Mill-Dam Fall, from the 
 r-gniarity and smuotlines.s of the rock, has a uj-'^'orm pitch of 
 aliDiit 1() ft., with a width of 175 ft. The waters •>'' the Upper 
 l''u!lf{, which have an abrupt descent of a])0ut 20 ft., are received 
 iut!) a caj)acious busin, lliat passes off through a wild ravine along 
 l!;e rocky bed of the river, for about a mile, tov urds the Cascades, 
 wliioh have a fall of about 18 ft. 
 
 A few years ago, two young ladies lost their lives here, in con- 
 poqiienco of the unprotected state in which a narrow ledge of 
 rocks was left, at the foot of a high precipice, and on the brink 
 overlooking the rushing waters, from whence they fell into the 
 boiling stream. After this unfortunate circumstaiico it was made 
 
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 198 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 secure, by guarding it with a chain, supported by iron standards, 
 made fast to the rock. 
 
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 /i^. 
 
 SYRACUSE AND UTICA RAILROAD.- (See Map No. 20.)— 
 This road is properly an exfension of the Utica and Schenectady 
 Railroad, and like that road, is one in the chain uniting the Hud- 
 son with Lake Erie, It is 54 miles in length, and was opened 
 for travel in 1839, and cost, up to Jan. 1, 1S48, ,$1,350,000. 
 
 White shorn', four miles w. of Utica, is a pleasunt village, sur- 
 rounded by rich and cultivated land. Pop. about 2,000. — Oris- 
 kaiiy, situated on a creek of the same name, near its junction 
 with the Mohawk, is a small but thriving place seven miles from 
 Utica. 
 
 Rome, 15 miles, and from Albany by railroad 108, and by the 
 Erie Canal 125 miles, is situated between the Mohawk river and 
 Wood Creek, and is haiidsoinely laid out, having wide streets 
 crossing each other at right iinglos, and two squares. It contains 
 a courthouse, jail, county-offices. United States arsenal, a num- 
 ber of workshops, and about 2,500 inhabitants. The village, 
 which is a semi-capital of the county, is built on the site of Fort 
 Stanwix, erected in 1758, and rebuilt during the revolutionary 
 war, under the name of Fort Schuyler, on the summit-level be- 
 tween the ocean and Lake Ontario. Hnwley^s Basin, on the 
 canal, four miles distant, is a small but growing place. 
 
 Verona Centre, Oneida Depot, and Wampsville, are small 
 and unimportant places on the route. At the second of these, 
 the passenger cars usually stop a few minutes. 
 
 SvKACiJSE, 54 miles from Utica, situated on both railroad and 
 canal, is 147 miles from Albany and 178 from Buffalo, by the 
 railroad, and 171 miles from Albany and 193 from Buffalo, by 
 the canal. It was incorporated in 1825, and now contains about 
 ?^,000 inhabitants. The village and surrounduig country are 
 celebrated for ihe manufa'iture of salt, made from brine springs 
 which abound here. These works are an important source of 
 revenue to the state, which receives six cents per bushel on all 
 that is manufactured here. Fine f.!!! is made by evaporation by 
 Keat, and coarse salt by solar evaporation. The Oswego Canal 
 connects Syracuse and the Erie Canal with Lake Ontario. The 
 
 nji i: 
 
OSWEGO AND SYRACUSE RAILROAD. 
 
 199 
 
 Syracuse House, an excellent hotel near I'le railroad depot, and 
 the Empire House, which has recently been built and elegantly 
 furnished, are the principal hotels. Omnibuses leave Syracuse 
 for Salina every hour. The canal-boats stop a quarter of a mile 
 s. of the railroad depot. 
 
 At Syracuse, the railroad and canal, which have kept in close 
 proximity with each other from Schenectady, take a separate 
 course, each winding and twisting about until they again meet at 
 Rochester, tl railroad crossing the canal at Pittsford ; whence 
 they again diverge, the Erie Canal taking a westerly direction to 
 Lockport, and thence a southerly one to Buffalo, The railroad 
 takes a course s. w. to Batavia ; thence southerly to Attica ; 
 thence almost due west to BuUalo. Those journeying west, can 
 select either of the above routes, or the canal route from Syra- 
 cuse to Oswego, 38 miles, — the Uiiual time being seveji hours, and 
 the fare ^1.50, — and there take the steamboat to llie I'louth of 
 the Cienesee river. (See the following route.) Travellers can also 
 go from Oswego to Niagara Falls. Fare, including meals, ^4.00 
 io ^5.00. (For continuation o{ the western route see page 200.) 
 
 «<! 
 
 OSWEGO AND SYRACUSE RAILROAD.— The opening of this 
 road will complete the chain of conununication which is to con- 
 nect Lake Ontario by railroad and steamboat with the Atlantic 
 cities. It extendi from Oswego on the lake to Syracuse, there 
 uniting with the Erie Canal, and the chain of railroads from Bos- 
 ton to Buffalo. Its entire length is 35 miles: its highest grade 
 does not exceed 11)^ feet, and that only for a short distance, and 
 most of the grades are under 14 feet. It is in a great degree free 
 from curves, and those which exist are of a radius varying from 
 400 to 11,000 feet The entire cost is estimated at $437,500, or 
 i^l2,50O per mile ; it is to be constructed in the best possible man- 
 ner, and of heavy rail, and will be opened for travel in the sum- 
 mer of 1848. 
 
 Oswego, a port of entrj', and semi-capital of Oswego county, 
 N. Y., lies on both sides of the Oswego river, at its confluence 
 with Lake Ontario. Its location affords great facilities for com- 
 merce and manufactures, (tJio great water-power of the river be- 
 uig applied to the lattsr purpose J commanding, as it does, the 
 
 H' 
 
 
200 
 
 EAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 
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 I: 
 
 f 
 
 markets of the lakes and the St. Lawrence river ; also the inte- 
 rior of the state, and the city of N. York hy the railroad and 
 canal from Oswego to Syracuse, and hero with the Erie Canal 
 and the railroads diverging from thence hoth on the e. and on the 
 W. The harbor, if we except that of Sackett's Harbor, is the best 
 port on Lake Ontario ; it is formed by a pier or mole tilled with 
 Btone, 1,219 feet long on the w. side, and 250 feet on the e. side, 
 with an entrance between them sufficient for the egress and in- 
 gress of vessels. The depth of water within the pier is from 10 
 to 20 feet. The entire cost of this work was {^93,000. The 
 population of Oswego, according to a census just completed, 
 (1848,) is 9,j.?n ; East Oswego having 4,*]41, and West Oswego 
 5,198. Li 1840 the entire population was 4,500, and in 1845 it 
 was 6,818. Steamboats, during the period of na^ gation, run to 
 the principal j)lace8 on Lake Ontario ; also to Rochester and Lew- 
 iston. ^ 
 
 AUBURN AND SYRACUSE RAILROAD, w estern route continued 
 from page 199. — (See Mup No. 21.) — 1 his short road runs from 
 Syracuse to Auburn, 2G miles, and is the fourth separate line on 
 the route from x\lbany to ButFalo. It was opened for travel in 
 1839, and cost up to Jan. 1, 1848, ^820,000. 
 
 Skaneateles, five miles s. of the Auburn and Syracuse Rail- 
 road, with which it is connected by a branch railroad, is delight- 
 fully situated at the foot of Skaneateles I^ake. The site of the 
 village is one of surpassing beauty, conmianding a view of the 
 lake for seven or eight miles, and of the country rising gently 
 from the shore into hills 100 feet high, the sides of which are 
 highly cultivated, and surrounded by fine farms and country res- 
 idences. Ihe lake is 16 miles long, and from half a milf to one 
 and a half wide, and abounds with trout, salmon-trout» and other 
 fish. Its water is deep uuA remarkably pure, its bottom gravelly, 
 and its shores bold and picturesijuc, rising, towards the head oi 
 the lake, abruptly several hmidred feet. 
 
 Auhurn, one of the most beautiful and thriving villages iu the 
 state, is situated on the Outlet, two and a half miles from Owasco 
 Lake. This lake, which is 12 miles long and about one wide, 
 contains an abundance of excellent fish, and is a great resort for 
 
 \) 
 
) iiite- 
 d and 
 Canal 
 on the 
 he best 
 d with 
 E. side, 
 md in- 
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 . The 
 ipk'ted, 
 (Jswego 
 1845 it 
 I, run to 
 id Lew- 
 
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 \ns from 
 line on 
 lUavel iu 
 
 lise Rail- 
 delight- 
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 (jf gently 
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 3S iu tho 
 
 Owasco 
 
 me wide, 
 
 Iresoit for 
 
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 4.:) 
 
AUBURN AND ROCHESTER RAILROAD. 
 
 201 
 
 anglers. The shores of the lake are surrounded by rugfjed and 
 picturesque scenerj'. Auburn is 173 miles w. from Albany, and 
 152 £. from Buffalo, and contains about 6,000 inhabitants. Tho 
 streets are wide, well paved, and there are handsome ranges of 
 «toue and brick stores, and, in tho retired parts, some tasteful 
 dwellings and ornamented grounds. The Auburn State Prison^ 
 located on the n. side of tho Owasco Outlet, is a splendid edifice 
 of its kind, erected at a cost of more than half a million of dollars 
 The enclosure forms a square, 500 feet on a side, surrounded by a 
 stone wall 2,000 feet long, and from 16 to 40 feet high. The 
 Owasco Outlet runs along the outside of the s. wall, and moves 
 a water-wheel attached to a shaft, which extends throuf'h the 
 wail, and sets in ^notion the machinery W'"iin the prison. The 
 building forms three sides of a square, the front of which is 276 
 feet long, and the wings 242 feet long and 45 wide. The main 
 building faces to tho e. The \. wing is divided into solitary cells 
 and a hospital, and the s. wing into cells. Between the wings 
 is an area of grass and gravelled walks ; to the w. of this is the 
 interior yard, surrounded with workshops built against the outer 
 wall. In tiie front part of the main building is the residence of 
 (lie keeper, and offices for the clerk and agent. The walls that 
 form the enclosure are 35 feet high, 4 thick, and 2.000 in extent, 
 or 500 feet on each front. The prisoners labor together in silence 
 when at work, and when not employed are confined in solitary 
 cells. Visiters can obtain admission within the walls by paying 
 a small fee. 
 
 AUBURN AND ROOHESTER RAILROAD, ^See Map No. 21.) 
 — This road forms the fifth link in the Great Western line of 
 railroads from Albany to Buffalo. It joins with the Auburn and 
 Syracuse Railroad, and extends from Auburn to Rochester, a dis- 
 tance of 77 miles. It was opened for travel in 1840, and cost, 
 up to Jan. 1, 1848, $2,087,797. 
 
 Cayuga village lies on tho n. k. side of Cayuga Lake, and 
 contains about 350 inhabitants. The celebrated " Cayuga Bridge," 
 a mile and eight /ods in length, hero crosses the lake, and gives 
 the traveller an extensive and beautiful view of this sheet of wa- 
 ter, and its highly cultivated shores, as far as the eye can reach. 
 
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 »' 
 
 202 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 
 The railroad brid((e, a mile and a half long, is carried over its n 
 end. Cayuira Lake is a beautiful expanse of very transparent 
 water, 40 miles long, and from one to four broad. Its outlet is 
 about 2i) miles s. of Lake Ontario. It is surrounded by well- 
 cultivated farms and thriving villages, and abounds with nalmon- 
 trout, pickerel, perch, white-fish, pike, 6lc. Owing to its depth, 
 which is said in some places to exceed 500 feet, it is rarely closed 
 by ice, even in the most rigorous winters. Steamboats ply be- 
 tween Cayuga IJridge and Ithaca in its s. part, a distance of 40 
 miles, stopping at intermediate places. These boats run in con- 
 nection with the cars on the Auburn and Rochester, and the 
 Ithaca and Owego railroads, and also with the various stage 
 routes in this vicinity. The boats leave Ithaca at an '!y hour 
 in the morning daily for Cayuga Bridge, arriving in time for the 
 trains going either east or west. (For Ithaca, see page 151.) 
 
 Seneca Falls village, situated on both sides of the outlet of 
 Seneca Lake, is IG miles w. from Auburn. The water-power 
 aftbrded by the outlet is very great, the descent in 12 miles be- 
 ing about 80 feet. The Cayuga and Seneca Canal, which unites 
 with the Erie Canal at Montezuma, passes through the village. 
 
 Waterloo lies on the outlet of Seneca Lake, along which runs 
 the Seneca Canal, and the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, 
 which passes through the village. It contains grist and saw mills, 
 tanneries, and other evidences of industry, and is a busy place, 
 with a population of about 2,500. 
 
 Geneva, situated at the n. w. corner of Seneca Lake, which is 
 here about two miles wide, is 52 miles w. from Syracuse, 51 s. e. 
 from Rochester, 109 from Albany, and 12G from Buffalo. It is 
 built upon the side and sunnnit of an eminence rising up from 
 the lake, the plane of which, elevated more than 100 feet above 
 the lake, affords a fine view of this beautiful expanse of water, 
 the high and sloping shore beyond it, and the valley of its outlet. 
 Upon the w. it is bounded by low hills, rising by terraces, highly 
 cultivated, and adorned with handsome dwellings. The principal 
 street of the village runs near to, and parallel with the lake shore, 
 and the mansions on the eastern side have hanging gardens reach- 
 ing to the water's edge. The business part of the village, which 
 is compactly built, extends to the plain that lies at the foot of the 
 

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 r its N 
 ?parcnt 
 utlet is 
 y well- 
 ialmon- 
 ) depth, 
 f closed 
 
 ply be- 
 36 of 40 
 
 in con- 
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 is plage 
 ''y hour 
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 151.) 
 mtlet of 
 er-power 
 uiles be- 
 lli unites 
 
 village. 
 
 ich runs 
 ailroad, 
 
 w mills, 
 [sy place. 
 
 AUBURN AN) ROCHESTER RAILROAD. 
 
 203 
 
 lake, and contains many fine stores, &c. 7'ho accommodutions 
 at the several hotels are very good, and the charges moderate. 
 Conveyance can readily be obtained to any part of the village 
 or vicinity. Steamboats ply regularly on the lake, connecting 
 with stage routes to Elmira and Corning, and at the latter place 
 with the railroad to Blossburg, in the n. part of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Seneca Lake, one of the most beautiful, and the largest of the 
 lakes of Western New York, is 40 miles long, and varies in width 
 from two to four miles. From its great depth, which, \2 miles 
 from its outlet, is 5G0 feet, it is never entirely frozen over. It is 
 elevated 4.31 jeet above tidewater. Its outlet, which is at the 
 northeastern angle, affords great water-power at Waterloo and 
 Seneca Falls. The outlet of Crooked Lake enters Soneca Lake 
 12 miles 8. of Geneva, having a descent of 26') feet. A canal 
 extends from its north end to the Erie Canal, and another con- 
 nects it with C'rooked Lake. 
 
 Canandaigua, on the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, 221 
 miles from Albany, 104 from Buffalo, 74 from Syracuse, and 29 
 from Rochester, is finely situated on a plain at the n. end of Ca- 
 nandaigua Lake. The ground descends gently towards the lake, 
 presenting a fine view of it from the village. The town is beau- 
 tifully built, lying chiefly in two parallel streets, running n. and 
 s., and crossed at right angles by a number of others. At the 
 centre is a fine public square, on which stands the courthouse and 
 other public buildings. No town in the state excels this in pic- 
 turesque beauty, or is a more desirable place of residence, it being 
 surrounded by a rich agricultural country, producing every luxury 
 and comfort. — Canandaigua Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, 
 14 miles long, and from a mile to a mile and a half wide, presents 
 on its shores much delightful scenery. Its waters, which are 
 elevated 670 feet above the ocean, are very deep, beautifully 
 clear, and contain a variety of excellent fish. The Burning 
 Spring is situated in a ravine, on the w. side of Bristol, eight 
 miles s. e. from Canandaigua. The gas rises, through fissures of 
 slate-rock, from the margin and bed of a brook : where it passes 
 through the water it is in bubbles, and flashes only when a flamo 
 is applied ; but where it flows directly from the rock, it bums with 
 a gteady tnd beautiful flame. In winter it forms openings iu tha 
 
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 ■ "Iffll ' 
 
 • ^' W' 
 
 n 
 
 i 1 
 
 »' 
 
 1 ; 
 
 
 m 
 
 ki 
 
 v4 
 
 w 
 
 s 
 
 i.wr-'! 1 
 
204 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 in 
 
 snow, and being set on Hrc, presents the novel spectacle of a flame 
 rising out of the snow. In very cold weather, tubes of ice are 
 formed around these currents of gas, to the height of two or three 
 feet, the gas issuing from their tops. When burning in a still 
 evening, these natural gas-lights present a beautiful appearance. 
 
 RociiESTKR lie" on both sides ol the Genesee river, seven miles 
 s. of Ijako Ontario; by railroad w. from Albany 250 miles — by 
 the Erie Canal, 2(19 ; and e. from BufValo, by the former route 
 75 miles — by the latter, 95. The population, in 1820, was 1,502 ; 
 in IB.'iO, 9,261) ; in 1840,20,191. It was founded in 1812, by 
 Nathaniel Rochester, and others, all of whom were from Mary- 
 land ; and was incorporated as a village in 1817 — as a city in 
 1834. It is handsomely laid out, with considerable, though not 
 entire, regularity. The e. and w. parts of the city are connect- 
 ed by three bridges, and the river is also crossed in the middle of 
 the city by the splendid aqueduct of the Erie Canal, which rests 
 on 1 1 arches, is 804 feet long, and cost ^80,000. The streets 
 are spacious, with a width varying from 00 to 80 feet, well paved 
 in the centre, with convenient sidewalks ; and there are also 
 several public squares which are enclosed. Buffalo-st., which is 
 broad and straight, runs through the centre of the city, crossing 
 the river on a bridge : on the east side it is culled Muin-st. The 
 city is handsomely built, chiefly with brick, and a large number 
 of the stores and dwellings are elegant ; many of the houses 
 have fine gardens, ornamented with fruit-trees and shrubbery. 
 Some of the churches and public buildings are handsome struc- 
 tures. 
 
 Rochester owes its rapid growth and present greatness to the 
 vast water-power created by the falls in Genesee river, which 
 amount to 268 feet within the bounds of the city, in which are 
 throe successive perpendicular falls of 96, 20, and 105 feet, be- 
 sides rapids. On these rapids and falls are many large flouring- 
 mills, not surpassed by any others in the world, and numerous 
 other hydraulic works. These mills are capable of manufactu- 
 1 ug 5,000 barrels of flour daily. 
 
 As a seat of commerce, the city is meet admirably situated. 
 ] I is the port of entry of the Genesee collection district, and by 
 1 ( ike Ontario may participate in all the trado of the St. Law- 
 
 t> 
 
■% 
 
 AUnTTRN AND ROCTIRSTRR RAILROAD. 
 
 205 
 
 flame 
 
 :e are 
 
 r three 
 a Htill 
 
 r II nee. 
 
 n miles 
 
 lea— by 
 
 t>r route 
 
 1 1,502; 
 
 .812, by 
 
 1 Mary- 
 
 a city in 
 
 )ugh wot 
 
 connect- 
 
 middle of 
 
 liich rests 
 
 le streets 
 
 ^rell paved 
 are also 
 which is 
 , crossing 
 ■St. The 
 ;e number 
 ^e houses 
 ihrubbery. 
 .nitt struc- 
 
 less to the 
 
 ^er, which 
 I which are 
 I5 feet, be- 
 le flouriug- 
 numerous 
 lanufactu- 
 
 situated. 
 
 fct, and by 
 
 St. Law- 
 
 ronce basin. Vessels come np the (ionese** river from the lake 
 to Carthajre, 2^ miles n. of th«' oentro of the city, where sleatn- 
 lioats arrive and drpart daily, and to wliicfi there is a railroad 
 Irom the city. The river is naviijahle for hoats to IJie head of 
 tlio rapids, a distance of 53 miles, and steamboats of li^ht burden 
 may ply between the city and the villa^je of Avon, 20 miles s. 
 The Erie C'anrd passes centrally thronjrh the city, iJfivinjj it ac- 
 cess on the east to Albany, and thence hy the Hudson river to 
 Nt \v York ; and on the wi'st to IJntV.do, aiul thence to the npj)er 
 !uk»'s and the tjreat West. The (ienesee Valle\ Canal is tc 
 (M)iinect it with Olean on the Al!e(rh;uiy river, and thence with 
 l*.tfsl)ur<;. The cliain of railroads from Hoston to IJutlalo passes 
 ihroujjh it, givin^T it a ready access to hoth sections of the coun- 
 try, and intermediate places. It has several well-kept and 
 eli'^antly furnished hotels, where the traveller will find every 
 iKcommodation. The principal ones are the Eai[lr, American, 
 Nciv Mansion House, Congvess Hall, Clinton, Rochester, &.C., 
 
 The Gknesek Falls arc seen to the best advantage from tho 
 K. side of the stream. The railroad cars pass about 100 rods s. 
 of tho most southerly fall on (ieneseo River, so that passengers 
 in crossing lose the view. T'hese falls have t/irec perpendicular 
 pitches, .nd two rapids ; the first great cataract is 80 rods helow 
 tlio a(jueduct, the stream plunging perpendicularly 9G feet. The 
 ledge here recedes up the river from the centre to the sides, 
 breaking tho water into three distinct sheets, unsurpassed in 
 beauty by any waterfall in the state, although those of Niagara 
 and Cohoes »iave more sublimity. From 'f'lhle Rock, in the 
 centre of these falls, Sam Patch made his last and fatal leap. 
 The river below the first cataract is broad and deep, with occa- 
 sional rapids to the second fall, where it airain deseends perpen- 
 dicularly 20 feet. Thence the river pursues its course, which is 
 noisy and rapid, to tho third and last fall, over which it pours its 
 flood down a perpendi^'ular descent of 105 feet. Below this fall 
 arc numerous rapids which continue to Carthage, tho end of 
 navigation on the Genesee river from Lake Ontario. The 
 entire descent from Rochester to Carthage is stated at 2G8 feet. 
 
 Mount Hope, a rural cemetery amidst wild and picturesque 
 
 
 V'< 
 

 I 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 ; 
 
 206 
 
 KAIMIOAII AND STKAMIJOAT ( OiMI'ANION. 
 
 iccnory, \h Mitiiated two milrs s. of tlio railroad (lep«^ u.d ix 
 qnartrr of a iiiilo e. of tho river and tlio Oouchoc Vullcy • ': jial 
 It is said to Hiirpass in IxMUty oitlicr (irconwood at IJrooklyn, or 
 Mt. Anbnrn urar IJonton. Omnibuses leave Kocliester for Ml 
 Hope nuiny tinirs daily. Fare li2i cents. 
 
 Tlio Arun NprimrH, wliieh uro yearly incrensinfr in public 
 favor, nro sitnated in tlio valley of tbo Genesee, ID miles from 
 Rochester, and i25 from C'anandaijrna. Tho villajje, which is orj 
 tho ri},djt bank of tho river, is elevated 100 feet above it, and is 
 delightfully situated on a terrace, connnandiufj an ext"nsivc view 
 of the nei<rhborin«r country. Tho waters of these sprinjrs have 
 obtained celebrity, from their eflicaey in curiuj; various disorders; 
 this, added to the rural attractions of the spot, induces thousands 
 to visit them. 'I'he hnlcla are tlie Comstork llouffc, which has 
 recently been enlarj^ed, and finished with drawinjr and sleeping 
 rooms in the most elejjant modern t-lyle ; the Avon Hold, an 
 excellent house, also jjreatly iniproved ; the American, Knicker' 
 hacker Hall, and the Pavilion, which afford fine accommoda- 
 tions. A stn(re leaves Rochester, during tho season, every 
 morning^, and packef-hoats on tho Genesee Valley Canal land 
 passenjrers within two miles, from which point carriages are in 
 readiness to convey them to the Sprinj^s. 
 
 From Rochester there are three modes of conveyance to 
 Buffalo and Niagara Falls. Tho route by railroad to Buft'alo, 
 74 miles, is the most expeditious ; tho canal route, 95 miles, 
 is, however, tho cheapest. Steamboats, during the season of 
 navigation, run daily from Carthage, which is connected with 
 Rochester by railroad, to Lc/c/sfow, on tho Niagara river; and 
 thence tho passengers are conveyed by railroad to Niagara Falls 
 and Buffalo. Tiio whole distance from Rochester to Niagara 
 Falls, by the railroad, about to bo built, is 81 miles, 26 of which 
 (from Lockport to the Falls) are already in operation. When 
 this road is fniished, it will complete a cliain of railroad from Bos- 
 ton to a point in Canada opposite Detroit, Mich. ; and when the 
 roads from New York to Albany are finished, it will make a line 
 from the metropolis to the same point, via Niagara Falls, and 
 through Upper Canada. 
 
 Lockport f on the Erie Canal, 31 miles n. e. from BufTalo, 
 
:»^ 
 
 xu'i ii 
 
 5okiyi», or 
 er for Ml- 
 
 ill publK- 
 iiiih^s from 
 vhich is oil 
 ) it, and is 
 •nJ'ive view 
 
 s disorders ; 
 
 H thousands 
 
 , y!\\\c\\ has 
 
 ,nd slet'piiig 
 
 n Hotel, an 
 
 f/j, Knicker- 
 
 acconimoda- 
 
 'ason, every 
 Canal land 
 iages are in 
 
 nveyance to 
 d to Buftalo, 
 e, 95 miles, 
 ,e season of | 
 Innectcd with 
 [a river; and 
 iagara Falls 
 |r to Niagara 
 I, 26 of which 
 ition. When 
 [oad from Bos- 
 .nd when the 
 II make a line 
 Lra Falls, and 
 
 from Buffalo, 
 
 ATTICA AND BUFFALO RAILROAD. 
 
 207 
 
 contains the deep excavation for the canal, cut thronjjh the 
 mountain ridjjo for the distance of three niiieH, at an average 
 depth of 20 feet, in linieKtono rock. It descends in a natural 
 ravine from the hijriier to the lower plain, by five double locks of 
 12 feet lift each ; so that whilst one boat ascends, another nmy 
 descend the steep. These locks, which are of superior workinau- 
 sliijj, with stone steps in the centre and at eitlur side, are guard- 
 ed with iron railinj^s for the convenience of passfu^rcrs. The 
 canal beini; supplied by Tonawanta creek from the inexhaustible 
 reservoir, Lake Erie, distant 30 miles, atFords an abundant supply 
 ol' water for hy<lraulic purposes, whence the villa;:ro chiefly de- 
 rives its prosperity. From the foot of tlio steps the canal con- 
 tinues upon one level of CG miles, ending two niiles e. of Rochester. 
 
 TONA WANDA RAILROAD, (see Map No. 2:2.)— This road ex- 
 tends from Rochester to Attica, and is a continuation, from tin 
 former place, of the roads from Albany to BuilUlo and Niaj^ara 
 Falls. It is 43 miles in leuirtb, and the cost of construction up to 
 Jan. 1, 1848, was ^l')'.i,335. 
 
 This road passes tliroufrh the villajrps of C/iili, 9 miles; 
 Cfiurchcille, 13; Bfraen, 11 ', Bi/ron,2o', Batacia, 32 \ AlcX' 
 antler, 40, and to Atticd, 43 miles. 
 
 ATTIOA AND BUFFALO RAILROAD, (see Map No. 22.) - 
 This road extends from Attica to ButTulo, 32 miles, and com- 
 pletes the great chain in the lino of railroads extending from 
 Boston to the waters of Lake Erie, and by the Hudson river to 
 the city of New York. It was opened for travel in 1842, and 
 cost in its construction, up to Jan. 1, 1848, .^112,188. 
 
 The principal places on this route are Dnrien, G miles from 
 Attica; Aldcn, 11 miles; Lancaster, 2\ miles; Checktawaga, 
 Q6 miles. We now arrive at Buffalo. 
 
 Buffalo. — This city, a port of entry, and the capital of Erie 
 county, is situated on the outlet of Lake Erie, at the head of 
 Niagara river, and at the mouth of BulFulo creek, which forms 
 its harbor. It is from Albany, by railroad, 32.> miles, — by the 
 Erie Canal 3G4 miles ; 470 from New York ; 22 s. s. e. from 
 Niagara Falls; 75 from Roclusler, by railroad; 31 from Lock- 
 
 
 I' •' 
 
 -. 
 
 ''.5 
 
 1^=^ 
 
 ii 
 
 'y 
 
208 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 f ; \ 
 
 ■ a , 
 
 port; 103 N. N. K. from Clevrliiiid, Ohio; 290 E. by N. from De- 
 troit ; and r>'>7 from Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Hnllalo was orii^inally laid out in 1801, but j;rew slowly until 
 1812, in wliirli year it became a military post. In Dec. 1813, 
 every buildinjr in it, save two, was burnt by a party of liritisli 
 and Indians. It .soon, however, rose from its ashes, and in four 
 years afterwards contained upwards of 100 buildinj^s, some of 
 them l;ir<re and ele;rant. Pop. in 1^2."), only 2,412; in 18.3.'), 
 l."),(i(il ; in 184;"), 2;). 773; and in January, 1848, it contained 
 10.000. At the close of tlie war of 1812, the United States 
 p.iid the inhabitants of HiiOulo a (Hjmpeiisation of .S^80,000 for 
 tile lo-(Kes they had sustained by the conlla^ration of 1813. 
 
 liidKdo owes the commencement of her prosperity to the com- 
 pletion of the I'^rio C'anal, whi<;h was opened in 182.">. It wa;- 
 in(!i)iporated as a city in .\pril, 1S32, is divided into five wards, 
 and 'governed by a mayor and common council, annually elected. 
 It is laid out partly on a bluiror terrace, risinjr oO feet above the 
 lake, and partly on the low f^round or marsh towards tiic lako 
 and creek. The n)arsh havin<r been drained, 's now bocome thf 
 business part of the city. The {rround on which the city is buill 
 rises }.rra(lually from the civek, which runs throu;;h its 8. part, and 
 at the distance of two miles it becomes an extended plain, ele- 
 vated ')() fei t abdve [iake Erie, whence there is a dclijrhtfid vi( w 
 of the lake, t!ie Nia;i^ara river, the Erie Canal, and the Canadri 
 i-hore. Tile c'.ty is rejridarly laid out, with broad and .straii>hl 
 [Streets t!ial intersect usually at riiijiit angles. Main-st., more than 
 two miles loni> and 120 feet broad, is occupied on either side with 
 .me. lolly stores, dwellin;rs, and hotels, which present an imposiny 
 appearan(re. The three pub!C s<ji:ares, Niagara, Franklin, and 
 \Vashin;^ton, which are planted wit!', trees, add iimch to the 
 beauty and health of the city. IJutralo has a courthouse, jail, 
 county-cIfM'k's otrKje, two markets, in the uj)per story of one of 
 which are the common-council chamber and city offices, about 
 twenty churches, several bankinjr-houses. a theatre, and many 
 spacious and elejrant hotels. 
 
 A pier, of wood and stone, extends 1 ,.')00 feet on the s. side of 
 the mouth of the creek, forming!; a breakwater, for tiie protection 
 of vessels from the violent gales occasionally e.vporienced here. 
 
roni 
 
 De- 
 
 wly vintil 
 ec. IHIS, 
 3f British 
 1(1 in four 
 , some of 
 in 1835, 
 contiiined 
 od Stutfs 
 ::<(), 000 for 
 
 ) the coni- 
 
 ). It NVIU 
 
 five wards, 
 lly elected. 
 L above the 
 Is tlio lako 
 become tlif 
 -Ity is buill 
 s. part, and 
 plain, elc- 
 rhtfid vi( \\ 
 he Cauadn 
 lud strainh) 
 |, more than 
 r side vvilh 
 |in imposino 
 mklin, and 
 lueh to the 
 house, jail, 
 of one of 
 Ihces, about 
 and many 
 
 [\e s. side of 
 
 protection 
 
 [need here. 
 
 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS RAILROAD. 
 
 209 
 
 The lijrhlhouse, 40 feet hii^li ; nd '2\) in diameter, placed at the 
 head of the j)ier, is a substantial and beautiful structure, built of 
 dressed yellowish limestone. 
 
 IhitValo has already become a preat commercial mart, from tlie 
 tradinjjf facilities atVorded by the canal and railmud, in connection 
 with the lake navijijation, which lias an extent of soimi thousands 
 of miles. It has conmmnication on the u. by canal with Albany, 
 and thenco by a chain of railroads, 5:^r» miles lun<r, with IJoston 
 It is also connected by railroad with Niajrara Falls and Lewiston, 
 oil the north. 
 
 The j)rincipal hot(>ls in BufTilo are the Aniciicari, Munsinn 
 Hou.tCf Wcsirrn, IJnitrd Sfairs, Commercial, Ejcchatigr, and 
 Ihijf's. There are also other excellent houses, where the wants 
 of travellers are well attended to. (For routes from liidlalo to 
 Detroit, Chicago, &^c., see Index.) 
 
 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS RAILROAD.— This road 
 extends from ButValo to Niagara Falls, 2:2 miles; it was opened 
 for travel in IB.'iG, and the cost of construction to Jan. 1, 1848, 
 was .*j$'J()4,902. The total number of passenrrors carried over the 
 road durinjr the year was GO, .')()(). 
 
 RoL'TKS FROM Ik^KlALO TO NlAGAKA FaLI.S. — (See Map No. 
 
 20. — Visiters can reach Niajjara Falls from BuftUlo, either by 
 tlie Buffalo and Nini^ara Falls Railroad, or by stcamhoat to 
 Chipjxtwa, on the Canada side, or to Schlosser. on the American 
 side. These Falla are also readied from Ror/it'stfr by the Erie 
 Canal to Lock port, and thence by railroad to the Falls ; there- 
 hy dispensinjj with the route throu<;h Buffalo, — u savinj; of both 
 time and expense. By the Jinffalo and Niatriira Falls Rail- 
 road, passen|Ter8 are conveyed direct to the Falls, on the Ameri- 
 can side, 22 miles distant ; and from the steamboat-landinjr at 
 Srhlossrr, either by the cars or stoi^r, runnin<r direct to the 
 Tails. From the landinpf at Chippewa, the railroad connecting; 
 (iiieenston with that place takes you to Niaixara Falls, a short 
 distance v. of Chippewa, stoppiuij opposite the I'avilion Hotel, 
 and al>out half a mile from the C'lifton Ilon.se. T/ic fare on 
 each of t/ie routes from liaff'alo is 75 cents; going and return- 
 ing by the same cunveyance, ,*$1.25. 
 
 14 
 
 I ■ 
 
 \M 
 
 
 M; 
 
 , :; P 
 
 
 
 M , . 
 
 4' M 
 
 I* 
 
•210 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAIMBOAT ( OMPAMON. 
 
 ;'i!N 
 
 >' 
 
 
 View of Xi.veira FaV.a 
 
 FALLS OF NLA.GARA. 
 (See Map No. 2'J.) 
 
 TliPSP Flails nre lirlievot] to be the most sublime object of the 
 kind in the world. Lanjjiiiijre is incapable of conveyinjr to the 
 mind an a<le(|nitfe description of tlieir bennties. Their immenpitv 
 raises cniotions of terror, wo)vler. and deli<rht, in all who look 
 upon theni. 'I'here are other falls which have a greater perpeii- 
 difidar descent, bnt none in the known world where snch a mass 
 of water is precipitated from 80 preat a heifxht. It has been cooi- 
 ptiled that the quantity of water dischar<red over the Falls is 
 <!7(),<l()(Mous per minute. On viewiu<r this ma<;nifjcent w<<rk ol 
 nature, the words of the Psalmist are forcibly brought to mind : 
 " I will remember the works of the Lord. Thon art the (ioii 
 that doest wonders. The waters saw thee, () (Jod ; the dej)llis 
 also were troubled ; the earth trembled and shook. Thy way is 
 iu the sea, and thy path 'n the great waters, and thy foosteps are 
 not known." 
 
 The Falls are situated on tlie Niagara river, 14 miles above 
 Luke Ontario, and 23 below Lake Erie, on the New York side. 
 
ihjort of tlio 
 yinjr to tlu> 
 r inimensity 
 11 who look 
 liter perppM- 
 Isuch u muss 
 s been coin- 
 Ithe Falls is 
 out work ol 
 lit to miiul : 
 irt llio (io(i 
 •, the depths 
 Thy wiiy is 
 foostcps are 
 
 Iniiles above 
 Iv York side. 
 
 FALLS OF NIAGARA. 
 
