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Please '•e.d m.d send in as 
 
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 ever. — (See Sec. -47 of the (Jonttitution). 
 
 ^onodi«ij ^ocidij of ^ioil ^nginsers, 
 
 INCORPORATED 1887. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS. 
 
 K.B— Tills Society, as a body, does not bold itself responsible for the fticis 
 and opinions stateil in any of its publications- 
 
 CEMENT TESTING. 
 By Cecil B, Smith, Ma. E., \.M. Can. Son.C.B. 
 
 This subject has so often been written on, iind is beinf; so contiDually 
 and persistently invcstijiatcd, tliat it forms, as it wore, an inexhaustible 
 mine. 
 
 But this very feiiture shows how very important and yet how little 
 understood it is, for, when investigators continue to disagree, the 
 presumption is, that there is either a lack of ogreenient as to the basis 
 on which the invcstigntions are made, or else a failure, up to the present, 
 to solve all the intriciite mazes of the problem, or indeed a combination 
 of the two. 
 
 To illustrate the first point, a tabular synopsis (Table I) is presented, 
 giving the present standard tests in u.se, in various countries, accordin;.' 
 to the latest obtainable information. The v.iriations, in many cases, 
 are too great to be reconciled, in others trifling; but it is evidently 
 difficult to compare results obtained in ditt'eront countries, iiml a hope- 
 less task to over bring tlicni to a uniform ist:indaril. What it buiiooves us, 
 as Canadian Engineer.-', to do is to take .such sensible and immediate 
 action on tlic subject as will cdmmend itself to the giod graces of all of 
 us, if possible, or, If not, of ii great majority of iliose who test the 
 manufactured article. 
 
 However, before proposing a mode of conducting such tests ii.s will 
 (according to the author's e.vperioMce) be of practical utility to practical 
 men, the following Table (Tabic II) is |pre.scnted to the Soelety, as 
 embodyini; results wliicli have been obtained durini: the list two ses- 
 sions, in making ordinary commercial, jnivate .-ui'l student tests (ehlcfly 
 commercial and prlv;ite). 
 
 Many results have been disearded as being inaccurate, and only 
 tiio.sc arc recorded here which are believed to be very close to the truth 
 much closer than Is ordinarily obtained. 
 
 These results have been clas.«lfied according tp country ot niann'ac- 
 turc. and .somewhat on a scale of increasing ten>ile strength. 
 
 Let us consider the various c|ualities given in their taliulir order. 
 
 ((() Spei'lj'" Grurl/i/. 
 
 The average of Canadian Portlands i^Hll 
 
 The average of English Portlands = .'MO 
 
 The averane of IJeliiian Portlands =:!-055 
 
 Tli<! average of all Portlands (Iti) = 309. 
 
 It would seem advisable, therefore, to s[iecify a minimum for Port- 
 andsof 3'10. 
 
 The samples were not dried or prepared in any way; if they were 
 dried for 15 minutes, according to English practice, it is probable they 
 would go somewhat higher. 
 
 It will be noticed that the oidy two Portlands ( ? ) who.so specidc 
 gravity was low (Belgians Nos. 16 and 17) were both poor cements, one, 
 No. It), seta slowly, and the briquettes made for 4 week tests, and im- 
 mersed in water after '14: hours, were found sloughed down in the tank.-, 
 and had evidently run and set over again ! They would not give any 
 test to speak of. Evidently the hydraulic property, in 24 hours, was not 
 
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nouyli lo hold tlieui together, while tho other one (No. 17) fiiilcd in the 
 blowing test. AUogether, it is doubtful whether these cements are Port- 
 lands or naiuralg, although fold as the former, owing to their colour 
 
 bt'ip" "rm; _ 
 
 1893-1894. 
 
 > s " 
 
 
 
 *q. in. 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 '* nio.-' 
 
 I 
 
 wk. 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 * 
 
 '"■m" 
 
 4!) 
 4.1 
 
 lot; 
 
 m 
 
 '5.5" 
 95 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 f)0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i:« 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^1 
 
 ■'' I 
 
 ..1 
 
 
 
 > I -: I::: : . 
 
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 -<> pui I'ciii/. ic-^iiiue uu ml. i.iu>;'n;vu i — . , .--.. .... 
 
 high for present facilities fo.' fine grinding ; this would let in 3 out of 4 
 Canadian Portlands tested, 1 out of 10 English Portlands tested, 2 out 
 ot 4 Belgian Portlands tested, or in all 6 out of 18 brands. There are 
 signs, however, that the English manufacturers are waking up to finer 
 grinding, and will soon fall into line; there is no reason why educating 
 influences should not bring grinding down much finer still foroidinarj 
 brands, but for the present, too much severity would defeat the object 
 in view. (For tests on the effect of fine grinding, sec Scries I of Ex- 
 perimcntx. ) 5 
 
tiijULli lo hold tliviii togftluT. while llio other one (No. 17) t'lilcd in llie 
 •ilowi'i'.' t('.«t. Altni;other, it 18 doublful wlicthcr tlicBO oeiucnt" are Port- 
 liindnor naiiiriils. iiithiiui;li ^old lis the former, owing to tlitir colour 
 beiny ;:rav. ._ 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 CONDENSED TABLE OP CEMENT TEST 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1. 
 
 P 
 
 
 2"3 « 
 
 ill 
 
 Residue % on 
 
 Blowing 
 
 te^-t 
 
 result. 
 
 Time of petting 
 
 Average 
 
 Tenitile Strength in Ibf. per Hq. in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average len!- 
 
 lleS 
 
 IVIlg 
 
 li in 
 
 lbs. pel 
 
 Dotignatic 
 of 
 
 )n i.S <h 
 
 Sieves. 
 
 in air. 
 
 Neat Cement. 
 
 1 to 1 . 
 
 
 
 1} tol. 
 
 2tol. 1 
 
 Origin. 
 
 No. 
 20 
 
 No. 
 50 
 
 No. 
 
 80 
 
 No. 
 120 
 
 ncipient 
 
 Fnll. jl 
 
 3 
 lys. 
 
 78 
 99 
 125 
 335 
 278 
 438 
 312 
 300 
 2r)3 
 
 1 
 wk. 
 
 71 
 1.50 
 210 
 38C 
 399 
 58H 
 531 
 307 
 264 
 
 2 
 vk? 
 
 3 
 
 4 1 
 wks; 
 
 1241 
 
 268 
 
 2 1 
 ??6 
 
 3 
 niof 
 
 4 
 inos 
 
 6 
 inoji 
 
 1 
 year 
 
 1 
 wk. 
 
 68 
 
 2 
 
 wks 
 
 4 
 
 wk" 
 
 2 
 nnw 
 
 3 
 
 ino' 
 
 4 
 nio- 
 
 ti 
 111. - 
 
 1 
 
 nionlh. 
 
 I 
 wk. 
 
 4 
 
 wki- 
 
 2 
 nio« 
 
 .•1 
 
 MM)*- II 
 
 Cuhailian 
 
 N; 1 
 N 2 
 P 3 
 P 4 
 P 5 
 P C 
 P Go 
 P (16 
 P 6r 
 
 Dealer 
 Maker 
 Maker 
 .Milker 
 Maker 
 Maker 
 Dealer 
 Dealer 
 Dealer 
 
 3-01 
 2 -90 
 3-12 
 3 12 
 3-09 
 3' 12 
 
 ;i3 
 
 .13§ 
 
 25i 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 2 
 2-9 
 1-1 
 0-8 
 0-6 
 0-9 
 3-0 
 
 2 & 
 11-7 
 14-2 
 
 2-7 
 
 5-5 
 «-4 
 
 i3-(;i 
 
 8-3 
 
 a -4 
 
 il-2 
 6-7 
 13-2 
 13-2 
 20'7 
 40-7 
 61-2 
 
 very goml 
 good 
 good 
 good 
 goo.1 
 
 tOOii 
 
 very gooil 
 fair 
 bad 
 
 4°00' 
 0°45' 
 5'00' 
 
 VW 
 4°30' 
 2°00' 
 
 7°45' 
 
 2°45' 
 
 20°00' 
 
 3° 10' 
 
 fi'OO' 
 t>°30' 
 
 1 
 
 .... 
 
 102 
 115 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ganudlati 
 
 
 .... 
 
 377 
 
 448 
 
 478 
 
 492 
 
 ; 
 
 76 
 
 162 
 
 137 
 
 163 
 
 132 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuiinditin 
 
 :f56 1 
 
 ....!.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Catiiidiiin 
 
 • * '• 
 
 .... 
 
 525 
 4.59 
 671 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CuiimliQn 
 
 • • • • • • • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ... 
 
 ■ ■ " 
 
 . . .. 
 
 .... . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ... 
 
 . . .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 611 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cnnniliiin 
 
 2-3i27-0 
 11-4 52-2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * a . • 
 
 
 Cuimiliikn 
 
 *.".. '.'... 1 
 
 . ■ .. 
 
 
 
 • • • ( j • • * • 
 
 ........ 
 
 .... 
 
 . . . . 
 
 . . . . 
 
 . . . . 
 
 
 . . . . 
 
 , , 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 . . . . 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 Englisli 
 English 
 
 i' 
 P 
 P 
 P 
 P 
 1' 
 P 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 i;t 
 
 Uealei .... 1 33 
 Dealer 3-0"t 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10-6 
 14' 
 1-4 
 G-7 
 4-0 
 4-2 
 
 21 -i; 
 28-4 
 12-8 
 I9-2 
 14-2 
 19-r. 
 
 39-5 
 22-9 
 26 -5 
 23-1 
 28 '5 
 26-3 
 
 gOOil 
 
 good 
 good 
 good 
 gooil 
 
 gOOll 
 Im.l 
 
 rib' kHw 
 
 13' 2°00' 
 25' 50' 
 
 30' 1 roo' 
 
 25' 3°00' 
 20' 4°00' 
 20' 2°30' 
 27' 3°05' 
 20' , .2°30' 
 
 "i(iO 
 390 
 250 
 336 
 244 
 3.35 
 
 304 
 
 230 
 414 
 420 
 386 
 477 
 362 
 .344 
 387 
 343 
 309 
 
 
 .... 
 
 331 
 
 528 
 453 
 
 < • • • 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 ...! 
 
 ... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 Dealei 3 09 
 
 26 
 
 231 
 
 23' 
 
 24 
 
 24.1 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Englisli 
 
 EllgliRJI 
 
 English 
 English 
 En>'li!>h 
 
 Dealer 
 Dealei 
 Dealer 
 Dealer 
 Dealei 
 Dealei 
 Dealer 
 
 3-10 
 3-08 
 3-U 
 3-13 
 3 13 
 3 12 
 
 372 
 396 
 
 444 
 
 350 
 
 .... 
 
 552 
 504 
 547 
 4?? 
 
 560 
 
 637 
 
 "627 
 
 "644 
 
 .... 
 
 232 
 192 
 
 345 
 
 316 
 204 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 245 
 
 253 
 
 257 
 
 631 
 
 
 151 
 
 198 
 
 189 
 
 196 1 
 
 4-.'j'i7-.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 P 14 
 P Ua 
 P 146 
 
 0-25 
 5-0 
 5-3 
 
 50 
 20 9 
 19-7 
 
 12 '9 verv good 
 30 '5 bill 
 30' 1 some liail 
 
 495 
 469 
 440 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Enfflinh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 Englii-h 
 
 3 05 1 23 
 
 .... 
 
 , , , , 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 * • . 
 
 
 . ... 
 
 ■ • • • 
 
 
 .... 
 
