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INFORMATION

* ■-
f'OU

Intending Emigrants

.TO V

The Province of Nova Scotia,

(DOMINION OF CANADA.)

ISSUED ISY

Jhe pOVERNMENT OF NoVA ScOTIA.

HALIFAX, N. S.:

COMMISSIONKR OF PUBLIC WqRKK AND MjNKS, 'itJBKN'.S I'RrNTRR

:l^4l£t&i

PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.

Skat or Government— HALIFAX.

Limtt^nnnt-Oovermr -Wh Honor Matthkw Hknrv Kicmkv. (^ C.

Hon. William S. Fmi.mm, Premier and frovincinl Secretimj;
" J. W. LonahnY, Attorney- aen(^-a!.
" Charibs E. OmrncFi, Com'r. of Public Works and Mine.o

Aoknt-Gexerai, rx London :
''^"pZw ""'' ^'''''^''''' '' '''"""""■ ^'''^<^«' ^■'^""«'' «««?' S>«ienha.n. Kent,

England.

Dkputy Hrahs ok Dr.i-AirrMKNTO.
««/w^i^ Prwincial Secretary— limimm Crosskill.

., Com'r of Public Worlis and .W./im— John Kblly.
" " Crown Lands -J Aum H. Austin.

Siiperintenftenf of Education David Allkson.^LL. D.
Inspector of Mines -i:i)m)i Oili-in, .Jr., A. M., F.(;..S., F. H. S. C,
Secretmyfor Affricmture -V.eohqm Lawson, LL. D.

TflE following pages are intended to contain a coticise
general description wf the Province of Nova Scotia, its cliraate,
soil, productions, and natural resources, together with extracts
from letters and published works of disinterested persons who
have visited the province, confirmatory of the truth of the
description here given, the whole embracing much valuable
information for intending emigrants and tourists,

ff
tl

NOVA SCOTIA.

The Province of Nova Scotia, in the Dominion of Canada,

13 situate between 43 « and 47 ® north latitude and 60 «
and 67 ^ west longitude. Nova Scotia proper is connected
with the Province of New Brunswick by an isthmus about

14 miles wide. Its area is about 300 miles in length, by 80
to 100 miles in width. The island of Cape Breton, which

15 a part of the Province, and contains four counties, is
separated from the mainland, or peninsula, bv a narrow
channel, called the Strait of Canso. The province contains
something over thirteen millions of acres, of which nearly
one-fifth part consists of lakes and streams. Five or six
million acres of land are fit for tillage. The remainder,
which IS chiefly a belt on the sea coast, is rocky and barren.
From the appearance of the coast no idea could be formed
of the beauty and fertility of the interior. The coast is in-
dented with numerous excellent harbors, most of which are
easy of access, safe and commodious.

There is no finer scenery to be found in America than in
many parts of Nova Scotia; there is a great variety of nill
and dale, small, quiet, glassy lakes, and pretty land-locked
inlets of the sea, which would afford charming studies for an
artist. The gloriously bright tints of our autumn forest
scenery, warmed by an Indian-summer sun, cannot be sur-
passed anywhere. Each county has, in its scenery, some
feature peculiar to itself, and distinct from that in the others,
thus affording a great variety to the tourisu ; and those persons

-me extent on this side of ti,e Itiln"! " """'"■ "*'"'•

oon!t^:t!::^f ,^°™ f;^, V-l, »"''«« *» Enrope.,

tbat the ten,pe™tr° Zfl^Zi: ""'''''' ""' "-^Lo
of the Dominion, but S X^-^ ^^ ^^^^''^t
«hich is «perienced in winter in !«, ^"'■'""<' "'"^'^

«ot felt he., owing pe^X' h ttCt^ ^""'"^ "
almost completely surrounded b.- ft '"■'"''™'' '*

Stream sweeps alone with;,,! <■ ' ''", '""' "'"' *''»* "■" G"lf
and further, Lt the P 1100 1 " ? "'"' ''"''''■" «'«'-••
"or^h w.„ds b, an alm^r ot, rtett f'™" ''" ''"'
very high hiils, stretching alonTusn, ";"""""^' "'

">- varies, however. . IffereltarniLtn^^^ ^"-

*»M:Te::::s7^^^^^^

«.e Province varies in tldre:;r:- " ''''^ ''"""^*» "'
<io in their capabil.ties and re trt: Tnnr' T *''\""""^'
est. and averages about B« ,„„ l. ^"""P"'" " ">« warm-

ehusetts, 3» or'" wa^t '"".h "" ''" '""* o^"-'"-
Hants. 5» or 6- warm r than Ha.if: a^d P M "' ^'"'' "'
or S; warmer than Cumberland Pctou and t*'"' """ '"
the island of Cape Breton, viz E cI ' f , """"''"^ '"
_ •'ess, and Cape Breton." ^'"''"'ond, Victoria. Inver-

^veatheris generaHv drier f ^^ '" ^^''"'■''^' "'«' «=e
«^* *^e shore o.the Bay of .uL^t S'lnrX:.

v«nt the sea fog coining over; thus while it is sometimes
damp and disagreeable on the north side of the mountain
which faces the Bay, in the valley, only three or four milel
away, it is delightfully warm and bright. In Halifax and the
eastern counties the mercury seldom rises in summer above
86" in the shade, and in the winter it is not often down to
zero. In the interior, say in the Annapolis Valley, the
winter is about the same, but the summer is considerably
warmer, although, owing to the dryness of the atmosphere,
the heat is not oppressive.

The climate is extremely healthy ; there is probably none
more so in the world. The health returns from British
military stations place this Province in the first class. Nova
Scotia has fewer medical men in proportion to the population,
and requires their services less, than any other part of
America. The inhabitants live to a good old age. There
are many people now in this Province who have passed their
one hundredth year. The Scripture allotment of « threescore
and ten,'' is obtained and exceeded by our people, not so
much "by reason of strength," as by the healthfulness of the
climate, which imparts a vitality even to many who are
constitutionally weak.

The fertility of the soil in many of the agricultural districts
IS unsurpassed, as is evidenced by the fact that, in quantity
and quality, the production of our farms, even under a careless
system of cultivation, is equal and in some cases superior, to
those of Great Britain; for instance, our orchards produce
larger and finer apples than are grown in any other part of
the world.

Our grain and root crops are also excellent, the average
production of which in the western counties is, as nearly as
It IS possible to come at it, as follows :

Wheat, per acre 18 bushels,

^y^^ ** 21 «

Parley, '* yg „

<^at«. " 34 ..

Buckwheat, ... qq „

Indian corn (maize) 42 «

Turnips, per acre * V'! ^420 bushels.

Potatoes, " 250 "

Mangol Wurzel, * ,' . " 500 "

^eans, .'22 «

"«y' 2 tons.

The above is a general average of the crops in three
counties: but there are many farms which, being highly
cultivated, produce crops that are truly astonishinr. For
instance, in Kings county, a few years ago, a farmev'in one
season, raised on a little less than one acre of land, four
hundred and three bushels of potatoes; and in Annapolis
county sixty bushels of shelled corn have been raised on an
acre. In Colchester county forty-six bushels ot oats have
been produced per acre.

Beets, carrots, parsnips, beans, peas, squash, pumpkins,
melons, tomatoes, etc., are raised in large quantities. We
sometimes see squashes at our agricultural exhibitions weigh-
ing from 200 to ^.50 lbs. each.

Broom corn, sorghum (Chinese sugar cane), and tobacco,
have been successfully grown, and as a proof of the warmth
of the chmate and fertility of the soil, we will mention that
a gentleman in Bridgetown, county of Annapolis, on one
occasion, raised and ripened in his garden, in the open air.
a quantity of peanuts, or ground nuts. The seed was the
produce of South Carolina. We have never heard that they

bushels,

H
U
tt
II
II

bushels.
11

tons.

)p8 in three
>eing highly
shing. For
rmev in one
f iand, four
» Annapolis
raised on an
)t oats have

, pumpkins,
itities. We
;iou8 weigh-

md tobacco,
;he warmth
sntion that
lis, on one
16 open air»
3d was the
:i that they

were ever raised north of "Virginia in the United Slates,
oxcepting in this instance.

The crops of hay, Timothy and clover, and coarse " salt
(grass," that are raised on the dyked lands and marshes in
the counties of Hants, Kings, Annapolis and Cumberland, are
•sometimes almost incredible. A servant man in Granville,
once said, " you go to mowin' on our marsh a^ 3r a heavy
ft'ain, and if you don't git the ambition dragged right straight
out of you before you (finish a day's work you kin have ail
you cut, and I'll pay for it." We have seen four tons, oC
2240 Ibs.^ of Timothy and clover taken off a single . re,
fcesides a light second crop late in the season.

The majority of our farmers cultivate their farms in a very
careless manner. Of course there are some exceptions ; but,
aa a general rule, very little science is employed. If farms
in Nova Scotia were as highly cultivated as they are in
England, the produce in <3uality and quantity would be even
much better a^d greater than it is.

Many valuable productions of the soil which are, in Great
Britain and other countries, a source of wealth to the agri-
culturist, are hardly thought of by the farming population of
this Province, although the soil and climate are peculiarly
;adapted for them ; *br instance, hemp can be raised here in per-
fection, but none is grown. By way of experiment, however,
dt was tried a few years ago by several farmers, tind tl>e
result was remarkably successful. At the Provincial Exhibi-
tion of that year, Mr. John Prat, of New Ross, in the county
of Lunenburg, obtained the first prize for native grown hemp.
A few Europeans who understand the cultivation and pre-
paration of this plant, would probably succeed here. Flax
is grown, but to a very limited extent, chiefly in the county

of Lunenburg, wheva the inhabitants raise it for their own
use, and manufacture it into coarse shirting, sheeting, and
table linen. None is raised for sale or for exportation,
although it is a sure crop.

Tobacco might be successfully and profitably cultivated in
the counties of Kings and Annapolis. Hops may be easily
raised, as the climate is well adapted for the growth of the
plant, and the dry warm atmosphere of some of the western
counties would ensure the early ripening of the blossoms. A
number ^f English hop growers would do well, as there is a
goon ne market for the article. Our brewers have, at
present, to import all they use ; this they would not do if
they could procure hops ot home production.

Dairy farming might be more extensively and profitably
prosecuted in this Province. Of course every farmer raises,
stock ; but most of it is raised to supply the markets with
butcher's meat. Not nearly so much attention is paid to the
making of butter and cheer^e as to rising cattle for the
slaughter house. In some counties, however, cheese and butter
are made in considerable quantity, both for home consump-
tion and for export. A great deal of the profit of every farm
arises from the sale of fat cattle. There is plenty of first
rate pasturage in every county, and almost the only expense
of raising stock is that of the winter feed, and as that con-
sists chiefly of hay, at a cost or market value of from 25s-
to 40s. per ton, according to locality or season, it will easily
be perceived that the business is profitable. The county of
Antigonish, in the eastern part of the Province, is a splendid
grazing district, and large droves of horned cattle are raised
there for the Nswfoundl.i'nd rnn^'ket. Butter i° "l°o " "ttsnliv
commodity of this county.

