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T 4* .>«e' [( N ..'^;-.:^^> IMP T^/ W ■ J. 13 li SPEECH ON THt IMPROVEMENT OF THE SHANNON, BEING IN CONTINUATION OF THE DEBATE IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 13th MAY, 183S, •• '.I OXVIMO A COMPARATIVE VIEW or THE NAVIGATION OF THE RIDEAU CANAL, IN CANADA, AWD TII« ♦ RIVER SHANNON, IN IRELAND; WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE VALUE OP A CONNECTION BY STEAM PACKETS, WITH BRITISH aImERICA. J. BAIN, I, HAYMARKKT, W. CURRY, DUBLIN; T. KAYB, LIVERPOOL 1835. 1 .1!. 4^:^ -V\ 'fy^m;^ ERRATA. Page 8, second line from the bottom, for stomacht read stomsAch. Page 21, tint line in the page, for £500 read £5000. !sr v'j UJ ?f' .f' . -X'f-' CONTENTS. Motion of Lord Kerry on the Tmprovement of tlip Shannon . 5 Alleged Want of Necessary laformation 7 Evidence and Surveys already printed by Parliament .... 9 Neglect of the Shannon, attributed to inadequate Ueprcsentation 13 Neglect of Water Communication in Ireland 15 Promotion of Water (Communication in Canada 16 Vote for maintaing Canals in Canada, for 1835 18 Estimated Receipts and Disbursements for 1835 20 Encouragement to Canadian Millers and Farmers 32 Case of Mr. Dixon's Farm in Upper Canada 23 Canadian Resources ; — Developement of 27 Irish Resources ; — Discouragement of \ . . .28 Colonel By's Description of the Rideau .11 Colonel Burgoyne's and Mr. Rhode's Description of the Shannon 32 The Rideau Canal, with respect to Military Movements . . 3C Population on the Shannon and the Rideau 35 British Ships of War on Lake Ontario -88 The Shannon, with Respect to Military Movements .... 39 Emigration of the Irish to the English Harvest . .... 40 Ignorance on this Subject prevailing in England 41 Illustration by a supposed Case 43 Ireland and Canada — relatively considered ....... 45 Advances in Aid of Works in Scotland 47 Caledonian Canal 48 Advances in Aid of Works in England 49 Means of attaching British Colonies .50 Transatlantic Steam Navigation 51 Appendix — Steam Navigation to America I] ■,f '-«:''?iv^ ;>■(*-■ in- ■iiil"-^- TO THE REPRESENTATIVES OP THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ■> I . My Lords and Gentlemen, "■' Having jnst perused the Report of the Debate on the motion of Lord Kerr}' — "That an humble address be presented to His Majesty, '* that he will be graciously pleased to give directions to the " Irish Government to take such atepSf without delay, as " shall appear to them to be adviseable for the purpose of « carrying into effect the measures recommended in the { " Report of the Select Committee appointed during the last " Session, to enquire into the state of the Navigation of " the River Shannon" And being desirous of submitting to your consideration the result of my observations on this important subject, I beg leave to trespass on your attention, in the hope that the arguments and facts I now bring forward may not he altogether unavailing, when this measure shall be again before you. , ,;., Had I been a Member of your House on the occasion of that Debate, I should have risen, and addressing Mr. Speaker, have said, '^''■■■' Sir, ■•■ < •• ; The motion of the Noble Lord is, in my opinion, of so impor- tant a character, and involves the consideration of so many of the best and dearest interests of the United Kingdom, that, with per- mission, I will state my reasons for urging this House to accede to the motion of the Noble Lord, and to piromote the object which it contemplates. e Were that object one of doubtful policy— of minor importance — of merely local interests, I should not now engage the attention of the House. Regarding it however, as one which deeply concerns the peace, the prosperity, the commercial advantages, and even the financial interests of the Kingdom at large; I claim your indulgence while I submit the grounds on which I have come to the conclusion, that Parliament should no longer lend itself to that baneful system of procrastination and neglect, to which I attribute a large portion of the difficulties, and I may add, dangers, which surround the whole question of Irish Politics. In the debate which has taken place, the Chancellor of the Exche- quer (Mr. Rice) has frankly and distinctly admitted the importance of the measure, of rendering the River Shannon — this great high road — this main channel of inland water communication in Ire- land, available, and his desire for its accomplishment. ' Had I found this feeling to be general, I should not now urge the question further. Perceiving however, and with the deepest regret, that the subject has been introduced by his Lordship, and the discussion carried on, amid the most discreditable confu- sion, and under the disadvantages of a most unwilling auditory, I have no alternative but that of pressing myself in this way on the attention of Honourable Members, and on the public ear, so that the odium of its rejection, should such be its fate, shall not be at- tributable to a deficiency on the score of merits, but to the true cause — ^the apathy of some — the ignorance of others — and in many, to the absence of that just sense of public duty in a body of na- tional representatives, which demands that the greatest attention be given to matters affecting the greatest interests. I have stated that the Chancellor of the Exchequer has admitted the importAnce of this measure, which is nothing less than impart- ing a sound and vivifying action to a large, and unquestionably the most dependant part of the population of Ireland. The predecessor in office of that Right Honourable Gentleman (Sir Robert Peel,) has however, approached the question, with so much of doubt and indecision, and such an apparent absence of zeal in its behalf; that, considering who that individual is, and his great powers and influence in this House, and the Country, I feel ^■' no small alarm lest those dotibts, becoming infections, may naralyze our efforts, and once more throw the subject back on the chances of time and circumstances. But how different would have been the case, had this House the benefit of his opinion — the weight of his judgment — and the light of his great experience — frankly and generously thrown over this long neglected subject. That Right Honourable Baronet in the speech which he hiis addressed to the House, has spoken of the "absence of the ne- " cessary information." He has said, " if an opinion is to be implied •* by concun-ing in the motion of the Noble Lord, let the House " have the necessary papers and sufficient information." Sir, I cannot believe that Right Honourable Baronet intended to conve}' ^n idea that, sufficient information had not yet been collected to enable the liouse to legislate safely. This house cannot want further information. The Right Honourable Baronet cannot want further information or time to consider its bearing^. I well recollect that above twenty years ago, when that Right Honourable Gentle- man was Secretary for Ireland, this very subject engaged much of his attention, and at his instance, became the object of a long and in- teresting Parliamentary enquiry. That in one remarkable instance, the conduct of the then Government Board of Inland Navigation drew from him some indignant expressions of honest censure for their ill judged obstruction of the navigation on this very river.* • The proceedings of the Directors General, as given in the Parliamentary Papers, printed by the House of Commons, 22nd July, 1812, give the follow- ing facts : — The Limerick Navigation, which had been opened for some years, and on which the Directors General had undertaken some works, was, by the very Board which was constituted to 'promote Inland Navigations, and in con- sequence of a dispute with the Limerick Navigation Company, shut up from March, 1809, to May, 1812, "by means of a dam across the Canal, and by " preventing water being let in on the levels." Yet during that very period, on the 22nd May, 1810, the Directors General recommended to Government, that new surveys of all practicable Navigations should be made, and without delay. On the 21st August, 1810, the Irish Government approved of the re- commendation. On the 21st September, 1810. Mr. Killaly was appointed to execute those surveys, and received detailed instructions. On the 31st August, 1B11, Mr. Killaly made a Report, with a survey of certain lines of new Navi- gations and branches to Kosorea, Nenagh, and even to Limerick, including - 1 Kl When, therefore, I find that Right Honourable Baronet thus uncon- Kciously, (for I will not believe intentionally,) placing a drag on the wheel of national improvements, and, instead of deprecating delay, and urging expedition in repair of those mischiefs which ages of neg- lect have produced, still thinking the time was not yet come for Parliament to interfere — I confess, Sir, my expectations were more than disappointed. I felt apprehensive lest those fetters which have hitherto clogged our internal intercourse, were still longer to remain on the national energies, and our noble and unrivalled River still doomed to labour under that paralysis, which has checked all efforts to draw out its great recourses, or make it the instrument of whole- some industry and action. Sir, I ask. Are the Members of this House to be deemed insatiable in their thirst after information, on a subject which for so many years have engaged the public attention? Which was deemed a measure of National importance in the First Parliament of Queen Anne, and from that time, to our own day, has been alone retarded by the want of unity and energy, or the absence of sound and states- manlike views on the part of the succeeding Governments ? What I complain of is, that any Member of the Legislature shall be ignorant of th.i condition or capabilities of this, the first, and be- yond all question, the most important feature in the statistics of Ireland. , . Jh Talk of further information — ^in the name of patience — of national patience — ^how many ages are required to collect this " necessary in- •* formation ?" How lung is this to go on ? Are Members of Parliament sup- posed to have stomachs for this never ending supply ? Are they to be Report and Committee-crammed for ever? What is to be con- ninety-four miles, with an eatimate of £629,821 16i. Id. Yet all thi$ tinu the very Board who pnyeeted theu new work* had the great key of' the River Shannon, near Limerick, the numth'piece of one hundred and fifty mil/n of Na- vigation, aetually cUtted by a dam thrown aerou the Canal. Sir Robert Peel, then Secretary for Ireland, having at length become acquainted with the fact, ezpresaed his disapprobation in such strong terms as to occasion the resignation of the Chairman of the Board. Is it then a matter of surprise that this Navigation should be unknown, and the millions of inhabitants almost within sight of its waters, should be unemployed, in want, and dissatisfied ? uncon- ' on the ' delay, of neg- ame for re more ch have remain ver still efforts whole- nsatiable BO many eemed a f Queen retarded id states- ture shall t, and be- tistics of f national essary in- lent sup- e they to ) be con- 1/ thii time the Rivir iU$ of Na- Peel, then t, ezprested ion of the Navigation light of its sidered a quantum sufficit dose to make up the " necessary informa- " tion," and qualify them to proceed ; and in reference to a navigation which is at our own doors — ^which may be thoroughly understood by a single hour's attention to the volumes now on your table — and may be personally inspected by any Honourable Member in a single week. Sir, there is scarcely a subject on record which has been so en- quired into and thrashed, and on which, information has been more costly in time, and patience, in labour, and money. I will not go &r back, but merely enumerate the recent volumes and proceedings which have been printed, in illustration of ever}' branch of its details, until the dose has, usque ad nauaeam, been so increased and repejEtted, that, at length, in mercy we should stay our hands, and begin to turn the labour of so many years to some use- ful account* In the first place, we have the great mass of information contained in what are called the Bog Reports. These I have heard, cost the country j&40,000, — ^the surveys of which were made 25 years ago, and engaged the attention of the ablest engineers : and when among these, we find the names of Nimmo, Killaly, and Edgworth, we cannot question their accuracy or their value. Were these eminent men now anve to hear the call for further information, they would sigh to think how they so long laboured and lived in vain. * - BoKides those 1st, 2nd, and 3rd volumes of the Bog Reports, which were printed between 1810 and 1814, we have of the labours of the last five years alone — 4. The First Report of Evidence taken before the Select Com- mittee on the state of the Poor in Ireland, printed by the House, the 30th June, 1830. — Parliamentary Nxmiber, 589. 5. The Second Volume of the same, printed 9th July, 1830.--« Parliamentary Number, 654. 6. The Third Volume of the same.— Parliamentary Number, 666. In those Volumes the subject has been ably and minutely gone into. In &ct the greater part of the evidence they contain, has reference to, and is drawn from, the state of the population in the District of Connaught, and the Shannon. - t 10 i: The able Report by the Chairman of this Select Committee of 1830, (Mr. Rice) contains all that may be required to settle the question of whether the improvement of the navigation of the Shannon is one of mere local interest, or of *' imperial policy," or, in the words of Mr. Rice, "the opening a mine of national '* wealth, whose treasures have been hitherto unexplored" Here I would ask, what more need be said to set that question at rest? 7. We have the Report on the state of Ireland, printed in 1832. — Parliamentary Number, 677. 8. We have a Summary Report of the Evidence on the state of the Poor in Ireland, printed 16th July, 1830. — Parliamentary Number, 667. 