 ■ • • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Belgian 
 
 N 
 P 
 P 
 P 
 P 
 
 16 
 
 ir> 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 Dealt- 
 Deale 
 Deale 
 D. ale 
 
 ,\geMl 
 
 2 97 
 r 3-03 
 r 3-02 
 ' 3 09 
 
 3U 
 2fil 
 20" 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7-7 
 2-2 
 31 
 0-3 
 0-9 
 
 I5'4il<4 .1 
 
 very gooi 
 
 pood 
 
 bad 
 
 gnoii 
 
 good 
 
 rou' 
 
 5''00' 
 
 rio' 
 r20' 
 
 2°40' 
 
 2°30' 
 12°00' 
 5-00' 
 4°50' 
 7''40' 
 
 ' 154 
 
 232 
 328 
 255 
 452 
 
 21!) 
 332 
 394 
 360 
 536 
 
 ... i 1 ... . 
 
 285 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 134 
 
 .... 
 
 195 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 ~fi 
 
 1 1 
 
 I<elginn 
 Belgian 
 
 12-4 
 
 12-9 
 
 2-8 
 
 6-2 
 
 20-6 
 
 20' 1 
 
 9-4 
 
 15-f 
 
 Fl'd 
 487 
 492 
 525 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... . . 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l.i6 
 
 207 
 
 .... 
 
 
 Belgian 
 
 3-08 1 25 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 . ••• 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .!..!.... 
 
 > • ■ . 
 
 • . .* 
 
 ... 
 
 • > • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 533 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4-( 
 
 )10f 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1 
 
 ... ^ .... 
 
 
 463 
 
 '485 
 545 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 648 
 606 
 593 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . .. 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 1 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 152 
 345 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45C 
 
 . ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 Total.... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 .io pereeiic. re.siiiueon i\o. i:^UiMeve ) " — — — 
 
 high for present facilities for fine grinding ; this would let in 3 out of 4 
 Canadian Portlands tested, 1 out of 10 English Portlands tested, 2 out 
 of 4 Belgian Portlands tested, or in all 6 out of 18 brands. There are 
 signs, however, tliat the English manufacturers are waking up to finer 
 grinding, and will soon fall into line; there is no reason why educating 
 influences should not bring grinding down much finer still for ordinary 
 lirandc, but for the present, too much severity would defeat the object 
 in view. (For tests on the effect of fine grinding, fcc Scries I of Ex- 
 periments.) .5 
 
,t 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 ED TABLE OF CEMENT TESTS. 189,1-1894. 
 
 AveragF TeiiK 
 
 If Siivii>;tli in 
 
 iiH. 1 
 
 rtT »( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - „ 
 
 Nent C 
 
 Uerage Compressive SlrenBlli 
 
 lbs. 
 
 ptr s(| in. 
 
 Tranavcrse 8trrii)(tli. 
 
 No. of Tests. 
 
 
 1} tol. 
 
 2lol. { 
 
 Htol. 
 
 piiidii 
 
 1 tol. 
 
 2 10 1. 
 
 3 to I. 
 
 Nrol l"xV' broken on 6" centres. 
 
 
 6 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 
 III. > 
 
 1 
 iiinntli. 
 
 1 ' 
 wk. 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 mo-* 
 
 llilis 
 
 4 
 
 IIKl' 
 
 6 
 
 inoH 
 
 I 
 V.U. 
 
 2 
 
 wkt- 
 
 4 
 
 wks. 
 
 2 
 
 IIIOI. 
 
 IIIO!!. 
 
 4 
 
 nink, 
 
 6 
 mo-'. 
 
 1 
 wk. 
 
 2 
 wkf 
 
 3 
 
 Wk^ 
 
 4 
 
 wki- 
 
 2 
 
 1110- 
 
 IC.OO 
 
 1 
 
 year 
 
 J 
 wk. 
 
 » 
 wks 
 
 2 
 
 IIIOH 
 
 1 
 wk. 
 
 4 
 
 wks 
 
 2 
 
 IIIOS 
 
 wk. 
 
 «ks. 
 
 1 
 wk. 
 
 2 
 weeks 
 
 3 
 
 wei ks 
 
 4 
 
 week^ 
 
 1 
 year. 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 100 
 33 
 33 
 30 
 35 
 15 
 6 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 lO'l 
 
 132 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 "iid" 
 4!l 
 i'i 
 
 .... 
 
 '72' 
 7.') 
 !)2 
 
 12(1 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 I2H5 
 
 
 
 2255 
 
 
 900 
 
 1.-150 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 ...... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 205 
 
 '409 
 
 476 
 
 412(}) 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ■ " 
 
 . . t f 
 
 * 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ' 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "42 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 • • • • 
 
 * ' • * 
 
 • > • • 
 
 
 . . . • 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 l:i<12 
 :t025 
 
 
 
 24y2 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' ■■■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... ..... 
 
 ■ * * ' 
 
 ■ ■ft 
 
 * . . • 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 ifli; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4975 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 . • . • 
 
 • . * . 
 
 1025 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • • • 
 
 * • • ■ 
 
 
 " " 
 
 ... 
 
 .... 
 
 . .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 . • • . 
 
 '.■.*.'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 72 
 
 .... 
 
 1:16" 
 115 
 
 ye. 
 
 
 
 
 
 I4)U2 
 
 iy(i7 
 
 
 :::: 
 
 1/20 
 2(i5(i 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 |54 
 |73 
 
 
 
 84 
 99 
 
 
 10 
 30 
 40 
 29 
 t05 
 44 
 14 
 30 
 30 
 93 
 
 5 
 t 
 
 I 
 1 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4500 
 
 
 
 :i3?5 
 
 
 
 
 • *•* 
 
 bOO 
 
 • • . > 
 . • * * 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 . • . • 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 531 
 
 
 l.'il 
 
 m 
 
 ini> 
 
 1 '.in 
 
 ley 
 
 271 
 
 104 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 • • •• 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 * • . • 
 
 :::: 
 
 
 
 2f<26 
 
 . • • * 
 • • • . 
 
 3200 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 .... 
 .... 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 . • ■ . 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 • • • < 
 
 
 • . . • 
 
 . . . . 
 
 ... 
 
 .... 
 
 f.O 
 
 7!) 
 (i4 
 
 102 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :::; 
 
 
 
 
 :::-|;::; 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 • • t t 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 • . . 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1 4H 
 
 . .l' '. . 
 
 77 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... ...1 
 
 1 
 
 .... 1 
 
 .. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1250 
 
 i'jio 
 
 
 . . . . 
 
 1950 ....'.... 
 
 iiiso !."! '.'.'.'. 
 
 
 .... 
 
 ..!. 
 
 743| y53 
 
 ... 
 
 'iiR 
 
 
 
 "900* 
 
 1 . . 
 
 
 
 •...•• 
 
 
 
 35 
 10 
 13 
 60 
 24 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 ] 1J6 
 
 207 
 
 
 
 ••••{•'•• 
 
 
 
 154 
 
 .... 
 
 
 <l 
 
 
 . . 
 
 ... 1 . 
 
 IXl 
 
 .... 
 
 1 
 
 . ..1 '.'.'.'.'. 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 ■• 
 
 * • • . 
 
 — 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 .. . . 
 
 
 
 
 •■••I-- 
 
 5310 
 
 25ti(i 
 4400 
 
 . • • • 
 
 0391 
 4f'2ti 
 5066 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 1 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1. . ,. 
 
 
 "ik" 
 
 
 113 
 
 12 
 17 
 
 10 
 3 
 9 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 1200 
 
 1556 
 3000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 2 
 
 .... 
 
 
 * * > • 
 
 * • • * 
 
 ■ • * * 
 
 . . . . 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 'eoif')! ii 
 
 ... 1' P94 
 
 1 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ........ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - ■- ■ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The iiand briquettes were lightly tamped with a small iron rammer.— C. B. S. 
 
.''- ri 
 ■» •'! it.i ■ !■ 
 
 „ . I. , .- 
 
 .1 ! ! •.' ; 
 
 i f 
 
 ■: 1: 
 
 ' ! 
 
 I' 
 
•louuli Id liolii tliciii tngi'tlur. while llio other one (No. 17 ) fiiilcd in Iho 
 tiiiiwinif tor. Altn>{ether,it is doubtfui whether thcBu ocuionts arc Port- 
 liiiuldDr iiaiiirnlH. iilthnuifh hold ii» iho finner, owing to tlii'ir colour 
 licinu' ;;ray. 
 
 It will lie noiiicd, with .siKi.'ifaction, thnt Ciinudiiiii roiilmid-' stand 
 111 the iiip in .spicitic univity, jiidnitu; hy tin; muiiplcH tcHtfd, which wi-rt-, 
 liowi'\rr, nil nct'ivi'd Cniiii inuiiut'nuturcrM. 
 
 The spfcitic ^'lavity nt niiturul criiiciilH ini^lit In; placed lit "i'lJS, 
 .iltlimifih it i'" not SI) likely to lie iinder-iun, owiii^ to ilie c'a>e with 
 wliich thiH Clin bo obtiiincd. 
 
 CO W'litir reqiilrr<1 for Mundinil inmiHteiiri/, 
 
 This is coMsideird. by many, to he very important ; but many tCHts 
 hiivf deIllon^t lilted lo the writer that wlmt is especiiilly needtd is that 
 there ghull be siifficieiil to make ^ood briijiu ties; to cir, sny, 1 per 
 ii'nt. in addini; water is I'aiiil it' too little, while if too much, it does not 
 Mciii to affect the 8tren};tli of bri(|ucttes at one week, certainly not at 
 4 wcckH. This is eontraiy to stutemcnts often made n jjardiug the 
 iiicreaucd strength jjivcn by a minimum amount of water; but probably 
 what is referred to is an excess of water sufficient to maki^ a thin batter 
 or soup. I'lidoubtedly such an iiniount not only makes the briquettes 
 shrink and crack in dryinj.', but will seriou>ly all'ecl the early 8irenj;th. 
 
 A very peculiar effect was met with in two Canadian and one English 
 I'ortlands. They were evidently froli, and when mixed with a 
 normal amount of water would work into a uood plastic mass, but in 
 about 1 to 2 minutes after the water was added, thiy wouhl sud- 
 denly set, so hard that it was usclcfis to attempt to put them in the 
 luoulds. 
 
 By increasinf,' the per cent, of watir to about 30, a thin batter 
 was made, which could be yot into tlio moulds before this action took 
 place ; of course this amount of water made the set very slow, and dead- 
 ened the indurating action in 1 week tests. 
 
 When tests were made, several weeks later, on these cements, this 
 effect had disappeared ; perhaps someone connected with the industry 
 «an eitplain the cause of this action. 
 
 (c) Retiduet or Fineneu. 
 
 The variation is enormous, as the following statement shows : 
 
 Residue on No, 
 SU Sieve 
 
 '/ 
 
 Coarsest 
 Finest 
 
 31 4 
 
 Ursidue on No. 
 80 Sieve. 
 
 % 
 
 6i^ 
 
 27 
 
 Residue on No. 
 120 Sieve. 
 
 /o 
 
 61-2 
 6-7 
 
 The Kiiglish Portlands are generally very coarse, as will be seen, and 
 the selectrd Canadian ones tine. 
 
 Jt is not putting it too severely to say that specifying a certain residue 
 on No. 60 Sieve is n direct premium on coarse giioding, and so, in fact, 
 are neat tensile tests. 
 
 For infclance, English brands No. 10, No. 11, No. 12, No. 13 and 
 Noa. 14 A. 14 B, are all evidently ground to pass a specification of 5 
 per cent, rc.-iduc on No. .'iO Sieve, and are all very coarse when sifted 
 on finer ones, ihus plainly showing the failure of the specification to 
 obtiiin as good a product as possible. 
 
