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Pope. No. 3— The Civil Allegiance of Catholics -Rev. M. J. Whelan. 5 Cts. each or $3.50 per 100, The objects of the Catholic Truth Society of Ottawa are: 1. To dissemmate among Catholics small and cheap devotional 2. To ^assist the uneducated poor to a better knowledge of their rehgion . . , ^ r- *u r^ 3. To spread among Protestants mformation about Catholic 4. To '^promote the circulation of good, cheap and popular Catholic Books. ... * *• . 5. The prompt and systematic correction of misrepresentations, slanders and libels against Catholicity. The annual sub^^cription to the Society is one dollar, and ten dollars entitles to life membership. Any man, woman or child sending his or her name and address together with one dollar to the Secretary will be elected a member of the Society. Members are entitled to numerous spiritual advantages and to free copies of all publications of the Society. The Society's publications and most of those of the Catholic Truth Society o'f England and of the Catholic Truth Society of America may be had from the Secretary or at any of the following depots :— J. DURIE & SON, 33 & 35 Sparks St. W. P. BATTERTON, in Bank St. P. C. GUILLAUME, 495 Sussex St. W. T^. SCOTT, 74 Sparks St. Secretary, (? F\¥, f ^ INTRODUCTION. f ^JltHE public prints of the 7th November, contained reports <^ of a sermon delivered by the Kev. Dr. Campbell in the Erskine Presbyterian Chiu'ch on the afternoon of Sunday the sixth, the occasion being the annual Gun-Powder-Pldb cele- bration. The preacher discoursed on Civil Allegiance ; and, as a clinching proof that the Catholic Church did not leave men free to yield faithful and true allegiance to the civil power, and that^the Catholic religion was, therefore, one which made against the best interests of the State, Di*. Campbell cited what he alleged were the words of the late , Cardinal Manning. According to the reports he made the Cardinal say : " I acknowledge no civil power. I ai;know- ledge no temporal prince. I claim to be the chief ruler and dictator to the consciences of men, of the prince who sits upon the throne, the peasant who tills the soil, of the privacy of the domestic household and the member of parliament who legislates." ' ;..-;:► In a communication to the ^'Free Press " of the 9th November, Father Whelan challenged the accuracy of the quotation and called upon Dr. Campbell to supply references BO that it might be verified. Dr. Campbell made no reply. About the same time a polite note was addressed to Dr. Campbell by Mr. W. L. Scott, the Secretary of The Catholic Truth Society, requesting him to kindly state whether he was correctly reported, and if so, to kindly furnish the reference for his quotation. But no answer came from Dr. Campbell ; and Mr. Scott, weary of waiting, concluded that his courtesy in assuming good faith in the "\ I Doctor bad been misplaced and published his note in a com- munication to the '* Evening Journal'^ of the 1 7th November. By the 2Ut, Dr. Campbell was so far moved by the appeals addressed to him as to cause an announcement to be made, through the medium of a news item in the ^'Citixen " of that date, to the effect that he would " shortly lecture on Cardinal Manning " and then " deal further with the reference he made to the dead churchman." ''The doctor says," went on the item, " that he has neither the time nor the desire to enter into a newspaper controversy." No doubt Dr. Campbell thought this plea would secure him an indefinite respite, but an admirer of the great Cardinal so importuned him in a series of personal letters, that the reverend gentleman gave to his correspondent the title, the volumo and the page of the work in which, he said, his citation could be found. But alas ! the printed page convicted him of a gross perversion of the text. On referring to page 97, volume III, of Cardinal Man- ning's " Eoclesiastical Sermons," it was found that the sermon from which Dr. Campbell pretended to quote was on the Syllabus ; that no part of that sermon would bear the construction which Dr. Campbell put upon it ; and that he had distorted the words which the Cardinal had not used of himself, but had put into the mouth of the Sovereign Pontiff in illustration of the Holy Father's atti- tude towards the Italian revolutionists, who sought to make him subject to them. The very words as they appear in the page referred to by Dr. Campbell, will be found in Father Whelan's paper on "The Civil