)r their own
eeting, and
exportation,

:uhivated in
ay be easily
)\vth of the
the western
(lossoms. A
3 there is a
jrs have, at
I not do if

I profitably
,rmer raises,
irkets with
paid to the
tie for the
3 and butter
B consump-
r every farm
nty of first
ily expense
s that con-
f from 25s*
; will easily
) county of
; a splendid
are raised

The counti3s of Cumberland and Colchester are good graz-
ing counties ; as are Ihe counties of Inverness and Eichmond,
in the island of Cape Breton. Cumberland is celebrated for
the quality of its butt,.r, and make;* large shipments of fat
cattle to England.

Mr. Morrison, previously quoted, says : "As a sheep-rais-
ing country, there is perhaps no better locality in America,
notwithstanding which there is not a single sheep farm in the
province. Every farmer keeps a few sheep, but the flocks are
not large, and are seldom taken proper care of. A number
of thoroughly practical shepherds, who would introduce the
best breeds of sheep, both for wool-producing and for mutton,
would, in a few years, make a small fortune. There is a
great deal of land suitable tor the purpose in every county,
and even among the wild lands there are large tracts of open
rough pasture, that might be made capable of maintaining
vast flocks of sheep at very little expense."

The fisheries of Nova Scotia have long been celebrated.
No country ia the world can produce so great a variety of deli-
cious fish, and in such inexhaustible quantity. The total value
of the fisheries of this Province for the year 1882, the latest of
which we have stat' tics, was $7,131,418, or nearly a million
and a half of pounds sterling. We have Cod, Haddock,
Mackerel, Herring, Alewives, Pollock, Hake, Halibut, Eels,
.Shad, Salmon, Trout, Grayling, Perch, Smelts, &c.

Good sport is afforded by spearing lobsters at night by
torch-light. Wc have a splendid supply of shell-fish, viz. ;
oysters, scallops, clams, quahaugs, mussels, &c. Our rivers
and lakes afibrd salmon, trout, and grayling; and we have no
v,-i iiiu ai3i;i;;iC3 ui xoaui; \t uiLuii, iruiii Lue youDgsrer OI

ten years of age, to the grey-headed sportsman of seventy,

who may be seen all through the season wending their way,
with rod, landing net, and basket, to the favorite haunts of
the silvery salmon or speckled trout.

Nova Scotia contains vast tracts of woodland, which
produce timber for shipbuilding, and for manufacturing into
lumber for exportation. Millions of feet of pine, spruce,
hemlock and hardwood deals, scantling, staves, etc., are
annually shipped from the different ports in the Province to
the West Indies, United States, Europe, etc. We also
supply the ports of Massachusetts with thousands of cords
of firewood. Oak, elm, maple, beech, birch, ash, larch,
poplar, spruce, pine, hemlock, fir, etc., all grow to a large
size. Thei*e are many other kinds of trees, but they are
chiefly ornamental, rather than useful.

The sap of the rock maple tree is manufactured into sugar
and syrup. The former, of which some tons weight are
annually made and sold, is used chiefly as confectionery ; the
latter is used as treacle. Both have a delicious flavor. The
season for collecting the sap is March, when the trees are
tapped by boring them a foot or two from the ground, with
an auger, and allowing the sap to run into troughs. When
a sufficient quantity is collected, it is boiled down in large
pots, or cauldrons, and sugar is made by a simple process
kcown to all our farmers.

Rock maple and yellow birch make better fuel than any
other of our forest trees ; but it seems a pity that in a country
where coal is so abundant so many and such valuable trees
should be used for the purpose.

In our forests may also be found numerous small trees and
shrubs, which are valuable for medicinal and other pur-

poses, among wLich are wild cherry, sumac, rowan, sarsa-
parilla, elder, alder, hazel, bay, etc. Wild flowers are in
great profusion. The trailing arbutus, our little Mayflower,
which blooms in April and May, cannot be surpassed in
delicate beauty and fragrance. It is certainly an exquisite
little plant. Strange to say, it has as yet been found impos-
sible to cultivate it in our gardens. When removed from
its native home in the wood& it will not blossom.

The province is a sort of sportsman's paradise, as there is
excellent hunting, shooting and fishing in every county. Of
wild animals we have beats, foxes, moose, deer (cariboo),
otter, mink, sable, musquash, hares, raccoons and squirrels ;
and of feathered game, woodcock, snipe, plover, partridges,
geese, ducks, brant, curlew, etc. Our game laws are simple,
and not oppressive. They are made only to protect game
when out of season. This is necessary in order to preserve
it from total destruction.

No person is allowed to kill any partridge between the
first of January and the first of October, under a penalty of
two dollars for each offence. No person is allowed to kill
any moose or cariboo between the thirty-first day of February
and the fifteenth of September ; neither is any person allowed
to set traps or snares for catching these animals. Otter,
mmk and musquash are protected between the first of May
and the first of November. No person is allowed to kill any
woodcock, snipe or teal between the first of March and first
of August; nor any bluewinged duck, during the months of
April, May, June, and July. Nor is any person allowed to
kill any woodcock before sunrise or afler sunset. There are
no private game preserves in the country, consuauently th-r-
is no necessity for a law for the punishment of poachers, and

rirr[--r-ip

we have none. All the game we have, is, at present, the
property ©f the Province, artd is, therefore, free to all. Our
hunting and shooting grounds are easy of access, as we have
good roads to every part of the Province. Charles Hallockj
the author of " The Fishing Tourist," 8a3's, •' the whole of
Cumberland County comprises one of the finest moose-'
hunting grounds in the world,"

The mineral resources of Nova Scotia are very valuable;
and it is one of the few countries which have workable
deposits of coal, iron and gold side by side. In Cape Breton,
Pictou and Cumberland Counties are extensive deposits of
bituminous coal, similar to that of the North of England,
which are (Worked by several companies. The coal trade is'
steadily gtawing, and last year 1,389,295 tons were raised
while oulj aboLitone-half that amount was produced ten years
ago. The ijon ore deposits of the Province, although very ex-
tensive, are worked only at Londonderry, where iron of excel-
lent quality is made. The gold fields of Nova Scotia, although
extensive and valuable, have hitherto been worked only on a
small scale, but more attention is being devoted to them, and
their dertilopment will form an important industry. Large
de[ 4t8 of gypsum abound, and about 100,000 tons are
annually extracted. Among other mine rals that are worked
to some extent may be mentioned, manganese, antimonyr
barytes, grindstones, etc. Deposits of copper, lead, graphite,
etc., are also known. The quarries of Nova Scotia furnish
excellent granites, syenite, serpentine, marble, freestone, etc.
As may b« inferred from the preceding remarks, the province
is rich in those minerals which interest the mineralogist, and
frequenlsiy prove useful for various industrial purposes. The
totdl T»luA of the mineral productions of the province for the
year 1885 may be estimated at about two and a half miliionft
of dollars.

)resent, tlie
o all. Our
as we have
les Hallockj
he whole of
lest moose-'

ry valuable;
'e workable
ape Breton,
deposits of
)f England,
jal trade is-
were raised
ed ten years
igh very ex-
pon of excel-
ia, although
id only on a
them, and
try. Large
tons are
are worked
, antimony^
id, graphite,
3tia furnish
(estone, ete.-
the province
•alogist, and
poses. The
ince for the
lalf miiiion»

There are now in Nova Sootia about two millions of acres
of ungranted lands, a considerable quantity of which is
barren and almost totally unfit for cultivation ; but there is
some land in blocks of from two hundred to five hundred
acres of reallv valuable land, and some of it the best in the
Province, and quite accessible, being very near present settle-
ments. The price of crown lands is «40.00 (^8 stg.) per 1 00
acres No distinction is made in the price between 100
acres and smaller lots, as the difference in cost of survey is
very trifling. An emigrant would have to pay as much for
twenty acres as for one hundred acres. Any quantity over
one hundred acres must be paid for at the rate of 40 cents
per acre. The cost of survey is defrayed by the Govern-
ment.

Whilst other portions of the Dominion of Canada and the
United States hold out various inducements to emigrants to
go into the forest and clear a home for themselves—" to cut
their way through life "—the Government of Nova Scotia
refrain from any attempt to induce European emigrants to
come out here and go into a business with which they must
be totally unacquainted. The labor and process of clearing
the forest are not understood by Europeans, and those of
them who come to America to commence a farm in the woods,
must expect to spend a large part of their lives in hard work
before they can make a really comfortable home, and have a
property capable of producing more than a bare living for
their families. Of course, a man with capital, who could
afford to hire a number of woodsmen and laborers, could, in
seven or eight y«^ars, have a good farm. But any man pos-
sessing a capital to commence with would do much better to
purchase a farm already under cultivation ; while the poor
but practical man without means would do better to hire a

farm in any part of the Province than to go into the forest
and endeavor to make one bv his own individual labor,
unless he be willing to content himself with very hard work
for a numoer of years.

To the sportsman, who is fond of hunting and fishing, life
in the forest near some quiet lake or trout stream may be,
and is no doubt, enjoyable, and any gentleman possessing a
small income might settle in the back woods of this country
and ?pend an easy, happy and pleasant life, and at the same
time need not be uiore than a couple of hours' ride from
some pretty little country town or village ; but we could not
recommend such a life to an emigrant having a family de-
pending UDon his daily W(.rk for the means of living.

Although the Government of Nova Scotia have consider-
able land to dispose of, the v would not be justified in per-
suading Europeans to come out to this country to purciiase
wild land farms, while they understand the difficulties which
new settlers would have to encounter.

There are plenty of farms already under cultivation which
may be bought at very reasonable rates, and any practical
farmer, with a small capital, may at once possess a good and
comfortable home; and by energy, industry, and enterprise
may make for himself a fortune and position in Nova Scotjji,
in a few years, such as he could not obtain in a life time in
Great Britain.

' Laborers get very well paid in Nova Scotia. The common
wages paid for ordinary day labor are from 3s. 9(1. to 5s.
sterling. Farm laborers, during the haymaking season and
harvest, frequently earn 6s. a day, with board. Farm servants
are in demand, and a tew hundreds ot good steady men
who can do geueral farm work, would find immediate em-

ployment with good pay. Grooms also are wanted. Good
grooms can earn £2 lOs. to ^3 lOs. per month, with board.

There is quite a scarcity of female servants. A large
number, who could bring good certificates of character and
recommendations as cooks and housemaids, would find suitable
situations, with pay at from .£1 to £1 10s. sterling per
month— with board and lodging of course. Even higher
wagBs can be obtained by those who prove their worth-
Out-door servants who board themselves can live perhaps
cheaper than they can in England, and particularly in the
country parts of the Province.

The price of flour is from ^1 to £1 lOs. sterling per
barrel of 196 lbs.; oatmeal 10s. to 128. per cwt.; beef,
mutton and veal from 2d. to 6d. sterling per lb. Ksh and
vegetables are abundant and cheap. Tea from Is. 6d. to 2s
6d. per lb. ; coffee 9d. to Is., and sugar about 3J to 5d. per lb.

It must be borne in mind that it is useless for an unsteady
emigrant to come out to this country. None but sober
honest industrious men will be employed. Industrious men
do well, and rapidly acquire property.

Although Nova Scotia is perhaps better adapted for a
manufacturing country than any other part of America, owing
to an unlimited command of water power, and its inexhaus-
tible supply of coal and iron, we have few manufactures in
comparison with what, considering our facilities, ^^e might
have ; but some figures from the census of 1881, appended
to this book, will show that even in this respect we have
done well.