 'J'he au hor would urge thi: severest requirements for fineness. 
 
 Various papers read and the statements of manufacturers themselves 
 go to show that the increased cost is very slight, not moie than 10c per 
 bbl. between ordinary and fine grinding, 
 . 1 per eent. residue on No. 80 Sieve } . 
 
 I'Opcroent. residue on No. 120 Sieve) "^ maximums are not too 
 liigh for present facilities for fine grinding ; this would let in 3 out of 4 
 Canadian Portlands tested, 1 out of 10 English Portlands tested, 2 out 
 of 4 Belgian Portlands tested, or in all 6 out of 18 brands. There are 
 signs, however, that the English manufacturers are waking up to finer 
 grinding, and will soon fall into line; there is no reason why educating 
 influences should not bring grinding down much finer still for ordinary 
 brands, but for the present, too much severity would defeat the object 
 in view. (For tests on the effect of fine grinding, see Scries I of Ex- 
 periments.) 5 
 
{<{) Tliu Utile nl' inci|ii>'nt iiiul HnnI M:t,M liiuuii >jy (ii|iiinr>''« 
 nci'dloH, iloi'H ni(t sct'iii tiMiH'cct the ntrcnxtli, cxiviitCor viiiv -linri li'»ti», 
 When tli(! hIipvv r<(!ltiii^ii iiri' ^'iicrally stronncr, ({uml ciiiiicnts iimy Ih' 
 I'illii'r tliu onu nr ilio othi'i' ; Iml nriiin.iril)', iiiiIc'<k Cor tidiil wnrk, ii »\u\n 
 M'tting onu Iium tlu< ilcMiralilc rcatiiru of llllowill^ iiiiishiik to mix iiml um.> 
 godil Nixoil liiiii'lics lit' iiKirtiir, without RiiiiNt:iiii ti'iii|H'i'iii)i, whicii ix th'' 
 praclioc witli ipiiok "••tiin^ oiii-.s, uiuuli tn tlii-iniwii liiirl. 
 
 («) Tlio blowing ti'nt aJvifcd by Kuija. biih clrteetiii n " blowoy' 
 t«n(]uiioy ill Kcuvrul itiHiaiiucH : but tiiuob littc I'viiloiico hovui to throw 
 Nome iliiicri'ilii cm blowing tesiH, wlu'tbcrmiuie wiili bnl nr boiling wmer, 
 on thegrounil that tuniiiitHCtnri'rH onn, by the nililiiion nt' .oiilphatt' <<!' 
 liuio, eause tbu cement to bo no i<low wttiiig iiiiil s)>l ho strongly i\* i>' 
 rcHiHt the blowing tendency of so mueh .ih It per cunt, of free linii- 
 added alter tbi< evuiuiit bail beuii burnt. If tliii* \» » faet, eliewienl 
 aniilyHJ.H will need to bu resorted to more fi'ei|uuiitly, to detuet tlii^ dun- 
 gerouH lululterntioii wbiub in fatal in neawater and bad in any onHO, :i» 
 the ^ruat slren);tli wliieb it giveH to eumeiiiH at early li'iteM is apt I" 
 decrease at longer pi riods. llelgian No, 1!( irniint tested giivo biglier 
 rciults at 1 week than at 4 weekH ; tliiH loukn a littlu hU.s|iielous. 
 
 Cenienliit have heeii tested usually neat ; the (JirmaiiN have n uelied 
 tbc HtOL'e III ;i lo 1 iiiiNtureH as the deeidiiej; lest, iiiid this wmild sefHi 
 to be the only rational way of testing aeeiiieiit, / <■ , in the same eomli- 
 tion as it is used. 
 
 The diftii'iilty, however — audit is a very serimis one— haslinn logii 
 anything like uiiitiirin rcsiiits in sand tests. The variatimi in piillinu 
 thi> niortar in the moulils has been so iiiueli more than the variation in 
 the ceiiiuiitiiig value of the cement that the tests were valueless, si' 
 that most testers have clung to neat tests as being sinipl' and a liiir index 
 of cementing i(ualities. That this view is in fault, and misleailirig, everj 
 tcgter will aduiit, audit isotily partly avoiding tliu ditKculty to s|K.'C'ify 
 a certain lineiics, sirengih and speeifie gravity in nimbin iliuo, and uven 
 thcnthe results are not detinite, as each cement is ilitTereiit in value. 
 However, for those who have facilities for testing eemunl. iieatonly,- 
 and these will probably bo in theiuiijority forsunio time titeiune — it wcnld 
 seem that 3511 lb». at 1 week luat and 'I5<l lbs. al ( woeks neat are easily 
 obtttini'd, and quite enough lo specify, 11 brands tested would give this 
 much strciigb and stand the blowing test, and ot these tlicie are (> brandn 
 fine enough lor 10 p.e, residue on 80 sieve and 20 p,e, residiiu on 120 
 sieve, with a specific gravity varying from 1108 to III.'!, w!\ile the six 
 brands which are not strong enough are also too enaise. 
 
 The tests on natural ceincnts are not extensive enough Ik liuin a good 
 basis, but it would seem easy to get 100 \h^. neat at 1 week and 200.lhs. 
 neat at 4 weeks, and a lineness the same a« for Portlands. 
 
 Theteslsoii No. 2 iialuiiil and No 11 J'nltland Were ean ieil on for 
 Ginniith.s. and show tin* natural to he gaiiiingou the I'ortland, although 
 each has evidently nearly reached ama.ximiini. This would seomtnbear 
 out the idea which many people yet have, that, iii time, a natural 
 cement not being so brittle will catch up to a I'orlland loni; lime tests 
 arc very much needed on this subject. 
 
 Natural cements being undcrburnt (iisuallyj hove very iiiiieh less 
 combining power with sand ; the 1 to 1 natural is ni.t »n strong as 2 to 
 1 Portland, according to tests made last year as per Table II, in which 
 the mixtures wcie made with 15 p.e. of water lor 1 to 1, and 12 p.e. 
 of water lor ',i to 1 mixtures, the mortars being lightly tamjied into the 
 mould with an iron rammer ; the tests imulo this year, however, by 
 means of a uniform pressure, give much higher results for I to 1 na- 
 turals, when 20 p.e. of water is used, which would seem to be nearer 
 to the amount used in practice, making a soft plastic iiidrtai'. (Sec pros- 
 sure t<!StS.) 
 
 N.'itural cement has many u.ses. It is being pas.^od aside in many 
 ijuarters, — why ? because if' immeneif in uater for 1 week or 1 weeks, 
 it will give low tensile tests. That terror of the present day. the test- 
 ing machine, condemns it. 
 
p.f, 
 
 Xow thuru iir. tiiiiny i,(Vtt«ii,iiN wliiT.. :. ... n 
 
 -'I' «--"">. ^..., on ,...;: ,, : ;z ;;; :'''r}r^\ 
 
 »M(iii'(iv('i', ii >ti iiiiiil.' nil v., I . . 1 
 
 - «'■'>■■■ '-^'^:^.^::::>i::.;::!iT:'r 
 
 3:=:;;:''u,:;;::::;''':^;t^:;r'"r"-""--i 
 
 tmrp..o,rt..,uirc..l,i„ „l,icl. I oit J 11 f 7"'"'^ "'"^^ ''"' "»' 
 
 "ot usually t Z , • """" '"'"'' '^ '"'"' do- -'''ich will 
 
 i« 'loul.-l.-,ss b..t ; but i. w.. n,,,H^ ..;,,, 'f,,j J"' "^ ." «"-»''tJ^. 
 
 i--J in si.uati..„. u.,ail, not .u „: : ^ ^.K: ' """' 
 
 'o le.Ht cements uuJ.t ..„.,li.i •, *"'"a >'"" "...rt'iaiionii 
 
 »-o,^;.«-u,. ,t;,r ;;:-,:::':;::;;:»"''•■' •'■"■'■•'■- 
 
 iron r. l^CJ':, 7T "f "' T "" """'■'' ''"' •» 
 
 »W. ..,uld ,„ y ?„ 1 °"." ^ ■; " "" ''" """ "- '"■" l~' 
 
 ."^K;^::i:;;;:;;;:;2;s::^''r';;v'»T'™"'* 
 
i ! 
 
 In Novcuib.T luH tho !.ioul()s Cor appUin- prcssur.' (sro iiia«ii--)^ 
 
 juM. f,, ftWIK 
 
 Ordinarq Tension Moulds 
 
 P/anof PresiWf AitucMment 
 
 £h*at,en of Presaure AHochi- 
 
 /Von and£le» ofPlunft' secPen en CO 
 
 whid. w<T. Iron, .clo.-iun ..t t\,c VN-.it. .'s, n.-.lifu.d bv Mr. WitLycon,!,., 
 ,vcre cou.ploted. and .incc then sevrrul Imn.lr.Ml hn,,u.tlos hav. been 
 „,a,l« with thow. It would seen, a simple niaitor to mux np mortar, put 
 i, under a pbn.^.r, and by putting on 10 lbs. per ..,. incb n>ai<.. l.r.- 
 nuettos ; but theory and practice n.u^t be lei low labourer. Now 1- i;.-. 
 of water is considered the correct thinu in I! m 1 nuxtu.es. but witii 
 this amou..t, the mortar would not pack at all in a closed .nould under 
 .0 li"ht a dond pressure, and it is li.ht dead pressure that .s wanted ; 
 even"20 lbs. per ^.l. inch was of no ii.vater effect, then 15 p.e. ..| water wa,- 
 
 tried with very little better results. 
 
 It wa« finally concluded to try several series will. diff. rent percent- 
 
 ajies of water, and thereby determine the best per cent, for maku.i: a 
 
 good briquette. 
 
 Brand 
 
 N... t 
 
 M 
 
 tn 
 
 1 t( 
 
 No. -J I ic 
 
 No. I.-)l I. 
 
 No !•) 1 l( 
 
 liiaiid 
 
 Xo. 15 :! t< 
 
 No. I')|:i ti 
 
 No. iti3 tc 
 
 No. u;it.i 
 
 No. in:; to 
 
 iNo. KC! t,: 
 
} 
 
 iinlie, 
 
 heoii 
 
 ■. I'll'' 
 
 liri- 
 
 : )...•. 
 
 wit II 
 under 
 
 it'd ; 
 ■r \va^ 
 
 vei'lit- 
 '^iiii: a 
 
 TABLE III. 
 TESTKI) IN TENSION. PRESSURE SAND TESTS. 
 
 
 Mix- 
 ture. 
 
 %of 
 wutor. 
 
 Pres- 
 sure 
 per 
 eq. in. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1 w 
 per s(i. 
 
 cek tests, I air, li wiit 
 
 er. 
 
 l2-o:; 410-4 
 
 7 -OS 10S5-:i 
 H'ri2 l00,s-(i 
 !)-H- 1121- 1 
 
 1.". .Vil (HiVl 
 
 8-:^!l()(;0'0 
 o-(;:;;l097-.'< 
 '.|•2.s!ll04■;^ 
 
 10-10 05;i-7 
 10 ^-.o ,-)4t;-o 
 
 •■--IC, 112,^-1 
 8 -70' 1095-1 
 
 
 4w 
 
 eek tests, 1 air, 27 water. 
 
 brunil 
 
 in. 
 
