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Skat or Government— HALIFAX. Limtt^nnnt-Oovermr -Wh Honor Matthkw Hknrv Kicmkv. (^ C. Hon. William S. Fmi.mm, Premier and frovincinl Secretimj; " J. W. LonahnY, Attorney- aen(^-a!. " Charibs E. OmrncFi, Com'r. of Public Works and Mine.o Aoknt-Gexerai, rx London : ''^"pZw ""'' ^'''''^''''' '' '''"""""■ ^'''^<^«' ^■'^""«'' «««?' S>«ienha.n. Kent, England. Dkputy Hrahs ok Dr.i-AirrMKNTO. ««/w^i^ Prwincial Secretary— limimm Crosskill. ., Com'r of Public Worlis and .W./im— John Kblly. " " Crown Lands -J Aum H. Austin. Siiperintenftenf of Education David Allkson.^LL. D. Inspector of Mines -i:i)m)i Oili-in, .Jr., A. M., F.(;..S., F. H. S. C, Secretmyfor Affricmture -V.eohqm Lawson, LL. D. TflE following pages are intended to contain a coticise general description wf the Province of Nova Scotia, its cliraate, soil, productions, and natural resources, together with extracts from letters and published works of disinterested persons who have visited the province, confirmatory of the truth of the description here given, the whole embracing much valuable information for intending emigrants and tourists, ff tl NOVA SCOTIA. The Province of Nova Scotia, in the Dominion of Canada, 13 situate between 43 « and 47 ® north latitude and 60 « and 67 ^ west longitude. Nova Scotia proper is connected with the Province of New Brunswick by an isthmus about 14 miles wide. Its area is about 300 miles in length, by 80 to 100 miles in width. The island of Cape Breton, which 15 a part of the Province, and contains four counties, is separated from the mainland, or peninsula, bv a narrow channel, called the Strait of Canso. The province contains something over thirteen millions of acres, of which nearly one-fifth part consists of lakes and streams. Five or six million acres of land are fit for tillage. The remainder, which IS chiefly a belt on the sea coast, is rocky and barren. From the appearance of the coast no idea could be formed of the beauty and fertility of the interior. The coast is in- dented with numerous excellent harbors, most of which are easy of access, safe and commodious. There is no finer scenery to be found in America than in many parts of Nova Scotia; there is a great variety of nill and dale, small, quiet, glassy lakes, and pretty land-locked inlets of the sea, which would afford charming studies for an artist. The gloriously bright tints of our autumn forest scenery, warmed by an Indian-summer sun, cannot be sur- passed anywhere. Each county has, in its scenery, some feature peculiar to itself, and distinct from that in the others, thus affording a great variety to the tourisu ; and those persons -me extent on this side of ti,e Itiln"! " """'"■ "*'"'• oon!t^:t!::^f ,^°™ f;^, V-l, »"''«« *» Enrope., tbat the ten,pe™tr° Zfl^Zi: ""'''''' ""' "-^Lo of the Dominion, but S X^-^ ^^ ^^^^''^t «hich is «perienced in winter in !«, ^"'■'""<' "'"^'^ «ot felt he., owing pe^X' h ttCt^ ^""'"^ " almost completely surrounded b.- ft '"■'"''™'' '* Stream sweeps alone with;,,! <■ ' ''", '""' "'"' *''»* "■" G"lf and further, Lt the P 1100 1 " ? "'"' ''"''''■" «'«'-•• "or^h w.„ds b, an alm^r ot, rtett f'™" ''" ''"' very high hiils, stretching alonTusn, ";"""""^' "' ">- varies, however. . IffereltarniLtn^^^ ^"- *»M:Te::::s7^^^^^^ «.e Province varies in tldre:;r:- " ''''^ ''"""^*» "' « warm- ehusetts, 3» or'" wa^t '"".h "" ''" '""* o^"-'"- Hants. 5» or 6- warm r than Ha.if: a^d P M "' ^'"'' "' or S; warmer than Cumberland Pctou and t*'"' """ '" the island of Cape Breton, viz E cI ' f , """"''"^ '" _ •'ess, and Cape Breton." ^'"''"'ond, Victoria. Inver- ^veatheris generaHv drier f ^^ '" ^^''"'■''^' "'«' «=e «^* *^e shore o.the Bay of .uL^t S'lnrX:. v«nt the sea fog coining over; thus while it is sometimes damp and disagreeable on the north side of the mountain which faces the Bay, in the valley, only three or four milel away, it is delightfully warm and bright. In Halifax and the eastern counties the mercury seldom rises in summer above 86" in the shade, and in the winter it is not often down to zero. In the interior, say in the Annapolis Valley, the winter is about the same, but the summer is considerably warmer, although, owing to the dryness of the atmosphere, the heat is not oppressive. The climate is extremely healthy ; there is probably none more so in the world. The health returns from British military stations place this Province in the first class. Nova Scotia has fewer medical men in proportion to the population, and requires their services less, than any other part of America. The inhabitants live to a good old age. There are many people now in this Province who have passed their one hundredth year. The Scripture allotment of « threescore and ten,'' is obtained and exceeded by our people, not so much "by reason of strength," as by the healthfulness of the climate, which imparts a vitality even to many who are constitutionally weak. The fertility of the soil in many of the agricultural districts IS unsurpassed, as is evidenced by the fact that, in quantity and quality, the production of our farms, even under a careless system of cultivation, is equal and in some cases superior, to those of Great Britain; for instance, our orchards produce larger and finer apples than are grown in any other part of the world. Our grain and root crops are also excellent, the average production of which in the western counties is, as nearly as It IS possible to come at it, as follows : 8 Wheat, per acre 18 bushels, ^y^^ ** 21 « Parley, '* yg „ <^at«. " 34 .. Buckwheat, ... qq „ Indian corn (maize) 42 « Turnips, per acre * V'! ^420 bushels. Potatoes, " 250 " Mangol Wurzel, * ,' . " 500 " ^eans, .'22 « "«y' 2 tons. The above is a general average of the crops in three counties: but there are many farms which, being highly cultivated, produce crops that are truly astonishinr. For instance, in Kings county, a few years ago, a farmev'in one season, raised on a little less than one acre of land, four hundred and three bushels of potatoes; and in Annapolis county sixty bushels of shelled corn have been raised on an acre. In Colchester county forty-six bushels ot oats have been produced per acre. Beets, carrots, parsnips, beans, peas, squash, pumpkins, melons, tomatoes, etc., are raised in large quantities. We sometimes see squashes at our agricultural exhibitions weigh- ing from 200 to ^.50 lbs. each. Broom corn, sorghum (Chinese sugar cane), and tobacco, have been successfully grown, and as a proof of the warmth of the chmate and fertility of the soil, we will mention that a gentleman in Bridgetown, county of Annapolis, on one occasion, raised and ripened in his garden, in the open air. a quantity of peanuts, or ground nuts. The seed was the produce of South Carolina. We have never heard that they bushels, H U tt II II bushels. 11 ti II tons. )p8 in three >eing highly shing. For rmev in one f iand, four » Annapolis raised on an )t oats have , pumpkins, itities. We ;iou8 weigh- md tobacco, ;he warmth sntion that lis, on one 16 open air» 3d was the :i that they were ever raised north of "Virginia in the United Slates, oxcepting in this instance. The crops of hay, Timothy and clover, and coarse " salt (grass," that are raised on the dyked lands and marshes in the counties of Hants, Kings, Annapolis and Cumberland, are •sometimes almost incredible. A servant man in Granville, once said, " you go to mowin' on our marsh a^ 3r a heavy ft'ain, and if you don't git the ambition dragged right straight out of you before you (finish a day's work you kin have ail you cut, and I'll pay for it." We have seen four tons, oC 2240 Ibs.^ of Timothy and clover taken off a single . re, fcesides a light second crop late in the season. The majority of our farmers cultivate their farms in a very careless manner. Of course there are some exceptions ; but, aa a general rule, very little science is employed. If farms in Nova Scotia were as highly cultivated as they are in England, the produce in <3uality and quantity would be even much better a^d greater than it is. Many valuable productions of the soil which are, in Great Britain and other countries, a source of wealth to the agri- culturist, are hardly thought of by the farming population of this Province, although the soil and climate are peculiarly ;adapted for them ; *br instance, hemp can be raised here in per- fection, but none is grown. By way of experiment, however, dt was tried a few years ago by several farmers, tind tl>e result was remarkably successful. At the Provincial Exhibi- tion of that year, Mr. John Prat, of New Ross, in the county of Lunenburg, obtained the first prize for native grown hemp. A few Europeans who understand the cultivation and pre- paration of this plant, would probably succeed here. Flax is grown, but to a very limited extent, chiefly in the county 10 of Lunenburg, wheva the inhabitants raise it for their own use, and manufacture it into coarse shirting, sheeting, and table linen. None is raised for sale or for exportation, although it is a sure crop. Tobacco might be successfully and profitably cultivated in the counties of Kings and Annapolis. Hops may be easily raised, as the climate is well adapted for the growth of the plant, and the dry warm atmosphere of some of the western counties would ensure the early ripening of the blossoms. A number ^f English hop growers would do well, as there is a goon ne market for the article. Our brewers have, at present, to import all they use ; this they would not do if they could procure hops ot home production. Dairy farming might be more extensively and profitably prosecuted in this Province. Of course every farmer raises, stock ; but most of it is raised to supply the markets with butcher's meat. Not nearly so much attention is paid to the making of butter and cheer^e as to rising cattle for the slaughter house. In some counties, however, cheese and butter are made in considerable quantity, both for home consump- tion and for export. A great deal of the profit of every farm arises from the sale of fat cattle. There is plenty of first rate pasturage in every county, and almost the only expense of raising stock is that of the winter feed, and as that con- sists chiefly of hay, at a cost or market value of from 25s- to 40s. per ton, according to locality or season, it will easily be perceived that the business is profitable. The county of Antigonish, in the eastern part of the Province, is a splendid grazing district, and large droves of horned cattle are raised there for the Nswfoundl.i'nd rnn^'ket. Butter i° "l°o " "ttsnliv commodity of this county. )r their own eeting, and exportation, :uhivated in ay be easily )\vth of the the western (lossoms. A 3 there is a jrs have, at I not do if I profitably ,rmer raises, irkets with paid to the tie for the 3 and butter B consump- r