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(716) 28S-S989 -rm IMPERIAL DEFENCE. Ceineiclei's Duty. Paper read by Lieut-Col. George T. Denison, President of the British Empire League in Canada, at a Meeting of the Toronto Branch, hold on February 28, 1901. RepHnted from the Tm-unto GM>r of March J, 1901. The address delivered by Lleut.-Col. G. T. Denison upon "Imperial De- rence" at the meeting of the British Empire League has attracted a great deal of attention. The writer presents his case in a remarkably clear and convincing manner, and the paper will certainly evoke much discussion. The paper In full is given :— I have been asked to write a short paper on Imperial defence in reference to Canada. The first point that natur- ally arises Is whether it is necessary that we should have our defences in proper order or not— whether the cost would not be too great in view of the Improbability of war. The most care- less reader of history must know that there always have been wars, and al- ways wUl be, and that want of prepara- tion is more likely to bring on war than the highest efficiency and organi- zation. Never before in the world's history were there such tremendous arma- ments and such extraordinary prepara- tions for defence in all civilized coun- tries as at the present time. But in all Christendom there is no country that is 80 unprepared to meet danger as the colonies of England, and particu- larly our own Dominion. This has been caused simply fron. the fact that we have grown up under the protect- ing arm of the mother country, which for many years has been and still Is the paramount power upon the sea. We have nevtr understood or appreciat- od the fact that, thanks to the enor- mous sums paid by the British taxpay- er in providing for Imper'"! defence, w» have boon living in a .-curlty and ui.der conditions of poace which other- wise we most likely v, . uld not hav en- Joyed. Imnerlal Troops Defended Frontier. Many of us can remember— I for one well remember— when in i8«j« we had large bodies of Imperial troops side by side with us defending our frontiers. At that time we were not as populous, as wealthy or ae pros- perous as we are now, and the time has come when we must seriously consider our position, and face the fact, the un- doubted fact, that Canada must soon undertake some of the burdens which necessarily accompany national great- ness and prosperity. /^M _ 1_ mmm < Canada haa a popul lio" of about 5,- 000,000, or perhapa 0,0 ()00, much more than the popula n of eithor Scotland or Ireland. T\ .p<>ndlturf on the Imperial army and navy for the year 1808-9R, in time of peace, amount- ed to £44,068341. or about |S.4n p<r head per annum for every aoul in the Brttlah lalea. At that rate of expendi- ture, If Canada were an independent country, apondinv money to presorvc her nationality and freedom, she would have to expend on defence about <2».- 700,000 per annum. The United Btatea are payin* for the ■•me service now about fi83,000,000, or about $8.80 per head per annum. Thla would be equal to about 1130,000,000 for ua if we wore a part of that republic. Our Kxpt'nditure. Our militia expenditure in 1809 wna 12,212,000, or about 40 centa per head per annum, while the coat for defence In all civilized countries varies from |2 to |6 per head or more. Then let us make another comparison. The total expenditure of the Unit- ed Kingdom for the year 1808-09 amounted to £108,180,235. of which £44,068.000 were expended up- on the army and navy. The same year Uie expenditure of the Dominion was $41,908,800. If we had spent on de- fence In the same proportion to our revenue as our fellow-subjecta In the mother country have done, we should have spent about $16,000,000. Instead of $2,212,000. The United States in 1809 expended a total of $608,106,746. The amount ex- pended on their army. navy, military pensions, etc., for that year amounted to over $433,000,000, or more than two- thirds of the entire expenditure. Were we to expend In the same proportion from our revenue we should spend about $28,000,000 per annum. Take another comparison. The ex- port trade of the United Kingdom amounted in value In 1809 to f321).0OO.- 000. Our export trade In 1899 amount- ed to |158,89<1,905, Just about one-tenth that of the United KlnRdom. If we paid for the defence of our export trade in the same proportion as Qreat Bri- tain, we should have to pay about $21.