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3
i2X
1
2
3
4
5
6
THE
COMMERCE
AND
INDUSTRIES
OF THE
Pacific Coast
or
!•
NORTH AMERICA;
COMPRISING
THE RISE, PROGRESS, PRODUCTS, PRESENT CONDITION. AND PROSPECTS OF
THE USEFUL ARTS ON THE WESTERN SIDE OF OUR CONTINENT
AND SOME ACCOUNT OF ITS RESOURCES,
WITH
Elahorate Treatment of Manufactures; Briefer Consideration of Commerce.
Transportation, Agriculture, and Mining; and Mention of Leading
Establishments and Prominent Men in Various Departments
OP Business,
BY
John S. Hittell,
<«(».r 0/ " T». /tuwrera 0/ Cali/onI,." "r*. «;.(,„ ./ s„„ FraKlKC," "A Irk/ HM<^ tf Cltun,- .(e.
SAN FRANCISCO:
A. L. BANCROFT & CO., PUBLISHERS.
1882.
Entered according to Act ol Congress, in the year 1882.
Bv A. L. BANCROFT AND COMPANY,
In the OfTice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
•ri ■"•>%>.
-4
885(;o
Frcif'-^ N'.W. History Dofrt.
VlGTUrtlA, B. C.
smtiuimrttmrn
MMiMH^iikBM*iaiiaa_
" ■■HhTI <■! I
^js^'^N*,
s
^
lasi^BKsaxs
PREFACE.
The Pacific siilc of the Nortli American continent was, in 1845, almost
beyond the range of the thought ami traffic of the refined and wealth)-
Caucasian communities on the shores of the Atlantic. Difficult of access,
obscure in its civilization, poor, sparsely populate-.! as to much of its area,
unproductive, without machinery which is the accompaniment if not the
main basis of recent progress, our coast seemed destined to remain without
much improvement until some distant time in a vague future. No steam-
ship plowed our harbors; no locomotive rattled through our valleys; no
well-graded wagon road crossed our mountains; no telegraph wire was
ready to carry hasty messages ; and north of Mazatlan there was neither
regular postal service nor newspaper.
Suddenly a wonderful change occurred. Enlightenment took the place
of savagism over a wide region. Commerce and industry, the school and
the church, the newspaper and the factory, literature and art, wealth and
luxury, rose as if by magic; and their influence has since continued to grow
with marvelous speed. San I'rancisco became a metropolis, and is now one
of the world-famous centers of intelligence and trade. Lines of ocean
steam.ships run from the Golden Gate to China and Australia, and to a score
of seaports on our coast between Sitka and Panama. Every da\-, trains
of cars start by two routes, with passengers and frieght,for the seaports of
the Atlantic. VVe.st of the Rocky Mountains there are 5,500 miles of .iron
track — more in proportion to population than in an> other part of the globe.
The most productive mines, the most beautiful orchards and vineyards, and
the most elegant homes, are now to be found in places which less than half
a century since had no occupants save the wild beast or the almost equally
wild red man. The chief topographical division of our continent is that
made by the summit of the great mountain chain extending from the
vicinity of the equator to that of the Arctic Ocean. Westward from this
line lies the Pacific realm, the business of which is our subject. This im-
mense domain is evidently destined to be the .seat of a great industrial
empire. Notwithstanding the intersection of national boundaries, which
may last to remote times, it has numerous bonds of common .sympathy and
interest, and a definite geographical unity.
The situation suggests many interesting queries. Mas the population
of this vast region assumed a distinctive industrial and intellectual character,
4 i'i<i:iA(i;.
liomogcncous cnoiij.;li, iiiul string oiioii^,'!] tn perpetuate itself, to »ie\clop
itself with a vigorous inter".:;! ^mouiIi in hanii:)ii>- with the progress of the
age, and to inijiress itself ujjon all the external aiklitions by alien immigra-
tion? Is there a peculiar and [lermanent I'acifie American civiliz.ition
wnrlliy of the grand Taeific American domain? Arul if so, wh.it are the
business aspects of this new civilization? What has this \a^t region
achiesed in matters of material jirogress? Wh;it are tiie m.iin features (,f
its commerce and intluslry? Are the Pacific m.mufacturers ami mechanics
mere coinisis? y\re 1 hey degenerate borrowers from more enlightened anil
energetic inhabitan's of other lanils? Or ha\e they manifested inventive
genius? Ila\e they contributed anjtiiing to the useful arts of our time?
How tlo the farmers, miners, .and craftsmen in various inechanical occupa-
tions compare with those of other countries? What is the success of the
laboiers in working iron, steel, copper, brass, lead, type metal, silver, anil
gold? Has the Pacific coast skillful shipwrights, millwrights, wheelwrights,
carpenters, and cabinet-makers? l.)oes it tan good leather anil make good
saddles, li.irness, shoes, and gloves? What are the jjroducts of its fisheries,
potteries, glass works, sugar refineries, and printing olTiccs? What are the
quantities and qualities of its textile fabrics? Are the people well supplied
with the best ir..ichiner) and tools, and do they know how to manage them?
Are IJie industrial skill and production of tlie Pacific coast advancing or
retrograding? And the Pacific capitalists? ^Vre they men of original
thiiiight, compreliensi\e ideas, and bold enterprises? Have they achieved
success by superior capacity, prudence, and knowledge of business? Or arc
they dull, narrow-minded, miserly, destitute of public spirit; and did they
acquire their wealth by blind luck, stumbling on places where an abundance
of gold and silver was within reach of everybody?
^\'hat arc the chances for labor and capital on the Pacific Coast? What
is the present condition of its manufacturing industry? In what branches
has it driven all competition from the local field? In what is it still strug-
gling against importations? In what has it not yet ventured to make any
experiment? What are the advantages and disadvantages of our coast for
the production of articles manufactured by the aid of complex and costly
machinery? What are the prospects of producing manufactures fo.r supply-
ing other countries? Who are the leading business men? Where are they
t.. be found? \\ hat have they done, and what are they doing?
It is the purpose of this book to elucidate all these questions. Our
subject is extensive and important; indeed, ileserving much more study than
it has hitherto received. In the hope that the result of our investigations
w-!l be recognized as a valuable contribution to the general knowledge of
the commerce and industry of our coast, we submit our work to the public
judgment
(
";"»■
LIST OF CHAPTERS.
A lUl of .„, .c, will 1« f„un.l ■„, .he next Ic.f; a„,l a full index of .ubjccl» and name,
M ihc end of the lx).)k.
Ch. 1. Tdc I'iclJ.
Cli. II. Gcncr.il Ktalures of Business.
Ch. in. Climate.
lilVISIO.N I. l.NTKODUcriON.
Ch. IV. Land for Settlers.
Ch. V. The Labor .Sujijily.
Ch. VI. nankinf;.
Ch. VII. Insurance.
Ch. VIII. U.iilroad5.
Ch. I.V. L.\prcs.sing.
Ch. XIII. Ilurticullure.
Ch. .\IV. domestic iVnimals.
DivuioN IL Commerce, etc.
Ch. X. Telegraph, etc.
Ch. .XI. .Shipping, etc.
Ch. XII. .Merchandising.
Division III. Agriculture.
I Ch. XV. Farming.
Ch. XVI. Gold Mining.
Ch. XVIL .Silver .Mining.
Ch. XIX. The Tish Supply.
Ch. X.X. Furs and Game.
Ch. XXI. Cod Fishery.
Divisio.s IV. .Mining.
j Ch. XVIII. Mining for other Mineral*.
Division V. Fisiikrihs, etc.
Ch. XXII. Whale Fishery.
Ch. XXIII. Other .Marine Fishcrii.s.
Ch. XXIV. River lislierics.
Division VI. Engineering, etc.
n,''vvvi ''"'"'• """'R'^" I™l"-"vcmen.. | Clu XXVIL Inventiona.
>-li. .\.\Vi. »V alcr Works, elc.
Division VU. .Manufactlres.
Ch. XXVIIL Texlilc Manufactuns. Ch. XXXIIL
1 .cat her.
Glass, Larthcnware, etc.
I'rovisions.
Wood.
Ch. XXIX.
Ch. XXX.
Ch. XXM.
Cli. XXX J I.
Ch. XXXIV.
Ch. XXXV.
Ch. XXX VL
I'apcr, Printing, eic
Iron.
Other .Metals.
Miscellaneous Manufactures.
Appendix.
Lnue.x.
LIST OF TOPICS.
A full index of subjects and names is given at the end of the book.
Preface.
19
20
21
30
3'
34
37
38
39
40
41
41
43
45
.Page 3
Meteorological Regions 63
San Francisco Summers 64
Hot Days g-
Cool Nights gg
Warm Winters gg
The Early Spring gg
San Francisco Rains
Division I.— Introduction, (pp. 17-120.)
Chapter I.— The Field, (pp. 17-47.)
PACK
Our Slope ,-
Possessions
California
San Francisco
Sacramento Valley jg
San Joaquin Valley 27
Southern California 28
Monterey District 30
Humboldt Ilay ,q
Sierra Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Nevada
Arizona
Utah
Idaho
Western Montana, etc
British Columbia
Alaska
Mexico
Chapter II,
General Features of Busi-
ness, (pp. 48-61.)
Californian Enterprise ^g
Great Enterprises cq
Pecuniary Wrecks jj
Imported Goods 5 .
Great Fortunes re
A Gold-intoxicated City eg
Romance of the Present en
Chapter HI.— Climate, (pp. 62-83.)
Comparative Meteorology 62
Standards of Temperature 62
69
Irregular Rainfall 70
Relative Humidity
Fog
Warm Belt
Sacramento Climate
I^s Angeles Climate go
Oregon Climate gi
Utah and Arizona g2
7'
73
74
76
Alaska's Climate .
83
Chapter IV.— Land for Settlers.
(pp. 84-98.)
Public Land g.
Career for Energy g»
No Land Monopoly gg
Chances for Settlers
Cost to Settlers
Timber Claims.
Examine Ijefore Buying go
Central Pacific Lands gj
Southern Pacific Lands 52
Northern Pacific Lands gj
Oregon Improvement Lands g4
Oregon Railroad Lands 94
Washington Lands gj
Colonies ge
British Columbian Lands g;
87
89
90
8
LIST OF TOPICS.
Chapter V.— Tkf. Labor Supply. ■■*<;«
(pp. 99-120.)
High Wajjcs 99
Wages by the Week lOO
Wages liy the D.iy loo
Wages by the Month I02
Laborers' Associations 105
Wages and Comfort 108
Labor and Material 108
Seamstresses 109
Shirt-making in
Cliinesc Competition 113
Dear Labor 113
World-wide Competition 115
Imported Mechanics 116
Competition with the Kast 117
Factories as .Schools ; i iS
White Labor Gaining 118
Opposition to Chinese 1 19
Division II. — Com.merce, etc. (pp. 121-230.)
Cli.ipter VL— Banking, (pp. 121-141.)
Extent of liusiness 121
Californian lianks 121
Measure of Prosperity 123
Amoimt of Coin 123
First lianks 124
Inexperience 126
Adams & Co 126
P.Tge, liacon & (.'o 127
W. T. Sherman 127
Ralston 127
Palmer, Cotjk & Co 129
Savings and Loan 1 29
Other Savings Banks 130
Bank Commission 130
Mining Stocks 1 30
Currency 131
Panic of 1S77 131
New Constitution 132
Reduction of Debt 133
Banking Prosi)ccts 134
Banking Institutions 134
Notable Bankers 135
~ P. H. Burnett 136
John Parrott 137
n. O. Mills 137
William .Mvord 138
Lloyd Tevis 138
F. F. Low 139
Louis McLane 140
The I )alles Bank 140
William Ucid 140
Chapter VII.— Insurance, (pp. 142-161.)
Fires 142
First Californi,an Company 142
Rush into Insurance 145
Rates 146
Losses 146
Business in 18S1 147
Fire Departments 148
File Patrol 149
Board of Underwriters 149
Fireman's Fund 150
D. J. Sl.iples 152
The Home Mutual 152
J. F. Houghton 153
C. R. Story 154
State Investment Company 154
- A. J. Bryant 154
Commercial Company 15S
Union Company 155
Pacific Mutual Life 155
Hutchinson & Mann 156
Lion Insurance Company 157
M.-icdonald & Ilawes 158
Dickson's Agency 158
A. D. Smith 159
Louis J acoby 1 59
William G. Elliott 159
C. T. Hopkins 159
Jacobs & Easton 161
Chapter VIII.— RAILROADS.
(pp. 162-183.)
Early Railroad Projects. 162
P.acific Railroad Agitation 162
Subsidy Granted 164
The Last Spike 165
Railroad Buildiny; 166
Various Railroads 167
I'rivate Properly 168
Political Denunciation 170
DifTerenrc in Charges 171
Land-Gr.ant Policy 172
Profits 172
LIST OF TOPICS.
9
PACB
- Lcland Stanford 1 7^
-Cl'.ailes Crocker 174
K. U. Crocker 175
-M.'.rk Hopkins 176
~C. 1'. Ihinlington 178
Northern Pacific 179
Oregon R. & N. Co 180
Oregon and California R. R 180
Oregon and Transcontinental R. R iSo
Henry Villard 181
Atlantic and Pacific iSi
Canadian Pacific 181
Spanish-American Railroads 1S2
Street Railroads 1S2
Wagon Roads 1S2
Chapter IX.— KxPRESsiNn. (pp. 1S4-1S8.)
Extent of Business 1S4
Oiigin of the Express 1S5
Wells, Eargo & Co 1S6
Pony Express 187
John J. Valentine 187
Chapter X.— Ti-.legraiti, etc.
(pp. 189-194.)
Eirst Wires 189
Transcontinental Wires 1S9
Telephone 190
District Telegraph 192
Gold and Slock Telegraph 194
Chapter XI. — SllirriNG, ETC.
(pp. 195-206.)
Lively Trafiic 95
Stcatn Navigation ■ 195
High Port Charges 196
River Navigation . . . . .^ 197
Eraser River Steamers 198
Mara & Wilson 198
Railway and Navigation lioats 199
Ocean Steamers 199
Pacific Mail 200
Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. . . 201
Pacific Coast Steamship Company. .. . 201
Other Lines 202
G. C. Perkins 202
Charles Goodall 202
Sailing Vessels 203
G. W. Mc.Vear 204
John Ro.scnfeld 205
a
FAGS
Williams, Dimond & Co 205
Sibson, Church & Co 206
Welch, Rithet & Co 206
Chapter XII.— Merciiandisino.
(pp. 207-230.)
Importations 207
Importers 209
General Exports 2 H
Wheat and Elour Exports 212
Treasure 213
Business Failures 214
Southern California 214
Tr.ade with Australia 2 14
Oregon's Trade 215
Washington and British Columbia. .. . 215
Utah's Tr.ade 216
- \V. T. Coleman 216
W. E. Babcock 217
J. S. T.iber ni8
\VeIlm.an, Peck & Co 21S
E. Daneri & Co 21S
Welch & Co 218
D. N. and E. Walter & Co 2:9
B.aker & Hamilton 220
Gordon Hardware Co 220
Dunh.am, Carrigan & Co 221
George H. Tay & Co 221
J . De La .Montanya 222
Linforth, Rice & Co 222
Richarils & .Snow 224
A. I. IIall& Son 224
Fairbanks I'i Hutchinson 225
Japanese Art Exhibition 226
11. Brickwedel 226
A. P. Ilotaling vS: Co 227
Livingston & Co 227
Lilienthal & Co 227
A. Vignier 228
Corbitt & Macleay 228
Charman & Son 228
J. K. Gill& Co 229
Eleckenstein & Mayer 229
K. Seelig & Co 229
S. W. Percival 229
Schwabaclier Brothers & Co 230
M. V. U. Stacy 230
Henry Saunders 230
Thomas Shot bolt 230
Turner, Ueelon & Co 230
lO
LIST OF TOPICS.
Division III.— Agriculture, (pp. 231-288.)
Chapter XIII.— Horticulture. '
(I'P. 23 '--53-)
Fruit-trees
Fruit-drying
Fresh Fruit Shipment
Nuttrccs
Oranges
Olive, etc
Kitclien \'cgctab!cs
Orcharciists
.Subtropical Imports
Fruit-canning
Amount Canned
Grapes
Varieties
L.irge ''intyards
Agoslon Ilaraszthy
Wine Product
C. Kohlcr
Sparkling California. . .
Arpad Ilaraszthy it Co,
Raisins
Brandy
231
233
234
23s
235
236
236
237
238
238
239
241
244
244
245
247
24S
249
250
252
253
Chapter XIV.— Domustic Animals.
(pp. 254-275.)
Abundant I lenls 254
Sheep 254
\V. \V. Ilollistcr 255
Shropshires 257
.Siroliridge's Merinos 257
Neat Cattle 258
Jesse D. Carr 250
Dairy 260
Jersey Farm 261
R. G. Sncath 262
Butter 264
Jcieph Russ 264
Pc^it Reyes 265
Cheese 267
Beef 267
William Dunphy 270
Goodacro & Dooley 270
\'an Volkcnburg &Co 271
Horses 271
Palo Alto 272
Swine and Goats 274
Poultry 274
Bees 274
Silkworms 275
Chapter XV.— Farming, (pp. 276-288.)
Agricultural Production 276
-\gricultural Progress 27S
Californian Wheat 279
Whe.at Profits 280
Volunteer Wheat 281
H.J. Glenn 2S1
John Bidwell 281
Oregon Wheat 282
Barley, etc 2S2
Cotton 2S3
Flax 2S4
I lops 2S4
Tobacco 2S4
Forage 285
Alfalfa 2S5
.Sugar 2S5
Tea 286
Seeds 2S6
E. J. Bowen 287
Various Plants 2S7
Timber Cultivation 28S
Division IV. — Mining, (pp. 289-320.)
Chapter XVI.— Gold Mining.
(pp. 289-294.)
Mineral Wealth 289
Gold ^*ield 290
Hydraulic Pipe 291
Gold Quariz 292
Gold Quariz Mines 293
Brilisli Columbian Placers 294
Mexican Placers , 294
Chapter XVII.— Silver Mining.
(pp. 295-306. )
Silver Produdiiin 295
Silver Mines 295
Comstock Lode 296
Bonanzas 296
Mine Man.agcment 298
Assessuienls 299
Undergroun'l Works 299
LIST OF TOPICS.
II
TAca
Mine Improvements .... 300
J. \V. Mackay 300
J. G. Kair 301
George I learst 301
Discovery of the Comstock 301
Wa.ilioe Process 302
Silver Smelting 303
Leaching 304
Eureka District 304
Arizona Silver 305
Californian Silver 305
Utah Silver 305
Mexican Silver 306
Chapter XVIII. — Mining for other Min-
erals, (pp. 307-320.)
Coal 307
Carbon Hill 308
PAGR
Seattle Coal 308
Dunsniuir, Diggle & Co 309
Iron Smelting 310
Oregon Iron 311
Cali.''ornian Iron 311
Washington Iron 313
Chrome Iron 314
Quicksilver 314
, Copper 315
Antimony 316
Lead 316
Petroleum 316
Pacific Coast Oil Company 317
Asphaltuni 318
Sulphur 319
Various Minerals 319
Division V. — Fishekie.s, etc. (pp. 321-386.)
Chapter XIX.— The Fish SuprLY.
(pp. 321-329.)
Fish Abimdant 32 1
Fish Statistics 322
Codbanks 324
Pisciculture 325
Chapter XX. — Furs and Game.
(PP- 330-341-)
National Influence 330
Fur Crop 331
Alaska Commercial Company 333
Warren's Fur-seal Fleet 336
Otters, etc 336
Furriers 337
The North-west Trading Company 337
Land Furs 338
J. F. Miller 339
Game 340
Chapter XXI.— CoD Fishery.
(pp. 342-345- )
Cod-banks 342
Cod-fishcrmen 343
Catch 345
Chapter XXII.— Whale Fishery.
(PP- 346-351-)
American Whaling 346
North Pacific Fleet. 347
Shore Whaling 349
Chapter XXIII. — Other Marine Fish-
ERIES. (pp. 352-367.)
Kinds of Fish 352
Salmon Family 355
The Herring Family 356
Halibut 35S
Sturgeon 359
Shark 359
Skidegate Oil Company 360
Fishing-boats 361
Oyster:, and Clams 363
Shrimps 366
Chapter XXIV.— River Fisheries.
(pp. 368-386.)
Catch 368
Salmon Habits 369
Fishing Implements 370
Columbia Fishery 372
Californian Fishery 373
Alaska Salmon 375
Pugel Sound Salmon 376
Aboriginal Fishing 376
Canning 377
The Columbia Pack 579
S. D. Ad.iir & Co 380
J. O. Hanthorn & Co 381
William Hume 382
The I-Cinney Cannery 3S2
Warren Packing Company 382
John West 383
12
LIST OK TOPICS.
rASB I
Dniish Cnliimliian P.-iclc 3^i '
Jolm Aibir, Jr i^i
Alert U.iy Cannery jS-l- j
Delta Cannery 3^4
Douglass Packins Company 3^4 I
LaWhw .<t Co 3S4
Windsor Canning Company jSS
Sacramento Salmon 3S5
Salt Salmon 3S5
Other Catch 385
Division VI.— Engineering, etc. (pp. 387-433O
Chapter XXV.— IIauiiou and Uivr.r. Im-
1'i;ovi;mi:nt.
(PP- 3S7-402.)
General RemaiUs 3^7
S.m Trancisco I larlior 3^5
Entr.mce to San Trancisco 3S9
Oakland I larljor 39°
Improvement of I'ctahima Creek 391
Tlie S.ai-ramento Uivcr 392
The San Joaquin River 393
San Diego Ray 394
Wilmington Harbor 395
Iliimlioldt Bay 39<J
Roadsteads 397
Harbor of Refnge 397
Columbia River 39^
Access to Portland 399
Columbia Bar 4°°
Vaquina Bay 40°
Coquille 4""
Cofts Bay 4*^'
Various Rivers 4°'
Chapter XXVI.— Wa I EK-woiucs.
(pi). 403-414.)
I lydraullc Engineering 403
Irrigation 4°3
.San Joaquin Canal 404
Kern Canals 405
J. B. Haggin 407
Other Irrigation Canals 407
Artesian Wells 407
Steam Irrigation 40S
Mining I-litchcs 40S
Water-power Canals
San Trancisco Water-works. . . .
Oakkand Water
Sacramento Water
.Stockton Water
Los Angeles Water
Other Towns
The Suiro Tunnel
Chapter XXVII.— Inventions.
(pp. 415-433-)
Industrial .\rt
Not.ible Inventions
Sluice and I lydraulic Pi]*
Great Watcr-pijics
V-I'Iumc
Chollar-Norcross Pump
Dickie's other Inventions
Spauiding's .Saw-teeth
Dolliccr's Logging Machine
Triple Circular
IlaPidie's Wire Ropeway
Cable Railroad
Robb's Sawmill Inventions
Pneumatic Clock
Telegraphic Inventions
Washoe Pan, etc
Deetkcn's Chlorination
Loading Chutes
Photographs of Motion
Von Schmidt's Blasting
Gates* Steering Apparatus
Deideshcimer's Timbering
Agricultural Implements
Other Inventions
408
409
410
411
411
411
412
4'3
415
41S
417
418
419
421
423
424
425
425
42s
426
427
427
428
429
429
430
430
43 •
43'
432
432
432
Divisi<:)N VII.— Manufactures, (pp. 434-734.)
Chapter XXVIH.— TiiXTiLE Manukac-
TURi:s. (pp. 434-484.)
Textile Proiliirtion 434
Woolen Mills 436
Importation of Woolens 437
Early Woolen Manufacture 438
Pioneer Mill 440
Mission Mill 441
Golden tJatc Mill 441
San Josi! Mill 442
Sacramento Mill 443
Other Californian Mills 444
r
LIST OF TOPICS.
13
Oregon Mills 445
Utah Mills 447
Hosiery and Knit Goods 448
Wool Scouring 450
Clothing 450
Clothing Operatives 452
Various Factories 454
Furnishing Cloods 455
B. & O. Grcencbaum 456
Cotton Underwear 457
Shirts 457
Regalia 459
F'lags and Bunting 459
B. Pasquale 460
Neckties 460
Suspenders 461
Ilats and Caps 462
I'rimmings 467
Straw Hats 464
Parasols, etc 465
Oil Clothing 466
Bedding 407
Comforters 469
Pillows 469
Soa|)-root 470
Fxcelsior 47 1
Spring Mattresses 471
J''" 473
Upholstery 47 j
Upholstery with Furniture 475
Carpets 477
Carpet Lining 477
Carjict Beating 478
Silk
Cotton
478
479
Jute Bags anil Burlaps 479
Cordage 481
Cordage Factories 4S2
Sailmaking 484
Chapter XXIX. —Leather, (pp. 485-522.)
Leather Products 485
Tannage Production 486
Hides 488
Tanning Material 450
Sumac .
491
San Francisco Tanneries 433
Benicia Tanneries 493
Other Californian Tanneries 494
Oregon Tanneries 495
PACE
British Columbia Tanning 495
Belmont Tannery 496
Rock Bay Tannery 496
Wool-pulling 496
B. F. Sawyer & Co 497
Harness & Saddlery 499
Thomas Quinn 500
Harness Production 500
Harness Manufactures 501
Whips 502
Trunks, etc 503
Glue ; 504
Boots and Shoes 505
Material for .Shoes 1^07
Machines and Proces-scs 508
.Shoe Operatives 509
San Francisco Shoe Factories 51 fc
Porter, Slessinger & Co 511
George L. Hibbard & Co 512
B. Leinenwcbcr & Co C13
Victoria Shoe Factory 513
Belmont Shoe Factory 513
Lyman .Smith's Sons 513
Gloves 514
Glove Production 515
Lippitt, Leak & Co 51(5
P. & F. G. Conklin 517
F. H. Bushy 517
Other Glove Factories 518
Shoe-stock 51S
Bellows 519
Hose and Belting 520
Rubber Goods 522
Ch.apter XXX.— Glass, Eaktiienware,
ETC. (pp. 523-536.)
Scope of Chapter 523
<-'''>^' 523
Mirrors 525
Pottery 526
Buena Vista Pottery 527
Bricks 52S
I lydraidic Cement 529
Cement Pipe 529
Artificial Stone 530
Pl.isler of Paris 531
Plaster Decorations, etc 532
Plaster Statuary 532
Marble and Granite 532
Lime 534
Pavement...., 535
14
Chapter XXXI.
LIST OF TOPICS.
Provisions. '*'■"
(pp. 537-573.)
Sulijccls IncUulcd S37
Mrat PacUing 537
Artilici.il Cooling 53^
Meat for Packint;
Sugar and Syrup
Sugar-beet
Sugar Mills
Sugar Consuniplion. ,
Hawaiian Production
Sliipmcnts »f Sugar.
539
540
54'
542
543
544
545
547
550
552
553
554
555
556
557
557
558
558
559
559
San l-'rancisco Refineries 54*'
Claus Sprcckels
Flour
Milling System
Flour Market
Flour-mills
Oregon Mills
Washington Mills 55'>
British Columbia 55''
Flour Mills
Starr & Co
Tlic Salem Flouring Mills
Jefferson City Mills
Crackers
California Cracker Comp.any. . .
Macaroni
Vinegar and Pickles S^°
Vinegar Factories 5"^
Coffee and Spice Grinding 5*^3
Confectionery • ■ • • 5''5
Portland Candy Factory 5*^
Chocolate 5<'<'
Ice 567
Salt S(")
Yeast Powder 57 '
Soda Water. 57'
Malt Liquors 572
Malting 574
Distillation 575
The Pacific I )islillery 57^
Bay View Distillery 577
Cordials 57S
Chapter >. XXII.— Wood. (pp. 579-<'34-)
Wrod-working In<lu>.try 579
Lumbering 579
Timber 5^0
Lumber Production 5^2
Flume Transportation. ., 5^4
rAGE
Sawmills S^^S
L. P.. Dean & Co 5^7
Charles L. Dingley 5^7
Dolbecr & Carson 5^8
Hanson & Co SS8
1. II. Ilirmon 5^9
Hastings' Sawmill 590
George 11. Knowles & Son 59°
Moodyville Sawmill 59'
Nickcrson & Co 59'
Occidental Sawmill S9'
Pope & Talbot 592
Port Discovery Mills 592
Kenton, Holmes & Co 593
Redwood Lumber Mills 594
Rock Bay Sawmill 594
A. M. Simiison & Brother 594
Starbird & Goldstone 595
H. B. Tichcnor & Co 595
596
596
597
597
598
Watsonville Mill
John Wigmore
Willamette Sawmill
John Vance
Planing-mills
Royal City Planing-mills 598
Door and Sash Factories 599
Box Factories 599
Cigar-boxes "°°
Jewelry-boxes "°'
Furniture "°'
Material for I'urniturc (>°-
Furniture Factories d^S
California Furniture Manufacturing Co. 606
Fricdrichs & Gercke 6o7
Indianapolis Chair Manufacturing Co. . 607
California Spring Manufacturing Co. . . 607
Andrew Frci 6oS
Herman Granz *^
A. F. Knorp d°^
Picture-frames, etc "09
Bdliard-tables • • <5'°
Pianos <>'*
Knabe Pianos, (>^3
Organs, etc "J ' 3
Cofiins 614
616
Carriages
Kspey Carriage Factory <J'8
Holt Brothers <>'8
Waterliouse & Lcslcr .• . <J'9
O. F. Willcy & Co <J2o
Cooperage <'*°
LIST OF TOPICS.
IS
PACH
Coopers' Materials 621
Cooperage Production 622
Woodenwarc 624
MaltuUatli Mills 624
Faucets and Bungs 625
Willowware 626
Lasts , 626
Ship-building 627
Competition of Iron 62S
Otlicr Obstacles 629
Ship Tnnber 63J
Ship Yards 632
Dickie Brothers 632
Simpson Brotlicrs 633
Dry-doclis, etc 633
House Building 634
Chapter XXXIII. —Paper, Printing, etc.
(PP- 635-^51-)
Paper 635
Lic!< Paper-mill 636
The Pioneer Paper-mill 637
The Graham Paper Company 637
The Owen Paper Company i .. 638
Bags, Boxes, and Collars 638
Type Foundries 639
Painter & Co 641
Electrotype and Stereotype O41
Palmer & Key 642
Printing Inks 642
Newspaper Printing 643
Book and Job Printing C46
A. L. Bancroft & Co 646
Fcrnow's Drying Machine 648
Book-binding and Blank-books 649
Process of Binding 650
Book -binderies 651
Chapter XXXIV.— Iron. (pp. 652-6S4.)
Iron Manufactures 652
Iron Work 653
Advantages 654
Mining Machinery 656
Pumps 657
Iron Beginnings 658
Foundries and Machine Shops 659
Risdon Iron-works 660
Union Iron-works 661
Peter Donahue 661
/Etna Iron-works 662
Fulton Iron-works 662
PACK
Pacific Iron-works 663
Empire Foundry 663
Salem Iron-works 663
Albion I'ou Jr>' C64
David Lister & Co 664
Railroad Workshops 665
Boiler-making 666
Stoves 6()6
Wire-works 667
Saws 668
Cutlery 669
Files 670
Miscellaneous Tools 670
Abner Doble 670
Fire-aims 67 1
N. Curry & Brother 671
A. J. Plate & Co 67r
Safes 672
Locks 673
Pacific Chain-works 673
Springs 673
Agricultural Implements 674
The Judson Horse-nail Company 675
Benicia Agricultural Works 676
Jackson & Truman 676
II. W. Rice 678
Windmills 679
Elevators 679
George H. Sanborn's Sons 6Si
Rolling-mills 6S2
Rolling-mill Products 683
Chapter XXXV.— Other Metals.
(pp. 6S5-69S.)
Various Metals 6S5
Brass Foundries 6S5
Garratt's Brass F'oundry 6S6
William T. Garratt 6S7
Lead-works 688
Plumbing 6cSS
Tinware . . .,. 6S9
Copiwrsmithing 690
Galvanized Iron 690
Japanning 691
Metallic Signs 692
Mathematical Instruments 692
Telegraphic Instruments 693
Clocks, etc "693
Gilding 694
Gold-beating 695
Jewelry 695
i6
LIST OF TOPICS.
Cporsc C. Shrcvc & Co.
Xa-.t, Circcn/wciL; t.V Co.
Schulz iS: l'i>,clier
PAGE
■ 697
. 09S
Cliaplcr XXXVI.— Mricia.LANnousMANU-
I .\L1LK1;S.
d'l'- 699-734-)
Tob.icco 699
Cig.irs 700
Cost of M;inufaciure 701
liicrca!.c in Consumption 701
Cig.ir I'actorius 702
Ci;^.ar UpcMtives 703
I'ijx.s 705
Acids 705
Explosives 707
The California Powclcr-woiks 709
i;i.\stin(j I'use 710
Fireworks 711
M.itclics 711
Linsecil Oil 713
r.iints 713
Varnish 715
Turpentine, etc 715
Perfumer)' 716
Coco.anut Oil 717
Wh.ale Oil Refining 717
Soap 717
Oregon Standard Soap 719
I'endray ^ Co 719
Candles 720
Starch 721
Soda 722
Cream of Tartar 7-3
]>ora.\ 7-4
Cigarettes 7-4
Charcoal 725
T»onc Charetial, etc 7-^
Ink.s Ill.acking, and Mucilage 727
C.iri>on Uisulphido 7-7
Axle Grc.ibC 7-^
liroonis 7-^
Brushes 730
Artificial Limbs, Trusses, etc 731
Oakum 731
l"i.,hing-tackle 732
Felling 732
(j;wworks 733
Appexdix. (pp. 73 5-79 1 •)
Acknowledgments 735
H. V. IV.gc 735
Sources of Information 735
Relative Sp.ace 737
Supplenicntar)' Material 737
Comstock Mines 737
Mining Tables 73S
Notes 742
Commercial Policy 743
Hawaiian Trafiic 74.}
An Australian Complaint 746
Flour by Kail 746
Increase of Manufacttires 746
Oregon's Traffic 747
Dry Wines 748
Sweet Wines 74^
riiotograpliy 730
I. W. Tahcr 750
J. R. I hylson 750
A. II. Lichllu-.ll 750
Thomas Mildrctli 751
Russ IIous.- 751
Hotels in the North 752
Leading Business Houses 752
Index p. 703.
DIVISION I.-INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I.— THE FIELD.
Our Slope.— Our continent lies between the two great oceans, and, con-
sidered topographically, most of its valuable territory consists of two main
divisions; one sending its streams to the Atlantic, and the other to the
Pacific. The mountain line of separation, however, between the two oceans
docs not extend to the northern limit of the continent, for a considerable
region belongs to the drainage basin of the Arctic. We accept the main
summit of the Rocky Mountain chain as the eastern limit of the Pacific
coast from Panama to latitude S7° and from that parallel northward
we follow the boundaries of British Columbia and Alaska, including the
Utah inclosed basin (covering portions of Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Idaho,
and California), sending - ^e of its waters to any ocean. This region is
unmistakably west of the main divide of the continent, and is .surrounded
by territory drained by streams flowing to the Pacific. We exclude the
Chihuahua inclosed basin of about 16,000 square miles, and the San Luis
Potosi inclosed basin of 25,000 square miles in Mexico, both of them being
east of the main ridge of the great continental mountain chain. In the
subjoined table the main political divisions are mentioned, with their areas
within the limits of what we consider (for the purposes of this work) the
Pacific coast ; the greatest length of each on the meridian ; the length of the
coast of each; the full length of its shore line following the contour of its
capes, bays, and islands ; the population, and the number of inhabitants to
a square mile. The areas of California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Idaho,
Utah, Arizona, and Alaska are copied from a report of the censu."^ of 1880.
The areas of British Columbia, and of the Pacific portions of Mexico, Cen-
tral America, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico are estimates.
The full shore lines of California, Oregon, and Washington are from the
United States Coast Survey, and are in geographical miles, 60 to a degree,
whereas the other miles arc statutory, 69 to a degree. The full coast lines
of Alaska, Mexico, and Central America having never been accurately
measured, so far as we know, are given by estimate. To obtain an ade-
3
i3
INTKODUCTIOX.
quatc idea of the vastncss of our natural resources, and of the backward
condition of their dc\clopment, we must look at fij^ures .'-howin^ tlie \ast
.irea of unoccupied fertile land, the relative paucity of inhabitants, and the
lenjjth of the ocean frontaije of this Pacific realm. A brief examination,
and a comparison of them with the corresponding; statistics of the most
jjopulous countries of Christendom, le.ive no room for reasonable doubt
that the western .slope of our continent has a ^rand career before it in the
near future. Here is the table:
PoLITIC.\L DiVISIO.NS.
.\rc.i
ill S<iii.ire
.Miles,
Population.
Inhabitants
to
Sq. .Mile.
Ij;ngth
on
Merlilian.
Miles.
Co:ist
I^-n^lh.
.Miles.
Full
.Shore Line.
-Miles.
Calilonii.i
158,360 8(14.6^6
5
2
I
2
i
i
I
7
1 1
''55
2S8
440
245
480
3+5
4 So
310
275
275
.345
1190
39''
1260
560
735 '.097
300 285
( )ri'L,'(>n
96,030
174.767
110,700 62,265
69,180 7^.120
^\'a^llin^'lon
245 1 ".738
liLiho . .
84.800
84,970
113,020
22.000
32,611
143.906
40,441
8,000
4,000
10,000
20,000
30,000
20,000
3,500,000
600,000
Utah
Arizona
Patific Montana. . . .
Pacitic Wvominj 1 22,000
Pacific Colorado . 1 .10 000
Pacific New AIe\ico.
24,000
577.390
310,000
550.000
50,000
Alaska
',470
560
>.950
910
20,000
8,1 Si
4,000
1,450
Jirilisli Columbia
Pacilic Mexico
Pacilic Central .\mcrica.
Total j 2.312,450
5.5S5.79<'
2
6,170
3'''.75i
After making allowances for large arca.s, of no present and little pros-
pective value, on account of intense cold, dry sand, or bare rock, our slope
still has 500,000 square miles of tillable soil, 300,000 of magnificent forest,
and 1,000,000 of good pasture, with room for 100,000,000 people before
they will be so much crowded with relation to the iKilural resources of the
land as they arc in Europe.
The inhabitants of C.iliforiiia, Oregon, Nevada, VVa^^^lngton, Uiaho, Utah,
and iVrizona numbered 829,050 in 1.S70, and 1,309,857 in 1880, .showing a
g;iin of 65 per cent, in ten years, a ratio which will probably be maintained
for a century to ccjine. Indeetl, the proliabilitie.s on account of the rapid
development of railroad antl steamship lines, is that the ratio will increase
rather than diminish. But if iTie gain were only 50 per cent, in ten years, it
would gi\e these States and Territories 2,ooo,oa3 inhabitants in 1890;
3,000,000 in 1900; 4.500,000 in 1910; 6,750,000 in 1920; and 10,125,000 in
1930. If we add British Columbia, Alaska, and the Pacific portions of
Tin-; FiFi.D.
'9
Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, \vc shall sec that it is not
extrav.igant to expect that our slope north of Mexico in i9;?o will have
12,000,000 inhabitants; and even llicn there will Ix; only 6 t<> the scjuare
mile; and now Italy has more than 20 times as many. Rapidity of
growth is one of the best standards of the activity and profit of business and
of the chances for tlv immigrant to make a fortune.
Our Pacific coast extends through the tcmi)erale and reaches far into the
torriil and frigid zon^s. Every variety of climate is represented within its
limits, unless it be the very stormy, for the furious hurricanes of the West
Indies and the tynh.oons common in the Chinese .seas are unknown to
considerable portions of our ocean. The high elevation of our mountain
border, and the warmth of winter and coolness of summer, brought to our
immediate coast north of latitude 34° by trade winds and the Kurosiwo,
the ocean current of the North Pacific, give great ranges of temperature in
the same latitude, so that the traveler can pass in a few hours from a cool
to a warm climate. North of latitude 34^ and west of the Rocky Jloun-
tains, the isothermal lines run, not cast and west, as on the other side of the
continent, but usually north-west and south-east. The mean temperature
of January ii in most places 10'^, and in many 20", higher than on the
Atlantic side in the same latitudes; and this greater warmth of the winters
is of immense importance to the comfort of the people, as well as to the
productiveness of many branches of industrj'.
Our coast, considered as a whole, has many peculiar features. South
of 49° it is extremely poor, and north of that latitude, wonderfully rich
in harbors, inlets, bays, and islands. In the precious metals it is the
richest part of the globe ; in the best qualities of coal it is inferior to Europe,
to China, and to the Atlantic side of our continent
Possessions and Increase. — Our slope north of Mexico has 8,000,000
acres of tilled land, 8,000,000 .sheep, i, 200,000 neat cattle, 600,000 horses,
and 5,500 iniLs of railroad. Our industrial products in their primary forms,
as first prepared for sale, counting the hide and excluding the leather, in-
cluding wool but not cloth, amount in value to more than $220,000,000
annually. Among the leading items arc $100,000,000 for cereals ; $20,000,000
for the meat, liidc, wool, milk, butter, and cheese of our herd;;; $15,000,000
for the yield of our orchards, gardens, and vineyards; $10,000,000 for our
rough lumber; $52,000,000 for our precious metals; $C,000,ooo for our ba.se
metals ; and $ 1 2,000,000 for non-metallic mineral articles, including coal, salt,
borax, asphaltum, petroleum, building stone, paving stone, bricks and glass.
The additiona value given to the primary products by secondary industry,
such as buildii.j houses and fences, dressing lumber, spinning and weaving
US
20
INTROPUCTION.
wool, tanning leather, making boots and ihocs, grinding grain, canning fruit,
casting iron, making coin and t."ble-ware from gold and silver bricks,
amounts to at least $So,ooo,ooo, making an annual aggregate for the' com-
bined products of primary and secondary industries of $300,000,000, or more
than $600 for each adult white male inhabitant. To this may be added at
least $20,000,000 for additional value given to land held in private owner-
ship by increase of population, improved facilities of transportation, proof
of the productiveness of the soil by successful tillage, and the growth of
fruit trees. The annual addition to the inarkct value of all the property
held in private ownership is not less than$So,ooo,ooo, or $160 for each adult
white male on the average, and this notwithstanding a mode of life which
to the people of New York, and r ;uch more to those of France, seems very
wasteful. Astonishing as the figures n.ay appear, they arc not more aston-
ishing than the rapid increase in our railroads, wagon roads, new buildings,
fences, lumber flumes, irrigation and mining ditches, artesian wells, orchards,
vineyards, and herds. A vast amount of the best machinery, a great num-
ber of the best farm animals, an area of fertile soil and a mileage of rail-
roads relatively immense, under the control of industrious and intelligent
men, are the main factors in our wonderful production.
California. — By the variety, multitude, and wealth of her resources for
cagricultural, mining, fishing, and manufacturing production, by the geniality
of her climate, the ad\antagcs of her commercial position, and her large
area, California is well fitted to play an imperial part in history; such as,
notwithstanding the relative scantiness of her population, she has played for
the last thirty years. The abundance of her gold was one of the wonders
of the world, and her placers had scarcely reached the climax o( their
productiveness, when her orchards, vineyards, and gardens challenged com-
parison with anything to be seen in France or Italy. The climate T)ear the
ocean is uncqualeu f<ir the sm-".!! range of mean temperature between mid-
summer and midwinter; equally free from the cold that benumbs, and from
the heat that debilitaies. A strong trade wind, with a temperature that
docs not vary much from 55°, blows from the ocean nearlj- every summer
day, its chilliness stimulating the worker to activity, and driving the
idler to wear heavy woolen clothing. Ikfore it has gone far inland, the
breeze is warmed b)' the ratiiation of the earth; and an hour's j(iurney is
sufTicient to obtain a change of 10" in the mean temperature of July, with-
out difference in elevation.
The State has an excellent commercial situation. Her northern limit
is near the latitude of Boston; her southern near that of Savannah.
Mexico has few bays, inlets, or islands, and no navigable rivers; and her
THE FIFXD. 21
coast bends to the eastward so much that Teliuantcpcc and Guaymas are
about as far from Australia, and from most of the Microncsian islands in the
South Pacific, as is San Francisco ; and on account of the winds and currents
arc less conveniently accessible by either sail or steam. The poverty of the
western coast of our sister republic in maritime advantages gives a greater
value to the Californian harbors, which, though not numerous, arc excellent.
If we wish to get a correct idea of the probable development of Cali-
fornia, we must compare her with Italy, to which, in productions, area,
form, and situation, she bears so much resemblance that she has been called
"the Italy of the new world." With a smaller territory, and natural
resources that, considered as a whole, arc perhaps inferior, the Italic
kingdom has thirty times as many people. The tendency to equalize popu-
lation in proportion to area, and the continuous growth of the older
American States, for two centuries, leave no room to doubt that California
is destined to be within a few generations the home of many millions of
inhabitants. It is also certain, from the intelligence and enterprise of her
present population, from the abundance and excellence of her schools
and railroads, and from the selecting influence of e.vpensive migration, that
the Californians of the future will not be an ignorant or unambitious class
of people.
San Francisco and Surroundings. — The site of San Francisco was, in
1848, one of the most unprepossessing places ever selected for a great city,
and never did industrial art and commercial enterprise achieve in a brief
period a more wonderful triumph over the obstacles of nature. The only
level land near the anchorage was a tract of about forty acres; all else for
several miles on the landward sides was mudflat, steep hill, or ravine covered
with chaparral, or swamp. A little further away were high rocky hills, and
sand dunes. For twelve miles the peninsula was treeless and desolate.
The only wagon road, leading from the village, passed through several miles
of loo.se sand before it reached solid ground. Fresh water was so scarce
that for several years the city obtained a large part of her supply in boats
from Saucelilo, on the opposite side of the Golden Gate.
In 1880, San Franci.sco had 233,000 inhabitants, or a sixth of all the
people within a radius of 600 miles, a larger proportion to the tributary
population than is to be found in any other metropolis. Counting Oalcland,
Alameda, and Berkeley as suburbs, the metropolitan population numbered
270,000 in 1880. The aggregate value of the property owned by the resi-
dents and business men of the city and its suburbs is at least $500,000,000.
The hills have been cut down, and coves and swamps filled up, until there
are 6,000 acres of level land. A number of the most splendid public
INTRODUCTION.
i^*ismm''
buildinj^s and private dwclliiicj.s in the United States ha\'c been erected.
Tlic causes that led to these marvelous rcsuUsjnust be worihy of mention.
The bay of San Francisco is spacious and grand. It has tlic only deep
and secure anchorage, eas)- of entrance from the ocean, and accessible
from the land side by navit:;able water, and level roads from an extensive
agricultural district in the interior, between the :;5th and 48th parallels
of latitude on this coast. The topography of California converges towards
the Golden Gate, and makes it the chief connnercial focus of the State.
Rival l,owns on the title waters of San Francisco bay had greater natural
advantages, but failed to attract capital, and dropped out of the race.
San Francisco has nearly as large a proportion of the manufacturing in-
dustry as of the commerce cf the coast. Her convenience of access from
all directions gives her great advantages. She has the most abundant sup-
plies of labor, raw material, capital, and skill. Ilcr schools, libraries,
amusements, and excitements are preponderant attractions for proprietors,
managers, and laborers; and induce them to be content here with smaller
profits than at other places on the coast. The coolness of the summers
enables men to do more work for four months in the )-car than in the
interior valleys. The cheapness of water-power and proximity to coal mines,
which, in the Atlantic States, control the location of many factories, have
little influence hero, because our mill streams are difficult of access, antl our
coal is not well adapted for making steam.
The discovery of gokl laid the fountlation of San I'rancisco's greatness.
The richest mines of the coast, and the districts which have produced three
fourths of the precious metals of the United States, are within ::oo miles
of the Golden Gate. The total American bullion \icld from the region
west of the Rock\- Mountains has been nearl)- $2,000,000,000; an inmien^e
sum to pay tribute to one .;mall city within 30 years. Not only was it
handled, and much of it rcfinecl antl coined in San I''rancisco, but a large
part of it came from mines owned here, and here its profits were iiu'ested.
Mere, too, were received and shipped nearly all the e.\i)orts of the coast,
averaging (exclusive of treasure), for some \ears past, $30,000,000 amuiall)-;
and hither came ncarl)- all the immigrants and tra\elcrs coming to or going
from the coast, their number aveiviging 100,000 amiu.ill)' for the ten )-ears
from 1870 to 1S80. All these paid large tributes to the metropolis of the
Pacific coast.
Oakland, the second cit)- of our coast, containing 36,500 inhabitants,
is as yet a mere residence suburb of the metropolis, from which she is
separated by the bay, here .]. miles wide. The time ie(]uirLd for crcssing
is thirty minutes, and about 50 ferry trips are made from each side every
day, three different routes being offered for the choice of the traveler. The
'3
THE FIELD.
23
Si
southern boundary of the city is the estuary of San Anton'o, which was
naturally inaccessible, at low tide, to boats drawin_cf more than 2 feet, but
an artificial harbor to be 3 miles lop^g and 20 feet deep at low water, is now
under construction there b)- the national government; and the depth has
already reached 10 feet, thoutjh not one fifth of the proposed expenditure
has yet been incurred. It has been estimated that the accommodation al-
ready furnished makes a saving of $300,000 in the cost of supplies to the
Oakland people, who highly appreciate the present and prospective benefits
of the work.
Besides the "training walls," to confine the channel leading from the San
Antonio estuaiy out to deep water in the bay, a stone mole has been built
by the Central Pacific Railroad, running out 6,550 feet in the harbor. This
mole reaches to a height of lo feet above high tide, with a width sufficient
for a double-track railroad and a passenger depot, 200 feet wide and 900
long. The material for the mole, 1,000,000 cubic yards of rock, was trans-
ported in cars, a distance of nearly 30 miles. No city on the coast has
gained more relatively within the last 10 )-ears than Oakland. The wide
extent anil high cultivation of her ornamental gardens, and the elegance
of her duellings, contribute to make her one of the most beautiful cities in
the United States. She has a paid fire department ; an electric-telegraphic
network used exclusively for fire-alarm purpo.ses; a district messenger
system ; a telephone exchange ; a s}'stcm of pipes to supply water from
an elevated reservoir to every house; and 62 miles of streets well macad-
amized.
Alameda, contiguous to Oakland on the south, with 5,709 inhabitants, and
Berkeley, the seat of the State Universit}-, with 2,300, on the north, both
connected with it by steam and horse railroad, despite the lines of political
separation, rai.se the aggregate population to 42,500.
The Coast Range of California, between the 36th and 39th degrees of
latituile, consists of .several ridges varying from 1,500 to 3,000 feet in gen-
eral height, parallel with the shore, with fertile intervening valleys. The
outer ridge, near San Francisco, may be called from its most notable peak
the TamaliKiis Ridge, and the break in it, connecting the ocean with Han
Francisco Baj-, is worthy of its grand name, the Golden Gate. The main
divide between the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys on one side and
the Coast valleys on the other, styled from its most notable peak the
Diablo Ridge, is intersected b)- Carquine/ Strait, which gives an outlet to
the ocean for the surplus waters n(jwing ilown from the western slope of
the Sierra Ne\aila. This strait, three quarters of a mile wide, anil accessible
from the ncean b}' a channel 30 miles long, 2 miles or mnrc wide nearly all
the wa), and 20 feet deep at low tide, has been staled the SiKer Gate. It
24
INTRODUCTION.
offers the only water communication between the ocean and the great in-
terior valley of the State, and on account of having the only pass near the
sea level through the Diablo Ridge, is a place at which railroads have con-
centrated from the north-west, north-east, south-west, and south-east. The
passenger from New York by the Central Pacific Railroad to San Fran-
cisco, first reaches the deep tide waters of the Pacific at Benicia, on the
northern bank of the Silver Gate; the traveler from New Orleans by the
Southern Pacific first reaches the same waters at Martinez on its southern
bank. Every steamboat or sailing vessel, bound to the interior of the State,
and every train bound to the interior or other side of the continent from
the Golden Gate, goes by way of the Silver Gate. Martinez, Port Costa,
and Iknicia arc on the bank of this strait; Vallcjo is near it, and the four
are the points farthest inland in California conveniently accessible by large
ships. Their advantages for the meeting of cars with ships have given to
them, c r at least to the three last mentioned, an important business in the
loading of ships with grain for foreign ports. Of 357 wheat cargoes ex-
ported from California in the twelvemonth ending June 30, 1881, 212 ob-
tained full loads at the Silver Gate ports, including 97 at Vallejo, 84 at Port
Costa, and 31 at Benicia, while San P'rancisco shipped 103 cargoes and
Oakland 33. Port Costa and Benicia were not ready with their wharves
until after that shipping season had opened, and it is expected that they will
do more in the future. Though inferior to the neighboring ports for shipping
purposes, Martinez is better protected against wind and fog, and has a
wanner temperature and drier atmosphere in summer. Besides, it has the
proximity of Mount Diablo, which is destined to become a place of great
resort, its summit commanding a view that in some important respects has
no equal an^-uhere. On the western side of the harbor of Vallejo is Marc
Island, the site of the only navy yard of the United States on the Pacific.
Another j-ard will doubtless be established at Puget Sound, but Mare
Island must be provided with extensive works, and the construction and re-
pairs of naval vessels will make sufficient work to maintain a considerable
population there, so soon as the Government abandons its policy of build-
ing and repairing its ships for Pacific crui.ses at Atlantic navy yard.s.
Benicia has an active manufacturing industry, and is rapiilly increasing in
population and business.
San Rafael, 15 miles north from the metropolis, and accessible by steam,
is a favorite summer residence of wealthy men engaged in the business of
the cit>-. .Situated near the north-eastern base of Tamalpais, and sheltered
by the mountain against the winds and fogs of the Pacific, the summer sky
is clear, anil the temperature genial. The town with its surroundings is
one of the prominent pleasure resorts of the State and is admired by all
\isitors. The population numbers j,3uo,
aS^itt*; s
ft
TIIK FIELD.
West of Napa Valley and parallel with it are Sonoma and Petaluma
valleys, each with a town of its own name. Each has a navigable stream
opening into San Pablo Bay; each has its railroad and much fertile soil.
Petaluma, in the midst of grain fields and dairies, has 3,300 inhabitants;
Sonoma, surrounded by orchards and vineyards, has 1,500.
Northward from San Francisco and 57 miles distant by steamboat route
and railroad, in the fertile basin of Russian River, is the busy town of Santa
Rosa, which has 3,700 inhabitants. The scenery and drives in the vicinity
are charming. Healdsburg, 1 5 miles beyond Santa Rosa on the bank of
Russian River, has 1,200 inhabitants. Both arc connected by rail with San
Rafael.
Napa Valley, drained by the river of the same name which empties into
San Pablo Bay at Vallejo, one of the most fertile portions of the State, re-
markably beautiful by nature, and much enriched by art, has numerous
valuable medicinal springs and attractive health and pleasure resorts.
Near the lower end of the valley is Napa City, a thrifty town of 3,800 in-
habitants in the midst of wheat fields, while 1 8 miles to the northward, near
the upper end of the valley, in the midst of vineyards, is St. Helena, with
1,400 inhabitants. The latter town is accessible by rail; the former by rail
and also by a navigable stream.
San Jose, 50 miles south of San Francisco and 7 from the navigable
water of the bay, has 12,615 inhabitants, and 3 miles distant has the sister
town or suburb of Santa Clara, with 2,416, making a total of 15,000. The
two places are connected by steam and horse railroads, and by continuous
intervening settlement along the extended streets, so that in some respects
they are one city, situated in the midst of a beautiful, fertile, and highly
cultivated valley, abounding in extensive orchards, vineyards, gardens,
•and grain fields. San Jose has 2,000 acres of orchard in the vicinity, and
having taken the lead in netting out fruit trees in large numbers, acquired
the title of " the Garden City." Irrigation is supplied by 300 artesian wells.
Only 14 miles in a direct line, but 26 miles by the wagon road, is Mt. Ham-
ilton, the summit of which, 4,400 feet high, is to have the astronomical ob-
servatory for which James Lick gave $700,000. The drive is pleasant and
the mountain attracts many visitors.
The Southern Pacific Railroad runs near the bay shore, lengthwise through
San Mateo County, which occupies all of the San Francisco peninsula, save
the si.x miles scjuarc of the metropolis. This bay shore has the only ex-
tensive and level tracts of fertile soil accessible by land within 2 hours from
the counting-rooms and offices of the city. There millionaires have taken
up a great part of the plain for their country residences, living in magnifi-
cent mansions in the midst of wide-spreading, ornamental grounds, which,
,.-*^££feief- ^>.
26
INTkODrCTIOX.
laid out antl cultivated with liii^h skill, charm the eye in every direction,
and add much to the attractiveness of the towns of San ]\Iateo, Belmont,
Redwood City, and ^Icnlo Park.
The Sacramento Valley. — The great interior valley drained by the Sac-
ramento River from the north and by the San Joaquin from the south, has
a length of 350 and a width of 40 miles, nearly all of it fertile .soil, but some
of it needing irrigation and some of it reclamation by dikes and draining
to fit it for profitable culti\atior. It has great agricultural capabilities and
will support many millions of people. Its chief cit)-, Sacramento, the
political capital of the State, with 22,000 inhabitants, situated on the bank
of the Sacramento River, at the head of navigation for those boats which
ascend that stream from San Francisco (though smaller boats ascend as
far as Red Bluff), is the main center of railroads and trade in the great val-
ley between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada. Soon after the gold
di-scovery, Sacramento rose into prominence as a source of supply for the
mines, and still docs a considerable wholesale and jobbing trade, maintain-
ing its position, ne.xt to San I'rancisco, in the commercial business of
California. According to the statistics gathered by the local Board of
Trade, the commercial transactions and industrial products of Sacramento
Cit>' in 18S1 amounted to $35,393,000, including these items: Boilcr.s,
iron-work, foundries, car-building, etc., $(3, 180,000; groceries, $4,639,000;
mill products, $2,91 5,000; agricultural implements and hardware, $2,543,000;
meats, hides, tanning, $2,681,000; lumber, coal, wood, wooden ware,
$2,125,000; dry goods, $1,536,000; fruits and produce, $1,583,000; clothing
antl woolens, $1,219,000; beer, $143,000; California wine, brandy, and other
litiuors, $i,6lS.0O0; books, stationer)-, etc., $929,000; paints, oils, paper-
hangings, etc., $898,000; wool, $508,000; insurance (local comp.un-), $400,000;
stoves, tinware, sheet metals, etc., $38 ",ooo; carriages and wagons, $438,000;
boots .and shoes, $359,000; drugs, medicines, dental gooils, etc., $325,000;
cigars and tob.acco, $352,000; crockery, g!as.s-ware, etc., 388,000; saddlery,
harnes.s, etc., $359,000; lime, pottery, stone-ware, etc., $275,000; furniture
and cabinet work, $450,000; market.s. $270,000; confectioner}-, $236,000;
jewelry, $213,000; bread, crackers, etc., $152,000; hop.s, $175,000; and
millinery, $1 12,000.
These figures ilo not include the sales of real estate, the tr.insactions of
the banks, or the business of insurance companies incoriiorated elsewhere.
The Board of Trade claim that, as a source of supply for the Sacramcnto-
San Joaquin basin, and the region cast of California, Sacramento has dc-
ciderl advantages over S.m I'ninci.sco in cheaper storage, rents, freights, in-
surance, and cartage, and in c.\emi)tion hum wharfage; and as a site for
Tiir, I'iKi.n.
27
manufactures of wood, they claim superiority, on account of the s^reater
drj'ncss of the climate. The Central Pacific Railroad Company has its
rolling-mill and chief shops for construction and repair at Sacramento. The
city has a paid fire department, a district messenger system, a telephone ex-
change, a system of water-supply pipes connected with a Holl)' engine, and
four and one third miles of street railway. The State Capitol is an imposing
brick building (with a dome rising to a height of two hundred and twenty
feet above the street), that cost $3,000,000. At Folsom, twenty miles from
Sacramento, the American River falls eighty feet in two miles, and a canal
is now being constructed to make this large water-power conveniently
available for manufacturing purposes.
Second among the towns of the Sacramento Valley is Mary.svillc, which
has 4,500 inhabitants, besides 800 in its suburb, Yuba City, on the opposite
bank of the Feather River. Odicr notable Sacramento Valley towns, some
of them probably destined to become important cities, arc Chico with 3,300
inhabitants. Woodland with 2,300, Red Bluff with 2,100, and Oroville with
1,700.
San Joaquin Valley. — The San Joaquin Valley, with 8,000 square miles
of fertile soil, and a great .supply of snow in the Californian Alps, available
for summer irrigation, will be the Lombardy of our coast, though many
years may elapse before the canals and reservoirs needed to supply a large
part of its area with water will be completed. Much has been done recently
to develop the resources of the valley, and a rapid increase of its wealth may
be expected.
Stockton, the head of navigation for the larger class of boats plying on
the San Joaquin river, will probably retain her position as the chief city oi
the valley, and share the great growth of that vast and fertile region. As
an inland center of the u'heat traffic, she now holds the first place in the
State, and has for several years enjoyed an exceptional prosperity. She
has a considerable manufacturing industry, and has ranked next to San
Francisco as a ship-building center in California. The annual value of her
manufactures is $3,000,000. She has a paid fire department with three
steam fire engines, a fire-alarm telegraph, a gas company, a street railroad,
with four miles of track, fifteen miles of macadamized streets, and a water
company with an available supply of 900,000 gallons from artesian wells,
one of which is 1,003 feet deep. The channel of the San Joaquin to Stock-
ton is to be improved so that boats drawing seven feet of water can always
reach her wharves.
The towns next in size to Stockton are Modesto with 1,700 inhabitants,
Merced with 1,500, Visalia with 1,400, Fresno with 1,000, and Bakcrsficld
28 INTRODUCTION.
with 800. Fresno has more orchard and ^•ineyard than any other town in
the valley, and promises to become one of the leading horticultural centers
in the State.
Southern California. — Southern California — not to be confounded with
Lower California, in Mexico — is a general term given to the counties of
Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and San Diego,
each possessing its peculiar attractions, and together forming a subtropical
region that charms and captivates all visitors. Vast areas arc planted with
the orange, lemon, lime, and vine, in near proximity to high mountains
which wear caps of snow until late in the spring, or even until the close of
summer. Southern California more than doubled its population and trebled
its wealth between 1870 and 1880.
Los Angeles, the leading city, is situated in latitude 34°, in the valley
of the Los Angeles river, fourteen miles from the ocean. Several thou-
sand acres of irrigated land in the immediate vicinity are planted with
orange and lemon trees, vines, and ornamental gardens of luxuriant sub-
tropical plants, which give to the city a most attractive appearance, and
justly entitle her to pre-eminence in the United States for the beauty,
variet)', a^d extent of her horticultural wealth. She is surrounded by
numerous other towns and valleys, some of them possessing greater areas in
orchards and vines, but inferior in population and wealth. She has a sys-
tem of pipes supplying 1,000,000 gallons daily from the Crystal Springs to
the houses, of which about one third arc of brick or adobe, and two thirds
wood. The streets are macadami/xd for a length of 12 miles. A paid
fire department, with 2 steam fire-engines of the first class, gives protection
against fires. Her present population is about 15,000, and her average an-
nual increase is perhaps 1,000. She has already gained a metropolitan posi-
tion in Southern California, is in the midst of an extensive region now
enjoying a \ery active and increasing business, and will probably within a
few years reach greater prominence than she has now. She aspires to be-
come the capital of a new State, to be made by dividing California, and will
probably succeed; since after the population shall become dense, it would
be unfair that our coast should have only one State, and 2 rcpresentati\'cs
in the national Senate for the ocean frontage between latitudes 32'-' and
42°, while on the other side of the continent, between the same latitudes,
1 1 -seaport States have 22 representatives in the senate. In consequence of
the completion of rail connection from ocean to ocean by the Southern
Pacific route, the rapid development of the mineral wealth of Arizona,
and the advances of the iron track in Mexico, contribute to give import-
ance to Los Angeles as a source of commercial supply for an extensive
region.
THE FIEI.D.
29
Los Angeles is so situated that she has two seaports — one at Santa
Monica, 14 miles off to the south-west, and the other at Wilminj^ton, 20 miles
southward. Steam railroads run to both places. Santa Monica has a
wharf accessible for large vessels, with abundant room and deep water; but
the anchorage is not .secure in stormy weather. All the steamers and nearly
all the sailing vessels go to Wilmington, where Congress has undertaken to
provide an artificial harbor. A breakwater a mile and a quarter long has
been made, and vessels drawing 10 feet of water can now sail in at low tide.
One of the chief drawbacks to the shipping busine.ss of the port has been
the high charge for lighterage, amounting to about $120,000 a year. A wharf
now in course of construction by the Southern Pacific Railroad will put an
end to this exaction. The freight received and shipped at and near Wil-
mington was 6,000 tons in 1855, and 110,000 in 1880; and greater relative
increase in the next 25 years may be expected. Other notable towns of
Los Angeles county are Anaheim, Santa Ana, Downey, Pasadena, Orange,
Florence, Westminster, Compton, San Gabriel, San Fernando, and Pomona,
all prosperous or possessing the resources for future prosperity.
San Diego has one of the finest bays in the world, deep, commodious,
secure, easy of entrance, without dangerous rocks or currents, and almost
without fog.s. The excellence of her harbor and her position on the line
where the distance from ocean to ocean in the United States is least, and where
the Rocky Mountains present no high elevation to obstruct railroad con-
struction, early designated San Diego as the terminus for a southern trans-
continental railroad. She is now connected with the Southern Pacific at
Colton by the California Southern Railroad, and expects to become the pre-
ferred terminus of at least one direct route from the Mississippi or Gulf of
Me.xico. There is a large area of land valuable for fruit and grain in the
county, and the mild winters, beautiful gardcn.s, and business prospects of
the chief town have attracted many invalids and pleasure-seekers.
Santa Barbara has a delightful situation in the midst of a plain 80 miles
long and 8 wide, between the ocean and the Santa Inez Mountain, which
shelters it against the cold winds that strike the coast further north. It
has a charming climate, and beautiful gardens, and is a favorite resort for
invalid.s.
The valleys of the Santa Clara and the Ojai are the chief attractions of
Ventura.
The .settled portion of San Bernardino county is the upper part of the
valley of the Santa Ana river, and the adjacent mountain slopes to an ele-
vation of 2,000 feet above the sea. San Bernardino, the county seat, has an
active business and is growing rapidly. Riverside is remarkable for the in-
telligence and enterprise of its inhabitants, the large progress which they
30 INTROniCTIOX.
have made with orchards, vineyards, and other improvements, since the
town was hiid off 1 1 j-ears ago.
Monterey District. — Monterey ]?ay, which ma\- be described in general
terms as a semicircle drawn with a radius of lo miles, projecting into the
land between the 36th and 37th par:illels of latitude, is horderctl by a dis-
trict rich in agricultural and manufacturing resources, and abounding with
strong and varied attractions for pleasure-seekers. The bay is the best
marine fishing-ground on the coast. Santa Cruz, the chief town, has 4,000
inhabitants, and is noted for its tanneries, its lumber, its bathing, and its in-
teresting drives. ]\Iontercy has sea bathing, a camp ground, magnificent
drives, the finest pleasure-resort hotel on the slope, and 1,400 inhabitants.
W'atsonville, Salinas, Ilollister, and Castroville are other towns in the valleys
tributary to ^lonterey Bay. San Luis Obispo County south of Monterey,
and one of the few coast counties not connected with the general railroad
.system of the State, is rich in natural resources, which will attract a large
population after the lapse of a few years.
Humboldt Bay. — Humboldt Bay, in latitude 40- 44', with a mouth 18 feet
deep, but difficult of entrance, is the outlet of a considerable district, rich in
fertile soil, moist climate, fine timber, and abundant pasturage. The annual
exports include 4,000 tons of potatoes, 2,000 of oats, 450 of wool, 250 of
wheat, 100 of fish, 70 each of butter and peas, and 50,000,000 feet of lumber.
Humboldt Ba\-, on account of its excellent and cheap lumber, comes next
to San I'rancisco in the maritime conunerce of California. Its chief town.
Eureka, has 2,700 inhabitants; the second one, vVrcata, has 700. Crescent
Cit\-, Trinidad, and Navarro are lumber port.s, north and south of Hum-
boldt Bay.
The Sierra Nevada. — The auriferous foothills, or lower slopes of the
Sierra Nevada, at its western base to an elevation of 2,500 feet above the
sea, include much fertile land, with abundant supplies of water, in a climate
pcculiarl)- favorable to develop the size and flaNcjr of the temperate fruits.
The apples and peaches from the Sierra command the highest prices in the
San I'rancisco market, and the orange ripens at Newcastle a month earlier
than at Los Angeles, which is 5 degrees further .south. This fruit belt of
the Sierra is 20 miles v.ide and 300 long. The largest of the mountain
towns is Nevada City, which has 4,000 inhabitants, and Grass Valley, only
6 miles distant, has nearly as many. Placcrvillc has 2,000; Sonora 1,500;
Sutler Creek 1,300; Auburn 1,200, and Jackson i,ooo. All the.se places
were first settled by gold miners, but are now surrounded by thrifty orchards
and viiie)ards.
J ^
I
v>
f
THE FIELD.
31
Other notable mountain towns not on the western slope of the Sierra are
]5odic with 2,700 inhabitants, Yrcka with 1,000, and Truckcc, the leading
lumber town of California not in the redwood region.
Oregon.— Though until recently much slower than California in the de-
velopment of her resources, Oregon is unmistakably destined to be one ,,C
tlic richest and most steadil\- prosperous portions of our continent. In tlic
influ.K of settlers and the development of her business, she is a niar\c'i.
Her population gained 92 per cent, from iSjoto 1880, and sjie can keep up
that ratio for half a centurj- to come, and still have ;i considerable area of
unoccupied land. The multitude of her railroatl lines now under construc-
tion, the magnitude of the fertile area to be made accessible and tributar)-
to her, the accumulation of capital and of capable business men in her
metropolis, the thousand miles of river navigation in the basin of the Colum-
bia, and the large production and high prices of her wheat, wool, fruit, and
salmon, combine to indicate that Oregon is just at the threshold of the most
brilliant part of her career. Her western di\ision, with 10 degrees less of
cold in Januar)-, and 10 degrees less of heat in July, than New York, is in
climate and .soil the American counterpart of England, which, however, has
400 inhabitants on the average square mile, while Western Oregon li.is
only 5.
Immense deposits of coal and iron are found in man)- places easy of ac-
ces:--. Timber of fort)' different varieties is foi nd in her forests. The ri\-ers
and sloughs alTord the means of cheap transportation. Numerous streams,
which never fail and never freeze, afford. ;d)UiKlant \\atcr ixiwer. With ail
these advantages Oregon is surely dcstincil to become in the future a great
manufacturing ceiiter. At present she does not produce mo]-e than 6 per
cent, of the manufactures consumed b)' her own population, but the da)- is
not far distant when she will-export largely of her own manufactured gooils.
Alre-ul)- slie sends much flour to I'.ngland, where none but the best iinds a
remunerative market. 1 ler woolen fabrics are of such e.Kcellent quality that
in some lines of goods the suppl)- falls short of the (.lemautl.
A general idea of the industrial prosperil)- of Oregon m.iy be formed
from the fact that in 1881, with a poi)ulation of 190,000, her total e.\-[)(irts
e.Kceedcd $20,000,000, including wheat and flour \alued at o\er .$C,ooo,ooo,
and salmon at $3,000,000. During the same year, 145 vessels cleared from
the ports of the Columbia River, most of them laden with wheat, and the
wheat surplus for the \ .. \r was estimated at 260,000 tons. The freight traffic
of Tin: Ori:(;o\ Raii.w.w .\nij Navic.vtion Co.miunv was estimated, for
the )ear 1.S81, at not less than 150,000 ton.s, and that of Till', OUKGOX amj
CalU'okm.V Railroad C(i\ii'axv, at about 145,000 tons.
<'jr.i:^ii.'«[|
32
INTRODUCTION.
Portland, on the bank of the Willamette, 120 miles from the ocean, and
12 from the Columbia, the present and prospective metropolis of Oicgon,
accessible b\' ships drawiii.^ 21 feet of water, has, with her suburb of East
Portland, 21,000 inhabitants, but her am.ount of business might do crcdi*: to
a city of Co,ooo. Slie has $6,000,000 of bank deposits, pays $400,000 of
premiums for fire insurance annually, and the aggregate value of Ikt nii;'"iii-
factured products and of her wholesale commercial transact;' ;■ ^ u '■)
amounted to $31,600,000. They included sales of wheat and i'^- n:, ^'5,20u.