every farm nty of first ily expense s that con- f from 25s* ; will easily ) county of ; a splendid are raised 11 The counti3s of Cumberland and Colchester are good graz- ing counties ; as are Ihe counties of Inverness and Eichmond, in the island of Cape Breton. Cumberland is celebrated for the quality of its butt,.r, and make;* large shipments of fat cattle to England. Mr. Morrison, previously quoted, says : "As a sheep-rais- ing country, there is perhaps no better locality in America, notwithstanding which there is not a single sheep farm in the province. Every farmer keeps a few sheep, but the flocks are not large, and are seldom taken proper care of. A number of thoroughly practical shepherds, who would introduce the best breeds of sheep, both for wool-producing and for mutton, would, in a few years, make a small fortune. There is a great deal of land suitable tor the purpose in every county, and even among the wild lands there are large tracts of open rough pasture, that might be made capable of maintaining vast flocks of sheep at very little expense." The fisheries of Nova Scotia have long been celebrated. No country ia the world can produce so great a variety of deli- cious fish, and in such inexhaustible quantity. The total value of the fisheries of this Province for the year 1882, the latest of which we have stat' tics, was $7,131,418, or nearly a million and a half of pounds sterling. We have Cod, Haddock, Mackerel, Herring, Alewives, Pollock, Hake, Halibut, Eels, .Shad, Salmon, Trout, Grayling, Perch, Smelts, &c. Good sport is afforded by spearing lobsters at night by torch-light. Wc have a splendid supply of shell-fish, viz. ; oysters, scallops, clams, quahaugs, mussels, &c. Our rivers and lakes afibrd salmon, trout, and grayling; and we have no v,-i iiiu ai3i;i;;iC3 ui xoaui; \t uiLuii, iruiii Lue youDgsrer OI ten years of age, to the grey-headed sportsman of seventy, 12 who may be seen all through the season wending their way, with rod, landing net, and basket, to the favorite haunts of the silvery salmon or speckled trout. Nova Scotia contains vast tracts of woodland, which produce timber for shipbuilding, and for manufacturing into lumber for exportation. Millions of feet of pine, spruce, hemlock and hardwood deals, scantling, staves, etc., are annually shipped from the different ports in the Province to the West Indies, United States, Europe, etc. We also supply the ports of Massachusetts with thousands of cords of firewood. Oak, elm, maple, beech, birch, ash, larch, poplar, spruce, pine, hemlock, fir, etc., all grow to a large size. Thei*e are many other kinds of trees, but they are chiefly ornamental, rather than useful. The sap of the rock maple tree is manufactured into sugar and syrup. The former, of which some tons weight are annually made and sold, is used chiefly as confectionery ; the latter is used as treacle. Both have a delicious flavor. The season for collecting the sap is March, when the trees are tapped by boring them a foot or two from the ground, with an auger, and allowing the sap to run into troughs. When a sufficient quantity is collected, it is boiled down in large pots, or cauldrons, and sugar is made by a simple process kcown to all our farmers. Rock maple and yellow birch make better fuel than any other of our forest trees ; but it seems a pity that in a country where coal is so abundant so many and such valuable trees should be used for the purpose. In our forests may also be found numerous small trees and shrubs, which are valuable for medicinal and other pur- Id poses, among wLich are wild cherry, sumac, rowan, sarsa- parilla, elder, alder, hazel, bay, etc. Wild flowers are in great profusion. The trailing arbutus, our little Mayflower, which blooms in April and May, cannot be surpassed in delicate beauty and fragrance. It is certainly an exquisite little plant. Strange to say, it has as yet been found impos- sible to cultivate it in our gardens. When removed from its native home in the wood& it will not blossom. The province is a sort of sportsman's paradise, as there is excellent hunting, shooting and fishing in every county. Of wild animals we have beats, foxes, moose, deer (cariboo), otter, mink, sable, musquash, hares, raccoons and squirrels ; and of feathered game, woodcock, snipe, plover, partridges, geese, ducks, brant, curlew, etc. Our game laws are simple, and not oppressive. They are made only to protect game when out of season. This is necessary in order to preserve it from total destruction. No person is allowed to kill any partridge between the first of January and the first of October, under a penalty of two dollars for each offence. No person is allowed to kill any moose or cariboo between the thirty-first day of February and the fifteenth of September ; neither is any person allowed to set traps or snares for catching these animals. Otter, mmk and musquash are protected between the first of May and the first of November. No person is allowed to kill any woodcock, snipe or teal between the first of March and first of August; nor any bluewinged duck, during the months of April, May, June, and July. Nor is any person allowed to kill any woodcock before sunrise or afler sunset. There are no private game preserves in the country, consuauently th-r- is no necessity for a law for the punishment of poachers, and rirr[--r-ip u we have none. All the game we have, is, at present, the property ©f the Province, artd is, therefore, free to all. Our hunting and shooting grounds are easy of access, as we have good roads to every part of the Province. Charles Hallockj the author of " The Fishing Tourist," 8a3's, •' the whole of Cumberland County comprises one of the finest moose-' hunting grounds in the world," The mineral resources of Nova Scotia are very valuable; and it is one of the few countries which have workable deposits of coal, iron and gold side by side. In Cape Breton, Pictou and Cumberland Counties are extensive deposits of bituminous coal, similar to that of the North of England, which are (Worked by several companies. The coal trade is' steadily gtawing, and last year 1,389,295 tons were raised while oulj aboLitone-half that amount was produced ten years ago. The ijon ore deposits of the Province, although very ex- tensive, are worked only at Londonderry, where iron of excel- lent quality is made. The gold fields of Nova Scotia, although extensive and valuable, have hitherto been worked only on a small scale, but more attention is being devoted to them, and their dertilopment will form an important industry. Large de[ 4t8 of gypsum abound, and about 100,000 tons are annually extracted. Among other mine rals that are worked to some extent may be mentioned, manganese, antimonyr barytes, grindstones, etc. Deposits of copper, lead, graphite, etc., are also known. The quarries of Nova Scotia furnish excellent granites, syenite, serpentine, marble, freestone, etc. As may b« inferred from the preceding remarks, the province is rich in those minerals which interest the mineralogist, and frequenlsiy prove useful for various industrial purposes. The totdl T»luA of the mineral productions of the province for the year 1885 may be estimated at about two and a half miliionft of dollars. )resent, tlie o all. Our as we have les Hallockj he whole of lest moose-' ry valuable; 'e workable ape Breton, deposits of )f England, jal trade is- were raised ed ten years igh very ex- pon of excel- ia, although id only on a them, and try. Large tons are are worked , antimony^ id, graphite, 3tia furnish (estone, ete.- the province •alogist, and poses. The ince for the lalf miiiion» 16 There are now in Nova Sootia about two millions of acres of ungranted lands, a considerable quantity of which is barren and almost totally unfit for cultivation ; but there is some land in blocks of from two hundred to five hundred acres of reallv valuable land, and some of it the best in the Province, and quite accessible, being very near present settle- ments. The price of crown lands is «40.00 (^8 stg.) per 1 00 acres No distinction is made in the price between 100 acres and smaller lots, as the difference in cost of survey is very trifling. An emigrant would have to pay as much for twenty acres as for one hundred acres. Any quantity over one hundred acres must be paid for at the rate of 40 cents per acre. The cost of survey is defrayed by the Govern- ment. Whilst other portions of the Dominion of Canada and the United States hold out various inducements to emigrants to go into the forest and clear a home for themselves—" to cut their way through life "—the Government of Nova Scotia refrain from any attempt to induce European emigrants to come out here and go into a business with which they must be totally unacquainted. The labor and process of clearing the forest are not understood by Europeans, and those of them who come to America to commence a farm in the woods, must expect to spend a large part of their lives in hard work before they can make a really comfortable home, and have a property capable of producing more than a bare living for their families. Of course, a man with capital, who could afford to hire a number of woodsmen and laborers, could, in seven or eight y«^ars, have a good farm. But any man pos- sessing a capital to commence with would do much better to purchase a farm already under cultivation ; while the poor but practical man without means would do better to hire a farm in any part of the Province than to go into the forest and endeavor to make one bv his own individual labor, unless he be willing to content himself with very hard work for a numoer of years. To the sportsman, who is fond of hunting and fishing, life in the forest near some quiet lake or trout stream may be, and is no doubt, enjoyable, and any gentleman possessing a small income might settle in the back woods of this country and ?pend an easy, happy and pleasant life, and at the same time need not be uiore than a couple of hours' ride from some pretty little country town or village ; but we could not recommend such a life to an emigrant having a family de- pending UDon his daily W(.rk for the means of living. Although the Government of Nova Scotia have consider- able land to dispose of, the v would not be justified in per- suading Europeans to come out to this country to purciiase wild land farms, while they understand the difficulties which new settlers would have to encounter. There are plenty of farms already under cultivation which may be bought at very reasonable rates, and any practical farmer, with a small capital, may at once possess a good and comfortable home; and by energy, industry, and enterprise may make for himself a fortune and position in Nova Scotjji, in a few years, such as he could not obtain in a life time in Great Britain. ' Laborers get very well paid in Nova Scotia. The common wages paid for ordinary day labor are from 3s. 9(1. to 5s. sterling. Farm laborers, during the haymaking season and harvest, frequently earn 6s. a day, with board. Farm servants are in demand, and a tew hundreds ot good steady men who can do geueral farm work, would find immediate em- 17 ployment with good pay. Grooms also are wanted. Good grooms can earn £2 lOs. to ^3 lOs. per month, with board. There is quite a scarcity of female servants. A large number, who could bring good certificates of character and recommendations as cooks and housemaids, would find suitable situations, with pay at from .