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MMMCOPV RHOUniON THT CHMTT 
 
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 (716) 28S-S989 -rm 
 
IMPERIAL DEFENCE. 
 
 Ceineiclei's Duty. 
 
 Paper read by Lieut-Col. George T. Denison, President of 
 
 the British Empire League in Canada, at a 
 
 Meeting of the Toronto Branch, hold 
 
 on February 28, 1901. 
 
 RepHnted from the Tm-unto GM>r of March J, 1901. 
 
 The address delivered by Lleut.-Col. 
 G. T. Denison upon "Imperial De- 
 rence" at the meeting of the British 
 Empire League has attracted a great 
 deal of attention. The writer presents 
 his case in a remarkably clear and 
 convincing manner, and the paper will 
 certainly evoke much discussion. The 
 paper In full is given :— 
 
 I have been asked to write a short 
 paper on Imperial defence in reference 
 to Canada. The first point that natur- 
 ally arises Is whether it is necessary 
 that we should have our defences in 
 proper order or not— whether the cost 
 would not be too great in view of the 
 Improbability of war. The most care- 
 less reader of history must know that 
 there always have been wars, and al- 
 ways wUl be, and that want of prepara- 
 tion is more likely to bring on war 
 than the highest efficiency and organi- 
 zation. 
 
 Never before in the world's history 
 were there such tremendous arma- 
 ments and such extraordinary prepara- 
 tions for defence in all civilized coun- 
 tries as at the present time. But in 
 
 all Christendom there is no country 
 that is 80 unprepared to meet danger 
 as the colonies of England, and particu- 
 larly our own Dominion. This has 
 been caused simply fron. the fact that 
 we have grown up under the protect- 
 ing arm of the mother country, which 
 for many years has been and still Is 
 the paramount power upon the sea. 
 We have nevtr understood or appreciat- 
 od the fact that, thanks to the enor- 
 mous sums paid by the British taxpay- 
 er in providing for Imper'"! defence, w» 
 have boon living in a .-curlty and 
 ui.der conditions of poace which other- 
 wise we most likely v, . uld not hav en- 
 Joyed. 
 
 Imnerlal Troops Defended Frontier. 
 
 Many of us can remember— I 
 for one well remember— when in 
 i8«j« we had large bodies of Imperial 
 troops side by side with us defending 
 our frontiers. At that time we were 
 not as populous, as wealthy or ae pros- 
 perous as we are now, and the time has 
 come when we must seriously consider 
 our position, and face the fact, the un- 
 doubted fact, that Canada must soon 
 undertake some of the burdens which 
 necessarily accompany national great- 
 ness and prosperity. 
 
 /^M 
 
 _ 1_ 
 
mmm 
 
 < 
 
 Canada haa a popul lio" of about 5,- 
 000,000, or perhapa 0,0 ()00, much 
 more than the popula n of eithor 
 Scotland or Ireland. T\ .p<>ndlturf 
 on the Imperial army and navy for the 
 year 1808-9R, in time of peace, amount- 
 ed to £44,068341. or about |S.4n p<r 
 head per annum for every aoul in the 
 Brttlah lalea. At that rate of expendi- 
 ture, If Canada were an independent 
 country, apondinv money to presorvc 
 her nationality and freedom, she would 
 have to expend on defence about <2».- 
 700,000 per annum. 
 
 The United Btatea are payin* for the 
 ■•me service now about fi83,000,000, or 
 about $8.80 per head per annum. Thla 
 would be equal to about 1130,000,000 for 
 ua if we wore a part of that republic. 
 
 Our Kxpt'nditure. 
 
