IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 f\m liiM 12.2 m ""'^ |!!1S ill 2.0 .i^ IIIIIM 11= U ill 1.6 V] ^m '3 Photographic Sciences Corporation -^ rtV ^> V \\ % v *4 ^^> v^ o^ "Ij s^ **> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 i ^ . I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ il se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre fiimds 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 6 partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iiiustrent la mdthode. errata to pelure, in d n 32X 1 2 3 i 2 3 ; ,♦ : 5 6 GEOLOGICAL i ALFRED R. C. 81 e SOUTl To Acc( PUB GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. ALFRED R. C. 8ELWYN, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Direxttor and Deputy Head. REPORT ON THE SURFACE GEOLOGY 0? 0' OUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK Tu Accompany } Sheet Maps 1 S.W., 1 S. K. and 1 N. B, SY ROBKRT CIIALMKRS, F.G.S.A. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. MONTREAL: WILLIAM FOSTER BROWN & CO. 1890. mm |To Alfred R. ( Sir,— I have th ISurface (Jeology Ithreo [-shoot ma IThesc sheets eml f part of Qu jandSunbury. T Irietl on in this ar lly best thanki Ifick Railway, a: ISoathorn (now t Idoring the sum indebted tor a coi |(or much valual b-ervatory, and IliiiTe kindly furn Ittese places duri lim under special jStJchnCityWa jtopography and ( IWd, Chief P^nirii Ispecialthank-s foi liamson. O.K., JBrnnswick Centri lApohaqui, and J. liiformation rcspi rio Alkred R. C. Sklwyn, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Etc., Director of the Geological and Natural Hi»lori/ Survey of Canada. Sir,— I have the honour to lay before you herewith my report on the ISnrface (Jeology of Southern New Brunswick, accompanied by the libreo [shoot maps, Noe. 1 S.W., 1 S.E. and 1 N.E., illustrative thereof. iThese sheets embrace the counties of Charlotte, St, John, Kings, the Ichief part of Queens, and smaller portions of Albert, Westmoreland Ijnd Sunbiiry. This report embodies the results of investigations car- Iriednn in this area daring the three seasons of 1887, 1888 and 1889. lly best thanks are duo to F. W. Cram, Manager of the Now Bruns- lifick Railway, and F. W. Holt, C. E., formerly Supt. of the Grand ISouthorn (now the Shore Line) Railway, for passes over their lines Idnring the summer of 1887. To the latter gentleman I am also iMebted tor a correct plan and profiles of the Shore Line Railway and Ifor much valuable information. G. Murdoch, C.E., St. John City |01)*erviitory, and Dr. S. T. Gove, St. Andrews Meteorological Station, Ikave kindly furnished me with lists of barometric readings taken at Itiese places during the three seasons mentioned. To Mr. Murdoch I p under npecial obligations in this matter. Wm. Murdoch, C.E. of the IStJchn City Water Supply, has given me valuable aid in regard to the Itopiigraphy and elevations in the vicinity of that city. To P. S. Archi- Ikld, Chief F^nifineor Intercolonial Railway, Moncton, I desire to render ■special thanks for railway plans, sections of borings, etc. ; and to T. M. iTilliamson. O.K, Grand Lake Coal Company, for a plan of the New JBranswick Central Railway. To W. N. Gould, Sussex, Jas. A. Sinnott, lApohaqui, and J. R. Smith, St. John, my acknowledgments are due for liiformation ronpocting the brine and medicinal springs of Kings county. Chas. N. Skinner, M.P., St. John, has ulso done me service in i pointing out localities of materials of economic importance. To the | many other kind friends who have from time to time aided me 1 wi^l to return my most sincere thanks. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient sei-vant, ROBERT CHALMERS. Ottawa, May, 1890. NoTK, — The bearings in this report are given with reference to the I true meridian unless it is otherwise stated; and the elevations are | above high tide level. 11 ^Iji REPORT ON THE SUEFAOE GEOLOGY or ;OIITHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, To Accompany J Sheet Maps 1 S. W,, 1 S. E. and 1 N. E., BT ROBERT CHALMERS, F.G.8.A. The part of the Province of New Brunswick to which the present Area . lejioit relates is that bordering the Bay of Fundy, extending from the It. Croix River or international boundary on the west, to Chiegnecto iBayon the east, and including the counties of Charlotte, St. John, iKings, the chief part of Queens, and portions of Albert, Westmoreland land Sunbuiy. The surface of a considerable part of this region, more lei-pecially that lying within thirty miles of the coast, is highly diveisitied by mountains and plateaux, and intersected by deep valleys |oc(iipied by lakes or rivers. Within this area lie the ridges of IpreCambrian and other crystalline I'ocks which come up from beneatl. Itheffieat ('arboniferous overlap. The easternmost of these pre-Cam- Topographs .,,.. ' t . ...,o,., foatureg of t 3nan beltH rises mto an extensive plateau, the general height of which hilly regiona pst'iom 1000 to 1100 feet above sea level, with numerous culminating Ridges and peaks 1200 to 1500 feet high. The westernmost ridges are lleteral Canada, and which have produced some remarkable, and, it may be^ unique deposits. The investigations respecting the surface geology of this ivgioBj carried on during the past thi'ce seasons, have revealed a number ol new facts in regard to the glaciation, the boulder- clays, the forinaikl of lakes, the drainage systems, etc., which, when correlated, enable r to some extent, to modify interpretations of facts previously discovereJJ In the prosecution of the work all accessible parts of tho countnwera ex])lored, every road was travelled over, rivei's and lakes examine] bjl boat or otherwise, a great number of the hills and mountains ascenii and their heights measured with aneroid, the larger islands all visilei and as careful an examination made of the surface features oftii I'M ;»>lMtM.] DENUDING AOBNOIBS. 7m :ej;ion, its dopoHita, its agi-icultiinil uliuractor, forest growth, etc., as time ami other circumatancoH would ponnit. In 1HS7 I carried on the work alone; in 1888 I was asHJMted by Mr. A"''"'""'*' Aithui' II. Boers, a student of McGill College, Montreal, and in 1889 l>y Mr. E'hvard W. Swinyard, of Ottawa, and for Hvo or six weeks b}' Mr. \\\ J. Wilson, of St. John, N.B. Mr. W. is an amateur geologist and bdianisl and did good work while with mo. The surface geology of a considerable part of the region was Former . 1 I w ,, Ti »r . . invcstiBationg. invTHtigated, to sonio e.Ktont, by Mr. tr. r. Matthew a number nt years aaoaiul the results published in Re|)()rt of Progress, Geol. Surv. Can- l8(7-7^«, report ElO. Prof. H. Y. Hind also made some observations hero and discusses the phenomena relating to water-falls, lake-basins, U'l'iW'i-"*. etc., in A Preliminary Report on the Geolorjy of New Bruimvic/i, 1865. Denudin(» Aqencies Which Affected toe Ueoion. ;lv (liscovewlJ The surface of this part of the province, especially of the hilly Jf'J'eg'ion'''" broken tract traversed by the pre-Cai-boniforous bands of rocks, bears ev'ulonce, as already stated, of having been profoundly eroded during and since the Post-Tertiary period, and doubtless also in preceding geological ages. Indeed, the existing features are the result of a long Belies ot denuding processes of various kinds, subterial, Huviatile, glacial and marine, some of which have been in operation since the iiy land first appeared. The immense ({uantities of debris, boulders, gravels, sands, etc., which cumber the surface everywhere, and half-fill the valleys, sufficiently attest this. The degradation which the old preCanibrian ridges have undergone is enormous. The decay of these rocks and the gradual evolution of topographic forms resulting therefrom, such as mountains, valleys, scarps and defiles, the formation ot later geological deposits from the waste materials, whether along the coast, or in river valleys or lake basins, present a " wonderful chronicle of long-continued and oft-repeated " operations. This (lenuilati(jn, or waste of the land, is seen not to have been uniform over the whole surface, however, but greatest on slopes and in river valleys, anil least upon level grounds. Evidence of this is found in the great iiuantitics of coarse gritty debris derived from the older crystaline rocks scattered about in certain localities, the prevalence of which is a distinct feature of the supei-ticial deposits of this district. The causes which produced these have, on the higher grounds, i.e., above the 220 feet contour line, been chiefly subaerial, below that level, Buba>rial and marine. During the great PostrTertiary subsidence the tides of the 8ir QEOLOOIOAL AND NATURAL UIBTOav Sl'BVIY OS* CANADA. Uny of Fundy wero doubtloMH very powerful, and mUHt h»ivo wwopt up and down the coast and Horao of tho interior valloys, onpooially tliutui' the Potitcodiucand KonnobccktiHiH rivers, with ^-oat force. iJr.i rmicli of this donudntion must havu boon pru-^iacial. Tho doop-HtiutcMJ duoav of tho oldor boltH of rocks rcfmrcd to, tho atmosphoric erosion producing rounded Hummit and deep ravino, and the >^enoral moulditij^ and sculpturing of the nioro prominent topoi^raphic forms, undoubtedly took place previous to the advent of the fee Ago. Later TertiBry •lerntion of region. Elevation ok the Reoion in the Later Tertiary Period and Oscillations of Level Since. Comparing this region, as it is at present, with the condition in which it must have been during the later Tertiary period, when the river val- loys were empty, the coastal parts exhibit tho appearance of a partially submerged country. This was roCorred to incidentally in my preli- minary report, Annual Report Geol. Surv. of Can., 1885. Tho mouths, or estuarine portions, of neai-ly all the rivers appear partially filled up, notably tho Petitcodiac, Shepody, St. John, Musquash, etc, The valley of the St. John, which is occupied by tidal waters tis far up as the Keswick River, contains a great mass of sediment carried down by the river itself, or thrown into it by tributaries, the wlxdo being levelled off at a height nearly equal to that of spring floods. Thin is particularly noticeable in the part of its course lying in (Queens and Sunbury counties, and especially at the mouths of Grand and \Va.shada- moak lakes. Kvidently a filling up of tho river valley, to a larf,'e ex- tent, has taken place all along this part of it in post-glacial and oven in recent times, as well as during the glacial period. In the lower partof this valley, and in that of the Kennebeckasis, depressions exist, atcoiil- ing to the Admiralty Surveys, which are about 200 feet below the surface of their waters, or below high tide level in the Bay of Fundy, (opposite Indiantown 198 feet; immediately above the "falls" 122 to 2(14 feet; Gi-and Bay, deepest part 130 feet; Long Reach, deepest j)art 126 feit; Kennebeckasis Bay, or River, deepest pai-t, about 200 feet). In the Tertiary period the S*. John probably flowed along the bottom of this depression, as there seems reason to believe this was part of the original channel, the outlet, or mouth of tho river being by way <>f Fairville and Manawagonish Cove. It seems also pi obable, that the land was in pre-glacial times at least, that much higher than at present (2(i0 feet), as wo know of no other way in which these channels could have Iteen eroded except by the force of running water, being nairow, and LhII «■••'] Kf.EVATION AND n.srir.LATIoNa. 9 N HWepl up ly thutdf I5i:t much itcil tlotay producinif Idiri^ und tcdiy took lOD AND m ill which e rivor val- a partially n my preli- 'ho mouthn, tiiilly tilled I, etc. The H 118 far up irricd down pjxdo IteiDg iIh. This is ;ucon8 and d Washada- a larj^e ex- ftud even in )W(M' part of ist.aicord- the surface (opposite o 20-1 feet; t 126 feet; t). In the torn of this the original )1' Fairville c land was |t (2(»0 feet), have been larrow, and Luoiipviiiir 11 doi'p valloy hotwoon sloop clirt'>.^= Tlioso and otJior lessioiis aloiif? Iho lower St. .fohn und KenncltocUnwiH miiHt liavo burn ciltod up conMidonilily durin;; the PoHt-Tortiurv pcM-iod i nd ninco, ItiiiweviT. -<» timt it is (luito poMsihlo tlio olovation of Iho ix'j,'ion. in To li- Liviinu"*, wiiH ovon ^roiitor than that Htulod aliovo Hut aMMimiiit line present u ditforont configurution. Chiegnecto Hay and lie Basin 'if Minus would have no oxistoneo. Tho upper end of tho Hay Fiinily would bo somowhere in tho vicinity of Isle Haut. Clrund ilanaii wmild still bo an island, but tho area occupied by Passama- LoUy Buy would bo above high tide level, and a nearly level plain, lith two or throe rivor courses througli it, while Deer and Campobollo •lands would form part of the mainland. Tho configuration and ppiigraphic features of tho interior country would also be mai'kodly jitleient. The river valleys which are now partially filled with letritus, would then bo largely denuded of it, esjiecially in the lower phes, and bo much deeper than at present, and on the hill tops and jlainsathick mass of decayed rock material would lie undisturbed, lantlinif and concealing the rocks. This condition of things would Itcmdingly tend to make tho elevations higher and the valleys deeper p they a 10 now relatively to each other, and on tho whole the kntoius of the surface would be considerably ditt'eient from those Ikuli obtain at present. CJlaciation and other modes of denudation pe liioimlit about a levelling down of the inequalities of surface, dueing the heights of the hills und tilling up the valleys, more ipecially in regions partially submerged or sunken since, such as lose along our coasts. fMr.Wm Munlnch.C. E.. St. John, tins suKKestod to ine tlmt the inflow of the tidal watern fiuihiheiiurrow i,'ijr(?f forming tho tnouvhof the St. Jolin, which is sufficiently rapid at sprinK Mo he ilt'siKiuiti'ii ii " fall up river," may liave l)cen instrumental in wearing out and Kiiiiifttliecliinticl referred to. I agree with him, but, nevertheless, regard this channel, or IB passiige, above Iiidiantown as havinK existed previous to the Ice Age, and, of course, before prgtat the " lulls," now fonning tho mouth of the river, became eroded. 10 N GEOLOGICAL ANO NATl RAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. in''th"/pMtl*'*' The Po-?Tei-tiury ojscillutions of level, or those whicii havo oeeuri'ell ToHod"' f*info the later Tertiary elevation referred to, as evideMcod in tlio niarinj fossil remains, terraces, and ancient sea hoaches along our cousis, eto have been discussed by the writer in previous reports. Thero was ti|J a subsidence, which seems to liave commenced in the glaciiil iXMiodJ continuing till its close or later, the land in this rogion sinUiiii; aliDutl 220 foet below its present level relative to the present high tides nfiJ Bay of Kundy.^l^ When this subsidence had reached its maxiiiuimty coast districts wore partially sulnnerged and the isthmus of Cliie(;inH,i( almost wholly. Powerful currents must then have swept up and doin the ba}', distributing the debris and le-arranging it into Uanios, Lniy clays, etc. One arm of the bay would forma strait along llu'lViiiJ codiac and KennebecUasis valleys, making the longitudiiuil tract Ivinj to the south-cast an island. Lai-ge portions of Charlotte county woi: be submerged. The extensive gravel terraces east of the iragai^niadavi* Kiver and in Penntield would then be laid down, also those in thj Kennebeckasis valley and in ditt'ei'ent jiai-ts of St. John county. number of these mark the upper limit of the submergence, ami will referred to further on. Whether the sea occu|)ied tlie St. .lohn vail in Queens, Sunbury and York counties, or the fresh watei-s weieponil back by obstructions at the mouth of the river, or along its hiwei reaches, as they now are, is a question which will be discussed iiubj sequel. No marine fossils have heen dotectetri(J continued till the land was, perhaps, al'out 80 fool above the oxis'iii| high tide level, as evidenced by a peat or forest bed beneath tU Tantramar marsh at the head of the Hayof Fundy,t and by tiiedrowna peat beds along the coast elsewhere. | Since then, of cour.se, the pel • I'rof. (!. H. Stoiio, (,f the U. S. (looliiKioiil Survey, liiis f'oiiti(i cvideiicn in MiHiicnl ii sulKsiiti'tico ill the I'o.st-Torliiiry perind to the ili'i'th of JK) to 2-!(t feet below the imseiii seiiM his ol)serviiiions iiinl mine fully iiKreeiii)? on this point. See Anierii'un ■[onriiiil of Soiinie* Arts, vol. Xl. N'o.2'U>, Aug.. 1890, for nn article by Prof. Stone on the ('l,i!u,,iii;H ■ifH'' Wi'^ Si tlimi iiin Iff M'lliii, in whieh this fiict is .itiiteil. t See Summary Heport of the Director of the artly drift- 1 lilled. The lourses of many of the I'ivers have been altered during tlie AJ_'^f|™'y'|'j^|*jJ"i|j L'liieiiil juM'ioil by the deposition of boulder-clay in their valleys, and, in 'Ji'ici'il period, Ilk case of tho St. .lohn partly by the half-submerged condition of the kricl iiloiig its lower reaches, as already leferred to, causing an la emulation of marine bods around its mouth. But this river seem- Ito have had many a struggle even before the I'ost -Tertiary period to Ikeipthe lower part of its course open. The upheavals of the crystalirie Ifoast ridij;t's, whenever they took i)lace, must have, at times, proved jbrriers to its free outlet long before the advent of the Ice Age. iTIiis i-; shown by its course from lielleislc Bay downwanls, tirst along lllii' Lorii;' Roach, which is part of the Bolleisle valley, ;i;i;! ^^econdly liloni;' tho aiK'iont valley of the Noropis fVom their continence down to li! ami Bay. Indeed, from tho point where it enters the aica of the IpreCaihonifcrous rocks, the St. .Fohn seems to have no old channel of |it>o\vii. Imt to bo a trespasser on those of smaller rivei-s, now tributary 12 N OE(»l,OOICAL AND NATURAI. IIISTOIIY 8UIIVBY OF OANAKA. Outlet of the St. John. Anoient'coiirsc of MaKaguiidn- Tio. to it. 'llio wontlor is tliiil, iiistoiid ofioi-cinif its paxsago llinnmli iIunJ (M-ystallino ridges in tlio /-igziig course it has followed, it did ||,,|| take a much easier one to the nortlioast from Grand or Wasli.'idainunk lake to the head of the Bay of Fiindy or to the Straits of NortliiiniJKi. land. Wliat li 3tcrinincd the course of the St. John through tlic distiii referred (o hy such a ditlicult and zigzag route? The only iiiiswoil that can bo given to this question at present is that it would secin ilic relative levels of the Carboniferous and pre Carboniferous uivms woiJ somewhat ditlcrent in that early age from those which now olitain. In regard to the outlet of the St. .lohn in pre glacial or later Toitian I times, it would appear, so lar as observations have been made, tliutit) followed the pro.sen I couise as far down as Indiantown and KiiiivilleJ as already stated, thence making ali tiik'.-^tlia a river iiithi^ is I'viiloiU'0 1 {•ills llii'i'ii:; Tin' niipoij ^i\ iVoin liiaj |ii> lilui'kinu'ii|l ino Fall^ 'M I he toriiKilwij I til I'M' il':i",il^ .y,,iv (iiiisiilorably, only tlio iippor part really f'ollowiiijr (lio oritriualChiingcsiii 1 • . 1 • i' . • •. .1 ii II < .. coiirsoB of vallcv- In pi'o/Jjlacial times it Hccms to liavo llovveu along tlio valley rivom. Iinwiiiili Loch Lomond lies, and tiionce, ))erhaps, down Little River iviillov. I'ho Mlspec is, therefore, a now and probaiily a postglacial [river. Till' Koniieherkasis, in its upi)er readies, and tho I'etitt'odiac are Lsi-glatial rivers. Tiiey now flow in opposite directions along valleys Iffhoii', it' rivers existed in pre-glacial tinios, their courses were Inl'lili'ialod during the post-Tertiary submergence, the entire \ alley knvciii Moncton and St. John being tlitii a strait, Jf the Kt'nnobec- |hM!* Iiii'l 'I pre-glacial existence, North Iliver, which now Ibrmhonoof 1(1)0 uppor branches of the Petitcodiac, probably flowed into and formed lliiirlofit. The rivers flowing into BoUeislo Bay, Washadamoak and Grand lakes, srciiow only the upper parts of what tlioy wore in pre-glacial ages. hviieii tlie h«i(i stood higher then, they all emptied directly into the St. Uiiliii. Tlio larii;er rivers of the region, such as the St. John, Magaguadavie, ARooftho 1 ' > ,, y-i • .. • 1 •..'■,. . rivers iii.the L)ii;tk'fj;iiiisn, fet. Croix, etc., are ol great ago, Judging Irom the fact thatroRion. Iliey have wide and deep valleys cut transversely through the ridgos of ItiVftalliiie rocks already described. The Magaguadavic, New and kpiwiu must have carried their sources backward tliroiigh these Ulis for long distances in jire-glacial times, and have had lake basins liiiiif,' llioir courses. It is not iniju-obable that portions of the drainage lieas at or near their sources had the surplus waters carried in other liiectioiis in these early ages, j)erhap8 towards the St, .loiin River, as lie Oroiiiocto lakes are now doing. A slight ditlorential change of Rvel, or 11 ur, 22 to 28 feet; ol Quaco, 21 to 31 feet; off Cape Enragd, 32 to 41 feet, and in the mouthl of Petitcodiac Eiver, 36 to 46 feet. In Cumberland Basin on tides rise 35 to 46 feet, and spring tides 50 feet. In Cobeipiid Bay, N.S., they reach their extreme height, — off" Noel River rising froi 31 to 53 foot. The tiilal oscillations on either side of the isthmus of Chiegneeto arej peculiar and noteworthy. At times the sea in Cumberland Hasinij fully 18J feet higher than it is at Bale Verte, in the Straits of Ni)rtliiiiii' berland, while at ebb tide the water in Bale Verte is 19J feet highei than in Cumberland Basin. It appears, however, that the belsol Cumberland Basin and the Straits of Northumberland are nearly on thi same level.* The tidal flux and reflux in the Bay of Fundy iavp waters continually in motion and turbid, and the scour on the hotioi must be enormous. Notwithstanding this erosion, however, the bay comparatively shallow and uniform in depth, tho bottom, which mil: have a groat thickness of detritus spread over it, forming a plain will a gradual descent towards the mouth. The chief denudation whichtlii waters of the bay now exert is on the coast border and liltoialzuDi This is attested by the bold precipices, rocky promontories, and islam and tho ext F. Matthew Surv. Can., of the bay v and those c£ oarrents. Durin^f th rejjion stood pass over th^ their erosive in some plac Petitcodiac , Annapolis an least, and dee The forma |Fandy, and m itides. It wou of the muddy lifin to run marshes are tl icomposing th( fion of tlie Ca bay and in the jetc, are from and formation edition. Classipicat The follovvin L'ion undoi' di • See Bulletin Nat. Hist. Soc. of N. B., Vol. V, Art. Ill, Pliysical Feature:- uiid (ieoke i Chiegneeto Isthmus. By Alex. Munro, C. E. !