 \V t 1 OS ^ j 
 when ,-~\ 
 l,.^t,,,| nri B 
 
 ill oz. jj; 1^ i 
 
 4 -.00 .•i-l>8 
 .'il'O 4-84 
 r.-.'iO ! ^CH 
 .'■)'54 i 4 '00 
 
 lis. 
 
 High- 
 est. 
 
 71 
 
 282 
 202 
 25H 
 
 O.J 
 21. "1 
 207 
 2'ri 
 
 li2 
 
 per .-^11. ill. 
 
 Weijr't t r.d 
 when 9 S-*^ 
 te.ited.i^" =■ 
 ill 0/. it "' r 
 
 4-i;i i-oi 
 5-:;2 4-:ci 
 
 .•>-.-,2 5- IT 
 5-40 5 12 
 
 SS 'Sx.. 
 
 
 High 
 
 est. 
 
 4') 
 
 IGf) 
 
 i:io 
 
 12.-! 
 
 Low- 
 est. 
 
 23 
 100 
 
 !I4 
 101. 
 
 42 
 III 
 
 DO 
 110 
 
 .\ver- 
 age. 
 
 :f2j 
 
 VM\ 
 117 
 
 ii;u 
 
 Low- 
 est. 
 
 Aver- 
 age. 
 
 2(;5,i 
 2:i.>' 
 
 3 2 ' 5_: — 
 
 .<L is-' 
 
 No. 2 
 
 1 to 1 
 
 I to 1 
 
 17.1 
 
 20 
 
 22J 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 20.-. 
 
 2:io 
 200 
 
 I.IIO 795-0 
 T-o:! ItiM.'i-; 
 
 i; :)riii\i-j 
 
 H-71 l,')8:i-.i 
 
 No. 2 
 
 1.-. 
 17i 
 20 
 22,\ 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 47 
 144 
 1S7 
 126 
 
 i2(;.i 
 
 114- 
 11!) 
 
 (;2.'. 
 :vi 
 i.iit 
 
 125 
 
 4 •70 1 4-0o 
 .'•.•:!7 4 •02 
 5-07 .I'l;) 
 
 o-.M 1 .■.■o:i 
 
 4-',l2 ; 4-12 
 .5-14 4m;o 
 i'li'! j ri-12 
 ri'tlK ,")-iy 
 
 70 1 H 
 
 u;o 17);.', 
 
 212 2114" 
 2.14 , •2(i2 
 
 4-09 1-22 !.•)- I0:120:!-i; 
 .'•■27 ls:i <-:;"i 147:;-,' 
 .vi;2 :,-2^ ii-i2;i(iiri-i; 
 .v.-,i; :,-2l t;-2!tiii;4s-o 
 
 No. l.'i 1 t(, 1 
 
 15 
 
 17.'. 
 
 20' 
 
 •m 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 111 
 
 hG 
 
 (!0 
 
 14'J 
 
 I2!» 
 
 .i7 
 108 
 120 
 
 '. ■< 104 
 
 .V04 1-11 
 
 12-50 IIIOO-O- 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N(i ir. 1 to 1 
 
 l.-i 
 171 
 20 
 221 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 40 
 I«4 
 
 lit; 
 
 liiO 
 
 42 
 
 114 
 
 108 
 
 4.-. ' 4 04 
 
 100,', ,'i-i;2 
 
 4-18 
 
 iri-ji; i;a,-.-7 
 i;-iii 1100 .•, 
 
 8-211 II 11-1 
 -;-22 !iTO-0 
 
 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 i;i,-):', .vii;! ,vi7 
 n«' ;V72 i .■> 2,i 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 TESTED L\ TENSION 
 
 iM{i-;ssi:i!i-: sand te.-^ts— C'-/i</»iu,/. 
 
 llrand 
 
 .\li\ 
 
 13:: I 
 
 
 :' of 
 
 water. 
 
 16 
 171 
 20- 
 
 Pres- 
 siire 
 per 
 
 sq. ill. 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 
 1 week .ests, 1 uir, C water. 
 
 
 4 week les 
 
 ts, 1 ai 
 
 -, 27 water. 
 
 
 v 
 
 lbs. 
 
 High- 
 
 ..."'; 1 
 
 20 
 12 
 
 i:; 
 
 per ,-q 
 
 IjOW- 
 
 e.st. 
 
 in. ; W't 
 
 when 
 Aver te.-ied 
 age. ill ,)/.. 
 
 — - X 
 
 ■—a = '■ _: 
 
 = 1 £ll 
 
 ll..< 
 
 High. 
 
 e^l. 
 
 4s 
 2i» 
 
 |.er .-^.1 
 
 Low- 
 
 e.-t. 
 
 . ill. 
 
 Aver- 
 age. 
 
 2S 
 III 
 1.-, 
 
 Wcig't i ,. _= B = y >; _• 
 
 when rt :';' ;-i 4"'Z 
 lesteil -;~ Er - 2 £"5 ? 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 Hi.',' 4-7,5 
 
 7-. i-.v.i 
 11 4 - :.". 
 
 40:! l."j.21 2.")l-o 
 :!'.'2 ll-Oli 102-1 
 117 1 11-70 lL".i-: 
 
 Ill 
 
 4-i;i 
 I'Oi; 
 4-'-^i; 
 
 -■i--* 1;VSS 
 1-1.-. 11 -0:1 
 1.21 12-7.-. 
 
 4ll-ii 
 441-2 
 101-2 
 
 ' N 
 
 Nu. |-> 
 
 :ii,, I ' 
 
 1,-. 
 
 20 
 
 2.! 
 
 
 
 171 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 •20 
 
 17 
 
 '.ii:i to 1 
 
 No, 
 
 '.i:i 
 
 i 
 
 iM 1 
 
 15 
 
 171 
 
 20" 
 
 22] 
 
 25 
 
 1.-. 
 
 171 
 20 ■ 
 
 ■>'>! 
 •25' 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 No. 10:; in 1 
 
 No 10:! to 1 
 
 15 
 
 171 
 
 20' 
 
 221 
 
 ■>-,' 
 
 15 
 
 171 
 
 •Mi 
 
 -in 
 
 HI 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 III 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 •20 
 20 
 
 II 
 S7 
 
 :i:t 
 
 20 
 25 
 27 
 
 ' I 
 is 
 20 
 
 :!,■( 
 -20 
 
 10 
 
 12.] 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 2:^1 
 24.i 
 10' 
 
 34 
 27 1 
 116i 
 23 
 
 261 
 
 (■III 
 
 4-85 
 
 "4-37 
 4-49 
 4-88 
 4-85 
 4-81 
 
 4 66 
 
 4-53 
 
 4-8 
 
 4-86 
 
 4-80 
 
 •.17 
 
 1 I- I- 2.11- 
 
 i -k 
 
 -2S 
 
 — 
 
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 These series (see Talilo III) ran I'roiu 15 p.e. to 2.") ji.r. ol' water 
 and were I'or 10 ll)s. and 20 Ihs. pressure per ijc(. iu. iiir 1 week and 4 
 weeks, and oacli result tabulated is tho average of 5 briquetl- s, and 
 the whole table tlie result of 77 experiments, o,- ."iH.'t biii|uelle-. 
 
 The result, to the author's mind, is deliiiite, 20 p.e. of water is ju>t 
 sufficient to make a plastic mortar, so tiiat a good briquette i-an bo 
 formed while more water tends to drow-n the i-emeut and make it 
 weaker at both the I week and 4 week tests, although long' r tests 
 would probably show a iccovery iu this respect. 
 
 Tl.is 20 p.e. applies to 1 to 1 and 3 to 1 mixtures, and will prubal)iy 
 bo about right for 2 to I also, if it is desiied to make sui h te-t- , 
 
Tt is coiu-lusivo from tlie tablo tliiif if any standard test undor li-^lit 
 pressure is to bo adopted for sand tests, 20 p.c, of water njust be pre- 
 scribed iis a definite pai t of the test, and in this woy pcrfeet luiiforuiity 
 obtained. It is understood that tbc sand used is standard sand dry 
 and sliarp, a finer or rounder siind woubl allow less water to te used. 
 This amount of water, while greater iban that usunlly >riven by autliori- 
 tics whose met liod of m:ikin;.' s;iiid l)ri(|uetlos i> liy snme seven; bam- 
 nieiip.L' 1 rocess (r.q. Gerniiin) is still eioM' to the amouiil used in 
 practiec. 
 
 What \w want, if si'cnis. is, fust of all, a uniform method eapiiblo of 
 apjiliciiiio'i in imy p-nt of the I)omiiiion, after tiiat wc want it to 
 appro: cb as iieiirly as pos-il'le to iietiialusaue, and fortnnatrly tlie two 
 conditions are in liarmouy witli each other; even at tlie risk of repe- 
 tition it is woitii saying aiiiiin, that jijastic nii rtar made with 20 p.c. 
 of water is close to praetii'e, and will i^ive icgiilar ami aceiiuiie tests if 
 put into moulds under lijjlit iircssure. The amoutit of this pressure does 
 not seem to be of such >;re;it imiKirlance, but 20 lbs. per >(|. iiiuli <rives 
 ••atbrr sl;arpei-( ilj^eil biifpictte-, with about the same variation in uui- 
 foniiity ; 11(1 ilie same tensile stniiutli per S(|. ineli, Tliis is e(|nivaleiit 
 to 20 feel of iiiasoirry, wliieli, of cdiuse is more tliaii jiraetiie would 
 give ; but the tots do not vary to any extent when eoinpared with those 
 made wiih 10 lbs. per up ineh. Theief'nre it is not deemed ol'-uttieient 
 impoitaijce to sacrifice good manual results. Tliereliire, 20 lbs. per 
 s((. inch pressure ami 20 p.c. water was adopted about 1 month a"-o. 
 and the following resni's obtained (Table I V) ; this t .hie wil be eoni- 
 
 i — d — ■ r-i 
 
 tA 
 X 
 
 ii,i,t.i.t.u.^^:ifc.fcfr.fc.:iu.t;t^ 
 
 
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pJctfd in :. few months, when it is intended to complete this paper by 
 
 additional results on pressure, frost and pier tests. 
 
 VVIiethor the future will brinj: siind tests to greater uniformity than 
 
 this remains to he seen.; but it is believed that, in this wny, the sand 
 
 eon)bininj;(|ualities of cements can be eumpared with accuracy with 
 
 one another, and in future such will bo the method adopted in the 
 
 cement laboratory at McGill, subject to the modifications of our cement 
 committee. 
 
 It is earnestly to be desired that a code of tests be formulated at 
 once, and all methbers urjied to test under tUU code. Let all cements 
 stand or fall under it. In the contest it is believed that Cauadian 
 cements can bo as i-ood as the be-t ; but to do ti,i.s, there must be reform 
 on .somo sides, so tliat tes'.s made from outputs will slmw a greater 
 regularity, and cause the cement to eommend itself to the consumers of 
 tliti article. 
 
 OO.Ml'RKSSIVE TKSTS. 
 
 Tliese are doubtless more v.iluable than tensile ones, in the .sense 
 that we use mortar usually, in compression. There are several reasons, 
 however, »vliy such tests are not really needed : — 
 
 (1) ]5ecause the strong machinery needed would not be generally 
 available ; 
 
 (2) IJeeauso the compressive strength, after all, varies (,uite regu- 
 larly with the tensile, being 5 to t! tinus as great at 1 week or 4 weeks 
 and gradually increasing to 9 to 10 times as great at a year, because 
 by this tuue the eement is becoming brittle and has attained its maxi- 
 mum temsile strength. This is mon> particularly true of Portland 
 cements, as natur.ils do not get so brittle ; 
 
 {3) liecim.se the eom|,re.s.-.ive strengt'i of eemeot mortar is so great 
 (hat we need seldom eoneern ourselves with it, but .should rather know 
 the adhesive and tensile strengths should they ever be called into play, 
 and, moreover, the .strength of mortar in thin joints i.s mucli greater than 
 in cubes. Tests on cub 's always go higher for small cubes than for 
 large ones. (See also Series (IV,,) te.ts of mortar joints in brick 
 piers.) 
 