9. In the year, 1820, (and which I should have before noticed) we find the question of Navigation thrown overboard, and that of Drainage taken up, with the view of increasing the value of those tracts of land which ate periodically flooded. In pursuance of this purpose, under the orders of Government, and by the advice of the late John Rennie, the late Mr. Grantham was sent to Ireland, in 1821, to survey the Shannon to its source. This survey occupied two years, and was presented to the Go- vernment, with a Report, giving a detailed account of every acre of land, which by a system of drainage might be improved. So little however was this subject thought of, or since cared for, that when, during the Irish Secretaryship of Lord Francis Leveson Gower (Lord Francis Egerton), I applied to the Irish Government, with the view of drawing their attention to the subject ; and while such vast sums were annually voted for American Navigation, this survey of Mr. Grantham, with its plans and sections, which had cost two years of labour and several thousand pounds, wa^ however not to he found* No one had ever heard of it, — ^it was in fact, shelved; and it is my opinion, and was that cf M.. Grantham himself, that it had never been opened from the day he delivered it in. The long Report however, which accompanied the survey, was printed by order of the House, and at my instance, and is now another volume of "necessary information" on your shelves. 10. Following up the recommendation of the Report of Mr. Rice's Tl mittee of settle the n of the )licy," or, national Here I rest? in 1832. the state amentary >e noticed) id that of e of those ce of this 'ice of the Ireland, in the Go- Bvery acre oved. So 1 for, that ; Leveson >vernment} and while Navigation, tvhich had w however as in fact, Grantham delivered irvey, was ad is now VIr. Rice's I Committee on the state of the Poor in Ireluud in 1830, the Act for the promotion of Public Works, was passed in October, 1831. A Commission was also appointed, consisting of Colonel Burgoyne, now at the head of this Board ; Captain M udge, one of our most competent Naval Engineers ; and Mr. Thomas Rhodes, an able and practical Civil Engineer. Surveys of the entire River, from the sea to its source, have within the last three years, been made, and printed by the House. They give a detailed and comprehensive view of the subject, and the mere examination of these two volimies of Surveys and Re- ports, should, after a single hour of attentive perusal, qualify any Honourable Member to declare, that no further information was required, and that to delay another year, session, or even a day, in bringing in a Bill, and proceeding with the work was an un- necessary waste of time and money. 1 1 . In reference to these surveys, we have the first series of Re- ports from the Board of Public Works, containing the deliberate opinion of that Board, and also that of Mr. Rhodes, the Engineer, directed to the then Secretary of Ireland, (the present Lord Stanley) printed 11th August, 1832. — Parliamentary Number, 731. 12. We have the second Report in continuation, to the then Secretary for Ireland (Sir John Cam Hobhouse), printed 10th June, 1833. — Parliamentary Number, 371. These two latter Reports contain a mass of valuable and most accurate information, with tables »nd soundings of every chain's length of this great River. 13. We have from the Commissioners of Public Works the First Annual Report, printed 13th March, 1833. — Parliamentary Number, 75. 14. The Second Annual Report, printed 23rd April, 1834. — Par- liamentary Number, 240. 15. The Third Annual Report, printed 23rd March, 1835.— Parliamentary Number, 96. 16. Lastly, and what brings the enquiry down to the Special Committee of last year, and the Report on which the present mo- tion of the Noble Lord is founded; we have the Evidence, and Re- port of that Committee, printed 29th July, 1834.<— Parliamentary Number, 532. 12 All these documents belong exclusively to the House of Com- mons; in aidition to which, there have been many Volumes of Evidence and Reports on the state of Ireland from the House of Lords ; all illustrative of the same inexhaustible subject, but against which all ears have been so lamentably turned. I should have before observed, that in the year 1794, the question of improving the Navigation of the Shannon was so well understood, and so much desired, that at the Summer Assizes of that year, the High Sheriffs and Grand Juries of the Counties of Roscommon, Leitrim, Mayo, Galway, Clare, Limerick, King's County, and Tipperary, resolved : — "That the completing of the Navigation of the River " Shannon, and the great Rivers adjoining thereto, from « Lough Allen to Limerick, will tend effectually to im- " prove and open the Home and Foreign Markets to the " produce of more than ttoo millions of acres of land, in " the heart of the Kingdom ; and that the execution of " this great navigation, will effectually advance the com- " merce, manu&ctures, agriculture, and population of this " Kingdom, and the consequent strength of the Empire « at laige." Now the most remarkable and gratifying feature in this mass of Evidence and Reports, and which is sufficient to satisfy the most scrupulous and enquiring mind, is, that there is not to he found one single expression of doubt as to the praeticability of the proposed measure, or the extensive and national advantages that must ensue from its adoption. ... Independently then of written evidence and deliberate opinion, every Member of Parliament has before him the surveys, soundings, and sections of this entire River of above two hundred and thirty miles, with that of many of the lateral branches and subsidiaries^ which add another one himdred miles of useful navigations. The whole presenting what cannot be equalled in the British Dominions, the means of giving, by one main river and its adjuncts, the bene/lis of three hundred aind fifty miles of internal weUer communication, (equal to the distance between London and Edinburgh,) and this, be it remembered, through a district where the population is most I of Com- Volumes the House abject, but 1794, the on was so ler Assizeft e Counties ck, King's the River lereto, from dly to m- <'kets to the of land, in xecution of e the com- ion of this the Empire ' ' ' this mass of fy the most be found one ihe proposed t must enstte rate opinion, s, soundings, d and thirty subsidiaries, ;ations. The ti Dominions, is, the benefits mmunication, ) and this, be ition is most 13 abundant, yet at the lowest ebb of moral culture : where i^ jOur is most wanted, and the capabilities of the country unquestionable. Yet, where all languishes and corrupts from the sole cause, the want of means for bringing produce to market, and the consequent want of an adequate value for that produce, which would be the fruit of labour, but without which, it will not exist. Finally, this subject has been pressed on Parliament and the Public, until the ear is fatigued with the continued iteration of the cry, *' A want of employment and a starving population, loic price ** of kibour, and the consequent pauperism or emigration of the *' Labourer." On what ground then shall Parliament be called upon for further information? Mr. Leader, a Member of the House, during the Debate on the "eform Bill, attributed the prevailing ignorance of this part of Ireland, notwithstanding the numerous Parliamentary enquiries, to its being " inadequately represented." But, Sir, when this disinclination even to enter on the subject was evinced, and the call for further time and information expressed, where were the hundred Representatives of that part of the Empire, that they did nor rise, as one man, to pour, in a voice of indignation, their deter- mination to be no longer neglected.* i ...V -. . -. ■ - • - - Before inadequate representation, therefore, be assigned as the cause that the measure is still postponed, let it be answered, where were the Members of Counties on the Western Bank of the Shan- non ? Sligo, Roscommon, Mayo, Galway, and Clare : and on the east and south of that River, of Leitrim and Longford, King's County and Tipperary, Limerick and Kerry ? Were they insensible to the wants and capabilities of their respective Counties, or the claims of their Constituents ? Were they ignorant, that on an average, each of these Counties, might enjoy the benefit of Fifty miles of practicable inland navigation on the main stream of the River, and without reference to any of the Rivers or Lakes ? If not, why did they not press these considerations on the attention of the House. * Bui Four Members for Ireland, took any part in the debate of the 12th, on Lord Kerry's Motion, vii. O'Biien, for Limerick Country; French, for Roscommon County ; Lynch, for (jalway Town ; and Lord Clements, for Leitiiin County. M jll Can there be a doubt of the vital importance of rendering this great navigation available, even to the interests of the City of Dublin, and its unemployed Labourers, Tradesmen, and Mechanics ? Look also to these two great North and South Canals, diverging from the Metropolis, and each, at a distance of a hundred miles, brought in connexion with this River Shannon, and with the exten- sive portion of the Kingdom through which it runs ? Look to the interests of the great Proprietory (principally in Dublin) of those two National Canals, hitherto bankrupt in means, and for a long time of almost doubtful existence, through the absence of that internal intercourse, in contemplation of which they were brought into ex- istence ; and say is this to be called a measure of *' local interest ?" Sir, I press on the consideration of the House, the injustice done to Ireland by any further delay. , •„ ■_>,.. . Again. I will ask why have not the hundred Irish Members risen, not in a warlike attitude, to cry out for separation, but to raisa their hands and voices, claiming the benefits of Einglish connexion and influence, and the liberal support of to^ Imperial Treasury? Are our sympathies to be engaged by factious politics alone, while the best interests of the Country are neglected ? Can nothing but party squabbles and personal hostilities rouse the feelings or excite the at- tention of Irish Members ? I care not whether they be Whig or Tory, Liberal or Conservative. I condemn this apathy, the food and fountain, firom which procrastination springs, and on which it lives — Unhappy Ireland I is it still doomed to pass from century to cen- tury, a bye-word for all that is wrong in legislation and anomalous in national progpression I ' The Right Honourable Baronet has said, *' If any great public " good; or any important national object connected with the pros- " pects of Ireland, were to be attained, he would be willing to give " a grant of money." If any great public good I If any important national object I Can such questions still be asked? Yet these involve the very points and objects which are spread over the volumes of evidence and reports I have enumerated : which have been decided in the affirmative by the most competent and impartial witnesses, and after years of labour by Committees of both Lords and Com- mons. If, then, it be really necessary to delay another hour, 1 despair of its ever being effected. 16 rendering e City of echanics ? diverging 'ed miles, ;he exten- Look to ) of those long time it internal into ex- interest ?" stice done ibers risen, raisa their lexion and mry? Are while the g but party ;cite the at- ig or Tory, e food and h it lives — ary to cen- lomalous in freat public h the pros- ing to give y important Yet these bhe volumes )een decided 1 witnesses, I and Com- ber hour, 1 The Right Honourable Baronet speaks " of a groat public good, "an important natural object." Is it nothing to find this great River, for I cannot call it Navigation, the ponsible means of giving internal intercourse through ten counties out of thirty-two ? Is it not a " National Object" to relievo those millions who are now dis- tinguished by all that can endanger and disorganize society, and prevent thorn from tainting the whole mass, and weakening all our Institutions? Is it nothing, that the population of this great division of Ireland, shall be most distinguished for want of employ- ment, periodical pauperism, and moral degradation, while their ter- ritory abounds with the yet untried elements of national prosperity? And is it not a '* public good — a great national object," to rescue them from the evil consequences of so calamitous a state of things. Let me read what an intelligent and observant traveller has said of this district, "The only difference between the best and the " worst of the mud cabins is, that some are water tight, some are ** not ; air tight I saw none. With windows, scarcely any. With " chimneys ; that is, with a hole in the roof for the smoke to es- " cape through — as many perhaps with it as without it. As for " furniture, there is no such thing, unless a broken stool or two, " and an iron pot can be called furniture."