■ Decayed veg vesretable m •■ Peat bo<.'s. '■ Lariistrine d infusorial ea <• River Hats (in tHJlKIBS.] CLASSIFIOATION OF SURFACE DEPOSITS. 1*7 N anJ tho extensive reofs in numerous places along tho shores. Mr. G. F. Mattliew, in the report already cited (Report of Progress, Gool. gurv. Can., 1877-78, part K.B.), describe.s certain features of the bottom Lf the bay which show how the materials worn off the coast-border ami those carried into it by the i-ivors are distributed by tho tidal I currents. Durini; tho great Post-Tertiary subsidence, when the land in thisTida ourrenu. I region wtood 220 feet below its present level, tho tidal currents would pass over the isthmus of Chiegnecto, as has been already stated, and 1 their erosive power must then have been very great. Tiie bay itself, jinsome places, and the parallel valleys then submerged, such as the Ipelitcodiui' and Kennobfickasis in New Brunswick and those of linnapolis and St. Mary's Bay in Nova Scotia, were partially eroded at [least, antl deepened during this period. The Ibrmation of salt marshes in many places around the Bay of Formation of iFandy. and more especially the extensive ones at its head, is duo to the [tides. It would seem to be the incoming tides that stir up the material lofthe niutldy flats and carry it to a higher level. Before tho ettb tides Ibestin to run out, a greater or less quantity is deposited. These salt linarghes are thus raised to the level of the highest tides. The sediments Icomposing them have been derived, to a largo extent, from the destruc. Itionot' tiio Carboniferous rocks which occur at the eastern end of the ■and in the Chiegnecto isthmus, while those of St. John, Musquash, letc, arc from local detritus. For full details regarding the character Imd formation of salt marshes see Dawson's Acadian Geoloyy, second ledition. Classification op the Surface Deposits Found in this Eeqion. The following is a tabular view of the deposits recognized in the Cliissifioation ,.^ . 1 » of deposits. l«!!ion under discussion : M 3. RECENT DEPOSITS. I'reKh-ivater. (a) 1 1 Decayed vegetable matter, or Vfijietable mould. I i Peat bos-'s. Laoustrine deposits, shell-marl, infusorial earth, etc. h. River Hats (intervales), alluvium. Marine. (b) 1. Estuarine flats. 2. Halt marshes (alluvium). 3. Dunes. 18 N GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. INI STRATIPIBI) SANDS, CiHAVBlS AND CLAYS. (h) 1. Kivor and lako tcrnicea, iind kanies of river vallejs and lake baMins. 2. Stratified inland {.'ravel, sand and clay, and kanuts of the hi^lier IflvelB. Saxirava sand and Leda day, (._, kanios of the lower "iVveljl (niarinei. Remarks on the classifica- tiOD. Ml. CJLACIAL DEPOSITS. Bouldor-clay or till, moraines, boulders, erratics, etc. I'KB-OLACIAL. Rock debris in dlu (boulders, jjravel, sand, etc.) In regard to the aiiove cla.ssiHcation it seems necessary to state ihaj it is, to a certain extent, artilicial, as it is often impossible todrawiini line of dcmarkation between the sub-divisions of some of the gmiiD as, for example, between the deposits included under M 2 (a), etc. stated in Geology of Canada, 18G3, page 887, these and other memlerj of the higher groups may be, in many cases, equivalents, or, so far known, without regular chronological sequence. There is iisuall however, a distinct line, showing a clear physical break, lietweentb till or boulder clay and the overlying deposits, i.e., between (livisidnl M 1 and M 2 ; but in those above that lino, except in the beds whicj are strictly marine and contain fossils, the order of superposition m lines of separation cannot bo well detined. In division M2 the mariii| deposits (Leda clay and Saxicava sand) are traceable with tolenibl exactness and easily distinguished both from those of divisions Ml underneath and M 3 overlying them, although often overlapped on tlj higher border and along river valleys by fresh-water gravels, etc. It is in the fresh-water deposits, so-called, that the confusion in ill classificaticm exists. Thoy often merge into each other ; and, inieej the fluviatile and lacustrine beds especially, may be considered ascuj stituting an almost continuous and unbroken scries, through emsionai transportaticm, from the summit of the boulder-clay upwaids to i most recent deposits. The remarkable developm.ont of the imh-wad gravels and sands in the geological intei-val between the gliicial recent periods in this district warrants us in classifj-ing (hem, prol sionall}', as we have do.ie, i>., as approximately contemporaneous f origin with the Leda clay and Saxicava sand series, their formatij in the recent period (division M 3) being inconsiderable. Heine I lii.unri'sO PRE-IU.AOIAI, ROOK DEBRIS, GRAVELS, ETC. 19 N i jdiv' ion of tlieno t'roMh-wator doposits into M 2 (u) and M 3 (a), which, In the iili-^onct! of foHHils, is iiocoHsarily provisional and arhitraiy. P'lii lull hor remarks on the claMsification adopted see ray prelimi- |janie|n)rt, pa^o 7 G.G. (Annual itoport, Geol. Siirv. Can., 1885). PrE-( rLACIAli lloCK DeBRIS, (iRAVELS, ETC. Piv-.'liuial lieds, conHistini; of boulders and jfravcls m siY«, or loose i''"""'.'"'''^' , ^ , muterials. lr,M(iii;irv niaieruils in the form of rotted rock, although met with in liiiiliMviii parts of Kastern Canada, have not received that careful study hiih tlu'ii' importance demands. Their relation to the rocks under- patli, liut more especially to the boulder-clay or till which is fre- lijiieiitly fiiiind overlying them, and in a largo measure derived from iht'iii, is a subject of much interest, the investigation of which would ^luoidiite some points in connexion with the origin of the glacial do- ).iis. In the region under consideration the occurrence of these Niliiary gravels, etc., in a groat number of isolated belts and ])atche8 tfvarialilc thickness and extent in all parts of it, shows that they Wt iiavc formed, in pre-glacial ages, an almost universal covering of |te«oliil rocks. L'pon the pre-Cambrian bolts they consist of coarse, uigiilur materials holding pebbles and boulders of all sizes of the same U(i of lock as that undorl^'ing them. On the Cambro-Silurian and lilurian the debris is somewhat tinor, for the most part, and where the Vksaiv r-laty or fissile it often occurs in thin laminie or scaley frag- pent.'iiti' all sizes lying in the same jiosition as the original strata. iveilyingt lie Carboniferous sandstone it is more gravelly, sometimes jjodv, but always contains larger fragments of the harder, undeoom- Kil port ions of these, of angular shape, "kernels" of the original )ok, Ij'ing undisturbed in the more or less decomposed deposits. All lie materials, indeed, large and small, whatever kind of rock-forma- fonthey may be derived from, are angular, nowhere appeai'ing as if key hail been subjected to erosion of one particle against another, or bany action other than atmospheric. JThe mode of occurrence of these deposits in fragmentary masses Mode of V. ... I ,1 ... 1 .1 1 . • 1.1.1 ocoiirronoe of, iQKates that they must have sutterod great denudation, and that large [irtionsof them have been entirely swept away. In pre-glacial times dation would take place, to some extent, from subacrial and bviatlle agcncios; following this would be glacial denudation, and, Irhaps, along and near the coast of Northumberland Straits and the pot the Bay of Pundy, iceberg action. Then when the Post-Ter- iry subsidence set in great denudation would occur in the submex'ged [nets from the sweeping tides of the Bay of Fundy ; while in those 20 N aEOLOaiCAL AND NATDRAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. Coloar. Lofialities where observed. parts of the country aliovo the 220 foot contour lino, the waters suiting from the molting of the ice of the glacial period, uctinir those decayed rock materials wherever exposed, would erode and m duce their bulk very materially. The wonder is, therefore, tlinf wotiiJ us many remnants of them as we do. The erosion from glaeioi-icc \\u however, been moro local than general, and seems to have lioon muoH more sweeping and ett'ective upon southern than upon northern >.|)p^ For example, it is in the drainage basin of the Petitcodiao Hiver uij moro especially at or near the sources of its tributaries tlmt ilj heaviest beds of rotted rock in situ occur. On the northtrn aiul mm western flanks and summits of the preCambrian plateau, aljuiu thJ head waters of Turtle Creek and Coverdale River, also on ti.e noij slope of Caledonia Mountiiin, decayed rock in situ is mot with in gna quantities. Those facts are taken in proof that no general ico-coveil ing ever swept over eastern Now Brunswick from the nortii ornorih west impinging against these mountains. Details regarding this wil be adduced in the sequel. The pre-glacial decayed rock materials are the chief source of 1 boulder-clays, gravels, and all other stratified deposits. In regard to the colour of these subterial beds, a qtiostion wliid has recently been discussed by geologists in other countries, it isfoiiB to be the same, generally speaking, as the weathered rock surfaces ( boulders of the rocks from which they were derived. At Alascareol Charlotte county, however, where a band of Silurian rocks occur!) tba residual deposits were seen to have a bright ferruginous a])i)eaiancj But as we have only the remnants of what must once have been general eheet in southern New Brunswick, no comparison of value cJ be drawn between their character and colour here, and those of siinij materials in non-glaciated regions. Decayed rock debris was observed in the following places :— On Grand Manun Islana gravels of this kind occur in sovonil plaoi on the south-east slope, where considerable tracts show no traces of] action. On Hanson road, north of St. Stephen, along the south-oast side > low hill, a bed of rotted rock was seen. Pits have been excavated the hill side, whence great quantities of gravel have been taken fori jiairing the roads and streets. It was also observed cm the southj and eastern slopes of a number of ridgest o the north and north( St. Stephen, notably Old Ridge, Scotch Ridge, etc. At the latterpij it is 3 to 4 feet deep. It occurs also at Mascareen, as referred to above, and along thecoj between Beaver and Deadman's harbours. w\ ttl»i"'l PRE-dLACIAI, ROOK DEPOSITS, QaAVBL, BTC. 21 N 111 iiunii'i'ouH placoH in tlio eastorn pivrt of St. .lohii county, on the Ijvot' Fiiixly Hlopo, (loeomposed rock in situ, unniixod with truns- ortod iii!>'i"''"'. ^^'"s oliwoi'vcd. The rocic hoHsos protriuling through litwiio iinu'lut'hitod. On liie >l<)peH of hillH near Moosohorn Brook, Kings ooiinty, along Lbeioail on tiio north Hide of MusquaHh lirook, near Apnlia<|ui, uIho jiioiiL' iho valley of Wanl'H Cieok, and on the low ridge at Ualtor's ICorm'i'. decayed rock in situ and unglaciatod Hui-facos are common. In Filiiiiiaro Hottlemont, on the road from Shopody road to Alma, luidi" New Ireland in many places uimilar phenomena occur. Aliiiin tlio north- vvost flank and hrow of the pro-Cambrian plateau in Ibi. vicinity of (JoHhen, Elgin Corner, Hillnido, PoUett River, etc., ■jnileiisiwiird to the border of Hhoot 1 N. E. at Caledonia Mountain, lineludinj; vor, obforvcd on botli of llio MO-callcd Riinj^oH on ilic ea,! side of tlu) lako, uIho ut Salmon Way <>ii tlio wont nitlo, ote. On the west wide of Ma(|nn|>il Lake, drviiyod rock in sHu was tnuri.i| with ti'anh|M)i-tcd ixxildoi-H on llio Nurfaco. Alonj^ tlio St. .lolin Valley tlioHc mutorials occur on both slcijics ji, ,1 ^ifat many localitios. On tiio west HJdc non-j^Iacialod ninliKcs wiii, rotted roi'k woiT observed between Tiio Mistake and Uanip>t('a(l .ml l)oyond it; and similar phentjmi'na were noled on the east side liolnwl the month of .lones' Brook. Inileed,tlio noii-;;la«ialed (•haractenifrr.iiili of the slopes in the St. John valley holween the mouth of tlir Wasnla.! monk and its conflueneo with the Nerepis is a remarkable and tmtel woi'thy feature. The peninsula between Tennant's Cove and Jones' Hrook is ccivmill in plaees with rotted rock ; it was also obsorveil neai" (}ol(lin<;'s f'urrnfl nrul south of Bald Hill, etc. ThoHO decayed rock materials it will thus be seen, cover a coiimiIin able portion of the suiface nf this ro;j;ion, more esju'cially (ii->l ot' thd St. J(din River, although occurring.; as they do in detached and iii(M;ii^ lai'ly denuded heds. M 1. (il.ACIAI. Dei'osits. Jioulder-Clay or Till. BouIdor-cia>'. Boulder-cluy or till occurs almost everywhere in the I'cifjon in ueJ posits of ji^reater or less thickness and extent. Generally speakin:;, ill is more abundant in the south-western part, that is, in ('IiMilntte ;iiiJ St, John counties, than in the north-eastern; although heavy Ijoilsweia observed in Alhert county, on the coast of the Hay of Fumiy. It>nc| curronco in irrogulai-, sporadic, lenticular sheets, which seldom cxiwif live to ten feet in thickness, leads me to infer that there wa> no miiveN sal, connected deposit of it from the ice of the j;lacial ])eri(Hl hero, :in(| that such beds as wore laid down have since been i^ rcatiy doniili Ij The thickest deposits met with were in western Charlotte ; at St, ,\u harbour, where it is 50 to GO feet deep, and at Alma, on the coiht o| Albert county. In the tiat interior country it is invariahly liiiii. Diflferent kinds. A close stud}' of the boulder-clays in this region durint; the three yeai's has led me to the conclusion that they have been piodiica in two or three different ways, and that it may be necessary to m"ili our views slightly rouarding their origin. So far as my (ibscrvatimi extend they seem to have been formed as follows : — (1) By lanj ice, (2) by icebergs, these two producing similai' deposits; and, (3)1 the kneading and compacting of ordinary decayed rock material («Sil by ice passing over it, or by the weight of snow pressing down ii)h)d 1 \ ^«llKI«« 1 OLACIAL DBl'oaiTH. 23 N n,i,fluciiil tiinoM and siiici', wliilo rtiiturated with water ; ami iti some in- iit;iiu'e'*i w'lii'i'o tlio bods aro thin, hy u mechanical asKnifiiif.^ of the Ichiv j?i"'\t-'l^i oti'., ill lln) riianiioi' that hai-dpan is tbnncd. Tho first Itxi) u^iiiilly contain traiiKportiMl and glaciated niuteriais, tho hist dooH „[ ii1iIi"IIK'' those are often found u|)on itH surface. A fniirth Uiml of h^l„)sit whit h resemhies houldoc-clay, hut occiii's in limited (|Uantities. li.that <'l lii'idslips. It is mot with along tho base ot clill's and of Lountiiiii"*. and is without glaciated boulders Striic may soniotinie"* hiivc lii'iMi produced by landslips. Xhodclinitinn of bonldorclay usually given, viz., that it is an unstra- Definition of. |liiieiiinii''u. I reifiirde 1 as a deposit formed in situ about the close of the glacial period bvtiic weight of ice and snow compacting the original decayed rock material while it was saturated with water, and probably by other [causes not: yet understood. It is therefore different from the ordinary till, inasmuch as it contains no transported or glaciated boulders, but I is wholly composed of the underlying or subjacent rotted rock, with siimotinics transported boulders on the surface. The materials are usiiiilly angular, but, nevei-theless, form a compact, unstratified mass, in every way resembling till. No 8tria> were observed on the rock I burl'aces under it. Deposits of this character were met with chiefly in the uppei' part of wiiere found. [the retitooiliac valK-y, also about some of tho headwaters of the Salmon lorKennebeekasis River West of the Intercolonial railway they occur at Giaves settlement, at Cornhill, and southward towards Anagance htalion, also on tho ridge between tho latter and Smith's Creek. On the cast side of the Petitcodiac valley similar beds were noticed long Little River (Coverdale) in many places ; also on the northern [slope of Caledonia Mountain, near the head of Turtle Creek. Till of a llikecharactor was also seen on the Kent settlement road near tho south |l)rancli of Prossor Brook, and in a number of other places. Thedejiosits of this kind of till, it will bo seen, occur, for tho most jpai't. on the divide between the Petitcodiac and Kennebeckasis waters [aiiil ahout the sources of several of their aHlucnts. The region here I if .1 28 N QBOLOaiOAI. AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. has been less denuded by the ice of the glacial period, and by the rivers and streams than, perhaps, elsewhere east of the St. John. Indeed, as a rule, the slopes facing the Gulf of St. Lawrence are, evorywheie in New Brunswick, less glaciated and denuded, than southwai-d facing ones. This is especially noticeable on the northern and north-eastern side of the water-shed referred to. The preservation of the beds in question is, therefore, largely a result of this condition of things. MorainM. Karnes. Moraines and Karnes of the Higher Grounds. Moraines were observed only in a few localities in the area uri'lor review, and such as came under notice are small. In a district like this, in which local glaciers seem to have played so important a part their almost entire absence is a remarkable circumstance. It k possible, however, that a number of the hummocks and ridges of till aremorainic in the bottom, the moraine matter being concealed by a covering of later deposits. The following are the only mounds and ridges observed which may properly be classed as moraines : A mound on Gagetown flats, opposite the village of Gagetown, called locally " Mount Ararat." Height 50 feet. Mounds on flats just above the mouth of Tennant's Cove, These are desoribed by Prof. H. Y. Hind on page 208 of the report already cited, viz., A Preliminary Report on the Geology of New Bruns- wick, 1865. A moraine, or perhaps it may be a lake kame, occurs on the north side of Otter Lake, St. John county. It is a winding ridge of till packed with boulders of various sizes from 3 to 12 inches in diameter. Either it has been formed by a local glacier, or by lake ice. Height above sea level 345 feet. Mr. Matthew describes it in the report referred to (Repoi't of Progress, Geol. Surv. Can., 1871-78,) part EE., as a karae, and gives measurements made by Prof. Bailey. The kames of the higher grounds are those referred to in former i-epoi'ts under the head of Class T. Before describing thorn here it i;! necessary, pei'haps, in view of the additional data obtained in this region regarding kames in general, to revise the classitication adopted in my preliminary report (Annual Report, Geol. Surv. Can., 1885,) to | a slight extent. The following ditferentiation of the groups is, how- 1 ever, only tentative, but is, nevertheless, for the present, deemed sufllcient to explain the characteristics and modes of occurrence of all the kames found in southern New Brunswick. Kames are found in all parts of the region, but are better developed ] in Charlotte county than elsewhere. Commencing in the eastern part| CHAIMEBS ] MORAINES AND KAHES. 29 N of the area and pi-oceoding westward, wo might say that karaos incroaHe in number and size as we approach the international boundary, that is, those piodiiced by other than marine agencies. And if wo proceeded fuitlier westward into Maine we would find, according to Prof. G-. H. Stone, thiit they are still more extensively developed there, and in their linear and topographic features remind geologists of the osar of Sweden and otlior European countries. In Charlotte county, as stated, several large kamos occur in the Magaguadavic valley, also along the Digde- imasli river and between the latter and the St. Croi.\. None oxcoouing a few miles in length were met with, however, although, by supposing those along the Magaguadavic to have been formerly connected and since denuded, they would form a continuous kame from Brockaway settlement, at the northern border of Charlotte county, nearly to the head of Lake Utopia. But the view which I take of the origin of this class of kames, and which will be discussed in the sequel, does not reijuiie this hypothesis. In treating of kames in former reports 1 have classified those met Classification within N^ew Brunswick into three groups, as follows: (1) Kames on** *""*' the higher levels, i.e., above the 200 feet contour line ; (2) kames found in river valleys, and (3) kames partly or wholly of marine origin and which always lie below the 200 feet contour line above sea level. This classiticution still holds good except that kames found on the borders of hikes will now be placed in a sopai-ate group, being regarded as solely of lacustrine origin. As a result of careful study during the past three years, I have found that all kames met with in the Maritime Provinces can therefoie be provisionally classed into the following groups, distinguished according to locality, elevation above sea level, phj'sical and external characteristics, geological structure, relation to the stratilied gravel deposits, etc. 1. Kames on the higher levels, or water-sheds, and at the sources, orcinss L along the upper part of rivers where there are dead waters. These are always found above the 200 feet contour line and are not confined to narrow valleys. Occurring, as they do, invariably in the form of gravel ridges with steep sides, tortuous courses, often narrow sharp crests, peaty areas on one or both sides, and with spurs or branches diverging from ihe main ridge, they are conspicuous features in the lamlecape and at once ai-rest attention. Hollows, or " kettle holes," as they are called, are usually found in them. They are morainic in part, or contain more or less till in the bottom; but the upper parts consist of stratified gravels and sands, which have, where the kame is narrow, an anticlinal structure. No satisfactory theory regai-ding the origin of this class of kames rv 1 SON OIOLOOIOAL AND NATURAL HISTOaT SURVET OF CANADA. hi has yet been propounded. Their partially morainic character would indicate a glacial origin. If ho they would appear to have boon formed during the melting of the ice of the glacial age, when tho rivers and streamH, along whose upper reaches they now extend, wore lot loose from that long reign of frost and ice and began tho work of ro-oponin" their ancient, partially blockod-up channels. This view derives Hiippori from their sinuous, river-liko courses and other characteristics. The swampy or peaty tracts on one or both sides are caused by tho kame itself damming the drainage of the district. OlocsII. 