 TnANSVEIISE TESTS 
 
 Have often been advocated, and the machinery needed may bo quite 
 simple; but there .a-e two objections which would preclude there bein« 
 any great value in such tests : — 
 
 (1) Bee luse the coefficients of rupture in tran^vers- testing are 
 known to he at /ault in not really indicatins the tensile .strength of 
 the outer layer or fibre ; this eould po.s-ilily be avoided by determining 
 certain eorrecti ms as a thesis paper to the Kmjlncernin .Vew^ p„iu. 
 ted out; -^ ' 
 
 (2) The main ol.jection is that a flaw of a very .slight amount may 
 be objectionable in such tests if situated near ths tension lace. Any 
 cement tester knows that bubbles will occur. 'I'hey may he very 
 minute, or if of any .size may be deducted in t-nsilc test.s, while in 
 transverse fsts, who could determine the correction to l)e m ide ? Also 
 tests made show that if tested upside down Irotn position iriouMcd, the 
 results are higher than when tested as moulded. Alto.;etlier, this 
 method of testing does not soem to eommeu.l its. If to general ii.se. 
 
 To conclude I he i^ubjcet of oidiniiry testing for CfnnmerciMi purpo,se.<, 
 and with the addition ol'choinical analysis where availabl.' f,.r scicu- 
 tifac ones also, the following .s(.ems to be a good basis to work ..n, that 4 
 tests should be made in combination : 
 
 (1) Speeitic i,'ravity :{.I0 for Portlands 2.9.") f. r naturals. 
 
 (2) Blowing te;;t. fn the abence of really final knowle.l-e ei, the 
 subject to continue to specify pats in .ste.im atll5"F. for four hours, 
 in water at 1 15°F. for twenty hours, at which time if the p.ts .ne stuck 
 tight to the ground glass, the cement may he considered safe, while if it 
 has loosened from the pl»te but has not yet cracked or warped, it mav 
 
 11 
 
lie iiiiiDcrsHl again fnr2t hours atll5°F., or else placed in water of or- 
 dinary temperature for 4 weeks, after which, if no further Bij»ns have 
 (levoldped, iheeemet may le considered safe. 
 
 (3) l''l lioness : — 
 10 p.c. residue on Xo. 80 sieve 
 )m(120 p.c. 120 " 
 
 (i) Tensile .strength : — 
 
 Minimum neat 
 
 1 to 1 iind :i to 1 sanil tests with 20 p.c. wntor, and 20 lbs. per sq. 
 inch pressure to be detoriuined by t(!st.'i niade and results furnished 
 witliin the next year. 
 
 SKRIES I. 
 
 as maximum. 
 
 
 
 Portliind. 
 
 Naturals 
 
 3 days 
 
 250 
 
 75 
 
 1 week 
 
 350 
 
 100 
 
 4 weeks 
 
 450 
 
 200 
 
 SPECIAL TliSTS. 
 
 On the effect of fine grinding : — 
 
 (a) 2 oz. eemcnt pas-iiig No. 120 sieve Cement 
 
 2 oz. " ciingbt on No. 120 sieve ") 
 
 2o/,. " '"' "No. 80 sieve [■ Sand 
 
 2 oz. sand ) 
 
 tested at 4 weeks gave Kif) Ib.s., while 
 
 2 oz. eenient passing No. 120 Sieve Cement 
 
 (! oz. sand Sand 
 
 rave 121 lbs. teste<l at the ^anlc age. 
 
 Thus, if in the first instance we consider all but the finest as sand, 
 then our result is only .^5 percent, liiglur than the 2nd mixture, sliow- 
 intj of how little value tlic eoarser particles were. 
 
 (//) No. 8 English Portland (very coarse) gave in ordinary test 41 4 
 lbs. 1 week neat, 'lit^ lbs. 4 weeks neat ; but when all the particles 
 CMUght on No. 80 sieve were rejected, the results were 393 lbs. in 1 
 week, 484 lbs. in 4 weeks, demonstrating the well-known fact that 
 neat tests oi' Portlands opcriite against fine grinding, and therefore 
 .should be considered only in connection fineness and specific gravity. 
 
 
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 ((■) Equal portions (game brsnil) of residues on No. 60 and N o.80 
 «ipvc were mixod with 22J per cent, water, and gave 262 lbs. in 1 week 
 iind :{24 lbs. ,in 4 wcoks, which is very surprisinir, and can only be 
 lU'countci' fnron the ground that the dust of cumerit clinging on to the 
 • onrse panicles was sufficient to hold them together, or else that the 
 iiicclianical iiction of mixina the mortar broko up many oarso particles 
 into tincroncs. 
 
 ((?) To show the superior value of fine cement in sand mixtures, the 
 following results have been obtained : 
 
 These results should tje a convincing argument to user.-, of Portland 
 cement, that fine grinding is woitli paying for, because the finer the 
 same cement the jircator its snnd-carryiiiii valus is. 
 ^ 1"lio only pi.rtiiil exception in the above results is No. 2 natural. 
 Tlii.s i.s either erratic, hein-r, however, duplicated, or if not, is easily ac- 
 counted foi-. An underbuiMt eenicnt is easily ground, and therefore is 
 not apt to be ivell ground ; very easy -linding will make it fine enough, 
 and the better burnt particles being a little hrtt^rhmnt are therefore, 
 harder and escape grinding ; but ihe.^c particles, not being very hard, aro 
 probably bruised up in mixing, and form the best part of the cementing 
 substance ; thcrelorc, when these are silted out, the umlerburnt fine par- 
 ticle h.'LS not as great a cementing value as the mixture would have 
 unsifted. On the other band, the coarse particL's in Portlnnd cement 
 src much harder, and are always a detriment in a .^and mixture. 
 
 SKPilKS ir. 
 
 HOT WATEK TESTS. 
 
 ^.() No. 1. Nafnral cement neat, 2 months old, gave when tested the 
 following results : — 
 
 (1 ) Water at temperature r)2''F., 22G lbs. average. 
 {-) '\ '• " 122^'F., 250 lbs. average. 
 
 (I>) No. 1. Natural cement 1 to 1,2 nronths old, gave when tested 
 the following results : — 
 
 (1) Water at temjierature 47'-'F., 1 2.') lbs. average. 
 
 (2) 'I '• " 118"F., 1 -JO lbs. average! 
 
 U) No. 4 Portland, neat, 1 month old, gave when tested the fol- 
 lowing results: — 
 
 (1) Water at temperature 05'^F., r);i3 lbs. averaire. 
 <2) " '• " 118 'F., eiC.Uis. average. 
 
 (3) " " " 18(;°F., .'■,5(i lbs. average. 
 
 (•0 No. 4 Portland, :! to 1, 1 month old, gave when tested the fol- 
 ing results; — 
 
 (1) Waterat temperature (JfrF,, 81 lbs. average. 
 (-) " " " 18a"F, 81 11-. average. 
 
 These tests, which are very uniform, indicate that for either natural 
 or Portland cements tested neat or with sand, there is a .-li-ht -nin in 
 strength, by using hot water in mixing. 
 
 The adnmfa;/,- bcinir that lor exposure to frost the cement will set 
 quicker and resist the frost action better, by referring ahead to frost 
 tests, it will be seen that cements exposed at about same temperature 
 (natural cement only tested with hot water in frost) gave much higher 
 results when mixed with hot water, being in ratio, 94 to for neat 
 .•ement No. 1 Notural and 117 to 44 for 1 to 1 cement No. 1 Natural. 
 
 SERIFS 111. 
 
 KROST OR EXPOSURE TESTS. 
 
 This series consist d of various investigations into the strength of 
 mortars when mixed with different conditions of water and under dif- 
 ferent exposures, reference being particularly made to frost. All tests 
 were made in quadruplicate ; — 
 
 The 1st set was submerged, after 24 hours, in water of laboratory 
 tanks; •' 
 
 The 2nd .set was kept on damp boarJs in a elo.sed tank for the whole 
 period, and never al'Dwcd to dry out; 
 
 13 
 
Tho 3rJ sut was ailowcd to sat in tlio liiboratory, and Ihen exposed 
 to the severe frost and loft in ojKjn air for the whole perioil ; 
 
 Tho 4tli net were exposed in from 8 to 10 ininiitos to tin-, severe 
 frost, iind lol't there for the whole period, exeept to take llieni out of the 
 moulds whiD they were set or frozen. 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 ^ >^ E 
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 O 
 
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 II 
 
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 = c 
 
 
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 .s-.si 
 
 
 
 :§^ 
 
 4^ — 
 
 '^'l I' 
 
 ■SS^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 "II 
 
 .5 61 
 
 i"=S 
 
 m 
 
 £.=, 
 
 8.= 
 
 -^•f: 
 
 ix 
 
 •^ « 
 
 H «> 
 
 19 
 
 3Jllrtnilx}[ 
 ,|0 •dm,),!, 
 
 " K -""J 
 
 JJIIbOdx^ 
 
 JO 'duiaj. 
 
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 nti 
 
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 Ui 
 
 
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 ••■^ 
 
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 i; ^^ z:^ ,fi o ^j^ 
 
 
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 (i;) 
 
 g,Vl.)s aayn 
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 00 
 
 194 
 
 471 
 
 276 
 
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 Table V islicregiveii,showing the results obtained, and accompany- 
 ing it is a tcnipeniture ehart showing tho weather to which those mix- 
 tures were exposed during their whole period. 
 
 14 
 

 < 
 
 
 
 -ft 
 
 It will be miticctl tliiit tliesc loin were purposoly luadu in coitl ■'nnps 
 so 118 to iniikc! the tt'sls as severe as possible. 
 
 It, woiiUl appear improbable tliiit mortar immt'diately exposed to 
 severe frost wcmlil beeome stroni.!cr tliaii tluit allowed to set in a warm 
 ixtiiiospi.ere, but tbe results of all tlie I'oitl'ind cement tests, botli in 
 tension and ecimiiressicn (witli one exception) assert it ; and also tlmt 
 tbose allowed tos(t in I lie laboratory, and tliiMi exposed coiitintniUy, arc 
 tbe weakest of all tin' 4 (onditions treated of — tliis would ^o I'ai' lo dis- 
 ])Ute tlie iulvisability of (•(verint; npn,oilar biid in frosty weatbrr. 
 