 2U 
 
 The riv(T forms the outlet of lii*? waters of the jjreut upper lakes, 
 which, lo;j^etlirr with I'lr.o aud Ontario, drain, accordnij; to I'ro- 
 lesHor Drake ol" Kentucky, au area of country c(pial to 10,000 
 sipiaie mile.'*, and the <xtent of their surface is estimated at 
 'J.'I.DOO s(piare miles. These lakes contain nearly one-half of the 
 tresh water on the surface of the j^lohe. \, the distance of about 
 lliree-fourths of a nnle above the Falls, the river be<fins a raj)id 
 descent, makinjT within that distance a succi'ssion (tf slopes, i(pial 
 to r)J fett on the American side, and .")? on the op|)osite one ; and 
 Ibrminjj a pow«'rful ciUTent at the Falls, it turns at a rijfht ant^!e 
 to toe N. i;., and is then suddenly contracted in width from three 
 miles to thr<-e-lourths of ii mile. He!(nv the cataract the river is 
 oidv hall' a mile wide, l»ut its d< ptli exceeds IJOO feet. Tlu^ cat- 
 aract is divided mlo two parts by (ioat or Iris Island, containiu}; 
 about 7.'» acres ; but the |)rinc pal channel is on the western or 
 I'unadian side, and lorms the (jln-at Ilorse-Shoe Fall, over wluch 
 about seveu-ei^iiihs ui' the whole is thrown. 'I'he eastern channel 
 between (ioat Island and the State of New Yoik isa<,fain dividcuj 
 li\ a small island, named I'rospect, forming; ;i beautitid cascade, 
 'i'he descent on the American side, as ascertained hy measure- 
 ment, is 11)4 bet, and on the Canadian side l.'iS feet. 
 
 The chief fealuri « of this sublime s(,'eiie are — the (ireat Ilorso- 
 .•^hoe Fall, (Ioat Island. Table U(»(k, and the American Fall 
 The best sinjrU' vi«'W of tiie cataract is that from Tr.bM Rock, on 
 the C'anadian side ; the best view of the rapids i.« fro;!; 'ioat Isl- 
 and ; and of the American Fall, from the iVrry u slu i: d;su;Mco 
 below the Falls, on the American side : but the lou ;t snblimo 
 and overpowerinjr view is that of the (ireat llorse-Shoe Fall, on 
 the Caiuida side. 
 
 A briiljre connects Hath and (ioat islands wit!i the main laud, 
 the erection of which was a work of noble darin;;, for it is berr 
 that the waters rush with tremendous vekxtity towards the lear- 
 l\d abyss. On Hath Islanil is a toll-house, where visiters are re- 
 tjuired to inscribe their names, and at the same tinw |)ay a fee 
 of ttcvntif-Jh-c rents, whi(di entitles them to visit all the islands 
 with their a|)i)enda^es, as often as may be wish(>d, during the 
 visit or season, without any adilitional char<;e. On (ioat Island 
 the visiter will (hul {^uide-boards, ilirr-ctin;; to all tlie most iutor* 
 
 I • ■ 
 
 ' ri, 
 
 . . \ 
 
212 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 Hi ■ H 
 
 ' ' 1 , 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 estinjj places and objects around the island. There is also a 
 bridjje, called the Terrapin IJridjjfe, ubont .'iOO feet in lenjjth, jut- 
 l\n<r out from the w. part of Goat Island, which projects 10 feet 
 over the Horse-Shoe Fall. On the rocks, at the ver<re of the 
 precipice, is a stone tower, erected in IH'.VA, which is 45 ft. high, 
 wifh winding stairs on the insid.', and an open gallery on the top, 
 surrounded by an iron balustrade, from which, or from tho end 
 of the bridge, the effect of tho Falls upon the beholder is awfully 
 sublime. 
 
 The descent to the bottom of the Falls, on Cioat Island, is ac- 
 complished by covered winding stairs, erected in the year 18i29, 
 by tho late Nicholas Diddle, Es(j., of Philadelphia : it gives visit- 
 ers an opportunity of descending below the bank, and of passing 
 a considerable distance behind the two main sheets of water. 
 The descent from the island to the margin of the river is 185 ft. 
 A common flight of steps leads down 40 feet to tho peri)en(iicular 
 spiral steps, DO in number, which are enclosed in a building in 
 tho shape of a hexagon ^ resting on a firm foundation at the bot- 
 tom. From the foot of the building there ar^^ three ])atlis leading 
 to the most important points of observation, one of which leads to 
 the river below, a distance of bO feet, where visiters irill fi/id one 
 of t/ie finest lis!ti:iir plwes in this part of the world. Here was 
 Sam Patch's jiun[)ing-place. The path at the left of the stair- 
 case leads to tho great Crescent, or Ilorse-Shoe Fall, where, 
 when the wind blows up the river, a safe and delightful passage 
 is opened behind the sheet of water. The path to the right leads 
 to a magnificent cave, appropriately named, on its discovery, 
 yEolus' Cave, or Cave of the Winds ; it is about 1:20 feet across, 
 50 wide, and 100 high, and is situated directly behind the Centre 
 Fall, or Cascade, which .-it the bottom is more than 100 ft. wide. 
 
 About 100 feet below the Falls, on tho American side, is an- 
 other staircase leading to the ferry, which connects with the Ca- 
 nadian shore. From tho ferry a very near view of the highest 
 Fall, and a most charming j)rosj)ect of the entire Fall, are ob- 
 tained. There is not the least danger in crossing th" river, com- 
 petent persons having charge of the boats ; and, for a short one, 
 the excursion is delightful, eight minutes being the usual time in 
 crossing. Persons occasionally swim across without difficulty 
 
3 also a 
 
 nrlh, jUt- 
 
 "lO feet 
 e of the 
 ft. hish, 
 I the top, 
 the end 
 s nw fully 
 
 nd, is ac- 
 our 1829, 
 ives visit- 
 of pussing 
 of water. 
 • is 185 ft. 
 jM'iulicular 
 
 Duilthns ill 
 at the hot- 
 tlis leadiuj: 
 ;h leads to 
 II find one 
 I lire was 
 the stair- 
 ull, where, 
 ad passage 
 riirlit leads 
 d.scovery, 
 IVet across, 
 the Centre 
 UO ft. wide, 
 side, is an- 
 ith the Ca- 
 Lho highest 
 |idl, are oh- 
 1 river, coni- 
 \. short one, 
 3ual time in 
 It difliculty 
 
 FALLS OF NIAGARA. 
 
 213 
 
 The visiter on hemi^ landed will proceed up the bank hy a car- 
 ria<^e road, at the head of which stands the Clifton House ; here 
 he may obtain refreshments, and aft»'rwards proceed towards 
 Table liock, where will be found a spiral staircase, from the foot 
 of which he can jjasa If).'] feet behintl the sheet of water. A 
 rfentlernan has the charjxe of this staircase, and furnishes dresses 
 and a jyjuide for visiters who wish to jjo beiund the sheet. 'I'hero 
 is iiere a readinfj-room, and a place of refreshment, with alliums, 
 an examination of which will, no doubt, prove interestiivjf A 
 short distance from Table Rock stands Mr. IJarnett's very inter- 
 esting Museum, a visit to which should not be onntted. 'I'he 
 Camera Obscura. a short walk from the Museum, is also worthy 
 the attention of visiters. 
 
 From Table Rock, a view of 
 which is presented in the en- «^ 
 graving, there is one broac' and |^ 
 unposing view of the entire 
 Falls, and much of the scenery 
 of the rapids and islands. It is 
 generally conceded that this 
 view, and that from the Terra- 
 pin Bridge and Tower, are the 
 best, and combine more of the ^t' 
 beautiful and sublime than can 
 be obtained from any other point 
 on either side of the river. In 
 ascending the bank from Table 
 Rock to the iiotelis, you have a 
 lino and extensive view of the 
 siuTounding country. 
 
 One of the grand new features at Niagara is the runnin,' of u 
 powerful steamer to the very edge of the cataract, thereby giv- 
 ing visiters an opportunity of enjoying a near and entirely new 
 view of the falls; and the grand scenery of the " (iuM." (J-tat 
 Island, Table Rock, and other places cf interest in lli»' vicinity. 
 The steamer " Maid of the Mist" runs /"'>///• limes daily, leaving 
 her wharf at the lowrr landinir, and touching at t!ie land n^- on 
 tlio Canada side, and thence passing along in front of the Amer- 
 
 •ii 
 
 1 *.\' 
 
 - "-i 
 
 :#!.' 
 
 •'♦1 
 
 ':1il 
 
 I 
 
 f i. 
 
 i^ 
 
 ; in 
 i'V 
 
 
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 ' Mm 
 
211 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 :»i 
 
 ican and the (Jreat Ilorsc-Shoe Falls, — so closo that the spray 
 dashes over tlie boat. The view thus aftorded is sublime. The 
 steamer is of ]()() tons burden, and fitted with every precaution 
 ajjainst aceidents, and so carefully jjuarded as to Inspire full con- 
 fidr'nce. It has (wn ciif^inet, so that if one fails, the other may 
 bo |)ut in irearinjj, which can be done in a minute and a half. 
 She is found with two anchors and chain cables ; and is also 
 provided with a small l)oal, by which a stronjr lino can be run 
 ashore the moment a necessity for doinjj so exists. Visiters are 
 taken from the vilIa<;o in carrianes. about a mile and a half, to 
 the sl#'amer. The road down the bank starts from the j)oint on 
 the American side which has been fixed upon as the terminus 
 of the Suspension I?iid^e. A b;;nd of music acconjpanies the 
 bo It. 
 
 '•'he Niau;itrn Su.ipnifdov Briilisr will sjian the 5i:»rrow ji^orpro 
 t.f thf> JN'iajjara river, between the cataract and the whirlpool, in 
 v'ev; of both, by an arch bOO feet !on^, 40 wide, and 2.'JU abovi* 
 'the water. It will be supjKJrled by HJ wire cables, 1,100 ft. loiijf, 
 und i ;)wards of 112 inches in circumference. Itsstreu'^th is to bo 
 equai to (')yA){) tons tension strain ; and it is to b*- subjected to tho 
 most tHn-^re ami conclusive tests, t;o as to render it safe beyond 
 any possible contingency. A railro;id track will extend thronfrli 
 its centre, unilinij the roads terminating at tho falls ; there will 
 also be carriage-ways and a footpath. It is to be completed by 
 the 1st of May, 1811), at a cost of ,S^190,000. Tho engineer is 
 Charles Ellet, Jr., Esq., of Philadelphia. 
 
 Three miles below the Falls is the Whirlpool, resembling in its 
 appearance the celebrated Maelstrom on the coast of Norway. 
 It is occasioned by the river tnaking nearly a right angle, while 
 it is here n;irrower than at any othe- ^lace, not being more than 
 30 rods wide, and the current rniuiing with such velocity as tc 
 rit'T up in the middle 10 r<>et j.^ove the sides. This lias been 
 ascertained by measuremeM, Tdere is a path leading down the 
 hank to the Whirlpool on U'lh sides, and, uiough somewhat dilli- 
 cult to descend and ascend, it is accomplished almost every day 
 on the American side. 
 
 A mile below the Whirlpool is a place on tho American sido 
 called the " Devil's Hole," embracing about two acres, cut ou 
 
he spray 
 r^e. The 
 recauliou 
 
 full con- 
 )thcr may 
 (I a half. 
 lul is also 
 lu be run 
 "isiters aro 
 
 a half, to 
 le j)oint on 
 
 lenninus 
 iipanies the 
 
 irrow eorne 
 k'hirlpool, m 
 
 1 2:U) above 
 100 fl. loa^r, 
 u<^th is to bo 
 ectcd to Iho 
 
 afe boyoiul 
 
 nd thron;i;h 
 
 there will 
 
 onipleted by 
 
 engineer is 
 
 mbliunr in its 
 of Norway, 
 angle, while 
 jr more than 
 ^locity as tc 
 lis has been 
 iirr clown the 
 Lewhat dilVi- 
 \ii every d^y 
 
 lerican side 
 ;res, cut ou 
 
 FALLS OF NIAGARA. 
 
 215 
 
 laterally and perpendicularly in the rock by the side of the river, 
 and 1 ')0 ft. deep. An anjyrle of this hole or gulf conieH within a few 
 feet of the stage-road, allbrding travellers an opportunity, without 
 alighting, of looking into the yawning abyss. Hut they should 
 alight and pass to the further side of the flat j)rojecting rock, 
 where they will feel thenjselves richly repaid for their trouble. 
 
 The Burning Sprinir, on t!ie Canada side, is half a mile 
 above the Falls, and within a short distance of the rapids in the 
 Niagara river. (By referring to INIap 21) its location will be sfen.) 
 The water, which is warm, is surcharged with sul|)hureted hy- 
 t'rogon gas, which, on introi'ucing a light, inuuediately takes fire 
 and burns with a clear and steady flame. 
 
 On the same side of the Falls with the above are the village of 
 Chippewa, and Lundifs Ldnc, noteil as baltle-grounds of the 
 English and Americans in t!ie war of IblxJ. 
 
 DISTANCES. 
 
 MUet. 
 
 From Sleaniboal Landinpr across to Chippewa »4 
 
 From Fori Schlo.sser to Chippcnva IJ 
 
 From tlie Falls to Ciuppevva 2 
 
 Across the River at the Falls J 
 
 From the Eagle and Cataraet Hotels to Table Rock ]\ 
 
 From the Falls to the Mnieral !S[)riiigs 2 
 
 " to the Whirlpool '^ 
 
 " to the Devil's Hole 4 
 
 ♦• to Erie Canal at Tonawanda 11 
 
 " to Bulla lo 22 
 
 " to Lockport 18 
 
 " to Lewiston 7 
 
 Hod: 
 
 •« to Goat Island by the bridge .*)« 
 
 Across the Falls on the American side 5(> 
 
 Across the foot of Goat Island 80 
 
 Length of Goat Island ItiO 
 
 Across the Ilorse-lSlioe Fall 114 
 
 From the steps of the Eagle and Cataract Hotels to top of 
 
 the bank 100 
 
 From top of the bank down the staircase to the River — 28 
 
 Width of River at the Ferry 76 
 
 Distance up the Canada bank 76 
 
 Ftit. 
 
 Depth of water at the Horse-Shoe 20 
 
 Depth of water at the Ferry 250 
 
 ,rs 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 ; '^ ' i 1 
 i ■• , •'■ •'9 » i - 
 
 .5 
 
 i 
 
 % > 
 
 . W-3 "5' 
 
 
^<n,. 
 
 *1 ^'^ 
 
 i>lG 
 
 RAIMIOAI) AND STEAHIBOAT CO.MrAMOX. 
 
 Qiirenstori is spveii t)iilen below tlio Fulls, oil the Niuuara rivfr, 
 directly ojjposiio licvvisloii, with which it in conncetpd by a ferry 
 This place was alwo the theatre of a battle duriiijr the war of lt<l::2, 
 and it contains the ninnunifnt erected to the memory of (icneral 
 Ilrocli, a IJritish otlirier, who received a mortal wound when 
 about to lead on his men to the conflict. It is now, however, in 
 a shattered condition, havin}^ been, a few years since, blown up 
 by fjunpowder, by some unknown individual. 
 
 At the close of the last war with (ireat Britain, three lartre 
 British ships stationed on Lidte Erie, were declared unlit for ser- 
 vice, and condemned. Permission was obtained to send them 
 over the Falls. The first, torn to shivers by the rapids, went 
 over in fra^^tnents ; the second filled with water before she reached 
 the Falls ; but the third, in belter condition, took the leapjrallant- 
 ly, and retained her form till hidden in the mist below. A re- 
 ward of ten dollars was offered for the larp'st fraj^ment of wood 
 wliich should be found from either wreck, five for the second, 
 and so on. One piece only was seen, and that, about a foot lonj;, 
 was mashed as by a vice, and its edges notched like the teeth of 
 a saw. 
 
 In the year 18i27 a few individuals purchased a large schooner 
 of 1 10 tons bur.len. This vessel was towed down tlui river to 
 wilhin half a mile of the *' rapids," when it was cut adrift and 
 left to its fate. The rapids are caused by numerous ledges of 
 ro(;ks from two to four feet high, extending wholly across the 
 river, over which the water successively pitches for about a mile 
 innnediutely above the main cataract. The vessel got safely 
 over the first ledge, but upon pitching over the second, her masts 
 went by the board. Springing a-leak, she filled with water, and 
 her position changed to stern foremost, in which manner she took 
 her last plunge over the main fall, her bowsprit being tho last 
 part that was visible of her. She of course never rose noTC, but 
 numerous fragments of her timbers were picked up some miles 
 below in very small i)ieces, bruised, torn, and shivered. There 
 were two bears and some other animals on board of hei, but the 
 bears seem to have had some misgivings of the safety of the 
 voyage, and therefore when she sprang a-leak and floated stern- 
 foremost they stepped overboard, and with much difficulty sue- 
 
ROUTES FROM NIAC^ARA FALLS. 
 
 217 
 
 ra rivcf; 
 a ferry 
 of 1«1~\ 
 (icnorul 
 id wluMi 
 vev»'r, in 
 iilovvn up 
 
 rco large 
 it for ser- 
 ciul them 
 »;ds, went 
 c reached 
 ij) gallaut- 
 V. A re- 
 t of wood 
 le second. 
 L foot lonjr^ 
 he teeth of 
 
 schooner 
 ,0 river to 
 ladrift and 
 lodires of 
 across the 
 lout a mile 
 I got safely 
 her masts 
 ,'ater, and 
 l?r she took 
 [ig tho last 
 nore, but 
 Lmo miles 
 Id. There 
 M, but the 
 ^ty of the 
 ted stern- 
 Iculty sue- 
 
 jeeded in swimming ashore, after having been carried halfway 
 down towards the main cataract by the rapidity of the ciurent. 
 It is the opinion of those who have been long resident near the 
 cataract, that net even the fish that happen to ho forced down the 
 Fails fver escape with life ; and in corroboration of this, nnmer- 
 ons dead fish are daily seen below the gulf: wild fowl too, un- 
 mindful of their danger, or floated down wliiie they are ash-cj), 
 liieet destruction if onco driven within the verijo of the main cat- 
 aract. 
 
 RoUTKS FROM NiAGAKA FaLI.S TO HAMILTON, OkTIIuIT, &.C. 
 
 By the railroad to (^ueenston is seven miles; from this place to 
 Hamilton, at the head of Lake Ontario, is 50 miles, which may 
 be reached either by stage, or by crossing the river tc lewiston, 
 and taking the steamer from Ogdensbnrg, which stops therv to land 
 and receive passengers, and thence proceeds to Hamilton. From 
 the latter place, at present, the conveyance is by stage, ever an 
 excellent macadamized road to Windsor, opposite Detroit, 201 
 miles, passing through Woodstock, liOndon, Chatham, and other 
 places. Total distance, 258 miles ; time 2^ days. Usual faro 
 
 At Windsor the river is crossed to Detroit, from which place 
 travellers may proceed to Chicago, St. Louis, and down the Mis- 
 sissippi to New Orleans, and other places in the West and South- 
 west. 
 
 Hamilton, Canada, is situated on Burlington Bay, at the head 
 of Lake Ontario. Its harbor is one of the best on the lake, and 
 its advantages for trade are very groat. A regular steamboat 
 comnumication will be opened the present season between thiy 
 place and Ogdensbnrg. The importance of Hamilton will be 
 !;reaily increased by its becoming the terminus of the Great W^est- 
 crn Railway. 
 
 Routes from Niagara Falls to Montreal and Qleaec, 
 (see Map No. 28.) — Tourists and others, at this fashionable ra- 
 sort, wishing to proceed to the above places in Canada, will hava 
 u choice of several routes, as follows : — 
 
 Ist. From Niagara to Leiciston, 7 miles, at which place W6 
 take the steamboat, and cross the lake to Toronto^ 50 miles ; 
 
 til 
 
 
 
218 
 
 i:a!LIH;a:) and >STKAMi50AT < oimianion. 
 
 ■«^v^..,., ■ ^ 
 
 m 
 
 
 l 
 
 ■1 
 
 •1 
 
 •* 
 
 3 
 
 Ihenro to KiniS-stoii, 17.'> milt's, and to Munlrral, 2ir» miles: 
 total (li.-laiicc 111) miles: usual timo JS hours. Fair about ^lii. 
 Thrrt^ is aho u shitrr-iDiite I'roiu Toronto to IvinL''f*l<>i> ; uikI also 
 lup I'rorn 'I'oronto to C^uconsloii via Hamilton, !).') miles. 
 
 TdKinIn, 1"/.') miles \\. Irom Kin^^sion, and 4') riiik's n. f. from 
 JIamilton> has a fiuo situation at the head of a hay v;h*«Mi *"'ta 
 n|) from J.ako Ontario. It is Iiandsonu'ly huilf, with wii'i' streets 
 intorscctinjr ruch other at rij^ht an}»!es. Ilsfrrowth has hcen vry 
 rapid, and it now (l84Hj contains 21,0:2.') inhahitants. Twenty 
 years ajjo it did nnf contain 2,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Kinirstait, on Ijako Ontario, 175 milos from Toronto and 215 
 8. w. Iroin Montre.r is also very advantaireously situated for 
 trade. It is a military j)ost of {jreat strenfrth. The Navy Yard 
 and fctrtifiralions hero arc worthy the attention of stranj^ers 
 and visiters ; an ord* ", hftwever, is necessary, which may hi» pro- 
 cured fro the chiot ollicer in conunand. The Ridciiii Cinial, 
 conunences at Iviiif_fston, and extends to the Ottawa riv( r, 100 
 miles. Tills, with the Welland C'anal, comj)letes the navitjation 
 from the ocean to the great lakes. During the season of naviga- 
 tion steamboats ply hetw "i\ Kingston and the principal placet: 
 on Lake Ontario ; and boats of an inferior class pass through the 
 Kideau C'anal and I'k St. T twrcnce to Montreal. 
 
 2d. Ftoa N!a;^ur; Fulls, by railroad, to Lockjjort ; and tlience 
 by the Erio C'unal to Kochester ; — or from the Falls to Bufialo, 
 and thence to RocIie.-!ter by railroad, and on the Cieneseo river 
 take the steamboat, and thence down Lake Ontario, 6ic., to 
 Montreal. 
 
 3d. From Niagara Falls proceed to Lewiston ; there take the 
 steamer down the lake to Ogdensburg ; thence across the river 
 to Prescott on the Canada side ; thence by stage and steamboat 
 to La Chine ; thence by railroad lo Montreal ; and from that 
 city to Quebec by steamboat. The distance to Montreal by this 
 route is about 420 miles. At Ogdensburg, travellers may take 
 the stage to Montreal via Covington, 130 miles. 
 
 4th. Or travellers may proce- i from Niagara Falls to Canada, 
 by the chain of railroads, or the Erie Canal, from IJuffulo ♦'"> Al- 
 bany or Troy ; thence by the routes to Whitehall, and down 
 Lake Champlain and the Sorel river, to St. Johns, Canada ; 
 
 it 
 
 
inileH : 
 .t !5$H). 
 lud also 
 
 F.. from 
 id I '^♦^ts 
 ,- streets 
 p«M\ v'^ry 
 Twrnty 
 
 and 215 
 dialed for 
 ivy Yard 
 st runners 
 
 ly Ix" pro- 
 iH Canal, 
 rivt r, 100 
 naviiiation 
 of luiviga- 
 ,;il plane:; 
 
 tnd theiuo 
 o Buffalo, 
 irsoc river 
 .,, &i^c., to 
 
 [c take i\w 
 
 IS the rivcv 
 
 slcaiuboat 
 
 from thai 
 
 real by tb'i^ 
 
 may tako 
 
 I to Canada, 
 iftalo to Al- 
 and down 
 Canada ; 
 
 ROUTES FROM SIA'iAKA FAI.I.S. 
 
 219 
 
 Ihenco by railroad, 15 miK's, to the St. fjiwnjicr, and down tliut 
 Htrt'uiM to .Moiifrral. At tlio latt»r \)\\uw take tin* Htcaihlxuit 
 down the river to Qiu boc. 'I'ho distance by Ibis runle tVoin Ni- 
 iiijara Fulls to Montreal is T)!!!) miles, an<l to (^nebec I^U miles 
 
 larti 
 
 ler. 
 
 'I'liese routes are tie.srnbed at IculMIi Under their 
 
 re- 
 
 hj»e(;tive beads.) 
 
 Port (Icnv 
 
 SI 
 
 \ miles from riewiston, is situated at tbe nicutli 
 
 oflbe (Jenesee river. It is a port tff entry and delivery, and con- 
 tains a Custom-House, (inat Sidim linif \n .'I.') miUa furilier : 
 O.^wriro, 'M) miles beyond, is desenb-d at pa^j*' 1!);). 
 
 Sarkril's llarh'jr, U) miles still lower (!•' ^ii tbe bdie, is !\ 
 tlouri.sbinf; villafre on I be s. w. side of Illark river. Its barbor is 
 one of tbe best upon Lake ()ntario, A bill j^ 1 tbe le;^i.-;lulure 
 in A|)rd, lt^4&*, for tbe constructiMn of a rail, i under the name 
 of tbe •' Saratn;,fa and Sackelt's llarlxir llailroad," wliieb is to 
 connect tbis villa;^e, at tbe nearest and best point, with the rail- 
 roads at Saratoija. 'I'lie leii.;lb Will be about \'.\'t miles. 
 
 ('iijte Viiirriif, xJU miles from Sacketl's Harbor, a <rro\vii);j anc] 
 prosperous villu«je, is situated on Lake Ontario. o|)pos;te toKniirs- 
 ton, and near llio connnencement of the " Tbousand Isle.s.'* 
 Arraufrements are makin<; to connect Cape Vincent by nilroad 
 witb Rome, on tbo ICrio Canal, and tbe Syracuse and Uticu 
 Railroad. 
 
 Tbe T/ionaaiid Isles is a name given to a nmnlxr of islandsi 
 in tbe St. Jjawrence, extendiu;,' down from tbe foot of Lake On- 
 tario 30 miles. They are of every size and form, Ibouijb never at- 
 tuinino'to auv sireat elevation. Tbescenerv here is most beautiful. 
 
 Ogdcnshuii!;, a j)ort of entry upon tbe St. Lawrences river, at 
 tbe coniluence of tbe Oswegatcbie river with that stream, is :2U4 
 miles N. from Albany. It lies on a beautiful plain, and is rejru- 
 larly laid out and well built. It is a place of nmcb trade, and its 
 harbor, an excellent one, is considered as at tbe toot of Lake On- 
 tario, because tbe river at tbis point has little descent, allhougli 
 it is in reality GO miles below tbe outlet. 
 
 A new steamer will run the j)re.sent summer between 0|r, lens- 
 burg and Hamilton, liy tbis arrang'Mneut a direct communica- 
 tion will bo established between tbo port at the liead of Lake 
 Ontario and the St. Lawrence, as far as vessels can go without 
 
 
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IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
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 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 |-; 
 
 II 
 
 encountering rapids. From Iluniiltnn lo Detroit is 201 miles, 
 most of the way over a fine plunk or macadamized road. Hith- 
 erto it has been usual for travellers, j)articularly from the s. side 
 of the St. Lawrence, to land at Lowiston, then cross the Niagara 
 river to Qiiccnston, and travel by land to Hamilton, about 50 
 miles, the very point at which they will be landed by the steam- 
 er between Ogdensburg and Hamilton. (For Montreal and 
 Quebec, see pages 181, 180.) 
 
 !•■ 
 
 THE OGDENSBURG RAILROAD will extend from Ogdens- 
 burg on the 8t. Lawrence, to House's Point, on Lake Champlain. 
 It is designed to connect the waters of liake Champlain with 
 those of the river St. Lawrence and the great lakes. This work 
 is in a good state of forwardness, and the directors believe that it 
 will bo open for freight and travel by the middle of Aug. 1849 
 This road will connect at Lake (Hiamplain with the railroads 
 from Boston which intersect the states of New Hampshire and 
 Vermont, forming a continuous line from Boston harbor to the 
 St Lawrence river. 
 
 The engineer of the Ogdensburg Railroad states that the length 
 of line is 117^ miles ; the distance from Ogdensb'irg to the sum- 
 mit being 82 miles, and thence to Lake Champlain 35g. The 
 elevation of the sunnnit is 1,009 feet above Lake Champlain, and 
 859 feet above the place of departure, on the St. Lawrence, at 
 Ogdensburg. From Ogdensburg to the summit the maximum 
 grade is 2G.4 feet per mile, or one foot in 200, there being in this 
 distance 1,195 feet of ascending and 285 feet of descending grade. 
 The distance of the railroad from the Canada line, near the sum- 
 mit, does not exceed 2^ miles. In the distance from the summit 
 to Lake Champlain there is no ascending grade, and the maxi- 
 mum of descending grade is 39.0 feet per mile. Such grades 
 are favorable for the transport of heavy trains from west to east, 
 and they are not too great for the rapid transport of passenger 
 ' trains in other directions. The wliole lino is remarkable for its 
 directness, there being no curvature of any importance of a less 
 radius than 5,000 feet. The estimated cost of the whole line is 
 $2,229,270, or $19,000 a mile, $9,000 a mile being allowed for 
 the superstructure 
 
:■!>£ 
 
 1 1 m'.les, 
 1. Hith- 
 ic s. side 
 Niagara 
 ubout 50 
 10 steam- 
 treal and 
 
 Ogdens- 
 hainplain. 
 plain with 
 This work 
 ?ve that it 
 Vug. 1849 
 3 raih-oads 
 pshirc and 
 rbor to the 
 
 the length 
 the sum- 
 |35|. The 
 plain, and 
 iwrcnce, at 
 maximum 
 ?ing in this 
 [ding grade. 
 Ir the sum- 
 |;he summit 
 the inaxi- 
 [ich grades 
 lest to east, 
 passenger 
 ^able for its 
 ;e of a less 
 [hole line is 
 lallowed for 
 
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RAILROAD ROUTES IN NEW JERSEY. 
 
 MM 1 
 
 RAILROAD ROUTES IN NEV/ JERSEY. 
 (See Map No. 23.) 
 
 Route fro.m New York to Patersox, N. J.— Puksohjjcis for 
 Patorson take the ferry-boat at the foot of C-oiutlaiid-sl., New 
 Vcrk, for Jersey City ; at which place Ihey lake the cars of th'i 
 Patr.rson and Hudson liailruad for Palensoii, 17 miles distant 
 Ftire 50 cents. 
 
 The citi/ of Patirson, an important mamifactiirin;jj town, is 
 situated in New Jersey, on the Passaic river, near the mvat falls. 
 By a dam in the river, four and a half feet hiii'h, and a canal 
 around the falls, a va.st water-power is created, suflicient for the 
 sujjply of numerous manufactories. The l^T jrris Canal passes a 
 little to the s. of the city. 'I'hv' Passaic FalU -ire celebrated for 
 their picturesque beauty. The i^mount of water, however, taken 
 from llie river for manufacturinj^ purposes, has jrrcatly diminished 
 their tine effect. The Paterson and Ramapo Railroad will connect 
 the city of Paterson with the Erie Railroad at Ramapo, and ther(>by 
 open a new thoroughfare for travellers over the Erie Railroad to 
 New York. (See Map No. 18.) 
 
 Route from New York to Morristowx, also to ''ciioolev's 
 Mou-NTALX, (See Map No. 23.) — Passenjijers leaving New York 
 for places on this route, and also for the Springs, take the ferry- 
 boat at the foot of Courtland-st. to Jersey City ; thence by rail- 
 road to Morristown, '3'2 miles, stopping at intermediate places. 
 Fare ,$1.00. 
 
 Passengers by the morning lino to Morristown will arrive there 
 at 11^ o'clock, where stages will be in readiness to convey them 
 to Schooley's Mountain, Washington, Belvidero, and Easton, 
 daily; toOwego, Milford, Newton, Stanhope, andSuckasunny,ou 
 Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays; and to Rockaway, Dover, 
 Sparta, ai.J Newton, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays ; 
 each line returning on the following days to meet the afternoon 
 train for New York. A stage will also leave for Basking Ridgo 
 every evening on the arrival of the cars at Morristown. 
 
 By a line recently established, a stage leaves Morristown for 
 the Delaware Water Gap and Stroudsburg, via Stanhope, John- 
 
 ;i 
 
 
 
 .'' 
 
'^*m.mibimim. 
 
 
 m 
 
 '^ii 
 
 M I 
 
 222 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 fioiihiir;;, Columbia, nnd Ulairstowii, every Tuesday, Thursday 
 and Saturday, on the arrival of the morninjr train from New 
 York. Returning on the alternate days, the stage leaves Strouds- 
 burg at 4 a. m. to meet the afternoon cars from Morristown. 
 
 Passengers go through to and from Jersey City without chan- 
 ging ctirs. On leaving the city, passengers deposite their bag- 
 gage in the car at the foot of Courtland-st., where an agent is in 
 attendance to receive it. 
 
 Morristown, the seat of justice of Morris county, is one of the 
 most pojiulous and thriving towns in New Jersey. The houses 
 are generally well built, and surrounded by cultivated gardens, 
 imj)arting to it an nir of rural beauty. The town is supplied with 
 water from a eopioup spring two miles distant. 
 
 Schoolcifs Mountain, 18 miles from Morristown, is a celebra- 
 ted sunmier resort, owing to its elevateu situation, its pure and 
 bracing atmosphere, and its mineral springs, the waters of which 
 are used with great advantage for chronic diseases and general 
 debility. They contain muriate of soda, of magnesia, and of 
 lime, carbonate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, silex, and carbon- 
 ated oxide of iron. Visiters to this healthful region will find the 
 accommodations equal to those at similar places elsewhere. Bel- 
 mont Hall, and Marsh's Health-House, are fine and extensive 
 establishments. Usual stage fare from Morristown, ^1.50. 
 
 Philadelphia passengers leave the cars at New Brunswick, and 
 there take the etage, via Somerville, for the Mountain. 
 
 The Morris and Essex Railroad is being continued from 
 Morristown through Dover and Stanhope, to the Delaware Wa- 
 ter Gap, at which place it will unite with the Susquehanna and 
 Delaware Railroad, which is intended to start from the coal-beds 
 of the Lackawana, some 20 miles above Wilkesbarre, by which 
 means New York will obtain her supply of fuel direct from the 
 mines of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Route from New York to Somerville, (see Map No. 23.) — 
 Passengers take the steamboat from Pier No. 1 North River, 
 Battery Place, and are thence conveyed to Elizabeth port, 15 
 miles ; from which place they proceed in the cars to Somerville, 
 stopping at the following places on the route, viz : Elizabeth" 
 
RAILROAD ROUTES IN NEW JERSEY. 
 
 223 
 
 ursday 
 m New 
 ■^trouds- 
 
 ut clian- 
 eir bajr- 
 rent is IP 
 
 ne of the 
 le houses 
 gardens, 
 plied with 
 
 a celebra- 
 pure and 
 s of which 
 nd general 
 sia, and of 
 ud carbon- 
 ill find the 
 liere. Bel- 
 extensivo 
 
 .50. 
 iswick, and 
 
 inued from 
 iware Wa- 
 Ihanna and 
 coal-beds 
 I, by which 
 It from the 
 
 No. 23.)— 
 [orth River, 
 lethport, 15 
 ISomerville, 
 
 Elizabeth* 
 
 towTiy IG miles ; Wesijield, 21 niiios ; Srntrh Plains, 27 miles ; 
 Plninjicld, 29 miles ; Neiv Market, 'M miles ; Bound Brook, 35 
 miles, and arrive at Sorncrville, 40 niiles from New York. Fare 
 $1.00. 
 
 The Somerville and Kaslon Railroad is being continued west- 
 ward from Somerville 3^^ miles to the Delaware river at I'liil- 
 lipsbiirg, opposite Easton, Pa., with a brunch to Belvidere, 12 
 miles long. 
 
 Easton, Pa., the seat of justice of Northampton county, i.s sit- 
 uated at the confluence of the Delaware and Lehigh rivers. It 
 is G5 miles from N<'\v York by land, and by the MorrLs Caual 
 112 miles; from Philiulclpliia hy land, 56 miles; to Bristol by 
 canal, GO miles ; and thence to Philadelphia 20 miles more. 
 In the advantages of i^s position, and the beauty of its surround- 
 ing scenery, it can vie with any inluiul town in the state. La- 
 favette Colleire occupies a comrnandinjj site on a hijjii hill n. of 
 the town, from which a superb view is enjt.yed of the fine scene- 
 ry of this vicinity. A splendid bridge crosses the Delaware river, 
 which cost {^65,000. 
 
 Belvidere, the shire town of Warren county, situated on the 
 Delaware river, 12 miles above Easton, is a beautiful town, pos- 
 sessing an immense water-power, which seems destined ere long 
 to make it the Lowell of New Jersey. 
 