Allegiance of Catho- lic3," which was read on the 6 th inst., at an open meeting of The Catholic Truth Society, and which we now offer to the reading public, prefacing it with this short statement so that the circumstances which evoked it may be clearly understood. l> r i Father Whelan desires us to repeat (what he said when reading the paper) that he has not designed the argument therein presented, but merely compiled and condensed it, within the limits allotted to him, from standard writings on the subject, chiefly from those of the late Dr. Brownson, to which references are given in the foot notes. Ottawa, 20th December, 1892. -^rr THEEJ CIYIL ALLEGIANCE OF CATHOLICS " / have claimed no authority for myself ; I have claimed it for Christianity.'^ Cardinal Manning : "Miscellanies," Vol. II ; p. 242. Once upon a time, says a veracious Detroit chronicler, there had been a homicide in a saloon — rather an unusual place for a like tragedy — and one man was telling all about it, even to the minutest detail. He had seen it all, he said, and knew what he was talking about ; and although every- body had not implicit confidence in his statements, nobody cared to call him to account and make him show proof. Naturally this man would be a good witness, and at the examining trial he was put on the stand. " What do you know about this affair?" asked the court. " Nothin' yer honor," he replied eg promptly as to startla those who had heard his story. have "Didn't you," asked the surprised magistrate, "didn't you tell a number of people you had seen it all t " •'Yes, yer honor." " Then how does it happen that you say here that you don't know anything about it t " «♦ Well, it's this way, yer honor," ho said, with a knowing wink and a redeeming blush, " I was only a talkin' then, and now I'm a swearin'/' ' This distinction between " talking " and " swearing *' was nicely drawn, and greatly to the witness' credit. * Now, as Captain Bunsby would say, " the bearings of this observation lays in the application on it." . On a recent pyrotechnical anniversary, which was duly ' observed in a west-end Presbyterian Church, the congrega- tion — a lot of as simple-minded and good-natured people as it would be possible to assemble on such a frolicsome occa- sion — were piously bidden to thank heaven that they wer» • not &fi other men, Boman Catholics, unworthy of the privi- leges of citizenship. " I," said the preacher, with conscious pride, " I belong to a religion which says we must reverence the chief magis- trate. When a man states his religion contains nothing prejudicial to the State and asks our privileges, give them to him, but not whilst he belongs to a Church which binds him hand and foot." In support of this point, Dr. Camp- bell, we are fold, quoted Cardinal Manning as follows: " I acknowledge no civil power. I acknowledge no temporal prince. I claim to be chief ruler and dictator to the con- sciences of men, — of the prince who sits upon the throne, the peasant who tills the soil, of the privacy of the domestic household, and the member of parliament who legislates." And there^ on these pretended pretensions of Oardinal Manning, Dr. Campbell rested Lis case agninst us, and was quite satisfied to let it rest. No one, of course, in that congregation, would dream of disputing it, and as for out- siders, be it known to all men that "Dr. Campbell has neither the time nor the desire to enter into a newspaper controversy." You see what a stubborn and unsatisfactory witness he proves to be after all, when summoned before the high court of public opinion to show references for his alleged extract from Oardinal Manning's works. " Oh, I was only a'talkin* then, you kuow." That was Guy Fawkes' day, and he had to say somt thing to stir up " the boys." . .^ : • The worthy doctor, like his Detroit prototype, knows when and where to draw the line between "talking" and "swearing." It is, however, but due to him to say that he has pro- mised to redeem himself some day, in a lecture on Cardinal Manning. '^ That's a valiant flea that dare eat his breakfast on the lip of a lion." Mr. Scott's letter in the "Evening Journal" of Friday last, has happily relieved me of the task of further exposing the unfair tactics of our latest pulpit assailant ; and I am here '.o defend Oardinal Manning's statements, as we find them in his published works, and not as they are travestied for mischief-breeding purposes. First, let us take up " The Vatican Decrees in their bearing on Civil