- 000,000 per annum. The same compari- son with the United States would show that our outlay would be still greater. I have shown that In proportion to our population, our annual expenditure and our export trade we are spending about one-tenth of what other nations expend on defence. Now, can we in the colonies, with our great increase in wealth, population, resources and trade, fairly expect to be of all coun- tries the only ones to escape paying what Is reasonable for prMarvlnv ni tlonal life and freedom ? Thar* can ba uo question that « should begin to consider moat aerlotia our duty In thla raapact. The moth< country Is overwhelmed with burden every nation In the world Is tncreat)" year by year lu power, olTenslve ar defensive, and there' Is no communll with assets ao valuable, so worth di fending and protecting and ao liable i excite cupidity as the Biitlsh Kmplr No one can tell at what moment « may all be engaged In a atruggla U our very existence as a poople, and « thould at once organise and combii our strength, ao aa to be able to mal the moht effective defence of our right The Duty of Canada. I have been aaked to dtscuas the quei tlon of what we in Canada khould d< and I ahali make a few auggeationM I a few words. In the first place t< ehouid increase our mliltla conaldei ably. We have been spending on tti force sums varying from about $1,200 000 per annum to .$2,212,000 in 1S9I A great portion of this money has bee [aid out for what might lie called heac! pear— that is. for atafT, caretaker storekeepers and officials of every kln< The machinery for looking after an manasrlng the force Is large enough t do the duty for double the number < militia we maintain. I believe un tLi ditlon of 30 or 38 per cent, to the mliitl estimates to be spent in drill pay an clothing would cover the cost c doubling the strength of the activ militia. It Is poor economy not to hav this done. A small percentage mor would double the number of days' dril which should be devoted to careful Ir Htructlon In rifle practice. Defend Our Seaports. Canada should also take upon h« own shouldera the defence and main tenance of Halifax, Esquimau and Que bee on a proper scale. St. Joh should be fortlfled, also Sydney, wher our great Iron Interests are being In augurated. Sydney should be strongl guarded as a most Important coalln station. All this should be done thoi (■ughly. We should maintain a mlxe force of cavalry, artillery, infantry, en gineers, army service corps, army medl cal corps, etc., all complete, and en rolled under conditions by which the could be promptly despatched whereve the common Interests of our empire re 1^'red their services, and be retalnei while the necessity lasted. Arms, munitions and stores of al kinds should be gathered and constant A '^'^-■' ^ Mrvlns na- on that w« Mrt Mrtoiialy The mother Ith burdens, ■ lnore«e)"tt Tenaive and community worth de- ■o liable to leh Kmplre. moment we •trunrle for >ple, and we nd combine ble to make r our richte. tda. 88 the que*- I (ihou)d do, SgeattonM In place we L conslder- llng on the wut $1,200,- 00 In ifim. ey has been sailed head- caretnkera, every kind. r after and > enough to number of ieve un ad- > the mllttia 111 pay and 1 cost of the active not to have itage more days' drill careful In- ts. t upon her and maln- ,lt and Que- st. John Iney, where ? being in- be strongrly mt coaling done thor- in a mixed ifantry, pn- army medl- e, and en- whlch they d wherever empire re- t>e retained ires of all i constant- ly maintained in proper quanUUes, and faetorlaa for their manufacture would add greatly to our national atrength. Our Marine Trade. Canada la one of the great maritime countriea of the world. Her mercan- tile marine la high up In the acale uf naUons, while her foreign trade la very large and growing with great rapidity and with every proapect of constant Increaae. She la dependent for the de- fence of thia great outaide trade upon the Brltiah navy to which ahe haa not yet contributed a farthing. ThIa work la done for her by the people of the United Kingdom, who pay about $2.76 per head per annum for the navy which defenda all the trade of the empire. Thf mercantile tonnage of the British Kmplre, according to our last year book, ahowa that the tonnage of the United Kingdom Is 9,001,860, of Can- ^^K^^' °' the Auatralaalan colon- lea 600.000, In all 10,181,212 fona. The coat of the Brltiah navy which defends thIa ahlpping la eatlmated net for this year at £28,701,900. If we paid our proportion aa ' calculated on the ton- najpre our share would be about 90,600,- 000 per annum for naval defence, and yet we pay nothing. We have some 70.000 aallora and aea- farlng men engaged In our mercantile marine and aa flshermen. and the mo- thei country Is In great need of more men to man the fleets that guard our mercantile Interests. We should, there- fore, try and do our share by training and paying the retaining fee for a re- set ,e of 5.000 sailors at least, as a trained and efficient reserve to aid the mother country to defend the common -.