£1 to £1 10s. sterling per month— with board and lodging of course. Even higher wagBs can be obtained by those who prove their worth- Out-door servants who board themselves can live perhaps cheaper than they can in England, and particularly in the country parts of the Province. The price of flour is from ^1 to £1 lOs. sterling per barrel of 196 lbs.; oatmeal 10s. to 128. per cwt.; beef, mutton and veal from 2d. to 6d. sterling per lb. Ksh and vegetables are abundant and cheap. Tea from Is. 6d. to 2s 6d. per lb. ; coffee 9d. to Is., and sugar about 3J to 5d. per lb. It must be borne in mind that it is useless for an unsteady emigrant to come out to this country. None but sober honest industrious men will be employed. Industrious men do well, and rapidly acquire property. Although Nova Scotia is perhaps better adapted for a manufacturing country than any other part of America, owing to an unlimited command of water power, and its inexhaus- tible supply of coal and iron, we have few manufactures in comparison with what, considering our facilities, ^^e might have ; but some figures from the census of 1881, appended to this book, will show that even in this respect we have done well. Nova Scotia owns more shipping in proportion to the population than any other country, and 'our vessels do a 18 large proportion of the carrying trade of the world. They may be found in every port of the habitable globe, loading and discharging cargoes on our own and foreign account. Our exports consist offish, coal, lumber and general produce j and our imports, of West India produce, British and Ameri- can manufactures, tea, etc., from China and the East Indies, and hemp from Eussia. In the city of Halifax there are five daily newspapers and two religious weeklies. Nearly every county has its local paper; in several counties two or three are issued. Mails are carried all over the Province, and to all parts of the world. There are daily mails to all the principal towns and villages, and to the other Provinces of the Dominion. Every fortnight to Europe direct by the Allan line of steamers, and, via New York, semi-weekly. There is be- sides a weekly mail to Europe by the Allan and Dominion lines, leaving Halifax in the winter and in the summer going by the way of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The rates of post- tage are : Por letters, to any part of the Dominion, 3 cts. (l^d.) per i 01; to and from Great Britain or Ireland, 6 cts. (2^d.). Newspapers are carried free when mailed from the office of publication, and at the rate of one cent for 4 ozs. when mailed otherwise. The postage on books is one cent per 4 Gza., and parcels not exceeding 4 lbs. weight are carried at the rate of 24 cts. per lb. For a small commission money 'orders are issued by th6 Department, payable in the Dominion, in Gro?.t JBritain and Ireland, or in the United States. The electric telegraph is established all over the Province, and extendi through all the other provinces, and to the United States. A message may be sent from Haiifai I d. They ), loading account, produce ; id Anieri- st Indies, )apers and 3 its local 11 parts of ipal towns Dominion. Ian line of lere is be- DomiuioD imer going es of post- aion, 3 cts. land, 6 cts. I from the t for 4 ozs. is one cent are carried sion money •le in the the United ( Province^ md to the m Ilalifai 19 to any part of the world touched by the electric wire. Messages are sent at a very low rate through the Province. Ihe telephone is also in general use. We have now about 500 miles of railroad in operation. Passengers can go w.3st, per rail, from Halifax as far .ns Annapohs (130 miles), and from Digby to Yarmouth (69 miles . There is a break in the western system of 18 miles namely, from Annapolis to Digby, but that section will probably be completed at an early day. East from Halifax there ,s a railway (the Intercolonial) to the borders of New Brunswick 142 miles, with a branoh from Truro to the ^trait of Canso 123 miles. There is also a branch from Spnnghill on the "Intercolonial," to Parrsboro, about 34 Si f 1 i.' *^'' ^° ''"'^* «^ construction from Midd eton in th« County of Annapolis, to Lunenburg, in the County of Lunenburg. Nearly all parts of the Province are thus in direct communication by rail with the metropolis, and a so vvith the other Provinces of the Dominion and with the IJmted States^^ The Province is connected with Europe by lines of excellent steamships. There is also a line of tZZ V T"^'^' ^"^ '' Newfoundland, two to Boston, one to New Y,rk, and one to Baltimore. From this it will .; thr^orld. " " — "-^tio. by st^ai. with all pa^-ts ino^o'f E?r f '2 "^ the Province is about 460,000, consist- racp nnH ^°^^»"''' The latter are a very inoffensive race and m some respects very useful. Ther supply our :i tr 'r'1^ T' ^^^^ '-^'' articJofitdr ware, by the sale of which. an4 h,. k„„..v. .i. inehhood and supply their wants. They live in tent, or "i 20 wigwams in the forest ou lands of their own, granted to them by the Government, and termed Indian Eeservea. The Island of Cape Breton and the Counties of Piotou and Antigonish on the mainland, are peopled almost entirely by personE ot Scotch descent. The original settlors of Lunenburg wore Germans. Of the entire population of the Province more than 40,000 are reported in the census of 1881 as of French extraction. These are descendants of the original French Acadian settlers, and reside chiefly in the Counties of Digby, Yarmouth, Antigonish, Inverness, and Eichmond. Nova Scotia, being now a Province of the Dominion of Canada, under the Imperial " British North America Act of 1867," is governed partly by the general laws of the Dominion, passed by the Federal Parliament at Ottawa, and partly by local laws enacted by the Provincial Legislature at Halifax. The executive power of the Dominion is vested in the Queen, as it was previous to the confederation of the Provinces. The chief officer is the Governor-General, re- presenting Her Majesty, who resides at Ottawa. There is a Council to aid and advise the Governor- General, styled the Queen's Privy Council of Canada. There is also an Upper Hduse called the Senate, and a Lower House, which is the House of Commons. The Senate 'consists of seventy-two members, who are styled Senators, and are appointed by the Governor-General in the name of the Queen, and hold their seats for life. Nova Scotia is represented in the Senate by twelve members. The House of Commons consists of two hundred and six 1 ., __i ^^^t■^A u»T f>ia nonnlft. find who hold their memoers wuu arc cicviuc^ vj vj.-,- j..~.~~^..-, seats for five years. Of this number Nova Scotia sends u ftiited to vea. f Piotou : •ntirely ittlors of m of the i^nsus of nts of the ly in the ness, and minion of ica Act of 'B of the tawa, and islature at I vested in ion of the meral, re- Governor- f Canada, ate, and a rhe Senate I Senators, he name of % Scotia is (era. The I and six ) hold their L'otia sends 21 twenty-one— two from each of the Counties of Halifax, Pictou, and Cape Breton, and one from each of the other fifteen counties of the Province, The Provincial executive power, or Local Government of Nova Scotia, is similar in almost every respect to that of the other Provinces. There is a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the Governor-General-in- Council, an Executive Council of not more than nine, chosen from the members of the Legislature, including the heads of departments, namely, the Provincial Secretary, who is also Treasurer ; the Attorney- General, who is also Commissioner of Crown Lands ; and the Commissioner of Public Works and Mines. The other members of the Council are without office. The Executive Council are the advisers of the Lieutenant-Governor at all times in all matters relating to the government of the Province, and have the appointment of Legislative Councillors tiud ail local officers, viz, : justices of the peace, sheriffs, registrars of deeds, judges and registrars of probate, proth- onutaries, coroners, etc. The Legislature consists of a Legislative Council, or Upper House, of twenty-one members, appointed by the Governor-in-Council, and the House of Assembly, or Lower House, consisting of thirty-eight members, who are elected by the people by ballot, and are the representatives of the several counties. A general election of members takes place every four years. Of the population of Nova Scotia, about two-thirds are Protestants ; the remainder are Soman Catholics. Of Epis- copalians, there are about sixty thousand ; Wesleyans, fifty thousand; Presbyterians, one hundred and twelve thousand Baptists, eighty-three thousand; Lutherans, five thousand; 19 22 Congrrgationalists, three thousand ; other creeds six or seven thousand. There are some thousands whosw creeds are not given. In two or three of the counties the population is composed of about equal proportions of Protestants and Koman Catholics. In Inverness three-fifths are Koman Catholics ; in Antigouish County about four-fifths are fioraan Catholics; in Richmond, two thirds are Roman Catholics; in Halifax County about two-thirds are Protestants. In all the other coanties Protestants largely predominate. The County of Pictou contains over 85,000 inhabitants, of whom less than 4,000 are Roman CatholicB. In Annapolis, about three per cent, are Catholics ; in Cumberland, about 2 per cent.; and 'in Shelburne, with a population of 15,000, there are two hundred and thirty Catholics. Our laws are liberal and not discriminative; all denominations are governed alike, and there is therefore no strife or contention ; all are on terms of friendship, and a good feeling exists between the members of all denominations of christians. Every man in this country has a right to hia own religious views and opinions, and if he be a law-abiding and peaceable citizen he is respected accordingly, no matter what his creed may be. Free Schools are provided,, supported pa^-t^y by Govern- ment funds and partly by local taxation, and eiiicient teacher« ,are maintained in every district in the Pr- vinee wi.ere there are children to educate. There is a Provincial Normal School for the training of teachers. There are also academies and