* I ask the House of Commons, Is it not a great ''public good," that a population, of which this is but too true a description, shall be raised in the scale of moral culture and physical advancement, that they may become useful home subjects, rather than discreditable emigrant paupers ? But I will leave this ungrateful topic, and hope for better times. Let me now address a few preparatory observations on some mat- ters connected with the subject under discussion, and on which Honourable Members should be well informed before the measure be again brought under their consideration. In considering the motion of the Noble Lord, for an enquiry into " the state of the Navigation of the Shannon," we cannot overlook the fact, that this Navigation, and the works upon i*. Canals, Locks, Bridges, &c. are under the immediate direction of the Government, who receives the scanty tolls, chargeable on the now scanty traffic * Ireland io 1834, by D. Inglis. ' 'Ml 111 16 on the same. This riew of the iubj«et leads us to coiiHider tlit> state of similar works, out of' Inland, and which are equally under the arrangement of the State. The House is uware how Government provide for all other Na- vigations and Public Works, under their direction, and, with the eX' ception of those in Ireland, are Uberul and almost prodigal of ex- penditure in their completion and maintenance. Ministers have, at all times, invariably received, as an imputation on their judgment or their motives, any censure, enquiry, or even suggestion, from the economiats of the House, when the Estimates are under consideration. But is it true, as has been insinuated by the Repeal party in Ireland, that there is a lurking motive — a con- cealed agency at work, which determines that when Public Institu- tions or Establishments cannot be transferred to England, or sup- pressed, they are to be allowed to drop into neglect or decay ? Is the House or the Irish Members aware, that after a million expended on a Navigation of iuferior extent in Canada, the Rideau Canal, Go- vernment have, in the Estimates for the miscellaneous services of this very year, 1635, a sum of not less than £34,511, for the " Pro- " motion of Water Communication in Canada." Aye, in Canada. And where is this Canada, on which England is bestowing such pa- ternal regard, and for whose schooling, education, maintenance, and advancement, we are called upon to pay such heavy yearly bills ? Now, be it remembered, that Canada is neither in England, nor Ireland, nor Scotland, (and it would really seem necessary to remind Honourable Members of this fact). That Canada is in North America. That this same Canada may, sooner or later, as manhood outgrows the control of infancy and pupilage, and in the natural and unerring march of events, be separated from, and probably hos- tile to, the Mother Country. That if urged too long, this Canada may throw off, perhaps indignantly, what will then be called, the > unnatural, the galling yoke of continuing subjection. But to re- turn, if there be any Honorable Member, who has not yet looked into these estimates, I hereby inform him, that in the Parliamentary paper. No. 144, class 5, page 8, containing the sums to be voted this Session, he will find the following: — ■#> ir tally under other Na- vith the ex- igal of ex- iraputation iry, or even e Estimates isinuated by bive->-a con« blic Institu- and, or sup- ecay ? Is the expended on 1 Canal, Go* 8 services of or the " PrO' je, in Canada, wing auchpa- intenance, and arly bills ? England, nor iiary to remind is in North r, as manhood in the natural probably hos- 1^, this Canada be called, the But to re- not yet looked Parliamentary be voted this EstifiMteSi ^c, Miscellaneotti Strvices, for the ytar ending 31*/ March^ 1836. Indian Uepartmbnt, Uppkr and Lower Canada. Estimate of the charge of defraying the Expence of the Eitabliihment of the Inbian Department in Upper and Lower Canada, ttc. Twenty Thouiand Pounds. i LowtH Canada : £ 1. ?.; £ 1. J. Secretary - Quebec . . . . 239 Superintendent ditto . • • 239 if Interpreter • ditto , , 107 3 4 Ditto • ditto • • 102 3 ft ^ Missionary • ditto • • 76 ■■ '/.!'' > Ditto - ditto 60 Schoolmaster ditto • • 20 Superintendent at Montreal • • s 231 Three Interpreters ditto (£102 3f • 4d., each) . 306 10 Resident • - - ditto . e • 131 .-. Two Missionaries - ditto (£50, each) 100 One ditto - - ditto . 46 1,645 16 8 Upper Canada : Chief Superintendent 400 . Superintendent at the Bay of Quints and Rice Lak< BS 221 t>itto . - . . River Thames, Chenail, Ecart fe. and River St. Clair 231 Ditto .... Grand River . 231 Assistant ditto .... 137 '= " Superintendent at Malchedatch and Lake Simcoe 231 Three Interpreters. (£102 3t. id., each) . , 306 10 1,767 10 Pensions. Lower Canada : '" -M Fi" '■ Madame de Montigny 30 Mary Vincent .... 10 Abigail Hare .... 20 Five Chiefs of Indian Tribes, for wounds in action 108 6 8 168 6 8 Upper Canada : Alexander M'Donell, retired Assistant Secretary 91 6 - ns 50 85 3 4 » David Price, Retired Storekeeper . Sarah Elliott, Widow of Colonel Elliott 80 Catherine Brant .... 91 6 Hester Hill 20 Timothv Murphy . John Higgins 42 11 8 42 11 fl Oneida Joseph, Chief of Six Nations, Indians 16 - Four Warriors of Indian TribeSi for wounds in acti( )n 54 3 4 672 Expense of Indian Presents, Stores, &c. . • • i 16.866 6 8 ; 20,000 Colonial Departuxnt, ^ December, 1834. ] ; - ■; Z. M. W. Hay. ',. I i i i '■' :-i5 i i 18 Water Communication, Canada. An Estimate of the Sum that will be required between the Ist April, 1835, and Slst March, 1836, on account of the Canal Commcnications in Canada. Thirty-four jThousand Five Hundred and Eleven Pounds. The Amount required to defray the Expenditure up to the period of completing the works of both lines of Canal ...... The Amount required on account of compensations to individuals, for losses sustained and lands taken, according to the best Estimates that can now be formed •..«•• The Jmount expended in maintaining and repairing the CanaU, up to September, 1834 . . The Amimnt estimated to be nectttary on this account, during the years, 1835-6 £19,911 8,365 Towards which there has already been granted : — On Account of the works of the Canals On Account of the maintenance and repair And the produce of the tolls and rents, to Sept. 1834, has been £7,826 Estimated produce for 1835, at the same .»te' ^ . » * . 3,400 £1,032.765 18,800 £1,051,565 11,226 £ 1,045.126 23,900 28.276 1,097,302 1,062,791 34,511 Amount required Clergy, North America. Estimate of the charge of defraying the ezpences of the Ecclesiastical Establish- ment of the British North American Provinces, &c. Fourteen Thousand Two Hundred and Ninety Pounds, Eighteen Shillings, and Six-pence. Lower CanaI>a Bishop of Quebec Archdeacon of Quebec Rector of Quebec . . To - ditto - for House Rent Minister of Trinity Chapel. Quebec Rector of Montreal - - Three Rivers - - William Henry . - - Durham • - Caldwellmanor . • - St. Armand . Evening Lecturer at Quebec Verger of Quebec . Rent of Protestant Burial-Ground Presbyterian Minister, Qiebec Montreal Argenteuil Roman Catholic Bishop, Quebec Comparative Total for Canada. 1833 I 1834 Indian Department Water Communication . Clergy, Lower Canada . £ ». d. 3,000 600 400 90 200 300 200 150 100 100 100 150 30 20 18 6 50 50 100 1,000 £ 6.540 18 6 1835 a0,000 J 20,000 40,000 I 28,000 20,000 34.511 6,540 I 61,051 1 . 2. 3. 4 $i 71 9 10 11 12 13 ^4 m 1. 1835. ind Canada. £ 1.045.126 23,900 28.276 1,097,302 r 1.062,791 34.511 il Establish- liillings, and £ ». d. ,000 600 400 90 200 300 200 150 100 100 100 150 30 20 18 6 50 50 100 .000 .540 18 6 5 K) 1 (0 >r A STATEMENT of the Estimates for Miscellaneous Ser- vices, for Four Quarters of 1835-6 compared with the Estimates for the like Services for Four Quarters of \8S3-4 and 1834-5. y| Compared with Compared with CiVIt ElTABLISIIMENTS : 1833. 1834. 1835. 1833. 1834. "m^ increase decrease increase decrease £. £. £. £. £. £. £. 1 . . Bahamas 2,140 1,940 1.940 • • 200 — — 2 . . Bermndas 4,24P 4,249 4.599 350 • • 350 — 3 . . Prince Edward's Island 3,220 3,120 3.120 • 100 — — 4 Sierra Leone, Gambia and ) Gold Coast ... 5 17,393 12,861 12.030 • • 5,363 . . 831 ft Clergy, North America . . 18,700 14.870 14,290 • • 4,410 . t 580 9 Settlement in Western Aus- tralia • 6,291 5,806 7,417 1,126 . • 1.611 — '■y Indian Department Canada 20,000 20,000 20,000 — — — — • Water Communication, ) Canada ) 40,000 28.000 34,511 • • 5,498 6.511 ^_^ 9 Governors & others, West"] fl6167] Indies > 15,530 17,130 < > 1,600 — — — 10 Governor, &c. Heligoland!, [ 963J 11 Justices in Slave Colonies • • 30,000 60,750 60,750 • • 30.750 — |12 Emigration Agents . . . • • 1,457 1,666 1,666 • • 209 — |;13 Newfoundland 12,861 • • 9,600 • • 3,261 9600 — ii4 Nova Scotia £. • • • • 6,685 6,685 fl • 6,685 — 1 140,384 139,433 193,738 72,177 18,823 55,710 1,411 I ^ educt Decrease . . . . 18,823 Increase as com- pared witli 1834. 1,411 r Ir icrease as compared \ vith 1833. 53,354 54.305 Whitehall. Treasury Chambers, 1 8th April, 1835. / THOMAS F. FREMANTLE. 1 20 p?ijr. i I . ^ :( ' Now, on reading the above estimate fur maintaining *< Water *' Communication in Canada," no great labour will be required in cal- culating the folloving :— viz. That a receipt of £3,40U from tolls in 1835 (as ** estimated,") on an outlay of £1,051,565, is actually less than 6s. 8d. — >.«x shillings and eight pence per cent. ; to cover in- terest and npayment of principal f But let us look farther : — this same ** Estimate" informs us, that a sum of £8,365 will be required for *' maintaining and repairing^' C maintaining and repairing, observe ! ) this American Navigation for the year 1835. This is tolerably well, by the way, considering that the works are but just completed ; and that if it so soon stand in want of repair to the tune of £8,000 in one year, it will not be very difficult to " guess" what it may demand after a few Canadian winters, with their six months snow and frost, and passing as it does through '< wildernesses, and unreclaimed lands," and where we find so large a sum as £33,000 has been expended in building « block " houses" along the line to prevent its dilapidation hy the settlers, those whom, by want of encouragement at home, we have compelled to leave the banks of the Shannon, to receive encouragement abroad^ from the British Government, on the banks of the Ottawa.* I^ then, £3,400 alone be received for tolls for twelve months, while the repairs, during the same period, amount to £8,365, inde- pendently of the £19,911 already expended in maintaining and re- pairing ; the balance " I guess," will be the wrong way. In a word, we shall have '* gained a loss ;" and instead of receiving in- terest at the rate of four per cent, with an annual repayment of five per cent, on the foot of the principal (the terms exacted for money advanced by Government for navigations in Ireland), Parliament will * Lieotenant Colonel By, in his Rey'>rt, 15th March, 1830, speaking of the necessity of erecting these 22 block houses at a cost of £33,000, describes them as necessary "for the military defence ef the $aid toorht" (meaning the locks, dams, embankments, Ice.) " These block houses (he observes) would answer as dwell- " ings for the lock masters, and men required to attend the locks, and to clemr away " drifi titubers, ifc. which, a$ (/« uttUment of the colony on thi$ line of the canal " hat already eommenced, will require great attention for some years ; it being im* " possible to prevent settlers (no doubt from the banks of the Shannon), from " throwing trees into Uie river, that being the cheapest mode of getting rid of those " growing on the banks." 21 « Wat«r ed in cai- rn tolls in kually less cover in- 8 US, that epairingy avigation onsidering Boon stand will not be r Canadian : as it does we find so ig " block he aettlerSf compelled int abroad^ I.* ve months, 1,365, inde- ng and re- raj. In a jceiving in- dent of five for money liament will eaking of the iribe* them ai s locks, dams, wer aa dwell- to eltar away « of the eanat > it being im- aanon), from Ig rid of those he called u\um to expend annually a sum of £CiQO J'or repairs ! And this, supposing the dilapidation to go on at no greater speed than hitherto. Now let us enquire for what is this annual drain — this liberal ex- penditure on Canadian navigation, while a single shilling is refused to create, or even maintain, an Irish navigation o{ double the extent — of a hundred fold more importance, and of home, vital, inalien* able, and all absorbing national interest. But need I ask will this es^'mate be admitted? Will this vote be sanctioned? until, in the ^tii^uage of our patriots, " Justice be done to Ireland" and to Irish navigations ? Forbid it, common justice — forbid it, common sense. I put it to the House ; and to Irish mem- bers, how they will answer to their constituents, the sanctioning so questionable an expenditure, while this step-mother's portion, this niggard and alienating poUcy, is adopted towards Ireland. When we read of the extension of mills and manufactures, the in- creasing vahie of their water powers, and " water privileges," as they are termed in Canada ; can we call it any thing but infatuation, that leads us to confer such costly advantages on this thankless and half- alienated colony, while we deny to our home districts and population similar advantages and services. Look to the articles of wheat and flour alone, against the compe- tition of which in the British markets, neither our English nor Irish farmers or millers can compete, and see how we are enabling those Canadians to cut the throats of our own agriculturists by those faci- lities and advantages, purchased and paid for by money extracted from our own pockets. This leads me to observe on what further fell from the Right Honourable Baronet. (Sir Robert Peel) " I hava no objection,'* said he, " to give the Irish farmer a fair advantage in the En^ish " market ; but it would be too much to take money out of the " pockets of the people of this country to enable their Irish neigh' *' hours to undersell them" Now, for Irish, read Canadian, and we have the question settled. Mutato nomine de tefahula narratur. The Irish farmer, or miller, is not to undersell his neighbour ; but the petted children of Canada — These enfans gat4s of the new world, are to have the sugar 22 rjt I' I i I „ I ' IS I i,i' I. M j)lums «»f privilege, «rf libitum. The Canadian may rob the garden, Imt the Irishman may not look over the hedge. • . I will not press this inference further. But if Ireland had the same share of legislative solicitude as Canada, it would be seen, that as regards the want of employment for the population, and the value and necessity of developing her resources, she is as much an infant — imexplored — poor — and struggling colony, as either of the Canadas ; ating nothing but their wilderness and cataracts. As far, however, jjS the capability of being serviceable to England^ and the consumer of her manufactures, she is infinitely to be preferred. But let me further illustrate the application of this expression of the Right Honourable Baronet. Take a single instance in proof of the advantages we are creating in favour of the Canadian agricultu- rists and millers, by