2. Kames found on tho margins of lakes either existing or extinct. These occur on the borders of many of the lakes above tho 220 foct contour line, and, in a few instances beside lakes below it. Lake kames often resemble those of Class 1 both in the materials composintr them and in external features. Sometimes, however, they are quite diffeient, being wide, hummocky, and without the regular ridge-liko form sn characteristic of the first group. They are undoubtedly of lacustrine origin, having been formed by currents, waves, winds, and by tho shove of the lake ice around tho shores. Where they are high they indicate a falling, or draining out of the lake. Kames now being formed on the west side of Grand Lake, at Syphor's Cove and at the Keyhole, also at Jcmseg River, are of this class. Cla«8lII. 3. Kames occurring in river valleys. These are found in valleys at all elevations, but usually in a more perfect condition above the 220 feet level than below it, i.e., they have sufFered more denudation on the lower levels. In all cases, however, they are merely residual portions i of terraces which have escaped erosion as the river cut down into the j gravels, sands, etc., and its channel shifted from one side of the valley to the other. This class of kames and the accompanying terraces are] described in some detail in Report of Progress, Geol. Surv. Can,, 1882-83-84, page 20 d.d., and in afoot note on page 41 G.G. They] will be more fully discussed in this report when I come to describe the river terraces. Class rv. 4. Kames partly or wholly of marine origin. Those occur along the I coast in the area lying below^the 220 feet contour line above sea level. Usually they are long, wide and flat, and are sometimes flanked by marine fossiliferous terraces, Leda clay and Saxicava sand. They have I doubtless been produced, to a considerable extent, by marine currents, j or the tidal currents of the^Bay of Fundy, denuding pre-existing Wsj of till rotted rock, etc., in the districts submerged during the gieatj Post-Tertiary subsidence ; but in some instances, rivers, or currents ofj water from the land, would seem to have played an important part inf furnishing the materials. They will be further described in the tblbiff-j 5/i: CH»L«ll«0 BOULDERS AND EBRATIOa, ETC. 31 N ini' pttgos when I come to treat of the Loda ohvy and Snxicava sand with which they are a^HOci ated. In treating of the kamus of OIpbs 1, that is, kamoM on the higher levels, wiiich are, in some cases, associated with moi-aiuos, 1 shall here note the localities of the more important ones occurring in the region. A characteristic kamo is found in western Charlotte, stretching from Localities of Lynntiold to Pinkerton, about 4 miles, in nearly a straight line, the road between these two places following the summit. Height above sea level at southoi-n end 3(54 feet, at northern end 391 foet, above ihe level of the district 10 feet. Average width 50 to 60 feot, but spreading out to 75 or 150 feet in places. General course S. E. (see map). Kame nearly purallel to course of glacial strite in this part of the country, Biauches run off to the south-west and to the east at wide angles. Peat bogs lie on either side along nearly its whole course, and a wide gravel tenaco iit northern end. It is composed of rounded pebbles and gravel beloDgin;^,' chiefly to local rocks, 'i his kame lies on a water-shed in the central part of a low, wide. valley, which is drained into the north-west branch of Digdeguash River. The generally level character of the tract in which it occurs precludes the idea of its being due to denudation. Another similar kame of smaller dimensions was observed in the same distiict between Moore's Mills and Oak Hill. It is about a mile ingand has a peat bog also on the east side. Height 330 feet. A kame occurs on the road leading from Sussex to Berwick, Kings 1 county (see map). Height about 250 feet. This, however, may be a lake kamo formed on the border of a small lake now extinct. Another of these high-level kames is met with on the road leading irom Dutch valley to Sand's Lake, Salmon Rivei-, eastern Kings j county, near the cross road going to Long settlement. Height 775 I feet. This kame (see map), with the associated hummocks of gravel, occupie;- the watei'-shed between the sources of Salmon Eiver and Trout j Brook, and may really be due to denudation. Boulders and Erratics, etc. This U pre-eminently a boulder-strewn region. Everywhere, both Boaiden. in the higher and lower grounds, boulders of granite, gneiss, mica. I schist, fclniie, diorite, slate, trap of various kinds, occasionally lower Carboniferous conglomerate, etc., are profusely scattered about. The I larger boulders are, of course, more numerous on the ridges and I crystalline belts, which seem to have been the centres of distribution. Thepre-Cambrian ridges in eastern Kings and Albert counties, and, 82 N QBOLOQIOAIi AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF OANADA. Northward traniportation indeed, all along the Bay of Fundy, sent boulders and debris oil' their slopoH both northward and southward. West of the St. John River, in the neighborhood of Hardscrabble and Olinville, boulders of dioilte and trap from the hills to the south, wore found scattered about in I considerable numbers in certain spots, while the stritc in these iocalitiejl showed unmistakably that glaciers had moved southwardly over thel same district. How were those boulders carried in this direction?] Perhaps, by ice in the earlier stage of the glacial period, when a thiclf| covering of debris lay upon the rock surface, preventing its leaving anjl traces of its movement; or it may have been at the close of (ho samel period, as the ice-sheets dwindled down and became so small thatthejl followed the northward direction of the slope. In the luller cusef however, striie, showing north wai-d movement, ought to have been leftl in some places. From all the facts observed regarding those bouide™,! however, the theory of the' r northward transportation by atmosphericj action alone, as the decayed rock materials were being worn awayj seems the most probable. But further study is required on this pointJ Along the northern flanks of the ridges overlapped by the Carboniferoo; sediments, it was noticed that while boulders from the crystalline belts were found to have been carried northward over the low-lyingj Carboniferous area, as just stated, few, if any, from the latter rocki would seem to have been transported southwards to the summits of thJ former. In every locality, both on the higher grounds and the lowerj however, boulders belonging to the underlying or subjacent rocks wer( most abundant. The great majority of those embedded in the depositi are also local, the far-travelled ones being, as a rule, on the surface. Upon the surface of that part of the Carboniferous area within tliJ Carbmriferoui maps there are here, as Well as in other parts of the province, greii[ numbers of boulders or erratics strewn about, consisting of granite gneiss, diorite, felsite, etc., in addition to those of local f)rii;iii, Mo! of the boulders met with upon the southern overlapping margin of tin! area have probably been can-ied northward from the ridges, as alreadj shown ; but those found upon it to the north of the Intercoloa railway and the St. John Eiver, appear to belong to rocks in theii terior of the province lying to the north-west of the great Carboniferosj plain. The latter are, however, most abundant in river valleys ando the margins of the lakes. Upon the slopes on both sides ofGrandanj Washadamoak lakes, boulders of the kind described are plentiful strewn about both above and below the 220 feet contour line. M Grand Point, on the west side of the first mentioned lake, granite a diorite blocks from one to five feet in diameter are found scattered ovj the sand beaches, having been moved about by lake ice and parU] Bonlders on farfaoe of tH*l»"«0 BOULDBRH AND ERRATFOS, ETC. :j3 N limps, by tho waves during storms. Of the transportod boulders Kindi of lioiiml'ipo" the Ciirboniforous urea referred to, granite is tiioprovuiling kind, iiiilood, these are tlio most abundant ail over tlie region, [n jinions ii ins thoy vary from eight or ton feet in diameter ilownwards. |ij[,eyai'c always well rounded and commonly found on the suriaco. Dimito and felsito are next in abundance, gneiss and other kinds rarer. Iliosc tilil, rounded, crystalline blocks must have a wonderful history. ITheysoi'm to have been knocked about hither and thither for an almost linteirainiiblo period, and are the survivors, so to speak, of a host of llhcir kind which invaded the region long ages ago and have been jbiitlling with the elements of destruction since. How many of their IfelloWH liiive fallen in the tight and been ground to dust, disappearing Iforever IVoni the scone ! The old travelled boulders of the rogirn mot 1 with now are, therefore, the remaining select few — the "survivors of Ithe fittest." They are hero because they have been better able towith- litand tho ])rocesses of disintegration going on around us. Sjrao of the effects of river action in tho distribution of boulders are River wtion ilsowoll exhibited in this I'ogion. The ice which every winter forms [viz., that boulder dispersion, espocially from tlio older crystalline*' Iriilgos of southern New Brunswick, commenced hmg before the Post-Tertiary period, perhaps, oven before the Tertiary, at all events Ins soon as the land rose for the last time above tho sea and the rocks Ibeiarae siiflaciontly disintegrated from atmospheric action to yield Idebiis and boulders to the processes of dispersion going on. This wear |or waste of tho surface, which includes all the loose materials upon it, klors as well as other matter, has boon proceeding incessantly since. iThe elevation of these ridges, relatively to the adjacent districts, hav- |iii!;doubtloss boon greater in Tertiary, and probably also in Post-Ter- Itiaiy times than at present, their rock surfaces would afford more I for subnjrial action and waste. The immense quantities of their loffii debris which cumber their slopes, and the generally bare and puded condition of their summits, sufficiently attest this. Aud this ittoi'ds with tho general results observed regarding the immense ^enudiition to which tho surface of the country has boon subjected, as A'led to on a previous page, the ultimate tendency of which is to duce tlu' elevations to the same level as tho plains. The question of boulder distribution it seems to nio, therefore, re- Methoda of bires to bo studied according to new methods and on new lines of in-perafon.* ptigiition. Instead of confining the work of dispersion entirely to ie Post-Tertiary pei'iod, as has been done, it will be seen that it must lave been going on for a much longer time. Dispersion from atmos- Iheiic action has been incessantly in operation from the last time the land emerged from beneath tho sea down to tho present day. This bode of dispersion has been increased and intensified by (1) the dif- f If 36 N OEOLOQIOAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. ferent relative elevations of the region which doubtless obtained in pro- glacial and early Po8t-Tertiary times from those now existing ; (2) by the powerful and exceptional glacial action of the ico age ; (3) by fluvial action e.g. that of rivers and laUes, and (4) by marine action in areas submerged during the Post-Tertiary subsidence. It is evident the theories now generally held by geologists regarding the dispersion of boulders are insufficient to account for all the phenomena. The subject is one replete with interest to the student of surface geology, Glacial Stria'. listofStritB. The following list of strim includes all those observed in the region during the past three years, for the first time, and not previously re- corded in the Keports of the Geol. Survey. The bearings are all referred to the true meridian, and the elevations to the mean tide level of the Bay of Fundy. No. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Localities. Charlotte CotiNTY. On St. Andrew's road at first brook \V. of Little Lepreau River On W. slope of a rid^e, E. side of New River, on St Andrew's road E. of Little Popelogan R. on St. Andrew's road At mouth of Popelogan River One to two miles E. of Crow Harbour, on shore road At Crow Harbour At same place, other stria? A t Sand Cove On Pen n field and Beaver Harbour road. On E. side L'Etang Inlet, near mouth. . At Upi^er or N. end of L'Etang Inl(^t, E, side (!*ee map for difference in courses of strife here and at mouth of L'Etang.) On VV. side of L'Etang Inlet, at foot of road At B&ak Bay, near L'Etang Ail tlie strias between Passamaquoddj' Bay and L'Etang, near the coast have a great amount of easting. Why is this ? Below McLean's, Letite ■ . At McLean's, Letite E. side, mouth of Magaguadavic River. On W. side Bocabec Lake S. slope e. COUBSES. General of surfac S. 25° W. S. S. 5°W. s. S. 20° E. s. S. 20° E. s. S. 10° E. S. 5° W. 10° to 15° W. 40° to 50° E, S. 50° E. S. 60° E. s. S. S. 80° E. S. E. S. 70° E. S.E. S. 70° E. 8.E. S. 70° E. 70° to 78° E. 8.E. S. 50° E. * 5 M— " 75 175 275 CHAUieSS.] GLACIAL STRIiB. STn No. LOCAMTIF.8. CHARLorrB Counts- — Continued. 23 24 25 •J8 Courses. N. of St Andrews Near S. branch Oromocto Lake On branch road to N. end of this lake S. of Gaspereau sta., N. B. Ry. on road to S. branch Oromocto Lake On E. bank Magaguadavic K., at Pis- kahegan bridge At Upper Falls, Magaguadavic, E. side, in numerous places At S. end of Lever settlement On N. brow of Tower Hill At Lynnfield On road from Si. Stephen to Basswood Ridge, at second cross roads On road N. of Oak Bay, at first cross roads ; slope towards Oak Bay . . . At The Ledge, below St. Stephen Near N. end of Pomeroy Ridge .... On road along St. Croix towards Sprague's ! Falls I In another place along same road 1 On E. side Moannes Stream, numerous i On first cross ro ' W. of Gilchrist set- tlement Along S. W. side Deer Island, at various heights North Harbour, Deer Island Lord's Cove, Deer I. and towards Leon' ardville At Chocolate and Cumming's Coves, Deerl S. 40° E. S. 20° E. S. 10° E. & S. s. 35° E. s. 50° E. 8. 40° E. s. 50° E. 55 ° to 60° E. S. 60° E. s. 30° E. In other places at S. W. end of Deer I . On N.W. side Camix)bello, below Welch- pool Near Wilson's Beach W. of above, near cross road to Herring Cove Near Swallow Tail Light House, Grand ^lanan. Grooves and rochin motiton ni'i'K At mouth of brook half way between Seal Cove and Southern Head, on ledge at shore Between North Head and Grand Har 1)011 r in numerous places, Grooves and rochi'K moutonncis . 30° to 40° E. S. 50° E. S 35° E. . 36° to 40° E. . 30° to 35° E. S. 40° E. . 60° to 65° E. S. 50° E. S. 55° to 65° E, 20° to 30° E. S. to S. 10° to 15° E. 20° to 70° E 50° to 65° E N. S. S. s. s. s. s. 8. s. s. S. 30° E. 70° to 75° E.i S. E. .§■:- Sj3 100 265 125 to 150 100 400 415 100 200 160 175 225 E. E. E. 38 N GROLoaiOAL AND NATURAL HI8T0RT SURVEY OF CANADA. No. 46 47 48 49 60 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 68 59 60 61 LOCALITIKS. St. John County. On county line road, Mace's Bay E. of Lepreau. All rocks E. of Lepreau estuary intensely ({laciated On ridjre W. side Musquash River, on an E. slope On St. Andrew's road, between Ludgate Lake and Musquash River At Pisarinco, in several places At Milledgeville and Boar's Head At Sand Cove, (Fern Ledges, Lancaster) on shore On point of rocks (li'ern Letlges) nearest Sand Cove and on W. side of ledge On E. side of same ledge About 100 yards further E. on summit of another ledge At middle Fern Ledge (there being three) two sets Just W. of easternmost ledge in several places At the Fern Ledges, Lancaster, we have the remarkable phenomena of strife on the W. side of a point of rocks on the shore bearing S. 60° to 65° E,, while on the E. side of the same point, and not more than 100 yards distant therefrom, stritc are found trending S. 10° to 20° E. Tiiese ice marks have undoubtedly been made by local glaciers, or icebergs, or coast ice. Those on the opposite slopes referred to, instead of running down hill, supposing the striating agent to have moved towards the bay, rather run up hill diagonally, which leads me to think they must have been produced by shore ice shoved against the land. On the road from Portland to Kenne- beckasis River, passing through Highland Park, and near the bank of the river, striit were seen on the same ledge with three different courses, viz The two last (S. 15° W. and S. 50" W.) are quite distinct, the S. course not being so well marked. It is apparently the oldest and has been partly obliterated by the ice which produced the later strife. On Black River road on .slope facing the W In another place on summit of hill, be- fore reaching Mispec valley In valley before reaching Cape Spencer. OouBsss. S. 10° W. S. 10° W. N. 80° E. S. to S. 10" E. S. 20° E. S. 15° W. S. 65° E. S. 60° to 65° E, S. 30° E. { S: 20° E. S. 60° E. S. 20° E. S. 10° E. S.S.15°\V.& S. 50" W. S. 30° W. S. 15° to 20° W. S. 50° to 55° VV, 250 3-10 CKAIMERS.] GLACIAL STRIil!. 39 N No. LOCALITIRS. COURSKS. 62 63 04 6.5 66 6" 68 St. John County — Continued. Along road at West Bay beach, slope towards Bay of Fnndy Near head of Porter's Brook, at Henry Lake On S. side of Hammond River, E. of Damascus road bridge At Mark's Lake On hills behind Melvin's Beach on road to third concession. Slopn facing bay. On road from Qiiaco to Melvin's Beach, in SBveral places On Salmon River road S. 40° E. S. 20° E. S. 20° E. S. 40° E. S. 20° to 25° E. S. 20° E. Kings County. On second cross road below .Tones' Creek, Westfield, on S. facing slope near Devil's Back Stil! nearer cross road mentioned .... hi lirst back settlement below West- fold sta., N. B. Ry. Strise numerous On Midland road, Kingston ppninsula, near first cross roads S. of Kingston Corner On liill just N. of Clifton, on summit . . . On Midland road, just S. of road cross- ing; it from Elmsdale. Strife indistinct On same cross road going from Elms- dale, between Midland road and Kennebeckasis R On road from Kingston along shore to Long Point On Midland road, S. of Erb settlement and just E. of Urquhart's, on W. facing slofie. Strisc parallel to valley liere N. of Kingston village, just at border of map, on road going to tive cross roads. Glaciated surfaces in several places liert' Going in from five cross roads on di- rect road to Kennebeckasis, on high est part of road, (land sloping from here to Kennebeckasis valley.) Striic. I On road from five cross roads going di- rect to Belleisle Bay, at first cross road to right on brow of hill facing bay SI 1 On straiixlit roa 1 from Passekeag sta. to Belleisle Corner, just on brow of hill W. of Kennebeckasis valley. Slope to S 35° W. S. S. 40° E. IN. W. N.W, N.W. S. E. < I 20' S. E. S. 30° E. S. .5° E. S. 10° E. S. 10° W. S. 5° to 10° E. 8. 6° to 10° E. S. 20° E S. 10° E. 240 500 575 400 .-)00 500 150 100 300 300 250 300 350 250 to :!00 350 N. W. ::5 420 40 N QEOLOaiCAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SUBVKY OF CANADA No. 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 LuCALITIEili. Kings County — Continued. On same road, on slope of hill facing Midland road On same road, on brow of hill before reaching Belleisle Corner, Strite, numerous. Slope to M Going to N. E. from Belleisle Corner on S. side of creek, toward Case settle- ment, after passing first branch of Belleise Ck., and taking left hand road. Stria} On road from Belleisle Corner to Norton, on highest ground east of branch of Belleisle Ck., last mentioned : strise abundant On road going from Norton to Case set tlement, striae abun^'ant N. of Central railway crossing, Case set- tlement road, on E. facing slope, numerouH Ice evidently moved down this slope through gap in hills where Central rail- way line passes into Kennebecksis valley Between Case settlement and Norton sta.) striae abundant In lower part of Kingston peninsula, along both sides of Milkish Creek, and in valleys of the hilly tract lietween it and Long Reach, stripe are parallel to valleys or nearly so, perhaps with a slight easting in places from that course. They are quite abundant here. On higher N. and N. VV. facing elopes, striae have much more easting than in valleys, bearings generally being from S. to S. 20° E. in most instances. Going in on road at S. W. end of Dickie Mt., near where it joins road going from Belleisle Cor., towards Cald- well's Brk., tw.> sets of striae. S. course, deep rats ; S. 80° E. set finer and more numerous. Apparently latest On Dickie Mt-, two sets In Case settlement, on road going thence to Norton and Belleisle Cor. road, forming with two others a right- angled triangle At crossing of Central railway, Case set tlement road, on water-shed On straight road through Case settle nient to Studholm's Millstream, at height of land S. 5° E. S. 20° E. S. .5° E. E. S. 20° E. N. N. AV S. E. 260 275 250 to 400 to S. 30° S. 20° 8.50° E. E. lii. S. 5° to 20° E. S. 15° E. S. to S. 5° E. N. W. S. E. N. 250 toi 160 500 450 0*} On Wliito hreast ro sidn, brc W'liiuii pr "8 soiirc Viillev ei«i.«£"8.J GLACIAL STRI^. 