000; wool, $2,600,000 ; groceries, $4,200,000; hardware, $ 1, 7oo,0>. *; agricul-
tural implements, $1,600,000; dry goods, $1,500,000; clothing and woolen 5,
$1,200,000; liquors, $950,000; lumber, wooden-ware, etc., $750,000; paints
oils, jiapcr-hangings, etc., $750,000; furniture, $100,000; cigars and tobacco,
$600,000; boots and shoes, .$650,000; stoves, tin-ware, etc., $500,000; sad-
dlery and harness, $400,000 ; crockcr)-, glass, etc., $400,000 ; hides, furs, etc.,
$350,000; sash, doors, blinds, etc., $350,000; machinery, castings, etc.,
$350,000; drugs and medicines, $330,000; books and stationery, $350,000;
confectionery, $350,000; carpets, oilcloths, etc., $200,000; and jewelry,
$200,000. Portland employs 1,100 operatives in 48 manufacturing estab-
lishments, of which 13 produce rough and dressed lumber, moldings, doors,
sashes, and furniture; 7 make castings of iron and brass, boilers, and hca\y
iron machiner)'; 2 are occupied with boots and shoes; 2 with gloves; 6
with wagons, and 6 with harness. A large paper-mill, owned by local capi-
talists, is situated not far from the city ; and arrangements have been made
for the establishment, within a j-ear, of a fruit canner)-, a factory of agricul-
tural implements, and a tannery, all on a large scale. Portland has a ]5oard
of Trade, or Merchants' F.xchaiige, gas works, a water com[iany sujjpljing
water to the houses from the Willamette Ri\er, a fire compan)- with 6 stear"
engines, and 80 miles of improved streets. y\bout 200 buildings arc erected
aiuiually at an .aggregate cost of $ 1 ,000,000 ; the annual gain in pf)inilation
is more than 5 per cent., and the average increase, in the value of the prop-
erty within the city limits, has been 20 per cent. annuall\- iVir several jears
past. The increase in 1880 was estimated at 40 i)er cent, and was .abun-
dantly justi
the opinion of prudent business men, by the multitude of
immigrants settling in the territory tributary to Portland, and tlic rapid con-
struction of railroads
Th
e proporlDii
)f wholesale to retail
houses IS
rem.ukably large; and it is claimed that i'ortland has more wealth to th
inhabitant than anj- cither city in the Union. Her predominance as the
leading seaport and main railway terminus, as the center of foreign and
domestic commerce, as the seat of wealth, manufacturing anil corporate
enterprise in Oregon, is similar to that of San Francisco iii California.
y\stori,i, a town of .1,000 inhabitants, ;it the mout'i i-i tlie Col'.mil;
)i;\, .ispires
"'^"-^"'iiiiiWifciijte^, '
TlIK luxn.
33
to supersede Portland as the chief seaport of Oregon, but has not made
much progress yet towards the satisfaction of her ambition. She possesses,
however, decided advantages of situation, and has grown rapidly for the
last five years, owing mainly to the development of her manufact res and
fisheries. She is the chief center of the business connected with the canning
of salmon, which employs 2,400 fishermen and 1,200 boats. Most of the
boxes arc made and ca.scs .shipped at Astoria. The town will doubtless
derive much benefit from the completion of the railroail to the Willamette
Valle)'. Ten steamboats leave Astoria for various points on the river; and
5 tugboats used to take sailing ves.sels in and out of the harbor, have their
station there. During 1881, the total exports from Astoria amounted in
value to $2,725,000.
Oregon City, 12 miles above Portlanrl at the fall of the Willamette, had
only 1,263 inhabitants in 1880, but will undoubtcdl)- grow to be a large town.
The river by its fall of 40 feet furnishes a grand manufacturing power, and
the topography of the adjacent land permits the construction of canals and
mills at moderate expense. The supply of water being abundant and rela-
tively regular, the power is one of the best on our coast, and it is unequaled
in being accessible by large steamboats, from both sides, making transpor-
tation cheap. A canal with locks large enough to accommodate steamboats
260 feet long, enables vessels to pass the fall. The Oregon and California
Railroad passes through the town. It has a bank, two flouring mills, and a
woolen mill.
Salem, the capital of Oregon, 53 miles by rail south of Portland, contain-
ing with its suburbs 4,000 inhabitants, well situated in a very fertile district,
is sure of steady prosperity. It has ;> gas comi)any, a water company, and
.several factories and a bank.
Albany, 81 miles south of Portland by rail, on the eastern side of the
Willamette, and near its midst, is the most populous town of Oregon south
of Salem, having 1,867 inhabitants in 1 880. The figures arc small at present,
but man)' i)Iaces now insignificant have a great growth before them.
The Dalles, at a fall of the Columbia, 1 I 5 miles by the river above Port-
Land, is the largest tow n in I'.astern Oregon, having 2,500 inhabitants. The
situation is excellent, the business active, anil the steatl)- growth of the
place indubitable. Umatilla, 225 miles by the ri\er above Portland, had
only 149 inhabitanls in 1880, but having been .selected as the point at which
the railroad from the Union Pacific shall strike the Columbia, it can scarcely
fail to grow considerabl)-. liaker City, about 120 miles in a straight line
south-east from Umatilla, had a population of 1,258 in 1880, and will pre-
sumably become one of the leading cities of I'.astern Oregon. It is on the
line of the railro.id to connect Umatilla with Granger. Corvallis, on the
34
INTROnUCTION.
I
i
western side of the Willamette Valley, has 1,200 inhabitants, and expects,
with reason, to obtain a large business as the valley terminus of the railroad
to Yaquina Bay, now under construction. The value of Yaquina Bay,
Coos Bay, and the harbors at the mouths of the Umpqua and the Rogue
,s, will depend mainly on the work to be done by the national govern-
i. in protecting them by breakwaters or otherwise improving their
enhances.
Washlngtoa. — Washington has an area of 69,994 square miles (44,796,-
160 acres), including 30,000 square miles of timber, 15,000 of prairies and
plains, nearly as much of valueless mountain and inland water, and 7,000 of
rich bottom lands. The Territory, like Oregon, is divided by the summit
of the Cascade Range into two main divisions, entirely different from each
other in climate, typography, vegetation, and present and prospective in-
dustries. Western Washington has the same humid atmosphere, the same
abundant rains frequent through the year, the same cool summer and mild
winter, and the same dense forest of magnificent fir timber, as Western
Oregon, from which, however, it differs notably in having a much smaller
area of fertile soil, and greatly superior facilities for inland navigation. Its
net-work of deep tide-water channels is unsurpassed on the globe. Its
shore line on the Strait of Fuca and tributary water is 1,594 miles; and on
its western ocean frontage it has besides the three harbors of Gray's, Shoal-
watcr, and the Columbia bays. The Columbia River is navigable for 725
miles, the Skagit for 50; the Snoqualmie and its arms, 60; the Stilaqua-
mish, 25; the Skokomish, 30; the Dwamish, 30; the Puyailup, 25; the
Wiskat, 15; the Willopa, 20; and Lake Chelan, 40; making in all more
than 1,000 miles of fresh-water navigable channel. The main "^aU-water
channel is Pugct Sound, which extends inland 100 miles .southward from
Fuca Strait, varying from 2 to 5 miles in width for 70 miles, and for the
other 30 from a mile to 2 miles. The ilepih, except in the coves and very
near the shore, is nowhere less than 10 fathoms, and often 10 times as much.
Nearly parallel with it is Mood's Canal, about 2 miles wide and 60 miles
long. In the official report of his exploring expedition. Commodore Wilkes
says: "Nothing can exceeil the beauty of these waters and their safety.
Not a shoal exists within the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Admiralty Inlet, or
Hood's Canal, that can in an)' way interrupt their navigation by a se\enty-
four gun ship. 1 venture nothing in saying there is no country in the world
that possesses waters cfjual to these. The)- cover an area of about 2,000
S(|uare miles. The shores of all these inlets and bays are leinarUably bold ;
so much so that in many places a shii)'s sides would strike the shore before
the keel would touch the ground. The couiitiy by which these waters are
.«<*Sfcl«»-l;^
THE FIELD.
35
surrounded is remarkably salubrious, and offers every advantage for the ac-
commodation of a vast commercial and military marine, with convenience
for docks, and a great many sites for towns and cities ; at all times well
supplied with water, and capable of being provided with everything by the
surrounding countiy which is adapted to agriculture."
The population of Washington was 4,cxx) in 1853, 11,000 in i860, 23,000
in 1870, and 75,000 in 1880. The increase in the last decennial period was
213 per cent., with every reason to presume that the annual average of 20
per cent, will not diminish for many years to come. In October, 1881,
there were 440 miles of railroad, or a mile for each 200 inhabitants ; and
preparation has been made for the construction of many additional miles in
1882 and 1883. The surplus products for exportation in 1881 included
170,000,000 feet of lumber worth $1,700,000; 100,000 tons of wheat worth
$2,500,000; 200,000 tons of coal worth $800,000; salmon worth $300,000;
5,000 bales of hops worth $250,000; and other materials worth $1,000,000,
making a total of $5,550,000. The navigation of Puget Sound gives regular
employment to 42 steam vessels; and 19 vessels were built in 188 1, by the
ship-yards of the sound.
The facility of reaching the channels connected with Puget Sound from
the ocean, the convenience of their navigation, and the multitude of secure
anchorages in their coves, give to Western Washington a peculiar fitness for
maritime commerce. It is the natural center of the shipping that will fur-
nish the principal means of communication and traffic between the numerous
.seaports of the coast north of the 47th parallel of latitude. The fir and
cedar forests of Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska are the largest
and most valuable bodies of timber for shipbuilding and spars on the globe;
and .IS sources of lumber for exportation they arc unequaled. In the fish-
erics of our coast, Washington will take a prominent if not a leading place,
for its pro.^imity to the whaling grounds and cod banks gives it great ad-
vantages over California and Oregon. The density of its fir forests, the
.scarcity of fertile soil not covered by timber, and the lack of direct rail com-
munication with the Atlantic Slope, obstruct the speedy .settlement of West-
ern Washington, but throw no doubt upon a splendid development of its
vast resources at .some time not far distant. If wooden vessels of any size
are to maintain a place on the ocean, our coast from Washington to Alask;i
will take an active part in their con.struction.
ICastern Washington is far inferior to the western division in resources for
lumbering, fishing, ship-building, manufacturing, and maritime commerce,
but far superior in the extent of its fertile soil and good indigenous pastur-
age. It has extensixe areas ready to produce large crops of grain with little
expense in the first >car of occupation. Its chief products will be wheat,
I 1
36
INTRODUCTION'
beef, mutton, wool, and fruit. The recent rapid construction of the railroads
of the Northern Pacific, and Oregon Railway and Navigation companies,
in the basin of the Columbia, has gi\en a great stimulus to settlement and
cultivation, and F,astern Washington will probably, for some years to come,
make very rapid progress. The climate is warmer in summer, colder in
winter, and drier at all seasons than west of the Cascades.
Seattle, on I'uget Sound, 45 miles from its mouth, occupying a position
ncarl)- central in the basin of the sound, lias an excellent situation for com-
merce, manufactures, and fisheries. The average width of the channel out
to the Strait of Fuca is 5 miles and the narrowest place 3, with good oppor-
tunities for navigation by sailing vessels. The harbor is well protected, and
has an area of 4 square miles, with deep water and secure anchorage. Lake
Washington, only 3 miles inland, 20 miles long and 2 wide, with depth
sufficient for navigation by steamboats carrying large freights, might be
made accessible by a canal, which besides cheapening freight would furnish
a considerable water power. Valuable coal beds on the eastern and .southern
shores of the lake produce about i6o,ocX) tons of coal annually, most of it
for exportation. The country adjacent to Seattle contains much fertile soil.
Thi., combination of advantages has made Seattle the largest town in
Western Washington, and leaves little doubt in the minds of intelligent ob-
servers generally that it will maintain its precedence and become one of the
leading seaports of our coast. It has gas wcjrks, water works, a steam fire-
engine, sash, ftuniture, and water-pipe factories, and various other manu-
facturing establi.shment.s. It had 4,200 inhabitants in 1S80, and gains 15
per cent, annually.
Tacoma, 25 miles south of Seattle, and so much farther from the oce.in,
is situated at the he.id of convenient navigation for large sailing vessels -.-n
the sound. The channel of the sound, to the northward straight and at the
narrowest places 2 miles wide, south of Tacoma is cr(3oked and onl)- one
mile wide. The town is the present terminus of the Northern Pacific
Railroad on the sound. A railroad runs from this place to Carljon Hill,
which claims the possession of coal veins aggregating 1 18 feet in thickness,
the coal being of quality unsurjiassed in some important respects by any
regularly worked f)n our coast. The people of Tacom.i had the satisfaction
in 1 88 1 of seeing an American sailing vessel of 1,800 tons load at their
wharf with wheat brought by rail from the Columbia River.
01ym])ia, at the heail of Pugct Souiul, .-ibout 25 miles from 'Tacoma in a
direct line, and 45 by the navigable channel, at the head of the southern-
most arm of I'ugi^t Sound, ani.1 the head of its navigation, is the eajiital of
the Territor)-. Ii has a branch railroad connecting at Tcnino with the
Northern P;icilic; ;tiul is a point where the wagon roads from the region
THE FIELD.
17
west of the sound will naturally meet those from the east. One of its ad-
vantages is the pos.session of a large water power three miles distant at
Tumwater, where the Dcs Chutes River falls 80 feet in half a mile, making
the best water power near a deep harbor on the coast, excepting that at
Oregon City.
Walla Walla, the largest town in the basin of the Columbia, cast of the
Cascade Mountains, is situated in the midst of the valley of the same name,
famous for the abundance and fine quality of its wheat and fruits. It is
the center of the active trade of Eastern Washington and Oregon, and docs
a considerable wholesale business, coming, in that respect, next to Portland
among all the towns in that part of our slope north of the 41st paralL 1.
The value of the merchandise sold annually is probably not far fro:n
$3,cxxi,cxx> ; and of the three banks, one drew exchange on San Francisco
in 18S0 to the amount of $1,500,000. It has 2 planing mills, a sash and
door factory, a foundry, 3 grist mills, and a cracker factory. The rail-
road of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company runs through the
town, and a branch road runs southward to Weston. Water and gas arc
supplied through pipes by incorporated companies.
Spokan Falls or Spokan will probably be one of the chief cities of Eastern
Washington. It is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and has a
magnificent water power. The river falls 1 50 feet in half a mile, has a large
and constant supply of water which never freezes, and has banks well
adapted for mill purposes.
Nevada. — Nearly all of Nevada is within the Utah Inclosed Basin, and
is cither desert or barren mountain. The average rainfall does not exceed
5 inches in a year, while the evaporation amounts to as many feet. The
streams are few and small. All the lakes and many of the springs are saline
or alkaline. Most of the artesian borings have been unsuccessful. The soil
and atmosphere arc extremely arid. Though the state has produced more
than $50,000,000 of precious metal in a year, it has only 67,000 inhabitants,
and most of those are established near the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada.
The soil when well supplied with moisture is fertile, and the climate is not
unfavorable to the production of good crops of many cereals and fruits. The
white sage offers an abundant and nutritious pasturage for neat cattle and
sheep, the breeding of which has become the predominant branch of agricul-
ture. Silver, gold, borax, and salt arc the chief mineral products, and lum-
ber is the chief manufacturing product. The mines of the Comstock ha\c
consumeil \ast quantities of timber; and the lumbering enterprise which
they awakened led to the V flume, one of the important inventions of re-
cent )cars. The state is intersected from cast to west by the Central Pacific
38
INTKOUl.'CTION.
Railroad, branches of which run southward from Reno, Battle Mountain, and
Palisade, giving communication with Austin, Eureka, Virginia City, and
Candelaria. There is more than a mile of iron track for every lOO inhab-
itants on an average.
Under the stimulus of the great bonanzas of the Comstock Lode, which
poured out immense sums of precious metal almost continuously for 20
years, Virginia City grew to be a center of wealth and luxury. From i860
to 1S80, the average wages of labor, and of skill in the superintendence of
workmen, were larger than in any other part of the world. The decrease in
the production of silver has brought with it a period of depression, which
will give way to prosperity so soon as another large ore body shall be found.
Carson, the capital of the State, Eureka, the center of a district rich in ar-
gentiferous galena, Reno, where the Virginia City road connects with the
Central Pacific, arc the towns next to Virginia in importance.
Arizona. — Arizona had 9,658 inhabitants in 1870 and 41,580 in 1880, an
increase of 350 percent, in 10 years. The value of its mineral products was
perhaps $1,000,000 in 1870, and its shipments were $8,198,000 in 1881. The
Territory, only reccntlj- been made acce'',siL-'<' by railroad, has not yet been
fully protected against the ravages of the Apaches, but all dangers from that
source will soon be at an end. The Southern Pacific Railroad reached Yuma
on the western border of Arizona in 1878, advanced 180 miles up the valley
of the Gila in 1879, in 1880 crossed to New Me.\ico, and in 1882 is to run
its cars to Galveston. The security which this great work promised, attracted
prospectors and laborers and led to a rapid develo|5ment of the resources of
the Territory. The Atlantic and Pacific is now crossing from New Mexico
to ihc Colorado River near the 35th parallel; and a railroad is advancing
northward from Guaymas, so that Arizona will soon be on the main iron
highway west of the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to Southern
Mexico. Of the 1 13,000 square miles in Arizona, only 700 arc as yet culti-
vated. Though it has much fertile soil, the greater part of the area is too
dry or barren for tillage. With the help of irrigation the valleys produce
large crops of wheat, barley, maize, alfalfa, apricots, figs, grapes, oranges,
lemons, peaches, apples, sugar-cane, etc. A considerable part of the Terri-
tory is near the level of the sea and another large portion 5,000 feet higher,
so that there arc opportunities for a wide range of vegetable products.
Placers of gold, veins of silver and copper, and beds of coal are numerous
and large; and if the recent increase of mineral production should be main-
tained for a few years, Arizona will soon be at the head of the list. It will
jiresumably be a State before 1890. The Territory manufactures nothing
save lumber and flour. It has few herds of cattle and sheep, but will soon
TlIK KIELD.
39
have great numbers, for it has large districts well adapted for pasturage.
There arc extensive forests in the mountains, and in the valleys of the Sierra
Blanca, near the middle of the Territory, there are rich farming lands; of
these Dr. RoTllROCK, one of the scientists of the National Exploring Expedi-
tion, under charge of Lieutenant WllliELER, .says: "The district would in any
portion of our dominion be regarded as one of unusual promi.se. It is one of
the mo.st inviting portions of our country."
Tucson, the chief city, 250 miles from Yuma and 300 from Guaymas, has
about 7,000 inhabitants. It is in a fertile valley, 1,000 feet above the sea,
near districts rich in mineral."), and is well' situated to be the main point for
the junction of the Mexican and American railroad systems on our slope.
Tombstone. — Tombstone, 78 miles southeast from Tucson and 23 miles
south of the Southern Pacific Railroad, is a mining town in which the first
house was built in April, 1879. It has two bank.s, a theater, silver mills with
140 stamps, and a monthly yield of $500,000 in precious metal, entitling it
to take rank among the most productive s'lver districts. The present esti-
mated population is 6,000.
Prescott, the capital, in a beautiful mountain valley 5,500 feet above the sea,
is a beautiful town, but has the misfortune of haying no railroad to make it
convenient of access. It lies nearly half way between the routes of the
Southern Pacific and Atlantic and Pacific, and may be on a line built to
connect the two.
Utah. — Utah is by nature a desert, but its high mountains, covered dur-
ing most of the year with snow, and its numerous streams, give facilities for
irrigation which the Mormons have used with much skill. There are perhaps
no better recent examples of what can be accomplished by judicious manage-
ment and courageous toil, notwithstanding great poverty at the beginning,
than arc to be found in their settlements. That part of western Utah, where
the rainfall does not exceed 4 inches in average years, and where there are
neither streams nor, so far as known, accessible strata of artesian water, will
presumably remain unoccupied for many j-ears; but other parts have facili-
ties for irrigation, and good natural pasturage. The temperatures of winter
and summer arc about the same as in New York, but the average annual
rainfall is not one fourth so much, varying in the valleys from 4 to 15 inches.
Desolate as the country is by nature, some of it has been made beautiful by
art. The small size of the farm.s, less than in any other part of the United
States, indicates the toil that the Mormons have given to their promised
land. Whatever view may be taken of their creed and matrimonial system,
no impartial person can deny that in industry, economy, abstinence from
gross dissipation, settlement of their disputes by arbitration without expense.
I i
1 1
!i
i! I
40
INTKODICTION.
mutual hclpfulnc:-..s in public cnteriiriscs and pri\atc disasters, they will not
suffer by comparison with any other community. Their varied nationalities,
the ignorance of man)- among them, and the severity of their toil, ha\c not
prevented them from establishing a general system of co-oj)erati\e trading
houses, unequaled relatively in their business, in any other part of the world.
The productions of the Territory in 1880 include woolen goods worth $1,-
000,000, other manufactures $3,000,000, 60,000 tons of grain, 2,500 tons of
dried fruit, 1,700 tons of wool, lead worth $i,:;00,ooo, antl precioi'- metal
$6,150,000. A rolling-mill has been commenced at Ogden to start in 1882,
and a railroad is to be extended to the Utah Iron Mount, 300 miles south
of Salt Lake City, where 50,000,000 tons of lu niatite and magnitite ore con-
taining 60 per cent, fif iron, no phosphorus, and only one tenth of one per
cent, of sulphur, are found near a valuable and extensi\e bed of coal. The
Territory has 897 miles of railroad completed, 335 graded read)- for the track,
and much more laid out for completion in 1882. The topographical situa-
tion as well as superiority in the combination of mineral and agricultural
resources, and the priority in the construction of railroads and accumulation
of wealth, indicate that Utah is to be one of the main centers where iron
tracks from east to west are to cross those from north to south, west of the
Rocky Mountains. The population of the Territory was 86,786 in iS7oand
143,906 in 1880, showing a gain of 66 per cent, in 10 years. The freight
carried northward on the Utah Central Railroad was 80,000 tons in 1881,
75 per cent, more than in an)- previous year.
Salt Lake City, the commercial, social, and religious center and political
capital of Utah, is considered by travelers one of the most handsome, well-
planned, orderly, cleanl)-, and interesting of towns. It had 20,000 inhab-
itants in 1880. The streets are 130 feet wide, and lined with trees. The
gardens are spacious and beautiful. Its Mormon Temple is to cost $15,-
000,000; its tabernacle is unequaled in acoustic dualities for the accom-
modation of large as.semblagcs. Gas works and a telephone are among the
local institutions.
Idaho.— Of the 55,000,000 acres in Idaho, it is estimated that a little more
than a fifth is suitable for tillage, ,1 little less than a fifth has valuable timber,
nearl)' a half is adapted to pasturage, and one seventh consists of barren
mountains and lava plains. The most fertile portions have been until
recentl)- the farthest from the markets, ;uid are now just beginning to at-
tract hcttlers. The leading industries have been placer mining and the
breeding of beef cattle, but vein mining and the cultivation of the soil will
soon surpass them. The production of precious metal reached the highest
point, $6,000,000, in 1865, ;iftcr which there was a decrease for 15 years, but
TIIK FIELD.
41
now ;t is again increasing, and the amount for 1881 as reported by Wki.I.s,
F.-VRGt) & Co., was $2,834,000. The Custer Gold Quartz Mine at Yankee
Fork, according to newspaper statement, is turning out $80,000 a month,
and the argentiferous galena of Wood River Basin is credited by the same
authority with an equal yield. Idaho has not one family for 10 square
miles, and gained 117 per cent, in population from 1870 to 1880. Its ad-
vance for the ne.\t 20 years will undoubtedly be very rapid.
Western Montana, etc.— The Pacific divisions of Montana, Wyoming,
Colorado, and New Mexico w-erc much slower in their development than
their eastern slopes, but recently have made important advances, under the
influence of railroad construction and mining developments. The mineral
production of Western Montana amounted in 1881 to $6,000,000, showing
a large increa.se over previous figures, under circumstances justifying the
expectation that there will be no sudden decline. Promises arc made that
the Northern Pacific Railroad will be completed across Montana before
the end of 1883. Western Colorado is being opened up by a railroad from
Denver to Salt Lake, and Western New Mexico is cro.s.sed by the Atlantic
and Pacific as well as by the Southern Pacific.
British Columbia — British Columbia has an ocean frontage 560 miles
long on the Pacific, abounding in harbors, sounds, navigable inlets, and
i.slands, and very valuable for commercial, fishing, and lumbering purpo.ses.
Separating Washington from Alaska as it docs, it will ever be an object of
desire to the American government and people, as indispensable to give
geographical completeness to their domain; but national policy, as well as
international justice, forbids that this desire should ever seek for gratifica-
tion by any save amicable means. Whether they obtain it or not, it will
certainly rapidly increase in po i:':\tion and wealth under the .stimulus of
the Canadian Pacific Railroan, ,ii.<" hold a prominent place in the business
of our slope. The total shore line of British Columbia, as computed by
Ali:xandi;u C. AnukksoN, Inspector of Fisheries, and stated in his report
for 1879, is 7,181 statute miles, including 1,723 for Vancouver Island, with its
inlets and principal outlying i.slands, 684 for the islands of the Queen
Charlotte group, and 4,764 for the continental shore with its islands. In
his list of mcasurement.s, he mentions 52 islands (including Graham island,
334 mile.s, and Moresby island, 250 in circuit), and 17 inlets, sound.s, and
channels. This great proportionate length of shore line, with its numerous
inlets and islands, is of immense value to future commerce and fisheries.
That portion of the province south of latitude 55", valuable in the present
or near future, consists of three main topographical divisions. First of these
is the insular, comprising Vancouver with an area of 12,000 square miles,
6
INTKOin-CTION.
^ y
Graham with perhaps 1,500, Moresby uitli about 1,000, and many smaller
ones. Most of those islands rise stccplj- from the water's edge, and onl)' a
small portion of their surface is a\ ailable for tillage. Where the soil is suffi-
cient to sustain trees, there is usuall>- a tlense forest, in which the magnifi-
cent and \aluablc red fir is prominent, and in many places almost the only
tree. Vancouver island lias ail the foreign commerce, and more than half
the population and wealth of British Columbia. It has also the most pro-
ductive coal-mines of the coast, and has extensive quarries of a beautiful
building stone, which was used in the San Francisco Mint.
The second di\ ision is that portion of the mainland west of the summit of
the Casc.ide Mountains. This, with the exception of a strip twenty miles
wide and si.xty long near the mouth of Fraser River, consi- " steep and
rugged mountains, coming down abruptly from high elev; o the sea,
and contains a vast area of fine timber (red fir and yellow ^_ .,j, which is
to be one of the main .sources of the wealth of the province. If Calilbrnia
should sink 2,000 feet, so that the ocean should cover the greater portion of
the auriferous district, the topograph)' and hydrography of the western base
of the Sierra Nevada would be similar to those of the Cascade Range in
Briti.sh Columbia, with its precipitous shore and numerous islands, and
deep, narrow, and crooked inlets. The chief river is the Fraser, which, ac-
cording to the Vancouver Island Pi/of, " in point of m.agnitudc and present
commercial importance is second only to the Columbia on the north-west
coast of America. In its entire freedom from risk of life and shipwreck, it
possesses infinite advantages over any other river on the coast, and the
cause of this immunity from the dangers ;md inconveniences to which all
great rivers, emptying themselves on an exposed coast, are subject, is suffi-
ciently obvious. A sheltered strait, .scarcely 15 miles across, receives its
waters; and the neighboring island of Vancouver serves as a natural break-
water, preventing the possibility of any .sea arising which would prove dan-
gerous to vessels even of the smallest class, unless they ground. • # »
Vessels of 18 feet draught may enter the Fraser near high water, and pro-
ceed as high as Langley [30 miles from its mouth], with case, provided
they have or arc assisted by steam power." Stern-wheel boats can ascend
to Yale, 80 miles above Langley, part of the year. Of Xew Westminster,
the capital of British Columbia when Vancouver Island was a separate
colony, situated on the north bank of the I'Vaser, 1 5 miles from its mouth,
the Pi/o/ sa)s its position is commanding and well chosen, and it has great
facilities for wharfage, with a good depth of water and excellent anchorage.
It .seems probable, however, that the leading .seaport of the mainland will
be on Ikirrard Inlet, which lies about 10 miles north of Fraser River, parallel
with it, and is about 20 miles long, with a width of 5 miles at its mouth, dc-
^B
Tin: riELD.
43
crcasinjj to half a mile at its head. There is a depth of 6 fathoms ; the en-
trance is easy; the navigation is not beset by any dan^jers ; and the anchor-
aj,fe is unsurpassed. Port Mood}', at the head of this inlet, has been
selected f(jr the mainland teniinus of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. The
other inlets and rivers of this division have little present value save for their
fisheries.
The Kast Cascade region, between the summits of the Cascade and Rocky
Mountains, is mainly pastoral, though it includes the Cariboo and other
alluvial gold mines in the basins of the Fra.scr and Columbia rivers. Near
the Americaii line, the annual rainfall in places docs not e.vceed I2
inches, and there are wide, open stretches covered with excellent bunch
grass. Farther to the northward there is more rain, more timber, greater
elevation, and more mountain, until a latitude is reached, \vhere the winters
are too long and too severe for either tillage or pasturage.
The climate of the insular and West Cascade divisions of British Colum-
bia is very similar to that of Great Britain, in its winter and summer tem-
peratures, as well as in rainfall, and is well adapted to the health, comfort,
and continuous employment of its people.
Victoria, the chief seaport of the province, has 7,ocxD inhabitants, and a
small but secure anchorage, accessible through a narrow and crooked chan-
nel at high tide to vessels drawing 1 5 feet. The harbor is far inferior in
depth, size, and facility of entrance to that of Esquimalt, only two miles dis-
tant. This bay, in the opinion of the Vancouver Island Pilot, is "a safe and
excellent anchorage for ships of any size." The business has grown up on
the .shores of Victoria bay, but will move to the other more commodious
place. E.squimalt has been selected as the site for the chief naval station
of the British Empire on the North Pacific, and the excavation of a dry-
dock, with a capacity to accommodate the largest war-ship.s, has been com-
menced. The imports of Victoria, which represent the commerce of British
Columbia, amounted to .$2,457,000 in value in the fiscal year ending June
30, 1881; and the exports for the same period, as .shown in the custom-
house statistics, were $2,255,000, including $576,918 in gold, $739,351 in
coal, $400,984 products of the fisheries, $162,747 lumber, and $350,000 wool
and other products of the herds. The exports of canned salmon, in the
calendar )-ear of 1881, were 148,316 cases, and the pack of salted salmon
was 3,600 barrels.
Alaska. — Although a large part of its vast area is not desirable for occu-
pation by civilized men, i\Iaska promises to take an important place in the
business of the North I'acific Every intelligent person, who has studied its
resources, expects much from their development. In geographical situation,
^BP
P •
;
' a
I
44
INTUOnrCTION.
in the abundance of islands and deep navigable inlets, in climate, in its for-
ests, and ill its soil, it bears ;i close resemblance to Norway, which has 1,700,-
000 inhabitants, and ranks high among nations for fisheries, shipping, and
ship-building. Alaska's southern shore, from the British Columbian line, in
latitude 54" 40', extends 2,000 miles in a curved line through 40' of longi-
tude, to the outer end of the -Meutian Islands in latitude 52 , the most
iKjrthern part of the curve being in latitude 60' . The coast of ,\laska .south
of latitude 61 is 3,000 miles long in its general course, while that of Xor-
wa)', south of the same line, is not 500 miles long. The most southern point
of iMaska is 5 further from the north pole than the south point of Norw.i)'.
On the other hand, the dim ite of the latter country is warmer, especially
in the summer, in the same latitudes.
The chief value of Alaska lies in its fisheries and its facilities for access to
the fishing-banks in its vicinit)-. The waters, north and south of the Aleu-
tian i -lands, abound with c<id, halibut, herring, oolikon, and whale. The
herring are much superior in flaxen to tho.t' caught further south. The mul-
let is found in the Arctic waters of .Vlaska. The rivers contain salmon, white
fish, turbot, and pike. The salm( n are especially abundant in the Yukon,
which ma\- rival the Columbia in its canneries. The islands of .St. George
and St. I'aul furnish most of the skins of the fur seal sold in the world's
markets. The sea otter, the walrus, and .ea eleph.int are other tenants of the
Alaskan wati"-- .
The mainland and its adjacent islands, from Kadiak Island to the British
Columbia line, is so rugged and so densel_\- covereil with timber, that it has
no attractions for men who wish tocultixate the s< il. The farms and mead-
ows of Akiska will be in the .Alaskan Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands,
which, in 1) All s opinion, are as well .ulapted to agriculture as the Scottish
1 lighl.mds, ami these furnish, ;is he sa\s, a "\ery complete p.u-allel" in their
climate to the Aleutian portion of .Alaska. Dr. KiCLI.oi.c, botanist of a
national survey expedition, expressed the opinion, tliat oats, barle\-, root
crops, and kitchen \egctables would thrive. Turnips are excellent in
qualit)-; carrots, parsniiis, and cabbage, are good. Potatoes are cultiwited,
but are not good. Sheep and neat cattle, if we can juilge by the experience
of Iceland, will do well. Wild gooseberries, cui rants, ras]jberries, and cran-
berries are indigonous. \V. II. I).\l,l., in his book entitled .l/tishi ai/c/ its
Ki'soiiircs; ob.ser\'cs that : "While Mas.sachusetts, since her settlement, has
never exported any products of her soil, except gr.anitc; and ice, we may
look in less than 250 >'ears to recover from Alaska supplies of ship timber,
butter, cheese, wool, mutton, ;md beef; aiul perha|)s more [lalatable fruits
may take the |)lace of the well-lla\dred cranberries, which have already
found their wa\- to .S,ui {"rancisco markets." The Sitkan district is valuable
I
1=
Till'; I'lixn.
45
chiefly for its forcst.s of the yehow cedar {Citprrssns Xntk-ati-nsis^, tiie Sitka
spruce (Abies Sitkcnsis), and hemlock (A/>ics Mcrtciisidiia) trees. D.VLI, ^,a>•s:
"No better lumbering district can be imagined, with water transportation
everywhere, and mountain sides so steep that a slide — easily niatle of the
least valuable timber — will conduct the logs directly to the water side."
The yellow cedar is found as far north as 66'. The basin of the Yukon
has valuable timber in the white spruce (/l/i/cs a/lia), and the birch {ISctn/d
ff/aiidii/osa), one of the few trees on our coast furnishing a hard, elastic
wood. Coal is found in many places in /Vlaska, which also has white mar-
ble, sulphur, gypsum, kaolin, niter, and black oxide of manganese among
its minerals.
Mexico. — The Pacific coast of Mexico, througli much of its length, is a
narrow strip of tcrritor)- in the torrid zone, rich in many < lements of natiu'al
wealth, but lacking in commercial enterprise, industrial skill, and accumu-
lated capital. Nature has given no navigable rivers, and art has supplied
few railroads or wagon ro.ads. The pack animal is the chief resource for
transportation, and the most common pattern of jjIow is copied, without
material change, from that used in the vallc)- of the Nile 3,000 years ago.
The soil is rich in considerable districts, but there is no noteworthy expor-
tation of agricultural product.s. The population is dense, without securing
progrcs.s. The summers are hot in all the lowlands, and sickly in those
within the tropics.
I'ortunately, the foolish longing for annexation, and the brutal tendency
to filibusterism, have lost their credit with the people, and their influence in
the government of tlic United States. Our sister republic can now safely
welcome American immigrants, and aid American railroad companies, with-
out fear of giving a tbothold to secret enemies. Commerce and industry
demand the maintenance, not only of peace, but of those friendly sentiments
which are neces: ury to the security and confidence of business. We hope
that the time '■ n(3t far distant, when the President or Congress of the United
States will L, insider it a dut)' to sa)-, publicly and .solemnly, that no weak
neighbor neetl ever spend a dollar, to prepare for defense against the aggres-
sion of the great republic.
Lower California, which belongs geographically to California rather
than to Mexico, has an area of 59,187 scjuarc miles, 21,000 inhabitants, and
in iiS-4;ili its real estate was \alued oRiciall)' at .$7,598,000. The climate
ami soil are aritl; the mountains and hills are bald; the soil, over inuch of
the area, a stony or s.uul)' waste ; and there is no stream deserving the name
of river. With all these drawbacks, Lower California has beautiful \alleys,
with rich areas of moist l.ind, \aluable mineral deposits, bays and lagoons
46
TNTRnnrcTION.
; 1
aboundint,' in fish, shcll-fish, and pearls, and an abundant growth of orchilla,
a plant that finds a rcad>- sale anic-nLj d)-ers. Magdalcna Bay, in latitude
24° 3S', is an excellent harbor, aboundint,' with fish, and ^\■ith fertile soil in
its \icinit_\-, but until a water suppl>' can be provided for irrigation, there
will be (cw people.
S(5nora, on tlie eastern shore of the Gulf of California, lias an area of 81,-
022 scjuare miles, 147,000 inhabitants, aiul in 1S74 its real property was offi-
ciall\- estimated to be worth $10,347,000. It is pre-cmiiientl\- a mining
State, and possesses placers of gold ;is well as \-eins of siUer. The climate
is especially dry in the north-western part of the State, but several streams
furnish g<iod supplies of water for irrigation, and the soil i.s capable of large
agricultural production. Guaymas, in latitude 27'^, 55', about 350 miles
north from the mouth of the gulf has 4,000 inhabitants, and an excellent
harlior. 'I'lie heat is oppressive, and the situation sickh' in the summer.
The excellence of the ancliorage, the hirge area of rich country, which, finds
its nearest gooil port here, and its aiKantages, as a jioint where the railroad
and ships will meet, may give it much commercial importance. It is the
terminus of a railroad which has been completed to Ilermosillo, and is to
connect soon in Arizona with the railroad sj-stem of the United States.
Ilermosillo, S4 miles north of Gua\'nias, has 15,000 inhabitants, and is in
the midst of a fertile agricultural region.
Sinaloa has an area of 25,927 siiiiarc miles, 161,000 inhabitants, antl in
1S74 had real estate \alued at .$8,337,000. It has much fertile soil and
summer rains, which .are abundant in the southern part of the State.
Mazatlaii, at the mouth of the Gulf of California, In latitude 23 1 i', has an
open harbor, expusetl, from Jmie to October, to (Luigerous winds, but the
adj.icent eountr\- i^- fertile, and the city is the largest seaport on the Pacific
side of Mexico. The present jiopulatioti is estimaleil at 14,000. The s.iil-
ing vessels entering the harbor from fiireign ports in 1880, nunibereil tweji-
« t)'-three, and .averaged 370 tons each. Much of the silver i)roduced in
Chihuahua, Durango, and Sonor.i h.is been shi])ped from Mazatlan. The
annual exports amount to about $2,5CK',ooo, jind the imports to $1,500,000.
The city is lighted by gas, has a street railroad, and for its water supplj-, de-
pends on cisterns, filled by the rain from the roofs.
The harbor of San Bl.is, in latitude 21 32', is as uns.ife, from June to
September, as that of Ma/.all,in, and the town is so sickly during the same
season, that many families move away to the higher land. The commercial
situation is a good one. During the winter there are 2,000 inhabitants.
Man/.anillo, in latitude iy'\^', is the seaport of the Stale of Colinia, the most
enterprising and, in jiroportion to its area, the most productive part of West-
ern Mexico. The fields of coffee, sugar-cane, anil indigo are mimerous, ;uul
4i
THE FIF.LD.
47
if transportation were cheap there might be a large quantity of surplus maize.
The harbor of Manzanillo i.s secure, though small, but the town-site is sickly.
The mercantile business is in the hands of old German houses, which know
the country thoroughly, and control the imports and exports. They recci\-c
goods from Europe to the value of about $1,000,000 annually, including
small shipments by nearly every steamer, and one or two cargoes annually
by sailing vessel from Hamburg. The harbor of Acapulco, in latitude 16°
50', is one of the best in the world. It has a deptli varying from 30 to lOO
feet, over an area a mile .square. The adjacent country is mountainous and
poor, and though it is the nearest port to the City of Mexico, there is no line
of stages, nor even a good wagon-road. Tlie ordinary convc)-ancc to the
capital is by mule to Cuernavaca, and thence by stage, requiring ten days
for the journey. The barren and rugged character of the mountains, in the
vicinity, will probabl)' more than counterbalance the advantages of its mag-
nificent bay and of its proximity to the City of Mexico.
The greater part of Central America belongs to the Atlantic slope, leav-
ing only a narrow strip to the l';i( ific, and that divided between 5 inde-
pendent republics. This political division, the ignorance and want of indus-
trial skill .. iv>: the people, the sickliness of some of the seaports, and the
general lack or scarcit\'of r.iilroads, wagon-roads, tflcLnaphs, steam machin-
ery, and extensive bu^im 1 ntcrpri.se.s, are .sad <li,iwbacks to a region that
has many natural advan ,igi s. Several railroads have been commencctl, but
the only one in running ordc, m the Pacih side, extends out a few miles
from I'untas Arenas in Costa Rica. It seems probable that Central America
will begin to advance rapidly within a few years.
Il:
48
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER II.— GENERAL FEATURES OF BUSINESS.
Californian Enterprise. — The American conquest of California made an
industrial revolution on the Pacific coast, unparalleled in its completeness, its
suddenness, and its wide-reaching influences. The number of American,
En.i;lish, German, and French residents rapidly increased, the Europeans
becoming,' speedily Americans in their sympathies and modes of working,
if not in their political allegiance. Hefore the treaty of peace was signed at
Guadalupe Midalgo, the wonderful placers of the Sierra Nevada were dis-
covered, as if they were the product of American energy, and the symbol
(if American power; and in one )-ear 3 times as many men as the entire pre-
vious white population of the Territory rushed to it by land and sea from
the shores of the Atlantic. Year after year the throng of adventurers con-
tinued to pour in; and year after year the mines gave a gcnerou ■ welcome
and liberal rewaid to the gold-hunters. The world had never seen such a
migration or such a )icld of gold. For 5 years the average washing of the
industrious miner amounted to perhaps $12 a da\', and frequently rose to
$40, without an\- .qiprcnticcship or special skill. This high pay left little
chance for profit on local agricultural products or manufactures. Such arti-
cles could be obtained in abundance at less expense from other countries.
There wen' few farms and no factories. All the clothing and tools, most of
the pro\ isions and lumber, and even read)'-made houses were imported.
The two almost exclusive occupations of the people, north of the Latitude of
Monterey, were mining and trading. No community could dcjjcnd to a
greater extent on foreign supplies; ncjiic e\'er had a more active maritime
commerce; none ever |)aid higher prices fe)r its imjiorts.
Complaint has frequently been made, that the Californian capitalists have
no enterprise; that the)-;ue mere usurers, or gamblers in mining stocks, and
that they are especially to bl.une for not doing more of late years than they
ha\e done to establish manufactures. These jjoints deser\'e attention ; let
us con ider them.
It is true that the .San I'Vanciscn bankers have lent money at iiigh rates
of interest, but it is the occupatini' <)\ the banker everywhere to make loans
at the highest interest obtainable with gooil security. lie accommodates
commerce and industry, and the .activity of his business is one of the best
measures of enterprise and pi"-piMit_v. i le cm not make the demand for
GENERAL FEATURES OF BUSINESS.
49
money, or regulate the rate of interest. He is the effect, and not the cause
of the pecuniary conditions of the country. The millionaires of San Fran-
cisco as a class have speculated far more extensively than those of any other
city in mining stocks, but it is impossible to condemn them by making any
comparison, because no other city has ever had such opportunities and temp-
tations in that direction.
Many kinds of factories are lacking in California, and this lack is one of
the great drawbacks of the coast, which having no home market for much
of its raw material, must export it, and send to the North Atlantic for the
costly articles manufactured from it. More than once we have imported
flour from New York within a year after shipping wheat to the same port,
so that we sent our grain i9,ocx) miles, by way of Cape Horn, to the mill.
We now send our raw material 19,000 miles to the starch factor}-, the candle
factory, the woolen mill, the paint shop, the glue factory, the fur tannery,
the brewery, and many other indu.strial establishments. This dependence
on remote factories can not be permanent ; our coast must import relatively
less of manufactured goods, and export less of raw material.
The admission, however, that we have not enough factories, does not
necessarily imply that our local capitalists are stupid or mean. Other causes
of the evil arc in plain view. The high wages, the independent spirit and
condition of the poorest people, taxes and the high prices of fresh water in
the towns, and of coal, and the necessity of importing supplies of many kind.s,
all discriminate against the manufacturing industries of our coast. Recent
changes in the constitution of California have not only left the law uncertain
in many respects, thus subjecting business to the dangers of long and costly
litigation, but have levied on capital burdens unexampled in any other civil-
ized community. A deluded multitude, hoping to protect themselves against
the advantages of capital, have aoopted measures which are driving money
from the State. Demagogues. 'csponsible for the blunders in the new con-
stitution, say that the millionaiies arc governed in their conduct by spite ; but
it is vain to assert that the money market is controlled by .sentiment. Dol-
lars flow towards the strongcsc ilemand as naturally as the magnetic needle
turns to the North Pole.
Besides these cau.ses for th.- relative scarcity of manufacturing establish-
ments on the Pacific Coast, wccan find others, without accepting the theory
that our local capitalists are lacking in cnterpri.se. We know, as a matter
of history, that many of the Caiifornian factories have been unprofitable, anil
this is especially true as to the e irlier ventures in various branches of indus-
trj'. The peculiar circumstances of our coast, the quality of our raw mate-
rial, the conditions of our climate, md the exactions of our local demand,
were so different Irom those clscwher :, that experience gained on the shores
1
50
INTRODUCTION.
of the Atlantic had to go to school again here, and pay dear for tuition.
Many of our manufacturing enterprises were premature, and for years after
their establishment were kept in operation, not because they yielded a good
return on the iiucstincnt, but because the buildings and machinery could
not be used for any other inir]50se without greater loss. Not a few factories
and mills have been abandoned.
Great Enterprises. — California's history, instead of being characterized
by lack of enterprise, is remarkable for boldness in making investments.
Scarcely a branch of occupation pursued in our State has been without
some undertaking, remarkable for the comprehensiveness of its plan and
the amount of its capital. California lacking in enterprise? On the
contrary, it is impossible to know the best and highest that the intelli-
gence and energy of a single generation can accomplish in some depart-
ments of labor without studying our State. The world has, in many rc-
spect.s, nothing to equal it. If we fall behind luigland and France, Massa-
chusetts and Pennsylvania, in the thoroughness of cultivation and the
minuteness of manufactures, our inferiority is chargeable apparently rather
to the scantiness of our population than to the brevity of our existence as a
highly civilized community. What we have already done, proves that we
could and would ha\e done everything if we had had hands enough to ac-
complish the work, and consumers enough to dispose of the product.
Me who wishes to find the most notable achievements in various depart-
ments of industry, should not overlook our .State. Let us imagine such a
person propounding a series of questions, relating to branches of business
which Californians had an opportunity to undertake in their State or under
their control. Did he inquire for that mine of free-milling silver ore, which,
by the application of the most costly machinery and the best mechanical
and engineering talent, w.is made to turn out its mineral treasures in an
abundance and with a speed unexampled? We point, in reply, to the Con-
solidated Virginia, which produced $63,000,000 gross, and $42,000,000 in
dividends within 7 years. The most notable silver mine of smelting ore?
It is the ICureka Consolidated, which has produced $18,000,000, and paid $5,-
000,000 dividend., in 1 1 >-ears. If .Spanish America ever hail mines more pro-
ductive, in their respective classes, th.in the Consolidated Virginiaorlhe luireka
Consolidated, we do not know where to find the record of the facts. The most
notable hydraulic mine? California has a score, the smallest of which has
never been approached elsewhere. The largest at present is, perhaps, the
Cherokee Hlue Ciravcl Mine. The most notable mining ditch ? California
has a do/i.n, the smallest r)f which has never been equaled elsewhere. The
nu)st costly drain tunnel for mining purposes? The .Sutro, the cost of
GENERAL FEATURES OF HUSINESS.
SI
which, with accumulatcci interest, amounts to $6,5CX3,ooo. The most profit-
able aurifcroiis quartz mine of our day ? The Standard, of Uodic, which
paid $975,000 of dividends in 188 1. The most remarkable of minint^-
pumps ? It is that of the ChoUar combination-shaft, lifting' a column of
water 800 feet high at one lift. The highest aqueduct to carry water over
deep ravines ? None elsewhere has ever equaled any one of several in the
Sierra Nevada. The Golden Rock flume, in Tuolumne county, was 256
feet high above the bed of the ravine. The deepest depression over which
water has ever been carried by iron pipes resting on ihc ground ? The
pipe to supply water for Virginia City, .sustaining the weight of a column
of water a quarter of a mile high. The largest lumber flume? It is Cali-
fornian. The largest saw-milling corporation ? It was TlTE SIERRA
Flume and Lumber Company, which owned 3 lumber flumes, with an
''ggrcgate length of 150 miles, 10 sawmills, 4 planing and sash mills, and
timber-lands covering 40 square miles. The largest woodcnware factory?
That of TiiE Mattull.vth Manufacturing Company. The most
productive wheat farm ? That of H. J. GLENN, who harvested 45,000
acres of his own land, shipped 27,000 tons of wheat to Europe on his own
account, and received about $800,000 for his crop in 1880. The largest
vineyards.' Those of LelaND STANFORD, 1,000 acres, at Villa; and of
R. Nade.vu, about the same size, near Florence. The largest orange
orchard? That of E. J. BALDWIN, who has 200 acres at San Gabriel.
The largest almond orchard .' That of W. VV. HoLLlsTER, covering 250
acres at Santa Barbara. The largest milk dairy .? That of R. G. Sxeatii,
who milks 600 cows every da)', at San Bruno, and obtains $100,000 a year
from the sale of his milk. The largest butter dairies? Those of CHARLES
Wehk Howard, who has 18,500 acres of dairy land and 1,875 cows at
Point Reyes; and of JOSEPH Ru.s's, who has 13,000 acres and 2,167 cows
at Ferndale. The largest cheese ranch .' Probably that of the Steele
Brothers, in San Luis Obispo County. The largest farm for breed-
ing and training fast horses.? That of Leland Stanford, at Menlo
Park, with 500 thoroughbreds and trotters of the best blood. The corpo-
ration that has built more miles of railroad than any other on the globe }
The Central Pacific of California, which has completed about 3,000 miles,
and expects to build 1,000 more. The largest ferry-boat .' The Solano,
424 feet long and 1 16 wide, built to carry a train of cars a quarter of a
mile long at a load. The largest ami most costly hotel .' The Palace, of
San Francisco, can make at least a plausible claim to that distinction. The
most cc5stl\- residences, erected without the help of inherited wealth ,' San
Francisco and its \icinity have half a dozen. The most comprehensive .sys-
tem of codilied law ? That of California,
52
INTRODUCTION.
It > ir
I I
Pecuniary Wrecks.— It is wondciTiil that a community of 1,000,000 souls
should have achieved so much, but it \vould be a great mistake to suppose
that they have succeeded in all their attempts. Ilundreils of undertakings
that have contributed to enrich the State ha\'e caused large pecuniary loss
to their owners or sjiarcholdeni. California is noted for the multitude and
magnitude of her i)ecuniar}- wrecks, resulting from the efforts of her capital-
ists to build up industries suddenly instead of letting them grow only so fast
as a profitable market demanded their enlargement. Silver mines that were
so ungrateful as never to pay a dividend, have taken from the pockets of the
Californians 170,000,000; and the greater part of that sum was expended in
shafts, tunnels, and drifts to find mineral wealth where the veins proved
barren. Their loss on mining ditches has been $13,000,000 and on un-
])rofitable gold-quartz mills at least $10,000,000. Nor were the unsuccessful
attempts to develop the resources of our coast confined to mining and met-
allurgy. A company which had the largest tobacco plantation on the globe,
and undertook to prepare the weed for the market by a novel and ingenious
process, paid $1,000,000 for the fun of their experiment; and two gentlemen
each contributed $iSo,ooo to that sum. In 1870, California had 50 cocoon-
eries, in which 12,000,000 silk worms spun cocoons; and in 1880 all the silk
worms hatched in California did not number more than 100,000. The silk
fever cost the people of the State at least $500,000. Although vineyards
generally are profitable, yet at one time vine-planting had far outrun the de-
mand for grapes or Californian wine; and hundreds of acres of vines were
dug up or neglected, after $1,000,000 had been lost in them. TlIE BUKNA
ViST.V ViNICULTiR.M. Co.MP.WV, which at one time owned 4,000 acres of
land at Sonoma, and cultivated 400 acres of vineyard, had to surrender its
propert)' to its creditors, .ifter causing much loss to its shareholders. The
vineyard town of Anaheim is a credit to the state; but many of the members
of the company which founded it had to p;iy dearly for their effort to de-
velop the natural wealth of Los Angeles county. The loss in unprofitable
almond orchards has been at least $200,000; and California might have;
saved $300,000 of her capital In- refusing ti; listen to the people who said
fortunes could be made here by extracting sugar from the sugar-beet. \Vc
have not waited for I'.uropc and the Atlantic States to send to us for wheat,
wines, oranges, and eaiuied fruits, but have planted immense areas, and arc
trying to take sudden pus.session of distant markets by forcing ])rocc.sscs.
While we have a number of profitajjle factories, the majority of the ven-
tures in manufacturing business ha\c been .sources of loss to their owners.
The novel circumstances of the country, and the lack of local experience
combined with high wages and interest, defeated confident experiments of
l)ioneer enterprise. A long list could be given of unsuccessful factories
m
GENERAL FEATURES OF BUSINESS.
53
working in wood, iron, leather, wool, cotton, paper, and glass. There is not
now one manufacturing corporation on our coast with shares which arc con-
sidered good security for bank loans; while Massachusetts has probably a
thousand. Our largest carriage factory is doing nothing, because it is un-
able to compete with Eastern manufacturers ; our watch factory that was, is
closed and its building is occupied for making soap; and our woolen mills
generally have at some time in their careers had hard struggles to live.
The important results achieved in California should be credited mainly to
the exceptional intelligence and enterprise of her inhabitants. They have
shaken the world's center of financial gravity by their unexampled produc-
tion of gold and silver. They have changed the conditions of labor, and
given a new stimulus to commerce and manufactures. They have filled the
basin of the North Pacific with the light of high civilization. They have
ransacked the habitable globe for the best workmen, the most skillful en-
gineers, the best tools, the strongest and fastest horses, the cows that give
the most milk, and the most prolific vines and trees. They have sent their
men to Rheims and Bordeaux, Malaga and Smyrna, to study how sparkling
wines, raisins, dried prunes, and dried figs arc prepared for the market. Tliey
have brought camels from Siberia, and Angora goats from Asia Minor.
They have tried 2,ooo temperate, and 500 subtropical varieties of fruit-trees,
to find those best adapted to our conditions. Whatever is considered most
desirable in other countries has, if there was any hope of its success, been
tried in our State. No other community has .shown .so much zeal in study-
ing the lessons of experience and science, and in applying them to local in-
dustries. Never elsewhere has so much been done in a brief period by so
few men. Nowhere else has more progress been made in new directions.
Nowhere else have the novel adaptations of labor skill, and intelligence to
agriculture and mining been more numerous or efficient. No other Ameri-
can State has so much local pride among residents not born on its soil ; and
nowhere else has local pride a stronger influence on public spirit. The enter-
prise of poor as well as of rich Californians, instead of being sluggish has
been extremely active.
But if our statements and inferences be correct, why .should Californian
capitalists be accused of lack of enterprise.' Let us see whether a solution
of that problem is not near at hand. Our State abounds with men who
want to live by their wit.s, schemers averse to plodding toil, and anxious to
be placed at the head of extensive establishments. I\Iillionaircs, becau.se Ihcy
rejected the offers of such adventurers, have been denounced for preferring
gambling speculations to .sound investments. The lack in the San Fran-
cisco money market of stock of manufacturing corporations, held at a steady
premium for years, is a strong evidence that the capitalists are not to blame.
if
54
INTRODUCTION.
But it has been assumed that a culpability must rest cither on the capitalist
or the laborer; that the latter demaiulcd too much for his toil, or the former
for his nionev; and that to ilenouiicc the one was to defend the other. The
few ricli men were without political organization, and were not disposed to
reward HatterN- of their class. The numerous workingmcn were organized
politicill)-, and were able by their votes to reward office-seekers, and by their
subscribing and advertising patronage to enrich newspapers. It was not
.strange, under such circumstances, that some newspapers and office-.seekers
distinguished thcmsches b\- advocating the cause of the laborers and de-
nouncing the capitalists; but their zeal was a better proof of the profits of
their course than of the soundness of their opinions.
The lack of manufactures in a new community does not necessarily im-
ply discredit to either the laborers or the capitalists. If labor can earn
higher wages in producing raw material, and if capital can obtain a higher
rate of interest from mines or farms, then it is not the duty of either capital
or labor to establish factories. It is customary, and in a commercial sense
right, to sell commodities, including toil and the use of capital, for the cur-
rent market rates; antl when the community can derive a larger income
from its ores than it couk\ from silk manufactures, it is better that the latter
should be imported and paid for with the former.
California has here been put forward as remarkable for enterprise, not to
distinguish her as the superior of other Pacific .States and Territories north
of Mexico, but to hold her up as their tjpe and representative. She has
done more than Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Arizona, or British Colum-
bia, mainl)' because she is older and her resources were better adapted for
speed)' development. 1 Icr inhabitants tlo not differ materiall)' in quality
from theirs, except in so far as the great centers of wealth and population
naturally attract the most capable men disposed to engage in commercial
and manufacturing business, or those who h^ve been most successful in ac-
cumulating capital. The same general tone of thought and enterprise per-
vades all these communities. They are made up of the same class of immi-
grants, man}' of whom spent years in California before .settling themselves
in their present homes.
Imported Goods Preferred. — In a rapidly growing country, which be-
gins without manufactures and must introduce them graduall\', complaint
will alwa\s he made that the people wouKl rather buy goods from abroad
than those made at home; and California is no exception to the rule. The
manufacturer has to contend with many difficulties at the start, and will
often seek to throw the blame for his embarrassment or failure on the prej-
udices and foils of the consumers as a class, rather than to confess that he
GENERAL FEATURES OF BUSINESS.
55
did not thoroughly understand his business, and the conditions to which
any new enterprise in it must be subject. If it were true that the pour
men of California will not patronize home productions, the fact would go
far to excuse rich men for their alleged offense of refusing to invest in profit-
able branches of home manufactures, l^ut it is not true. I'lnterprise is not
lacking in the rich, nor public spirit in the poor, Californians.
Great Fortunes. — The American portion of the Pacific coast is remarka-
ble for the multitude of its great fortunes. Probably no other city of similar
size has so many millionaires as San Francisco. What influence has this
fact exercised and uhat influence does it still exercise on the general condi-
tion of commerce and industr>? Docs it indicate that the multitude are or
will be imi)overished and degraded? Does it mean that a few monopolists
have taken p(jssession of all the sources of wealth for the exclusive benefit
of themselves and their descendants, leaving nothing save toil and misery
for others? Is the wealth of the few more than counterbalanced by the
destitution of the many ? Such questions, suggested by communistic com-
plaint, deserve careful and impartial consideration, not only by men else-
where looking for homes in a new country, but also by intelligent men here
who have an influence on public opinion and legislation. It is the custom
and the duty of emigrants, to seek homes in places where their children, and
their children's children, can have a fair show in the struggle of life; where
industry, economy, and bii'-iness capacity \\ill secure, if not wealth, at least
moderate comfort; and where honesty and toil, whether associated with
poverty or not, will be respected.
Men with such feelings can come to the Pacific coast with confidence. In
no other part of the globe will they find so much wealth in the hands of
men who were generally poor in their early years. Nowhere else \\ill they
see a society with so little social stratification based on occupation, or with
so little of the pecuniary influence in the .social relations. No other land
has relatively so many rich men who Ijigan life in poverty, or so many men
reared in comparative comfort and now poor; or so many people who have
gained or lost riches more than once. The high education and refined
manners of a large proportion of the people in very moderate circumstances,
the inferior education of .some of the wealthy families, the numerous and
great vicissitudes of fortune among notable per.sonages, and the lack of
1( ng-established aristocratic circles, contribute to give a democratic tone to
society. Some of our rich men arc vulgar and ostentatious snobs, ashamed
of their early i)o\ert\-; but they are the objects of general ridicule. Mo.st
of the capitalists who handled the pick, drove team, worked as butcher-boy.s,
retailed provisions in little mining camps. ser\'cd as clerks in bank.s, or sold
5f'
IMKilDlCIIoN-.
1 ; '
i 1
■ t
i
f
'/
■■■
, 1
i
m
M
beer by the glass wlicn tlicy were yoimtj men, Iiavc tlic couraj^c or fjood
sense to spe.ik freel)- of ihcir early lite, to kee;) up friendly relations with
their old a->sociatcs, anil to show a kindl)- feeling for young men now rom-
mencing life in a similar manner. Out of at least lOO millionaires if, uic
American territory on the I'acific, not more than 5 brought with them when
thcj- migrated to this coast so much as $ioo,ooo each, anil few arc weak
enough to exhibit any shame of their early career.
It would be a serious mistake to assume that the vast fortunes of San
Francisco lia\e been obtaineil by subjecting the mass of the Californiins to
some peculiar oppression. The tricks nf our stock market are not worse
in method or motive than those of other stock markets. Those vast accu-
mulations are the natural outgrowth of the wonderful production of the pre-
cious metals in the territory tributary to the Golden Gate. The amount f
business done by a few persons was so large that a grand career wasoncncd
to busines!' talent. Prudent capacit)', stimulated by pecuniary ambui' 1,
could scarcely fail to achieve remarkable results. A city containing, on an
average of the years from 1850 to 1880, perhaps 25,000 white men, handled
$2,000,000,000 of precious metal, and nearly twice a.s much of other products,
within thirty years.
The property of that portion of the coast north of Mexico, now containing
300,000 wliite men, counting only the adult males, has advanced in value
from perhaps $2,000,000 in 1845, to $2,000,000,000 in 1 88 1. It was to be
expected that this increase would be unequally divided, and that the great
majoritj' would either fail to earn more than was needed for their support,
or, if they succeeded in earning more, would squaniler the surplus, or lose it
in injudicious investments. It has often been ob.served that when a multi-
tude of people make much money suddenly, by speculation or business which
docs not offer a secure field for investment, most of them soon lose it again.
The main cause of the general loss among the Californians was not that
monopolists took advantage of them, but that they lacked knowledge, fore-
sight, and economy. The large capitals of the State were accumulated
mainly at the expense of the people in other lands, if at the expense of any-
body. Even the poorest of the Californians, while the millions of the few
.accumulated, were earning twice or three times as much in a day as laborers
of their respective classes in Europe — an amount of payment inconsistent
with the theory of serious pecuniary oppression. That which the miner of
the Sierra Nevada received for his day's toil bought the product of ten days'
toil of the German, I'rcnch, or Italian farmer. The Californian laborers
have the comforts oflife in a \ariet}- and abundance unknown to the unskilled
toiler ill ICurope, and in most of the Atlantic .States.
The great fortunes of California are not permanent in families. They
GENERAL I'lCATUUES OK HUSIXEfiS.
will not pass down through n long succession of generations. We have no
law of primogeniture or perpetual entail. Xo lease of a farm or mine for a
longei' term than ten j-ears is valid. Public opinion demands that under or-
dinary circumstances, a rich testator shall give equal shares to his chil-
dren. Nearly all the land is held by fee-simple titles. The law provides
easy and cheap methods for the conveyance of real estate. The millionaires
generally have none of the English a;nbition to found families; most of
them, indeed, have no sons to succeed to their wealth. They expect that
their descendants, after two or three generation.s, will belong to the multi-
tude. Their wealth, in a majority of cases, is in mines, railroads, banking,
gas, water, or in.surance corporations, or city lot.s — forms which can be squan-
dered inore easily than large estates of fertile soil, held in a community
where law, custom, and public opinion obstruct or prevent sales. California
has many large ranchos, but with few exceptions they are not available for
tillage, and could not be sold in small tracts, if the owner wished so to dis-
pose of them. Generally it is observed, that in those places where the soil
is best fitted for horticulture, as about Lo.s Angeles, San Gabriel, Anaheim,
Riverside, Pasadena, Orange, Westminster, San Jose, Santa Cruz, Alameda,
Napa City, Sonoma City, Santa Rosa, Petaluma, I'resno City, and Salt Lake
City, there the land is held in the smallest tracts. The construction of an
irrigation ditch on a large tract held under a single title, is considered a ])re-
liminary of a subdivision and sale. A common opinion prevails among rich
and poor that each generation should make its own fortunes, and that the
parent who educates his children well, trains them carefully in the principles
of integrity and prudence, and gives them a fair start in life, has done his
duty to them. So far as money can purcha.sc enjoyment, the Pacific coast
people want the full benefit of it for themselves, and not for their posterity.
Their affections and ambitions attach themselves to the present and the
near future. They arc willing that the later generations should look out
for themselves. To make money and to spend it, are for them sources of
nearly equal delight. As a cl.iss they have nothing of the hoarding or
miserl>- tendency.
It is inipo.ssible that wealth should be evenly distributed in our time, and
it is useless to wish for such a distribution. Since capital makes a demand
for labor and talent, and stimulates enterpri.se, it is better that a State should
have great riches in the hands of a few than that all its citizens should be
poor. The country without accumulation is also without prominent partici-
pation in progress. The fate of the world is not now scriouslj- influenced
by men who live on black broth, and prohibit the use of gold. There is no
room in the future for another Sparta. The arrival of capital in a new coun-
try is a signal for activity, and is always welcomed instinctively by the peo-
58
ixTRonrcTiox.
pic. Whether in the possession of one or a dozen, they recognize it as their
friend.
A Gold-intoxicated City. — Hcforc the riclicst bonanzas of the Coin-
stock Loilc haii }ct been disco\cred, it became evident that the subsidies
jjrantcd b\- the national government to the Central and Union I'acific Rail-
roads would be sufficient to secure the completion nf these enterprises, and
speculation anticipated and exaggerated their influence on business. The
directors of the Central Pacific Company moved their main office, and most
of them transferred their homes, to San h'rancisco, where they built palatial
residences, and spent much of their vast revenues in improving and beauti-
fying the city. The remarkable and almost unparalleled growth of San
Francisco during a perioil of 30 )'ears, and the intoxication of its business
by various stimulants, continued so 'ong tliat the waiTiings of jjrudcnce
and the lessons of experience from other communities seemed of little value
here. The city has a central position, ajid a monopoly of the seaport busi-
ness on an ocean frontage 2,000 miles i')ng; within 200 miles lie mines that
have produced precious metal worth more than $1,500,000,000 within half a
life-time. Soon after the shallow placers i)asscd the climax of their pro-
duction, the hydraulic mines poured out their treasures. When the)- be-
gan tf) decline, the tjould and Curr\- bonanza became the wonder of the
world. It had scarcely been exhausted when its glories grew pale before
tho.so of the Belcher ,uid Crown Point bonanza. And after that had passed
into history, its meiiior)- was eclijised l)\- the Consolidated \'irgiiiia bonanza.
Not onl)' wore all the richest silver mines owned here, but the people of the
coast generall)- ^-nt their money hither for investment in the crazy stock
market; and the Pine-street stockbrokers ilrew revenues almost as large
from the pockets of their customers as the shareholders did from their mines.
The current of excitement caused by the development of mining wealth
was accompanied b\- an active s])eculation in land ami in mail)- kinds of per-
sonal property. The occupation of the merchant was surrounded by risks
unknown to cities in ICurope or the Cnited States, and if he remained in the
business, he was compelled to take chances that would be rejecteil every-
where else. The barwas enriched by the policy of the national government
in compelling ali the owners of Mexican ranchos to maintain expensive suits
for their lands. The civil war greatly cnhanceil the cost of importation from
New York, and Iniill up numerous manufacturing establishments in .San
Francisco, thus -iving a great stimulus to the city, simultaneous with which
came the development of the wonderful mineral wealth of the (.lomstock
Lode. Potosi in Uolivia, Cerro Pasco in Peru, (iuanajuato ami Zacatecas
in Mexico, may have had richer deposits than Virginia Cit\-, but they were
CiKNEKAL FEATURES OV liUSINESS.
59
not worked with one tenth of the speed or the profit. In those districts,
5,000 men toiling for 2 centuries did not accomplish so much as an equal or
smaller luimber did in Nevada in 20 years. Neither did the mining enter-
prises of the former fall into the hands of a luxurious commercial metropolis.
No Spanish-American city drew $300,000,000 from silver mines within a
single generation. One Comstock bonanza trod on the heels of another in
rapid succession for 1 5 years. The reality of the present was so extravagant
that heads, cooled by long prudence in careful banking business, thought
they could no longer judge of the ])robability of the future by the scanty
measure of the past. Jlillions poured down the canyons of Mount David-
son like the waters in gullies after a cloud-burst. It is calculated, in 1876,
that San Francisco had 100 millionaires, 10 of them worth each more than
$10,000,000, and 20 others worth more than $5,000,000 each. The market
value of the Nevada mines at one time amounted to $320,000,000, and that
after they had already yielded about $200,000,000. For nearly 30 years
San Francisco was intoxicated by the abundance of her gold, the throng of
her traffic, the variety, wealth, and singular sources of her revenues, the ease
with which they were obtained, and the prodigality with which most of them
were spent.
Romance of the Present. — The American portion of our coast is, his-
torically, one of the newest parts of the globe. Its most important events
have happened within the recollection of the present generation. We have
no ancient monuments or records, no buried cities, no ruined castles, no
local traditions running back through many centuries. The Fgyptians,
Assyrians, Persians, Carthaginians, Saracens, Goths, or Huns, never con-
quered otn- territorj-, nor enslaved our people; neither Greeks nor Romans
planted colonies on our shores, or ga\e names to our mountains and rivers.
We have no Marathon, no Runnj-medc, no liastile column, no Ikmker Mill.
We ha\e had no religious martyrdoms or persccutii^ns. No TllE.MISTOCI.ES,
I'ERICLE.S, COLIfiNY. WiLLIAM tllC Silent, IIKNRV IV, BaRNEVELDT,
UURLEICII, Ada.MS or Ji:i I'erson, maintained the cause of freedom in the
early councils or or, the battlefields of our coast. We have inherited no in-
spiring local traditi'ins, no sacred institutions, no precious accumulations
from former times. Our country is as we have made it, not as wc re-
ceived it from a remote ancestry. Whatever has been done here is our own
work, or at least the work of our generation. When Scnora Rern.VL as a
bride of fifteen, in 1.S19, first made her home at th- Mission of San I'>an-
cisco, near where she now resides, California was still subject to Spain. No
white man then had his home in the Sacramentoor San Joaquin valley ; no
town ol civilized people existed anywhere on our coast north of San i-'ran-
Go
IXrUODUCTIOX.
ciscd Bay. Do!i I^io Pli'd, the !asi Goxcrnor of California, under the
aiithorit}' of Mexico, is still an acti\c old gentleman. One of his predeces-
sors ill office, Don ]v \y 1!. Alv.\K.\[)0, al.so survives. Don M.VUiA.vo G,
Valle.TO, who, ill i,S:;5, by order of the ]\Icxican governincnt, laid off the
town of Sonoma, to sa\i~ iIk; northern half of California from fallinij into
the possession of the Russians, continues to share our councils. John Bid-
WELL and JOSI.VH Beldkx, niemhcrs of the first party of emigrants, organ-
ized forty years ago in Missouri, to cross the continent directly to California,
are among the prominent business men of the State. Col. J. D. Sti:ven-
SO\, who headed the regiment of New York volunteers (selected, in iS.j.6,
as suitable persons to become iicrmanent residents of California, and thus
strengthen American influence in what was feared would long be a predomi-
nant!)' Spanish community), now holds a responsible office in San I'rancisco
antl attends in person to its duties. Al.l'KKD RoiUN.sox, the first American
to write a book on California, is our fellow-cilizen. I'lie first American
Governor of tlie State, rKTER 11. IUr.m:tt, and the first pair of Senators
chosen to represent California in the National Congress — \\'. M. GwiN and
J. C. FuKMO.NT — are yet with us.
.Mtliough man)- of the pioneers of i,S49 liave gone down to their rest,
and ,illhou;.:h man)- of the present generation of Califoriiians are young
men, while others receiul)' came from the Atlantic States or luirope to
make their homes here, -AxW there is no exagger;ition in sa\'ing that nearly
e\cr\'tliing tb.at lias fieen done b)- art to nirich or beaulifv- the .State, to de-
velop its resources, or build up its industries, is our work. We, as a com-
munil)-, have organi/.ed its government, frame! its laws, founded its cities
and towns, erected every house of briclv or wood, openetl ever)' mine, every
farm, .md e\ei)- m.inufacturing esta!)lishment, constructeil e\ei)' railroad
and wagon-road, and pl.mted ever)- large vineyard and orcliard.
For him who can turn away occasion;illy from tlie narrow surroundings
of his personalitA- ami localit)-, .md climl) to tlic towering pinnacles of his-
torical ol)scr\ation, for .'i compre!iensi\e \i(^w of tlie past career and present
activit)- of our race- for liini, ue li\-e in ;m age and .i l.md of roinance
abounding in events tlirilling as any in the glorious period of the Atlicni.iri
annals, and more marvelous tlirni the triumphs of genii in Araljiaii fiction.
Our coast, in this \ei-)- )ear of i.Soj, is .iccomplishing wonders Ijeyond tlic
wildest (Ire.uns of .uitiquit)-. Never, until recenll)-, did the glolx; witness
sueli swift ;uid gr;uu! clian;;es as are imw occurring a!)out us. Never diil
mankind cKc-wliei-e advance witli greater speed. Never did progress achieve
triumplis iiKne glorious. Never did tlu' learning, experience, and wealtli
iiccumukited elsi'vvliere for centuries, rush vvitlia stronger current, to fill witli
the treasures of a lii;,;h eiiligliti'mnent, .i vast region, pri'v ious!)' unoccupied,
gi:n!;r.\i. ri:ATrRi;s of husixkss.
6l
save b\' savat^cs. Nc\cr was an iinasioii more peaceful, or more beneficent.