this single navigation — urged on by British states- men — planned and executed by British engineers — and paid for from the British Treasury, at the cost of a million sterling. The following extract from Fergusson's Canada needs no comment ; " The settlement of Mr. Dixon (in Upper Canada) is one of much " interest, being conducted by himself, on his own resources, in the " same way as that of Colonel Talbot on the banks of Lake Erie. " Mr. Dickson began operations in 1815, by the purchase from " Government of the Township on the River Ouse (or Grand " River), extending to 96,000 acres, and to which he gave the name " of Dumfries. He selected a convenient spot, with good water, " power to commence a town, and formed a connexion with an enter- " prising American, who speedily established very extensive mills. " Mr. Dickson built a commodious residence for himself in a ro- " mantic situation, overhanging the river, and communicating by a " bridere with the mills and town. ,,,,■ " The (purchase) price of land is 4 dollars, or 20s. per acre (to " settlers). Farms have been occasionally abandoned by unsteady " or impatient individuals, but some progress in clearing has always " been made, and, of course, the farm has, in so far, been ren- " dered more valttable. A very considerable extent of land has been ''disposed of upon both sides of the river, and hundreds of acres of " fine wheat are to be seen contiguous to each other. *' An attempt had been made last spring to convey produce down >)». garden, had the een, that the vahie infant — I!anu(las ; however, consumer ression of 1 proof of agricultu- ish states- l for from comment : e of much ces, in the Lake Erie, hase from (or Grand s the name ood water, I an enter- ive mills. If in a re- lating by a s • .... ..v ;•( 3r acre (to f^ unsteady has always heen ten- i has been }f acres of duce down 23 " the river to the Walland Canal, by which Mr. Shade, the o./ner '* of the mills, informed me a saving of two thirds would he effected ** upon the transports ofjlour. This voyage was performed by a son *' of Mr. Dickson, accompanied by Mr. Shade, and being a naviga- " tion of about a hundred miles (to the entrance of the canal), at- " tended with some hazards, as a first attempt, it created a good deal " of sensation at the time of my visit, and mMcA^a^w^c^ion among the " farmers by its success. Mr. Dickson has about 2,.5O0 souls upon " the estate, and draws a very handsome income from the interest of " sales. I visited the mills with Mr. Shade, who took much trouble " in explaining to ine the various machinery. The establishment " comprises flour mills, saw mills, cooperage, &c. and appeared to me " to be equally extensive and well arranged." ■ •' " An uncommonly large and beautiful pine was lying at the mill, *' which I could not estimate to be worth less than £3 in Britain. *' Mr. Sluide, on my putting the question, told me it cost him a York " shilling, or seven pence sterling'^ Would to God that this detail of Mr. Dickson's operations and Mr. Shade's mills, and " the interest excited,'^ had reference to Lough Forbes, or Lough Boffin, or Lough Ree, or Lough Derg, or the other lakes, in the counties of Roscommon, Mayo, or Galway, in the province of Connaught, and Kingdom of Ireland ; rather than to Lakes Erie, and Ontario, the Rideau or Welland Canals, on the Ottawa River, in the Province of Upper Canada, in the New World, America. ' ' ■ • - ' . . Again, hear the same traveller describing a tour in a large steam vessel, or almost steam raft, in the Bay of Quinte, near to Kingston, on the Lake Ontario, and which comes immediately home to the point urged against similar works in Ireland. " The Bay of Quinte " is a sound, running up from 80 to 90 miles to the mouth of the " River Trent. The object of our voyage, besides the conveyance " of passengers, seemed mainly directed to the collection of four at " various villages and wharfs'"' and with which our deck became * Mr. Niinmo, in his evidence before the Lords' Committee in 1824, observes, " The Shannon has been made navigable into Louth Allen, but it is remarkable " that, upon the western coast of the broad parts of the Shannon, ire have not a " iiiigle landing-place. 'I'iiis complaint was made to me last seasim, ;iiul u^on ex. 24 ** ultimately loaded to its utmost capacity of stowage. Some times " the flour was received from stores, hut frequently , most confortahle " looking personages attended our arrival with waggon loads from " their farms, periods of call having been previously arranged" But where, let me ask this House, and the President of the Board of Trade, where does he think this flour was destined for ? For what purpose was it raised, and manufactured, and coopered and carried ? I will tell the House ; it was to descend this very Rideau Canal, without which it would not have heen raised ; for then there would have heen no market, as they will find is the case on the Banks of the Shannon. It was then to provide freight for American built ships, and ultimately was destined for the Liverpool market, for the supply of our Manchester manufacturers, and there to meet the very wheat and flour, ground at the mill of my Honourable Friend, the Representative for Limerick City, and other enterprising individuals on the Banks of the Shannon. Would that my Honourable Friend were, for one short hour, on the Banks of the Ottawa and the Rideau Canal, to see this flour ground and coopered by the very water power we have thus rendered available, and conveyed through this British millions-worth of navi- gation, and for which we are, in this very session, voting British money to repair. Would that he could trace it into the warehouse of his own factor in Liverpool, and see it stored beside his own — the produce of the lands of Limerick, Tipperary, and Clare ; yet find it impossible, with all his industry, his talent, and his capital, to meet it on equal terms. I need not ask what would be his feelings, and whether he would forget those little incidents when the Estimates " amination, I found it was a most desirable thing to make provision for landing- •' places on both sides of the river. We have no quays or roads to the water at any " part of the Shannon, except at the bridges. I should suppose thai four or Jive " thousand pounds will accomplish all that is wanted in making roads and landing- " places." On the entire 500 miles of coast of the Shannon, there was not, twelve months back, a single crane ; an article which, in England, is as common as a waggpn or an anchor. . j, y,„. , .,. Were such a river to be met in England, it would long since have presented a picture unequalled in the world, for a combination of all that could embellish or improve a country, or increase the resources of its commerce. I'll 96 mietiines ifortahle dsfrom gedr le Board For what carried ? ftu Canal, would Banks of can built /, for the ; the very riend, the ndividuals t hour, on ! this flour s rendered ih of navi- ;ing British > warehouse 5 own — the yet find it [, to meet it elings, and > Estimates 11 for landing- t water at any lal/our orjivt i and landing- twelve months i a waggpn or ve presented a d embellish or were to be voted foi^ the repair and maintenance of this Cunadn Navigation. Why, I ask, shall we cross the Atlantic for such scenes, and why geek abroad for such objects for our solicitude and our expenditure, when they are all to be met along hundreds of miles of Lakes and Rivers in Connaught, and on the Banks of the Shannon. But Mr. Dixon observes, this voyage, being a navigation of one hundred miles, and attended with some hazards, as a first attempt, created a good deal of sensation at the time, and much satisfaction among the farmers hy its success. Now, Sir, I can a voyage describe of a similar character on the River Shannon, but which created a great sensation, not by its success, but by ita failure. Of the issue of this voyage I was myself an observer, and can vouch for its correctness. I put this voyage on the Shannon, in j'uxta position, with Mr. Dixon's on the Rideau and the Ottawa, and I ask the President of the Board of Trade, and the Irish Members, which is the more grateful to their feelings, or more pregnant with agreeable anticipations ? I know the owner of the boats which made this unsuccessful essay five years ago, and know that the experiment was not repeated. Yet things remain in statu quo, and the same voyage undertaken to-morrow, would be attended with the same results.* ' , , Yet what a change has taken place since these two voyages oc- curred. Till then, the water powers both of the Irish Shannon and the Canadian Trent were unemployed. The latter, however, has been encouraged by public expenditure, and, what perhaps is the most important consideration, private capital has been thus drawn forth, to erect mills, improve the lands, and create employment ; while, on the other hand, no public money has been expended on the Shannon, the larger River, and the water powers still remain * In the year 1830, an industrious trader and carrier on the Shannon sent up his three boats from Limerick, with timber, deals, some miller's wheat, and various other articles. They were to proceed to the Upper Shannon and bring back return freights of native coals, and produce. At the expiration of three months and Jive days his boats had accomplished their journey without any other interruption than such as the navigation presented. The distance by land up the river was about one hundred and twenty miles. It need not be stated, that what, under other circumstances, would have been a profitable trading, cventu- ;)11y proved a loss. 26 |-^;, .■f| unemployed : private capital has no available object or direction, and even the mills which had been formerly worked, arc now neglected. Is this equal justice, or common sense ? Yet how studious are we in recording the happy results arising from our great exertions in Canada. But who would venture to describe — in fact who would read or listen to the " stupid detail," if the scene, Fergusson described, were laid in Ireland? Oh these wilds, and cataracts, and rapids, what a charm and interest do they not give even to the story of this Canadian Miller and his wheat. The following simple, yet interesting narrative, is given by Fer- gusson, of what he saw on the Uideau Canal : — " We called upon a settler from Scotland, newly entered upon a " Farm of 100 acres, for which he had paid down £100. The soil " was a good rich sandy loam, worth in Britain, 35$. per acre at " least of rent." . ' • i : , • i- " Walter Smith was busy with a pair of oxen, preparing the land "^r wheat, of which he expected to have thirty acres sown in " Autumn, the return from which will probably repay him the price '< of his farm, and allow him £50 or £60 besides for his labour and " maintenance from the Jirst crop alone." This very narrative is read by our statesmen, and quoted in proof of their foresight and judgment ; but would any one venture to read such details to the House, had Walter Smith lived on the banks of the Shannon ? Mr. Rhodes in his Observations on the Shannon, has some obser- vations quite to the point on this occasion. *portunity of e might be present, he ig^i to the eat distance, of transit." 27 This is all extremely judicious in Mr. Rliodes, and wero he now writing the above, he would no doubt have referred, in corroboration, to the transit of Mr. Dix .. j wheat, and to the effects produced in Upper Canada, by measures such as h» recommends for the Shannon. Yet it is in favour of these works in Canada, and to effect such purposes, that the Commissary General Routh observes, in a des- patch to the British Government, " that thei/" should not be dis- couraged by heavy tolls, as the increased trade would pay better than any imposition of taxes.* There could be no doubt of the value of this suggestion, provi- ded this increased trade had been in the mother country. But, apply this language in the House of Commons, in reference to Ireland, and we shall be called " unreasonable." Nevertheless, it was successful as regarded Canada, and the recommendation was adopted, • , , * From the progress of the work, observes the Commissary, I was of opinion, " that nearly eighty miles above By Town could be opened to the Navigation, *' towards the close of the season" (1831, the very year in which I addressed "similar observations to the British Government.) "The activity which prevails 'f throughout the line is unremitting, and promotes the economy as well as the " completion of the work. There are so many points which will become valua- " ble ])^ts on its termination (to protect tlie locks and dams, &c.,) that I do not " anticipate a reduction in the Rideau Commissariat ; nor indeed is it to be dc- " sired, whilst the increasing resources and prosperity of the Country, are the " cauMs which maintain the establishment." Quere. What does he mean by the prosperity of the Country maintaining the establishment ? " The result of this great work, uniting the great waters of the St. Lawrence •' and the Ottawa, and offering a safe internal navigation, will turn a Urge por- " tion of the present trade of New York towards Canada ; and this expectation " should not be discouraged by heavy tolls. The increased trade would pay better " than any imposition of taxes," Commissary General R. J. Routh to the Honourable •7 J. Stewart, Canada, Quebec. August 4th, 1830. Commissary General Routh overlooks the more obvious consequences of " drawing the present trade of New York to Canada" by this rout, namely, — the supplying a fresh motive, that of personal interest on the part of the popu- lation, to prevent hereafter an international war ; in contemplation of which, the Rideau Canal was projected. fl The Commissary General observes further, "In this communis " cation, you will perceive the views entertained by this Officer, " (Lieut. Colonel By) both to facilitate the settlement of the landx " in the neighbourhood^ and on the banks of the Canals and for " the gradual developement of the Ottawa, and the country above *' the Chandiere Lake," Surely this language of General Routli would be more appropriate, if applied to home enterprise, and home success. Now hear what Mr. Rhodes says on this head. "By thus render- " ing the Shannon permanently navigable, it would open a great tho- " roughfare and line of watercourse between the two extremities of *' theKingdom." *' The opening of the Shannon will be the certain " means of physical improvement to the country at large, and is de- " serving the most serious consideration of the Legislature, But it " is a work of too much magnitude, under all circutnstanceSf to be " attempted by individual interest.'