41 N Kings Coisty — Continued. It would appear from last strioe tliat whole valley of Belleisle Creek and Studliolm's Millstream must have been occupied with a glacial mass which over flowed in this direction. Going in from Belleisle Crk. on straight road N. E. of Scovil's Brook, at third cross road, atria;, with same course as adjacent valley of stream On road (Midland road) going across from end of last mentioned road to Scotch settlement corner ; strije abun- dant At junction of this Midland road with road along Northrup's Brook These strise (Nos. 95 and 96) are on or near the water-shed between Belleisle and Wasliadamoak valleys, and have probably been produced by ice which gathered upon it. If by ice coming from Waahadamoak and Grand lakes there ought to be grey sandstone boulders here, which there are not. The ice producing 8trifn No. 96, appears to have just moved off the water-shed referred to and gone down the valley of Northrup's Brook. Tliere is a long slope in this valley, and tlie ire must have received considerable impetus therefrom. Glaciers have ap- parently moved across Belleisle valley diatronally. If these were local they seem to have been shed off the crystal line or highest part of the water-shed between Washadamoak and Belleisle valleys. On the N. W. face of the steei)er hills lying to the S. E. of Belle' isle valley there is, however, no glacia' tion; baton summits and S. E. slopes stria" are usually found, while ice seems to have been pushed up the valleys be tweeii these hills from the Belleisle basin in a S. direction. The ice on the lov/ tracts here has nearly everywhere par- taken of the same general movement. On White Mt., on a rocky boss on ttie breast rooA, roclwn mouloiin^es on N.W. side, broken off on N. E. Glacier which produced these must have had its source N. W. of Grand Lake vallev 20° E. 20' E. N. S.E. 500 600 580 S. E. N.W. 710 42n GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OP CANADA. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 Kings County — Continued. On cross roali)pi's fm the southoi-n sides. South of the Kennobcckasis valley, I huwever, thei-e arc some anomalous striie on the higher grounds, which seem explicable only on the theory of a heavy sheet grinding against I the northern sides of their summits, while no land as high lies to the north or north-west nearer than the South-West Miramichi region. In afew cases here it seems doubtful whether the ice moved northward or Uiuthward. In others, thestrito seem to have been produced by a local sheet which came across a valley a short distance from an opposite summit, A remarkable circumstance in connection with the glaciation I of the region east of the St. John River, but within its drainage basin, jiithiit the tops of hills are often glaciatec', while a zone along their liioi'thward facing slopes, at a lower level, is cumbered with thick ssesof rotted rock and the rock surface remains unglaciated. No heneral glaciation of the whole northern flanks of hills or ridges has [taken ]tlaco, the evidence of ice action being apparently quite local. Instudvint' the glaciation of central Kings, Albert and Westmore- Phenomena on land, the conclusion reached is that the water-shed bet vveen the Salmon betweun Petit- oi'Kenneheckasis River, on the one side, and Pol lett River, and the KmnebeckaBis waieis flowing into Petitcodiac on the other, shod the ice both ways; [that to *hc noi'th-east of the divide mentioned consisting of local Iglaiieis wiiich flowed down the valleysofPollett and Coverdale Rivers lind Turtle Creek, while on the flat summitt of the plateau lying to jtheBouth the general movements were towards the coast of the Bay of riindy. Along the north and north west brow of this plateau, east lot theiiividi" referred to, there is no evidence whatever of ice having impiiigod against it from the north. South-west of the divide men- hioned, however, the ice movements were influenced partly, perhaps, by ■the high hunls of the interior, and partly, also, no doubt, by the greater I if il 52 N QEOLOOICAIi AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVET OF CANADA. masBesofice which occupied the St. John valley and its tributaries. Here the general movement of the whole was towards the Bay of I Fundy, but local inequalities caused diversions from this course inf many places. Considerable areas on both sides of the divide, i.f. around the sources of the streams which flow in opposite directions, are| unglaciated. M 2 (a). Stratified Gravel, Sand and Clay (Frbsh-Watee). Stratified Inland Gravel, Sand and Clay, and Kames of the Higher Levels. Mode of occur- If this is a typical region for boulders it is also such in a no \m\ rence of strati- ,,,11. , .1.1 ^ . . L fled travels, remarkable degree for coarse gi'avels and shingle. In the hilly, brokenl district bordering the Bay of Fundy, stratified gravels, with the mm beds which usually accompany them, occur in great quantities boitl above and below the 220 feet level. In river valleys and lake 1 and along the upper limit of the marine beds, as well as below it, ihejl are found, in certain localities, in extensive sheets in the form off terraces, and sometimes as ridges or kames. Their great development here led Mr. G. F. Matthew to regard them as a distinct member oj the series of superficial deposits, and accordingly, in the i-eport alreadJ referred to (Report of Progress Geol. Surv. Can., 1877-78, part H.I"].),bJ describes and classifies them under the designation of Syrteman deposit/ and assigns tnem a place immediately above the boulder-clay, and, in thi Deposits above coast districts, between it and the Leda clay. The stratified deposit! tour. which I propose to discuss under the above head, however, are tlii>( met with at levels above the limits of the Leda clay and SiixicavaM that is, upon the higher grounds of the region, and are considemi provisionally, as occupying the interval between the till or boulder-daj and the recent deposits. Such gravels, sands, etc., as occur along rivef valle3'8 and in lake basins above the 220 iieet contour line, aswelh those found below that level, will be discussed in a subsequent chaptel and their relation to the deposits now under consideration Hliown. Ta stratified inland beds here described are thus classilied because tliej character and mode of occurrence are, to some extent, ditiereiit fri those met with at lower levels. As recognized in New Briinswijkai difcussed in former reports, they comprise lenticular sheets inl partially stratified condition formed (a) from ordinaiy sub influences, such as the loosening and transportation^of pro-existing ti of decayed rock or till from higher to lower grounds by rains, fra melting snow, etc., this subuBrial action having beon'pre-giaciali CH«l«EflS.] STRATIFIED GRAVEL, SAND AND CLAY. 53 N postglacial, and, indeed, in progress since, and (b) from glacial floods, that is, from the waters resulting from the melting of land ice during and at the close of the glacial period. The seams of clay or loam intorstratified with these gravels and sands are, in this region, rather thin lenticular masses and veiy irregular. The deposits under consideration seldom or never form regular, well Uneven detined terraces beyond, or outside of the valleys of rivers and lakes, and moreover, their stratification is often irregular and sometimes obscure. They constitute, nevertheless, an important part of the superficial deposits of the region. These gravels and sands, so far as observations have extended, Relation to iuunv/ f, , ' Other forma- invariably overlie the till wherever the two occur together, andtion?. underlie, or merge into, the fluviutile and lacustrine beds. Peat bogs and marshes often occupy the hollows upon their surface. The great development of these gravelly and sandy deposits upon Cau«e of abund- T J /. XI • • J -ii xi /. .1 ance of gravels. the higher grounds of this region compared with other parts of the province, is largely owing to the abundance of the hard gritty debris of the older rocks, their disintegration having yielded immense quantities of coarse pebbly materials. In former reports (Annual Report, Geol. Siirv.Can., 1885, page 35, G.G., and Annual Report, Geol. Surv. Can., 1886, page 20, M.) these deposits are desciibed in some detail and their origin discussed. The karaes occurring in connection with these gravels, and which are Kames supposed by some geologists to be of glacial origin, have already been treated of on page 28. Biver Terraces and Kames of River Valleys. Above the 220 teet contour line some remarkable terraces of fresh- Terraces and .,..,. II p y • . II kames of nver water origin were met with in the river valleys oi this region, notably vaiieyc. along the Nerepis ; north and east of Loch Lomond ; along Ratcliffe's ! Brook, also on the upper part of Big Salmon River, near where the Sht'pody road crosses it, etc. These will be now described in some de- tail. Kames also occur in several of the river valleys and along streams i where the drainage has apparently become lessened since the materials were originally thrown into the valleys after the glacial period, or rather, jierhaps, where the rivers have cut down more deeply into thera. These deposits (terraces and kames) with the overlying loamy j beds often, however, extend along rivers some distance below the 220 feet contour, and are together referred to in former reports as valley drift. Since the last great Post-Tertiary upwai'd movement of the ! land commenced, river erosion and transportation of materials occupy- f^- 54 N GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HI8T0RV 8UEVJEY OF CANADA. Marino depos- its sometimes overlain by these beds. Soil of terrace? Localities of river terraces. ing the valleys above the 220 feet level have been going on coincidcntly therewith. Hence we find that along some rivers the marine deposits are overlaid, from the 220 feet contour down to their mouths, with these fluviatile gravels, sands and da}', oappod sometimes with loam or recent deposits. The materials of tlieso fluviatile terraces and kames are, of course, similar to the gravels, etc., described under the last head, beini' largely derived from a common source, i.e., from the rotted rock and till of the drainage basin of the river along whose course they are fouml. There is this diflference, however, that the fluviatile materials refeimj to are sometimes finer and more water-worn, and have fewer large boulders interspersed through them. Intercalated bedsof clay are also perhaps, less common in the river terraces here, but this is partly clue to local conditions, the deposits containing less tine matter tlian in some other parts of the province. Unless capped with loam these terraces usually constitute a dry soil but they are often covered with a layer of this material ofvuriable thickness which greatly improves theii- fertility. A few of the larger terraces and accumulations of river gravel may here be noted : — 1. Along the valley of Nerepis Eiver, above and below Welsford sta- tion, N. B. Ry., also south of Gaspereau station, terraces extend. At Welsford they are 140 feet high, at (Jaspereau 205 feet, and between Welsford and Nerepis stations 110 feet. 2. — On the Long Eeach, St. John River, at the first cross load below .Tones' Creek, in the second concession, there is a terrace 190 feet high. 3. Along Magaguadavic River, extensive terraces occur in places, especially north of the limits of the map. At Red Rock settlement,at the base of Red Rock Mt., in a valley there between Magaguadavic River and Lake Utopia, which is really part of the old pro-glacial coui'so of that river, a fine terrace, 228 feet high, occurs. 4. Along the Digdeguash River valley terraces were seen in numer- ous places. In the lower part they are probably lacustrine, or rather have been formetl in lake-like expansions of tbe river. They have, however, been much denuded, the remnants now forming kames. 5. In the tract around the head of Moaimes Stream in western Char- lotte, especially in the vicinity of Hitchings Mill, great quantities of gi-avel wei-e observed, partially terraced, — height, 220 feet. 6. East of St. John River wo find ten-aces without numbei'. In the valley of Jones' Brook, above Tennant's Cove, there are deep banks of I terraced gravels. 7. In Belleisle valley terraces occur at The Point; above Belieisle -..VIER8.] RIVER TERRACES. 55 N Coi'iiei'; at Noi'thup's Brook, and, indeed, all the way up to Studholm's lllillstivam. 8. Great quantities of gravel constituting fluviatile terrauos tVom 150 ^'^^^,[^Yream' 1 10 250 i'eot high wei-o seen along the upper part of Millstreani valley, '^"'l^^j^'"'- lin some places, kame-like. These arc somewhat similar to the terraces, valleys. etc., presently to be referred to, occurring abont the head of Smith's Icrcek, also in Kennebeckasis valley, especially on the east and north hides of Sussex Vale and at South Branch. 9. A well developed terrace occurs at the forks north of the Kenne- Ibockasis River, on the main road from Penobsquis to Anagance. I Height I'OO to 225 feet. Water-worn gravel. A red pine barren. 10. Where the Shepody road crosses Big Salmon Eiver (height of Ibiilge 700 feet) three terraces occur on the right bank. The Hrst is 16 to 8 feet above the river, the second 50 feet, and the third 75 to 80 Ifeet. The last is wide, has an uneven surface and much coarse, pebbly jmatei'lal and slopes upwards to a height of 90 or 100 feet. 11. Alon"- North River and around the head of a branch of Never's At North River. IBiook, between Butternut Ridge and Lewis Mt., great quantities of Istratitieil giavel occur in terraces and mounds, some above the 220 feet Icontoui' line and some below it. These have apparently been thrown Idown about the margin of the Post-Tertiary sea. Hummocks and Ishort ridge.1 of gravel and sand are frequently indicative of shorelines p well as terraces. 12. Along the valley between Loch Lomond and Barnesville, and 4ond°eto'° howanls Hammond River, at Uphara, etc., terraces and kames of fluviatile \i\k\n are well developed. Some of these, especially near the margin m the lakes, and for 50 feet above it, may be lacustrine ; but it would leeoi as if the Hammond River itself flowed along this valley not only iDpieglacial times, but for a short period subsequent to the Ice Age. 13. Teriacos and short kames arc of frequent occurrence along Ger- main Bi'ook from Hardingville down to its confluence with Hammond River. U. A wide terrace or series of terraces occurs along Ratclitt'e's Brook fill) to 400 feet high. 15. On the road fi-om Dolin's to Mark's Lake great banks of gravel, jerraced in places, were seen on the west side of Loch Lomond. These Apparently hold in that body of water. In addition to the above it may be stated that every river or stream Ulie region has a greater or less amount of stratified gravel, etc., ter- ked along its banks, the development of the terraces and their eleva- loii corresponding always with the volume of water, the velocity of the |iw, etc, as well as with the quantity of material originally thrown I* ll I n (I 56 N OEOLOaiOAL AND NATURAL HISTORT SURVEY OP CANADA. down in the vaDoy during the glacial period. This question, however, will be discussed in the sequel. vaiSyB.***^ "'*' Along river valleys, hummocks and confluent ridges, called kames- residual portions of terraces — maj' be observed. The summits cf these are often level and mark the elevation of the flood, either fluviatile or marine, when the terraces were formed. In this region, kames in river I valleys appear, as stated on page 30, to be the result of denudation, u., they are masses of gravel, sand, etc., left from the rivers wearing away the chief portion of the terraces of which they once formed a part. Below the 220 feet level nearly all these kames are the remains of) How formed, marine terraces, and their origin and' mode of occurrence seem to have I been as follows : — During the Post-Tertiary subsidence the river valleys, up to the 220 feet level, formed estuaries, and terraces were built upin| them from the materials carried down by the rivers. On the re-eleva- tion of the land, the process of erosion began again in these, and i rivers denuded large portions of the terraces coincidently with the up- 1 ward movement, leaving in some places only marginal strips along the I banks, and in others mounds or ridges in the middle of the valleys,] These last now constitute the kames mentioned. The principal river valley kames met with in the region are :— Looalities of. 1. At Flume Falls, Magaguadavic River, already referred to, andex-j tending down river an unknown distance (see map). Not tiaceablel owing to wooded condition of valley. 2. At Fiskahegan bridge, Magaguadavic Biver, extending along eastl side of valley continuously for a mile or more below the bridge, above it for an unknown distance. District likewise wooded. 3. Just below Watt Junction, N.B. Ry., in Digdeguash valley, a 1 « has been formed by the denudation of a terrace by the main river onl the one hand and the N. W. Branch on the other. 4. Further down the Digdeguash valley, between Rolling Dam andl Dyer's, short kames occur, first on the west side, and below the raili bridge, on the east side. Their height is about 220 feet above thesej,! showing they are undoubtedly portions of denuded marine terraces. Noj fossils were, however, detected in them. 5. Along a stream called Meadow Brook, to the north of Sonll Oromocto Lake, (see map) a kamo was seen. 6. In Belleisle valley a kame stretches from the foot hills close to Pm cabec stream nearly to the cross road below (see map). Heigli| about 175 feet. 7. In the same valley another extends from the mouth ofNorthrnplj Brook nearly to Belleisle Corner (see map). This kamo is alsol the 220 feet level, but has, nevertheless, been caused by thedeniidi :H»iiii«9.] LAKE TERRACES AND KAMES. 57 N tion of terraces here principally by Belleiale Creek and Northrup's Biook. 8. A kame was observed on the road from Millstrcam to Collina, near the branch of that stream which is crossed (see map). 9. At the mouth of South Branch, Kennebeckasis, and just north- east of Penobgquis village, a kame 150 feet high occurs. It is also a part of a denuded terrace. 10. In Hammond River valley, a kame is seen on left bank, between Fowler's Corner and the road going to Saddleback settlement. Length about a mile. Height 450 to 500 feet. 11. The whole valley between Loch Lomond and Hammond River, byway of Barnesville, contains kames and hummocks of gravel. One OD the west side of the valley extends from Barnesville nearly to Hammond River (see map). 12. Where the Salt Spring's valley joins that of Hammond River, short kiiraes and mounds of gravel are conspicuous phenomena. Numerous short kames, ridges and hummocks were observed in other 1 river valleys ; but as they evidently all belong to the same class, and are apparently of like origin, it seems unnecssary further to enumerate 1 them. Lake Terraces and Kames. The deposits found around lakes (terraces and kames) were briefly ^a^e terraces. [described on page 30. The materials of these sometimes resemble boulder-clay, having been packed together by the shove of the lake ice ; lin other places they consist of fine blown sand ; but in general they are composed of gravels of difl«rent degrees of coarseness. "Well-rounded lbouldei'8 are frequently packed into these gi-avels. Around the I margins of extinct Post-Tertiary lakes, and of others partially drained [oat these deposits are often well exhibited. On the margin of Grand Lake terraces and kames were observed Formation of [from Sypher's Cove to the Keyhole and beyond it. These are now in eto. IprocesB of formation and hold in lagoons or swampy or peaty tracts. lAt the northern end, and along the lower part of Salmon River, terraces land mounds of gravel and blown sand occur from 75 to 100 feet above jtbe present level of the lake. The peninsula between Grand and llaquapit hikes is covered with water-worn gravel and sand to a height bf 100 to 110 feet above the lake surface, and really resembles a wide Bat kame at the lower end. A short distance to the north of the Jemseg liver a kame 100 feet above the lake is also seen (see map). These fll go to prove the former high level of Grand Lake. At Upper Gage ^^^l ^'' '^°'"' lown, on the west side of the St. John River, terraces and kames also H 68 N OEOLOaiCAL AND NATURAI. HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. Terrace itt Keswiok. Po8t-frlaoial lake at Km- occur at about tlio siimo olovation, and in numeroun places alon;;' thf river, especially at the nioutlis of tributaricH, otlioi- tornicos anil ibd. ments of terraces at about this height (100 feet) were noted. Piq. cecding up the St. John beyond the liinits of the map we tind, ui the mouth of the Oromocto and above Marysvillo on the Nashwauk, terraces and sand banks evidencing former hhore linos; while in the Keswick valley a remarkable terrace, described in llepnrt of Progress, Geo], Surv. (Jan., 1882-83-84, page 37 CJ.G., occurs between Burn.-idc iiiid Lawrence stations, N. B. railway, which is from 115 to 120 feel aljove the tidal waters of the St. John. In the report cited it is accountid for on the theory of a dam fui-ther down the Keswick valley, but from the evidence now on hand it seems more reasonable to suppose that this valley was, in the Post-Tertiary period, occupied by an arm of a lake which stood at about that level, and into which the gravels, eli., foini- ing the terrace were deposited. A close study of all the facts in tlie John'v'u'"''^'"^''" Jo'*" valley, from the Keswick to its mouth, leaves little doubt that a post-glacial lake existed hero for some time, previous to the wearing | out of the present outlet of the St. John, as referred to on page 8, and that its elevation above the existing tidal waters was probaljly t'rom 100 to 120 feet. Post- glacial The viUley of the Kennebockasis seems also to have been occiiijiod by I lake in Kenne- , . . . , „ , t< ■ n . • i „, ' beokaaia valley, this extinct lake, or lormed an arm or it tor a certain period. Terraces j occur at Norton station 105 feet high ; along Caldwell's Brook opposite, 120 feet high ; on the east side of Susho.k Vale at different elevations I from 80 to 125 feet, etc. Some of the latter, between Sussex Corner and Penobs(juis, are banks of blown sand similar to those at the head of j Grand Lake. On the north-west side of Sussex Vale, in and around j the lower part of Smith's Creek valley, terraces of similar character! and height were met with ; and others 80 to 100 feet high skirt valley of Studholm's Millstream at Berwick and vicinity, extendinjj along the base of the hills between that and the confluence of Miilstreamj with the Kennebeckasis. Correlating the tacts obtained in thej Kennebeckasis valley with those found along the St. John and its otherj tributaries, it seems tolerably certain, therefore, as stated abuve, 1 the great post-glacial lake of the St. .John valley exteniled into basin also, but was here a comparatively shallow body of water, apdj its existence probably of short duration. As the land continued toriMJ it shrank back towards the St. John; but the remains of a drift-damatj Apohaqui indicate that a portion of it was hold in above that point fej another limited period, Sussex Vale and some of the valleys connectedl therewith being the seat of a smaller lake until the drift-tlam iit| Apohaqui referred to became eroded. lA. l,\KE TERRACES AND KAME8. 