 The Delaware Water Gap is about eight miles n. from Belvi- 
 dere. The scenery here is of the most magnificent Hoscription. 
 The Delaware river appears at a sliort distance as it uvvjisted in 
 its course by the mountains on either side, between which it 
 flows in a contracted channel, presenting a smooth and lake-like 
 appearance. 
 
 The Lehigh Water Gap is 25 miles w. from Easton, Pa., and 
 six s. E. from Mauch Chunk. Here also the scenery is ot the 
 highest order. Both this and the preceding are natural cuiiosi- 
 ties worthy the attention of the tourist. 
 
 li'K' 
 
 
 •ii 
 
 i!-<^ 
 
III- 1 
 
 r'! 
 
 224 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAIMIJOAT COMPANION. 
 
 GREAT SOUTHERN ROUTES FROM NEW YORK TO PHILA- 
 DELPHIA, BALTIMORE, AND WASHINGTON. 
 
 Sec Map Xo. 'JS.) 
 
 Uailiioai) Routi", krom Xkw Vouk to Piiii.ADKi.riiiA. — 'riicrt' 
 arc two jrrcat routes of travel Ijctwccn these iiii|)()rtaiit and popu- 
 lous cilic's, iinikhifT four lines daily each way. TIk' first of which 
 is tho railroad line; the other is by ateamhoat and railroad 
 united, described hereafu-r ; the former is the most expeditious, 
 and tho latter (in pleasant weather) tho most varied and inter- 
 estJng. 
 
 Tho railroad line leaves New York from tho foot of Liberty- 
 Kt. daily, at I) o'clock a. m., and 4^ o'clock p. m., where tickets 
 for tho route are procured ; thence passengers are conveyed 
 across the ferry to Jersey City, where is the depot and starting- 
 place. Time hetiueen the two cities, usually jive hours; dis- 
 tance 87 miles. Fare in the first class cars, ^4.00 ; second 
 class, $3M. 
 
 Tho route from Jersey City passes through Newark, Elizabeth- 
 town, New Brunswick, Princeton, Trenton, and crosses the 
 Delaware by a substantial bridge into Pennsylvania, and it is 
 thence continued to Bristol and along the west bank of the 
 Delaware River to " Tacony," 6 miles above Philadelphia, at 
 which place passengers take the splendid steamer John Stevens, 
 and are conveyed thence to that city, landing at the foot of 
 Walnut-st. 
 
 Jkksey City is situated on tho west bank of Hudson River, 
 opposite to New York, and is connected with that city by a 
 steam-ferry, over a mile in length, the boats on which are con- 
 stantly plying. According to the census of 1843, its population 
 was 3,750, being an increase of 700 since 1840. At the present 
 time (1848) it is much greater. It has become an important 
 place, as a diverging point for the great routes connecting tho 
 North with tho South. It is also the starting-place of the Pater- 
 son Railroad, which has its depot here. The Morris Canal, 
 uniting the Delaware and Hudson rivers, and which is 101 miled 
 long, terminates at this place. 
 
PHILA- 
 
 .— TIht.' 
 md \)o\)\\- 
 
 of which 
 
 ra'driHid 
 ipcdillous, 
 uud hiter- 
 
 ,f Liberty - 
 ere tickets 
 conveyed 
 ,d Btartiu}?- 
 hours; dis- 
 00 ; second 
 
 Elizabeth - 
 crosses the 
 
 , und it is 
 )ank of the 
 adelphia, at 
 (hu Stevens, 
 
 the foot of 
 
 dson River, 
 it city by a 
 ich are con- 
 s population 
 , the present 
 m important 
 
 
 
 iraecting the 
 fthe Pater- 
 orris Canal, 
 is 101 miled 
 
 GREAT SOUTHERN ROUTES FROM NEW YORK. 225 
 
 
 
 ;fr 
 
 ■ -=^^»^.=-.- 
 
 «i:^^' 
 
 Tat'^rsou Dt'pot 
 
 riuia43lpliia, Depot 
 
 Jersey City is now the stiition for t!ie new line of Britls!) Hteam- 
 sliips sailiiiir between Xcw York and rjiver])ool. The Cnnard 
 (lock, biillt at t!u' fiot of (:}rui)d-.4., cost upwards of •^'i^OjOOO. 
 
 New.'/rk, 9 uiilfs frotn Jersey City, ol from Trenton, and 78 
 
 from Philadelphia, is situated on the Passaic river, and is tho 
 most poj)uious and ilourishinu: }>iace in the state of New Jersey. 
 At llic present time (Id-IH) it contains 30,000 people. The city, 
 which is elevated some 40 feet above the river, is regularly iiiii. 
 out with broad and straiglit streets, many of which are bordered 
 by lofty and elegant shade-trees, and contains two large and 
 handsome public stpiares. It is well built, and presents a very 
 fin? appearance, many of the dwellings being large, and finished 
 in a superior style. The courthouse, in the north part of the 
 city, is built of brown freestone, in the Egyptian stylo of archi- 
 tecture. The city is well supplied with pure water, brought from 
 u copious spring more than a mile distant. 
 
 Newark contains numerous churches, some of which have 
 great architectural beauty, three banks, an apprentices' library, a 
 
 15 
 
 & i 
 
 ;i; 
 
 
 iii'tt'ii 
 mmu 
 
-^ * i t.Mb ,s*f^ 
 
 ) 
 
 220 
 
 RAILROAD AND STKA.MBOAT COMrANION. 
 
 M' 
 
 H' 
 
 % 
 
 cirnulatiii}^ library, with literary uiid Kcientifie institutions, &.C' 
 It is very extensively onjfairpd in mannfactnrcs, a ^jnat part dI" 
 which is sent to distant markets. In !>• U), tho capital invesftd 
 in this species of industry, amounted to upwards of ,*$l,r)()ll,Oni). 
 In two articles alone, that of (larriajjes and leather, there was 
 )i^r)0(),()0O invested, employing; many hundreds of workmen. TIk' 
 coiinnerc<» of Newark is also (.-onsiderahlo, there heinj^ ovvnod 
 here upwards of 70 vessels, of KM) tons ea(dj. Th(» Munis ('itiinl 
 runs thrcnjj^h the city. The cars of tlu^ New Jersey Railroad, on 
 the route hetwe-en New York and Philadelphia, pass throuMrh it 
 twice daily, in each direction, and those also from Jersey City 
 arrive and depart several times daily. Fiirc 2'} cents. A steam- 
 boat also plies between Newark und New York. 
 
 Eliziihcfhtowti, on tho New Jersey Railroad, 5 miles from 
 Newark, 14 from New York, and 4() from Trenton, is situated ou 
 a creek, 2^ miles from its entrance into Statcn Island Sound. It 
 is a beautifid town, re^idarly laid out with broad streets, and 
 contains u courthouse, and other public buildiiifjs, with saw-mills, 
 oil-cloth factories, tanneries, &cc. Population about 3,000. Tlio 
 railroad from Elizabeth port to Somerville passes throu«rh this 
 place. It extends 26 i.iiles to Somcroille, which is 40 miles from 
 New York. 
 
 Rahw(n/, situated on both sides of Railway river, contains 
 about 2,500 inhabitants, and several manufacturing establish- 
 ments, which are in daily operation. The manufactures consist 
 of silk printing, carriages and carriage furniture, hats, shoes, 
 clocks, earthenware, and cotton goods. 
 
 New Brunswick, 31 miles from New York, 29 from Trenton, 
 and 50 from Philadelphia, is situated at the head of steamboat 
 navigation on the Raritau river, and 15 miles from its entrance 
 into Raritan Bay at Amboy, by the course of tho river. This is 
 the seat of Rutgers College and school, founded in 1770. Thp 
 streets on the river are narrow and crooked, and tho ground low; 
 but those on the upper bank are wide, and many of the dwellin^^s 
 are very neat and elegant, surrounded by fine gardens. From 
 the site of Rutgers College on the hill, there is a wide prospect, 
 terminated by mountains on the north, and by Raritan Bay ou 
 the east. The Delaware and Raritan Canal extends from New 
 
•^.''J 
 
 GKEAT SOUTHEIIN ROUTKS FROM NEW YORK. 
 
 227 
 
 tntions, &-(■• 
 rriit part ul 
 ital invested 
 $l,r)OII,0()(l. 
 ■r, there was 
 kin«Mi. Till" 
 Driiijj owii< (I 
 lorris CdiirJ. 
 Railroad, on 
 ss tllVDIILrll it 
 i Jersey City 
 s. A steuin- 
 
 5 miles from 
 is situated on 
 \d Sound. Il 
 1 streets, and 
 ,'ith sa\v-aiill!<. 
 t 3,000. The 
 tliroujrh this 
 40 miles from 
 
 ivcr, contains 
 •injr establish- 
 ictures consist 
 3, hats, shoes, 
 
 from Trenton, 
 of steamboat 
 Im its entrance 
 Iriver. This is 
 in 1770. The 
 lio ground low ; 
 If the dvvellinjrs 
 lardens. From 
 wide prospect, 
 laritan Bay on 
 ;uds from New 
 
 Hrunswick to Hordentown on Delaware river. It is Tf) feet wide 
 and seven deep, admittinjr the pa.s.safro of sloops of 75 or 100 tonB 
 i)urden ; is I'i miles Ion;;, jnui has 14 locks, and 117 feet of lock- 
 arfe, the locks heinjj 1 10 feet lon^j and '2{ wide. The entire cost 
 was about .$::2, 500,000. A railroad is about to bo built from the 
 .\ew Jersey road at N(!W Hrunsvvick to unite with the proposed 
 Trenton and Easton railroad, via Fleminf^ton. 
 
 Priucetoiiy \\ miles from Trenton, is the seat of the New 
 Jersey CuUrire, lon<j celebrated as one of the oldest and most re- 
 spectable colleges in the country. It was originally founded at 
 Elizabethtown in 1740, removed to Newark in 174H, and in 1756 
 was permanently located here. It has a library of 12,000 vol- 
 umes. The connuencement is on the last Wednesday in Sep- 
 tember. The Theological Scniinanj of l\\o Presbyterian church, 
 founded in 1812, is also located hero. Both institutions are in a 
 flourishing condition. Princeton is a neat and pleasant villit^e, 
 built mostly on one street, and contains about 1,500 inhabitants. 
 In this vicinity was fought the memorable battle of Jan. 3d, 1777, 
 between the American forces under Cleneral Washington, and 
 those oi" the British under Lt. Col. Mawhood, in which the former 
 were victorious. 
 
 Trenton, the capital of the state of New Jersey, is situated on 
 the east side of Delaware river, at the head of steamboat and 
 sloop navigation. It is 27 miles from Plnladeljibia, and 60 from 
 New York. The population in 1810 was 3,003 ; in 1820, 3,942 ; 
 in 1830, 3,925 ; in 1840, 6,500, and in Jan., 1848, estimated at 
 10,000. The city is regularly laid out, and has many fine stores 
 and handsome dwellings. The State House, which is 100 feet 
 long and 60 wide, is built of stone, and stuccoed, so as to resem- 
 ble granite. Its situation, on the Delaware, is very beautiful, 
 commanding a fine view of the river and vicinity. The Dela- 
 ware is here crossed by a handsome covered bridge 1,100 feet 
 long, resting on five arches, supported on stone piers, and which 
 is considered a fine specimen of its kind. It has two carriage- 
 ways, one of which is used by the railroad. The Delaware and 
 Raritan Canal, forming an inland navigation from Now Bruns- 
 wick, passes through Trenton to the Delaware at Bordentown. 
 It is supplied by a navigable feeder, taken from the Delaware 23 
 
 
Jpi**^ 
 
 &*ii^tea%.i.%j*»: 
 
 ..' ■■*«*..:--^*»«>i«;:.»- 
 
 
 
 RAILKOAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 miles N. of TriMiton. It was completed in 1834, at a cost of 
 JB:2,r)()0,(H)0. The New York and Piiiladelphia trains pass 
 'rrcnfou twice daily in each direction. A train also leaves the 
 K('nsii);^rton depot, Pliiladelphia, for Trenton every morning, 
 (Sundays excepted,) retnrninjjf in the afternoon. Fare from 
 Pli'd'idi Iphia, 50 cents. A radroad is proposed from Trenton to 
 E:iston. 
 
 On Christmas night, in ITTH, and during the most gloomy pe- 
 riod of the revolutionary war, Gen. Washington crossed the Del- 
 aware with 2,.")U0 men, and early on the morning of the 2Gth 
 commenced an attack upon Trenton, then in possession of the 
 British. So sudden and unexpected was the assault, that of the 
 1,500 German troops encamped there, 906 were made prisoners. 
 This successful enterprise revived the spirit of the nation, as it 
 was the first victory gained over the German mercenaries. Gen. 
 ]M(M'cer, a brave American ofHcer, was mortally wounded in the 
 attack. 
 
 Morrisville, a thriving village on the Delaware, directly oppo- 
 site Trenton, has considerable water-power, which is derived from 
 tlie river. The population is about 500. 
 
 Bristol is a beautiful village on the w. bank of the Delaware, 
 nearly opposite to Burlington, 18 miles n. e. from Philadelphia. 
 It is reorularly laid out and neatly built, and contains about 2,000 
 inhabitants. The Delaware division of the Pennsylvania Canal, 
 which communicates with the Leliigh Canal at Easton, termi- 
 nates here, in a spacious basin on the Delaware. This canal, in 
 connection with the Lehigh Canal, forms an uninterrupted water 
 communication with the anthracite coal region of Northampton 
 county, in Pennsylvania. Fare to Bristol by railroad from 
 Pliiladelphia, 25 cents ; hy steamboat, which runs twice daily 
 in each direction during the summer season, 12^ cents. 
 
 Andalusia and Holmesburg, pleasant places a few miles n. e. 
 from Philadelphia, are much resorted to by the citizens during 
 the summer months. 
 
 Bridesburg, a beautiful village situated on the Delaware five 
 miles from the city, and elevated about 25 fe-et above the river, is 
 a neat and attractive p'ace. It is the residence of many wealthy 
 and retired citizens of Philadelphia. 
 
a cost of 
 ains pass 
 leaves the 
 morning, 
 ^are from 
 rrentoii to 
 
 rloomy pe- 
 'd tl)c Del- 
 f the 2Glh 
 siou of tlie 
 that of the 
 e prisoners, 
 latioii, as it 
 iries. Gen. 
 nded in the 
 
 •cctly oppo- 
 erivcd from 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 hiladclphia. 
 
 bout 2,000 
 
 mia Canal, 
 
 ton, termi* 
 
 is canal, in 
 
 kptcd water 
 
 rthampton 
 
 road from 
 
 wico daily 
 
 miles N. E. 
 lens during 
 
 llawarc five 
 the river, is 
 Liy wealthy 
 
 GREAT SOUTHERN ROUTES FROM NEW YORK. 
 
 229 
 
 Port Richmond, a town of recent date, on the bank of the 
 Delaware, and at the eastern tenninalion of the Readinsf Rail- 
 road, is three miles distant from Philadelphia. It has become an 
 important place, owinjy to its favorable situation for trjule. Coal 
 l»roui;ht over the Reading Railroad, from the productive anthra- 
 cite coal re^rion in Pennsylvania, is shi[)ped here for other places. 
 
 Taroni/, the terminus of the railroad, is six miles from Phila- 
 (lelj)hia: from this place we proeeed in the steamer to that city, 
 for a description of which we refer the reader to pajre 2.30. 
 
 Steamboat and Railroat) Rol'te bktwken New York and 
 Philadelphia. — (See Map No. 2.3.) — This route between the two 
 cities is performed both by steamboat and railroad united ; the 
 former, leaving from the j)ier at the foot of Battery Place, con- 
 veys US to South And)oy, 28 miles, the terminus of the Camden 
 and Amboy Railroad ; at which place we take the cars for Cam- 
 den, G2 miles distant, and from thence by ferry across the river to 
 Philadelphia. It was formerly usual, at Rordentown, .35 miles 
 from South xVmboy, during the season of navigation, to resign 
 the cars for the steamboat, and thence pass down the beautiful 
 Delaware to Philadelphia. We understand that during the pres- 
 ent season this route will be again resorted to. The fare is ^3.00 
 each way. The boat leaves New York usually at 5 a. m. in 
 summer, and at 7 o'clock in the fall and winter season. By a 
 recent determination of the company, a new line will go into 
 operation the present season (1848) between New York and 
 Philadelphia, starting from each point at 12 o'clock, noon, pro- 
 ceeding by the way of the Camden and Amboy Railroad. 
 
 On leaving the wharf, the traveller is conveyed across the bay 
 and harbor of New York. The beauty of the scene which will 
 here arrest his attention is proverbial. As tlu boat proceeds to- 
 wards Staten Lland, and shapes its way through the narrow 
 straits between the island and the New Jersey shore, called the 
 " Kills," many beautiful places will be presented to his view ; 
 among others. New Brighton, a village of country-seats, erected 
 by opulent citizens from the metropolis, arrayed in all its attrac- 
 tions of fine architecture and eligible position, and commanding; 
 views of the city, islands, harbor, and adjacent shores. 
 
 I' )■ 
 
 '■■B 
 
 
tu^^MMiV^''' 
 
 ''!^W 
 
 .oifcte-iJiVaiwA 
 
 230 
 
 RAILIIOAD AND STEA.'MliOAT COMPANION. 
 
 The Sailors^ Snuir Harbor, a short distance beyond, an asy- 
 hiin for Rupcranunated seanien, is the most imposing edifice on 
 this shoro. 
 
 Stateii Inland, which we keep on our left as we proceed to- 
 wards Ambny, abounds with beauties, and is no doubt destined 
 to be, ere long, a favorite place of residence of the wealthy and 
 retiring citizens of the metropolis. 
 
 We now approach South Ainhoyt the landing-place, and also 
 the terminus of the Camden and Amhoy Railroad. Upon our 
 arrival there we are transported, in a short space of time, from 
 the steamboat to the railroad cars ; and after a slight detention, 
 we proceed on our journey up the steep ascent from the river, and 
 soon enter a line of deep cutting through the sandhills. The road 
 is then continued through a barren and uninteresting region of 
 country, towards the Delaware at Bordentown, 35 miles from 
 Amboy. Here are the extensive groimds and mansion formerly 
 occupied by the late Joseph Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, which 
 are among the most conspicuous objects of the place. 
 
 Bordentown is situated on a steep sandbank, on the e. side of 
 the Delaware. Although in a commanding situation, its view is 
 greatly obstructed from the river. This is a favorite resort of the 
 Philadelj)hiaus during the summer season. The Delaware and 
 llaritan Canal here connects with Delaware river. A branch 
 road running along the canal and river, connects this town with 
 Trenton. 
 
 The further continuation of the route to Philadelphia from 
 Bordentown will be either by the railroad running along the e. 
 bank of the Delaware to Camden, or by steamboat down the 
 river to Philadelphia, landing at the foot of Walnut-street. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Philadelphia, the melropoKs of Pennsylvania, and, after New 
 York, the largest city in tlie Uuited States, is situated in Lat. 
 .39° 57' 9' N., Long. 75° 10' 37" W. from Greenwich, and 
 1° 50' 47" W. Long, from Washington. It is 87 miles s. w. from 
 New York, 322 s. w. from Boston, 97 s. e. from Baltimore, 106 
 
"■ -^NrirV- 
 
 ty^«>a«<<^*--»V,>s < »< ! i '»Tr q y i mw^. ,>^y^-».»,, 
 
 L. 
 
 nd, an asy- 
 g edifice on 
 
 proceed to- 
 ibt destined 
 vealthy and 
 
 le, and also 
 . Upon our 
 f time, from 
 it detention, 
 he river, and 
 8. The road 
 ing region of 
 i miles from 
 ion formerly 
 jpain, which 
 
 the E. side of 
 
 n, its view is 
 
 resort of the 
 
 •elaware and 
 
 A branch 
 
 town with 
 
 elphia from 
 along the e. 
 
 )at down the 
 
 itreet. 
 
 \, after New 
 ated in Lat. 
 
 nwicb, and 
 68 s. w. from 
 
 Itimore, 106 
 
 
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 l*f— - r -I • I T""^ SSSSt r— If— — r-vO' __ -__ , ,- 
 
 JVDELPHIA 
 
 
 'V^.' r,j!,t;!,ni .>i-.Tci(7 
 
' If^mm^^ 
 
 
 
 Jl?— 
 
rHiLADEi.rniA. 
 
 2:n 
 
 View of Fairmount Water- works. Philadelphia. 
 
 from Harrisbiirjr, and 135 from Wasliinrrton. Tho population iu 
 1800 was 70,'J87; in ISIO, !H),287 ; in 18-20. ]\\).3'2') ; in IK'JO, 
 1()7.325; in 1840, including the county, 2j8,r>JJl ; and in 184c< 
 not less than 330,000. 
 
 The city is situated belween the Delaware and Schuylkill 
 rivers, five nules above their junction, and is about 100 miles from 
 the ocean by the course of the former river. The city proper is 
 that portion which is bounded by the Delaware on the v.., the 
 Schuylkill on the w., Vine-st. on the n , and South-st. or Cedar- 
 st. on the s. The distrirts are the Northern Liberties, Kensinj;- 
 ton, and Spring (iarden on the n. ; and Southwark, Moy;inj< ii- 
 sing, and Passyunk on the s. These districts, vvluch |)roperIy he- 
 long to Philadelphia, have municipal authorities of their own, en- 
 tirely distinct from that of the city, and from each other. 'I'h*' 
 densely built parts of the city and districts have an outline of 
 about 8^ miles : the length of the city on the Delaware is 4-5 
 miles. It is built on a plain, slightly ascending from each river, 
 the highest point of which is elevated G4 feet above high-water 
 mark. It is laid out with much regularity ; the j-trcets, which 
 are broad and straight, with a few exceptions crossing each other 
 
 
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 *1 
 
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I : 
 
 232 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 at right angles, and varying in width from 50 to 120 foot. The 
 dwollingH, which aro nrat and clean-looking in their appearance, 
 are built cliictly of brick, the ntyle of architecture being plain 
 rather than showy and ornarnentui. White marble is generally 
 used for the door-st('j)s, window-Kills, the basement story, and not 
 unfreqnently for the entire front. A stranger on visiting this city 
 would judge it to bo one of the cleanest in the world, (which it 
 certainly is,) from the great use made of the waters of the 
 Schuylkill, which aro visil)lo in washing and scrubbing continu- 
 ally. It is drained by common sewers, which are arched culverts 
 of brick-work, constructed under most of the main streets. 
 
 This city is celc^bratod for its Hue markets, which aro well 
 supplied not only from its own state, but from the states adjacent, 
 and i)arlicularly New Jersey. The " Neck," which is formed 
 by the Dt^laware and Schuylkill rivers, and which lies south of 
 the city, is divided ofV into farms and gardens, on which large 
 quantities of vegetables and fruit are raised for the Philadelphia 
 markets. 
 
 Phila(ielj)hia has the advantage of a double port, connected 
 with very remote sections : that on the Schuylkill is accessible to 
 vessels of .'300 tons, and is the great depot for the coal of the in- 
 terior ; — the other, on the Delaware, admits the largest merchant 
 vessels to the doors of the warehouses, and is spacious and secure. 
 As might be expected, it has a large foreign and domestic 
 trade ; the latter, however, predominates. The registered ton- 
 nage entered from foreign ports in 18 47, was 148,071. The 
 value of imports amomited to ,*^I2,14.'),!).'}7, aud that of the ex- 
 ports to {iJ>8,.')7y,J2();'). The commerce of Philadelphia will be great- 
 ly increased by the recent establishi leut of a line of steamships 
 from that port to ('harleston, S. C. A line is also contemplated 
 between Philadelj)hia and Liverpool. This city is also distin- 
 guished for its manufactures, which are various and extensive. 
 At the present time (1848) the amount of capital invested in this 
 branch of industry exceeds ^ir),000,000. The manufacture of 
 morocco leather (for which 't is celebrated) is carried on more 
 extensively here than, perhaps, in any other part of the country. 
 
 Public Squares. — In the city are many public squar3s, orna- 
 mented with fine shade and flowering trees. The principal one 
 
I'HII.AOKLrHlA. 
 
 •J33 
 
 is ^^' ishingtnn Stpmrr^ u little s. vv. of tho Stato-IImisp : it h 
 fmtiy oriianicntod with trees and jiravclUd walks, is siirroiindtMl 
 by a haiidsonie iron railing, with fuiir priix^ipal entruiiers, and is 
 kept in excellent order, liidependnicv Sijwtrf, in the rear of 
 the State-IIoune, is Kurronnded by a solid hriek wall risinjr thre«' 
 or four feet above the adjacent streets, sininonnted by an iron 
 railinfj. The entire area is laid off in walks and {:jrass[)lots, sha- 
 ded with majestic trees. It was within this enclosure that the 
 Declaration of Independeiieo was first proinnlj^ated, ami at the 
 present day it is frequently used as a place of nieetinjj for politi- 
 cal and other purposes. Franklin Siiuare, between Race and 
 Vine, and Sixth and Franklin sts., is an attractive promenade, 
 with a splendid fountain in its centre, surrounded by a marble 
 basin ; it is embellished with a great variety oi trees, grassplots, 
 •fee. The other scjnares are — Venn Square, at the intersection 
 of Broad and Market sts., now divided into four parts by cutting 
 Market and Broad sts. through it; Logan Square, hviween Race 
 and Vnie sts. ; and Riitenhuuse Squuret between Walnut and 
 Locust sis. 
 
 Fairmount Watkii-works. — The inhabitants of Philadelphia 
 are liberally supplied with water from the Fairmount Water- 
 works, constructed at an expense of about ^450,000 ; upwards 
 of 100 miles of iron pipe convey it to all parts of the cily and 
 districts. These water-works are situated on the E. bank of th^ 
 Schuylkill, about two miles in a n. w. direction from the city, 
 occupying an area of 30 acres, a large part of which consists of 
 the " mount," an eminence 100 feet above tidewater in the river 
 below, and about CO feet above the most elevated ground in the 
 city. The top is divided into four reservoirs, capable of contain- 
 ing 22,000,000 gallons, one of which is divided into three bee- 
 tions for the purpose of filtration. The whole is surrounded by 
 a beautiful gravel-walk, from which may be had a fine view of 
 the city. The reservoirs contain an area of over six acres ; they 
 are 12 feet deep; lined with stone and paved with brick, laid in 
 a bed of clay, in strong lime cement, and made watertight. Tlie 
 power necessary for forcing the water into the reservoirs is ob- 
 tained by throwing a dam across the Schuylkill ; and by means 
 of wheels moved by the water, which work forcing-pumps, the 
 
 :i 
 
 'ii* 
 
234 
 
 RAILROAD AND STF.AMnOAT COMPANION. 
 
 water of tho rivor is raisod to tlio rrsiTvoirs on tho top of tlie 
 '* tnomit." Tho dam is l,(i()() fct-t lonjj, uiul tlif raco upwards of 
 •lOO ftct loiii; and iM) wide, cut in solid rock. The inill-honsf is 
 of stone, U.'J8 foet lonjr, and 50 wide, and caj)al»!e of oontainiu;:; 
 eijrlit wheels, and earrfi pump will raise ahoul l,Xi.')(),0()() {jidjons 
 in yi hours. — The Sprinj; (iarden Water-works aro situated on 
 the Schti) Ikill, a short disianfo ahovo Fairniount. 
 
 The SrhnijIlxiLl J'jxciir,si'nift. — Two enterprising citizens of 
 Philadelphia have placed a line of steamboats on tho Schuylkill, 
 plyinii between Fairnioinit and ^lanyiujk. Thedistaneo is seven 
 miles, and tho excursion a (leli<rhtful one. These boats aro eon- 
 Htrncted in a peculiar manner, tho wheel l)ein<r in the rear, — a 
 novj'hy that creates considerable interest with those who have 
 only seen tho ordinary steamers. For tho accommodation of 
 stran;rers who may wish to take this jaunt, wo }; ve tho places 
 on the river at wliich they may land, witli fares. A boat leavcH 
 Irom above the " Dam" every hour for Sweethrier Fiirin, ii 
 mih's, t> cents ; It'turel-llili ('cniftrri/, 4 niiles, 10 cents; FalU 
 of S.-hiiijlkUl, 4 miles, 10 cents ; Wi.fsu/iiccDn ('reck, G miles, 
 and Munijnnk, 7 miles, \2^ cents each. 
 
 The United States Nai-i/ Yard is located in Front-st., below 
 l*rince, and contaii»s within its limits about 1'2 acres. It is en- 
 closed on three sides by a hif^li and substantial brick wall ; the 
 east side fronts on and is open to tho Delaware river. Its en- 
 trance is in Front-st. The Yard contains every i>reparation ne- 
 cessary for buildinjr vessels of war, and has marine barracks, with 
 (jtiarters for the oHicers. 
 
 Pl'klic lUnLDiNGs. — The State-House fronts on Chesnnt-st., 
 and including the winj^s, v/hich are of modern construction, oc- 
 cupies the entire block, extending from Fifth to Sixth st. In a 
 lown in this building, on tho 4th of July, 177G, the Declaration 
 of Independence was adopted by Congress, and publicly pro- 
 claimed from the steps on the same day. The room presents 
 now the same appearance it did on that eventful day, in furni- 
 ture and interior decorations. This chamber is situated on tho 
 first floor, at the eastern end of the original building, and can be 
 seen by visiters on apjjlication to the person in charge of tho 
 State- House, ^n the Hall of Independence is a statue of Wash- 
 
rHILADELl'IUA. 
 
 235 
 
 Vie-.v c 1 
 
 'iri r>; 
 
 .o-ro. 
 
 ini;tnti, ciirvoil in wood, aiul also sovoral fiiio paiiitiufjs. Tho 
 mayor's roiirl, and th*^ district and nircnil courts of the United 
 .Stairs, arc hold in this i)nildin;x- Visih-rs have frco aocoss to the 
 cupola, from which thoro is an cxttMisivo view of tho city and 
 vicinity. 
 
 The Oirard Collrvrc is situated on lh»* Ridijp R;)ad, in a n. w. 
 d rcclion from \\\p< city proper, ahont O^j miles from the Exchanijo. 
 It was fonndcd hy the !a1e Slcp!)cn (iirard, a nitivi^ of France, 
 w'no (lied in 1831, iJiid heqneathed ;;f;'2,(J()(I.O()() for tho j)nrpose 
 of erectin(T snitahie hnildinj^s for the education o{ o) plimis'. ^loie 
 than one-half of this sum has ah'eady been expended upon the. 
 huildin<:js, and a lar^e amount will still be rcfpiired for th'-ir com- 
 pletion. It occupies a commandiuLT I'osition. The site on which 
 it stands contains about 4.') acres of ^rronud, bequoatlied for the 
 j)urpose by the foimdcr of the institution. Tiie coHejre, or cen- 
 tre biiildin<r, which is devoted to the purposes of education, is 
 one of the mo-it superb buildinirs in the country ; it is 018 feet 
 lonjj from x to s., HiO from e. to w., and 97 in heijjht. This 
 build n<T, with its beautiful cohunns and jjorijeous ca])itals, at once 
 attracts the attention of tlie beholder. It is surrounded by 34 
 columns of the Corinthian order, with beautifid capitals, support- 
 
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 rVl 
 
 
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236 
 
 KAILUOAI) AM) STEAMBOAT CO.MI'ANION. 
 
 M 
 
 ii < 
 
 iwjr at) rntubluture ; each coliitnii, incl(i(liii|i; ciipitul and ha.se, \h 
 5.') feet hij^h and G in diaiiK'ter, huviii«; a hasj- .'{ fjut hi{;h and U 
 in diameter, — leMvinjj a Hpuce of l.'» feet between tho(;olnnins and 
 tho body of Iho bnildiinr. At each end is a doorway or entrance, 
 .'ii2 feet hij^h and HJ wide, decorated with massive architraves, 
 Hurmonnted by a Hcnl|)tnred cornice. Ivudi uf these doors openu 
 into a vestibnle, 12G feet wide and 48 loii^j, the ceihn^ of which is 
 supported by eijrht marble colunuis. Immediately above these 
 vestibides, in the second story, are an e(iuaj number of Uibbies, 
 tho ceilings of which are supported by C'orinthiai; coinnms. In 
 each corner of tho buihhnfjf are marble stairways, which are 
 Hj^hted from above. On each floor are four rooms, 50 feet s(p»a'e, 
 and the third is lifrhted by a skylijjht, which does not rise above 
 the roof. No wood is used in tho construction of the buildinjj, 
 except for tho doors, so that it is fireproof. The remaininjj 
 four buildinfTs, situated two on either side of the main buildinjr, 
 are each ij'^i feet by 120, and two stories high, with commochous 
 basements. The most eastern of these is so divided as to con- 
 Btitule four distinct houses for the professors. The other tliree 
 are designed for the residence of the pupils. 
 
 The Merchants' Exchange, situated between Dock, Walnut, 
 and Third sts., is of white marble. It is a beautiful structure, and 
 of its kind, one of tho finest in the country. 
 
 The United States Mint is in Chesnut-st. below Broad-st., and 
 fronts on the former street 122 feet. It is built of white marble 
 in tho style of a (jlrecian Ionic temple, and comprises several dis- 
 tinct apartments. Coining is among the most interesting and at- 
 tractive of processes, to those who have never witnessed such 
 operations. Visiters are admitted during the morning of eacii day, 
 until one o'clock, on application to the proper officers. 
 
 The Arcade is in Chesnut, between Sixth and Seventh sts., and 
 extends through to Carpenter-st. 150 feet, fronting 100 feet on 
 Chesnut-st. Ou the ground-floor are two avenues, extending the 
 entire depth of the building, with rows of stores fronting on each. 
 The second floor, which is reached by flights of marble steps at 
 each end, is divided into stores similar to those on the ground- 
 floor. The third story was originally prepared for Peale's Mu- 
 seum, now kept iu the Masonic Hall, in Chcsuut-st 
 
riiii.ADHLrinA. 
 
 237 
 
 :it- 
 Licll 
 
 on 
 Ithe 
 Ich. 
 
 at 
 Ind- 
 
 [u- 
 
 Tho Custoin-lfousr, rnriunly lli»< I'liitod Statt's Hunk, w lo. 
 catod ill C'lioNiiut-Mt., Ix'twt ii rmirth and Filth sis. It is a 
 cliuste specimen of the Doric order ot" urcliitcctnn*, aftrr Iho l*.ir» 
 ihcnon at Athins, with the oniisNion <>[' (ho colonnades at the 
 sidi's. It was citMiinrncrd in Ibll), and conipl* led in ahont tivo 
 years, at a cost of .•5{.'»()(I,()(M). 
 
 IJanks, vVc. — There are ahont I .'» hanks, 7 savln^fs institnti'.ns 
 and loan companies, and nninenuis insnriince companies, in I'hil- 
 .1 lelphia. Some ol' the hanks occupy splendid und costly hnild- 
 injfs. The I'l'iinsi/lruniu Hunk is of white marhle, and has an 
 cnclosnrc ornamented with j)!ants and sliruhhcry, and snrrotuuled 
 hy an iron railin;;-. The (rirard Hunk — i'ormf riy the old t'nited 
 States IJank, pnrchascd hy the late Stephen (iirard, and used hy 
 him lor a hankin;^. house — has a marhle front, ami is enriched hy 
 I portico of six Corinthian cohnmis. 'I'hfi P/iilndrlpfiia Jhink 
 is a heantifid slrncturc. The Jiunk of N(nth Amnira, orij^in- 
 ally chartered hy Confjress in 17^1, was the first institution of its 
 kind organized in the United States. Its hankin}j-h«)uso (a new 
 iMiilding) is one of the most chaste and elegant in desi<rn in the 
 United States. Many of the other hanking-honses are handsome 
 buildings, but generally of a plain stylo of architecture. The 
 hanks in the city and county of riiiladelj)hia, with their loca- 
 lions, are us follows : Bank uf Commerce, s. e. corner of Second 
 •ind Chesnut sts. ; Bank of North America, (^hesnut-st., ahove 
 Third ; Bank of Pennsylvania, Second-st., above Walnut ; (ti- 
 rnrd Bank, South Third-st., below Chesnut ; Commercial Bank 
 of Pennsylvania, Market-st., ahove Second ; Bank uf Sorthrrn 
 Liberties, Vine-st., below Third ; Farmers' and Mechanics'' 
 Hank, Chesnut-st., above Fourth ; Bank of Germantoicn, at 
 (jlermantown ; Bank of Penn Township, x. w. corner of Vi ,e und 
 Sixth sts. ; Kensington Bank, 13each-pt., below Maiden Murn/- 
 facturers' and Mechanics^ Bank, n. w. corner of Tliird and Vine 
 sts. ; Mechanics' Bank, South Third-st., below Market ; Phila- 
 delphia Bank, Chesnut-st., above Fourth ; Soathwark Bank, 
 Second-st., below South ; Western Bank, x. w. corner of Market 
 und Sixth sts. 
 