Nova Scotia owns more shipping in proportion to the
population than any other country, and 'our vessels do a

large proportion of the carrying trade of the world. They
may be found in every port of the habitable globe, loading
and discharging cargoes on our own and foreign account.
Our exports consist offish, coal, lumber and general produce j
and our imports, of West India produce, British and Ameri-
can manufactures, tea, etc., from China and the East Indies,
and hemp from Eussia.

In the city of Halifax there are five daily newspapers and
two religious weeklies. Nearly every county has its local
paper; in several counties two or three are issued.

Mails are carried all over the Province, and to all parts of
the world. There are daily mails to all the principal towns
and villages, and to the other Provinces of the Dominion.
Every fortnight to Europe direct by the Allan line of
steamers, and, via New York, semi-weekly. There is be-
sides a weekly mail to Europe by the Allan and Dominion
lines, leaving Halifax in the winter and in the summer going
by the way of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The rates of post-
tage are : Por letters, to any part of the Dominion, 3 cts.
(l^d.) per i 01; to and from Great Britain or Ireland, 6 cts.
(2^d.). Newspapers are carried free when mailed from the
office of publication, and at the rate of one cent for 4 ozs.
when mailed otherwise. The postage on books is one cent
per 4 Gza., and parcels not exceeding 4 lbs. weight are carried
at the rate of 24 cts. per lb. For a small commission money
'orders are issued by th6 Department, payable in the
Dominion, in Gro?.t JBritain and Ireland, or in the United
States.

The electric telegraph is established all over the Province,
and extendi through all the other provinces, and to the
United States. A message may be sent from Haiifai

d. They
), loading
account,
produce ;
id Anieri-
st Indies,

)apers and
3 its local

11 parts of
ipal towns
Dominion.
Ian line of
lere is be-
DomiuioD
imer going
es of post-
aion, 3 cts.
land, 6 cts.
I from the
t for 4 ozs.
is one cent
are carried
sion money
•le in the
the United

( Province^
md to the
m Ilalifai

to any part of the world touched by the electric wire.
Messages are sent at a very low rate through the Province.
Ihe telephone is also in general use.

We have now about 500 miles of railroad in operation.
Passengers can go w.3st, per rail, from Halifax as far .ns
Annapohs (130 miles), and from Digby to Yarmouth (69
miles . There is a break in the western system of 18 miles
namely, from Annapolis to Digby, but that section will
probably be completed at an early day. East from Halifax
there ,s a railway (the Intercolonial) to the borders of New
Brunswick 142 miles, with a branoh from Truro to the
^trait of Canso 123 miles. There is also a branch from
Spnnghill on the "Intercolonial," to Parrsboro, about 34

Si f 1 i.' *^'' ^° ''"'^* «^ construction from

Midd eton in th« County of Annapolis, to Lunenburg, in the
County of Lunenburg. Nearly all parts of the Province are
thus in direct communication by rail with the metropolis, and
a so vvith the other Provinces of the Dominion and with the
IJmted States^^ The Province is connected with Europe by
lines of excellent steamships. There is also a line of

tZZ V T"^'^' ^"^ '' Newfoundland, two to Boston,
one to New Y,rk, and one to Baltimore. From this it will

.; thr^orld. " " — "-^tio. by st^ai. with all pa^-ts
ino^o'f E?r f '2 "^ the Province is about 460,000, consist-

racp nnH ^°^^»"''' The latter are a very inoffensive

race and m some respects very useful. Ther supply our

:i tr 'r'1^ T' ^^^^ '-^'' articJofitdr

ware, by the sale of which. an4 h,. k„„..v. .i.

inehhood and supply their wants. They live in tent, or

wigwams in the forest ou lands of their own, granted to
them by the Government, and termed Indian Eeservea.

The Island of Cape Breton and the Counties of Piotou
and Antigonish on the mainland, are peopled almost entirely
by personE ot Scotch descent. The original settlors of
Lunenburg wore Germans. Of the entire population of the
Province more than 40,000 are reported in the census of
1881 as of French extraction. These are descendants of the
original French Acadian settlers, and reside chiefly in the
Counties of Digby, Yarmouth, Antigonish, Inverness, and
Eichmond.

Nova Scotia, being now a Province of the Dominion of
Canada, under the Imperial " British North America Act of
1867," is governed partly by the general laws of the
Dominion, passed by the Federal Parliament at Ottawa, and
partly by local laws enacted by the Provincial Legislature at
Halifax. The executive power of the Dominion is vested in
the Queen, as it was previous to the confederation of the
Provinces. The chief officer is the Governor-General, re-
presenting Her Majesty, who resides at Ottawa.

There is a Council to aid and advise the Governor-
General, styled the Queen's Privy Council of Canada.
There is also an Upper Hduse called the Senate, and a
Lower House, which is the House of Commons. The Senate
'consists of seventy-two members, who are styled Senators,
and are appointed by the Governor-General in the name of
the Queen, and hold their seats for life. Nova Scotia is
represented in the Senate by twelve members. The
House of Commons consists of two hundred and six

1 ., __i ^^^t■^A u»T f>ia nonnlft. find who hold their

memoers wuu arc cicviuc^ vj vj.-,- j..~.~~^..-,

seats for five years. Of this number Nova Scotia sends

ftiited to
vea.

f Piotou
: •ntirely
ittlors of
m of the
i^nsus of
nts of the
ly in the
ness, and

minion of
ica Act of
'B of the
tawa, and
islature at
I vested in
ion of the
meral, re-

Governor-
f Canada,
ate, and a
rhe Senate
I Senators,
he name of
% Scotia is
(era. The
I and six
) hold their
L'otia sends

twenty-one— two from each of the Counties of Halifax,
Pictou, and Cape Breton, and one from each of the other
fifteen counties of the Province,

The Provincial executive power, or Local Government of
Nova Scotia, is similar in almost every respect to that of the
other Provinces. There is a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed
by the Governor-General-in- Council, an Executive Council
of not more than nine, chosen from the members of the
Legislature, including the heads of departments, namely,
the Provincial Secretary, who is also Treasurer ; the Attorney-
General, who is also Commissioner of Crown Lands ; and
the Commissioner of Public Works and Mines. The other
members of the Council are without office. The Executive
Council are the advisers of the Lieutenant-Governor at
all times in all matters relating to the government of the
Province, and have the appointment of Legislative Councillors
tiud ail local officers, viz, : justices of the peace, sheriffs,
registrars of deeds, judges and registrars of probate, proth-
onutaries, coroners, etc.

The Legislature consists of a Legislative Council, or
Upper House, of twenty-one members, appointed by the
Governor-in-Council, and the House of Assembly, or Lower
House, consisting of thirty-eight members, who are elected
by the people by ballot, and are the representatives of the
several counties. A general election of members takes place
every four years.

Of the population of Nova Scotia, about two-thirds are
Protestants ; the remainder are Soman Catholics. Of Epis-
copalians, there are about sixty thousand ; Wesleyans, fifty
thousand; Presbyterians, one hundred and twelve thousand
Baptists, eighty-three thousand; Lutherans, five thousand;

Congrrgationalists, three thousand ; other creeds six or seven
thousand. There are some thousands whosw creeds are not
given. In two or three of the counties the population is
composed of about equal proportions of Protestants and
Koman Catholics. In Inverness three-fifths are Koman
Catholics ; in Antigouish County about four-fifths are fioraan
Catholics; in Richmond, two thirds are Roman Catholics;
in Halifax County about two-thirds are Protestants. In all
the other coanties Protestants largely predominate. The
County of Pictou contains over 85,000 inhabitants, of whom
less than 4,000 are Roman CatholicB. In Annapolis, about
three per cent, are Catholics ; in Cumberland, about 2 per
cent.; and 'in Shelburne, with a population of 15,000, there
are two hundred and thirty Catholics. Our laws are liberal
and not discriminative; all denominations are governed
alike, and there is therefore no strife or contention ; all are
on terms of friendship, and a good feeling exists between
the members of all denominations of christians. Every
man in this country has a right to hia own religious views
and opinions, and if he be a law-abiding and peaceable
citizen he is respected accordingly, no matter what his creed
may be.

Free Schools are provided,, supported pa^-t^y by Govern-
ment funds and partly by local taxation, and eiiicient teacher«
,are maintained in every district in the Pr- vinee wi.ere there
are children to educate. There is a Provincial Normal
School for the training of teachers. There are also academies
and colleges. Tho academies and common schools are under
th'^ control of the Government. We have nearly two
thou^r-'id public schools in operation in the Province,
ha ving over one hundred thousand pupils in daily attendance.
There are also many private schools in different parts of

X or seven
els are not
)ulation is
tants and
re Itoraan
ire Roman
Catholics;
ts. In all
late. The
s, of whom
lolis, about
bout 2 per
,000, there
are liberal

governed
on ; all are
ks between
38. Every
fious views

peaceable
kt his creed

the country, and among them some excellent boarding
schools for young ladies.

In connection with the Normal School, there is a Pro-
fessor of Agriculture, whose especial duty it is to give
instruction to intending farmers. Though but recently
estabhshed this Professorship has already been found pro-
ductive of good effects, and, in not distant future, results most
advantageous to the province will no doubt be attained.

>y Govern-
ut teachers
iri.ere there
ial Normal
> academies
s are under
learly two
Province,
attendance,
at parts of

THE METEOPOLIS OF NOVA SCOTIA.

The City of Halifax, in the County of Halifax, is the chief
city of the Province — the seat of Gorernment. It is situate
on the west side of Ch«bucto Bay, now called the harbor
of Halifax. The city is about three miles in length, by about
an average of a mile in width. It is laid out in squares,
the streets running at right angles. In number the streets
and lanes are one hundred and thirty-three. There are 28
churches, ajid a large number of school houses, some of
which are elegant brick structures. The city is the seat of
Dalhousie College, a prosperous institution. The Provincial
Parliiiijent building and the Dominion Post Office and Cus-
tom House are very fine structures. There are five local
banks, most of which have handsome buildings, and there
are several brarches of British and Canadian banks. The
Halifax Club and the City Club are among the best estab-
lishments of the kind in the Dominion. There are several
large hotels, and numerous smaller ones.

Of other public buildings there are the Academy of Music,
a handsome and modern structure; the Lyceum, re-arranged,
and made to supply the place of a minor theatre; numerous
.public halls, for general meetings; several markets, for the
sale of farm produce; naval, military and civilian hospitals;
a school for the blind; an institution for the deaf and dumb ;
a home for tho aged; besides industrial schools, orphanages,
&c.

This being the principal military and naval station, there
ere several barracks for the accommodation of the troops, and

lA.

is the chief
t is situate
the harbor
h, by about
in squares,
the streets
ere are 28
s, some of
)he seat of
) Provincial
je and Cus-
e five local
, and there
anks. The
best estab-
are several

y of Music,
e-arranged,
; numerous
;ets, for the
Q hospitals;
and dumb ;
orphanages,

dtion, there
troops, and

at the north-end of the city a spacious dockyard for the fleet.
There is also now in course of construction a dry dock, built
with Imperial, Dominion and Civic aid, and it is expected
that on the completion of this important work the port will
be more than ever a place of call for ocean-going steamers.

