CIHM Microfiche Series (IVIonographs) ICMH Collection de microfiches (monographles) I El I Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductiona / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductiona hittoriquas 1996 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes technique et bibliographiques The Institute tias attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. 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D Additranal comments / Commentaires supplementaires: This ittni it f ilmad •! tht nduclion rnio ctieektd Moor/ Ce document «st f ilmi au taux de rMuction tndtqui et-de»om. 10X 14X 18X 20X Tha copy fllmad here has baan raproduead thanks to tha ganaroslty of: 0. B. Wlldan Libraiy UnivHtity of Wntwn Ontario L'axamplalra flltnt fut raprodult grlca i la gintrosit* da: D. B. WtMon Library Univtnity of Wnttm Ontario Tha imagas appaaring hera ara tha bast quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in id by Th. Honauribki WI>U«n R.n.kk Rldd.ll. LH.D., ILD., I L.(,y,ii, Colh«,. l„io„, p.nn.vl. vmnit. on roundwi' D«v. Oclab«f I6lh. 1912. I an. lomc lo y„u „f the ptai,s. Republic the vn.rld has evtr sMii. from oik of the nations compo»in|{ itn li«a(c»i ■empire —nd I intend for a short time to spealt to you of the international relations l)etween Republic and Empire, and especially of the long peri.>d of peace. And this is the time peculiarly fit for speaking (hat peace, for just one hundred years ago on the i »th une was made the last declaration of war between these two peoples— almost to a day, a century ago, was tht first real batUc of that war fought at Queenston Heights. True it is that before that .['.ime, Michillimokinac had been taken, Hull had invaded Upper Canaoa and, retreating to Detroit, had capitulated to Brock with his whole army; but these had been but minor operations and skirmishes: and it was not till the 15th of October, 1 8 1 J, that what could be called a batUe took place between the separated brother nations. I am not, however, to speak of deeds on the tented field and of homd war but of peace -the last act in Canada of that fratricidal war was the raid of the Kentucky Mounted Riflemen from Detroit in November 1814 re- pulsed at the crossing of the Grand River, they retreated . UAFAYBTTB COLLBGB plundering as they went, and left Canadian soil forever. The treaty of Ohent was signed on the twenty-fourth of December, 1814; and the attack on New Orleans took place on the eighth of the following January-in ignorance of the Peace. . . u ■ Since that time the two peoples have not washed their hands in each other's blood, but have lived in peace if not always in harmony. But it was not the treaty of Ghent which was the be- ginning of peace— the foundations of that peace had been laid broad and deep many long years before, and the Peace is but part of the wondrous fifth Act in the history of a people. In 1752 Bishop Berkeley sang. "Westward the course of Empire takes its way. The first four acts already past A fifth shall close the Drama with the day, Time's noblest offspring is his last. " That fair Island in the Northern sea lay invitingly open to the West of the haunts of Jute, Angle and Saxon, who were of that imperial and imperious race in Central Europe which had never bowed the knee to' conquering Rome— a very different race from the older inhabitants of England— with all the virtues and the vices of a far more barbarous state, they killed instead of enslaving their enemies and scorned intermarriage with the alien, as some of their descendants in America do today. Less clever than the Celt, as the Englishman is to this day less clever than the Irishman or the Welshman, they were bravt with a valour never exceUed and seldom equaled. LAFAYETTE COLLEGE 5 Living in the peninsula of Denmark, the low-lying lands bordering the banks of the Elbe and the islands which stud that part of the Baltic Sea, they had, says Tacitus, "Stem blue eyes, ruddy hair, their bodies large and robust, but powerful only in sudden efforts." Hemmed in by the legions of Rome to the South, seeing no land to the North which was to be desired, scorn- ing to retrace their steps