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'' \ ■>:■ ' / I \- I, .»■ X. r .V r«»iuMto l'ni>tu: ! thrni y I ' l';iin|tliltf: I clUcttom | V •■■ V -KW^ C' ^>^ ft\A CV Vv\ "OcVx V\ '«w\\ '^ *^»^ A Social Scioncoa STACKS "% ^'■4,-'*- \ im iiVli **:. •.*.** ,^ if . • i^ m ,.> .-X. •.^- ■ ^r^# >^-^ .ly > /V* ' \v.> :jJi .' tH>^ ■i^ ^« ■» - ^'-^ METROPOLITAN TORONTO ilBRARY ^^y iS«.. T^ 'j0jtTt i.\ i\ •». 'J ^ '*,. *" ■<., " «^^>*i> ■'•V, ;i "ifSf^Si? :?5»^.Tr It I ^^^^ A J ^^j^. > ^lif^i^ * .*?' i«.i 4 >'■* I ^yir.; f J ^■m - f.j><- ^i^-i#| THE DAYS OR ADVANCE. , BRITISH CIVILIZATION AS SHOWN IN SOME INSTITUTIONS. Free Libraries and Water Supply Systems, INTERESTING FACTS GLEANED BY ALDERMAN liLLAM WHIP ACROSS THE SEA. rJ ■ i During May of the present year while on ft visit to Eiif^land, I oaused enquirij^ to be made into VMnous matters wherein we of the Province of Ontario •uxe interested- matters which are now either contemplated in re- spect to their adoption, or which are in a state ot development amongst lis, and in regard to which facts and figures, resultant of ex- perience, were supplied to me, calculated, to give us both enlightenment and material ad- vantage if they be duly digested and carefully applied in the solution of problems which affect us, and which must be apparent to all taking any real interest in public affairSy,^mong8t other matters which I have obtaineiS official t and therefore reliable information upon are the following : — Free Libraries. Public Water Supply. Tramways. Tramp Relief and Employment. Though of a very compendious and varied character, I will endeavour to condense my information into as concise a compass as the merits of the respective subjects will allow ; and with reference to all the chief facta and figures adduced or emphHsized, any one who may be at all dubious can see them, or if deemed' necessary, can\ examine personally the documents I possess. Amongst unbiassed, thoughtful ratepayers it is considered cheaper and safer to pay for'the enlightenment than reading books, newspapers, ko. — if even alto- gether provided at tne public expense — than to allow them, as per the old economically-idiotic plan, to stand at street corners, or ramble up and down sidewalks, or steep themselves ill drink at nights. ■ 'if- FR^B LIBBARIBS. There are, I n«ed hardly say, many libraries of this kind in the United Kingdom, chiefly in England ; and some of them at any rate have attached other useful public and also free iiuiti> . tutions in the form of Museums or Depositories of Art. I sought for information respecting these at Birmingham, Manchester, Bradford, Livecpool, Preston, Edinburgh and Dublin. Where in exmence the libraries are rate-sup- ported. An Imperial Act of Parliament gives permission to the ratepayers of any town oir city ip the United Kingdom, wherein there may be no public free library, to request the Mayor of such town or city to convene a public meeting of ratepayers for the purpose of taking into consideration the propriety of adopting the Act in question, and it a- simple majority only are in ftivor of a library, then a levy, not exceeding one penny in the pound, jniwjie' made upon the ratepayen for the sake of form- ing and mvntaining a free library. At -if. " the ignorance of people, and better to induce •working folk to spend their lei^jore time in BIKHINOHAM, where, in January, 1879, a fire (accidentally caused) cr e at e d sad havoc to th e fr ee libr a ry — " practically the whole of the reference library > with ita iip«i;ial colluutionit wm lout, only dnu thoiiii»n,0(N> ; tho rufur- ouco lihi'Ary liiw i«icMi»orat«(l iUiolf wonihirffllly ainco thu rlimiatur iiaiiuxl. It now inclmli'H 44,000 iHiokM ; thu monthly avurnuu of voIuhiun placuH WM op«nutal u inaiiltntiona of wfen-ncii hooka laat year waa '2 7,ftOH ; th« ia- auu'a ftmm thu luuiiinK dup-trtiiieiita (lurin(( tha like poruA wcru 1.081. H7 1 ;i»nl the »i»«ciHuation hooka won' uviihintly fairly attriittivo. lor jIur- inK thu yuar tharu wuru H.