Allegiance," his complete and unanswer- able reply to Mr. Gladstone's Expostulation on the same subject in 1874. In Chap. I, he says : I linal and I that lout- has laper s he igh ged nly ia7. "The obedience of Catholic subjecta to their Civil Rulers ia a poHitive precept of religion. The rising against legitimate authority is forbidden as the sin of rebellion. . , . The political con- Bcience of Catholics is not left to the individual judgment alone. It is guided by the whole Christian morality, by the greatest system of ethical legislvtion the world has ever seen, *>lie Canon Law and Moral Theology of the Catholic Church. Not only all cipricious and wilful resistances of the Civil Law, l)ut all unreasonable and con- tentious disobedience is condemned by its authority. It is a doc- trine of faith, that legitimate authority exists not only in the unity of the Church, but outside of the sann ; antl not only among Chris- tian nations, but also an>ung the .lations that are not Christian. Moreover, that to all MUch legitimate sovereigns, subjects ai-e bound by the Divine Law, to render obedience in all lawful things. It is certain, therefore, that Catholics are bound to civil allegiance by every bond, natural and supernatural, as absolutely as their non- Catholic fellow-countrymen ; and, I must add, more explicitly. And further, that they can hardly be reduced to the necessity of using their private judgment as to the lawfulness of obeying any law. In all matters of ordinary civil and political life, the duty of Catholics is already defined by a whole code which enforces obedi- ence for cii icience sake. Jn the rare case of doubt, which may arise in times of religious persecution, political revolution, civil wars, or wars of succession. Catholic and non-Cathol-c subject ■ are alike in this, — they are both compelled to choose their side. But the non-Catholic subject has hardly law or judge to aid his con- science ; the Catholic has both. He has the whole traditional moral law of Christendom, which has formed and perpetuated the civil and political order of the modern world, and he has a multi- tude of principles, maxims and precedents on which to form his own judgment. Finally, if he be unable to do ao, he can seek for guidance from an authority which the whole Christian world once believed to be^the highest judicial tribunal and the source of its civil order and stability. And is this to place 'his mental and moral freedom at the mercy of another ? ' As much as and no more than we place ourselves ' at the mercy ' of the Christian Church for our salvation. Let us take an example. It is certain by the natural and Divine Law, that every man may defend himself , and that every people has the right of self-defence. On this, all defensive wars are justifiable. But if the Sovereign levy war upon his people, have I i- they the right of self-defence ? Beyond all doubt. But at what point jnay they take up arms? and what amount of oppression justifies refionrse to resistance? For the non-C»\tholics there can only be these answers. ' He must it;o by the light of his own con- science, or he must be guitled by the judgment of the greater number, or by the wiser heads of his nation.' But the greater number may not be the wiser ; and to judge who are the wiser throws the judgment once more upon himself. Thf, Catholic subject would use his own judgment, and the judgment of his countrymen, but he would not hold himself at liberty to take up arms unlees the Christian law con6rmed the justice of his judgment. But from whom is this judgment to be sought ? He would ask it of all tho«e of wliom he asks counsel in the salvation of his soul. If this is to be at the mercy of another, we are J\ at the mercy of thot>e whom we believe to be wiser than ourselves."* . v ' ' ; >« * - In a sermon on the Syllabus, a collection of intellectual errors condemned by Piup the Ninth during tha first eighteen years of his Pontidcate, Cardinal Manning clearly defines the correlative positions of the two great oi.'ders — the temporal and the spirit'" \ the civil society and the christian society of the world. Jhis sermon was preached six years prior to the appearance 0£ I-xr. Gladstone's pamphlet, and two years before the Vatican Council, and its publication is invaluable as showing that both the obligations and the conditions of civil allegiance wore then held to be exactly the Fame as they are now, and thus proving the fallacy of Mr. Gladstone's contention, that the Vatican decrees have made a change in the relations of Catholics to the civil power. Treating of the last of the condemned errors included in the Syllabus, namely, that the Roman Pontiff can, if he will, and ought therefore to reconcile himself, and to con- form himself to liberalism, progress and modern civilization, the Cardinal thus defines these three terms : i *PP. 40, 1, 2. 