The city is chiefly composed of wooden houses ; but there
are many handsome stone and brick dwellings and stores.
In Granville and HoUis streets, in which are most of the
besi; retail establishments, there are some fine specimens of
architecture. The old wooden houses are gradually dis-
appearing, and more substantial stone and brick edifices are
being erected in their stead.

Halifax is perhaps better supplied with water than any
other city in America, dse very many of the old wooden
houses now remaining would, in all probability, have been,
ere this, destroyed by fire.

The city is governed by a mavor and aldermen ; assisted
by a stipendiary magistrate. The police force consists of
about forty men, by whom perfect order is maintained.

The streets are lighted by gas and the electric light, and

the houses 'ire supplied with gas and water. The harbor of

Halifax is one of the best, perhaps the very best in the

world. It is six miles long by, on an average, a mile wide ;

the water is very bold and capable of floating, alongside the

wharves, vessels of the largest size. There is excellent

anchorage in every part of it. At the north end, the harbor

is connected by a narrow arm, called the Narrows, with

Bedford Basin, a sheet of water six miles by four

m size, capable of containing all the navies of the world.

The city and harbor of Halifax are protected by eleven

different fortifications, and in everj way the port is consid-
ered one of the safest and best in the world. Opposite the
city stands the pretty little town of Dartmouth, containing
a population of about three thousand. A couple of miles
south of Dartmouth, opposite the centre of the city of Hali-
fax, on a commanaing site, is the Provincial Asylum for the
Insane, a very large, handsome stone building, capable of ac-
commodating more than 400 patients.

The scenery around Halifax and Dartmouth is charming.
The North-West Arm, a narrow arm of sea, about two miles
west of the city, is very pretty ; this arm is about three miles
long and about a quarter of a mile in width. Some pretty
villas aloi:% its shores add considerably to the natural beauty
of the locality. The Dartmouth lakes, Bedford Basin, and
the Eastern Passage, also present some beautiful landscapes.

Halifax is the headquarters of the British army in North
America, and there are always one or two regiments of the
line, besides artillery and engineers, stationed in the city.
They have a large, handsome and comfortable brick barrack
at the north end overlooking the harbor. The port of Hali-
fax is the summer naval station of the North American and
West Indian Squadron.

rt is consid-
3ppo8ite the
I, containing
pie of miles
city of Hali-
ylum for the
japable of ac-

is charming.
>ut two miles
it three miles
Some pretty
itural beauty
1 Basin, and
1 landscapes.

my in North
ments of the
in the city.
)rick barrack
port of Hali-
merican and

CONCLUSION.

The information contained in the foi-egoing pages may be
relied on as a correct and unexaggerated description of the
Province of Nova Scotia, and will, we believe, be found suffix
cient to enable any man of ordinary intelligence to form a
very good idea of the general character of the country, its
climate, resources, &c., and to see that, for a man of energy
and industry, combined with a small amount of money capiV
tal, no other part of America offers the same inducements,
or presents the same advantages. As a home for farmers,
or for persons of limited incomes, such as half-nay officers,
who are compelled to lite and educate their families on small
means, no country in the world is more suitable. A quiet
country life, or the gaieties and bustle of life in the city, may
be had, according to choice.

The nearness of the Province to Europe, and the facilities
for rapid communication with Great Britain and other coun.
tries, is a very great advantage, and one that should not be
overlooked by intending emigrants.

Whilst a good intelligent class of emigrants, possessing
some means, would do exceedingly well here, and much better
than they could do in Europe with the same amount of
capital, the poorer classes— the paupers— had better remain
at home, or emigrate to some country where their pauper
habits would be no detriment to their chance of obtaining -
living, or where there may be a demand for the labor °o'f
those of them who are willing to work-if such country can

■'yif

be found. Paupers in Europe would be but paupers here,
and it would be simply a waste of money to send them out.
Skilled labor is in demand in the Province, no matter
whether it consists^ in the art of digging a ditch properly, or
in manufacturing and putting together the most delicate kinds
of mechanism. All classes of working people who under-
stand the particular business in which they have been edu-
cated, either theoretically or practically, may succeed here if
they are willing to put their knowledge to practical use. In
short, industry in any business will, in Nova Scotia, meet
with a sure reward.

In all agricultural districts in Great Britain, there are
numbers ;of farms, hired of wealthy landholders at large an-
nual rents. The tenants of such farms would do much better
in this Province, as they could purchase a farm of one hun-
dred acres here for about the same money they pay annually
in rent in England or Scotland. Among that class of people
clubs, comprising eight or ten persons each, might be formed.
Every such club could purchase a farm of say, 500 acres, in
one of the best agricultural districts of Nova Scotia, and
divide it among them by lot or otherwise. In this way men
of limited capital might possess farms quite large enough,
and with sufficient land in working order to enable them to
begin operations at once, and get good return for their out-
lay and labor the first season.

The information contained in this pamphlet is calculated
to assist and guide emigration societies in selecting the right
kind of people to send here. In coming to Nova Scotia,
emigrants do not leave a civilized country to reside among
savages or in a wilderness. They must bear in mind that
they are coming amongst a people who are quite as far
advanced in the arts of civilization as they are themselves,

)au[>ers here,
md them out.
9, no matter
i properly, or
delicate kinds
who under-
ve been edu-
jcceed here if
;ical use. In
Scotia, meet

in, there are
8 at large an-
3 much better
of one hun-
pay annually
lass of people
;ht be formed.
500 acres, in
, Scotia, and
this way men
arge enough,
lable them to
for their out-

and who, owing chiefly to our system of free schools, are
better educated than are, on an average, the people of
England. The inhabitants of this country are mostly
descended from British settlers, are governed by the same
laws, animated by the same feelings and sentiments, and
speak the same language a3 their British ancestors ; and in
point of intelligence, in morality and religion, they are second
to no people in the world. It is therefore necessary that
Europeans who intend emigrating to this country should be
acquainted with this faet so that they may govern themselves
accordingly.

The foregoing pages are composed chiefly of extracts from
a work written by Mr. Herbert Crosskill, Deputy Provincial
Secretary, lor the information of intending emigrants, and
extensively circulated by the Government of Nova Scotia in
Great Britain, and to which work we refer those persons who
desire more explicit information and descriptions of individual
counties of the Province.

is calculated
ting the right
Nova Scotia,
reside among
in mind that

quite as far
e themselves.

APPENDIX.

The following are extracts from published writings of
tion-i'esidents who have visited the Province from other
portions of the globe, which we believe will confirm the
statements herein made respecting the climate and natural
resources of Nova Scotia, and prove valuable as outside and
independent testimony.

AN EXPERT'S OPINION.

From " The Fishing Tourist," by Chas. Hallock, Esquire,
of New York ;

"Herewith I enter the lists as t'he champion of Nova
Scotia. Once upon a time I resided there for a considerable
period. Within the past thirteen years I have traversed it
from one extemity to the other ; much of it by private con-
veyance. I have become enamored of its natural beauties
and unusual resources. Were I to give a first-class certifi-
cate of its general character, I would affirm that it yields a
greater variety of products for export than any territory on
the globe of the same superficial area. This is saying a good
deal. Let us see : She has ice, lumber, ships, salt, fish,
salmon and lobsters, coal, iroii, gold, antimony, copper, plaster,
slate, grindstones, fat cattle, wool, potatoes, apples, large
game and furs. But, as this volume is not a commercial
compendium, I shall regard the attraction of the Province
from a Sportsman's standpoint only.

" As a game country it is unsurpassed. Large portions
ar© still a Primitive wilderness^ and in the least accessible

writings of
from other
confirm the
and natural
outside and

ck) Esquire,

)u of Nova
considerable
traversed it
private con-
ral beauties
class certifi"
I it yields a
territory on
tying a good
I, sa)t, Ush,
iper, plaster,
pples, large
commercial
tie Province

'ge portions

sf; «r»r»f>ssihlift

forests the moose and cariboo are scarcely molested by the
hunter. Nearly every stream abounds in trout, and although
civilization, with its dams and mills, had nearly exterminated
the salmon at one time, the efforts of the Canadian Govern-
ment since 1868 have so far restored the streams that this
royal fish may also be taken in nearly all its old haunts."

Speaking of the salmon rivers, Mr. Hallock says :— » Most
of them are short, running in parallellines to the sea, only
a few miles apart. The fishing ground seldom extends more
than ten miles from their mouths, and they are so accessible
to settlements that the angler can surfeit himself with sport
by day and sleep in a comfortable inn or farm-house at
night—a juxtaposition of advantages seldom to be found in
America. Thereisnonecessity for camping out. Sea-trout, or
tide-trout, commence to run up tlie rivers at the end of June,
and the sport to be enjoyed in the estuaries at that season is
of the most exciting character. The fish average about
three pounds in weight, and, when well hooked, will test the
dexterity of the angler, and the strength of fiis tackle, to
the utmost."

Of Gold River, in the County of Lunenburg, Mr. Hallock
says : " In this river I have taken on the same day (the Ist
of July) a salmon, a grilse, a sea-trout and a speckled or
brook-trout, without changing my casting stand.

• ♦ • • • ♦ ,

"The middle district includes nerrlv all of Halifax
County, and parts of the Counties of Guy'sboro' and Pieton
Too much cannot be said in praise of this entire district

«T1

. .„iiuuici»uiu sireams into which salmon have

been running the past two years, over unobstructive passes
and artificial fish-ways, in numbers that cause both rod and
net fishermen to leap for joy.

" Within a radius of twenty miles around Halifax, trout
and salmon fishing can be enjoyed in every phase which the
gentle art is capable of assuming.''

Speakiflg of Shelburne, Queens, and Lunenburg Counties,
he says — the district "is emphatically the lake region of
Nova Scotia. All it lacks is the grand old mountains to
make it physically as attractive as the Adirondacks, while as
for game and fish, it is in every way infinitely superior. *
* * Its lakes swarm with trout, and into many

of them the salmon ascend to spawn, and are dipped and
speared, by the Indians, in large numbers."

While fishing the Gold Eiver, Mr. Hallock put up at
Lovett's Hotel, in Cheater, of which he gives the following
description : •

" There'll be no sorrow there. Private parlor and bed-
room, with gossamer curtains ; sheets snow^y white ; bouquets
of wild flowers, renewed every day ; a rising bell, or a little
maid's tap at the door ; breakfast under hot covers — boiled
salmon, baked ttout with cream, omelettes, toast, broiled
beefsteak (everybody ehe fries it down here), coffee, eggs,
milk, wild honey, and all that sort of thing, ad libitum, ad
infinitum,"

1 1

AN ENGINEER'S OPINION.