to the East, they sailed for the beautiful isle but a short distance away toward the setUng sun; and this was the first Scene in the first Act of the splendid drama of Anglo-Saxon history. I know the word Anglo-Saxon is Ul-chosen, but I do not know a better. I must not say English, because many wUl remind me that no small or unimportant part of those called Anglo-Saxon come from north of the Tweed— nor may I say British, for west of St. George's Channel lies the Emerald Isle and she spurns the very name, "BriUsh." I use the term Anglo-Saxon, wholly inappropriate as it is and insufficient, to denote those whose mother-tongue is English and those whose ideal of government and liberty corresponds with theirs. Within the narrow bounds of England and southern Scotland, Angle and Saxon and Jute setUed and labored and fought— fought with each other, every tribe and every clan full of that which is of the very genius of our race— determination to be self-governed We refuse to be g. vemed even by our brother, and we spurn the yoke of the stranger. And their brother in blood-the Dane— came in and they fought with each other till at length a semblance of peace came and England had become England with an LAFAYETTB COLLEGE English language formed and in familiar use. But their determined particularism, individualism, would not down, and generation after generation of desperate fighting and terrible rapine had not taught them the necessity of obey- ing one central authority. There was also a division, not locally but in the very heart of the body politic, for half the people were villeins and no small number actual slaves. It is true that the condition of the villein was vastly different from that of the senus, but he fell short of all the rights and privileges of the free-born — and those above him looked upon him as not one of themselves. Then came the second Act of the drama. William of Normandy led his hosts into England and conquered it for himself. He claimed not by free election as had the Saxon monarchs — although the form of election was gone through in his favor — but he claimed as the vice- gerent of God and by force of arms. He came, a man of middle age with matured views and knowing his own mind. He did not even speak the tongue of his new sub- jects, English rebellion and opposition were met with con- fiscation of English lands, and the Saxon land-owner was driven nut, homeless, to mingle with the villein and the slave he had formerly despised. As time went by, the King's authority took almost wholly the place of the limited authority of the Saxon local dignitary — all Eng- land became the subject of the one man, and all English- men were made to feel that they were one. Under the successors of the conquering Norman, this process con- tinued, and the King's court took the place of the County Courts, and the King was the fountain of justice as well -• "*' * *** ' Bn W I»i f LAFAYBTTB COI.LBGE g about the first Scene of the fourth Act. and all North America then worth considering l>ecame English— no, Brit- ish—for Scotland had joined her fortunes to England's half a century before. The colonies had not been too busy to bethink them- selves of their government or to insist from time to time upon the right to govern themselves, but the fear of in- vasion from French America had kept them from open rupture with the mother country. Now, however all pressure was removed, fear of France had gone, and the Colonists determined tc exercise their racial right. Those at home had not learned the lesson thai "he who crosses the sea, does not chance his soul"— that the Englishman m America was as tenacious as the Englishman in England of the right to govern himself— the inevitable conflict broke out and was terminated in the only way in which such a conflict could terminate: "Nothing is ever setticd tUl it is sctUed right." Self-government was vindicated and the Colonies became the Lnited States of America. I have recently before another audience said: "The embattled farmers of the American militia fought not alone for themselves and their chUdren, but also for Canada and Australia and New Zealand and South Africa- ■ nay, for England herself, and for all that has made E:.g- land England, and the British Empire worth while The lessen was learned by the Mother Country, once for all, that the colonies are not subject nations, but sister nations. And never since that time has a colony insisted upon aught that was ultimately denied her." Let no man think, however, that liberty was not known before this continent was discovered and inhabited— )0 LAFAYBTTB COLLBGR until this continent made a passion of liberty. Generation followed generation in the old land and the thought, the ideal of liberty was never absent from the mind of the Islander— he treasured that ideal as fondly as could any Continental. Let no man think that it was the levying of a tax, an impost, here and there, that was the cause of the American Revolution— this was made a pretext (I do not de ire to speak discourteously or disrespectfully). Nor were the Fathers of the Revo- lution (l>ace the school histories), with one shining excep- tion, greater, better or nobler than those who opposed them. The true cause was that the time had at length come when the American Englishman knew that he could stand alone, and he demanded his birthright of self- government. Let no man think, either, that this was a rebellion against England or^ the English people. The best of England sympathized with the American.' A half-crazed King, ill-trained, hearing ever the voice of a foolish mother, "George, be a King," was able tc find instruments among the aristocracy— the governing classes to carry out his will, and Rebellion must needs follow. It was that same aristocracy, that same governing class, which drove out of the North of Ireland the virile, hardy, determined people without wh.m this part of the continent would not so soon have blossomed as the rose, without whom this Hall of Learning would probably not have come into existence, without whom the Ameri: in Revolution might have languished and failed. I Wraxftll tells us that nodtinii ever made Kin^ George III unpopular with the Eualish people but his resistance to the claims of the Ameneans-aml that u soon u peace was declared his populanty revive- tion and strained everyTeX^in^Laf^n^r^ *''^- Posal ; that is, that hTshouW Jh f ''^f ^^''^ » "'w P™- conquer the n^ll^ZZt^^^'T"'^ ''™«' ai-dyfeit that '-»oo,t ^lx::":^j-^:^^ ■It did kArAVBTTB .. LLSUB it would be infinitely better for the nascent Republic, the new Anglo-Saxon power, that she shrmld have as masters of the neighboring land, people of her own race. When peace was declared began the fifth Act in the Anglo-Saxon drama— and that is still being played, it is not finished. Shall I briefly run over the principal Scenes in this Act? In 1794 the disputes between the two peoples in regard to their boundaries and also the amount to be paid to the citizens of the two countries for damage done were re- ferred to arbitration, and since that time no less than eighteen matters have been referred to the adjudica- tion of arbitrators or judges — matters involving land, money and national territory, questions of the most varied character ; and most of these references have been successful. The defeated party indeed sometimes grumbled — that is the inalienable privilege of a freeman. The litigant has the right when a case goes against him either of appealing, or of abusing the judge. When we could not agree about the boundary between Maine and Canada, it was left to Commissioners, and when they could not agree it was left to the King of the Netherlands, and when his award was satisfactory to neither party, we settled it by negotiation — indeed we tried every course but war. The settlement by Lord Ashburton, it must be said, did not please our people; but thei% is and was no disposition to attempt to get out of it * * * So when the northwestern boundary was to be settled, war was terribly near ; but again the common l-«FAV«irB COLHOK River, Which is, a. iUmtZZ'ZA" "h """"""'" but the United States H» mJT ''^ °'"' '»7 f' L., •n that year an ag!:^e;'"„"f™"S '," '"^ "" «° ^C for ten years; anfuTh dZt^v V°'"" «^"P»«i™ efforts were made to «.