Never was a conquest more complete, or more permanent. What other
lands ha\-c spent a thousand j-ears in accomplishinLj is here done in a L^cn-
er.itioii. Wc have appropriated all the arts of other lands and added many
of our own. No scheme is too difficult for us lo undertake. The forces of
nature submit at our first effort. Wc scared)' build a shanty in the .'-■ierra
Ne\ada, before the placers offer us their treasures. Our horticulturists
scarcely plant a vine or a tree before the\' arc rewarded with an unexampled
wealth of orchard and \ineyartl. The first American attcinpt to mine for
siher leads to the rc\'elation of the Comstock lode. The land and sea, the
mountains and vallej-s, the forests and rivers, compete with one anotlier in
dcmandinij our acceptance of their j^rizcs. Cities and states ri.se before us
as if by enchantment. After a few weeks of ob.scrvation and thought, by
pioneer settlers and ent^nnccrs, in the midst of a solitude, the channels of trade
and the centers of wealth arc fixed, for centuries to come. Half a dozen
railroads march across a continent at once. The Canadian Pacific, the
Northern Pacific, the Central Pacific, the Denver Pacific, the iVtlanlic and
Pacific, the Atchison, Topcka and Santa Fc, the Southern Pacific, and the
OrcLjon Raihva}- and Navi;.^ation Compan\-, are engaged in a race such as
the world ne\cr saw in the past, and will perhaps ne\er see in the future.
We are in the midst of their great works. The)- fill the earth ami air with
their marvels. These corporations are struggling for the trade of empire:;;
and the clima.x of the conllict is rapidh- approaching. lie who can see no
romance in such a contest, he who can not sec romance in anythiiig save
courts and camps, blood ami steel, is an alien to the spirit of the age, and is
unable to understand either the past or the present. Whether he can sec it
or iKjt, the fact remains the same, that civilization lia\ing taken possession
of our shores in i)erpetuity, is rapiiU)- developing here an imperial power,
which, without aspiring to a scpanitc nationality, will inevitably exeit a
grand influence on the commerce and industry of remote ages. Wc live in
the present and in anticipation of the future; the past is of little value,
save as it prepares us for what is to come. The main element in life is toil,
and success in it is one of the highest satisfactions and benefactions. As a
basis of self-reliance and .self-respect, the \anity, based on the famous
exploits of our ancestors, is far inferior to the consciousness that we our-
.selves lia\e .icconiiilished great results. No other pride is so hon<:)rablc or
so inspiring as that growing out of personal success in planning, managing,
and completing extensive and diiricult enterprises, requiring accurate scien-
tific education, comprehensive knowledge of business relations and human
nature, study, ami long-continued toil, prmlence, economy, judicious plan.s,
and strict adherence to jjurpo.sc. Such pride is not rare on the Pacific coa.st,
and will not be fur .i long time to conic.
mmim
62
INTKOIJUCTION.
CMAPTKR III.— CLIMATE.
Comparative Meteorology. — One cif llio most potent aids to individual
comfort ;md national progress, is an equable and genial climate. Within
hi.storical times no nation has risen to greatness, no man to eminence in
literature or industrial art, in a torrid or frigid region. The leadership n{
progress, the custodj- of the highest culture, predominance in political and
militar)- power belong to the temperate zone. Tropical heat and arctic cold
dcjiress the mental and ph>sical energies, diminish ambitions, reduce the
field of activity, and cut off many sources of enjoyment. To a less extent
these unfa\nrab!e influences arc exercised also by meteorological extremes,
w ithin the temperate zone. C, L. BRACK, who hatl traveled extensively in
different p.uts of the workl, and wliose attention had been called to this sub-
ject by his stay in California, wrcjte that "of all human conditions next to
civilization .ind its advantages, the most important is climate; perhaps for
personal hapjiiness, it is more than all other material circumstances." Vet
our geographies, cjxlopetlias, and books of travel generally give no adequate
idea of the climatic advantages and disadvantages of the main meteorologi-
cal divisions, and (jf the difi'erences of temperature, rainfall, and humidity
between New York, London, San Francisco, antl Los Angeles. The ther-
mometrical means of Januarj- in those 4 cities are rcspectivel)-: 31, ^y°,
4<f, and 52"; and of Jul)-, 75"^, (j2° 60°, and 75^. These figures indicate
vast differences, in the suitability of temperature, to the liealthy de-
velopment of our bodies, and the active use of our mental and physical
jjowers. .As superiorit)' of climate is to a nation one of the most valu.ible
of all possession.s, so ati understanding of climatic differences is to an indi-
vidual one of the most desirable (jf all kinds of knowledge. The clearness
of the sk}- and the height of the mercury determine whether tiic weather
is to be pleasant or unpleasant, and often whether the d;iy shall pass agree-
ably or ilisagreeably. Our co.ist, as a whole, and especiall\- the Californian
part of it, has much to gain, and nothing to lose, by the diffusion of knowl-
edge about com])arati\e meteorology.
Standards of Temperature.— Aiuuial thermomctrical means have very
little \alue, in convejing correct ideas of temperature. According to the
nati(3nal signal service report, the annual mean for i8"7--78 was 54'' for
■•■Sf,
;f
CLIMATE.
63
New York, and 57° for San Francisco, but January was 21^ warmer, and
July 14° cooler in the latter, than in the former city. The difference be-
tween the means of the months was 42° at Hell Gate, and 7° at the Golden
Gate; and between the respective extremes 81° and ^y°. These figures
show that the annual means have \ery little value, except to conceal the
disadvantages of climates, which run from extreme cold in midwinter to
extreme heat in midsummer. A similar objection can be made, with good
reason, to the means showing the average temperature of the foiu' seasons ;
they serve to hide the pivotal figures which arc the thermometrical means
of January and Jul}-, and these are, in most places, the coldest and hottest
months, or the extremes connected by gradual changes; so that he who
knows those two, knows the whole year. The mean of July in anj' one
place varies very little from year to year, and so of January; but it is bet-
ter to have the mean of many years, .so as to avoid mistake from the ex-
ceptional character of any one season. Such means are the pivotal figures
and best standards of temperature. ^
Meteorological Regions. — In its meteorology, as in its botany, that part
of our slope which lies west of the Sierra Nevada Range — including its
continuation far into Alaska — bears much more resemblance to Western
Europe than to the Atlantic side of our continent in the same latitudes.
Alaska is the counterpart of Norway in climate. British Columbia, W ash-
ington, and Oregon, in general character, are like England and Scotland;
and California is like Spain or Italy. France, as a whole, has no equivalent
on our coast. Nevada and Utah must seek for their parallels in Turkistan
and the high lands of Persia. Idaho, Eastern Oregon, and Washington are
much like New York in temperature, though they have less rainfall. We
have no complete meteorological statistics for the two slopes of Mexico, and
therefore we can not compare them i 1 that respect, but it is well known that
the Pacific shores of our continent are free from yellow and black levers,
frequent and swiftly fatal at many pciints near the Gulf of Mexico.
Our slope has a number of distinci: meteorological regions, the principal
of which are those of Alaska, Western Oregon, San Francisco, Sacramento,
Utah, Los Angeles, Arizona, and Western Mexico. The.se regions will be
considered separately, beginning uith that of San Francisco, including the
countr)' west of the main ridgj of the Coast Mountains, from the 35th to
the 40th parallel, with a length of 350 and a width of 30 miles; the me-
tropolis occupying a position on its western edge, nearly midway between
the northern and southern boners. This region ha.s, within 10 miles of the
ocean, the most ecjuably cool climate on the globe, and makes the ncnest
approach to the temperature in which active physical labor can be performed
••m^iamm
64
INTRODUCTION.
with the least discomfort at all seasons of the year. Nowhere is the sky
more favoraiolc to the toiler than between these limits.
San Francisco Summers. — The thermomctrical mean of July, 60^,
S'^ or 10 below the (.leyrcc of warmth that is comfortable to the idler, de-
mands heav\- woolen clothintj and active movement from those who spend
much time in the open air. It is the best of all temperatures for the man
engaLjed in i)rcnluctive industrj-, spurring^ him to continuous exertion. It
is a tonic, that becomes part of his .system; a perpetual stimulant, that has
no intervals of depression. All book-writing^ travelers, who have visited
San Francisco and commented ably on the climate, have spoken in its praise.
C. L. BR.\cr, said: " 1 1 ere, it seems to me, jou ha\c it as near perfection as
man can attain without enervation." In another place lie tells his readers
that "the climate is the great charm of this city. It is the most exhilarat-
ing atmosi)here in the world. In it a man can do more work than anywhere
else, and under it he feels under a con.'Uant pressure of excitement." FlTZ-
IIUGII Ludlow speaks of the "divine days" and "heavenly climate" of the
Golden Gate. Samuul BoWLES says: "The evenness of the climate, * *
• and the indescribable inspiration of the air, arc the great features of life."
Sir Charles Dilku remarks, that "the peculiarity of climate carries with
it great advantages. It is never too hot, never too cold, to work — a fact
which, of itself, secures a grand future for San Francisco. The effect upon
national t)pe is marked. At a San Franci.sco ball you see English faces,
not American." B. F. T.VVLOR sings of it as the cit}'
" Where Winter keeps \v;ilch and ward,
Willi .Summer asleep at his feet;
.Stands guard with a .silver sword,
Where the Junes and Decctnliers meet."
In Jul)- San Francisco is cooler than London by 2^, than Olympia by 3°,
than Portland bj- 7^, than San Diego by 9*^, than Paris by 10'^, anil than
Genoa, Naples, Jerusalem, Cincinnati, or New York by 17°. This peculiar
coolness, une.xairiplctl at the level of the .sea, in the .same latitude, is attrib-
utable maini)- to the ijrevalenco of the trade wind, blowing nearly every d;ij'
from April to October over the Kurosiwo, which, after sweefjing round under
the islantls of Alaska, reaches our shores with .1 temjierature never varying,
near the Golden Ciate, more than 3'' from 55". This vast ocean stream,
bringing subfrigid wale s into a subtropical latitude, is a great factor in the
life of California, influencing its pleasures and its business in many ways.
The Atlantic in the .pth ])arallel is w.irm enough on both sides in stimiucr
for pleasant bathing, but not so the Pacific near its eastern shore in the same
latitude. San I'rancisto, within her city limit; has a m.ignificcnt beach, but
CLIMATE.
65
the air and water there, on the average July day, arc more than cool ; they
arc chilling.
The intense heat in the interior of the continent is the main cause of the
trade wind, prevailing along the coast, in the warm season. Throughout a
region 1,000 miles long by 500 wide, the drj- .soil, under a burning sun, causes
a vast extent of rarefied atmosphere into which the breezes rush from the
west and north-west. If the plains and mountains of central California,
Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and northern Mexico were covered with forests, the
rainfall would be greater, the sun would not strike the earth in the same
manner, evaporation would keep down the temperature, the quantities of
air warmed to a high degree would be much smaller, and the breezes from
the ocean much weaker. We have no meteorological statistics to prove the
direction or strength of the main air currents, that supply the region east of
the Sierra Nevada; but we know, from the heat of the soil there in the
summer days, that a large supply of air must be needed to replace that
which rises. There is a better opportunity and there arc more stations to
observe the currents, blowing into the great interior valley, or Sacramento-
San Joaquin basin of California. Every average summer day these currents
pass eastward from the Pacific, over the Coast Range, sometimes carrying
flecks of cloud or fog 20 or 30 miles inland, to mark their track. The cur-
rent is especially strong at the Golden and Silver gates, where it finds the
only opportunity to travel near the level of the sea, and its influence is
clearly discernible along its route, as we shall have occasion to remark in
other paragraphs.
Hot Days. — The highest temperature recorded by the signal service in
San Francisco for July, 1877, was 76°, not high enough to be uncomfortably
warm. The average of the maximum observations for each day in the
month was 66°; while the similar average for New York city was 83°. In
25 out of the 31 days, the mercury on Manhattan Island rose to 80°; at
which figure oppressive heat begins. An examination of the meteorological
tables, kept in San Francisco by TilO.M.VS Texnknt, for 32 years ending
October i, 1881, shows that the thermometer reached 80° on 209 days in
that period, or less than 7 days in a year, on the average; in some years not
once. In 1855, an exceptional season, there were 20 hot days. In 1861,
18G2, 1863, 1S73, and 1881, there was not one.
N(3t on!)' arc the hot days few, but they arc scattered. It is a very rare
occurrence for more than 3 to come together; but as the San Franciscans,
accustomed to their chill climate, dress in heavy woolen suits through the
summer, a day which they call hot would not receive such a title in Sacra-
mento or New York. Summer heat, at the Golden Gate, is always associ-
9
66
INTRODUCTION.
atcd with an arrest of the trade wind; so loni^ as that blows briskly, with
its temperature of 55"' or Co" at the beach, the thermometer can not rise
to 75^ in the city. Let it stop however for 6 hours in dayhght and the
sun's rays will soon become oppressive. The trade wind blowing from the
west supplies cool air to the heated surface of the Sacramento basin. How-
ever, there are occasions when, for a few days, a strong wind blows from the
north through that basin. At such times, the trade wind has little to do
at the Golden Gate, and a period of heat follows. Whenever a strong north
wind iirevails in the Sacramento Valley, for several days, then a hill in the
trade wind and a warm day may be expected.. In the climate of San
Francisco the phrase "dog-days" is not applicable to any portion of the
summer, as it is in the cities on the Atlantic slope. One result of the cool
temperature and constant trade wind at San Francisco is, that a person with
weak lungs can not drive out comfortably, in an open carriage, to the ocean
beach in July, unless the day is exceptionally still and warm.
It is a singular feature of the shore climate of the San Francisco region,
that July is not the hottest month, nor is August; but September. Thus,
■according to the signal .service records, the mean of July in 1877 was 59°,
and of .September 61°. The means of a number of years give 58'^ to July,
August, and October, and 59'^ to September. In St. Loui.s, of July, August,
and September, the respective means arc 78°, 76^, and 70°, and in New York
City, 74'', 74^ and 6CP. The greater heat of September, as compared with
Jul}-, in San Francisco, is presumably caused by the cooling of the Sacra-
mento basin, so that there is not such a draft of cold air, pouring through the
Golden Gate in the autumn, as in the summer. At Sacramento city the tem-
perature of September is 7^ less than that of July; at Red Bluff, G= less; and at
Visalia, 9^ less. These figures indicate a considerable decrease in the demand
of the great interior valley for cooling breezes. As the mean temperature of
July is less than that o( September, so is the average number of hot days.
Thus in the 32 years ending October 1,1881, June had 36 hot days (of 80°);
July, 17; August, 19; Scinember, 57; and October, 41. September had 3
times, and June and October each twice as many as July.
Cool Nights.— The nights are always cool at the Golden Gate. On rare
occasions, the early part of the night has been warm, but the latter part,
never. The lowest observation taken in July, 1877, was 53°. The mean of
the minimums was 55^. All the signal .service figures are, however, a little
higher than those taken by unofTicial observations. The mean temperature
of the July sunrise in San Francisco is, according to Dr. GlBDON.s, 52°— cool
enough to make a fire desirable.
Warm Winters.— The Kurosiwo, which moderates the summer's licat, also
CLINfATE.
67
tempers the winter's cold, on our coast, carrying such a mass of water, and
spending so much time in its grand circuit, that the change of the seasons
has little perceptible effect on its temperature, when it reaches California. It
is almost as warm in January as in July, and almost as cold in the latter as
in the former month. Not so swift in its current nor so narrow along the
Asiatic coast as is the gulf stream near Florida, it has greater width, prob-
ably greater depth, and a longer course. Off San Francisco, it seems to be
500 miles wide, and is perhaps a mile deep. The temperature of the water
at the Golden Gate is in July about 53'^, 7"^ less than that of the air; 200
miles out it is 58° 10° less than that of the air; and 600 miles out it is 6y^,
3° less than that of the air. This change in the temperature of the water,
in the same latitude, can not be explained satisfactorily upon any theory
save that the ocean current has a width of 500 miles or more. The normal
mean temperature of July, in the 38th parallel of latitude, is about 75° on
land and 70° in the water.
The mean temperature of JanUary in San Francisco is in average years
about 49°. According to the United States signal .service records, the mean
of the month in 1878 was 53"-', and the lowest observation, 39°. The mean for
the same month at 2 P. M., was 57°; and at sunrise, 49°. According to the self-
registering thermometer of TllOM.vs Tennent, in the 32 years ending
October i, 1881, the mercury fell to the freezing point on 155 nights, or not
5 nights in a year, on the average. The greatest number in a year was 21,
in 1862; but there was not one in 1852, 1853, i860, 1866, 1871, or 1877.
Of these 155 freezing nights, December had 58, January, 50; February, 19;
November, 16; March, 7; April, 4; and May, one. The mercury has not
been so low as 32- between sunrise and sunset on more than 10 days in 32
years.
Snow is sometimes seen to fall in San Franci.sco, but almost invariably
melts within 5 seconds after touching the ground, which has never been
white with it, or at least not within 25 years. On several occasions the
streets have been white or whitish with sleet or fine hail. Ice has formed
to the thickness of an inch; but usually disappears before noon. The cold-
est temperature ever ob.scrved in San Francisco was 25°, or 7° below the
freezing point. Although in the average winter, there ar'' not more than 5
nights in which the thermometer, as usually placed, 4 feet from the ground,
records a figure so low as 32° yet there arc probably 20 mornings in which
a white frost may be seen on the ground, especially in places where it is
covered by grass, straw, or woody fiber. The frosts, however, are never
severe; and delicate subtropical ornamental plants, including the heliotrope,
fuchsia, floripondio, geranium, and French roses, live and often bloom
through the winter in the open air.
<:s
INTRODUCTION*.
Associated with the small iany;c of temperature between the means of
January and Jul}', and between the means of the maximums and minimums
of either month, is also a small rantjc in the temperature of the days con-
sidered separately. Thus the greatest difference between the nia-ximinn
and minimum of any one day was 20° in July and 17° in Januaiy, whereas
in New York, the difference was 22° in July and 28° in January; in St.
Louis it was 26^ in July and 22° in Januar)-. It must be remembered that
the.se oscillations in San Francisco arc on both sides of the temperature of
comfort, while in New York and St. Louis they belong, for July, to the do-
main of oppressive heat, and for January to that of intense cold.
The remarks about the climate of .Snn Francisco apply, with slight mod-
ification, to Santa Cruz, Monterey, and all places on or very near the ocean
beach, between the 35th and 40th parallels. San Francisco is a little cooler, in
summer, than other points, because of the dral't of cool air from the ocean
passing through the Golden and Silver gates to the Sacramento Valley.
Santa Cruz is a little warmer than Monterey, in summer, because it is pro-
tected by a hill from the trade winds. There is less frost on the beach than
there is a mile away ; less within a mile, than 4 miles awa\'. The heal of
summer and the cold of winter increase, as we le.avc the ocean, and as we
get beyond into the shelter of any range of hills, that breaks the force of
the ocean breezes. Thus Vallejo, at the .Silver Gate, onl)- 25 miles from
.San I'rancisco, has a July iP warmer, ,ind a January i'-' coUlcr ; St. Helena,
about as far from the ocean as Vallejo, but shut in b\' a mountain ridge
2000 feet high, is 19 " w.armcr in Jul)- and /■■' colder in January. The valley
towns, in the San I'rancisco region, though much warmer in the summer
than the metropolis, can not grow the same tender plants in their gardens.
As a general rule, it m.i}' be said, January is about 2^ cokler, and July lO'^
warmer, 30 miles from the ocean than on the beach. Among the valley
towns, in the San Francisco region, are San Jose, Santa Clara, Gilroy,
Watsonville, Salinas, Solcdad, Ilollister, Hayward.s, San Rafael, Santa
Rosa, Ilealdsburg, Cloverdale, Ukiah, Calistoga, St. Helena, Napa, Sonoma,
Clayton, Liverniore, and Pleasanton, and the summer and winter tempera-
tures of each arc much influenced by the amount of sea breeze reaching
them.
!.:
The Early Spring, — The pleasantest season of the a\'erage year in
Californi.i is the earl)- spring, a period of about 6 weeks, commencing some-
times in the middle of February, when the heaviest rains and the cold of
winter have passed ; when the summer heats have not commenced in the
interior, nor the winds and fogs on the coast ; when the breezes are balmy
and the temper.iturc genial ; when the sky is free from clouds, and the
CMMATI-.
69
atmosphere from haze ; when the hills and valley.^ arc gorgeous in varictl
Lints of green, the wiM flowers abundant, and the colors and shapes i.f the
far distant mountaii,- distinctly discernible. In this region, all seasons of
the year are pleasant, but this is pre-eminently beautiful. In June, if not
in May, the .surface of the soil becomes dry, the landscape turns br a n,
the flowers die, the roads and the lower strata of the air become dusty, and
the mountains dim. The Indian summer, on the Atlantic slope, is beauti-
ful ; but it is far inferior in brilliancy and attractiveness to the early spring of
California, and especially of Southern California, where, in addition to the
charms of the season in other portions of the state, we then sec the orange
orchards loaded with the ripe iVuit of one crop, and with the fragrant blos-
soms of the next one, at the ba.sc of grand mountains, and within 10 or 20
miles of their snow-crowncf! summits.
San Francisco Rains. — The average amount of rain in San Francisco is
2.^ inches i?i a year, about half as much as falls at New York or London.
The Californian rainfall, however, is confine 1 to the winter half of the year,
ami is called the .rainy season, although there are not more rainy days, nor
is there more rainfall, than during the same months in New York. \Ve
speak of the rainy season, because it is the only period when we have riin,
not a season of continuous rain. The average rainfall, in the 6 months from
May to October, inclusive, is an inch and a half; in the other 6 months it is
2i^a inches. In the 4 months from June to September, inclusive, the aver-
age is less than a third of an inch, and less than a twentieth of an inch for
each of the months of June, Jul\-, and August. Though the amount of the
rainfall varies greatly in different parts of the State, there is much resem-
blance in the relative proportions of the different seasons, everywhere sa\c
in the Colorado basin, which belongs to the Arizona meteorological region,
having its rain in the summer, whjle the remainder of the year is usually dry.
The scarcity of summer rain in California and Nevada, is doubtless due
mainly to two causes: First, the Californian trade winds are so cold, that
they will not take up much moisture from the ocean; that is, they take up
much less than hot winds would ; and, second, so soon as they reach the
land, they encounter a much higher temperature, ,so that their moisture, in-
stead of being condensed, is ab.sorbed by hot currents, which rise and pass
in a clear sky to the eastward and northward, until in Oregon, Idaho, or
Montana, they encounter currents cool enough to cause precipitation. Prof.
John Le Conte says; "This remarkable feature of the climate of this
coa.st is clearly due to the excess of temperature of the adjacent land, dur-
ing the summer, above that of the cool ocean on the west. This condition
of things, while it augments the force of the west winds, renders the pre-
70
INTROIirCTinX.
cipitation of the aqueous vapors of small tension, which they sweep from
tlic cool ocean to the hot interior, a i)h\-sical imi>ossibility, since the)- arc
being carrieil to a region of higher temperature. Further north, along the
coasts of Oregon, Washington Territorj-, and Alaskfi, the presence of a com-
paratively warm ocean renders the conditions more favorable for summer
rains."
No Jiurricane has ever visited California, or the ocean near its shore, and
tliunder storms are ver\- rare, year after year jiassing in the valleys without
one brilliant flash of lightning. The deaths by lightning in the State ha\e
been 2 In 30 years, whereas, in I^ngland, 25, and in the American states
cast of the Rocky Mountains, 145 ;ire killed !>)• it annually. In a region
where there are no hurricanes, where summer rains are alinost unknown, and
where the winter rains are announced usually 24 hours in advance by a
cliangc in the direction of the wind (it blows from the north, north-west, or
west for clear weather, and from south-west, south, or south-ea.st for rain),
there is comparatively little use for the barometer.
Irregular Rainfall. — There is more irregularity in rainfall than in tem-
perature. The mean of the therinometer for any one month is about the
.same in one year .as in another, a variation of 5 per cent, being rare; and
year after )-car will pass without a difference of 2 per cent.; whereas a varia-
tion of 50 per cent, in the rain-gauge is not unfret[uent. If we count j'cars
of flood, as those with more than 30 inches of rain, we have had 7 in the
32 years from 1849 to 1881 ; and estimating 17 inches or less as a drought,
we have had 6 in the same pciod; making 13 years of extremes out of the
32, or more than one in 3. It is estimated that 12 inches of water is suffi-
cient, with skillful management, to secure a good crop of wheat, but the
rain often comes at such times, that a large part of it is lost to the farmer;
and the fall is less in the wheat-growing valleys than in San Franci.sco.
As a genera! rule the rainfall in California is 2 inches greater for each
degree of latitude, as wc go northward from the southern boundary of the
State. It is greater near the ocean shore th.m inlimd; greater in the moun-
tains than in the valleys; and greater on the western, than on the casicrn
slopes of the mountains. All studies so far undertaken to discover a regu-
lar periodicity in the variations of the Californian rainfall, or an increase and
decrease concurrent with the progress of the sunspots or with some astro-
nomical cycle, have been unsuccessful. A comparison of the rainfall at San
Francisco as compared with that at Nilcs, 15 miles to the eastward, and at
Livermore, 10 miles east of Niles, will show the decrease in proportion to
distance from the occ.in. According to the figures recorded at the stations
of the CiiXTR.VL P.vciK ic Railroad Company, the amounts at the 3 places
climatf:.
71
were, in 1S71-72, 28, 23 and 19 inches respectively; in 1872-73, 16, 14. and
11; in 1S73-74, 23, 14 and 12; in 1874-75, 18, 12 and 12; in 1875-76, 26,
26 and 20; in 1876-77, 9, 9 and 6; in 1877-78, 32, 25 and 17; in 187S-79,
23, 15 and 10; and in 1879-80, 25, 18 and 16. The average at San Fran-
cisco is 69, and at Niles 38 per cent, more than at Livcrmore.
There arc 66 d.ays with rain in a year at San Francisco, inchidinff 12
in December, 10 in January, 9 in I'ebruary, 9 in March, 7 in November, 5 in
April, and 2 in October. In London there arc 140 such days in a year; in New
York there arc 90. Many portions of the San Francisco region, beyond the
range ot" the ocean fogs, have 220 clear days, without a cloud to obscure the
sunlight. New York has not half, and London not a third so many.
Relative Humidity. — These summer fogs give a dampness to the
atmosphere, along the shore of the San Francisco region. The amount of
moisture in the air is measured by placing 2 thermometers side by side, one
of them having its bulb covered with a wet cloth. When the air is saturated
with moisture, there is no evaporation from the wet cloth, and the 2 ther-
mometers register the same temperature. When, on the other hand, the air
is very dr}', the evaporation is rapid, and as evaporation causes cold, the wet
bulb thermometer marks a lower temperature than the other. The differ-
ence between the two figures furnishes a basis for calculating the relative
humidity; that is, the amount of moisture, in proportion to the capacity of
the air at that temperature, to carry moisture, visible or invisible. The
best method of stating the relative humidity is to divide the year into two
.semesters, or periods of 6 months; the warm semester from May to Octo-
ber inclusive, and the cold semester from November to April inclusive. This
relative humidity is a matter of little moment to a healthy person in a tem-
perature of pleasant warmth, but, even in such a temperature, it is important
to the invalid suffering with pulmonary disease; and when the weather is
cither hot or cold, may have a great influence on the comfort of the most
robust. The preponderance of recent medical authority has condemned
the custom of sending consumptives to moist tropical places, like Havana.
St. Augustine, 15ahia, and Honolulu, and now recommends, in preference,
mountain health resorts in the temperate zone, with an elevation not less
than 1,500, nor more than 3,000 feet, above the sea, with a mean tempera-
ture not lower than 40'-' iu January, nor warmer than 75^ in July, and a
relative humidity, not exceeding 60 in the warm, nor 70 in the cold semes-
ter. Such places are rare, and the nearest possible approach is made to the
right conditions, by requiring the patient to spend half his year at one place,
and half at another. An examination of all the accessible meteorological
statistics justifies the assertion that nowhere on the globe, is there a better
1\ IIMDli III i\.
coiiiljmutioii <>( U)\v humidil}' with plcas.int warmth, and desirable clc\ation
above the .sea, than can be Ibiind at various places in the Coast Mountains
of California. New Mexico, Nevada, ;md Arizona have lower relative hu-
miilit)-, over considerable districts at least, but their summers arc too hot.
or their winters too cold. The following; table gives the statistics of the best
climates in the Uniteil States, Europe, and Africa, for persons suffering with
di.seases of the respiratory organs, the I'lgures having been obtained by ex-
tensive research, not only through books, but also by correspondence with
the meteorological bureaus of various governments:
Places.
Alias I'oak, Cal
Wakes, Cal
Saiila I'e, Now Mexico. .
I'ii^iKTol, Italy
e'.iUani.scHa, haly
Ilcziurs, I'Vanco
I'olfiiza, Jlaly
Murcia, Spain
FogLfia, iuih' ,
DL-nvcr. (.'olorado
Kiiiilicilv, Scniih Afeica. .
I'liialilLi. ( )n'i:on
.">!. I'aul. MiiuiL'sota.
hKlisonvillu. l-'ioritla. . .
.\sliville. Xortli Carolina
\'i,.aiia. Cal
Lus Aiiireics. Cal
.Santa liarbara. CaL
?san Dit'f;", Cai.
■fjan Fianci.sco. Cal
■San RalacH'al
Rcilllliiir, Cal
liaciamonio, Cal
Salt Lake Ciiv, Uiaii. . . ,
r. P
39
44
35
58
48
53
57
53
41
69
44
66
70
79
42
(.6
7'
75
74
^••5
70
68
31
live llumidity.
.Mc.in Temp'turc.
tf ^
,^
<-H
5 P
S
3
S.
g
r
5'
45
50°
74"
70
57
45
73
46
41
32
69
68
63
38
76
74
61
45
78
64
63
43
75
71
62
36
71
63
60
50
80
73
63
43
80 1
50
45
24
76
7'
70
74
49
71
58
35
75
70
68
10
69
69
70
56
83
65
72
32
75
72
57
45
88
64
(>s
52
75
67
69
53
68
69
72
51
72
72
73
49
S8
f<3
74
48
67
74
72
1 47
83
78
73
i •♦s
73
58
45
! 30
78
Elevation.
I 500ft.
2100
6851
950
1871
300
2756
141
286
5269
4400
460
795
23
'348
318
60
65
120
60
337
75
4362
Latiludr.
38° 25'
38 35
35 41
44 50
37 27
42 38
40 39
37 59
41 27
39 45
28 55
45 55
44 53
30 24
35 35
36 20
34 3
34 25
32 44
37 47
37 58
40 10
}fi 35
41 10
This table includes only a few of the stations from which statistics of rel-
ati\e humidity and temperature are obtainable, the large inajority being
1 xchided, because their climatic conditions are not favorable for consum]Hivc
in\ ali(K. I'or this reason, all the stations in Germany, Jiussia, New Zealand,
New South Wales, and Canada, and most of those on the Atlantic slope of
the United .Sl.iles, are omitted. Of all the stations in I'r.ince, Beziers has
the driest climate; of all in Italy, Caltani.setta; of all in the Spanish jieninsula,
CT.IMATi:.
'3
•1
Murciv of all in South Africa, Kinibcrly; of all in Colorado. Joiner; of all
in MinKosota, St. I'aiil; and of all in Morida, Jacksoinille. The tabic was
drawn up for the purpose of ciiablini^ .studcnt.s to make a fair conii)arison
of the climatic advantat;cs of tlic best health resorts for consumj)ti\es, so
far as obtainable meteorological statistics .supply the material. The figures
here given show that Atlas Peak and Ulakcs, in the Coast Mountains of
California, respectively 20 and 30 miles north of Silver Gate, arc uncqualcd
in their combination of dr ' "osphere, \vitli a mild temperature in winter
and summer, and adesirabi; (...ation. No observations for relative humid-
ity have been kept at any o .<: part in the Coast Mountains, but there are,
doubtles.s, many places in that range, south of the SiUer Gate, with condi-
tions equally favorable, as will probabl)- appear within a few years. Th<'
relative humidit)' in winter is 62 at Cannes, 68 at Mcrtone. 71 at Nice, and
80 at I'au, and those are the only figures within reach for those towns. They
are considered among the best winter reports ."or consumjjtives in Europe;
but, in their combination of dry atmosphere with ele\,itiori, the)' are far infe-
rior to various Californian staticjns. Visalia, Camp Ai)achc, and l amp Verde
are dr)*, but too hot in the suiriner; Salt Lake, SanM l*"e, I)«Mivcr, Piochc,
Boise Cit>-, and Virginia City in Montana, are dry, but too cold in winter.
In 1877, Dr. R VV. UATrii, permanent secretary of TlU; C'AI.iroRM.W
Stati, ]5oai<I) ok Hr..\l. I 11. addressed a circular letter to ph>'sicians, re-
t]ucsting a report of their experience and opinions, as to the suitability of
the \arious climates near them, to the needs of consumptives. The result-
was a .strong preponderance of tislimon\- in favor of tlie eastern portion of
the coast mountains, at elevations nmging iVoni 1,2" «) to 1,800 feet above the
sea; and especially for that portion of the Coast Range north of the Silver
Gate. In his official report of that year, Dr, Match .said : " The fact, how-
ever, has been abundantly veriilcd, that for the large majority of consuniji-
tivcs— those in a condition to endure the inconvenience of camp life — this
mountain region is better suited than are tlie Sierra Nevada mountains."
In 1879 Tin: St.vte Medical Society ok Caeieornia, at its annual
meeting, un;uiimously adopted a resolution requesting the legislature to
establish a State Hospital for consumjitives. The legislature insmictcd the
State Hoard of Health to make a report on the subject, and in 1880 the
Board, in its annual report, recommended liiat such .m institution shoukl be
established, and selected ^Vtlas J'eak as the preferable [ilace for it. They
also stateil that a good site for such an institution in Southern California
could Ix- found at the Sierra Madre V^illa.
Fog. — The shore of San Francisco's meteorological region is visited with
frequent sea fogs, and they are especially abundant at tlie Golden Gate, as
10
74
INTROIili TIO\.
there they h;i\e a ckmci- !■> tra\-cl inland at the level of the sea. Usua!l\-
thej' do not rise to a hei;_;!u of more tlian 1,500 or :;,ooo feet, and the sum-
mits ol' the C"oast ATountain may i)e in i:lcar suniis^'ht ^\hile the \allcys
below .ni; hidden in the fo,^. In the cit)' of San hVancisco, the summer
nij^hls are usuall\' foci.qy, and a warm clear moonli;4ht evening is a raritj';
hut after sunrise the land radi.ites nut so much heat that before the middle
of the forenoon the lo^ is absorbed. The wind continues to blow with a
velocitj' of about ro miles an hour, but the immense bank of fog over the
ocean seems to be stationary, being converted into in\isiblc moisture so
soon as it gets to the land. At night, however, wiicn the heat dcrii .-.scs,
ti)e fog can advance 10 or 20 miles inland, and may maintain its ;/.)^'t;cn
until midnight, then \anish, to ajipear again in the morning. This fug
is especially .abundant in the summer, and is one of the main features of
the elimati; of San Francisco, contributing to make the evenings cold and
dark.
Warm Belt. - Although the Californian low land has a subtropical cli-
mate, it is not anj'where free from frost. 1 he leading subtropical fruit trees,
including the orange, lemon, fig, olive, and tlatc, when of mature age, can
endure 12 degrees of frost — that i.s, 12 degrees below the freezing point — if
occurring only occasionally' and lasting but a few liours, without serious in-
jur)-; and to such cold the\'are exposed, in many of the Californian valle)-s,
perhaps once in fi\e years (ju an average. In the ordinary winter the mer-
cur)' iloes not fall IjcIow 28° in San Franci.sco. The situations least troubled
by frost are not the Itiwest laiuls, in the most southern part of the St<ito, as
might be expected from the fact that climate becomes warmer as we ap-
proach the equator, ,uul that there is an average decrease of one degree of
tempcnUure for e\ery 300 feet of elevation. These rules apply in C.iliforni.i
as well as elsewhere, but there are certain other facts, which must not be
overlooked.
I'njsts arc not rare at the level of the se.i, nc-ir the tropics. The trade
wind, blowing from the Pacific with ;i temperature of 55^ o\er the co;ist of
California, north of latitude 35 , during ;i large put <'f tlu: )ear, renders
frost rare near the shore, but its chilly influence, continuing through the
sunuuer, is more damaging to fiuit than .'ui occasional frost.
The parts of California best suiteil for fruit sensitive to frost arc portions
of the "w.arm belt," a general term apj)lied t;> ])ortions of the hills, usu.illy
not less than 200 nijr more than 2,000 feet abo\-e the le\tl of .idjacent val-
leys. It is important that there .should be an .-idjacent \allcy, into which
the cold air can flou down ,it night; otherwise the benefits of the clcv.ition
arc lost. Frosts are more severe in the lowest situations, and cspeciallj' on
moist soil, than on the dry hillsitlcs; and mori' severe in inidi.sed vallej's,
CI.IMATi:.
75
with peaks covered with snow in tluir \ iciniu, tlian in open ])lains, far IVom
the snow.
At the .Sierra Madre Villa, 1,700 feet above the sea, on tlie hillside above
tlie valley of the San Gabriel, there is ninth less frost than in llu- low land,
10 miles distant. The same rel.uive exemption is cnjoyetl b_v the upper
Ojai, as compared with the lower Ojai Valley in Ventura County. In Santa
Clai'a County the liillsides al)oi:t Los Gatos arc f<Hmd to have far less frost
than the bottom lands near San Jose. At the Napa .Smla Sprin^^s, .it Atlas
Peak, at Howell Mountain, and at varimis other places, the I'.ast Nap.i
ridije lias far less frost than has the fertile Nap.i \'alle\' at its b.ise. 'J'he
plain of Santa Rosa, antl the mountain side above it, .-how similar differ-
ences. An a general rule, the warm Ijclt enjoys ,1 much }^r|-cater relative
c.\'e!n[)tion from frost in the autumn antl earl}' v\ inter than in tlie sprint,'.
In the hills, places which in ordinarv seasons are e.xempt from frost from
September till Novemlier inclusive, will in Ajiril ;hh1 May have frosts .ilmost
as frequent and severe ;is those observeil in the low lands.
In .1 paper read liefore Tin: S.v\ h'R.WClsco Ai.a1)I:mv OF SciK.NCK.s,
R. B. Rkdmng said: "The zone in the Siena, known as the 'foothills,' is
as warm for the year, and as warm for the coldest inonth, as the Sacramento
Valley in the same latitudes. This warm belt certainly extends to an ele-
vation of 2,500 feet. Colfax, with an elevation of 2,422 feet, h.is ,i mean
for the year of 60-, and a mean for the coldest month of 45'^, while, for the
same periods, Sacramento has for the year 60", and for the coldest month
46°. Fort Tejon, on tlie Tehachapi Mountains, elev.ition 3,245 feet, for the
year is but 6^ colder than Tulare, in the center of the valley 3,000 feet be-
low ; while the temperature for the vvinter months is nearly the same. Fort
Tejon having 42', and Tulare 42''."
Dr. j.VMK.s Hl.vki; discussed the same subject, a (cw weeks later, in a
jiaper re.id befori.: the same ac.idemy, and produced meteorological statistics,
to prove that the minimum temper.itures in w inter are less on llie hillsides
than in the valley.s. For instance, he showed that during the fust 5 days of
the previous December (1878), the mercury stood, in SacranuiUci, at 50^' at
y I'. M.; and at 41" at 7 .\. M.; indicating a decline of g'^; whereas at Colfax
(2,421 feet) and Immigrant Gap (5,221 feet high) there was no variation. At
the latter place the mercury .stood at 52^ at y p. M. and 7 .\. M. During those
5 days the air was quiet ; hut in the 5 days from the 1 i tli to the 1 5th of the
same month while a strong north wind was blowing, the temperature at the
higher stations was considerably colder than at Sacramento, and it declined
in the course of the night. Dr. Bl.VKE found that January of 1878, a rainy
and stormy month, hatl a mean of 49^ at Sacramento, 45'' at Colfax, and
J4° at Emigrant Gap; while the following December, a calm and clear
7'''
I.N rK(i]iU( TKiN.
I
month, had a mean of 45"^ at Sacramento, 47° at Colfax, and 41° at Eml-
^Tant Gap. Amon;^' other thing's he said: "Tlic only explanation that can
be offered of this anomalous distribution of temperature is, that during a
calm state of the atmosphere, the lower stratum of air, that has been heated
in the vallevs dm-in,L( the da_\-, .Ljradually rises up t'li i/tassr, its place being
su])plied In- the cold air flowintj; down into the valleys, over the surface of
the !,n-ounil, that has been cooled by radiation during the long winter nights.
I'his can only take place when there is a calm state of the atmosphere, and
when radiation is not obstructed In- clouds or fogs, conditions that prevailed
to a great degree during December [1S78]. Under these circumstances the
heated body of air gradually asccnd.s, and as our temperature curves show,
can reach an elevation of at least 5,000 feet, and probably much higher.
* * * The fact is a most important one in its relation to the cultivation
of .semi-tropical fruits. The only time at which the)- arc liable to be injured,
at least up to an elevation of 3,000 feet, is during calm and cold nights,
and on such nights, as has been plainly .shown, it is the more elevated places
that are the warmer. During lu:' stormy weather, even in midwinter, the
temperature never falls low cnougl' at the elevations above given to injure
them. /\t my residence [2,100 fec^ .ibovc the sea, near Mt. St. Helena]
most of the orange-trees that were p'.inted out only last .season, are unin-
jured. The)' certainly have suffered le. s than at Los Angeles, where a
temperature of 23° has been reported, while at n.y residence the thermometer
has not been lower than 29 degroes."
In a private letter, dated November 25, 1881, Dr. BlaKI' says: "I find op
clear, calm nights that the thermometer at my place begins to rise about 3
.\. M., and rises until 5 A. .M., at wliich time it is 1° or 1.5° higher than at 9
1'. M. I'rom 5 A. M. to 7 A. M., there is generally a fall of about 2°, the mini-
mum being reached at sunrise. During the early frost (November 15) last
\ear, the thermometer at Calistoga [elevation 300 feet] was 21S at Sacra-
mento iS"', and at my place 44"."
Sacramento Climate. — The Sacramento region includes the basins
drained by the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. On the west it is
sheltereil from the ocean breezes by the ridges of the Coast Ivange, which
may average j.ooo or 3,500 feet in hu'ight. As compn-cd with the San
Francisco region, these basins have less fog, in the winters more cold, m the
summers more heat, and in the lowlands less rain, less timber, and inore
clear da\-s. A prominent feature of the sky (jf the Sacramento and San
Joaquin Valleys, as well as of Southern California, is the paucity of cloul.s.
Week after week will pass, in the summer, without a film of mist near the
earth, or a speck of cloud in the heavcn.s. California, as a whole, is prc-
ii:
; (
I ill
CLIMATK. -jy
eminently a sunny land, offcrinf^ a j.jrcat contrast in tliis respect to l'"nL;i,iiul,
and to the western divisions of Oregon, WashinLjton, and liritish t'olinuhia.
In London there arc 2 hours of sunshine in thi' averaijc day from Octulur
to December inclusive; and not more than 5 horns on the axeraijc in llie
year: in Sacramento the corresjjondin^^ figures are about 7 anil 10.
The temperature in the valley land is largely inlluenced, if not mainly
controlled, by exposure to the breezes from the ocean. At the northern
and southern ends it is bounded on the west by mountains 4,000 or 5,000
feet high; while near the middle, it is intersected b_\- a consitlerable ^ap,
and the mountains for 30 miles on each side are lower than they are t<i ihe
north and the south. If we move northward from the Silver Gate, on the
west side of the Sacramento V;dle\-, we find a mean for July of 72 at I'air-
ficld, 78' at Woodland, 81" at Williams, and 85 at Redding, an increase
of 13" of temperature in 2 of latitude. If wc move .southward on the east-
ern side of the San Joaquin Valley we shall find a mean for Jul\' of 74' at
Stockton, 79 at Merced, ' at Tulare, and yo at Delano, indic.itin.Lj a dif-
ference of 16 of temix;r;iturc in 2" of latitude. Traveling eastward, on the
liiH of the Central Pacific Railroad from the miildle of the valley, we ha\e
74 in Sacramento; 75 ' at Auburn, with an elevation of i,3i')0 feet; 75 at
Alta, 3,607 feet above the sea ; 62 at Cisco, 5,934 feet iibo\ e the sea ; ,ind 60 '
at Summit, 7,017 feet above the sea, as means for July. Thu ; wc .see thiit,
as we go northward or southward from the center of the valley, we get into
greater summer heat; as we ascend the Sierra Nevada, the temperature of
July remains the same, until wc reach a point nearly 4,000 feet abosc the
se,a, and above that elevation it falls about one degree for every 200 ficl,
The valley is very hot at midday for several months in the summer. The
mean of the July mammums in Sacramento in 1877 was 92'. On 3
days the thermometer scached 100" or more, the highest being 103 '; on 7
other dij's the mercury went to v.-irious figures between 95 and 99'. In 22
out of 31 days in the month, the heat was 90' vr m.irc If we comp.ire
this with the same month in New York city, we iln.'i that it is 10 hotter.
The mean of the month was .ibout the same, but Uie mean of the maxi-
mums was 10" less on Manhattan Island. On only 2 dpys out of 31 did the
mercury there reach 90 ; and its highest figure was 93°.
At Red Hhiff, which represents all the northern part of the Sacniniento
Valley, and presumably the sides of the adjacent mr)untain, t.) an elevation
of 3,000 feet, the mean of the maximums for July, 1877, was 101'. The
highest temperature of the month was 108". Tlie thermometer rose to 100
or more in 13 ilays of the month; antl in 14 other days to sonu figun- be-
tween 90' and 99 ^Icaxing only 4 days with less than 90. Visalia, repre-
senting the southern end of the San Joac;uin Valky, had about the same
it Of.i^
78
INrKdlUCTKlN".
intense licit in Jul)-, 'ilic mean Jul)- temperature of Red Jiluff, in latitude
40" 10', is the same as that nf New (Orleans in 29' 5<S', ijut in tlie latter city
the mercur)- tioes not rise al)o\e 96 .
l-'ortunately for the residents of the Sacraincnto-San Joaquin valley, its
intense luat at niidda\- is eounterbalanced by a relatively low temperature
at nii;ht. Thus at Sacramento the mean of the Jul)' minimums is 58°, a
lV.;ure imi)i)-in!,f that blankets must be used on the bed for comfort. New
N'orh, which has 10 less of heat at :; I'. M., has, on the other hand, 10° more
heat at nij^ht, the mean of the minimums for the month beinfj G'j". Accord-
inj^ to fii,nires published in the New York Triluiiic at the time, the mercury
at niidni,t;ht in the 30 days ending July 21, 1S77, fell only 3 times below 75°;
and S times it stood at So" or more. No approach to that heat has ever
been observed in central California. The mean of the July minimums is
69 at Red JMuff, and "jj' at New Orleans.
The ila)s when the thermometer rises above 100° at Red Bluff or Visalia,
and al)o\e 95 at Sacramento, are usually days when a strong north wind
blows. It uuL^ht be supposed that a wind from that direction would be
cool, but the north wind of the Sacramento basin is hot, .sometimes scorch-
\\v^ iuit, and al\\a)-s intensely desiccating in its influence, .so that it blasts
\ei;etation and fruit, occasionally kills small animals b)' simstroke, and
cau.es a serious depression of spirits in persons of nervous temperament.
.Such winds come perhaps a dozen times a )'ear, and sometimes last 10
days, but not more than 3 usuall)-; wwtX the average intervals between them
nia\- be 2 weeks. The hot wind often blows in the Sacramento valley
w ith a leinperatuie little abo\e 80 , but it does not become very oppressive
until it has a teni[)erature of 90 ; it then evaporates an inch of water within
24 hours. While it continues, cows give a third less milk than under ordi-
nar)- circumstances; and if the wheat is "in the milk" the crop is destroyed.
The hottest wind ever known in central California wa;'. observed in Stanis-
laus Count)- on the 23d of June, 1859, when the thermometer rose in the
shade to 1 13'. It is saitl that this wind gives relief to asthmatics, but makes
consumptives worse.
The oi)i)ressi\eness of the midda)- heat in the interior of California, as
well as in other parts of our slope between the 20th and 42d degrees of
latitude, is mitigated by the extreme dryness of the atmosphere, which car-
ries awa)- the perspiration r.ipidly, and thus counteracts the effects (jf the
heat. As a conseciuence, there is less feeling of discomfort at Red Bluff,
when the thermometer reaches loo^ than in New York, when it goes to 85°.
In the former place the mean relative liumidit)' of the 4 months from June
to .September, inclusive, is 32, while in New York, during the same months,
it is 71; in New Urleans, 67; and in St. Louis, 63. At all points east of
CLIMATK.
79
the Mississippi it is more tli.in (Imiblc as imicli as in the northern ciul of the
Sacramento Valley. In Sacramento Cit)- the relative luimidit)- tor these 4
months is 46, and at \'isalia, 40. This extreme atni(i:.])heric (lr_\iiess in
California is a ])rotection at;aiiist sunstroke, the cases of which are rare,
averajj^ing not 5 per cent, of the number that occur in the American States,
east of the Mississippi River. There have been presumably 120 fatal cases
in California, within 30 years; and of these, 10 occurred in Colusa County in
June, 1S76. There are 4annually oii an average in the State. In St. Louis
there were 135 deaths by sunstro'-.e in the week ending Julj' 19, 1878; in
New York Cit\- there were 79 in the 24 hours ending at noon on July i,
18S0; in Great Britain there are 90 deaths by sunstroke annually. Hydro-
phobia, which is frequent in ccuntries that have intense heat in a moist
atmosphere, is rare on the Pacific slope north of Mexico; indeed, there is
reason to doubt whether there is one genuine case on record.
The mean January temperature of Sacramento City is 49°, of Red liluff
47", and of Visalia 48', showing a remarkable uniformity. On 5 days
in January, 1878, the mercury fell below 32°, the lowest ob.servation being
28'; on 6 days at Red Bluff it went down to the freezing-point, the lowest
being 25^; and in 7 days it went to 32° at Visalia, the lowest being 24".
The frost is more frequent and .severe at the ends of the great valley than
in its middle. The mercury lias fallen as low as 12' in the southern part of
the San Joaquin Valley, the proximity of the Californian Alps, with their
great masses of snow, making the frost more severe there than in an}' other
part of the State near the level of the sea. At Red BlulT the mercury has
fallen to 14'; at Sacramento to 16', and at Sumner to 12"; but such cold
does not oc:ur more than once in 10 years, on an average.
There are 5" of latitude between Sumner, at the southern end of the San
Joaquin Valley, and Redding at the northern end of the Sacramento Valley.
The average annual rainfall at tl)e two town,s, and at various intervening
places, was thus calculated by B. B. REDDiNt; from statistics accessible in
1S78: Sumner, 4 inches; Delano, 4; Tulare, 5; Borden, 3; Merced, 9; Mo-
desto, 10; Stockton, 13; Sacramento, 19; Marj'sville, 17; Chico, 22; Tehama,
16; Red Bluff, 18; and Redding, 29. These figures imply that in the Sac-
ramento-San Joaquin Valley each degree of latitude brings 4 or 5 inches of
additional rain. The towns in the San Joaquin Valley from Sumner to
Stockton are on its eastern side ; the western side, in the same respective lat-
itudes, has not half so large a rainfall.
As we ascend the .Sierra Nevada, the amount of rain increases rapidly
with the elevation. Thu.s, on the line (jf the Central Pacific Railroad the
mean annual rainfall for 8 years was 19 inches at Sacramento; 43 at Colfax,
at an elevation of 2,422 feet; 47 at Alta. 3,607 feet above the sea; 55 at
So
INTRODUCTION.
Ciscri, 5,934 feet hiffli, ;ind 58 at tlic Summit, 7,017 feet high. This indi-
cates ,in adJitifinal inch of rain for each increase of 200 feet in elevation.
In lliese fi^'urcs, one foot of fresh snow is counted as equivalent to an incli
of rain, and above J, 000 feet tliere is some snow every winter; above 5,000
feet more snow tiian rain; abo\c 6,000 feet nearly all the precipitation is in
the form of snow, which near the summit is not unfrequently 20 feet deep,
alter much has melted and the remainder has been packed into a hard mass.
Los Angeles Climate.— The Los Angeles meteorological region includes
.Santa Barbara, Ventura, and those portions of Los Angeles, San Ber-
nardino, and San Diego counties, at the western base of the Coast Range,
and on their western slope, fronting 280 miles on the Pacific, and extending
on an average 40 miles inland. The entire region lies south of latitude 35'',
and beyond the influence of those cold summer fogs and strong breezes
which give a peculiar coolness to San I'rancisco in the summer. Los An-
geles city lies only 14 miles from the ocean, without the shelter of any inter-
vening hill, but it has a warm climate, the mean of July being 71"^; the mean
of its ma.ximums being 80 , and of its miiiimums 62°. The mean of its
January is 54°, the lowest temperature recorded for the month in 1878 being
37^ It is, however, not exempt from frost; for the mountains to the east-
ward, within 20 miles, rise to an elevation of 10,000 feet, and in the winter
have much snow, which helps to send the mercury down occasionally as low
as 24", causing serious damage among the nurseries of orange and lemon
trees. The cold is not severe enough to injure the old trees, or the fruit,
which is usually of full size and ripe, when the frost comes. San Diego, at
the southern end of the Los Angeles region, has mean temperatures of 69°
in July and 55° in January. Santa Barbara, near the northern end of this
district, has a mean of 71 in July and 54" in Januar)-. These figures gi\e
a general idea of the temperature of the whole region. The climate, though
not exempt from occasional severe frosts, is subtropical in its main features,
.and the fruits and ornamental plants include many varieties that belong to
the warmest borders of the temperate /one. Going eastward from Los An-
geles, at a distance of 50 miles we reach the .San Bernardino Valley, from
800 to 1,200 feet above the sea, with about the same m an temperature as
near the ocean shore ; but occasionally with greater heat n July, and harder
frost in January.
The greater part of this Los Angeles region has occasional hot north
winds and sand storms in the summer. A hot wind at Santa Barbara, on
June 17, 1859, had a teinperature of 133". Trees were blasted; fruit was
blistered and killed; and cahes, rabbits, and birds died from exposure to
the wind. In the last 22 years no wind approaching that one, in heat or
damaging effects, has been felt in an\^ part of the .State.
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The avcrapfc annual rainfall is about 15 inches at Santa Harhara, 12 at
Los Anyclcs, 10 at San Uioi;o, and y at C'oltoii. Tiic ciiniati' at l.ns
Angeles has been marked by periods of large and small rainfall. I'lius in
the 4 seasons ending June, 1864, the highest rainfall was i? inches, and
the aggregate of the 4 years was only 28 inches, or an a\erage for the
]5eriod of 7 inches ; while in the ,5 years ending June, 1S76, the lowest
fail was 2[ inches, and the average, according to one rain-gauge, was 24
inches. 'J'he a\erage of the 10 years ending June, 1870, was 10 inches ;
of the 10 years ending June, 1880, 14 inches. The: smaller rainfall in San
Bernardino Valley is claimed to be advantageous to all those places sup-
jilied with abundant water for irrigation, on the theory that tlie dryness of
the atmosphere i)rotccts the orange and other fruit-tree.-; from destructi\o
insects.
One feature of the climate of the Los Angeles, Utah, and Arizona
regions, and of the s(nitliern ])art of the Sacramento region, is the
occasional occurrence of "cloud burst.s," or extremely heavy rains, in which
the water pours down, as if a reservoir had broken in the sky. The con-
•sequence is, that .sometimes ravines, previously dry, are suddenly filled
with water, which sweeps everything before it, not giving people time to
escape. There is no trustworthy record of a cloud burst in or near any ( if
the larger towns of California ; they are of rare occurrence anywhere, and
arc never obscr\'ed in the large valleys.
Oregon Climate. — The western Oregon region includes all those portions
of Oregon, Washington, and liritish Columbia, north of latitude 43°, and
west of the summit of the Cascade Range. It has an abundant rainfall in
summer, as well as in other sea.sons of the year, a moist atmosphere, a cool
summer, a mild winter, little ice or snow, and a dense growth of coniferous
trees over most of its area.
The mean temperature of July is 69' at Portland, and Gf at Olympia;
of January, 42' at Portland, and 41° at Olympia. The climate of Pugct
Sound bears a close resemblance to that of lingland, but is 4° warmer
in winter. At Portland, the highest temperature in July, 1877, was 91^
and the mean at 2 i'. .^r. was 81 . while the mean of the minimums
was 55", indicating that the nights are alwa>-s cool. The mean at 2
I'. M. in January was 46", and the mean of the minimums 36'. On 8 dif-
ferent days, the thermometer fell to the freezing jjoint, the lowest figure
reached being 18'. Only once did the thermometer remain so low as the
freezing point for 24 consecuti\e hours. At 01>mpia the thermometer rose
lo 80° or more on 8 different da\s in July, 1877, and to 75' or more on
iC) days. The mean of the minimums in that month was about so*". The
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hif,'liest. obstirvation in |;iiiuar\', I S-S, was 5J , and tlu- mean of the mini-
mums was ;;6 . The lowest teniiieraturc was 25 , ami nn H ilitfereiit (ia_\'S
the inercin\- fell to the iVeezinL; point, Init iiexer was so low as that at mid-
da)-. \ii thiik ice e\-er forms near tin: le\e! of the sea on the Pacific side
of the continent, in the l.ititude of lioston. The temperature is about the
same on \'anc(>u\er island as at Ols'mpia.
'I'he annual rainfall of the Western ( Jre^^on ret^ion is about So inches near
the ocean, and from 40 to do inches 50 miles inl.ind. ( )n the eastern shore
of Vancouver I>l,ind and in Southern OrcLjon it is less; and in the northern
])art of Iiriti:^h t'olumbia more. There are no tornadoes. The mean rela-
tive humi<lit\- "f the warm semester is 67 at Portland, and 76 at (")l)-mpia;
of the cold semester, jj at the former anti 82 at the latter jilacc.
The ICastern Oreijon metcornhv^ical reijion inclikles the country between
the 42d and s.itli parallels of latitude, and between the summits of the
I'ascade Chain and the Rocky Mountains. Tlic temperature in the soutli-
ern i)art of this re(:;ion is nearly the same as in New York City; the mean
of Jul\- beinj^f from 72 to 75", and of January 30' to 35 . The annual rain-
fall, how e\er, is onh- a tliird so much as at Manhattan Hay, not averaijinij
more than 15 inches; but this is enough to secure good crops in the agri-
cultural districts, the soil being moister tlian in California. The northern
part of this meteorological region has a higher elevation, more cold in the
winter, and more rain.
Utah and Arizona.- The Utah meteorological region, including nearly
all of Utah and Nevada, and ])art of California east of the Sierra Nevada,
has ,1 temperature differing little from that of New York, the mean temper-
ature of January being30 , and that of Jul\-, 7.S . The rainfall ranges from
18 inches, at Salt Lake City, to 4 inches, near Humboldt Lake. The
average for the region is not more than 7 inches, and the evaporation, from
exposed w.'iter surfaces, is more tlian 4 feet a )'ear.
The Arizona meteorological region, which includes Arizona, Sonora, and
south-e.-istern California, has intense heat in the summer; and in the high
lands, inlen.ie cold in the winter. At Tucson, tlie mercur)' is never below
90 at 2 P. .\I., in July ; and the mean of the minimums for that month is
78', indicating nights tf)o hot for comfort. Tlie elevation is 1,000 feet
abiH-e the sea, and on 25 of the 31 days in January, 1878, the mercury fell
to the freezing point, the lowest point being 24 . Yuma, at the level of
the sea, representing the low valleys in Arizona, has a mean of 104' in
Jul)-, ,-md 56 in J,-muary. In July, 1878, there were onl)- 4 d.-iys in which
the thermometer did not go to lOO' ; and in the 5 months, of Al.ay, June,
Jul)-, August, and September of the year 1877-78, the mercury reached
I I
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8.1
that figure on 99 iliffcicnt days. On j? daj-s in July, the mercury did not
fall Ix'low So . Notu ithstandinp; ils broilin;,^ suniim'r, the place is visited
by frost in the winter. In the mountains the heat and cold \ar\' with the
elevation. The a\era;4e annual rainfall, wliich occurs from June tn .Septem-
ber inclusi\e — the remainder of the yc.ir beint,' the dry season — is 4 inches
at ^'uma, 13 at Tucson, and more in the mountains, runnini,' up to j-, inclus
in the eastern and north-eastern p.irt of the Territory.
Of the climate of western Me.\ico, south of Sonora, ue ha\e no meteor-
olo;^rical statistics ; but we know that it is hot, throut,r|i the )ear, near the
level of the .sea, and, south of .Sin.iloa, the rains are abundant. The rainy
season, or the wettest part of the \ear tlure, as in .Ari/.on.i, is in the sum-
mer months.
Alaska's Climate. — Alaska lies entirely north of latitude 54 40', and
has three different climates on its I'acific, its Hehring Sea, and its Arctic
frontages. The mean temperature (;f January is 30"^ in Sitka, on the Pacific
front.ige, while it is 30' in Reykia\il< (Iceland), 23' in Newfoundland, Ji'
in Christiani.i (Norway), 24' in Stockholm, i 5 in St. Petersburg, 3.S ' in (ilas-
gow, and 30 in New York City. While the winter is cold, the thermometer
rarely approaches the /i;ro of I'^ihrenheit, as it often does in New York, anil
as a consequence, wheii San iMancisco depended on Alaska for ice, she
could not get a solid article from Sitka, but hatl tr- send further north. The
.season closely resembles that of Iceland, ;tiul is warmer in its average than
ill Stockholm, St. Petersburg, or Neu-roimdland. The mean temperature of
July is 55° in Sitka, 56' degrees in Reykia\ ik, 56' in Newfoundland, 55' in
the Orkneys, 52° in Shetland, 58" in Glasgow, and 61 ' in Christiania. There
is rain, snow, or thick fog at Sitka on 240 da)s of the year. The rainfall,
including snow, measured as one foot equivalent to an inqh of rain, amounts
to 80 inches in a year. The means of July and January are respectively
58" and 33" at Fort Tongass in latitude 54° 46', 57° and 28' at Kadiak in
latitude 57' 47', and 58' and 22' at I'ort Wrangel in latitude 56' 16'.
When wc pass to that part of Alaska fronting on Behring Sea, we find a
general temperature of 50" in July and -10' in January. The warmest place
is a district 50 miles witle, 500 miles long, and 100 miles from the sea in the
basin of the Yukon River, about latitude 66'. where Jul)- has a mean of 65^
or 10' more than Sitka. The warm period, however, is limited to the mid-
summers; for the mean of January is -26'. The heat is often oppressi\-c,
and >-et three feet below the surface the .soil remains frozen throughout the
year. St. Michael.s, the chief port at present on Hehring Sea, has a July of
54^' and a January of 3". St. Paul's Island has 46" in July and 28' in January.
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INTRODUCTION.
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CHAPTER IV.— LAND FOR SETTLERS.
Public Land. — Our slope, between the 32d and S4th parallels of latitude,
has about 1,200,000 square miles of area, including presumably one si.\th
valuable for tillage, as much valuable for timber, and one half for pasturage,
lca\ing one si.xth for ilcscrts and mountains of bare sand and rock. The
tillaijle soil amounts to 200,000 square miles, of which 40,000 have passed
into the ])ossession of individuals and corporations, while 160,000 still be-
long to the governments of the United States and of British Columbia.
The first settlers of course took up the land most desirable for fertility of
soil, facility of cultivation, and pro.vimity to the market; but as the
population was then much smaller than at present, and as the expense of
raising and marketing crops was greater, their land was not worth more by
the acre, in the general estimation, than is now a large part of the land, at
present unoccupied.
The public lands of the United States are surveyed or unsurveyed. All
unless specially reserved are open to settlement, and offered for a small con-
sideration to actual occupants and cultivators. If the land has been surveyed,
and has not been i^rcviously withdrawn from settlement, the settler may be
confident that the law will protect him in the possession of the precise tr.ict
which he occupies; if unsurveyed, it may be reserved for public purposes
after he takes ])osscssion; and if he is allowed to keep the tract, the survey
lines ma)' run through the middle of his choicest tract so that he must sur-
rentler part of it. If, however, 2 settlers have occupied adjacent pieces of
unsurveyed land, and have their improvements on the same subdivision, they
may make a joint entry of that subdivision, and divide the tract between
themselves afterwards.
The surveyed land is divided into townships 6 miles square; sections of
640 acres, one mile square; quarter sections of iCo acres, half a mile .square;
and tiuarter-quarter sections of 40 acres, one quarter of a mile square.
The public lands are divided into survey districts, in which the subdivis-
ions are numbered from an initial point, which in a mountainous region is
usually some prominent peak. Mount Diablo, in central California, being an
example. A line running north ami south through the initial point is called
the meridian, and one running east and west is the base. Each successive
row of townshii>s running cast and west is called a town; each one running
LAXD KOK SF.TTLKKS.
«5
north and south is a range. F.ach town is numbered according tn its dis-
tance from the base, and each range by its distance from the meridian. I'hc
sections are numbered according to a .system that is uniform for all tin-
townships; and the number of the section, town, and range, indicates tlu;
location so precisely th^t any good surveyor can find the e.xact lines, and
the lands are conveyed by tho.se numbers without other descriotion. 'I'lu.'
town of Coloma is in town ii north, and range lo east, from . le meridian
and base of Mount Diablo, that is, 66 miles north, and 60 miles east of the
summit of that mountain.
Career for Energy.— Men who come to California and Oregon often
complain that they have been deceived ; that they have been led to belie\e
that they could get rich with little e-Ni'i-tion, and that life would be much
easier for them than it had been in the lilastern States, whereas thej' find
that they are, in fact, subjected to keener competition than they ever
witnessed before, and that irstead of getting rich with little work, they re-
main poor even with hard work. Their complaints are usuall)- maiic without
reason. It is true that fal.se statements arc often published in newspajiers
and books, exaggerating the opportunities for labor and capital ; but any
intelligent man would make allowance for anonj-mous assertions made hy
persons who did not pretend to po.s.sess any special knowledge. The writer^,
in many cases, either conceal or do not know the drawbacks attached to the
business which they praise ; and they assume that the exceptional success,
which is the subject of general conversation, may safely be accepted as the
average result, though for that one success -there may have been 10 failures,
of which nothing was said.
The immigrant must not expect to obtain, in a new country, all the com-
forts of an old one ; nor to live without exertion. If he finds a field where
energy and intelligence, combined with industry and economy, can accu-
mulate wealth more rapidly, and secure a greater portion of ultimate com-
fort than in his former home, he should consider his migration fortunate.
He should not expect to get, without expense, land worth $20 an ;icre.
He must not be surprised if the older settlers will not let him have their
farms for less than they arc worth in the market ; or if he discovers that
they have taken the best land, leaving for newcomers only that which is
inferior in quantity or remote from the market.
If he wishes to live with little exertion, if he lacks persistence and in-
dustry, or if he intends to depend on his friends for a considerable part of
his subsistence, then the better plan for him is to stay with them and be
content with his old surrounding.s. For a man of inferior cajjacity, willi-
out skill or ambition, a new country is often a harder place than an old one;
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INTUODICTIOX.
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and cvL'ii if sdincwhat cisicr in a material point f>f view, it inaj' be loss
congenial, because wliile he remains in a stationary condition, he sees liis
more eneri^etic neijjhbors makin-r rapid advances and leavinij him far in the
rear. Hut men of -iipcrior capacity and enterjirise will, for 50 )-ears to
come, find on our slope the best o|)portunilies to acquire those surroundinf^s
which are considered, by most men, the chief aids to the enjoyn.'jnt
"if life. In (."alifornia, in Oretjon, in Washin>^ton, in Arizona, in Idaho,
anil in British Ccjlumbia there are immense areas of public land that can
now be nlit.iined for $1.25 an acre, or less, capable of yieldinjf .1 comfort-
able su|>port to those who take U]) tracts of .So or 160 acres, and certain to
increase gradually in value until, before the end of the century, it may be
worth at least $^t, an acre, and if well planted, 4 times that amount.
No Land Monopoly.— Land monopoly has been a favorite theme for
Californian ilem.igogues, and ]5ersons at a distance, reading their declama-
tions, often get ;i false impression of the situation.
No l.ind monopoly obstructs the prosiK-rity of the immigrant. Four fifths
of the lands in California are untaxed, because they still belong to the Gov-
ernment, at least so far as the recorded evidences of title show. Settlers
can take their choice among tr.icts covering 20,c)00,ocx) acres of tillable l.ind,
all of it open for acquisition under the national homestead law, and most
of it at a c.ish expenditure of onlj* 20 cents an acre. There are now per-
hajjs 40,000 farms in the .State, anil there is room on the jiublic lands for
at least twice, and ])erhaps 10 times, as many more. Where, then, is the
monopoly ? When the settler onn get, for almost nothing, more than lie
can cultiv.ite, neeil he worr)- because .i few of tlie pioneers have obtained
large ranches ?
lUit, say the declaimcrs, the best land, the large tracts of moist and fertile
land ill the vallevs, nearest the good harbors, navigable rivers, and cities, the
places most suitable for extensive \ ine)-ards ami orchards, with facilities for
clie,ii> irrigation, have been already taken up. True. It has iiapjiencd here,
as ill the other States, that the first settlers in;ide their homes on l.mds that
wen; prized for fertility of soil, their proximitj- to market, and prospect of
enhanced value. The newcomer can not take choice of everything as the
first pioneer did ; but he has mail)- advantages which his predecessor had n<it;
and relatively as much revenue cm be obtained now, within 5 j'cars, from
160 .acres, well chosen from the public land open to settlement in California,
;is could be obt.iiiietl from an ec|ual area taken up 20, 30, or 40 years ago.
There is no Californian land monopoly to obstruct the prosperity of poor
settlers, or to darken the future of their descendants. The laws regulating
the teiuiri.', ronvcyance, inheritance, antl acquisition of land, are about the
; i
LAND FOR sr.TTI.KKS.
87
same on bol.i sides of tlic continent; tlic fcclin;^ of the people in reference
to land is the same; and the f)nly material differences are the natural results
of differences in climate, market, methods of cultivation, and densit)- of
population. The average farin is 4 times as large in California as in the
states cast of the Mississippi; and there arc only 30 cultivated acres for each
farm laborer in the nation, as against 130 in the (joldcn State. The dryness
of the soil, the lack of rotation of crop.s, the irregularity f)f the )-ield to the
acre, and tiie large space u.scd for wild pasture, demand larger farms for the
security and permanence of families in C'alifornia than in Illinois.
JJut, say the declaim:;rs again, " The National Ciovcrnment has given im-
mense areas to the railroads." True, and by .so doing has rendered a scr\'ice
of incalculable benefit to settlers, |)roviding access to extensive regions that,
without these grants, would have remained inaccessible for a quarter or half
a century. The lands granted to railroad companies, and still in their pos-
session, are mostly of little present value. The companies are anxious to
sell most of their land at moderate prices.
In California, as well as in Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Idaho, and the
Pacific portions of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and British
Columbia, there arc extensive areas of fertile and arable public land; and in
all together there is ro m for many mi'lions of families.
Chances for Settlers. — An immense area in the American States ami
Territories, on the Pacific slope, is open to prciimptors and homesteaders,
and can not be a source of profit to f.pcculators, when obtained from the
Government. The .scrip and warrants which were sold, 1 5 or 20 jcars ago,
at 50 or Go cents an acre, and were received by the land officer at $1.25 an
acre, arc now nearly exhausted, and have risen until the discount on them
is, perhaps, not more than 3 per cent., leaving little margin for i)rofit, after
taking the risks of defective assignments and other drawbacks. Consider-
able bodies of land arc, in some places, still offereil to the speculator at
private entry for $1.25 an acre ; but they are undesirable; and the tendency
of the national policy is to restrict the opjjortunities of the speculator, and
reserve the national domain exclusively for poor men who will inake their
homes, in good faith, on tracts of not more than 160 acres, whcr" \\c soil
is tillable.
Large quantities of land have been bought for purposes of speculation,
and left to lie unoccupied, with serious loss to their owners. Of 30,000
square miles that have been conveyed, by the United States, to individuals
or companies in California, less than 7,000 are under cultivation. Some of
this land may be obtained at a slight advance on the Government price of
$1.25 an acre. In general terms, it m.iy be said, that all the fertile land in
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INTRODL'CTION.
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ihc larger valleys has become private pro]x;rty ; but along the edges of the
valleys, where the soil is gravelly, is covered with bush, or is cut up by
ravines or projecting liills, there is much land not yet taken up. This is true
of most of the \alleys in California, and of all in Oregon and Washington.
In Idaho, i\ri/.ona, I'acific Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, the fertile
vallcj" lands are still obtainable ; in Utah and New Mexico, the land suit-
able for culti\ ation, and now provided, in large tracts, with water for irriga-
tion, is all <jccupied.
It was formerly the policy of the Government to make the public lands
as much as possible a source of revenue; conseejuently, soon after they
were surveyed thej- were offered at public sale, and such lands as had not
been paid for by preemptors were .sold to the highest bidder, none, however,
being sold unless the minimum jirice, $1.25 per acre, was bid. Lands, not
disposed of in this wa\', remained subject to private entry at $1.25 per acre,
ami one person could jiurchase any amount, offered at that price, without
residence thereon. Since 1861, the polic)- of tlie Government has been to
withhold lands froin public sale, aiul dispose of them as preemption and
homestead tracts, and as grants for railroads, other internal improvements,
and educational purjioscs. A grant of the oild .sections of land to a rail-
road, withdraws tlie even as well as the odd sections from private entry.
Lands that have been offered at public sale, and not .sold, can be settled
on by a preemptor, who, to protect himself, must file his declaratory state-
ment within one month after his settlement, and within one year must make
proof of his good faith, to the satisfaction of the Register and Receiver of
the United States Land Office, by showing residence, cultivation, and im-
)irovement,anil making paymciit for the land at $1.25 per acre.
If a preemptor settles on surveyed land, that has not been offered at pub-
lic sale, he must file his declaratory statement within 3 months, and make
proof and |)ayment within 37, months after the date of his .settlement. If
he settles on unsurvejed lands, he must file within 3 months, and pay within
33 months after the plat of the survey has been filed in the United States
Land OfTice.