 Our militia expenditure in 1809 wna 
 12,212,000, or about 40 centa per head 
 per annum, while the coat for defence 
 In all civilized countries varies from |2 
 to |6 per head or more. Then let us 
 make another comparison. The 
 total expenditure of the Unit- 
 ed Kingdom for the year 
 1808-09 amounted to £108,180,235. 
 of which £44,068.000 were expended up- 
 on the army and navy. The same year 
 Uie expenditure of the Dominion was 
 $41,908,800. If we had spent on de- 
 fence In the same proportion to our 
 revenue as our fellow-subjecta In the 
 mother country have done, we should 
 have spent about $16,000,000. Instead of 
 $2,212,000. 
 
 The United States in 1809 expended a 
 total of $608,106,746. The amount ex- 
 pended on their army. navy, military 
 pensions, etc., for that year amounted 
 to over $433,000,000, or more than two- 
 thirds of the entire expenditure. Were 
 we to expend In the same proportion 
 from our revenue we should spend 
 about $28,000,000 per annum. 
 
 Take another comparison. The ex- 
 port trade of the United Kingdom 
 amounted in value In 1809 to f321).0OO.- 
 000. Our export trade In 1899 amount- 
 ed to |158,89<1,905, Just about one-tenth 
 that of the United KlnRdom. If we 
 paid for the defence of our export trade 
 in the same proportion as Qreat Bri- 
 tain, we should have to pay about $21.- 
 000,000 per annum. The same compari- 
 son with the United States would show 
 that our outlay would be still greater. 
 
 I have shown that In proportion to 
 our population, our annual expenditure 
 and our export trade we are spending 
 about one-tenth of what other nations 
 expend on defence. Now, can we in 
 the colonies, with our great increase in 
 wealth, population, resources and 
 trade, fairly expect to be of all coun- 
 tries the only ones to escape paying 
 
 what Is reasonable for prMarvlnv ni 
 tlonal life and freedom ? 
 
 Thar* can ba uo question that « 
 should begin to consider moat aerlotia 
 our duty In thla raapact. The moth< 
 country Is overwhelmed with burden 
 every nation In the world Is tncreat)" 
 year by year lu power, olTenslve ar 
 defensive, and there' Is no communll 
 with assets ao valuable, so worth di 
 fending and protecting and ao liable i 
 excite cupidity as the Biitlsh Kmplr 
 No one can tell at what moment « 
 may all be engaged In a atruggla U 
 our very existence as a poople, and « 
 thould at once organise and combii 
 our strength, ao aa to be able to mal 
 the moht effective defence of our right 
 
 The Duty of Canada. 
 
 I have been aaked to dtscuas the quei 
 tlon of what we in Canada khould d< 
 and I ahali make a few auggeationM I 
 a few words. In the first place t< 
 ehouid increase our mliltla conaldei 
 ably. We have been spending on tti 
 force sums varying from about $1,200 
 000 per annum to .$2,212,000 in 1S9I 
 A great portion of this money has bee 
 [aid out for what might lie called heac! 
 pear— that is. for atafT, caretaker 
 storekeepers and officials of every kln< 
 The machinery for looking after an 
 manasrlng the force Is large enough t 
 do the duty for double the number < 
 militia we maintain. I believe un tLi 
 ditlon of 30 or 38 per cent, to the mliitl 
 estimates to be spent in drill pay an 
 clothing would cover the cost c 
 doubling the strength of the activ 
 militia. It Is poor economy not to hav 
 this done. A small percentage mor 
 would double the number of days' dril 
 which should be devoted to careful Ir 
 Htructlon In rifle practice. 
 
 Defend Our Seaports. 
 
 Canada should also take upon h« 
 own shouldera the defence and main 
 tenance of Halifax, Esquimau and Que 
 bee on a proper scale. St. Joh 
 should be fortlfled, also Sydney, wher 
 our great Iron Interests are being In 
 augurated. Sydney should be strongl 
 guarded as a most Important coalln 
 station. All this should be done thoi 
 (■ughly. We should maintain a mlxe 
 force of cavalry, artillery, infantry, en 
 gineers, army service corps, army medl 
 cal corps, etc., all complete, and en 
 rolled under conditions by which the 
 could be promptly despatched whereve 
 the common Interests of our empire re 
 1^'red their services, and be retalnei 
 while the necessity lasted. 
 