„"«' '^'^ """ "'" "■ agreement for joint om,rattVt!. ^"P"'^'" '8^7 the Tl.e Democratc par^„T" ^-s; '^"ewed indefinitely, '■Fifty-four fort/or'filht '*Por " '^? ^"'^ ''•>«""■• United States got nXr fi^v , *"/'«'«'. "ut the Pakenham,.heBritish^Ls/dt:twT ""^ '*'■'■ U>at the salmon wouW 7 . Washington, heard Columbia Ri«r a^aer to'th': "' "^ '" '"* became valueless in hfaTes the A """ '^'""^ as tney thought that fh? V ? ^mencans found, parallel was ^^cWX w^rtht "T" "' "-^ «•" PalcenhamtoSrawrbo::r.l„e'':f,h: "Th""" "' was accepted-land worth ,Z^ u'„" *«* P"""'^ thought worth t^fng at-ut '' ''°"' ""^ "" ^'"^ Vancouver Isl^" "^f "' '^.^ ^'■"-el between tt«e Aannels and an Wan^nf '"""■ '^"'^ "* of thtm. This h^ ZZ T' "" '«"'«>■ two LAVAVBTTR CntLEOB The f(H>li"l'~ n.i™o„To„,d ,AL:'yn7":T''^z''''^ '""•- and pass uoon ," , ■ , . Junsdiction over Canada. Bu, .r.icr.v,™^" '" ''"'"^ ''*'»"» ""■' n-atters „, differ^^' uf^™';'"' "" t^'""""' 'ha. all rights, obligations or i^Zt o, 1^ " T°'''""' "" other or to the inhabi ants o ,hl 1 7 "'""°" '° "« shall be referred to th ! • ' """■ "'""« ">e frontier Article X Zt^de ,t, ™" '"' '"-i-'ry ..-.d .-eport. United States or „, cf^„H *,! "' " '"'*«'''^ "' ">« other or ,„ ,he,r r '^"r""' f'?"." '" '^'a'ion to each for decision t' ,h H^r I"''"'"'""'^ "ay »* referred the -n,„°LL te^ir/rd'eit: '°"™""™ " chosen in the n,anner%rovidtd b^^^:" TmV'J" "' convention of October ,8 ,^, Th "" . ' "'^^ miniatur,. Hanie trihnn.l / " ""'>' "» called a speaking nS: f"'',rc:„ti"n:rrv 'v ^"'"''■ Jt was thus I descril^ i, " " ' ^°"^ America." Then the broadT^. ^ °' "" "«" " Washington. affecting B^tTlZV"'"T''''''' '""'^ "' •""'■ ■Provi/e, thlr"diff ren^ wTi hrav'"™'^ T"^"^' nature, or relatin sh as those said by most respecUbte apers in the United Sutes taking the same side. It would iU be- come me. your guest, to expiess here an ophiion as to the meilu of the controversy. What I do wish to say is that a matter which Is of vastly more importance than many which have caused long and bloody wars has no more chance of bringing about such a terrible result than the canal itself has of destroying New York or Easton. The feeling for war between the two branches of Eng- lish-speaking peoples has become atrophied for want of use during a hundred years. The sentiment of solidarity is growing, a solidarity which has its roots in times long before the Angle and the Saxon saw England, a solidarity which grew with the race in the Island, wh.ch was »Uengt'.cned by the Norman, felt itself under the Stew- arts, but which received an apparently fatal wound when the Guelph resisted the demands - . 'lis American subject. Washington, indeed, ,. er hated ' •-iland, but many of his contemporaries and many of thi..- descendants did— and the feeling is not wholly dead, even yet. For, as some in the mc:-e remote regions, it is said, still vote for UM BriUin U not u .Mii.y o( the Unltwl Statn of »SlZ*^ « •« °« i" everythlm, but the .„id™t ^P^tlc.1 .ll,gi.„„_,hat »p.«ti.>n U itKlf but of y«it»rd.y compared with the centuriet of .lorioui and Z^'l!' IT """^ •" •"- '» -nm™-^' ■undamental and eiaential unity •*« the Engl„h..pe.l„ng world ha. determined finally «d U«v«:.bly that there shall be no more war amon, l^t :r "" ^"«""-'P"^"W. "» end of wru™n man ;^l7 ^ Tf "'"""'"'• "" <»"■ "« "™">™ man mil come .nto hi. own; he will have «me part of him^n „r V". ""^ "'•' '°*'«" '^l' '"«« "ho l«* '"y do-bt that these peoples who are of the same origin, who speak the same language and worship the same God under the same forms, whose ideals and aspirations are as alike as are their laws and customs, who have the same courage and the same inspiration from heroic deeds of heroic an- cestors, that these peoples must forget tne petty or even the great differences which have separated them in the past, and stand side by side for freedom and right? The one century of peace among and between your people and mine — may it extend to a millennium; yea, in aehrn'um. May it be but the harbinger of that era to which the prophet looked forward, that happy time when "they shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning-hooks ; and nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more."