The price charged to preemptors is $1.25 ])er acre, for lands that were
outside of railroad grants when they settled, and $2.50 per acre if tiie land
was (111 an even section, within a railroad grant, at the date of settlement.
The (lualifications of a preemptor are, that he or she is a citizen of the
United States, or has declared his or her intention to become such, and is
either the head of a family, or a widow, or a deserted wife, or a single man
or woman over 21 years of age, and did not move off of his or her own
land ill the same State or Territory to settle on the tract claimed, and does
not own 320 acres of land in any State or Territory in the United States,
LAND KOU SF.TTLKKS.
89
and has made no contract of any kind to sell the land or enter it for the
benefit of any other person. Thcic facts have to be sworn to by the apph-
cant when he makes the final entry.
The declaratory statement of a prciimptor docs not need to be sworn to.
The fee for filing is $3. The qualifications under the homestead law arc
the same, except that there is no prohibition as to the amount of land the
homestead claimant may own, and no prohibition against moving from his
own land.
Under the recent amendmcnt.s, the rights of the homestead settler attach
at date of settlement, and he is required to make his homestead application
and first entry, within the same time as a prciimptor. He must make the
preliminary oath before the Register or Receiver, except when he has al-
ready settled on the land, in which case, he can make it before the County
Clerk of the county where the land lies. Final proof may be made, either
in the land office, or before the Superior Judge of the county, or, in his
absence, before the Clerk of the County, in which the land is situated. He
may pay for the land, after 6 months from the filing of his homestead ap-
plication, by showing continuous residence, cultivation, and improvement
from date of settlement ; or after residing on the land, continuously, for 5
years from date of settlement, and improving it, he can make proof, and on
paying the fees required by law, get the title without paying for the land;
and he must make proof within 7 years from the date of his application
and entry, or his claim will be canceled. On making his final proof at
the expiration of 5 years, he mu.st be a full citizen.
Cost to Settler. — The homestead applicant pays, on making his first entry,
$16 for 160 acres of minimum land — that i.s, land which is rated at $1.25 per
acre; $14.50 for 1 20 acres; $8 for 80 acres; or $6.50 for 40 acres; according to
the size of his tract. On making final entry, he pays $6 for 160 acres; $4.50
for 120 acres; $3 for 80 acres; or $1.50 for 40 acres; according to the size of
his tract. Besides, he must pay the cost of taking the testimony, which
amounts usually to about $3.
The fees for homesteads on double minimum land.s, that is, land held at
$2.50 per acre, are, for first entry, for 160 .icres, $22; for 120 acres, $19;
for 80 acres, $11; and for 40 acres, $8. On final entry of the land, the
homestead claimant pays on double minimum land, for 160 acres, $12; for
120 acres, $9; for 80 acres, $6; and for 40 acres, $3; in addition to the
fees for testimony.
All these fees arc paid over to the Government, to reimburse it for the
expense in running the Land Department. The statute requires the appli-
cant, under both the preemption iind homestead law.s, to file a notice of inten-
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lion to prove up, f;ivin<j the names of the witnesses and their post-oflicc
address, to be publislied by the Register for 5 weeks.
The total payment ref|uircd by the Government for a homestead claim on
minimum land in uncontested cases, including the cost of taking the tcsti-
monj', and publishing the notice of intention to prove up, amounts on the
average, to about 57 cents an acre for 40 acres; 27 cents an acre for 80 acres;
24 cents an acre for 120 acres; and 20 cents for 160 acres. (Jn double min-
imum lands, the rates are from 5 to 10 cents more an acre, according to the
sizes of the respective tracts. The costs of taking the testimony and pub-
lishing the notice var\-, according to circumstances, and render it impossible
to fix the cost ])cr acre, in ca.scs that may ari.se in the future. A contest
may add much to the c.vpcnsc, by compelling the claimant to spend time in
\isiting the Land Office, and pay the cost of witnesses. The National Gov-
ernment has made a gift c»f more than 20,000,000 acres to settlers under the
homestead law.
Timber Claims. — Land which consi.sts exclusively of prairie, may be ob-
tained under the timber claim law, which requires that the applicant should
have the same (jualifications as tho.se required under the preemption and
homestead laws. It is not necessary that he should reside on the Jcr.d. In
the first )ear the settler must plow 5 acres out of 160; the second )-ear
he must cultivate those 5 acres in some croj), and plow 5 more acres; in
the third year he must plant the first 5 acres with trees, and cultivate the
second 5 acres in a crop; and the fourth )ear he must plant the second $
acres w iih trees. If he does this, planting 2,700 trees on the 10 acres, and,
at the end of S years from his application, has 675 living, thrifty trees on
the 10 acres, he is then entitled to a patent. The purpo.se of the act is to
encourage the planting of trees on the bare plains of the Territories. The
only money payment is $14 at the application, and $4 at final proof, if the
area is 160 acres; and $9 and $3, if 80 acres. If less than 160 acres, the
area to be cultivated in trees is proportionately less.
Examine before Buying. — No matter how familiar a man may be with
the public lands of our coast, and with the general conditions of business
and societ)', in the districts where those lands are situated, it is impossible
for him to select homes for strangers, with any certainty that his selection
will be satisfactor)'. There is such a \ast variety in the circumstances, that
no person can tell, in advance, what will suit the different tastes, whim.s, ca-
pacities, and experiences of the newcomer, who has probably never lived
in such a climate as that of Los Angeles, of San Francisco, or of I'ortlantl.
He ma)- have been a farmer many years, without becoming familiar with
any of the products, whieh arc here made specialties in extensive districts.
I.AM) 1(IK sirni.KRs.
91
If he settles in a dr>' district, he may soon want to move to a wet one; if
advised to plant an oranjje orchard, he may, the next year, blame his ad-
viser for not tellinfi him to plant apricots.
The man who wants to settle on public land, before deciding on a special
tract, .should see it for him.self, and assume the main responsibility for the
choice. If he docs not know enough to select a place, he iloes not know
enough to manage it. He should not e.xpcct his friend in a commercial
city, the .igent of a railroad company, or the Register of a National Land
Office, to designate the spot for him. Let him go to the outskirts of the
.settlements, and inquire there what lands are vacant. The people generally
will give him correct information, and go to some trouble to show him the
precise boundaries; and usually, when he becomes their neighbor, they will
help him along, especially if they find that he is industriou.s, temperate, eco-
nomical, and worthy of their aid.
The offices for the sale of the national lands in California are at San
Francisco, Sacramento, Marysville, Humboldt, Susanvillc, Stockton, Los
Angeles, Visalia, Sha.sta, and Bodic ; these in Oregon arc at Oregon City,
Roseburg, La Grande, Lakcview, and The Dalles ; tho.se in Washington, at
Olympia, Vancouver, Walla Walla, Colfa.x, and Yakima ; those in Nevada,
at Carson City and ICurcka ; tho.se in Idaho, at lioise City, Lewi.ston, and
Oxford ; those in Arizona, at Pre.scott anil I'lorence, and that in Utah, at
Salt Lake City. The Land Offices at Santa I'e and Mesilla, in New Mexico,
though cast of the Rocky Mountains, have charge of lands west of the
main divide; Pacific lands in Colorado are intrusted to the offices at Central
City, Leadville, Del Norte, and Lake City; in Montana, to the Land Offices
at Helena and Miles City, and those in Wyoming to Evanston. THK
Okkoon Static Boaro ok Immigration has offices at 252 Broadway, New
York City, and 260 Washington Street, Boston. Mrs. A. H. H. Stuart,
of Olympia, is President of the Immigration Society of Washington.
Central Paolflo Ijanda. — By the Acts of July 1, 1862, and July 2, 1864,
to aid the construction of a railroad from the Missouri River to the Pacific,
Congress granted 12,800 acres of public land, for each mile of road com-
pleted. From Ogdcn westward to San Francisco, a distance of 881 miles,
this land grant belongs to the Central Pacific Railroad ; and from Ogden
eastward, to the Union Pacific. A very* large proportion of the land, thus
granted, is in mountain or desert, which settlers do not wish to occupy, and
therefore, the railroad company, being unable to .>ell, still holds it and offers
it at low prices t" aiiy purcha.ser. Besides the mountain and desert land —
some of which may prove valuable at no distant time in the future — there
is a considerable area of fine timber in the Sierra Nevada, and some
I
§
92
INTRODUCTION.
If- i
excellent sites for orcharils and vineyards in the foothills, along the edge of
the Sacramento Valley.
The coinpan\- offers its lands for sale under four methods of payment.
The first is payment in full at the time of purchase. The second is pay-
ment of 20 per cent, of principal, and interest for one year in advance, at
time of purchase, on the rcmaimler of the principal, with one year's interest
in advance at the beginning of every )-car till the entire principal is paid.
The third method is in 5 equal annual payments of the principal, with in-
terest annually in advance on the unpaid principal. The fourth method is
JO per cent, down, and the remainder in 8 equal installments of principal at
intervals of 6 month.s, with interest on the unpaid remainder in advance
with every installment. The entire payment must be made in every case
within 5 )-ears; but the purchaser can pay in full, at anytime before the ex-
piration of the 5 years, and thus save interest. The rate of interest is 7 per
cent, a year; the price varies according to the quality and situation of the
land. Those who wish further information should .address " H. B. REDDING,
Land Agent of TiiF. Centr.M- P.\ciFic R^mlro.vd Company, comer of
Fourth and Townsend Streets, San Francisco."
By an act passed July 25, 1866, Congress gave 1 2,800 acres per mile — ex-
cluding Mexican grants and preemption claim.s, which covered much of the
best land — to the California and Oregon Railroad, from Roscville to Red-
ding, a distance of 151 miles. This road has been consolidated with the
Central Pacific, and the land is sold under the same terms as that on the
main line of the Central Pacific. B. B. REDDING has charge of the sale.
Southern Pacific Lands. — By acts passed July 27, 1866, and March 3,
1 87 1, Congress gave to TiiE SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD Company of
California, 12,800 acres per mile, for a railroad from San Jose to Yuma, by
way of Gilroy, Tres Pinos, Lemoore, Goshen, Tchachapi, Los Angeles, and
Colton. After a careful examination of the route from Tres Pinos to
Lemoore, a distance of 1 18 miles, the company decided that it could not be
built with advantage to themselves or to the public, and therefore that sec-
tion was abandoned, and a connection, far more beneficial to the State, was
made from Goshen to Lathrop. The company built 60 miles from Carn.a-
dcro to .Solcdad, and intends to continue the road from the latter point,
across the main ridge of the Coast Mountains to the vicinity of Sumner, a
distance of 162 miles. Congress provided for the con.struction of about
264 miles of railroad between San Jose and Sumner, but instead of that,
the miles of road, built by the grantees, between San Jose and Lathrop at
one end, and -Sumner at the other, now measure 402 miles; and when the
gap between Soledad and Sumner is filled, the total will be 564 miles, or
! II
I.ANI) lOR SETTI.liRS.
0?,
more thtin twice the distance for which Congress gave a land subsidy. This
grant covers a' l.irgc area of excellent land in Stanislaus, I'rtsno, Tul;irc,
Kern, Los Angeles, and San Hcrnardino Counties, including districts admi-
rably adapted for irrigation by means jf perennial streams, artesian wells,
and reservoirs so constructed, as to catch the waters of channels, that arc
dry in the summi;r, and including soils well fitted for grain, alfalfa, oranges,
grapes, apricots, olives, figs, and lemons. Travelers, who have seen nearly
all parts of the habitable globe, that are considereil desirable as places of
residence, agree in the opinion, that nowhere did they obser%'c any place
superior for subtropical homes, to the countrj' along the line of this road
from San Fcmando to San Gorgonio, a distance of loo miles. The land of
TlIK SOUTIIKRN I'ACiriC R.MI.RO.VD COMPAXY is sold on the same terms
as th.it of the Central Pacific, and further information can be obtained from
"jERo.MK Madokn, Land Agent of TiiK Southern P.acific Raii.roau
Company, comer of Fourth and Townscnd streets, San Francisco." Per-
sons who wish to buy from cither the Central or the Southern Pacific
Company, can obtain a land-.sceker's ticket, with a voucher for the cost of
the ticket, which voucher will be accepted by the company as part payment
for the land selected. Both companies publish instructive pamplilets for
free distribution to people .seeking homes in California.
Northern Paolflo Lands. — The Northern Pacific Railroad, to be 1,775
miles long on its main line, mostly between the 47th and 48th parallels of
latitude, and to connect Lake Superior with Pugct Sound, is one of the
greatest industrial entcrpri.ses of our age. It occupies the best transcon-
tinental route in the American Territor)' for local traffic. Within 50 miles
it has more soil, valuable for tillage, than can be found near either the
Central-Union, the Atlantic-Pacific, or the Southeri; Pacific. It will give
convenient access to a strip of land lOO miles wide and i,2CO long, not
otherwise accessible, thus opening up to settlement an area of 120,000
square miles, that, without its help, would remain unproductive ur<til .some
uncertain time in a remote future. As compared with the Southern Pacific,
the territory of the Northern Pacific has an immense advantage in posses.s-
ing abundant rains ; as compared with the 40th and 35th parallels, it has
not only more moisture, but less elevation. The general level of the road
is 2,500 feet lower than that of the Central-Union, and 1,500 lower than
that of the Atlantic-Pacific. The land grant, which covers 25,600 acres for
every mile of road, will not only sell more readily, and at better prices, but
will al.so soon become productive, and thus supply freight, so that even if
the company should not command much through traflRc, the prospect for a
profitable business is excellent. The land sales of the company have
■0
f .■
<M
IXTKODLCTION.
ill
I' i "
iih:
alrcaily been larpc, having far exceeded those of any other railroad within
the last 3 years.
Oregon Improvement Lands.— Tin: Orf.gon Imi'ROVF.mi'.nt Com-
V.\S\ offers for sale, to settlers, I 50,000 acres of land .'.1 the I'alouse country,
or valley of the I'alouse River, in Kastcrn Washington. It is an elevated
prairie, with a fertile soil and abundant moisture, irrigation being unneces-
.sary for regular crop.s. The natural veg'-tation is chiefly bunch grass, which
is excellent for cattle, but there is more profi' in grain and cultivated grasses.
Railroads, now in course of coi'.struction, arc lo run through the i'alouse
\'alle)-, and will undoubtedly, before long, adtl mnch to the value of the land.
The company divides its lands into 3 cla.s.ses, a:cording to their distance
from the railroad routes. Class A i;. to .sell foi $5 per acre; class \i for
$7.50; and class J for $10. The purchaser can pay in advance or by in-
stallments, ruiming through 6 years, one si.xth of the purcha.se-money to be
paid each year, with 7 per cent, interest in advance on the ilcferrcd payments.
Let us suppose tliat the purchaser wants to bu)- 160 acres at $5 an acre,
paying in 6 annual installments. The total price demanded as principal is
$800, one sixth of which, required as installment, is $133.33. To this the
interest on the unpaid principal is to be added. The first payment, made
at the time of the purchase, including $133.33 of principal, and $46.67 of
interest, amounts to $180; the payment at the end of the second year is
$170.67; at the end of the third year, $161.33; at the end of the fourth
\e;'.r. $152.00; at the end of the fifth year, $142.67; and the last payment,
at the end of the sixth year, $133.33, niaking a total of $940, of which $140
is for interest. The purchaser who can pay only $133.33 at the time of pur-
chase, may pa)' $46.67 of interest at the end of the first year, and the
payments at the end of the .second, third, fourth, fifth, and si.xth years are
the same as those mentioned above; the total being $986.66, of which the
interest takes $186.66.
The payments on the $7 and $10 land are calculated in the same
wa\-. A discount of 20 per cent, will be made from these prices for cash at
the time of purchase; and a discount ot lO percent, is allowed for cash pay-
ment before the end of the fifth year. Other particulars can be learned
from pamphlets, which may be obtained without charge by applying to T.
R. T.WNATT, General Agent of Till; Okixiox I.\ii'Uovi:.mknt Comp.wv.
at Walla Walla, W. T.,or to A. L. Stokes, General Eastern Agent of Tin-:
Oregon Railw.w and Navigation Company, 52 Clarke Street, Chicago.
Railroad Lands in Western Oregon.— TiiK Oregon and California
Railroad Company and Tin: Oregon Central Railroad Company
have a large amount of land in Western Oregon, held under Congressional
LAND roK SKTTI.KKS.
95
{jniiit, and offer it for sale at various prices, ranging from 1.25 to $7 [K-racre.
A discount of 10 ])er cent, is made for cash ; if time he wanted, tiie pur-
cliaser must ]>ay 7 per cent, interest, and at least one tenth of the ]irincipal
annuallj-. Supposing a iJUfhnse amounting to $400 to he made on Jaiuiary
I, 1.SS3, on 10 years contract, t'lc first payment, made on that day, will be
$40, and on the first day of c;.' h of the 10 succeeding years tlie respec-
tive pa_\-mcnts would be $25.: o, $65.20, $62.40, $59.60, $56.80, $54.00, $5 1.20,
$4X40, $45.60, and la?.. \ mak'ng a total of $551.20, including $151.20 of
interest. The land ag^m of these coinpanics, 1'. ScilL'L/.i:, in the Railroad
Huilding, Portland, has township plats of most of Western Oregon, and a
list of farms for sale. He '.^ ill give information about the selection of lands,
and will issue half-fare tickets to purchasers of the lands.
WasMngton Lands. — The recent throng of settlers to secure land in
Washington indicates that the attractions cf the Territory are extcnsivelj-
known. Most of the fertile soil suitable for tillage, without clearing off tim-
ber or brush, is cast of the Cascade Range, and there the recent construction
of railroads has opened up large districts previously too far from a market
for profitable cultivation.
Colonies. — The vast area of unoccupied land on the Pacific Coast, and the
facilities for getting possession of large tracts well .idapted for horticultural
tillage, and the advant.agc of c nbining capital, l.ibor, and land, especia!!}-
in districts requiring irri^ .non, offer inducements for purchase of e\-tcnsi\-e
tr.acts by colonic:, .1 number of which have been established with success in
various parts of California, Oregon, and Washington. The first of these in
])oint of time was that of Anaheim, in Los Angeles County. When the wine
fever of 1857 broke out, some Germans in San Franci.sco bought a tract of
1 168 acres, 25 miles south-east of the city of Los Angeles, for about $2
an acre, and intrusted it to their countryman, Geokgk H.vxskn, a surveyor,
to clear off the cactus, dig a ditch from the Santa y\na river, divide the land
into 50-vineyard tracts, with a town in the midst, plant it with vines, and
set out cuttings of willow, .sycamore, or cottonwood, for fences. Through
two years and a half he managed and cultivated the property economically
and successfully, and then delivered it to the companj', which divided the
vineyard, and town-lots among the shareholders. Anaheim soon took a
jirominent pi.ice in the wine industry of the State, and continues to be one
of the notable hortii;uliural towns of California.
Riverside, laid off in 1870, in San Bernardino County, on what was then
a dr)' and uncultivated plain, 600 feet above the .se.i, has an excellent soil,
an abundant supply of water, and a climate that seems peculiarly favorable
to the orange and grape. Its population possesses much wealth and rare
:■•■!
I.
96
INTRODUCTION.
•n
it!)
m
I-
intelligence. Many of the residents have recently come from eastern cities
cither to restore impaired health or to engage in horticulture as a specula-
tion; and the intellectual atmosphere resembles that of a literary coterie
rather than that of an average agricultural village. The social attractions
have added to the \n.'.ue of the land which, without cultivation or improve-
ment, is held at $150 and $200 an acre. An offer of $25, cxx) for 10 acres of
orange orchard, was rejected in 1880, according to report, because the net
profit on the crop of 1880 was $600 per acre.
Another notable colony, that of Pasadena, a town 8 miles north-
cast of Los Angeles City, laid off in 1874 on a tract of 3,700 acres, has
1,500 acres now in a high state of cultivation, with productive orchards
and \ineyards. The land that cost $33, 7 years ago, is now worth $100 an
acre. The town of Westminster, in Los Angeles County, was started, in
1 87 1, on the plan of a colony, and nearly all the land in a township of 2,800
acres was .sold in 40-acre tracts. The township has 200 artesian wells and
manj- comfortable homes. A colony near Florence, in the same county, has
16 families on a tract of 200 acres.
In 1869, W. W. HOLLISTKR, who had made a fortune in sheep, and
wanted to fix his home in Santa Barbara, sold 21,000 acres in the I'ajaro
Valley, 90 miles .south-cast from San Francisco, for $370,000, to TlIlC S.\N
JUSTO Ho.MESTK.VD A.SSOCIATION. The town of IloUistcr was laid off
near the middle of the tract, the best surrounding land was divided into
50 homestead tracts, w liich were put up at auction among the shareholders,
and the premiums bid for the more desirable places amounted to $80,000.
The lands not divided among the members were sold to outsiders at good
prices ; and wit'iin 6 years tlie managers of the Association could claini
trul\- that their land had trebled in value, partly because of the settlement
and improvements made on it. Their enterprise led to the organization of
the Count)- of San Henito, and HoUister became its county .seat.
The success of the San Justo enterprise was probably one of the main
stimulants that led to the organization of TlIlC LoMF'OC CoMl'AXY, which,
in 1S76, made a contract with the owners of the Lompoc Rancho, fronting
on the Pacific, in latitude 34' 40' (W. \V. Hoi.l.lSTKR held one third, the
estate of J. II. 1 lul.l.lSTKR as much, and the DUiULKl'; Brotmkus the re-
mainiler, all in undivided interests), to purcha.sc 40,000 acres for $500,000.
The .soil is fertile ;md moist, and, at the time of the organization of the
company, people were rushing into .Southern California, land was rising rap-
idl)' in \aUie, and there was a general feeling that all purchasers of land at
prices then common would be profitable. Nevertheless, the Lompoc in-
vestment was a disastrous failure. The year after the company took pos-
.session was one of drought, and the settlers had no crops. Other bad
!;i
LAND FOR SETTI.KRS.
97
years came ; they fell into insolvency and surrendered their lands to the orig-
inal owners, who divided their interests, and then dealt directly with those
holding under the company. The Lompoc tract now has about 1,500 in-
habitants.
Seven horticultural colonics have established themselves at Fresno, which
is the most active center of that kind of settlement now in progress on the
coast. They occupy 2 1,600 acres; the Fresno having 8,8co ; the Central,
3,840; the Washington, 7,040 ; the Church. 640 ; the Nevada, 1,920; the
Scandinavian 3,840, and the Fasterby, 2,560. The tracts of all these com-
panies are supplied with water by THK Frksno C.\n.\i. .\M) Irric.vtion
COMl'.VNY from the never-failing Kings River; and the acre, supplied under
a perpetual water right, with water sufficient for its irrigation, is offered at
prices ranging, usually, from $35 to $50 an acre. The tract.s, in most of
the colonics, are less than 50 acres, in .some of them 20, and each is
expected to maintain a family in comfort. The terms on which these lands
are offered have attracted many settlers of late, and it is said that the pop-
ulation increased 50 percent, in 1881. Nearly all the land under cultiva-
tion, in these colonics, is planted with vines, fruit-trees, garden vegetables,
or alfalfa. Large vineyards have been planted for raisins, which have been
produced there, of excellent quantity. Persons desirous of acquiring lands
in any of the Fresno colonics, or in the adjacent rich agricultural region,
can obtain information by addressing Tlios. K. HuciUKS & Sons, at their
main office, 314 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, or at their branch
office in Fresno. They are real estate agents of established reputation,
and arc themselves proprietors of the Fresno Colony.
British Columbian Lands. — The greater part of British Columbia is rug-
ged mountain, unfit for tillage. Washington, Oregon, and California have
extensive bodies of le\el land, west of the summit of the Sierra Nevada or
Ca.scade Range ; British Columbia has not ; the only considerable tract of
that character being 40 miles long by 20 wide, in the valley of the lower
I'Vaser. Ten miles north of that river, wc reach nii-^untains which have a
steep declivity down to the very edge of the water. An examination of the
map -hows that the northern part of our coast has presumably sunk ; Van-
couver Islaiul and other islands to the northward on the .same line repre-
.senti:ig ihe summits of the (.loast Range of mountain.s, which in these regions
are half submerged. Vancouver Island has an area of 12,000 .square miles,
and according to the Guide to Britisli Colutnbia, a carefully prepared volume,
it has only 500 square miles of farming land, or about one in 24. The island
abounds with ridges, rising to an elevation of 3,000 feet, and has numerous
•3
1 1
98
INTRODUCTION.
'i;i
,
i'i
i
1:
1
1
•■1
'U-,
peaks that exceed 5,000 feet. The Queen Charlotte group has some of the
most desirable land in tlic province.
Not onl)- lias British Culumbia less level land relatively west of the Cas-
cades, than the .territorj- south of latitude 49', but the space between that
ranj:fe and the Rocky Mountains is also narrower; the distance from sum-
mit to suimnit being 15" on the 49th parallel, and only 7^ on the 52.
Morco\er, the intervening territory is also hi^thcr and more mountainous;
the climate is colder and subject to severe summer frosts, so that it is less
desirable ft)r {^'cncral tillage, though good soil is abundant and is well adapted
for pasturage, and for the culti\ation of some cereals, lictwecn the Cas-
cades .md Rocky Moui.uiin summits, and the 49th ami 54th parallels fwhich
latter we assume as the northern limit of cultivation, at least so far as prac-
tical interests now demand consideration), there is a region 300 miles from
east to west by 350 miles from north to south, with an area of more than
100,000 .square miles. The tillable portion of that area is estimated, in the
report of the survey of TllK C.\NAI)IAN I'.WIIK' R.Vll.Ro.Mi for 1877, to be
1,300 .square miles, or about one in 75. A large portion of the land, not
suitable for the plow, contains good supplies of bunch grass; and horses and
cattle get fat in the summer, and manage to live without other food through
the winters, though the)- sometimes suffer severely. The activity of gold
mining at Cariboo in the 53d parallel, and the high cost of transportation
from the mouth of the Traser, make a market for cereals and vegetables
grown in the neighborhoo.l. The chief cro]is are wheat, barley, oats, turnips,
and potatoes. The potato vines arc frost-bitten nearly c\cry year, but ex-
cept in unusually .severe .seasons they are not entirely killed.
Nearly all the land in British Columbia is the property of the govern-
ment, or of TiiK Ca\.\I)I.\n P.vcii'ic Railroad Comi'Any, and is offered to
settlers on liberal terms. The .system of survc)-s, subdividing the public
domain into sections one mile square, with tjuarters of iCo acres each, is
similar to that adopted in the United States. There is no homestead law,
offering laml to the .settler for the cost of the survey; but there is a preemption
right, which entitles the .settler, who has i)er.sonally f)ccupied a piece of the
public land for four years, and has made improvements to the value of $2.50
an acre, to purchase 320 acres east of the summit of the Ca.scade Mount-
ains, and 160 acres west of that line. Persons who want to use land for
pastoral purposes, can obtain leases of large tracts for small annual rents;
but the lands thus leased are subject to occupation by .settlers, the rents
being reduced proportionately. The railroad company has not yet come
into possession of its l.inils, but when it does so, will doubtless sell them at
prices at least as low as thfjse demanded by the government.
THE LABOR SUPPLi'.
99
CHAPTER v.— THE LABOR SUPPLY.
High Wages. — The peculiar condition of the labor market on our coast
is a matter of much importance in the present and future. In the consid-
eration of this subject, three main points force themselves on our attention,
and demand a fair statement of the material facts relating to them. First,
is the high rate of wages; second, the large number of boys and girls grow-
ing up in idleness, without skill in any useful art; and third, the presence of
the Chinaman. These topics will be taken up successively, although they
arc intimately associated or interwoven with one another.
The high price of labor is the result of many combined causes, includ-
ing the expense of reaching our coast from the Atlantic, the high profits of
mining in early days, the speculation which still characterizes most branches
of business since, the extr.ivagant rates of interest, and the difficulty in
gc' ig steady employment in many departments of trade. The wages of
mc>. nics arc from lo to 50 per cent, higher in San Francisco than in
New \ ork ; from 30 to 150 per cent, higher than in England, and from 100
to 300 per cent, higher than in Germany. Thus we find that the bricklayer
receives $3.50, without board, for a week's work in Germany, $8 in England,
$13.50 in New York, and $21 in San Francisco, in which city he has the
additional advantage of being able to work throughout the year, whereas
in the others, the danger of frost deprives him of employment for 3 months
in the year. The housemaid receives $5, with board, for a week's work in
California, $2.50 in New York, $1.75 in England, and $I in Germany.
Agricultural laborers, engaged by the year, receive a monthly wage of $5,
without board, in Germany, $6.66 in France, $9 in Ireland, $18 in luigland,
$10.38 in South Carolina, $13.55 '" Mississippi, $20.80 in New York, $22.n
in Illinois, $32.60 in Utah, $37.40 in Oregon, $40 in Washington, and
$40.93 in California. Harvesters receive, with board, 88 cts. a day in South
Carolina, 84 cts. in Mississippi, $1.20 in New York, $1.37 in Illinois, $1.55 in
LUah, $1.50 in Washington, $1.61 in Oregon, $1.67 in Nevada, and $1.71
in California. The figures for the United States, as mentioned above, are
derived from a report of the National Commissioner of Agriculture, giving
the wages in March, 1881. Those for Europe are obtained from Tlw State
of Labor in Europe, a public document issued by the America!' Govern-
ment in 1879, from information gathered in 1878.
r
JCyj INTRODUCTION.
Wages by the Week. — The follo\vin;.T tabic furnislics material for a
comparison between the wages of mechanics in San Francisco, New York,
and various luiropean cities. The figures for the latter are for 1878, and
are copied from [)age 31 on the State of Labor in Europe. Those for San
Francisco represent the prices current in 18S1, as ascertained by inquiries
among employers and employed ; while those for Melbourne are from re-
cent newspapers. Wages in New York have advanced since 1878, so the
prices for that city, given in the table, arc not in entire harmony with others
\ on sub.scquent pages, intended to represent the situation in 1881. This table
gives the wages for a week's work without board :
j
OctUPATIONS.
3
?
D
?
t
n
2.
r
ri
o
i
if
Bricklayers
$5.00 S!;..io;Si.So Si.So S6.00! 1^0.2:; ;Si 5.?o'. _ .
$21.00
18.00
18.00
21.00
18.00
13.80
21.00
24.00
17.25
21.00
20.00
16.25
17.00
15.00
12.00
. Carpenters
j Gasfitters
$3-75
3.00
5.00
5.00
6.00
4.60
4.80
4.60
4.80
4.80
4.60
1.60
5.40 9.00
i;.40 7. So
10.50
12.00 Si ;.oo
Ahisoiis
Painters
375
3,00
6.00
7.00
^.40
4.50
3.00
5.40
4.80
4.80
4.80
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
4.80
6.00
6.00
6.00
4.80
8.70
8.50
"8.'90
8.00
8.00
10. so
8.75
7.50
1 5.00
14.00
6.50
12.00
15.00
10.00
1 1.00
I 3. CO
15.00
14.00
12.00
7-50
13-50
15.00
1 1.00
10.00
15.00
13-50
Dakers
f lilacksmiths ....
liookbindens.. . .
]!utcliers
3-50
4.00
2.00
4.00
3-3°
Cabinet-makers .
4.20
4.80
3.60
3.60
4.00
6 00
5.00 i.6o
Printers.
Shoemakers. . . .
Tailors
Tinsniidis
Laborers. .
2.00
3.00
3. CO
2.50
3.60
3.60
4.20
4.80
4.80
4.60
4.80
4.80
•j.oo
1
.\veraij;e
$3.15
^3.25 $4.71
$4.76,$4.77
$5.56
$8.40 $12.07
$13.29
$l8.22
Percentage. . .
100
103
149
151 1 151
176
267
383
422
578
i The average in San I'ranci.sco is to the average in New York, as 151 to 100,
j, but the wages in New York have advanced probably 15 per cent., on the
average, since 187S, while the wages in portions of Continental Europe were
20 per cent, less in 1878 than in 1873.
Wages by the Day.— Under this heading we state the average wages
paid b>- the day, without board, to certain classes of laborers in San Franci.sco
and New York, in July, 1S81, the prices in the latter city being ascertained
from persons in .San Francisco claiming to have trustworthy information.
The figures for New York may not be entirely accurate, but they arc given
\\
THE LABOR SUPPLY.
lOI
as the best obtainable. It is well known that there has been a considerable
advance in wages, in the Atlantic States, within the last 3 years. The ship-
joiners, ship-carpcntcrs, stevedores, riggers, caulkers, coffee-grinders, vinegar-
makers, maccaroni-makers, and cracker-bakers, work 9 hours a day; the
men employed in iron foundries and brass foundries work 54 hours a week
in winter, and 60 in summer; and the other mechanics, operatives, and labor-
ers, mentioned in this table, work 10 hours a day in San l-'rancisco.
In the rolling-mills, the millmen and rollers receive $5 per ton, and in the
woolen mills the weavers, wool-sorters, and spinners arc paid by the piece,
but they earn, on the average, the sums mentioned.
The average wages by the day, without board, in San Francisco and New
York respectively,are: for common laborers, $2 and $ i ; boss carpenters, $4 and
$3; carpenters, $3 and $2; woodturners, $3 and $2; bricklaj-ers, $3.50 and
$2; hodmen, $2.50 and $2; plasterers, $3 and $2; house-painters, $3.50 and
$2; sign-painters, $3.5o'and $2.50; grainers, $3.50 and $3; gilders, $3 and
$2.50; gasfitters, $3 and $2.75; ship-joiners, $4 and $2.50; ship-carpenters,
$5 and $2.75; ship-caulkers, $5 and $3; stevedores, $5 and $3; riggers, $4
and $2.25; sailmakcrs, $3 and $2; potters, $2.50 and $1.75; quarrymen, $3
and $2; coppersmiths, $3 and $2.50; hardwood coopers, $3.50 and $2.50; soft-
wood coopers, $2.50 and $2.25; foundry molders, $3.25 and $2.25; iron
foundry blacksmiths, $3.75 and $2.50; iron foundry laborers, $2 and $1 ; pat-
tern-makers, $3.25 and $2.25; machinists, $3.25 and $2.25; boiler-makers, $3. 2 5
and $2.37; brass foundry molders, $3.25 and $L75; brass foundry machinists,
$3 and $2; brass foundry blacksmiths, $3.50 and $2.25; brass foundry laborers,
$2 and $1 ; pumpmakers, $3 and $2.50; jewelers, $3.50 and $3; jewelers' en-
gravers, $3 and $2.75 ; diamond-setters, $4 and $3.75 ; cabinet-makers, $3. 50 and
$2.50; varnishers, $3 and $2; planing-mill sawyers, $2.50 and $2; planing-mill
planers, $3 and $2; planing-mill carpenters, $2.50 and $2; bo.xmakers, in
bo.\ factories, $2 and $L75; carriage-painters, $3 and $2; carriage-trimmers,
$3,50and $2.50; tanners, $2.50 and $2; curriers, $2.50 and $2 ; teamsters, $2.25
and $1.75; buffers and splitters, $4 and $3; trunkmakcrs (first rate), $3.25
and $2.75; trunkmakers (second rate), $2 and $1.50; rag-carpet weavers
(men), $2.50 and $1.50; carpet-beaters, $2.75 and $2.25; saltmakers, $l5o
and $i;)-east powder makers, $1 and 75 cents; acid-makers, $2 and $1.50;
wool-sorters, $2.75 and $2; wool-pickers, $L75 and $1.25; woolen-mill fixers,
$2.37 and $2.12; loom-fi.\ers, $2.75 and $2.12; woolen-mill overseers, $5 and
$4; woolen-mill laborers, $l7 5 and $L25; woolen-mill weavers (men and
women), $1.62 and $1.37; mattressmakcrs (women), $1.75 and $L5o; top-
mattressmakers (men), $2.50 and $2.25; spring-mattressmakcrs, $2.50 and
$2.25; mattress-springmakcrs, $L75 and $L5o; block glove cutters, $3 and
$2.75; and oakum-pickers (men), $2.50 and $2.
In all these occupations, covering most of the branches of mechanical and
■ ^ ■
:^ii'
t i:
'!■«
102
INTRODUCTION.
manufacturing industry, the watjcs arc hii^licr here than in New York ; in
most of them at least 20 per cent, liif^iier, and in some instances 50 per cent.
In certain occupations, tlic \\at;cs are the same, being $2.50 for tinners; $4
for talile glove cutters.; .'j)2.50 for paper-mill machine tenders; $2 for finish-
ers, helpers, and pulp engineers, and 75 cents for boys and girls in paper
mills; $2.75 for sadillers antl collarmakers; $3 for galvanizers; and $2 for
picklers and ])icklers' helpers in galvanizing shops. The same rates of
wages are paid in tlic gl.iss factories of .San Francisco as in those of Pitts-
burg, tile glassblowers averaging $125 a montli.
In plating siiops the wages arc higher in New York, being in that city
and in San I'rancisco respecti\ely $3.50 and $3 for finishers, $3 and $2.50
for platers, anil $3 and $2.50 for burnishers.
In the following occupations, the New York figures are lacking, and the
rates in San I'rancisco are given alone, thus ; for tubmakcrs, $2 ; basket-
makers, $1.50; coffee-grinders, $2.25 ; maccaroni-makers, $2 ; cracker-bakers,
$2.25; vinegar-makers, $2; rag-carpet weavers (women), $1.75; bellow.s-
m.ikers, $2.25; matchmakers, $2.25; cream of tartar makers, $1.50; ink-
makers, $2.50; iron-puddlers, $4; mill-men in roUing-mill.s, $4; rollers, $4;
burler.s (girls) in woolen-mill.s, 90 cents; carders (boys), 87 cents; glue-
makers, $2; marble-cutters, $3.50; marble-polishers, $3; granite-cutters,
$3.50; granitc-jiolishers, $2.50; stone-cutters (laborers), $2.50; brushmakcr.s
(men), $2.50; brushm.ikers (boys and girls), $1 ; and oakum-pickers (boys), $1.
In the Californian auriferous quart/ mines, the foremen drillers and blasters
receive $4; the surfacemen and quartz-feeders, $3.50, and the engineers, $5.
In the Ne\ ada silver mines the smelters and engineers receive $5 ; the blast-
ers, drillers, firemen, and feeders, ;ji4; anil the surfacemen and laborers,
$3.50. In the Californian quicksilver mines the rates are $3 for engineers and
blasters, $2.50 for furnacemen, and $2 for firemen and surfacemen. In the
Utah silver mines, smelters get $4; blasters ;ind firemen, $3; and surface-
men and quartz-feeders, $2.50.
In the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, in British Columbia,
bridge foremen, first-rate masons, and first-rate hewers, receive $3 a day;
bridge carpenters from $2 to $2.50; drillers, from $1.75 to $2 ; choppers from
$1.50 to $2, and white laborers from .$1.50 to $1.75.
Chinamen, who are not taken into account in any of the preceding state-
ments of wages, receive go cents a day as oakum-pickers; $1.25 as bo.x-
makers; .$1 ;is gluem.akers; $ 1 as collarmakers ; $1.10 as operators in woolen-
mills, and $1 as tiimers.
Wages by the Month. — The w.agcs for labor by the month, with boaid,
arc general!)- from 1 5 to 40 per cent, higher on this than on the other side
of the continent, espcciall}- for what are considered the low(;r departments
I'i
THE LABOR SUI'l'LV.
'03
of toil. The percentage of difference is less in some of those occupations
requiring the superintendence of subordinates. Thus, mates for ships en-
gaged in long voyages get as much in New York as in San I-"rancisco, and
so do stewards on sailing vessels of the same cla.ss; while the usual rate for
able-bodied .seamen in San Francisco is $25, and for ordinar)- seamen .$15,
against $15 and $12 in Xcw York. For .seamen on steamships that make
long voyages, the ordinary wage is $30. On steam coasters .seamen get $33,
and on sailing coasters $35 in winter, and $40 in summer. l'"or long vo)--
ages, first mates receive $50 a month; second males and stewards, $35 ;
cooks, $30. These are the average wages in San h'rancisco, and in many
cases 25 per cent, more or less than the highest or lowest rates. Sailors are
on dut}' 84 hours a week.
In the codfi.sheries the fishermen make $40 a month on the average; the
throaters and headers $25, and the splitters $45. The oystermen receive in
California, for foremen $100, for tongers $35, and for boatmen $60 a month,
or about 10 per cent, more than on the Atlantic side. They have, moreover,
work that is much easier, and free from .severe cold as well as from danger.
The clam-diggers of San Francisco Bi\y get $30 a month.
Isirm laborers receive $30 in California, or 30 per cent, more than in Illi-
nois. First-rate gardeners get $50, and second-rate $25, or 20 per cent, more
than on the Atlantic slope. Vaqucros, or herdsmen for neat cattle, get $30;
shepherd.s, $20 ; irrigators, $30; sectionmen on irrigating ditches, $25 ; ranch-
saddlers, $50, and ranch wheelwrights, $65. The hours of work for farm
laborers and .second-class gardeners are 66 a week.
In lumbering, the teamsters get $100 a month, and the choppers and
sawyers $75, for 78 hours of work in a week. In saw-mills, head
sawyers receive $100; mill-sawyers, $50; and laborers, $35, working 72
hours in the week. These wages, in lumbering and in saw-mil l.s, are from
30 to 50 per cent, higher than on the other side of the Rock)- Mountains.
In brickyards, molders get $45, off-bearers, $32, and settlers, $47, on
an average.
We now come to the occupations in which laborers arc employed for a
period longer than a day, usually by the month, or by the piece, without
board. First-rate milliners get $50, on the average; .second-rate, $30, and
third-rate, $20 a month; about 25 per cent, more than in New York.
Seamstres.scs, employed in making up regalia, get .$52, or 150 percent, more
than in the Fast. Straw-plaiters earn ,$36. In glove factories, machine-
.sewers make $40, as against $35 in the Fast, and hand-sewcns, $42, as against
$40. Makers and finishers of shirts can earn, in California, $37, and good
ironcrs, $55, against $31.50 and $4oin New York. In San Francisco women
cmplo)-cd in making comforters receive, for ba.sters and finishers, $41, and for
m:\
w
'■'■
m
ii
mv
I' v:
104
INTKOnUCTION.
sewers, $28. Women in trimmin^f factories obtain $38, and girl helpers in type
fouiulric's, $40. The wrii^^cs of first-ratc women hair-dressers are $45, and
of second-rate, $30. In these occupations women generally get from 15
to 30 per cent, more here than in the East ; and in no occupation, so far as
figm-es are obtainable, do women earn more by physical labor and in-
dustrial skill in New York than in San Francisco, save as seamstresses in
clothing factories, the average earnings per month there being $44, while
here they are only $39. The work is done by the piece in both ])laces, and
the Xcu' York seamtresses arc more skillful, many of them having worked for
j'ears in making one part of a single class of garments. The women who
work for wages at industrial employments in California, do not get more than
half so much as men engaged in similar occupation.s, on the average, and
arc e.vcluded from most of the dei)artments of labor in which the pay is
higl est and the chances for advancement best. In these respects, however,
tile same influences prevail on our coast as in other parts of the civilized
world, though not jjrecisel}' to the same extent.
Turning to the occupations of men employed by the month without
board, we find that among those employed by the Central Pacific Railroad,
master mechanics get $175; foremen, $135 ; shop mechanics, $85; loco-
motive engineers, $115; firemen, $67 ; pas.senger conductors, $1 12 ; freight
conductors, $87 ; baggage-masters, $80 ; brakemen and switchmen, $67 ;
section foremen, $75 ; track laborers, $46 ; station agents, $0o ; telegraph
operators, $So ; porters, $65, and office clerks, $125. The.se rates are a
little higher than tho.se paid by most other railroad companies on our slope,
and in man)- cases from 25 to 50 per cent, higher than on roads east of the
Rock)- Mountains. The only list of wages there, within reach, at present,
is that of Till", XoRTii-wicsTERN Railway Company, of Wisconsin,
which pays $101 to its locomotive engineers; $53 to its firemen; $68 to
its passenger conductors ; $43 to its brakemen and switchmen ; $45 to its
section foremen ; $^7 to its track laborers ; $55 to its station agents, and
$45 to its office clerks.
Compositors on newspaper work average $70 a month, on book work $55,
and on job work $fjo; the newspaper pressmen $80, and the job pressmen
$48 ; the prices being the same in San Francisco as in New York for set-
ting type on book or job work ; but in the other branches of printing the
prices here arc from 12 to 20 per cent, higher. Jn t)-pc foundrie.s, stereo-
typers get $90, a. id casters $60 on the average.
Ikishehncn and coatmakers, working for custom tailors, earn $78 ; pan-
taloon-makers, $69.50, and vestmakers $52.
h'oremen and cutters in clothing factories receive $150, and men in trim-
ming factories $65.
ill
Till-; 1,.\I!(J1< MI'I'LV.
lo;
I i
In photographic establishments the wages of first-rate pliolographers are
$l6o; of second-rate. $70; o{ first-rate retouchers $75, of ■econj-rate $40;
of printers, $45; of mounters, $40; and of clerks, $75. In lithographing,
draftsmen receive $100, jiressmen $75, and helpers $4iS. The ordinary pay
of copper engravers is ;jiioo.
Watchmakers get $175, twice as much as in New \'ork; telegraph oper-
ators, $75, 25 ])er cent, more than there; distillers and brewers, $60; rope-
makers, $40; umbrella-makers, $48; butchers, $80.
In varnish factories, the pay is $58 for varnish-makers, and $40 for laborers;
in paint factories, ])aintmakers get $70, and boys $25; in soap factories the
wages are $58 for soapmakers, and $.^0 for laborers. The foremen in pow-
der mills get $1 20, the powder-makers $62, and laborers $36; in fire-work
factories the pay is $67 for pjTotechnists, ;md .$40 for laborers. White broom-
makers receive $50, and Chinese $35. Chinese brickmakers get $32.
Laborers' Associations. —Several cooperative societies of mechanics will
be mentioned in the chapters on various branches of manufacture, but such
associations are very rare on our coast; and the most successful are rather
partnerships than societies. Cooperative mercantile associations are also
rare, except in Utah, where the Mormons have .succeeded with them beyond
all example elsewhere. Trade unions or combinations, formed for the pur-
pose of keeping up wages, arc especially numerous in San Francisco, and
have generally been successful in accomplishing their purposes.
There are 48 riggers in San Franci.sco, all members of The Riggkrs' Pro-
TECTfVK Union, which is maintained for the exclusive purpose of regulating
tlie rate of wages, now fi.xcd at $4 for a day's work of 9 hours. They have
work for 6 months in the >x"ar, on an average.
The only purpose of TiiE San Fr.\ncisco C.vulkers' Association is to
fix the rate of wages, now $5 for a day of 9 hours, and it has 185 members.
They report that they have occupation for about half the year, on an average.
TiiK Riggkrs' and Sti;veuorf.s' Union Association has 180 mem-
bers, and collects a monthly contribution of i'alf a dollar from each. It gives
$10 a week toeveiy sick member, but does not support or assist unemployed
members. It paid out $5,000 to its sick in 1880, and has $20,000 in its
treasur)'. The pay is $5 for a day of 9 hours. When this association can
not Buppl)all the stevedores needed for discharging or loading a vessel, ex-
tra men arc hired elsewhere, not by the master or owner of the vessel, but
b\' the foremen of the stevedores. Ships loading at Oakland, Vallejo, Port
Cosla, or Henicia, get their stevedores from the association. The members
claim that every stevedore mu.st be a skillful rigger, but the greater part of
the work— taking cargo out of the vessel or putting it in — has nothing to
14
\:-f:t
io5
INTRODUCTION.
do with the rigging. Portland has a stevedores' union, to regulate wages,
which arc fi.\ccl at $4 a day. In New York City the rate is $3.
The hiniber stevedores, or men engaged in handhng himbcr on the water
front, liave a society called TllK LuMBER.M.w's I'ROTIXTIVE Umox, with
1 14 members. It contributes to the support of its sick associates, and spent
$1,864 for such purposes in 1880. The rate of wages is $4 a day. The sec-
retary, C. Weizcl, thinks there are 3(X) lumber stevedores in San Francisco,
900 in California, and 2,800 on the Pacific Coast.
Thic Journey.men Ship and STE.\MBo.vr Joiner.s' Proticctivk As.so-
CIATION' of San Francisco was organized in February, 1881, for the purpose
of fi.\ing the rate of wages, and has 60 membcr.s. It has no provision for
nuitual aid in case of sickness. The rate of wages is $4 per day of 9 hours,
on new work, and $4.50 per day on repairs. A boss is not permitted to
have more than one apprentice, who must work for at least 4 j-ears. It is
estimated that there arc 70 shipjoincrs in San Francisco, 45 in Portland, 20
at Humboldt Ha>-, 20 in Stockton, and 15 in Coos Bay.
The Journeymen Shii'wrigiits' A.ssoci.vnoN f San Franci.sco,
formed to regulate wages, demands $4 a day of 9 hours on new work, and
$5 on old work. It has 260 members, and no rules in reference to apprentices.
There arc 100 shipwrights on Pugct Sound, 50 in Portland, 50 at Humboldt
Bay, 40 at V'allejo, 30 at Coos Bay, 1 5 at Stockton, and 20 at various other
places on the coast, according to the best estimates.
The TYroGRAPiiiCAL Union does not promise pecuniary aid to relieve the
sick or destitute, but in 1880 the branch in San Francisco gave $300 to sick
members. Its main purpose is to regulate the rate of wages, which are now
fixed at 50 cents for 1,000 cms on daily papers, and 40 cents on weekly pa-
pers and books. The number of men in the union is 209 in San Francisco,
300 in California, and 375 on the coast. There are 1,400 compositors on the
coast, including i,ooo in California, 400 in San Francisco, 50 in Sacramento,
30 each in Oakland and Los Angeles, 25 in Stockton, and 20 in San Jose.
The Loco.motive Fn(;ineers have chapters in Stockton, Sacramento,
and San Francisco, with 1 20 members in all.
Tiie Barbers of San P'rancisco have a protective union with 1 19 mem-
bers. In 1880 they ])aid out $626 to relieve their sick. Since July, 1880,
the demand for journeymen barbers has exceeded the supply. The wages
arc from $9 to $20 a week in San I'rancisco, from $12 to ^20 in other parts
of California, $20 in Nevada, $15 to $20 in Utah, $25 to $30 in Arizona, and
$1 2 to $2 1 in Oregon. San Francisco has 267 shops, with an average of 3 men
to each; the remainder of the state has 506 shops, ,-ivcraging 2 men cich;
Nevada has 68 shops, averaging 4 men each; Washington, 18 shops, with 80
men in all; Arizona, 18 shops, with 90 men; Idaho, 4 shops, with 21 men.
Tim LABOR SUPPLY.
107
The total number of barbers on the coast, including stragglers, may be 2,000.
Sick benefits arc $8 a week, and whenever a death occurs, $1 is levied on
each member to meet the expense of the funeral. Toiil.xs UocK, president,
who gives the information, states that the ordinary system of training appren-
tices, is to take them for 6 months without pay, and after the expiration of
that period, $3, $5, or $7 a week, according to the progress made. It usually
requires a year and a half to learn the business well.
The Hatfinishers of San Francisco number 20, and all belong to a protec-
tive association, which has no provisions for mutual aid. All their work is
paid by the piece.
The Stonecutters of San Francisco have a protective union with 120 mem-
bers; the object of this organization is to regulate w.iges, and there is no
provision for mutual aid, though a special fund is raised, when needed for
the relief of the sick, or the burial of the dead. In case of an authorized
strike the sum of $5 a week is allowed. Apprentices must be 18 years old,
and guaranteed to work for 3 years, but not more than one can be taken for
ten journeymen.
The Cigarmakers of San Francisco have a society with 500 members, to
protect white labor against the encroachment of Chinese.
The Woodmolders — the men who manage the machines to make wooden
moldings in the planing-mills — have a union, with 35 men in San Francisco,
for the purpose of regulating the wages, and aiding members to get cmploj'-
mcnt. There are 60 woodmolders in '»^n Francisco, 225 in California, and
300 on the coast.
The Gardeners' and Ranchers' Association of San Francisco has
78 members, who cultivate kitchen vegetables for the San Francisco market,
and employ from 3,000 to 4,000 men, mostly Genoese, in San Francisco and
San Mateo Counties. The pay is from $25 to $30 a month. The number
of men who devote themselves exclusively to the business of market garden-
ing on this coast, is estimated to be 6,000.
The Fishermen's Protective and Benevolent Associatuon of San
Francisco has 80 members, and allows $10 a week to its sick, who, in 1880,
received $900.
The Carpenters, the Cabinetmakers, the Woodturners, and the Bakers of
San Francisco had protective unions in former days, but they arc now dis-
solved.
The Draymen and Teamsters' Union of San Francisco has 150
members, and is designed mainly to render mutual aid in case of sickness.
The owners of job wagons in San Francisco have The Expressmen's
Protective Union, which helps its sick, and buries its indigent dead. .
'■<-:■;
io8
INTRODUCTION.
::jf:
■m
Wages and Comfort.— In his introduction to T/w State of Labor in Eu-
rope. \Vll.l.lA.\l .M. i:\ ARTS, when United States Secretary of State, th.is
expressed some of his conclusions, th'.iwn from the reports whicli make up
the body of tlie work, antl they are not inappropriate here :
" Tlie rates of wajjes in tlie United States, roii<;hly eslimatctl, are more
than twice those in Uel^jium, 3 times those in Denmark, l'"rance, and Ger-
man)-; once and a half those in Mngland and .Scotland, and more than 3
times those in Italy and .Spain. The prices of the necessaries of life are
lower in the United States than in any of the foregoin;^ countries. * » »
That more miser)- is causctl b)' strong; ilrink in man)- countries in I'.uropc
than b)- dull times, and that more misery is caused by strikes than even by
strong drink. » » • That .some of the happiest working' people in Eu-
rope ma)- be said to be thosse whose wages are least, while some of the un-
happiest may be cla. sed among those whose wages are the highest."
The .statement by tl.c American consul in Bristol that, as "compared with
Europe, the United States is a paradise io: a sober and faithful working-
man," ma)- be truthfull)- and appropriately supplemented with the remark
that, as compared with the Atlantic States, the Pacific Coast is a paradt.se
for workingmcn of superior skill, character, and capjicity.
-\s the necessaries of life are cheaper in New York than in l^ondon, so
the)' are cheaper in .San Franci.sco than in New York. The remark, that
more miser)- is caused by strong drink than b)- dull times, and inore by
strikes than by strong drink, finils excin])lifications in California as fre-
quently as in Europe. Insteail, however, of the wor<l "strikes," the phra.sc
" refusal to work for wages that employers can afford to jiay," might \yc sub-
stituteil as more suitable to the situation here. There are com[iarati\ely
few strikes on our coast, because there are many branches of business in
which laborers can not be obtained, even to make a start, at rates leaving
an)' hop-: of profit to the manufacturer. The San I'Vancisco hoodlum,
while refusing to accept employment offered to him, as a beginner, at 50
cents a day, in a business in which the New York boy works for nothing,
chnrges his ignorance and idleness, not to his own extravagant demands,
but to the greed of the capitalist and the competition of the Chinamen.
Labor and Material. — The value of the annual product of the manu-
facturing industries in the United States is to the amount of capital in-
vested, as 2 to one ; to the value of the material used in a )-ear, as 7 to
4, and to the wages paid in a )'car, ;is 5 to one, in round numbers. The
cost of material is to that of labor, as 3 to one ; and in the total running
expenses, including fuel and repairs, the labor does not average more than
a fifth. Hut when we examine particular branches of manufactures, we
THK LAiiOK surn.v.
lO)
find great diversities in tlie proportion of the different expenditures.
Tlius in the potteries, and factories of glassware, edge-tools, and certain
kinds of furniture, the labor costs far more llian the material ; and in
furniture generally, in hardware, and woodenware, nearl)- as nnich is spent
for wages as for material ; while in cotton and woolen-mills, clothing
factories, pa{x;r-mills, and tanneries, the material costs 3 times as much as
the labor.
Though, in many factories, the lator is a small item as compared with the
fi.xed capital, and that part of the working capital invested in raw material,
we must remember that the raw material, of man)' 1 inds, costs more here
than on the Atlantic slope, partly becau.sc of the higher price of labor.
Undoubtedly one of the chief drawbacks to factories on our coast, before
liS/Q. was the liigh rate of interest prevailing in San I'rancisco ; and the
low rate accepted since that year not having yet acquired a character of
permanence, it is impossible to calculate its influence on manufacturing
industrj-. So long as 12 per cent, annual interest was offered for money
loaned on good mortgage, it was not to be expected that capitalists would
build factories to yield, on the average, only 6 per cent. All San Tran-
ci.sco capitalists, who are familiar with the general result of investments in
factories, are agreed that there is little hope for the speedy growth of
manufacturing industry, in the city, on the exclusive basis of white labor,
which is too high in its prices, too scanty in its supply, and too unreliable
in its character to command confidence. The wages may take only one
third of the working capital, and yet the difference between the rates in
San Francisco and New York may be so considerable, that the capitalist
docs not feel satisfied that he can establish a profitable enterprise. He
will not build a factory unless it will yield something to himself, as well as
to his workmen.
Seamstresses. — Many working\vomen of San Francisco have sad lives,
toiling 12 hours a day, from January to December, for a bare support, with
no hope of ever saving anything from their earnings. The responsibility for
, their hardships has been thrown, by some writers, on the Chinamen, as if
these were the only or, at least, the main obstacles in the industrial career
of the Californian women. But investigation shows that the poor women
in the Atlantic States, England, and France (in the last-named country they
earn only 30 cents a day on an a\-erage), fare much worse. No matter how
high the wages, there will always be some people who must be helped out
by charity. So long as good maid-.servants are in demand at $20 a month,
the condition of workingwomen, generally, on our coast, can not be very
miserable, as compared with that of their sisters in Europe, where the wages
I lO
INTRODUCTION.
',{■'.'
for similar scr\-ice arc from $4 to $7. If the poor girls of San Francisco
\\-crc f^oocl seamstresses and housekeepers, and were willing to work steadily,
they uould have an abundance of lucrative employment; and the Chinaman
is certainl)- not to blame for their lack of skill or steadiness.
Taking an average of the wages paid to women in the manufacture of
textile fabrics, it will probably be found that skilled female operatives earn
more than $9 a week, while in Eastern cities the average is not more than
$7 to $8, and in England $2.50 to $4. In San Francisco, the cost of board
and room need not exceed $5 a week. The dense overcrowding of Eastern
and ICuropcan cities and the harshness of their winter .skies combine to raise
the necessary expenses of life to a much higher rate. With all these ad-
vantages there is much complaint of the scarcitj of expert sewing-women,
and of the miserable rates paid to girls who arc unskill jd or only half skilled.
In the latter case the fault is due partly to neglectful home training, partly
to the girls' want of perseverance. Sympathy is somewhat wasted on ex-
pert sewing-W'omen in San Francisco, but very much needed in the ca.sc of
those who, not being experts, are striving to become so, and to earn their
daily bread.
There are numbers of young sewing-girls in San Francisco, who have to
earn their own livelihood entirely or in part, and in some cases to contribute
to the supiiort of aged or infirm relatives. Speaking of this class of seam-
stresses, a gentleman who is largely engaged in the manufacture of under-
clothing, says: "Skilled workwomen are very scarce. It appears that women
coming here believe they must marry a rich man, and consequently do not
wish to work in a factory; the rising generation believe so too; and I think
it will take a few years more at least until ihere are .several thousand more
idle girls in S^n Francisco, and the market for marriageable girls is over-
stocked, before girls of proper age will come to their proper .senses, and
assist their parents and themselves by honest work in a factory."
At present there is not a single large factory of outer clothing on the Pa-
cific coast; only 2 under-clothing factories, and one shirt factory. In other
branches of the manufacture of textile fabrics, there are firms in San Fran-
cisco, who employ white labor exclusivel)-, and are driving Eastern-made
goods out of the market. NORCROSS & Co., for instance, pay as much as
$20 a week to women, expert in the manufacture of regalia, and at least $5
a week to apprentices, and yet complain that they can not get their work
done, and have orders 3 months ahead of the capacity of their establishment.
They do not import any regalia, and there is now very little imported on
this coast.
At the making of flags and banners, expert seamstresses can earn $9 or
$10 a week. One family, consisting of a lady and her 3 daughters, earns.
THE LABOR surri.Y.
IW
on an average, $i,8cx) a year. The wages of girls employed in the manu-
facture of dress and upholstery trimmings average $9 a week, and the im-
portation of these classes of articles is decreasing. At making comforters,
skilled workwomen can earn $9 to $10 a week. By working at their own
homes on ready-made clothing, first-class seamstresses can make $8 to $10
a week and more, when employed on custom work. A female operative cm-
ployed by a tailor in San Francisco, averaged $30 a week for a considerable
time by working on vcst.s, and with no assistance except that of a sewing-
machine.
Hundred of unskilled workwomen, in San Francisco, are willing, and
even anxious, to work for$i a day on shirts and under-clothing, but their
services are almost worthless. They Iia\e been bred as if they were never
to have need of such skill ; while they complain that they can not find
emplo}"ment, the manufacturers advertise in vain for first-class operati\es.
Shirt-makers are paid nearly always by the piece, antl the prices received
by operatives on white shirts, at leading establishments in San I'Vanci.sco,
are: for making, $2.50 to $4.50 per dozen, and for finishing, 75 cts. to $2.25 a
dozen. Cutters are paid, on an average, at least $30 a week.
Shirtmaking.— The Standard Shirt Factory employs 200 sewing-
girls, working on the premises, and gives occu])ation to about the same
number of seamstresses, who do finishing and ■ t!-,^r work, at their own
homes. The same establishment emploj's at lc;;st 75 Chinamen. Most
of the operatixes arc engaged on piece-work, but the earnings of skilled
.seamstresses do not average more than $7.50 a week, while those of
Chinamen vary from $8 to $11. Morco\er it is stated, by one of the pro-
proprietors 'of the factory, that Chinese workmen learn the business and
become skilled operatives in (j to 8 months, while sewing-girls require from
one to 2 years in order to become experts. While other establishments
manufacture almost entirely to order, this one makes up large quantities of
stock, and comes into competition with the Eastern trade. Hence their rates
of payment, both to sewers and finishers, .ire below the average paid else-
where in San Francisco. At most houses engaged in the business of men's
furnishing goods, first-class workwomen can obtain employment, all the
}ear round, at such prices as to earn $8 to .$1 1 a week, a rate almost equal
to the earnings of skilled female operatives, in any branch of the man-
ufacture of texible fabrics. The main trouble is that first-class workwomen
are not to be had in number sufficient to meet the demand.
Mr. He.\MI.sii, who does a large trade in tlie shirt business, states that
sewing-women are constantly applying to him for work, even at $1 a day,
and that he would be only too glad to give them employment at a much
■!!(
I 12
IN rUDDlCriDN.
ill:
nr
higher rate of wastes, if the)' iiiidcrstootl the business. Thi i {ijentleman has
often tried the experiment of emploj-inj;, imder the instruction of skilled
seamstresses, persons who understood onl)- the plainest sewing, but as soon
as they luul half learned the business, they would think they ought to make
the same earnings as an expert workwoman, and if they could not do so,
would l)ecome dissatisfied and go elsewhere. The rates paid by shirt
manufacturers in San I'"rancisco, are such that operators, who work at the
sewing-macliine, can earn $5 to $11 a week, according to proficiency;
finishers, who work at the button and eyelet holes, and the in.scrtion of
gusset.s, make about the same wages. In the lauiidrj' process, shirt-washers
earn $6 to $7 a week, and ironers, $10 to .'jiij. An expert ironcr can make
$14 a week without extra exertion. The lower rate mentioned for oper-
ators ami finishers — $6 a week — must be imderstood as applying to hands
who .are but partiallj' skilled ; and there are many sewing-girl apprentices
who do not cam more than $3 a week, anil from want of strength or skill
can never hope to make more than $6 or $7 a week.
Though Mr. HtA.Mlsil gives work to all the skilled female operatives who
apply to him, and does not employ Chinese labor, he can obtain the sen-
ices of only about 20 sewing-women in San I'rancisco, taking an average
of the j'car round, and these arc employed entirely on custom work. He
can not get seamstres.ses to work, at making up stock, for prices that he can
afford to paj- ; and at Bridgeport, Connecticut, he has 200 scwing-u jmen
constantly employed in manufacturing reatly-made good.s, to supply his
trade on this coast. Eastern rates of payment are, for skilled kibor, 20 per
cent. bek)w those ruling in San Francisco, and for unskilled 10 percent.
At shirt factories in ICastern cities, operators antl finishers can earn $5.50 to
$9 a week, shirt-washers $5.50 to $6.50, and ironers $8 to $12. If the rates
now paid to (jperativcs on custom-made shirts, were also paid to sewing-
women working on ready-matle articles, it is certain that manufacturers
would lose money by emi)loying them. lC\en at present rates they can
barely comi)ete with ICastern-madc good.s, ami comi)etition Iiere would be
impossible but for the fact that overland fieiglits on linen and muslin, im-
ported from New York, are onl)- I *^; cents a pound, while on shirts, [j.irtl)'
on account of their occupying more space, the freight is 5 cents a pouinl.
Mven with this advantage in favor of manufacturers, they can not afford U:
\y,iy living wages to women emploved otherwise than on custom work, un-
less the)- are \er\- highl)' skilled. The freight on shirts imi)orted from New
\'ork is tjo cents a dozen, while the cost of importing a (|uantil\' of linen
ami muslin suflkient to make a do/en of shirts is about 30 cent.s. Eastern
shirts of cheap grade can be laid down in San I'rancisco at .$9.50 a do/eii,
after l)a\ing a tax to the railio.id ci)m])anies of 60 cents more than that
Tin-: i.Ar.oR sri'i'i.v.
i I
paid on material. The cost of makiiit; and fmisliini^ such shirts in I'\astcrn
factories is about $2 a dozen, and sew ini;-\\omcn emploj-ed at such work
can make from $4.50 to $7 a week. On account of the savini^ in freiglu,
San Francisco manufacturers coukl afford to pay $2.60 a dozen for similar
work, and operatives could earn $6 to $7.50 a week; but, for want of skilled
labor, goods of this class can not be made up in San l'"rancisco, to comiietc
with the Eastern trade. ILxpcrt operatives, whether Chinamen or sewing-
women, can earn more money at other descriptions of sewing.
Chinese Competition.— The .ser\ ices of Chinamen are in such request for
the manufacture of clothing and of under-clothing ft)r both se.xcs fladies' un-
der-clothing being made almost entirely by Chinese labor), that shirt fac-
tories can offer them but little inducement. It is stated b\- gentlemen who
have a practical acquaintance with the furnishing gootls and the clothing
business, that Chinamen, through their superior strength, can ilo cheaper
work than female operatives in San l'"ranci.sco, and make higher wages than
sewing-women in Eastern factories.
The general dislike of Chinamen by the community tends to jirevent
girls from going, as apprentices, to factories where they must work with the
Asiatics, and also to prevent skilled operatives and seamstresses from com-
ing to Califoinia. These inlluences, in the opinion of Mr. ]$i:.\.\l[SIl (who,
as a manufacturer, employs white laborers exclusively, has made sacrifices
to educate and attract them, and can speak with some authority in this
matter), are the chief evils of the presence (jf the celestial.s, .so far as the
sewing-women are concerned. He does not know of any noteworthy re-
duction of wages, or exclusion of skilled seamstresses from employment.
He fears, however, that the damage maybe much greater in the future, than
it has been in the past.
Dear Labor. — The high price of labor has been one of the chief causes of
the rapid growth of our country and of our coast. If the laborers couKl not
have earned more on the Atlantic Slope than in luirojie, they would not
have incurred the exjieiise of leaving the old workl ; if the)' had not known
that wages were higher on this coast, than in the Mississippi Valley, they
wouiil not have crossed the continent. In all new countries, the majority
of the .settlers are poor, de[)endent for support on their toil. They prefer,
other things being e(|ual, to go to the lanil where they can sell their labor
for the best ]irice. Our country has made higher bids than any other, in-
dustrially as well as politically, for poor men, and has attracted more of
them. The immigration to the United States is a prominent fact in the
civilization of the 19th century; ami its lluctuating activity has been one
>5
IP
m
■: *■
114
TNTROnUCTION.
of the best st.inclards, by which to measure our national prospcrit)-. If
wages in America should fall to a level with those of I'2uroi)e, the large
migration from that continent to ours would cease; and the flow of popula-
tion from the Atlantic Slope to our coast will become relatively insignificant,
when wages reach the same rate here as there. Another benefit of dear
labor deserving to be mentioned here is, that it makes a demand for im-
proved machinery, which, by requiring the superintendence of competent
and trustworthj- men, reacts in such a manner as to increase the wages.
While a high rate of wages has its advantages, it also has its drawbacks.
It prevents the establishment of many branches of emph.iyment, requiring
much skill and costly machinery, deprives capital of opportunities to erect
profitable factories, obstructs the development of a home market, checks the
increase in the valae of land, restricts production t(j raw material, impels the
farmer to impoverish his soil, subjects him to heavy freights and commis-
sions for the c.\portition of some of his coarse products, and for the impor-
tation of the same mai'erial after it has received treble value from foreign
skill, and excludes the laborers from the chances of acquiring the highest
training in the most difficult and most profitable branches of the mechanical
arts. Such have been evidentlj' and undoubtedl)' some of the pernicious
results of excessively high wages in California, during the last 30 y(;ars.
The fact that the wages of labor generally are at least 30 per cent, higher
in California than in New York, and 100 per cent, higher than in Continental
luu'ope, would be very satisfactory if there were regular employment for
all the poor, if a large majority of them were saving something every year
from their earnings for their old age, and if they were reasonably contented
with their condition in life. Unfortunately, however, in no American .State
have so large a proportion of the men who wanted employment from 1865
to 1880 been unable to obtain it; and in no State have the agricultural
laborers, as a class, been more thriftless, migratory, dissii)ated, or discon-
tented. They demand more wages than the farmer can afford to pay by
the year, ami after working through seedtime and harvest, they go off to the
towns, scjuander their money in idleness, and often turn out as tramps, living
for months by charity and plunder. The number of these men has at times
been .so large, that the)' became the terror of the country peojile in certain
districts. I'ears have been expressed that the genial climate of California
might become a cur.se, by attracting the vagrants and ruffians from the
eastern side of the continent in such hosts that lliey woukl take possession
of the valleys, and lea\e descendants as idle, ignorant, antl demoralized as
any lot of brigands in the Abru/.zi. These fears are not likely to be real-
izeil, and indeed, in 1881 California was remarkabl)- free from tramps, on
account of the ra|)i(l development of Arizona, Washington, and Oregon,
THE LAliOR SUPPLY.
ns
which have drawn away the adventurous, and left no excuse for the rcmain-
inj.y unemployed, who are everywhere confronted by the demand for labor.
It is to be expected, however, that the conditions that prevailed from 1865
to 1880, will be restored within a few years, unless the laboring class come
down to that fundamental principle of industrial prosperity and sound
morals, that it is the duty of the poor to support themselves by their labor.
They may object, that the wages obtainable arc not sufficient for their sup-
port, in the style in which they have a right to live; but there never has been
any good reason for this objection in California. It may be that the laborer
can not live so comfortably now, as he could a few years ago; but his disap-
pointment does not justify him in becoming a burden on his friends or on
society. There is neither honor, .self-respect, nor enduring pleasure for the
poor man without steady toil. The amount that he earns is less important
to the rational enjoyment of life than the spirit in which he earns it, and
the prudence with which he spends it. The French male laborers earn only
60 cents a day on an average, and they probably enjoy themselves more,
and perhaps a larger portion save something at the end of the year, than
do the Californian laborers, earning more than twice as much.
World-^wide Competition. — The poor, blinded by ignorance and preju-
dice, may imagine that employers have combined to reduce wages to the
lowest limit at which tho workmen can live; but, if they were well in-
formed, the)- would understand that capitalists, instead of working together,
are really struggling each against all the others. The business of a factory
is a competition with all similar establishments in the country. The prices
of the products and of the labor can not be controlled by any man, or small
clique of men. It is the interest of every employer to get the best work-
men, and to attract them by paying all he can afford. He does not care
how much his workmen make, provided that he derives the largest pos-
sible profit and satisfaction from his capital. In England, men with money
are constantly searching for chances to establish factories that will pay 5
per cent, annual interest on the investment ; and in New luigland, 6
percent.; and $10,000,000 could be obtained immediately in California for
factories that would pay 7 per cent, as a secure and permanent investment.
The prices of labor arc influenced not so much by the greed of the emplo)--
cr.s, in any little district, as by the competition of the laboring classes
throughout the civilized world.
Political agitators assert that labor has been degraded in California by
low wages, buc since toil is necessary for individual happiness, as well as
for national prosperity, it must in its very nature be honorable. Like
wisdom and honesty, it is not susceptible of degradation. The men who
i' !i ; ■ - '
ii6
INTKUDUCTIUX.
ought to devote themselves to it, however, may be, aiitl often are demoral-
ized and degraded, especially when the\' seek excuses for idleness and
mcndicancv; when thc>- demand hi;.;her wages than employers can afford to
give; when they spcntl more than they earn, and when they train up their
children without skill in any useful art, and with the foolish notion that it
is better to idle, beg, or steal than to work for the highest wages offered in
the market.