 Tbe next deduction from the I'ortland cement tests is that labor- 
 .itoiy tests niade wiib bri(|uettes sobnier^cd <_'ive bij,'ber results tban 
 can be ex|'<cted in open air wurk, and therefore that enjjineers should 
 iidd this to tbe various otlicr de^'cneratini; eni'.tiiii;fucii's, such as bad 
 mixinj;, dirty >and, i tc. \ deduction not luueli evidenced ni the Table 
 is that it is not safe to lay I'ortland ceincot m(utar below 0° F. bu- 
 cause till' ;ird and -Jlh si rirs of 11 to I I'lutlaiid exposed at —1)° F. ^ave 
 ocular cvidi-nee Ibat their struciure was injured, anil th.: tc st-)iieces 
 Ijroke most iriei;ul nly. wliile tbe oilier exposuics at nboiit 0° V. -jave 
 no evideiiee of any iiijiiiy :it all. (juuiii^' tn tlie natural eenieiit inor- 
 l;ir in til" otb :iiil tub lines, we liiid iiiUlIi dilleunt results. The lirst 
 one i- decisive, .ind is tbiit ibis piirticu'ar cement mortar eaiiuot be 
 laid in Zero wc atber. 'f be lirst set ncie all llowii to i)i( ecs (except the 
 cube), wliieb surprisinj;ly .-t(od l:!9(l lbs., while the 2nd set, .ilthou^.'b 
 not ((iiitc blown to pieces, nil showed extreme injury, 
 
 'i'he iiiost pcrnliiir result is that this siimo eeniei,t. neat, if i;iven a 
 few hi iirs to set ill the tc nipi rale ;iir, will on exposure to the fio.-t at- 
 tain a stuiiiitb hi;.;lK'st ot the I ceii<litions; this is i|uite reUKiikable, 
 that while the Pcnthiiid cnn iit was slroiii;esl when submerged, tbo 
 Natural eemeiit was stidiiL:* r in (l;iiij|i iiir a:.d stroiiLcst in frost. 
 
 liidicd, the Portland et nient, in air, for 1 to 1 mixtures, was very 
 Utile stion^er than the 1 to 1 natural. 
 
 All of the natural cement specimens exposed to i'rest showed a dis- 
 intcuraicd layer on the outside about 1" thick ; underneath ibis tbe 
 struciure was (|uite sound, and dcubtUss nmcb of the variations in tests 
 is diu' not so iiiueb to a weakeiiiie.' thro nyb the whole mass as to a 
 reiiiiecd stctionu' area. 
 
 Tbe last series iniide with 2 per eeii:. brine in uiihl wiaihir (or 1 
 THontb (exposed at : 7A° Fj showed that s;ih increased the strength, 
 luakinii lli( m as siroiig as others were at 2 months, when mixed with 
 fiesb water, and also a;jain eaipbasised the advantage to this natural 
 cement of oiien air tcsls. 
 
 It would seem ibat eitlier hot w;iter nr salt are iheretbre very 
 streiijitbeuing in llu'ir elTcct. Much additional data on thissubjcct i.s 
 hoped ti)r in Part II of ibis paper. 
 
 SKUIKS IV. 
 
 SIIEAHINO TEsrs. 
 
 This scries ol expi riuients was c;iiiied out with a view of obtaining 
 mere infoiiiialion on the shearing slrciii^th ol' mortar. Tbe iiiclbod 
 adopted was as follows ; — 
 
 Three bricks placed, a.s shown in sketch, were 
 ceiiuiitod tegi tItM-, and tested at the end of one 
 uuiiitb. It was found that by [lacing pieces 
 ol soil wood at .;..l..-l., .-ill iictii'ii as marly as 
 pessihle a shear was obtaimd, and gave very 
 sati^fiielory results, the pressuic being practi- 
 cally cflitM ntrated iilong the two moitar joints. 
 No side pressure « as a]ipli(!d, because the desire 
 was to obtain miniuinui results where friction 
 w;is nut assisting. 
 
 The combined effect id' adhesions und fric- 
 tion Clin easily be computid if the adhesion 
 and super-imposed lead are known. 
 
 The results are divided into lime mortar, 
 naturid cement mortar and Portland cement 
 mortar, also into ]" and .V' jointx, also into flat, 
 eommoD, unkeyeii bricks and pressed Lapruiric 
 brick keyed on one side. (1) The lime mor- 
 tar was mixed 1 lime to 3 of standard 
 quartz sand, by weight; (2) natural cement 
 15 
 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 ur^ 
 
t 
 
 11 
 
 mortar waa niUcd, 1 of No. 2 niituntl ocmoiH to 1^ stunJurJ sand ; 
 (3) Portland couicnt mortur was mixed, 1 of Xo, .') Portltiod ceinoat 
 toBstundurd giind. (8uu exhibits of bricks with mortar attacliud.) The 
 test-pieous wnu chiefly kIIowlmI to stand in tho liiboriitury at u temiior- 
 uture of 55" to On^'F., but one act of natural cement mortar and two of 
 I'oitland ccmoii mortar wero duplicated by imnnT'^inL; in water for 
 29 days, after sotting in iiir 24 liour.s betbrc subiiuusion, 
 
 ThoBc results point nut many iutercstin<; facts : (u) the first fact 
 noticeable is llint the results are imlependenl of the iliii/.iii-Ht of joint ; 
 this is trui; of limo and etniciit mortal's. (/)) Tin: next one is not 
 ovidenoed to any extent in thu Tabic, but was quite ap|ai'uiit in tho 
 lostinji, viz., that the adhesion of the mortar to the brick was j;reaiest 
 when the mortar was put on very soft, and least whoii tlic inoriur was 
 dry. This will largely uphold tho u.sc ol'hol't mortars by mason.s, iilbeit 
 their reason is a purely selfish one, the mortur being easy lo handle. 
 The tensile tests of cements mado very soft are lower than wlicii the 
 mixture has tho minimum amount of water for standard eonsistciiey- 
 But for adhchivc tests tho case is evidently tho rcvei.se. It may be 
 here mentioned that in tho.«o tests all bricks were thoroughly .soaked 
 with water before the joints wove laid, (c) Coming now to tho tests 
 on lime mortar, the shears were through the mortar, except in the ttik 
 experiment, and therefore they arc quite independent of the key of tliu 
 pressed brick en tlie surface of adhesion. This woulil point out the 
 fact that keyed briek are superfluous in lime tnorlar joints, and the 
 ."hearing strength per sq. inch averages about 10^ Ib.^. per .s(|. inch 
 The tensile strength of the simo mixture at the same age was 30 lbs. 
 per sq. inch and the compressive .strength 11)2 lbs. per s(|. inch. ((/) 
 The natural cement moiiar showed di^tinetiy that its adhesive .strength 
 was not as great as its .shearing strength, which is the rever.sc of the 
 lime mortar tests. It also showed that the keyed brick aided in .some 
 unknown way, for the results on thcni are 15 times as great as with the 
 common flat briek. Of course this may hive been, and probably was 
 partly duo to the different .-uri'aee of adhesion. In 5 tests out of 21 
 made on tho natural oeiiicnt mortar, tlie inortav slieaied tliioiigh, and 
 the avc rago of these "j was 97 lbs, p.'r >i|. inch, which gives ;he slicariug 
 sIrcDglh jiropcr, while the average adhesive strength of the 115 tests in 
 air which came loose from the bricks was2ti lbs. persi|. inch in common 
 brick, 48 lbs. per s(|. inch on Laprairie jires.'-cd brick, and 38 lbs. 
 per sq. inch on Laprairie pressed brick for ihice tests submerged in 
 water for the whole period. 
 
 This would show that the adhesive strength is nearly twice as great 
 on pi'cs.sed brick as common brick, and that submersion in water had a 
 rather harmful cB'oct than otiierwisc, on the adhesive .streiigih, and was 
 certainly of no benefit. 
 
 The tensile strength of the same mortar at tho same age was 132 
 lbs. per sf(. inch ; the compressive sirengtli was noL obtained, but would 
 have been about 100(( lbs. per sq. inch. The hints to be taken from thcsi' 
 tests are that pressed brick keyed on both sides will give mucli higher 
 results than flat common bricks, and would probably place the shearing 
 strength of such joints at 100 lbs. per sq. in,, and make it largely inde- 
 pendent of the consistency of the mortar. Also that the shearing 
 strength is very much higher in proportion to the tensile ttrength tliaii 
 was the lime moriar shearing .strength to its tensile strengtii. but about 
 the same proportion to its compressive slrcii'.;tli, i.e., 10 to 1. 
 
 It becoming evident that the tiiickncss of joint had no appi'cciab'.o 
 effect, the Portland cement m'lrtar tests were made all { " thick. The 
 results are .surprisingly low. The adhesion on the comnion brick is 
 about the same for air drying or submersion in water, and is .slightly 
 less than i that of natural cement moi tar tests of 1^ io 1. This is a 
 significant fact, for while a neat tensile test, of No. 2 natural cement I 
 weeks old is 268 lbs., the No. 5 Portland is ta'.t lbs. for the same age, 
 and a 3 to 1 No. 5 Portland is 82 lbs. for .same age. See Table of general 
 Laboratory results.) Thuswhile any test of this ccniont would show that 
 a 3 to 1 mixture of the bitter would bo nearly c<iual to a l\ to 1 l«;8t 
 
 Hi 
 
on tho Cornitr, yot in thoir iidliosive proportion ti) cutnmon brick the 
 heavily dosed -situ] inixhin' wiiHoiily liiil('iisstrnn>; !is llicnatiinil cpmoiit 
 nir 1 with ft «iiiiilit'r ihw (ilMinil ; wv n,inli( nisily Imv.! oxpccti'il this, 
 but 'iic iDiiiii pciint i.s , in it tttkoii iico<nint r,(' in ((nisiderifi},' ilw coiu- 
 imrtttlvcvftiiirs ofthiM'oiixtiiro.s, Ihiil the a(lh.'>iv<' >ticMgth ofn I'.irl- 
 limd ocninit mortar hnivily dcwd with *iiid i.s low ,^cniiiparoil with a 
 woakcr hut i idler m\xUm' of natural cetnciit mnrtar ;' 'I'lie (.hcaririi: of 
 I'ortlaiid mortar shows tlint the adhesion to pro^.i^l briek i.s •.'roa'tor 
 Ihaii to eoiiiuion hriek, but not in such pfop )rtioii a- in miturai eemi-nts, 
 bein;; U or 2 to 1 in plac of :i to 1 in the j itler. But hero as^ain 
 comes out tlio advantaj;e 'Xlv■^,^ t . Portland r..,nent~ by teatin,' thorn 
 uudor wal T, tho sub nurji;od spticinieoH ar; nlrongor thin op^in air onoi 
 while in natural eenients the r.-verso is the case, 
 
 Table Vr is hero given >ummari»itij,' the results (ditained: 
 
 1^ 
 
 pq 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 OS 
 en 
 
 Ui 
 
 o 
 
 pa 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 en 
 
 s: 
 tt 
 a 
 
 -/3 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 Ed 
 E 
 t/: 
 
 o 
 w 
 
 _3 
 BQ 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 2 
 
 en 
 
 C5 
 
 3 - 
 
 S 
 4* ^ 
 
 
 
 M.-< 
 
 
 2". •/- n O 
 
 ■^1 
 
 jjxxrj 
 
 p^ — — ^ 
 
 •s 
 
 O O O ^ O 
 
 i: '^ "'r? *- A- 
 
 I - — . — o 
 r; -rg c^i X 
 
 s"! c-i rj r4 
 
 - OiO— . 
 
 t< * •■t ..1 rj 
 
 M ^1 t- X. .t; 
 
 1 
 
 ■5 rt 
 
 i. a 
 
 -2 O 
 
 = C 
 
 o o 
 
 i.i ■<c i.-» ..^ m u- 1- r-: -: r^ — r 
 
 "^•^aa^ <5 ^-axi^ 
 
 ee ■ 
 
 ;i:a 
 
 ? =1 
 <2a 
 
 w 
 
 03 
 
 5'. S =' 
 
 -^^IJ-. 
 
 SKIUES IV. (^1) 
 
 THE STKENOTII OF .MQUT.VR IN COMPltESSION' IN HRIPK .MASONRY. 
 
 All engineers realise that the .strength of mortar is mueli less, tested 
 in cubes, than in thiu layers, but just wliat proportion they bear to one 
 another is not very well known. The following cxpoiimeats have boon 
 made with a view of obtainiDg this information. 
 