* After this, do we want any further necessary information ? It is stated that when the Canal in Canada was begun, in 1826, the whole population of the entire district of two hundred miles in length, was but one thousand nine hundred; whereas we now hear, and as a matter of boast, that on the completion of the works, in 1 833, it had increased to twenty thousand. It is not however stated, how many of these were Irish Emigrants, attracted by the great expen- diture on these works : yet we have millions in connexion with our Irish <' Ottawa," whose increase, however, is there called a calamity. I well remember the notices that were posted in the towns in Ireland, by the owners of emigrant ships, and in the American pa- pers, describing the certainty of work to be had in Upper Ca- nada, and how, in a short time, each labourer would be enabled to purchase a farm for himself. I know also that numbers were in- duced to emigrate, in the certainty of immediate work on this very Canadian Canal, and the flattering results they were led to antici- pate. I have even seen letters from some mere labourers, inviting their brethren to join them, in the certainty of immediate employ- ment. . , ■ Now surely, if these works are desirable for Canada, and if such are the happy results that they produce in that country, it will not ^ R coinmuni- this Ofl»c(!r, >/' thif landu al, and for ountvy above ineral Routh se, and hom« n thus render- a great tho- extremitiei of be the certain ge, and i* de- ture. But it istances, to be we want any egun, in 1826, hundred miles rhereas we now of the works, in ever stated, how lie great expen- lexion with our ailed a calamity, n the towns in le American pa- in Upper Ca- lid be enabled to ambers were in- rork on this very ere led to antici- bourers, inviting mediate employ- nada, and if such untry, it will not 20 bu denied that they art> equally deniruble and worthy of u StatuH* man's consideration, for Ireland. Indeed, these arc the navigations and works, and these are the precise results, in reference to the Shan- non, which, in the language of Mr. Nimmo, who lived in the hope, and died in despair, of seeing this great Irish Navigation opened, ** give facilities of access to markets — create a trade where none existed before — promote agriculture in the interior — and furnish employment for the poor" Again, in the judicious language of the Chancellor of the Exche- tjuer (Mr. Rice), in the Report of the Select Committee on the state of the Poor in Ireland, in 1B30, and in reference to inland navigations — " Works which are not limited, to the period of their " execution^ but which develope and encourage new industri/, " creating an active dem^and for labour, even after their termination." Yet not one such work has been since executed— I mean, in Ireland. The difference is here. We preach this language in England, bui we reduce it to practice in America.* The real objects to be effected were alike — the means of accom- plishment alike — the anticipated results are alike. Yet, while all this anxiety was expressed, in favour of Canada navigation, and the Lords of the Treasury during seventeen years, were calling for votes t)f Parliament, and money grants — the subject of Irish naviga- .tions, though unfortunately more important and pressing, has been ' passed over with shameiul disregard. Let any one read the correspondence from Mr. Goulbum's first letter of the 26th June, 1817, to the Treasury, recommending the first Canal, la Chine, near Montreal, (one ninth of the cost of which was paid by Great Britain,) down to the present day, and hn cannot but be struck with the similarity in the arguments, in favour of the Ottawa navigation, and of that of the Shannon. I have myself for many years been urging the Government to maintain their own works on the Shannon, which are now admitted * The Report of Mr. Bice's Committee has also this remarkable and all com- prehensive passage. " The tffeeU •produced by public works appear to have been " — extended cultivation, improved habits of industry, a better administration of "jusiioe, the re'establisliment of peace and tranquillity in the disturbed districts, " a domestic colonization of a population in excess in certain districts, a diminu- " tion of illicit distilltition, and a very considerable increase of revenue," E ^^^>y/J^ 30 to be in u disgruteful itate of dilapidutiun. I hegmn thin rcniuii- (ttrance in the very year in which the llideau Canal was cunt- menced. I was myself, in common with many others, examined before Mr. Rice's Committee in 1830, on this very subject. In 1831, I published a Tract on the Navigation of the Shannon, with all itu details. In 1833, I published u second edition, yet during these seven years, and while the llideau Canal was planned and executed, the Government works on the Shannon have been going to decay ; and even a short Canal at the head of the River, near Lough Allen, begun by Government many years ago, has remained unfinished to this dav.* i'^ I'l • PORTUMNA BRIDGE. Among the many works on the Shannon so neglected I select one ; — the great Timber Bridge at Portumna i the tolls of which, are leased out under Govern- ment, and of which, the Dublin Steam Company are lessees. Yet this Bridge, though the only pass into Connaught for forty miles (see plate annexed), is thus described, — not by an humble individual like myself, but by Colonel Burgeyne, the Chairman of the Board of Works, and by Mr. Rhodes, who surveyed the Shannon. Colonel Burgoyne observes of this Bridge, in his letter to Mr. Secretary Stan- ley, dated 28th May, 1832.^" It is in the ruinous sUite described by Mr. " Rhodes, and will soon be impassable, unless funds shall be provided by some " means, for its re-establishment." Mr. Rhodes observes, 14th April, 1832. — " This whole structure, at the pre- " sent time, is in a state of great dilapidation and neglect, and almost impassable, " rendering it dangerous to foot passengers, let alone horses, cattle, and wheel " carriages, and its general state refleett no credit on those who have the charge " and maintenance of its repairs." (The Government !) In the year 1832, 1 personally communicated the fact of the disgraceful condi- tion of the Bridge to the Irish Secretary. — I stated that though the Bridge was as described by Mr. Rhodes, and though the tolls were not equal to half the rent, yet Government would not allow me to expend even the amount of the tolls received, on its repairs, though they compelled the payment of the rent, under threat of an Exchequer writ : and thus while they exacted the rent, the temporary re- pairs were effected by the private fundi of this Steam Company. But this proceeding is infinitely aggravated when it is told, that in the year in which tbe Government were thus urged to repair this important pass into Con- naught, important were it only in a military point of view, there was no hesitar tion in agreeing to a grant of money for one of the most splendid bridges in exist- ence ever the Ottawa, not however in connexion with the Rideau navigation. This Bridge has eight arches of sixty feet span, two of seventy feet, and one of I .n 'uniun- com- amined I 1831, all itb c seven ted, the decay ; 1 Allen, ished to -the great » Govern- M Bridge, ed), is thus rgeyne, the >e Shannon, etary Stan* ed by Mr. id by Kome at the pre- impassable, , and wheel e the charge seful condi- Bridge was to half the t of the tolls under threat imporary re- 1 the year in M into Con- as no hesitar Iges in exist- 'igation. t, and one of IHf' Tim ConimiHttary (icuerul Kuutli, Aii^Mist 4tli, I8.)0, after having passed (hect, then. uperior. e with the iulation of % \ F>484,i51 ► 310,000 Of Upper Canada, including its Capital, York, and its ' Naval Station and Arsenal, Kingston, consisting of Americans, a few Germans, and Emigrants, from the United Kingdom So that the entire population of this Upper Canada, in whose fa- vour Great Britain is doing so much, is just that of a single country in Connaught, Mayo ; and from which the greater portion of the harvest pauper emigrants yearly issue.* . ' Is it necessary to continue the comprrison between the valuej to British interests, of improving a population in Ireland, or in Upper Canada ? Every mill set to work in Ireland — every quarter of com ground — every ton of goods carried and consumed, brings a positive encrease to the Revenue, and an addition to the wealth and strength <'f the Empire. Can the same be said of Canada ? , 7 le Report of the London Distress Committee of 1823 states as follows :— "":.. aistrict in which the distress was found to be most urgent, were the follow* ing:- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Cork . . Mayo . . Sligo . . Kerry . . Limerick . Gal way Leitrim . Roscommon Clare Tipperary . Popvlation, 702,000 Acreable Cont€nt$. 1,048,800 Vaea the f 297,000 790,600 3 Shannon. 1 127,000 247,160 ^206,000 ...... 647,650 214,000 386,760 286,000 989,950 106,000 255,950 207,000 346,650 209,000 476,200 1-363,000 ..... 654,950 J o a -« S ^^ •a 2,715,000 5,744,660 The Report goes on to say, that " if the returns made by Mr. Kilaley, the En- " gineer, employed by Government, be accurate, it would appear that considerably " more than one-half of the population of the distressed districts depended upon " charitable assistance for their support. The sums distributed, throiigh the City " of London Committee, amounted to nearly £300,000." Now the remarkable feature of this calculation is, that out of the 10 " distressed "districts" here enumerated, no less than seven belong to the district of the Shan- non, and two others. Mayo and Sligo, adjoining the same. In a word, the very portion of Ireland which is most destitute of the means of intercourse and access to markets, was, at the same time, most distressed, and in want of actual means of daily subsistence. Is this a mere accidental coincidence, or rather is it not so in- dicative of cause and effect as to be worthy a statesman's notice 1 36 ■< W -r\ "i U Ml ! ; Ml .t But we maybe told that it is not in a commercial, but in a military point of view, that these navigations in America are important, and their maintenance justifiable. I will presently examine this view of the subject; but in the mean time let me ask, Are we to understand that in case of a war between the Canadas and the States, this country is prepared to maintain and re-appoint that fleet of ships of war, which till lately were rotting at Kingston and Sherbrooke, and other places on the lakes, and thai by this Canal we are to provision and supply those fleets. — Sir, be- fore another shilling be voted by a British House of Commons, I ask for what objects, with what prospects, and to maintain what pre- cise interests are these costly navigations to be upheld ; not by the Colonial Revenue, but by an annual grant from the pockets of the English people? Until that question be answered, we are spending money on, at least, doubtful objects — possibly for mischievous ones. Do ministers expect that America, north of the United States, is for ever to be held in forcible possession ? Do they dream that that great continent is for ever to be retained as a colony, or even that that colony would consent to a war, while peace must be their in- terest, the two nations having become already, as it were, blended together ; that England is to continue to supply armies and fleets not only to maintain but defend these water connections, in that land of frost and snow, and amidst the cataracts and wilderness of nature through which they pass. Before this vote then of £34,000, for maintaining those Canals, be agreed to, let it be stated what is to be our policy in the event of a war between the Canadas. At present let us consider the policy of maintaining those Canals, on the ground of military defence or military operations. Yet I might stop here, for our fleets are gone, they have vanished from our sight, and to the relief of our purse — and with this abandonment of a naval force, has departed the last pretence for England being called on to maintain this boasted con- nection of the Lakes with the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence, for the purposes of war, and for which it is alleged these Canals were created.