59 N alonui; llii- IS aiul I'l'U;;,- itod. Pro- tintl, 111 the uk, teri'iicw ho Keswiik )gi'css, Gciil, ' iiru>i'l*i iiiwl !0 I'tH'i alwve is accounti'il ey, but I'i'ora pose tliuttliis irm of a lake ' Is, elf., form- I facts in the | tie doubt that the weiiring 1 lU page 8, iiml I )robal)ly from I in hu m occupied by iod. Torraces ^rook opposite, ent elevations Sussex Corner at the head of and around hir character h skirl the ty, extending eofMillsti'C""' taincil in the n and Us other Led above, that ndod into this ,• ol' water, and iiitinueJ to ri« 'ivdrifl-daniJt that point for Kcfeiviico hus boon mado to Smith's Greek valley and its partial Lake in Smith's oriuiiation by the lake mentioned, but there is some evidence which [fitluirjfocs to siiow that this valley was occupied, osijociaiiy in tiie upper jit,ijy !i lake of its own in post-glacial times, which stood at a somewhat j_fhcr li'vol tiian those above described. For example, at the upper of the valley between White's Moi.inlain, Cornhill and Newtown liorc i;* an extensive i^ravol terrace 22") to 250 feet above sea level, lich iia- a tlat, oven sui-face, with a jrontle inclination down stream. |ii> leri aco is composed, in the upper j»art at least, of well water-worn [iteriiils, with an occasional sand bed, but no clay was seen in it. It ouM .seem that at about the same time that Sussex Vale was occupied I ])()st-^lacial lake, at a height of 80 to 100 feel above sea level, imilh's Creek valley also bold in one at a level of about 250 feet. veral dnimlins in the lower ])art of that valley appear to bo the lenuded remnants of a drift-dam which existed there. A shore line is Isotnicoalde in several places, notably opposite Newtown. Into the per part of this bodj'^ of water the gravels, etc., referred to wei-e piled and now form the teri-aco described. Evidences of extinct post-glacial lakes wore also seen in othei' parts diu ronion. Shallow ones occupied the valley lying to the north of olin's Lake, St. John county, as shown by the character of the posits there and the configuration of the basin. All these small post-glacial lakes seem to have been short-lived. Tho Duration of lundant precipitation about the head waters of the Kennebeckasis'ukes. luMsoon cause the streams to cut through the dams holding thorn in occasion their extinction. aeys com nectedl lln regard to tei-i-acos and kames mot with on the borders of existing Torraoes and \ ..,,.,,..,,, . . kames in St. pes, more particularly those due to other than marine agencies, we John county, ly cursorily refer to a few of them. Terraces and a kamo occur along south and east sides of Lake Latimore, St. John county, which Kditin. The height of the lake is 302 feet, and the kame rises 10 125 fee! above its surface. Tlio materials are coarse, water-worn ivel and boulders, evidently having boen worked over by the lake Iters ami lake ice. , inothcr kame and terrace were seen along the south-east side of groLake (MG feet high ?), which have apparently been foimed by lake iio. Otter and Negro lakes are probably on the same level. Bn the east side of Second and Third lakes, above Loch Lomond, iTel tenaccs, mounds and short kames are numerous. They rise from To loct, or, perhaps more, above the level oi Loch Lomond, which 1 •t't^lani tt^v'^ ^^^^ above the sea. No regularly formed kames were seen among ^11, but those and the tei-races along the east side of the lake show 60 N OEOLOaiOAL AND NATURAL HI8TORT SURVBT OF CANADA. Kame at MoUouirall lake. Theory regard- incr the oriKin of river terraces and kamee. Mode of ooour- renoe of ter- races. that that body of water once occupied a higher level and covered a lai'gor area than at present. A fine kame occurs at McDougall Lake (nee map), which is also of lacustrine origin, although lying probably below the 220 feet oontour line. Sand's Lake, on Shepody road, is a small body of water on thoeast bank of Salmon River hold in by a terrace or kame. Wuterwom pebbles six to twelve inches in diameter occur in the gruvcl. This lake is without inlet or outlet, being fed by springs. Its height above the sea is about 800 feet. I was credibly informed that it is inlmlMiod by eels. In Report of Progress Geol. Surv. Can., 1882-83-84, page 41, rT.G.,imij Annual Report, 1885, page 38, G.G., a theory of the origin of liver ter- races and kames was propounded, which it now seems dosii'able toi consider in some detail, especially as many new facts rogai-ding thf. formations have been discovered in the region in question. Fi-oml the foregoing descriptions of terraces and kames it will be seen the are quite common along all our rivers and streams, and, in man' places, ai'e typically developed. They seem, therefore, to afford a cient basis of fact for discussion as to their origin. Terraces are found at all elevations along the river valleys of Nei Branswick from their mouths to their sources, and form benches oi steps from a few feet in height up to one hundred feet or moieabori the level of the adjacent river bed. In length they are seen from quarter of a mile or less to several miles, winding along the rallej slopes. As has been shown long ago by Prof. J. D. Dana (Manual Geology, 3rd ed., p. 551), "in the position of the upper limit of tl " river-border formations there is no direct relation to the level of tl " ocean. They were made by flooded rivers or lakes, and the height " the flood-waters determined their level. The streams over plateai " or slopes 2,000 feet above the ocean would have made deposits at tbi "height, plus the height of the flood above it." In dimensions ai number these formations are found to have a close relation to the rivi along the banks of which they occur ; the depth of the vallej volume of water and extent of the drainage area, as well as the amoi of loose materials occupying it ready for transportation, being factors in the production of river tei'races and kames. The iaigi rivers are found invariably to have the largest terraces and vicew They have always more or less slope down stream ; the surface geneii corresponding to that of the river. Sometimes there are terraces the same elevation on opposite sides of the valley, but this app be accidental, each terrace having apparently been foi-med separati CHAlllEnS.] ami imio irith II t lumtnit. depths, lopes of A churj better d< I c&ii8tricti( most rapi( than alon I invariably here the [lower who The gori llioodeii riv denuded in iomuTowe heems to be jsion. Tlial depth e([iia example, 15 |rieff which Moreover, t valleys, in of glacial di tlie genera the ace u mil 'diversion of reasoiialilo sd linal retreat portions I if I 'drift roferre( toin. Thesfl r chains o( 'I niost casd rosion and 'What riiiean '«bn valley nt th ilMily it would a « niiiteriiils occ wereimiiiuced Mble to concl "i»'ould likewise '«f« feir months, 1 '] LAKE TKRBAOES AND KAME8. 61 N and iniloi)ondently. The matorials are wator-worn gravel and sand, with a tow Hinall boulderH, and usually become coui'moi- lowardH the (umtnit. The lower tei-ruces are generally capped with loam of vurioun depths. Boulder-clay often underlicB them, especially on the upper lopew of valleys. A chanielerlBtic feature of river terraces is that they are usually I better developed below the mouths of atHuentH, waterfalls and constrictions and bends in the river valleys, where the flow has been I most rapid and the amount of detrital material in the valley greater, than along the wider and more level reaches. Indeed, it is almost invariably found that their elevations, relative to the river, are greater where the valleys are narrowest and deepest, and corrcHpondingly owei' where they are widest. The generally accepted theory that terraces have been formed by Objeotlons to Ifloodeii rivers at the close of the glacial period and subsequently oepted theprr I denuded in part, as the volume of water decreased and became confined Itoniiriower channels, thus cutting down into the original deposits, heemsto be only partially correct and to require modification or exten- Ision. That the river valleys of New Brunswick have been flooded to a Idepth eciual to the height of the upper terraces, — the St. John, for Immple, 150 to 200 feet, — from the melting ice of the glacial period, is a jview which does not seem to be sustained from the evidence at hand.* |lIorei)ver, this theoi'y fails, also, to take into account the fact that these iTalleys, in certain places, were partially or wholly filled with masses lof glacial drift during the ice age, sufficient to block them up nearly to ) general level of the country on both sides. This is evidenced by Ithe accumulations still found occupying them in places, causing the Idiversion of the riveru from their old pre-glacial channels. A more Probable mode Ireasoiuililo solution of the problem seems, therefore, to be, that on the Ifinal letieat of the ice of the glacial period, the river valleys, or such Iportioiis (if thorn as were then open between the embankments of glacial Idrift referred to, would be re-occupied by the precipitation of the river Mn. These watei's would, in portions of the river valleys, form lakes brcbain;* oi' lakes all tending to overflow by the lowest passage, which. En most cases, would be along the course of the pre-glacial valley. Erosion and the tilling up of these lak>3-like expansions with detritus 'What I mean is, tliat no such body of water as a river 150 to 200 feet deep, Howed in the St. in valley nt the close of the Klaoial period, or at any other time. Such a river, with the itlocil; it would acquire in certain parts of its course, w:)uld sweep everything in the shape of loie muterialii occupying the valley out to sea. But, if the view that the glociers of the ice titere produced by a glow, secular change of climate and other conditions, be correct, it seems mable to conclude that their retirement was brought about by a reversal of these conditions ^dtould likewise necessarily bo slow. Hence the theory of glaciers dissolving rapidly, except lotafew months, perhaps, in each summer, does not seem tenable* i i! 62 N OEOLontOAL AND NATtrRAI. HISTORY SOBVIV OF CANADA. would tliou commonco, ovoiy tributary, as well m llio inain liverJ carrying down itH contribution, wliich, whorovor thcso rivor ox|miiNion,< wore of any conwidcrnblo lon^lli, would bo thrown down aiui (oitni deltas and torracos. Gradually tho Hinallor and narrower ones, innicl OHpocially in tlioir upper roachoH, would become partially or wIkiIKJ filled with detrital mntorinl except in tho passaf^o or chaimol nf' iinj rivor. As Iho einlmnkinonis ofj^lacial drift referred to boldjiiH' in tlnj lakes becanic eroded and tho river's passage through them (iccpcnol coincidently with a lowering of its waters, those partially tilled lake-| like expansions would assume the river-liko form, and eventiinllvi become a pai-t thereof, and torracos appear along the sides. ImhiiIIvJ by erosion and the deepening of the river's channel, it would ivarlial comparatively even flood-plain, and as it became more and mniol confined to a narrow channel other and lower terraces would iippearj along its holders from time to time. In this way might the tomiceJ have been formed without supposing the existence of enormous tloidJ and rapidly dissolving glaciers. Indeed, the view here indiciteil dno/ not rocpiiro that tho rivers should bo very much greater in volmnel than they now are. On a small scale this process is, in roiilitv, stil going on in certain partsof rivor courses simultaneously with a guiieriill Probable origin soaward movement of tho materials of their valleys. 1 n this way i\U of river valley -^ Vi"' 'i kames. it maybe stated, have tho kames of river valleys been produced, whicliJ as already shown, are but residual ])ortions of terraces, although ill may be found that they sometimes contain till or glacial drill in tli bottom. They have, however, under certain conditions of tho ri^eana fall of the river, been enlarged or lengthened at one or both ends bjj periodic increments of material. None of the New Brunswick rivers have succeeded since tliu glacial epoch in eroding the drift materials entirely from their viillepdowi to the rocky floor. On the contrary, there would seem, in many parti of river courses, to bo an accumulation of deposits. This, however,! Erosion by rivers. .10 (juantitios ofsandj '■ I'e i'* a local wearanij I y temporary and niai doh .itioii and restiiii,' plac[ ng the floor of the ocean. Formation of stratified deposits on lake borders. owing to the varying speed of the c gravel, daj^ etc., at hand. In aov deepening, in others a dc be the seat of erosion lati iii of all the materials of a ri\ valley The stratified deposits around lal; -borders, which likewise comprii terraces, kames, hummocks, etc., h. o had an origin somewhat simil; to river-border formations, but are b}"- no means so 'gular ani systematic in structure. Whei'cver they occur at eleval ~ bcvonJ few feet above the level of the lake surface, they indie Mib-idem of its waters and a draining out, caused, genei-ally, he rivu C«llll[R«'] MARINE DEIMtSITH. 63 N iimiii river,] jr ox|pUM^i')n< vn ami tinm ur OllfS, llinn; ,ly (ir \vh(}ll_vj ihiuuicl of lilt] loMiiii; ill lliel lioiii iUh,'|)i'1iO'1| ,lly tilliMl lai;e- nil eventually ides. I''iiv,illy,| woulil loarhal lore and mora ^ woulil iiiipcarl it tlio lonacwl inonnoiis iloukl iniiicuteil im liter ill voluiiifll in reiiUty, stilll with 11 gcncraU II this way, alsoJ irodiK'oil.wliichJ uos. althinij,'!) \i c'ial drill in tliJ of tho rise m or both endsbj 4iu;o the glacial ;ii- valleys (lowi ill niiiny piivtl I'his, however,!! liinlitiesofsanJJ loral wearmil |)()rary and m:i| lid resting placf [he ocean, cewise comprii kinewhat mm ^(, ■■nilay m III - beyonJ -ubsiiieiicj lie viviT „uilel woarinj^ down th(* barrier hold! ii/lc in tlio lake. A cbaracloriHtic t'latuie of hil). Makine Deposits. Leda Clay and Saxicava Sand, and Karnes Along the Coast. Leila clay and Saxicava sand occur under somewhat dilloi-ent condi-MoJoofocour- 1 '/■ 1 i ,1 1 • al XT t> 1 1 1 reiico of Lfda tinnsneio from what they do in northern JNow Jirunswick, and are by day and Suxi- D" means so well developed. Nor are fossils found in thera so uliumlantly either, and such as have boon detected are rather poorly pro- >erve(l. This may be ])artly due, however, to tho fact that tho strong [ciirients and turbid waters of the Bay of Fuiidy were unfavorable to life of marine testacea in tho Post-Toi-tiary period, and to the pre- Fossils. Uencoof iron and other minerals in tho clays destructive to the shells I entombed in them. Tho Leila clay and Saxicava sand series of this region is usually |»ociated or interstratiticd with gra\ els ; indeed, the Saxicava sand is, Ito a laiJ Two species not mentioned in former New Brunswick coUeo '.ions were obtained, vii., a J'«* and a Solen. DA. 10 feet deep e diiitinctly water-worn h them, and 5 Eiver and ost-Tei'tiary New rivers, I composed of I us of the two arborderhere lining fossils) 3Uts against a race or liarae iferous marine let high were! 8 were alsoob-j , a height ofla! well dovelopedj ere is a tcrrac«| limilar terraces! !-«lME«!'] MARINE DKPOSITS. G5 N iki lafrora 100 lol |venonpage-i.| irraccs east ot| sy all face ,er8 during thel lavc, however] Lake, in th(j [cntioneJ above! ices, from i>i showing thij 1,1,, In. county, d« the Bayof Fci-J Itainoivii-a**^ ihei^ea swept up and down this valley during the submergence refer- lre.lto. Others wore noted on both sides of the Ken nebeckasis valley {inditl'erent places farther west, unJ especially in the valley of Patti- IcakeBrDok. East of Petitcodiac sta. terraces, evidently marine, occur at Boundary ll'reek, etc. In connection with the terraces just described u number of kames Kames. direo- ' tion of. ItaTe been noted as occurring below tho 220 feet level. These, as shown Iby Wr. Matthew, are ai^proximately parallel in direction to the Bay of iFundy coast, their courses thus diverging at a wide angle from those loftho kames on the higher levels. Marine terraces often flank them, |Mi'. Matthew has described thirty-seven of these in the report already |(ited (Rejiort of Pj-ogress Geol. Surv. Can., 1877-78, page 13 E.E.). As, inwever, the elevations of many of them were omitted, I shall here refer where the principal ones, giving some additional features and charactei'- " ^^^^ ' itics to aid 'n elucidating their origin. 1. South of Lake Utopia a wide Hat kame stretches about a mile inla half in a north-east and south-west direction, damming up the ake; height, from 165 to 180 feet. The materials composing it are lliititied gravel and sand with a few scattered boulders. i. Ponntield Ridge, so-called, is another. It is in reality a wide lised boiicli (if Post-Tortiary age. Length upwards of three miles; »o about S. 65'" W. ; height fiom 200 to 225 feet. Gravel and sand ilso, with a few boulders, all water-worn. 3. At Pisnrinco there is a kame along the shore, ending at Negro bad; course. S. 60° W. This is also a flat gravel and sand ridge. 4. A kame extends from Fairville, St. John, nearly to Spruce Lake, ieMiuiawagonish road, so-called, passing along its summit most of the kame; course, S. 50° W. ; height, 180 feet. Gravel, sand and onlders, well exposed in a pit opposite Manawagonish boach. 5. A kame-like i-idgo on the north-wost side of Germantown Lake biioted ; course parallel to lake and coast ; height, 150 feet. Gravel id^and, with rock probably underneath. jThecour-es of those kames, it will be seen, are parallel to the coaot How formed. lie Bay of Fundy, and show that they must have been formed by itunents, more especially its tidal currents; but river currents may, iceitain cases, notably tho St. John River in that of the Fairville and iiDiiwagonisli kame, have been instrumental, in some dogi'ee, in lelling iliem. |The materials composing these kames are such as lay on tho surface [great abundance when tho Post-Tortiary subsidence took place, viz., tayed roek material, boulder claj', boulders, moraine stuff, etc. The 5 ! S. li Wr"* 66 N GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OP CANADA I'ivers, also, doubtless supplied large quantitios of detritus. Some nf | these U.'unes were formed along moraines or banks of boulder-clay ur j low rocky ridges. The relation of the stratiticd gravels, sands, et';., below the 220 ft. level. generally, to tlie glacial deposits of the region, leads unmistakably to the j conclusion that the formation of marine teriaces and kames took place during the Post-Tertiary submei-gcnce of the coastal district. The) lower buds would seem, indeed, to have been deposited at the close ofl the glacial period or soon afterwards, that is, whenever the subsidence) referi'ed to had so far advanced that tidal currents could act upon] glacial and other debris in the submerged areas. At this stage tlitj conditions of the Bay of Fundy would probably^ 1)6 unf'avoiinl to the existence of marine life. Local glaciers would still clinif to tliel shores and ice-laden cun-ents would scour the bottom. Hence, ulthouglil clay is found interstratificd with the lower gravels, that is, those graveljl immediately overlying the boulder-clay, it has, so far, proved to be un[ fossilifeious. It was not, perhaps, until the subsidence had attained! its maximum that molluscan life existed here, and this consisted raeielvl of a few hardy arctic and subarctic forms. The more prolific fossil bedsl were laid down at a later stage, and when an upward movement of the] land was taking place and had somewhat advanced. Sequence of Tho general seciuence of events during the Leda clay and Saxicava events duriDK , . , , , , ^ ,, . i , 1 Leda clay and sand period secms to have been about as follows: — A subsidence of thai period. land at the close of the glacial period, accompanied by flooded rivei from the melting ice, etc., during the summers, and consequent tiansj portation of large quantities of detritus to the sea. Tiiis. toga ther with the boulder-clay, and other superficial deposits lying ma the submerged area, acted upon by the powerful cui-rents of the Bai of Fundy would, in some places, be spread over the bottom, in othen thrown into banks in the lee of moraines, ridges and bosses. Tm temperature of the water, its turbid condition, etc., would be uij favourable to the existence of marine life. The clays, it will be ^eeij are. therefore, often scanty, and in many places, coarse ami pebbly, anl - itain few, if any, molluscan remains. When, however, the .siiki nence had attained its maximum, which was about 220 feet below tli| present high tide level, or perhaps, in the early stage of the iipwaiij movement, marine invcrtebrata seem to have occupied the \vatei\tW shells of which became embedded in the finer clay deposits. EmergeDfl continuing, tidal currents would act powerfully- on the shallow bottoi and the rivers, cutting more deeply into the sediments occupying tliM mouths,would still transport considerable quantities of detritus -eawaij Bidges would be built up in some places, while olscwliero they woii| ADA CMUKERS.] MARINE DEPOSITS. 