M^
Imported IkTeohanlcs. — A serious drawback to the industrj- of California
is the scarcity of good mechanics among the )oung men bom in the State,
or brought hither in their childhood. They have been trained under perni-
cious inlluences, and allowed to grow to manhood without thorough instruc-
tion in any industrial art, or the habit (jf stead)- application to labor. Most
of the skilled mechanics had no sons whom they wished to succeed them in
their respecti\e occupations, and disliking to teach prospecti\e rivals, to
whom thej- were not attached by anj- famil\- relationship, threw every
obstacle in the way of bojs seeking to learn trades. I'.ircnts would not
subject their boys to strict discipline, but encouraged them to expect situa-
tions where they could live without hard work. Employers did not want
apprentices, most of whom would run away after a few months; and whose
education cost more than their work was worth. To train an apprentice in
California costs more than to import a good journeyman. San Trancisco
boys bound under articles of apprenticeshij) are nire; those who became
first-rate mechanics b_\- serving out their time, still rarer.
The boys, generall}', have not been educated sufficientl)' to get places as
bookkeepers or clerks, and besides, there were not places for them. When
a \acanc)- occurred, and the employer had to choose i)etween an ICastern
boy and a Californian boy, he usuall}' preferred the former, becau.se he had
presumabi)- been bred more strictly, and educated better in business. Left
to grow up without occupatitjn, and without proper supervision at home,
mail}' of the San I'"rancisco bo\s have maile a habit of associating in gangs
of "hoodlums," a locil name for a peculiar class of young ruffians. They
have an unenviable rejiutation for unwillingness to work ste.ulil), or to treat
employers fairlx' in any respect. Man)' .ittempts have been made to (jbtain
emplci)-ment for parlies of hoodlums in picking hups, berries, tree-fruifs, or
giapcs, and in nther light work in the ccjuntr)-; but the general result was
that the farmers, finding them iiUoler.ible on account of their dcprcdation.s
ami dissipation, sonn ordered them off to make room for Chinamen. In
August, iSiSi, about 40 bo)s were turned out of a San I'rancisco factory at
one time beciuse, as the manager said, the)- '.\duld not work faithfully un-
less there was a foreman to watch each uf them.
riiK i.Aiiou sri'i'i.v. 1 17
TIk- risi:v4 gcncrati)ii o;i this coast has a stroiiLf antipath\- to liard work,
aiKl especially to work that is poorly paid. Young persons, working at a
trade e.xpccc to earn good wages almost from the start, and therefore meet
with disappointment. In other parts of the workl, manufactmcrs depend
karge!)- on the assistance of boys and girls, in the cheaper branches of ialjor.
On the Pacific Coast, tlie services of white boys and girls were not to be
had, for this purpose, in former days, and Chinese labor was obtained as the
only substitute. In the l-'astorn States and in ICurope, a[)prentices often
work for years, when learning a trade, without any remuneration, and in
some cases, their [)arents even ])ay a premium io obtain that [)rivilege for
their children. In San I'ranci.sco, young men can not be made to under-
.stand that the knowledge acquired in learning a trade i.s, of itself, a most
valuable acquisition. The)- get the idea that all avenues of empiojment,
in fit keeping with their dignity, are closed to them. Hence, too often, they
drift into idle or dissolute habits, and end by becoming a burden to their
friends, (jr perhaps to the community. In Eastern and luiropean wcjolen-
mills, boys are largely employed on clas.ses of work, which, in similar fac-
tories on the Pacific Coast, arc done by girls or by Chinamen. There arc
not 100 boys emploj'cd in this industry on the entire coast, and for each one
.so employed, there arc, probably, 5 girls, and more than that number of
Chinamen. After a brief apprenticeship, the young San I'ranciscan of 16
or 17 can earn, at this occupation, 90 cents to $1 a day; a higher rate than
is paid in Mngland to skilled male operatives. If he would apply himself
steadily to work, he might be certain of earning, after 2 or 3 j-cars, froin $2
to $2.50 a day. Hut he becomes impatient, and either gives up his task, or,
as .soori as he has learned the first process, demands men's wages, and when
refused, leaves in disgust. Hundreds of boys can be had in San Francisco
at a moment's notice to ride after cattle, or to drive a wagon, especially a
grocer's wagon; but they will not submit to the steady work of ,1 factor)'.
Competition vrith the fiast. — An examination of the details of pro-
ducti\e industries on our coast will show that Chinamen are not employed,
as a general rule, unless their cheaper labor be intlispensable to the mainte-
nance of a profitable business. The tailor, the boot-maker, .and the regalia-
maker, who have .shops for making goods to order, emplo)' none save white
laborers. The same remark will appi)- to the saw-inills, planing-mills, sash
factories, bo.\ factories, foundries, machine-shops, gold and siUer cpiartz
mills, and printing and publishing houses. These establishments ha\c little
competition with the P^ast, and can thrive while i)a)ing high rates of wages
to white mechanics and operatives. It is not until we come to those
factories which must compete with the products of the Atlantic States and
ffe4
ii8
IMKOnrCTION.
I ^ii
of Europe, and often compete under disadvantages wliich leave a veiy
narrow martjin of profit, that Chinamen find employment in large numbers.
/\ccording to the national census, San Francisco had 22,000 Chinamen
in 18S0. Of these, it is estimated that 5,000 were housc-scr\ants, 3,000
laundrymen, and perhaps 1,000 merchants, invalids, and iiUers, leaving
13,000 as the number of mechanics and factory operatives. The number
of Chinamen in California was 34,933 in 1860; 49,277 in 1870; and 75,122
in 1880; while the entire population was 379,994, 560,247, and 864,686 at
the same periods respectivel)-. The increase of the Chinese was 1 1 5 per
cent., and that of the entire population 127 per cent, in 20 years.
Factories as Schools. — But wc must not overlook the important point,
that the factories, which could never have bctn started ire California without
the Chinamen, have .served as schools for the industrial education of hun-
dreds of boys and girls. Take the woolen-mills for instance. In 1870 they
employed only 31 women, and in 1880, more than goo. In 1865, 80 per
cent, of the woolen-mill operatives in San Francisco were Chinamen, and
in 1880 onl)- 17 per cent. In the interval, probably 2,000 women had
become skillful operatives in these mills, and they have gradually crowded
out the Asiatics. It is to be hoped and presumed that similar results will
occur in the future in other branches of manufacture.
White Labor Gaining. — .'\ pleasing feature in the reports received from
the different factories is the success attending the gradual substitution of
white for Chinese labor. At TllK PloSEF.R AM) Mis.siON WoOLKN Mills
in San Francisco there are about 750 employes, of whom 200 arc China-
men, receiving 90 cents to $1 a day; 250 women and girls make 50 cents to
$1.60, averaging .$1.25 a da_\-; 50 boj-s make 50 cents and upwards a day;
and 250 white men, $1.75 to $3. At TiiE G(JLr)E\. G.VTE WooLKN Mills,
there are about 200 operatives, and no Chinamen were employed until
recently, when the misconduct of a portion of the white bo)-s and girls made
it necessary to discharge them, and a gang of 40 Chinamen was substituted.
Tin: C.M.II'OUNIA Hosiery Company's mills in Oakland employ white
labor cxclusivel)', and have 240 operatives on the pay-roll, of whom o\er
150 are women and girls, and about 50 are boys. In the )-ear 1865, out of
220 hands employed at the Pioneer Mills (then not associated with the
Mission), 180 were Chinamen. The emploj-es at the Mission Mills were
nearly all Chinamen. In the jcar 1881, about 3,000 Chinamen were em-
ployed at .San l"r;'.ncisco during a portion of the )-ear in making up into
men's re;id)'-iTia(le cloth suits and underwear the tweeds, cassimere.s, doe-
skins, ami tlannels manufactured in Californian and Oregon woolen-mills,
TIIK LADdR Sl'IM'LV.
119
and in makincj overalls and other j^oods of Eastern duck and dcniin.
Tiicsc branches" arc grouped together because manufacturers let out con-
tracts, or employ their own Chinamen, under the supervision of a white
foreman, in makinij up all these classes of yoods. On such work there arc
probably 500 to 600 women employed, workini^ usually at their own homes.
When employed on cloth suits, skilled seamstresses can make $8 to $10 a
week, and Chinamen about the same waj^^es. On flannel under-clothing,
skilled workwomen can make $6 to $8 a week, while Chinamen do not aver-
age more than $6. Unskilled or half-skilled operatives of cither class can
not make, at such work, more than $3 to $5 a week. In Eastern clothing
factories expert women make $10 to $12 a week, and assistants, $6 to $8.
Duck and denim goods arc entirely made up by Chinamen, and the mate-
rial is all imported, except that many of them arc lined with California-
made blanket lining. The entire value of ready-made cloth suits, Hanncl
underwear, duck and denim goods manufactured in San Francisco for the
year 1880, was about $3,650,000. The quantity of these manufactured in
1870 amounted in value to a little under $1,000,000.
The prospects in the business of manufacturing clothing are thus ex-
pressed by Mr. GREEN'i:n.\U.M, the proprietor of a factory in which girls arc
largely employed: "The outlook for the future is good. All that we need
is white labor, good and experienced hand.s, which arc not in San FrancLsco
at present, and will not be, until mothers and daughters lay aside their pride,
and are willing to work, and not ashamed to be called factory hands." In
e.stabii.shmcnts engaged in the manufacture of fringe, gimp, braid, regalia,
etc., no Chinaman is to be .seen, but there are numbers of contented and
healthy-looking women and girls, wlio commence as apprentices at $3 or $4
a week, and after learning their trade can earn $8 to $12, and sometimes
even $20 a week. These establishmcnt.s, however, can employ but a small
number of persons. The chief branches of manufacture that could afford
employment to women who have to depend on sewing for a livelihood, are
those of clothing, under-clothing, and shirtmaking. At least four fifths of
all this work is, at present, in the hands of Chinamen, who receive every
year in wages about $1,250,000.
Opposition to Chinese. — While it does not come within the .scope of this
work to engage in the discussion of political questions, it is necessary, for
the completeness of information, to mention the dislike to Chinamen, by tho
white men of the laboring class, and the general opposition to any large
increase of the Chinese population. Rich and poor arc agreed, that immi-
grants from the Atlantic States and I'Airope are more desirable than those
from China, and that the permanent establishment among us of a large
I20
INTUnnri TION.
'U
tuiinbcr (if Asiatics, cruulciimed liy (liffcrcnccs of color, topguc, habits, and
religion, to ixTiiain an inferior caste to a remote future, would be a ijrcat
misfortune for Califcjrnia. At a State election held in iiS7y, 154,6^' b.'dlot.s
were cast a^jainst i)ermittin_L; further immigration from China, and only S.S3
ill favor of it. The National Government has secured rui amendment of
the Hurlingame Treat)', so that Congress ma)' re-ti ic the immigration from
China without violating the rules of international law, and the passage of a
bill for that purpose, within a brief ])eriod, is expected. W'e may therefore
sa>- with confidence, that in the future history of the Pacific Coast there W'll
be no large hereditary caste of Asiatic blooil, no serious increase of Cliinesc
po|)ulation, and no greater com])ctition of Mongolian with white labor than
there has been in the past.
If, however, we wish to get a correct idea of the [)resent condition of
industry on this coast, we must be careful to look at both sides of the
question of Asiatic labor. Some of the Anti-Chine.se agitators have used
language, which would lead people at a distance to infer that the general
conilition of poor white men in California is pitiable, because the bread is
taken from their mouths b)' the Chinese; that there is little chance here for
a poor man to support a famils" respectably; that it is cruel to irnitc
immigrants to come to California and engage in a competition with the )-ellow
pagan that must end in miser)' and starvation; that greed)' capitalists and
slavi.sh Asiatics have taken exclusive po.s.scssion of most branches of pro-
ductive industr)'; and that the evil is so great, that the iinmcdiate expulsion
of the pagans, even if accomplished by bloodshed and anarch)', would be a
blessing to the countr)'.
These ideas, in their main features, are wrong. I\Iuch ma)' be said truth-
full)' against the Chinese, and all that is true, together with much more that
is untrue, has been said and widel)' circulated by politicians; but there is
another side, which has recci\ed far less attention, anil shoukl not be over-
looked b)' those who wish to understand the industrial interests involvctl.
There is, to-da)', no better place for the white immigrant on the entire
globe than he can find on this coast; no place where labor is so well i)aid
or more honored; no place where the industriou.s laborers, as a class, live
with so uuich coiufort; no place where the pom man can settle with more
reasonable confidence in the present and the future, There is no large
class of industrious ])of)r men without hripe of becoming the owners of land;
man)' of the unskilled laborers, who work for others by the da)-, own their
lots and houses. In the rural districts there is little difficult)' in acciuiringa
home. Man)' i)ennilcss this )ear will have a small ])iece of land the next, and
before the end of the centur)-, will ha\e huge tracts and emjjloy scores of
1,1 borers.
m
DIVISION II.-COMMERCE, ETC.
CHAPTER VI.—BANKING.
Extent of Business. — The banking business of the Pacific coa .t north of
Mexico is extremely active, as might be inferred from the abundant produc-
tion of precious metals, the large values of the annual imports and exports,
the busy inland traffic, the high wages of labor and rates of interest, and the
multitude of houses, fences, railroads, wagon roads, irrigation ditches, tele-
graph and telephone lines, and other similar improvements in the course of
rapid construction. Banking is the aid of commerce and industry, and
shares their prosperity ; and as they have never reached a higher develop-
ment in proportion to population than they ha\c had on this coast as a whole
for the last 30 years, so it may truly be said that never has banking any-
where else been more profitable to the persons engaged in it, nor, when con-
ducted in accordance with sound business rules, has it been of greater benefit
to a community.
According to statistics published in national reports, the State banks, pri-
vate banks, and banking trust companies, on May 31, 1880, numbered in,
and had $2i,535,oooof cai)ital, and $82,426,000 of deposits in California; in
Oregon they numbered 15, and had $1,245,000 of capital, and $1,033,000 of
deposits; in Nevada they numbered 13, and had $364,000 of capital, and
$834,000 of deposits ; in Utah there were 11, with $206,000 of capital, and
$1,233,000 of deposits ; in Washington they numbered 4, with $257,000 of
capital, and $525,000 of deposits ; in Arizona they numbered 5, with $H2,-
000 of capital, and $243,000 of deposits ; and in Idaho they numbered 2,
with $5,000 of capital, and $lS,ooo of deposits. The totals are 161 banks,
with $23,724,000 of capital, and $86,312,000 of deposits.
The national banks on the coast on November i, 1880, numbered 13, with
$2,000,000 of aggregate capital, and $1,403,000 of aggregate circulation.
No other banks on the coast have bank notes in circulation.
Callfornian Banks. — California has now 74 banking companies incor-
porated under her own laws, not authorized to issue paper money, nor
subject to the national banking law. San Francisco has 9 savings and 5 com-
16
122
COMMERCE, ETC.
,*tTTT^
...i
' . H
mcrcial banks, and the remainder of the State lias 1 1 savings and 49
commercial banks. On July i, 1881, these 74 banks had in the aggregate
$24,000,000 of capital paid up, $1 1,000,000 of surplus and reserve fund,
$82,700,000 belonging to depositors, $14,874,000 in United States bonds,
and $ 1 1 ,000,000 of cash on hand in round numbers. In addition to these
institutions there arc 4 foreign banks which have branches in San Franci.sco,
a number of individuals or firms doing a banking business, and 8 national
banks. The savings banks of San Francisco pay in 1881 about 5 per cent,
annual dividend to their depositors, and the commercial banks 7 or 8 per
cent, to their stockholders.
In July, 1881, the savings banks of the State had $49,954,000, the com-
mercial banks had $32,819,000, and the national banks at the date of the
latest accessible report had $3,400,000 on deposit, making the total depos-
its in the American incorporated banks doing business in California
$86, 1 73,000.
The banking rates for the year ending November, i, 1880, as stated in the
report of the controller of the currency, were 8 per cent, in San Francisco,
and 10^ in other parts of California, as compared with 12 in Denver, 10 in
Omaha, 9 in Minnesota, 7 in Milwaukee, Cleveland, and Washington, 6j4
in Cincinnati and Louisville, 6 in St. Louis, 5^2 in Chicago, 5 in New Or-
leans, Boston, and Baltimore, and 4j4 in New York and Philadelphia.
For 6 months, ending September i, 1880, the net earnings of the national
banks, in their relation to capital and surplus, were 4)4 percent, in California,
19^3 per cent, in Oregon, Oy^ per cert, in Utah, 12 per cent, in Idaho, and
8.;4. per cent, in Washington.
The clearances of the San Franc'sC' Clearing-house average about
$45,000,000 a month. They amount.;! '.o $262,000,000 on the first half of
1881; $486,000,000 in 1880; and .'f)" 15,000,000 (the largest figure in its his-
tor>') in 1878. The establishment has been in existence 5 years, and is the
only one of the kind on the Pacific coast.
The incorporated State banks of California owned $7,240,000 of national
bonds on July i, 1 880, and $14,874,000 on July i, 188 1, having invested
$7,650,000 within a year in securities that pay only about 3 '/j per cent, annu-
tally, at a time when the commercial banks charge 8 per cent, in the city,
and 10 or 12 in the country. In November, 1880, the residents of the State
held $10,682,000 of registered national bonds, making a total of $25,556,000,
without counting the coupon bonds owned by individuals, cjf which it is esti-
mated that there are more than $5,000,000, making a grand total of
$30,000,000 of Californian capital, which .sees no opportunity at present of
getting more than $}i per cent, annual interest with good security. The
owners, of course, distrust land, factories, mines, and, probably most of all,
BANKING.
123
the new constitution. Before the adoption of that instrument, national
bonds were held by very few persons relatively on the Pacific coast.
Measure of Prosperity. — The financial life of a rapidly growinjj Ameri-
can State consists of a succession of good and bad times, in regular al-
ternation, hut of irregular continuance, the former being marked by con-
fidence, credit, prosperity, speculation, exaltatio;i, and quickly won fortunes;
and the latter by distrust, collections, depressions, panic, and bankruptcies.
It is important to the banker and merchant, as well as to the statesman, to
have some standard by which to measure appro.ximately the condition of
business, so that he can ascertain when a flush period i.s about to culminate,
and when improvement is about to commence after a crash has passed its
climax. Such standards aie supplied in somecountries by the statistics of the
clearing-houses and custom-houses, the rates of exchange and the drifts of
money and migration; but on account of peculiar circumstances in Califor-
nia, these things are not safe guides here and we must look for something
else. Perhaps the best standard for California, or at least for San Francisco,
is to be found in the statistics of the mortgages and releases in the city.
These indicate the amount of credit on the security of real estate. When-
ever business has been active, the demand for money at the savings banks
exceeded the supply, and the sums taken from them under loans were
greater than those returned. Thus in 1868, when speculation ran high in
anticipation of the benefits to be conferred by the completion of the first
Pacific railroad, the mortgages amounted to $1 1,500,000 and the releases to
$5,400,000. When the Gold Hill bonanza of 1870-72 had poured its wealth
into San Francisco for two years, and the Consolidated Virginia bonanza
had given a promise of its greatness, the mortgages amounted in 1873 to
$17,200,000 and the releases to $6,100,000. On the other hand, when the
hard times began after the outbreak of the communistic agitation in 1877,
and the miserable incapacity of the municipal government to restore order
became apparent, the people began to pay their debts and the releases to
exceed the mortgages. That excess has been observed in every 12 months
ending on June 30, for the 3 years ending June 30, 1 88 1. The mortgages were
$15,600,000 in 1878, $9,600,000 in 1879, $7,200,000 in 1880, and $4,000,000
in the first half of 1881; the releases in the same periods were $15,000,000,
$10,300,000, $10,800,000, and $5,000,000 respectively, making a total of $31,-
400,000 of mortgages and $41,100,000 of releases in 4 years and a half So
long as the releases exceed the mortgages, so long it will be certain that
San Francisco is not keeping up the past ratio of growth, and that there is
no remarkable activity in the erection of buildings, and the construction
of the street improvements, which have contributed largely to the demand
for loans secured by mortgages on city real estate.
Amount of Coin. — The amount of gold and silver coin in the Pacific
I v
IK ■
Ml
If-;.,
d i'
i 'ii':;
Si;-
124
COMNfERCE, ETC.
States and Territories is not ascertainable with precision, but wc have some
figures about California. The San l-Vancisco Mint had $21,484,135 and the
San Francisco branch of the national treasury had $22,650,783 in coin in
their vaults on AuLjust 23, 18S1. The commercial and savings banks in-
corporated under State law had $11,266,000, and the foreign b.anks $2,458,-
000 money (nearly all coin) on hanil in June 30, 1881; the national banks
at the latest report had $1,200,000 of coin; the banking houses of indi\iduals
and partnerships had presumably $2,000,000. The state treasury on June
30, 1 88 1, had $980,489 of coin, and the county treasuries had $2,139,634 of
money (nearly all coin), applicable to tlie pajment of their outstanding in-
debtedness; and at least 50 per cent, should be added for money not so
applicable. The total of the sums in the Mint, national, state, and county
treasuries and banks within the limits of California is $65,000,000.
That sum excludes all the inonej'in the immediate pos.session of business
houses (except banks), of hotels, of railroad, steamship, and stage com-
panies, of express companies Un- purposes of transportation, of travelers, and
of the people generally. Leaving the banks out of consideration, California
has probably 500 .safe vaults, built mainly for keeping books, but used also
for money. If they axerage $4,000, their aggregate contents are $2,000,000.
There may be 6,000 steel safes in the State, many of them in towns where
much business is done, and where there is no bank with a safe vault for the
custody of money, or where money is received after banks close, as in hotels
or theaters. The liouses which own lhe.se safes may receive and pay out
most of their money through bank.s, and j^et they must keep a stock of coin
on hand for emergencies, or as the necessar>' result of not being .able to
transfer their collections immediately to the lianks. The boxes in the vaults
of the Safe Dei)osit Com[)any of .San l-Vancisco now leased number 2,000.
The safes and Safe Deposit bo.\es perhaps contain on an average $250 each,
making a total of $2,000,000. 1 low much money is there in the post-offices,
or on the road every day in the pockets of travelers, or in the charge of the
express companies .' Probably not less than $1,000,000.
Now we come to th,; sums in the pockets and houses of the people, in the
direct possession of the laboring classes, of the miners, farmers, mechanics, of
the women and children. The average tUvelling has presumably $30 in it,
and California has 170,000 dwellings, makuig a total of $5,000,000. Adding
$65,000,000 in the banks ;ind ijublic treasuries to $5,000,000 in the safes,
.Safe Deposit \auhs, in the express and post-offices, and $5,000,000 in the
houses and pockets of the people, the gr.ind total is $75,000,000, of which
$.^.4,000,000 are in the Mint and braiuh national treasury.
First Banks.- The fust Califoniian bank was opened by Hi;XRV M.
Naglee in Saa I'laucisco in Janu,u>', i8.).9, and before the close of the year,
BuiiGov.NE & C'l., IS. D.wiu^ioN, Wi.i.i.s & Cu., and James King, of
lilt
m
w
BAN KING. 125
Wm. had opened rival houses, followed in 1850 by ADAMS & Co., D. J. Tal-
i.A.N T, Pagk, Bacon & Co., and Fi;F-1X Aruenti. A larjje part of their
business then, and for years afterward, was the purchase of gold dust, the
current price of which was from 25 to 33 per cent, less than the mint value,
leaving a considerable profit to the bayer on large transactions. The ex-
press companies, finding that their agencies in the mining towns gave them
a great advantage in dealing with the miners, opened banking departments.
It was the common custom to purchase all the gold for sale in a certain
camp at a uniform price, which was iniluenced by the distance from San
Francisco, the cost of transportation, antl the keenness of competition. It
was not •"Hil 1854 that the bankers generally began to ascertain the great
differences in the chemical fineness of the native gold, sometimes varying
10 or even 20 per cent, in mine.i separated a few hundred yards from
each other.
The issue of paper money was prohibited by the State constitution, and
the notes of all banks on the other side of the continent were discredited.
A general feeling prevailed that local interest demanded a metallic currenc)-,
and that local pride .should insist on it, notwithstanding the obstacles in the
way. There was a great scarcity of coin, and much inconvenience in
weighing out portions of the dust for small purchar.cs. The Mexican gold
ounces and siher dollars, British sovereigns and shillings, Hindoo rupees,
Spanish-American halves and quarters, French francs, and German pieces
of \arious kinds, made up most of the current coin, and many of them were
current at considerably more than their true \alues. Tl" !s, the Austrian
"zwanzigers," worth 18 cent.s, were accepted for 25, and a rich parent in
German)' sent a large cask full of them as a present to iiis son in San
Francisco. Scarcely anything was sold — not even a drink of whisky — for
less than ;i quarter-dollar. In 1849, assayers made a i)ractice of casting
little rectangular gold bars worth from $20 to $50 each, marked with their
value. These were so much mt)re convenient for handling and making pay-
ments than the dust, that there was a lively demand for them, until other
assa)-ers began to stamp gold pieces of $5, ,'|ilO, and $20, resembling the
national coins in general appearance, but bearing the names of the private
coiners, so that there could be no complaint of deception. These pieces had
about 12 per cent, of silver instead of 10 per cent, of copper alloj-, and were
of light yellow color as compared with the reddish yellow of the mint drops.
An act of Congress pas.sed in 1850 provided for the establishment of a na-
tional assay office in San Francisco, and AuciUSTU.S IlUMlsKKT, in charge
of it, in 1851, made a contract with McFI'AT & Co. to issue octagonal slugs
worth $50 each. In the mints, or for exportation, these coins were worth 10
cents more than iheii nominal value, and having a higher authority than the
unauthori.ced coins, they compelled ihe private mints, of which 14 had been
!:a<
126
COMMERCE, ETC.
M
opened at various times, to close. Some of the private coins were worth 15
per cent, less than their nominal value, but generally not more than i per
cent. less. Excellent bronzed engravings of them may be found in " The
American Numismatic Manual," by M. W. DlCKESON. The banks accepted
the foreign monc}-, and urged the private coins on the community as prefer-
able to the dust and foreign pieces, until the San Francisco Mint was opened,
and then the movement began to discredit everything save the national
money. The merchants at a public meeting resolved to reject the foreign
coins in 1^54; the next year the octagonal slugs were thrown out; and a
year later the $5, $10, and $20 pieces bearing private stamps were con-
demned.
Inexperience. — Until 15 years after the gold discover)', all the commer-
cial banks of the State were established and conducted by individuals or
partners, most of them young men, who had had no training in the business
elsewhere, and found them.selves in novel circumstances to which their clerks
who had served in Atlantic banks found their professional experience would
not apply. The methods of banking customary in old communities could
not be followed b}' the Californians in the early years of the gold excite-
ment. There was a lack of tho.se securities obtainable for loans in Atlantic
cities. There were no government or railroad bonds, no shares in banks or
or incorporated manufacturing companies doing a profitable business. The
city was of wood and canvas, and there was no insurance. The rich men
and leading merchants were new-comers, and comparatively .strangers to one
another.
Under such conditions the bankers were compelled to take great chances,
and of course they charged high interest. Ten per cent, a month was a
common banking r:. e in 1849, and 20 per cent, was often charged for short
loans. A gentleman who had .sold a lot for half cash and half payment
without interest in a year, secured by a mortgage, took the pnpcr to a bank
to have it discounted, and was astonished to learn that the bank expected
to get more than 120 per cent, within a year, under the custom of exact-
ing payment of interest at the end of every month, thus compounding.
Hanking shared the vicissitudes of general business. Success and failure
alternated in rapid succcssimi. Fortunes were won and lost quickly. A
new man appeared; he made friends; he gained conHdence; he seemed on
the plain road to princely wealth; but a fire, a flood, a panic came, .some
awkward mistake of judgment, some dishonest trick, attracted the general
attention and he disajipeared even more suddenly than he rose.
Adams & Co. — The first banks to do an extensive business in California
were those of .\i).\M.s & Co., the expressmen. They had an agent in every
considerable mining camp, carried most of the gold to the .nint-^ .;" iss;',\'
offices, and had peculiar facilities for accommodating tho .t incr:;, m;.n^' of
;W)
BANKING.
127
whom deposited their dust in the bank and accepted certificates of deposit
to be paid on demand without interest. Tlierc were great profits in both
expressing and banking, but the first need of tlic business was a strong
building, secure again.st fire and thieves, for every agency. A large portion
of the deposits and profits was invested in such houses, but unfortunately
their erection was undertaken after the placers had passed the clima.x of their
production, and the buildings were never worth their cost. With a net
profit of $50,000 a month from the express department, there was good
reason to expect that the firm would continue to command a large revenue
for many years to come.
Page, Baooa &. Co. — Page, Bacon & Co., a wealthy banking house of
St. Loui.s, established a branch in San Francisco, and soon took a prominent
part in the purchase of dust. The list of gold shipments by the semi-
monthly steamers in 1852, 1853 and 1854 often mentioned Page, Bacon
& Co. and Au.VM.S & Co. as each shipping from $600,000 to $1,500,000; and
B. Davidson, agent of the Rothschilds, was u.sually next to them in the
amount of his purcha.ses. On the twenty-third of Fcbruaiy; 1855, the branch
house of P.VGE, Bacon & Co. in San Francisco was compelled to close its
doors because of the embarrassment of the parent hou.se in St. I.ouis. There
was a general run on the banks, and AlUMS & Co. clo.scd all their banking
offices throughout the state. Some of the banks had abundant assets, but
the most prudent were compelled to ask the indulgence of their creditors
for a few days, and the majority .soon disappeared forever. An open field
was left for a new .set of men, who soon occupied the field.
W. T. Sherman.— W. T. Sherman, the manager of the wealthy bank of
Lucas, Turner & Co., had an opportunity to become the leading banker of
San Francisco. Thcmcrchants wercwilling and an.xious to give him the lion's
share of their accounts, with a large a\erage of deposit.s, but they demanded
in return that he should occasionally allow them to make considerable over-
drafts, for which they would pay high interest. He demanded, however,
more security than they were willing to give, and they gradually withdrew
their p.atronagc.
Ralston. — W. C. R.\LST0N, a young man who, within a few years, be-
came highly popular, took the place. As the manager of the house of G.VK-
KISON, 1M()R(;an, F'UETZ & Ralston, he showed a remarkable combina-
tion uf skill in judging men, with tact in managing them. He made it his
ambition to study the business of the leading mercantile houses of San
Francisco, and his knowledge enabled him to trust the prosperous with
comparative safety, while he refused accommodations to the others. Business
poured in on him, and he ultimately became the pre-eminent banker of the
State. He was a leader in the organization of the Bank of California in
1864, with a capital of $2,000,000, afterwards increased to $5,000,000; and
t
'Is''
ifll 1.1
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11-
I2S
COMMKRCE, I;TC.
he became its cashier at first, after ciglit jears succeeding tcj tlie prcsiJcncy,
when lie obtained general rccdgiiition as the leading banker, and almost as
the mone)-king of the State. ] le made a practice of entertaining in grand
stjie the most distinguished strangers who visited San Francisco ; he in-
vested large s; , 'n nanufacturing establishments; he took shares in
spcculati\e cntei-| he co:itributed liberally to charities, often in an
unostentatious nianii ml took an interest in e\cr)' movement that seemed
likely to contribute much to the development f)f local resources. Me was
praised as the embodiment of honest}-, honor, taste, and public spirit ; as
the ideal of a leading citizen.
Ikit he was not so successful as the public imagined. After the business
of the bank had ceased to be profitable, or at least after a large portion of
its capital had been lost, he continued to pay liberal dividends to the sliare-
holders. The directors, having the completest confidence in his lionesty
and wealth, did not subject him to strict supervision. When he said he
would assume on his own account an investment or a loan to which they
objected, the)- neglected to see that the mone)- advanced from the funds of
the bank was returned to its vaults. They allowed him to have complete
control of all the subordinate officers and clerks. The discovery of the de-
ficit came on the twent)--si.\th of August, I S75, wiien the bank closed its doors,
to the great astonishment of the community. In the afternoon of the ne.Kt
da)', while Mr. RALSTON was taking his customary bath in the bay at North
lieacli, he was ob.served to struggle convulsivel)-, and when taken to the shore,
he died in a few minutes. The coroner's jur)-, acting in accordance with the
testimon)- of the surgeons who made a post-mortem examination of the
brain and lungs, and the anal)sis of the chemist, who could di.scover no
poison in the stomach, agreed on a verdict that death was caused 1))' con-
gestion.
An investigation showed that R.VLSTON had lost vast sunv. in unsuccess-
ful speculations, anil had approi)rialed to his own purposes millions of the
bank funds. Though it had large assets, they were not available, and it
was bankrupt. No similar institution, involved to so great an extent, had
ever recovered. lUit this one was reorganized. There was serious danger
that the assets would be wasted in a bankrujit court, and that the loss would
be much greater from an abandonment than from a resumption of business.
.Among the stockholders were many millionaires, personal!)- responsible for
their share of the debts, .-nul anxious to avoid vexatious litigation. They
met and decided that the Hank of California must be maintained, agreeing
to contribute $7,500,000, if necessar)-, to restore the capital to its former
amount of .$5,000,000. The)- paiti in $4,000,000, after sa\ing $1,000,000 of
assets. 1). (). Mii.i.s, \\\v> had been the leader in the organization of the
institution, w.'is recalled to the |)resiilen(:)- for a time, and his reput.'ition for
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BANKING.
129
prudence and integrity, as well as for wealth, was of great service in regain-
ing public confidence.
]VIr. Ralston was a native of southern Ohio. After getting a common-
school education, he worked, while in his teens, as a ship-carpenter for sev-
eral years. Tiring of that occupation, he became clerk on a Mississippi
steamer, and thinking that field too narrow for his ambition, he started for
California. On the isthmus of Panama he found employment as steamship
agent for GARRISON & Fretz, who requested him, in 1853, to take charge
of their San Francisco steamship office, from which place he stepped into
their bank. The way was then clear before him. He died at tlie age of 50,
when life would have had no further .satisfaction for him.
Palmer, Cook & Co. — One of the most prominent banks of San Fran-
cisco, from I.S53 to 1857, was that of PalMER, Cook & Co. Its partners
were noted quite as much for political as for financial ability. Their G. W.
Wright had been a member of Congress. All the associates were in the
habit of becoming bondsmen of city and State officials, especially those
who had the handling of public money; and their willingness in this direc-
tion suggested a clause in the San Francisco charter that no banker should
be a bondsman for a city official. Though J. C. I-'rkmont and D. C. Brod-
ERICK were political enemies, the house had the credit of attaching itself to
the fortunes of both, and of providing funds to assist the former in his unsuc-
cessful contest for the presidency, and the latter in his successful contest for
the national senatorship. The head of the firm was charged by a member
of the legislature with offering a money bribe for a vote for liRODERICK,
but the investigatioit resulted in refusal to convict. After the failure of
the bank to perform its duty of paying the interest on the State bonds in
1857, it fell into discredit, and soon afterwards disappeared.
Savings and Loan. — The first .savings bank in California, or at least the
first institution to deserve the name, was the Savings and Loan Society, in-
corporated in San Francisco in 1857. The prudence and ability of its man-
agement and a conjuncture of favorable circumstances secured to it a decided
success at the start. The city, after 4 years of depression, was about to
enter into a new period of prosperity, when there would be a lively demand
for money to be used in erecting residences and business houses. A rapid
and steady growth was to add greatly to the value of lots, so that they would
be excellent .security at half or two thirds of their market price for the loans
secured by mortgage. The large claims under pretended Mexican grants,
clouding the title to a considerable portion of the municipal area, were about
to be finally. defeated. Such loans would be indispensable to facilitate the
grading of ihe streets and lots, and the construction of the buildings needed
to accommodate the rapidly increasing population. The money could not
be supplied by the commercial banks. They exacted higher rates of inter-
17
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COMMERCE, ETC.
est than the builders could safely pay, and they would not loan on mortgage
except in rare cases, and usually then only in small sums. Besides, as they did
not pay interest to depositors, there was a large amount of savings which did
come into their possession. The Savings and Loan Society soon attracted
numerous deposits, and found an excellent market for them. It paid i8 per
cent, per annum to its depositors the first year; for 5 years the interest
ranged from 12 to 15 per cent.; for a subsequent period of 6 years the rate
was never less than lO; and for the 6 years ending with 1877, the rate to
the depositors was not less than S per cent. In July, 1877, it had $i3,ooo,ocx)
of deposits.
Other Savings Banks. — The success of the Savings and Loan Society,
and its favorable influence on the provident habits of many people, and on
the iiiiprojcmcnt of the cit}-, were so evident, that other similar institutions
were established. The Hibernia .Savings and Loan Society, organized in
1859, had in five years become the leading savings bank of the cit)', a posi-
tion which it still maintains. In Januarj-, 1878, it had $14,500,000 of de-
posits, and at the same time the Savings Uniop had $8,500,000 ; the German
Savings and Loan Society, $8,Soo,000 ; the French Savings and Loan So-
ciety, $5,QOO,ooo ; the ~)dd Fellows' Savings Rank, $5,600,000 ; and the total
amount on deposit in all the savings banks of the city was $61,000,000, and
of the State, $75,000,000, with an average of $700 to each ilcpositor, and of
$86 to every inhabitant of the State, or about ten times as inuch as in the
Atlantic States or Europe. Nowhere else has the savings bank risen to
such importance to the people, or to the general business of the communitj-,
as in California. In January, 1880, the State had 31 savings banks, which
had paid $53,000,000 of dividends to depositors.
Bank Commission. — Previousto 1878, these institutions were not subjected
to any governmental supervision, and in several instances, the managers,
finding themselves involved in difficulties, resorted to .serious frauds, which
ended with disgrace to themselves, and ruin to their institutions. Several
banks loaned much on the security of fraudulent certificates, i.ssued from
the office of the pay director of the United States navy, in San Francisco.
The law was powerless, or the courts were unwilling, to punish the swindlers.
No judicial decree defines the measure of their guilt, or condemns their
memory to obloquy. The total losses by the depositors in the savings
banks of California, previous to 1881, did not, according to the statement of
the bank commissioners, exceed $3,500,000, a small figure to place against
the $53,000,000 of dividcnd.s, and the encouragement of economical habits
which led to the accumulation in the Californian savings banks of deposits
amounting in 1877 to $75,000,000.
Mining Stocks. — The business of the commercial banks in San Francisco
was peculiar after 1863, in consequence of the prominence of mining prop-
BANKING.
131
erty in the wealth of the city, the magnitude of her stock sales in her busi-
ness, and the custom of purchasing shares on credit. Though these securities
would have been very insecure in neglectful hands, some of the leading com-
mercial banks accepted them as " collaterals," under conditions permitting
sale without notice, in case the current price should fall to near the amount
of the loan. The banks employed experienced brokers to watch the market,
with instructions to sell the shares whenever danger seemed imminent.
The speculator took the chance of loss as well as of profit ; and though the
banks' main object was to obtain a good interest on their money, usually
about twice as much as that paid for long loans with real estate security,
still some of them were generally regarded as stock speculating institutions
almost as much as banks. With the decrease of the yield from the Comstock
lode, the decline of stock speculation, and the impoverishment of many of the
stock speculators, the business of lending money on mining certificates was
reduced to insignificance, as compared with its prominence from 1870 to
i8;5.
Currency. — The prohibition by the State constitution of the issue of
paper money did not prevent the establishment of national banks. The
legal-tender notes and their equivalents in value, the notes of the national
banks, were brought to California to pay various national obligations, and to
meet the demands of the internal revenue ; but custom recognized gold as
the exclusive currency of ordinary mercantile and banking transactions, and
the greenbacks were treated as merchandise to be bought and sold, until
they reached par, and then, of course, there was no longer any motive for
keeping up a distinction between them and gold, although the latter is still
used in rr"king at least nineteen twentieths in number and amount of all
payments.
One feature of the national banking .system is a provision that banks may
be organized to issue notes redeemable in gold instead of in any legal-tender
currency of the United States, and under this provision 8 gold-note institu-
tions were organized in California, with an aggregate capital of about
$5,000,000, but now that gold notes have lost their advantage of permanence
in value over greenbacks, it is probable that all the gold-note banks, as well
as some of the commercial banks organized under the State law, will be con-
verted into national currency bank.s. Some of the gold-note banks have
already made the change.
Panic of 18T7. — After 20 years of prosperity, the business of the bank.s,
especially that of the savings banks, in 1877 encountered a .severe check,
about the causes of which different opinions have been published. Many
newspapers and politicians are involved, and each has an interest in misrep-
resenting the question. One explanation is, that the main cause was general
impoverishment by the purchase of mining stocks at inflated prices; another,
Ki
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I iflf
« !
that the railroads and land monopolists had plundered the multitude ; and a
third, that the Chinese had carried away the money of the country. All
these influences were more potent before the panic of 1877, some of them 6
or S years before, than they have been since, and the general depression con-
tinued to grow worse for 4 years, though in the opinion of many persons
better times have commenced.
The opinion accepted by some intelligent merchants of San Francisco,
where tlic trouble began, and where the most serious losses have occurred,
is that the main causes have been communistic agitation and the adoption
of a State constitution which contains many novel if not revolutionary
ideas. For 3 years, the San Francisco communists held frequent public
mceting.s, in which the speakers recommended insurrection, incendiarism
and murder, and denounced capital and capitalists generally as the oppress-
ors and enemies of the people: and this when wages were higher than in
any other part of the world, and when unskilled laborers were refusing to
work fur less than $2 a day. In 2 successive \-ears, the new party elected
their candidates, or enough to give them a great influence over legislation
and the administration of justice, and they succeeded in calling a constitu-
tional convention, controlling its action in regard to many important pro-
visions, and securing its adoption. Much in this instrument was novel;
much was vague in expression and therefore doubtful in legal effect, bccau.sc
it was impossible to foreknow the interpretations to be adopted by the
State supreme court; and many provisions devised for thc^avowcd purpose
of protecting the multitude against capitalists were regarded by the latter
class as unjust to them, injurious to enterprise, and dangerous to corporate
investments. The document was ratified by the people in May, 1879, after
full and lively discussioa in the newspapers, neither its friends nf)r its
enemies sparing any effort to enlighten the people as to its advantages and
disadvantages.
New Constitution. — Its advocates predicted that it would reduce taxa-
tion, cheapen transportation, drive out the Chinamen, attract a large immi-
gration of white people, furnish work to boys and grrls previously excluded
by Chinese competition from employment, increase the demand for labor and
the rate of wages, diminish the rate of interest, and stimulate industrial
enterprise generally. Its opponents denounced it bccau.se, as they said, it
was predominantly communistic and experimental; it would levy double
taxation on many forms of capital, reduce the rates of interest so that many
would move to other States, injure the business of the savings banks, arrest
street improvements, destroy confidence in corporations, make the State
ridiculous by the void provisions against the Chinese, and diminish the de-
mand for labor. Some of its explicit provisions were declared void, and
some of its ambiguous clauses, that .seemed to demand double or treble tax-
BAXKIXG.
133
■'f
ation, were interpreted away by the State supreme court, in the summer of
1 88 1, and capitalists have since felt less distrust.
Whatever the cause may be, it is certain that the depression which
commenced in 1877 continued for 4 years. Perhaps the most si^jnal evi-
dence of its extent is the change in the business of the .savings banks. In
January, 1878, the State had 28 institutions of this kind, with $75,000,000 of
deposits; and in July, 1881, their number was reduced to 20 with $49,954,332
of aggregate deposits. In the same period there was a dccrca.sc of $1,600,-
000 in the aggregate of capital and surplus, making a total decrease in
their available funf' . of $26,400,000. The commercial banks lost $8,500,000
of capital and surplus. There was an increase of $3,000,000 in the deposits
of the commercial banlcs, left there, presumably temporarily, in the hope of
finding an investment. If this be deducted, there was still a decrease of
$32,000,000 withdrawn from commercial and industrial business.
Reduction of Debt. — The bank commissioners submitted to the legisla-
ture in January, 1881, a report in which they congratulated the State upon
the fact that within the 2 years ending July, 1880, the people had paid off
$28,000,000 of indebtedness to the savings and commercial banks. Con-
sidered from one point of view, it seemed highly satisfactory to be able to
say that, after making ami>lc allowance for increa.sed loans from private
hand.s, "our people owe at least $20,000,000 less than they did 2 years ago."
But a little consideration of this statement shows that it is based on the
a.ssumption that banks are pernicious institutions. They live by lending
money; and if we should feel pleased to know that the amount of their
loans decreased from $106,000,000 to $76,000,000 within 2 years, we ought
to be still more pleased if the amount had been reduced to nothing, so that
the banks themselves would have disappeared. According to such reason-
ing, Turkey should be more prosperous without banks than England with
them.
While, as a general rule, debt is considered dangerous to the individual,
it is quite certain that the most prosperous communities are those in which
credit, based on confidence, is good, and the demand for money attracts en-
larged deposits to the savings banks, and debts accumulate. Those arc the
invariable features of flush times in American cities when population in-
creases ; new houses go up in large numbers, rents arc high, and new manu-
facturing establishments are built. The borrower, instead of paying up,
wants more money from the bank. When the collap.se comes, rents fall,
improvement stops, immigration turns in other directions ; the borrower,
finding no profit in his investment, pays up his ndebtcdncss, gives up his
security to the bank in return for his note, or is sold out under foreclosure ;
but it is not likely that after he is reduced to poverty he will congratulate
himself upon the change in his condition, even if he does owe much less
I
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COMMERCE, ETC.
than while he was wealthy. Hard times injure credit and decrease debt ;
flush times restore credit and increase debt.
The statistics of the Californian banks show an increase, in the 18 months
ending January 1, 1SS2. in the amount of deposits.
Of course the reduction of $30,000,000 on the debts due to the banks has
thrown much money out of profitable employment, and if it continues, must
drive that sum out of the banking business. The fear of double taxa;ion,
and the distrust of corporate management, have induced many peop'c to
withdraw their money from the savings banks for the purpose of making in-
dividual loans. The rates of interest paid to depositors have fallen from 7
and S to 5 per cent., and many people have invested their funds in nr.tional
bonds, of which San Francisco has purchased more relatively w.thin 2
years than any other American city.
Banking Prospects. — The fertile portion of the unoccupied territory on
this slope is so vast, and the resources still undeveloped so rich, that there
must be rapid progress for a long period, with an excellent field for banking
cnterpri.se. The possibilities of mining excitements, as wild as any in the
past, do not endanger the values of wcll-.sclected securities, or diminish the
profits of judicious management. The more rapid the growth, the more
abundant the mineral production, the greater fluctuation may be ex-
pected in the amount of annual busines.s. The statistics are far more
complete for San I'rancisco than for any other part of the coast. The total
dividends paid in the city by corporations were $12,100,000 in 18S1, includ-
ing $5,460,000 b>- mining companies, $3,000,000 by banks, $1,628,000 by the
Central Pacific Railroad, and $640,000 by the Water Company, and $347,-
000 by insurance companies, and $115,000 by street railroad companies.
The sales of real estate numbered 2,277, and amounted in value to $12,233,-
000; the amount loaned on mortgage was $6,278,000; the amount paid to
release mortgages was $9,692,000. The savings banks paid from ^^^ to 51,^
per cent, annual interest to their depositors; the commercial banks expect
to pay about 8 or 10 per cent, to their stockholders.
Banking Institutions. — The banking institutions on our coast are so
numerous that the statistics of their assets and liabilities would fill many
pages, and the mention will be limited to those with a capital of $i,ooo,coo
or more. The Bank of C.\LI1"0RM.\ stands as high in public confidence
as if there had never been a mistake in its management. Since the adop-
tion of the new Constitution the capital has been reduced from $5,000,000
to $3,000,0000. The Bank of Nevada has reduced its capital from
$10,000,000 to $3,000,000. The Pacific Bank, with a capital of $1,000,-
m
HANKING.
135
000; Thf First National Bank; The London and San Francisco
Bank, with $2,000,000; The Anglo-Californian Bank, with $2,980,000;
The Bank of British Columbia, with $1,000,000, arc the other great banks
of San Francisco. The last 2 are branches of London houses, and the sums
here mentioned as capital are the amounts advanced by the head offices for
banking purposes here.
The Clearing Hou.se of San Francisco, the only one on our coast, was
established in 1876. Its total clearings were $517,000,000 in 1877, $715,-
000,000 in 1878, $534,000,000 in 1879, $487,000,000 in 1880, and $599,000,-
000 in 1 88 1. The large place held by mining-stock speculation in the
banking business of San Francisco cau.ses relatively greater changes in its
clearings than in those of eastern cities. The large figure for 1878 was
caused by the erroneous supposition that a body of rich ore, found in the
Sierra Nevada and Union Consolidated mines, would prove to be extensive.
Thousands of persons purchased the stock in the hope of making fortunes;
the values of stocks in other mines advanced by sympathy; and the influ-
ence of the excitement added more than $200,000,000 to the clearings of
the year.
Notable Bankers. — Among the notable bankers of our coast, besides
those to be mentioned hereafter, arc A. SCRIVENER, manager of the Lon-
don AND San Francisco Bank; R. H. McDonald, of The Pacific
Bank; Robert J. Tobin, of The Hibernia Savings Bank; James
de Fremerv, President of The San Francisco Savings Union; L.
GoTTiG, President of The German Savings Bank, and J. A. Donohoe
(Eugene Kellv, formerly his associate here, and now banker in New York,
is still his partner), of San Francisco; J. VV. MARTIN and E. C. SESSIONS,
of Oakland; EDGAR Mills and C. H. Swift, of Sacramento ; I. VV. Hell-
man, of Los Angeles; B. D. MURPUY and T. Ellard Beans, of San Josd;
L. U. ShipI'EE, of Stockton; James ' ""siRCE, of Santa Clara; John
Conlv, of Chico; John D. Stephens, oi Woodland; Thomas R. Bard,
of San Buenaventura; and E. J. WiLSON, of Vallejo. Among those formerly
prominent in the banking business of California, but now withdrawn from it,
are E. W. BuRR, first president of The Savings and Loan Society; J. B.
Frisbie, president of The Vallejo Savings and Commercial Bank,
now in Mexico; MiLTON S. Latham, now of New York; and John G.
Downey, of Los Angeles. Oregon bankers worthy of special mention, are
Ladd & TiLTON, A. Bush, D. P. Thompson, and Henry Failing, of
Portland; Thomas Charman, of Oregon City; and Baker & Boyer, of
Walla Walla.
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COMMERCE, ETC.
iiV I
I.
'it
i 'h
P. H. Burnett.— I'i:ti:r II. IUknett, a typical American pioneer and
Californian, wa.s born in 1807 at Xashvil'.c, tlicn a little town in the back-
vood.s. A move to the frontier of Missouri when he was 10 )-cars old took
him still farther from the opportunities of education anil refinement. He
^\ork■ed hard and lived rudely on a farm, but spent enou;4h time in school
to learn to read, write, antl cipher. .'\t the a^e of 19 he returned to
rcnncssec, \\ here he became clerk in a villa^'e imi, occasionally serving as
w.iiter and hostler, lie left that place to accci)l $Joo a year, with board,
lodyint^, and washing, as clerk in a country store, and on that income, when
21 years okl, he took a wife. A store of his own, bankruptcy, return to
Missouri, partnershi[) in another store, and another failure, were amonij hi.s
experiences. He edited a newspaper, made political speeches, and studied
law at intervals of leisure, and at the aye of ^j he opened an office as an
attorney. His business was not pjjfitable, and he worried because he saw
no prospect of pajini; his debts. The people in Missouri received {^lowing
accounts of the resources and attractions of Oregon, and expected a great
ind rapid development of wealth in that country Burnett accepted the
general opinion, and, in 1S43, took his family with an o.x-train across the
continent, at a time when very few families had made that adventurous
journey. The white .settlers in the Willamette Vallej', where he established
himself, were few and poor, and he shared the common poverty. For a time
he was compelled to go barefooted while doing his farm work. His legal
knowledge brought him into prominence when the provisional government
of Oregon was organized, and he was elected Judge of the Supreme Court
in 1S45. Moderate pecuniary prosperity then blessed him till September,
1848, when the news of the gold discovery attracted him to California. No-
vember found him washing gold on the bank of the Yuba Riv'er, where he
made $20 a day. /\ month of that experience was enough, and he moved
to Sacramento, where he opened an office as attorney; and a few days later
he accepted the agency for the .sale of Sutter's land, then in demand for
town lots. The business was profitable, and he was soon able to payoff his
debts in Missouri. When the people of California framed their State gov-
ernment, they elected him their first governor; but the office was not lucra-
tive, and he resigned it to return to the law. The office of Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court was given to him in 1857, ^""^ '^<^ held it nearly two
years. He then published a large book, giving an account of his conversion
to the (Catholic faith, without, however, securing much success either in ele-
gance of literary composition or in vigor of argument. He also published
a large pamphlet on the government of the United States. In 1863 he be-
came president of TllE PACIFIC B.VNK. in San Francisco, and retained that
place for more than 1 5 years, until he had passed the threescore and ten, when
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BANKING.
137
he withdrew from business, to spend the closing years of his life in rest.
One of the results of his leisure has been hi:i best book, T/ic Recollections
and Opinions of an Old Pioneer, published in 1880. We have traced him
from obscurity, poverty, and ignorance, through toil, study, and privation,
from the country iim, country store, and farm, to law, editorship, the gover-
nor's office, the bench, the bank, and authorship, always industrious, upright,
and courteous, never dazzling his associates by brilliant talents, but always
commanding their respect by an estimable character.
:';K :
John Parrott. — Joiix Paruott is one of the few California millionaires
who had a fortune befo! he arrived in the Golden State. A native of
Virginia, born about iSio, he had arrived as a very young man in Mazat-
lan, where he grew rich in mercantile business. He was the American
Consul in that city, and the leading American merchant on the western
coast of Mexico. When the war broke out he obtained information which,
for the interests of his country, should be sent to Washington with all
possible speed, and having no messenger whom he could fully trust, he
carried the papers him.self from Mazatlan to Vera Cruz with serious ex-
pense and still more serious risk. After his return to Mazatlan he made a
trip in 1846 to San Francisco, and in 1849 he moved his residence to our
metropolis, bringing with him $30O,cxX) in Mexican dollars, a sum which
probably no other man in California could then command in coin. He
soon became a prominent citizen of San Francisco. His experience, repu-
tation, sound judgment, and careful avoidance of speculative ventures,
enabled him rapidly to increase his original capital, which, according to
common repute, increased more than tenfold, though he had a large family
and lived in elegant style, having one of the most luxurious mansions on
the coast, until the railroad and bonanza princes made their appearance.
He bought numerous lots in the business portions of San Francisco, and
erected substantial buildings, including the granite structure on the north-
west corner of California and Montgomery streets, the stone for which was
quarried and cut in China in 1853. For many years Mr. PARROTT did a
banking busines.s, conducting it so prudently that, no matter what financial
convulsion troubled the community, he never closed his doors for a day.
He has now retired from active business, spending much of his time at his
country scat, in San Mateo County.
D. O. Mills.— Dariu.s Ogden Mills, or D. O. Mills, as he is generally
known, is a native of Westchester County, New York, born in 1825. He
received a good high-.school education, and became a bank clerk, showing
so much aptitude for his business that, when 2 1 years of age, he had obtained
: !
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138
((IMMKUCK, IvTC.
¥■'■■
Uf •
n position as cashier in a bank, in liuffalo, N. Y. At the age of 24 he came
to Caliibrnia, and settled at Sacramento as a banker, where he soon gained
the confidence of the merchants, and secured a profitable custom. Large
sums we ic intrusted to him, and nobody had reason to regret the confidence
placed in him. When Till-; U.VNK OF Califokxia was organized, Mr.
Mills by the natural force of his capital, character, and reputation, became
the president, and all went well with that institution, until he withdrew, in
187 J. When it was reorganized after the death of Mr. RALSTON, he again
became president until its position was secure. Mr. MILLS is reserved in
manners, and avoids politics, publicity, and ostentation. His residence at
I\Iilbrac, 17 miles south of San Francisco, is one of the most elegant homes
in California.
Williani Alvord. — For nearly a quarter of a century \Vm. Alvord
has been a prominent citizen of ,San Francisco. Immediately after his
arrival in California, from his native city of Albany, N. Y., he settled in
Marysville, as senior partner of a hou.sc engaged in selling hardware. Three
years Later, in 1856, he moved to San Francisco, and became the head of the
house of \Vm. Alvord iv. Co., importing and .selling hanhvare by wholesale.
Though he was then onlj- 23 }'ears old, prosperity attended him in his exten-
sive dealings. He had a prepossessing appearance, courteous address, a
quick judgment, and much industry. He was not only successful, but evi-
dently a young man with a future When the large accumulation of worn-
out rails, and old wrought-iron of various kinds, in California, suggested the
construction of a rolling-mill in .San FVancisco, he became the head of the
enterprise. He studied rolling-mills in the Atlantic States, bought iV.i-
chiner)-, and superintended the erection of the mill at I'otrero Point. It was
a success from the start. He devoted himself to its business, having sold
out his interest in the hardware store ; and became a stockholder in Tliu;
RisiKi.v Irox AND LocoMOTlVli WORKS. As a public-spirited citizen,
Mr. .AiA'oKlJ has been called upon to take a prominent part in public affairs
on man)- occasions In 1871 he was elected Mayor of the city, and gave
general satisfaction by the manner in which he filled that office. He lias
been I'olice Commissioner for 4, and Park Commissioner for 10 years,
positions without compensation, but of high trust, and lequiring lime and
attention t(3 perform their duties. He is now, and has been for several
ye.iis, President of TUK 13AXK OF CALIFORNIA.
Lloyd Tevis.— .Among the men who came to California in 1849, was a.
Kentuckian, I.LoNT) TlOVls, then 25 years old. lie had no mc'icy, but
he had been admitted to the bar, and was willing to take his chances
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BANKING.
139
in the land of gold. After working in the mines, with little success he
moved to Sacramento City, where he opened a land and loan office, in the
fall of 1S50, and there formed a partnership with J. H. Haggin, another
young lawyer from Kentucky — the capital of the firm being $1,000. In
1853 he moved to San Francisco, and for a year was member of the firm of
Crockett, P.\GE & Tuvis. After leaving that firm, his brokerage business
in association with Mr. Haggix, took precedence of the law. They were
money brokers, bankers, and dealers in land and mines. They made no
changes in occupation or residence. They aspired to no office. They in-
dulged no fooli.sh,' extravagant vanit>'. They attended to business with
assi.Juity and capacity. 'W^calth poured in upon them, and both are
accounted millionaires, Mr. Tevis having, according to popular estimate,
more than $5,000,000. In October, 1880, when his party, the Democratic,
hoped to elect the President of the United States, and a majority of the
Californian Legislature, the public journals mentioned him as a suitable
perscn for United States Senator or Secretary of the Treasury, but he would
probably not have accepted either place. He could not do so without mak-
ing large pecuniary sacrifices. The productive mines and other industrial
enterprises, in which lie is an owner, are numerous. As President of
Wells, Fargo & Co., he has supervision of a vast and very complicated
banking and express business, involving the care of immen.se sums of money.
The management of his property, and of that of the corporations in which
he has large interests, demands all his time. Mr. Tevis is a healthy, active
man, youthful in his form, courteous in his address, always ready to meet
acquaintances with pleasant greetings, and business men with prompt decis-
ions. Without ostentation, and without stain on his social or pecuniary
reputation, he is one of the best illustrations (jf the success achieved in San
Francisco by application, iirudcnce, talent, tact, and integrity.
F. F. Lovr. — Fredek. 'C F. Low is a native of Maine, and now in
1 88 1, 52 years old, not ^n advanced age for a man who has been a banker,
member of Congress, ' ollector of San Francisco, Governor of California,
and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States at the Court of China.
He came to California in 1849, and established himself in Marysville, which
for twelve years, while he resided there, was one of the most active and
prosperous places in the State. He became a successful banker. The Re-
publican party sent him to Congress in 1861. His term had scarcely closed,
when he was appointed Collector, and he had scared)- entered on the duties
of his office, when he was nominated for Governor. He filled that office 4
years, and left it with a good reputation. He was 4 years at Pekin ; and
soon after his return, became manager of The Anglo-California Bank,
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140
COMMERCE, ETC.
Ml...
1'^ ■■ '
one of the leading financial institutions of San Francisco. He has occupied
that position about 7 jears.
liOuis r.TcLane.— Louis McLane, a native of Baltimore, and now about
60 jcars of age, began his adult life as an officer of the United States Navy,
but resigned in 1S50, to establish himself in San Francisco, where, in No-
vember, 1S55, he became superintendent of WeELS, Fargo & Co.'s Ex-
PRES.s. His management contributed much to the profit of its banking, and
the economy and efficiency of its express department. After a few years
of this service he moved to New York to accept the presidency of Weel.S,
Fargo & Co. There he was also a director of the -Pacieic Mail Steam-
.siiip Company, and for a time its acting president. When The Bank of
Nevada was established in 1875, he came to San Francisco to be its first
president ;ind manager. He has the reputation of being strict in following
the rules of the greatest prudence, severe in his discipline, acute in his judg-
ment of men, able in his management, and averse from business mixed with
politics. Mr. McLane withdrew from the presidency of TllE Bank of
Nevada in 1S81.
The Dalles Bank. —A .serious interruption in the channel of a great nav-
igable ri\ er, almost in\ariably gives rise to an important town in the vicinity,
and the I'all in the Columbia at the Dalles is no exception to the rule.
Among the prominent features of business in that town and in Eastern
Oregon is the bank of FRENCH & Co., established in 1S77, by D. M. and
J. W". l-'KENCll, brothers, natives of Vermont, residents of this coast for
about 30 j'cars, and men of extensive experience in commercial affairs.
They began banking with $60,000, and, having a good situation, the public
confiilcncc, and no comi)etition, have been adding to their capital, and have
now nearl)- completed a substantial brick buiUimg, two stories high, specially
designed for the accommodation of their banking business. The Dalles is
an excellent place for banking enterpri.se, en tiie bank of a great navigable
river, there broken by rapids, .so that boats must always stop, even if, by
great expenditure, they should be enabled to pass. It is in a narrow gap
through a high, rugged, and long mountain chain, with rich and extensive
agricultural regions on both sides. The future seems bright f<:)r the town
and its well-established business men. Excepting Astoria, it is the largest
town on the banks of the Columbia.
Wm. Reld.— One of the notable bankers of Oregon is \^'M. Reid, a
Scotchman, now nearl>- 40 )ears of age. While practicing law in Duntlee,
he received an appointment as Consul of the United States, and while
acting in that capacity, his attention was drawn to Oregon by one of the
,:''i
BANKINT,.
141
'!
publications of the United States Statistical Bureau. He wrote a pamphlet
about the State as a field for labor, enterprise, and capital, and a number
of Scotch capitalists were so ftuorably impressed by it, that they com-
bined to send him to Oregon, to make investments for them. He went,
devoted five months to a careful examin.-ttion of the State, and made a
series of favorable reports. He advised them to establish TlIE OREGON
AND Washington Mortgage Savings Bank, and they did .so, with
Mr. Reid as managing director. It became a success from the first ; has
loaned out $650,000 every year; has never lost a dollar by a bad loan; and
now has $3,700,000 out on interest. Besides paying 10 per cent, .'mnual
dividends to its stockholders, its reserve fund amounts to 20 per cent, of
its paid-up capital. The result of the banking investment being satis-
factory, Scotch capitalists came forward, in 1S80, to organize TlIE Orego-
NIAN Railway Company, which purcha.sed the Willamette Valley (narrow-
gauge) Raiload, and immediately reconstructed and extended it so that the
roads of the company on both sides of the \alley now measure 165 mile.s.
These roads have been leased to HENRY VlLI-.\RD, for 90 years, for $140,-
000 a )-ear; and the contract, guaranteed by TlIE OREGON Railway and
N.\VlG.\TlOX Co.Mir^^'V, secures an annual dividend of 7 per cent, on their
stock, to the ownt t' the leased road. It was owing to the active
exertions of Mr. REIh ii tin' Legislature of Oregon, in i.S7.|. passed an
act to create a State Board of 1 mm ■; ration, and Governor (/iROVEK recog-
nized his .services by appointing jiiiii President of thf^ Board, \\ith Senator
CouUETT, B. Goldsmith, W. S. Ladi ukI C. H. I. inenweher as Com-
missioners. Thirty-six officers of the Commission were appointed in
Europe, and their labors and publications attracted many Icsirable settlers
to Oregon. TlIE I'ORTL.VND BOARD OF Tr^VDI; was c)rt,.ini/ed in 1874,
in con.sequencc of Mr. Reid's exertions; and he was its secretary for 6
years. I'^or the Paris Ivxposition of 1878, Ik wrote a jwmphlct entitled
Oregon and Was/iington Tcrrifoij as Fields for Capital and Lador, of which
35,000 copies were printed in English, I'rench, and '"rcrman. Oregon is
fortunate in attracting and keeping a man like Mr !\ , and he was fortu-
nate in finding a field so well adapted for his ent^ .c, and for the invest-
ment of the capital entrusted to his management.
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COMMERCE, ETC.
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CHAPTER VII.— INSURANCE.
Fires. — Conflagrations must be numerous in regions where nearly all the
houses ate of wood, as they are on the Pacific Coast, north of latitude 34°,
and where the wooden houses are crowded together very closely, as is the
case in the cities and even in the small mining town.s, many of which are
situated in narrow ravines, with scanty areas suitable or convenient for pur-
poses of habitation or trade. Wherever property is endangered by fire,
there the demand for underwriting makes its appearance; but before 1853
the risk was too great in California. In that year JosilUA P. H.VVEN be-
came agent of TiiE Liverpool and Londox and Globe Fire and
Ln-i; IN.SURANCE Company; and soon afterwards The Imperial Fire
AM) Like Insurance Comp.VNV, the Royal, the Monarch (since amalga-
mated with the Liverpool and London), and the Northern, all English
companies, established agencies, and by care in .selecting their risks, and
high premiums, made fine profits. Tiirce years elapsed, before any Ameri-
can companies ventured to take part in the business in California.
First Califomian Company. — The first company organized in California
to do an insurance business for the general public, was incorporated in San
Francisco, February 23, 1861. The name was " The CALIFORNIA MUTUAL
Marine Insurance Co.mpan v." The prt-ident was Dr. Samuel Merritt,
and C-\SI'.\R T. Iloi'KlXS was the secretarv The company still exists, but
it has tlropped the "mutual marine" from its title, ami takes fire risks. At
the annual meeting, held in Januar)', 1881, .Mr. IIoi'KlNS, then president,
(who with Dr. MiORRiTT, the first president, (Organized the company), de-
livered an address, in which he reviewed its hislciry, and gave .an account of
its carl)- difficulties. The following is an extract from it;
" During the >ears from 1852 to i860, several attempts had been made to
form insurance companies in .San Francisco. The only one thut succeeded
was a small German company, organized on the mutual plan, and which in-
sured only its own members .against fire on merchandi risks. The rest
came to nothing, because the personal liability, imposed I))' the constitution
of the Stale, on all stockholders of ,ill corporations, ha' 1 not then been de-
fined, cither by statute or judicial decision. It was feared that, in ca.se of
conflagration, the entire estates of the stockholders would be swept away.
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INSURANCE.
143
The objection was, however, far less a dissuasion to marine than to fire in-
surance, for the fact was recognized, that wholesale disaster could not occur
to the risks scattered over the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean. Appre-
ciating the opportunity offered by the failure of the Philadelphia companies.
Dr. Samuel Merritt, in connection with your present president, under-
took to supply the public want of a sound marine underwriting institution,
by organizing The CALIFORNIA MUTUAL Marine Insurance Com-
r.\NV. With great labor and difficulty, and after many meetings held dur-
ing the winter of 1860-61, 20 men, of well-known wealth and standing, were
at last persuaded to incur the risk of owning stock in so perilous a venture.
Their names were A. J. PoPE (deceased, 1879), SAMUEL Merritt, W. C.
Taluott (deceased, 1881), JONA.S G. Clark (sold out in 1863, and removed
to New York), MICHAEL REESE (deceased, 1S79), Calvin Paige, J. J.
Felt (sold out in 1867), II. B. Tichenor, D. C. McRuer (sold out in 1S65),
Samuel C. Bigelow, Josiah Belden (sold out in 1864), M. I". Tesciie-
MACIIER (sold out in 1866), WiLLlAM NoRRiS (sold out in 1865), C. W.
Hatiiaw.w (sold out in 188 1), JoiiN Van Bergen (.still owning all his
stock, but a resident of Germany), CHARLES AlAIN, jAMES FiNDLA (sold
out in 1863 to C. F. Lott, deceased in 1865), George H. Howard (de-
ceased, 1877), Levi Stevens (sold out in 1878), and John G. Brav (de-
ceased, 1864).
" The fear and trembling with which these gentlemen embarked upon the
enterprise, may be illustrated by referring to a few peculiarities in their
organization. Each stockholder subscribed for but one share of $io,ooo
each. Of this amount only $1,000 was paid in, a stock note, payable on
call, being given for the balance of $9,000. No person was allowed to own
stock unless he was known to be worth at lea.'^t $100,000 clear, nor could
he sell out, except to a purcha.ser who should be approved by the directors,
as being sufficiently strong to carry such u burden, without flinching. If
any stockholder were to become cmbarras.sed in his business, or if, in the
opinion of the board, his pecuniary rcspjnsibility had become impaired, he
was to be dealt with in a most arbitrary and unconstitutional manner.
Should any of them die, his estate was to be at once dispossessed of the
stock, so as to have only live owners thoreof, who would be sure to respond
to assessments. No risks were to be taken, except approved bj- the whole
insurance committee, nor losses paid, except by special order of the boanl
of directors. But the old by-laws were sound on tht subject of dividends ;
for the)' provided that not more than half the net earnings should be divided,
luitil $500,000 should have been accumulated in cash assets. And the whole
concern, though ostensibly small, was .sound as a nut; for the aggregate
wealth of those 20 stockholders was many m'Uions. They recognized their
P
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COMMERCE, ETC.
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!{. I
personal responsibility, whether joint or several, and were prepared to meet
it like men ; but, at the same time, were not intending to do a rash business,
or be caught in a losing game, and they never were. * * *
" On April 5 the entire paid-up capital of $20,000 was loaned to S.VMUEL
Bran NAN, then a verj' wealthy man, on his note at i }i per cent, per month,
secured on a pile of railroad iron worth $50,000, which was stacked "de-
tached " on the water front ; and the finance committee reported the assets
of the companj- to be " safely and profitably invested." But though strong,
the company was too prudent to do much business at the start. Its first 9
months' income was only $49,446, of which $2,697 was from interest on its
safely invested capital and receipts. In 18G2 the income n'as $80,649, of
which $9,088 was from interest. The third year showed receipts of $109,492,
■whereof $15,903 was from interest. * # •
" Hardly had this company broken the ice when, in March, 1861, 2 other
local insurance institutions organized. One of these was TlIE S.\N Fran-
cisco I'lKlC Insurance Co.mpanv, capital $150,000, which was all paid in
within 12 months; and for several years it transacted a safe and highly profit-
able business. It discontinued its existence in 1866. * * * 'f]|e other
wa.-> TllK California Li,o\1)S which, almost from the start, divided the
marine business of the port with our company. This institution had no cap-
ital and was not incorporated. At first 10, afterwards 14 capitalists, signed
each policy in equal proportions, by jjrocuration, and the results were highly
satisfactory, till it was merged in 'i'llK Union Insurance ComI'ANV in
1867, whose president, G. ToucMIARD, was .secretary of the California
Lloyds during its c.Kistence.
"In 1863, The iMEUciiANTs' Mutual Marine Insurance Comi'anv
was organized, with a capital of 500,000, whereof 10 per cent, was paid up
at the beginning. The late J,\MES P. FLINT was its first president, and
the late Josi:i'Il B. ScoTi'IILlCR, afterwards promoted to the presidency,
was the first .secretary. This company was successful. In about 3 years it
had earned so much of its unpaid capital, that an assessment of 50 per cent.
completed the payment of the full amount subscribed. Until its discon-
tinuance, in 1874, the company maintained its reputation as a first-class
institution.
"In the .same year, 1863, were incorporated Tiu: r.VCHTC INSURANCE
CoMi'ANY, capital $750,000; TiiE Imre.man's Fund In.surance Com-
I'ANV, capital $2oo,ood; TiiE Calii'ornia Home Insurance Co.mpany,
capital $300,000; and the IIoME MUTUAL INSURANCE Company, nomi-
nal capital $1,000,000. The organization of so many local companies now
began to attract public attention to the business, and soon the various
officers were compelled to form boards of underwriters, for the prevention
INSURANCE.
145
of undue competition, for the procurement of sound legislation, and for
general protection.
" The marine business of the California Mutual Marine continuing prosper-
ous, the }-car 1864 was signalized by the purchase, for $20,500, of the lot
(318 California Street) on which the office of the company now stands. At
the time of purchase, there was on the lot a plain two-story brick building,
which had been occupied by a leather store. The expenditure of $2,500 in
furniture, plate-glass front, and gilt signs, converted this into a very conven-
ient and attractive office, until the serious damage it received in the earth-
quakes of 1865 and 1868 [which did not injure the buildings genc;u!i> in
San Francisco], compelled its demolition and replacement, in 1869, in con-
nection with adjoining owners, by the present elegant and substantial block
of buildings.
" On July 28, 1864, the stockholders, finding the original name too cumber-
some, the shares of stock too large, the transfer of stock too difficult, and
desiring to engage akso in fire insurance, reincorporated the company under
its present title, with $200,000 capital, shares of $1,000 each, of which 50
per cent, was paid up, being the capital and earnings transferred net from
the old company, after reinsuring its risks with the new one."
The business of the California in 1881 .showed $7,543,000 written on fire,
and $2,675,000 on marine ri.sks ; $154,000 premiums collected in both
departments, and $45,200 of losses paid in both, the proportion of losses to
premiums being about 32 per cent, on fire, and 21 "^ on marine losses. The
assets were $856,000, and the net profits for the year $78,000.