colleges. Tho academies and common schools are under th'^ control of the Government. We have nearly two thou^r-'id public schools in operation in the Province, ha ving over one hundred thousand pupils in daily attendance. There are also many private schools in different parts of 3d X or seven els are not )ulation is tants and re Itoraan ire Roman Catholics; ts. In all late. The s, of whom lolis, about bout 2 per ,000, there are liberal governed on ; all are ks between 38. Every fious views peaceable kt his creed the country, and among them some excellent boarding schools for young ladies. In connection with the Normal School, there is a Pro- fessor of Agriculture, whose especial duty it is to give instruction to intending farmers. Though but recently estabhshed this Professorship has already been found pro- ductive of good effects, and, in not distant future, results most advantageous to the province will no doubt be attained. U >y Govern- ut teachers iri.ere there ial Normal > academies s are under learly two Province, attendance, at parts of 24 THE METEOPOLIS OF NOVA SCOTIA. The City of Halifax, in the County of Halifax, is the chief city of the Province — the seat of Gorernment. It is situate on the west side of Ch«bucto Bay, now called the harbor of Halifax. The city is about three miles in length, by about an average of a mile in width. It is laid out in squares, the streets running at right angles. In number the streets and lanes are one hundred and thirty-three. There are 28 churches, ajid a large number of school houses, some of which are elegant brick structures. The city is the seat of Dalhousie College, a prosperous institution. The Provincial Parliiiijent building and the Dominion Post Office and Cus- tom House are very fine structures. There are five local banks, most of which have handsome buildings, and there are several brarches of British and Canadian banks. The Halifax Club and the City Club are among the best estab- lishments of the kind in the Dominion. There are several large hotels, and numerous smaller ones. Of other public buildings there are the Academy of Music, a handsome and modern structure; the Lyceum, re-arranged, and made to supply the place of a minor theatre; numerous .public halls, for general meetings; several markets, for the sale of farm produce; naval, military and civilian hospitals; a school for the blind; an institution for the deaf and dumb ; a home for tho aged; besides industrial schools, orphanages, &c. This being the principal military and naval station, there ere several barracks for the accommodation of the troops, and 25 lA. is the chief t is situate the harbor h, by about in squares, the streets ere are 28 s, some of )he seat of ) Provincial je and Cus- e five local , and there anks. The best estab- are several y of Music, e-arranged, ; numerous ;ets, for the Q hospitals; and dumb ; orphanages, dtion, there troops, and at the north-end of the city a spacious dockyard for the fleet. There is also now in course of construction a dry dock, built with Imperial, Dominion and Civic aid, and it is expected that on the completion of this important work the port will be more than ever a place of call for ocean-going steamers. The city is chiefly composed of wooden houses ; but there are many handsome stone and brick dwellings and stores. In Granville and HoUis streets, in which are most of the besi; retail establishments, there are some fine specimens of architecture. The old wooden houses are gradually dis- appearing, and more substantial stone and brick edifices are being erected in their stead. Halifax is perhaps better supplied with water than any other city in America, dse very many of the old wooden houses now remaining would, in all probability, have been, ere this, destroyed by fire. The city is governed by a mavor and aldermen ; assisted by a stipendiary magistrate. The police force consists of about forty men, by whom perfect order is maintained. The streets are lighted by gas and the electric light, and the houses 'ire supplied with gas and water. The harbor of Halifax is one of the best, perhaps the very best in the world. It is six miles long by, on an average, a mile wide ; the water is very bold and capable of floating, alongside the wharves, vessels of the largest size. There is excellent anchorage in every part of it. At the north end, the harbor is connected by a narrow arm, called the Narrows, with Bedford Basin, a sheet of water six miles by four m size, capable of containing all the navies of the world. The city and harbor of Halifax are protected by eleven 38 different fortifications, and in everj way the port is consid- ered one of the safest and best in the world. Opposite the city stands the pretty little town of Dartmouth, containing a population of about three thousand. A couple of miles south of Dartmouth, opposite the centre of the city of Hali- fax, on a commanaing site, is the Provincial Asylum for the Insane, a very large, handsome stone building, capable of ac- commodating more than 400 patients. The scenery around Halifax and Dartmouth is charming. The North-West Arm, a narrow arm of sea, about two miles west of the city, is very pretty ; this arm is about three miles long and about a quarter of a mile in width. Some pretty villas aloi:% its shores add considerably to the natural beauty of the locality. The Dartmouth lakes, Bedford Basin, and the Eastern Passage, also present some beautiful landscapes. Halifax is the headquarters of the British army in North America, and there are always one or two regiments of the line, besides artillery and engineers, stationed in the city. They have a large, handsome and comfortable brick barrack at the north end overlooking the harbor. The port of Hali- fax is the summer naval station of the North American and West Indian Squadron. 27 rt is consid- 3ppo8ite the I, containing pie of miles city of Hali- ylum for the japable of ac- is charming. >ut two miles it three miles Some pretty itural beauty 1 Basin, and 1 landscapes. my in North ments of the in the city. )rick barrack port of Hali- merican and CONCLUSION. The information contained in the foi-egoing pages may be relied on as a correct and unexaggerated description of the Province of Nova Scotia, and will, we believe, be found suffix cient to enable any man of ordinary intelligence to form a very good idea of the general character of the country, its climate, resources, &c., and to see that, for a man of energy and industry, combined with a small amount of money capiV tal, no other part of America offers the same inducements, or presents the same advantages. As a home for farmers, or for persons of limited incomes, such as half-nay officers, who are compelled to lite and educate their families on small means, no country in the world is more suitable. A quiet country life, or the gaieties and bustle of life in the city, may be had, according to choice. The nearness of the Province to Europe, and the facilities for rapid communication with Great Britain and other coun. tries, is a very great advantage, and one that should not be overlooked by intending emigrants. Whilst a good intelligent class of emigrants, possessing some means, would do exceedingly well here, and much better than they could do in Europe with the same amount of capital, the poorer classes— the paupers— had better remain at home, or emigrate to some country where their pauper habits would be no detriment to their chance of obtaining - living, or where there may be a demand for the labor °o'f those of them who are willing to work-if such country can ■'yif 28 be found. Paupers in Europe would be but paupers here, and it would be simply a waste of money to send them out. Skilled labor is in demand in the Province, no matter whether it consists^ in the art of digging a ditch properly, or in manufacturing and putting together the most delicate kinds of mechanism. All classes of working people who under- stand the particular business in which they have been edu- cated, either theoretically or practically, may succeed here if they are willing to put their knowledge to practical use. In short, industry in any business will, in Nova Scotia, meet with a sure reward. In all agricultural districts in Great Britain, there are numbers ;of farms, hired of wealthy landholders at large an- nual rents. The tenants of such farms would do much better in this Province, as they could purchase a farm of one hun- dred acres here for about the same money they pay annually in rent in England or Scotland. Among that class of people clubs, comprising eight or ten persons each, might be formed. Every such club could purchase a farm of say, 500 acres, in one of the best agricultural districts of Nova Scotia, and divide it among them by lot or otherwise. In this way men of limited capital might possess farms quite large enough, and with sufficient land in working order to enable them to begin operations at once, and get good return for their out- lay and labor the first season. The information contained in this pamphlet is calculated to assist and guide emigration societies in selecting the right kind of people to send here. In coming to Nova Scotia, emigrants do not leave a civilized country to reside among savages or in a wilderness. They must bear in mind that they are coming amongst a people who are quite as far advanced in the arts of civilization as they are themselves, 29 )au[>ers here, md them out. 9, no matter i properly, or delicate kinds who under- ve been edu- jcceed here if ;ical use. In Scotia, meet in, there are 8 at large an- 3 much better of one hun- pay annually lass of people ;ht be formed. 500 acres, in , Scotia, and this way men arge enough, lable them to for their out- and who, owing chiefly to our system of free schools, are better educated than are, on an average, the people of England. The inhabitants of this country are mostly descended from British settlers, are governed by the same laws, animated by the same feelings and sentiments, and speak the same language a3 their British ancestors ; and in point of intelligence, in morality and religion, they are second to no people in the world. It is therefore necessary that Europeans who intend emigrating to this country should be acquainted with this faet so that they may govern themselves accordingly. The foregoing pages are composed chiefly of extracts from a work written by Mr. Herbert Crosskill, Deputy Provincial Secretary, lor the information of intending emigrants, and extensively circulated by the Government of Nova Scotia in Great Britain, and to which work we refer those persons who desire more explicit information and descriptions of individual counties of the Province. is calculated ting the right Nova Scotia, reside among in mind that quite as far e themselves. 