1 ' •' Liberalism means giving to another that which does not belong to ourselves. The truth of God, and the laws of God, and the rigris of parents — these belong to no Government, and to give them away is an impiety." - • * -'i. . *,'.,, •' Progress means a deparl/ure from that union of the natural order and of the natural laws of states with the supernatural order and law which the providence of God has ordained for the perfection of mankind." .' ■'^: J—-.'i -, ,, , ii-! "Modern civilization means tLif, state'of political society which lays down as principles of rational liberty and social perfection, divorce, secular education, contradictions in matters of religion, and the absolute renunciation of the supreme authority of the Christian Church." ^ Then he continues : ^ ''"■'"••':■■■■ ''■■'^''" '■'''-;'v/--'-'^fr!''' 'v. " Can it b« wondered at, tbit when the world, with great court- esy sometimes, with great superciliousness at other times, and great menace always, invite > the Pontiff to reconcile himself to liberal- ism, progress and modern civilization,^ he should say: * No, I will not, and I cannot. Your progress i ^.eans secular education : I maintain that education is intrinsically and necessarily Christian. You maintain that it is a good thing that men should think as they like, talk as they like, preach as they like and propagate what errors they please : I say that is sowing error broadcast over th« world. You say I have no authority over the Christian world ; that X am not t'le Vicar of bhe Good Shepherd ; that I am not tht suprevie interpreter of the Christian faith ; T am all these. You ask me to abdicate, to renounce -ny supreme authority. You tell me I ought to submit to the civil power ; that I am the subject of the King of Italy, and from him I am to receive instructions as to the way I should exercise mv supreme power. I say I am liberated from all civil subjection : that my Lord made me tho subject of no one on earth, king or otherwise ; that in His right I am Sovereign. {(It should be remembered that this was in 18(»8, and Pius IX was then de facto as well as de jure Pope- King of Rome, and is sup- posed to be speaking of hie civil-princedom). I acknowledge no civil superior ; I am the subject of no prince ; and i claim more than this ; (and it is with this claim that we have specially to deal at present,) I claim to be the auprtme judge on earth, and director i- 10 of the consciences of men — of the peasant that tills the field, and the prince that sits on the throne — of the household that lives in the shade of privacy, and the legislature that makes laws for king- doms. I am the sole last ^supreme judge on earth of what is right and wrong."* The power which is here claimed for the Sovereign Pon- tiff a3 Vicar of Christ, or by institution of Christ, does not lie in the same order with the civil power. Cardinal Manning does not claim for the Pope civil jurisdiction out- side of his own temporal dominions — the City of Rome and the Pontifical States, There the Pope is lawful king and has a right to demand the civil allegiance of his subjects.! The Papal power which is claimed over other princes and States is a spiritual jurisdiction in temporals. Temporals have a twofold relation ; the one to a temporal end, — terrestrial happiness ; the other to a spiritual end, — celes- tial and eternal beatitude. The mine what shall or shall not be his religion,'or to interfere with its free expression and exercise. They who go furthest in denying all spiritual organizations, and in assert- ing private conscience as the only representative of the spiritual, are most .strenuous in asserting the independence and sovereignty of conscience, at least^for themselves. Not one of them but will say to]the State, "My conscience bounds in my 'regard your power, and where that begins your authority ends. BeforeJ^you my conscience is inde- pendent and supreme." So says every sect, however small or insignificant. It is for its members '^the representative of conscience. It holds itself^for them free, independent, sovereign, for it represents for them the spiritual authority in its plenitude, of which conscience is ihe interior expres- sion.