67 N IS. Some of | )uldcr-chiy or c 220 ft. level, tiikably totlifel lies took place district. The! .t the close of] the subsidence I ould act upon] this stage tlitj } unt'avourablej till cling tothej lence, although j .8, those gravels! proved to be un- ce had attained! L'onsistcd mereiyl rolific foHsil bedsl ntiovement of m ly and Saxicava] iubsidence of th^ y flootled riven onsequcnt trans^ ea. Tiiis, toge^ losits lying upfnj ents of the Ba] |t)tto-m, in otbei id bosses. Thj , would beui il will be m and pebbly, anj jcvci', the siibsi lu feet below ll Ire of the niwiii [l the WiUeis.tl Isits. EniergeiK >liallo\v bottoi occupyiiii; lloti'itus-eawaii here they ffonl be level lotl down. In the quieter bottoms, and in lagoons and estuaries, luolhiscun life would thrive more abundantly as the upward movement progressed coincidently with an amelioration of climate. While, how- ever, Li'da claj' was being deposited in some parts, Saxicava sands and ifiavel iiods would, doubtless, bo laid down in others, whoi'o the sweep ol the cui'rents would not permit deposition of the former. The upward movement still advancing, erosion of pre-e.\isting marine beds would still beciintiinied by tidal currents in the sea bottom, and by the rivers in the est iiarine portions. The Saxicava sands would partake largely of the character of the gravels from which, at this stage, they would be i almost wholly derived, and the marine life would now assume the char- aiter icpresented by the remains found in the upper ])art ot the Leda ilayauilin the Saxicava sands. The shoaling movement of the sea- hortler went on till the land attained a height somewhat above that i which at present obtains. The i-ravels, sands, etc., composing the marine terraces and kamest^rayois and , " ' ' 111 .=and,s in Leda of the region may, therefore, be considered as forming part of the 'md Siixicava 1 ^ ^ c i » !• 1 •! siinii S6ri6B* Leda clay and Saxicava sand series, and as occupying the same geolo- Uical interval. Their great development here is owing to peculiar local conditions, such as the large quantities of debris originally fur- nisbed by the hard crystalline rocJjs, and the erosion of these since by glaciers, by atmospheric action, by rivers, Bay of Fundy currents, etc. Ilhat the terraces and kames have been formed as described above is I evidenced by the fact that they often contain, interstratitied, coarse gravels, layers of pebbles, or sometimes of finer sand, and occasionally tear the bottom, clay, the materials varying according to the nature loftbe supply and the strength of the transporting currents. As a rule, however, the coai'sest materials are at the base and summit as we would Inalurally exi)ect. h has been shown by Mr. Matthew in the report cited that the tidal .strengtbot Iciments of the Bay of Fundy are sufficiently strong to transport currents. Icoarse materials and form gravel and sand banks. During the Post- iTertiary subsidence they would probably be still stronger as they swept Itlirniigh the whole length of the bay and across the submerged isthmus [ofCliiognecto. The absence of marine fossils from clays in some sheltered valleys, Absence'of 1 1 .. . 1 'i • I-,.. 1. i. 1 f"ssils in St. were we might naturally expect to hnd them, is dilncult oi explana- John valley, Probably some of those basins, although below sea level during be Po4-Tertiary subsidence, wore really occupied by fresh or brackish and why. Mtors, similai'ly to the St. John valley now from its mouth to f^ioderictou or Jveswick. Even during a part of the time of the great ^ange of level mentioned, the St. John waters must have been 68 N GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. Liat of foasils. fresh, or nearly so, owing to the bari-iers at or near its mouth. For, ^ | subsidence of 220 feet would allow tho sea to invade the region above the Long Reach on the St. John River only by its own valley, amJ, pcrhap.s, one or two smaller ones. Hence the ab-ence of marint' fossilj \ above the mouth of tho Kennebeckasisi, notwithstanding that the | stratified gravel, sand and clay were deposited at and below sea level, A list of the moUuscan and other remains found in tho Leda clay and Saxicava sand of tho region is given in Mr. Matthew's report, already I referred to. No additional species were discovered by the writer din- ing the past three seasons. M3(a). Fresh Water Deposits (Recent.) River-tlats {Intervales.') Fresh water alluviums. Mode of formation. Alluvial deposits of this kind are found along all the larger river? nf| the region, but are nowhere so extensive as in the St. John valley be- tween Oak Point, in the Long Reach, and the western border of sheet I No. 1 N. K. All the islands in this part of the river's course are alluvial except portions of Foster's and Caton's islands; and'a selvage of inter- vale land, of varying width, also skirts either bank. J{ivor-tlat lietweent'iifll lower and upper falls, and beyond that, becoming narrowei'. liowever, as we go up stream. Along tho Digdeguash, Bocabec ami St. Cn»: similar all. ial flats of various widths may be seen extondin!,'' neaiktij their sources. Flats of like character are met with on the margins of lakes, hutintbj area under consideration they are of very limited width, and gcaicelj worthy of notice. The mode of formation of these deposits has been discussed, to>onii extent, in previous reports (Annual Report Geol. Siirv. Can., I'SV page 48 G.G., also Annual Report, 1886, page 27 M.). In Soutb VDA. uth. For. a I egion above valley, and, diiviru' i'o>sll» | irg tliat ihe I low sen level, jedii clay and porl, already j e writer duv- •.UMERS-] LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS. 69 N ii'Sfer rivevsof ahn valley be- lordcr of -ilieet ii'se are alluvial slvage of inter- vei--tlat< stretih re Cole's Island. ne distance up connected with ighout. Sussex! ire full nd along inor ones skirt' 1- ( if the Bay ol he f(nmation lilt we-t ofM,] ;un oo'nnia Ixi- lictweentb [ower, however, and St, Croi Inding nearly ^ (lakes, but in thJ Ih, and scarceij boussed.to-oral i-v. Can., \^ In Souihe j{ew Brunswick they are of similar origin and character to those referred to, except, perhaps, in the St. John valley, where their gi"e"t J",fJy/°^" development is due, largely, to local conditions instead of directly to fluviatile action, such as the partially submerged state of the district and the ponding back of the waters of the St. John Eiver by obstruc- tions at its mouth. The formation of the extensive river-flats lliere may lie said to have commenced duiing the great Post-Tertiary sub.sidence, toincidently with which a partial tilling up of the St. John valley must hiive taken place. On the subsequent upward movement of the land the waters of the St. John, as stated on a previous page, were held in br bai-ricrs consisting partly of boulder-clay and partly, pei'haps, of marine deposits, and ponded back, forming a large fresh water lake. In these quiet waters the finer sediments carried down by the St. John and its tributaries were, and are still being deposited, making the intervales, islands, etc., referred to. The pent-up wateis after finding vent by the present outlet of the St. John would be lowered somewhat, expos- ing' these alluvial beds as dry land, while channels alongside of or through them would be formed by the contracted cui-rents. A section of these beds would exhibit the following series in descending order : — 1. Loam, river-silt, or fine sand. 2. Stratified gravel, sand, and, perhaps clay in the bottom. 3. Boulder-clay or rotted rock, etc. The St. John River flats referred to are annually overflowed by i- tied with peaty areas as in the coastal tract between the St. Croix and Black River, St. John county. Prom Spruce Lake to the Mii^'agua- davic River especially, they are a characteristic and ever-recurring feature of the scenery. Indeetl, every depression that caught the drainage seems to have yielded a peatbog. The climatic conditionsof i the Bay of Fundy coast seem peculiarly favorable for the growth of the mosses composing them, being damp and cool in summer, and with an abundance of foggy weather. Some of the bogs attain a considerable width, although by no means as large as those of the coast district ot j north-eastern New Brunswick, page 22, Part N (Annual Eejiort Geo Surv. Can., 1887-88), the great majority not covering larger areas than! from two to five acres each. Of late years many of these jjoat have become valuable on account of the immense quantities of cran| berries ( Vacciniummacrocarpon n,vid V.Vitis-ldoea ) which they piodue Hundreds of bushels are collected and shipped to the princ-ipal mari )f Econotuic )!• Ijuko, Me )f the latlev, :e is four feet rogresB Geol. and some of ! ace so divoi>i- St. Croix and the Magagua- evei'-recuning it caught the ,c conditions of I growth otthe 1 31', and with an a considerable loast district of ai Eeport Geol. ] ,rger areas than I hese peat bogs i tities of cran- they prodme. [iicipal markets I [occurs east of Ike and curving: Idghway 'M )()Ut 450 acres toui>e, towards] lacial valley, ovj kes, or rather, ,e level as ihesel central parts! I low riilge* "tl Anotiier lies near Meadow station, New Brunswick railway, at the niirth-wost branch of Digdeguash Kivei-. A third largo one occurs along the upper part of tho Digdoguash River, at the border of sheet No. 1 S. W., which is al>o traversed by hoXrw Brunswick railway. These bogs are neaidy destitute of trees, and contain numerous ponds 1 111 which water lies all the year round. The origin of those ponds was i(!iscnsscd on page 22, Part N, Annual Report Geol. Surv. Can., 1887-88. A luiinbor of large peat boffs are reported to occur in tho country Bogs north of the St. John. Iving to the north-west of Canaan River, and also between Salmon Eiverand the South-West Miramichi bej'ond tho limits of the map (sheet [No, 1 N.l!^.) The hunters call them caribou plains. One of these lies [about tlio head of Little River, near the ncrth-west corner of the sheet Leiitioiicd, Cranberries are reported to bo very abundant on till these Reference has been made by Messrs. Bailey and Matthew (page 230 I Report of Progress Geol. Surv. Can., ISTO-Yl), to tho numerous peat ogs in the southern part of the province, and the localities of some of I them noted. The occurrence of formations of this kind along the coast of the Bay phjinge oflevel , , ° *' indicatea by lofFundy in certain places now submerged at high tides was likewise peat bogs, j observed, and the facts in connection therewith noted. Mr. Matthew I in the report cited also refers to similar drowned peat bogs at Frye's [island, Charlotte county, on Nav^- Island, St, .Tohn harbour, and else- [wliere. Those all prove a slight subsidence of the region, not, perhaps, [exceeding 10 to 20 feet, since the comtnencement of their growth. The ; bed on Navy Island, just mentioned, was examined by me and found Ito lie apparently altogether in the littoral zone ; but being covered up jon the lower margin its extreme depth could not be exactly ascertained, [it was examined by Prof. Jas. Fowler and Mr. Matthew some years liigo and described. The roots and stumps of trees in situ were dis- Icovered ill it. The change of level indicated b^' the submergence of Ithepeat bogs along the shores of southern New Brunswick referred to lis about the same as that found to have taken place on the north-eastern Icoast, (pa^e 25, Part N, Annual Report Geol. Surv, Can., 1887-88), Iking from 10 to 25 feet. Vegetable Mould, or Decayed Vegetable Matter. ii Upon tho forest-clad areas of tho region, and also on newly-cleared Vegetable "'ds, a stratum of vegetable matter of variable thickness occurs, occurring. ttle o\ !■ ^B^iiiQ), jjj (|m,|j coloured and composed of rotten leaves, remains of 72 N GEOLOaiCAIi AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. Abaence of, in certain locali- tief. herbacious plants and of mosses, decayed wood, etc. In swampy tracts it is usually much thickoi" than on drier "grounds, whore, in ad- dition to the accumulations in situ, other materials compdsincr jt| have often been transported to the lower grounds by streams, wind* etc. But it is along river valleys where the thickest deposits of thiJ kind are met with. In the flats or intervales found in these, voii;ctable| matter, often converted into humus, besides forming a surface layer, iJ also disseminated through the clay and sand constituting tlieni. oif occurs intorstratified therewith in daik carbonaceous seams, its pre. sence in these deposits is duo, first, to the superabundance of plantl growth upon these flats while they were in process of formation, andL secondly, to the transportation of this matter at the same timefioinl the tiibutary valleys and slopes on both sides. It is to this vcgotabl«l mould or humus that these intervales owe their greater fertility. This! stratum of vegetable malt rial is continuous with the peat bogs, asj pointed out in my i-eport on North-Eastern New Brunswick (Annuall Report Geol. Surv. Can., 1887-88), these occupying the depi'essioDsj and being considered merely as a thickening of the layer refeired toT through th • additional growth of sphagna, etc. In the district under consideration, however, this material is scaiceljr anywhere to be found beyond the areas occupied by the original forestJ except, in river valleys, as stated, where it forms a great partofthJ uppermost strata of the loamy or intervale deposits. Thisisowinj largely to the ftict that a considerable portion of the region has beeJ cleared and overrun by fires which destroyed it. In other parts, alsof there is such an abundance of coarse, stony and gravelly material ii( the superficial beds as to interfere with its growth, and, indeed, preTcntj the accumulation of vegetable matter sufficiently deep to constitutes layer. Upon the sandy and clayey tracts near the coast of St, Johij and Charlotte counties a matted sheet of the roots and stems ol ericaceous and other plants undergoing decay is occasionally met witJ which is, perhaps, analogous to that described. In the localities coveiei by the lattei-, however, the soil is invariably poor and unfit cultivation. Bleached pands Upon the Middle Carboniferous Jireii, included in sheet Ko.lN.l on Carbonifer- , , . . , „ r. • , ■ . , ,. i . ous urea. the lenticular seams of nnegrained white or grey sands, rctcneu tooi page 17, Part N, Annual Eeport Geol. Surv. Can., 1887-88, weremi with. Usually they underlie the laj'er of vegetable mould ato described and are especially noticeable in newly-cleared lands, ortiiosi turned up by the plough for the first time. The bleached oi' wliitifl colour of these siinds is due to thedeoxidation of the iron in thorn tliroi the chemical action of the rain-water and the overlying stratum fMUlUEHS.] MARINE DEPOSITS. 73 N (lecaycil vogotable mattor, as explained in llio report citofl, ^They are aiwiiys regarded as indicating a poor soil, but cultivation by dissemi- nating them causes them to disappear, thus reducing their impoverish- ing otlects to a minimum. M 3 (6). Marine Deposits (Recent), Dunes or Sand Beaches. Dunes or sand beaches were observed in a number of places, ^^"*^ *'**<'.''*"• I especially at Alma, at the mouths of Tynemouth and Gardiner's creeks, with. aiCourtenay Bay, Sand Cove and Manawagonish beach, near St. John; ilso, near St. Andrew's, forming, at ebb tides, a roadway between the I mainland and Minister's Island, at Herring Cove, Campobello Island, land in several places around the island of Grand Manan. These have I all been cast up by the waves, and have derived the materials composing Ithom either from the wear of the coast line or from the detritus carried liiown by the rivers, or both. None of them exceed a few rods in width. llnsome of the beaches enumerated the sand is coarse and mixed with ihinffle and pebbles ; in others, as at Courtenay Bay and Sand Cove, ^ ISt, John county, it is a fine blown sand. Tno texture of the sand in leach locality depends upon the nature of the rocks from which it was Iderived. Glass works were erected at Courtenay Bay some years ago, and the Uses. icoai'ser grades of glass-ware manufactured from the sands occurring jie. The enterprise was, however, abandoned after a short time, Ifrom what cause I have not ascertained. Salt Marshes. Salt marshes are of limited extent in the region under examination Salt marshes ■^ 01 district. omparod with those occurring at the head of the Bay of Fundy, i.e.t InCurahe land Bay and the Basin of Minas. They were met with along IkPetitfoiliac River on both sides nearly as far up as Salisbury, and pre form a very valuable part of the farms adjoining the river. At ^ermantown Lake and Little Rocher, Albert county, narrow salt marshes were also observed. Further west, at Gardiner's and Emerson's creeks, small areas of this kind skirt the lower part of the ftreams. Ivist of the city of St. John a marsh of considerable extent wms, and another lies inside of Manawagonish beach. Salt marshes joveran area of some extent along both sides of the lower part of liisquash River. Narrow ones were noted elsewhere, one of which kcars at Grand Harbour, Grand Manan. in 74 N QEOLOaiCAL AND NATUHAI- HISTORY SUIlVEr OF CANADA. Fertility of. The Halt mtirHlies along I'ctitcodiac Kivor, Gormantown Lake, al«»ii, tlio vicinity of St. John unci at Musquash, are dykod and yield lar^re I quantities of hay. Their fertility appears almoat inoxhauMtiblc. The I higher and diyoi- portions are ciiUivatod with the plough and yiclj cereals and root crops also in altundanco. Sir ,!. W. Oawson states (Acadian (roology, 2nd ed., p. 23), that the " Hoil of tlio suit " marshes in Nova Scfjtia is so valuaiile, though nearly dostituto ot " organic matter, that it is found profitable to cart it upon the uplainl " OS a manure. Its best varieties have now been cropped fornioiJ " th'vn two centuries without becoming unproductive, though Iherocan " be liO question that under this treatment a diminution of its I'crtiliiy " is perceptible." " Draining," he says, " is well known to be essential I " to the A^rtiIity of the marshes, and many valuable tracts of this land] " are now in an unproductive condition from its neglect." rhesel remarks apply with equal force to the marshes in southern New| Brunswick. Estuarine Flats. Estuarine deposits. Kstuarine flats of greater or loss area are laid bare at ebb tides in nearly every inlet, harbour and cove along the coast of the Bayofl Fundy. At Quaco, also in St. John harbour, and in Passaniaquoddjj Bay, etc., sandy and muddy deltas or plains are exposed twice (lailyiDl the littoral zone. Their materials consist of river detritus and thiitl worn off the coast border by the sea. Bars, so-called, of sand, graTelJ etc., are common where the fresh and salt waters meet. These are, off course, modified in size and shape by the tidal currents wliich sweep upl and down the Bay of Fundy. In some of the estuarine deposits, especially in those occurring inl quiet sheltered coves, fine examples of ripple marking and wave aclioni were observed. Phenomena of this kind are well exhibited in the I of Courtenay Bay, in St. John harbour. Evidence of change of level in Recent period. Changes ok Level in the Recent Period. On page 10 of this report evidence was adduced to show that intlJ Recent or Prehistoric Period the land along the north side of the Barf of Fundy was, perhaps, 40 to 80 feet higher than at present, relative I the level of that body of water, and that after the formation of tM peat beds a slow subsidence set in which continued until recently. was further stated that the position of the salt marshes, dunes, elcj along the coast with respect to sea level, rather supported the viewtlialj this coast district was now stationary or nearly so. \I)A. ...KfRs] OltANOES OP r.EVEL IN THE RECENT PERIOD. 75 N Luko, also in d yield lur^e ustibli'. The gh iiiul yit'li W . 1 >u\vson •il ol" tho suit] ^ doHtituto ot on tlu! iiiilaiiii )po(l I'or more lUgh Uierocan ol" itH I'ertility to bo I'ssontial stH of this land] gleet." These southern New at ebb tides in of the Bay of Passamaquoddy (d twice daily inl etvitus and thiit| of sand, gravel, . These are, of which sweep upj se occurring in find wave action] )ited in the flat bD. Lhow that in tki Tsideof thcBa] Lsent, relative IS jrmation of thi Itil recently. Ihes, dunes, etc, led the view tint The oxtonsivo salt marrthos at tho lioad of Cumboriaml Hasin contain RvjdoncoMto ilKiuf forty thnusand acros. Tlicro aro uIho largo marHJu's around <;'."»'!''''"'''' i tiiclriot now* |nin.]M)ily Bay and along tho Potitcodiac ostuary. ThoHo have all a I iieiirly uniform Hurfaco, which is at or near tho lovol of the higiic«t [ijilenDt ilio Hay of Kundy, and wore ovidontly foi'niod by tho inflowing tides ly f^uccessivo incromontn of malorial dopo.sitod during tho hIow .iili>idi'tico which took place in tho Recent Period or ninco tho peat |«ii;s grew. Tho relative IovoIh of sea and land Hoom to have changed Sn't '"iw'io"- kit little, if any, since those marshes wore laiil down, for tho larger ipoition (if them can bo utilized for agricultural purposes by dyking, whili' the high tides can readily bo admitted, to tho extent of oveifldwiiig them, by opening tho dykes. In the Basin of .Minas dvkes upwards of two hundred years old aro said to enclose some of ke marHhes there, and aro still otl'octive, when kept in repair, in Ipieventiug tho encroachments or ovei'flowing of these by tho soa. rhe>e facts indicate that the Bay of Fundy coast area is without erceptihie change of level at present and must have been so for a considerable time. Dunes, when examined, show that in some places thoy must^uoo.'