30 APPENDIX. The following are extracts from published writings of tion-i'esidents who have visited the Province from other portions of the globe, which we believe will confirm the statements herein made respecting the climate and natural resources of Nova Scotia, and prove valuable as outside and independent testimony. AN EXPERT'S OPINION. From " The Fishing Tourist," by Chas. Hallock, Esquire, of New York ; "Herewith I enter the lists as t'he champion of Nova Scotia. Once upon a time I resided there for a considerable period. Within the past thirteen years I have traversed it from one extemity to the other ; much of it by private con- veyance. I have become enamored of its natural beauties and unusual resources. Were I to give a first-class certifi- cate of its general character, I would affirm that it yields a greater variety of products for export than any territory on the globe of the same superficial area. This is saying a good deal. Let us see : She has ice, lumber, ships, salt, fish, salmon and lobsters, coal, iroii, gold, antimony, copper, plaster, slate, grindstones, fat cattle, wool, potatoes, apples, large game and furs. But, as this volume is not a commercial compendium, I shall regard the attraction of the Province from a Sportsman's standpoint only. " As a game country it is unsurpassed. Large portions ar© still a Primitive wilderness^ and in the least accessible 31 writings of from other confirm the and natural outside and ck) Esquire, )u of Nova considerable traversed it private con- ral beauties class certifi" I it yields a territory on tying a good I, sa)t, Ush, iper, plaster, pples, large commercial tie Province 'ge portions sf; «r»r»f>ssihlift forests the moose and cariboo are scarcely molested by the hunter. Nearly every stream abounds in trout, and although civilization, with its dams and mills, had nearly exterminated the salmon at one time, the efforts of the Canadian Govern- ment since 1868 have so far restored the streams that this royal fish may also be taken in nearly all its old haunts." Speaking of the salmon rivers, Mr. Hallock says :— » Most of them are short, running in parallellines to the sea, only a few miles apart. The fishing ground seldom extends more than ten miles from their mouths, and they are so accessible to settlements that the angler can surfeit himself with sport by day and sleep in a comfortable inn or farm-house at night—a juxtaposition of advantages seldom to be found in America. Thereisnonecessity for camping out. Sea-trout, or tide-trout, commence to run up tlie rivers at the end of June, and the sport to be enjoyed in the estuaries at that season is of the most exciting character. The fish average about three pounds in weight, and, when well hooked, will test the dexterity of the angler, and the strength of fiis tackle, to the utmost." Of Gold River, in the County of Lunenburg, Mr. Hallock says : " In this river I have taken on the same day (the Ist of July) a salmon, a grilse, a sea-trout and a speckled or brook-trout, without changing my casting stand. • ♦ • • • ♦ , "The middle district includes nerrlv all of Halifax County, and parts of the Counties of Guy'sboro' and Pieton Too much cannot be said in praise of this entire district «T1 . .„iiuuici»uiu sireams into which salmon have 'W 32 been running the past two years, over unobstructive passes and artificial fish-ways, in numbers that cause both rod and net fishermen to leap for joy. " Within a radius of twenty miles around Halifax, trout and salmon fishing can be enjoyed in every phase which the gentle art is capable of assuming.'' Speakiflg of Shelburne, Queens, and Lunenburg Counties, he says — the district "is emphatically the lake region of Nova Scotia. All it lacks is the grand old mountains to make it physically as attractive as the Adirondacks, while as for game and fish, it is in every way infinitely superior. * * * Its lakes swarm with trout, and into many of them the salmon ascend to spawn, and are dipped and speared, by the Indians, in large numbers." While fishing the Gold Eiver, Mr. Hallock put up at Lovett's Hotel, in Cheater, of which he gives the following description : • " There'll be no sorrow there. Private parlor and bed- room, with gossamer curtains ; sheets snow^y white ; bouquets of wild flowers, renewed every day ; a rising bell, or a little maid's tap at the door ; breakfast under hot covers — boiled salmon, baked ttout with cream, omelettes, toast, broiled beefsteak (everybody ehe fries it down here), coffee, eggs, milk, wild honey, and all that sort of thing, ad libitum, ad infinitum," 83 1 1 AN ENGINEER'S OPINION. Martin Murphy, Esq., now Provincial Engineer of Nova Scotia, shortly after his arrival in the Province from Great Britain thus wrote of the district of country lying between the valley of Annapolis and the Southern Shore of the Province : '♦If we wore to follow a course along the South-eastern or Atlantic slope of the South Mountain, keeping parallel with the trend of its summit and lower than the granitic outcrops, we would traverse a district of much interest which is known to few, and would find many places, obscure and lonely, possessing great natural beauty and fertility. Along the southernmost elope, this belt, varying from ten to fifteen miles in width, is reticulated by many green patches ©f foliage and luxuriant growth of timber, exhibiting remark- able contrast with the barren denuded surface of a great portion of the country further down. If you would follow this varied yet regular range of landscape, alternating with ..ake and woodland, many strange phases of primitive grandeur would present themselves. Some noble forest trees of vigorous growth, some far gone in years, some shattered by the wnids and frosts, bent and broken, lying athwart their neighbours, others long since departed yet still bolt upright vvith their bare white rampike branches atop, and here and there small clumps of new growth shev^ing all the beauty and vigour of youth. Further on is the " hardwood hill," with its stately whito limbed birchen or maple, shewing smooth firm trunks and wide protection of bough, as regular and as trim ns if ntnini»rl'«.Ti/i (-m«;~»j i 1.1- - __^ . . , .... i "'•' «"« viaincu uj {,iw uiperc 10 oeauniy some lawn or avenue in the frequented and ornamental filT 34 parks of Europe. Rising from a carpeted floor of etisp leaves, at rwuarkably regular iliataucos apart for their con- venience ot growth and development, these trees, indigonous, clothe receding hill-sides for many miles. We notice that the lines are somewhat finely drawn between the domain of each of itB kind, each generally ■ keeping within its own boundat-y. There ore, of course, many intervening patches of a mried growth of pine, birch, maple and others, yet generally srpeaking, the first named three keep within the zones of their kind. Long vales of meadow, with a copious covering of grasses, frequently are met with. They generally encompass lakes, or border streams on alluvial or peaty sur&ce, and often open up glades that permit the eye to range ov«)f a prospect beautiful and extensive. Rosignol, with its clustered islands, secluded and solitary, the largest of our inland lakes, is exceedingly pleasing and picturesque — here expanding into a broad sheet of limpid glow, there presenting narrow wavy outlines in the sombre shadows of islands tl\»t look as if afloat, and bearing mast like the spruce and herotoekt which give them a trim and characteristic appearance; and again we come unawares on long winding armlets branching and converging with fringed borders of willow and alder, that dip their pendant branches into, the •^ater, all ^ing a semblance of vastness to this, natural landscape scenery, that when once seen is not easily for- gotten. '• The Mic-Mac has for ages made this secluded retreat, commonly kiaovvn as the Indian Gardens, the centre of bis hunting ce myself, and 1 am agreeably disappointed U> find the climate and soil of Nova Scotm so much superior to what I had imagined, but, as it «!?Trf' T .";? "^"^ *° '•™»"'- ^» Public Gardens _ of Halifax I shall never forget, it was quite an unexpected Pleasure to me, as I had no anticipation of seeing anything 90 fine even in the capital of Nova Scotia." AN OLD COUNTRY FARMEE'S OPINION. T ^"T.^^'b ^'«- "'■ ^"^y^^^' Gl«gow, Scotland.-late Ws ire Parmer,' Delegate to C».^a^ writes/ undt date 2lst January, 1886, as follows ,— CANADA AND TJIE LAND-HTJNGEY. " In these days of agrarian agitation it is a pity that more attention is not bestowed on the easy outlet wUch Canal Til:: ^ ''^-^■l"-^- The sum which it would take to purchase even < thre, acr«, and a cm' in England would and there set h,m down on, B^y, forty acres (the very lowest e to the conclusion that all the defects of Nova Scotian farming — all the circumstances w hich cause farming there to be so barely remunerative as it is, and thus make fairly good farms there so very cheap — are due to neither more nor less than lack of stimulus which a reasonably severe degree of Landlordism gives to the energies of those who live under it. There are almost no tenant farmers in Nova Scotia. A fairly good farm of, say, lUO acres, ^ cleared and 5 under wood, with house of 4 to 6 rooms, and sufficient outhouses, may be had for from .£200 to £400. By moderate industry the owii«r of such a place can rear his family, on better food probably than he could give them in England, with the same expenditure of capital and labor. And that is about all that the average Nova Sootian farmer attempts. He does not knuckle down to b?8 work in the severely continuous style that is practically compulsory in England and Scotland. If be had a reasonable rent to pay, as well as a living to earn, he would be compelled to work harder, to cultivate less superficially, to k)iter loss around the country store, to do l€ss driving in his buggy, to get his women-folk to make more butter and less pastry, and, in short, by dint of having to make a struggle to escape eviction and bankruptcy, he would often land himself into a state of comparative afflu- ence. But there is not much hope of any such result from the average* Nova Scotian farmer. He is fairly educated, "Mr. Iinrie'8 description of the average Nova Scotian farmer is pretty nearly cor- i^t, but in every county in the Province there are farmers who are consideraLly ♦' nnmfn^„'^'i!