Martin Murphy, Esq., now Provincial Engineer of Nova
Scotia, shortly after his arrival in the Province from Great
Britain thus wrote of the district of country lying between the
valley of Annapolis and the Southern Shore of the Province :

'♦If we wore to follow a course along the South-eastern
or Atlantic slope of the South Mountain, keeping parallel
with the trend of its summit and lower than the granitic
outcrops, we would traverse a district of much interest
which is known to few, and would find many places, obscure
and lonely, possessing great natural beauty and fertility.
Along the southernmost elope, this belt, varying from ten to
fifteen miles in width, is reticulated by many green patches
©f foliage and luxuriant growth of timber, exhibiting remark-
able contrast with the barren denuded surface of a great
portion of the country further down. If you would follow
this varied yet regular range of landscape, alternating with
..ake and woodland, many strange phases of primitive grandeur
would present themselves. Some noble forest trees of
vigorous growth, some far gone in years, some shattered by
the wnids and frosts, bent and broken, lying athwart their
neighbours, others long since departed yet still bolt upright
vvith their bare white rampike branches atop, and here and
there small clumps of new growth shev^ing all the beauty
and vigour of youth. Further on is the " hardwood hill,"
with its stately whito limbed birchen or maple, shewing
smooth firm trunks and wide protection of bough, as regular

and as trim ns if ntnini»rl'«.Ti/i (-m«;~»j i 1.1- - __^ . . , ....

i "'•' «"« viaincu uj {,iw uiperc 10 oeauniy

some lawn or avenue in the frequented and ornamental

filT

parks of Europe. Rising from a carpeted floor of etisp
leaves, at rwuarkably regular iliataucos apart for their con-
venience ot growth and development, these trees, indigonous,
clothe receding hill-sides for many miles. We notice that
the lines are somewhat finely drawn between the domain of
each of itB kind, each generally ■ keeping within its own
boundat-y. There ore, of course, many intervening patches
of a mried growth of pine, birch, maple and others, yet
generally srpeaking, the first named three keep within the
zones of their kind. Long vales of meadow, with a copious
covering of grasses, frequently are met with. They
generally encompass lakes, or border streams on alluvial or
peaty sur&ce, and often open up glades that permit the eye to
range ov«)f a prospect beautiful and extensive. Rosignol,
with its clustered islands, secluded and solitary, the largest
of our inland lakes, is exceedingly pleasing and picturesque
— here expanding into a broad sheet of limpid glow, there
presenting narrow wavy outlines in the sombre shadows of
islands tl\»t look as if afloat, and bearing mast like the spruce
and herotoekt which give them a trim and characteristic
appearance; and again we come unawares on long winding
armlets branching and converging with fringed borders of
willow and alder, that dip their pendant branches into, the
•^ater, all ^ing a semblance of vastness to this, natural
landscape scenery, that when once seen is not easily for-
gotten.

'• The Mic-Mac has for ages made this secluded retreat,
commonly kiaovvn as the Indian Gardens, the centre of bis
hunting <J|j^»tk)n8. Here in summer he can provide himself
with fish, and in winter he is in the path ot the Moose or
Elk, that still roam at large and almost unmolested over the
vast tract of wilderness. The Beaver, too, is still active in

)or of CTisp
or their con-
, indif^onous,
I notice that
le domain of
lin its own
ling patches
others, yet
I within the
:th a copious
^'ith. They
n alluvial or
kit the eye to
. Rosignol,
% the largest
picturesque
glow, there
B shadows of
io the spruce
jharacteristic
ODg winding
I borders of
hes into, the
this natuml
t easily for-

aded retreat,
centre of his
Dvide himself
;he Moose or
ited over the
itill actire in

tl^e lakes and swamps along this district, and although Ms
domain, hke that of the Moose, is fast becoming circum-
scribed he yet furnishes some winter sport and employment
to the hunter and trapper."

A ^'"f '"' Jatlock, of Glasgow, visited tie Province in

August, 1885, .nd, in a letter to the writer, savs :-" Tour

kmd notes in relation to the weather do not' surprise me

"atrll^!, "'^"""-f '" "•« P™vit>ce myself, and 1 am
agreeably disappointed U> find the climate and soil of Nova
Scotm so much superior to what I had imagined, but, as it

«!?Trf' T .";? "^"^ *° '•™»"'- ^» Public Gardens
_ of Halifax I shall never forget, it was quite an unexpected

Pleasure to me, as I had no anticipation of seeing anything

90 fine even in the capital of Nova Scotia."

AN OLD COUNTRY FARMEE'S OPINION.

T ^"T.^^'b ^'«- "'■ ^"^y^^^' Gl«gow, Scotland.-late
Ws ire Parmer,' Delegate to C».^a^ writes/ undt
date 2lst January, 1886, as follows ,—

CANADA AND TJIE LAND-HTJNGEY.
" In these days of agrarian agitation it is a pity that more
attention is not bestowed on the easy outlet wUch Canal

Til:: ^ ''^-^■l"-^- The sum which it would take
to purchase even < thre, acr«, and a cm' in England would

and there set h,m down on, B^y, forty acres (the very lowest
<iuant.ty to afiord full and profitable emoinvn,.^ ^rpt
oiau,) with several cows in addition.

"The agricultural characteristics of so vast , country «s

Canatia aro of course exceedingly varied. In Manitoba and
the far west tbe rich prairie land is of such extent that for
years to como we may expect that the Government offer of
• 160 acres for nothing,* will remain open to as many of the
land-hungry as may choose to betake themselves to these
regions. Of course they will find it lonely if they go alone
—the only way to secure immediate society under such cir-
cumstances is to take it with you. The winter weather on
the prairie is also a drawback, in the estimation of many—-
though almost invariably clear, and dry, and healthy, it is
undoubtedly so very cold as to prove unbearable to a few,
disagreeable to the many, and enjoyable to nobody from the
outside of Scandinavia.

" Coming eastwards through Upper and Lower Canada
(Ontario and Quebec) we find an abundance of fine soil, not
possessing, it is true, the marvellous properties of the prairie
soil, but still, soil as good on the average as that of England.
These lands, however, aro all taken up (eicept some vast
tracts of uncleared forest) and held by men of intelligencer
who are just as able to make the most of them as any ordin-
ary Englishman could hope to do, and who indeed do do so
in a majority of cases probably. At same time, just as there
are always farms 'to let' in England, there are also always
plenty of farms 'for sale' in Ontario and Quebec at prices
which allow the holder to make a fair living if he be fairiy
prudent and industrious. The same may be said even more
emphatically of the province of Nova Scotia, in which the
writer spent the greater part of the four years, 1880-1883.
To this province in particular he would like to draw the
attention of the land-hungry, and especially of all those
British tenant farmers who have found « Landlordism* in-
tolerable. To all such, if they have ^600 to ^1000 of
capital, he would say, try Nova Scotia. Eemomber it \»

itoba and

that for
t offer of
ny of the

to these
' go alone

such cir-
eather on
f many —
[thy, it 18
to a few^

from the-

ir Canada!
e soil, not
;he prairie
■ England,
some vast
telligencer
*ny ordin-
i do do so
jt as there
so always

at prices
le be fairly
even more
which the
.880-1883.

draw the

all those

)rdi8m* in-

£1000 of
►mber it i&

to those who have had too much ' Landloixlism' that he
would particularly desire to give that advice. They are
specially the sort for Nova Scotia, he thinks, because, from
much observation of Nova Sootian farming, he ha8 co<i>e to
the conclusion that all the defects of Nova Scotian farming
— all the circumstances w hich cause farming there to be so
barely remunerative as it is, and thus make fairly good
farms there so very cheap — are due to neither more nor less
than lack of stimulus which a reasonably severe degree of
Landlordism gives to the energies of those who live under
it. There are almost no tenant farmers in Nova Scotia. A
fairly good farm of, say, lUO acres, ^ cleared and 5 under
wood, with house of 4 to 6 rooms, and sufficient outhouses,
may be had for from .£200 to £400. By moderate industry
the owii«r of such a place can rear his family, on better food
probably than he could give them in England, with the same
expenditure of capital and labor. And that is about all that
the average Nova Sootian farmer attempts. He does not
knuckle down to b?8 work in the severely continuous style
that is practically compulsory in England and Scotland. If
be had a reasonable rent to pay, as well as a living to earn,
he would be compelled to work harder, to cultivate less
superficially, to k)iter loss around the country store, to do
l€ss driving in his buggy, to get his women-folk to make
more butter and less pastry, and, in short, by dint of having
to make a struggle to escape eviction and bankruptcy, he
would often land himself into a state of comparative afflu-
ence. But there is not much hope of any such result from
the average* Nova Scotian farmer. He is fairly educated,

"Mr. Iinrie'8 description of the average Nova Scotian farmer is pretty nearly cor-
i^t, but in every county in the Province there are farmers who are consideraLly
♦' nnmfn^„'^'i!*'T* "^^^ have placed themsalves and their families in more than
^JLc „„^^^5 circumstances," and have by their industry, and attention to busi-
ness acquired considerable wealth. Sunh mfln a»-« cenonrt *o p^no «n infouiffrnf-p
uuul j*taiidiug ID the Province. mt,.i«gcncc

;, -jr*"

and smart enough at a bargain or an argument^ but he doe*
not make the most of his farm, nor anything likiD it. And
it would probaWy thus be an immense boon to the Province-
of Nova Scotia if its farming community couM have an in-
fusion of fresh^ blood from the severely disciplined ranks of
the farming community of the old country. On the other
hand, the emigrant would find relief from that strain of
' Landlordism ' of which he has bad an overdose already..
He would find himself in the midst of a population as in-
telligent as that of England, with everywhere an abundance
of church and school accommodation. Moreover he would
find himself a citizen of a very decidedly rising country, ami
a healthy and a pleasant country to live vn..^

A LADY'S OPINION.

Mrs. E. C. Fellows, of 16 Elsworthy Road, Prrmrose HiH^
IgndoB, England,, writing during t e preswit year^ saya of
Nova Scotia : —

"There was once a man so lost in admiration of a far-ofT
prospect that be could pay na heed to a fair garden lying
near at hand. Is not the Briton who emigrates to Austra-
lia, the Cape, the United States, or even the Canadian. North-
West and other distant places, a little like that man?
In avoiding Nova Scotia he very literally often goes, further
and fares worse. Let us see why.

"The climate of this Province is healthy, the heat never
oppressive, the cold in winter invigorating, and no one
would dream of bestowing upon it the title, so common else-
where, of " grave of the Anglo-Saxon race." Hurricanes do-
not drive its inhabitants t<| seek refuge ia their cellars whi^e-

; he doe*
t. And
Province
fe an in-
ranks of
:he other
strain of
already^
n as in-
)undanc&
je would
itry, ami

oee HiH^
^ saya of"

' a far-off
en lying
» Austra-
nNorth-
at man?
s. further

lat never
no one
Qon else-
canes do-
trs \shiist

house-roofs and other unconsidered trifles Are flying iil thd
iair; floods and (earthquakes, bdsh and prairie fires do not
sweep homesteads and living creatures to dSstrtictioh •
neither do droughts of many months duration kill flocks by
thousands, and bring proprietors from affluence to bank-
ruptcy. Water indeed can never fail in a country so
bountifully studded with lakes and drained by rivers, to say
nothing of smaller streams that are a joy alike to angler and
to artist. The meadows, refreshed by seasonable rains,
retain their English-looking verdure till late autumn; and
ere their greenness fades the woods around are a gorgeous
blaze of scarlet, crimson, gold and russet-brown, and under-
neath their shade a man may wander without dread of
flcalping-knife and tomahawk or bite of venomous reptile.