. orij,'inally have been thrown up into low parallel ridges or boachos at Ucessive intervals of time and that tho process of formation must liave ociupied many years. None of these ridges or beaches are above [be reach of high tides at the present day. Their attitude, therefore, rith respect to sea level corroborates the evidence furnished by the ultmai'shcs regarding the stationary condition of tho region. Ai,'ain, long ranges of cliifs border the Bay of Fundy, which are really Ciifff- [iwches cut laterally into the solid i-ocks by the soa. Those show that tsorosive action must have been exerted in one horizontal plane for a [ery long time. Examples illustrating this fact are numerous. The erpeiidicular precipices between Quaco and Alma, 500 to 700 feet in keiijht, are, perhaps, among the more noteworthy. On the shores of |raml Lake similar phenomena were observed, although on a smaller eale. On the wostsideof this lake, at Redbank, a cliff from 25 to 50 feet Ketlie summer level of tho water has been worn away in this way, le shelving ledge extending out from the base several hundred feet lid sloping down gently beneath tho lake waters. The erosion of this [iff must have boon accomplished while the lake was at or near its fesent level, and have taken a very long time, as it would necessarily muih slower than along a seashore owing to the circumscribed area [that sheet of water. The basin of Grand Lake appears also to have been enlarged, Lake stiores. terally, tc) a considerable extent, from erosion of its banks by wave 5 J 7fiN (lEOt.oniOAL AND NATURAfi HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. Monument* of erosion. m'tion, lake ico, currentH, oto. At tho Koyholo aiul Syphor's Covo also, on tho went sido of (tiiiikI LaUo, lajfoonw arc hold in l»y lu)ii(|ie»| of wind, f,'ravol and bonldors tlirown up by wave and cm-runt .((Minn Somo of thoNO boachos lie in parallel ridi^cs, hiiL noiio art' boyoinl ihej roach of tho tidoH and floods of tho lako. Tlieso faotn aro all in I'uvour of tho foroujoin^ viow, viz., that tho Hurfaco of its wiitor-* is nouilvl Htationary, or rathorthat tho land horo has maintainod its present level with roforonco to tho sea for a considornblo period. Tho waters of Grand Lake are tidal, but tho rise and fall donoti exceed ono to two feet. Should tho land in this ret^ion bo olovatod ho as to raise tho coiw) cliffs fiom75 to 100 foot above their present level, laying barts tliolcd^jaJ and whole littoral zone and the adjacent bottom of the Hay oI'ImukIvI to that depth, such a grand an SUU80rF,8 Ot' IIEOION. n N nd I'all do not I liiiilo into each other, or aro iiiteiNtrutified in the same liod. Other listiii(ii<"i'< uro occasionally rocoi^nizcd ; some soils i-ost on u haidpan Lhit'ii forms tlio subsoil, and is a stratum of compact dayoy, sandy and Imivolly material impervious to water. In ii'i^ard to sedcntaiy and transpoi'ted soils, it may bo stated that IfeMoni is either found wholly by itsidf, or unmixed with the other, and [tliet'oniier are usually overlain by the transported materials. Most Iwiieiiilly there is a conminf.iling of tlioso nearly, if not altogether, down |io tlio surface of he rock, or else an overlapping, or a complete a>king, of the sedentary by transported soils. Ill llii) region under consideration sedentary soils, often in ^ degraded ^JI'^J".'**^^" IjdiI iiupinfect condition, maybe found (1) upon the Middle and Lower '"""''• Icarboiiirerous areas (see the geologically coloured maj)s of the solid Irofks) ; (2) in north-western Charlotte, upon the tract occupied by the |l)ev(iiiiaii and Cambro-Silurian rocks, and {H) upon the Mat summits of pii -Cambrian plateau in eastern Kings and Albert counties. In hhese areas the materials belonging to the local rocks ai-e, however, not Infieiiuontly intermingled to a certain depth with clays, sand oi' gravels riidi iiiive been transported greater or less distances, or otherwise are lovduiii liy Ih.ra. Boulders foreign to the particular locality are Lrywhero scattered over the sui-faco and occasionally j)artially iIiciMihI in the deposits, except, perhaps, upon the pro-Cambrian Ik'If. Of the three areas occupied by sedentary soils indicated, the loeupon the pro-Cambrian plateau furnishes those most closoljM-elated lotho luidcrlying rocks and without transported material. Hoiddors V of course, numerous here, but they are nearly all local. This is due |o the fact mentioned in a previous part of this report, viz., that no ice edovcr the plateau from the north or north-west carrying boulders iroilar miiterials from adjoining rock-formations ; whatever ice-action leivwiis upon it having been caused by local glaciers which accu- iukited upon its surface and moved ott" its slopes, generally speaking, 1 the direction of the J3ay of Fundy. I I'lion the hills and ridges to the west of this plateau, and more espe-^v^hero trans- l , . , 1 , . ported soils liallv in tlie valleys among them, we hnd transported soils m great occur. |aneiy. The rocks belonging to the ditferont geological formations here Ktend across the disti'ict in a north-east and south-west direction, or Loxiniiitely parallel to the coast of the Bay of Fundy, in narrow, liei;ular, but somewhat parallel belts. The ice of the glacial period psedtliis district, or a considerable partofit, nearly atright angles to • le course of these. The drainage has likewise been largely in the same lioction, many of the rivers intersecting the ridges by deep valleys of Wei' or less width. Hence the soils and debris of one series of rocks ! 78 N GEOLOGICAL AND NATUU.VL HISTORY 8URVEV OF CANADA. Character of soils in ibgioi). Lave been moved southward upon those of othei-H and in(erminii;leil with them to a greater or less extent. On the Hummitsot'the hills and rlilnes sedentary soils occur, but the slop's and valley's are occupied wiilJ lieterogeneous materials of varied, and, in many cases, of uniHTtaia oi'igin. It was observed, also, that the deeper soils and subsoils, „ij many of tlij valleys were derived from tjiose rocks in the district which had suffered most from the denuding processes to which they were subjected in past ages. In a few cases transported soils were seon lo I have been formed by a nortiiward movcnicnt of the materials. Tlicsel were, of course, on northward facing slo))es and would seem to havej been the result m;unly of atmospheric action. Transported soils are best exhil .ted below the 220 feet level, whcrel the action of the sea, and especi dij' that of the powei-ful tidal ciiiTentsj of the Bay of Fundy. have spread out and intei-mingled the matenalsj belonging to the ditferent geological formations to such a degree that] n<>whei'ecan they be said to have any direct relation to the rocks i)orieaih,| It is in this urea, also, that the distinction of soils based upon their physical and mechanical character is best exemplitied. ('■oiisiJenblei tracts are covered wholly with gravel, other ai-eas embrace sandy soiisT only, while in numerous localities clayey and loamy soils furni thosur-j face bods, to a greater or less extent. The marine alluviums refeiTedl to in anotlier part of this report consist wholly of tratisporteiij materials. Agricultural Character, Forest Groicth, eti^. The agricultural character of a considerable portion of the io;,noij under consideration was incidentally described by Messrs. IJaikyanii Matthew in Report of Progress (leol. 8urv. Can., 1870-71. Genora'l, speaking, it exhibits soils of great variety and diflerent degrees « mechanical consistimey, and, indeed, over a largo part of the area.'.! quite inferior agricultural capabilities. As is well known, (Iieeiiara ter of the f-oil in any parli( ti'ar disi rict depends largely upon the iiafi;rl of th'^ rocks which form r.ii ilevated grounds; the materials ol thesp being strewn, to a greater or less extent, over the lower grotnui.x. Froa the fact that the hills in this disti'ict crumble down into coarise, griiti materials, it will easil}' be seen that large portions of these niu^ have entered into the composition of the soils bordering the of Funtly. Upon certain tracts of these hilly crystalline liellntheni selves the soil, as Avill readily be inferred, is n)08tly so'lentiir and consists in a lai'ge mcii.uice of cojtrso, gravelly aii'l wWi materials, often intermin i;led, or at letisi overspread, with iioulii In other pliices the gravell}- materials give place to a clay soil (luiili IAD A. minglcilwithl iUh and riiljres | iccupidl Willi of iincortain | kI subsoils ijf district, which | ich they vim ] s wore sei'mo] XM'ials. Tlu'sej 1 seein t'l havej !Ct U'vcil, where] .1 tidal (•urreiit> i the mutcials h a degree thiitj i-ocks l)cneaihJ iiscd upon tlieii'j i. Oonsiderablej irace sandy soils! ils ['nv'M tho^ur• luviums refevredl of tran>porf(!ill i)n of the rogioa ;srs. Hailoy anq i)-7l. Geni'ni!!] ■ent ihigrees il t of tlu' area.ol |o\vn, llie chani( upon the natiirj laterials (it tiifsj uToniidsi. '''''"^ ktn coarse, gnlti of these mil Idci'in.n' till' H luirio liell^ then lostly se'liMitar jily and \^M with I'ouli lay soil (l"|'i'J« jfis] AdKIOULTURAL CHABACTEH, FOREST (JBOWTII, ETC. (9 N Iclav), which, when cleared of boulders, is strong and fertile. These (lay soils are found generally on tlio summits of the liills, or of the plateaux, wliero there is a level, or comiiaratively level tract, and this hjone reason why, in cei'taiii localities, these lands are preferred by hetders. while the lower intervening valleys are neglected. In the Ivallovs referred to there is either a coarse, gritty soil, composed of I materials washed oil' the hill sides, or, if clayey, it is oitcii loo heavy land wet for protitablc culture in the humid climate of this country, jlhi' lii'nldoi's, wiiich are, howevei', everywhere scattered about in liouiders in tluse districts are a serious hindrance to gootl tai'ming. The labour of karinii the forest otf the land is tritling compared with that necessary ;,i remove the boulders. Eecently machine-i called " stonediflers " have been invented, which gj'eatly iacilitaie tlieir removal, and are in ji-ein western Charlotte. The land, svhcn once cleared of these aur lace li.iilders, is generally lit lor the plough, and in most places easy to viilm'ate and fertile, being ospeciallj^ suitable i'or the production of I ii IV an I ii>r pasturage. Large areas upon the crystr.lline ridges, jwever. more especially those underlaid with granite, appear to he iijaite barren. Comprising tracts overrun by forest lires, as many of |tkm do, their surfaces present little else than coarse, gritty debris, ilternating with patches of bare rock. Peat bogs are common in the [hoiiDW.*!, especially near the Bay of Fundy coast, ana wherever the Iteinfij^a' is insufficient. Upon the <'aml)ro-yiluiian and Devonian, of Charlotte county and Soils upon the lioidieni Queens, which are occupied partly by sedentary soils, there sn^rian" and laif sumo tracts of good farming lands, The surface is often rolling, ^®^''"""'" jtheilruinage, wherever this is the case, being good; and there is also Iffliie or le-s calcareous mattei" disseminated through these soils in Iflaies, brought tliither by the ice during the glacial period, and othei- Itraiisponing agencies, from the Lower Carboniferous belts which lie pmediaiely (o the north of them, The best soils here occur, howevei-, laii'iiitheCambro-Silurian behs, the rocks of this series having crumbled IduATi into a heavy clay, which is, perhaps, the predominant kind of [mrlaw material upon these, Less coarse gravel and gritty debri.- are lound here owing to the greater distance from thcii' source, i.e.. from the pCinulirian. But the contiguous Devonian rocks themselves yield a ["avilly and pebbl}', biMilder-strewn soil which has overla])ped the ItambroSilni'ian to some extent. Considerable tra( ts <>n these forma- lii.baro, theietbro, unsettled, and, indeed, practically u-oless for agri- iniimal iiurjio>e.s. Peat barrens and swamps are numerous. A belt of pid land, with u rolling surface, extends across the country from the St, Moi.\ to liic .Magoguadavic, north of the coast hills, however, com pris- 80 N GEOLOarCAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OP CANADA. Good soils upon lower Carbon- iferous rocks. Character of soil on Middle Carboniferous area. ing the so-called ridges of western Charlotte. This and the narrow I bolts skirting the river.-* embrace the principal agricultural hirids of j value. The lower Carboniferous rocks occupy the chief part of eastern I Kings, and also form narrow bands coming up from beneath the Middle Carboniferous overlap in its westward extension. The district occupied by these sediments having suffered a considerable amountof denudation, presents a varied and irregular surface, the prevailing tea- 1 tires being n)lling hills or ridges, with intervening valleys of erosion.! Consisting, as the rocks often do, of red, marly shales, and c<^ntaiiiinff| greater or less quantities of lime, they decompose into a loose, iiiable.) easily cultivable soil, which is unequalled for its strength and fertility [ GypsiferouH beds also occur in the vicinity of the salt springs, along j Salt Springs creek, and in the North Kiver valley near Petitcodiaf,] which likewise enrich the soil in these particular localities. The only drawback to the complete utilization of the tracts covered by thesoj sediments, agriculturally, is in their flatness in certain parts.! Wherever the rocks lie in a horizontal attitude the clays resultimifVonij their disintegration settle down into a hardpan which, from the ini|)er-| feet drainage, often becomes covered with a peaty, or boggy niut-eriu and in these places, of course, the soils are always wet, cold ;iiid inlorl tile. Where, on the contrary, the slope is sufficient, to afford anaturall drainage of the surplus waters due to precioitation the laml is warml and rich. The Middle Carboniferous area, excepting, of course, the alhiviall tracts within its limits, exliibits, perhaps, less variety in the i)hysicalj character of its soils than those resting on any ot the other !;oo!o!,'icalI formations. The uplands are cither dry, gravelly or samly, and mora or less strewn with boulders, or else, in uridrained places, they arej clayey, heavy and cold. Almost everyv.hero upon the newer uplanl soils a layer of tine whitish or greyish sand occurs in lenticuhir Hoanii underneath or associated with the thin covering of vegetalile mould on decayed vegetable matter which mantles the virgin soil. Th^ waJ referred to in my last report (Annual Report Geol. Surv. Can , 18S7S3j part N.) am] its origin and mode of occurroncede-^cribed. Tlie>esaiiJi are said to derive their coh)ur from the cLcmical change and dvoxliu tion of the iron in them through the combined action of the overiyini oi'gaiiic matter and the surface watei's. Cultivation by the ploiig readily disseminates them through the soil and subsoil ami causes tlieU disappearance. Newly ploughed tields, i.e., tho.-.c |)loughoil tdrtliotir: time, often look, at a distance, as if a coat of lime had betin irregular]] spread over them. But wherever these sands occur the^' arobaiul)| the farmers to denote a cold and unproductive soil. |t«.LMEHs ] AGRIOULTURAI, CHARACTEB, FOEEST GROWTH, ETC. 81 N rt of eastern beneatli the The district ible amountnl prevailing tea- sys of erosion, ind containing I loose, IViable, h ami I'evtility, springs, along ar Pclitfodiac, tien. Tlic only vered by these certain parts. i resulting from from the impev- boggy material, cold and inter- ) atford a niitmai he lanil is wann| Tbe soils upon the Middle Carboniferous rocks are, perhaps, more Soils more lictlv sedentary than any other in the region, and, of course, par- Itake, ill ti great measure of the coarse silicious nature oftheunder- Iring stiata, and are almost devoid of lime. They require, thorelbre, iient methods of culture from the soils derived from other rock- formations. Lime and composts are the chief fertilizing requisites |i)rlliein; but in the level districts a judicious system of draining is Iso necessary. A considerable portion of the surface of this millstone grit area is Swnmps and tovered with sphagnous swamps or peaty barrens. These occupy the ''"'■''°^- IoHdws or valleys in the upland districts wherever the drainage is pjufficicnt, as well as much of the lower tracts. Underneath the boggy irpcaty matter thehardpan referretl to occurs, which is impervious to liater. Jlenco these areas afford the most favourable conditions for the rrowth of sphagna and other plants peculiar to bogs. I The best lands lor general agricult ural purposes upon the Middle Car- Beat soils on loniferous rocks arc those found on tbe slopes bordering river valleys iferou?. Ulake basins, where the natural drainage is good. These slopes are lb overlain by a greater or less thickness of loamy material, which some cases, was dejjosited when the waters were formerly at fi Lher level ; wh' !e in other places it seems to consist of the tinei patcrials, washed down from the higher gi'ounds, and is therefore a iterial deposit. iTheidluvial soils of the region, both fresh-water and marine, are A-"u^''^''?''^ ' o > ^ 'of ihe regioD, bably the best for general agricultui-al purposes. The fresh-water llaviiiras, generally called intervales or meadov/s, occupy considerable jeasalong the St. John River and also in the Kennebeckasis and Belle- le valleys. Narrower belts of these skirt the Magaguadavic and Dig- Isuash rivers. Indeed, they occur in greater or less breadth along river valley in the country. The more remarkable and valuable lervales, however, are those of Kings and (Queens counties, occurring jllieSt. .Tobn valley and along the Kennebeckasis and its tributaries. lese aro conipo-sed of finely divided materials doi'ived from the rocks ktwitli along the courses of tbe rivers and are wholly free from plders. Ibo principal distinction between the soils of these fi-esh-water in-Watinction I , . . ))ot\feeti tresh- [var and all others in tbe district, lies m the fact of their contain- wuteruiiuvi- 1 ... !■> 1 uiiis and other [amiu'li larger proportion ot organic matter or humus, rorined tissoih. Iv are by the deposition of the finer materials held in suspension by ded rivers, ibey are ii-ually composed of loam or silt intermingled |liii;rwitcr or loss (^uatitities of the decayed vegetable matter trans- its! thitber. The lower intervales are overtlowed every spring for 82 N GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OP CANADA. Salt marsh es. V alrfl of. a few weeks, and a thin layer of material laid down upon them which increases, or at least servos to maintain, their fei'tilily. Theii- pliysical and mechanical 'character is such that they readily dry soon after tho spring fi-eshets rttire, and are friable and easy of cultivation. These intervales are esptoially valuable for the production of hay, and for stock raising ; but cereals and root crops likewise grow well upon them. Their area in Kings and Queens counties can be best seen by an inspection of the map. The extent of the salt raai'shes, (marine alluviums) and the particular locality where each occurs, have been referred to on a former pagoofthk report. The largest are those at Musquash and St. John. Smaller marshes are found at Manawagonish Cove, Little Rocher and along the Petitcodiac below Salisbury. All these are dyked and under cultivation and are a source of considerable revenue to the owners. The marshes are formed of a fine, apparently homogeneous mud, which varies some- 1 what in colour in different localities accoi'ding to the nature of the source whence it was derived. In some places the soil of these marshes resembles a loam. They have been cropped since the first settlement of the country — one to two hundred years — and little, if anything, done to rejiair their waste or maintain their orii^inal fertility. Di'ainini' and rebuilding tl , dykes are necessary in some cases. It is said the productive power of these marshes can be partially restored, or in- creased, by allowing the tides to overflovv them occasionally de])ositint; a fresh layer of mattei; but thoy are not cultivated, or utilized to the I best advantage. If properly dyked and drained, as the marsh near St, j John city is, their value in an agricultural point of view could haruly be estimated. For stc a raising, and for the production of hay, and i other crops th'>y possess characteristics which render them superior to all other classes of soils in New Brunswick. Charlotte county. Character of Soils in the Different Counties included in the Hegion. In Cl.'uvlotte county good tracts of land for agricultural purposes are i found in thevicini'/of St. Stephen, and, indeed, all alonii; the St. Croix River, from Oak Bay to Upp^r Falls, and eastward to the Digdeguash River, including all the area occupied by Pomeroy, Little, Old, Scotch and the other ridges in that secti m. Some of the valleys between these ai'c, however, gravelly and stony; but the slopes and summits of j these rolling boalder-clay hills afford good soil, much of which is inan excellent state of cultivi'*-' ^n. At B;iy Side and upon tho Linvcr Ciii-j boniferous ti-act, near St. Andrews, there are some fine faims where | large quantities of root crops are raised. To the east of the above men- C.«LMERS.] CHARACTSa OF SOILS IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES. 83 N tioneil part of Charlotte county, however, the country in certainly not well adapted for agricultural pursuits. Tt is hilly, broken and boulder- gtrewi) i large tracts are covered chiefly with coarse giavel, yet there are numerous settlements, and patches of greater or less extent of good soil, on which the thrifty, hardy settlers can, by combining fishing with agriciilturo, subsist in comparatively comfortable circumstances. Along the Mai>aguadavic Kiver, especially in the vicinity of St, George and eastward, there are a number of good farms, also around L'Etang har- bour, and upon the Penntield terraces. In these places large clearings have been made, and many of the farmers are, apparently, in moderately good circumstances. The eastern part of Charlotte county consists, however, for the most part, of poor, barren land, and but little of it is 1 cleared and cultivated. The West Isles and Grand Man an are, generalh- speaking, similar Grand Manan ' '^ •' ' ^' an West Isles. to the mainland as regards farming capabilities. Occasional patches of good soil are found upon them ; but the inhabitants are largely de- voted to fishing and trading, so that very little land is utilized in til- lage. The same remark applies, indeed, to the immediate coast of the i mainland. Campobello, evidently has some good land upon it ; but the principal part of that island is owned by a company of foreign capital- 1 ists, who use it mainly as a summer resort, and the conditions for its raccessful settlement by farmers are, therefore, not favorable. .