-'inrt uonaultatioita. The yearly uo«t of bookn ami niaintunanuu ia alKiUt »;3,(K)0. In connection with the free li- lent out in .V»,()00 ; whilu thuuuiUlmf>ouMiiltu«l brary thuru are nowij-roonia for maira una re for piinily roforencu purpoaea ia on the avoraj^u 2I,«(I0 pur month. Thu lihrary ayatem heru la uf the (liviaioital kiml. It conaiata of one rufi-roncu, two central lentlin^, an«l aix t4>wn branch lending librariea, with newa-roonia nttaohed. The maintenance ia, of courae, con- Bitluialile, but thu penny rate nieuta the uxpcn- dituru inuat do ho. It reali/ea i'6,0(X) a year, which aiiin Mupporta the librariea anil pava oil the intereat anu proportion of thfi capital bor- . . • i.. i rowed. At Birmingham there arp nlao an art i visita wan 1X',2(»I. \N ith reapoct to uallury and a niuaeum undur the managem(;ut I - nvi/ui.iioi of the free library committee. They-aro partly '''^ '"■* ""''' providetl by gifts and partly by purchased | the quoationH I aubmitted for answora could articluH. And they are well patronized by the | not, for want of time, bo reidied to aa th*>y public. were formulatetl ; but from the Town Clerk a office I received a copy of the laat roiwrt isaued. males. Thu coat of tlui nuwapapera, maga- /.rnea. etc., auppliod t<> the nuwaroouM ia aliout £ I '20 pur year. The lihrary rate of Id. in the pouncf yiehia at pruaunt about il.'l.'iOO pur an- num. Thero ia aiao ia the town an art mM- aeuni. eatabliahod under the Public Librariea and Muauuma Acta, and ninco ita oiM-niiiir on thu 0th of Decumlter to thu I Ith of October- ten niontha within live dayH, and the lateat porio<»m this I learn that " the history of thia institution haa been one of continued proijress from ita commence- average of -reference books consulted ia 19,068 , ment, nor haa the last voarfaUen abort in any (thia. at any rate, waa the numljer referred to iu I department of u8^uWi*»r^— It liaa a weu March— the month <»uot«l in the return I have I patrortized reference library ; the average procured), whUe the montly average of hooka I daily consultations uuring the past year being fentout(aame month given) is 71,411. The . 2.067. The total number of voiumoa in the total annual cost of books and maintenance is lending departniciita la 43,285, and tliu wsues £11,000. The yearly co^t of the newspapera, 1 during the past twelve niontha liavel)eeu aao.- magazines. etc., of the reading-room depart- 415. The daily average laaue of magimnes for ment is £({56. In connection with the free the same iwriod has been 231, or 06,056 lu the library svstom there iano museum department, aggregate ; the average issue of weekly perioai- but the inhabitant^ are not without gratuitous cals 213,975, or 760 per day.^ There is hert. as accommodation in this respect. They ,have, and for many yeais have had, certainly one very fine museum. I refer to that at Peel Park. It is a commodious, extensively patron- ised, well equipped museum, and I ahould say one of the most valu'ible and interesting in the United Kingdom. BRADrORU. This Yorkshire borough has a good free li- brary, consistingof a central reference collection of books, a central lending department, and six divisional collections in different parts of the town, tor the greater^ con veuience of the in- habitants. According to the last issued an- nual report (for 1880) the reference portion of the library contains 11,152 volumes, the lend- ing department 13,401 volumes, and other branches (that for patent specifications supplied by Oovernment being, I should say, the chief ) about 8,000 other books. The library was opened ia 1872 for reference purposes ; m the following year a lending department was add- : ed ; and in 1874-5 the first of the divisional at other