*'T* "^^^ have placed themsalves and their families in more than ^JLc „„^^^5 circumstances," and have by their industry, and attention to busi- ness acquired considerable wealth. Sunh mfln a»-« cenonrt *o p^no «n infouiffrnf-p uuul j*taiidiug ID the Province. mt,.i«gcncc ;, -jr*" S8 and smart enough at a bargain or an argument^ but he doe* not make the most of his farm, nor anything likiD it. And it would probaWy thus be an immense boon to the Province- of Nova Scotia if its farming community couM have an in- fusion of fresh^ blood from the severely disciplined ranks of the farming community of the old country. On the other hand, the emigrant would find relief from that strain of ' Landlordism ' of which he has bad an overdose already.. He would find himself in the midst of a population as in- telligent as that of England, with everywhere an abundance of church and school accommodation. Moreover he would find himself a citizen of a very decidedly rising country, ami a healthy and a pleasant country to live vn..^ A LADY'S OPINION. Mrs. E. C. Fellows, of 16 Elsworthy Road, Prrmrose HiH^ IgndoB, England,, writing during t e preswit year^ saya of Nova Scotia : — "There was once a man so lost in admiration of a far-ofT prospect that be could pay na heed to a fair garden lying near at hand. Is not the Briton who emigrates to Austra- lia, the Cape, the United States, or even the Canadian. North- West and other distant places, a little like that man? In avoiding Nova Scotia he very literally often goes, further and fares worse. Let us see why. "The climate of this Province is healthy, the heat never oppressive, the cold in winter invigorating, and no one would dream of bestowing upon it the title, so common else- where, of " grave of the Anglo-Saxon race." Hurricanes do- not drive its inhabitants t<| seek refuge ia their cellars whi^e- ; he doe* t. And Province fe an in- ranks of :he other strain of already^ n as in- )undanc& je would itry, ami oee HiH^ ^ saya of" ' a far-off en lying » Austra- nNorth- at man? s. further lat never no one Qon else- canes do- trs \shiist S9 house-roofs and other unconsidered trifles Are flying iil thd iair; floods and (earthquakes, bdsh and prairie fires do not sweep homesteads and living creatures to dSstrtictioh • neither do droughts of many months duration kill flocks by thousands, and bring proprietors from affluence to bank- ruptcy. Water indeed can never fail in a country so bountifully studded with lakes and drained by rivers, to say nothing of smaller streams that are a joy alike to angler and to artist. The meadows, refreshed by seasonable rains, retain their English-looking verdure till late autumn; and ere their greenness fades the woods around are a gorgeous blaze of scarlet, crimson, gold and russet-brown, and under- neath their shade a man may wander without dread of flcalping-knife and tomahawk or bite of venomous reptile. "The population is not gathered into a few towns, but is ecattered, with the pleasing result that, save perhaps in ^ few still uncleared districts, churches, schools, post-offices, telegraphs, roads, railwayi, steamers (these last preferable to many of our own local water-crafts) are within v^&Qh, and neighbors are not scores of miles apart. Elsewhere one hears of less than twenty families dotted about a belt of land over seventy miles long, and of the nearest Doctor living j* hundred miles away; under such circumstances a neighr hourly chat becomes an all but impossibility. In Nova Scotia too are many charming spots where tourist or settler can take his ease at his Inn, not a huge, comfortless caravan-r sary, nor a ramshackle shanty of hideous design, but a cosy dwelling where the food if plain is good and plentiful ; where 'boots' and chambermaid do not lie in wait for 'tips,' and the host is often one of the pleasantest of good fellows. These country Inns do a lively business in summer time when thn nurt-ftalra/l Aan%irAr\ 9 vf. vMc v^^i'i^^ atc*iOj^ i»»^^^7 ■irr 40 take refuge in Nova Scotia from their own torrid clime; and having enjoyed their first holiday, are very apt to come again. Thus when 'mine host' is an active man, familiar with country ways, and his wif? is a notable cook and house- keeper, this sort of undertaking can be made at once profit- able and congenial. '^The natural wealth of the Province is very great, and capable of much further development. Coal mines, whose seams at times are over twenty feet thick, are ever increas- ing their out-put ; and in some cases iron ore exists in close proximity, nor do the mineral treasures stop at coal and iron, the list being a goodly one. ** Fruits similar to those grown in the British Isles, but tasting more of sunshine, are fast winning their way to public appreciation beyond Provincial limits ; and all kinds of English vegetables are also plentiful. In the export of these, of cattle, and of other things, there is also room for considerable expansion. "Ship -building is a long established industry, and one which, whether the walls be wooden or iron, is hardly likely to die out, for the Nova Scotians are a race of bold and hardy sailors. " Land not having yet fallen a prey to • sharks,' as in other parts of the world, is of reasonable price ; and the would-be settler, on arrival in the Province, is not landed in a desert or a wilderness, but sees around him comfortable-looking homesteads and well-cleared fields. Why, he will ask, are so many proprietors of these willing to let or sell ? Because he will be told, the craze for moving westward has everlast- ing possession of the Atlantic sea-board settlers. Or be- 41 )md clime; apt to come an, familiar L and house- once profit- T great, &nd lines, whose jver increas- cists in close at coal and ih Isles, but heir way to 3d all kinds he export of so room for ry, and one 1, is hardly raco of bold I,* as in other he would-be 3 in a desert table-looking will ask, are 1 ? Because has everlast- rs. Or be- cause the unscientific farmer has tickled mother earth viith a plow and she has laughed with a harvest so many seasons in succession that, taking mean advantage of a generous nature, he has year after year extracted from her all he can get, and given little or nothing in return. Then may be she has sulked awhile, and he, impatient of her mood, has set off for the distant wilderness, forgetting that the labor and expense of hewing out therefrom a newer home might be as well lavished in juster treatment of the old one. "To take up the work thus left neglected, what fitter agent could be found than the British agriculturlist, well versed in crops-rotation and scientific treatment of unkindly used soils ? Any such man, bent on immigration, wearied of old- country land-laws, yet glad to live under nearly similar skies together with the old flag, and blessed with capital sufficient to buy one of Nova Scotia's moderate-sized farms, weld probably have but himself to blame if hereafter he did badly. From personal knowledge of this fine Province, formed dur- ing a residence of many months' duration, I cannot help believing that there is a bright future in store. Noya Scotia, in common with the other eastern Maritime divisions, wants new blood, new energy, newness in many ways. When this need is remedied, with a geographical position so excellent, a climate so salubrious, and resources so varied, what may the country not become ? "There are districts, as for instance the Annapolis Valley, where, for miles together, the landscape blooms like a beau- tiful garden, with, in spring time, acre after acre of lovely apple blossoms, yet with ample capacity for greater glory. The wonderfully fertile dyked meadows on the banks of the Cornwallis and elsewhere, affording rich pasturage to herds of cattle, are also a justly-prized possession. Markets, too, \m 42 are all around. Leaving out of account Nova Scotia's own needs, there are, within easy reach, New York and Boston, insatiable devourers of its produce; and if the Provinces to north and west have enough of their own, there are always hungry Europe and the mother-land, already provided with direct communication and soon to be within a week's steara. No fear then of Nova Scotia's agricultural wealth lying snow- bound in mid-continent, or rotting, or being used ds fuel for lack of eager mouths and a near mart. One has heard of such disasters elsewhere ♦• But only steady, industrious, temperate men are in re- quest; with those ot different habit Nova Scotia has not the slightest wish to make acquaintance. And— this emphati- cally — • No paupers need apply.' " ANOTHEE LADY'S OPINION. Extract of a letter from Miss Sterling. Pounder and Hon. Superintendent of The Edinburgh and Leith Children's Aid and fiofuge for the Protection of Children. Of Cornwallis* in the w'ounty of Kings, this lady writes: " I liked all I saw of the people and the climate, and I believe that industrious, and steady and fairly energetic men «nd women would have no difficulty in making such farms as I saw pay. I mean faims of about 120 acres, including some dyked land and an orchard. I believe the best people to go would be market gardeners and those used to a dairy farm. I do not think fretful, idle persons should try it, or those who are not of sober habits. Such will not get on any- where.'* 43 Scotia's own and Boston, Provinces to •e are always rovided with eeek's steam. I lying snow- id ds fuel for has heard of en are m ro- % has not the his emphati- r. ier and Hon. hildren's Aid f CorQwallis« limate, and I inergetic men such farms as leluding some people to go a dairy farm. •y it, or those get on any- FOEEIGNERS' OPINIONS. In a publication entitled '^'he West Shore," issued in December, 1885, in Portland, Oregon, in the United States, Nova Scotia is thus described : "Nova Scotia is an agricultural country, the arable lands being extensive and rich. Wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, bar- ley, corn, potatoes, vegetables and fruits grow in abundance. Even grapes and peaches thrive in some localities. Live stock and daii-y products are a large element of wealth. The forests are extensive,, and lumbering is an important industry. Nova Scotia ranks second only to Newfoundland in the extent and value ot its fishing enterprises. About 20,000 men are employed in the fisheries, and the exports of the industry amount to $5,000,000 annually. Other indus- tries are sugar refineries, cotton mills, woollen mills, carpet factories, tanneries, paper mills, and factories for the pro- duction of paper, machinery, nails, shoes, flour, woodenware, &c. * * * * The climate is somewhat similar to that of New Brunswick, though about 15 degrees milder in winter." Samuel L. Boardman, Esq., Editor of the "HomeFarm,'" a journal devoted to the agricultural interests of the State of Maine, in the Fnited States of America, after having tra- veUed through the Counties of Annapolis, Kings. Hants, Halifax, Colchester and Cumberland, in this Province, thus j speaks of the respective- districts visited .