 Arms, munitions and stores of al 
 kinds should be gathered and constant 
 
 A 
 
 '^'^-■' ^ 
 
Mrvlns na- 
 
 on that w« 
 Mrt Mrtoiialy 
 The mother 
 Ith burdens, 
 ■ lnore«e)"tt 
 Tenaive and 
 
 community 
 worth de- 
 
 ■o liable to 
 leh Kmplre. 
 moment we 
 •trunrle for 
 >ple, and we 
 nd combine 
 ble to make 
 r our richte. 
 
 tda. 
 
 88 the que*- 
 I (ihou)d do, 
 SgeattonM In 
 place we 
 L conslder- 
 llng on the 
 wut $1,200,- 
 
 00 In ifim. 
 ey has been 
 sailed head- 
 
 caretnkera, 
 every kind. 
 r after and 
 
 > enough to 
 number of 
 
 ieve un ad- 
 
 > the mllttia 
 111 pay and 
 
 1 cost of 
 
 the active 
 
 not to have 
 
 itage more 
 
 days' drill 
 careful In- 
 
 ts. 
 
 t upon her 
 and maln- 
 ,lt and Que- 
 st. John 
 Iney, where 
 ? being in- 
 be strongrly 
 mt coaling 
 done thor- 
 in a mixed 
 ifantry, pn- 
 army medl- 
 e, and en- 
 whlch they 
 d wherever 
 empire re- 
 t>e retained 
 
 ires of all 
 i constant- 
 
 ly maintained in proper quanUUes, and 
 faetorlaa for their manufacture would 
 add greatly to our national atrength. 
 
 Our Marine Trade. 
 
 Canada la one of the great maritime 
 countriea of the world. Her mercan- 
 tile marine la high up In the acale uf 
 naUons, while her foreign trade la very 
 large and growing with great rapidity 
 and with every proapect of constant 
 Increaae. She la dependent for the de- 
 fence of thia great outaide trade upon 
 the Brltiah navy to which ahe haa not 
 yet contributed a farthing. ThIa work 
 la done for her by the people of the 
 United Kingdom, who pay about $2.76 
 per head per annum for the navy which 
 defenda all the trade of the empire. 
 Thf mercantile tonnage of the British 
 Kmplre, according to our last year 
 book, ahowa that the tonnage of the 
 United Kingdom Is 9,001,860, of Can- 
 ^^K^^' °' the Auatralaalan colon- 
 lea 600.000, In all 10,181,212 fona. The 
 coat of the Brltiah navy which defends 
 thIa ahlpping la eatlmated net for this 
 year at £28,701,900. If we paid our 
 proportion aa ' calculated on the ton- 
 najpre our share would be about 90,600,- 
 000 per annum for naval defence, and 
 yet we pay nothing. 
 
 We have some 70.000 aallora and aea- 
 farlng men engaged In our mercantile 
 marine and aa flshermen. and the mo- 
 thei country Is In great need of more 
 men to man the fleets that guard our 
 mercantile Interests. We should, there- 
 fore, try and do our share by training 
 and paying the retaining fee for a re- 
 set ,e of 5.000 sailors at least, as a 
 trained and efficient reserve to aid the 
 mother country to defend the common 
 -.-.«•: In any great emergency. 
 
 ■nprove Army Service. 
 
 iier to maintain our defensive 
 .oi^cb In proper condition there should 
 be such Inducements as would attract 
 Kood officers and encourage them to 
 devote their energies to their profes- 
 sion. The commanding officers of dis- 
 tricts, being actuaUy Brigadier-Gener- 
 als commanding brigades, and In some 
 cases oven divisions, should have the 
 rank, title and pay of Brigadier-Gen- 
 erals; their staff officers should have 
 their proper titles and allowances; tht 
 Major-General commanding should 
 have higher pay than he gets, and the 
 position should be open to Canadian 
 officers. A pension fund should be es- 
 tablished, so that when men got too 
 old for their work they could be re- 
 tired on an allowance, and then under 
 
 auch It ., ,tem the country would b* 
 more likely to aecure a claas of mM 
 who now avoid entering a force whw* 
 there la no career and no prlsea. 
 