 Churches. — In Jan., 1848, there were in riuladelphiu l.")9 
 churches of different denominations, as follows : Episcopal, 27 ; 
 
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 238 
 
 RAILKOAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION'. 
 
 Methodist, (Episcopal,) 22 ; M/fhodist, {VroU'stuni,) 6; Baptist, 
 IG ; Prcshi/terian, New School, 13— Old School, 12 ; Re- 
 formed Fre.fhyferian, 4 — Associate, 4 — Associate Reformed 2 ; 
 Roman Catholic, 12 ; Friends, 7 ; German Reformed, 3 ; In- 
 dependent, 2; Lutheran, German, 3 — Eiif^lish, 2 ; Universal- 
 ist,2', Dutch Reformed, 2; Mariners\ 2 ; Unitarian, 1; New 
 Jerusalem, 1 ; Moravian, 1 ; Disciples of Christ, 1 ; Jewish 
 Sijna<roirues, 3 ; churches of difFcreiit deiioniinalions for colored 
 people, 12. 
 
 The style of construction of the cliurches is various. Only a 
 few have pretensions to great architectural beauty. St. Ste- 
 phen's Church, (Episcopal,) in Tenlh-st., between Market and 
 Chesnut, is a fine specinuni of Gothic architecture; it is 102 feet 
 long and 50 wide, and on its front corners has two octagonal tow- 
 ers 8(i feet high. The upper parts of the windows are enibellisli- 
 ed with chernbirn, in while glass on a blue ground, and the 
 sashes are filled with diamond-shaped glass of various colors, or- 
 uaniented in the same manner. Christ Church, in Second-st , 
 was built in 1G91, and enlarged in 1810. It is the oldest church 
 in the city ; its spire, 196 feet high, was commenced in 1753, and 
 completed the following year, by means of a lottery, a mode of 
 raising money not uncommon in those days. This church has a 
 chime of bells. St. John's Church, (Catholic,) situated in Thir- 
 teenth-st., between Chesnut and Market sts., is an elegant Gothic 
 structure, with square towers on each of its front corners. The 
 windows are of stained glass, and the interior is decorated witti 
 several handsome paintings. The First Presbyterian Church, 
 fronting on Washington Square, is one of the most elegant 
 churches of this denomination in the city. There are others 
 very chaste and elegant in their design, but the limits of this 
 work will not permit of a detailed description. 
 
 BicNiivoLENT Institutions. — The county Almshouse, situated 
 on the w. side of the Schuylkill, opposite South-st., is a place for 
 the reception of the poor of the city and county of Philadelphia. 
 It is an immense structure, consisting of four main buildings, cov- 
 ering and enclosing about ten acres of ground, and fronting on 
 the Schuylkill river. The site is much elevated above the bank 
 of the river, and commands a fine view of the city and surround- 
 
 i 
 
[uated 
 Ice for 
 [ilphia. 
 
 ?, cov- 
 ing oil 
 bank 
 
 round- 
 
 rHILADELPHIA. 
 
 239 
 
 ing country. Visiters are admitted to this excellent institution, 
 which on inspection cannot fail to excite much satisfaction. — 
 Pennsylvania Hos^ tal, in Pine-st, between Eighth and Ninth 
 sts., is an admirable institution. It contains an anatomical mu- 
 seum, and a library of more than 8,000 volumes. In the rear of 
 the lot fronting on Spruce-st. is a small building which contains 
 West's celebrated picture of Christ Healing the Sick, presented 
 to this institution by its author. — The United States Marine 
 Hospital or Naval Asylum has a handsonie situation on the east 
 bank of the Schuylkill below South-st. It is for the use of inva- 
 lid seamen, and officers disabled in the service. — The Pennsyl- 
 rania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb is situated on the 
 corner of Broad and Pine sts., having extensive buildings adapted 
 to the purposes of the establishment. — The Pennsylvania Insti- 
 tution for the Instruction of the Blind is situated in Race-st. 
 near Schuylkill Third-st. The pupils of this institution are iu- 
 ^*tructed in reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and music ; 
 and are also taught to manufacture a great variety of useful and 
 ornamental articles. 
 
 There are in Philadelphia many other societies for the relief 
 of the distressed. 
 
 Literary and Scientific Institutions. — The American Philo- 
 sophical Society was founded in 1743, principally through the 
 exertions of Dr. Franklin ; its hall is situated in Soulh Fifth-st., 
 below Chesnut, and in the rear of the State-House. In addition 
 to its library of 15,000 volumes of valuable works, the society has 
 a fine collection of minerals and fossils, ancient relics, and other 
 interesting objects. Strangers are admitted to the hall on appli- 
 cation to the librarian. — The Philadelphia Library is situated in 
 Fifth-st., below Chesnut, on the north corner of Library-st. 
 This library, which was founded in 1731, by the influence of Dr. 
 Franklin, contains upward of 30,000 volumes, embracing works 
 on almost every branch of general knowledge. Citizens and 
 strangers have free access to the library, and for their accom- 
 modation tables and seats are provided. To this has been added 
 the Loganian library, (which formerly belonged to the late Dr. 
 Logan.) containing 11,000 volumes of rare and valuable books, 
 mostiv classical. — The Atheneinn, in Sixth below Walnut-st., 
 
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 210 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEA3IB0AT COMPANION. 
 
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 contains tho periodical journals of the day, and a library consist- 
 intj of several thousand volumes. The rooms are open every day 
 and evening (Sundays excepted) throughout tho year. Strangers 
 are admitted gratuitously for one month, on introduction by a 
 member. — The Franklin Institute was incorporated in 1824 ; it 
 i^ situated in Seventh-st., below Market. Its members, about 
 .■],000 in number, consist of manufacturers, artists, and mechanics. 
 snd persons friendly to the mechanic arts. The annual exhibi- 
 tions of this institute never fail to attract a large Jiumber of vis- 
 itors. It has a library of about 3,000 volumes, and an extensive 
 roading-room, where most of tho periodicals of the day may bo 
 found. Strangers are admitted to the rooms on application to 
 the actuary. — The Academy of Natural Sciences, incorporated 
 in 1817, has a well-selected library of about 9,000 volumes, bo- 
 sides an extensive collection of objects in natural history. Its 
 e;plendid hall is in Broad-st., between Chesnut and Walnut. It 
 is open to visiters every Saturday afternoon. — The Mercantile 
 Lihrary, situated on the corner of Fifth and Library sts., was 
 founded in 1822, for the purpose of diffusing mercantile know- 
 ledge. It contained in Jan., 1848, 11,425 volumes, chiefly on 
 commercial subjects, and pursuits connected with commerce. — 
 The Apprentices* Library, cor. Fifth and Arch, consists of about 
 14,000 volumes, and is open to the youth of both sexes. — The 
 Historical Society of Pennsylvania, in Fifth-st., below Chesnut. 
 was founded for the purpose of ditfusing a knowledge of local 
 history, especially in relation to the state of Pennsylvania. It 
 has caused to be published a large amount of information on sub- 
 jects connected with the early history of tho state, and is now 
 actively engaged in similar pursuits. — The Friends* Library, on 
 the corner of Fourth and Arch sts., has about 3,000 volumes, the 
 books of which are loaned free of charge to persons who como 
 suitably recommended. — There are several excellent libraries in 
 the Districts of Philadelphia, which are conducted on the most 
 liberal principles. 
 
 Medical Institutions. — The University of Pennsylvania, 
 which is an admirable institution, is situated on the west side of 
 Ninth-st., between Market and Chesnut. It was founded in 
 1791, by the Union of the old University and College of Philu- 
 
PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 241 
 
 Ivanio, 
 side of 
 ided in 
 Phila- 
 
 delphia. The buildings consist of two handsome structures, 85 
 feet front by 112 deep, surrounded by open grounds, tastefully 
 laid out in gravel-walks, &,c., which are separated from the 
 street by an iroa railing. The average number of students who 
 attend annually the medical lectures in this institution, is about 
 400. — Jefferson Medical College is situated in Tenth-st. below 
 Ciiesniit ; it was originally connected with the college at Canons- 
 burg, but is now an independent institution. The number of 
 pupils averages about 300 annually. The anatomical museum 
 of this institution is open to visiters. — Pennsylvania Medical 
 College, in Filbert-st. above Eleventh, is a flourishing institution 
 of recent origin ; the first lectures having been delivered in the 
 winter of 1839-40. — The College of Physicians is an old insti- 
 tution, having existed before the Revolution. It is one of the 
 principal sources from which proceeds the Pharmacopceia of the 
 United States. — The Medical Institute, in Locust-st. above 
 Eleventh, is where the elementary branches of medical science 
 in all their relations are taught. — The Philadelphia College of 
 Pharmacy, in Zane-st., above Seventh, was the first regularly 
 organized institution of its kind in the country. Its objects are to 
 impart appropriate instruction, to examine drugs, and to cultivate 
 a taste for the sciences. 
 
 Prisons. — The Eastern Penitentiary, in the n. w. part of the 
 city, is situated on Coates-st., w. of Broad-st., and s. of Girard 
 College. It covers about ten acres of ground, is surrounded by a 
 wall thirty feet high, and in architecture resembles a baronial 
 castle of the middle ages. It is constructed on the principle of 
 strictly solitary confinement in separate cells, and is admirably 
 calculated for the security, the health, and, so far as consistent 
 with its objectR, the comfort of its occupants. — Tlie County 
 Pmow, situated on Passyunk road, below Federal-st., is a spacious 
 Gothic building, presenting an imposing appearance. It is ap- 
 propriated to the confinement of persons awaiting trial, or those 
 who are sentenced for short periods. The Debtor's Prison, ad- 
 joining the above on the north, is constructed of red sandbtcne, 
 in a style of massive Egyptian architecture. — The House of 
 Refuge, at the corner of Coates-st. and Ridge Road, near the 
 Penitentiary, was founded by the benevolence of citizens of Phila- 
 
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 11 ♦•* ,!..^^P.: »< 
 
242 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMFANION. 
 
 
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 delphia, and is devoted to the coiifiuement of vicious and aban> 
 doned juvenile offenders of both sexes. — The House of Correc- 
 tion, at Bush Hill, is used for the confinement of disorderly per- 
 sons, and such as are charged with minor offences. 
 
 Cemeteries. — The beautiful cemetery of Laurel Hill is situ- 
 ated on the Ridge Road, 3^ miles n. w. of the city, and on the e. 
 bank of the Schuylkill, which is elevated about 90 feet above the 
 river. It contains about 20 acres, the surface of which is undu- 
 lating, prettily diversified by hill and dale, and adorned with a 
 number of beautiful trees. The irregularity of the ground, to- 
 gether with the foliage, shrubs, and fragrant flowers, which here 
 abound — the finely-sculptured and appropriate monuments — with 
 an extensive and diversified view — make the whole scene grand 
 and impressive in a high degree. On entering the gate, the first 
 object that presents itself to the gaze of the visiter, is a splendid 
 piece of statuary, representing Sir Walter Scott conversing with 
 Old Mortality, executed in sandstone by the celebrated Thom. 
 The chapel, which is situated on high ground to the right of the 
 entrance, is a beautiful Gothic building, illuminated by an im- 
 mense window of stained glass. Visiters are admitted within the 
 cemetery by making application at the entrance ; those with 
 carriages, wishing to enter the enclosure, must show a ticket 
 from one of the managers. The cars of the Norristown Rail- 
 road will convey visiters to the cemetery and back, twice daily, 
 from their depot at the corner of Ninth and Green sta. Fare, 
 12^ cents. — Monument Cemetery, another beautiful enclosure, is 
 situated on Broad-st., in the vicinity of Turner's Lane, in the 
 north part of Philadelphia, and about three miles from the State- 
 Tlouse. It was opened in 1838, and now contains many hand- 
 some tombs. — Ronaldson^s Cemetery, in Shippen-st., between 
 Ninth and Tenth, occupying an entire square, and surrounded 
 by an iron railing, is very beautiful. It formerly belonged to Mr. 
 James Ronaldson, from whom it takes its name, who divided it 
 into lots, and disposed of it for its present purposes. It contains 
 a large number of splendid tombs, and is adorned with a great 
 variety of flowers and foliage, whose fragrance and beauty make 
 this an attractive, although a mournful spot 
 
 Places of Amusement. — Walnut-street Theatre, on the cor- 
 
nnLADELPHIA. 
 
 243 
 
 cor- 
 
 ner of Walnut and Ninth sis. Arch-street Theatre, in Arch-st. 
 above Sixth. PeaWs Museum, and Gallery of Fine Arts, at the 
 Masonic Hall, in Chesnut-st above Seventh. Admission 25 
 cents. Academrj of Fine Arts, north side of Chesnut, between 
 Tenth and Eleventh sts. Open daily, admission 25 cents. WesVs 
 Picture of Christ Healing the Sick, in Spruce-st., between 
 Eighth and Ninth sts. Admission 25 cents. Musical Fund Hall, 
 in Locust-st. between Eighth and Ninth sts., for concerts. Dio- 
 rama, in Sansom-st. above Eighth. Admission 25 cents. 
 
 Principal Hotels. — Washington House, in Chesnut-st. be- 
 tween Seventh and Eighth sts. Joneses Hotel, Chesnut-st. be- 
 tween Sixth and Seventh sts. Columbia House, Chesnut-st. be- 
 low Seventh. United States Hotel, Chesnut-st. between Fourth 
 and Fifth. Merchants' Hotel, North Fourth-st. near Arch-st. 
 Congress Hall, 85 Chesnut, and 37 South Third-st. Madison 
 House, 39 North Secoud-st. above Market-st. Franklin House, 
 Chesnut-st. above Second-st. Morris House, Temperance Ho- 
 tel, 188 Chesnut-st. Mansion House, Third-st. near Spruce. 
 Red Lion Hotel, 200 Market-st. White Swan Hotel, 106 Race- 
 st. above Third. Indian Queen, in Fourth above Chesnut-st. 
 There are, also, many other excellent houses here where the 
 traveller will find every comfort and convenience, with moderate 
 charges. Private boarding-houses, and refectories, likewise abound. 
 
 Rates of Fare, as fixed by City Ordinance. — Hackney Coaches. — 
 For conveying one passenger from any place east of Broad-st., to any 
 other place east of Broad-st., within the city hmits, 25 cents. For con- 
 veying one passenger from any place west of Broad-st., to any other 
 place west of Broad-st., within the city limits, 25 cents. Each addition- 
 al passenger, 25 cents. Not more than /our passengers to be charged for 
 any one carriage. For conveying one passenger from any place east 
 of Broad-st. to any place west of Broad-st., or from any place west of 
 said street to any place east of the same, within the city limits, 50 cents. 
 If more than one passenger, then for each passenger 25 cents. For 
 conveying one or more passengers in any other direction, within the 
 Imiits of the pavement, for each passenger, per mile, 25 cents. For 
 conveying one or more passengers, when a carriage is employed by the 
 hour, $1 per hour. 
 
 Baggage.— For each trunk or other baggage placed inside, at the own- 
 er's request, and which would exclude a passenger, for each passenger 
 that might be excluded thereby, 25 cents. For each trunk, &c., placed 
 outside, 12i cents. Baggage placed outside not to pay more, in the 
 
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 214 
 
 IIAILIIOAI) AMJ STKA.MLOAT COAir^^MOX. 
 
 whole, than 25 cents. The penalty for exceeding the above charges is 
 a fine of $5. 
 
 Cahs.—Yox conveying one passenger from any place east of the centre 
 of Broad-st., to any other [tlacf east of the centre of I3road-st. ; or from 
 any place west of the centre oi Broad-st., to any other place west of the 
 centre of Broad-st., within the city limits, 25 cents. Each additional 
 passenger 12^ cents. For conveying one passenger from any place east 
 of the centre of Broad-st.', to any other place west of the centre of 
 Broad-st. ; or from any place west of the centre of Broad-st , to any 
 other place east of the centre of Broad-st., within the city limits. 37i 
 cents. Each additional passenger 12^ cents. For the use of a cab by 
 the hour, within the city limits, with one or more passengers, with the 
 privilege of going from place to place, and stoppmg as often as may be 
 required, for each and every hour 50 cents. Whenever a cab shall be 
 detained, except as in the foregoing .'section, the owner or driver shall 
 be allowed per hour 50 cents. And so, in proportion, for any part of an 
 hour exceeding J5 minutes. For conveying one or two persons, with 
 reasonable baggage, to or from any of the steamboats or railroads, (ex- 
 ceot the Trenton and New York railroads,) 50 cents : more than two 
 persons, each 25 cents. For exceeding the above charges, or for re- 
 fusing or neglecting, when unemployed, to convey any persons or the* 
 baggage to any place within the limits prescribed by the ordinance, 
 upon being applied to for that purpose, the penalty is a fine of $5. 
 
 Omnibuses leave the Exchange every few minutes for the va- 
 rious parts of the city, Fairmount, Girard College, &c. Fare 6^ 
 cents. 
 
 PEACES WORTH VISITING. — FairmouTity Laurel Hill Cemetery, 
 Girard College, Navy Yard ; the Mint, and State House, both 
 of which are ui Chesnut-st. ; State Penitentiary, Almshouse, on 
 the west bank of the Schuylkill ; and the various Market Houses, 
 all of which are described under their respective heads. 
 
 Places in the Vicinity of Philadelphia, &c. — Camden, a 
 city and port of entry of Gloucester county, N. J., is situated on 
 the east bank of the Delaware river, opposite Philadelphia. It 
 was incorporated as a city in 1831. Much of the soil in the 
 vicinity is employed in raising fruits and vegetables, which always 
 find a ready market in the neighboring city opposite. The pop- 
 ulation is about 4,000. Numerous steam ferry-boats k.?pp up a 
 constant communication between Philadelphia and Camden. 
 
 A railroad extends from this place to Woodbury, the county 
 town of Gloucester, nine miles. It contains a population of about 
 1^00, a courthouse, jail, churches, schools, libraries, and many 
 
VICIXITY OF PIIlLADELrHIA. 
 
 215 
 
 other institutions for the |>roniotion of knowledge, and the moral 
 improvement of the peojjle. 
 
 KaighrCs Pointy a short distance below Camden, Greenwich 
 Point, three miles below the city, and Gloucester Point, directly 
 opposite, are favorite places of resort during the summer season. 
 Steamboats run many times daily from Philadelj)hia. Fare to 
 the former place 5 cents — to the latter, 6.^ cents. 
 
 Germantown, six miles n. of Philadelphia, consists of one street 
 only, compactly built, and extending for about four miles, in a 
 direction from s. e. to n. w. A railroad and numerous stages af- 
 ford a constant comnmnication between this place and the city, 
 of which it is a suburb. Cars leave the depot in Philadelphia, 
 corner of Ninth and Green sts., four times daily. Fare 15 cents. 
 
 Manyunk, eight miles from the city, has become a large man- 
 ufacturing place. It is indebted for its existence to the water 
 created by the improvement of the Schuylkill, which serves the 
 double purpose of rendering the stream navigable, and of supply- 
 ing hydraulic power to the numerous factories of the village. 
 
 Norrisiown, 17 miles from Philadelphia, is the county seat of 
 Montgomery. It occupies an elevated site on the left bank of 
 the Schuylkill, and is n flourishing manufacturing place. A dam 
 built across the river gives it an immense water-power. The 
 town is well built, and many of the houses are plastered, present- 
 ing from the opposite side of the river a bright and lively appear- 
 ance. From the hills in the vicinity there is an extensive v '^w 
 of the fine scenery of the Schuylkill. The cars of the Phila- 
 delphia and Norristown Railroad leave Ninth-st, corner of Green. 
 Fare 40 cents. Stages leave here for Doylestown, New Hope, 
 and other places. 
 
 Wissahickon Creek, a stream remarkable for its romantic and 
 beautiful scenery, falls into the Schuylkill about six miles above 
 the city. It has a regular succession of cascades, which in the 
 aggregate amount to about 700 feet. Its banks, for the most 
 part, are elevated and precipitous, covered with a dense forest, 
 and diversified by moss-covered rocks of every variety. The 
 banks of the beautiful Wissahickon atlord one of the most de- 
 lightful rides in the vicinity of Philadelphia, and are a great resort 
 for the citizens, picnic parties, and Sunday schools. 
 
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 246 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 The Falls of the Schuylkill are about four miles above the 
 city, on the river of that name. Since the erection of the dam 
 at Fairmount, the falls have almost disappeared. From the city 
 to the falls, however, is a very pleasant drive ; and they might 
 be reached in a return visit to the Wissahickon. 
 
 The Schuylkill Viaduct, three miles n. w. from the city, is 
 980 feet in length, and crossed by the Columbia Railroad. It 
 leads to the foot of an inclined plane, 2,800 feet long, with an 
 ascent of 187 feet. The plane is ascended by means of a sta- 
 tionary engine at the top, which conveys the cars from one end 
 of the plane to the other. It is a pleasant and cheap excursion. 
 
 Cupe May, an attractive watering-place, and now much fre- 
 quented by the citizens of Philadelphia, and by others, is situated 
 at the mouth of Delaware Bay, the extreme southern portion of 
 New Jersey. The accommodations hero are of the first order, 
 and the beach is unsurpassed as a bathing-place. During the 
 summer season steamboats leave Philadelphia for Cape May 
 daily. Fare $3.00— distance 102 miles. 
 
 Brandywine Springs. — Visiters to this celebrated watering- 
 place take the cars in Philadelphia, which leave the depot, cor- 
 ner of Eleventh and Market sts., twice daily, for Wilmington, 
 where carriages are in waiting to convey them to the Springs. 
 Fare through $1.00. 
 
 ROUTES FROM PHILADELPHIA.— (For the routes from Phil- 
 adelphia to Baltimore and Wasiiington, see page 262.) 
 
 Route from Philadelphia to New York, (see Map No. 23, 
 and also the description of routes from New York to Philadel- 
 phia.) — During the present season there will be four daily lines 
 in operation between Philadelphia and New York, leaving at 7 
 and 9i a. m., at 12 m., and at 4^ p. m. By the first and third 
 lines passengers are taken over the Camden and Amboy Railroad 
 to Amboy, and are thence conveyed by steamer to New York. 
 Time 5 hours. Fare $3.00. By the second and fourth lines, 
 passengers leave from the foot of Walnut-st. in the splendid 
 steamboat John Stevens, for Tacony ; thence by railroad, via 
 Cornwells, Bristol, Morrisville, Trenton, Princeton, New 
 Brunswick, Elizabethtown, Newark, Jersey City ; and arrive 
 
ROUTES FROM nilLADELrHIA. 
 
 247 
 
 at New York (by the line leaving at 9) at 1 o'clock, iu . g for 
 the North and East River boats. Fare on this route $4.00. 
 
 From PiiiLADELrnu to Harrisburg and Pittsburg, and in- 
 termediate places, (see page 255.) 
 
 From Philadelphia to Pottsville, &,c., (see page 248.) 
 
 From Philadelphia to Bethlehem, Mauch Chunk, &.c. Sec. 
 — Stage lines leave Philadelphia from the office, lOG Race-st., 
 daily, for Allentown and Bethlehem, 52 miles. Fare $2.50 ; for 
 Easton, 56 miles, $2.50 ; for Mauch Chunk, 77 miles, $4.00. 
 (For the location of the above places, situated n. and s. w. from 
 Philadelphia, see Map No. 23.) 
 
 Allentown, Pa., the county-seat of Lehigh, is situated a short 
 distance w. from the Lehigh river, at the junction of the Jordan 
 and Little Lehigh creeks. It is built upon high ground, and com- 
 tnands a fine view of the neighboring country. Pop. about 3,300. 
 It contains a haudjume courthouse, several churches of diiferent 
 denominations, academies, and libraries. It has also handsome 
 water-works, about half a mile distant, by which means spring- 
 water is raised to the height of 160 feet, and thence distributed 
 amongst the inhabitants. The mineral springs here are highly 
 prized by those who have tried the efficacy of their waters. A 
 visit to " Big Rock," 1,000 feet in elevation, a short distance from 
 the village, will amply repay the tourist, by the extent and rich- 
 ness of the soene there spread out before him in every direction. 
 
 Bethlehem^ Pa., occupies an elevated site upon the left bank of 
 the Lehigh, at the mouth of Monokicy creek. It is the principal 
 seat of the United Brethren, or Moravians, in the United States, 
 and was originally settled under Count Zinzendorf, in 1741. The 
 village contains a large stone church of Gothic architecture, 142 
 feet long and GS wide, and capable of seating 2,000 persons. 
 From the centre rises a tower, surmounted by an elegant dome. 
 The society is distinguished by great simplicity of manners, ai^d 
 their love of music, which is used not only in their religious ser- 
 vices, but in the burial of their dead. Bethlehem is also distin- 
 guished for an exeelleut boarding-school for young ladies, founded 
 in 1788, which has on an average 70 pupils. 
 
 Nazareth f another pretty Moravian village, is situated ten 
 miles a. from Bethlehem, and seven miles n. w. from Easton, on 
 
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248 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 the turnpike road to Wilkesbarre. It contains a large and flour- 
 ishing school for boys. — (For Easton, and Delaware and Lehigh 
 Water Gaps, see page 223.) 
 
 Mauch Chunk, seat of justice of Carbon county, is situated on 
 the right bank of the I/^high, at the confluence of that stream 
 with Mauch Chunk creek. It occupies a space in a narrow and 
 romantic glen at the mouth of the creek, and is surrounded by 
 mountains, some of which are 1,000 feet in elevation. " The 
 face of these mountains, although covered with fragments of 
 rocks, and displaying in many places huge beetling precipices, is 
 clothed in summer with verdant trees and shrubs, obscuring the 
 rough surface of the mountain, and forming a pleasing contrast 
 with the white buildinjis clustered beneath its shade." 
 
 THE PHILADELPHIA, READING, AND POTTSVILLE 
 
 RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Maps Nos. 23 and 25.) 
 
 This important road extends from Philadel'>Hia to the coal 
 mines at Pottsville, 94 miles. It was opened early in 1842, and 
 cost, including locomotives, cars, depots, &c., about ^45,000 per 
 mile. It is one of the best and most substantially constructed 
 roads in the country. The great expense incurred in its con- 
 struction was ow^ing, in a measure, to the " tunnels" upon the 
 route, of which there are three. The most important is that of 
 the " Black Rock Tunnel," near Phoenixville, cut through the 
 solid rock, 1,932 feet long, 19 wide, and 17 high. The " Flat 
 Rock Tunnel," in the vicinity of Manyunk, is 962 feet long, 21 
 wide, and 25 deep. The " Pulpit Rock Tunnel," 1,600 feet 
 long, is near Port Clinton. 
 
 From Philadelphia to Reading and Pottsville. — The depot 
 is in Broad, corner of Vine-st. The following are the stopping- 
 places, with distances and fares : From Pliiladelphia to Manyunky 
 7 miles, 25 cents ; to Norristown, 17, 40 cents ; to Valley Forge^ 
 23, 80 cents ; to Phoenixville, 27, $1.00 ; to PatUlown, 40> 
 $1.60 ; to Douglassville, 44, $1.75 ; to Reading, 58, $2.25 , 
 to Mohrsmlhy 67, $2.60 ; to Hamburg, 75, $2.90 ; to Fori 
 
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READING RAILROAD. 
 
 249 
 
 Clinton, 78, $3.00 ; to Orwigsburg, 86, Schuylkill Haven, 89, 
 .$3.40 ; to Pottsville, 94, ,$3.50. 
 
 Valley Forge, a place of much interest in American history, 
 is where Gen. Washington established his head-quarters during 
 the winter of 1777. The house, which is still standing, is near 
 tlie railroad, from which it can be seen. 
 
 Pottstown is prettily situated on the left bank of the Schuyl- 
 kill. The houses, which are built principally upon one broad 
 •street, are surrounded by fine gardens and elegant shade-trees. 
 The scenery of the surrounding hills is very fine, especially in the 
 iall of the year, when the foliage is tinged with a variety of rich 
 Hutumnal tints. The Reading Railroad passes through one of 
 its streets, and crosses the Manatawny on a lattice bridge, 1,071 
 feet in length. 
 
 Reading, the capital of Berks county, is on the left bank of 
 the Schuylkill, and is built on gently rising ground, with the river 
 on one side, and a ridge of hills on the other. It contains a new 
 and handsome courthouse, a jail, 15 churches, upwards of 30 ho- 
 tels and taverns, several manufactories of iron, brass foundries, 
 locomotive • ngine shops, «&c. &c. Population about 12,000. 
 
 Port Clinton, a small but thriving village, is situated in 
 Schuylkill county, at the mouth of the Little Schuylkill river. 
 It is indebted for its growth to the shipment of coal over the rail- 
 road from the mines in the vicinity of Tamaqua, 12 miles dis- 
 tant 
 
 Schuylkill Haven is situated on the left bank of the Schuyl- 
 kill, amidst picturesque and romantic scenery. The Wet^t 
 Branch Railroad, running from the coal mines, unites here with 
 the Schuylkill navigation. The transhipment of coal is the busi- 
 ness from which the town chiefly derives support. 
 
 Pottsville is situated on the edges of the coal basin, in the gap 
 by which the Schuylkill breaks through Sharp's mountain. It is 
 noted for its rapid growth, being a great mart for the coal trade ; 
 it contains a splendid Catholic cathedral, and an elegant Episco- 
 pal church, both built in the Gothic style. It has other churches 
 of different denominations, a spacious town-hall, several ex- 
 cellent hotels, a furnace for making iron, forge and rolling mills, 
 a foundry, a steam-engine factory, &c. 
 
 
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 RAILROAD AND STEAIVIBOAT COMPANION. 
 
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 A visit to the coal region of PeniiBylvania forms a very agreea- 
 ble summer excursion ; whilst the fine and varied scenery, and 
 the pure mountain air, cannot bo otherwise than pleasing and 
 healthful. The accommodations for travellers at Pottsville and 
 other places here, are ample. An excursion to the colliery of 
 Messrs. Potts and Bannon will be found very interesting. It is 
 the deepest in this region, and is known as Guinea Hill, or Black 
 Mine. 
 
 " The depth of the slope is 400 feet, which, at an inclination of 40 de- 
 grees, would give a perpendicular depth of 252 feet into the very bowels 
 of the earth. The colliery is worked with two steam-engines— one of 
 51) horse power, and the other of 20 ; the former is used in pumping the 
 water which accumulates in the mines, and the latter in hoisting the 
 coal in cars to the mouth of the slope. The pump used in the coUiery 
 is of east-iron, 12 inches in diameter, and extends the entire depth of 
 the slope— 400 feet. The column of water brought up by the engine, at 
 each lift of the pump, is equal in weight to about 8i tons. At the depth 
 of 200 feet of tliis slope, a tunnel has been driven 270 feet s. to the Tun- 
 nel vein, and 210 n. to the Lawton vein— both through solid rock. As 
 the visiter leaves the slope, and finds himself, lantern in hand, groping 
 his way through the gangway into the heart of the mine, he is bewil- 
 dered and startled, as the almost indistinct masses of coal, slate, dirt, &.C., 
 fashion themselves into something bordering upon a dark, dusky, and 
 even forbidding outline. It seems as if you had fallen upon a subterra- 
 nean city, buried by some great convulsion of nature ; and the illusion 
 is still further heightened by observing workmen busily engaged, appa- 
 rently in excavating the ruins." 
 
 From Pottsville travellers can proceed by stage to Northum- 
 berland, Danville, Catawissa, Maiich Chunk, Wilkesbarre, &c. 
 Passengers leaving Philadelphia for either of these places, or 
 others in this vicinity, should apply for seats, or information, at 
 ]06 Race-st., or at the depot, corner of Broad and Vine sts. 
 
 Wilkesbarre is situated in the beautiful valley of Wyoming, on 
 a plain elevated about 20 feet above the Susquehanna. It is a 
 well-built rural village, with a population of about 3,000. This 
 valley, famous in story and song, is rich in soil and the best agri- 
 cultural productions, and in fertility and beauty is unrivalled. Its 
 historical associations are replete with thrilling interest. A rail- 
 road, 20 miles long, unites Wilkesbarre with the Lehigh river and 
 canal at White Haven. (For the country north of Wilkesbarre, 
 see Map No. 17.) 
 
READING RAILROAD. 
 
 251 
 
 Sunbury, (see Map No. 25,) the county seat of Northampton, 
 is situated on a hroad plain on the left bank of the Susquehanna, 
 just above the mouth of Shamokin creek. Its site is one of 
 great beauty, and from the high hills in its immediate vicinity, 
 there is a magniticent prospect of the lovely valley of the Sus- 
 quehanna. The Sunbury, Danville, and Pottsville Railroad 
 was commenced about the year 1833 : a few miles of the eastern 
 end were opened for use in 1834 ; but on account of the connec- 
 tion not being completed, and the onvenient inclined planes at 
 that end of the road, its use \ i.. abandoned, and it was allowed 
 to fall into decay. The western division has been completed for 
 19 miles, from Sunbury to the Shamokin mines, and is now in 
 successful use for the transportation of coal. The length of the 
 road from Sunbury to Pottsville is 44^ miles ; and including the 
 branch to Danville, the entire length is 51 ^ miles. The late 
 Stephen Girard was one of the projectors of this road. From 
 this place the Sunbury and Erie Railroad will extend to Erie, 
 on the lake of the same name. Surveys of this road were made 
 in the years 1838 and 1839, under the direction of Edward Mil- 
 ler, Esq. 
 
 Williamsport, the seat of justice of Lycoming county, is pleas- 
 antly situated on an elevated plain on the left bank of the West 
 Branch of the Susquehanna. It is well built, and many of the 
 buildings, both public and private, have some pretensions to ar- 
 chitectural beauty. The public square, on which stands the 
 courthouse, is shaded with trees, and enclosed with an iron rail- 
 ing. Several of the churches are surmounted with graceful 
 spires and cupolas, which form conspicuous objects amid the rich 
 surrounding scenery. The hotels are spacious, and abound in 
 every comfort, and the charges are reasonable. The United 
 States Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania is held al- 
 ternately here and at Pittsburg. The West Branch Canal passes 
 through tho town. The Williamsport and Elmira Railroad has 
 been finished as far as Ralston, 26 miles from this place, (see 
 Map No. 17.) The whole length of the road is 74 miles, and 
 when completed it will open an important route for travel, and 
 the transportation of coal, iron, and agricultural products 
 
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252 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 1 1 
 
 THE COLUMBIA RAILROAD.— This road extends from Phil- 
 adelphia to the Susquehanna river at Columbia, 82 miles. In 
 April, 1834, a single track was completed throughout, and in 
 Oct. 1834, both tracks were opened for public use. Cost of con- 
 struction, ^4,204,960. Formerly, at Columbia, there was an 
 inclined plane 1,800 feet in length, and 90 in height ; but this was 
 dispensed with in 1839, by completing a circuitous route of six 
 miles, with a grade of 30 feet to the mile. There is an inclined 
 plane on this road after crossing the Schuylkill from Philadelphia, 
 the removal of which is contemplated by the company. The 
 West Chester Branch road extends from the Columbia, at Paoli, 
 to West Chester, seven miles. 
 
 From Philadelphia to Columbia, (see Maps Nos. 23 and 25.) 
 — Cars leave the depot, 274 Market-st., for Paoli, 21 miles, fare 
 75 cents ; Downingstown, 33, $1.00 ; Coatsville, 40, ^1.12 ; 
 Parkshurg, 45, $1.25 ; Lancaster, 70, $2.50 ; Columbia, 82, 
 $2.87^. 
 
 Columbia, Pa., is situated on the left bank of the Susquehan- 
 na, 28 miles below Harrisburg, and 12 west of Lancaster. A part 
 of the town occupies the slope of a hill which rises gently from 
 the river, and the business part of the town lies along the level 
 bank of the river. The scenery from the hills in the vicinity is 
 highly pleasing. The broad river studded with numerous islands 
 and rocks, crossed by a long and splendid bridge, and bounded 
 on every side by lofty hills, presents one of the finest landscapes 
 in Pennsylvania. The junction here of the state railroad from 
 Philadelphia with the main line of the canal, the railroad to York, 
 and the Tide-water Canal to Maryland, renders Columbia a busy 
 place. The main current of travel which formerly passed 
 through here, has been diverted by the construction of the Har- 
 risburg and Lancaster Railroad ; but the emigrant travel still 
 goes by way of Columbia. A fine bridge crosses the Susquehan- 
 na, more than a mile in length. The cost of its construction was 
 $231,771. It was erected by a company in 1814, the state hav- 
 ing an interest in it to the amount of $90,000. 
 