"The population is not gathered into a few towns, but is
ecattered, with the pleasing result that, save perhaps in ^
few still uncleared districts, churches, schools, post-offices,
telegraphs, roads, railwayi, steamers (these last preferable to
many of our own local water-crafts) are within v^&Qh, and
neighbors are not scores of miles apart. Elsewhere one
hears of less than twenty families dotted about a belt of land
over seventy miles long, and of the nearest Doctor living j*
hundred miles away; under such circumstances a neighr
hourly chat becomes an all but impossibility. In Nova
Scotia too are many charming spots where tourist or settler
can take his ease at his Inn, not a huge, comfortless caravan-r
sary, nor a ramshackle shanty of hideous design, but a cosy
dwelling where the food if plain is good and plentiful ; where
'boots' and chambermaid do not lie in wait for 'tips,' and
the host is often one of the pleasantest of good fellows.
These country Inns do a lively business in summer time

when thn nurt-ftalra/l Aan%irAr\

9 vf. vMc v^^i'i^^ atc*iOj^ i»»^^^7

■irr

take refuge in Nova Scotia from their own torrid clime;
and having enjoyed their first holiday, are very apt to come
again. Thus when 'mine host' is an active man, familiar
with country ways, and his wif? is a notable cook and house-
keeper, this sort of undertaking can be made at once profit-
able and congenial.

'^The natural wealth of the Province is very great, and
capable of much further development. Coal mines, whose
seams at times are over twenty feet thick, are ever increas-
ing their out-put ; and in some cases iron ore exists in close
proximity, nor do the mineral treasures stop at coal and
iron, the list being a goodly one.

** Fruits similar to those grown in the British Isles, but
tasting more of sunshine, are fast winning their way to
public appreciation beyond Provincial limits ; and all kinds
of English vegetables are also plentiful. In the export of
these, of cattle, and of other things, there is also room for
considerable expansion.

"Ship -building is a long established industry, and one
which, whether the walls be wooden or iron, is hardly
likely to die out, for the Nova Scotians are a race of bold
and hardy sailors.

" Land not having yet fallen a prey to • sharks,' as in other
parts of the world, is of reasonable price ; and the would-be
settler, on arrival in the Province, is not landed in a desert
or a wilderness, but sees around him comfortable-looking
homesteads and well-cleared fields. Why, he will ask, are
so many proprietors of these willing to let or sell ? Because
he will be told, the craze for moving westward has everlast-
ing possession of the Atlantic sea-board settlers. Or be-

)md clime;
apt to come
an, familiar
L and house-
once profit-

T great, &nd
lines, whose
jver increas-
cists in close
at coal and

ih Isles, but
heir way to
3d all kinds
he export of
so room for

ry, and one
1, is hardly
raco of bold

I,* as in other
he would-be
3 in a desert
table-looking
will ask, are
1 ? Because
has everlast-
rs. Or be-

cause the unscientific farmer has tickled mother earth viith
a plow and she has laughed with a harvest so many seasons
in succession that, taking mean advantage of a generous
nature, he has year after year extracted from her all he can
get, and given little or nothing in return. Then may be
she has sulked awhile, and he, impatient of her mood, has
set off for the distant wilderness, forgetting that the labor
and expense of hewing out therefrom a newer home might
be as well lavished in juster treatment of the old one.

"To take up the work thus left neglected, what fitter agent
could be found than the British agriculturlist, well versed
in crops-rotation and scientific treatment of unkindly used
soils ? Any such man, bent on immigration, wearied of old-
country land-laws, yet glad to live under nearly similar skies
together with the old flag, and blessed with capital sufficient
to buy one of Nova Scotia's moderate-sized farms, weld
probably have but himself to blame if hereafter he did badly.
From personal knowledge of this fine Province, formed dur-
ing a residence of many months' duration, I cannot help
believing that there is a bright future in store. Noya Scotia,
in common with the other eastern Maritime divisions, wants
new blood, new energy, newness in many ways. When this
need is remedied, with a geographical position so excellent,
a climate so salubrious, and resources so varied, what may
the country not become ?

"There are districts, as for instance the Annapolis Valley,
where, for miles together, the landscape blooms like a beau-
tiful garden, with, in spring time, acre after acre of lovely
apple blossoms, yet with ample capacity for greater glory.
The wonderfully fertile dyked meadows on the banks of the
Cornwallis and elsewhere, affording rich pasturage to herds
of cattle, are also a justly-prized possession. Markets, too,

are all around. Leaving out of account Nova Scotia's own
needs, there are, within easy reach, New York and Boston,
insatiable devourers of its produce; and if the Provinces to
north and west have enough of their own, there are always
hungry Europe and the mother-land, already provided with
direct communication and soon to be within a week's steara.
No fear then of Nova Scotia's agricultural wealth lying snow-
bound in mid-continent, or rotting, or being used ds fuel for
lack of eager mouths and a near mart. One has heard of
such disasters elsewhere

♦• But only steady, industrious, temperate men are in re-
quest; with those ot different habit Nova Scotia has not the
slightest wish to make acquaintance. And— this emphati-
cally — • No paupers need apply.' "

ANOTHEE LADY'S OPINION.

Extract of a letter from Miss Sterling. Pounder and Hon.
Superintendent of The Edinburgh and Leith Children's Aid
and fiofuge for the Protection of Children. Of Cornwallis*
in the w'ounty of Kings, this lady writes:

" I liked all I saw of the people and the climate, and I
believe that industrious, and steady and fairly energetic men
«nd women would have no difficulty in making such farms as
I saw pay. I mean faims of about 120 acres, including some
dyked land and an orchard. I believe the best people to go
would be market gardeners and those used to a dairy farm.
I do not think fretful, idle persons should try it, or those
who are not of sober habits. Such will not get on any-
where.'*

Scotia's own
and Boston,
Provinces to
•e are always
rovided with
eeek's steam.
I lying snow-
id ds fuel for
has heard of

en are m ro-
% has not the
his emphati-

ier and Hon.
hildren's Aid
f CorQwallis«

limate, and I
inergetic men
such farms as
leluding some

people to go
a dairy farm.
•y it, or those

get on any-

FOEEIGNERS' OPINIONS.

In a publication entitled '^'he West Shore," issued in
December, 1885, in Portland, Oregon, in the United States,
Nova Scotia is thus described :

"Nova Scotia is an agricultural country, the arable lands
being extensive and rich. Wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, bar-
ley, corn, potatoes, vegetables and fruits grow in abundance.
Even grapes and peaches thrive in some localities. Live
stock and daii-y products are a large element of wealth.
The forests are extensive,, and lumbering is an important
industry. Nova Scotia ranks second only to Newfoundland
in the extent and value ot its fishing enterprises. About
20,000 men are employed in the fisheries, and the exports of
the industry amount to $5,000,000 annually. Other indus-
tries are sugar refineries, cotton mills, woollen mills, carpet
factories, tanneries, paper mills, and factories for the pro-
duction of paper, machinery, nails, shoes, flour, woodenware,
&c. * * * * The climate is somewhat similar to that of
New Brunswick, though about 15 degrees milder in winter."

Samuel L. Boardman, Esq., Editor of the "HomeFarm,'"
a journal devoted to the agricultural interests of the State of
Maine, in the Fnited States of America, after having tra-
veUed through the Counties of Annapolis, Kings. Hants,
Halifax, Colchester and Cumberland, in this Province, thus
j speaks of the respective- districts visited .-;

Of Annapolis Valley* he says i " On both aides of the-

river are extensive dyked marshes. On the western (north-
orn?; side, between the Basin and the Bay of Fundy, are
high wooded mountains ; but between the basin and the
base of the mountains is a strip of land varying in width
from one-half mile to a mile, comprising magnificent orch-
ards. Here one entei;s itj fruit section of the Annapolis
Valley, which extends eastvvard for sixty miles.

"The modern village of Annapolis is a quite cleanly, well-
ordered town. The people are talkative, hearty, hospitable.
You feel at home among tliera. The hotels are good. 1
flaw no drunkenness in the streets. The houses are chiefly
of wood, and most have large gardens attached to them—
gardens in which all kinds of vegetables mak« a rank, vigor-
ous growth, and which the owners seem to have a pride in
keeping free from weeds. The love of flowers is universal,
for at «very house— almost without exception— in village
and country, all the windows, both up-stairs and down,
were filled with plants in bloom. Especially did I hnger m
front of a neat cottage near our hotel, whose owner has his
workshop and house connected with a covered walk, and
whose yard, garden, summer-house and windows were com-
pletely embowered with plants, vines, flowers and shrubbery
ol almost every kind." .

Of Bear River, in the tlounty of Annapolis, he says : " I
dluded to the vast numbers of cherries grown in the Bear
Eiver Valley. It is a section fe«ious for fine fruit of this
.description. Large quantities are shipped to the States, and
in years of abundant «ropfl thousands of bushels rot on the
tree*. The varieties grown are chiefly White-heart, Ox-
heart and French."

"♦Sixty miles of orchard bbssoms' is the description

whieh one journal gives of a ride up the Annapolis Valley in
the month of June. * A forest of apple trees' is what an
intelligent gentleman tells me the country is to-day."

" Opposite Annapolis Eoyal is the Township of Gran-
rille. » * * ♦ The location of the rich marsh
and valley uplands of the Granville side of the Annapolis
River is most favorable. The North Mountains — a high
range of mountains sometimes reaching the height of 600
feet — give shelter from the cold winds and chilling fog of
the Bay of Fundy, while the sun pours down its warm rays
directly upon the land. The soil is a reddish loam, deep
and fertile. On examination I found no clay loam in all the
Granville soil which I examined. Still it is a soil the Kke of
which we have none in Maine. The verdure is rich and
beautiful, the apple trees are vigorous and productive. Farm
crops are rank and abundant.

" On the Queen Anne marsh, 500 acres of splendid land,
there is now growing a crop of timothy and clover that will
average three tons to the acre.

" The Windsor and Annapolis Railway extends along the
valley of the Annapolis and Cornwallia rivers (the latter
river is in Kings County), among the farms and orchards —
a most delightful and pleasant section of country. Weil
has it been termed the • Garden of Nova Scotia I' It is such
a country as one might well be happy in, for I am sure
independence and every needed comfort and enjoyment are
possessed by the farmers living in this portion of the Pro-
vince. There are fine old orchards (and many young ones,
cultivated to beans and potatoes), fields of stout grass, and

-i— i. -11 -1 il-- M _i? J

A n

U«^ — fi„ij_ _. _..

I j '

i i

h J;

% 1

le description ■ ^^^^ ^ wonderfully green and vigorous look."

Of the Country around Kentville and Wolfville, in Kinifs
l^ounty, Mr. Boardman says j •• Thousands of acres of the
most beautiful land in the Province stretch out before you J
the farms betoken independence ; the farm hou86s are large
and substantial, and the landscape is one of great beauty.-

Hespecting the farm of a Mr. Patterson, at Horton be
writes: "On just two acres of land Mr. Patterson tells
me he has one hundred trees in bearing, and last year (1883)
had from this orchard three hundred barrels of apples, and
on the land three hundred and twenty cocks of hayj a fine
sight it was, with the trees bearing and the cocks of hay as
thick among the trees as they could stand***

Of Windsor, in the County of Hants, Mr. Boardman
says : "Windsor is the seat of Kings College, and the
town one of culture and intellectual refinement. About here
are extensive quarries of freestone and gypsum."

Mr. Boardman writes : « I was delighted with Truro in
the County of Colchester. It is in the midst of a good
farming section, and about here are many rich old meadows,
dyked in from the sea by the early Acadians."