places a stock of " Patents for Inven- tions " volumes, which during the year have been consulted 13,913 times. There are many dictionaries at the library <(!Al< historical, and bio- Sraphical works, callted " Dr. Shepherd's Li- rary' —Dr. 8heph^rtl\un okl and now long- deceaHod local gttntlemin, being the ^jcneroua bequuather ot it to the town. This is chieHy a refertfiico library, and gratuitous admission to it is obtained on tlio iiersonal or written rocom- meudatioii of any of the local aldermen. The general free library is situated in the Town Hall. By-oiul-bye a line neW building will be erected in Preston. Acting in conformity with discretionary powers invested in them as the . trustees of » deceased local gentleman (Mr. K. K. Harrifl), they have, on condition that the Corporation will provide a suitable site, decided to give £90i000 tor a new free library and mu- seum building— £60,000 for building purposes, £15.000 for endowment, and £15,000 for refer- ence books and works of art. The Corpora- tion have decided to give the requisite site, the cost of which, in the demolition of rent- making premises, &c., will amount to several thousands of pounds. The mdney granted by the trustees in question for endowment, refer- ence works, and museum articles will not meet the whole of the provisional and maintenance charges ; the deficit in this respect will have to be met by the ratepayers, and thus far, though the times have for between one and two years been anything but prosperous or oven promising, they have, with very rare excep- tions, given no audible vent to anything like a grumbling spirit in ref e rence to fre e libr a ry cy- RniNMnnnH doea not poaaeiAa free library, for thia simpU reaaoii— it haaalruitdy plenty of Ijbrariea, ka., virtually free to tht! .public. It haa alao, at aiiylMidy wheen made. The total consumptton per day of penditure \ th« city o( M»noh««tor ia 18 million gallon*. Within th« city » compulaory (tonuiaiio r»t« >• lavi«a whf»th«r th« waUir ia uaml or not. Out- aiiU tha liity lM)unaary th« aupply ia by agraa- inant Trivata wella, whare thay ««iat, ara not intarferwl with ; but owing t«» th« punty of the water auppliKl by the C.nTwration, thay ar« now ahnoat wntiruly luiuaea. Aa t<» the public water rate, it ia M. in the pound, upon the poor'a rate aaaeaanieiit on all property within the city, aiul ia oayable by the owner The domeatic rate ia M. in the pound. Uala being the previoua aaaeaament. on all cl|fellin^ houaea in the city. The minimum domeatic oharga ia 5a. for internal and 4b. for external uae. Hhopa cAinected with dwelling-houaea are unleaa the cirouiitatanoea be apecial. char^{e»l the domeetio rate. Aa a rule manufactoriea. public houaea.. hotela, brick orofU, livery aU- blea, alauKhtcr-houae*, and ' warehouaoa, are ■upplied by me|er, the coat of hiring ani^ re- pamnu a»id meter Iwing regulated by ita mie. and ranging from la. per quarter under each head (that la, la. for hire and la. for repair) up to 17a. 6d. per quarter. There are apecial oharaea for lime-alaking. amithy firea. ahippera. carriage cleaning. Ac. The coat of the water BUDbhed by meter ia, for the flrat 1.000 gallona, 2, with an increaao of 2a. per 1,000 gallona up towid including (J.OOO. and with vwiatioiia up- warda' thua :~ 10.000 gallona, 18a. 8d.; 20. Uk« the water. I rt- vate well, are allowed j Iwt if the water lie not At for domaatitf purpoiw., the auth<>nti«i. . oirt- pel the town". waUr to be taken. I-i-t yea^ the total income from the water .ervic. wa. £17.243 7. lid,' The »al. of charge, for dwelliiig-h«i tho rateable value, ranging from a total yearly cliarge where Uu. tiiteaWo value ia £10 of n.8dup«m a house. 11. 8il up «•»«»«»•• With r««|Miot to waUr oharKM it it. r.tr domaatio purp.