 The York and Wrightsville Railroad, (see Map No. 25.) — 
 This short branch of 12 miles unites the Columbia with the rail- 
 road from York to Baltimore. Cost of construction, $350,000. 
 
. .1 
 
 IIARRISBURG AND LAN'CASTER RAILROAD. 
 
 253 
 
 Yorh, Pa., the capital of York county, is situated on the banks 
 of Codonis creek, 11 miles from the Susquehanna. It is a thri- 
 vinpf place surrounded by a well-cultivated country, and contains 
 some handsome public buildinjjfs, the principal of which is the 
 courthouse, built of granite, and resembling a Grecian temple, 
 erf^cted in 1842, at a cost of ^150,000. Besides this, and the 
 other public edifices usual in a county town, it has 10 churches, 
 some of which are adorned with tall spires, noted for their archi- 
 tectural elegance. The chief trade of York and the surrounding 
 country is transacted with Baltimore. From York passengers 
 can proceed by the railroad to Baltimore, 57 miles. Fare ^1.50. 
 
 
 I 
 
 ,. v)U 
 
 f'^-i 
 
 t . i - 
 
 THE HARRISBUHG AND LANCASTER RAILROAD, (see 
 Map No. 25.) — This road, which forms a connection with the 
 Columbia Railroad at liiincaster, is 36 miles long. It was open- 
 ed in 1837, and cost ^850,000. 
 
 From Piiiladklimua to Lvncastki; and Harrisrurg. — Cars 
 leave the depot, 274 Markff-st., and thence proceed over the 
 Columbia Railroad to Lancaster, (see page 252 ;) from thence to 
 Harrisburg. Fare to Lancaster, .$2.50, and through to Harris- 
 burg, ,^4.00. 
 
 Lancaster, Pa., tlio county-seat of Lancaster, occupies an 
 elevated site near the right bank of Con'\'>toga creek, 70 miles w. 
 from Philadelphia, 37 s. e. from Uarrisburg, and 12 e. from the Sus- 
 quehanna at Columbia. The streets, laid ofT at right angles, are 
 paved and lighted; and the houses, generally of brick, are well 
 built. The city is sup])lied with water by an artificial basin and 
 " water-works." Stores, taverns, and shops, abound in every 
 quarter ; railroad-c;irs, stages, canal-boats, and wagons, are con- 
 stantly arriving and departing : and the bustle and confusion at 
 times are very great. The Conestoga Navigation is a series of 
 9 locks and slackwater pools, 18 miles in length, from Lancaster 
 to Safe Harbor, on the Suscjuehanna, at the mouth of the Cone- 
 stoga. By means of the Tide-water Canal to Port Deposit, a 
 navigable communication is opened to Baltimore. 
 
 Harrisburg, the capital of the state of Pennsylvania, and the 
 chief town of Dauphin county, occupies a commanding site on the 
 left bank of the Susquehanna, a short difctance above the mouth 
 
 ". .-^ 
 
 i; ■ 
 
254 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT C0:VIPANI0N. 
 
 of Paxton creek. " Situated in the midst of the fertile Kitta- 
 tinny valley, and lookinj^ out upon some of the most magnificent 
 scenery in the world, — with splendid bridges spanning the broad 
 river, and shaded walks along rts banks, — with canals, railroads, 
 and turnpikes, radiating from it in all directions, — with a highly 
 intelligent resident population, and the annual presence of a 
 transient population comprising the highest talent in the state, — 
 Harrishurg has great and varied attractions to tempt the residen , 
 the politician, the trader, and the stranger who comes only to 
 observe and admire," 
 
 THE CUMBBilLAND VALLEY RAUiROAD, (see Map No. 
 25.) — This roafi extends from Harrishurg to Chambersburg, 56 
 miles ; it was completed in 1838, at a cost of $650,000. The 
 rtilroad bridge over the Susquehanna river at Harrishurg, over 
 which the Cumberland Valley Railroad is carried, is an immense 
 structure, 3,992 feet in length. It has 23 spans averaging 173 
 tcet, and two arched viaducts, one ;)3 and the other 84 feet long. 
 There are two carriage-ways, above which, immediately under 
 the roof, is the railway track. Its entire cost exceeded ^95,000, 
 From Harrishurg to Mechanicshurg, 12 miles, 50 oents ; to Car- 
 lisle., 22, 87i cents; to Newville, 34, $1.25; to Shippenshurg, 
 45, $1.50 ; and to Chambersburg, 56, $2.00. 
 
 Carlisle, Pa., is situated in the Cumberland Valley, 128 miles 
 w. from Philadelphia. It is an ancient and flourishing town, 
 with wide streets, and a spacious public square in the centre. 
 The Cumberland Valley Railroad passes through its principal 
 street. About 4 miles n. are the Carlisle Springs, situated in a 
 healthy and retired spot, surrounded with the fine scenery of the 
 Blue Mountain. The accommodations for visiters are very good. 
 
 Skippensburg, a brisk little place, through which passes the 
 Cumberland Valley Railroad and a turnpike, is situated at the 
 extreme w. end of Cumberland county. It contains about 1,000 
 fnhabitants. 
 
 Chambersburg, Pa., is one of the most flourishing towns in 
 the state, and pleasantly situated at the confluence of the Falling 
 Spring and Conecocheaguo creeks, 162 miles from Philadelphia. 
 The courthouse is a handsome brick building, erected in 1842, 
 
ROUTES 10 I'lTTSLlJi:'; AM) TH?: \Vi..-. 
 
 :,in 
 
 with an Ionic coIonuiKie, and s:;rnioimti'(l by a oiipohi. It con- 
 tains also a juil, sevfral chuiciies, an academy, a bankin^r-liouBje, 
 and a masonic hall ; the two latter are striictnros of a superior 
 order. Tho surround.njj conntrv, wiiich is very healthv, is also 
 of trreat fertility, and in a hitrh stale of improvement. The con- 
 stant arrival of passengers by the railroad from the e., fjoing w. 
 to Pittsbur^r by stu^e, or passin<r through on their way down 
 from that j)lace, imparts to Chanibersburg a scene of great ac- 
 tivity. Population 3,000. 
 
 THE FRANKLIN RATiROAD jo;ns here with tho Cumberland 
 Vailey Railroad, and extends from thence throujrh Greencastio 
 to Ilugerstown, Maryl;ind, '2i miles. It was opened in 1839, 
 and cost ^225,000. T!ie travel over it is of very little account. 
 
 !-• 
 
 ■'' 
 
 IS in 
 lUiug 
 |phia. 
 
 1843, 
 
 GRAND ROUTES FROM PHILADELPHIA TO PITTSBL'RG 
 
 AND IHE WEST. 
 
 At Philadelphia the traveller will take the cars of the Colum- 
 bia Railroad, at 274 Market-st., and thence proceed to Ilarris- 
 burg, the capital of the state. Having arrived there, two routes 
 will be at his disposal. The Jirst and most eligible is by railroad to 
 Chambersburg, via Carlisle. (See these routes at pages 252, 254.) 
 At Chambersburg, good lines of stages leave twice daily for 
 Pittsburg, (seo Maps Nos. 25 and 27,) via McConnclstown, 20 
 miles; Bedford, 50; Shellsbur*r, GO; Stoysloivn, SO ', Laugh- 
 lintown, 93; Greenshorg, 117; and arrive al Pittsburg, J5U 
 miles from Chambersburg, and, by this route, from Philadelphia 
 312 mile?. Total time betweeu the two cities about three days. 
 Fare usually ^11,00. 
 
 The second route from Harrisburg to Pittsburg, is by the 
 Pennsylvania Canal and the Portage Railroad, (see Maps Nos. 
 25 and 27.) At Harrisburg w'e take the canal-boat, and proceed 
 along tho e. bank of the Susquehanna river to Port Dauphin, or 
 Lyon, 7i miles, and in IG miles reach Duncan^s Island, at tho 
 mouth of the Juniata river ; thence, proceeding to Newport, 2G 
 miles ; to MiUerstuwn, 31 ; Mexico, 46 ; M'ffliniovm, 50 ; Lewis- 
 town, 64 ; Wayncaburg, 78 ; Huntingdon, 107 ; Petersburg, 
 
 
 i str 
 
 * '-it ' •'St '1 
 
266 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 114; Alexandria, 121 ; Williamsburg, 134; Frankatown, 144 ; 
 Hollidayshurg, 147. We have now arrived at the termination 
 of the canal route on the e. side of the Alleghanies, and find 
 ourselves at an elevation of 913 feet above tidewater in the 
 Delaware at Philadelphia ; having, in our course over the canal, 
 passed through 112 locks, and over 33 aqueducts. This is also 
 the eastern terminus of the Alleghany Portage Railroad, at 
 which place our conveyance over the mountains is performed by 
 railroad, (a description of which we append to this article.) The 
 traveller, especially if it should be his first journey over this 
 route, will be pleased to observe the novel sight of transporting 
 the boats over the Alleghanies, from the canal on one side to the 
 canal on the other side. These boats are now constructed so as 
 to be separable into three or four parts on reaching the railroad ; 
 whence they are taken up, with freight and all on board, and wend- 
 ing their way over the mountains, resume at Johnstown their 
 more congenial element, where their parts are again united, and 
 they thence glide onward over the waters to the west. 
 
 » THE ALLEGHANY PORTAGE RAILROAD.-(See Map No. 27. j 
 — ^This short road is 39 ~-^^ miles in length ; it commences at 
 Hollidayshurg, and crosses the mountain at Blair's Gap Summit, 
 and descends the valley of the Conemaugh to Johnstown, over- 
 coming in ascent and descent an aggregate of 2,570 feet, 1,398 
 of which are on the eastern, and 1,172 on the western side of the 
 mountain. Two thousand seven hundred feet of the ascent and 
 descent have been overcome by ten inclined planes, lifting from 
 130 to 307 feet, and varying in incliuation between 4^ and 5| 
 degrees. On this line there is a tunnel 870 feet long and 20 feet 
 high, cut through the Staple Bend Mountain of the Conemaugh. 
 There are also four extensive viaducts, the principal of which is 
 that over the Horse-Shoe Bend : it is a semicircular arch of 80 
 feet span, erected at a cost of ^55,000. The cars are elevated 
 by stationary steam-engines at the head of each plane ; and on 
 the intervening places locomotives and horses are used. The to- 
 tal cost of the road, with every appurtenance included, was 
 $1,850,000. It was opened in 1834, and its greatest elevation 
 above tidewater at Philadelphia is 2,700 feet. 
 
PITTSBURG. 
 
 257 
 
 Having arrived ut Johnstown, and being still at a great elevation 
 above tidewater, wo agaii' ' ^ume our route by the descent over 
 the western division of the Pennsylvania Canal, (see Map No. 27,) 
 and in seven miles reach Laurel Hill Gap; Lockport, 18: 
 Blairsville, 29 ; Livermore, 40 ; Salzburg, 48 ; Port Johnson, 
 50 ; Warrentown, GO ; Leechhurg, 70 ; Aqueduct, 73 ; Freeport, 
 75 ; and in 32 miles further we reach Pittsburg, 107 miles from 
 Johnstown. Here crossing the Alleghany river over a splendid 
 aqueduct, and by a tunnel made through the hill back of the 
 town, the road reaches the Monongahela, and connects with the 
 navigation on the western waters. — Recapitulation of the route : 
 First, by railroad to Harrisburg, 106 miles ; thence by the east- 
 ern division of the Pennsylvania Canal, 147 ; from Hollidaysburg 
 to Johnstown by railroad, 39 miles ; thence by the western di- 
 vision of the Pennsylvania Canal to Pittsburg, 107 miles. Total, 
 399 miles. Usual time, if by packet boat on the canal, 4i days ; 
 and if by line boat, about a week. Fare, usually ^13 ; by the 
 line boats $2.75 less. 
 
 PITTSBURG. 
 
 This city, the seat of justice of Alleghany county, is situated 
 in N. Lat. 40° 26' 25", and in W. Long. 79° 59' ; 348 miles from 
 Philadelphia ; 107 w. s. w. Harrisburg ; and 292 n. w. Baltimore. 
 Its population in 1810 was 4,768 ; in 1820, 7,250 ; in 1830, in- 
 cluding Alleghany and the suburbs, 21,912 ; in 1840, 38,931 ; 
 and in 1848, including the environs within a circuit of five miles, 
 it is stated to amount to 100,000. 
 
 Pittsburg is situated in a district rich in mineral resources. 
 Nature has bestowed its richest gifts upon this region ; and the 
 enterprise of the people has been directed to the development of 
 its resources, with an energy and success seldom paralleled. The 
 city of Pittsburg enjoys, from its situation, admirable commercial 
 facilities, and has become the centre of an extensive commerce 
 with the western states ; while its vicinity to inexhaustible iron 
 and coal mines, has raised it to great distinction as a manufactu- 
 ring place. 
 
 17 
 
25S 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 View of Pittsburg. 
 
 The city was laid out in 17G5, on the site of Fort Dii Qnestif, 
 subsequently cljanirod to Fort Pitt. It is situated on a trianjjniar 
 point, at the confluence of the Alleghany and Mononijuhela 
 rivers, which hrro form the Oliio. Pittshnrfr Is connectfd with 
 the left bank of the Monongaiiela by a bridge 1,500 feet lon«x, 
 which was erected at a cost of {^10i2,000. Four bridges cross 
 the Alleghany river, connecting Pittsburg with Alleghany city. 
 
 The most prominent of the public buildings is the Courthouse, 
 on Grant's Hill, an eminence, about a mile back of the city. It 
 is a splendid edifice, and commands, from the elevation of its site. 
 an extensive view of the three rivor^, and of the towns and vil- 
 lages for miles around. It is ?o,') feet long by 109 broad, and 
 surmounted by a dome .37 feet in diameter at the base. There 
 is also a splendid Roman Catholic Church on Grant's Ilill. The 
 Western University of Pennsylvania, which commenced opera- 
 tions as a college in 182^2, is located near Grant's Hill. The 
 Third Presbyterian Church is an attractive edifice. Some of the 
 hotels here, as also the banks, are splendid buildings: in particu- 
 lar, the Exchange Hotel and the Munongahcla Ilnuse, are large 
 and imposing structures. Thrre is here a museum, which, bef^ides 
 other attractions, contains many aboriginal curiosities. There 
 are in Pittsburg about 40 churches, several banks and insurance 
 companiesj and u bank for savings. 
 
riTTSRURG. 
 
 259 
 
 The city is supplied with Wiitor of a fiiio quality derived from 
 the Allcfrhany. Tho water is raised by steam IIG feet to a 
 reservoir 11 feet deep, on ({rant's Hill, which contains about 
 1,000,000 jrallons, and is tlienco distributed over tho city in iron 
 pipes, tias is n«ed for lighting the city : for this purpose the 
 btimiinons coal, which abounds in the vicinity, allbrds great fa- 
 cilities, and at comparatively trifling cost. 
 
 There are several places in the vicinity of Pittsburg, which, 
 us they may be considered parts of one great manufacturing and 
 conuiiercial city, are entitled to a notice here. Alleghany City, 
 ojjposite to Pittsburg, on the other side of tho Alleghany river, is 
 the most important of them. The elegant residences of many 
 perKons doing business in Pittsburg, may be seen here, occupying 
 conunanding situations. litre is loouled the Western Theolo'fi' 
 ctd Seininary of the Preshyterian Church, an institution found- 
 ed by the (ieneral Asseml)ly in 18i25, and established in this town 
 in L^27, Situated on a lofty, insulated ridge 100 feet above tho 
 Allegluuiy, it afTorcIs a rnagnifK^ent prospect. There are 6,000 
 vols, in its library. The Theological Seminary of the Assnc'aie 
 Refunned Church, est;d)lished in 1820, and tiie Alleghany The- 
 ological Institute, organized in 1840 by the Synod of the Re- 
 formed Presbyterian Church, are also located here. Tho Western 
 Penitentiary is an immense building in the ancient Norman 
 style, situated on a plain on the western bonier of Alleghany City. 
 It was completed in 1827, at a cost of 1$ 183,000. The United 
 States Arsenal is located at Lawrenceville, a small but pretty 
 village two and a half miles above Pittsburg, on the left bank of 
 the Alleghany river. 
 
 Birmingham is another considerable suburb of Pittsburg, lying 
 about a mile from the centre of the city, on the s. side of the 
 Monongahela, and connected with Pittsburg by a bridge 1,.500 
 feet long, and by a ferry. It has important manufactorirs of 
 ^dass and iron. 
 
 It is usual to speak of extensive manufactories as being in Pitts- 
 burg, though they are not within the limits of the city proper, but 
 are distributed over a circle of five miles radius from the court- 
 house on Grant's Hill. This space includes the cities of Pitts 
 burg and Alleghany, the boroughs of Birmingham and Lawrence- 
 
 i -I 
 
 OT 
 
 . '. 
 
 ' 
 
 I .--^l 
 
 i Hi 
 
 lum 
 
260 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 ville, and a nunibf^r of townH nnd villii(i;o8, the niunufuoturiii^r 
 eHlal)li.sliments in which have thoir warrliuuHos in l*iltKbur^, and 
 may consequently bo deemed, from the close connection of their 
 jreneral intoreHta and bnsinews operations, a part of tbo city. 
 'I'hero are within the above compass abont 80 places of religions 
 worship, and a popuhttion of not less than 100,0U0. 
 
 'I'ho stranger in Pittsburg will derive both pleasure an<l instruc- 
 tion by a visit to some of its great manufactur ng cstablishiiientH, 
 particularly those of glass and iron. During Iho summer season 
 Pittsburg is an immense thoroughfare, large numbers of travel- 
 lers and emigrants passing through it on their way westward. 
 The importance of this city will be greatly increased by its more 
 intimate connection with its sister city, on the completion of the 
 great Pennsyliumia Central Railroad, now in course of rapid 
 construction ; and also by the opening of the railroad to ('leve' 
 land, on Lake Erie. (For routes from Pittsburg, see page 295.) 
 
 it ' 
 
 II 
 
 THE PENNSYLVANIA CENTRAL RAILROAD. 
 
 The construction of tliis road will prove of incalculable benefit 
 to Philadelphia, and the state generally. Its completion will add 
 greatly to the prosperity of that city. Extending from Harrisburg, 
 (being a continuation of the railroad already in use from Phila- 
 delphia to that city,) it will pass throtigh the centre of the state 
 to Pittsburg, there uniting with the navigable waters of the great 
 rivers of the West. Tlje building of this road has already com- 
 menced, and is to bo prosecuted as fast as circumstances and the 
 nature of the country will permit. Wo believe it is expected the 
 route will be opened through to Pittsburg some time during the 
 year 1850. (By referring to Map No. 28 its route will be seen.) 
 
BALTIMORE RAILKOAP. 
 
 261 
 
 Phila- 
 statu 
 great 
 corn- 
 
 iid tho 
 ■d tho 
 
 [ig the 
 
 leen.) 
 
 CONTINUATION OF THE GREAT SOUTHERN ROUTES 
 FROM PHILADELPHIA TO BALTIMORE AND WASH- 
 INGTON. 
 
 (Sec Maps Nos. 23 and 25.) 
 
 There uro two principal routes of travel botwoon Philadel|)hia 
 and naltiniore, viz : the Ruilronil Line, and tho Steamhonl and 
 Railroad alternately. The diKtanco by the former route is 97 
 miles. Fare I^IJ.OO : titno six hours. By tho latter route the 
 distance is 117 miles. Fare {^3.00: time seven hours. There is 
 another railroad route between tho two cities, but is never puswed 
 over by travellers wishing to go direct between Philadelphia, 
 Baltimore, and the South. Tourists, whoso time is not limited, 
 and who are desirous of varying the route of travel, will find that 
 over the Columbia Railroad to tho Susquehanna river, thence to 
 York, and from thence to Baltimore, a very pleasant excursion. 
 Distance 153 miles. Fare $5.00. Another route open to tour- 
 ists, is from Philadelphia by steamboat down the Delaware river 
 to Delaware City, 44 miles ; thence through tho Chesapeake and 
 Delaware Canal, 16 miles ; and thence down Elk river and 
 (/hesapeako Bay and up the Patapsco river to Baltimore, 56 
 miles: total, 116 miles. The great feature of interest hese, and 
 perhaps tho only inducement to deviate from the regularly trav- 
 elled routes, would bo the pleasure of seeing the formidable ex- 
 cavation on the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, termed tho 
 " Deep Cut," which extends for six miles, and is 70 ft. deep in tho 
 deepest part. A bridge of 235 feet span extends over this fearful 
 chasm, at an elevation of 90 feet above the canal, under which 
 steamboats, schooners, and other small vessels can pass. This 
 canal is 66 feet wide at the surface, and 10 feet deep, with two 
 lift and two tide locks, 100 feet long by 22 wide. It was com- 
 pleted in 1829, at a cost of $2,750,000. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, WILMINGTON, AND BALTIMORE RAIL- 
 ROAD. — This road extends from Philadelphia to Baltimore, 97 
 miles. It is the great thoroughfare between the two cities, and 
 during the winter months, the only travelled route. It was open- 
 ed for travel in 1837, and cost in its construction to Jan. 1, 1848, 
 ^4,725,500. 
 
 vjj 
 
 i| 
 
 } 
 
 "*} 
 
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 i- " £ 
 
 
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 11 
 
 
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 m .. 
 
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 Ml) 
 
 
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 •■-Hi- 
 
 V p: 
 
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 262 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 I' 
 
 From PiiiLADELPiUA to Baltimore. — The cars leave from the 
 drpot iu Market-st., and pass throufrh the suburbs, soon reachinjr 
 the Schuylkill river at •' Gray's Ferry," which is crossed by a 
 substantial bridge. He "o the cars are attached to the locomc- 
 tivp, and we pass onwards to Chester, 14 miles, Fare 25 cents ; 
 Wil/ningfon, 27, 50 cents ; Newport, 30, 75 cents ; Stanton 
 33, Newark 39, $1.00 ; FAkton, 45, ,$1.50 ; North East, 51, 
 .^1.75 ; Charlestown 54, Cecil Ferry 59, $2.00. We here cross 
 the Susquehanna river to Havre-de-Grace 60, Perrymans 09, 
 $2.25; Chases, 81, $2.50; Stemrncr's Run, 87, ,$2.75. We 
 now reach Baltimore, 97 miles distant : Fare $3.00. 
 
 Wilmington, the most important town on this route, is situated 
 between the Brandywino river and Christiana creek, one mile 
 above their junction, and in the midst of one of the finest agri- 
 cultural districts iu the Middle States. It is built on ground 
 gradually rising to the height of 112 feet above tidewater, and is 
 regularly laid out, with broad streets crossing each other at right 
 angles. Since 1840 both its business and population have much 
 increased : at that time it contained about 8,000 inhabitants, and 
 in the latter part of 1847 it had about 14,000. On the Brandy- 
 wine river are some of the finest flouring-mills in the United 
 States, to which vessels can come drawing eight feet of water. 
 It contains also ship and steamboat yards, a foundry for the man- 
 ufacture of patent car-wheels, which are used all over the coun- 
 try, and a number of large manufacturing establishments of va- 
 rious kinds. It has several churches of different denominations, 
 a town hall, a new college, many handsome buildings, and sev- 
 eral excellent schools. A railroad is about to be constructed from 
 W'ilinington to Dovvningstown in Chester county, there unitin;^ 
 with the Columbia Railroad. The hotels hero are generally of 
 a superior kind. (For de.scription of Baltimore, see page 263.) 
 
 Steamboat and Railroad Route from Pmiladelpuia to 
 Baltimore. — A steamboat leaves from the foot of Dock-st. every 
 afternoon, and proceeds down the Delaware to New Castle, 36 
 miles ; thence by the cars over the New Castle and Frenchtown 
 Railroad to Frenchtown, 17 miles. At the latter place, again 
 take the steamboat, and pass down Elk river and Chesapeake 
 Bay, and up the Patapsco river to Baltimore, 60 miles, i ' 
 
J "iiiciciit pans oi ino city, ine houses of Baltimore are 
 mostly constructed of red brick, with marble and granite base- 
 
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*' >f 
 
 V -- 
 
 BALTIMORE. 
 
 263 
 
 ^1 
 
 .J«J 
 
 • I 
 
 View of Baltimore. 
 
 
 
 » » 
 
 BALTIMORE. 
 
 Tliis cil)', tlic melropolieof MarylJind, is pleasantly situated on 
 the N. side of Patapsco river, in N. Lat 39° 17' 23 ', and in W. 
 Loiiir. 7(}° 37' 30". It is 40 miles n. k. from Washington, 97 
 s. \v. Philadelphia, 184 s. w. New York, and 419 s. w. Boston. 
 Population about 125,000. Its situation, on gently uneven ground, 
 Skives it a fine drainage, and affords many handsome sites for 
 dwellings. As laid out, it has an area of four miles square ; but 
 the section which is compactly built extends about two milts 
 from E. to w., and a mile and a half from n. to s. The streets, 
 which are regularly laid out, and from 50 to 100 feet wide, gen- 
 erally cross each other at right angles. The n. end of the town 
 18 the fashionable quarter ; and the principal promenade is Balti 
 more-st., which runs from e. to w. through the centre of the city, 
 .lones's Fall, a small stream, one of the confluents of the Pa- 
 tupsco, divides the city into two parts, passing through it froPi n. 
 to 8 , a little E. of the centre. Three superb stone bridges, and 
 four wooden ones, have been thrown over this stream, connecting 
 the different parts of the city. The houses of Baltimore are 
 mostly constructed of red brick, with marble and granite base- 
 
 \ A I 
 
 Mi H 
 
 I 
 
 ^'■.iH ; ;!; 
 
264 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT C(JMPANION. 
 
 mcnts. The stores and dwellings which line its broad, regular, 
 and straight streets, rival in taste the best in the country, and 
 evince substantial wealth and general prosperity. 
 
 From the number of its monuments, Baltimore has been de- 
 nominated the Monumental City. These structures, rising high 
 in the air from open squares, have an imposing effect. The 
 Washington Monument, at the intersection of Chartes and Mon- 
 ument sts., is a noble specimen of architecture, both in design and 
 execution. Built on an eminence 100 feet above tidewater, it 
 rises majestically above the city, at once forming its noble em- 
 bellishment, and a conspicuous landmark to travellers and voy- 
 agers. The monument consists of a Doric column rising from a 
 base 50 feet square and 20 high. Its height is 180 feet, inclu- 
 ding the statue of Washington at the top, 16 feet high. The 
 base is ascended by a flight of 28 steps ; and thence the ascent 
 to the top is by a winding staircase, or flight of 200 steps. The 
 cost of the monument, including the statue at the top, was 
 
 $200,000.— Battle Mon- 
 ument, erected to the 
 memory of those who fell 
 defending the city in Sept. 
 1814, is at the corner of 
 Calvert and Fayette sts. 
 The square sub-base on 
 which the pedestal or col- 
 umn rests, rises 20 feet 
 from the ground, with an 
 Egyptian door oik each 
 front, on which are ap- 
 propriate inscriptions and 
 representations, in basso 
 relievo, of some of the in- 
 cidents of the battle. The 
 column rises 18 feet above 
 the base. This, which is 
 Battle Monument. of marble, in the form of a 
 
 Roman fasces, is encircled by bands, on which are inscribed, in 
 letters of gold, the names of those whose memory and patriotic 
 
^ 
 
 gular, 
 f, and 
 
 en de- 
 T high 
 The 
 1 Mon- 
 gn and 
 ater, it 
 le em- 
 id voy- 
 from u 
 , inclu- 
 . The 
 ascent 
 I. The 
 )p, was 
 e Mon- 
 to the 
 who fell 
 in Sept. 
 orner of 
 ette sts. 
 base on 
 ^1 or col- 
 20 feet 
 with an 
 )U each 
 are ap- 
 ions and 
 11 basso 
 f the in- 
 lle. The 
 let above 
 which is 
 form of a 
 jribed, in 
 patriotic 
 
 BALTIMORE. 
 
 265 
 
 valor the monument is designed to commemorate. The column 
 is surmounted by a female figure, in marble, emblematic of the 
 city of Baltimore. The whole height of the monument is 52 ft. 
 — Armistcad Monuineni, near the City Fountain, was erected to 
 the memory of Col. George Armistead, the commander at Fort 
 Henry, in 1814, through whose intrepidity a British fleet of 16 
 sail was repulsed, after having bombarded the fort for 24 hours. 
 It consists of a base and pede.stal, with tablets flunked by inverted 
 cannon, upon which repose chain-shot and shells. It is exceed- 
 ingly unique in design id presents an admirable specimen of 
 sculpture. — Balti; -e ha her monuments, !*'n .hey are of less 
 pretensions than those above described. 
 
 Public Buildings. — The City Hall, on Holliday-st., is a plain 
 substantial edifice, three stories high, with a portico and entabla- 
 ture supported by four massive columns. It is occupied by the 
 city council and other municipal officers. — The Courthouse, a 
 large and imposing edifice, corner of Washington and Monument 
 sts., is appropriated to the city and county courts, and the officers 
 connected with them. It is ornamented with white marble pi- 
 lasters, of the modern Ionic order, and surmounted with a large 
 cupola. Its interior arrangements render it one of the finest 
 courthouseB in the United States. — The Almshouse, about two 
 and a half miles from the centre of the city, in a n. w. direction, 
 is a noble building. — The State Prison, on the corner of Madi- 
 son and Forrest sts., consists of three distinct buildings. The 
 keeper's family, officers, and guards occupy the centre building ; 
 the w. wing is appropriated to the female convicts ; and the e. 
 wing is reserved for the males, who are confined here at night in 
 solitary cells. There are also ranges of workshops, in which the 
 various trades are carried on by the convicts, such as weaving 
 cotton and woollen cloths, shoemaking, hatting, comb-making, 
 &c. — The Jail, on the e. side of Jones's Falls, near the Peniten- 
 tiary, is a spacious structure, with an octagonal tower at each 
 end, and surmounted by a cupola. 
 
 Churches. — Two of these are distinguished for architectural 
 elegance. The most imposing structure of this class is the Catholic 
 Cathedral, corner of Cathedral and Mulberry sts. It is built of 
 granite, in the form of a cross, and is 190 feet long, 177 broad af 
 
 
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 206 
 
 RAILKOAI) AM) STEA'VIF.OAT COMPANION. 
 
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 ii I 
 
 
 tlie amis of the cross, and 127 liigh from the floor to the top of 
 tho cross that surmounts the dome. The building is well lighted 
 by windows in the dome, which are concealed from tlie view of 
 persons below. At the w. end rise two tall towers, crowned 
 with Saracenic cupolas, resenibling tho minarets of a Mohamme- 
 dan mosque. This church has the largest organ in the United 
 States, having G,000 pipes and .36 stops. It is ornamented with 
 two splendid paintings : — one, '* The descent from the Cross," wan 
 presented by Louis XVI. — the other, " St. Louis burying his offi- 
 cers and soldiers slain before Tunis," was presented by Charles 
 X. of France. — The Unitarian Church, at tho intersection of 
 North Charles and Frankhn sts., ranks next to the above in archi- 
 tectural beauty. This edifice is 108 ft. long and 78 wide. In front 
 is a colonnade, consisting of four Tuscan columns and two pilas- 
 ters, which form tho arcades. Above, extending around the 
 pediment, is a cornice decorated with emblematic figures and in- 
 scriptions. From the portico, the entrance is by bronze doors, in 
 imitation of the Vatican at Rome — three conducting to the body 
 of tho building, and two to the galleries. The interior of the 
 building is a square, and harmonizes in beauty with its exterior. 
 The dome, 55 feet in diameter, is supported by four equal arches 
 of 33 feet span. — The Catholics have five churches besides the 
 Cathedral. Of these the principal are, St. Mary^s Chapel, on 
 Pennsylvania avenue, near Grant-st., an elegant Gothic edifice, 
 86 feet long by 50 wide ; and St. Peter's, the oldest Catholic 
 church in the city, having been built by the French residents in 
 1771, in Saratoga near Charles-st. — St. PauVs Church, (Episco- 
 pal,) on the corner of Saratoga and Charles sts., is a beautiful 
 edifice, with a handsome portico supported by four fluted marble 
 columns. Its lofty spire is a composition of the different orders 
 of architecture. There are four other Episcopal churches : Christ 
 Church, corner of Market and Front sts., Trinity, in Trinity-st., 
 between High and Exeter sts., Grace, in William, between War- 
 ren and Montgomery sts , on Federal Hill, and Si. Peter^s, corner 
 of Sharp and Little German sts. — The First Presbyterian 
 Church, corner of North and Fayette sts., is an oblong structure, 
 with a large portico and entablature in front, supported by four 
 Ionic columns. The Second Presbyterian Church, in Market- 
 
^ 
 
 !''■•! 
 
 BALI r,' ORE. 
 
 267 
 
 Ht., near Jones's VnWa, ouo of the most spucioiis churches in the ' 
 city, is justly pruisod for its iiput and appropriiite interior arranije- 
 nients. There is also the Third Preslnjtcr.au Churchy in Eu- 
 taw-st., hetween Saratoga and Mn'brrry sis. — The Asuonatc Rf- 
 forme.d, and The Reformed Preshyterlans, have each a church, 
 — the fornier between Charles and Liberty sts. — the hitter, corner 
 of Pitts and Aisqueth sts., Old Town. — Tlio Uaptists have foui 
 churches. The First Baptist Church, corner of liouihard and 
 Sharp .sts., is one of the most attractive edifices in the city. 
 This buihhn^, which is circular, has an inunenso dome, and an 
 Ionic portico. The other churches of this denomination are — 
 the Second Baptist Church, in Fleet-st., between Market-st. 
 and Argyle alley, Fell's Point ; Third Baptist Church, corner 
 of liuitimore and Exeter sts. ; and the Ebenezer Baptist Churchy 
 in Calvert-st., between Saratoga and Lexington sts. — There is a 
 (rerman Lutheran Church in Gay-st., between Saratoga-st. and 
 Orange alley. — The German Reformed have a very pretty 
 church, with a lofty and beautiful spire, in Second, between Gay 
 and Belvidere sts. — The Methodists have churches in Harford 
 avenue ; in Exeter, uear Gay st. ; at the corner of Eutawand Mul- 
 berry sts., and in Wilkes, near Market st.. Fell's Point, besides 
 several others. — The Seameri's Bethel, a handsome edifice for 
 the use of seamen, is in Black-st., Fell's Point. — The Friends 
 have four meeting-houses. — The Swedenborgians have a chapel 
 on the corner of Market and Exeter sts. — Independent Chapel is 
 occupied by a congregation of Universaliats. 
 
 Literary and Scientific Lnstitutigns. — The Maryland In- 
 stitute has for its object the promotion of the mechanic arts, and 
 the diffusion, by means of lectures and otherwise, of scientific 
 knowledge. It possesses a fine chemical laboratory and a very 
 complete philosophical apparatus. The society has apartments 
 in Athencum Buildings, corner of Lexington and St. Paul sts. 
 In the same building is the American Academy of Science and 
 Literature, which has rare and valuable collections in the several 
 departments of natural history, casts in plaster, &c. The Mary' 
 land University, one of the most important institutions of the 
 kind in the country, is in Ijob ibard-st., between Green and Paca 
 sts. Connected with the U liversity is the Baltimore Eye In- 
 
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 Ml ,•'? 
 
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 -• 11 
 
li 
 
 268 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMUOAT CO.MrANlO."^. 
 
 ^ 
 
 firmary, where the Btudents huvo uu opportunity of attending lec- 
 tiiroH, and wituensing its operations. St. Mnri/s Collcire, a pros- 
 perous institution under the direction of the Cathohcs, is on the 
 corner of Frankhn and Green sts. It has 13,000 volumes in its 
 libraries. The coiiunenceinent is on the tliird Tuesday in July. — 
 Asbiiry Culhi^e is on the corner of Fayette anri South streets. — 
 McKimm'g Free School is an imposing and beautiful structure, 
 built after the model of an Athenian temple. — The Oliver Hi- 
 bernian Free School was originally for the education of Irish 
 children, but it is now free for the use of all who choose to par- 
 ticipate in its benofUs. — The City Library is designed for the use 
 of the stockholders, who, however, are privileged to grant the use 
 of its books to others. — The Exchange Reading Rooms, in the 
 Exchange building, are supported by subscription ; but strangers 
 and masters of vessels enjoy free access to the newspapers and 
 periodicals with which the rooms are liberally supplied. — The 
 public schools of Baltimore, some of which are furnished with 
 buildings of a superior order, are justly praised for their excellent 
 organization. 
 