* * The St. Lawrence, 112 guns ; and Psyche frigate and two or three other ships " of war, with several gun boats, lay, since the war, in the harbour, rotting, and I. 37 military mt, and le mean )etween tain and rotting nd that Sir, be- mons, I '^■l hat pre- ft •t by the w s of the R spending p us ones. P' States, is that that ven that their in- , blended ind fleets , in that erness of 36 Canals, 5 event of the policy efence or are gone, ir purse — 1 the last isted con- rence, for [inals were 1 I other ships \ rotting, and In a military point of view then, there cannot be a greater fallucy than supposing that by the means of those numerous Canuls, ex- tending along the Ottawa, and particularly the Rideau Canal of 130 miles, the operations of war can be carried on, or that a connection between Upper and Lower Canada, with a Naval superiority and combined operations on the Lakes, could be maintained. The first trumpet of war would be the signal for cutting off this connection^ even by the natives, for their interest being peace, their first effort would be thus to disarm the combatants, and prevent even the en- trance of war into their territory. Instead of the means of maintaining a co-operation, thc^y would thus become a military trap , by which our forces by land and sea {fresh water) would be divided, and unity of action or co-operation effectually prevented. Major General Sir Carmichael Smyth, in his despatch of the 14th March, 1826, observes, in his directions to the Engineers, in the for- mation of this canal, <' as it is an uninterrupted water communication " between the Ottawa and Lake Ontario that Government have in view, '^ and the circulation of gun-boats between Montreal and Kingston, " that only which will ensure these advantages must be adopted." Here the object is distinctly put. Here there can be no mistake. Now these Canals, which we are to defend, and by which we are to carry on a war, are spread over a line of such extent, that there is not a subaltern in the British army who would not risk his re})utation and life in guaranteeing to cut off any of these communications, and thus separate our forces into as many sections as the enemy might please ; and this is the common-sense conclusion to which those who have examined the country have never failed to arrive. To depend, then, on an <' uninterrupted water communication and the circulation <* of gun-boats," by such channels as these canals, many of them within a short distance of the enemy's boundary, passing through un- reclaimed forests, and embracing the most delicate works, with locks, flood-gates, and great artificial dams, for maintaining the necessary levels— the idea is unworthy a moment's consideration.* " in nearly a sinking state, until last year, when they were sold, or condemned for " trifling sums." The St, Latvrence, 112 guns, sold for — twenty-five pounds stei- ling. — M'Grrgnr's Canada. * " Flavingan oppoitunity, at this place, (Kingston) of visiting a portion of the . F m ♦^ 38 Ou we forget with what ease Telfurd and Mcintosh passed uver during the late war to Ostend, and destroyed the Navigation Locks, and thus cut off the means of military transport of stores and neces- saries ? Yet still the delusion is kept up, and a colour is thus given for this yearly expenditure. The truth is, these Canals, and all artificial water communications, are but aids to commerce and agriculture, and the incidents of peace. But in time of war, much less as an implement of war, and along an extended boundary of two hundred miles, still a wildness rough from the hand of nature; to consider it practicable to maintain, or even protect these works and extended embankments from destruction, is little short of delusion. If, then, in a military point of view, we have had abundant proof of wasteful extravagance and ignorance,* what confidence can we have in those who have projected, and for eight years have been carrying on these expensive works under pretence of sustaining war- fare by means of artificial Canals and river embankments, two of which actually dam up the water to no less a height than forty-five feet. In truth, the pretence of military means of defence, appears to " Rideau Canal, by a ride of a few miles into the forett, I procured horses for a " young fellow traveller and myself, and in a delightful afternoon, with a genuine " American for our guide, we started on our excursion. We had a pleasant scam- '* per through the woods, and in due time reached the Canal. Some veryjine lock§ " have been constructed hereof solid mcuonry, and beautiful viorkmaniihip, but exe- " cuted, J should think, with no very rigid comiderations of economy or Cxpenw, An " extensive embankment has been formed to deepen a shallow lake, and the Canal " from this point will very soon be opened into Kingston Bay. The log huts, &c. " are Government property, stamped with the broad arrow, and the inmates, I re- " gretted to observe, stamped also with the sickly hue of an aguish district/' — Fergusson's Tour in Canada, * It is a rare and curious sight to look upon a fleet of large ships of ^var laid up " in ordinary in afresh water lake so remote from the ocean. Long may it be ere " the Temple of Janus shall again be opened ; but should Ontario and Erie be " yet destined to bear the armed navy of Britain, it is hoped that her rulers may " discover the waters to be fresh. To send out, at an enormous expense, from an " English dock yard, the complete frame work of a firigate (even to the article of " wedges), was bad enough ; but to add a regular set of water-casks, which a " bucket was ready at any moment to supersede, may well be termed the acm6 of " improvidence and wastCt" — Fergusson's Tour in Canada, }d over Locks, neces- 18 given ications, f peace, along an igh from or even ction, is ant proof e can we lave been ning war- o of which '^e feet, ippears to horses for a ith a genuine easant scam- peri/ ^h« lochi nhip, but txe- expense. An tnd the Canal log huts, &c. inmates, I re- ih district*" — >f war laid up may it be ere 9 and Erie be ler rulers may I>en8e, ffom an o the article of casks, which a d the acm6 of !3I .:■... I . f _..■..>.,. - . , i . ... Iinve been intended but as a pious fraud on tbe mother country, and no doubt adopted to quiet the scruples of those who would have re-' sisted the extravagant expenditure, had it been broadly announced on the ground of constructing inland commercial navigations, in aid of those interests (particularly the Agricultural interests) in which she was so soon to become the i ival of England and in the English ma-ket. But before we close the military view of the subject, let me make a few observatioL' ; re^ the Shannon with rpqpect to military movements. The river Shannon runs through the centre of Ireland — the town —the depot — the Fortress of Athlone stands in tJ e centre of the kingdom, and on the banks of this river. The Depot, and Fortification of Shannon Bridge, is also situated on this river. The Depot and Garrison of Litnerick is also on its banks. Its waters, though they might, at but a trifling comparative ex- pense, be the means of communication between those three gar- rison depots, and through the territory of ten Counties, yet the intercourse and exchange of regiments and stores, is carried on over mountains and bogs, and the worst roads. Their regimental inter- course also, and even the removal of baggage, which by water might be available within a few hours, now requires long harassing marches on every change of quarters. I have myself witnessed, with regret, the fatigues and distresses of regiments marching in the winter season, and on lines sometimes parallel with the Navigation, between those garrison towns ; while the troops were expressing their opinion in strong and not very cdmpUmentary language of the unwise policy which suffers so easy a means of military intercourse to remain unavailable. In a military point of view thee, the policy of withholding our contributions on Canada Navigations, or at least of extending them to those in Ireland, seems unquestionable. I will now consider the question in reference to another of its bearings, and shew how decidedly it commands the best exertions of England, and the most liberal aid from the public exchequer; I mean that of emigration from Ireland into England. It is too much the practice among English Journalists and PoU- m 40 • H 1 1 if. h r .1 <( tjcal Writers, to indulge in complaints against Ireland, and ascribe mnch of the burthen of their own poor's rates and distress to the '* hordes of half starved mendicants, which Ireland pours into this *< country, to the ruin of the agricultural labouring population, and " the depression of the value of their labour." I will undertake however, to prove to those politicians, that this very question of giv- ing to Ireland the benefit of Water Communication along the course of the Shannon, is more intimately connected with that subject, than is dreamt of in their philosophy. " The strongest ground of grievance," says an intelligent writer, that we have ever heard alleged against us by intelligent Irishmen, " unembued with party feelings, is, the total neglect and ignorance of <' their Country, that prevails amongst the people of England. " It is almost incredible how little is known of this, — one of the larg- « est both in area and population of the four divisions of the King- " dom. Let any one of our readers take a person of average intel- " ligence, and ask him which is the largest River in the United *< Kingdom ; he will probably answer, the Thames, the Humber, or " the Severn : it is ten to one against his naming the Shannon." " We vill venture to say, that there are as many individuals in " England, conversant with the City of New York, and the course " of the Hudson, as there are who are acquainted with the topogra- " phy of Limerick, and the banks of the largest River in the British " Empire."* As an instance of this prevailing ignorance, I may mention the erroneous ideas entertained in England on the subject of the Emigra- tion **of the Irish" during harvest season into England. It is alleged, that the Irish are a migratory race — that whatever might be the state of things at home, they would still wander in the hope of gain, or the desire for change. Do these writers and complainants know what class of Irishmen they are, who thus '* in- '' fest their shores, and swarm like locusts over their harvest plains?" When they t^lk of << Irishmen" emigrating to England, do they know what they say ? Do the/ imagine that the four provi ices of Ire- limd are in the habit of supplying each its quantum oi paupers, to swell the stream of travelling mendicancy ? Do they know the »E * Eqgliind, Ireland, and America, by "a Maachester M'^innfacturer." ascribe to the to this on, and dertake of giv- course !ct, than writer, rishmen, yrance of' England. the larg- he King- age intel- ie United lumber, or annon." ividuals in the course le topogra- the British lention the he Emigra- it whatever 1 wander in writers and ► thus "in- est plains?" o they know ices of Ire- i paupers, to >y know the facturer." 41 fact, that these " hordes of Irish mendiraut labourers" come from a single district, of a single province ; — that that province is Con- naught, and that district is the district of the Upper Shannon f That every individual pauper who pays his annual and unwelcome visit to England, crosses that Shannon where it is above one hun- dred and fifty miles from the sea; leaving it an unprofitable waste of waters, and wondering that it could not be made useful, like what he hears of the Rivers in Canada, in the descriptions sent home by his relatives who have emigrated there: or, like wh(^t he sees in his annual trip to England, where he goes to ex- change his labour for its value, among the endless web of British navigations, and its six to seven thousand miles of Rivers, Canals, and Railroads, (of which latter there are at present in course of construc- tion above one thousand miles, more than double the entire .water communications, of all descriptions, in Ireland) and which give life and health to its agriculture, its commerce, and its manufactures. The great district also between Limerick, Cork, and Kerry, which is equally in want of the means of commercial intercourse, sends out its harvest emigrants. These however, with many from the Upper Shannon, pass into the midland districts of Ireland, for the harvest labours, producing there the same effects that are com- plained of in England. These harvest labourers come into England from that part of Ire- land alone, where labour has no market ; because the produce of labour is without a remunerating one; namely: — the district be- yond the Shannon — that nidu,s of Emigration, which contains a po- pulation of above a million of inhabitants, and which I have shewn is double the entire population of both the Canadas : and oh ! shame on our legislature, that this very portion of the Shannon, where the want of water communication and mercantile intercourse is most felt, and would be th^ best corrective of the present lamen- table condition of the people, is the very portion which has for a series of years been in the hands of Government and under their immediate direction. Whoever heard of Irishmen emigrating to the English harvest from the provinces of Ulster or Leinster, or Munster ? Let Par- liament then ask, Why shall Connaught be the exception? Nay, S *f' 'Ih 1: ill 11! lil t?l i |;li ,:'. II. !l 4t whtf ahati this one district of Connaught be the exception, the palo within the pale?