*«« 1«. >n the iwuikI oil tli« flrat In any UfRe com mercial towniu J-lnglaml. having baan •«'•"«"» 18«t8 « by Metmr*. Fi»h«r ft Parnh, ol I hila dolphia. Tho praaont length of tramway in uMia aboHtlO mil« ; b«f*. by ami bye thare will be a great -an enormoun extenaion I he " city authofities are now conitructing about w milea of atldltional tramway, the ooal of which will be in thecity 8«tmethinglike £«,()«) per mile, and in the out townshipi. traversed (wr run into, about £4.5(M) p«r mile. Thi' P"""* •'""••'? worked on a leaaofor 17 yeani,.by the Unitwl TramwayandOmnibuiCompany. FhiaCompany haa virtually a monopoly an to the working, for two or thrto different companiea could not work in harmony, /rhe roatl ,»•'•'•?» ?« repair by the city authoritiei, and it haa to M level with the geperal Burfaoe of the thorough- fares along which it runs. The tram-cara are constructed to carry, on the average, 18 inside and 18 outside paBHenliers each ; the new cars are on what aro termed the Bogie principle, rimilar to I-Iads' Patent Manchester Tram Cars. The Company pa^ to the Corporation ten per cent on tlie oostbf construction. No overcrowding allowed. now '* PRBHTON. Here the tramway system is in an incipient or beginning sUge. A few years ago a pnyate company was permitted by the Corporation to obtain an Act of Parliament to construct a section qf tramway— two and a half miles lopg —on the north-eastern side-of the town. AI- 4erward8 lihe company applied to the Corpora- ion fdr permission to obtaift an extension, or idtatber for the crtncnrrence of the Corjpbration in an application to Parliament.by the.Com- tany. for powers "to extend the tramway in Sther partaof the borough. But though very tempting offers were made— not only the usual and necessary offer to keep the tram-roads in proper repair, after construction, but offers to make the said roads subjW^ to the approval of the corporate engineer or «urveyor, and after a certain period had elapsed.y e or seven years, to give up the ownership of >ho roa4%JI ae- liire^, to the Corporation at a fair and roason- ^» valnation— yet the Corpo i ytioa— so bent were thay upon raUining tha graataal fioaalbU Dontrol ovar thoir own town ihorouglifaras - - would not listen to any of th« proixmaU maort«iit^ aariaa of tramlinaa Unas which will riig right 'through the town. ea»t and wast, for alwut three milaa,andA)t»y .livarganoes or Junctions, north. sout,h and waet— se- veral mora nylas. Tha exUnsions have not yet baan oommanoe*!. ann- made under the special ciroumsUnces enumerated, and by virtue thereof worked by the formative com- Mny_waB constructed in 1879 by Messrs. Jay V G6., Bishopsgatostreet. lx)n.lon, "O"*"^ tors, and that ita coat was at the rate of £6,500 per mile ; that it is kept in repair by the com- pany ; that the corporation have a guarantee under Act of Parliament necessitating this ; that the trarowwr is level with the roads lb runs along ; thirthe carsliave only inside ac- commodation ; and I am informed that some- times, on special occasions, when the weather is inclement, they are inconveniently fiyed. Ordinarily, however— this is th? opinion of an independent observer— they are not over- crowdeecoming at all systematic. OLA8O0W. ^ « Hare there an 20 miles of tramway in work- ing order, and additional lines are being formed. The tramilray waa constructed' by the Corpora- tion, and the first section was made and opened in 1872. The cost of the lines now in course of formation is about £8,500 per mile. The tram- way in present use is worked by the Glasgow Tramway and OmnibusCompany, Limited ; that Company keeps the road in repair ; and for the due performance of this the corporation I have security to the extent of £60,000. The Company haa a.leaae of th ^ lines for 25 years ■■/ •6 The tramway rail, are level with the Rener^ thoroughfare, pone over ; and with '^peo^ *° th« cars they each are niwle to carry 40 in. de and 40 outside passengers, and overcrowding is pl«vented. BDINB0BOII. In