 Benevolent Institutions. — Among the many institutions in 
 Baltimore devoted to the gratuitous alleviation of human suffer- 
 ing, the Hospital, in its northwestern suburbs, holds a prominent 
 place. Being elevated greatly above the basin, the buildings com- 
 mand a fine view of the city and surrounding country. The 
 centre building is flanked with wings, connecting with two other 
 buildings which form the ends of the vast pile. The buildings 
 a'e three stories high, with the exception of the centre one, which 
 is four. In its interior arrangements, and in order and cleanli- 
 ness, it is not excelled by similar institutions elsewhere. — The 
 Almshouse, on the Franklin Road, about 2^ miles, in a n. w. di- 
 rection from the centre of the city, is an immense structure, con- 
 sisting of a centre building and two wings, the whole having a 
 front of 375 feet. — The City Dispensary, corner of Orange alley 
 and Holliday-st, and the Eastern Dispensary, corner Market-st. 
 and Harford Run Avenue, give medical advice, and furnish med- 
 icines, free of charge to the indigent. — The Indigent Sick So- 
 ciety is an excellent institution, composed of and managed by 
 ladies, who visit and minister to the comfort of the sick. Besides 
 
BALTIMORE. 
 
 269 
 
 the above, there uro two Drplian Asylums, ami numerous oilier 
 iustitutioDs for the alleviiitioii of human suileriu;;. 
 
 I'l.ACKs oi.' A.MrHKMKN". — 'I'lio JlnlUiluy Slicct TJir(itr(% in 
 Holliday-st., hctwccn Fayi tle-sl. and Oranj^e alley, is four stories 
 high, and is well adapted lu theatrical purposes. — The Tlivalre 
 and ('ircua, in Old 'I'own, corner of Low and Front sts., is a very 
 lar;rp structure, dcsijrned alike ',ur dramatic and ecpu'strian per- 
 formances. — 'I'lie Ailrlphi Tiie.iirr, corner of IJelvidcre and Suru- 
 toiju sts., is a diminutive hudiliu;^ comjmred With the precedinij. — 
 The MiiNcum, corner of I'altimore and Calvert sts., enjoys a high 
 rejMitation. 'I'he visiter will (hrive much gratilication I'rom an 
 inspection of its curiosities. — There are As.'icinhli/ Knoms on tho 
 corner of llojliday and i'uyette t<ls., and in CoMjmercc-st., which 
 are furnished with much taste ; the design of these, with Con- 
 ceit Hull, in South Charles-st., is sulliciently indicated by their 
 luunes. 
 
 IVIiscKi.LANKous Objkcts OK INTEREST. — Tho c!ty has an abim- 
 dant supjily of pure and whok'somo water, furnished by its Water- 
 works, or derived from numerous springs. These springs <,r foun- 
 tains are enclosed by circular railings, and covered with neat 
 open temples, consisting of columns supporting a donie. Sonjo 
 of them are ornamented with pretty architectural devices, which 
 give theuj a prominent place among the embellishmenls of tho 
 city. From an elevated part of Jones's Falls, tho water is brought 
 in an aijueduct half a rnile long, and being conducted into a reser- 
 voir in Calvert-st., is thence distributed over the city in subterra- 
 neous pipes. There is another reservoir on Charles-st., n. of tho 
 Monument, which is replenished by means of forcing pumps, and 
 is sufficiently elevated to supply the upper part of the city. — The 
 Exchange, in Gay, between Water and Second sts., is a splendid 
 building, the property of a joint-stock company. It has a front 
 of 255 feet, is 140 feet in depth, and three stories high, exclusive 
 of the basement. The principal room, in tho centre of the build- 
 ing, is 53 feet square. The merchants assemble in this apart- 
 ment. The building has colonnades of six Ionic columns on its 
 E. and w. sides, the shafts of which are single blocks of fine 
 Italian marble, of admirable workmanship. The whole is sur- 
 mounted by an immense dome, the apex of which is 115 feet 
 
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 270 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 above tlie Htrcot. — Tho Custom-house occupies the firet story of 
 the Koutli wing of tho Kxchaiiijo, frootinjr on Lombunl-Nt. Tho 
 cntrancn m from Wuter-Ht. It coiiNistH of a HimciouH huIoou, di- 
 vided into thrco partw by moans of two colonnadcH. Tho oflicors' 
 doHkH aro ranged bctweon Iho cohuiniH, and the collector'n room 
 Ih at the upper end of the hall. Tho centre '\h used by pernonH 
 doi!Jg buHincHS here. — The Observatory, on Federal Hill, serves, 
 in connection with a similar establishment at itodkin Point, on 
 Chesapeako IJay, to announce the approach of vessels. By these 
 telegraphs information is conveyed, in a few minutes, from tho 
 mouth of the Patapsco to an observatory in the Exchange. — The 
 Merchants^ Shoi Tower, '230 feet high, has a greater elevation 
 than any other similar structure in the world ; though Uro's Dic- 
 tionary erroneously gives tho distinction to tliat at Villach, in 
 Carinthia, which is 319 feet high. — Among other institutions and 
 structures that deserve tho attention of visiters, are the Masonic 
 Hall, corner of St. Paul-st. and Courthouse lane — a fine building, 
 100 feet long and 42 wide, and three stories high ; and Odd 
 Fellows* Hall, situated on North Gay-st., a splendid building in 
 the Gothic style, tho windows of which are of stained glass. — The 
 Post-oJJice, on Calvert-st., n. of Market, occupies some of the 
 lower rooms in tho City Hotel. 
 
 The harbor is capacious and convenient, admitting vessels of 
 GOO tons to Fell's Point, while those of 200 tons ascend to the 
 city. It is defended at its entrance by Fort M'Henry. Balti- 
 more, from its great facilities for trade, enjoys an extensive com- 
 merce. It is in this particular excelled by few cities in the Union ; 
 possessing, as it does, besides its foreign commerce, most of the 
 trade of Maryland, a moiety of that of Pennsylvania, and a por- 
 tion of that of the western states. It is the greatest flour market 
 in the world ; while its trade in tobacco is second to that of no 
 other city. Its manufactures have kept pace with its commerce. 
 For these it has superior advantages. A considerable water- 
 power is afforded by Jones's Falls. The Patapsco has a fall of 
 800 feet in 30 miles, giving many valuable mill-sites. There are 
 within 20 miles of the city about 60 flouring-milld, besides nu- 
 merous cotton .and other manufactories. Of the general pros- 
 perity and growth of this important city, an idea may be formed 
 
UALTIMORE. 
 
 271 
 
 Croin tlio fact that 1,959 houses were crocted duriiij; th(^ year 
 1847, the UHsesHcd vahio of vvhicjh in moro than }$*i,()()ll,()(H). 
 
 Few tovvuH have risen nioro rapidly thuii Haltimorc, — an pvI» 
 (Tenco of it.s superior natural advaiitairrs. It was first laid out i\h 
 u town in 17:2!), and iu Hi);') it (;oiitaiiicd only 50 houses. lu I79() 
 it was iucorporatcd as a city. — la 1814 a Hritish force of lt2,()(l(l, 
 wilder liord Ross, snpjiortod hy 40 or 50 vessels, made an aftack 
 oti TJaltunore, which was met hy its (citizens witli a steadiness 
 that would havo done honor to the disci)>linc and firmness of ex> 
 perienccd troops. On the l.'Uh Sejit., 1H14, Fort M'llenry waa 
 attacked, and sustained, for 34 hours, a hoiiihardment hy IG Khi|)s, 
 aided hy a land force of l,i200. The assailants were reo'ilsed, 
 and drew off, loavin;^ the fortress in tiiumplKint p(»s.session of its 
 intrepid defenders. Fort M'llenry was on his occasion ci)m- 
 inanded hy Major Armisfead, whos(! }r;i||untry has heen com- 
 memorated hy the erection of a monument to his i.iemoiy. The 
 troops, to the numher of 9,000, laiuled at North Po.it on tac 
 1:2th, and advanced to within six miles of the city, where th y 
 were met and op()osed hy the Haltimore hrigado, under Gei.eral 
 Stryker, consistinjj of 3,200 men. After a severe hatt'e, i;i which 
 the British commander, Gen. Ross, was killed, the Anu rican army 
 retreated towards the city. They were BJovvIy followed hy the 
 British on the 13th. But the enemy, feurlul lest their retreat 
 should he intercepted, precipitately retired on hoard their fleet, 
 and left the Chesapeake. 
 
 Hotels. — The hotels in Baltimore are among the best con- 
 ducted in the country ; the following are some of the principal 
 ones: City //o/e/, Calvert, corner of Fayette-st. and Monument 
 square ; Eutaw House, Baltimore, corner of Eutaw-st. ; Ex- 
 change Hotel, Water-st. ; Fountain H -trl, Light-st. ; Globe 
 Hotel, Baltimore-st. ; Merchants^ Hotel, CJharles-st. ; National 
 Hotel, United States Hotel, and the Washington House, are in 
 Pratt-st. Excellent private boarding houses and refectories also 
 abound in Baltimore. 
 
 Rates of Fare for thk usk of Hackney-Coaches in the City 
 OF Baltimore. — 1. Steamboats and Railroad Depots — From any steam- 
 boat landing or railroad depot, to any hotel or private residence wilhia 
 the limits of the city, for a single pa.s.senger, 50 cents. If two or more, 
 
 •^•1 
 
 1« 
 
 •''^1. 
 
 m% 
 
272 
 
 RAILROAD A\D STEAMnOAT COMPANION. 
 
 h 
 
 each, 37^ cents. And for cuch trunk, box, or bag, of sufficient size to 
 be strapped on, 12^ cents. .No charge for small parcels {)ut in the 
 carriage. 
 
 y. To any Steamboat or Railrnad Depot. — Tlie same fare and cliarge for 
 l)aggage, witli an addition of M ceiils for the carria^^c when only .sent 
 for from the stable. 
 
 3. Citi/. Within the following limits, assuming Talvert-street as the 
 centre of the city, and extending east to Canal-st., west to Green-.^t., 
 south to Great Montgomery-st, and north to liiddie-st.. for a single 
 pa.s.senger 37i cents. If two or more, each, 25 cents. If beyond these 
 limits, and anywhere within the city boundary, 12^ cents additional 
 for each passenger. 
 
 4. Time.— For the u.<5e of a hackney-coach by the hour, $1 00, and at 
 the same rate for all fractions of an hour, but no charge for any time 
 less than a quarter of an hour. 
 
 5. Evening and Night.— For hacks taken from the stand to any part of 
 the city, as follows: from 1st May to 30th yeptember inclusive, after 
 8 o'clock, p. M., 75 cents for a single passenger ; if more than one, 50 
 cents each: a like sum for returning. From 1st October to 3Uth April, 
 inclusive, after 7 o'clock, p. m., the same- No charge for baggage. 
 
 6. Exchange and Fell's Point.— Vroin South Gay-st. to any part of Fell's 
 Point, not farther east than Washington-st., 25 cents, and 25 cents 
 back for each passenger. 
 
 General Rules.— I. An additional allowance of 25 cents for the carriage 
 only, when sent for from the stand. 2. Children over ten years, half- 
 price ; no charge under that age. 3. Stopping 15 minutes or leaving 
 the carriage, to make a new charge. 4. All cases not provided for in 
 these rules, left to agreement of the parties. 
 
 : 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
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 t 
 
 ROUTES FROM BALTIMORE. 
 
 From Baltimore to Philadelphia, (see Maps Nos. 23 and 
 25, and also description of routes from Philudelpliia to Baltimore, 
 at pages 261, 262.) — On leaving Baltimore the cars start from tho 
 depot in Pratt-st., and pass on to Havre ile Grace, 37 miles ; 
 hero we cross the Susquehanna, and proceed to El'kton, 52 ; 
 Newark, Del., 58 ; Wilmington, 70 ; and arrive at Gray's 
 Ferry, 3 miles from Philadelphia, from which place the cars are 
 drawn to the depot in the city hy horse-power. Fare ^3.00. 
 
 Tho Steamboat Route loaves Baltimore from Spear's Wharf 
 every afternoon. Fare $^ 00. 
 
 Route fko.m Baltimore to Columbia, Pa., Csee Map No. 25.) — 
 From Baltimore to New Texas, 13 miles, Fare 35 cents; Monk* 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 273 
 
 ton, 23, 60 cents; Summit, 3G, $1.00; Strasbur^, 38. 81-05 ; 
 Smyseys,4\, $1.10; York, 57, $1.50; Wrightsvillp,':0, $2.00', 
 and Columbia, 71, $2,12. f>oin the latter place we can proceed 
 over the Columbia Railroad, via Lancaster, to Philadelphia. 
 
 From Baltimore to Clmberland, &c., (see page 282 ;) and 
 to Pittsburg and Wheeling, (see page 284.) 
 
 From Baltimore to the Virginia Springs, Alc. — (see p. 286.) 
 From Baltimore to Annapolis. — Over the Washington 
 Bra oh to Annapolis Junction, 18 miles; thence, by the An- 
 napolis and Elk Ridge Railroad, to Annapolis, 21. Total, 39 
 miles. Fare, $1.60. 
 
 WASHINGTON BRANCH RAILROAD.— This road extends 
 from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at the Relay House, 9 
 miles distant, to the city of Washington, 31 miles. It was 
 opened for travel in 1835, and cost $1,650,000. 
 
 From Baltimore to Washington, (see Map No. 25.) — The 
 cars leave from the general depot in Baltimore, and pass on to 
 the Relay House, 9 miles ; (passengers over the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad from the west for Wiishington, will take the cars 
 here:) Annapolis Junction, \8m\\eB', Beltsville,2S nides', Bin- 
 densburg, and arrive in Washington, 40 miles. The usual faro 
 was $1.60, but it has recently been raised to $2.00. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Washington, the capital of the United States, is situated on 
 the left or e. side of the Potomac, in the District of Columbia, in 
 N. Lat. 38° 52' 45", and W. Long. 76^ 55' 30" from (Ireenwich, 
 or 79° 20' from Paris. It is 40 miles s. w. Baltimore, 137 s. s. w. 
 Philadelphia, 224 s. w. New York, 459 s. w. Boston, 856 e. by s. 
 St. Louis, and 1,203 n. e. New Orleans, and is distant from the 
 Atlantic, via the river and Chesapeake Bay, about 290 miles. 
 The Potomac and Anacosta, or Eastern Branch, at the junction 
 of which rivers it stands, enhance the natural beauty of its loca- 
 tion, and give it fine commercial facilities. The forest-clad hills 
 by which it is encompas,sed, diversify the prospect, and render 
 the Durrouuding scenery in a high degree picturesque and pleas- 
 
 18 
 
I i 
 
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 274 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 View of the Capltoi 
 
 ing. These elevations, commanding a view of the city and 
 surrounding country, and of the moanderings of the Potomac, 
 afford admirable sites for villas and private residences. 
 
 It was at the suggestion of Gen. Washington that this spot 
 was fixed on as the site for the future capital of the Union. 
 The ground on which the city stands, was ceded to the United 
 States by the slate of xMaryland, on the 23d Dec, 1788. The 
 city is laid out on a plan of great magnitude ; and will, if the 
 design of its founders bo carried out, and their anticipations real- 
 ized, be at once a magnificent memorial of the great man from 
 whom it is named, and a city, the gigantic proj)nrtions of which 
 sliall harmonize with the power and extent of the mighty repub- 
 lic of which it will be the capital. Th.e ground on which the 
 city is built, has an elevation, for the most part, of about 40 feet 
 above the level of the river. The streets cross each other at 
 right angles, those running n. and s. ueing intersected by others 
 running e. and w. The different parts of the city are connected 
 by broad avenues. Where the intersection of these avenues with 
 each other and with the streets would form many acute angles, 
 rectangular or circular spaces are left. The avenues and prin- 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 275 
 
 cipnl streets radiate from important public points, and are from 
 130 to 160 feet wide. The former are named after the states of 
 the Union ; the latter, beginning at the Capitol, are ranged in the 
 order of the letters of the aljihabet — as, A North and A South, 
 B North and B South, &c. ; and east and west, they are desig- 
 nated by numbers — as, 1st East, 1st West, &lc. Pennsylvania 
 Avenue, from the Capitol to tbe President's house, is the most 
 compactly built and much the handsomest thoroughfare in the 
 city. Of tlie avenues, five radiate from the Capitol, and five 
 others from the mansion of the President, — thus affording these 
 prominent places the readiest communication with all parts of 
 the city. 
 
 Of the public buildings of Washington, the Capitol, situated 
 near the centre of the city plot, on " Capitol Hill,'' is the most 
 splendid. This edifice, in its ample proportions, in the stylo and 
 execution of its architecture, and in its embellishments, both ex- 
 terior and interior, is believed not to bo inferior to any other 
 senate-house in the world. Elevated 12 feet above tidewater, it 
 affords a commanding view of the different parts of the city, and 
 of the surrounding country. From its immense size, and its ele- 
 vated position, it is the first object that fixes our attention on 
 approaching the city. The building, which is of freestone, oc- 
 cupies an area of more than an acre and a half. Including the 
 wings, the front is 352 feet in length ; and the depth of the wings 
 is 121 feet. The projection on the east or main front, including 
 thf teps, is 65 feet wide ; and that on the west, with the steps, 
 is 83 feet. The projection on tbe east front is ornamented with 
 a splendid portico of 22 lofty Corinthian columns ; and a portico 
 of 10 columns in the same style, adorns the west projection. In 
 grandeur of design and beauty of execution, the portico on the 
 eastern front has no superior. To the top of the dome, the height 
 of the building is 120 feet. The Rotunda, in the middle of the 
 building, under the dome, is 95 feet in diameter, and the same in 
 height. From the cupola which crowns this apartment, there is 
 Q fine view of the city aiul the surrounding country The walls 
 of the Rotunda are adorned with magnificent painthigs by Trum- 
 bull, the fifrures in which are as large as life. These fine national 
 pictures represent interesting incidents in American history — lh« 
 
 m 
 
 I' I ;.. 
 
 *: I 
 
 'i m i t 
 
27d 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Presentation to Congress of the Declaration of Independence ; the 
 Surrender of Bnrgoyne ; Surrender of Cornwallis ; and Washing- 
 ton Resigning his Commission. Congress has recently further en- 
 riched the Rotunda by the addition of two fine paintings — the 
 Baptism of Pocahontas, by Chapman, and the Embarkation of 
 the Pilgrims, by Weir. This room is also adorned with sculp- 
 tures in alto relievos, representing the rescue of Smith ^y the 
 interposition of Pocahontas ; the Landing of the Pilgrims; Dan- 
 iel Boone's conflict with Indians ; and Penn treating with the 
 Indians at Coaqnenac. To the other attractions of the Ro- 
 tunda, has lately been added Greenough's splendid statue of 
 Washington, a colossal figure, iir a sitting posture, twice as large 
 as life. The library roojii, on the west of the Rotunda, is 1)2 by 
 34 feet, and 3G feet high, and contains upwards of 28,000 vols. 
 There is here also a valuable collection of historical medals, de- 
 signed by Denon, the Egyptian traveller ; and paintings, statu- 
 ary, medallions, &c., are distributed about the room. The Sen- 
 ate-Chamber, in the northern wing, is 78 feet long, and 45 high, 
 and of a semicircular form. The vice-president's chair has a 
 canopy of rich crimson drapery, held by the talons of an eagle. 
 In front of the vice-president's chair is a light bronze gallery, 
 chiefly appropriated to ladies. Above and behind the chair is a 
 gallery, supported by fine Ionic columns of variegated marble 
 from the Potomac. The walls richly ornamented with stucco, 
 the magnificent chandelier, the gorgeous lamps and furniture, 
 &,c., give the room an imposing appearance. Adjoining the 
 Senate-Chamber is tlie office of the secretary of the senate. 
 Under this room is the apartment in which the Supreme Court 
 holds its sessions. It is nearly as large as the Senate-Chamber, 
 but is much less elegant. The Hall of the House of Represen- 
 tatives, in the south wing, is semicircular, like the Senate-Cham- 
 ber, but larger, being 9G feet long and 60 feet high. The dome 
 of the Hall is supported by 24 beautiful columns of the Potomac 
 marble, with capitals of Italian marble, of the Corinthian order 
 The seats are so arranged that the members face the speaker, 
 whose chair is considerably elevated above the floor, and «ire ap- 
 proached by avenues that radiate from his chair as a centre. A 
 gallery for men surrounds the circular wall opposite the speaker ; 
 
WASIIINGTOV. 
 
 277 
 
 and that appropriated to ladies is in the cliord of the arc back of 
 the speaker's chair. The room is ornamented, like the Senate- 
 Chamber, with fine statuary and paintings, and its whole appear- 
 ance is impos ng and elegant. — The Presidi'nt's Iluusp, at the 
 intersection of Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, and Ver- 
 mont avenues, is a superb edillce, built of freestone. The build- 
 ing, which has a length of 170 feet, and a depth of 86 feet, is 
 ornamented on its north front, facing La Fayette Square, with a 
 portico of four Ionic columns, projecting with three others. The 
 garden front, or that on the soutli, is embellished by a circular 
 colonnade of six Ionic columns. The north entrance opens into 
 a large hall, whence a columnar passage leads into a richly fur- 
 nished apartment of an oval form. On either side of this is a 
 room appropriated to the reception of official and ceremonial visits. 
 Hence these are designated " reception rooms." The '* East 
 Room," or banqueting-room, is a spacious and splendid apartment 
 at the east end of the buildinji. — On each side of the President's 
 house are two large buildings. That on the n. w. is occupied by 
 the war department ; that on the s. w. by the navy department ; 
 that on the n. e. is devoted to the state department ; and that on 
 the s. w. to the treasury department. The new treasury building 
 is 300 feet long, with a wing in the rear 100 feet long, and has a 
 splendid colonnade in front 457 feet long, comprising 32 massive 
 columns. — The General Post- Office, corner of North and Sev- 
 enth sts., is an extensive and beautiful marble structure, with two 
 wings. In front, and at the ends, it is adorned with fluted mar- 
 ble columns. — The Patent Office, built of freestone and marble, 
 is a beautiful specimen of architectural taste and skill. In the 
 upper story of this building is a room 275 feet long and G5 wide, 
 designed as a depository of patents, but which for the present is 
 appropriated to the grand collections of the National Institution. 
 Immediately below this, there is a room 125 feet long, superbly 
 arched, and decorated with fine columns, and which is filled with 
 models and specimens of articles patented. — The Navy Yard, on 
 the Eastern Branch, about three-fourths of a mile s. e. of the 
 Capitol, has an area of 27 acres, enclosed by a substantial brick 
 wall. Within this enclosure, besides houses for the officers, are 
 filiops and warehouses, two large ship-houses, and an armory. 
 
 ■*>,;l 
 
 >iii!j 
 
278 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 iii;; 
 
 Rll 
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 I f 
 
 ( 
 
 which, like the rest of the establishment, is kept in the finest 
 order. — The Navy Magazine is a largo brick structure, situated 
 in the s. e. section of a plot of 70 acres, the property of the Uni- 
 ted States, on the Eastern Branch. 
 
 Washington contains, within its limits, 25 churches, some of 
 which, from the taste and skill displayed in their construction, 
 will attract the attention of the visiter. The Episcopalians have 
 three churches : St. JohrCs, cor. of N. Eighth and W. Sixteenth 
 8ts. ; Trinity, opposite the City Hall, in W. Fifth-st. ; Christ 
 Church, in South G, between E. Sixth and Seventh sts. — ^Thero 
 are three Roman Catholic : St. Patrick's, cor. of North F and 
 W. Tenth sts. ; St. Mary's, between Capitol and W. First sts. ; 
 St. Peter's, cor. of E. Second and North D sts.— The First Pret- 
 byterian Church is in Four-and-a-half-st. ; Second Presbyterian, 
 in First-st. ; the Third, in W. Fifteenth-st. — Of the four Baptist 
 churches, one is on the corner of Pennsylvania avenut and E. 
 Fifth-st. ; one in South D, near VV. Fourth-st. ; and a third at 
 the corner of W. Nineteenth and North I sts. — The Methodists 
 have chapels cor. South Capitol and South B sts. ; in E. Fourth- 
 st. near S.Carolina avenue ; cor. W. Fifth and North F sts. ; cor. 
 North G and W. Fourth sts. ; besides three or four others. — The 
 Friends have a place of meeting in North I-st., between W. Eigh- 
 teenth and Nineteenth sts. — There are also a German church, 
 on the corner of North G and W. Twenty-first sts., and a Uni- 
 tarinn church, cor. of North D and W. Sixth sts. 
 
 Washington has a number of benevolent institutions, religious 
 and philanthropic. The Almshouse, an extensive brick building, 
 has a workhouse connected with it, in which those are confined, 
 and made to labor, who have violated the municipal laws. — There 
 are two orphan asylums, the Washington and the St. Vincent's, 
 — the former under the direction of some ladies of the city, and 
 the latter under the care of the Sisters of Charity. Both of them 
 are institutions of great usefulness. — The Howard Society is de- 
 signed to benefit industrious females, who are paid a fair equiva- 
 lent for their work. — Besides the above, there are a Colonization 
 Society, a Clerks' Provident Society, for the relief of the widows 
 pnd orphans of deceased members, a Bible Society, Missionary 
 and Tract Societies, a Dorcas Society, &c. &>c. 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 279 
 
 lary 
 
 Of the places of amusement, the principal are — Washington 
 Theatre, on Louisiana avenue, between West P'ourlh and Sixth 
 Bts. ; National Theatre, in North E, between \V. Thirteenth 
 and Fourteenth sts. ; the Assembly Rooms, corner of North C 
 and VV. Tenth sts. ; and King*s Picture Gallery, in North E, 
 between W. Tentli and Eleventh sts. The latter is an exhibi- 
 tion with which visiters generally will bo pleased, while the ama- 
 teur will find, not only in the pictures themselves, but also in 
 their happy arrangement, much that will afford him gratifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Washington has several excellent literary and scientific insti- 
 tutions. Columbia College is beautifully situated on elevated 
 ground commanding a broad view t.i tho surroumling country, 
 including Mount Vernon, 15 miles distant. The college edifice, 
 including the basement and attic, is five stories high, 117 ft. long, 
 and 47 wide. There are also two buildings for the professors, 
 and a philosophical hall. A medical department attached to tho 
 college has a building on the corner of Tenth and E streets. 
 The college has a library of about 5,000 volumes. The com- 
 mencement is on the first Wednesday of October. — The Theo- 
 logical Seminary, (Catholic,) is a flourishing institution, attached 
 to which is a school for the education of youth generally. — The 
 Columbian Institute, for the promotion of scientific knowledge, 
 and the encouragement of the arts, was established in 1816. — 
 The American Historical Society, a recent institution, had for 
 its object the illustration of the early history of the country. By 
 its means, manv rare and valuable documents have been rescued 
 from oblivion, which throw much light on the discovery and 
 primitive history of our continent. It had already issued several 
 volumes of its transactions, when, with the Columbian Institute, 
 it united with the National Institution. — The Columbian Horti- 
 cultural Society has annually an interesting exhibition. — Tho 
 City Library, on the corner of North C and VV. Eleventh pts., 
 has a collection of about 7,000 volumes. — At the Athenaum, a 
 public reading-room, on Pennsylvania avenue, corner of W. Sixth- 
 fet., is to bo found most of the current literature of the day. — The 
 National Institution for the Promotion of Science, is a society 
 yet in its infancy. Few institutions have, in their outset, been 
 
 ■J 
 
 ■''^ ■:» 
 
280 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMKOAT CO-MPAMON. 
 
 l>ettcr circumstuncod for luyiiifj broad toiindutionH for future use- 
 fulness, uud for proposinjr to tluMiiselves the uccoinpiisliment of 
 nomprt'hensive aims and objectH. This the National luHtitution 
 has done ; and if its de8i«rn is carried out in the spirit which 
 prompted it, the institution will become, not only an honor to the 
 country, but also a blessiujir to the world. It bus been organized 
 under the auspices of the general government, the president be- 
 ing made patron ; while the heads of the several departments are 
 constituted six directors on tihe part of the government. Six dis- 
 tinguished literary and scientific gentlemen are directors on the pi.rt 
 of the institution. It holds stated monthly meetings in the budding 
 of the Patent Office, in the grand hall of which edifice its col- 
 lections are deposited. 
 
 The Congressional Cemetery, a celebrated burial-place, com- 
 prises 10 acres, near the Anacostia or Eastern Branch, about a 
 mile and a half from the Ca])itol. Being considerably elevated 
 above the river, it commands, on all sides, an extensive prospect 
 of beautiful scenery. The grounds, which are surrounded by a 
 high brick wall, are tastefully ornamented with trees and shrub- 
 bery. Several of the tombs are remarkable for the beauty of 
 their architecture. 
 
 The City Hall, in North D st., between Fourth and Fifth, is 
 in an unfinished condition. — The Penitentiaryt a large structure, 
 of freestone, is at the southern termination of Delaware avenue. — 
 The County Jail is a large new building, three stories high, situ- 
 ated north of the City Hall. 
 
 Though it does not advance with the rapid strides that charac- 
 terize the progress of many of the cities of the Union, the na- 
 tional metropolis has, however, had a steady and healthy growth : 
 and recent statistics show that its condition for the last six or 
 eight years has been more prosperous than at any former period. 
 Froni 1840 to 1846, it had an accession of 3,044 buildings, a 
 large portion of which are commodious, substantial, and elegant 
 brick edifices. Allowing an average of six inhabitants to each 
 house, there was an addition, during the above period, of 12,2G4 
 to its population. The population of the city at the present time 
 is about 35,000. 
 
 Washington, in the mouth of August, 1814, was ♦he object of 
 
BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 
 
 281 
 
 a ferocious attack by u Britisli force under (joii. Ross. Throw- 
 ing aside the sword, this Iriidcr of the forces of one of the niOHt 
 civilized nations of tiit' earth, called to his aid the firebrand. The 
 capitol, the president's honse, and the pid»lic offices were laid in 
 ashes. The library of Con;;^'*^'*^''* was burned. The patent-otVice, 
 which had been destined to the same fate, was spared at the 
 earnest solicitation of its Knj)erintendeiit. Retribution speedily 
 followed the perpetration of this ontrajje. (jJen. Ross was killed 
 in the attack on Haltiinore, on the liJth Sept. (^For continuatiou 
 of routes to Charleston, New Orleans, &lc.., see pajje 2J)0-2n2.) 
 
 HoTKLS. — These places of public accotnniodation in Washing- 
 ton, as also private boarding-honscs, &c., are nnnierons and well 
 kept. During the session of Congress, and at some other times, 
 they are crowded to overflowing ; and at such times the price of 
 board is, as a matter of course, higher than on ordinary occa- 
 sions. The following are among the principal hotels: American 
 House, Pennsylvania avenue, near Fiftet'nti)-st. ; Gadsbi/8 Ho- 
 tel, Pennsylvania avenue, corner of Third-st. ; Indian Queen, 
 Pennsylvania avenue, near Si.xth-st. ; Mansion House, corner of 
 Pennsylvania avenue and Fourteenth-st. ; National Hotel, 
 Pennsylvania avenue, corner of Sixtli-st. ; United States Hotel, 
 Pennsylvania avenue, near Third-st., &c. &c. 
 
 Hackney-Coaches, ^c. — Vehicles of this description, in Wash- 
 ington, for the convenience and accommodation of strangers and 
 others, are numerous, and may readily be obtained at almost any 
 moment. They are all numbered, so that in case of imposition, 
 neglect, &c., the person or persons aggrieved have only to make 
 known th"ir grievances before tl « proper authorities, and redress 
 is at hand. P'or conveying ea n and every passenger any dis- 
 tance not exceeding 1 ^ miles, 25 cents ; for any distance over 
 J J miles, and not exceeding 3 miles, 50 cents. , - 
 
 BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 
 
 This important road extends from Baltimore to Cumberland, a 
 distance of 178 miles. It was intended, originally, to carry it 
 through the s. w. corner of Pennsylvania, and a portion of Vir- 
 
 !i vi: : 
 
 §• '^ ill 
 
282 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAM IJOAP (U.MrAMON. 
 
 ginia, to the Ohio river at Whorliiifr ; and for thiw purpose* the 
 cornjiaiiy was iiiforporat^Ml in lH:i7, by the N'^rishitnrrs of Mary- 
 iaiul, Pcnnsylvaiiiii, and V'ir^itiiu, and thr buildiiifr of the road 
 commoucpd July llh, IH'JH. In IHxJU it was optMH'd to the Relay 
 lIous«', nine miles; aflerward.s to Harpei'rt Ferry ; and finally, lo 
 its present terminus. From CundK-rland, the orifjinal route is to 
 bo chanjrcd. Hy i« lato report wo find tfie company has resolved 
 to go to Wheclinir, via ?'ish cr«ek, that city havinjj consented to 
 the establishment of a depot on the Ohio river at the month of 
 haid creek, "2^ miles below. When the fiallimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road is compleleii to the Ohio river, it will form the nearest route 
 from the waters of ihe Allantic to the j^nat West. Durinjr the 
 y<'ar 1817 then' had been transported over i*. 2fb,()7 1 passengers, 
 and i2GU,'i'J-l Ions of freight. The cost cfthis road, including the 
 branch to Fi'-dtriek, three miles, was ^7,743,500. 
 
 Roi'TK FROM Ualti.moui: to Fkkderick, IIarpkr's Ferr^, 
 Wi.NcnEsTKR, AND Ci'.MBr.HLAND. — f.Sec Maps Nos. 25 and 27.) — 
 Cars leave Baltimore from the depot in I'latt-st, and proceed to 
 the Relay House, nine miles ; HLlicntCs Mills, 15 ; Monococy 
 Viailuft, ,')8 ; hero a branch runs to Frederick, distant from Bal- 
 timore Gl miles. Usual *fare $2.50. From Monocdcy to Point 
 of Rocks is 12 inib's, and lo Harper's Ferry is 12 miles farther, 
 or 82 miles from Baltimore. Fare $3.25. The Winchester 
 Railroad leaves the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at Harper's 
 Ferry, over which passengers are conveyed to Winchester, Va., 
 32 miles. Fare from Baltimore $5.25. Distance 114 miles. 
 
 From Harper's Ferry wc proceed tu Mariinshurg, 100 miles 
 from Baltimore ; to Hancock, 124 ; and arrive at Cumberland, 
 178 miles, in about nine hours. Usual fare $G.50. 
 
 Ou leaving Baltimore, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is car- 
 ried over a splendid bridge, called the " Carrolton Viaduct," built 
 over (iwynn's Falls, a branch of the Patapsco river. This bridge 
 is 360 feet in length, and elevated 65 feet above the water, which 
 is spanned by a principal arch of 80 feet It is built of granite, iu 
 the most durable manner, and cost about $60,000. 
 
 EllicoU's Mills is situated iu the midst of a hilly and rocky 
 country, on the Patap.s«,'o river. The surrounding scenery is iu a 
 high degree wild and romantic. This place presents a business- 
 
BALTl.MOHK AND OHIO RAILROAD. 
 
 283 
 
 like appouruueo, coiitainnijj, aH it does, several large luaniifacto- 
 ricp, and extensive flonrinjj-indls. 
 
 Frederick, the capital of a connty of the sa/ne name, i« « tu- 
 ated on Carrol creek, three miles from its entrance into Alonoco- 
 ry creek. It \a regnlarly laid out, with hr(»ad Kfreets croswin;; 
 each other at rij;ht angles, and contains several handsome pnhlir 
 and {)rivatc huildinjjs, and about a dozen rhurdies of diflrnut 
 denominations. The country aromid is fertile, and made produc- 
 tive hy cultivation. The tradi^ of Frederick is (juile extensive. 
 It is tfie second place in importance in [tQ state, being inferior 
 n\\\y to Baltimore. I*op. about 7,()0(). 
 
 IIari'Ku'b Fkrkv is situated in Jefferson county, Va., at the 
 conHuence of the Shenandoah and I'(4omac rivers, at the passage 
 of tiK'se streams through the Blue Kidge, liere upwards of 1,2(10 
 <'eet in height. At this point the two streams, in search of an 
 outlet to the sea, and each, as it were, conscious of the inelTi- 
 <*iency of its separate exertions to overcome the harrier that op- 
 posed its progress, united their watens, and, rushing in one impetu- 
 ous current against the mountain, rent it asunder. Such, it x* 
 thought, was (he origin of a scone which Mr. Jefferson has cliar- 
 act>erix.ed as " one of the most stupendous in nature." 
 