-.«•: In any great emergency. ■nprove Army Service. iier to maintain our defensive .oi^cb In proper condition there should be such Inducements as would attract Kood officers and encourage them to devote their energies to their profes- sion. The commanding officers of dis- tricts, being actuaUy Brigadier-Gener- als commanding brigades, and In some cases oven divisions, should have the rank, title and pay of Brigadier-Gen- erals; their staff officers should have their proper titles and allowances; tht Major-General commanding should have higher pay than he gets, and the position should be open to Canadian officers. A pension fund should be es- tablished, so that when men got too old for their work they could be re- tired on an allowance, and then under auch It ., ,tem the country would b* more likely to aecure a claas of mM who now avoid entering a force whw* there la no career and no prlsea. We muKt soon face all theae expcaaaa and burdens; we muat aoon begin build* Ing wurahlpa In Sydney or other atm- porta, and all theae acbemaa I hwve out- lined will cost large aums. But we must do thia or elae give up defeno* altogether, and then where would we be 7 We cannot expe<:t the overbur* dened English taxpayer to go on de* fending ua forever. If we refuae to do our ahare, or even a portion of our share, for the common defence, and th« logical outcome could only be Independ- ence, and If Independent we could only preserve that Independence by vory much heavier outlay. And if we loat our Independence and became absorb- t-U In the United States, our proportion of taxea for the military and naval ex- penses in proportion to our population would be mm.000 per annSni, which is many times aa large a sum as would amply cover the expenditure that I have been outlining. Import Duty Suggested. I advocated in England last aummer before the Council of the Brltiah Em- pire League that there should be a duty placed on all foreign Importa in eiery port of the empire to provide a common defence fund. Thia would P> educe a large sum if fixed at. say, B por cent, or even more, nnd would give a preferential advantage to every part of the empire In every other part of It. Five per cent, advantage over the foreigner in the English markets would be worth far more to us than any extra expenditure we should have to make for defence. It would encourage Immi- gration, help to make our country pros- perous, to keep our people at home and would stimulate the development of all our resources. Our Imports from all foreign countries In 1899 amounted to l|!122.83S,000. A special duty of 5 per cent, on that amount would produce about $6,100,000, which should very rapidly put our defences in a very much better position, and would be nothing in comparison to the trade advantages we would get, and the common bond of Interest It would be to hold all parts of the empire together. It Is a very prave question whether It would not pay us to consent to a much higher per- centage if the rest of the empire would agree to It. The foreign Importations of Great Britain for 1899 amounted to £378,200.000 ; 5 per cent, duty on that sum would only produce £18.900.000 to- wards her expenditure of £44.008,000 on defence In 1808-0. I f"'- IP Mutt Mak* SaciiflcM. Wbat I wiah partlcularlr to Impraua upon CMUtdlana ta tbta : tiiat w* can- BOt Mpact to b« a fra* paopla unlaaa «• arc wiltlnf to maka th« aaertfleaa that an natlona muat m«k» U thoy da- iiira to piaaarva thalr nAtional oxiat- aaoa. Man ara atlU allva who can ra- mfinbar tha ctoaa of a war In which tha Unltad Kincdom, In addition to anormoua yearly aspandlturaa, had In- eraaaid tha national dabt to tha anorm* oua turn of £900,436.000, and thia •%• pandltnra waa faead by a population ea> timatad In 18M at 10,S46,(MA. It U wall for va in Canada to opan our ayaa and fom aoma idaa of what national aafaty eoata and what It haa coat our paopla In tba paat , ■iF^