-; Of Annapolis Valley* he says i " On both aides of the- (> 44 river are extensive dyked marshes. On the western (north- orn?; side, between the Basin and the Bay of Fundy, are high wooded mountains ; but between the basin and the base of the mountains is a strip of land varying in width from one-half mile to a mile, comprising magnificent orch- ards. Here one entei;s itj fruit section of the Annapolis Valley, which extends eastvvard for sixty miles. "The modern village of Annapolis is a quite cleanly, well- ordered town. The people are talkative, hearty, hospitable. You feel at home among tliera. The hotels are good. 1 flaw no drunkenness in the streets. The houses are chiefly of wood, and most have large gardens attached to them— gardens in which all kinds of vegetables mak« a rank, vigor- ous growth, and which the owners seem to have a pride in keeping free from weeds. The love of flowers is universal, for at «very house— almost without exception— in village and country, all the windows, both up-stairs and down, were filled with plants in bloom. Especially did I hnger m front of a neat cottage near our hotel, whose owner has his workshop and house connected with a covered walk, and whose yard, garden, summer-house and windows were com- pletely embowered with plants, vines, flowers and shrubbery ol almost every kind." . Of Bear River, in the tlounty of Annapolis, he says : " I dluded to the vast numbers of cherries grown in the Bear Eiver Valley. It is a section fe«ious for fine fruit of this .description. Large quantities are shipped to the States, and in years of abundant «ropfl thousands of bushels rot on the tree*. The varieties grown are chiefly White-heart, Ox- heart and French." "♦Sixty miles of orchard bbssoms' is the description 45 whieh one journal gives of a ride up the Annapolis Valley in the month of June. * A forest of apple trees' is what an intelligent gentleman tells me the country is to-day." " Opposite Annapolis Eoyal is the Township of Gran- rille. » * * ♦ The location of the rich marsh and valley uplands of the Granville side of the Annapolis River is most favorable. The North Mountains — a high range of mountains sometimes reaching the height of 600 feet — give shelter from the cold winds and chilling fog of the Bay of Fundy, while the sun pours down its warm rays directly upon the land. The soil is a reddish loam, deep and fertile. On examination I found no clay loam in all the Granville soil which I examined. Still it is a soil the Kke of which we have none in Maine. The verdure is rich and beautiful, the apple trees are vigorous and productive. Farm crops are rank and abundant. " On the Queen Anne marsh, 500 acres of splendid land, there is now growing a crop of timothy and clover that will average three tons to the acre. " The Windsor and Annapolis Railway extends along the valley of the Annapolis and Cornwallia rivers (the latter river is in Kings County), among the farms and orchards — a most delightful and pleasant section of country. Weil has it been termed the • Garden of Nova Scotia I' It is such a country as one might well be happy in, for I am sure independence and every needed comfort and enjoyment are possessed by the farmers living in this portion of the Pro- vince. There are fine old orchards (and many young ones, cultivated to beans and potatoes), fields of stout grass, and -i— i. -11 -1 il-- M _i? J A n U«^ — fi„ij_ _. _.. I j ' i i h J; m % 1 le description ■ ^^^^ ^ wonderfully green and vigorous look." J 46 Of the Country around Kentville and Wolfville, in Kinifs l^ounty, Mr. Boardman says j •• Thousands of acres of the most beautiful land in the Province stretch out before you J the farms betoken independence ; the farm hou86s are large and substantial, and the landscape is one of great beauty.- Hespecting the farm of a Mr. Patterson, at Horton be writes: "On just two acres of land Mr. Patterson tells me he has one hundred trees in bearing, and last year (1883) had from this orchard three hundred barrels of apples, and on the land three hundred and twenty cocks of hayj a fine sight it was, with the trees bearing and the cocks of hay as thick among the trees as they could stand*** Of Windsor, in the County of Hants, Mr. Boardman says : "Windsor is the seat of Kings College, and the town one of culture and intellectual refinement. About here are extensive quarries of freestone and gypsum." Mr. Boardman writes : « I was delighted with Truro in the County of Colchester. It is in the midst of a good farming section, and about here are many rich old meadows, dyked in from the sea by the early Acadians." Speaking of the Tantramar marsh, in the County of Cum- berland, he says : " This large dyked marsh, stretches away as far as the eye can see, all dotted over with hay barns for storing the hay. It is owned in lots of from twenty to on© hundred acres, and yields the best of Timothy and Clover, often cutting from three to four tons to the acre. The soil is rich andfertiU. The agriculture of this county is in a pros- perous condition.'^ In conclusion, Mr. Boardman writes { « I have obtained h-om an actual examination a high opinion of the people of 47 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, especially of the htia^ IVovince, and am ploaeed to record my testimony to the uniform courtesy and kindness which I everywhere received. As to the agriculture of Nova Scotia, I was agreeably sur- prised to find it in so advanced a condition. The farmers are intelligent, and their methods are, in many respects, in advance of our own." IV- AN ARTIST'S OPINION. John J. Dillon, Esquire, artist, of 6 Marmadnke Street, Liverpool, England, writes as followi : " HiLiFAi, N. S., Jan'y 5, 1886. " Hiving arrived in Nova Scotia last August, I find my- self still waiting for winter,— still in my tourist's tweed suit Hs worn in September, without having added thereto addi- tional clothing of any description. Truly this is a marvel- lous climate,— superior to my best experiences of either the French or Italian riviera. Prior to ray visit here, I shared the impression which largely prevails at home (Great Brit- ain )~that winter in Nova Scotia was almost that of the Polar regions. I now practically learn that this idea i» utterly erroneous, and that an average winter in Scotland and North of England is far more keenly felt, and lea» relieved by the cheerful bright days of sunshine which ace here almost ever present. The cold as indicated by the thermometer is not at all realized or felt.—thd' dry exhilar- ating atmosphere enduing the system with a redundancy of health and vitality which completely neutralizes the lowered temperature. On an average, extreme cold does not pre- vail. In the peninsula of Nova Scotia, which almost litei'- ally cleaves the waym waters of the gulf Btream, winter h h i '\ ii 48 pleasant and enjoyable Beason. Having had considerable opporl unities of seeing the interior of the country, I have noted the wonderful fertility everywhere apparent. On all sides wood and water aro abundant, with their attributes of game and fish in profusion. Many fruits and vegetables of more southern latitudes I found growing in the open air and attaining superior size and flavor. More especially in the beautiful Annapolis Valley, where grapes, poaches and tomatoes are grown in the open air, and an endless variety of more hardy fruits grow and ripen with scarcely a passing cnre from the horticulturist. "I really must accord my very grateful acknowledgmente of the (rourteous and hospitable reception accorded to me by the farmers; and settlers throughout the country, whom I, in every case, found warmly attached to the land of their adoption and birth, and from whom I learned that the capa- bilities of the Province for farming and stock raising were superior.- In short, my six-months' visit has so favorably impressed me that the practical result has been that I hope, at no distant date, to own an estate and residence in Nova Scotia, and I have even already made an offer to purchase a house and lands near Annapolis, to which I have taken a special liking. In a country so largely endowed by nature, and with mine and mineral wealth of untold value, a splen- did future must be anticipated. Even at this moment, starvation is an unknown word. Squalid, abioct poverty is unseen and unheard of. The majority of the inhabitants are growing in prosperity, and there are but iew, indeed who are not at least comfortable, and, 1 may add, happy. ' "I would add that my experience of Nova Scotia fullv warrants me in stating that there is more light and sumhine in this country than in any country in the same latitude, or «i! 49 near it, in the world. Light and sunsbine-witliout extreme heat-impart vitality and energy to the system, and 1 attri- bute the healthfulness of the climate and the general lon- gevity of the inhabitants to the fact that Nova Scotians enjoy their full nhare, at least, of pure air, light and sun- shine. Bnght. clear weather hero is the rule, and ramy and cloudy days the exception. - Iloping that while there is yet room, I may see the industrious emigrant from home availing himself more largely of Nova Scotia's well favored lands, "I am, &c,, "(Sgd.) John J. Dillon." . TO THE 8ECEETAKY OF THE DEPARTMENT OE AGKICFLTUEB, (FOR INSERTION IN THE OEJICIAL PAMPHLET OP NOVA SCOTIA.) After some years of farming in Nova Scotia, 1 am happy to add my testimony as to the advantages of thir country as a place of settlement. The climate is, certainly, far 8up;rior to that of England, being much drier and more bracing . and whilst fogs are somewhat prevalent on the Atlantic sea-' board, at certain times in the year especially, thi, is not the case ^n^a„, we scarcely ever see a fog in Colchester l^ounty. We have generally an abundance of fine weather tor haying and harvesting, and at the same time more sum- mer rain to Irp^n «« 4-u^ ii « ., . „/' '"^'■^ '^i^ *"^ growth uf our grass in summer than m \^ estern Canada. I also find here far less disease I! 11 50 amongHt cattlo ami sheep than in England, At pfoficnt wo farmers are feeling the lowness of j>rice8, and tho need -of a larger market for dead meat, tfec; but at any rate our out- look i8 more hopeful than in many other countries, and com- bination, entorpri/Ai and capital might soon develop our farming resources immensely. Hard work and some amount of capital are indispensable for a settler in this country; but with those requisites, a comfortable living may cer- tainly be obtained. Arthur F. Gurnet. 'QUESTIONS AND ANSWBES. The following questions have lately been asked by parties in Europe, and we give them here, together with the answers that were returned : Question. — On about what terms can a farmer* in Nova Scotia board and lodge a man and his wife, with a view to the fornier acquiring an insight into practical farming ; and would it be possible for one, without any previous knowledge of farming, by this means to gain sufficient experience in a couple of years or so to enable him to carry on a farm for himself? <■ Answer. — A man and wife, who are willing to work and learn, would get board and lodging for their labor until they understood general farming, with almost any respectable farmer in the country, provided said " man and wife" come well recommended as to character. A knowledge of farming is generally acquired in Nova Scotia by practical labor. It is not suflBcient to study the theory and omit the practice. iURyET, 51 It, l.owever, n man and sviio wish to board, and think thev could earn farnnng without practical <.