the capiUl city of Scotland there are 13 miles of tramway, 10 miles being laid with doubleHnesandthreewithsingleonesTheywere constructed by a Companyfr.im 1871 to 1874, the cost of oonstnicting the single line road ww £6.200 per mile. The tramway « worked ana kSt inVepair by a Ck.mpany. The Corporation by the revisions of general and special acts have .aguarantee that this will be done. The Com- pany in qnestion has a 21 ««»••" iinek Ae tramway is level with *>»« J-n^fJ roads. The cars acconWwidate from 30 to w inaide and outsitle passengers, and over- crowding is not permitted. DUBLIN haa a remarkably dne tramway system. It was promoted by three separate companies. was constructed for them by contract, the farst tramway in 1871 and theulast in 1879 aivi it is worked and kept in repair by the Dublin United Tramway Company-the^ *^Ti."'*£^i ally promoting bodies alluded to. The total length of the tramway is about 31 milra-say 25 mUes of double and 8 mileaof single line. and breakfalt, mihss, M a rule, having eigfht ounces of jbread for each meal, in some in> sUnces aii ounces and a pint of gruel for breakfast; while females have chieHy six ounces of bread with a pint of gruel for supper and the tome for breakfast Children have bread and gruel in proportion to their age. Casual wards in or adjoining the workhouses are-JSt apart for their accommodation, in stone-breiiking (for males) and oakum-plcking (for females) they are mostly employed. Here and there females are employed in cleanini?. washing, and scrubbing. In the Manjhester Union the male tramps have each to gnnd four pecks of Indian corn or pick one pound of un- . aone The Com- 1 beaten oakum. Where stone-breaking is re- VS- leii^onhe -ted.to for males, the q^^^^^^ ^ be Wen by each appears to be 3 to 5 cwt. In the cases where females have to pick oakum the regula- tion quantity is half a pound, and the oakiim is of the "unbeaten" kind. At the dififerent unions specified the plan adopted in respect to both males and females is generally satisfac- tory, the only exceptions being Lee.ls and Newoastle-on-Tyne. At the former the plan is deemed to be " not suflBsciently deterrent ; at the latter I have simply been able to extract a. mere newtive. The othcuil communicated with,, in reply to the question as to whether the plan is satisfiMstorv, simply says •• No," and he says this afterwards, as to whe- ther he couM suggest any better plan, " I think — •««•! ± t .3 — _<. ...n^ BA«* «arnnf. 11 9Y iiiilMi of doable ana o miieaoi ■iub*" """• imoi iic«-"u».»o"bs~— —■.;---— i, ■.. . .p, A»^^n»i.^ the citv authorities, by clauses i could," but he does not say what it is. The .^i^teKVliaLy have a guarantee that general hours of admission to the tramp war.ls tSefi^lflieSl^ the United Tramway Co. '^ary from 4 p.m. to 9 p.m. As to the average Similar clauses give the aame authorities power to purchase the lines. -The tramways UN, level with the main surface of the roaas^ ran on. Almost all the cars carry outside as weU as inside passengers. The «»" *«? '" size, but the majority can accommodate Zl in- side and 20 outside. For special work, where the passengers are «''* «», ""'"!.';°,'?"l and the road gradient difficult, smaller cars are used. Under Act of farlianjent, the Board of Trade prevent overcrowding, and I am told that any attempt to overcrowa . the cars would be the subject of an inquiry be- number of 'tramos admitted the following figures, given in d'etail. may be interesting :— Manchester, 293 weekly for , the year ended 'Marbh 1881 ; Liverpool, 78 per week for the past 12 months; Preston, 150/perweek; Staf- ford, 119; Carlisle, 70 ; Newpastle-on-Tyue, 100 ; Leeds. 236 weekly. At Maache*ter, Stafford, Newcastle, and Lepas the system is not self-supporting ; at Carlfele and Preston it is ; at Uverpool it has notf been aacertained how matters stand in this .Respect. With re- ference to 8tone-breaWing-|themost freiiuently resorted-to kind of jTabourlfor male tramps— 1 thn liars would be the subject of an inquiry oe- resortea-to kiu" "^ .»yx.