* Han it never occurred to our statesmen, (at least since the legislative union) to ask, whether this cannot be prevented, and this present plague-spot of the English, be brought within the influence of useful civilation ? Why we cannot create employment for this population at home ; and thus convert their wretched hovels and half laboured fields, into comfortable cottages and scenes of im- proved agriculture ? Why these migratory paupers, instead of de- priving the English agricultural labourer of hia livelihood, and depressing his condition in the very heart of England, may not be rendered, in their own home market of Ireland, thankful British subjects and consumers of British manufectures, and why it is not as well worthy considering how these Irishmen are to be provided for, and employed, before, as after they have emigrated. In a despatch, signed Henry Goulbum, so long back as the 20th of November, 1817, the subject of the situation of Irishmen in Canada, was considered important ; whereas their situation in Ire- land, and before Emigration, has since been unattended to. " His * The late Colonel Page observes, " That noble River, the Shannon, which, with " its affluents, ought to have been used as a means of intercourse, has been nothing " else but the ditch of a fortress for intercepting the communication with the rest " of Ireland. It was near its banks that the last battle, that of Aughrim, was " fought, and the last citadels which held out were those of Athlone and " Limerick." " From Connaught, after the potatoe is planted, its inhabitants emigrate for " their summer labour. They come chiefly over the bridge of Lanesborougb to " Dublin, to supply and overstock the labour markets of the northern counties of "England. Southward, they emigrate also, but not into England. The harvest " of the fertile plain forming the counties of Kildare, Carlow, Queen's County, " and Kilkenny, which are the parts of the second division we have been euumera- " ting, absorbs the whol;> of their labour. But after they have returned, and '' the earnings and stores of the summer are exhausted in unfavourable seasons, " this district of the west becomes the seat of famine, and too frequently of insur- " rection. It is here where ulf preservation begins its war against property. In " this district there are few or no roads by means of which supplies can be ob- " tained. It was from thence that in 1B03 and 1817, and other yean of distress, " the famished population rushed over the remainder of Ireland in a state of tnen- " dieaney. Beggars (says the Report of the Board of Health) seixing on provi- " sions; there was an influx of nuudicants to such a degree thmt it was enphati' " eally said, the whole eotmtry was in motion." least ented, in the yment hovela of im- of de- k1, and not be British is not )rovided he 20th imen in in Ire- ^. "His vhich, with een nothing ith the rest ighrim, wM thlone and imignte for thorough to counties of The harvett en'* County, en euumera* itumed, and tble leasoni, ady of insur- f^optriy. In 8 can be ob- m of diatreu, ttaH of mtn- \ng on pnwi- was emfihati- 43 " Lordship" (Lord Buthuntt), observes tliu deHpatch, '* cannot but " consider it important by commencing such an undertaking, (one of the Canals of St. Lawrence) to afford means of support to those " numerous emigrants who have lately proceeded from the United " Kingdom to Canada^ and who, in the event qfnot being employed, '' munt either be thrown a burthen upon the Government, or be left *^ in a state of absolute want and misery." I ask, why was not this language applied to those very emigrants before they loft the banks of the Shannon, rather than after they had arrived on the banks of the St. Lawrence ? Is this omission to be attributed to official neg- ligence or to design i Is this infatuation, this madness, the result of ignorance, or want of sound views and foresight? or, is there, method in this madness ? Is it intended as the means of supplying Canada, with a hardy, laborious^ and poverty-stricken population ? (the materials most wanted in such a country.) This letter of Mr. Goulburn, was writton under directions of a " treasury minute," and, in reply to one from Lieut. General Sir John Sherbrooke, " stating the necessity of sending out a competent ** civil Engineer, to superintend the execution of the proposed *' canal." Had that competent civil Engineer's instruction been, to superintend the execution of a navigation in Ireland, fiom Lough Allen to the sea, there would not have been the distress and the four famines, and the famine of 1835, now approaching, and the half million of charitable subscriptions from England, which have marked the course of the last fifteen years. ;-:' * '' I say, then, bring this portion of Ireland on a par, as to home employment, with the remainder — the north, the east, and the south. Give it the first element of employment, by giving it the means of sending its produce to market, on terms that will repay its production ; and not, as justly observed by Mr. Rhodes, allow " the " profits, if any, to be consumed by the mode of transit," and you will, in a few years, so raise it in the scale of civilised nations, as to do credit to your wisdom, and amply repay you both by a saving in the expense of governing, and an increase of revenue. Now let me illustrate the state of things in this great division of Ireland, by supposing a case : — ^let me suppose you take any great, and now fiourishing, district of England, of a hundred miles in 44 'III «! 1 !1 irtiJ! length, by tifty in width. Suppose you destroy its cunulu, block up its rivers with shoals and weirs, and give no exit for its produce to a market, but over forty to fifty miles of bad land carriage. Suffer its rivers, periodically, to overflow districts of thousands of acres, so as to injure both the land and the atmosphere. Shut up the greater part of their High Roads, and cut off the communications with their now navigable rivers. Destroy all implements of commerce ; their baizes, cranes, their wharfs, and warehouses ; and, finally, suppose this district to contain two milUons of Inhabitants, one half of whom shall, periodically, be driven by famine, to depend on charitable as* sistance for existence. Look now at the state of things we shall have thus produced, and imagine what would be the result at the end of even a few years. But, however distressing the picture, we should follow the parallel still closer. We must suppose this state of things going on for ages; and while the land continued unimproved, the rivers unrestrained, and the wastes unreclaimed ; the population, the human beings on its surfoce, had also continued unimproved — their ignorance, their feuds, and distractions unmitigated, their superstitions unenlightened, their wildest passions unrestrained by moral culture, and their habitations, us rude and unfitted for social advancement as the first log houses of the Canadian Indians. Add this feature of moral depression to the physical deprivations of the land, and who will deny that this picture is the picture of desolation ? But let us restrain our imagination. This is not a fancy's sketch. It is the portrait of a living subject. It is a true delineation of the actual condition of one half the Province of Connaught, which now curses that very Shannon as the means, for ages, of separating it from the civilized world. > ' ' Let me now put it to the common sense, the feeling, the huma- nity of a British House of Commons, and ask, ought such things to be? . Is it unreasonable, then, to charge the Legislature of this or any other age with ignorance of the true principles of Government, if they have neglected to apply a remedy to such a crying national evil? Will any individual have the hardihood to doubt, that to remedy this monstrous state of things,— « to stand between the living and the 45 iced, and tars. e parallel for ag«s ; estrained, igs on its leir feuds, ned, their abitations, houses of don to the lis picture y's sketch, tion of the which now ing it from the huma- luch things this or any ernment, if ,tional evil? remedy this ng and the .M " dead, and to Htay this pltigue," of desolating pauperism, would ba a " great public good" — an '* important national object." Is it unrenHonable that this population (imitating tlio migratory birds which periodically visit their lakes, the only link between them and more genial or civilized states with which they are familiar), Mhould issue forth in *' hordes" from their rude habitations and un- thankful soil, to barter their labour for that remuneration which they cannot find at home ; yet, with their sympathies unsubdued and unforgotten, still returning, like those very birds, to that homo, whirli, with all its faults and deprivations, is still the homo of their aifecti'jld rest the claims we have on England in favour of this pauper district, and of ameliorating the condition of this pauper popuklion. Let Government at once proceed with this work of Gind poH"- and heavenly mercy. Let them give to this River a newdestit// Let the Provinces which it has hitherto estranged, be hencefoi vard found ministering to each others wants. Instead of a Ine of separa- tion, let it become the bond of connexion and reciprocal advantages ; and let it hereafter be said of the waters of the Shannon, as may with triith be said of the great waters of the ocean, that as in the wisdom of Providence they were originally the means of separating the in-' habitants of the earth into nations and kingdoms, so they are now, by the skill and enterprise, the labour and ingenuity of man, the means of bringing those kingdoms again into union, and rendering them mutually the instruments of each others happiness. Let it not be said that the reference t Canada, on which I have dwelt, is foreign to the subject. It is oik (iie contrary, of the very essence of the subject, namely, the comparative policy of appro- priating British capital to the devek «tment of the internal resources of a home, or a foreign countvy., '' It is alleged that Canada is unable to create its leading naviga- tions of herself; — so Jl say is Ireland. That it is the interest of Great Britain to continue its connexion with Canada, and retain the good will of its population ;— so it is of Ireland. That the sepa- ration of Canada from Britain is threatened ; — so is that of Ireland. That Canada, in fact, is but an iniant state, as to its means of giving the first impulse towards developing its own resources ; — so I contend G ■> i 1- '■{ , X ■ ■ -l m M 46 is Ireland, ut least that great section of Ireland uf which we have been speaking. When therefore we consider the relative value of a home, or a foreign expenditure— the creating internal, commercial, and agri- cultural intercourse in Canada, or in Ireland (the extent of popu- lation and beneiicial results being all in favour of the latter;) when we consider the comparative mischief of pauperism and want of em- ployment in Canada, or in Ireland; when we consider that the operation of these causes in one year alone in Ireland, required, in self-defence, a subscription from England of £300,000 to stop actual famine, and that this subscription amounted to double the whole re- venue of Upper Canada ; when we estimate the value of putting a stop to pauper emigration to England, by making the Irish pros- perous at home, rather than hy prepai'ing Canada to receive them ; when we review the subject in all these bearings, I will not insult the sense of Parliament by doubting what would be their inference. But I do not undervalue the policy of preparing Canada, and all British America, for the overflowings of our own redundant popula- tion. The importance of colonization by British subjects ; carrying to the new world, the language, habits, and customs of the mother country, is unquestionable. But I do question the lavish expendi- ture, the ultra liberality towards that country, while apolicy, the very reverse, is adopted towards Ireland. It may be said this is a ques- tion as to the extent, to which the new Colony shall be encouraged. I contend, it is not a mere question of degree ; I grudge not these Canadas' even a Benjamin's portion. But this is a question of excessive indulgence, against positive neglect — of repletion on the one hand, and starvation on the other. There f^re so many natural advantages in favour of settlers in untaxed Canada, compared with <* the labour for existence* in Ireland, particularly in the great district I allude to, that it was enough, by securing the stabiUty of property and giving wise laws to the Colony, to ensure its prosperity. . Can we wonder that this favoured Caqada should be a cheap country? We volunteer to pay a sum in relief of the home exche- quer of these tw^ Canadas (and in which are the thriving towns, Quebec and Montreal), equal to '>ne fifth of their entire collected 47 revenue, and this 'nily, to dcvelope tlieir resources and enable their distant provinces to bring their produce to our markets, so cheaply and expeditiously, that they may undersell our own producers.* This is indeed giving to those that hath, and taking from others even the little that they have. Are we then to go on for ever in this costly maintenance of their navigations and the further de- . sloping their resources ? Are we to stint and starve our Irish na- vigations, that A'e may be liberal and lavish on theirs, although the population to be relieved and benefitted on this, our Irish Naviga- tion is double that of both these Canadas ? I have hitherto spoken of the neglectful policy adopted by En- gland towards Ireland, compared with the liberal encouragement, and the ready hand and purse held out towards Canada, and without any reference to the great questio vexata, the Timber question. I have I think demonstrated, that impartiality is not the ruling principle. Let me now say one word on the subject, with reference to the encouragement extended towards public works in England and Scotland, as compared with Ireland. Of the Caledonian Canal, and Highland Roads and JBridges. I do not complain that Scotland has had a liberal share of British funds, in aid of her great navigation, the Caledonian Canal. I rejoice at it ; and though hitherto it has not been beneficial to the extent desired, I trust, it will not fail, ultimately, to repay the liberality of a British Parliament. I here merely contrast the late efforts in favour of the Gteat Caledonian Canal, with our Hibernian Canal. Total Expenditure, making the Navigation of part canal, part rivers and Idkes. Management, law, and travelling expences £39,714 6 \Q^ Timber, and carriage thereof 72,769 17 9| Machinery, cast iron work, tools, dnd materials 129,717 2 2 ' Carried forward £242,201 6 iO * By means of the navigations we have created in Canada, wheat, flour, and other produce may be brought from even the most distant provinces, to Liverpool, after crossing the Atlantic, sooner than from the district of the Upper Shannon, if brought down that river, as shewn by the case already noticed. i ; S.H lll.t 111 r [ '4 : 'E), nil 48 Brought Jbrward Quarries and masonry Shipping Houses and other buildings Labour and workmanship (day work) . . . Labour and workmanship (measure work) . . Purchase of land, and payments on account of damage Purchase, and hire of horses, and provender . Incidental expences, including interest to Bank of Scotland Road making £1242,201 6 10 200,264 3 H 11,721 16 2 5,656 13 9 62,723 17 4i 418,696 5 ^ 48,12S 4 111 3,742 10 iif 4,097 3 41 4,579 3 6| Total cost of this Navigation - £1,001,811 5 10^ Dubursementt. £ (. d. 3,742 5 H 3,706 10 ^ 3,802 19 5 B^ the last Parliamentary Report on the Caledonian Canals Jind the following: — ' Receipts. 1831 2,144 7 11 - 1832 2,029 18 - 1823 . 