 17 
 

 ill I 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 u 
 
 eu 
 
 u 
 a: 
 
 X 
 
 6 
 y. I 
 
 S 1 
 
 - ' 
 
 ■it 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 ^ I 
 
 J. 
 
 s 
 
 i_ 
 
 9^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 7i 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 5 
 
 a; 
 
 •< 
 
 o 
 
 91 
 
 ,M Sis' 
 
 'C — '5. 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 r- 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 IS 
 
 x 
 
 <.l 
 
 c 
 ft/ 
 
 E 
 
 ~. -^ "" -r 
 /^ — -* '-r 
 
 I - M T- 'J 
 
 
 c: ^ -^ . 
 oc « -t • 
 
 r 
 
 ■^ o 
 
 ■- " 
 - » 
 
 r- c-5 
 
 b i6 
 
 '= S 
 •I. n 
 
 g o 
 
 E 
 
 I ^? 
 
 
 
 C9 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 M 
 
 t'- 
 
 « 
 
 tij 
 
 •ui 
 
 g 
 
 *;r 
 
 
 
 a, ^ 
 
 S 
 
 
 <L 'f. 
 
 ~ o 
 
 d u « I Pi ^< z 
 
 ; I :'2'i ^" 
 
 At tht' saiiie time that tlii'so tests wiTo made, luortar was also made 
 into topt (liiccs, iiiul ifi-ti'd at the same iVie. Wo arc thus enabled to 
 form an idea of the rchitive strengths of mortar iu tliiu joints and in 
 cuhes, and also to form an inti'lligeiit opinion of the comparative .strengths 
 of linie II ortar, natural cement mortar and Portland cement mortar. The 
 mortars of the 4ili, 5th and Gth tests are identical with the mortars of 
 the .ihiiiriiiy tests, and show the Siime clear superiority of the natural 
 cenunt lA to 1 over tin' I'oitlaiid cement [i to I when u.^ed in this 
 manner. The following table summarises the results obtaiiK^d : — 
 
 TABLE VIII. 
 
 (■i) 
 (r,) 
 
 sir^riiitli nf Mortar per Bq 
 
 l.ouiis ri'U'iiKt'it 
 al I7.,'iu() llw,. 
 
 " , Hl't ol'SI'TVl'll 
 
 III jointd.l In iiiliiR I In tiiili'n. per liural liiut. 
 
 245 
 ■l«!l 
 400 I 
 •2ti7 ' 
 9t)H 
 7u5 
 
 40 
 
 :,i 
 
 67 
 
 21 
 
 250 
 
 :!41 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 43 
 
 .01" 
 
 . o;!" 
 
 .00 
 
 1 week old, mortar, 1 liinp, 6 sand. 
 
 :! ' 1 " T) " 
 
 ;>, " " ■ 1 " 5 " 
 
 1 1 " ;t " 
 
 1 1 Natural Cenunt 1^ sund. 
 
 1 " " " 1 I'onland •• ;t " 
 
 18 
 
vis 
 
 \i suuU. 
 
 Itoii^lily iipo.ikiii^, till' liiiio iiiiirtiir at I woi'k f> l<i 1 ii* fl tiiuti ai 
 NtroriK ) tint liiiii' iMiii'i:ir hI I wi-vk 3 to 1 h 14 timiH an iitroii); ; iha 
 iiitturitl I'ciiH-iil tiinrhir iit 1 wnk I ', tii ! i- 4 tiiiic^ lis 8triiii^' : the 
 I'lirtlHiiil (t.'iiiint iiiiiriiir kt I wri>k l{ to 1 is twii'" ii'i -•'ronf;, itt tin' xmna 
 iMiiitiir li'xti'il ill (Mibvii, ut tlio httiiio a;.'!'. 
 
 Ui'fi'iriii;; tn llii' aiiiniitit oT ciiuipri-HMinii in Talilr \ i I, it will In' yii n 
 tliit' till' iiiiKiunt lit' uoiiipr('^<i«iiiii per I'not is iniicli Ic-h »caiir>lin<; us tliJs 
 imio In Kmx— i.e., the li'HH jirjdiiin ilii' iiinrtiir till' nearer iIim'n tlio 
 Dtrrii^tli ill uiiboN approach to the stri'ii^tli in joints ) thin it* to hi' ex- 
 pcoicd— bteiiiuo the iiioroyii'lilin)^ siilmtiinorri will Ixuit a iiiiioh i;ri'ntcr 
 >lisaiJvanta);e when uiixiipportetl at the nideM than it'enclosoJ in a thiu 
 luasonry joint. 
 
 In tho 2iid, Kid, 4th and 6th tPFti* at 17, MID Ibn., Iho load 
 
 was releasiid, and tho permanent net nbseivcil was us ^iven in llio 5th 
 cnluuin of the prt'eediii;; table. 
 
 it Hoeuis priibiibh' from thiK, therelinri', that the lime niuilarN must have 
 yicld(til to ail injurious extent bolore there were any exli rmilsinns. But 
 whellier this was the ease or not, it is iiiipossihle to wiy, heeause the ooui- 
 (rcssioi wiis i|uite unil'orin up to and it; niiiny eases mucii past the 
 IKiints of evidi'iit I'ailuro. 
 
 It seems fair to NiippoHc that 1 week and ^ wtoks arn alu'Uttho mini- 
 mum ami avera.e times whieh wouM elapse lieliire the iii:ixiniuin load 
 mi;;ht be | ut on a brick wall, Mini when it Is reniemhered lliiii these jnintg 
 wero le-s ihun y ihluk. The unioiiiii nl cnmpn ssinn in a lii^'h brick 
 wall under a load of >'(1 or !l(l Ihs. per .-i|e iiieli is sei ii to be very 
 ^reat, ami umlir a load of itIMI to Itlll |lis. per si|. ineh, u biick wall 
 51) ft. Iii'^h in lime mortar wiaild not only fail, hut compress from 2 to 
 tl iiiehes ill doinjf »o — the i'oiii| res-io" pruelically all takiiiL' placfl in 
 the mortar as in the iinvieUlinj; Portland oi ineiil imriai, tlieeninprosion 
 Is .seen to Ije vci V Miiall. 
 
I'liv Mcciititl pittt III tliin jupi^r will ciiiitiiti t ^l.H Mvnl'' oil [liiirft tiiiill 
 with pii'~KO(| litick, ill wliii'h till' iiiiirdir Ims liaii Imi^or tium Id liiirili'ii, 
 •ml iiitiTihtiii); rrHiiIti ari' ji okrii t'nr. 
 
 Till' lirick ill tlii.'4 riiii' wiirt u.t imulidiiLMl in Tallin VII, rnmiiinn 
 liuiiilii.K brick, 'i'l (' |ilii>lourii|ih ^ivvii iiiiiKtrutcH tlio iin'tliuil of t<'>tiiit( 
 null ihr iiiiirrHtiiiij iiiiiiiiirr of I'ailiirc nf Sth tent, ill which ihu line* of 
 
 K'licl Iti-i^till «•(' liri' rlr.illy ilrlilli'il. 
 
 SIIMIvS \'. 
 
 K\ AI'IIHATIOS AM) I lirsllINd 'IK-TS AM) KVA roKATUl.N AND 
 TKNHII.E TEH'Ii 
 ((/) Ktiijii'iiilidn iiinh-i imliiiiij htit». 
 
 TliixxeiicM liuii liii' itxIiiMt liiti'iiiiiiii, iiiriiruiuiiiiM I'll ilir niiii|iuritiiv(> 
 ami lu'liial iimount nt' t'\a|iiiratiiiii ol' luiiiH'.uri' Irnui ilifliri'iit iiimtari* 
 Uiailr Willi ilinirrtit I'l'Miiiit^, lint it -nnii ili'Vi'Ii'|iril iiitn an mill itvonr t<) 
 iililiiiii Miinr II liiliini lii'lwri II crnnliiiij; ■•lrrni;lli ami iva|iiiiatii'ii. Any 
 Inw on the inattrr, il llnrc is any jjonrral law, will of enur-r lakcyiaM 
 til ilt'ii.Kii-tiiUr ; lilt I iiiiii'jii lias bn ii ilmii! (n slmw (hat aiiv iiivi!>ti<;ii> 
 tidlis III! this mhjcrl will 111' frilitl'iil nriiwtllt-i. Tlio tllrtlioil iil'iiriiri' lliri' 
 wa« I'M I'olliiwn; — Mixtiif'S Wire ki'iit in ihiiiip air 110 ihiy.'t, iIumi Iiii- 
 im'r''(i| 'J il:iy> in wati r nf iinliiiary !■ niprrituriv ilun takrii out ami 
 
 TAULK l.\. 
 
 l.VAI'DHATKiN ANh CltCSlllNa ■II'MS. 
 Nil. 11- I'liHII.AND. 
 
 SKIilKS V. 
 
 Ml.vtiiri'. 
 
 KMip. ;. 
 
 ill J llilV' 
 
 Crn^hin^ 
 Ntrrn^itli 
 per n\. in< 
 
 Priiiliii't, 
 
 Max. «t, 
 .if 2' 
 
 Ciilio. 
 
 {>') 
 
 I'roiliic't. 
 riiluiiin 11, 
 
 Ni'iit. 
 
 LIS 
 
 •.m't 
 
 ■iMi!l 
 
 10. 1:1 
 
 Ti.\(: 
 
 2112.1 
 
 1 to 1 
 
 ;!.il 
 
 ■JJIl 
 
 ;:i:i!i 
 
 111.12 
 
 21.71 
 
 :;i7.;i 
 
 •J to 1 
 
 li.'jii 
 
 ' lii:ii 
 
 •; i!i2 
 
 'j.;i'.i 
 
 2ii.i;ii 
 
 :iM.2 
 
 :; to 1 
 
 |ii.:;ii 
 
 ■ill 
 
 ;"iri'ij 
 
 ii.ii 
 
 2t).:io 
 
 27."'. 't 
 
 ; 1 lu 1 
 
 II -I'.i 
 
 'i:;i 
 
 VX.2 
 
 .^ , 'X2 
 
 1 11, '.17 
 
 217.'.! 
 
 Nil. 10— I'nliTI.AM). 
 
 , , i('ni!-liiii;r I 
 
 .\li.\lMi<". ''\"\' •'Huri'iiylli I I'riiiiii.t. 
 
 " '"> •piTM|.lll 
 
 1 
 
 Ni'ui. n.'.i7 
 
 1 111 I 2.20 
 
 2 ti. I ."i..'.'.l 
 
 :; tu I x.iw 
 
 I 10 I II.IW I 
 
 I 
 
 lliii' (lav <'lili I lliiiii otii 
 
 ■i:ii;7 
 :,(i(i2 
 I(i7'.t 
 'IIKl 
 
 12:11 
 
 Ii7.'!(l 
 
 f:ii:;2 
 mid:; 
 
 ."idi I riHHG 
 
 Nil. ;] — I'milLANIi. 
 
 wl. 
 
 '.t.SI 
 
 10.2:1 
 
 !).i:! 
 
 .^.sd 
 
 
 21.:il 
 21. -7 
 2(1.72 
 2(1. :il 
 ll>.f-7 
 
 
 
 l:ii) 
 
 n 
 
 :i(i,>' 
 
 n 
 
 2'.ll 
 
 1 
 
 :i:iH 
 
 t 
 
 2'J(i 
 
 ■> 
 
 Mi.xturi . 
 
 I'lvilll. 
 