*perieuce. and by ob.serva- t.on only, they conld obtain board and lodging in a larn.or's iarndy for from 6s. to 10.! each, per week, acc'ording to the class ot farmer with whom they want to live. Any intelli- gent nmn could get sufnc-iemt insight into farmingin two years to enable him to commence on his own account, and whit he could no learn m that time his neighbors would be willing to touch hjiu gratis. Q.-\Vou]d a capital of from .£1200 to ^1.500 be sufficient fi^r n man to start with ? • ^^--^f «^^^'«"^<^ ^0 ; but the more capital a farmer can put into the business the more extensive may be his operations. A pmct.cal man ought to make money with such a capital to commence with. <2.~What would be the annual rent of a farm of 100 acres having a dwelling, barns and ordinary outhouses? ^.-Farms of from 10.0 acres to 509, with dwellings, barns, etc., may be hired at from £25 to £80 per annum. Q.— What is the average price of provisions, viz .—bread meat, per lb. ; poultry. Also clothing and fuel? ^.-Flour (wheat) from 20s. to 28s. stg. per barrel 1190 lbs ;) beef 4d. to -Td. per lb. according to season and locality ; mutton and veal 3d. to od. ; pork, the same ; turkeys, 5d. to bd.perlb.; geeae, 4d. to 5d. per lb.; fowl., per pair. Is. '^ci.; fuel, coal 20s. to 25s. per chaldron.; but it is much ' ower near the coal mines. Hardwood per cord, (a pile 8 ft. long by 4 ft. wide and 4 ft. hif^h^ «« f„ lo, m;.*i,:„_ „.^ haps 15 to 20 per cent, higher than in England. 52 Q. — Is the Province troubled with destructive insects or animals, such as mosquitoes, grasshoppers, &c. ? A. — The Province is remarkably free from destructive- insects or animals, neither have we any yenomous reptiles, i Q. — Is there any extraordinary rainfall on au average each- year ? A. — We have much less rain than in the driest parts of England. Fine, clear weather is the rule, and wet, disagree- able weather the exception here. Q' — What is the amount of wages paid to agricultural hiborers, and is such labor to be obtained without much difficulty ? \ A. — From ^£20 to .£30 stg. per annum with board. Dur- ing haying and harvest 6s. per day, with board, is often paid in some localities. Last season laborers were in demand. Good hands will always cummand good wages. - Q, — Are there many farmers in the Province, and are the villages far distant from each other ? A. — There are many thousands of farmers in the Pro- vince ; for instance, the valley extending through Annapolis and part of Kings County is about 80 miles long, and there is a succession of farms adjoining each other along nearly the whole length. In width it' is from 3 to 6 miles, and there are three roads running nearly the whole length of the valfey, besides numerous cross roads. In some counties the villages are numerous, and within a few miles of each other, while in others they are more scattered. ^.— What are the means of convey anee for farm produce to thj markets ? 58 u4.— Railreads, steamboats, small vessels, &c. Facilities fqr transport are excellent. e- Would it be diffioult to find an honest, respectable farmer, with whom a farm could be work.^ in the world. > Q.~Is building material expensive, or the reverse? A.~ln a country where wood, stone, iron and clav aVo so abundant, building materials must naturally be cheap. ^ Q.— The prevailing opinion in England is that the climate m iNova Scotia is very cold. What is the fact ? ^.— The fact is, that the " prevailing opinion " is quite erroneous, and the people of Nova Scotia are often surprised at the amount of ignorance displayed bv TilugHsh Journals and a large majority of Englishmen, in rderence to the geo^ graphy and climate of this country. ^Hie London Timrs, a few years ago, contrratulat-d the Dominion of Canada on tU appointment of Lord Dufferin to the Governor-Generalship and remarked : "There is a literary propriety in appointing huu to a distinguished post m 'high latitudes,' and the Cana- dians may think themselves fortunate in attracting so valu- able a member of English society." The fact is, ''the "high If 55 latitude" of the Dominion of Canada is not so high as that of England by about 6". Montreal is situated in latitude 45" 32' N., while London, England, is in 5P 29' N. Nova Scotia, as before stated, is situated between 43" and 47" N., and averages warmer than any other part of Canada. Our winters are colder and dryer than the winters of England ; but our summer is warmer and brighter, and we can produce fruit aiMi vegetables in the open air here which cannot be ripened in England except under ^lass. I i 06 MONEY TABLE. Table sJiomug the value of StevUng Moneij in Canadian Cter- rency, and vice versa. sterling money. L 1 5 10 25 103 S 1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 U 1 1 1 1 2 3 6 9 2 6 5 ^0 10 JO Canadian. Dollars and Cents. $ Cts. 2 4 6 8 10 ' 12 u 16 18 20 22 24 30 ae 43 49 61 1 22 2 43 4 87 24 83 48 67 121 67 486 67 Canadian Cur- rency. $ Cts, 1 2 3 6 10 15 20 25 50 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00 10 Od 20 00 25 00 60.00 100 00 500 00 1000 00 5000 00 10000 00 B/q»Uvalent in Sterling Money LSD 0| 1 1^ 2| 7i 10 1 2 4 8 12 10 1 1 4 2 1 OJ 1 1 3 5 5 8 1 n 4 2 5 2 9 10 5 6| 20 10 1]| 102 14 205 9 7 1027 7 n| 2054 15 104 9i Small Calculations Uiav be based on the Canadian cent are almost identical. the fact that the English holf-pojiny and 57 STATISTICS RELATING TO NOVA SCOTIA. COMPILED FKOM LA8T CENSUS (1881) OF DOMINION. Total Population : ^^""^"^^ 220,538 ^'^'"■'^'<^''^ 220,034 ^440,572 Population in 1871 387 810 1^81 440,572 Origins of People. i^^"7" 7,062 I-'utch 2 197 ^''S^''^ 130,'225 J^"^^ 40,141 f^'*^^" 39,904 Iceland ,^.q Indian ^ , „- •J- . , 4j,t^e> T™ <^'«»06t ^^'ahan , ^^,^ Jewish Oft Russian on Scandinavian sc/j f"^^.\- '.'.'"'.'.'/.'.'. 146,027 y.""''^ 350 ^T 1,158 Not given o «n^ 58 ' • ' s Where Bom. Native born f . 405, G87 England 4,813 Ireland 5,600 Scotland 10,851 United States 3,004 Not given 10,617 Persons over 60 years of age 34,228 " " 70 « " 13,976 *• " 80 *' " . . 3,853 " «' 90 " " 473 School-going Children. Males 44,308 Females 40,607 Occupations of the People. Agriculture 63,684 Commercial 15,103 Domestic 7,832 Industrial „ , 39,956 'Professional 4,844 Not classified 10,276 Number of Churches.. 1,055 59 ^ Immovable R^operty and Shipping/. Number of owners 67 12& Acre, of Lund owned '. .* .' .* .' * " 7,446!o65 iovvn lots owned 22 459 No. of houses owned ,;9 93a Warehouses, factories, &c It'soS Barns and stables 65308 Steam vessels ^. Tonnage of ditto. , ^^^^g Sea-going sailing vessels. i]qqq ' Tonnage of ditto „ 441^929 Barges and small crafts _ '232 Tonnage of ditto 3 035 Occupiers of land 65873 Owners of ditto 51 710 ^^'^^^^^ ...'*.'.'.' 3,'929 Land occupied (acres) 5.396,382 " i'"Proved « 1,880,644 " 'under crop " 942,010 " in pasture " Qiy^^io " ^''^^^«^^1« " 21,624 Animals and their Prodiiets, Jnorses Ad r\n p 1. 46,044 ^oJ<^s 11,123 Working oxen 33 '275 ^;l'^f^^« .'.' '.'.'.*.'.*.'.' 137,'639 Other horned cattle 154,689 f^'P 377,801 "'''" 47,26a J J ; 60 Cattle killed or sold 63,389 Sheep " " 151,245 vSwine " ** 56,259 Pounds of wool " 1,142,440 Pounds of honey '* 24,500 FieM Fi'ochicts. Acres 41,865 Spring wheat (bush.) 522,602 Winter " " d,649 Barley '* 228,748 Oats " 1,873,113 'Rye « 47,567 Peas and Beans " ! 37,220 Buckwheat " , . 339,718 Corn « 13,532 Potatoes (acres). , 60,192 '' (bush) 7,378,387 Turnips " 1,006,711 Other roots 326,143 Hay (acres; 519,856 " (tone) 697,731 Various Products. Home-made butter (lbs) . , / 7,465,285 « cheese « 501,655 cloth yards 1,329,817 " linen " 68,038 Apples (bushels) 908,519 Orapes (lbs.) 35,015 Other fruits (bushels) 18,485 Mapk sugar (lbs.) 217,481 61 Products of Forest, Pme (wbitc) cubic feet 125^451 Oak ^^"^ :: «f26 ,p 22,876 Brch and Maple " 549330 ^."°^^ " 4,093,553 Ime log, fnumber) ^g^^^gj Utner " « «. ^ TVr„,, J ^ 2,250,693 Masts and Spars rnumber) 8,703 otaves I-athwood (cords) ,'ta, Taubark - .. ^IfJ^ ^"''"'^'^ " .'.■'.■.■.■.■.■.■.■ 637,084 Fisheries. Vessels and boats is,m shoren.;;: ■;.■.■. ;.■.■.■:.■.".■.■.■.•.■ 'tif, ^^''f'"'™)---. .■.::: 1,171.394 Sr:rr^ ?« ir . „ 128,578 Uerr,ng (barrels) ^,^ 0.f7 " 120,242 Cans of lobsters 'Rf^-ltt *«Hou (gallons)..... \\\\:.v.v;;.%«^^;3%« w \ I t I i ( j I I I 62 iiaw Mineral Products * Gold (ounces) 16,107 m\e,v '* 22 Copper ore (tons) 2,000 Iron ore " 53,878 Manganese " »il6 Other ore8 '* 4,424 Coal " 1,013,345 Lump gypsum'* 177,081 Phos. of limo " 165 Building stone (cub. feet) 214,819 * From imperfeet returns, (jnantities no doubt wnderertimatcd. I : t 63 SOME OF THE PHINCIPAL INDUSTRIES OF THE PKOVINGE / j nririi "w,! Agricultural Implements.. JkkeHes Ulac'ksniiths .. Hoots and Shoci Uiiok making .'" Cabinet making . Carding Mills. ... . CarpenteHng Carriage making ., Haw MUh Tanneries Bliingle making. . , . Printing , , . . . Sash Factories, ifcn. Ship Uulldinu Soaj) and Candle making. Tobacco Factories Wood Turning Musical Instruments Paints a'ld Varnish Hope and Twine making. . Brew eries ..Brated Waters .......... Boat Building '..' Coopjrage ' ." .Dressmaking and Millinerj' Foundries (iron and brass) Flour and Grist Mills. Machine Works Yearly Wage.H. Dollars. 1,160 00 7:1,418 00 •2M,bn 00 21S),598 00 26,790 00 63,075 00 16,824 00 120,134 00 lia,144 00 549,480 00 137,057 00 2,100 00 111,975 00 31,616 00 335,954 00 7,725 00 13,919 00 22,470 00 21,673 00 21,048 00 23,000 00 22,847 00 11,780 00 10,963 (X> 72,226 00 31,530 00 56,290 00 78,013 00 1' 5,417 00 Value of Raw Material. Dollars 2,0fl0 00 445,810 (K) 261,148 00 417,357 00 11,178 00 79,246 UO 195,119 00 121,059 00 90,565 00 1.446,858 00 568,762 00 29,296 00 72,950 00 67,158 00 778,-865 00 82,000 00 33,100 00 33,550 00 23,052 00 44,760 00 86,000 00 101,405 00 12,600 00 10,287 00 74,580 00 77,343 00 104,, V20 00 924,34i 00 188,934 00 Value of Articles. Dollars. 3,840 00 6.39,699 00 x,- 'ill! .--"' s XOo'^ . / , »■., r< \ '" \\hf^Jj^ iiWN, /// /'„■ ^A "fel^OW^' i«<>jy://i//"(Tn'<»i 'j^>- -. -, r^'^^Sgs • ^-iK. V T< 'i?? rod* t'i7/r. til layin ( Jfiallirn^v '"'>'-, ».^." iL Q 'L2*'^r'^ f 4<:f'Ti. /-::Ls?tJ:o rj \ "'•iiir/iiu'll^M -LXs; o (\ h. fjaap^rUle ( j^aften «^ 7 r jsb«M I . -7 I Inner r CfcM "' -> ? ~ ' oOu^jwfrgng A '^ Y\S SHERWKOKK<»\^?| '■^^w^Srf' W///MM^M2M//MilL ^ - . I., ' O Ji " ' MttitUon t \) ^^Ps^k*r " " ^- ^o^f^u L-s^^y e R^^o >'o i-PlK^ '"1^ Till w 0.?'^ _>. EXPLAN/^ONS tm :Popt of lETiti [±•1 P