Rush into Insurance. — In 1867 there was a rush of people anxious to
engage in the business of underwriting, and San Francisco had 14 compa-
nies, some of them managed by men evidently more anxious for their own
immediate profits, than for the security of their patron.s. The Legislature of
1868 provided that the insurance companies of the State should be under
the supervision of a commissioner, and the first investigation drove several
corporations from the field. The Pacific, which was the leading local insti-
tution, lo.st all its capital by the Chicago fire in 1871, and, after paying its
debts, disincorporated. In the period of its prosperity, it erected the build-
ing on the north-ca.st corner of California and Leidcsdorff streets, at a cost
of $125,000. The same fire inflicted .severe loss on the Fireman's Fund,
which, however, restored its capital by assessments, and has ^ince prospered
continuously. Its building, on the south-west corner of California and San-
some streets, cost $100,000. The Virginia City fire, in October, 1875, was
another blow to the insurance companies of San Francisco. The total loss
was $6,000,000, and the loss to the underwriters $1,900,000.
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146 fOMMI.RCi:, r.Tc.
Rates. — The average rate cjn merchandise in brick buildings in cities or
closcl)' built towns is from $1 to $1.10 on the $100; on wooden dwclHngs,
with brick chimneys and lath and plaster walls and ceilings, in cities or
closely-built towns, 75 cents; and in isolated dwellings of the same char-
acter, 60 cents. Arson is not an uncommon offense in countries where the
houses are of wood, but it can seldom be proved. When a mining town
decaj's, or an enterprise proves a failure, the owner of a building is often
tempted to save himself from the total loss of his investment, by defrauding an
insurance company, and as he has entire control of the premises, it is often
impossible to obtain any direct evidence of his crime, or even, in many cases,
to obtain satisfactory reasons for suspicion. A comparison of the fires oc-
curring in insured and uninsured buildings, where business is profitable or
otherwise, indicates, however, beyond a doubt, that the loss is chargeable, in
one third of the cases, to arson.
Losses. — The following table shows the total fire losses for 1880, and al.so
the losses incurred by insurance companies in that year, in the various States
and Territories of the Pacific Coast, viz:
(,, , , T . 1 I Itoss to Insurance
States, etc. total Loss. * r-
' Companies.
California $2,841,200 $1,444,600
Nevada 894,200 333.900
Oregon 435,500 227,800
Washington 160,600 89,900
Utah 67,000 10,200
Arizona 33. 500 1 1,200
Total $4,432,000 $2, 1 1 7,600
Between 1876 and 1880, the average \alue of all property destroyed, by
fire in California, was $2,526,000 a year; and the average loss to insurance
companies $1,175,000 a )ear. There are no accessible statistics of the
number of fires in the .States and Territories; but we may infer, from the
statistics for San Francisco, that there are about 2,000 fires on the coast
annually, and that the average loss to each is about $2,000.
The onl)- political division on the Pacific Coast, that has a local insurance
company, an insurance commissioner, or official insurance statistics, is Cali-
fornia; but most of the companies, which do a large business in San Fran-
cisco, have offices in Oregon and Nevada, and charge about the same rates
of premium. Oregon requires every company, not incorporated under her
laws, to deposit with the State Treasurer, before doing insurance business
within her limits, $50,000, as security for the payment of any judgment ob-
tained by her citizens for losses. Twcnty-si.\ companies have made this dc-
INSURANCE.
147
posit, including the Home Mutual, the Union, the Fireman's Fund, fhc State
Investment and Insurance, the Commercial Union, and the Western I'ire
and Marine Companies of San . I'rancisco ; the Home and the German
American Companies, of New York; the Phoenix and the Connecticut, of
Hartford; the Imperial, the North British and Mercantile, the Ouecn, the
Royal, the Northern, the Lancashire, the London, the Union, the British
and Foreign Marine, the Sea, the London and Lancashire, and the Norwich
Union Companies, of Great Britain ; the Hamburg and Bremen, of Germany ;
and the New Zealand, of New Zealand. y\ll the.se companies have offices
in Portland.
Business in 1881. — In 1881, 137 underwriting companies, including fire,
marine, life, and accident, with assets amounting to $355,000,000, were
doing buRine.ss on the Pacific Coast. The total amount insured in Cali-
fornia was $416,690,000; the aggregate of the premiums was $6,959,000,
and of the losses paid, $3,179,000, leaving $3,780,000 for profit and e.\pcn,scs.
In the fire business the losses were one third; in the marine business three
eighths, and in the life business, including endowments, five sixths of the
premiums, while the absolute los.ses of the fire and life companies were about
equal, and either of them double that of the marine. There are, at present,
8 companies in California, including 7 in San I'rancisco, and one in Oak-
land, in fire and marine business. The total of their risks in force at the
end of 1881, was $71,130,000, including $68,380,000 of fire, and $2,750,000
of marine ri.sk.s. There is one life insurance company in California, at
San Francisco, having policies in force at the time mentioned, amounting
to $50,700,000. The American companies, incorporated in States cast of the
Rock)- Mountains and doing business in California during 1881, numbered
70. Of these, 5 withdrew from business during the year, leaving, on Janu-
ary I, 1882, 65 companies, having $74,979,000 in risk.s. The were also,
during the )ear 1881, 69 foreign companies, including 35 British, 22 conti-
nental European, 6 Asiatic, and 6 New Zealand, of which one fire and one
plate-gla.ss withdrew from business, leaving, at the close of the year, 6y
ff)reign companies writing fire and marine policies on the coast, with risks
amounting to $138,600,000. At the end of 1881, the Liverpool and Lon-
don and Globe, of Liverpool, had $17,400,000 of fire risks in California ; the
Commercial Union, of London, $8,20O,00o; the /TZtna, of Hartford, Conn.,
$7,800,000; the North British and Mercantile, of London, $6,200,000 ; the
Hamburg-Bremen, of Hamburg, $6,400,000; the Hartford, of Hartford,
$5,000,000; the Fire Insurance Association, of London; the Lancashire, of
Manchester; the Norwich Union, of Norwich; the Royal, of Liverpool —
all British companies ; the Transatlantic Fire, and the Hamburg-Magde-
14?
COMMERCK, r.TC.
burg, of Hamburg; the Home, of New York, and the Phoenix, of Hartford,
$4,000,000 cacli ; the Guardian, of London ; the Helvetia Swiss Fire, of St.
Gall, Swit/x-rland ; the Imperial, of London; La Confiancc, of Paris; the
London Assurance, of London; the New Zealand, of Aukland; the North-
ern Assurance, of London; the Queen, of Liverpool; the American Central,
of St. Louis, and the Phcenix, of Brooklyn, N. Y., each more than $3,000,-
000. The California companies had the following amounts at risk on the
31st of December, i8<Si, viz.: the Home ^Mutual, $17,590,000; the State In-
vestment, $10,060,000; the Fireman's Fund, $9,972,000; the Union, $9,619,-
000; the California, $7,406,000; the Western Fire and Marine, $7,093,000; the
Commercial, $5,360,000 — all of San PVancisco ; and the Oakland Home,
of Oakland, $4,027,000. Twenty life insurance companies, including the
Pacific Mutual Life, of Sacramento, . and 19 companies incorporated in
Atlantic-American cities, issued 5,001 new policies in California in 1881 ;
renewed 12,598; collected $1,457,959 on the new i.s.sues and renewals, and
paid out $1,226,148. The statistics of the Insurance Commissioner's re-
port show that in 1881, California paid $3,108,023, for fire and marine
premiums, to companies incorporated in foreign countries, and received
from the same companies, for losi;cs, $1,084,583, leaving to those companies
$2,023,439, or nearly two thirds of all their receipts, for expenses and
profits. The total paid by the Pacific Slope, north of Mexico, to com-
panies incorporated elsewhere, for fire and marine premiums, is, presumably,
about $5,200,000 annually, and the amount received from them about $2,080,-
000, leaving $3,120,000 to pay their expenses and profits, or exactly three
fifths of the entire receipts. It is said that there is less litigation, in pro-
portion to the amount of loss, on our coast than in any other portion of the
United States. The total losses paid here from 1871 to 1880, inclusive, as
stated by the Coast Rcviciv, were $14,321,000, and the total of the losses
litigated, $148,000, or about one per cent.
Fire Departments. — The I'liid Fire Department of San Francisco de-
ser\cs mention, in connection with the business of underwriting on the Pa-
cific Coast. It has 12 steam fire-engines, 9 hose-carts, 4 hook and ladder
trucks, 72 horses, a fire-alarm telegraph, 326 fire-alarm boxes, and 300 men
on its pay-roll. Its annual expenses are .$400,000. The engines, carts, and
trucks drive at high speed to the fires, and usually ha\e a good head of
steam, by the time they arrive at the scene of action. There were 245 public
fire alarms in the year ending June 30, 1880, one fifth of them false alarms;
the losses were $385,000; the insurance on the property injured was $2,680,-
000; and the losses i)aid $212,000. The cit)' has 30,000 houses, of which
25,000 are of wood. The common material for the sides, roofs, floors, and
INSURANCE.
149
inside work is redwood, which is generally used for kindling, and therefore
must be readily combustible. When dr)-, it absorbs water abundantly and
quickly, and one of the chief safeguards to San Francisco is the brief interval
between an alarm of fire, and the time when a flood of water is poured on
the flames. Oakland, Sacramento, Stockton, San Jose, and Portland, have
paid fire departments. Nearly all other towns with more than 2,000 inhab-
itants, and some even smaller, have {^ood volunteer fire departments.
Fire Patrol. — The Underwriters of San Francisco maintain a Fire Patrol
(the only one on the coast), with 2 stations, each garri.soncd by half a dozen
men, who drive to every fire in a wagon, laden with apparatus for fighting
the flames, and saving merchandise from damage by dirt and water. In 1880
the Patrol .esponded to 325 alarms, extinguished the fires in 16 ca.ses, con-
tributed materially to hold the flames in check in 1 1 ca.ses, used fire-e.\tin-
guishers in 5 i cases, and spread 1,129 covers over merchandise and furniture.
The annual expenses arc about $21,000.
Board of Underwriters. — The Board of Fire Underwriters of
San Francisco, established January 11, 1861, has maintained an active or-
ganization since that date, and is now one of the most influential and
useful institutions of the Pacific Coast. It numbers among its members,
the representatives of the principal local, eastern, and foreign insurance
companies, which arc doing business in that portion of the country, lying
west of the Rocky Mountains. Its functions are twofold: First — To act
as a supervisory board over all local insurance boards now organized, or to
be hereafter organized in any of the States and Territories of the Pacific
Coast, and over all points in said States and Territories, where no local insur-
ance boards exist. Second — To act as a local insurance board for the City
and County of San Francisco. Its objects are the establishment and mainte-
nance of adequate and equitable rates for insurance, the promotion of
harmony and correct practices among its members, and generally the im-
provement and elevation of the fire insurance business on the Pacific Coast.
Through its committees on fire departments, fire ordinances and water
supply, on arson, and on legislation, it has accomplished a great amount of
good in promoting the efficiency of fire departments; in causing the enact-
ment and enforcement of proper fire ordinances; in examining, and reporting
upon thw adequacy of the water supply in cities and towns; in the establish-
ment of fire patrol.s, at the sole cost of the underwriters, for the preservation
of property, whether insured or not, from loss or damage by water at fires;
in offering and paying rewards for the apprehension and conviction of incen-
diaries; in promotingwi.se insurance legislation by the State legislatures, and
in preventing the passage of mischievous insurance laws.
; 1 !r'
i;o
( iim.\ii;k( i:, ktc.
r
Within the last 5 years, t!in>u;j;h the iiislriiincntality of this Ixiard in the
several States anil Territories of the Pacific Coast, 74 incendiaries, who other-
wise would prohabl\- have i^'onc unwhippcd of justice, ha\e been convicted and
punishctl. When it is considered that the incendiar}- works in the dark,
believing that no human eye has witnessed his act, and that he has left no
clue to fasten his dastardly crime upon him, too much praise can not be
accordeil to the underwriters for the benefits conferred upon the public, in
their efforts to punish and lessen this ^^rcat and increasing evil. The
rewards for the apprehension and conviction of incendiaries arc never offered,
to assist companies in avoiiliny the payment of iloubtful claims for loss, but
solely for the purpose of securin;,,^ the punishment of persons guilt)' of arson.
As a rule the offers of reward are standing and general offers, which are
paid, whether the property burned is insured or uninsured.
'Ihis board has never soui^ln the aid of the legislative authorities of cities
and States, from any inucly selfish motives, but its work, in that direction, has
always been as much in the intere.'.t of the general public, as for the protec-
tion of its own business. The public have never appealed in vain for its
assistance in promoting any good object which came within its legitimate
sphere of operation.
D. J. SiAi'i.Ks, president of TiiK 1"iri:m.\x's Fund I\si:ra\ck Com-
I'.WV, is president of the board; and CiLVKLKs D. IF.\vi;n, resident man-
ager of the LlVKRl'OOl, .Wn I.ONDUX AM) C/LOiiK IX.SlKANri; COMi'AW,
is the secretar}-, ami has held that office for the past 12 years, and has been
engaged in the underwriting business in San I'rancisco for 17 yeans.
Fireman's Fund — Tin; l•"IKl•:^rA^•'.s Fund Ixsukaxck Comi'axv
claims to be the wealthiest and oldest organization of the kind, on our
coast. The California is an older compan)', but has cliangcd its name, and
ilid not undertake a fire business until after May 3, 1.S63, when the h'ire-
man's Fund was organized. At that time, the only insurance companies on
our slope were the California and the IMerchants' Mutual, both marine.
'I'he presidents of the I'lreman's Fund were, successively, W.M. IIOLDRl-.nc.K,
S. H. Tarki-.R, C. W. Bruok.s, and \V. H. J^OURX, for .short terms, until the
election, in 1.S67, of D. J. StaI'LE.s, who had held the position of vice-
president and manager for a year before, and has since held the presidency,
with increasing credit to himself and benefit to the company. The hist<jry
of the I'ireman's I'und is a record of high prosperity, mi.xed with .serious'
adversity; of triumph, built uj)on the foundation of disaster. The capital,
originally $2CX3,00O, was raised to $500,000 in i.Sfij; reduced, after the
losses by the Chicago and licjstiii fires, to $300,000, and increased, b)- unani-
mous vote of the stockholders in 1880, to $750,000. In June, iiSSi, tiic
INMRANCi:.
«Si
total assets amounted to $1,220,000, makiiiLj it a millionaiie institution.
The company, which had previously taken none but fire risks, opened a
marine department in 1867, under charge of W'm. J. Dut'Ion, aftenvards
elected secretary, which position he still holds. The iMreman's Fund en-
joyed continuous prosperit)' until October, 1.S71, when, by the Chicago fire,
it suffered a loss of nearly $600,000, or more than its entire capital. The
directors levied an assessment of 50 per cent., to bo paid at once; the stock-
holders responded ])rompll)-; and all the sufferers in the fire-swept city, who
were fortunate enoui,di to hold policies in the l'"ireman's Fund, karnt that its
obligations were as good as gold. Of the 5 Californian companies then
taking risks in Chica;^o, 3 — the Pacific, the Occidental, and the People's —
failed and retired from business. One — the Union — levied an assessment
of 45 per cent, and honorably met every liability, but rein.sured all its F.xst-
crn business, and tocjk no new risks cast of the Rocky Mountains. The
Fireman't Fund Insurance Company's Building.
Fireman's Fund alone had the intelligence and mean.s to grasp the situat'on-,
to .sec and seize the chance of acquiring reputation and ultimate profit by
paying dollar for dollar. The same general polic}' was pursued, when t le
company suffered another .severe loss, by the great Boston fire in November,
1872. To meet this emergency, $200,000 were obtained by reducing the
capital from $500,000 to $300,000. ICvcry Boston claimant received prompt
payment. The conduct of the company under these baptisms of fire, the
two greatest American conflagrations since the middle of the century,
secured for the Fireman's Fund a general recognition, from Maine to Texas,
as a company built on a secure fountlation of sound i)rinciple and solid
resources. A natural consequence was a safe and profitable l'"asterp busi-
lii<
\tf
152
COMMERCE, ETC.
ness, which is under the able manap;cment of Tno>rAS S. CllARD as gene-
ral agent, in Chicat;o, for the iVtlantic Slope. From 1872 to 18S0, it was
the only Californian company tloinL^ a i^cncral agency bu.iincss there. The
credit of the Fireman's I'"und attracted the attention and favor, not only of
Eastern property-owners wanting safe insurance, but also of Fastern capi-
talists, who hold $200,000 of its stock, $75,000 of that sum being in Hart-
ford, the acknowledged center of American insurance capital, where gocjd
underwriting management is appreciated. When the capital of the com-
pany was increa.sed in 18S0, the privileges of taking the additional sum
were apportioned among the stockholders, and were salable at a premium,
thus indicating the opinion entertained by San I'rancisco business men
of this enterprising and well-contlucted insurance comi)any.
D. J. Staples.— David Jackson Staples, the president of the Fire-
man's I'und since iiS67, is a Californian pioneer, and, like many of his asso-
ciates, a self-made man, ha\ing commenced his life in poverty. Born at
Mcdway, Massachu-setts, in May, 1824. and left an orphan while still a youth,
he had to struggle for support and education. Me' worked as a boy on a
farm, and was then apprenticed to WlLLLUl M.\sO\, a famous builder of
locomotives in Taunton, Massachu.setts. After learning his trade, he was
cmploN'cd 2 }'ears in the national ar.senal at Springfield. When 24 years of.
age, he married Makv PR.rTT WiNSLow, of Newton, Ma.ssachu.setts. whose
anccstrj- dates back to the Mayflpii'er. In April, 1849, lu' started to cross
the continent, with a company of 25 men. from Boston and its vicinity-, and
arrived in Sacramento September 27tli. For 12 )-cars, he Vvas engaged in
merchandising, ranching, and stock-raising; and in 18C2, he became Port-
warden in San Francisco, holding the office under appointment by Gov-
ernor S'l'AXFORD, and afterwards by Governor Low. His associations and
observations in that position were aftcnvards of value to him, in the estab-
lishment of a m.irine department in his company. His steadfast courage
after the Chicago ami lioston disasters, and the success of the policy then
;ulopted i)\' the company' uniler hi- management, have reacted favorably
upon his standing as an luiderwritcr and citizen. I'or 6 years he has been
president of riii: San 1-"ranci.sc(> Board ok Underwriters.
The Home Mutual — I'm: ili):\iE Mi:tl'al Insurance Comi'Anv, one
of the most prosperous and jjopular corporations of California, on^anized
September 2 2, 1864, has pursued a uniform policy, in which the main fea-
tures are great caution in assuming risks, eqviity, liberality, and promptness
in meeting obligations, and the accumulation of all the net earnings, derived
direct])- from its tire insurance husine-s, for the purlM)^leol mcrcariing its sur-
plus fund. The dividends paid moiBihly are limited to one per cent., and
IXSUUANXE.
153
arc supplied exclusively bj' the interest received from investments. The
company has made it a rule to treat its patrons generously, and to avoid
quibbling excuses for refusal to settle claims. An evidence of adherence to
this principle is furnished by the fact that, on Januar)- i, 18S::, the unsettleil
losses amounted only to $6,050 — an average figure for this company, but a
very small one in proportion to the business transacted. The premiums of
the Home Mutual amounted to $350,000, out of $8iS 1,000 paid in 1880 to
the 8 Californian companies doing a fire business. The proportion was about
the same in 1879, and the figures for 1881 have not yet been collected and
made p'lblic. The prudence with which the company's affairs are managed
may be inferred from its financial condition January i, 1882. On one side
the cash assets were $683,564.76; on the other side the liabilities were $481,-
447.75, including $300,000 of capital, $171,412 of reinsurance reserve, and
$io,ooc of losses and dividend claims, leaving an actual net surplus of $202,-
117. These figures show, that if the companj- should see fit to close its
busines.s, it could reinsure all its risks in other trustworthy companies, and
pay to its stockholders $167 for every $100 of the capital stock. Previous
to i8'-'2, the company had received $3,824,807 for premiums, and paid out
in losses $1,792,355. The history of the Home Mutual has been creditable
from the beginning, and its officers have a right to feel proud of the results
'achieved, and of the reputation established.
J. F. Houghton.— J.\MES Franklix Houghton, President of TiU';
Home Mutlai, Insukanck CoNtPAXV, and for many years one of the
prominent citizens and business men of California, was born at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, December 1, 1827, and is a descendant of a HcjUGHTON, who
emigrated from Kngland to America in 1C50. Having been educated in
civil engineering, he followed that profession 4 years, in his native State be-
fore starting, carl\- in 1850, by wa)- of Cape Horn, fctr San Francisco, where
he arrived in April. Instead of going to the mines, as did most of the other
young men, who came to the land of gold between 1848 and 1853, he be-
came a partner in the shipjiir',' house of R. D. Paxteu & Co., doing the
business in San Francisco ,tnd Benicia of Oils Rich's line of Californian
packets, he being at the latter place. In 1851 he bought out the business,
and in 1853 became one of thf firm of I'INI'. & HoUCHTON, lumber dealers,
in San h'rancisco, with branches subsequentl)' established in half a dozen
different places. In 1862, he became SuiTcyor-general of California, in the
first Republican .State administration, and having been re-elected, held the
office 6 years, having important dutiis to |)erform in that capav"ity, in addi-
tion to those usually attached to it. Among these were the sui'vcy of the
eastern boundary of the State, and a visit to Washington, which led to the
- I i
; ,1
i ' I'
m !
. . li-'
'54
COMMERCE, ETC.
adoption of the national statute of July 23, 1866, to settle land titles in Cali-
fornia, and prevent litigation, that would otherwise have resulted from the
injudicious policy adopted b\' the State legislature. This remedial measure
did much to protect the credit of California, and to secure the comfort of
many of her citizens. In 1S74 "General" IIOUGHTON, as he is usually
st)'lcd (Surveyor-general, like an Attorney-general, 's a general for life by
courtesy;, sold out his lumber business, moved to Oakland, and accepted the
presidency of the Home Mutual, in which he was the largest stockholder.
] le has held the position continuously for the last 8 years, and has been
active and successful in the managing of its business.
C. R. Story.— ClL\Rl.ES R. Story, secretary of the Home Mutual since
1870, arrived in San I'rancisco September, 1849, '''' the bark La Grange, of
which he was part owner, and which he sold, soon afterwards, at .Sacramento
for a prison, in wliich capacity she was used for several years. Having
bought out and consolidated the stocks of C. C. Richmond & Co. and
W'lLLLVM RAliE, he established in San Francisco the drug store of CllARl.ES
R. Story & Co., which subsequently changed to .SroRV, Reuixgton &
Co., and still later to Redin(;ton & Co., when Mr. Story withdrew. He
has served the city 2 terms as ta.x collector, and 2 terms as .supervisor,
maintaining, in his official as in private lilc, an e.xxellent reputation for in-
tegrit)' anil capacity.
The State Investment Insurance Company. — The State Inve.st-
MENT I.N.siKA.Ml'; CoMl'A.NV was organized in December, 1871, with a
capital stock of $200,000, by A. J. BRYANT, C. H. CUSHINC, P. DoNAllUE,
Tyler Curtis, J(jiin Rosi:neeli3, C. D. O'Suleivan, and others. Its
entire receipts from premiums, on December 31, 1881, had been $2,622,243;
and its payments for losses had been $1,194,716, and for dividends $369,000,
Ic-avin;; a net surplus of $76,550, and total assets of $383,650. The first
])rosident of the company, TVE1-"J< CURTIS, was succeeded, in 1873, by
I'El'ER DONAIIUi:, with A. J. Bryan r as vice-president and acting president.
In 1875 Mr. BryanI" succeeded to the presidency, which office he still holds,
Richard Ivers being the vice-president. Charles H. Cushing has
been the .secretary from the beginning. The income of the company, in ex-
cess of losses and expenses, in 1881, was $53,000, of which $27,000 went
into dividends, and the remainder into the net assets. This record ought to
satisfy polic\liolilers as well as stockholders.
A. J. Bryant.— Mr. Brvant is manager for this coast of THE PACIFIC
Insurance Co.mI'ANV of New York, with assets of $850,000, and of The
New Hami'siure Insurance Company, of Manchester, New Hamnshiro.
INSURANCE.
'33
with assets of $750,000. He is a nati\-c of New Hampshire, and a resident
of California since 1850; has been Mayor of San Francisco for two term.s,
and United States Naval Officer of the port for one term.
Ttie Commercial Insurance Company of California, incorporated in
187J, has $200,000 of capital stock fully paid up, and $377,458 of present
assets. Since the commencement of its business it has paid $Soo,ooo of
losses. The last .sale of its stock at $123 a share indicates a hiyh estimate of
its management. Joiix H. Wl.sE, of CliRlSTV & Wise, wool commission
merchants, is president, and Cll.\RLES A. L.\TOX, secretary. The latter
has been ens^rayjcd in the underwriting,^ business for the last 20 years, and is
resident aj;;ent, on this coast, for 1 ME FiRE Aksoci.vtion of Phila-
DELI'IIIA.
Union Insurance Company.— The Uniox Insurance Company,
engaged in fire and marine business, one of the oldest underwriting corpora-
tions in San I'V^nci.sco, has a capital of $750,000, and its assets in the begin-
ning of 1882 were $1,036,000. TiiE Western ]"ire and iMarine Insur-
ance Company and The Oakland Home Insurance Company are
other Californian institution.s.
The Pacific Mutual Life— the only life insurance company on our
coast. The Pacific Mutu.vl Life Insurance Company of Cali-
fornia is now 14 years old, having been organized in 18C8. The capital
stock at the time of organization amounted to $100,000, all paid up in cash,
witii a guaranty fund of $250,000, consisting of notes of responsible par-
ties. These notes have been retired, and no liability therefore now rests on
the corporation. The assets of the company, December 31, 1 88 1, amounted
to $1,015,200, and the liabilities, including reserve on policies outstanding,
to $847,197, leaving a surplus of $168,000. The aggregate of the insurance
in force is $7,250,000; the losses paid to representatives of deceased policy-
holders have been $1,050,000; the sum paid for matured indowments,
$375,000; anil $800,000 have been paid for cash surrender values on lapsed
and surrendered jKilicies, and for di\idends to policyholders. The company'
has loaned to citizens of our coast, on real estate security, more than $2,000,-
000, thus materiall)- aiding the development of the natural resources of tiie
country. LliL.VNl) SlANFORIi was jiresident until 1877, when the press of
other duties compelled him to resign, lie was then succeeded by JoiIX If.
Carroll, ami he, in i8,So, by Dr. GEORGE A. MOORE, the present head of
the compan)', who has been in the business for 25 jcars, ha\ing been an
cm[jlo\'ec and oflicer of se\'eral eastern companies, thus acquiring an exten-
sive e.vperieiici' and fauiiliarits' with the lules of sountl life insurance Dr.
Ill
156
COMMERCK, ETC.
I n,v
ill
t f-
l 'li!.^-
\V. R. Cluxess is vice-president and medical director, and E. R. MOTT, Jr.,
is secrctar)-. The boanl uf directors consists of careful and competent busi-
ness men, and the Pacific Mutual Life is deservedly growing in the confi-
dence of the communit)- and in the amount of its patronage.
Hutchinson & Mann- — One of the best safeguards in undcr\vriting on
tliis coast, where so large a percentage of the buildings are frame struc-
tures, is that numerous wealthy companies, in the Atlantic States and in
lun-ope, should participate, so that no one company siiould, if juiliciously
managed, be exposed to serious danger of bankruptcy, even in case of a
vciy great conflagration. To provide such a broad basis of foreign and
eastern seciuit\', has been the ambition of HUTCIIIXSOX & MaW, who, in
the magnitutle of bn 'incss and the number of companies represented, have
the leading agency on this side of the continent, and their subordinate agents
arc to be found in all the notable towns of California, Oregon, Washington,
Ne\ada, Arizona, Utah, Montana, Texas, and Colorado. They represent 2
marine companies: TlIK LONDON PROVINCIAI, MARINE INSURANCE COM-
I'ANV with $6,278,362 of assets, and La Foncii-.RE MaRIXE Ixsi:raxce
COMPAXY, of Paris, with $2,090,400; and 10 fire insurance companies: TllE
GiRAUn IXSURAXCE CoMI'AXV, of Philadelphia, with $1,132,485 of assets;
The St. Paul Inscraxce Co^rrAxv, of St. Paul, with $873,727; The
Watertowx Fire Ixsuraxce Comtan'y, of New York, with $1,069,075;
Till. Xi.w Orleans Ixsuraxce Comtaxv, with $323,248; Tin; People's
iNsukAXCE CoMi'AXV, of Newark, with $474,880; The Teutoxe\ Ixsur-
Axci; Company, of New Orleans, with $410,376; The Dwelling-House
Underwriters, of New York, with $2,496,379; La Coxeiaxce Insur-
ance Company, of Paris, with $6,679,565; and TiiE P'lRE IxsuRAXCE
Association, of London, with $1,349,943. The aggregate of the available
cash assets of these companies, as gi\en by their statements in 1S81, is $23,-
802,877. In 1881, HiTciiixsoN & Manx collected $712,708 in premiums
(including $167,678 on marine risks, $5 18,030 on fire risks taken by companies
which they represent, an<l $27,000 on risks ])laced b)- them in other com-
panies), and had $454,297 of net receipts, after paying $42,524 losses on
marine risks, $210,887 on fire risks taken by their own companies, and $5,000
en risks given to other comiJanies. I'2ver)- company which the)' have repre-
sented has been a gainer tiy their agency. The figures of their business,
and the high standing of the companies in their list, arc guaranties of the
standing of the firm. Their fair dealing in cases of loss, their promptitude
in making settlements, their long experience, and their numerous subordi-
nate agencies, lia\e given a regular increase to their business, which began
with only 3 C(jm[)anies in 1872, when the firm of HUTCUINSON, Mann &
II
INSURANCE.
157
Smith was organized, Mr. SMITH withdrew in 1S76, when the present title
was assumed. Cil.v.MnoN I. Hutchinson, known in San Francisco as
General Hutchinson, a nati\c of Connecticut, born in 1815, has been a
prominent citizen in California since his arrival in 1S50. In that }-car he
became the senior partner in a mercantile firm in .Sacramento City, then a
place of 8,000 inhabitants, and the sales of the house in a single year ex-
ceeded .$400,000. Recognized as a man of trustworthy character and ca-
pacity, he was elected member of the city council, and in 1852 he was cho.scn
mayor. Having become part owner of a large tract of land in Yolo County,
he, with his partner, harvested 3,500 acres of grain in one year, perhaps the
first farming enterprise, on such a large .scale, on our coast. Such were his
beginnings in California. The history of his insurance agencj- makes up the
greater part of the later period of his life. His partner, a native of Michigan,
still in the prime of his years, has made a special study of all the details of
undenvriting on our coast.
liion Insurance Company.— Although The Lion Fire Insurance
COMI'.VNV, of I'Ingland, has only recentl)- made its advent into the business
of California, it has already assumed a prominent position in underwriting
circles. Its certificate of ailmission was granted b)- the insurance connnis-
sioner in April, 1880, HUTCIIIXSON & Mann being then its general agents.
In July, 1880, the connection of that firm with the company was terminated,
and the Pacific Branch was organized in San Francisco under the manage-
ment of Georc.e D. Doknin, with WiLLiA.M Se.vton as assistant man-
ager, all the territoiy west of the Rocky Mountains being placed under their
jurisdiction. The Lion has a capital of .$5,000,000, including $1,000,000 fully
l)aid, the residue being available, under the law of Great Britain, to the last
dollar, for meeting all liabilities. The company has a high reputation for
prudence and capacity of management in the home office, and Mr. DoR-
NIN's experience and reputation promise well for its business on this coast.
He became the agent of a prominent Hartford Companj- in a flourishing
Californiaii mining town in 1863, and after i years was promoted .0 be spe-
cial agent and adjuster, which he resignetl in 1871,10 accept the general
agency of The Fireman's Fund Insura.scE Comtanv, of which he be-
came the secretary in r873; and, after remaining 8 )X"ars in that capacity,
assumed the management of the Lion. Recognizing to the fullest extent
the value of harmonious action, he has Iieen an active supporter of the Board
of L^ndcrwriters, ,ind that bod\- selected him as one of the committeemen
whose dut) it should be to defenil the interests of the business against the
mi.schievous bills introduceil in the C ilifornian legislative .sessions of 1880
and 1881, the selection being a lecognition of his familiarit)- with legisi.itivc
affairs as well as with the details and general polic)- of underw riling.
I v>
COMMERCE, 1;TC.
Macdonahl & Ilawes.— Macdonald & IIawt.s (William Macdoxald
and Olivi;!< Hawks), the general agents of tlic Pacific departments of
Tiiic CoNMXTicuT FiRi-: Insurance Company, of Hartford, Connecticut,
and of The Scottish Union and National Insurance Company, of
lulinburgh, have been identified with the insurance business of this coast for
the ]5ast 15 years. They have agencies in all the principal points from the
Pacific Coast to Kansas, and from British America to Mexico. The Con-
necticut Fire Insurance Company, of Hartford, is the third oldest of
the Hartford Insurance Companies, has a paid-up capital of $1,000,000, and
cash assets of nearly double that amount. This company has been doing
an extensi\-c business on this coast for many years, having h.ad an agency
in this city nearly 25 years ago, and no claimant, under any of their poli-
cies, has had to appeal to the courts to collect a loss. The Coast Rcvicii\
the insurance journal of our coast, speaks thus of The Scottish Union
and National Insurance Co.nh'any, of Edinburgh: "This company is
among the oldest and strongest companies in the world. Its organization
dates back to 1824. Of the 95 companies doing business on this coast, and
the 169 reporting to the New York insurance department, in point of paid-
up capital it ranks No. 9, while in point of assets it ranks No. 6. Adding
its subscribed capital, subject to call, amounting to over $20,000,000, which,
under the stringent laws of Great Britain governing unpaid capital, as fully
illustrated in the failure of the Glasgow Bank, is available to the last dollar
for its liabilities, it stands at the head of all the companies doing business in
America; making in all, in actual resources, $33,767,890.68, and every
polic}' issued pledges on its face, and in its contract binds its actual fire
assets, every dciliar of its authorized and subscribed capital of $30,000,000
to the payment of its fire losses." This company has on dci)osit in the
United States $820,338. IlAiiAN & ManiiEI.M, at 401 California Street,
h.ive the San I'rancisco agenc)- of the companies above mentioned, and J.
Bachman & Bro., of Portland, arc the State agents for Oregon and Wash-
ington.
Dickson's Agency — Among the insurance agencies on the Pacific Coast,
that of kDHEKT Dickson, at 441 California Street, occupies ,1 prominent
place, lie is the manager in San I'rancisco of 4 great British companies,
witli $43,000,000 of aggregate capita! and surplus, including Till', lMPERL\L
iMRh Insurance Comp.wv, of London, with $8,000,000 ca])ital ; The
London Assurance. Corpora i'Ion, the oldest fire insurance company
doing business in America, with $4,500,000 capital ; TlIE NORTHERN As-
SUR.VNCE Company, of London and Aberdeen, with $15,000,000 capital;
and Tin; OuEEN Insuranci: Company, of Liverpool, with $10,000,000
capital. Mr. Du Kso.N issues policies with the signature of 1 Ion. W.\l. La.NE
INSURANCE.
159
BOOKKR (British Consul), as attorney in fact of the 4 companies, binding
them jointly, and giving a magnificent assurance to the policyholders.
A. D. Smith.— A. D. S.MITII, 310 California Street, San Francisco, is the
general manager for this coast of Till': Am.vzon Insur.VXCE Comp.\NV, of
Cincinnati, with $300,000 of capital, and $475,000 of net suri)lus to policy-
holders; TlIE M.VNIIATTAN Fire iNSURAXCECOMrAXV, of New York, with
$250,000 of capital, and $390,000 of surplus; and TlIE NOKTIl-WKSTERN
National Insurance Company, of IMilwaukcc, with .$600,000 of capital,
and $830,000 of surplus for policyholders. Mr. SMITH, a native of New
Hampshire, and a resident of California since 1863, has been engaged in the
insurance business for 16 ycar.s, and for 4 years was deputy insurance
commissioner under Commissioner Mowc.
Louis Jacoby.— The Providence Washington Insurance Company,
of Providence, Rhode Island, with $890,000 of as.sets, TliE PUESCOTT IN-
SURANCE Company, of Boston, with $3 1 1,000 of assets, and TlIE PRUSSIAN
National Insurance Company, of Stettin, Germany, with $2,904,000 of
assets, arc represented in San Francisco by LouiS jACOnv, who is their agent
for the Pacific Coast.
Wm. G. Elliott.— The Pacific departments of THE COMMERCIAL iMRK
Insurance Company, of New York, with $5 30,000 of assets, and The Ai.li;-
MANNiA Fire Insurance Company, of Pittsburg, with $309,000 of .assets,
are under the management of Wm. G. Elliott as general agent. He
has been an underwriter in San Francisco since 1870, and his office is at 440
California Street.
C. T. Hopkins.— Caspar Thomas Hopkins, son of the distinguished
Bishop Hopkins, of Vermont (bishop of the Protcstaut Episcoi)al Church},
was born at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1S26, and bred to manhood in the
Green Mountain State. After spending 4 years of his later boyhood on u
farm at hard work, he completed his education at college, graduating second
in a class of 30. He had learned mucli of many mechanical occupation.s,
anil was a good musician, but he had not mastered any profession, and his
first occupation after leaving college was editorship, which he abandoned to
come to California, reaching San Francisco in June, 1849. He became, by
turns, miner, carpenter, house and sign-painter, master of a schooner, teacher,
surveyor, organist, writer for a newsiiaper, shipbroker, importer, clerk in the
custom-house, and underwriter. While in the custom-house, in [853, he
married; and when he became an insurance agent, in 1855, he found the
business fur whicii he had been searching, and which was to be his occupa-
III
1%
& . .if'
1 60
COMMERCE, ETC.
i
tion for life. Five years later he suggested, and, with Dr. MerrTTT's help,
organized Tin: C.\i.n"OKN!.\ Insur.wce Comp.v.w, of which he has been
an officer c\cr since. As an underwriter, he has brought success to every
conipan\- with which he has been connected, though he has not accumulated
a large fortune for himself
Mr. Hopkins is a man of rare public spirit. While avoiding political
partisanship, at least so far as the seeking for office is concerned, he has par-
ticipateil actively and influentiall)-, without scheming for individual profit or
prominence, in many of the most important public movements of San Tran-
ci.sco. He was secretary of the first musical society and of the first insur-
ance company of the city, president of the California Immigration Society,
secretary of the Chamber of Commerce for several years, and secretary of TllE
]jO.\RD or !M.\RI\]; UNDER\VKrri:RS for the last 16 j-ears ; and in 1872 lie was
appointed a committeeman, together with R. G. Sneatii and J. S. Ha(.;i;k,
to \isit St. Louis, and examine whether San Francisco ought to aid the con-
struction of the j\tlantic and Pacific Railroad. It is, however, chiefiy as an
author and writer of pamphlets, and unpaid contributions to the local press,
that Mr. HorKlN.s has exerted a strong influence on the community. He
writes fluentl)- and forcibly, studies his subjects carefully before venturing
into print, and never says anything unless ho has sometliing worthy of con-
sideration. He watches clo.scly the cour.-.e of the government, and the ten-
dencies of commercial and industrial business, and being a man of extensive
information, restless mind, and independent thought, a multitude of ideas
occur to him. These he investigates for his own satisfaction, and when he
believes he has fi)und something that would benefit the public he thinks it
his duty to publish it. He has said that he "considered himself bound to
render to the community even more than an equivalent for his living;" and
the attention which his articles and pamphlets have commanded, has en-
couraged him to continue such public-spirited labors, even when they im-
posed some sacrifice upon him. From his pen appeared the first suggestions
for banking corporations to supersede the banking houses of individuals, for
the repression of fraudulent insurance companies, and for a State railroad
commission. The first elaborate printed argument against Chinese immi-
gration, and the first comprehensive statement of the ad\antages of I'uget
Sound for shipbuilding, were from his pen. In 1S71 he published a book,
entitled ,1 Manual of Aiiicricait Ideas, to give information to schoolchildren
and foreigners about our go\ernment. His latest contribution to politico-
economical literature is an essay to ]3rove that all la.xes should be levied on
land and its improvements. He has contributed niateriall)' to give direction
to the thought and business of California for nearly a quarter of a century.
i'
INSUUANXE.
I6l
Jacobs & Easton.— Jacop.s & ICastox, who represent 9 nf the strong-
est and most reliable insurance companies in the United States (with more
than $10,000,000 of aggregate assets), rank among the leading agency firms
in San Francisco, being surpassed by only 4 others in the amount of their
city jiremium receipts. The>- arc general agents for this coast of TllK
TkaijKRs' Insuranck CoMi'ANV, of Chicago, with $1,034,598 of assets;
Tin-. BriiALo C.erman I.xsuranci: Comi'a.nv, of Ruffalo, with $900,-
956 of assets; TiiK Gi.iix.s FALLS IxsuRANCE CoMPAXV with $1,1 15,41 j
of assets; TllK TradksMEX's IxsURA.XCE Co.MPAXV, of Xew York, with
$544,441 of assets; TlIK SrRIXGIIKLD FiRK axd .Marixk Ixsuraxce
Co.MPAXV, of Springfield, Massachu.setts, with $2,255,807 of as.sets; The
Oriext Ixsuraxce Compaxy, of Hartford, Connecticut, with $1,419,521
of assets; TlIE SHOE AXD LEATHER IXSURAXCE COMPAXY, of Boston,
with $1,102,236 of a.sscts; THE UXKJX IXSURAXCE Compaxy, of Phila-
delphia, with $cS94,562 of assets; and The MERCHANTS* INSURANCE Com-
pany, of Newark, Xew Jersey, with $L 1 28,994 of assets. Their jurisdiction
for these companies includes all the territory west of the Rocky ]\Iountains,
and they have occupied this vast field with numerous subordinate agencies,
under their supcr\ision. The present firm, successors to PoTTER, jACons &
Easton, was formed in 1875; and prior to that time both members of the
firm were engaged in insurance agency for many years, justly earning the
title of veterans in the busines.s. In the last 6 years they have written
nearly $1,250,000 in premiums for their companies, and they have met and
paid promptly nearl_\- $350,000 in losses for their several companies. Their
office is at 216 Sansomc Street.
■
l62
COMMERCE. ETC.
CHAPTER VIII.— RAILROADS.
I! ■ a .
Early Railroad Projects. — The circumstances of California were prc-
tli)inin;intK- uiilavorable to railroad con.itruction for )ears after the {^old
ilisco\ery. California could not profitably build a road to the Mississippi,
then the western boundar>- fur the locomotive in America; nor did ca.stern
capitali>ts show a disposition to push iron tracks out to the Rocky Mount-
ains. l!ut the main railroad want of California was for a direct connection
with'thc Missi.s-sippi, so that passengers, mails, and freights could make the
trip across the continent in the Temperate Zone, and in a wetk, instead of
spending 3 '2 weeks by way of Panama.
For their local business within the limits of their own State, the Califor-
nians had in 1854 no urgent need of the locomotive. The bays and rivers
tributary to the Ciolden Gate were well adapted to accommodate an exten-
sive traffic b)- steamboat and schooner. No route by rail from San Fran-
cisco to Stockton, Sacramento, and Marysville, the river ports which took
nine tenths of the freight, could be so short or cheap as thai by water. The
merchandise was carried to 50 important mining camps by roads radiating
out from each of these ports, like the ribs of a fan, each road following up
a canyon or narrow ridge of the Sierra Nevada. The quantity of freight
sent to each town was very large in proportion to its number of inhabitants;
iiut not sufficient to maintain a railroad, and besides, the business of
placer mining was visibly and certainly declining. No ridge or canyon had
l)ermanent ])opulation enough to sustain a railroad, nor could a road be built
with profit to cross the course of the ridges in the auriferous belt.
Pacific Railroad Agitation. — The idea of a railroad across our continent,
on i\merican territoi}-, (jccurred to many different persons as early as 1840,
in vague anticipation of an indefinite future. At a connnercial convention
heUl in St. Louis in 1849, Tilo.M.vs H. 15i:\Tu.\ dcclareil himself in favor
of a railroad, to be built by the States or individuals from New York to St.
Louis, and thence to San I-'rancisco by the National Government. An
association was organized in New York in 1852 to build The Atlantic and
Pacific Railroad, and in March the subscription-books were opened in San
RAILROADS.
163
I'Vancisco. The cntcr])rise was u ,;cd on puhlic attention by editors and
politicians, and o?i the third of March, 1853, (.'ongrcss autliorizcd the Sec-
retary of War t(3 make surveys t'> find the most suitable routes. The cx-
])lorations, commenced in thr rullowing summer, and continued r<ir4 \ears,
led to the di.scovery of the advantages of the 4 routes since adopted ap-
proximately by companies which have completed or commenced their roads.
California being more interested than any other portion of the Union in
the project, held a .Stale Con\eiUion in October, icS53, to consider what
should be done to help it along; but the theory of the Democratic l'art\-,
then dominant, that Congress has no constitutional power to aid internal
imnroNcnicnts, represented by prominent speakers, prevented an agreement
on any plan of action. Nothing worthy of note was done in the following
year, but in 1.S55 a road was built from .Sacramento City to Folsom, a dis-
tance of 22 mills, for the purpo.sesof -ecuring the trade of one of the richest
placer districts and obtaining conti ■ if the route across the .Sierra .Vevada
best suited for railroad purposes. It vas ••» the lain line of wagcjn travel
across the continent; and even if the iron track from the ^lissouri River
should not be laid for many years, might obtain a < msiderablc trade from
Ut.ah. The cars began to run on the first of January, 1S56, 22 miles to
Folsom, and some yuars later reached .Shingle .Springs, but the current ex-
penses and charges were high and the investment iniprofitable. No route
in California then promisetl more business in proportion to distance, and
the result was discouragement to all similar projects.
A .second Pacific Railroad convention, hekl in San Francisco, in Septem-
ber, 1S59, adopted a resolution in favor of an appropriation of $15,000,000
by the legislature to aid the construction of the road across California, if
the national government would build from the Missouri River to the Sierra
Nevada. This proposed heavy burden on the State treasury was considered
preferable to the stagnation that threatened the community if the hoi)e of
the iron track were abandoned or deferred indefinitely. The trip from New-
York to San Francisco by way of Panama was long and uncomfurtable, and
the extortion practiced by Tllic PANAMA RAILROAD COMPANV, ami the
high prices sometimes demanded by the steamships, made the ]>cople feel
the need of a land route. The great and varied agricultural resources of
Oregon and California, then beginning to impress themselves on the public
mind, could not be developed in a manner worthy of the nation, without
the magical help of the railroad.
The prospect, however, was discouraging. The strict construction faction
of the Democratic Party, then dominant in the administration and in Con-
gress, denied the constitutional power of the national government to build
such work.s, but was willing, for the sake of catching vote.s, to make vague
ill
ri.
1(34
COMMKRCE, tTC.
! li'
promises, ;is it hatl done in 1S56. Tlie anxictj' of tlic southern politicians
to check the agitation aL,Minst slavcr\- was not consistent with national road-
building; (jr anj' other policy that woultl stimulate the settlement of the ter-
ritories.
Subsidy Granted. -Hell) came to the railroad project from sources
whence little was expected. The division of the Democratic Party in 1S60,
let! to the o\erthrow of the strict constructionists, and to the election of a
Re[)ublican administration favorable to the enterprise and to the i)olic\' of
fiUin;..; the Territories with free settlers. The f^rcat national calamit)' of the
ci\ il war f;a\e imjiortance to the measure for military ])uri)oses, and the
enormous expenditure on the army and navy made the proposed bond sub-
sidy of $50,ooo,0(X) look like a tritle.
The bill to provide for the construction of a I'.icific Railroad from San
Francisco or .Sacramento to the .Missouri River, by the Central Pacific and
Union Pacific Railroad Companies, became a law July 2, I<S62, and gave
6,4CXD acres of land, and loaned national bonds averaging $35,000 ft)r each
mile of road. The.se bonds were to be a first mortgage on the ro,-^d, and
were to be issued in lots for each section of 40 miles of completed road.
The act incorporated TllK Umox Pacikic R.MLRO.Mj Comp.WY to build
the road westwaril from the ^lissouri Riser, and gave the subsid\' for the
construction eastward from .Sacramento to TlIE Ci:.\'rR.\J, P.vciiic R.\ii.-
KO.\l) CoMl'.\.NV, iM'eviousK- incorporated at Sacramento, where all the direct-
ors resided.
Without hesitation or tlelaj- they accepted the congressional grant, an-
nounced their intention to build the niad, and sent out sur\e)-ors to find a
route. The legislature of I1S63 ])assed a bill promising $500,000 of subsidy
for the completion of the first 50 miles; $200,000 to issue when the track
was laid for the first JO miles. Other bills adopted at the same time, [)ro-
\ided that the counties of San I'^ancisco, .Sacramento, and Placnr, .should
vote on proposals to subscribe for Central Pacific slock, and pa\' in county
bonds of ecpial amount, the aggregate for the 3 counties to be $1,150,000.
The people decided in favor of the subsidy in every case, and the bonds
were issued by Sacramento and Placer in accordance witii the statutes, but
the .supervisors of San Francisco refused to take the measures necessary to
get Central I'acific stock. They were afraid that the road would not be
built, and that under the indivirlual liability clause of the .State constitution,
the city treasury might be held responsible for a large sum, in case the com-
])any should become bankrupt. This policy was approved by the metro-
jjolitan bankers and capitalists, who would not touch the stock, and by
the city press. It was the common opinion that the compan)- had not the
means tf) build the road to the summit of the .Sierra. The following legis-
u
KAII.KiiADS.
165
laturc — that of 1S63-64 — repealed the act of the previous session, to give
$500,000 for the completion of 50 miles, ami ])asseci a new one, promising
to pay the interest for 20 years on $1,500,000 of 7 per cent, bonds — the total
amount of tlic interest money to be $2,100,000. In return fortius the com-
p.iny was to transport troops, munitions of war, various supplies, and convicts
or lunatics, in custody of State officials, without ch.iri,'e. Tiic bonds, the
interest of which was to be paid by the State, were sold reailily.
The Last Spike. — I'ortunately for the Central and L'nion I'acific Com-
panies, Conj,'ress passed a su|)plementary act Julj' 2, 1.S64, tjreatly enlar^'iii.'
and modifyini,' their subsidies. The new statute doubled the amount of
land yrant, allowed tiie companies to take the land so soon as the_\- had finished
each section of 20 miles — instead of 40 as before — and insteail of compelliiiLf
them to wait for their bonds till each section of 40 miles should be cimi-
))leted, allowetl them to obtain two thirds of their bonds for each section of
20 miles so soon as the gradinj,^ w;is done. Another amenilment, equal in
importance to all the others, was tha*: the Government, instead of takinjj a
first mortgage for the bond subsidy, consented that the companies should
give a first mortgage of equal amount to capitalists.
After the municipal authorities of San Francisco had maintained their
.struggle against the companj' in the courts for a )-ear, they compromised,
by giving $400,000 of cit>' bonds outright to the company, instead o( pur-
chasing $600,000 of stock with an ecjual amount in bonds. The company
were now able to commence work energetically. They had $1,500,000 of
bond.s, on which the State was to pay interest ; $400,000 of .San Fran-
cisco bonds; $300,000 of Sacramento bonds; $250,000 of Placer bonds,
and was to receive $48,000 in National bonds for every mile built beyond
Arcade; and besides had the privilege of giving a first mortgage for $48,-
000 a mile on the road. The rise in the National credit, accomi)an\ing the
overthrow of the rebellion, occurred when little work had as jet been done,
and before there was an opportunity to sacrifice many of the bonds. For-
tune seemed to favor them at every turn ; but they were men who had the
capacity to prcjjare for possible opportunities, and to seize them skillfully
and firmly at the most favorable moment.
The road from Sacramento to I'olsom had been extended to Shingle
Springs, and, in the hands of their enemies, waged a troublesome opposition
in politics, in freights to Nevada, in the newspapers, and in the courts. The
directors of the Central Pacific bought up a controlling influence in its stock,
and all competition ceased. Hut notwithstanding all the energy of the rail-
road builders, the track advanced very slowly up the western side of the
Sierra Nevada, and it was not until June, 1868, that the first train passed
m
iCG
co^vm:RC\i, inc.
throufjii the summit tunnel, douri to the baiil<s tif the Truckee. The
compaii} had hccn ucukin;,; more than 5 '^ j'car.s l)cfore linishinj;- 105 mile.s
of icjaii. But they hail sent yrac'ers far out into Xexatla eari\- in 1.SG8,
aiul iiaii accunuiialed lari^e suppHes of material, so tiiat the o[jenin,L; of
the roail aeross the summit wa.s the signal for an actixit}' far e.vcecdin;4 any-
Ihiiii; i)reviously known. In the 10 months from July 1, i.SGS, to .May S,
liSGy, 5.S6 miles of track were laid, or about 2J4 miles on an average for
every week-da)-; and on one day 10 miles were laid. Tlie 2 companie.s
wjiicli had been engaged on this great railroad race, each trying to get as
larr.c a (lortion of the route as ptjssible, met 50 miles west of Ogdcn at
I'nTnot.Lorx- i'oiiit, where tiie last spike was driven, completing the railroad
coninectioii between the Atlantic anil I'acitic in American territory, on the
lOth of TEIa}-, 1S69. Tile Centra] Company, under the authority of law,
took theTT) miles of roatl between Promontory and ( )gden from the Union
('.onipai!' uid paid the expense I'lf construction.
Raiixaam Building Continued. — The ambition of the tfiiintet of rail-
road biiiijUirrK was sharpened by the experience and success of their 7 \cars
(iif unrtsnitting toil. The building of tiic road from Sacramento to Ogden
did nor jinsfy them. The Western I'acitic Compaii}-, which h;id under-
taiken ■ Ck. loonstniction of the road from .Sacrainento to .San Jose, had
samppefi wwrk at Niles, being convinced there was no profit in contitiuing the
MKBitk. Di£' Central Pacific peo])le took the franchise, with the right to the
IfflBBiii. of ^waaoraal brands, and built the ro.id, leaving the land grant to the
cfflntractiri^ "iif the- T^'estern Pacific. They bought the old Oakland wharf
and fc!T\'-boat am; rhe Alameda railroad, and thus made their connection
'mM\ S-aih Fraiicisc on November S, 1861). Work was immediately com-
menccui upon .1 tinnrough system of improvements and extensions from
(^klaiid lioint out trio the bay towards San IVancisco. l"or some months
ill] frdgtes were dnnsfcrred by :> tedious system of fre(|uetit handling to
and from the deck- 'f fern--boats, .ind landed, with considerable dela)', upon
the .San l-'rancisco - ue of the ba_\-. This method was found to be vexatious
alike to the sliii)per die rccci\'er, atid the carrier of freight. A remedy was
found in tlie construction of liea\y transfer steaimrs, which would carry a
train of loaded freight cars. On April 16, 1S70, these boats were completed,
■And commenced making regular trips across the bay, thus virtuall)' consti-
tuting Sati I'rancisc'i the western terminus of the contitietUal railroati.
When the Central Pacific Road had thus become a fixed and important
factor in the development of the resources of California, it became neccs-
s.ii)' to o|)en up .1 s\stem of lities that would radiate towards it atid towards
the commercial metropolis of the Pacific. The same partic s who had already
RAILROADS.
I ^'7
accomplishcci so much, turned their innuediate attention to these new enter-
prises, the niosf important of which was the hue up tlie San Jciatiuin X'allc)-.
In the spring in .Hji work was eonmienced at I,athro[), and early in 1S7J
146 miles of road were completed to a [joint near Visalia, in tlie county nf
Tulare. With the opening of this brancji there was an immeiliate and
steady increase in the price cjf lands in that great \alley, and i>opulation
followed freely along the iron wa}' and in the regions adjacent thereto,
Pre\ious to the construction of this line, lands in distant portions of the
San Joaquin Valley were thought to be almost \alueless, .iiul l.irge and
favorably located tracts could hi ■ ven bought at $1 an acre. These
lands are now worth from $10 to > 'U acre, and the \ast cattle ranges of
that region ha\'c been convertci; .nto wheat-fiekls of enormous I'Xtent,
whose products find an cas}-, cheap, ant! rapitl transit to the sea-going
vessels at tide water. A strip of land through this \alle\-, of ;i width of
20 miles, on each siile of the railroad, aggregates 6,000,000 acres; .md it is
estimated by reliable statisticians that these lands ha\e increased in \ ,diie
to the extent of .f.So,ooo,QOO since they have been opened up b)- the rail-
road. The 4 county towns of Modesto, Merced, I'"resno, arul Tulare, w hich
in 1870 had no e:cistence, luive now an aggregate of 2,300 building>, .ind a
population of more than 13,000.
While the interior of the State was being thus developed, a new impetus
was given to tiic increase f)f w( alth and population in .San I'Yancisco and
the comities bordering upon the adjacent bays. \ railroad liad been built
in 1863 from the race-track near the Mission, San IVanci.sco, in a southerly
direction towards .San Jose, and was opened to Mcnlo Park, October i/th
of tiiat year; and on January 16, 1864, it was finished to San Josd, and on
Februar)' 14th extended from the race-track into the cit\ , to Market Street,
where it had its terminus for several years. In 1SC9 this road was ex-
tended to Gilroy; in 1S70, to Ilollister; in 1871, to I'ajaro; in 1872, to
Salinas; and in 1873,10 Soledad.
In 1863 the California Northern Road was built from Oro\ille to Marys-
ville, a distance of 29 miles. The mining industries of that region gave
this compan)' a profitable traffic in its earlier history, but its resources were
greatly diminished b\' the decay of the placers.
Various Railroads. The passage of the original Pacific Railroad Bill
had given a stimulus to railroad construction in California. Within 3 j'ears
population and wealth had increased rapidly in the metropolis and the
counties bordering on San Francisco and San Pablo bays.» Capital was
seeking investment. The possession of the best routes for rail transporta-
tion became an object of ambition In 1863 roads were built from .San
fj
it ei
t ,
i68
COMMI-.kCi:, ITC
I'r.'incisc'i to San Jnsi5, and from .Man'ssillc to Orovillc;, and a brancli nf the
Sacramciiln Valley Ivoad was constructed from f'olsoin to Lincoln, i8 miles.
This last route was injudiciously selected, and ilie track was afterwards
taken u]i. I he ("alifornia Pacific built its roail from Sacramento to N'allcjo
in i<S'')S, ,iiid pl.Ki'd a swift l)i>it on the liay to carr\- freight and passengers
between the latter pl.ace and tile metroi)olis, .Soon afti.-rwards this company
bought the Xa])a \';ille\' Kailroail, and then in rapiil succession made a
branch from I>a\isville to M;uys\ille, bought the San l'"rancisco and North
I'acific (Pctaluma Valley Road and the boats of Tin; Cau I'(M<.\1.\ Sti:.\M
N.\\IC,,\T1(").\ Co.Mr.\X\', commenced work- on a r<iad from .Suscol to Santa
Rosa, and declared its purpose to extend its track from the Sacramento
X'alley to Ogden, there to connect with the Union Pacific. This .uinouiicc-
iiKiil had probabl)- no purpose save toalTect pujjlic oi)inion. The (.'alifornia
P.icific, li;i\ing joo miles of road, all the best boats on tlie ba_\', ccjntrol of
the shortest and most conitortable route between .Sacramento and S.aii h'ran-
. cisco, the support of great luiglish anil (German capitalists, and a \er)- en-
terjirising and aggressive policy, ihrc.ilened to seriousl)- injure the credit of
the Central I'acific, whose directors, in the summer of 1871, bought upmost
of the stock of the rival compaiu', thus becoming master of its movements,
and ]nitling an end to all dangenjus competition in that direction.
I')\- purch.ising stock', they obtaineil control <if the Coppcropolis, the .San
I'ranci.'-co and San Jose mow the .Southern i'acii'c>, the I.os Angeles and
Wilmington, the Los .fVngeles and .Santa Monica roads. The\- extended
the Southern Pacific to .Soledad, in the .Salinas X'allc}-, and through or
acros- the .San Joacjuin, Colorado, Gila, and Ivif) Grantle \'alle)s to Tcx.is,
where the_\- are now on their wa_\- to the CJulf of .Mexico. TheN- built the
Oregon and Californi.i Road from Rose\il!e to Reilding. The)- have con-
structed about ^,500 miles of road, and control 3.000 miles. The}' own all
the railroads running into San P'rancisco, .Sacramento, .StockttJii, N'allejo,
and Los .Angeles; all, sa\e one, running int<i t.)aklaiid, and own ,'ill the
bro.id-gauge roatls in the general railroad network of the State. The unl)-
valuable broad-guage Calilornian railroad that does not belong to them, is
the .San P'rancisco and North Pacific, which does not connect with any
other broad -'Hi.aLre road.
Private Property. — Since the Centra! Pacific quintet accepted the
(.'ongressiiiii.d grant of iS^j, 20 \-ears have elapsed. In the mean .:ime,
]■'.. H. CU()( Ktlii ami Makk IIoI'ki.vs have died, leaving StaM'ORD,
III NTI.NCTD.v, and Ciiaui.is CK()i.Kt:K, who continue to devote them-
.'^eU^s to the work of buili.ling r.iilroads needed for the development of
the resources of the Pacilie Slope. Some of their enterprises in the .south
-, ^M-;.-f»«-c-I -J^—
UAll.koAliS.
K;;)
have been so fai- in advance r>f the needs nf the adjacent country, that they
were n<il immediately profitable; but further eMensions, tlirou_L,h cdmuction
with the Cjuif of Mexico, tlie opetiinL; of mines jinil laiins, ;nnl the tniildinj;'
of towns, .'lideil and stimulated h\' their ro.uls, ha\i' enableil them to reap
the rewaril of their bold, but saijacioiis ventures.
The subsidies were ^ivcn or hjaned on conthtion ih.il the reci])ients
should build a road to l>e owned by iheni, and managed by them, for their
own indi\idual profit. XotliiiiL; in the lan^uaj.;c of the statutes conveys
any otiicr idea. I'he Central I'aeilic Ro;ul is as full)- theirs in law and
equity as if it had been built e.\clusi\el)- with their own mon(n'. It was the
},rencral opinion of CouLjress and the ])eoj)le at the time of the pass;i;;e of
the Acts of iiSG.'? and 1X64, that a coiuinenial railroad was ,1 nation, d
necessity, and that ^jreat inducements should be offereil, in order to enlist
the capabilities of wealthy ;ind enerLjetic men in the undertalcin;;. The
feeling w.is unanimous, that the olfer of ("io\ ernment aid, by the loan of
credit and by a ilonation of Lands, would He ,1 public benefit ; ^ ince the
road has been finished this ide.i has not been abaniloned by ri|j;ht-lliinkinLj
political economists. It is still the prevalent opinion, tliai thouj^h the Acts
of Congress beariiifj upon this ipiestion mis^ht have been drafted more
wisely iii some respects, still it is far better for the nation that they should
have been adopted a.s they were, rather than that thi' Central and L'nion
I'acific line had not been built. It was a fortunate thinjj for Californi.i, in
the inception of this enterprise, that five men should have been found
among her prominent citizens, to take hold of a work so imccrtain in its
results, th(jugh so magnificent in its possibilities — men so earnest in their
character and so faithful to their ta.sk, who were able to work together in
harmonious .action, and so eminentl)- fitted fiir the different de))artmeuts of
the work.
Before the last spike had been diiveii, the 5 directors <if 'liii: Ci:n ii-i.M,
I'ACIIK Raii,Ko.\|i Comi'ANA' were all millionaires. They owned nearly
all the stock — the shares in the hands of others being very few in number — •
and the\- were all (jfficcrs or agents of the company, receiving large pay in
one form or another for their ser\ ices. H(\si(les owniti;^ the road, they
held 9,000,000 acres of laud, of which more than .S,ooo,ooo acres, after a
Lapse of 12 years, are still unoccu[>ied and unaxailable, being in mountain or
desert. The\- had recci\'ed, as a lo,m, .$^4,000,000 of national bonds, which
are a second inoitgagc on the ro.id ; $550,000 of Sacramento and I'lacer
bonds given fiir subscriptions which were subsequentl)- canceled, the boiuls
being returned to ihe counties; $4Cxj,ooo of San I'rancisco bonds as an un-
conditional gift; ai,<l $.3,100,000 of interest p.iid, or to be paid b>- the .State
treasury in return fin the obligation todocert.iin transportation fiirthe .Si.ite.
il^
■'/•
i;o
CiiMMKRCi:, KTC.
When wc consider the obscurity of TlIE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD
CoMl'ANN in ils bL<;innin;j;s, the relative poverty of its leadin;^ stockholders,
the j(encr;il inilifrerence, if not contempt, felt for their enterprise, anil the
fact that llioiij^h respectable business men in a cit\' of 20,000 inhabitants,
tiiey did not include its wealthiest bankers and merchants; when we con-
sider all these things, we arc astonished to find in its 5 directors such a
combination of ca[)acity, pruilence, persistence, tact, and fitness for har-
monious co-operation, as was perhaps never surpassed in an equal number
of nuMi united in a business enterprise. There was no brilliancy amonsj;
them, neither was there an)- weakness. M\cry one was <r()0(l at dispatching^
wurk, mana;.;ing laborers, netjotiatini^ with capitalists ami politicians, wait-
ing; patiently for opportunities, and .seizinfj them [)romptly and firmly when
lluy arrivetl. .\ sintfular succession of favorable circumstances laid the
foundations of their fortunes, and they built maj^nificcnt superstructures.
Po.itieal Denunciation. — The surviving trio live in the full possession
of acii\e powers of middle age, hold controlling i'lterests in the Central
Pacific and .Southern Pacific roads and their branches, and continue to
work together harmoniously as the managers of the mosi extensive .system
of railroads on the globe owned In- a few indiviiluals. When they had
completed the Central Pacific, each could have retired to a life of inglorious
ease witli a fortune (jf several millions; but instead of that they have de-
voted their time, their ambition, and a large part of their profits to i.;-!tor-
prises for the accommodation of the traffic and development of the indus-
trial resources of the coast.
Yet the original Central Pacific iiuintet and the trio now survi\-ing, have
not been po])ular favorites in California at any time since 1869. It is gen-
erally admittetl that they have done work of vast value to the coast, and
that it was better that their roatis should be built and managed by one
companj- than by a do/cn companies. Llovd Tevis, in his address at
the annual meeting of the American Rankers' Association, in i88i,.said:
" Despite all the jealousy that their acquisitions may have excited, there is
no iloubt that it has been on the whole good for California that the railroad
management has been thus concentrated. Railroad development has un-
<lucstionably been more rtgular and thorough and healthy, and the econ-
omy in building and running much greater, than it would ha\-e been had
the California railroail s)-stem been in the hands of a dozen different com-
panies, each working indcpendentl)-, and often at cross purposes, and each
maintaining a separate staff, and wasting means in opposition and rivalry,
w hich the public at large must ultimately make up. Of the enormous sums
thus ;ia\etl In a single intelligent anti harmonious management, the portion
1
UAIl.l^OADS
I/I
t:ikcn b_\- t'licsc men for their own jiersonal purposi's, amount-- to an insi^-
iiific- It priceiitaLjc. And after all that is said of their colos-^al wealth, it
still remains true that the)- ha\e used this wealth hut as trustees for the
whole cominimity. The profits of the roads hav" not merely been lar;;er
than they woukl have been under iliverse manaj^ements, but these profits,
anil the c:redit tliat has been ac(iuiied, have been used in bulldiiifj more
road." During the last u years the directors of the t'entral j'aeific ha\e
been the subjects of bitter and ^x'lieral demmciation. All the |)oiitical
parties have accusctl them of extortion and discrimination. San I'raneisco,
Stockton, Vallejo, I-os Angeles, and Placcrville, ha\e at various times lieen
full of indignation against them; and they ha\e not e^capetl jjopular hostil-
ity in Sacramento and Oakland, which owe a large p.trt of their prosperity
directly and indirectly to the railroad, it was opposition to the t'entr.il
Tacific that secured the governorship, and afterwards the scat in the national
senate, to Nkwton Booili. It was a i)roinise of controlling the Central
Pacific and regulating its fares, that gave to the Independent .\nti-Monopoly
party prctlominancc in the State overnment in 1S74. The tlcsirc to pro-
vide new (hecks for the Central Pacific was one of the chief motives for the
adoption 1 'I a new con.stitutioii in 1879. In short, the compaii)' have been
engaged in a continuous succession of controversies with legisl.'ifnrcs, courts,
tax-gatherers, and jiolitical parties.
Whatever the final judgment ma\' be, upon the character of the Central
Pacific f|uintet, after the dust of controversy shall have cleared awa)-, and
after jireiudice, ignorance, malice, and personal greed have lost their inllu-
ence, there is little doubt that they will have the credit not only of being the
most enterprising set of railroad builders in our time, but of also possessing
remarkable administrative talemt, and moral character ut le.ist on a par
with that of average resjjcctaitob business men.
Difference in Charges. — It is true that there arc differences in the
charges for freight between large ijuantities and small quantities, anil
between competitive and non-competiiive geographical -iUiations ; but
railroads and business men generally exercise a di.scrimniative juilgmcnt
in their dealings with the public. The merchant demands more by the
pound for his goods, if he sells a single [jound, than if he sells a ton.
He demands moiv when the supply is scant than when it is excessive. If
\,c knows his customer must buy "( him, he takes that fact into corisidera-
tion in fixing his pnci It his place of business is accessible to both rail-
way and ship, he w ill be in a position to undersell his competitor who is
dependeiu either upod the ship alone, or the railwa)- alone. Thesi arc
jilaiii business propositnin.s, that arc governed .nid 1 untrolleil b) tl>e logjt;
i
172
(■o^rMl:R(■l:, nx'.
of business eventualities; and tliey ha\c become so thorouc^hly the rule in
commercial affairs that no one fnuls fault with the merchants \>y whom
tlic)- are enforced. The Central I'acific, and other railroads, take these and
kindred considei'ations as the basis of their eharjj;es, and \'et the)- are
denounced In' men who are ,L;iiided by the same moti\es in dealini^ with
their ni i^dibors, I'reii^ht can be transported cheaper, relativelj', for Ioul; dis-
tances than for short ones, and in larye (luantitics than in small ones; and
can be delivered more conx'eniently at the main terminal points than at
small intermediate stations.
Land-Grant Policy. — The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad
m.ide a demand for brancli roads, such as those which start from Ogdcn,
in I'tah, from Hattle Mountain, Palisade, anil Reno, in Nevada, and from
Colfa.x and Gait, in California. Other continental lines were projectetl;
and Congress passed acts giving land subsidies to a road from the Central
I'acific to Portland, Oregon, and from San Jose, by way of Los Angeles, to
"N'uma, and from San Diego, by way of Yuma, to the Rio Grande.
Some notice must be taken of the common complaint made as to the
alleged injustice done to the people by gi\ing land subsidies to railways.
The railroad lands west of the Rock)- Mountains are not worth 50 cents an
acre on the axerage, and those writers who have been most bitter in denun-
ciation of the polic)' of the grants, have concealed from the [lublic the fact,
that after a lapse of 12 )-ears, a large proportion, equal probably to nine
tenths of the land covered by the Central Pacific grant, reniains unsold, un-
cultivated, and practically worthless. The grant covers some e.xcellent lands
in the ncjrthcrn part of the Sacramento Valley and the southern part of the
San Joaciuin V^alle)-, but even this would ha\e been worth little if the)- had
not been made accessible by rail. The area of fertile .soil that has been
granted to railroads, and that would have sold for an average of $5 an acre
before the end of this century, without being made available for cultivation
b)- railroad communication, has been too small to demand serious consid-
eration, when counterbalanced by the immense benefits which the land-grant
roads have conferred, directl)- and indirectl)', upon the Pacific Coast and
adjacent Territories. It is an easy matter to be wise after the event has
transpired, and, juilging with the experience of 1881, to find defects in the
legiskition of 1S62 and 1S64; but the general decision, that the railroad
statutes of those )-ears ha\e proved beneiiei.d to the State of California and
til the nation at large, is in no danger of being overruled.
Prolits. — The Central Pacific was a profitable road from the start. The
net receipts are now about $S,ooo,ooo annually, and the gross receipts 3
times as much. The net earnings are obtained by deducting the "operat-
wpwr"
KAlI.RiiADS. 1-5
ing expenses" from tlv ^ross receipts, \\itli<nil .illowance for the amounts
re(|iiiro<l to pay interest, amountin:^' to neail_\- $4,ooo,iX)0, ami rent of leased
lines $j,5CO,iX30 aimuall)-. After (leiluetinLj these items the yearl)- amomit
a\ailable for dixidends seems to lie about $1,500,000. More than S.ooo
persons are employed in the service of the Central and Southern I'acit'ic.
The railroads of oin- coast are exlendint,'- at the rate of more than a mili-
a da\', anil jjrobabl)' will continue to achance with equal speed. .\t the
end of iSSl, the tiL,uires were about ^,350 miles for C.difornia, J'jo for
Nevada, 760 for Utah, 5.S0 for C)rei,'on, 400 for Arizona, 420 for \\'ashinf,'toii,
260 for Idaho, and 330 on tlic Pacific .sides of Montana, Wyomint^, Colorado,
and \ew !\Ic.\ico; makinLj a total for the slope of 5,460 miles e.sclusive of
Mexico and Central -America. A list of the ro.ids and their terminal ])oints
correct in one month will be incomplete and unsatisfactory tiie next, bec.uise
of the frequency of the chanijcs.
Leland Stanford. — California has been larp;-clj' built up, and its vitality
has been developed, nourished, and streuL^thened almost entirely by self-
made men — men who, in the hard battle of life, of their earlier years,
gained the experience that placed them on the winnitiL; sitle in their later
struggles. In years to come, when the record of their achie\ements shall
have passed into history, it will be a source of sincere regret if no tletails
are found of the trials, habits, and hardshijis of their joiith. In this con-
nection it will be interesting, briefly to take note of the family ante cedents
and early life of our railroad builders. Their immediate ance.-tors were
pioneers in the settlement of new .States, and were hard-working men and
women, of slender means, but full of practical sagacitj- and sound sense.