 . „"V ■'" 'Irt-iii^di rniiliict. 
 
 ;i to I H.ii 
 
 i 
 
 •» ti. 1 I 12. 5G 
 
 Neat. 'I.tiri It-il.i I .''<ll'>2 \ 10.00 
 
 1 III 1 -i.lo lK7ri I 7l;^7 ' 10.12 
 
 2 to I o.(i7 1417 : «0:M '.K'iO 
 
 r,572 
 .'■)17tl 
 
 
 20 
 
No. lA— Nati'RAI.. 
 
 
 Sent. 
 I u< I 
 -.2 III 1 
 
 a tu 1 
 
 II 7(1 
 
 fl.OH 
 •1.12 
 
 H,:ii 
 
 Crilnlllllkl 
 ■•tr('li;{lli 
 per 'ci- ir 
 
 l'ru>lii.i. 
 
 iHHM vm'i 
 
 1 1.17 T;too 
 
 UHM ' i,ll4rt 
 
 575 4786 
 
 wt. 
 
 u.in 
 
 t).6A 
 
 !».;ri 
 
 U.Ufl 
 
 'i0.rt7 
 21.0.! 
 
 ■jn.fl7 
 
 3". 16 
 
 •117.1 
 :ii7..i 
 :'ii;i.i» 
 tM.9 
 
 No. 2 — Xatobai.. 
 
 .MInImiv. 
 
 K villi % 
 III 2 ilikV". 
 
 ('rii«liiii(i 
 
 "iri'Dirili 
 |Kr "n III 
 
 I'ro'liicl. 
 
 \\i. 
 
 
 
 N.at. 
 
 s.i):i 
 
 257.-. 
 
 l.-)-20 
 
 i).i:i 
 
 2072 
 
 758.7 
 
 1 10 1 
 
 10.«2 
 
 7011 
 
 72fl» 
 
 ll.Uli 
 
 20111 
 
 ;;.■.(),!» 
 
 2 t.. 1 
 
 H . !»:i 
 
 Mln 
 
 72.T1 
 
 !).2rt 
 
 2057 
 
 .1.-)2,II 
 
 wi'ii{li<'ii; thty wiTuiiirn kr|it in tlin warm iliy ivirnt' tlio liiboi'iit»ry ut u 
 tt'iiipiTiilurt' of iibotit (15^ F., cxiicily 2 diiy*, wlicn ihi'y wuro n^:\\u 
 Wfiulicd anil iiiinuiliiiiflv rrur<liiMl. Tlio ('X|iiriiii('iits rcciiriKd in Tulil' 
 I .V Will' 111! iiiaili' nil li" I'ubtM, mill 2 days wiis i>taii|i.slu'il, bcoauso it 
 Wiis liiuiiil llmt lit tliiit tiiiii' the ('Vii|)r)iMtioii w;iH practti-aily i'tiiii|ilttc'. 
 Otlirr rxpL'iiiiiriii> (iidt icciirJi'ii) iiiiiili'iiii .'l"t'ulK'.s uitvo less cviipmation 
 )iri' ffiit. Bin! iil-(ile.>.s stri'iii;tli;iitticli('il to tliisaro.'i ilrH|{r.'iiii8 : llio Hint 
 two show siniiiith ami cviipnriiiion in (litlrrciit mixtures ami with 5 
 iiramls idi'inirlit. 'I'hi' ihinl (liai;raui is ihi' product of tin- other two, 
 and is ((uito worthy of in-pictioii, hcciiusi) it would appuar from it that 
 it would he po.s^ihle tnestimate I'airly accuratc'ly, without actually crush- 
 ilit; a ^pieiimii. what liiad it would heir. 
 
 !i 
 
 ^cu»za^*n ^Ut:\Su» 
 
 Mmof- 
 
 Sttit 
 
 V. 
 
 srr 
 
 \ 
 
 J-/ 
 
 
 /SO0O 
 
 /eooo 
 
 
 
 
 lOOO 
 
 80O 
 
 6«a 
 
 4*» 
 
 too 
 
 N^of 
 
Reference to the table nod diagran^s will show that the evaporation 
 inoreiiscs and the strcnj^th diminishes with the increase of stind in the 
 mixture. This is, of course, almo.st self-evident, but the striking differ 
 ence in the amount of evaporation for different cements neat is unac- 
 countable. This difference disnppuars as the admixture of sand increases, 
 and we are led, tliureforo, to conclude that there is something inherent in 
 the ccnirnt itself, wliicli aids it nioreorlss in holding particles of water 
 in suspension. The natural cements show high evaporation neat, !>o also 
 docs the No. 3 Portland, which has a liigli spociSc gravity (see general 
 tables), and tlje cubi's ot which weighed niore than those of the Xo. 10, 
 which evaporated IimsI ; we ciiniiot account for it on the ground of Port- 
 land and natural, but one thing is evident, that that name (piality which 
 enables it to hold water in su.>*pcn.'<ion also aids it in holding particles of 
 sand together, but nut partielci of iisclf. The third diagram showing the 
 oonvergeuce of lines on the 1 to 1 mixture i.s very .striking. The product 
 of the crushing stnngtli n/al to 1 mixture &^\A the ev ipurntiim per cent. 
 under conditions nameil i.s practically co.n'stant. Tliis is f. rone condi- 
 tion only, namely, 3li days, with access of water and 2 days drying. 
 This means in plain words that we may po.^sibly be abli; to test with 
 a balance instead of a crushing machine. 
 
 It is probable that the microscope would reveal a decided difference 
 of structure in vai inus cements. Jt la, of course, well known that the 
 underburnt natural cements have .>-oftcr, rounder and more easily pul- 
 verised grains than that produced by the highly burnt clinker of the 
 Portland. It is pos-ihle, therefore, that the evaporation qualities of a 
 neat cement would indicate more closely than anything else the degree 
 of burning practised, independent of the fin''ness. It will be noticed, 
 by Table II, that the residues on sieves afford no clue to the density of 
 the mixture and no guide to determine beforehand the evaporation. 
 Neither docs the weight of the specimens vary at all regularly either 
 with the crushing strength or evaporation. 
 
 It would seem that the coansc, angular laboratory sand had its 
 interstices just about fliled up with a 1 to 1 mixture, and the strength 
 of the mixture depended directly on the amount of evaporation, in an 
 inverse ratio. The— —Evaporation diagram No. 4 is the same as 
 No. 3, except that this product is referred to a u'liform section density 
 (i. e.) (^"T^'T/ )"' ''"' J'''b'"*U' ''^ ]iractieally the same, showing 
 that the variation in weight of test pieces made practically no dill'crence 
 in the results. I.e., the per cent, of evaporation determines the strength 
 in 1 to 1 mixtures, but is no criterion in neat ones. 
 
 (b) Evaporation and tension tei^ts. 
 
 4io • ^f*r rss 
 
 am. •* 
 
 /Pressure Thsfi. 
 
 Z?^irgroms connKfi^g. ITei^A* "'^^ ^"^"^ '^ 'J^'^'S'sZ'-^ 
 
 
 f iveedC 
 
 
 
 Sf*l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 tUsfdJ^ 
 
 (7-* 
 
 * 
 
 0« ^ 
 
 10 4-1 
 
 , y ^rfg/f 
 
L/ V^ 
 
 -r^o 
 
 {/<Mo 
 
 
 feoo 
 ■5o» 
 
 II... .. .e W., p„i,„ ,„ „,„. „f „|, „,, ,^,^, ^,^j^."™- . P™ .-,• ll.« 
 
 I( ...11 1. «.„ i„ .|„ ,,i,^.„,„„ ,„ i„ „,„^^ ■ 
 
 >^fertar, but nnt s„ dose ns m the (brmcr tests. 
 
 ilic d to 1 tests are very orntic as i.il,.l.» ) u 
 
 Jitforent per cents of u-.Z ■•„ ^ ^'"" "-'-'P^'^"''^ ^"1' 
 
 I- ptr cL.its. of water a.i<l ,li(lerent amounts of nressiir.. T^ ;. 
 
 evident that eael. eement l,as .iistincrive ,,u.lities of ts 7. 
 
 w.th the sa.e weight of hri,uerte the .f " va' , ,?'• 'i'""" 
 
 up the i,nponant point that in s.nd tests t sZi; 1 TZ 
 
 :; :;: :t '■'"' " -"'''' " ''^''--"'^ •-- ' fc -i 
 
 tlon in weight seems, fmm Table IV to ■iffi.^f ,1 "-"y*"^'-'- 
 
 -h. it would net t:,.e mueh -v^:. t d . L h;"' ' "''' 
 
 U'uetyh,) «''■'«'' would change the seetion density to a statldir.K 
 
 SHIUMS VI. 
 
 sr(!.\lt TKsTs. 
 
 ^eause it has been ass,.,.tedh, ;.:;::;;::;:; r:r:-x 
 
 c:.se ; one mvesttgator .several years ago showed by tes.s t h t f o, T 
 
 t. p.e.ofs,,garwo,t,din.Uo,;n,o„tl,s.iveaga^.;i:^: :'"'"^ 
 
 Migav „. , ese t..ts, 2 p. e, of the a „„t of cement (by.X,n) 
 
 I'l the I orthi.id cement the >t.vn-th ra.e.es eln<elv .f •-,(( . 
 
 ™, ::?:,;"7»; ■"■■■" '—''-"■-.-.-'.,::: 
 
 th" sugar efl.ct was ovvrpmverin ' A fler o,„. «,.. .l' • '>-"i«. 
 
 bn..H,e, *,.„,.,„„,;„, M...,:",: :;;;;::„:;::;::.:!" 
 
 pl.'tely cheeked, and expanded so rnneh as to .rive nr.ehV. 
 
 Thisisn,rtherevideneed(se,.exl - of bri, ,uC bv ^ V" 7'" 
 
 Which was protected by a coating of J. d^il: 'vl'' ^i;; i^;; 
 water, being intaet, while the eheekinu- was greatest on 1, 
 where the water had five aec..ss. .-r^ateM on the bottom 
 
 The limo mi.xturos, kept in open air, show..d onconragin.-resnits for 
 2 months, and seemed t<, prove that the use of sn..ar i^ li?: ,. 
 
 - .„ India, was bcneOcial ; but the .. 4 and C, C^ ^ ; J^ ^ 
 
 2a 
 
In concludiii!: this paper, the iiuihor cannot but help feeliiii; that ho 
 is, as it were, dipping just on the surface of a vast subjeet, ami that 
 the more one finds out, the lar^'cr the unknown fields beyon 1 appear. 
 
 In any efforts that liavc' been made, tlie ficquent manual aid and 
 more fVei|uerit sound praetical advice Mr. J. (i. Kerry have been of 
 mucli service, and hero is the place to acknowled;,'c it. 
 
 The enihavour has been to find out anytliim; of practical use t'< the 
 Knj:inccriiiji- professinn i and if any points raised here will fulfill this 
 desire, the object of this jiaper will be, in tiic main, accomplished. 
 
 In conclusion the author cannot but acknowleduo the opportunity 
 given by the Hn^nneeriuj^ Kijuipni mt of ,Mc(Jill IJuiversily. In carry- 
 iuff out the various tests recorded, every facility has been oll'cred not 
 only for student instruction but for private ru.soarch, and whenever 
 anythinj; is needed that is not possessed, Professor Bovey, tha Dean of 
 Engineering, is always ready to have the want filled, if jiossible. In this 
 way many things not feasible in ordinary cases are practicable, and it is 
 hoped that, in due time, other results of value to the profession may be 
 dcterndned and presented to the Society. 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 24