Speaking of the Tantramar marsh, in the County of Cum-
berland, he says : " This large dyked marsh, stretches away
as far as the eye can see, all dotted over with hay barns for
storing the hay. It is owned in lots of from twenty to on©
hundred acres, and yields the best of Timothy and Clover,
often cutting from three to four tons to the acre. The soil is
rich andfertiU. The agriculture of this county is in a pros-
perous condition.'^

In conclusion, Mr. Boardman writes { « I have obtained
h-om an actual examination a high opinion of the people of

New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, especially of the htia^
IVovince, and am ploaeed to record my testimony to the
uniform courtesy and kindness which I everywhere received.
As to the agriculture of Nova Scotia, I was agreeably sur-
prised to find it in so advanced a condition. The farmers
are intelligent, and their methods are, in many respects, in
advance of our own."

IV-

AN ARTIST'S OPINION.

John J. Dillon, Esquire, artist, of 6 Marmadnke Street,
Liverpool, England, writes as followi :

" HiLiFAi, N. S., Jan'y 5, 1886.
" Hiving arrived in Nova Scotia last August, I find my-
self still waiting for winter,— still in my tourist's tweed suit
Hs worn in September, without having added thereto addi-
tional clothing of any description. Truly this is a marvel-
lous climate,— superior to my best experiences of either the
French or Italian riviera. Prior to ray visit here, I shared
the impression which largely prevails at home (Great Brit-
ain )~that winter in Nova Scotia was almost that of the
Polar regions. I now practically learn that this idea i»
utterly erroneous, and that an average winter in Scotland
and North of England is far more keenly felt, and lea»
relieved by the cheerful bright days of sunshine which ace
here almost ever present. The cold as indicated by the
thermometer is not at all realized or felt.—thd' dry exhilar-
ating atmosphere enduing the system with a redundancy of
health and vitality which completely neutralizes the lowered
temperature. On an average, extreme cold does not pre-
vail. In the peninsula of Nova Scotia, which almost litei'-
ally cleaves the waym waters of the gulf Btream, winter h h

pleasant and enjoyable Beason. Having had considerable
opporl unities of seeing the interior of the country, I have
noted the wonderful fertility everywhere apparent. On all
sides wood and water aro abundant, with their attributes of
game and fish in profusion. Many fruits and vegetables of
more southern latitudes I found growing in the open air
and attaining superior size and flavor. More especially in
the beautiful Annapolis Valley, where grapes, poaches and
tomatoes are grown in the open air, and an endless variety
of more hardy fruits grow and ripen with scarcely a passing
cnre from the horticulturist.

"I really must accord my very grateful acknowledgmente
of the (rourteous and hospitable reception accorded to me by
the farmers; and settlers throughout the country, whom I,
in every case, found warmly attached to the land of their
adoption and birth, and from whom I learned that the capa-
bilities of the Province for farming and stock raising were
superior.- In short, my six-months' visit has so favorably
impressed me that the practical result has been that I hope,
at no distant date, to own an estate and residence in Nova
Scotia, and I have even already made an offer to purchase a
house and lands near Annapolis, to which I have taken a
special liking. In a country so largely endowed by nature,
and with mine and mineral wealth of untold value, a splen-
did future must be anticipated. Even at this moment,
starvation is an unknown word. Squalid, abioct poverty is
unseen and unheard of. The majority of the inhabitants
are growing in prosperity, and there are but iew, indeed
who are not at least comfortable, and, 1 may add, happy. '

"I would add that my experience of Nova Scotia fullv
warrants me in stating that there is more light and sumhine
in this country than in any country in the same latitude, or

«i!

near it, in the world. Light and sunsbine-witliout extreme
heat-impart vitality and energy to the system, and 1 attri-
bute the healthfulness of the climate and the general lon-
gevity of the inhabitants to the fact that Nova Scotians
enjoy their full nhare, at least, of pure air, light and sun-
shine. Bnght. clear weather hero is the rule, and ramy and
cloudy days the exception.

- Iloping that while there is yet room, I may see the
industrious emigrant from home availing himself more
largely of Nova Scotia's well favored lands,

"I am, &c,,

"(Sgd.) John J. Dillon."

TO THE 8ECEETAKY OF THE DEPARTMENT
OE AGKICFLTUEB,

(FOR INSERTION IN THE OEJICIAL PAMPHLET OP NOVA SCOTIA.)

After some years of farming in Nova Scotia, 1 am happy
to add my testimony as to the advantages of thir country as
a place of settlement. The climate is, certainly, far 8up;rior
to that of England, being much drier and more bracing .
and whilst fogs are somewhat prevalent on the Atlantic sea-'
board, at certain times in the year especially, thi, is not the
case ^n^a„, we scarcely ever see a fog in Colchester
l^ounty. We have generally an abundance of fine weather
tor haying and harvesting, and at the same time more sum-
mer rain to Irp^n «« 4-u^ ii «

., . „/' '"^'■^ '^i^ *"^ growth uf our grass in summer
than m \^ estern Canada. I also find here far less disease

I! 11

amongHt cattlo ami sheep than in England, At pfoficnt wo
farmers are feeling the lowness of j>rice8, and tho need -of a
larger market for dead meat, tfec; but at any rate our out-
look i8 more hopeful than in many other countries, and com-
bination, entorpri/Ai and capital might soon develop our
farming resources immensely. Hard work and some amount
of capital are indispensable for a settler in this country;
but with those requisites, a comfortable living may cer-
tainly be obtained.

Arthur F. Gurnet.

'QUESTIONS AND ANSWBES.

The following questions have lately been asked by parties
in Europe, and we give them here, together with the answers
that were returned :

Question. — On about what terms can a farmer* in Nova
Scotia board and lodge a man and his wife, with a view to
the fornier acquiring an insight into practical farming ; and
would it be possible for one, without any previous knowledge
of farming, by this means to gain sufficient experience in a
couple of years or so to enable him to carry on a farm for
himself? <■

Answer. — A man and wife, who are willing to work and
learn, would get board and lodging for their labor until they
understood general farming, with almost any respectable
farmer in the country, provided said " man and wife" come
well recommended as to character. A knowledge of farming
is generally acquired in Nova Scotia by practical labor. It
is not suflBcient to study the theory and omit the practice.

iURyET,

It, l.owever, n man and sviio wish to board, and think thev could
earn farnnng without practical <.*perieuce. and by ob.serva-
t.on only, they conld obtain board and lodging in a larn.or's
iarndy for from 6s. to 10.! each, per week, acc'ording to the
class ot farmer with whom they want to live. Any intelli-
gent nmn could get sufnc-iemt insight into farmingin two years
to enable him to commence on his own account, and whit he
could no learn m that time his neighbors would be willing
to touch hjiu gratis.

Q.-\Vou]d a capital of from .£1200 to ^1.500 be sufficient
fi^r n man to start with ?

• ^^--^f «^^^'«"^<^ ^0 ; but the more capital a farmer can put
into the business the more extensive may be his operations.
A pmct.cal man ought to make money with such a capital to
commence with.

<2.~What would be the annual rent of a farm of 100 acres
having a dwelling, barns and ordinary outhouses?

^.-Farms of from 10.0 acres to 509, with dwellings,
barns, etc., may be hired at from £25 to £80 per annum.

Q.— What is the average price of provisions, viz .—bread
meat, per lb. ; poultry. Also clothing and fuel?

^.-Flour (wheat) from 20s. to 28s. stg. per barrel 1190
lbs ;) beef 4d. to -Td. per lb. according to season and locality ;
mutton and veal 3d. to od. ; pork, the same ; turkeys, 5d. to
bd.perlb.; geeae, 4d. to 5d. per lb.; fowl., per pair. Is.
'^ci.; fuel, coal 20s. to 25s. per chaldron.; but it is much
' ower near the coal mines. Hardwood per cord, (a pile 8 ft.
long by 4 ft. wide and 4 ft. hif^h^ «« f„ lo, m;.*i,:„_ „.^
haps 15 to 20 per cent, higher than in England.

Q. — Is the Province troubled with destructive insects or
animals, such as mosquitoes, grasshoppers, &c. ?

A. — The Province is remarkably free from destructive-
insects or animals, neither have we any yenomous reptiles, i

Q. — Is there any extraordinary rainfall on au average each-
year ?

A. — We have much less rain than in the driest parts of
England. Fine, clear weather is the rule, and wet, disagree-
able weather the exception here.

Q' — What is the amount of wages paid to agricultural
hiborers, and is such labor to be obtained without much
difficulty ?

\
A. — From ^£20 to .£30 stg. per annum with board. Dur-
ing haying and harvest 6s. per day, with board, is often paid
in some localities. Last season laborers were in demand.
Good hands will always cummand good wages. -

Q, — Are there many farmers in the Province, and are the
villages far distant from each other ?

A. — There are many thousands of farmers in the Pro-
vince ; for instance, the valley extending through Annapolis
and part of Kings County is about 80 miles long, and there
is a succession of farms adjoining each other along nearly
the whole length. In width it' is from 3 to 6 miles, and
there are three roads running nearly the whole length of the
valfey, besides numerous cross roads. In some counties the
villages are numerous, and within a few miles of each other,
while in others they are more scattered.

^.— What are the means of convey anee for farm produce
to thj markets ?

u4.— Railreads, steamboats, small vessels, &c. Facilities
fqr transport are excellent.

e- Would it be diffioult to find an honest, respectable
farmer, with whom a farm could be work.<?d on shares ? Is
such a course advisable?

A,~It would not be advisable to work a farm on shares,
excepting in a case where the owner of a farm does not
understand the business ; plenty of men could be had to
work on shares under such circumstances.

Q.— What is the ordinary price of live stock ;— horses,
-cows, slieep, pigs, &c.

^.—Horses are from ^15 to ^30 each ; farm horses are

seldom above ^20 stg. The higher price is obtained for

gentlemen's saddle and carriage horses ; cows from ^5 to £7

•or £S each ; working oxen from ^1« to £25 per pair.

Sheep and ewine according U breed, weight, &c.

(2.— What is the best time in the year for an emigrant to
.arrive ?

^1.— From the 20th March to the 20th April.

Q.~l8 the business of market gardening carried on to any
extent in the Province, and are the markets easy of access?

^.—Market gardening is not carried on extensively or
scientifically, although JTaliftix and the numerous towns
throughout the Province are tolerably well supplied. A few
intelligent gardeners who understand raising early veget-
ables, would make money here, as wo h.ave ^ood markets
and cheap facilities for reaching them.

<2.— What kind of poultry is raised in the Province, and
is iiie eliumte adapted for this kiml of stock?

If
\i

! I

J^.~Tho climate is very suitable, aud numerous kinds of
poultry are kept about the farm yards. We have Dorkings,
Bolton Greys, Brahmas, Black Spanish, Pivmouth Eocks'
Hamburg, Poland, Hoiulans, Cochin China, Crove Cours
and many common varieties. We have also turkeys, geese,'
ducks, etc. Our markets are pretty welt supplied with
poultry and eggs, but the demand is increasin<^.

^.— Is water power abundant and 'available for manufac-
turing purposes ?

^.—Probably no country in proportion to its extent, is so
well supplied with water power, which, in connection with
inexhaustible mines of iron and coal, affords this Province-
facilities for manufactuVing at least equal to any countr>^ in
the world. >

Q.~Is building material expensive, or the reverse?
A.~ln a country where wood, stone, iron and clav aVo
so abundant, building materials must naturally be cheap.