They brought up their sons to feel that their success in life must be assin'ed
by imremitting labor, and their minds strengthened by close observation
rather than by an elaborate education. The experience thus gained was
of inestimable advantage to them in the enlarged sphere that engrossed
their attention on the Pacific Coast. In projecting and carr)-ing out the
(Jentral Pacific .s)-stcm of internal impro\ements, the)- became the greatest
of railroad builders; that i.s, if greatness in such matters be measured by
the amount of work accomplished. These few men have built 3,000 miles
of road, and are now engaged upon lines that will aggregate 3,000 miles
more. During all the period they have been pushing forward these vast
movements, they have looked upon Lkl.VND ST.WI-OUt) as their represen-
tative head in their intercourse with the public, and recognizing his superior
fitness for the headship of their companies, the)' have never thought of dis-
j)lacing him from that honored position. It is in fact due to the thorough
unanimity of purpose, and to the liigh estimate of business capacity which
'74
coMMKKc K, i:rc.
.f tl
u'sf men h;is
held towards the others, that they are in a larjije
measure indebted tor their iin\arieil siicces
Ll.LAMi SlANIdkl)
was l)orn n
ear Ailiany, X. Y., March 9, 1824, the
fourth in
il}' of 7 sons. I lis fatlier
farmer, and lived in the
lidst of the earliest railrciad construction in the United .States — the
jssed
itli the
Alhan)' and Schenectad)- line — and bein^r stront;ly impres
pro.ipecti\e iinjiortance of railroad facilities, he took a lively interest in the
\\'ork uoiri'f on around him.
lie Lfa\e up the manaLfement of the farm to
fur-
his sons, and took a contract lor LjracliiiL; jjorlioiis of the road, antl lor lur-
nishiiiL; it with wood and ties. Li:i..\\i) had the usual experience of coun-
tr)- boys in those ilays — .itlendini; the neiijhborint^ schools in the winter
months, and working on the farm during the rest of the year. At the age
of JO he commenced the study of law, and in 1845 he removed to iMbany
for the jjurpose of studying that profession with the well-known firm of
Wni:AT()N', DoOMTTLE & IIadlkv. He remained with them until he was
admitted to the bar, when, in 1845, he took up his residence at I'ort Wash-
ington, Wisconsin. Here he practiceil in the courts about 3 years, and
determinetl to make that locality his permanent residence. IJut in 1852 he
met with a misfortune which materially changed his plans for the future :
his law library and most of his other property were destro) ed by fire, and
he at once iletermined to try his fortunes in California. lie reached this
.St.ite July 12, 1852, and almost immediately started a miners' store at
Michigan liluff, in Placer County, where he remained 4 j-ears, doing a
lucrative business. In 1856 he removed to Sacramento City and became
an active partner in the jjrospcrous firm of ST.vXKOUn Hi^oi'iilCRS.
In 1857 Mr. hr.Wl'ORi) was nominated by the Republicans for State
Treasure!', an<l in 1859 for Governor, but was defeated, with his party, in
both those j-ears. In 1861 he was again nominated for Governor, and after
the most exciting contest that had yet been hekl in California, he was
elected by a large majorit)-, there having been 3 candidates in the field.
I le held the office for 2 years with credit to liimself, to his party, and to
the .State. Since that time, a jjcriod of 18 years, he has devoted himself
assiduouslv to his duties, as developed by tlie vast railroail projects with
which he has been connected.
Charles Crocker.— CllARl.i;s CROCKER, second Vice-President of the
Central Pacific Railroad Company, was born in Troy, N. Y., September 16,
1822. His parents were poor, and while a boy he had to help support the
family. When only 10 years of age he began to sell newspapers and mag-
azines in Troy, and with the money thus earned was enabled to assist his
father in removing to the West, and in the purchase of a small farm in
KAII.RdADS.
i;5
Indiann, to which State the)' cmiLjratcd in i.S0. lie spent 2 \ears nt hard
work in helpins,^ to clear and cultivate the land which lhe\- had l)(iiiL;lit witii
their united means. He was tln'n enipluyed in a saw-mill, and afterwards
in a forge for the manufacture of jjar iron, wliere he worked for $ii a
montli, attending the district scliool during the winter season, when work
was not to be had. l-'rom an ap])rentice in the forge, lie became ,i practical
and efficient workman, and finally startetl a branch of the business on his
own account, and made money.
In 1850 he emigrated to California across the plains, and located near
I'laccrville, where he engaged in mining, with but limited success. In 1853
he removed to Sacramento, and established himself in what afterwards be-
came the leading dr\-gooils house of that city. .Subject to the vicissitudes
of fires and floods, which were the lot of all in Sacramento, he managed his
large business closely and successfully. In i860 he was elected to the legis-
lature of California by the Republicans, and became a prominent advocate
of free soil, free labor, and free speech. In 1862 he sold out his mercantile
business, and embarked his entire fortune, and de\oteil all his business abil-
ity to the Central Pacific Railroad enterprise. His varied experience in
mechanical and manufacturing industries, and in the management of labor-
ing men, rendered him peculiarly fit for the superintendence of construction.
I'"or several years he had entire charge of that department, antl brought to
it the same efficient qualifications that had hitherto characteri/.eil his life,
and given him prominence in all the business projects with which he had
been connected.
E. B. Crooker.— Edwin B. Crocker, who for 10 years was at the head
of che law department of THE CENTRAL Paciitc Railroad Company,
was bom in O-swego, N. Y., April 26, 181 8. As a boy he attended the com-
mon .schools of his native town, and at an early age, his studious habits were
developed in a remarkable degree, so much so, that his father, though very
poor, sent him to the Rcns.sclaer Institute in Troy. In 1835 he graduated
with the degree of Civil Engineer, and obtained employment in that capacity
for a short time, on the Albany and Schenectady Railroad. In the fall of
1836 he went to Indiana, and worked on a farm for 2 j'cars, and in iron
works for one year, still earnestly pursuing his studies in the evenings, and
through the stormy days, when outdoor work was impossible. In 1840 he
commenced the study of law with Jo.sEPH L. JERNIGAN, at South Bend,
Indiana, where he remained, studying and practicing his profession for a
period of about 1 1 years.
In 1848, 1849, and 1850, South Bend and vicinity was the theater of
the most exciting and violent scenes connected with the fugitive slave trials
\:'>
>m\ii;k(i:, ktc.
M'
i
m
nf tliiisc; (lays, ,iti(l !•;. B, ('l<()(Ki;i<, tlinm^'h liis pi)litical convicti'ins, his pn^-
fcsNidiial duties, ami liis personal s)'m|);itliics witli the (ipprcsseci slaves.
liecaine iinoKed in \e\ati<)iis law ])r(>eeeilinL;s, liiat finallj' compelled him
to ^'ive lij) his ])raeticc in that ixj^ion. I'larly in iS^r he came to California,
and located his law office in Sacniinento, where he achieved a iiiL,'h position
at the bar of his adoptetl State. In May, 1S65, hcwas ai)pointed b)- tlic
("lovernor, J Li~>tice of the Supreme Court of California for the uiuxpireil term,
occasioned b)- the aj)poiiUment of Jutk;e I'ii;l1) to the .Su]ireme Hcich o'"
the United .States, At that lime there were but ^ Justices of the Supreme
(iouit of (.'aliforni.i, and ,'.n immense volume of unfinished business had
accuiiuilated before that tribunal. It was here that tile industrious habits
and close ap|)lication of Justice tJ<(J('KI'.R were full)- tleveloped, and it is a
part of the judicial histor)- of California, that no .Supreme Court Judge ever
accomi)lish(.(l such a volume of work in so siiort a period; and that no opin-
ions delivered from that bench have stood more thorou[,dily the te.st of letjal
criticism than his.
On January 1, 18C4, his term of office expiretl, and he then took entire
chart'c of the law de[)ariment of TllK Ckm U.VL P.U.Illc R.MLKO.VD COM-
I'.ww liis clear judL;ment and loj^ical mind were well adapted to the mul-
tifarious duties that were daily unfolding; in connection with tile enterprise
in which lie had now become ,-i prtjniinent fiLjure. 'liie .settlement of intricate
land titles, tile drafting of contracts and legal documents connected with
the eom[)any — originating, and watciiing the drift and .scope of legislative
and c(jngressional proceeding.s — made up a [Portion of tlie diversified work
that he w as called upon to perform, and tile .ability witii which lie performed
these duties, lias Ijecn fully tested and proved ioy tlie results of his labors.
But Judge CliOtnciJi, like many (jther eminent Caiifornians, overestimated
iiis pliysical strength and mental capacity; after lo years of hard and unin-
terrupted t(jil in the railroad offices, iiis iiealth became impaired to sucli an
extent that he was obliged to gi\e up ail active employment, and after a
lingering illness, w hicli extended o\er many months, iie died in Sacramento
June 24, 1.S75.
Mark Hopkins.— M.VKK Hopiaxs, the eldest of liic railroad quintC,
and treasurer of the company from its commencement to the time of his
death, was born in Henderson, X. V., September I, 1813, the fifth in a
lamiiy of 7 sons. His father i<ept a country store in Henderson, and his
son M.vi^K's earlier business inclinations .seemed to tend in the same
direction. In 1S25 the family removed to St. Clair, Michigan, where Mark
lived until 1829. He was industrious and studious as a youtii, and at an
early age mastered all the brandies of learning that were taught in the
KAII.KdADS.
>77
district schools ulurc lu' resided. At tiu- age of 16, soon .liter l\i> l.ither's
death, he left tiic paleriKii lioinc aiul coiniiicnccil llis business career as
juniiir clerk witli a niercantiie firm in Niaj;ara Cuunlv, \. N'., anil 2 years
later he removed, uith one of his cm[)loycrs, to l.ockiiort in the same State.
Ultimately he became associated with ,1 .Mr. lli;i.lli;s as leading jjartner in
the firm of Iliil'KlNS iS: lIui.llKS.
lie continued as piincipal in the busini'ss until i'"^.v, v. hen he conuninced
the stud)' of law with his brother I ll'.NKN, a prominent practitioner in l.ock-
j)ort, and a man of pronounced leg.il attainnu.-nts. It is to this elder brother,
that Mark felt himself indebted for the rare ijualities of anal)tical thought
and thorough business habits that so strongly marketl, in ,ifter j'ears, his
own individualit)', and that conlributcil so effectuall)' to his success as a
business man. He did not pursue the study of law for the purpose of
making it a life profession, but used it as a training school to de\elop
mental exactitude, and to acijuire a logical habit of reasoning, which lie
was confident would be of great advantage to him in his business relations
with the world. After j years of legal studies he embarked witii a Mr.
Williams in the manufacture and sale of agricultural im[)lements, and
traveled extensively in the .States of New York and Ohio in connection
with this enterprise. He then moved to the City of New York and took a
prominent position as clerk and manager in the commission house of J A.MKS
RoWL.VND & Co., where he remained until he cmb.irked for California, 7'ia
Cape Horn, January 22, 1849.
Mr. IIui'KLN'S arrived in San l"rancisco August 5, 1S49, .and after trying
several ventures with varied succes.s, located a store in Placcrville, having
hauled his own goods with an ox-team from S.icramento. In July, 1850,
he left Placervilleand returned to Sacramento, where he started a wholesale
grocery business with his friend and fellow-passenger from New York, K. II.
MiLLKU, Jr. The firm, IIOI'KIXS & MiLLKR, did a large and successful
business, investing a portion of their surplus profits in real estate in .Sacra-
mento. The great fire of November, ificj, destroyed their store and goods,
and other buildings which they h.id erected. They immediately rebuilt
their store and continued their busine.w until 1854, when Mr. IIoi'KlNS sold
out to his partner, and made a trip to the Fust, where he was marrieil Sep-
tember 20, 1854. On his return to California in 1855, he entereil into i)art-
ncrship with C. V. HuXTIN'CiTOX in the hardware business, and he remained
a member of the firm, Ik'N riNxno.X, Mol'KlXS & Co., until his death.
The eru-ly connection of Mr. Hoi'KlXS with TlllC Ckxtral Pacific
Railroad ComI'AXV, and with his associates in that enterprise, has else-
where been alluded to in these pages. H)' his seniorit)' of age, and liis ana-
lytical methods of thought, he seemed to lie the acknowledged Nestcjr and
33
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Mentor of the quintet. When difficult questions came before them, Mr.
IIOl'KINS atKicc was sought, and his judijment was relied upon in an em-
inent dei^ree. He was seldom at fault where mental \is^orwas reciuired, and
seldom failed in a comprehensive .L;;raspiny of business jM-opositions. While
he was not prominent in orii^inatini; i;reat enteri)rise.s, lie was a good listener
when the projects of others were presented to him. When in doubt, he in-
vestigated with patience; and when convinced, his after course proclaimed
the consistency of his con\ictions. Like all his associates in the railroad
dirccloiy, Mr. IIoriCINS was a hard and earnest worker, antl liis rugged con-
slitulion enabled him, for many years, to endure the strain of incessant
mental toil. Hut in 1877 his health began to fail, and he was obliged to
gi\e up, in a great measure, his office work. In March, 1878, he went to
Fort Yuma, then the terminus of the Southern Pacific Railro.ad, hojiing to
obtain relief, if not a restoration to health, by a radical change of .scene;
but his hopes, and those of his friends, were not realized. There at \'uma,
in his own car, resting upon the last rails that had then been laid on the
Southern route, and attended by the congenial .sympathies of railroad offi-
cials, this busy life w;is closed, on March 2<), 1878.
C. P. Huntington.— (.'oM. IS 1'. IlrMiNcniN, the resident director and
financial agent of the Central Pacilk' Railroad Company in New \'ork, was
born at Harwinton, Litchfield Count)-, Connecticut, October :;2, kSji. He
was the fifth in a famil)' that numbered 9 children. His father was a man-
facturer of woolen goods in Harwinton, ,ind was a [)rominent and active
citizen. His children had such educational advantages as were afforded by
the common schools of New l".ngland in those da)s. At tlie age of 22,
CoiJ.l.S entered into the business of genera! merchandising with his eldest
brother at Onconta, in the State of New 'S'ork, antl he cu^'^inued in tli.it
occupation with considerable success until 1849, when he removed to Cali-
fornia, and establisheil himself in a mercantile house in the City of Sacra-
mento. His business at this time was principall)- in hardware, though
connecteil with other staple goods.
In the winter of 1854-5 he entereil into p.irtnersiiii) with M.vkk Hop-
kins, which was the first step in the formation of the well-known hardware
house of MuNTlNtiTON, HorKl.vs & Co., in which firm Mr. Hi:ntinc;to\
lias been an active particiiiaiU from its organization to the present time. /\s
early as 1859 the idea o( connecling thcniscKes with the construction of a
continental railroad began to shape it.self in the minds of Mr. HUN UNC'iiiX
and his associates, ami during that and the following year, frequent meetings
were held in the hardware store on K Street, where I Il^N'l'l.Nc; TON, I lol'Kl.NS,
St.\M'uKI), and the two t.'ROCKKUS, discu.s.sed the project, .and the wa)-s and
means for carrying it on.
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RAILROADS.
179
In 1863 Mr. IlrNTlNiiroN went Mast with full power of altorncj- from
his associates to negotiate in their hcli.ilf, and to employ all their means,
and all the credit he could obtain ujjon their names, to further the enterprise
in which they were then einb.nked. No restrictions were placed ui)on his
action, except that he should insist that the interest upon the (imernment
bonds to Ix; loaned to their company shoukl not be exacted on the [lart of
the United States until their maturity. This precaution was deemed wise,
and in fact ab.solutely necessarj-, in view of the experience of capitalists,
that constant demands for interest had been the means of swamping nearly
all the enterprises that had hitherto been undertaken for the dcvcloiiment
of the resources of California.
In 1864 Mr. IIl'.\Tl\r;rnN took up his permanent residence in New York
Cit)-, and oix-ned an office there of the Central Pacific Railroad Company,
which lx;camc an imp<jrtant adjunct in the manay;emcnt of the f'nancial
portion of its business. It had been the unswerving policy of the company,
anil of all \\ ho were connected w ith it, never to make any promise ai)pertain-
ing to its finances that could not be carried out. All its obligations were
promptly met, and its bonds, at a very early day, took a high rank in the
moneyed centers of I^urope. I'rom the formation of the company to the
present time, Mr. IIl'NTIN(;toN has occupied the position of first Vice-
President.
Northern Pacific— The Northern Pacific llailroad, one of tlic great en-
terprises of our time, is to extend from Lake Superior to I'uget Sound, a
distance of 2,200 miles, the greater part of the route being near latitude 47°.
The track has been laid 600 miles westward from Lake Superior, and 220
miles north-eastward from Ainsworth. The Columbia River being nav-
igable from its mouth to Ainsworth, the steam communication across the
continent by this njute will be o[)en so soon as the road shall be com-
pleted across Idahtj and Montana. Congress gave a subsidy of 25,600 acres
of land for each mile, including .i branch from Ainsworth to Portland, and
the route for that part of the road is to follow the northern bank of the
Columbia. Hesides the work done on the main line, between the Columbia
and Lake Superi<jr, the Northern I'acific has a branch line from New
Tacoma to Kalama 105 miles, and another from New Tacoma to W'ilkeson
31 miles, and several on the eastern portion of its route. In 1882 it will
builil a road from the neighborhood of Tacoma to Seattle. In reference to
the gaj) in Itlaho and Montana, Mr. Vll.l,.\Rl), president of the company,
addressing a public meeting at Portland in October, 1881, declared, "You
can absolutely rely ui)on the completion of the main line of the Northern
Pacific in 1883." The chief office of the compaii)' on our coast is in I'ortland.
l8o
coMMr.Ki !■:, i:tc.
The Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, the Icadinpj trans-
l)()rtalii>n curporatidii of Oic^iin, has its chief office aiul the center of
its business in rortland. At the end of iSSi it owned J51 miles of wide-
t^auije mail, contiolleil 1^4 miles of nai ro\i -yauj;e uiuler leases, and hn.d
m.ide anan{,'einents fur constructin;f 300 miles before the entl of 1.S8::, 90
of tliese additioii.d miles beinLj alreatly ^^radeil. Tiie roads belon^int; to
the companj' include 21S miles from the iJalles to lexas I-'erry, by way of
Walla Walla; 14 of the Blue Mountain extention; 13 of the l),i)ton
branch, and 6 of the Cascades I'ortaye. The Icaseil roads include yo miles
between Rav's Laniliny; and lirouns\ illc ; 53 miles between I'liKjuart/.'
Landing and Airlie; 7 miles of the Sheridan branch, and 4 miles between
I'errj-dale and Smithfield. Amons^f the roads to be built in i8Sj are one
from Portland to the iJalles, 70 miles, and one from Umatilla, 100 miles
towards Haker City. This last road is to be extended to Grander, on the
I'nion I'.icific; thus t;i\ing Oregon a rail route to the ICast, without dc-
])endence on either the Xorthern Pacific or the Central Pacific. Hcsidcs its
railroad, TiiE OREGON KjVilway AND NAVIGATION Company owns
river steamers plying on the Columbia River, and ocean steamers between
"^an Francisco and Portland.
I
The Oregon and California Railroad. — Congress gave a grant of i j,.Soo
acres of public land, per mile, to aid the constructitin of a railroad from the
line of the Central P.icific, hi the Sacramento X'alley, to the Columbia Ri\er,
and authorized iHl'; ()Ki:(;(,)\ AM) CalU'OUNIA RaILROAO COMrA.NV to
build southward from the Columbia under the grant. The compaii_\- has
built JOO miles southw,ir<l from Portlaiul to Roseburg, its track in the
W'ill.imette V'alle)- being on the east side of the river. The companj' h,is
also ux) miles built on the west side, connecting Portland with Corvallis.
The east line is to be exteniled southward from Roseburg to Redding,
California, a distance by the stage route of 239 miles. llENRV \'II,[..\KI),
president of the comiiaii)-, stated in a recent speech, that contracts for the
construction of the road from Roseburg to Canjonville would soon be let,
and the roail south of Canyonville will be built as soon money ;iiul men
can accomplish it.
v- %
ill
I'''
liii
Oregon and Transcontinental Railroad Company. — ["or the purjjose of
imiting and harmonizing the separate interests of the 3 compatiics last men-
tioned, the capitalists (mostly New V'orkers who hold controlling interests
in them) in iSXi organized TlIK Oriogon AND TRAN.scoNTiNr.NrAl, R.vii,-
ROAU CoMI'A.W, which is ilesigned to supervise tlie man.igement of the 3
roads, decide upon the extensions and br.inches to be built, and to labor
WB^' 3 : "i
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K.MI.ROADS.
ISI
for the development of the resources of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and
Western Montana.
Henry ViUard.— IlEN'RY Vll.LAku, the president of the companies men-
tioned in the last 4 paragraphs, is the general manager of their business,
and the trusted agent and friend of the numerous capitalists '.viio have
placed their millions in those enterprises. A native of Germany, he came
to the United States with no capital save his education and brains, and
is now one of the financial magnates of the globe.
Atlantic and Paoilio. — The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, to connect St.
Louis with San Francisco, is to be about 2,000 miles long, and is to run for
the greater part of its length near the 35th parallel of latitude. Several
hundred miles of the road were built from St. Louis in 1870, and the work
was arrested at Vincta, because the right of way could not be obtained
through the Indian Territory. In 1879 construction was commenced from
Albuquerque westward, and in January, 1882, 312 miles of track had been
completed. The distance from Albuquerque to the Colorado, on the line as
located, is 566 miles; from the Colorado by a line not yet finall)' located,
to Mojave Station, on the Southern Pacific, about 275 miles; and from
Mojavc Station, by the Southern Pacific to San Francisco, 382 miles, mak-
ing 1,223 miles from the Golden Gate to Albuquerque, which by the
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F6 Road is 902 miles from Atchison, or 2,125
miles from San I'rancisco to the Missouri River by this route. The
distance bet" con San Francisco and St. Louis will be less when the gap
between Albuquerque and Vineta shall have been completed. There are 50
miles of the Atlantic and Pacific road in New Mexico west of the summit of
the Rocky Mountains; and there arc 386J-2 miles of the road in Arizona.
For 460 miles westward from Albuquerque, the road is nowhere less than
4,800 feet above the .sea; for more than 100 miles its elevation exceeds 6,000
feet. Congress has given a land-grant to aid the construction of the road.
Canadian Paoifio. — The Canadian Government has made a contract for
the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railroad with a company of
wealthy capitalist.s, who are to receive portions of the road already com-
pleted (valued at $27,000,000), $30,000,000 in cash, and 33,000,000 acres of
land. The length of the road to be built is about 2,000 mile.s, and the esti-
mated cost $80,000,000. The distance by the Canadian Pacific from the
western terminus. Port Moody, on Burrard Inlet, in latitude 49° 20', to
Quebec, is 2,880 miles, or 500 miles 'j^s than from San Francisco to New
York by the Central Union Pacific route ; and Quebec is 200 miles nearer
than New York to Liverpool. The distance from Yokohama to Liverpool,
by San Francisco and New York, is 12,000, and by Port Moody and Quebec
1.12
t DMMKUri;, i:tc.
will be I i.cxx) miles. The Canadian Pacific has also a decidecl afKantaprc
over the Central Cnicii route in the matter of elevation, the hiti;liest ])oint
bcinff only 3,720 feet abo\ c the sea. On the other h.iiul the winter climate
is more severe on the Canadian route, 700 miles of which are north of lati-
tude 53 , including 350 miles north of 54 . The snow and ice will be much
more troublesome in latitude 50' near Lake Superior, than in the Rocky
Mountain section, thou^'h the latter is farther north.
Spanish- American Railroads. —'I'm: .Sonok.v RAiiKo.xn CoMP.wv has
built 100 miles of road from (iua\mas towards Arizona, by w.iy of llermo-
sillo. and promises to reach the line of the Southern Pacific in 1.S.S2. Sev-
eral railroads in Central Mexico ha\e portions of their lines on the Pacific
Slope, but we ha\e no precise statistics about them. i\n vVmerican com-
pany is at work buildinij a railroad across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and
has ;i promise of $1,250 a mile of subsidy from the Mexican (lovcrnment.
The ilistance is 175 miles, and the hir.;hest ele\ation to be surmounteil, 600
feet. The h.irbor on the Atlantic side is not good, ami to reach the harbor
of Salina Cru/, 15 miles north of Coatzocoalcos on the Pacific, will re<juire
two lonij tunnels, to cost $3,000,000. Connected with this railroad is to be
a ship railroad, constructed on plans prepared by J. 15. 1C.\I)S. Costa Rica
and Guatemala are at work on railroads to connect the two oceans, c.ich
lipvin;^ a short section built inland from a port on the Pacific. Honduras
undertook a simil.n- enterprise and failed.
Street Railroads. — The first street railroad on the Pacific Coast was the
Omnibus Road — .North Heach to South Park, by way of Montgomery and
Thiril .■^Lrcets, in San Francisco, opened to traffic in October, 1862. Other
roails were built in rapiil succession, until there were 74 miles of single
track in the city in iS.So. The most remarkable feature of the street rail-
road business in the Californian metropolis is the extensive use of cable
traction by the .system invented here by A. S. H.VLl.inii:. An endless
wire rope or cable, in a channel under the middle of the track, is kept run-
ning by a stationary engine, and an open slot in tlie channel enables the
car to grip the rope at any moment and move with it. This method of
propulsion was demanded by the steep hills, but experience proved that
even on level streets the power is much cheaper than that of horses. San
I'rancisco now has 5 cable-roads in running order, and others arc to be com-
menced soon.
Wagon-Roada. — Wagon-roads were introduced into California by the
Americans. The Mexicans genci'ally have few wagons, few smooth roads,
and little harness. They travel on horseback, and carry their freight on
KAIl koADS.
iSi
mules. Tlic only wlicclcd vcliiclcs whicli they had in California bcfon;
1.S46 were clumsy carts with solid wooden wheels. The Americans are pre-
eminent for skill in the manufacture nf \va;.^iins. and for fondness of usiii;,'
them, and for the speed of their draught horses. They brou^jlit their wn'j;-
ons, harness, and drauj^ht horses with them when they began to cross the
continent with trains of emif^rants. In the \alle)'s they foup.d ^jood natural
roads, and, when the jilacers i ore ilisco\ered, the)- soon bcgar to make toil-
roads Icadinpj up the mountain siiles to the mining towns. Thousands of
miles of ro;id were thus built by incorporated companies, which, for a few
years, drew large profits from their tolls. The most profitable wagon-road
in the State was the road leading from Totsom through Placervillc and the
Johnson Pass to Carson Valley, coinplctctl in 185S. It was constructed
mainly for the purpose of facilitating immigration by wagons overland, but
derived most of its value from the accommodation which it gave to the
business of the Comstock Lode. In 1 86 1, 1862, and 1863, it was a source of
great profit to its owners, the gross receipts for tolls having been .$3,000,000
in 1862. In the summer it was sjirinkled every day over a length of more
than 50 miles, and in winter large sums were spent to press down the snow
.so that travel should not be interrupted. As the elevation at the summit is
7,000 feet above the sea, and the average aggregate snowfall of a winter is
50 feet, the task w;is sometimes very difficult. The road lost its importance
when the Central Pacific Railroad had crossed the summit. Among the
other notable w;igon-.roads of California are those to Yosemite by the Ma-
dera, Mariposa, Coulterville, and Big Oak Flat routes; to the Geyser.s, by
the Calistoga and Clovcrdale routes; to the summits of Mt. Diablo and
]\It. Hamilton; to Santa Cruz, from San Jose; to Pope Valley, from St. He-
lena; to Bodie, from Sonora; to the Big Trees, from Murphy's; to Lake
Tahoc, from Truckee; to Yreka, and thence to Roscburg, from Redding;
anil from Ukiah to Ilumboklt Baj-. Oregon, Utah, Nevada, Washington,
and Idaho have many co.stly wagon-road.s, which increa.se in number and
improve in quality after the construction of railroads has attracted scttler.s,
made a market for produce, and given .additional value to the land. Pacific
Mexico is sadly in want of good wagon-roads, but these will come with time.
Ill
184
ci).\imi;rci:. i.tc.
CHAPTER IX.— KXPRESSING.
Extent of Business.— The general exprcs.s bu.siness of our coast is trans-
.ictctt by Wells, F.vrc.o & Co. It is the only express v ith numerous
offices and routes. It has no competitor. All other expresses confine
their <ipcrations to small districts, and are auxiliaries rather ihan rivals
of the great enterprise. Wl.LLS, F.VRGO & CoMP.WY, though the name
implies a partnership, is an incorporation, one of the greatest of our time.
Tlic)- ha\-e offices in more than J.oo towns ; they employ 1,350 men; the
merchandise, including bullion, which they transport annually, is worth
$J50,ocx),ooo; tliey send messengers regularly on routes measuring 28,000
miles, including 12,500 occupicil by ocean steamers, 7,000 by stage, S,ooo
b_\- railroads, and 1,200 b\' inland steamboats. Every stage line west of the
Rocky ^Mountains and north of Mexico carries their messengers. They
accept commissions to buy all kinds of inerchandi.se; they collect and pay
bills; they attend to all kinils of simple commissions connected with receiv-
ing, transporting, and delivering m.iney and mcrchandi.so; and they ileliver
letters, using the Government envelopes, with orders to their agents to sec
that the stamps sh.ill always be sufficient for the requirements of the Post-
office Law. When in iS.So the Postmaster-General propo.sed to prohibit
the transportation of letters in Government envelopes by Wklls, Fargo
& Co., there was a general ]irotest from San Diego to .Seattle. The people,
especially the merchants in the towns wliich have neither governmental letter
delivery at their houses, nor a daily mail, were not willing to be dcpriveil of
the accommodation furnished to them by WlXL.S, F.VRC.O & Co. While
California has for the last 8 years been the scene of a continuous agita-
tion against the alleged oppressions of " monopolies," a term designed to
include railroad.s, steamships, gas and water corporations — an agitation .so
active that it has built up 2 potent political parties, no complaint has
been made against the great express companj' which comes into more inti-
mate association with the general business community of the coast than any
other corporation.
A peculiar and \ery profitable feature of the express business on the
Pacific Coast has been the transportation of precious metals, which must be
carried by stage considerable distances from some of the mining camps to
railroad stations or shipping ports. The robbery of the express is the aris-
KXPKKSS1N(;.
i.s;
tocracy of crime in tlic mineral districts, and the highwaymen for iiiaii>'
)-ears considered it beneatli tlieir di^jnity, as well as inconsistent with the
interests of tlieir ])rofession, to plunder a passenj^er, no matter how much
treasure he mi^ht have with him. The usual order to the driver was to
"throw out the express box [.i foot and .i I T lonij and a foot square] and
drive on." The pri/;e was frequently $5,00 • . $io,cxX), and sometimes 4 or
5 times as much. The express company i.ad boxes made of boiler iron
bolted to the stage on some of tin; uutcs, ^o that it could not be carried
off without considerable delay. ^■ 1 ; than once the messengers in charge
of the boxes fought desperately and succcs: tully, and on various occasions
within 10 years they have killed 8 higli'Aaj : ion. In the twilight, a Men-
docino robber, armeil only with a stick helil like a gun, and easily mistaken
for one by the frightened driver, plundered a stage. This, however, was on
a route on which there was an organized band of robbers, and on which,
within a short time, 2 passengers had been killed whik- the drivers were
trying to escape from the robbers. Perhaps one of the main re.isons for the
popularity of the express with the community, is the promptness and fairness
with which they have made settlements for losses by robberj-. The com-
pany have also been liberal in rendering gratuitous aid to various move-
ments of public charity on this coast. When our people were called upon
for contributions to aid the sufferers by the j-cUow fever pestilence of 187,5
and 1878 in New Orleans and Memphis, by the great conflagrations of
Virginia City, Chicago, and Wisconsin, bv '';o floods of the Vuba and Mis-
sissippi, by the grasshoppers in Kan.-.as and Nebraska, Wklls, I'.VRCK) &
Co. gave their services gratuitously in collecting and transmitting the money.
Origin of the Express. — The express business was originated by W. !■".
Hakxden, at Boston, in 1839. Having been a railroad conductor, he had
an opportunity to learn .something of the multitude of packages which peo-
ple wished to send without putting them among the ordinary freight to be
left at the station at the owner's risk. On the 23d of February of that year,
he advertised that he would make 4 trips a week to and from New York,
and deliver all parcels as directed, in both cities. He supplied the leading
newspapers with the latest journals from other places, and they advertised
him liberally. Within 3 years, expressing had become a prominent branch
of business, with many departments not thought of by Haknden when he
started his enterprise, though they grew out of it naturally. In a short
time AUAMS & Co. became one of the leading express houses of the United
States, and in 1 849 they sent D. II. Ha.SKELL to establish a branch house
in San p-rancisco. He found the finest field ever opened to express enter-
prise. The country was full of packages, small and valuable, many of them
34
ti;. I
iy if
III
Hi
Si?!
B
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CilMMl'RCi:, r.Tc.
l)iicksl<in bntjs of t:;nlcl-(liist, to be tninspoi-tcrl long distances in charge of
failliful messengers, and deli\cred to their address as soon as possible after
the arrival of the stage or steamer at its destination. As the mail ran only
once a week to many of tlie inining camps, and letters were not delivered
at the houses in the cities, the express diil much, postal service, which cost
for a time 25 cents a letter. Various companies ran in competition with
,\dam.^ & Cm., but none did an extensive business save \Vi:i.I,S, F.\K(;n &
Co., who oijlained a pr.'ctical nionopol\- when the former house failed in its
banking dep.irtmei.l in 1855, ilragging its express business, which paitl a
net profit of .$50,000 a month, into irretrievable ruin. The numerous agents
of .\l).\MS & Co., thrown (JUt of occupation b\- the bankrujjtcy of their em-
ployers, organized a new compan}- to do an express business in California,
but there was a lack of discipline and strict supervision, and they could not
compete successfully with Wl'.l.LS, Far(;o & C'"
Wells, Fargo & Co. — After the f.iilurc 01 the first company, others at-
tempted ri\alr_\-, l)ut with like result, and for many years Wl'.l.l^s, Fargo ii
Co. ha\e hatl no competition. The)' were incorporated in New York City,
.and established offices in California in 1852, doing a banking as well as an
express business. When the collapse of Vav.V., Bacon & Co. and AnAMS
& Co. threw all business into confusion on I"ebru;u)- 23, 1S55, \\'i".i.LS,
l'".\lu;o & Co. closed their doors, and II.]\I. Naoi.I'.E was appointed receiver.
A brief examination satisfied him that the establishment was solvent, and
after a lapse of 3 dajs the doors were reojiened, anil banking anil express-
ing went on as usual. In 1S55 Louis I\IcL.\Nr. became general manager
in .San I'rancisco, and the business prospered under his control. lie intro-
''.uceil the system of using Government envelopes for letters witii the stamp
of the compan}', and receipts from the sales of these envelopes rose to $15,-
000 a m<ii".th. The company did not confine their attention exclusively to
the express liusiness. Their directors were active participants in many en-
ter[)rises to open up new lines of cominunication on our coast, and between
the Pacific and Atlantic slopes. To more than one stage company organized
to connect the 2 sides of the continent they contributed a large part of the
capital. Louis McLam: moved to New York, and CllARl.KS K. McLane
succeeded him as manager in San Francisco.
In 1869 LlovI) Tkvis and others organized the Pacific Express Corn-
pan)-, which, by a contract with the Central and Union Pacific railroads, ob-
tained superior privileges for the transportation of express matter, and the
result of this was that tlie Pacific Express and W'KI.l.s, Farco & Co. con-
solidated, taking the name of tlie latter, and transferring the main offcc
from N'ew York to San Franci.sco. Lloym Tia is became president in
i;\i'Ri:ssiNC.
187
1S70, and has retained tlic position for 1 1 )-cars. While all the other great
corporations ha\e had frequent and some of them continuous controversies,
not only vith the business community, but also with the authorities of the
local governments, he has had the good fortune (a term that prohabl\- does
not do full justice to his supervision) to see the express moving smoolhK', at
least in all its more important relations, while continuing to enlarge its ter-
ritory and increase its business.
Pony Express. — The pony express, practically part of the business of
Wells, F.\KC;o & Co., was a lively but brief cpi.sode in the history of our
coast. The transcontinental mail stage began to run in 185S, but spent
nearly 3 weeks between San Trancisco and St. Louis, so that it did not
add much to the mail facilities for through business, and on account of the
high expense carried little way express matter. To obtain greater speed,
W. II. Rl'.ssLLL of St. Louis, with some partners as enterprising as him-
self in the winter of 1859-Co made arrangements for transportation of
about 15 pounds of letters on horseback from St. Joseph, Missoiu'i, to Sac-
ramento. Stations were established at distances varying from 10 to 25
miles acr :ss the continent, each supplied with several lively horses, under
charge of a keeper, who was to have one read)' saddled and bridled when
an express was due. I'^ach rider was to travel 75 miles in a daj-, going, if
posiible, on the gallop all the way. The first pony rider arrived in lo^j
days from the Missouri, reaching San Francisco April 14, i860, at I A. M.
An expectant crowd with torches and music received him at the wharf
with enthusiastic cheers, and escorted him to the oflTicc for the delivery cf
his package. Mis arrixal was regarded as the beginning of an era of more
rapid communication between the two sides of the continent; and so it
was. The time between the outer telegraph .stations at St. Joseph and
Carson was only 9 days, or about half the time previously required. Tlic
pon\' ex|)ress charged $5 for carrj'ing a letter weighing half an ounce, but
never was profitable, and was withdrawn after a lapse of nearly 2 years, in
consequence of the con.'truction of the tran.scontincntal telegraph line.
John J. Valentine -JoilN J. Valentine, bom at Bowling Green, Ky.,
in 1840, came to thi^: ■ oast in 1862, and became the agent of the Pioneer
and Overland Stage companies, in the service of WELLS, Fargo & Co., at
Virginia Cit)-. He had been there but a short time when a superintendent
was needed for TllE PloNEER Stace COMPANY, and a discussion of the
merits of the obtainable men led to the conclusion that VALENTINE, notwith-
standing his youth, was the most competent and trustworthy man, so he was
promoted. lie managed the business under his charge so well, that when
a superintendent was wanted for the California division of Wells, Fakgo &
i.SS
(X)MMi:U(K, KTC.
lii'
'Co.'s express, lie was attain promoted; and, finally, in 1869, before he was
30 )'cars of .ijTc, he was advanced by the com])any to the highest position
in its express department, the general superintendency, which he has since
held with increasing credit for himself. The continuous popularity of this
conipan)', while other wealthy corporations have been extensively de-
nounced as hateful monopolies, is doubtless partly due to his management.
The gratuitous and efficient .services which he and his department have
rendered to great movements of public benevolence, and his carefully
compiled tables of the annual production of the precious metals on our
coast, have given to him a national reputation.
L
TiiLiicuAi'ii, i;rc.
189
,
CHAPTER X.— TELEGRAPH, ETC.
First Wires.— The Pacific Coast makes liberal use of the electro-mag-
netic telegraph, and one company, the Western Union, which has theonly
long line or general system of telegraphic wires on our coast, has 17,250
miles of wire, 9,600 miles of line, and 500 offices west of the summit of
the Rocky Mountains. Its connections reach every important town north
of Mexico, and extend as far north as Barkcrvillc, in the Cariboo district,
British Columbia. Connected with the Western offices arc numerous little
local telegraph and telephone lines, leading to mines, mills, and villages, and
maintained by the citizens for their convenience, though with some loss.
A large amount of money is transferred by telegraph, especially between
San Erancisco and New York.
The first electric telegraph on our slope, and one still in operation though
never extcnc' ' was opened for use on September 1 1, 1853, and connected
the Merchani "xchange with Point Lobos, 6 miles distant. It was built
for the purpo' ni announcing the arrival of vessels about to enter the
Golden tiate. Two days later, Jamks G.vmblk, who had been a tele-
graphic operator on the Atlantic Slope before coming to California, started
out from San Erancisco, with a party of 6 men, to put up the wire for TllE
California State Ti:lec;kai'II Company, which had obtained from the
Legislature of 1852, a franchi.se lor a telegraph from the metropolis to
Marysville, by way of San Jose, Stockton, and Sacramento. This franchise
was to expire on October 31st of the same year, if the line should not be
in Wf)rking order on that day; and on the 25th the wire was in place, though
offices for regular business were not opened until some days later. The
first branches were built to Auburn, Neviida City, and other mining towns,
which then had a far more active business than Oakland, Vallcjo, Napa,
Pctaluma, .Santa Rosa, or Santa Cruz.
Transoontinontal Wires.— Placcrville, as one of the largest and most
prosperous mining towns, was early supplied with a branch office, and
became the basis for a movement for a line across the continent. The
first pole for such a line was erected on the 4th of July, 1858, by TllK
Placerville and HuMBOLur Co.MPANV, which, however, had not the
means for continuing its enterprise, and stopped at Carson Cit)- in the fol
11
f1
«,!
m
lyo
COMMKRCE, KTC.
lowiiiLf sprinjT. In January, i860, Conprrcss passed an act authorizing a
contract lor the pa>nKnt of $40,000 a year for 10 years for the transmission
of Govcrnnient messa.u,^es from the frontier of Missouri to San J-'rancisco, the
service to bc,L;in not later than Ju!\- 31, 1862. TllE Wkstkrx UmoN Ti;i.-
i:c;RAriI CoMI'anv made an arrant;cment with the leading stockholders of
riii: Cai.iiorma SiATE Tklegrai'II Companv for the construction of the
road from I'lacerville to Salt Lake City, and TlIE OVE.RLAND TELEGRAPH
Ci'.Ml'ANV was organized for the purpose of doing the work. They reached
Salt Lake witii tiicir wire October iS, 18C1, 6 days after the line from the
east h.id arrixcd there. On November 6, the fn-st direct messages between
New York and San I'^ranci.sco jjassed over the line. Till-: C.\L!EORNI.\
S lA IE Telegraph Company then owned tiic Pacific network of telegraphic
wire, with 1,615 miles of route, and 59 stations, extending from Los Angeles
to Portland, with branches to all the leading towns in the mining districts.
In January, 1862, it absorbed THE OvERLAM) TELEGRAPH COMPANY, and
then had 5,000 miles of wire and 200 offices, some of them in Hritish Coiumbia,
and thus had a position on the Pacific slope similar to that held on the other
side of the continent by THE WESTERN UNION. In 1S68, the latter com-
pany purchased a controlling interest in the stock of the California company,
and Icasetl its lines, which ha\c since belonged to the great Western
Union, now the largest telegraph company in the world, with 100,000 miles
of wire in f)peration. THE WESTERN UNION Telegraph Company in-
curred great expense in 1865, for the jnirpose of constructing a telegraph
from Traser River, through British Columbi.i and Alaska, U) Siberia, where
it was to meet a similar line. L.\tensi\e explorations were undertaken, anil
the wire had passed the southern point <jf Alaska, when the enter])rise was
abandoned, on account of the success of the submarine Atlantic cable.
The difficulties (jf construction and maintenance in nortiiern IJritish Colum-
bia ami in Al.iska, were so great that the line there could not compete with
the ..\tlaiitic cable in transmitting messages between the United States and
I'Airope; and the line had been projected mainly for the ])urpose of accom-
modating that business.
L\cr\- year sees an extension <jf the lines on the i'acific Coast, and an
increase of the business; and nearly every j-ear witnesses some reduction
of the charges, which, though higher, absolutely, than in the Atlantic States
and ill Luropc, ,ire lower in relation to the amount of business done. It is
not to be expected that the charges would be so low in a sparsely settled
countiA', with few large cities, as amid the more crowiled communities of
]".uro|)e or of the Eastern States.
Telephone. — The Pacific Coast had 5,000 Bell telephones in operation in
July, 1 88 1, 4 years after the first one maile its appearance west of the Rocky
ti;i.i;(;rai'1i,. i;tc.
191
Mountains. The telephone exchan^'e (devised by GkokgK S. LadI), and
first established in San I'rancisco under his supervision) supplies a sep-
arate wire from a central station to each subscriber, who is furnished with a
transmitting and a receivin;,' telephone, a siijnal bell and a si.i(nal button to
call the operator. All of these wires terminate at the e.Kchancje in a lar^'c
s^\•itch and annunciator. In operation, the subscriber pushes his si;4nal
button, which rin^s a bell and exposes the subscriber's number on the an-
nunciator, precisely as in the hotel rmnunciator. The operator responds l)y
telephone, and receives the subscriber's instruction to place him in spcakinj^
connection with another subscriber. The operator then calls the second
subscriber by means of his siijnal bell, connects the wires of the 2 subscribers
toj^ether by means of his switch, and thus the 2 subscribers are enabled to
converse without bcinij overheard anywhere alouL,' the line. The exchange
system has opened the w idest field for the use of the telephone, and more
than three fourths of all the telephones in the United St.itcs are now useil
in this way. Exchanges are now in active operation in San Francisco,
Oakland, Sacramento, San Jose, Marysville, Portland, Virginia Citj-, Tucson,
Los Angeles, and .San Diego, and the number is rapidly increasing. The
exchanges will be connected b)' wires between tlie various towns, until the
subscriber can converse not only with parties in his own city, but with those
in any other city within the speaking range of the telephone, and that,
under fav(jrable conditions, is several hundreil miles. Such a connection
already exists between the San I'rancisco and Oakland exchanges, through
a submarine cable, and it is being extended to Alameda, San Pablo, Herke-
le)-, and other villages.
The telephone is found to be of great convenience for communication be-
tween mines and mills, between counting offices and factories, between res-
idences and store;, and a substitute for speaking-tubes in houses, hotels,
jteamships, and between dwellings and stabler,, for which latter purposes
there is a clicap "speaking-tube" telephone. The telephone is much used
as a substitute for telegraphic wires, between places which ha\e not business
enough to pay for the services of skilled operators. In fact, new uses are
found for it every month, and the manifold purposes to which it may be ap-
plied in the future can not now be foretold.
The San I'Vancisco I'.xcliange has 10 offices, 700 miles of wire, 1,250 sub-
scribers, 2,500 telephones, and 75 employees, and makes about 1,000 con-
nection.s for conversation e\ery average day. The charges vary in the dif-
ferent cities, but are lower than in the larger Atlantic cities generally. New
York exacts $180, Philadelphia $120, Chicago $75, Boston $60, and San
Francisco $60 a >ear
KJ2
CDMMKKCK, KTC.
District Telegraph.— Til i: Amickican Disirict Tkugrai'II C(»r-
PA.W \v;is organized in 1875 b\' the managers of TlIK KlKCIRKAI. CON-
STRUCTION' AND .MaintknancI': Company, with a capital of $6oo,ckx),
di\i(.lei.l into 6,000 shares of $100 each. In I.S78, it was consolidated with
Tin: CiOi.i) AND .Stock Ti;m:c;r.vi'I1 Comi'.vnv. The main workings of
the system, althouji;' generally understood, contain many interesting features,
some ol' which arc peculiar to San I'rancisco. The district bo.\ now in
use was invented by Mr. Ladd, the president, and STlil'llKN D. FlKl.D,
the former electrician of the Electrical Construction Coinpany. The bo.x,
which is of circular shape, and contains the machinery, is surmounted by a
circular dial covered with glass, and inclosed in a plated iron rim. Around
the edge of the dial are the words "messenger," "coupe," "hack," "tele-
graph," "doctor," "coal," "transfer," "police," "fire," and 2 blank spaces for
those who wish to send messages of a general nature. 13y turning the
jioinlcr to the right word and pulling a lever at the side of the bo.x, the
desired signal is instantly transmitted to the nearest office of the company.
The machinery is so ingeniously contrived that it indicates, with unfailing
accurac)', the location of the signaling box, and tiie nature of tiie service
required. If it be a messenger call, a boy starts instantl)' in response. If
it be a call for a coupe or hack, the order is sen*: by telepiione to the office
(if TllK Unitkd CAKKl.V(iK COMPANY, and a vehicle is immediately dis-
patched iVom the nearest stand or stable. If a tloclor be needed, the family
lihysician, whose name and address have been previously left at the office,
is at once notified by a messen;jer, who then |)roceeds directly to the sub-
scriber's house to receive further instructions, go for prescriptions, etc.
Standing orders are often given by patrons that, when the physician is sum-
moned, a carriage shall also be dispatched to liis residence, so that his services
may be obtained, for cases of sudden and serious illness, with least ])ossib!e
delay. The company has on record many instances in which lives, in im-
minent danger, have been saved by the prompt arrival of medical aid. If
the fire call be sounded, the alarm is instantly sent, by teleplK)ne, to the
]• ne I'atrol, and assistance is dispatched within 30 seconds. The delay in-
curred 1))' calling out the regular Fire Department is thus avoided ; and
hundreds of fires, which otherwise might ha\e devek)ped into disastrous
conflagrations, have been extinguished without .serious loss. The "[xjlice"
call summons an officer at short notice, anil is of special value to households
w here the ladies are left without male protection. Ant)tlier valuable feature
is the " night watchman's signal." Private watchmen, employed to guaril
business premises, are instructed to turn on the signal at the district box,
at certain specified hours of the night, in order to indicate that nothing un-
>"~n«!c»«e«w.Nsv>vn\v>nT?'.
TELi:t;KAi'ii, i:tc.
193
usual has occurred. If they fail to do so at the proper moment, police
officers arc at once dispatched to ascertain tlie cause.
The main office of the company in .San I'rancisco is at 222 Sansomc
Street. There arc numerous agencies in California, Oregon, Nevada, Utah,
anil Arizona. The larger towns, in which branches are established, arc di-
vided into districts of such size, that the extreme points of each are within
easy reach of the head office, which is centrally located, and provided with
a force of operators, clerks, messengers, and [jolice officers.
Connected with the District Messenger System, is a company to supply
carriages. Until 4 or 5 years ago, the public hack service of San Fran-
cisco was conducted entirely by firms or individuals, owning from one t<i 5
vehicles. There was no organization, imj .system, little responsibility, and so
much extortion, that many persons preferred to dispense with the conven-
ience rather than to submit to imposition, or to undergo the annoyance of
a dispute with an in.solciit tiackman. TllE Amkkk AX DiSTKK'T Tr.Li:-
GU.M'II Cu.Ml'.VNV tried to remedy this state of things, and to place at the
disposal of their patrons a first-class carriage and coupe service. Finding
this to be impossible under the system then existing, they organized, in
1877, The United Carkia(;k Company, with a capital of $250,000. The
new company purchased the property of 3 or 4 leading proprictor.s, antl
enlisted them in the management. Many new carriages and coupes and
entirely new sets of harness and equipments were purchased. Horses were
provided, superior to those formerly in use; and civil and competent drivers,
dressed in neat livery, were placed in charge of the vehicles. Uniform rates
were established, much lower than those ever before charged in San Fran-
cisco. It was soon admitted that, in the completeness of their appoint-
ments and service, their excellent organization, and perfect reliability, the
ccjuipagcs of the company were superior to those of any city in the United
States or in Europe, and the greater part of the more desirable custom soon
fell into their hand.s. A great change has been wrought in the entire hack
business of the city. Other proprietors have found it necessary to purchase
better outfits, and to employ a better class of drivers; and the principal
thoroughfares of San Francisco arc no longer disfigured by rickety vehi-
cles and ragged h.ack-drivers. TllK UmtkI) Carriagh Comtaw is un-
der contract with Tlili DlSTKlc"!' TelixiraI'II CoMl'A.W, to keep carriages
ready for instant service, at all hours of the day and night, thus affording a
great convenience to those who are in communication by telephone or dis-
trict telegraph bo.\. It also sells checks on all incoming trains and steam-
ers, and keeps foremen at the depots and wharves, to escort its patrons to
their carriages. The company emploj's about 100 persons, and owns and
operates about 75 hack.s, coupes, and coaches, and over 100 horses.
»5
194
COMMERCE. ETC.
,1
Gold and Stock Telegraph. —The business of The Gold and Stock
TELr.GRAril Com TAN Y consists in furnishing to its subscribers daily quota-
tions from the great financial and commercial centers of the Eastern States
and of Europe, the prices ruling in the stock and grain markets, and the
latest shipping intelligence. Under special and exclusive contracts with
Tiir, W'ESTKRX Union Telegraph Company, the messages of the Gold
and Stock Telegraph take precedence of all other matter. It is therefore
enabled to deliver to its patrons in San Francisco, by 8:30 A. M., the trans-
actions and quotations in finance and commerce, and the prices current in
the grain markets of New York and Chicago, up to 1 1 a. M., and those of
London and Liverpool up to 3 p. M. of the same day. As these quotations
govern the markets and exchanges of the entire Pacific Coast, their delivery,
at the earliest possible moment, is a great advantage to banker.s, merchants,
and business men. The company also furnishes the earliest intelligence of
the movements ot shipping in all parts of the world. In San Francisco,
quotations and news arc transmitted by wire, and printed by "stock
printers" at the subscribers' offices, as soon as they are received at the
head office. At other places on the coa.st, they are usually delivered in
manuscript form. The principal office of the company is at 222 Sansome
Street, San Franci.sco, and there are 9 branch offices in the city. All offices
are connected by wires, and through any one of them telegrams may be trans-
mitted and delivered at any point in San Francisco, or at any place that is
in connection with the telegraph systems of the world.
SHIPPING.
X95
r
CHAPTER XL— SHIPPING.
Lively Traffic— For 20 years after the discovery of gold at Coloma, the
maritime traffic of this coast was extremely active. All the freight and
most of the travel to and from California took the sea route. During the
flush period of the placers, the miners and the traders, whom they enriched,
demanded large supplies of foreign products. To accommodate them, steam-
ers more commodious, and large sailing-vessels swifter than any previously
seen, were constructed. The Californian clipper was the name of the finest
class of sailers on the sccX In 1850, San Francisco had become one of the
great seaports, and its maritime commerce continues to grow, though much
of its freight coming from and going to the Atlantic Coast, now takes land
routes.
The vessels which entered the harbor in 1881, including the small craft
engaged in internal and coasting trade, numbered about 3,500, and measured
1,700,000 tons in the aggregate, showing an average of 485 tons for each
ves.scl. Of these, 174 were steam vessels, from foreign ports, aggregating in
measurement, 343,576 tons; and 925 were sailing-vessels, from foreign ports,
measuring in the aggregate, 1,084,186 tons. The 50 vessels that arrived
from China averaged 2,400 tons each ; the 60 from American ports on the
Atlantic averaged 1,600 tons each; the 200 from Great Britain averaged
1,400; and the remainder of the arrivals averaged less than 1,400 tons each.
The money paid as freight, during the year, on cargoes from foreign ports,
by sailing vessels, was $3,203,801 ; and that paid on cargoes from American
Atlantic ports, by similar conveyance, $1,332,896.
Steam Navigation. — Steam navigation began as a regular business on
our coast when the Pacific Mail Steamship California arrived at Panama,
by way of Cape Horn. She was the pioneer of the line of mail steamers to
ply between Panama and Oregon, accommodating the greater part of the
coast, and her arrival in the Bay of San Francisco on February 28, 1849,
was ccleb-'ated as an occasion of great public importance. For nearly 20
years the company conveyed most of the passengers, treasure, and fast
freight between New York and San Francisco. The arrivals and departures
of its steamers at intervals for a month at first, and later of 2 weeks or one
week, were events that attracted universal attention. The agent of the
i-- \
196
CUMMERCK, ETC.
company in San Francisco, by virtue of iiis position, was one of the leading
business men of tlic cit\-.
The immense business of the company attracted competition. A rival
line, crossini^ from ocean to ocean thn)u;^h Xicarai^ua, "btaincil a larj,'c
patrona;^'c from the travelinj^ public, until the route was closed in conse-
quence of Walker's filibusterinfj occupation of the country. The overland
mail staijc, which ran by the southern route between San I'"rancisco and St.
Louis in 1 859, and by the middle route between Sacramento and the Mis-
souri in 1861, .shaking up its patrons bj- three weeks of hard driving day
and niijht, took but few of the jiassenLjers, and for 1 2 jears before the
completion of the first transcontinental railroad, the Pacific .Mail Company
had no serious opposition. The placid character of the Pacific, the length
of the voyage between I'anania and San Francisco, the throng of travel,
and the large proportion of passengers ready to pa)' high fares for the most
lu.xurious accommodations, induced the company to build the largest, most
elegant, and most comfortable vessels afloat. The importance of the com-
pany \ias greatly increased by the est.iblishment of its subsidized Chinese
mail steamer line, which started from IIong-Kong and from San F'rancisco
on January 1, I.S67, and beg.m in iSoS to run monthly each way. The rev-
enue was immense, and the business regular antl safe; but the management
fell, for a time, into the hands of stockjobbers, and the stockholders were
sacrificed. The company was compelled to pay an e.s:tortionate price to the
Panama Railroad for its 50 miles of transportation. Rival steamship lines
across the Pacific were established. The Pacific Railroad took most of the
passengers and fast freight between .San Francisco and New York, and the
company sold its line of steamers running to Oregon.
High Port Charges.— The charges for pilotage, towage, dockage, wharf-
age, and repairs at .San Franci.sco and in the Columbia River are subject of
much complaint among shipmasters, and are serious obstacles to the devel-
opment of shi|)ping interests. The pilot fees fixetl by the legislatures, un-
der the inlluence of political favoritism, have been especially opprcssi\c, and
were the more offensive because made obligator)-.
Vessels discharging at San Francisco must pay dockage in proportion
to size. Thus one of 225 tons must pay $5 per day; one of '550 tons,
$8.50 per da)-; one of 1,050 tons, $12.50 per day; one of 1,550 tons,
$17.50 per day, and one of 2,100 tons, $23.50 per day. While loading,
receiving, or discharging ballast, or doing nothing after discharge, the
vessel must pay half rates. Fvery load of ordinary merchandise, no mat-
ter how small, hauled to or from the ship, must pay a wharfage toll of
10 cents; but the charge is 5 cents per ton, if in loads of 2 tons or more.
t
SHIPPING.
197
All vessels entcrin<; or leaving the harbor of San Francisco, unless whaling,
fishing, or engaged in trading between .(Vmerican ports on the Pacific, must
pay $5 per foot draught, and if she measures more than 500 tons, 4 cents
per ton additional when she taK-es a pilot ; and if she refuses t'l takx- one she
must pay half pilotage. Changes arc frequently made in the schedules of
charges.
The pilotage at the Columbia River is $8 per foot for crossing the bar,
and $4 additional per foot for taking the vessel to Portland. At Victoria
the pilotage is $3 a foot. Vessels leaving Humboldt Bay are towed out,
aftd pa)- 75 cents on every 1,000 feet of lumber, and 25 cents on every ton
of merchandise. The charge is the same at Coos Bay.
River Navigation. — The ordinarily navigable portions of the .streams
and bayi-' tributary to the Golden Gate have an aggregate length of about
300 miles, but if the routes followed by the regular lines of steamers run-
ning to Sacramento, Stockton, Colusa, Alviso, Alameda, Oakland, Berkeley,
Vallcjo, Pctaluma, San Rafael, and Saucclito, be added together, the total
will be 500 miles. I'ifty miles on the Sacramento above Colusa, and I 50
miles on the San Joaquin above Stockton, navigable in times of high
water, arc not counted; nor are numc. ous estuaries opening into San Fran-
cisco, San Pablo, and Suisun bays, regularly visited by schooners engaged
in the transportation of freight. The Colorado is navigated by steamers
for 450 miles, and there are steamboats on Salt, Tahoe, and Clear lakes.
The Columbia River is navigable, with .several '"f'^rruptions, from the ocean
to Lewiston, a distance of 450 miles; its tribi.Liviy, the Willamette, is navi-
gable ordinarily for 160 miles, and the Frascr for an equal distance. Vari-
ous rivers in western Washington arc navigable for more than 30 miles each,
but there is not enough traffic at present to pay for the maintenance of
regular steamer lines. The ncivigable inland channels ofthe coast north of the
Columbia River measure more than 1,000 miles. The length of the inland
routes regularly used by steamboats in California, Oregon, Washington, and
British Columbia, is about 1,500 miles. The Yukon could be navigated by
steamboat for 200 miles in summer time, but is clcscd by ice for more than
6 months in the j-ear. Steamboats have been used on Lake Nicaragua and
on an estuary near Manzanillo, Mexico, but have been abandoned. There
is a canal at Oregon City to transport river steamboats past the falls of the
Willamette, and small scows have carried freights on some of the irrigation
ditches of California, but there is no canal 5 miles long on our coast built
mainly for the transportation of freight; nor is it probable from the charac-
acter of the country that canals will ever occupy a prominent place in our
business.
I
V' I"
K I'
I: i'
'•■:• i
198
coMMKKci:, i;tc.
I'roin i^!53 to 1S69 most of the passcnjicrs and the bulk of tlie fieii.;Iit,
between San I'ranciseo on one side, and Sacramento or Stockton on tlic
oilier, were transported on river steamers, owned bs' TlIIC CAM TORN l.V
Sri.AM Xavic. Ai lo\ Company, which for j-ears had almost exclusive con-
trol of the business, and had an immense income, paying 2, and even 3, per
cent, a month of tlividends on its capital stock. The railroad between Oak-
land antl Sacramento was the last section fmished in the Central-Union
Pacific Railroad, and its comiiletion destroyed a large part of the business
of the Steam Navij;ation Conipan)-, which coukl then no longer charge $7
f(jr a |)assage from San Francisc<i to .Sacramento, iricluding $1 for a meal
and as much for a berth in a small sleeping-room. TllE Orkgox S ri:.\M
XaxK'.ATION ComI'.VNV has had a similar exclusive possession of the river
traffic on the Ccjlumbia, from Portland to Umatilla, but the railroad is about
to take the cream of the traffic there too.
t
m
liM'i
Fraser River Steamers.— The riONKlCR Ll m: of Frascr River steamers,
under the immediate management of John Ikvinc, consists at present of
4 steamers. The //'w. /r:w'/{q; 591 tons, and the Kclitiiia', 215 tons, run
twice a week each way between New Westminster and Vale, 100 miles,
carr_\-iiig mails, passengers, and iVeight. The Victoriii, },^ tons, plies on the
L'pper I'rascr between .Soda Creek and Ouesnelle, 60 miles. Tlie /Wr/c'ss,
a new and fast boat of 225 tons, built in icS8o, rims frt)m Savonas to Kam-
loops, 20 miles, and on the South Thompson and North Thompson, ico
miles on each stream. The /i. J. [rviiii:;, of 625 tons, which ran between
Victoria and \'alc, 170 miles, twice a week, was burned September 29, 1881,
at Mope, a total loss. .She was fitted with the latest impro\emcnts, includ-
ing electric lights and patent hydraulic steering gear. The capital invested
in the 5 vessels was $175,000. Two new slcamer.s, one of 800 and the other
of 400 tons, are now being built for the PlCNEER LiNE. This enterprise
was organized by W.M. iKVINi;, who rounded Cape Mom as master of the
bark John \V. Catoii, in 1848, and sailed between San Francisco and Poit-
land until 1850, when he quit the sea. In 1852 he embarked in steamboating
on the Columbia, where he remained till 1859, when he moved to the Frascr,
taking charge of the business of TiiE Hriti.sii CoLU.MiiiA Navigation'
Company, which has been succeeded by the PIONEER Line. The chief
management of the large property, which he left to his widow and children,
has passed to his onK- son, John Irving.
Mara & Wilson. — One of the most important streams of British Colum-
bia is the Thompson, which, with its lake and tributary streams, has nearly
300 miles of navigable channel. Its mountainous basin lies on the route of
mmmtm
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SHIPPING.
'99
the Canadian I'acific Railroad and, before that line was located, had resources
and population sufficient to support several stern-wheel steamers, built and
owned by Maka & WILSON. J. A. Maka, of that firm, is a leading business
man in that part of the province, a member of the provincial parliament,
and a resident of Kamloops, which it is conceded is to be the principal town
in the province on the line of the railroad east of Fraser River. Situated at
the junction of the North Thompson and South Thompson rivers, the former
iia\igablc for 115 miles, and the latter for more than 100, and at the head
of Kamloops Lake, the topography of the country has clearly marked out
Kamloops as the site of a large town whenever the surrounding country
should fill up with a civilized population. Its trade will increase greatly
when the projected canal from Okanagan Lake, in the basin of the Colum-
bia, .shall be built to Shu.swap Lake, of which the South Thompson is the
outlet. The two lakes are nearly on a level, and are separated by a low
valley, through which a canal can be made with comparatively little expense.
Th(.- canal will add 1 30 miles of navigable channel to that now accessible by
boats from Kamloops.
Railway and Navigation Boats.— TiiE Oregon Steam Navigation
Co.Mi'.\NY, long preeminent in the traffic of the Columbia River, disincor-
porated several years ago, after transferring to Till'. OREGON Railw.W
and N.WIGATION Comi',\.\Y 27 river steamers, measuring in the aggregate
16,698 tons. Of these, 16, with an aggregate of 9,450 tons, are now run-
ning on the lower Columbia, the Willamette, and the Yamhill rivers; 4, ag-
grcg;i.ting 2,781 tons, are running on the Columbia, between the Cascades
and The Dalles; and 7, with 4,467 tons, are running on the Columbia
above The Dalles and on the lower part of the Snake River. The company
built all, or nearly all, the vessels thus sold, and, besides, in the course of
its existence, had built 49 other steamers.
Ocean Steamers. — A considerable part of the maritime traffic of our
coast is done by lines of ocean steamers belonging to great transportation
companies, which have lines plying from San Francisco to Asia, Austral-
asia, British Columbia, Puget Sound, Oregon, the Hawaiian Islands,
Panama, Mexico, and the southern coast of California. Till-; Centr.VL
Pacific Railroad Company, The Orec;on Improyement Company,
and DUNSMUIU, DuiGLE & Co., have vast deposits of coal in Washington
and Vancouver Island ; and in suppl\'ing .San I-Vancisco, will use steam
collicr.s, which will compete for return freights. The steamboat is destined
to render great service in developing the wealth of the remarkable archi-
pelago, extending from latitude 4S' to 58°, with 3,000 miles of channel
ii I
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COMMERCE, ETC.
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deep and w iile enough for secure navigation, and yet so inclosed and
sheltered, that there are nf) waves dangerous to a small river steamer.
Pacific Mail— I'or the last 30 years TiiE PaciI'IC M.\il Steamship
COMl'.\N\' has been one of the greatest transportation corporations of the
globe, and though its main office, and the majority of its stockholders, have
been and still arc in New York, the center of its business from the begin-
ning has been in San Francisco. For many years the company had no
steamers on the Atlantic; while it has always had at least 2 lines running
from San h'rancisco, and at present has 3 to China, Panama, and Australia.
Xow that California has large amounts of capital seeking investment at 7
per cent, a \-ear, the time has come when she could properly own the steam-
ers running from the Golden Gate. The Pacific Mail Compai-y has declined
greatly in importance to our coast, since the completion of the first railroad
across the continent; and will never again command such princely revenues
as it long received. Acconliiig to the last annual report of the ])resident,
submitted at the meeting of the company in Xew York on the twenty-sixth
of May, 1 88 1, the total earnings for the preceding j-ear, ending April 30,
were $4,402,647, and tlie expenses $3,172,705, leaving .$1,229,942 for profits.
The receipts from the San h'rancisco-l'anama line were $1,950,507, includ-
'"S $1.5" '•477 '"'■ fieight and $379,030 for passengers; from the Trans-
pacific line .$973,472, incliKliiig $593,320 for freight, and $380,151 for pas-
.scngers; from ihe New Vork-.\spinwall line $745,344, including $616,671
for freight, and $128,672 fi)r passengers; and from the Australian line $307,-
073, including $197,084 for passengers and $109,989 for freight. The sub-
sidies rccei\ed included $21 3,550 from Australia and Xew Zealruul, $20,000
from Hawaii, and $99,416 from Mexico and Central America.
The compan)- now has the Ci/v of Pck-iii, of 5,000 tons, ,ind the City of
Tokto, of the same size, running regularly in the China line, and the China,
of 3,800 tons, as an au.\iliar_v vessel to be used in case of emergency. In
the Australian line are the City of Sy(iit(y and City of AVti' Yor/^\ each of
3,500 tons, and the Zcahmdia and Australia, of 3,000 tons each. The
steamers Coliiiia, of 2,900; Cranada, (jf 2,500; and City of Rio dc Janeiro,
of 3,500 tons, are cmplo)-ed between .San Francisco and Panama. The
Costa Rica, of i,.:^oo; Salvador, of 1,000; Clyde, of 2,100; South Carolina,
of 2,100 tons; and City of Panama, of 1,500 tons, run between Panama
and Acapulco. All these vessels of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company
arc iron propellers, sa\e the China, a wooden side-wheeler.
Tlie steamships going southwanl touch at Mazatlan about the fifth day
out, at San Hlas on the sixth, at Manzanillo on the seventh, and at Aca-
pulco on the ninth, and touch at the same points on the trip from Panama
SHIPPING.
20 1
to San Francisco. The line between Acapiilco and Panama touclics at the
ports of I'unta Arenas, San Juan del Sur, Corinto, Ainapala, La Union, La
Libcrtad, Acajutla, San Josd dc Guatemala, Champerico, San Benito,
Salina Cruz, and Port Angel. The Mexican and Central American govern-
ments give subsidies to the line for touching at these numerous ports.
Tile passenger rates between San Francisco and New York are the same
by the Panama route as by rail. No round-trip tickets are issued on this
line, but a- discount of 10 per cent, is made on round-trip tickets to China
or Australia. The P. M. S. S. Company has a contract, made in 1875,
with the Government of New South Wales and New Zealand to run its line
until 1883.
Oregon Railvray aud Navigation Company. — The Oregon Railway
and Navigation Co., of which GOOD.VLL, Pkkkins & Co. are agents in San
Franriico, have 10 passenger and 5 freight steamers, plying from San Fran-
cisco to Puget Sound and San Diego, and intermediate ports. The State
of California, running to Portland; the Victofia, to New Westminster; and
the Coiistaittiiw, to Mendocino, are iron propellers. The wooden propeller
Idaho runs to British Columbia; the wooden propellers Los Angeles and
Alexander Diinean, and the wooden sidc-wheelcrs, Dakota, Ori::aba, A neon,
and Senator, are in the passenger traffic on the .southern coast of California.
The steamers leave San Francisco for San Diego and intermediate portsi
at intervals of 5 days; and for Portland, at intervals of 4 days.
Paoiiio Coast Steamship Company. — The line of steamships which
carries passengers and freight to the Californian ports south of San Fran-
cisco belongs to TiIIl PACIFIC COAST STEAMSHIP Cd.MPAXV, of which
GOODAI.L, Pp.KKlNS & Co. are the agents, in San P'rancisco, and general
managers. The Ori::aba and A neon, wooden side-wheelers, leave San Fran-
cisco at intervals of 5 days, touching at Port Harford, Santa Barbara, San
Pedro, and ending their trips at San Diego; and the Los Angeles,:i wooden
propeller, leaves San P'rancisco at intervals of 7 days, touching at Santa
Cruz, Monterey, San Simeon, Cayucos, Gaviota, and Santa Barbara ter-
minating her trip at San Buenaventura. The Los Angeles does not stop
at Santa Cruz and Monterey unless she has passengers or urgent freight,
and sometimes, when sufficient freight is offered, stops at Goleta and
Carpentcri.a. Besides these passenger steamers there arc several freight
steamers. The company's steamers Jitalio and Geo. IV. Elder .sail on the
tenth, twentieth, and thirtieth of e\cri' month from San I'rancisco for
Olympia, and on the way touch at Victoria, Port Townscnd, Seattle, and
Tacoma. An iron propeller of 2,700 tons, The Queen of the L'aeijie, to be
26
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202
COMMERCK, ETC.
one of the fastest vessels afloat, is now being built for the company in Phil-
adelphia, and will run cither to the north or south from San Francisco, as
circumstances may require.
Other Lines.— Tiiii Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company
employs the iron propellers Oceanic, of 3,800 tons, and Belgic and Gaelic, each
of 2,600, between San Francisco and China, running in alternation with the
Pckiiif; and Tokio, of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. THE OREGON
JvAii.\v.\N- and Navigation Company has a line of ocean steamers which
run from i.in Francisco to Portland, British Columbia, and Puget .Sound,
and from Victoria to New Westminster. The vessels leave San Francisco
for the Columbia River at intervals of 4 days. The wooden propeller Mex-
ico, of 1,800 tons, belonging to the Californian and Mexican line, runs to
Cape St. Lucas, Mazatlan, Guaymas, and La Paz, leaving Saij Francisco on
the si.\th of every month.
G. C. Perkins. — The most notable ship-owner in California is GEORGE
C. Perkins, present Governor of the Stite, member of the firm of GOOD-
ALL, Perkins & Co., who have a line of steamships plying from San Fran-
cisco to San Diego and intermediate ports, and are agents for a line from
San Francisco to the Columbia River and Puget Sound. Me was born in
RL'iinc, August 23, 1839, and is now 43 years of age. After spending 6 )ears
at sea as a cabin-boy, he arri\ed, at the age of 16, in California; and after
working in the mines, and suffering from sickness, he obtained emjjloymcnt
as [)orter in a store at Oroville, receiving $60 a month. 1 le rose successively
to the ])ositions of clerk, partner, and sole owner of the establishment.
Business prospered; money accumulated; he was electetl to the Legisla-
ture; moved to .San I'rancisco as member of the leading steamship
company of the citj^; and in 1879 was elected Governor of the State.
Kconomy, industry, tact, suavity, integrity, and business carried him up
rai)idi\- from cabin-boy to Governor.