-. . — - — -- ^ .» , ^ ioreTh^dtTraaVistrates, who would undoubt- ^ay here add a tew/remarfs based «pon infor- tore the cipy mag",'™ • ^.^^ „„^ „rovpa. \ ^a^ion supplied to/ me byfa north Lancashire gentleman. In tl^ Gars^ng Unum-a poor lore sne cisy ii«»K"""'*""'» "-r'. ••- . edly inflict a fine if overcrowding were provea TRAMPS. From important unions in five great English counties, either connected with great 6entre8 of population which are chiefly attractive to vacant wayfarers, or on leading roads likely to be gone over by tramps, and which may fairly be taken as representative, I have ob- tained information under this head. The unions of mv selection were those of Manchester, Liveroool, Preston. Leeds, Staflford,^ Carlisle. . and- KeWcastle-on-Tyne. Bread and gruel or broth are the food they are supplied writh, ana wben they stay all night they receive supper law section betwebn Pfeaion and Lancaster- traversed by the g^eat nol-th-westerrt highway connecting England wilh Scotland, and much frequented by tramnl— numerous wayfarers put in an appearance 4 and last year a question • arose as to the proprifcty of giving tramps, in- discriminately, stones to break. A local ma- gistrate, by way of testing the system— accord- ing to his 'own stondard-went to the work- house one forenoon, sat down^with coat oil and shirt sleeves up-in froii1?«o< one of the cus- tomary Jieaps of stones which tram^ps have to 1 smash ; toiled away for a considerable tirpe, ] ] and ultimntely flniriiml the lot ; but he wa« "lO " liseil ui."-his hands wore bo bhstered, the mSs of h.« arms so .trained that he vt>wod thin was far too severe a test for. at any rate, unprofessional tramns ; that' not a few of the unfortunate " casual" class, whose hands were SCt har ened t6 this sort of work should have Hew ate Jt the lenity ; and that whilst it might Arate harshly upon a few.- it would have a l5ut*ry eflfect upon the majority by causing them to avoid the place where it was in force, or inducing them to think about the propriety of obtaining subsistence in a more personally creditable manner than by pauper stcme-break- inff Of course there should be nothing in the shape of positive cruelty-nothing '"""«»«- ' rStedto for the "beneKt" ol able-bodied i»upers ; but depend upon it a fairlv Ur«e Z4 of atones to break is one of the Ust de- / terrent doses which can be administered. The hard-working, thrifty ratepayer as ^eirasjhe indifferent, nomadic vagrant has to bfe cOn- 8icler«Ml in this matter ; while the wayfarer must not be ill-used, his-the ratepayer ^s- resources and'position must be respected ; und thus is forced upon ustbeconvictionthat in the treatment of tramps-certainly able-bodied males-there must be no weak. «mP«"n8; sentimental humauitarianism indulged, and that whether it pays or not. the English system in- volve a mewure «f deterrence well calculated to minimize wandering vagrancy, and to pro- tect the interests of ratel)ayers. Thf "Pf*? ence of England-by no means a small expen- Snct-lH»ints to the efficacy of thw system ; the methods o! treatment enumerated are typi- cal of the regulation methods enforced or directed to be applied throughout th« country ; ind though they may not be Pffe^t-^^** h^man method Is ?-and may. as time goes on/ he supplanted by plans better calculated to secure what I mi[y term the dual righte of ratepayers and tr^nips. they arc the most eS^e which can be fairly thought of. and are the resultant of along, comprehensive a«d practical experience in the Mother Counter, llnd are unqestionably entitled to onr careful ' »nd earnest consideration. > '/ *■ ^y X / / 4 A i^-- Y »-JVl ■'■■»«^<- m:^i.i:^^'' ^^ki:> ^v^ v f '\ V f* • « /■•",» <