\. large part of St. John county is closely similar to that of Charlotte St. Joh» I as regai-ds its agricultural character. This remark applies more espe- cially to the higher grounds on the ridges and hills. But in the valleys, even among these, tracts of various extent, compowed of more finely com- niimiteil materials form rich and productive soils. The salt marshes at Courtenay Bay, Manawagonish and Musquash are highly valu- 1 able. Along the coast from the mouth of Black Eiver to jNIelvin's Beach, east of Quaco, there are several good farming tracts. Bast of I St, John towards Loch Lomond, thence to the upper branch of Hara- jmnidRiver, especially in the vicinity of Hardingville,and along Germain Brook, Porter's Stream, etc., there are a large number of good farms. But some of the older settlements in this part of the county have been jar.iluiicd, or at least allowed to go waste and are now being rapidly I cohered with a second growth of trees. Along the Intercolonial rail- wa\ as far out as Torryburn, also along the old Westmoreland road to |Bolin'8Lal, cspe. oially along Hammond River and its atHuents, there are a large number of good settlements, boulder-clays and rotted rock in situ forming the soil here in most places. These when cleared of stones are usually found to be heavy rich lands, well adapted for the production of bav and cereals. Other tracts are too dry and stony, while still otber portions are swampy and wet. Considerable areas here, however, owing to their rocky, boulder-strewn condition, are practically value- less in an agricultural point of view. The best portions of Kings county, agiiculturally, are, of course, its interv. les ami meadows; and from the great number of streams tra- versing it and the width of many of their valleys, especially in districts occupied by the Lower Carboniferous rocks, those cover a large area. Some of these valleys, as has been shown on a former pai^e, held lakes in the Post-Tertiary period, and have bottoms covered witb lacustrine gravels, clay?-, loam, etc. Many of the farms are large and in an excellent state of cultivation; their proximity to the city of St. John affords ea'jy access to its markets, and the conse(|ueiit regular intercourse of tiio people with the business portion of that conununity has rendered them intelligent, indubtrious and thriving. The agricultural character ol Queens county is, to a large extent, different fr^m that of the distri'jts already described. The largerpart of the cou.; V74 occupied by Middle Caiboniferous rocks and conse- quently the general surface is in marked contrast to that of Kings, St. John and Charlotte counties, the soils and subsoils being, fm- lliemojt part, sedentary The valley of the St. .lobn and those of (irand and Washadamook lakes contain fine settlements and many large, well cul- tivated farms. West of the St. John good land is found in .le.iisal Intervales. Queens and Sunbnry counties. VDA. iKimtns.] OHAaACTEB OF H0IL8 IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES. 86 N he scone of | much hilly, le beat ugri- hoiccst por- le and Mill- 1 ere are alsui the St. John, 1 Long Read the uplands I underlain as . The latter y for itH great I' Ivinf^s, ospe- , large number u tbrminu; tlie es are usually luclioii of hay lile still other i lere, however,' actAeally value- (}f course, its streams tra- specially in these cover a a former page, covered with ■e large and in the city of St, ii(l uent I'egukir Kit community large extent, The larger part ks and eonse- it (if Kings, St. r, fur the most of Grand and large, well oul- in .le.'Ubalem and Hi hernia settlements, etc., also in the vicinity of Gagetown. Near the month of the Otnabog there are also some excellent upland farms. liiU'rvales skirt the St. John River here, the character of which has been already described. These fresh-water alluviums are quite oxten- ^I'J^'VjJJ^^'^'' sire in (Jueens county (see map), forming the ishinds and strips of greatei' oi- less bi-eadth on both sides of the river. They are of great value, tlieir productiveness being almost inexiiaustiblc. Large quan- tities of hay are raised from them year after year without the appli- cation of any fertilizing material. The best uplands of this county I'or agricultural purjmses, are those along the banks of the rivers and lakes where the natui-al drainage is good. On the flat grounds of tlie interior, between the hydrographic depresHions, much barren land is found. In tk'se ])luces, wherever the surface is not covered with peaty material, soil is usually clayey and C()Ui, and, from the lack of lime and organic matter in its composition, poor and unproductive. A large part of Queens county is occupied by settlers and under jcultivation, but other pursuiu', such as coal mining, lumbering, etc., jinterfere. more or less, with the successful prosecution of agriculture. That portion of Sunbury county included in sheet No. 1, N. E,, has a lil of similar character to that upon the Middle Carboniferous of JQiieens county just described. In Albert county the different kinds of rocks met with have Albert county. ed soils of varied character and fertility, resembling, in most pects, those to the south-west, in St. John and Kings counties. This •itnilarity is, however, most marked in the soils of the pre-Cambrian ilateau and of the Lowei- Carboniferous liand bordering it on the iorth-we>t; but, on the whole, the soil upon tlie jjro-Cambrian in ert county may be said to be of inferior agricultvral value, and the ace much broken and boulder-strewn. Upon ihe Lower Car- idierous, at Elgin Corner, Mapleton. Coverdale, Turtle <^'reek, etc., ikeieare, however, several Hue tracts of land, which, although having a !.'i,'wl, broken surface, comprise a lai-ge number of good farms, well rained, and many of them in a tolei'ahi}' good state of cultivation. mdy, porous nature of these rocks and the amount of lime in their ^position render them easily disintegrated, and the result is a loose, rmeable soil, easily cultivated and highly prodn(rtive. On tlie Albert Oood farms in „ , .^ . ,. ,, , ,,.,,. Potitcodiao mniy slope of the Petitcodiac valley, there are some splendid farms, vaUey. itnprising upland as well as salt marsh. Several in the vicinity of wtlf Creek iiro noted for the great quantities of produce and the telleiit stock raised thereon. Th:it|»ari of Westmoreland county included in sheet No. ], N.R., lying JJ^Jff™""'*"^ it«\on Pititcodiac and the head waters of ('anaan Rivei-, embracing 86 N OEOLOOIOAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OP CANADA. Stoeves and Lutz moiintaiti districts, etc., is somewhat varied in thai. acter as regards agricultural capiibilities. But along the Pelilcodiacl and North rivers, as well as on the southward-facing slopes of Stcevejl and Lutz mountains, there are excellent farming tracts. Areas off considerable extent are, however, flat and wot. and other ]mils aral barren; while the whole surface is more or less boulder-slrewn anil swampy, and peat bogs are common. Much of the soil is, tlicicfureJ unsuited for agriculture, especially in view of the humid climate off southern and eastern Now Brunswick. This district, thoroCoie, al- though settled foi- a long time, is now occupied otdy along tho riverl slopes, and upon the ridges, where the natui-al drainage is good. Forest Growth, etc. The original forests of the region seem to have been deiiso an! luxuriant. Judging from the remnants of them still existini,', TlievI consistt'd of a great variety of trees and shrubs, chief amonir which Principal trees, were the common evergreens, pine, spruce, balsam-fir, hemloclc-spraeJ cedar, etc.; while the principal deciduous trees were maple, biich, eIraJ ash, beech, oak, poplar, hacmatac, itc, many of which were large anil formed thick umbrageous forests. The commoner species of economici importance were white pine, black spruce, blac'^^ and yellow biichJ rock maple, hemlo'^k-spruce, ash, hacmatac, cedar, etc. This paitol the province was, therefore, at one time an important lumboiinjj section, and on almost every river mills for the manufacture of'lumbei Industries, were to bo found. The manufacture and export uf spruce and pinodeal[ and tho building of wooden ships, were then important industries anij gave employment to large numbers of people. The condition ni'ihini,'sii now, however, very materially changed. So extravagantly and reik lessly has the lumber business been prosecuted that a considerablJ portion of the country has become entirely denuded of its timbeii and what the lumberman's axe failed to reach has, through carelessnesl Destruction (if and want of proper regulations conserving tho forests, been sinci largely destroyed by tires. The dry, gi-avelly and stony tiiict.'* is Charlotte county have suffered more from the latter cause thanj perhaj)s, any other part of the region ; nothing but a scanty growtl bushes covering them now. The districts drained by iis there are upon the areas last described, with, perhujis, a iiTOominance of birch and maple groves, more especially on the ridges ndeilairi by Lower Carboniferous rocks. In some of these groves the Sugar maple. tkor.siioar maple forms clumps to the exclusion of almost every t „. These are called " sugaries," and fonuerly considerable ities of sugar and syrup wore made therefrom. The trees upon e Lower Carboniferous ridges are usually largo and form a dense raireous forest. The original growth still obtain-, except near the inteicoloiiial railway and around tho borders of some of the older itiements. ^'•Mt of the Intercolonial railway tho ridges are more denuded of eiroiij^nnul forest covering, but the old growth still predominates in 8H N OEOLOUICAL AND NATI'KAI, HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA, thin part of Kingw and WeHtinorolund countioH wherovor the coutitrv in woodod. It has lieio, however, boon tliiniiud out in inoHt distiicts, ani the trooH cut down are now being rophioed by younj^er oneH. Hotlial ihej foroHt in many caHOs cotiHintH of part old and pai'l recent l,m'owi1i. Lumbering opeiations are wtill carried on in a number of phuos iii| KingH county, and m ills for the manufacture of the various kindi lumber may be found on different streainH. In addition to tlieso ul spool factory has been erected near Susnex, and a match fiictoiy all Ilavelock Corner. On the Middle Carbonifei-ous aiea in Queens, Wostmoroliiml uinl Sunbury the relative abundance of some kinds of trees is ditforont t'loinl that in the forests upon the ridges just described. The black spiueeisj on the drier grounds, rep'aced, to some extent, by the white spt'citsj and in swampy and peaty tracts occurs abundantly in a sniallor tumil Kinds of trees along with hacmatac. The hemlock-spruce is also abundant ami large] Carboniferous, here, and cedar is met with in dense groves in wet places, whiih urel known as " cedar swamps." The latter tree is here, as elsowhore, cull for various uses, chietiy for fencing, telegraph poles, etc. The buttw'| nut and oak wero observed growing on the sand beaches on iho westi side of Grand Lake. Great quantities of the smaller kinds of blaikl spruce, hacmatac, etc., are cut and shipped from the Grand Luke and! Wasliadamoak districts as cordwood. The forests in northern Kings and in Queens and Sunbury coiintiesl still consist chiefly of the original growth, except in the immetliatel vicinity of Grand and Washadamoak lakes and of some of the oldoi' andl larger settlements. Portions of these districts having been ovci run byl fires many years ago, the older growtli destroyed has been roplacod by i recent one, which already attains a considerable size. Hut otlierj areas have no forest covering except the dry, naked trunksof the tieesl left unburnt, and a sparse undorgi'owth of bushes and ericaceous plants.] These are known as barrens. In the summer of 1889 an extensive forest fire swept over poitionsj of Queens and Sunbury counties, and in the drainage b!l^ill of th«j Canaan Kiver especially, destroyed large areas covered by tiinbeij trees. Materials op Economic Importance. Forest fire in 1889- Eoonomio materials. The materials of economic importance met with in the siiperlicial deposits of the region are peat, infusorial earth or tripolile, sholl-maill brick-clay, fine sand, gravel foi' railway ballasting, road-inakiiit;. etcj Brine and medicinal springs also occur here which probably iippeiiaiij to the superficial strata, \DA. the c'Duntiy iistrifts, ami 8. HO tlial tliej !onl .i;T()wlli. of phu'Osiiil rioUH kind dI'I 1 to lllCrtO It I ill I'la-loi'y iiij noroliiiid iiivl Urt'oi'ont tVoinl uck spruce i5,| tvliito (^poeii'sJ I, HiniiUer t'orml livnt iiiul Itugej jo», whiili arel oIhc whore, cut] I. Tlie butter- es on llio west! kinds of bliickl •and Lalioandl ihiii-y counties] c immediate the older and on (iven'unbfl eplacud by a 15iU other] is of the treei aeooiis plants.] ovei' j.iortioni c basin of th( red bv tiinboi the siiperticiai liU', sboll-maril ad- making, cicj )ably appeiiaH :.ilMtB^ ] .MATKRIAI,8 OF ECONOMIC IMl'ORTA.NCE. 8!t N 1 1' ;at Tin' peat bogB of tho nrea were rofenod to on |iuji;e 70 of thi^ '\<'»"«'k »» npori and tho hir^o one lyinj^f onHt of MiiH(|iiaHh harl)onr doscribod in mw detail, ua the ])cat thuio iH now about to bo utilizod in tho propara- timi of a material called " moss litter.'' Thirt article is used in wtabloH Mosn utter, a!.lit'd(ling for horses, otc. Owners of studs in tho princij)al cities of the Vniti'd States, who wcro hitherto using tho Kurojican moss litter, havo been looking for a material of this kind prepared fiom tho peat found oil this side of the Atlantic. What they require is a spongy moss jutllfiently Iit,'ht and porous to he an absorbent of tho liquids and laramonia which collect in stables, and which, after being used in this way, would makeafertilizor for gardens, etc. A few capitalists from St. Ijohn, St. Stephen and other places have formed what is known as tho Musquash Moss Litter Company, and having purchased tho bog rei'erml to, are now (autumn of l.SS!») erecting buildings and machinery [there for the preparation of this article. The company claims that peat moss found in this locality is well adapted tor tho purpose linteiidud and is equally as good as tho German moss litter. Hitherto * alarjje amount of time and capital havo been spent by the Musquash C"m]iany in experimenting or testing the (jualityand suitability of tho leient grades of peaty or boggy material obtained hoi-e for the object linview, and it has been found that wh.at is about half decayed, i.e,, IwfBticiitly HO to bo changed to a dark colour and rendered somewhat )rt in the fibie without being absolutely brittle, is the best. This [kind of peat in not found in tho upper or living part, nor yet in tho Jeep-lying rotted material, but between the two, whore the monscs and ■ootlets are inAy partially decomposed, and tho fibres strong enough to prevent the moss from crumbling to pieces. The chief process in its I'rcp'Tation ol preparation is that of depriving it of the water, of which it contains ■era 90 to 95 ])er cent. This is effected partially in the pits by a lai'hine called a plunger; tho moss is then brought by tramways into a dinji' and subjected to great pressure by ])assing it between heavj' .Ts, and lastly the residual moistuio is driven off by evaporation. [lis then packed into bales and is ready for shipment. The chief Darket is in the large cities of the United States. lie above is, as yet, the only way in which tho peat bogs of this Cranberries leclidn havo been utilizetl, unless it is in growing cranberries. For tho Itter iiurposo some of them in Charlotte county and elsewhere aro (cMdeied valuable. Tho large yield of this fruit here, which always bdsaready market at good pi'ices, is an important source of income. I Infusorial earth (tripolite) has been mentioned as occurring at Fitz-Tripolite. lerald Lake, St. John county, and Pollett River and Pleasant lakes, pings county. In regard to the deposit at the former place Mr. Wm. 7 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k :/. fZ 1.0 I.I ^ m :. 1112 fU III: M 1.8 , 1.25 1.4 i4 6" — ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 145B0 (716) 872-4503 i %> & 90 N GEOLOaiCAL AND NATIIBAL UISTOBV 8UEVEY OF CANADA. Bed at Fitz- gerald Luke. Character ot . Uaea. Depositi! in King's county. Shell-marl. Murdoch, C.E., of St, John, who has been interesting himself in iul developmont and endeavoring to have it introduced into uhc in Su John, has sent mo the following summary of facts in a letter (iatedj April 5th, 18!»0:~Tho area of Fitzgerald Lake was seventy acies, andl the depth, before the tripolite began to form, probably oxceodo,'litj grey colour, about a foot in thickness. When dry this is almost per fectly while, and weighs about fifteen pounds per cubic loot. Beliw| this stratum, the colour, when fresh, is a reddish brown. After div- ing it becomes grey, and though weighing no more than that just (lo| scribed, the lumps become so hard and tough that a nail can bodrivenj into the material without t-ausing fracture. The contained cement isl not impaired by drying, but will soften again in water and afterwaidJ become hard. Its c'ohesiveness and porosity render this article useful as a non-cnn ! ductor of heat, and this property has made it available at the Knginej Room of the St. John Gas and Electric Lighting Company. Ail tliej steam pipes and cylinders of their four high speed engines have beonj covered with it, and it has given great satisfaction during the past! eight months. It also makes an excellent polishing powder for gold, silver iindj electro-plate, as well as an absorbent in the manufacture of dynamiiej and other chemical preparations, and is an important factor inthepie-l paration of ultramarine. The deposit at Pollott River Lake, Mechanics' settlement, Kin:.'sj county, has been described in Report of Progress, 1878-7n, page 2t)j D. It is reported to be about four feet deep, and makes an a(lrniralile| polishing material. Mr. Hoffmann, chemist and mineralogist to tim Geological Survey, has given an analysis of it also on pugo 4 II. ofthdl above-mentioned report. A third bed of this material occurs in Pleis-I ant Lake, which lies about six miles to the south-west of Pollettj Lake. Shell-marl is found at liawlor's Lake, St. .Fohn county, and has bcert reported from some other places in southern New Brunswick. Tha deposit at Lawlor's Lake is about two feet deep, and contains seveial species of fresh water mollusos, Mr. Matthew has descril)ed it in th^ Report of Progress 1877-78, pages 34-H6 B. B. CMUMERl.] MATERIALS OF ECONOMEC IMPORTANCE. 91 N Brick-clay occure in numerouB placcH in the region, and often with Briok-ciay. the fine-grained sand necessary for brick-making in the vicinity. Large brick-kilns are in operation at Fairville and Courtenay Bay, St. John county, and near Susnex, Kings county, also at Lewisville, West- raoioland county. The day used in the manufacture of brick at these places is the ordinary marine (Loda) clay of the district. Fossils occur in it at Fairville (see Mr. Matthew's Report cited above, page 23 K.M) Gravel suitable for ballasting railwayp, road making, etc., of various Q^vd. degrees of coarseness, may bo obtained in every section of this gravel- stiown country. Pits from which it has been taken for railway use, may l>e seen at the Digdeguash and Leproau rivers on the Shore Line railway ; at Welsford and South Bay on tho New Brunswick railway, ami tit Rothesay, Boundary creek, etc., along the Intercolonial railway. Brine springs occur at Sussex andSulina, Kings county, and at Ben- ^""^ springn. iielt's Brook, near Petitcodiac, Westmoreland county. The springs at Sussex are the only ones from which salt is now made. Five or six ' ill' ••"' bushels of salt per annum are manufactured here by tho ordi- nary , "«i' ws o*" boiling the brine in pans. Work is carried on only during tuo suLiraer months. The salt prepared at tho Sussex Salt Works is said to bo of a very superior quality for dairy use; but the sale is limited, tho consumption being merely local. Several surface springs occur in the vicinity of these salt works, only a few of which have yet been utilized. At Salina there are likewise a number of surface springs, but the brine in any of them does not contain more than about three per cent. of Halt. Tho manufacture of salt was commenced here a few years aijo but was discontinued. The owners of these springs are desirous of haviiu' them more fully tested by borings, and possibly this might result in improving the quality of the brine. At Bennett's Brook noth- ing, so far as I could ascertain, has been done to utilize the springs there. The brine at all these places contains a greater or less percentage of sulphate of lime or gypsum. Medicinal springs occur at Apohaqui and Havelock Corner, Kings J*J,^||^"'' cimnly. There arc two springs at the former place, one being a little more than a mile from the railway station, and the second and larger one nearly four miles. These waters have been analyzed and found to be alkaline. They have attained a reputation for their curative pro- perties, and are used with beneficial results in cases of indigestion and general ilobility. With cod liver oil they make a natural emulsion. m 92 N USOLOaiOAL AND NATURAL HI8T0BT SURVEY OF CANADA. The springs at Huvolock hove been known locally Ibr a great numhet* of yearu, and many pei'sons in the vicinity Btiite they have been benefitted by the uue of the wtiters. Derangements of the digen- tive Hystem, and varitiuis skin diseases have, it is stated, been treuted with success by their aid. MP lNADA. r for a great ttte they have ,9 of the diges- been tieiiled