 The scenery hert* is all of tho wildest and most majestic de- 
 scription. " J« fferi»«)n's Rock," named after Mr. Jeffenson, a:<d 
 the spot where he wrote a description of tins place, in his " Notes 
 on Virginia," i;-< a pile of huge detached rocks, leaning over tho 
 Mteep cliffs of the Slienandoah, and leaking into the mountahi 
 {.-_orge of the Potomac. Its top, almost level, is IQ feet sjpiare ; 
 whilst it« base does not exceed A ■ feet in width, and rests upon 
 the tojj of a larger mass of rock jutting out from the liill. It is a 
 wild '* eagle's nest," which, as Jefferson truly drclares, it is worth 
 a trip across tho ocean to behold. It is not, however, equal to 
 the enchanting s<^;eue presented to the view from the opposite 
 inounLaiUf about a mile and a half up, on the Maryland side. 
 From this height the beholder survey.s with admiration a large 
 extent of country, fields, woodlandji, and plantations ; while the 
 beautiful Shenandoah, as it breaks upon this magic picture, ap- 
 pears like a series of beautiful lakes. 
 
 The United States Armory, and tho National Arsenal, at this 
 
 H 
 
 ■li^ 
 
 
* 
 
 284 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 place, doBPrvc tlir aUention of visilrrn. In the lutttr ••I-ipo front 
 80 to 90,000 Htaiul of uriim ure usimlly kept. Noi <y 9,00U 
 Hmali-nrniH are Hiiniially inaniifurtiircd here, ('ri)|)loyin(r uho'jt 
 240 HuikIh. a bridjn^o 750 fert lout; here c^o^80l; Ihe I'otoinac 
 river, connecting this place with the Maryland side. The hotels 
 at IIarper*8 Ferry ufFord excellent acconnnodations for viHiters. 
 
 Cumherland, l)eantifnlly nitnated on the n. bunk of the Poto- 
 mac, at the mouth of Wills rmck, is a lari»e and well-built town, 
 the seat of justice of Allejjluiny county, containing in 1847 a pop- 
 ulation of 7,000. 
 
 ROUTE FROM BALTIMORE TO PITTSBURG AND WHEEL- 
 ING-, (see Maps Nos. 2Ci and 27.) — Trains leave Baltimore by 
 the liultimorc and Ohio Railroad, from the depot in Pratt-st., 
 daily, at 1\ o'clock, a m. and 4 p. m., for Cumhprlnnd on the 
 Potomac river, 178 miles. (See page 282.) From Cumberland, 
 stofres leave at G p. m. and G a. m. by 20 daily lines of the Na- 
 tional Road and Ciotxt Intent Stujufo companies, and arrive in 
 Pittshurfr or Wheeling next eveninjr and the u)orning following. 
 Passengers for Pittsburg take the steamboat at Brownsville, u 
 brisk little place, with a |K)pulation of about 2,000, situated at the 
 head of steamboat navigation on the Monongahcla river, 60 miles 
 s. from Pittsburg ; and passengers for Whcelingy leaving Cum- 
 berland at the same time, pa&s over the National Road by stages 
 direct to that place, 1.30 miles. Through -tickets can be pur- 
 chased in Baltimore. Fare to Pittsburg ^10, and to Wheeling 
 $11. 
 
 In pa.ssing along the National Road, near the foot of Ljiurel 
 Hill, and about 10 miles e. from Union, the traveller will observe 
 a sign (a plain shingle) placed on a tree, ujkmj which is painted 
 " Braddock's Grave," with an index pointing to a clump of trees 
 about 200 yards from the rtiad. This is the only monument that 
 indicates the resting-place of the proud and brave, but unfortu- 
 nate hero of the old French W^ar. Upon the summit of I>aurel 
 Hill, a little farther on, is another inscription — " Dulany's Cave 
 and Washington's Spring.** This cave is situated about two miles 
 south of the pike. The entrance to it, on the top of the moun- 
 tain, is quite small at the mouth ; but once entered, it is found tc 
 
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contain many larj^e and niujjnif'iccnt apartiiirnts. This cavo, 
 whicli has been explored two miles, sinks to the depth of Ij'JOl) 
 iVet. The Washinirfnii Sprim; is in the vicinity of the road. Its 
 water, which is of the best quality, is made to issue from a larj^e 
 artificial orifice in a rock. Immediately below the sprinjj is a 
 bath-house, to which the water is conducted in pipes. There is 
 a beautiful j^arden, with summer-houses, near the sj)rin{;. For 
 invalids and others seeking retirement durinjr the hot summer 
 months, this will bo found a very pleasant resort. 
 
 Union (usually called Uniontown) is a larjro and flourishiu}f 
 f>lace, containing about 3,5U() inhabitants. It is situated on the 
 National Road, six miles west from the Washington Spring, and 
 about (JO miles from Cumberland. Many of the bui.Jings, which 
 are of brick, and very compact, are large and commodious. The 
 new Courthouse is a handsome structure. There are several 
 excellent hotels here, some of which are sj)acious and costly. 
 The travel over the National Road imparts great life and Ir.Jstlc 
 to Uniontown. {Scarcely an hour in the day passes when a 
 stage-coach may not be seen wending its way through the town. 
 Tlie property invested in these lines for the accommodation of 
 the travelling {)ublic is immense (For description of Pittsburgj 
 see page 257.) 
 
 Washington, Pa., capital of Washington county, is a large, 
 finely situated, and prosperous town, with » [population of about 
 3,000. It is surrounded by a fertile country, and is noted for da 
 salubrity. Besides a new and handsorrc Coi'Saoose, and other 
 public buildings, it has several churches of va/oif:; denominations, 
 and is also the seat of Washington College, ."u institution found- 
 ed iu 180G, which has about 3,500 vols. i*. its librari*. >. ; .d pos- 
 sesses a choice mineralogical cabinet. It holds its comiucncc- 
 luent on the last Wednesday in Septendjer. 
 
 WiiEKLiNG is situated on tlie e. bank of the Ohio, surrounded 
 by bold and precipitous hills, and extends along on the high baidi 
 of the river for about a mile and a half. It is the most important 
 place, in regard to commerce, manufactures, and popu) ition, in 
 VWstern Virginia. The National Road pasvses through it, making 
 it a great thoroughfare for persons travelling to the West. It 
 contains several liandsomc public and private buildings, numer- 
 
 
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286 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
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 ous churches, steam-engine factories, glass-houses, and other 
 manufactories. A largo number of steamboats are owned here, 
 which are continually passing up and down the Ohio river. A 
 magnificent wire suspension bridge is being constructed over the 
 Ohio at Wheeling, (by th3 same skilful engineer who has charge 
 of the Niagara suspension bridge.) It will bo the largest struc- 
 ture of its kind in the world, having a span of upwards of 1,000 
 feet, — the one at Freiburg, the longest in Europe, being but 905 
 feet in length. Poj). about 10,000. 'For routes from Pittsburg 
 and Wheeling, see page 205.) 
 
 ROUTES TO THE VIRGDMA SPRINGS. 
 
 There are now numerous routes and modes of conveyance to 
 these celebrated Springs, all of which have been, within a few 
 years, greatly iusproved. 
 
 From Baltimore they may be reached by a variety of routes. 
 One of the most pleasant and expeditious is over the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad to Harper's Ferry ; thence by a similar con- 
 veyance to Winchester ; and thence by stage, over an excellent 
 road, to Staunton. From the latter place we may proceed di- 
 rectly across the Nortii and Warm Spring mountains to the 
 Warm and Hot Springs ; — or may proceed to the Natural 
 Bridge, via Lexington, and thence to the White Sulphur, via 
 Dibrell's Springs. This route will afford the visiter an opportu- 
 nity of viewing the splendid scenery of Harper's Ferry, and also 
 the celebrated Natural Bridge. He will likewise pass within 
 seven niiles of the noted caves, " Weir's" and " Madison's," 
 which, by a short detention on his journey, can be readily visited. 
 (See Map No, 27.) 
 
 Another route from Baltimore is by way of the railroad to 
 Washington City ; thence by the Potomac steamer (passing in 
 view of Mount Vernon) to Acquia Creek; and afterwards by the 
 Richmond and Fredericksburg and Louisa railroads to Gor- 
 donsville ; whence wo are conveyed by four-horse post-coaches 
 to Charlottesville, Staunton, the Warm Springs, White Sul- 
 phur Springs, &c., passing in sight of INIonticello and the cele- 
 
VIRGINIA SPRINGS. 
 
 287 
 
 brated University of Virginia, and 'avoiding night travelling. By 
 this route the Warm Springs are reached in time for hreakfast, 
 the second day after leaving Washington, And the White Sul- 
 phur on the afternoon of the same day. The latter springs are 
 .'J05 miles from Baltimore. 
 
 Or, from Fredericksburg, (instead of going via Gordonsville,) 
 we may proceed to Richmond, Va.; — or, starting from Baltimore, 
 may reach the latter place, by steamboat, down the Chesapeake 
 Bay, by the way of Norfolk, and thence up James river to Rich- 
 mond, where we take the canal to Lynchburg, l')0 milew ; and 
 thence proceed by stage either by the road leading past the Nat- 
 ural Bridge, or by the way of Liberty, Fincastle, and the Sweet 
 Springs — arriving at the White Sulphur. 
 
 The usual mode of reaching the Virginia Springs from the 
 West and Southwest, is to disembark from the steamboat at 
 Guyandolte, on the Ohio river, and thence proceed by stage to 
 the springs, the White Sulphur being about 160 miles distant. 
 
 Travellers from the states south of the Virginia Springs, take 
 the railroad at Wilmington, N. C, for Richmond ; at which 
 place they will take conveyance, as before described. Or they 
 may proceed farther on to the junction of the Louisa Railroad ; 
 thence to Gordonsville ; and thence by stage to the springs. 
 
 VIRGINIA SPRINGS. 
 
 Of tl'i' se, the most celebrated and most generally visited are the 
 White Sulphur Springs, situated on a branch of tlio Greenbrier 
 river, in the county of Greenbrier, and in the valley of Howard's 
 creek They are to the South what the Saratoga Springs are 
 to the North. Thousands annually resort to them, either in 
 search of recreation and amusement, or to enjoy the benefit of 
 their waters, which have been found to be very efficacious in the 
 cure of dyspepsia, jaundice, rheumatism, liver complaint, gout, 
 diseases of the skin, and many other complaints. The waters 
 contain sulphate of lime, sulphate of soda, carbonate of magne- 
 sia, chloride of calcium, sulpho-hydrate of sodium, carbonate of 
 lime, chloride of sodium, per-oxide of iron, organic matter, iodine^ 
 
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288 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 '! 
 
 sulphate of magnosia, phosphate of hrnc, and precipitated stiU 
 phur. The gaseous contents are, carbonic acid, Bulphureted 
 hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. 
 
 These springs are situated in an elevated and beautifully pic- 
 turesque valley, hemmed in by mountains on every side. They 
 are in the midst of the celebrated spring region, having the Iht 
 and Warm Springs on the n., the former 35 and the latter 40 
 miles distant ; the Sweet, 17 miles to the e. ; the Salt and Red 
 on the R. w., the former 24, the latter 41 miles distant; and the 
 Bltie Sulphur, 22 miles to the west. 
 
 The Warm Springs, in the county of Bath, are among the 
 oldest of the watering-places. The water, which has a tempera- 
 ture of 98° Fahrenheit, is very transparent. The accommoda- 
 lions for bathing are excellent. 
 
 The Hot Springs are situated in a valley, deeply eiiibosoined 
 among mountain peaks, in the county of Bath, five miles s. fron) 
 ihe Warm Springs. Bathing houses have been erected, and 
 every accommodation provided, for both male and female patients. 
 The baths are six in number, each being supplied with water 
 from a separate spring. They range in temperature from 98° to 
 10G°. 
 
 The Sweet Springs are situated in a wide and beautiful val- 
 ley in the eastern extremity of Monroe county, and are justly 
 celebrated for the tonic power of their waters, used either inter- 
 nally or externally. Their temperature is 73° Fahrenheit. 
 
 The Salt Sulphur Springs, situated in the county of Mon- 
 roe, are encircled by mojuitains on every side. These springs 
 enjoy a high reputation, nr ^nly for the virtues of their waters, 
 but also for the excellent accommodations with which they are 
 furnished. They ; r;> in ;onsequence much visited by invalids. 
 Their temperature varies from 49^ ♦o 56°. 
 
 The Rkd SuLPii ^: Springs are m the southern part of Mon- 
 roe county, 17 miles from the Salt, and 32 from the Sweet 
 Springs. The water (S clear and cool, its temperature being 54"^ 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 The Blue Sulphur Spring is situated in a narrow, but beauti- 
 fully picturesque valley, on Muddy creek, a small tributary of 
 Greenbrier river. It has comfortable accommodations for about 
 
VIRGINIA SPRINGS. 
 
 289 
 
 M 
 
 300 persons. Tho medical virtues of its waters draw thither, 
 during the seaRon, a large number of visiters. 
 
 Tho Natural Bridge of Virginia ia one of the greatest natural 
 curiosities in the country, if not in the world. It consists of a 
 stupendous arch of limestone rock, over an unimportant and 
 small stream, called Cedar creek. The tourist, who, while in 
 this vicinity, could pass this natural wonder unheeded, would be 
 as great a curiosity as the Bridge itself. The view from tho top 
 is awfully grand ; yet one should go to the brow of the procipico 
 that descends to tlie level of the creek, where the view, equally 
 Bublime, will be found far more interesting, being divested, in a 
 great measure, of the awe which is sensibly felt on looking from 
 the bridge down into the dreadful gulf. The height from the 
 stream to the top of the bridge is 215 feet, its average width is 
 80 feet, and its extreme length, at the top, is 95 feet. The chasm 
 over which it passes is 50 feet wide at bottom, and 1)0 feet at top. 
 It is covered with earth to the depth of about five feet, which is 
 made firm by trees and shrubbery ; whilst its sides are protected 
 by rocks, forming a natural wall. It is 156 miles w. from Rich- 
 mond, two miles n. of James river, 41 from Lynchburg, and 63 
 miles s. e. from the White Sulphur Springs. 
 
 Weirds Cave, 17 miles n. k. from Staunton, is deemerl one of 
 the most beautiful caverns in the world. It extends about 2,500 
 feet in length, although its exploration in a direct line does not 
 exceed 1,800 feet, and is divided into several apartments of vari- 
 ous sizes. The walls are formed of the most beautiful crystal- 
 lized carbonate of lime, or calcareous spar. The crystals, which 
 vary in form, are of all sizes and colors, and reflect with much 
 brilliancy the torch -lights with which each visiter is provided. 
 Thin sheets of similar incrustations are seen in some parts, resem- 
 bling the appearance of rich and graceful drapery ; and from tho 
 lofty roof of one of the halls is a sheet that appears as if floating 
 in the air. It has received the appellation of Elijah's Mantle. 
 Some of the most extensive apartments have received the names 
 of "Washington Hall," "Congress Hall," " Orgarx Room," 
 " Solomon's Temple," " Deacon's Room," &c. This cavern is 
 under the charge of a person whoso business it is to render every 
 care and attention to visiters. 
 
 19 
 
 
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290 
 
 RAILKOAD AND STEAMUOAT COMPANION. 
 
 MadisoTi's Cave is a short distance from the preceding, and 
 somewhat resembles that curiosity, although much less extensive, 
 its length not exceeding 3^*0 feet. — The Blowing and Saltpetre 
 Caves are situated about 40 miles to the n. w. of the two prece- 
 ding ones. 
 
 FROM BALTIMORE TO CHARLESTON, AND INTERME- 
 
 DIATE PLAGES. 
 
 From Baltimore to Charleston the traveller will have a choice 
 of two routes, as follows : — 
 
 Ist. From Baltimore to Washington City^ by railroad, 40 
 milos ; thence by steamer down the Potomac to Acquia Creeki 
 i)5 miles ; here wo again take the cars, and proceed to Freder- 
 icksburg, Va., 15 milos ; to Richmond, the capital of the state 
 of Virginia, 60 miles ; to Petersburg, 22 miles ; to Weldon, 
 N. C, 62 miles ; to Wilmington, N. C, 160 miles. Total, 414 
 miles. From Wilmington to Charleston, S. C, 180 miles, is 
 performed by steamboat — making the entire distance from Balti- 
 more 504 miles, which is performed in about 48 hours. Fare 
 
 from Baltimore to Petersburg, $7.50 ; to Weldon, $10.00 ; and 
 10 Charleston, $20.00. 
 
 Passengers arriving in Baltimore by the morning line from 
 Philadelphia, had better remain in that city until 6^ o'clock tho 
 next morning ; or they can go on to Washington at 5 r. m., and 
 remain there until 9 a. m. the next day. 
 
 Passengers going to Washington by the train of 5 p. m., are 
 taken, if they desire it, by the Company's omnibus, at once, 
 without charge, from the Washington depot to the Potomac 
 steamboat, where they lodge free of charge, and lay over (if they 
 desire to do so) with their through-tickets, for a few days, at the 
 following places, viz : Washington, Richmond, Petersburg, and 
 Weldon. For further information and " through-tickets" apply 
 at the Southern ticket-office, adjoining the Washington Railroad 
 ticket-office, Pratt-st., Baltimore. 
 
 2d. From Baltimore, steamboats on this route leave Spear't 
 Tvharf d'iily, riinning down Chesapeake Bay to Not folk, Va., 188 
 
ROIJTKS FROM llALTIMOKE TO CHAlt M'.STOV. 
 
 29 1 
 
 , and 
 iisive, 
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 jrece- 
 
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 choice 
 
 ad, 40 
 Creekt 
 ^reder- 
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 7eldon, 
 ;al, 414 
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 1 Balti- 
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 Mm stro 
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 lailroad 
 
 Spear'« 
 Va., 189 
 
 miloH, and from Ukmicc up James river to City Point, !);') uuW.s , 
 thence by railroad to Prtershurfr, Va., \2 miirs ; tliero con- 
 necting with the railroad to Wilmin^toit, N. C, and hy Kteam- 
 bottt to C/iarlrstori, as before. Total distance from Haltiinore by 
 this route, Gli7 miles. Tune .m hours. Fare about $1(). 
 
 Charlkston, S. C, is the largest, most populous, and weallliy 
 city on the Atlantic sea-coast, s. of IJaltimore. It is in N. Lai. 
 32° 4G' 33", and in W. Long, from Greenwich 7D° 57' 27". In 
 1840 its population was 41,137 ; at the present time (184H) it is 
 not less than r)5,000. This city is well situated for trade and 
 cormnorce, on a peninsula, seven miles from ♦ho ocean, wlu<d> it* 
 formed by tho confluence of Ashley and Ocuper rivers, which 
 hero enter the harbor, and is two miles acre s. C)p|)osito Ihi* 
 city, Ashley river is G,3U0 feet wide, and Cooper river 4,200 foot : 
 both hero have a depth of from 30 to 40 feet. 
 
 Charleston is built on slightly elevated ground, being but nine 
 feet above high-water mark ; it is about two miles long, some- 
 thing over a mile broad, and is regularly laid out, although not 
 uniforndy so. Its streets, wliich extend from river to river, run 
 from E. to w., and generally parallel to each other, and aro 
 crossed by others, nearly at right angles : they vary in widlli 
 from 30 to 70 feet. INIany of tho buildings in the city are c^»n- 
 Btructed of brick, which is now the only material permitted by 
 law to be used within its limits. Those of wood aro neatly 
 painted, and frequently have piazzas extending to the roof, beau- 
 tifully ornamented with vines. In the outskirts of tho city llie 
 houses have fine gardens attached, planted with orange, fruit, 
 and ornamental and other trees, with vines and shrubbery in pro- 
 fusion. 
 
 The public buildings are a City Hall, an Exchange, Court- 
 house, Custom-house, Jail, a State Citadel, two arsenals, a col- 
 lege, a medical college, asylums, libraries, a theatre, several 
 banks, and about 30 churches of various denominations, with nu- 
 merous hotels, some of which aro costly and magnificent struc- 
 tures, where the stranger will meet with every attention and 
 ooniforU 
 
 Charleston possesses great facilities for trade with the interior 
 country, by means of the railroad extending through South Caro- 
 
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 RAILKOAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 
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 lina und (ioorp^iii and trrniinaliii}; on the 'IVnnpssoo river. This 
 will ill time he oxtondod to th« s. baidt of the Ohio riv("^, opposite 
 ('iiiciiuiati, there unitinjj the navifjable wuti^rs of that stream with 
 ('harlrstoM harhor. A liranch road also extends f -in the South 
 Cuiolinu IJaiiroad at Ilraiu livillo to Coluiiibia, thf capital of the 
 state, 130 miles distant. Numerous steamboats also plv between 
 ('harloKtoM and Savanna}i, Wilmiiifrton, St. Auffustino, and other 
 plar(«B. liiiies of steamship- ply regularly between Charleston, 
 New York, and riiiladelphia. Lines of packet ship run to New 
 York ; and ot'.tT vessels sail lur most of the largo cities on the 
 couKt, and fur Europe. 
 
 FROM CHARLESTON TO NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 From ChaU'ston passengers proceed by railroad to Augusta, 
 < -a., or rather to Hamhur;j;, I3G miles, which is separated from 
 Augusta by the Savannah river, which is also the dividing line 
 between the states <>• South ('arolina and Georgia. From Au- 
 gusta, a great ireslerri chain of railroad, making trijw by night 
 only, convrvrt you t< Atlanta, 171 miles; from whence Grijfin, 
 A'.i miiii'si. is reached by a partially returning trip on the Savannah 
 and Macon route, forming an acute angle with the Augusta and 
 Atlanta line. From Griffin to Auburn is 100 miles, which is per- 
 formed by daily lines of stages, passing through Greenville, La- 
 frraufrc, and Westpoint. 
 
 The distance from Auburn to Montgomery, 60 miles, is per- 
 formed by railroad. Total distance from Charleston to Mont- 
 gomery 510 miles. Fare »^2G.50. Time through, 53 hours, in- 
 cluding stoppages. 
 
 From Montgomery to Mobile by the Regular Line of light-draft 
 Bteamers. Time, from 48 to 50 hours : /are $10. Or from 
 Montgomery to Mobile, ?00 miles, by the daily mail-coach, witli 
 extras for 20 passengers. Time 40 hours : fare {$8. 
 
 From Mobile to New Orleans, 178 miles, by the daily line of 
 mail steamers. Time 20 hours : fare $5. The total distance 
 from Baltimore to New Orleans by the above described routes is 
 1,585 miles. Time through, six days 22 hours : fare $55.50. 
 
ROUTES FROM ( HAItl-ESTON TO NKW (HILEANS. 
 
 293 
 
 From C^harlkhton, via Savannah, Maion, and Columbus, — 
 By Kteuinbuut from Cliark'stoii to Savannitfif (ia., 140 miles. 
 Time 11 hourH. From Savumiah to Muron, by railroad, 11)0 
 miles. Time 12 hours. From Macon to Banirsville, by rail- 
 road, 40 miles. Timo tliroo iir»ius. From Harnesvillo to Auhurn, 
 by Htatro, 105 mik's. Timo lU hours. From Auburn to Mont- 
 gomery, by railroad, GO miles. Timo four hours. From Mont- 
 gomery to Mobile, aud alo from Mobilo to New Orleans, us be- 
 fore described. 
 
 Savannah, the largest and most iiuportant city in the state of 
 Georgia, lies in N. Lat. 3t2^ 4' 5<; lui in \V. Loi ^r. HI" 8' 18" 
 from (Greenwich. Its [)o|)ulation \>~ ut 25,000. The city is 
 built on a sandy plain, elevated 40 icet above the water, on the 
 8. side of Savannah river, 18 miles from (he Atlantic. Tho har- 
 bor is one of the finest on the southern coast, being, at its entranco 
 over the bar, a mile wide, and having a depth of water, at low 
 tide, of from 18 to '21 feet. Vesstla drawing but 13 feet of water 
 can come close up to the wharves of the city ; whilst thoeo re- 
 quiring a greater depth find a good anchorage u few njiles below. 
 The plain oa which the city stands extends a nule along tho river 
 E. and w., and continues for several miles s., increasing in width 
 back from the river. The streets of the city are regularly and 
 beautifully laid out ; l)etween every other one is a handsome 
 public square, surrounded and interspersed with trees of various 
 kinds, forming miniature parks covered with gra.ss, which give tho 
 city, during tho spring and summer months, a cool, airy, and ru- 
 ral appearance. Many of the streets are lined on either side 
 with trees ; some have single, and others double rows, running 
 through their centres, the latter forming perfect arcades, and 
 serving at all times for delightful and shady walks. Tho city 
 contains a number of handsome public and pri> ito buildings, nu- 
 merous churches, benevolent societies, &:^c. Tho warehouses are 
 tmmerous, generally lining tho wharves, aud built of brick or 
 stone, mostly three or four stories high. 
 
 Savannah is the centre of a largo inland trade, and which, 
 from her fortunate position upon one of the best harbors on this 
 part of the Atlantic coast, must continue greaMy to increase. 
 Already a stretch of railroad exists between her and the interior 
 
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 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 
 country, tcrminatinfj on the banks of the Tennessee, nearly 500 
 miles distant ; thereby openinjr to her enterprise the trade of the 
 jrreat West. Other roads will eventually be made, connectinjr 
 her commerce and interests with those of her sister states lying 
 immediately west. A regular steamboat communication is also 
 kept up between Savannah and Charleston, and St. Augustine, 
 Flo., and other places on the coast ; and a line of sailing vessels 
 runs regularly to New York. 
 
 MoBii.K is situated on the w. side of the river of the same name, 
 at its entrance into Mobile Bay, and about 30 miles from the Gulf 
 of Mexico. It is in N. Lat.' .30° 40', and in W. Ix>ng. 88° 21' 
 from Greenwich. Its population in 1840 was 12,672; it is now, 
 in 1848, about 20,000. The city is pleasantly situated on an ex- 
 tended plain, elevated 1,5 feet above the highest tides, and has a 
 beautiful prospect of the bay, from which it receives refreshing 
 breez»'s. As a cotton mart and place of export. Mobile ranks 
 next to New Orleans and Charleston. The city is supplied with 
 excellent water, brought a distance of two miles. The entrance 
 to the bay is defended by Fort Morgan, (or Bowyer,) built on a 
 low sandy point opposite Dauphin Island, 30 miles from the city. 
 Steamboafs arrive from, and depart daily for New Orleans, and 
 for Montgomery. A line of sailing vessels runs regularly to New 
 York. (For description of New Orleans, see page 303.) 
 
 The journey from Nrw York to New Orleans may be di- 
 vided as follows: — 1st. From New York to BaUimore : time 12 
 hours. 2d. From Baltimore to Charleston : time 53 hours. 3d. 
 From C/harleston to Montgomery : time 53 hours. 4th. From 
 Montgomery to Mobile : time 40 hours. 5th. From Mobile to 
 New Orleans: time 20 hours. Total 7^ days. The delays of 
 iromiwo to five hours between each division, make up a total of 
 eight days and some two or three hours. 
 
 Route from New York to Memphis, Tenn. — From New 
 York to Washington, by railroad, 224 miles. From Washing- 
 ton to Arquia Creek, by steamboat, 55 miles. From Acquia 
 Creek to Wilmington, by railroad, 319 miles. From Wilming- 
 ton to Charleston, by steamboat, 180 miles. From Charleston 
 to Augusta, by railroad, 136 miles. From Augusta to Atlanta, 
 by railroad, 171 miles. From Atlanta, to Kingston, by railroad, 
 
ROUTES DOW^N THE OHIO. 
 
 295 
 
 60 miles. From Kingston to Gunter^s Lnnding^hy post-coachps, 
 90 miles. From Guntrr's liandiug to Decatur, by steamboat, 
 60 miles. From Decatur to Tuscumbia, by railroad, 43 miles ; 
 and from Tuscumbia to Memphis, by post-coaches, 170 miles. 
 Total distance 1,507 miles: through in about eight days. Fare 
 is as follows: — from New York to Philadelphia, ^3.00, From 
 Philadelphia to Baltimore, {$3.00. From Baltimore to Charles- 
 ton, $16.00. From Charleston to Memphis, $28.00. Total 
 fare, $48.00. 
 
 Memphis, which is situated on the e. bank of the Mississippi 
 river, can be reached also by taking the cars from Baltimore to 
 Cumberland, and stage to Wheeling ; thence by steamboat down 
 the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to Memphis. 
 
 Routes from Pittsbl'rg, (continued from page 260.) — From 
 Pittsburg, and also from Wheeling, first-class steamboats run 
 regularly, and convey passengers with as little delay as possible, 
 to Cincinnati, St. Louis, New Orleans, and other places in the 
 South and West. 
 
 y 
 
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 Principal Places and Distances on the Ohio and Mississippi 
 rivers, from Pittsburg to Cincinnati, St. Louis, and New 
 Orleans. 
 
 From From 
 
 place to place. Pinsbiirj. 
 From Pittsburg to— Miles. Miles. 
 
 Sfeubenville, O. 62 
 
 Wheeling, Va 23.... 105 
 
 Marietta, 91... 199 
 
 Parkersburg, Va 12.... 211 
 
 Gallipolis, O 8(5. ... 297 
 
 Guyandotte, Va 36.... 333 
 
 Portsmouth, 55.... 388 
 
 Cincinnati, O 105... 493 
 
 Louisville, Ky 138 ... f531 
 
 Cairo, mouth of the Ohio River 370- ... 1 ,001 
 
 New Madrid, Mo 75....1,07o 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 160.. ..1,236 
 
 Vicksburg. Miss 385 — 1,621 
 
 Natchez, Miss 110... 1,731 
 
 New Orlkans, La 300 ...2,031 
 
 From Cairn to — 
 
 St. Louis 174-... 1,175 
 
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298 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 From St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony. 
 
 From From 
 
 place to place. St. Louie 
 From St. Louit. to — Mile». Mile». 
 
 Mouth of r. issouri River 18 
 
 Alton, 111 4 22 
 
 Quincy, III 120 142 
 
 Nauvoo, 111 48 190 
 
 Burlington, Iowa 52 242 
 
 Rock River, 111 62 324 
 
 DuBuque, Iowa 110 434 
 
 Praire clu Chien 55 489 
 
 Falls ok St. Anthony 255 744 
 
 FROM NEW YORK AND BOSTON TO CINCINNATI, VIA 
 LAKE ERIE, THE MAD RIVER RAILROAD, &c. 
 
 From New York to Albany, by steamboat, 145 miles: usual 
 tmie, 8 hours. From Boston to Albany, by railroad, 200 miles : 
 time 10 hours. The above routes meet at Albany ; from that place, 
 therefore, the route to Cincinnati will be the same to the trav- 
 eller both from Now York and Boston. From Albany to Buffa- 
 lo, by railroad, 325 miles : time 22 hours. From BuflUlo to 
 Sandusky City, 250 miles, by steamboat, over Lake Erie : time 
 20 hours. From Sandusky City to Cincinnati, by the cars of 
 the Mad River and Lake Erie railroad, and Little Miami rail- 
 road, a distance of 218 miles: time 15 hours. Total distance 
 from New York, 938 miles : time 65 hours. From Boston, 993 
 miles: time 67 hours. 
 
 Cincinnati, the most populous city of the western states, is 
 situated on the n. bank of the Ohio river, opposite to the mouth of 
 Licking creek. It is in N. Lat. 39° 06' 30", and W. Long. 
 7° 24' 25". The population in 1800 was 750 ; in 1810,2,540 ; in 
 1820, 9,602 ; in 1830, 24,830 ; in 1840, 46,383 ; and is in 1848 
 not less than 80,000. The city is near the eastern extremity of a 
 valley about 12 miles in circumference, surrounded by beautiful 
 hills, which rise to the height of 300 feet by gentle and varying 
 slopes, and which are mostly covered with native forest-trees. It 
 is built on two table-lands, the one elevated from 40 to 60 feet 
 
FROM NEW YORK AND BOSTON TO CINCINNATI. 
 
 297 
 
 above the other. The city is laid out witli great rooularity, the 
 streets, some of which are 60 feet in width, intorsectincr each 
 other at right angles. Many of them are well paved, and ex- 
 tensively sliaded with trees, while the houses are ornamented 
 with shrubbery. 
 
 Tlie shore of the river Ohio at the principal landing-place is 
 substantially paved to low-water mark, and is supplied by float- 
 ing wharves, adapted to the great rise and fall of the river, 
 which renders the landing and shipping of goods at all times con- 
 venient. 
 
 The city is well supplied by water raised from the Ohio by a 
 steam-engine, and forced into two reservoirs on a hill 700 feel 
 distant. 
 
 The trade of Cincinnati is very great ; its commanding position 
 on the Ohio yearly brings to it a large accession of business. 
 During the year ending Sept. 1847, its imports amounted to the 
 sum of $49,991,833.97, and its exports to $55,735,252.27, ma- 
 king a total of $105,727,086.24. In the year 1S43, $14,500,000 
 were employed in manufactures, and articles produced to the 
 amount of $17,500,000. 
 
 This " Queen City of the West" enjoys great facilities for 
 trade and commerce ; by the Ohio, and other rivers connect- 
 ing with it, she has a water communication of some thou- 
 sands of miles. In 1840, 88 steamboats belonged here, 33 of 
 which were built during that year. It is also the greatest pork 
 market in the world ; more than 250,000 hogs were slaughtered 
 here in 1844, which, when prepared for exportation, were esti- 
 mated to be worth upwards of $3,000,000. 
 
 By means of her canals and railroads, and fine macadamized 
 roads, she has an immediate intercourse with a large extent of 
 country, and also with Lake Erie. 
 
 Steamboats leave Cincinnati daily for St. Louis, New Orleans, 
 and Pittsburg, and intermediate places. Care also leave for 
 Sandusky City ; and by steamboat fropa thence to Buffalo, from 
 which place travellers can proceed to Niagara Falls, Montreal, 
 Quebec, and other places in Canada ; or can go from Buffalo to 
 New York, Boston, Saratoga Springs, «fcc. Stages leave Cin- 
 cinnati for St. Louis, and other places ; at Xenia they connect 
 
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 '^ '1 
 
 i ^1 
 
 • 1 
 
 ■ 1 
 
298 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 I 
 
 with tlio railroad, carrying passenjjers from thenco to Clevo- 
 land, &c. 
 
 ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO DETROIT J^ND CHICAGO. 
 (Continued from page 209.) 
 
 Steamboats leave Buffalo for Detroit and the great upper lakea 
 daily. On our course from Buffalo to Detroit wo make several 
 landin«Ts, as follows : — 
 
 Ericy Pa., 90 miles, is situated on a bluff, affording a fine pros- 
 pect of Prcsque Isle Bay, the peninsula which forms it, and the 
 lake beyond. Its harbor, which is four and a half miles long by 
 half a mile wide, is one of the best on Ijake Erie, and is gener- 
 ally free from ico a month earlier than that of Buffalo. The 
 building and equipment of Perry's victorious fleet in the war of 
 1812 took place here. In 70 days from the time when the 
 timber, of which it was constructed, was standing in the forest, it 
 was ready for action. 
 
 Our second landing on the lake is at Ashtabula, Ohio, 135 
 miles ; and from thence we proceed to Cleveland, in the same 
 state, 194 miles, and one of its most important places. It has a 
 fine situation for commerce, the lakes giving it a ready access to 
 a wide extent of countrj-. Its harbor, which is formed by tho 
 mouth of the Cuyahoga river, is equal to the best on Lake Erie. 
 A portion of the city lies on the river, where the land is but little 
 elevated above the level of the lake ; but it rises by a steep as- 
 cent to a flat, gravelly plain, 80 feet above the lake, on which the 
 city is mostly built. This elevation is continued to the shore of 
 the lake, from which there is a water prospect of boundless ex- 
 tent. In 1817, the population wap 12,7G9, having increased G,698 
 since 1840. The usual fare from Buffalo is {$2.00 : time about 
 16 hours. The following are among the best of the hotels in 
 Cleveland : — the New England House, one of the most extensive 
 and splendid in the country, the Franklin House, Mansion 
 House, American House, Merchants^ Hotel, &c. 
 
 Huron is 240 miles, and Sandusky City 250 miles: the latter 
 is situated on the s. side of Sandusky Bay, fronting the opening 
 into Lake Erie, three miles distant, of which it has a delightful 
 
f 
 
 ROUTES FROM DETROIT TO CHICAGO. 
 
 299 
 
 view. Excepting during the winter months, its wharves are 
 thronged with steamboats and other lake vessels, arriving and 
 departing continually. Time from Buffalo about 20 hours. To- 
 ledo, Ohio, 305 miles ; Monroe, Mich., 326 miles. Wo now 
 arrive at Detroit, Mich., 372 miles from Buffalo, in about 30 
 hours. Fare about ^5.00. 
 