1,970 9 11 - 1834 2,077 2 11 - This, observe, is for one work alone, one great leading line of inland navigation. Again, half a million has been appropriated to the open- ing great lines of public roads, *, Advances by Exchequer bills £5,500,000 Of which two hundred thousand pounds was trans- ferred to Ireland, and lent under the late Loan Commissioners 200,000 • £5,300,000 In Detail. On canals, rivers, drainage £1,298,100 Harbours and docks 312,000 Bridges, ferries, and Thames tunnel 464,300 Fisheries 33,700 Water works 27,000 Roads and railways 955,400 Improvement in cities and towns 701,050 Collieries and mines 303,700 Churches and parish relief 90,000 Carried forward £4,185,350 4 li! * Brought foitvard £4,185,350 Colleges 108,000 Law courts, goals, and asylums 267,901) 4,661,250 ♦■-* Unappropriated - 738,750 £5,300,000 Interest. .;, ^.j. lout 760,040 at 5 per cent, por annum. ^,775 " ^2 ». ,; , 1,173,150 » ^ »» -..,'. 'l .: 94,300 " ^ ■-%.. ;,. .:.■■ 35,900 » «'J >» ■" 140,100 „ 3 10 „ ' ■"■.:" Remainder at - - 3 It is here worth observing-, that the early advances were made at high rates of interest, but tb it under a wiser policy, the terms have been diminished. Thus we have the rate beginning at ^ve, and de- scending, to three per cent., as in the case of the Leith harbour, in which the repayment is at the rate of two per cent per annum. Yet, for advances made in Ireland, the poorer country, the terms are four per cent, interest, and four per cent, repayment of principal. ' On the whole then, we find that since the loan system was intro- duced, in 1817, no less than £5,300,000 has been lent in aid of public works in England, and on favourable terms ; while a meagre sum of £200,000 was advanced under the late Irish Loan Company, and the sum of £500,000 under the present Board of Public Works in Ireland ; ^100,000 of which however was lent to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The only observation I shall make on these aids in favour of England and Scotland, is, that they were wise, liberal, and judicious ; I cannot however say the same of what Great Britain had done for the Canadas. If then we are really desirous of benefitting our A *nerican colo- nies, let it be on some system which will more closely unite those colonies with the mother country, rather than one which, lil dl while it tends to make them the rivals, rather than the allies of Great Britain, has failed to produce one feeling of attachment or satisfaction. We have hitherto held our transatlantic Colonies by the sword alone. Let us study to retain them by the bonds of mutual benefit, and an identity of interests. The policy of England has hitherto been misdirected. We have gone into the remote districts, even to the wildernesses, in the vain hope of " forming a loyal and warlike " population on the banks of the Rideau and the Ottawa," while we have alienated the head and heart of the Nation. We have given a direction to the development of their great unsettled tracts, as if our main objects was to enable them to rival and " undersell" us in our home markets, or to prepare them for the purposes of emigration from the United Kingdom. We have no means of securing, or even reaching Upper Canada, whenever its population may please to prefer a union with the United States : for as to a dependance on the silly Rideau Canal as a military object, that is now given up. Our more valuable sea-coast provinces are, on the other hand, not only within raach, but available for all the purposes that colonies can be to a mother country. Let us then connect these sea-board provinces more intimately with the United Kingdom. Let us attach them by a more intimate union, and by facilitating and extending our mutual intercourse ; for this is the true principle of union and attachment. Fully appreciating the great importance of retaining an influence with British America, I cannot avoid here observing on the facilities which steam navigation has given to the increase of this intercourse ; the importance of a steam establishment for the transmission of pas- sengers and correspondences, between Great Britain and her Colo- nies, and the sound policy of Government promoting the application of private capital to such a purpose. Upper Canada may be alien- ated — the remainder, cannot be lost, so long as we hold a naval su- periority. Through those sea-board provinces alone, our dominions in America are to be maintained; and this furnishes additional motives for increasing and cementing their connexion with the United Kingdom. I would have added some observations fiirther, in illustration of : I'll '!! i if I ' ' iii iii I i I'" 52 thin subject, but finding- them to my hand, I prefer giving^ the au- thority of others. (See appendix.) • I may observe, that at present the correspondence, commercial, political, and military, with our own provinces ; and much also of the intercourse, is mainly carried on through the United States — princi- pally New York. It is in our power to reverse this. The progress of steam navigation has been so extended and improved, that there can be no doubt of the practicability of the measure of connecting the United Kingdom, by a regular line of steam vessels, with our American provinces, and through them with all the western world. Hereafter, it will be found to be a race between the United States and the United Kingdom. The position of uur colonies, however, is so decidedly superior, that it must be our own fault if we allow others to be the medium of this extended connexion between the eastern and western hemispheres. mm n ■ * ■I ■ ^i f> r, ■j^i-r... .■t:-j.-.V ■.*.., „., -r- ,.' ■' : ' .1.. - \ ' ' '. ' '■' )i ':\'l ".'•■■ ,■«. .a -X-.J' r'i*".-.. 63 ■)■' APPENDIX (No. I.) Remarkt on intercolonial and transatlantic Steam Navigation, Extradited from McGregor a British America, The mutual advantages which one country derives from another, increase in value and magnitude according to the increased facility of mutual intercourse and transportation. When a communication is opened with a country, that will enable us to visit it in a certain given p. lod of time, the intercourse is in- creased in the same ratio as the certainty of arriving at, or return- ing from, that country more speedily, is greater than by any previous mode of conveyance. For, when the means of receiving intelligence from, and visiting e have been already accomplished, and there are now in profitable operation nearly two hundred and fifty miles* of railway in various parts of that country. Within three years the railway from London to Liverpool will be completed, besides various other great connecting lines, altogether four hundred milesf of railway are at this time in progress of coi.- structiun in England alone ; applications for two hundred miles,;}: including the Bristol line, are before Parliament : and companies « i-T*. . - * Stockton and Darlington, and t^ ranches Liverpool and Manchester Railways near Glasgow, and Branches Leeds and Selby .... Dundee and Newlyle, N. B Hotton Railway, &c. St. Helens and Runcorn, and Branches Wigan and Newton and Warrington Clarence Railway .... EdinI urgh and iJalkeith . Canterbury and Whitstable Seaham Ki Iway .... l^olton Leigh and Kenyon And several others t London and Birmingham Grand Junction London and Southampton Newcastle and Carlisle Preston and Brancht ^ Bolton, Bury and Manchester, and several others t London and Bristol, 125 Miles, tad four or five others, Miles. 40 32 25 25 12 10 12 14 30 10 8 7 10 112 80 80 HO * 18 IS m k Me now furming fur upwardtt uf livu huiidrtfil* inilei, uniong wliicli is, tbe cunnoxiun between Glusguw and Edinburgh, nnd between York and London ; in all, nearly unu thouHund four hundred miles. In Belgium, the iirst portion of the chain of railways between Autwerp and the Rhine, has, within these few days, been opened to tbe public. Hamburgh, justly alarmed, is negociuting with Hano- ver on one bank uf the Elbe, and with Prussia on the other, to se- cure a railway through one of those Kingdoms into Saxony, Bava- ria, and Bohemia, which will not merely advantugu her present trade, but bids fair to divert to Hamburgh the couiiiirrro of Trieste, for the supply uf Central Germany with colonial produce and ma- nufactures. France has tried the experiment successfiilly iieur Lyons, and the Government have publicly declared they will become partners in the lines now in progress from Paris to the coast. Even in Austria there are two very extensive lines of railroad at work. It is, however, in the United States where the greatest impulse has been given to railways. Many hundred miles are already exe- cuted, and vastly more are in contemplation. In the small state of South Carolina, a railway of one hundred and fifty miles in one continued line is in actual operation. The whole population of that state is scarcely three hundred thousand souls, wages are five shillings a day, and capital at seven per cent, interest ; yet private enterprise chiefly has executed this great line, which is now by its success proving practically the truth of the principle long es- tablished in the minds of persons competent to judge, that railways create their own sources of revenue. It seems incredible, that in Ireland, with a popiilation of eight millions, multitudes of them in beggary, and too often in starvation firom want of work, with wages at from four-pence to one shilling a day, and money at four per cent, one short railroad alone has yet been executed. However philanthropists and politicians may differ about many of the causes of the sufferings of the Irish poor, however various the proposed remedies, all unite in declaring that want of employment for the labouring classes is the leading evil, requiring the application of an immediate remedy, and all experience shows that an expendi- ture of money on public works has invariably introduced comfort and peace to the destitute and most disturbed districts, and has increased the public revenues of the country in direct proportion to the amount of money expended. Public works, the effects of which have the great value of improving and increasing internal inter- course, trade and manufactures, must be the most desirable of any, and more so when tbeir ultimate tendency will be to combine faci- ■'i?,. London and York — Cambridcre and Norwich London, Ipswich, and Yarmouth . Edinburgh and Glasgow .... London and Brighton, and several others . Miles. 280 120 60 60 k 50 litiib tor fureign cuiiiiiiuniiutiun, und |mrticulnrly tliO(i«' of a 'om* inurcinl nature. Such public works are ruilwayn, the new means of connnunicatiuii un Innd, by steam ; a power which on water has already been so highly honeticial to Ireland. Currying the line to an ultinmte terminus nt Valentia Harbour, on the very verge of the Atlantic ocean, the undertaking ceases to be conbidered in u local point of view, and becomeH u great national work, in which Great Urituin, Europe, and the Americas, would be us much interested us Ireland. We should, in fact, have arrived at a port which nautical men, statesmen, and many acute enquirers have at various times, and under different circumstances, and without communication or connection with, and even without knowledge of each other, recommended as the most eligible harbour for the fo* reign arrivals and departures of the United Kingdom. The attention of the Government has often been called to the eli- gible situation of Valentia Harbour, and the highest naval authori- ties have given evidence to Parliament of the peculiar combination of advantages which it possesses as a packet station. Capt. Beau- fort, 11. N., and Hydrographer to the Admiralty, states, that "the *• first object of all vessels bound either to America, to the south of " Europe or India, is to get far enough out of the Channel to be able " to adopt either tack without fear of the land; the next object is, " to fetch to the westward of Cape Finisterre." By sailing from the harbour of Valentia, the most westerly port in Europe, both these objects are secured. Captain Beaufort further states, that, " whenever possible, a packet harbour should have two ways of " exit, lika Spitheod for instance." Valentia Harbour posseses this advantage, having two easy practicable inlets to an excellent recep- tacle for shipping, capacious, safe, and land-locked. The intervening transit between Valentia (the nearest point of land in Europe to America) and the harbour of New York, is unob- structed by islands, rocks, or shoals, and the distance being less than two thousand seven hundred miles, may be traversed by steam pack- ets, such as those now running between Kingstown Harbour and Liverpool, in ten or twelve days. London will thus be brought within a fortnight's distance of the Canadas and the United States. Liverpool may be reached on the completion of the English railway in ten hours from London ; the average passage (looking forward to no increased speed in steam boats) from Liverpool to Kingstown is fourteen hours ; and by this proposed railway of two hundred miles from Kmgstown Harbour to Valentia Harbour, the run across Ireland would be made m ten hours. In all thirty-four, or at most thirty- six hours fl-om London to the shores of the Atlantic, and on great emergencies, and with a favourable water passage, it may be reduced to twenty-six hours. The fact is almost incredible, but it is unde- niable. If, as Stated by Captain Beaufort, « the establishment of a post- office packet station at Valentia would insure a saving of four or five 60 [!i ^ t ' " days in the voyages of sailing vessels," can it be doubted, that with •uch a ready connexion with London, Valentia Harbour will not be the great out-port of the United Kingdom, and (passing rapidly over the chain of intermediate reasoning) of France and all northern Eu- rope. In short, Ireland would become the great highway of nations from the Old to the New World. rf?- % T M ■ B N D. .* 1 ■•M 1 .' VRKLE AND CO., PniMTERS, BURLKICH STREET, (TRAND. C'-V ??x UaUiiu •t,"-. ' ^- 4 I f ' I Iwm4i MA- 31 At. 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