^ Q.— The prevailing opinion in England is that the climate
m iNova Scotia is very cold. What is the fact ?

^.— The fact is, that the " prevailing opinion " is quite
erroneous, and the people of Nova Scotia are often surprised
at the amount of ignorance displayed bv TilugHsh Journals
and a large majority of Englishmen, in rderence to the geo^
graphy and climate of this country. ^Hie London Timrs, a
few years ago, contrratulat-d the Dominion of Canada on tU
appointment of Lord Dufferin to the Governor-Generalship
and remarked : "There is a literary propriety in appointing
huu to a distinguished post m 'high latitudes,' and the Cana-
dians may think themselves fortunate in attracting so valu-
able a member of English society." The fact is, ''the "high

latitude" of the Dominion of Canada is not so high as that of
England by about 6". Montreal is situated in latitude
45" 32' N., while London, England, is in 5P 29' N. Nova
Scotia, as before stated, is situated between 43" and 47" N.,
and averages warmer than any other part of Canada. Our
winters are colder and dryer than the winters of England ;
but our summer is warmer and brighter, and we can produce
fruit aiMi vegetables in the open air here which cannot be
ripened in England except under ^lass.

I i

MONEY TABLE.

Table sJiomug the value of StevUng Moneij in Canadian Cter-

rency, and vice versa.

sterling money.

10
25

103

S 1)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U

1
1
1
1
2

3
6

2 6

5 ^0

Canadian.
Dollars and Cents.

$ Cts.

2
4
6
8
10
' 12

16
18
20
22
24
30

43
49

1 22

2 43
4 87

24 83

48 67

121 67

486 67

Canadian Cur-
rency.

$ Cts,

1
2
3
6

10
15
20
25

1 00

2 00

3 00

4 00

5 00

6 00
10 Od
20 00
25 00
60.00

100 00

500 00

1000 00

5000 00

10000 00

B/q»Uvalent in
Sterling Money

LSD

1
2
4
8
12

1 4

2 1

8
1

4 2

5 2 9
10 5 6|
20 10 1]|

102 14

205 9 7
1027 7 n|
2054 15 104

Small Calculations Uiav be based on
the Canadian cent are almost identical.

the fact that the English holf-pojiny and

STATISTICS RELATING TO NOVA SCOTIA.

COMPILED FKOM LA8T CENSUS (1881) OF DOMINION.

Total Population :

^^""^"^^ 220,538

^'^'"■'^'<^''^ 220,034

^440,572

Population in 1871 387 810

1^81 440,572

Origins of People.

i^^"7" 7,062

I-'utch 2 197

^''S^''^ 130,'225

J^"^^ 40,141

f^'*^^" 39,904

Iceland ,^.q

Indian ^ , „-

•J- . , 4j,t^e>

T™ <^'«»06t

^^'ahan , ^^,^

Jewish Oft

Russian on

Scandinavian sc/j

f"^^.\- '.'.'"'.'.'/.'.'. 146,027

y.""''^ 350

^T 1,158

Not given o «n^

' • ' s

Where Bom.

Native born f . 405, G87

England 4,813

Ireland 5,600

Scotland 10,851

United States 3,004

Not given 10,617

Persons over 60 years of age 34,228

" " 70 « " 13,976

*• " 80 *' " . . 3,853

" «' 90 " " 473

School-going Children.

Males 44,308

Females 40,607

Occupations of the People.

Agriculture 63,684

Commercial 15,103

Domestic 7,832

Industrial „ , 39,956

'Professional 4,844

Not classified 10,276

Number of Churches.. 1,055

Immovable R^operty and Shipping/.

Number of owners 67 12&

Acre, of Lund owned '. .* .' .* .' * " 7,446!o65

iovvn lots owned 22 459

No. of houses owned ,;9 93a

Warehouses, factories, &c It'soS

Barns and stables 65308

Steam vessels ^.

Tonnage of ditto. , ^^^^g

Sea-going sailing vessels. i]qqq

' Tonnage of ditto „ 441^929

Barges and small crafts _ '232

Tonnage of ditto 3 035

Occupiers of land 65873

Owners of ditto 51 710

^^'^^^^^ ...'*.'.'.' 3,'929

Land occupied (acres) 5.396,382

" i'"Proved « 1,880,644

" 'under crop " 942,010

" in pasture " Qiy^^io

" ^''^^^«^^1« " 21,624

Animals and their Prodiiets,
Jnorses Ad r\n

p 1. 46,044

^oJ<^s 11,123

Working oxen 33 '275

^;l'^f^^« .'.' '.'.'.*.'.*.'.' 137,'639

Other horned cattle 154,689

f^'P 377,801

"'''" 47,26a

J ;

Cattle killed or sold 63,389

Sheep " " 151,245

vSwine " ** 56,259

Pounds of wool " 1,142,440

Pounds of honey '* 24,500

FieM Fi'ochicts.
Acres 41,865

Spring wheat (bush.) 522,602

Winter " " d,649

Barley '* 228,748

Oats " 1,873,113

'Rye « 47,567

Peas and Beans " ! 37,220

Buckwheat " , . 339,718

Corn « 13,532

Potatoes (acres). , 60,192

'' (bush) 7,378,387

Turnips " 1,006,711

Other roots 326,143

Hay (acres; 519,856

" (tone) 697,731

Various Products.

Home-made butter (lbs) . , / 7,465,285

« cheese « 501,655

cloth yards 1,329,817

" linen " 68,038

Apples (bushels) 908,519

Orapes (lbs.) 35,015

Other fruits (bushels) 18,485

Mapk sugar (lbs.) 217,481

Products of Forest,
Pme (wbitc) cubic feet 125^451

Oak ^^"^ :: «f26

,p 22,876

Brch and Maple " 549330

^."°^^ " 4,093,553

Ime log, fnumber) ^g^^^gj

Utner " « «. ^

TVr„,, J ^ 2,250,693

Masts and Spars rnumber) 8,703

otaves

I-athwood (cords) ,'ta,

Taubark - .. ^IfJ^

^"''"'^'^ " .'.■'.■.■.■.■.■.■.■ 637,084

Fisheries.
Vessels and boats is,m

shoren.;;: ■;.■.■. ;.■.■.■:.■.".■.■.■.•.■ 'tif,

^^''f'"'™)---. .■.::: 1,171.394

Sr:rr^ ?«

ir . „ 128,578

Uerr,ng (barrels) ^,^

0.f7 " 120,242

Cans of lobsters 'Rf^-ltt

*«Hou (gallons)..... \\\\:.v.v;;.%«^^;3%«

\ I

t I

i (

j I

iiaw Mineral Products *

Gold (ounces) 16,107

m\e,v '* 22

Copper ore (tons) 2,000

Iron ore " 53,878

Manganese " »il6

Other ore8 '* 4,424

Coal " 1,013,345

Lump gypsum'* 177,081

Phos. of limo " 165

Building stone (cub. feet) 214,819

* From imperfeet returns, (jnantities no doubt wnderertimatcd.

I : t

SOME OF THE PHINCIPAL INDUSTRIES OF THE

PKOVINGE

/ j

nririi "w,!

Agricultural Implements..

JkkeHes

Ulac'ksniiths ..

Hoots and Shoci

Uiiok making .'"

Cabinet making .
Carding Mills. ... .

CarpenteHng

Carriage making .,

Haw MUh

Tanneries

Bliingle making. . , .

Printing , , . . .

Sash Factories, ifcn.
Ship Uulldinu

Soaj) and Candle making.

Tobacco Factories

Wood Turning

Musical Instruments

Paints a'ld Varnish

Hope and Twine making. .

Brew eries

..Brated Waters ..........

Boat Building '..'

Coopjrage ' ."

.Dressmaking and Millinerj'
Foundries (iron and brass)
Flour and Grist Mills.
Machine Works

Yearly
Wage.H.

Dollars.

1,160 00
7:1,418 00
•2M,bn 00
21S),598 00
26,790 00
63,075 00
16,824 00
120,134 00
lia,144 00
549,480 00
137,057 00
2,100 00
111,975 00
31,616 00
335,954 00
7,725 00
13,919 00
22,470 00
21,673 00
21,048 00
23,000 00
22,847 00
11,780 00
10,963 (X>
72,226 00
31,530 00
56,290 00
78,013 00
1' 5,417 00

Value of

Raw
Material.

Dollars

2,0fl0 00
445,810 (K)
261,148 00
417,357 00
11,178 00
79,246 UO
195,119 00
121,059 00
90,565 00
1.446,858 00
568,762 00
29,296 00
72,950 00
67,158 00
778,-865 00
82,000 00
33,100 00
33,550 00
23,052 00
44,760 00
86,000 00
101,405 00
12,600 00
10,287 00
74,580 00
77,343 00
104,, V20 00
924,34i 00
188,934 00

Value

Articles.

Dollars.

3,840 00
6.39,699 00

<J87,817 00
754,128 00
({4,775 00
24.3,1.50 00
236,676 00
293,088 00
263,834 00
3,094,137 00
875,505 00
09,344 00
270,800 00
131,:170 00
1,755,3.30 00
106,000 00
55,110 00
84,665 00
07,245 00
S8,7C0 00
130,000 00
194,185 00
40,000 (30
46,255 (M)
183,403 00
1K6,081 00
247,106 00
1,200,762 00
542,017 00

Capital
Invested.

Dollars.

162*82.5 00
230,990 00
174,232 00
8,413 00
177,455 00
57,540 00
107,783 00
132,821 00
1,640,847 00
30,5,110 00
62,546 00
171,325 00
123,820 00
527,196 00
61,300 00
36,500 00
25,180 00
48, 229 00
12,500 00
260,0(X) 00
248,060 00
18„30O 00
20,347 00
68,100 00
45,489 00
226,2,50 00
422,298 00
478,500 00

( ..

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EXPLAN/^ONS

tm :Popt of lETiti

[±•1 P<mt of BxifaP.O & Tele^apk Statioxt

^3 " "9bP.O.

■i i iiiiiiiiiii|iiii»i Hallways

E3 Seizing Qfl&

Ca Seiasm^QffifcP.O.
•P.O.
Kailways und<onstructioii.
Telegra^liI/
GtjlaDi^tri
C oail lAGniii^ «• a a
C on.teinplaieail''WciyB

64^

( 4*

«a*

EXPLANATIONS

ClZi Tavt of BTiti»^

l^ PoiK of UTtfay^TP.O.&Tele^apk Station

Ci] '; " &P.0.

ii m iiiil n ii w Railways

El Seizitvg Office
Ca Seiaim^ Offices? P.O.
•P.O.

lUilways undjr conslmctiou.
TelegrfwpliL IiLne

Gola.T)istrie^ts

C o al ]Xfiiiiii4? At «» a a

Coxiteinplai«£L Hoil^ways

^OYi

COTTOlTUD

J51

«»*

wmwmm%m mim

NO^v^\. SCO tia:

Scale

o 5 xo

SO *o so ^Miles

20 Miles 1 o ajtixich

CDWBlTUD-E WEST FROM GREENWICH.

At F. CHURCH,

i44

c^^^Q^ 'a^Hl^ HO^t CO.. WiO»\^wi.n\l ?ho«o,-v\ih,

sm.