* Wherein then do we, in holding with Cardinal Manning, theMndependence and "supremacy of the Pope, as Vicar of Christ, in face of secular authority, assert any- thing that is 'not asserted in principle by Pyqtestants of every'denomination J And how foolish i^ is a,nd unworthy *Brownson's Worka, Vol. XL, "The Temporal; Power of the.Pope." Consult also " The Spiritual Order Supreme,"— Same Vol. 19 a CKristian minister, even in]his irresponsible " Gun- Powder Plot talt," to brand in Catholics, as something subversive of loyalty and civil allegiance and as a disability for the enjoy- ment of the equal rights and privileges of citizenship, the very principle which has called his own sect into existence, and which he himself is bound by the obligations of his office to uphold and defend against the world ! In conclusion, let me say, without boast or menace, to him and to all who may share such unchristian [^feelings towards us, that we Catholics are here to stay^ and, in the words, brave and true, spoken by the present Archbishop of Toronto, when taking possession of his see, "The Catho- lic Church was the first religion 'in this country, except paganism, which deserves not that holy name. The Catho- lic Church, in the blood of her priests, consecrated the country to God ; and please God, we shall hold it and work in this country no matter what opposition we may meet with ; and we shall, with the grace of God and the blessing of our Divine Saviour, work together in union and harmony, for the honour and glory of God and the triumph of our holy religion." I 20 APPENDIX A. " The Temporal Power of the Popes (i. e the civil jurisdic- tion which has been exercised by the Roman Pontiffs ovor a portion of Italy) is as manifestly and as fully ordained of God as the power of Queen Victoria. Neither the one nor the other came by plebiscite, or universal suffrage, or votes of inorganic masses; but by the gradual and watchfal providence of the Divine Author of human and political society. The British empire succeeds to the Roman empire in Britain by a direct law of Divine Providence. When the last Roman legion left the shores of Britain, it began to gravitate to a centre within itself. The British empire of to-day is formed around that centre, and rests upon it. So, when the Emperor of Constantinople ceased to be able to protect Rome, the Vicar of Jesus Christ became its centre. The Emperor had ceased to rule, and the throne was vacant by the visitation of God. The Pontiffs reigned as pastors and as rulers, and unconsciously and by force of necessity filled the vacant throne. They have reigned in Rome, first with an informal and pastoral sovereignty, and afterwards with a full and explicit sovereignty from that time to this. On what ground, then, can obedience to the sovereignty of Great Britain be claimed, if obedience to the Sovereignty of the Pontiff be denied ? Every sanction of Divine Providence, and of Christian morals, and of political justice, confirms the Temporal Sovereignty of the Pope." Cardinal Manning : " Sermons on Ecclesiastical Subjects." —Vol III p. 7. UMi 21 APPENDIX B. In his reply to Mr. Gladstone's " Expostulation," Car- dinal Manning affirms the following propositions :— •* 1. Theauthority of Princes, and the allegianceof subjects in the Civil State of nature is of divine ordinance ; and, therefore, so long as Princes and their laws are in conform- ity to the law of (iod, the Church has no power or jurisdic- tion against them, nor ovei them. 2. If Princes and their laws deviate from the law of God, the Church has authority from God to judge of that devia- tion, and to oblige to its correction. 3. The authority which the Church has from God for this end is not temporal, but spiritual. 4. This spiritual authority is not direct in its incidence on temporal things, but only indirect : that is to say, it directly promotes its own spiritual end ; it indirectly con- demns and declares not binding on the conscience such temporal laws as deviate from the law of God, and there- fore impede or render impossible the attainment of the eternal happiness of man. 5. This spiritual authority is inherent in the Divine con- stitution and commission of the Church ; but its exercise in the world depends on certain moral and material conditions, by which alone its exercise is rendered either possible or just." " The Vatican Decrees in their bearing on Civil Allegi- ance." — p. 56. P^HH