 We muKt soon face all theae expcaaaa 
 and burdens; we muat aoon begin build* 
 Ing wurahlpa In Sydney or other atm- 
 porta, and all theae acbemaa I hwve out- 
 lined will cost large aums. But we 
 must do thia or elae give up defeno* 
 altogether, and then where would we 
 be 7 We cannot expe<:t the overbur* 
 dened English taxpayer to go on de* 
 fending ua forever. If we refuae to do 
 our ahare, or even a portion of our 
 share, for the common defence, and th« 
 logical outcome could only be Independ- 
 ence, and If Independent we could only 
 preserve that Independence by vory 
 much heavier outlay. And if we loat 
 our Independence and became absorb- 
 t-U In the United States, our proportion 
 of taxea for the military and naval ex- 
 penses in proportion to our population 
 would be mm.000 per annSni, which 
 is many times aa large a sum as would 
 amply cover the expenditure that I 
 have been outlining. 
 
 Import Duty Suggested. 
 
 I advocated in England last aummer 
 before the Council of the Brltiah Em- 
 pire League that there should be a 
 duty placed on all foreign Importa in 
 eiery port of the empire to provide 
 a common defence fund. Thia would 
 P> educe a large sum if fixed at. say, B 
 por cent, or even more, nnd would give 
 a preferential advantage to every part 
 of the empire In every other part of 
 It. Five per cent, advantage over the 
 foreigner in the English markets would 
 be worth far more to us than any extra 
 expenditure we should have to make 
 for defence. It would encourage Immi- 
 gration, help to make our country pros- 
 perous, to keep our people at home and 
 would stimulate the development of all 
 our resources. Our Imports from all 
 foreign countries In 1899 amounted to 
 l|!122.83S,000. A special duty of 5 per 
 cent, on that amount would produce 
 about $6,100,000, which should very 
 rapidly put our defences in a very much 
 better position, and would be nothing 
 in comparison to the trade advantages 
 we would get, and the common bond of 
 Interest It would be to hold all parts 
 of the empire together. It Is a very 
 prave question whether It would not 
 pay us to consent to a much higher per- 
 centage if the rest of the empire would 
 agree to It. The foreign Importations 
 of Great Britain for 1899 amounted to 
 £378,200.000 ; 5 per cent, duty on that 
 sum would only produce £18.900.000 to- 
 wards her expenditure of £44.008,000 on 
 defence In 1808-0. 
 
 I 
 
f"'- 
 
 IP 
 
 Mutt Mak* SaciiflcM. 
 
 Wbat I wiah partlcularlr to Impraua 
 upon CMUtdlana ta tbta : tiiat w* can- 
 BOt Mpact to b« a fra* paopla unlaaa 
 «• arc wiltlnf to maka th« aaertfleaa 
 that an natlona muat m«k» U thoy da- 
 iiira to piaaarva thalr nAtional oxiat- 
 aaoa. Man ara atlU allva who can ra- 
 mfinbar tha ctoaa of a war In which 
 
 tha Unltad Kincdom, In addition to 
 anormoua yearly aspandlturaa, had In- 
 eraaaid tha national dabt to tha anorm* 
 oua turn of £900,436.000, and thia •%• 
 pandltnra waa faead by a population ea> 
 timatad In 18M at 10,S46,(MA. It U 
 wall for va in Canada to opan our ayaa 
 and fom aoma idaa of what national 
 aafaty eoata and what It haa coat our 
 paopla In tba paat , 
 
■iF^