 Detroit has a fine situation for trade, being located on the w. 
 side of Detroit river, on elevated ground, 30 feet above its sur- 
 face — 7 miles below the outlet of Lake St. Clair, and 18 miles 
 above the w. extremity of Lake Erie. It has already become a 
 great commercial depot, the navigation of the lake and river be- 
 ing open for two-thirds of the year. Pop. about 20,000. Tiiore 
 are here several excellent hotels : — the National, Mansion House, 
 Michigan Exchange, Commercial, Railroad, Steamboat Tem- 
 perance, &LC. The price of board varies from 75 cents to $1.25 
 per day. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ROUTES FROM DETROIT TO CHICAGO. — Two routes now 
 present themselves : either by the way of lakes Huron and Mich- 
 igan ; or by the Central Railroad, and stage, across the state of 
 Michigan, to the lake of that name. The latter is the most ex- 
 peditious, although both are very pleasant and agreeable routes. 
 By the railroad line the traveller will arrive in Chicago 48 hours 
 in advance of the lake route. 
 
 The Railroad Route. — The cars on the Michigan Central 
 Railroad leave Detroit daily, at 8 o'clock, a. m., and arrive at 
 Kalamazoo, 146 miles, at 6 p. m. Stages leave Kalamazoo (after 
 the arrival of the cars) at 7 o'clock, p. m., and arrive at St. Jo- 
 seph's, on Lake Michigan, 55 miles, at 7 o'clock, a. m., next day. 
 The steamboat leaves the latter place daily, after the arrival of 
 the stages, for Chicago, 69 miles, and arrives at 2 o'clock p. u. 
 Passengers by this route can be furnished with Extras at Kala- 
 mazoo, which, leaving at 7 a. m., arrive at St. Joseph's at 7 o'clock 
 p. M., thus avoiding night travel. Fare to Chicago $6.50, if paid 
 at Detroit. 
 
 There is also a daily line of stages leaving Kalamazoo for the 
 South, via Niles to Northern Indiana. 
 
 Route by the Lakes. — During the summer season travellers 
 
 ■i y 
 
 •H. 
 
 I 
 I' 
 
300 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 
 
 have an opportunity of going from Buffalo and Detroit to Chica- 
 go, by the way of the great upper lakes, Huron and Michigan, 
 stopping at all the principal places. The distance from Detroit 
 is C80 miles, and from Buffalo 1,052 miles. 
 
 The following, which is a summary of a trip taken during the 
 summer of 1847, from New York to Chicago, via Albany, Buffa- 
 lo, and Detroit, is by a correspondent of one of our daily papers, 
 and will convey more information, for those about taking this ex- 
 cursion, than any description we could give. 
 
 Leaving New York by the 7 o'clock boat, on Monday evening, 
 for Albany, you breakfast at that place next morning, and at 7^ 
 o'clock proceed to the Railroad Office, and get a through-ticket 
 for Buffalo, for which you pay $12. After an hour's ride you 
 reach Schenectady, and proceed thence on the way to Utica, 
 where you stop for dinner ; and then with the same rapidity fly 
 away to Syracuse, where you can slop till morning, if too much 
 fatigued to ride all night; — if, however, you are in a hurry, you 
 can keep your seat in the cars, and at sunrise the next morning 
 will find yourself in Buffalo : but if you prefer travelling by day- 
 light, you can spend the night in Syracuse or Auburn, and the 
 next day you have an opportunity to see the beautiful villages of 
 Geneva, Canandaigua, Batavia, and the city of Rochester, and 
 arrive in Buffalo in the evening of the second day — Wednesday. 
 
 You now take passage on one of the large and elegant Upper 
 Lake boats. Here you generally find companies of ladies and 
 gentlemen, bound on a voyage of pleasure, with guns, fishing- 
 tackle, harps, flutes, violins, and other music. The next moni- 
 ing, which is Thursday, you land at Cleveland ; and here, whilo 
 the boat is taking in wood, &.c., you have an hour or two to ride 
 around the town. You leave Cleveland at 11 or 12 o'clock, and 
 the next morning, Friday, at daylight, you are in Detroit. An- 
 other hour or two is spent about the city, and you are off for 
 Mackinaw. Saturday morning finds you moored amidst bark 
 canoes and Indian tents, close under a high rocky fort, bristling 
 with a hundred cannon. After getting a breakfast of Mackinaw 
 trout, trj'ing your luck at fishing in water so clear that you can 
 see a trout twenty feet from the surface, buying a few trinkets 
 from the young squaws, visiting the forts and barracks, you sail 
 
IL\ 
 
 »N. 
 
 troit to Chica- 
 md Michigan, 
 9 from Detroit 
 
 ien during the 
 \lbany, Buffa- 
 r daily papers, 
 taking this ex- 
 
 anday evening, 
 ling, and at 7^ 
 through-ticket 
 lour's ride you 
 way to Utica, 
 me rapidity fly 
 g, if too much 
 in a hurry, you 
 I next morning 
 LvelHng by day- 
 iburn, and the 
 tiful villages of 
 Rochester, and 
 — Wednesday, 
 elegant Upper 
 ;s of ladies and 
 guns, fishing- 
 16 next mom- 
 and here, while 
 r or two to ride 
 12 o'clock, and 
 Detroit. An- 
 you are ofT for 
 d amidst bark 
 y fort, bristling 
 st of Mackinaw 
 ar that you can 
 a few trinkets 
 rracks, you sail 
 
 KOUTES FROM DETROIT TO CHICAGO. 
 
 301 
 
 i 
 
 for Chicago, where you arrive on Sunday at sunrise, niakinij the 
 whole trip of 1,500 miles in five days, at an expensf of }j^:2l.OO, 
 all told. The fare on the lakes is $8.00, or about .$:2.00 a day- 
 the same as at an hotel. This includos passage and board. 
 
 Chicago is situated at th s. end of Lake .^lichigan, on both 
 sides of Chicago river. 'I'he n. and s. branches of the river unite 
 three-fourths of a mile from the lake, in the u])per part of the 
 city, forming a harbor from C)0 to 75 yards wide, and from 15 to 
 25 feet deej). The city is built on level ground, sufficiently ele- 
 vated to be secure from the highest floods. The surrounding 
 country is fertile and pleasant. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
 which was commenced in 1836, was completed in the spring of 
 1848. It unites Lake Michigan, at Chicago, with the head of 
 navigation on the Illinois river at Peru, thus forming a connection 
 between the Mississipi)i river and the lakes. This union will add 
 greatly to the importance of Chicago as a commercial depot. In 
 1847 the population amounted to 16,000. The Hotels are the 
 Sherman House, where a splendid table is set ; Lake House, 
 with accommodations equal to any of the Eastern hotels, {$1.25 
 per day ; the Tremont House, Mansion House, Western Hotel, 
 American Temperance House, and many other excellent houses, 
 with board for $ 1 .00 per day. 
 
 Milwaukie, in Wisconsin, is situated on both sides of Milwau- 
 kie river, near its entrance into Lake Michigan, 87 miles n. from 
 Chicago. Its growth is most remarkable. According to the 
 census taken in Dec. 1847, the population was 14,071, having 
 increased since June, 1646, a space of 18 months, 4,563. In tho 
 same period of time the county of Milwaukie had gained 6,822, — 
 increasing from 75,925 in June, 1846, to 82,747 in Dec. 1847. 
 This place is the natural outlet of one of the finest regions for ce- 
 real grains in the United States. During the past season two 
 large flouring mills have been erected in Milwaukie, one pro- 
 pelled by steam, and one by water-power ; and it is expected 
 that two more will go into operation during the year 1848. 
 Among the hotels in Milwaukie may be mentioned, the United 
 States, Milwaukie House, and City Hotel. Board about $1.25 
 per day. During the season of navigation steamboats run be- 
 tween Milwaukie and Chicago. 
 
 r-l 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 If 
 
 *. 
 
 IE 
 
 1*^ 
 
 
 
 '. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .t 
 
 \ 
 
 t ^1 
 
 \ 
 
r r~ 
 
 302 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMROAT COMPANION. 
 
 V\ i 
 
 i ! 
 
 Racine, in Dec. 1847, contained 3,000 inhabitants — an in- 
 crease or288 within six moLths ; and Southport contained at the 
 same time 2,780. Both those places are situated in Wisconsin, 
 on the w. bank of Lake Michigan, b. from Milwaukie. 
 
 From Chicago to Galrna, Illinois. — Stage hnes run daily 
 to Galena, a distance of 1G7 miles. Fare about ,^8.00: time 
 about two days. A railroad is projected between these places. 
 
 From Ciiicago to St. Louis. — By stage, or by the Illinois and 
 Michigan Canal to Peru, on the Illinois river, 100 miles ; and 
 thence by steamboat down the river to St. Louis. 
 
 ST. LOUIS is one of the most important, wealthy, and populous 
 places in the western country. It is situated on the w. bunk of 
 the Mississippi river, 18 miles below the mouth of the Missouri, 
 — 174 miles above the mouth of the Ohio river, — 1,194 above 
 New Orleans, and about 744 below the Falls of St. Anthony. 
 Its population is not less than 60,000, and is rapidly increas- 
 ing. The situation of the city for commerce is not surpaasod by 
 that of any other place in the west or southwest, excepting New 
 Orleans, — having the Mississippi and Illinois rivers on the n., the 
 Missouri on the w., and the Ohio and its tributaries on the s. e. ; 
 whilst the " Father of Waters" furnishes an outlet to the Gulf of 
 Mexico and the Atlantic ocean for its valuable productions. A 
 vast amount of furs is annually collected here. In the year 
 1847 it owned 23,800 tons of steamboat tonnage, worth 
 J$l,547,000. During 1846, there arrived at that port, exclusive 
 of 801 flat-boats, steamboats with a tonnage of 467,824 tons. 
 The total annual commerce of St. Louis, imports and exports 
 included, although yet in its infancy, is estimated at over 
 $75,000,000, — equalling nearly one-third of the whole foreign 
 commerce of the United States. 
 
 Numerous steamboats ply regularly between St. Louis and all 
 the principal places on the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, and Illi- 
 nois rivers, &c. ; and stages depart at stated intervals for places 
 in the adjoining states, and for Louisville, Cincinnati, &c. 
 
 From St. Louis to New Orleans. — Take the steamboat at 
 St. Louis, passing down the Mississippi river to the mouth of the 
 Ohio, 174 miles ; to New Madrid, Mo., 239 ; to Memphis, Teun., 
 399 ; to Vicksburg, Miss., 784 ; to Natchez, Miss., 894 ; to 
 
 . ( 
 
vL\ 
 
 NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 303 
 
 9 — an in- 
 iied at the 
 VisconBiu, 
 
 run daily 
 1.00 : time 
 I places. 
 iinnis and 
 liles ; and 
 
 d populoun 
 V. bunk of 
 ) Missouri, 
 ,194 above 
 Anthony. 
 y increas- 
 rpassod by 
 pting New 
 tho N., the 
 I the 8. E. ; 
 he Gulf of 
 ctions. A 
 the year 
 ge, worth 
 , exclusive 
 ,824 tons, 
 nd exports 
 at over 
 ole foreign 
 
 )uis and all 
 ri, and Illi- 
 for places 
 
 &.C. 
 
 eamboat at 
 outh of the 
 his, Teun., 
 J., 894 ; to 
 
 Baton Rourrr, La., 1,074 ; and to New Orleans, 1,194 niilta 
 Usual time about four days. The distance from Now Orleans to 
 tho Gulf of Mexico is 104 miles. 
 
 NEW ORLEANS, the capital of Louisiana, and after New 
 York, tho greatest commercial depot in tho American Union, is 
 situated on tho left bank of the Mississippi river, 104 n)i! .i from 
 the Gulf of Mexico, in N. Lat. 29° 57' 30", and in W. Long. 
 90° 8' from Greenwich. It is distant from New York, by tho 
 shortest route, 1,G44 miles. The city is built on land gently de- 
 scending from the river towards the low marshy ground in its 
 rear. The Levee is an embankment of earth, raised to prevent 
 an overflow of tho waters of the river ; it extends from Fort 
 Plaquemine, 43 miles below the city, to 120 miles above it, is 15 
 feet wide and four feet high, and forms a very pleasant prom- 
 enade. The jK)sition of this city as a vast commercial depot 
 is unrivalled. Tho Mississippi, with its numerous tributaries, 
 brings to its market the products of 20,000 miles of navigation. 
 Tho resources of this great valley are only partially developed. 
 The total estimated value of produce received from tho interior 
 from the 1st Sept., 1846, to 31st Aug., 1847, was $90,033,256; 
 whilst in 1844 it was only $60,094,716. The total receipts of 
 cotton, from Ist Sept., 1846, to 31st Aug., 1847, were 740,669 
 bales. The exports wore — to Great Britain, 385,368 bales ; to 
 France, 95,719 ; other foreign ports, 83,920 : total, 565,007. The 
 year previous 835,775 bales were exported to foreign parts. 
 
 The city proper is in the form of a parallelogram, extending 
 along the river 1,320 yards ; yet its whole extent, including the 
 fauxbourgs, is not less than five miles in a line parallel with the 
 river ; and extending perpendicularly to it, from a quarter to three 
 quarters of a milo ; and to the Bayou St. John, two miles. The 
 view of the city from the river, in ascending or descending, is 
 beautiful. During tho busy season the Levee is crowded with 
 vessels from all parts of the world ; with hundreds of steamboats, 
 and numerous flat-boats and other craft. Lideed, nothing can 
 present a more busy, bustling scene, than exists here at this time ; 
 the loading and unloading of vessels and steamers, with hundreds 
 of drays transporting tobacco, cotton, sugar, and the various and 
 
 i 
 
 . ' 
 
 ; f 
 
I 
 . ) 
 
 304 
 
 nAII.KOAD AM) STF.AMnOAT ('0''.:rANIO\. 
 
 Immcnsp prodiirts of tho far West, m:ikp a vivid imprrssion upon 
 llio iniiul of t\\v Htraiiijcr. In IH 10 tli<* |)(i|iulatiou ol tin- city was 
 10i],lil3 ; arcordiiijr to tho rcusiis tak«'ii scrcn years afterwards, 
 it had dccroasod D.-'iTO, Ix'iiijr at that tiiiio only I):2,():J.'J ; and all 
 tins in the faco of an cniari^ed trado. Dnrinjr th« tlin'o yours 
 prpvions to 1847 there had hoon an incrcah^o of {$30,000,00(1 in 
 the receipts of produce alone, from the interior country. From 
 these factH it has been justly concluded, that an error nujst have 
 occurred in the tukinjr of the census. 
 
 MEXICAN GULF RAILWAY.— Depot in New Orleans, corner 
 of Elysian Fields and (iood ('hildren-st., Third INIunicipality. 
 
 To Vructortille, Lake IJorgne, distance 27 miles. Fare 75 
 cents. Children and slaves 35 cents each. 
 
 The British steamers arrive at Ship Island, from Southampton 
 and Havre, about the 2d of every month, on their way to Vera 
 C-ruz ; and return from thence to Shi: Island, for Havana and 
 England, on the 31st and 22d of oacl month 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 SAILING OF STEAMSHIPS. 
 
 TiiK British and North American Royal Mail St»'aniships .sail- 
 iufj between Boston and Liverpool, and ix'tween Now York and 
 Liverpool, callinjj at Ilalifa.x to land and receive inaiJH and pa»- 
 Hengers, are the Amrrica, Europa, Nimjara, Cannda, Ilihernui, 
 Britannia, Caledonia, Cambria, and Acadia. 
 
 These vessels sail regularly every week (Wednesday) from 
 America to Liverpool, until Novend>er ; and from fiiverpool to 
 America every Saturday. From Now York and Boston they 
 leave on alternate Wednesdays. 
 
 The above steamshijM? carry a clear ir/i/7e light at the iimst- 
 head —green on starboard -bow — red on port-bow. 
 
 Passage money from New Y''ork or Boston to Halifax, .^:30 ; 
 from either of the two former to Liverpool, )$10(). 
 
 Passengers will be charged //v?/^'/// on personal luggage when 
 it exceeds half a ton measurement, and on specie, (except for 
 personal expenses.) 
 
 All letters and newspapers must i)ass through the Post-ofTico 
 
 OCEAN STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY. 
 
 The vessels belonging to this line arc the Washington, Her- 
 mann, and Franklin ; the latter of which is now being prepared 
 to take her place in the lino. These steamships sail from New 
 York on the 20th of each month, (except when that day falls on 
 Sunday, in which case the day of sailing is Monday,) touching at 
 Cowes and Southampton to laud passengers and deliver the mails 
 for England, France, and Belgium, and tiience proceeding to Bre* 
 
 20 
 
 .I' 
 
 I. a 
 
 : I 
 
 1 1 
 
merhaven, a place Kitnafod at the mouth of the Wescr, and about 
 40 miles distant from Bremen. 
 
 Passage money from New York to Europe, $120 ; and from 
 Europe to New York, ,$150. 
 
 For freight or passage apply at the ofTico of the Ocean Steam 
 Navigation Company, No. GO Broadway. 
 
 STEAMSHIPS FOR CHARLESTON, S. O. 
 
 The steamships Southerner and Northerner sail alternately be- 
 tween New York and Cliarleston every Saturday afternoon ; 
 leaving the former place from Pier No. 4 North or Hudson River; 
 and the latter place from Adger's Wharf Usual time about 60 
 hours : passage money $25 and found. Agents, in New York, 
 Spoflbrd, Tiieston «Sc Co. 
 
 Goods consigned to the care of the agent of the South Carolina 
 Uailroad Company, intended for the interior of South Carolina, 
 Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee, will bo forwarded with dis- 
 patch, free of commission. 
 
 ■ I 
 
 PHILADELPHIA AND CHARLESTON STEAMSHIPS. 
 
 A line of steamships is building, to sail between Philadelphia 
 and Charleston, S. C. The first is now ready, and makes regu- 
 lar trips between the two cities. The others will be placed upon 
 the line at as early a day as practicable. 
 
 SAILINa PACKETS. 
 
 New York and LivEKiOOL Packets. — These vessels leave 
 each port on the 1st, (jth, 11th, 16th, 21st, and 26th of each 
 month. Price of passage to Liverpool, $100 ; from Liverpool to 
 New York, £25. 
 
 New York and London Packets. — These sail from each port 
 on the 1st, 8th, 16th, and 24th of every month. Price of paS' 
 sage from New York to London, $100 ; from London to New 
 York, i;25. 
 
 Havre Packets. — These leave each port on the 1st, 8lh, 16th, 
 and 24th of each month. Ptice of passage from Ne'v York to 
 Havre, 
 

 APPENDIX. 
 
 307 
 
 Packet Linps also sail between New York and New Orleans, 
 Charleston, Mobile, and other southern ports. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA AND LIVERPOOL LINE OF PACKETS. 
 
 The old lino of packets sail from Philadelphia the 25th of every 
 month, and from Liverpool the 12th of eucii month. Passage 
 from Philadelphia to Liverpool, first cabin, ^^80 ; forward cabin, 
 .^35; steerage, ^15. Apply in Philadelphia, to IL & A. Copo 
 &.Co. 
 
 The new line of packets sail from Philadelphia on the 12lh, 
 and from Liverpool on the 2Gth of each month. Apply in Piiila- 
 di'lphia, to Richardson, Watson &, Co. 
 
 BOSTON AND LIVERPOOL LINE OF PACKETS. 
 
 To sail from Boston on the 5th, and from Liverpool on the 20th 
 of each mouth. Apply in Boston, to Enoch Train & Co., Lewis 
 Wharf. 
 
 1 i 
 
 ij >ii 
 
 f i 
 
 ELEOTRO-MAGNETIO TELEGRAPH LINES In operation 
 and progress in the United States up to April, 1848 ; — 
 
 MIL'S. 
 
 From Boston to Portland, via Boston and Maine Railroad 1U'.> 
 
 From Boston to Poutland, via Eastern Railroad 105 
 
 From Boston to Lowell* 20 
 
 From New York to Boston, via Bridgeport, New Haven, Hart- 
 ford, Springfield, and Worcester 2.37 
 
 From Norwich to Worcester 8(» 
 
 From New Bedkobd to Worcester, via Fall River, Tannton, and 
 Providence : at Worcester it will connect with the New York and 
 
 Boston line 07 
 
 From New York to Albanv and Trov, via Poughkeepsie and 
 
 Hudson IfiO 
 
 From Albanv to Buffalo, via Utica, Syracase, Geneva, Roches- 
 ter, &e. 325 
 
 From BrFFALO to Montueal, via Lockport, Lewiston, Queenston, 
 
 Can., Haiuilton, Toronto, Coburg, Prescott, &.c. 8()0 
 
 From Montreal ro Quedec 180 
 
 From Albany and Trov to Montreal, via Bennington, RvUland, 
 Whitehall, Vergennes, Burlington, Phillipsburg, St. Johns, &c. .. 260 
 
 * This line will, uo doult, be cciiuiiueJ lu Montreal, CauaJai via Coucoril ami Bur. 
 liufton. 
 
 ' I 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
308 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 From Troy TO Saratoga 36 
 
 From Syracuse to Oswkoo 35 
 
 From Auburn to Elmira, via Springfield and Ithaca 84 
 
 From Ithaca to Binohamton, via Ovvcgo 46 
 
 From Rochester to Medina, via Brockport and Albion 46 
 
 From Rochester to Dansville, via Scottsville, Geneseo, Avon; 
 
 and Mount Morris ... 52 
 
 From Hamilton, Can., to London, via Dundas and Woodstock. •• 75 
 From Buffalo to Detroit, via Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky, and 
 
 Toledo.. 353 
 
 From Detroit to Milwaukie, via Kalamazoo, Michigan City, 
 
 Chicago, and Racine, &c 350 
 
 From New York and Offino, over Long Island to Fire Island-.. 88 
 From Nkw York to PaiLADELruiA, via New Brunswick, Trenton, 
 
 &c 87 
 
 From Baltimore to Washington 40 
 
 From Washington to Richmond, Va 128 
 
 From Richmond, Va., to New Orleans, via Raleigh, N. C, Co- 
 lumbia, S. C, Charleston, S. ('., Augusta, Ga., Savannah, Ga., 
 
 Macon, Ga.» Montgomery, Ala., and Mobile 1474 
 
 From Philadelphia to Pittsburg, via Lancaster, Harrisburg, 
 
 Carlisle, Cliainbersburg, &c 313 
 
 From PiTTMiURO to Cleveland 138 
 
 From Cincinnati tq St. Louis, via Louisville, Yincennes, &c..... — 
 From Philadelphia to St. Louis is about 1600 
 
 From PllILAOELl'HIA TO PoTTSViLLE JMl 
 
 The followinj^ lines are in a state of progression^ and the wliole 
 will, no doubt, be completed at an early day : — 
 
 The Lake Erie Tdegraphf from Biiflralo to Detroit, via Fre- 
 donia, VVeslfield, Erie, Ashtabula, Cleveland, Sandusky City. 
 Ijower Sandusky, Perryburg, Toledo, and Monroe. 
 
 The SoirrnwESTERN Line, extending from New Orleai» to Bal- 
 timore, a distance of about 1,250 miles. 
 
 From New Orleans to Frankfort and Lexington, Ky., with 
 branches to Louisville, Cincinnati, &c. ; at the latter place con- 
 necting with the line from Philadelphia and Pittsburg, and at 
 Louisville with the line to St. Louis. 
 
 Nashville, Tenn., to Baltimore ; from Baltimore to York and 
 Harrisburg, Pa. ; and also from York to Columbia and Lan- 
 caster, Pa. 
 
 There are several detached lines^ in progress, most of which* 
 however, are short, and of a local character. 
 
• • • • 
 
 3d 
 
 ■ • • 
 
 35 
 
 1 « • • 
 
 84 
 
 1 • • • 
 
 46 
 
 • • • 
 
 46 
 
 fOH; 
 
 
 ■ • • 
 
 53 
 
 I... 
 
 75 
 
 and 
 
 
 k • • • 
 
 3^9 
 
 •ity, 
 
 
 • • • 
 
 350 
 
 I... 
 
 88 
 
 on, 
 
 
 • • • 
 
 8T 
 
 ■ • • • 
 
 40 
 
 > > • • 
 
 128 
 
 Co- 
 
 
 GJa., 
 
 
 ...1474 
 
 arg, 
 
 
 » * • 
 
 3Pi 
 
 • • • • 
 
 138 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 309 
 
 The foregoing account will be found as accurate as it is ponsi- 
 ble to make it, especially when it is taken into consideration, that 
 every day creates a change in the aspect of the telegraph : we 
 can therefore do no more than approach its correct statistics. 
 
 The total number of miles of telegraphic extension through- 
 out the country on the 1st of April, 1848, open and in daily use, 
 was about 3,500 miles ; about an equal number of miles were in 
 progress, and advancing rapidly towards completion. Some of 
 the lines already built not being sufficient for public use, many 
 of the companies are extending a second line between the princi- 
 pal cities, thereby affording the public greater facilities for this 
 mode of communication. These, when completed, will make the 
 aggregate number of telegraphic conductors equal to about 1 1,000 
 miles. 
 
 TELEGRAPH PRICES. 
 All communications are strictly confidential. 
 
 Prices of the New York and Boston Telegraph. 
 
 From Boston, or from New York, to Worcester, Springfield, 
 Hartford, or New Haven, or from either station iutormodiato of 
 Boston and New York, to any other station of the line, '25 
 cents for the first Ten Words or Numbers, exclusive of address 
 and signature ; and Two Cents for every additional word or num- 
 ber. From Boston to New York, or New York to Boston, Fifty 
 Cents for the first Ten Wards, or Numbers, and Three Cents 
 for every additional word or number. 
 
 Prices of the Philadelphia and Pittsburg Telegraph Line. 
 
 From 
 Philadelphia to 
 
 10, 20 
 
 Lancaster $.20 
 
 Harrisburg 25 
 
 Chambersburg . 30 
 
 40 
 50 
 
 no 
 
 NUMBEU OF WORDS. 
 
 30 40 50 GO , 70 
 
 60 
 75 
 90 
 
 80 
 1 00 
 1 20 
 
 1 00 
 1 25 
 
 1 50 
 
 80 
 
 1 20' 1 40ll 60 
 1 50J1 75|2 00 
 1 80 2 10|2 40 
 
 00 
 
 1 80 
 
 2 25 
 
 100 
 
 2 00 
 2 50 
 
 2 70'3 00 
 
 From Philadelphia to Pittsburg 50 cents for the first Fifteen Words or 
 less, and the same for every additional Fifteen Words. 
 
 ; -\ 
 
 I I 
 
 
 :■ 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 f' 
 
 ^ 
 
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 From Buffalo to Lockport or Queenston, 35 cents for the first 
 Fifteen Words. From Buffalo to St. Catharine, Canada, 35 cts. 
 do. From Buffalo to Hamilton or Toronto, 50 cts. do. 
 
 For each additional Five Words, or under, to cither of the 
 above stations. Ten Cents. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 311 
 
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 of the address and directions, 
 
 Philadelphia, 25 cents. 
 
 From New York to ■< 
 
 it 
 
 « 
 
 Wilmington, 35 
 
 Baltimore, 50 
 
 ^ Washington, 50 
 
 {Wilmington, 10 
 Baltimore, 25 
 Washington, 25 
 
 -c, -ixr., . . . S Baltimore, 20 
 
 From Wilmington to | Washington, 25 
 
 From Baltimore to Washington, 10 
 When a communication exceeds that number, the price on all 
 words exceeding One Hundred, will be reduced One Third. 
 
 Communications destined for any place beyond the termination 
 of the Telegraph, will be faithfully written out at the last sta- 
 tion artd put into the Mail. 
 
 All communications must be pre-paid at the Stations from 
 whiri they are transmitted respectively. 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 Value of the Coins of the different Nations. 
 
 united states. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Eagles, (since 1833,). $10 00 
 
 HalfEagles, " 5.00 
 
 Qr. Eagles, ♦' 2.50 
 
 Eagles, old, (before 1834,) 10.10 
 
 Half Eagles, old, " 5.25 
 
 Qr.Eagles, " " .••- 2.62 
 
 Silver. 
 
 A Dollar, 10 dime.s, or 100 cents. 
 
 AHalf, 5 " 50 " 
 
 AQuarter, 2i " 25 •• 
 
 A Dime, 10 cents. 
 
 HalfDime, 5 " 
 
 I I 
 
 ;>1 
 
 ' i*l 
 
 
 ;i. 
 
312 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 In New England, the dollar is divided into six shillings, thus; 
 6i cents is axWcd fourpence ; 8 c&wis, sixpence ; 12^ cents, ninC' 
 pence; 16§ cents, a shilling; 18} cents, three four pence s ; 50 
 cents, three shillings; 62^ cents, three and ninepence ; 75 cents, 
 four and sixpence ; 87^ cents, five and threepence. In New 
 York the 12^ and 6^ cent pieces are called shillings and six- 
 pences ; in Philadelphia frequently, levies and fips ; in the South- 
 ern states, a bit and picayune, and are taken for the same as ton 
 cent and five cent pieces. 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 Sovereigns,* of all dates 5 dwt. 3 grs. $4.P3 
 
 Half Sovereigns, " 2 " 13 " 2.41 
 
 Guineas, " 5 " 7 " 5.00 
 
 English Gold, per act of Congress of March 3, 18-13, is a legal tender 
 at 92 cents*6 mills per dwt. 
 
 • The dragon sovereigns, so culled, are worth only J-l-SO. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 Napoleons (20 franc) of all dates, 4 dwt. 3 grs. $3.82 
 
 2 Wapoleons, (40 franc) " 8 " 6 " 7.66 
 
 Louis d'Or, «' 4 '« 20 «♦ 4.50 
 
 French Gold, per act of Congress of March 3, 1843, is a legal tender 
 at 92 cents 9 mills per dwt. 
 
 SPANISH. 
 
 Doubloons,! of all dates, 17 dwt. 3 grs. $15.75 
 
 Half, " 8 " 16 " 7.75 
 
 Quarter, •♦ 4 " 8 «' 3.90 
 
 Eighth, " 2 " 4 " 1.87 
 
 Spanish Gold, per act of Congress of March 3, 1843, is a legal tender 
 at 89 cents 9 mills per dwt. 
 
 MEXICAN AND SOUTH AMERICAN. 
 
 Doubloons,+ of all dates, 17 dwt. 8 grs. $15.60 
 
 Half, " '8 " 16 " 7.70 
 
 Quarter, •« 4 " 8 '* 3.87 
 
 Eighth, " 2 " 4 '« 1.87 
 
 Mexican and South American Gold, per act of Congress of March 3, 
 1843, is a legal tender at 89 cents 9 mills per dwt. 
 
 t Many doubloons and parts of doubloons are lipht, and consequently not nltable. A 
 doubloou ibouid weigh the same at a food dollar, or two half doUara. 
 
 'L 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 313 
 
 SILVER COIN. 
 
 Spanish pillar dollars, unblemished 2 per cent premium. 
 
 Spanish halves, quarters, &.c par, to i discount. 
 
 Alexican dollars 4 to J premium. 
 
 Five franc pieces DSc. 
 
 Two francs 3;jc., and one franc 17c. 
 
 Knglisli crown, $1.1. ">, half-crown 57c. 
 
 English shillings, (sixpences in proportion) 23c. 
 
 Tlialers 6f)c. 
 
 I'istareens, (head; 18c. 
 
 Pistareens, (cross; IGc. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS COINS. 
 
 Ten Thalers, all dates 8 dwt. 10 grs. $7.80 
 
 Frederick d'Or, Denmark or Prussia. 4 " 5 " 3.90 
 
 Double " " 8 " 10 '« 7.80 
 
 10 Guilder, (shillings in proportion) 4 " 7 •' 4.00 
 
 ♦Johannes, J. V. " 18 " 7 " 17.00 
 
 Moidore, Brazilian 5 " 4 " 4.87 
 
 Ducat, Netherlands, Denmark, Prussia, &c. 2 " 5 '• 2.20 
 
 Crown, Portugal, Maria II 6 '« 4 " 5.80 
 
 Zervonitz, Russia 2 '« 2 •♦ 2.00 
 
 Xeriff, Turkey. 2 " 7 " 2.30 
 
 Pistole, Italy 3 " U " 3.25 
 
 * Most of tlie Johannes and HRlf-Jues now itj circulation are light. They should be takes 
 ftt the rate of 80 cents for weight of a 5 cent piece. 
 
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 I., s r r i<: it i ojtc 
 
 I.AMI AMI UArKII 
 
 (() ROUTES ii 
 
 ^ — (-I.KVI--.I.AM) TO 
 rfV^l DETROIT A CH IC AGO. 
 
 
 
 S\ '•" "i< ^VJ /^-^ r 
 
 .Siali- 
 
 flirl-'iil/.vin .i-it/hl ot'it ittiil ttii'lt7tirl/iiuit . 
 
 i?»EwM ifO_ 
 
^- 
 
•i 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 APPLrrON'S I.il.rary MaiMial. a 
 valiialilc luiok of n-ftTfiirc I'ur llu- 
 iKMtk-lxiur and sfll»r. .VH) riat'i'-*, 
 ''vo, pajir I'OMr^l (i^l ; liall loati | 'J.'t 
 
 APn.Hr'tN'S iriilroM.I ic Sumhi- 
 Itoat ( 'iMii|iaiiiiiii. wnli 'M\ .Ma;>t, I "I'i 
 
 AliNI-li'S riif^H lor Winl.T I'.Vf 
 iiii){;'<, a (omiilcfc ;.mii(I»' tn tin- 
 (•aiiii'. Stcfl illii>tr.itiiin.<i, I'Jiin). | 1o 
 
 ARNOLD'S MiMTliamou* Works 
 i-^o •> (K) 
 
 HRV AN r'S What I Saw in t'ali- 
 t'oriiia. I .'hid 
 
 ril AIVMAN'S histriiclions on llip 
 I '>•• of till' Aiiiciii an Killc 1 -J.') 
 
 COOliKV'S Aiii.'ii'an in K^'vpl. 
 liluNtrati'd '....'i 00 
 
 1)1 >N (liriXoriT. il.' la Mancl.a. 
 'I'ran-.lati'il iVoiti tin- Spmii^li. ly 
 Nt.'fl J.|:itr> 1 50 
 
 DKI.HII/K'S Tr.atoe on Animal 
 .Ma:;nftiMii 1 0!) 
 
 r.VKRKrr X Sv>l<'m of En;:lisli 
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 KI) WARDS' VoNa-c np the Ama- 
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 KlJilS'S Mother!". Daiiirhtcrs, and 
 Wonii'M (if I'ln^'lainl. Kadi r»0 
 
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 FRDST, Prof, Rook of (Jood Kx- 
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 FROST, Aneedoles. I'Jmo. Illus- 
 truted 1 00 
 
 FROST. Travels in Africa. I'inio. 
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 FROST, Dhistiions Meehanios. 
 liimo. Illii>ti;ited 1 00 
 
 OOIJ)S!MI ril'S Vicar of Wake- 
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 GRANT'S i"\Iemoiis of an Ameri- 
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 l.AMARTLNE'S Pilgrimage to the 
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 liANMAN'S Summer in the Wil- 
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 LEGER'S llibtury of Animal Mag- 
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 McINTOSU'S Two Lives, a Tale 75 
 
 ^lcl^TU^?H'S Aunt Kittys Tales 75 
 
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 itol' ;il \ND Ri: \DV ROOK: 
 or, Milit.-irv Sini\enir ol' (iiiieral 
 T.'ivlor'* Viet,)ri,.s .^ 10^ 
 
 Ror.lNSON ( RI'SOK III,. only 
 einiiilete edition, svith IMU pInifM. 
 I xoi.. I T.-i 
 
 RI'.ID'S \.\v KmitIinIi DicMoiiiirv.l \M 
 
 R A I'lONALK «»r CRIMK IJ> 
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 RUM ARDSON .n Ireaiiient of 
 
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 SLWLIJ, (Miss.) Amy Merheri. 
 
 (iertriule, Laiii'toii Pa>>oiia,.'e. atnl 
 
 Maii-aret Pen-eval. Pa]H'r, .''»Oet>. 
 
 eaeh vol., elotli 75 
 
 SOI" ril<;ATK, Ml'., Vi>it to Syrian 
 
 rhiireh '.... I 00 
 
 TTCKLRMAN'S Ameruan Arli>l 
 
 Lil'e 75 
 
 WAYLA.ND'S Real Life in Kng- 
 
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 W,\NDI:RI\(;S and Fortunes of 
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 RoriSSANt;AULT'S Rural Leon- 
 
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 COOLKVS Cyelopadia of OIMIO 
 Practical Receipts, in all hranehes 
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 WILSON on Healthy Skin. li.lrs. 1 00 
 
 
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