Charles Goodall.— CllARi.ES Goodall, partner of Governor PERKINS
in the steamship comijany of Gooi).\Ll-, PERKINS & Co., is a native of
England, now 57 years of age. After getting such common-school educa-
tion as he could acquire before he was 14 years old, he began to support
himself b\- working on a farm for $25 a j'ear. lie stuck to that place for
2 \c.irs, antl then migrated to Central New York, where he tried American
farming, anil came to the conclusion that he had selected the wrong career.
At 18 he shipped on a whaler bound for the Pacific, and having visited Chile,
Peru, and the Hawaiian Islands, he returned from his cruise at the age of
21, with $183 as his share of the profits of 3 years' labor, lie stuck to the
SHIPPING.
203
1
sea, learning something on every voyage, until he arrived at San Francisco
in 1850, when he went to the mines. The land was again ungrateful for
his attentions, and he returned to the water, where he prospered. He estab-
lished a shipping business in San Francisco, and it has steadily grown till
it is one of the permanent features of the commercial business of the coast.
Mr. GOODALL was harbor-master from iSGi to 18C3, in municipal adminis-
trations elected by the People's Party, and was a member of the State
Assembly in 1870, when he met Ghorge C. Perkins, then a member of
the Senate from Butte County, and the acquaintance led to the admission
of Mr. Perkins into the firm.
Salling-vesssls.— Although steamers are rapidly superseding sailing-
vessels f(jr ocean transportation, there is probably no region where the sail
can be used with more advantage than in the middle of the temperate zone
on the Pacific Ocean. The strength and constancy of the breezes between
our coast from the Strait of Fuca to Santa Barbara and the Asiatic Coast,
from Saghalicn to Canton, .secures to sailing-vessels regular and quick
passages.
In the maritime commerce of San Francisco, the sail still preponderates
largely over the steam-boiler as a source of propelling power. Out of 1,080,-
000 tons from foreign countries and from American ports on the Atlantic
less than one third belong to steamers. The arrivals from foreign ports
measured in the aggregate 980,000 tons, while those from American ports
on the Atlantic amounted to less than loo.ooo.
Of 356 vessels laden with flour, wheat, and barley for exportation from
the Golden Gate in 1880-81, the last crop year for which we have full re-
turns, 191 were British, 123 American, 22 German, 14 French, 3 Norwegian,
2 Italian, and one Dutch. Of the cargoes, 173 were sent to Queenstown,
92 to Liverpool, 64 to Cork, 12 to Antwerp, 6 to Dublin, 3 each to Falmouth
and Havre, 2 to New York, and one to London. The vessels bound to
Queenstown and Cork were not to discharge there but to touch there for
further orders. The number of wheat and flour cargoes exported by the
different shipping houses of San Fra-ici.sco were 8i by G. W. McXk.VR, 55
by Robert Siieeiiv, 40 by Baleour, Guthrie & Co., 30 by Starr &
Co., 29 by \Vm. Dresisacii, 28 by Parrott & Co., 27 by Rogers, Meyer
& Co., 24 by Degener & Co., 12 by H. J. GLENN, 12 by M. VV.VIERMAN
& Co., 5 by J. W. Grace & Co., 2 by Ei-PINGER & Co., and 11 by 1 1 other
houses. Of the wheat and flour ships of 1880-81, 103 wcie loaded at San
Francisco, 07 at Vaiicjo, 84 at Port Costa, 33 at Oakland, 31 at Benicia,
and one at Martinez. The freight to Europe averaged $15.75 per ton, and
amounted to $9,590,000 in the aggregate for the year on wheat and flour
se;it from the Golden Gate.
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204
COMMKKCE, ETC.
I 1
G. W. McNear. — Amonq the houses cxtcnsivclj' cnc^agcd in shipping
wheat iVoin San I'rancisco to ports on the Xorlli .Atlantic, that of G. \V.
^IcNkar occupies a prominent place, having shipped more than any other
in the 5 years ending June 30, 1882; in which period he sent away 335
cargoes. In the crop year of 1 88 1-82 he loaded 120 vessels with about
250,000 tons, or more than 2,200 tons to the average cargo. His position
as a wheat-shipper is intimately associated with Port Costa, which owes
its existence and importance to his bold investments and judicious plans.
Page 24 gives some account of its situation. He has erected there a wharf
2,000 feet long, fronting on water from 25 to 30 feet deep, warehouses capa-
ble of storing 50,000 tons of grain, and water-works to su[)pl\- the houses
and shipping with water. Eight large ships can lie there and load at the
same time, and the arrangements are such that the grain can be moved
from the car to the ship with the least possible amount of human labor.
The transportation of wheat from the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys
costs 50 cents lesson the ton to Tort Costa, than to San I'rancisco; and
there is a saving in the handling that varies from 15 to 50 cent.s, making a
total saxing that ranges from 80 cents to $1.05 a ton, as compared with
San Francisco. Of course, the greater part of this saving of expense
accrues to the benefit of the fanner. The extra expense (or 25 miles of
towage is counterbalanced by free wharfage and quick dispatch. The
facilities for loading at Port Costa are such that 2,000 tons of wheat
ha\e repeatedly been loaded into the ship from the warehouses in 12
hours; but usuallv they receive their cargoes from cars and barges in 4 or
5 days, a brief ])eriod as compareil with the time reqmred at most other
shipping places. The ships do not rest on the mud at low tiilc, as at many
of the wiicat-shipping whar\es, Theie is little wiiul, anil vessels aiul their
cables do not sulTcr b_\- chafing. The barnacles which collect on iron hulls
in the sea are killed in the fresh water. Besides, the Sih'er Gate is the nat-
ural focus for the concentration of the railroads and navigable ch.innels
connecting the great interior valleys with the hliores of .San I'rancisco; and
the facts, that the car and ship meet there most convenientl)-, and that
gr.iin could there be transferreil from the car to the ship most economically,
were controlling inlluences in the selection of Pf)rt Costa as a [jroper site for
great warehouses and shippitig facilities. The importance of Port Costa
will be increa.scd greatly when Mr. McNlC.AU completes his projected flour-
mill, which is to be the largest on the coast.
(i. W. iMcXE.VU was born in Maine in 1837. At the age of 15 he went
to sea; at 18 he was master of a vessel; at 19 he took command of a
steamer plying between New Orleans and Pascagoula, and remained in that
position 4 years. In i860 he came to California, and entered into a part-
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SHIPPING.
205
nership with his brother, John A. McNear, as grain-commission mer-
chants. The largest warehouse of California was one which, they built in
1864 at Petaiuma. In 1865 they built the steamer Josie McNcar, to ply
between San Francisco and Petaiuma, and reduced the fare from $3 to $1 ;
and the price was not raisetl again till the railroad was completed. In
1874 G. W. McNear succeeded to the firm business, and soon after com-
menced the shipment of wheat, which he has since conducted alone, with
increasing success. Although Mr. iMcNKAR owns all the wharves and
warehouses at Port Cost.i, he offers their use to other shippers at reason-
able rates, so that they share in its advantages.
John Rosenfeld. —Among the shipping and commission merchants of San
Francisco John Rosenfeld holds a prominent place. The commercial sta-
tistics of 1 88 1 show that in that year he was the consignee of 43 vessels from
New York, bringing 1 18,000 tons of general merchandise, in the aggregate,
and earning as freights on these cargoes $784,000. Most of these ships car-
ried wheat to Europe, but Mr. Ro.SENFELD loaded for New York 6 vessels
with 13,000 tons, in the aggregate, of general merchandise, including 3,700
tons of wool, 2,900 of lead, 1,500 of rock iron ore, 700 of dycwood, 600 of
mustard-seed, 600 of bone-dust, 600 of redwood, 500 of canned goods, 400
of wine, 300 of copper ore, 200 of borax, and 150 of rags. The freight by
Cape Horn is only about half as much as by rail. Mr. RCSENEELI) came
to California in 1850, and after a brief experience in .sheep-raising, .settled
in San Francisco, and in 1856 took the agency of The Vancouver Coal
AND Land Company of. Nanaimo, B. C, and he still holds the same posi-
tion. In 1875 he invested largely in The Pacific Coast Steamship
Company, and is now its Vice-President. In 1S80 he succeeded to the ship-
ping and Commission business of GEORGE HoWES & Co., a firm notable in
the business of San Franci-sco since 185 1. JABEZ HoWES, one of the part-
ners of the old firm, remains as manager of the shipping business, with Mr.
ROSENFELL, who owns a line of vessels plying between San Francisco and
New York. Besides attending to his commercial business, Mr. RosENFELD
has taken part in public affairs, with credit to himself, having been President
of the Board of City F'irc Commissioners, and member of the Board of
State Harbor Commissioners.
Williams, Dimond & Co.— Williams, Dimond & Co., agents of the
Pacific Mail Steamship Company, are also the agents of the California line
of sailing-vessels between New York and San Francisco, and the Boston
line between Boston and San Francisco. These lines, established by C.
COMSTOCK, and represented in Boston by Van Vleck & Co., have also
!
2o6
COMMERCE, ETC.
ifelf
been represented in New York by the same firm for the last 2 years. Wil-
liams, DiMOND & Co., and their predecessors, WILLIAMS, Blanchard &
Co., have been the agents in San Franci.sco for g years. Owing to the
changes made in the Eastern ends of these lines, fewer vessels than usual
were dispatched in 1 88 1, but the freight list in that year amounted to $200,-
ooo. In coimcction with their other lines, V.VN Vl.lXK & Co. are loading
\ esscls direct for Portland, Oregon, and will dispatch 2 vessels from New
York and one from Boston every month for San Francisco the coming year.
Slbson, Church & Co.— Sibson, Church & Co., the agents of The
Sai.KM Flouki.NG Mills, at the corner of Front and Ash streets, Port-
land, have existed as a firm only 3 yeans, but have already taken a leading
place in the exportation of wheat and flour, and in the commission business
of Oregon's metropolis. In the shipping .season of 1880-81, they handled
one quarter of the wheat and flour product of the State ; and in the season
of 1881-82 they maintain the same relative position, though the exports
have more than doubled in quantity over the previous year.
Welch, Rithet & Co. — Among the leading mercantile firms of Victoria
is that of Welch, Rithet & Co., established since 1 87 1, as commission
merchants, and shipping and insurance agents. They are agents for the
entire pack of the salmon canneries of TlHC Dr.LT.\ CANNING COM-
PANY ("Maple Leaf" brand), Laidlaw & Co. ("Dominion" brand), and
Adair & Co. (" Eagle" brand), on the Eraser River. They arc largely
interested in shipping, have a line of 6 sailing-vessels plying between
Liverpool and British Columbia, and are agents for THE PACIFIC Co.AST
Ste.VMSHIP Co.MP.vny's boats, plying between San Francisco and Puget
Sound by way of Victoria. The I.mperial Fiue Insurance Co.m-
PANY, of London, and the M.vuiTiME MARINE Insurance Company,
and the Reli.\.nce M.vrine and New Zealand insurance companies,
intrust their Victoria business to Welch, Rithet & Co., who are also
agents for the Moodyville Sawmill at Burrard Inlet, one of the largest
establishments of its kind on the coast. Further mention of it is made
under the head of sawmills. Mr. Robert PATTERSON Rithet is resi-
dent manager in Victoria, and the firm is represented in Liverpool by R.
D. Welch & Co., Tower Chambers. WELCH, RiTHET & Co., for their
commercial business, occupy a building, 30 by 80 feet, on Wharf Street,
and besides have a wharf 160 by 500 feet, and large warehouses adjoining.
MERCHANDISING.
207
CHAPTER XII.— MERCHANDISING.
Importations. — San Francisco is the only American seaport, except New
York, that imports regularly from France and China, and the consumption
of French and Chinese products is much larger on our coast, in proportion
to population, than in cny other part of the Union. Since the opening of
the Central-Union Pacific Railroad, there has been a considerable decline in
importations by sea; and the improvement in the facilities for transporta-
tion tends rather to the increase of speed and reduction of freights by land,
than by sea. Important results arc expected from the completion of the
Canadian Pacific, Northern Pacific, Atlantic and Pacific, Southern Pacific,
Tehuantepec, and other railroads that will make new steam connections
across our continent.
Regarding our slope in its geographical, rather than in its political rela-
tions, we treat as imports all merchandise brought to us from cither the
Atlantic Slope of our Republic or from Europe; and a shipment to New
York is, for our purpose, as much an exportation as one to London.
The San Francisco Journal of Commerce in its annual review for 1881,
estimated the value of dry-goods sold in San Francisco during that year at
$9,SCK),ooo, of furnishing-goods at $6,000,000, of clothing at $4,500,000, of
bags and bagging at $3,000,000, of carpets at $3,000,000, making a total of
$26,000,000 for the chief productions of textile fabrics against $24,250,000
in 1880 and $20,200,000 in 1879. The sales of groceries and other pro-
visions were estimated at $32,854,000; of metals, hardware, and agricul-
tural implements, at $17,810,000; of wines, spirits, and malt liquors, at
$8,700,000; of drugs and chemicals, at $6,310,000; and of boots and shoes,
at $5,000,000.
The value of woolen goods made up in the Atlantic States and forwarded
annually to the American portion of the Pacific Coast, is estimated at from
$5,000,000 to $6,000,000. The quantity imported from foreign countries is
very inconsiderable. The consumption of articles known under the general
title of furnishing-goods (apart from woolens) is not short of $7,000,000,
and one fourth of the supply is manufactured on this coast, though the
stamp on them is often that of an Eastern or foreign factory.
The imports of merchandise of all descriptions (apart from treasure) at
San Francisco were estimated for 188 1, at $67,61 5,000; of which $16,400,000
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208
(COMMERCE, ETC.
worth came overland by rail; $i2,cxx5,ooo from *bc Eastern States by sailinjr-
vcsscl; $560,000 worth of Eastern merchandise by the Panama steamers;
and $38,655,000 from foreign countries by steamer and sailinj^-vcssel. Of
the furciL,ni imports for the jx-ar $11,000,000 were crcthted to China and
Singapore; $6,868,000 to Japan; $6,407,000 to the Hawaiian Ishinds; $3,860,-
000 to ICngland; $1,883,000 to Central America; $1,708,000 to the East
Indies; $1,104,000 to Australia; $1,065,000 to British Columbia; $840,000
to France; and $4,084,000 to other countries. The custom duties on foreign
imports, for 1S81, amounted to $7,446,000, against $5,942,000 for 1880, and
$5,528,000 for 1879.
With the exception of linens, the dry goods consumed on the Pacific
coast are mostly manufactured on the Atlantic slope of the Atlantic States,
and, not being subject to import duty, th..r character, quality, and value
arc not recorded. The importation of dry goods from Europe to this coast
is rapidly decreasing, partly because the people arc becoming more eco-
nomicil, but principally because the American factories arc producing finer
goods every j'car, and thus competing with France, England, Ireland, and
Germany in branches new to American industry. It may be stated in gen-
eral terms, that the finer the class of the article, tl.T greater its value in
proportion to the cost of raw material, and the more complex the ma-
chinery required for its production, the larger the proportion of the impor-
tation from Europe. Thus in silks, the importation of which, including
satins and ribbons, amount'; to $1, 000,000 annually, 90 per cent, of the
fancy dress silks, 80 pel' cent, of the black dress silks, 50 per cent, of the
tailoring silks, and 25 per cent, of the ribbons are fji^uj Europe. The .satins
are all from Europe; one third of them coming from Germany, and two
thirds from Swiss and French looms. The European silks pay an import
duty of 6o per cent., and in many instances, pro nt better in quality than
those of American manufacture. The European silks, satins, and ribbons
purchased annually on our coast cost $725,000; including .$400,000 shipped
directly from France to San Francisco, and $325,000 brought by way of
Xcw York. The American silks sold here are worth $275,000. Nearly
one third of our silk supply passes through auction hou.ses; the stock being
sent from New York, with instructions to dispose of them to the highest
bidder. Half of the retail houses that deal in silks on the Pacific coast, lay
in their stocks at the San iM'ancisco auction houses. In no other branch of
business does the importation, for sale by auction, approach that of silk
goods in relative magnitude. The imports of silks manufactured in China
amount in value to about $150,000 a year, and consist mostly of handker-
chiefs. A considerable portion of them arc sent to the Atlantic slope by
rail.
!i'(l
MERCHANDISING.
209
The value of ready-made clothing, made up in tlic Atlantic States and
forwarded annually to the American portion of the Pacific Coast, is esti-
mated at $6,000,000. None comes from forcij^n countries. The consump-
tion of articles known under the general title of " furnishinj.; Rtjods" is
about etjual in value to that of clothiiiLj, and one fourth of the supply
comes from I'acific Coa t factories, thouL;h the stamp on them is often that
of an Eastern or forcij^n factory. The weaving of flannels in the mills of
California and Orc;i;on, and the possibility of making up the flannel cloth
intf' underwear, by the aid of Chinese labor, at a cost of 8 or lo |)er cent,
of the value of the fabric, gives chances for a profit in the local production
of woolen underclothing.
The silk and felt hats used on this coast, to the value of .$1,500,000
anually, are all made in Europe or the Atlantic .States, but the silk hats are
shaped and trimmed here. China supplies us every year with "cork" hats
worth $100,000, most of them to be sent to the Atlantic States.
Sheet-iron comes from England and Pennsylvania; tin-plate from Eng-
land; block-tin from Australia; brass, zinc, solder, stoves, and [jumps from
the ]'!astern Slates. Of locks, tools, cutlery, and builders' hardware, one
tenth may come from England and the remainder from the East.
Importers.— Among the San Francisco importers for the wholesale trade
are MuRpiiY, Gr.vnt & Co., M. Heller & Brothers, B.vchm.vn PjRotii-
ERS, Sachs, Heller & Co., Levi Strauss it Cf)., and Kaiin I3kotih:rs &.
Co., in dry goods; VV. J. Steinhart & Co., Fechheimer, Goodkixd & Co.,
A. B. Eleelt & Co., Brown Brothers & Co., J. Baum & Co., Colman
Buotheks, and Banner Brothers, in clothing; Greenebaum, Sachs &
Freeman, Schweitzer, S.vchs & Co., and Neustadter Brothers, in fur-
nishinggoods;FRiEDLANDERBROTiiER.s, Louis Kline, KLIXE& Co., ;\Iever
Brothers, and Triest & Co., in hats and caps; Holbrook, Merrill &
Stetson, G. H. Tav & Co., W. W. Montague & Co., and J. De La
MoNTANVA, in house-furnishing hardware; Thomas II. Selby & Co.,
Geo. \V. Gibbs & Co., and I. S. Van Winkle & Co., in iron and steel;
Dunham, Carrigan & Co., Baker & Hamil;on, Huntington, Hop-
kins & Co., M. C. Hawlev & Co., Carolan, Cory & Co., The Gordon
Hardware Company, and VV. W Montague & Co., in hardware; Red-
INGTON & Co., LANGLEY & MICHAELS, J. J. MACK & CO., and C. I'.
Richards & Co., in drugs; and L. Feldman & Co. in woodenwarc.
Among the importing grocers are CASTLE Bros. & LouPE, Albet M.\U
& Co., VVr.LLMAN, Peck & Co., F. Daneri & Co., Haas Broiiier.s,
Taber, Harker & Co., Newton Brothers & Co., Tillman & Bendel,
W. W. Dodge & Co., Rountree & McClure, Lohman & Coghill,
»7
2IO
COMMERCE, ETC.
Jones & Co., Hym.\n Brothers, Kruse & Euler, M. & C. Mangels,
Ti[OM..\s Jennings, Root & .Sanderson, and A. E. Sabatie & Co.
The list of carpet importers includes the houses of W. & J. Slo.vne &
Co., D. X. & K. Walter, C. M. Plum & Co., J. Fredericks & Co., and
l-I. 11 KVN I.MAN & Co.
.M.\i\ & Winchester, J. C. Johnson & Co, and Heciit Brothers
rnc Icadin;,' importers of leather; H. P. GREGORY, Tatum & BOWEN,
P.\KKE & Lacy, and J. Hendy of machinery; John Taylor & Co., R.
A. Swain & Co., Wangenheim, Sternheim & Co., O. Lawton & Co.,
J. Cere & Co., B. N.\than & Co., and Strauss, Kohnstamm & Co., of
crorkery and glassware; MAIN & WINCHESTER, J. C. JoilNSON & Co.,
John O'Kane, R. Stone, and O. F. Willey & Co., of harness and sad-
dlery; Blake, RonniNs & Co., II. S. Crocker & Co., A. L. Bancroet
& Co., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, Payot, Upham & Co., and Le
CouNi' liROTliERS, of paper and stationery; and George W. Clark, F.
G. Edwards, Gumpertz & Brooks, and D. N. & E. Walter, of paper-
hangings.
Most of the above importing houses dc\otc themselves exclusively to
wholesale business; many others import for sale by retail, and some of the
latter arc very extensive establishments, rivaling the wholesale houses in
the aggregate of their business. Other houses do an extensive wholesale
business in the ])roducc of our slope v.ithout being importers.
Among the leading business houses in Los Angeles arc EuGENE MEYER
in dry-goods; H. Newmark and Hellman, Hass & Co. in groceries;
Brown & IMatthews and C. Ducommon in hardware; M. W. Childs
and I I.\Ri'ER, Reynolds & Co. in stoves and house hardware ; H.
Heinscii and S. C. FoY in harness; Levy & Co. and E, Martin & Co.
in wholesale liquors; L. J. ROSE, KoHLER & Frohling, and B. DREY-
FUS in wines; J. Lankershim & Co. and Deming, I'.\lmer & Co. in
flour milling; and PERRY, WOODWORTH & Co. and J. JVI. Grifhtu in
building materials.
'ijie wholesale houses prominent in the business of Portland are WHITE,
Goldsmith & Co. in dry-goods; Fleischner, Mayer & Co. in dry-
goods and furnishing goods; Wadhams & 12LLIOTI, Du Bois, King &
Co., Klostkrman Brother.s, CoRiuTT & Macleav, Allen & Lewes,
and J. McCraken in groceries; D. J. Mal.vrkey & Co. in groceries, pro-
visions, and country produce; J. K. GiLL & Co. in books and stationery;
Fleckenstelm & Mayer, K. Seelig & Co., Marx & Jorgensen, A. P.
Hotaling & Co., K. Martin & Qo., A. L. Grand, Scheuman & Bote-
FUHR, Van Schuyver & Co., and C. A. Burciiard in liquors;
Charles H. Dodd & Co., Frank Brothers, Newhurg, Hawthorn
. l(! . .'"
m
MERCHANDISING.
!1 I
& Co., SKYMni'R, Sarin & Co., D. M. Osrorx & Co., J. J. Case & Co.,
and KnatI', Burreli. & Co. in asriciiltuial implements, etc.; CORRITT,
Failing & Co., Thompson, De Hart & Co., and Foster & Rorert-
SON in hardware; Davton, IIai.i, & LA^^lER.•-o^' in liarduare and
powder; II. I'. Gri:gorv & Co. in machinery and rubber j^oods; IIl.XTER
& Mav ill .stove.s and tinware; MoUGE, DAVIS & Co. in drugs; WaI.I'ER
Brothers in carpets, etc.; J. A. STROWliRiDGl-, in leather and shoe find-
ini^s; Kveruing & Farrell in general produce; JaCuRS Brothers in
clothing; SiHXDi.ER & Co., The Oregon Furniture Manueactur-
I.VG Comtaxv, and F. S. CllADliOURNE & Co. in furniture; GEORGE L.
IIiiiiiARD & Co., F. A. Akin, George H. Carin & Co., and Hecht.
Martin & Co. ir ...oots and shoes.
%-i
i] i
General Exports. — The most remarkable feature in the business of this
coast during 1881, was the great increase in the volume of exports, which,
including merchandise and treasure forwarded East from the interior, may
be estimated for the entire Pacific Slope at little short of $ I 50,000,000. Ex-
ports of treasure and the leading articles of merchandise from San I'rancisco
alone were $106,200,000, against $80,854,000 in 1880; a gain of more than
30 per cent, in a single year. Of the total amount, $48,000,000 rei^resents
the value of goods .sent abroad to foreign countries; $40,350,000, that of
merchandise .sent ]'2ast by water; and $1 1,850,000 was the amount of treas-
ure forwarded to various destinations. The value of merchandise shipped
East by rail includes that of tea, coffee, silk, and other commodities, which
passed tlirough San Francisco in transit.
JCxports of all commoditic . from California may be estimated at over $1 30
for each of her inhabitants; and, in common with those of other poti(jns
of our coast, belong mainly to the class of raw materials. The commercial
records tell us that during 1881 .shipments by sea and rail from San Fran-
cisco included, among other items, wheat, worth $30,800,000; wool, worth
$7,000,000; lliiur, $3,600,000; lead and base bullion, $1,050,000; c]uicksil\er,
$1,030,000; wine, $825,000; canned and pickled salmon, $670,000; barley,
$550,000; lumber, $400,000; borax, .$350,000; refined sugar, $326,000; pow-
der, $205,000; brandy, $137,000; leather, $1 17,000; and bread, $107,000.
The goods shipjietl b\' rail from San Francisco, during 1881, had a gross
weight of 89,400 tons, including 13,800 tons of wool, 12,700 tons of barley,
8,300 tons of canned and 1,100 tons of pickled salmon, 8,000 tons of tea (in
transit from China and Japan ), 5,000 tons of beans, 4,950 tons of wine, 4,400
tons of canned goods other than fisii^nd fruit, 2,950 tons of sugar, 1,450
tons of lumber, 1,350 tons of coffee, 1,260 tons of hides, 1,180 tons of silk,
1,120 tons of canned fruit, 980 tons of borax, 890 tons of hops, 840 tons of
MHi
■; I
1 i
i
w
w^ '
212
COMMERCE, ETC.
rice, 770 tons of furs, 750 tons of leather, and 17,610 tons of other com-
motlilies.
The goods shipped from Sacramento weighed 14,000 tons, and consisted
mainly (if fruit, vegetables, canned salmon, wool and wine; San Jose dis-
patched about 9,900 tons, chiefly of barley, fruit, and canned goods; Oak-
land, 4,500 tons, principally of fruit and canned goods ; Stockton, 1,500 tons,
priiici|ially of barley; Marysville, 1,300 tons, mostly of flour and wool; and
Los Angeles, about 1, lOO tons of barley, flour, fiiiit, wool, hides, nuts, raisins,
honey, wine, brandy, and other commodities.
Wheat and Flour Exports.— The most important article of export,
considered from a commercial point of view, is wheat, the shipments of
which from San Francisco, including flour expressed as wheat, amounted
for i8<Si to 880,000 tons. It has often happeneil, of late years, that the
high freights caused by a scarcity of shipping have coptriisuted much to
diminish the jirofits of wheat-growing in California. A large portion of the
harvest of 1881, estimated according to the best authorities at 750,000 tons,
was left over for lack of tonnage.
It is a matter of regret that flour could not be exported instead of wheat,
one third of which is con\ertctl into miildlings, shorts, and bran, articles
much inferior in value to fine flour. A ton of wheat produces, besides fine
flour, 430 pounds of bran, worth $2.65 in San I'rancisco and $4 in Li\er-
pool, and 215 pounds of middlings and shorts, worth $1.90 in .San Fran-
cisco and .$5 in Li\erpool. The bran, middlings, and shorts together weigii
645 pounds, or nearly one third of the ton of wheat, and at $15, cost $4.84
■V.r transportation, while the excess of their market value in Liverpool over
that in .San l-'rancisco is $4.45. To grind a ton of wheat costs about .$l
less in England than in California. I'lour is more likely to spoil on
the voyage; though it is less injured than wheat by immersion in water,
as when a ship springs a leak. The production of flour promises to assume
much larger proportions in the future. Receipts in .San I'"rancisco between
July I, 1881, and April 15, 1S82, were 65,200 tons, against 45,450 tons be-
tween July I, 1880, and April 15, 1881, a gain of more than 43 [Jer cent.
Great Hritain and Ireland took from us in 1881 844,300 tons of Californian
wheat, and only 35,700 tons of Californian flour; while China i.ook about
25,600 tons of flour, and only 14 tons of wheat. l''or lack of better freight,
steainirs frequently carry flour to 1 long-Kong at extremely low rates;
sometimes as low as 25 cents ;i barrel. It is probable that, at no \erv dis-
tant day, Asia will consume largely of our wheat and flour. In time the
Hindo(
to rice.
Ch
uiamyn wil
abt.
learn to use bread, if not to prefer it
MERCHANDISING.
!I3
i
The opcnincj of the Soiithciii Pacific Railroad \vrou,c;ht an immediate
benefit to all branches of commerce, and to none more than to the export
trade in wheatand Hour. The railroad company carries wheat to New Orleans
or Galveston at $13 a ton. It is not expected that when the cost of freight
from those jjoints to ICurope is added, there will often be much margin in
favor of shippers by the o\erland route, but in other respects the railroad
may be of great advantage. The fluctuations to which the prices of wheat
and charters are liable, and the delay in loading a vessel for Liverpool,
coupled with the length of the voyage round the Morn, are great draw-
backs. By establishing uniform rates of freight, by shortening the time
needed to lay down wheat and flour in luu'opean ports, by opening a mar-
ket in Arizona, New Mexico, and, perhaps, in some of the Gulf States, the
railroad company may deprive the business of much of its speculative cle-
ment, and open new outlets for our surplus stock.
Treasure. ^Shipments of treasure from San Francisco on mercantile ac-
count, through the Custom-house to foreign ports, and ovedand by express
to Eastern destina^'.ms, amounted for 1881 only to $11,874,000, being the
smallest ever known, antl only $1,381,000 in excess of treasure imports.
On the other hand, the amount forwarded through the .San I'rancisco post-
office was unusually large, amounting to nearly $0,900,000, and niaking a
total on mercantile account of $18,854,000. 0( this sum $12,442,000 con-
sisted of gold coin, $34,000 of gold dust, $3,539,000 of silver bullion,
$2,415,000 of American and foreign silver coin, and $424,000 of currency.
Most of the gokl coin and all the currency were sent to New York, and
most of tlie silver bullion and foreign silver coin to I long-Kong.
Great Britain and Ireland were the best of our foreign customers, taking
from us, during 1881, produce and merchandise to the value of about $2S,-
640,000, including wheat and flour, estimated at $28,217,000, barley at
$71,000, canned and pickletl siUmon at $280,000, manufactured wood at
$67,500, ready-made clothing a'. $3,500, and Californian wine at $1,000.
China took from us $530,000 of merchandise, chiefly flour, and $3,755,000
of treasure. The Hawaiian Kingdom purchased from us to the extent of
$2,640,000, including considerable quantities of camied fish, flour, and other
provisions, but consisting mainly of manufactured iron, wood, leather, and
duck and denim goods of d)'cd Eastern cotton, made up into overalls and
suits in San Fnuicisco. Mexico took $2,450,000, chiefly of iiuicksilvcr and
mining machinery; Belgium, $2,425,000, and France, $1,978,000, chiefly of
^\he;lt; British Columbia, $1,130,000 of jM-ovisions and manufactures;
Australia and New Zealand, about $1,000,000, principally of canned fish
and manufactured wood and iron ; Central America, $760,000, chiefly of
i
214
COMMERCE, ETC.
flour; Japan, $485,000 of provisions and manufactured goods; and other
countries, about $i,icS9,ooo worth of various articles of merchandise.
Business Failures. — TI • number of failures in California, Oregon,
Nevada, and Washington . was reported by J.\Y LUGSDIX, the
San Francisco manager of J. \ & Co.'s mercantile agency, at 444;
the amount of liabilities at $3,>' 000; of assets at $1,933,000. In San
Francisco the number of failures was 129, with $1,131,000 of liabilities,
against $509,000 of assets. The average of liabilities on this coast is much
smaller than in other portions of the United States. For 1881 the average
on the Pacific Slope was about $8,200; in the United States it was $14,500.
Southern California. —San Diego (the only port of entry in California,
with the exception of San Francisco), and Wilmington, about 100 miles
north of San Diego, on the bay of San Pedro, are coming into prominence
as commercial seaports. During iSSi the foreign imports of San Diego
amounted to $351,000, including $259,000 worth of steel rails and other
materials for railroad construction. Exports for the year amounted to
$234,000. The arrivals at Wilmington included (for 1881) 35 foreign ves-
sels i'rom different ports in Europe, British Columbia, and Australia; and
among them was The Three Brothers, one of the largest sailing-ships en-
gaged in the California trade. Their cargoes included 5,200 tons of steel
rails and 1,800 tons of coal. Ten of these ves.sels reloaded there with car-
goes of j)roducc for I'.uropc, and 9 were dispatched to San Francisco and
one to .San Diego for the same purpose. Exports included 17,000 tons of
wheat, T}) tons of flour, and 78 tons of honey. It is probable that Wil-
mington w ill soon be declared a jiort of entry.
Trade with Australia. — The trade between California and the British
colonics of .Australia and New Zealand must, for several reasons, become
active anil large at no distant time in the future. Our coast has many prod-
ucts which the insular continent of the South Pacific can not obtain so
cheaply from any (jther market. The traffic has already assumed impor-
tance, and has been greatly aided by the subsidy given by the colonies of
New .South Wales and New Zealand to the Pacific Mail line. I'^xports to
Australia and New Zealand amounted, iox 1881, to about $1,000,000, and
includeil $327,000 worth of canned fish, $53,000 of hops, $68,000 of refined
sugar, $40,000 of quichsilver, .$148,000 of manufactured wood, and $174,000
of manufactured iron. That we should ship raw produce to Australia is not
remarkable, but it is worthy of note that we should e.\'port so largel)- of
manufactures, in which we have to compete for the Australian trade with
the factories of Great Ih-itain and the Eastern States.
MERCHANDISING.
2i :
Oregon's Trade.— The first chapter of this book contain.s a statement of
the amount of business done in various departments of wholesale mer-
chandisinfi by Portland, which is the commercial metropolis of an extensive
region, including portions of Washington and Idaho, in addition to Ore-
gon. The city has 6 banks, 22 real estate agencies, 26 insurance agencies,
besides local life and local fire insurance companies, 29 periodical publica-
tions, including several good daily newspapers, 29 hotels, and about 60
wholesale mercantile houses. Among these are 7 dealing in groceries, and
as many in hardware, 10 in liquors, and 6 in tobacco, 3 each in boots, cloth-
ing, hats, dr>--goods, jewelry, and crockery, 2 each in paper and in books,
and one in drugs.
In addition to her traffic with portions of the United States, Oregon has
already a considerable commerce with foreign countries, mainly with Eng-
land, Ireland, and British Columbia, but to a smaller extent with France,
Belgium, the Hawaiian Islands, Australia, and China. During 1 88 1, the
exports of Oregon amounted to $8,049,000, against $4,318,500, in 1S80, a
gain of 89 per cent, in a single year. Portland exported to foreign
countries $5,324,000 worth of commodities, including $3,765,000 worth of
wheat, $1484,000 of flour, and $75,000 of other merchandise. Wheat to
the value of $3,741,000 was shipped to Great Britain and Ireland, and floiu'
to the %'aluc of $1,453,000 to England. In carrying this amount of y '■•,
there were employed 140 vcsssl.s, of which 116 were liritish, 20 American
(including 19 sailing-vessels and one steamer), 2 were French, one was
Spanish, and one German. Eighty-one of the cargoes were for Oueenstown
(for orders), 38 for Liverpool, 3 fur Cork (for orders), 3 for I long-Kong, one
each for Victoria (British Columbia), Fleetwood, Bordeaux, Honolulu, and
Melbourne, and 8 for destinations which have not been ascertained.
Washington and British Columbia. — The commerce and commercial
prospects of Washington and British Columbia have already been stated in
the first chapter of this book. To a considerable extent, Washington Ter-
ritorj-, in common with Oregon and British Columbia, is still commercially
deix;ndent on San Franci.sco; but year by year the north-west is gradually
asserting its commercial independence, and, at no distant time, will have a
large import and export trade. During 1880 considerable shipments of
flour were made from Walla Walla to Liverpool, and 160,000 cases of sal-
mon were shipped to foreign countries from the Washington side of the
Columbia River. About 170,000,000 feet of lumber were shipped to San
Francisco, the Sandwich Islands, and Australia ; and 200,000 tons of coal
were shipped to various destinations. The population of the Territory has
doubled within 2 or 3 years, and the lowest estimate of the value of its
property is $35,000,000.
216
COMMERCE, ETC.
Utah's Trade. — The value of the imports and exports of Utah Territoiy
was csliinatcti, for 1881, at $16,000,000, and the frcii^ht traffic of tlic Utah
Central Railmacl at 222,000 tons, aj^ainst 149,000 tons in 1880. The traffic
in 1881 was 49 percent, lart^crthan in 1880, and the traffic in 1880 was con-
siderably jjreater than for any preceding year, with the exception of 1877,
when it was of equal amount. It is claimed that since the completion of the
Overland Railroad, the volume of imports and exports has increased in a
tenfold ratio. About one third of the imports consists of machinery and
supplies for u.sc in the mines. TllE ZiON's Co-OI'ER.VTIVE MERCANTILE
Institution, founded at Salt Lake City in 1881, with branches at Ogden
and Logan, with 800 stockholders and a paid-up capital of $750,000, im-
ports about one third of all the goods brought into the Territory. During
the first 4 years of its existence, the institution paid cash dividends of 78
per cent, and stock dividends of 52 per cent. There are similar establish-
ments on a smaller scale in every important .settlement in Utah, and many
of them purchase their goods of the establishment in Salt Lake City, fre-
quently making payment in produce. The entire cooperative system
includes about 10,000 stockholders, out of an adult male population not
exceeding 30,000.
By shipping in through cars, direct from the Eastern States or from Cali-
fornia without break or change of bulk, the leading grocers and dry-goods
merchants arc enabled to sell at such low rates that the smaller dealers in
Utah and in Lastcrn Nevada, Idaho, Arizona, and Western Wyoming can
purchase of them to better advantage than by importing their own stocks.
W. T. Coleman. — If any old resident of San Francisco were asked to give
the name of the leading merchant of the city, he would probably mention
WiLLl.XM T. COLEM.VN. Perhaps others have done as much business, and
have as much capacity and experience, but no other has been made so
prominent by a succession of circumstances. Mr. COLEMAN, a Kentuckiaa
by birth, arrived in California in 1849, at the age of 25. Having been a
merchant's clerk in St. Louis, he opened a store at I'lacerville, and in 1850
he established him.sclf as a merchant in San Francisco. Business prospered
and he gained many friends. I le had a prepossessing appearance, a good
address, could talk well, and took much interest in public affairs. Such a
man could not long remain in the background in a city where public meet-
ings were so numerous, and had busin(>ss so important as in San Francisco.
When the Vigilance Committee of 1851 was organized, Mr. CoLE.MAN
was one of the leaders, and member of the Executive Coinmittec. He
participated actively in its labors to [lunish crime, and at the same time
to .shield the innocent. That Committee had been so efficient, and
11,
MERCHANDISING.
217
so prudent in protecting the cause of justice, that when there was a
general demand in I<S56 for the organization of a similar committee, Mr.
COLIC.MAN was called to preside over it, and again by a system of man-
agement for which there is no parallel elsewhere, the people, in disregard of
the forms of law, drove rogues from office, e.vccuted and banished criminals,
protected .society, and purified the munici])al administration. The result was
so satisfactory that for nearly 20 years, the people continued to elect local
officers as representatives of wh.it was called the Vigilance Committee Party,
though the Committee itself had been dissolved after a few months of exist-
ence. In 1856 Mr. Coleman established a line of clipper .ships between
San Francisco and Now York, and for a long time it occupied a consider-
able place in the shipping of the port. Mr. COLEM.AN, at 57, is a man of
very active habits, and will probably be prominent in business for many
j'ears to come.
W. P. Babcock.— William F. Badcock, a native of Massachu.sctts,
became clerk in a mercantile house of New York at the age of 16, and stuck
to his place 9 years, until the firm sent him at the age of 25 to take charge
of a branch establishment in New Orleans. In 1852 he came to San Fran-
cisco as agent of D.wis, BROOKS & Co., the firm which had given their fall
confidence to him for years. In 1854, when the Pacific Mail Steamship Com-
pany found that it was to have a troublesome competitor in the Nicaragua
route, under the management of Vanderisilt and GARRISON, it selected Mr.
BAliCOCK to be its agent in association with A. B. FORIJES, and for 8 years
he had that difficult and responsible position. TllE STRING VALLEY WATER
Company elected him to its prcsitlency in 1S64, when its water supply was
600,000 gallons a day; and he retained the place for upwards of 10 years,
retiring after the company could furnish 12,000,000 a d.ay. Under his presi-
dency it was necessary to construct a durable conduit 12 miles long, to bring
water from the San Andreas reservoir to San I'rancisco, with capacity to
bear a pressure of 300 feet. Mr. BabcociC sent Mr. SCHUSSLER, the engineer,
to examine the wrought-iron pipes used in the hydraulic mines, and against
angry protest and confident predictions of failure, it was decided to adopt
wrought-iron pipe, which hail at that time never been used for such a length
or for the supply of a town. After .some discour.aging breaks, which were
mere trifles as compared with the general result, the pipe was a success, and
it made a new epoch in the water sup[ily of towns. In 1866 Mr. Babcock
entered the firm of Als()I> & Co., as manager of the house in San Fr.m-
cisco, and when the partnership ex[jired by limitation in 1870, it was suc-
ceeeded by Parrott & Co., in which Mr. BABCOCK and TiBURCIO Parrott
were general partners, and JOHN Parrott a special partner. The present
28
f
If;: i
2l8
COMMERCE, ETC.
firm consists of W. F. n.VBCOCK, W. Babcock, and LOUIS B. Parrott. In
the wide nmge of their transactions, the firm of Parrott & Co. are not sur-
passed by any commercial house of San Francisco. W. F. B.VRCOCK was
President of the Chamber of Commerce in 1874, re-elected in 1875, and has
been its president for the last 3 years.
J. S. Taber. — The firm of Taber, Harkek & Co., prominent in the
wholesale grocery trade of our coast, is the successor of the houses of PniL-
Mps, Taber & Co., Irvine, Marker it Co., and George McMillan &
Co. The senior partner, JACOB S. Taber, who has been engaged in the
s.imc line of business in San Francisco since 1852, has been president of
the San Francisco Board of Trade for the last 5 years, and was one of the
founders, as he is now one of the active members, of THE IMMIGRATION
Association of California.
Wellman, Peck & Co. — The importing and wholesale grocery-house of
\\'ellm.\.N, Pecr i*^ Co. had its foundation in San Francisco in 1849, when
the senior partner started business on Kearny Street. Having been burned
out in i85i,he resumed business on Front Street. In i860 he formed a
partnership with P. Vr.nrL.WCK, who was succeeded in 1S63 by J. M.
Peck, and for the last 20 years the firm name has been WeI-LMAN, Peck
& Co. Tiie house imports teas, coffees, and groceries generally, .sells
largely to all parts of our slope, and is recognized as one of the leading
mercantile establishments of San Francisco, doing a business of about $2,-
000,000 annuall)-. Mr. Weli.M.vn is a native of Massachusetts.
P. Daneri & Co. — Among the commercial hou.ses founded in California
by Italians, that of F. D.VNERI & Co., importers and wholesale grocers,
occupies a leading place. Tlie Italians are a numerous and industrious
class in California, and have a prominent place in its business. They pre-
serve a taste for the wine, the oil, the macaroni, the cheese, \'arious fruits,
and man)' other products of their native land — products which are also de-
manded by other inhabitants of our coast; and I*". UANERl & Co. import
the supplies, and also import French wines and Central American sugar and
coffee. They are agents for this coast of the Casa Maritima, of Genoa,
anil (if the Registro Italiano. The senior partner is in Italy; the junior
partner, llENRV Casanova, is resident manager in San Francisco. The
firm began business in i860 on Jackson Street, moved to Front Street, and
thence to their present site, at 27 and 29 California Street, where they oc-
cujiy a building 4 stories high.
Welch & Co.— Andrew Welch, doing business under the firm name of
Welch & Co., at 109 California Street, has been an importer, and shipping
MKKCHAXDISING.
219
h
and commission merchant in San Francisco since 1866. lie commenced busi-
ness on a small scale, but has gradually enlarged it until now he lias extensive
mercantile relations with Great Britain, British Columbia, the Australasian
Colonies, China, Japan, and the Philippine and Hawaiian islands. He is
largely interested in sugar cultivation in the latter group, being a part
owner in several plantations; and the products of 10 plantations arc con-
signed, through the house of C. Brewer & Co.. in Honolulu, to Welch
& Co. He is senior partner in the firm of Welch, Rithet & Co., in
Victoria, who are the agents for the leading canneries of TlIE Delt.V
Cannlng Company ("Maple Leaf" brand), Laidl.WV & Co. ("Dominion"
brand), and Ad.\IR & Co. (" Eagle" brand), on the Fraser River. He is
also a large shareholder in The Moodyville S.v\v^HLL Co^^'ANY
(limited), of Burrard Inlet, B. C, and is its chairman. WELCH, RiTHET
& Co., in Victoria, and WELCH & Co., in San Francisco, are the sole
agents of the mill. WELCH & Co. are also agents of the Planter's Line
of packets plying between Honolulu and San Francisco. They are repre-
sented in Liverpool, England, by R. D. WELCH & Co., Tower Chambers.
D. N. and E. Walter & Co.— D. N. and E. Walter & Co. are known
principally as a carpet-house, and sell to the trade only. Besides carpets,
they import upholstery goods, such as coverings for furniture, curtain
materials, paper-hangings of all descriptions, oil-cloths for tables and floors,
American lincoleum.s, China mattings, which latter they import direct from
China, and handle to a much greater extent than any other house on this
coast. Their establishment, dating from 1857, is the oldest in its depart-
ment in California and the most complete in the wholesale business of San
Francisco. It occupies a building, owned by the firm, 4 stories and a base-
ment, situated on the corner of Market and Battery streets, and has a front-
age of 48 feet on the former and 24 feet on the latter street, with a dcjnh
of ^37/i ^^^^> «il' "f which is used for the display of their stock. They
have a branch house in Portland, Oregon, started in 1861, and one in New
York, both under the name of Walter BROTHERS. D. N. Walter, the
founder of the house, who came to California in 1852, resides at Frankfort,
Germany, and attends to the purchases of English, French, and German
carpets and furniture-coverings for the 3 houses; H. N. and J. N. Walter
reside in San Francisco, and E. and M. WALTER give their attention to the
New York business. Their interests are permanently attached to San
Francisco and the Pacific Coast by a prosperous business that has lasted
over a quarter of a century, and by investments in the real estate of the
city and State.
ik i.
220 COMMKRCE, ETC.
Baker & Hamilton, — The ftim of 15aki;k i^- IIamh.tox have occupied a
prominent place in the business of California, for a quarter of a centurj-, as
dealers in hardware and a,L;ricultural implements, which latter the)- have
manufactured on a laria;e scale, as ma)' be seen by reference to tiie mention
of Till-: ]5k\icia A(;riculi'L'RA1. Works in the chapter on iron. They
Iiave a large capital, antl their annual sales junount to about $J,000,ooo.
liiLA- occujjy part of McCrearv's new stone, brick, and iron building,
on the corner of Pine and Davis streets, 1373^' feet long b}- 100 wiile,
w ilh 4 stories and a basement, one of the fmest wholesale stores in San
J'rancisco. They deal in all kinds of agricultural implements and
hardware, and supply all portions of the coast. They have a branch
liouse in Sacramento City, wiiere they occupy 48,000 square feet of
tloor room, with frontages on J, Second, and I'"ront streets, all connected
by a bridge over a narrow street. The members of the firm are L. L.
J^AKEK and R. M. 1 Ia.MILTOX, the former a native of Portland, Maine, and
the latter of Scotland. 15oth came to California in 1S49, and spent several
years as miners and clerks for mercantile houses. In 1854 they formed
their partnership in Sacramento, and beginning with a small capital, built
up their business to its present magnificent proportions.
Gordon Hardware Company.— Tin-: GoKDOX 1I.\r1)\vari-; Co.mpanv
at 250 and 252 Market Street and 12 and 14 P'ront Street, San I'rancisco,
Vias incorporated July i, 1880, to do a hardware, jobbing, and commission
business, and to maiuifacture an)' or all articles [)ertaining tiiereto, being
the first jobbing-house on this coast to aiiopt the incorporated plan of
doing business, which hail hitherto been confinetl e\clusi\ely to manufac-
turing concerns. 'Phe)' succeeded to the business of J.VMES K. GORDOX &
Co., established in 1875 as J.VMi;s Iv (ioRDoN, when the latter succeeded
by purchase to the business of Marsii, Pll.suURV & Co. (a brancli of ^P\V
& Co., Boston^;, established in 1863. The)' are the f)nl)' house on this coast
who make a specialty of representing ICastern manufacturers; anil they
hantUe as agents the products of over 40 leading hardware factories on the
Atlantic .Slope, selling at wholesale onl)', to the local anil coast trade, also
to British Columbia, i\ustralia. Sandwich Islands, ^Mexico, anil Central
America. The)- aim to carr)- a general stock of hardware, but their spe-
cialt)' is what is known to the trade as shelf-harduare, in which they
occup)' a leading place. The)' luiblish a monthly paper known as the
llai\h\.<arc So/csinan, the onl)' ])ublication on this coast devoted to the
interests of the hardware business. It has a large anil rapidly increasing
circulation.
HI
GORDON HAllUWARE COMPANY, SAN FEANCISCO.
!i
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m'
MERCHANDISING.
22 I
Dunham, Carrlgan & Co.— Tlic firm nf Dunham, Carrigan & Co.
commenced business in Janii.irv, 1S75, by piircliasinti tlu- stock of the
pioneer house of CoNRov, O'CoN'NOR & Co., and have .since continued
the iron anil hardware trade at the old stand, Nos. 107, 109, and 1 1 1 I'rotit
Street, c.xtendinjj tluou^di tf) Xos. lO.S, 1 10, and 112 I'inc Street. Their
stock of merchandise is among tlie larpjcst on the Pacific Coast, in their
line of trade, and their annual sales arc corrcspondinijly large, ha\inLj
.steadily increased from year to year since the establishment of the house
under its present management. Their premises cover a ground area of
over I5,cxx) square feet, in addition to which they occupy for storage pur-
poses a warehou.sc, in another part of t'lc city, covering over 6,000 square
feet. They deal in all the varieties nl bar anil ])late iron, steel, and other
metals, hardware in all its branches, comprising tools and supplies for
machinists, c- gincer.s, blacksmiths, plumbers, steam-fitters, carpenters,
miners, railroad and ship builders, etc. Their large stock of iron-pipe, of
all sizes, for water, gas, and steam, is a prominent feature of their business;
and they are .sole agents on this coast for the well-known " Black Diamond"
American steel, which in point of quality is now regarded as not inferior
to the best English brands. An agency for the purchase of their supplies
is maintained in New York, under the management of R Hayden, one of
the partners. The members of the firm residing in San Franci.sco are 15.
Frank. Dunham, W. L. McCormick, Andrew Carrigan, and E. W.
Playter.
I!
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George H. Tay & Co. — The San Francisco house of George II.
Tay & Co., importers of metals, and importers and manufacturers of
stoves, ranges, and house-furnishing hardware, was founded in 1848 by
S.\MUEL SANIiORN, who camc to California with Stevenson's regiment.
O. J. BacIvU.S and C. J. Fox were admitted as partners in 1849, and after
the firm name, having been O. J. Backus & Co., then Gordon, Brook.s,
Backus & Tay, finally in 1873 took its present form of GEORGE H. Tay
& Co. The partners now are GEORGE II. Tay, O. J. Backus, II. B.
Brooks, and G. L. Goud. Mr. Backus made the first deep-pressed tin-
ware, and the firm now use 3 deep-tinware presses of his invention, and
expect to erect new presses soon. Mr. Backus is the inventor of a water
motor valuable for driving dentists' machinery, sewing-machines, church
organs, lathes, etc.; and has taken out several other valuable patents. In
their San Francisco factory they have a tinshop, 3 special rooms for can-
work, room for steam-presses, a machine-shop, a japanning-room, and a
stamping and engine-room. In their different departments they give em-
ployment to 125 men. The firm have a .stove foundry at Alvarado (men-
m
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I* t
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222 (.•QMMERCI::, KTC.
tioncd in Chapter XX\I\'.i under the management of G. L. GOUD. Their
maiuifacturin;^ establishment in San I'rancisco is at 614 to 618 Battery
Street, antl tlieir store at 105 and 107 California Street.
J. De La Montanya.— James Dk La Montawa, importer of stoves
and metals, and manufacturer of tinware, at 214 to 220 Jackson Street and
606 and 608 Battery Street, has one of the oldest and best known mercan-
tile liouscs of San Francisco, and is a ])ioncer in his hnc of business. He
has occupied his present site since 1850, and he erected the building 3
stories c)f brick, fronting 75 feet on Jackson and 46 on Battery, with a
(lcj)th of 140 feet. Mr. De La MontaNYA keeps a large stock of ranges,
stoves, and pressed ware of all kinds, and most of the articles which lie re-
ceives from the East come from the leadinc; New York house of PllELPS,
Dodge & Co.
Linforlh, Rice & Co. — The firm nf Lixeorth, Rice & Co., composed
of Ja.mks Lixi(jirrii, \V. A. Rice, and Iuiwaru W. Linfortii, importers
of hardware, ai^ricultm-al and minin;.y tools, iron anil steel, suL^ar machinery,
stcam-enLi'ines, bells, etc., is well known all over the Pacific Coast; the senior
member haxini;- been also the senior in the firm of LlNl'OR.i"il, Kia.LOGU
& Co., until the dissolution, in 1877, of tiiat firm, whicli enjo_\-cd not only a
lartje domesiic trade, but sold larcjelv to Mexico, Centr.il America, etc. It
was the first firm here to make a consigmn^.it of agricultural implements
and wagons to Australia at the time when commercial relations were begin-
ning to be established with that British Colony. The jjrcsent firm are the
special representatives on this coast of the Black Diamond File Works, of
Philadelphia; TiiE Bev.mver Manue.vcturing Co.mpaxy, of Cincinnati ;
The Chester & Harris ;\Ianue.\ctl'ring Company, of St. Louis; and
the Cannon Steel Works, of Shcffiekl. The Black Diamond I'ile Works, one
of the largest factories in the world, turns out nearly 1,000 dozen files a day.
This enterprise was commenced when it was difficult to sell an)' but the best
F.nglish brands, yet now the American make has almost triumphed over its
Fnglish ri\als, and to none is the credit of this change more justly due than
to G. and M. Barnett, the manufitcturers of the l?lack Diunu)nil files, who
have conscientiously and persistentl\- labored on until their goods not only
lia\e a national reputation, but arc shipped to Russia, German)', Spain, and
other !"i;;w,;'in countries, the Canadas, i\ustralia, and even distant China.
The Bl.YMYEK I\L\m;e.\CTUR1N'G Company, are largely eng.iged in the
manufacture of steam-engines, sugar machiner)-, bells, etc. In sugar ma-
chinery they have the largest and most complete line in.ide in the world.
It was awarded a medal at the Centennial I'^.xpo~,ition. Besides the demand
I
ill
1M
MERCHAXDISIXG.
223
from ali parts of this continent where sugar-cane and sorgo arc grown,
orders have been rccei\'cd from Hawaii, New Zealand, AustraUa, France,
Austria, India, anil AlVica. The)' publish an annual called T//l- Sorj^o
Ilaiid-lxwk, which is the aulluirity on Chinese and African sugar-canes.
I.IM-ciRTlf, Rick & Co. have this pamphlet for distribution to parties inter-
ested, and it isof great ser\ice to the many who arc now turning their atten-
tion to the growing of canes on this coast and in Mexico. LlNKOK I'll,
Rici'; & Co, arc the first to provide here for the wants fif this new Pacific
Coast enter])rise. This factor)' also manufactin"cs a superior church and fire
bell — the Blym\cr Hell, of which LiXI'ORTII, Ricii & Co. have sold nearly
joo in 4 years Till-: CllE.STER & HARRIS Manufacturixc; COMrANY
turn out more ax, pick, and sledge handles than an)- other similar factory
in the United States. LlNKORTU, RiCE & Co. have the mining and other
steels of the Cannon Steel Works, of Sheffield, ICngland.
The senior member of this firm, jAME.s LiXEORTil, now one of the
oldest merchants in this city, is an Englishman, anil came to this State in
1857, having, with his family, "crossed the plains" and participated in more
than the usual hard.ships of many of the "pioneers," having been caught in
the snows of the mountains and without provisions for the completion of
the journey. After a few months sojourn at Salt Lake the journey to San
Francisco was completed via the southern route and Los Angeles. Several
>„^ars were spent in the employ of others, and then he commenced as a
commission merchant, and had a very lucrative business until i<S68. He
then embarked in the hardware business, the firm succeeding the old and
well-known firm of L. B. BeN'CHLEY & Co., which line of business has en-
gaged his attention ever since. Mr. LiNEORTII carl)- began to take a deep
interest in the welfare of his adopted State, although never actively in poli-
tics. I le has been, for many years, a member of the Chamber of Commerce,
served as one of its trustees, and in 1873 was appointed, in companx- with
the late Jame.S Otis, ;i delegate to I'v; National Board of Trade. lie was
one of the original projectors and suckholders in the New Merchants' Ex-
change building on California '.Lrcet; president of the old Commercial
Association for some years until it went out of existence; and a director in
the old California Immigrant Union; for many years he has been one of
the trustees of the California Prison Commission and of the Sari Francisco
Lying-in Hospital and Foundling Asylum. He is a member of the l".piscoi)al
Church, was long one of the wardens of St. John's, and for )ears has served
as a trustee of St. Augustine's College, one of the church's educational
establishments. These, with a number of other duties, have shared with his
business the time of an active life since his arrival in San Francisco.
The other members of the firm, E. W. LiNKORllI, a son of James
ni
Mi
II
!
i
,! 1
224
COMMERCE, ETC.
LlNFORTir, is also a nati\c of Enji^lancl, and W. A.- RiCK, a native of
lioslon, Alassachusctts, liut both ha\(.' been raised in California, and in the
line of business in which they are now engaged.
Richards & Snow. — .V leading house on our slope in the sale of iron
pilJC and plumbers' stock, all impprted from the East, is that of Ricil.VRD.s
& S\0\V, who have been established in San Francisco for 8 years, and have
branch establishments at Portland and Los Angeles, as well as a rep-
resentative in New York City. Their trade extends not only to every town
on the coast supplied with gas or with water through pipes, but also to
China, Jajian, and the Hawaiian Islands. For the information of the
plumbing trade they publish monthly, The California Plumber. They are
agents for TiiE Americ.vn Tack Comi'.vny and The Y.vlic Lock Max-
I'.VCTURlN'd Company, and keep in stock 50 tons of tacks, including 700
(.lifferent kinds, for the use of carpenters, bo.\-makers, trunk-makers, up-
holsterers, shoemakers, etc. The Yale Companj' makes Yale locks — the best
for outer doors and closets containing valuables — standard locks for room-
doors, post-office-bo.x locks, post-office bo.xes, bank locks, bronze locks,
sash-fasteners, drawer-pulls, bell-pulls, hinges, differential jjuUcy-blocks,
and double-lift hoists. It seems singular that post-ofPcc bo.xes should not
be made in the town where used, yet Europe, Japan, Australia, Mexico,
Central i\merica, Washington, Oregon, and California have paid tribute to
the mechanical ingenuity of Connecticut by obtaining post-office boxes
and locks from the Yale Company.
A. I. Hall & Son.— A. I. Hali. & Son, 528 and 530 Market and 27 and
29 Sutter streets, San I'rancisco, ( ommission merchants and manufacturers'
agents, are engaged in handling the products of half a dozen large Eastern
factories, which ha\e a capital of several millions. They export extensively,
and in their dealings on this coast sell exclusively to wholesale houses. A
large business has been done in c.x|)orting American manufactures to Asia
antl Australia in IJritish ships by the Isthmus of Suez, and Messrs IIaLL &
Son have made it their aim to bring this trade through San Francisco, so
that American merchants and American shipowners shall obtain the direct
and indirect profits of the transportation. Their efforts have not been with-
out influence, and they have received orders from China, Japan, and Aus-
tralia, but the rates of freight by way of San Francisco are so high that
most of their shipments are still made by other routes. They arc confident,
however, that the day is not very far distant when San Francisco will under-
bid London for freights between New York and Hong-Kong. IIai.i. &
Son represent Tuic VVaterbury Clock Company and The Waierbury
,tiL
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Si
MERCHANDISING.
225
Watch Company, large institutions employing many hundreds of hands
and turning nut 3,000 clocks and 900 watches daily. The watch known
throughout the world as "The Watcrbury" is the chea[)est article of
its kind, and besides is a reliable timepiece. The VV'aterbury clocks are
found in all quarters of the world, and as far in the interior of China as any
American has traveled. IlAi.L & Sox represent SiMl'sox, IIall, Mu-I.KK
& Co., manufacturers of silver-plated hollow-ware, and who have as.sociated
with them \Vm. RoGliRS, the only surviving member of the old firm of
Rogers Bkotiiers. They manufacture the most extensive line of silver-
plated spoons, forks, knives, etc., manufactured in the United States, and
the brand, W.M. ROGERS, stamped on each article, guarantees its excellence.
Hall & Sox also control for this coast The Vale Clgck Comp.vxv's
novelty clocks, the pocket-knives and steel pens of Till". IMlI.LER BROTHERS
Cutlery Co.MPANY, and the solid nickel silver goods of Hall, Eltox &
Co. The senior member of the firm, A. I. Hall, came to California in
1849, and was one of the founders of the firm of Newhall & H.\LL, which
was succeeded b)- H. M. Nkwhall & C' >. He now conducts the New
York office at 52 Walker Street, while the ."^aii I'Vancisco house is in charge
of his son, E. A. I I.\LL.
a
1
Fairbanks & Hutchinson.— 'I i.. h.. use of F.MRH.WKS & Ilt'TCHlN-
SOX in San Francisco, under the maua^'iJient of III \KN' L. HUTCHINSON,
resident partner, is a branch of a great luaiinfa^ iring .uul commercial rs-
tablishmcnt, which has 16 branch houses in tin- United States, and one in
London, and .sells merchandise to the amount of milidns annu;>l They
are the agents for the sale of the I-'airbanks' Standard .Sc.iles, invented and
l)atented in 1830, by TllADDEUS Fairbaxks, at St. Johnsbury, Verni !it,
where the factory is situated, and where the inventor still rc^-ides. Thnty
tons of pig-iron arc used every day in makitig castings to upply the im-
mense demand, not only from the United States, but also from Europe and
other part.s of the world, and this demand continues to increase, for these
scales are still accepted as the standard, and are unsurpassed for cneral
mercantile u.se. In 18S1 the factory, besides manufacturiiv ■• \ thou-
sands of other scales of 300 different sizes and patterns, 1 300 rail-
road-track scales, capable of weighing from 30 to 100 tons each. The
San F'rancisco house has the agencj- of the Fairbanks' scales for all
the territor)' west of the Rocky Mountains, and also has the agencies of
The Sanderson Brothers' Steel Comi'axy, of Sheffield, l^igland,
and of The Sweet's Manufacturing Company, of S\-racuse, N. Y.,
and deals in store and warehou.sc trucks, grocers' supplies, steel harrow-
29
226
COMMERCE, ETC.
mil
teeth, steel crowbars, etc. The firm have been established in San Francisco
since iS(')5,and lia\c their office at 4CI Market Street.
Japanese Art Exhibition. — I?y rea.son of her geographical situation, San
J'rancisco is the natural American entry-port for importations from Japan and
Chin.i, and for many )-ears has been looked on b)' tourists as the mart in
which to buj' the manufactures of those Oriental countries. The Chinese have
oiicned stores in the Pacific metropolis of our continent, as have the people
of other nationalities, mostly foreign, for the sale of Asiatic curios; but in
most ca.ses, the)' have adopted the pennj'-wise policy of depending for their
])rofits on selling at an enormous advance over the cost price, thus repelling
])inchascrs, decreasing the amount of business, and causing peisons of lim-
ited means to regard their signs as bugbears of extravagance. In 1880
.SiiATiTCK & Fletcher, pioneer manufacturers of jointers' inks in San
I'rancisco, while making large shipments to China and Japan of material
with which to record the progress of a new civilization there, received a few
invoices (jf gener.il merchandise in return, by way of reciprocal trade.
They altemptetl to dispose of these invoices to the retailers, but found that
the prexalcnt metlK)ds were unjust to the business; and in\ited their
friends to inspect the goods displayed in a sample-room over their office, in
Commercial .Street. The visitors were delighted, and told their friends,
who thronged to the narrow thoroughfare, which was bkjcked with jieople
alicr the arri\al of e\ery steamer with a new consignment from Asi.i.
What was intended for a sam()le-rooni became a store with ,1 rapid increase
of business, compelling the proprietors to move again and again, until now
their e.stablishment, known as the " Ichi Ban," at 22 and 24 Geary Street,
San Francisco, occupies more than 10,000 scjuare feet of floor room, and is
the grandest free-sale exhibition of Oriental gooils nn ihe continent.
H. Briokwedel. — One of the t)ld and well-known merchants of .San
Francisco is 1Ii:nrv Hrickwehei,, a native of Germany, who came to the
United .States in 1841, and engaged in mercantile business in Californi.i in
1852. In 1858 he established the house of IlKNRV Hrickwkoei, & Co.,
importers and jobbers in wines and liquors, and they have been 14 years
in the building which the)' now occupy at 208 and 210 l-"ront .Street. Mr.
Brickweuel is otherwise a prominent man in the busine.ss of .San Fran-
cisco, being a shareholder in the California Sugar Refinery and rilic [F.\-
\V.\II.\N C(3MMERCI.VL Comp.VNV, and one of the founders of TlIE Gl.WT
Powder ComI'.VNY, of which he was manager for years, and is .still a
trustee, His couise ,is city supervisor in 1877 added to his repuiation; and
in 1880 he was elected city auditor, ihe most responsible office in the finan-
MF.RCHANDlSrXG.
227
cial department of the municipal government, and one for which men of
excellent reputation arc generally selected.
A. P. Hotaling & Co.— A. P. Hot.vling & Co., importers and whole-
sale dealers in wines and liquors, at 431 Jack.son Street, San Francisco, have
one of the largest establishments of the kind in the United States, and not
inferior to any other on our coast. Their hou.se is also one of the oldest in
the State, having stood for 30 years without change in the firm name. They
occupy a brick building 3 stories high above the basement, 50 feet front by
ICXD deep, and besides have a storehouse of equal size on the opposite side of
the street They import sherries from Spain, ales and porters from Kngland
and Scotland, and whiskies from Kentucky, being general agents for the
Pacific Coast of the great hou.se of MOOR.M.VN & Co., Louisville. They
have a branch house in Portland, Oregon. Mr. HurALINU is extensively
engaged in other business, being part owner in the Clipper Gap Iron Mine
(the town there is named after him), owner of real estate, and leading share-
holder in a bank at San Rafael, and proprietor of a ranch near Gov. Stan-
FOKU's at Menio I'ark.
IiivlngBton & Co. — The firm of Livingston & Co. are successors of
Livingmon & IlK:Kr,V, founded in 1864, and occupy the same place at
222 California Street, San Francisco, as importers and wholesale dealers in
wines and liquors. They import sherry from Spain, port from Portugal,
wines from I-'rancc and Germany, rum from the West Indies and Boston,
and other liquors from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, and Ken-
tucky, in which last State they have a branch house on the corner of Front
and Scott strect.s. Covington. They also have bianch hou.sc.'-- on this coast
in Los Angeles and Portland. For the convenience of handling their large
stock they have 3 elevators in their San Francisco house. In 1866 Mr.
HiCKEV sold out his interest to IsAAC LEVY, and in i8;3 A. P. WILLIAMS,
and in 1S75 JosKi-ii May, were admitted into the firm.
Lilienthal & Co. — Lii.ienhiai. & Co., prominent as wholesale liquor
merchants in San PVancisco, have a hou.se under :hc same n.ime in Cin-
cinnati, and another under the name of LiLIENTllAL RROTdERs in New
York City. They arc the owners of the noted CiRUS NOBLE Distillery,
of Lynchburg, Ohio; and of the Hoone Count)- Distillery, of Petersburg,
Kcntuckj-. The San F"rancisco house, which wa; established in 1870, for
the purpose of maintaining a leading agency for tl.e productions of those
tlistilieries on the Pacific Coast, has also agencies of W. & A. GlLliEY,
London; Daniel Vi.sser Zonen, Schiedam; and TiiE Conuau Seipp
Hrewing Co.MPANV, Chicago. Besides their liquor tiide they do an ex-
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CONrMKKCi:, KTC.
tonsi\c' coinmissioti lousiness in Califurnian .it^riciiltural products, and have
tal<cn till.- lead in shipjiiiiL; barley and hops U> the lar^^e breucries cast of
the Rocky Mouiilains. They ha\e exported as much as 1,500 carloads of
barli')- in a season, and h.ive been the pioneers in sendini; wheat throui^ii to
New York City. They ship all kinds of Californian products demanded
by the New York market to their liousc there. Tlie prosperity of their
firm tinds a refle.x in the remarkably hand.somc finisii and furniture of their
counting-rooms at 100 antl 102 I'ront Street.
A. Vignier. — A. VldNll'.R, importer of wines, liquors, brandies, sweet oil,
|)reser\es, and j'rench and .Swiss i^oods, at 429 Battery Street, has been a
resident of California since 1S51, and is the successor of the house of lil).
Hi; {•{I rii;, long prominent in the trade of San Francisco, lie is proprie-
tor of a factory, which produces 12 tons of cream of tartar monthly, at
96S ami 970 Uryant .Street. Me is al.so part owner in a distillery, which
turns out 100 barrels of spirits a week, at Co\inL;ton, Kentucky.
Corbitt & Maeleay.— CoRiiiTi- i^- M.\cli:.\\-, establishctl in i,S66, are
cxtensi\e ini])orlers and wholesale dealers in t;roceries, and e.xnort wheat,
flour, timber, s.ilmon, and wool. Their trade extends to Alaska, British
Columbia, \\'ashin:j;tiin Territory, Idaho, and a portion of Montana. 1 he
firm carries on a branch commission house in .San T'rancisco. They do not
confine themsekes to nierch.indisin;.;; but are also proilucers upon a larije
scale, being the jiroprietors of TllK Axci.o-Amkkk AN T.XCKl.xc C(i.Ml'.\XV
of Astoria, Oregon, and of Till. Ji;i TKRSON' Cirv T'l.orKiNi: Mii.ls, at
Jefferson, Oregon, extensive establisjiments mentioned in other chapters of
this work. Messrs. Ci'iKlHl T & !\T\('i.i:.\v are also agi'iits f<ir canneries and
mills, ,ind do a Large and increasing commission business. In connection
with their mercantile business, the_\' are general agents for Oregon, Wash-
ington, antl hlaho, of 4 of the largest Mnglish fire insurruice companies, \iz.,
the " Iinperi.il," " London," " Northern," and " (jueen," .and besides doing ;i
large business in I'ortland, direct the o[)erations of the numerous subagent.s
uiukr their control.
Charman & Son. — One of tlic notable mercantile houses in Oregon is
that of T. Cll.\l<M.\N & Son, at Oregon City. Mr. ClI.\kM.^N arrived in
tile State in if^5.v and b_\' dc\()ting himself to business, inaile an en\iablc
success in gaining the respect and patronage of his neighbors, lie has
been elected mayor of jiis town several times, anil now holds that position;
and besitles is presidep.t of the Bank of Oregon Cit)'. The business done
In- his mercantile house has been estimated to amount to $foo,000 annuallv.
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MliKCUANUlSlNG. 229
J. K. Gill & Co. — The lending house in the book and stationery busi-
ness is that of J. K. and Joiix GiLL (J. K. GiLL & Co.), who opened their
cstabhshment in 1871, and have gradually increased their sales and credit
until they have surpassed all local competition. Much of their success is
doubtless due to their thorough knowledge of their merchandise, to which the
senior partner has devoted his attention since he left school. A native of
ICngland, educated in Massachu.sctt.s, now 40 years of age, he settled in
Oregon in 1866, and has been a resident of Portland since 1867.
Fleokenstein & Mayer.— Flkckenstein & M.WER, at 24 and 26 Front
Street, Portland, are generally recognized as the leading importers and
whole.sale dealers in wines and liquors, in Oregon, and they also deal in
cigars. They import their wines and liquors directly from the I'^astcrn
States and Europe, and get most of their native wines from the vineyards
direct The senior partner, Mr. Hkn'RV Fleckenstein, has been promi-
nent in the business of Portland since 1865, and the firm was established
in 1876.
K. Seelig & Co.— K. Seelig & Co. (K. Seelig and E. Zeiteuchs),
at 163 Second .Street, Portland, are among the prominent wholesale liquor
stores on the coast, and have an e.Ktensive custom in the adjacent terri-
tories, as well as in their own State. They are exclusive agents in Oregon
of the J. W. D.XNTs Old Bourbon, a brand which finds much favor in the
Willamette Valley, especially among the descendants of Kentuckians.
They import directly from distilleries on the Atlantic Slope, and from lead-
ing wine-houses in California, and invariably pay cash for their purchases,
so as to be able to sell again at the lowest figures. This house was estab-
lished in 1873.
S. W. Percival. — One of the pioneer residents and merchants of Olympia
is S.V.MUEL W. Perciv.\L, a native of Massachusetts, 59 years of age in 1882.
After receiving a common-school education and doing some clerking, he
went to sea at the age of 19, visited many foreign ports, and .soon became a
master mariner. Me arrived at San Francisco in 1849, and stuck to the sea
on this coast until 1853, when he visited Puget Sound, and attracted by the
wonderful advantages for inland commerce, sought a place to make a home,
and selected a donation claim of 320 acres at Olympia. His judgment was
soon afterwards approved by the action of the Government in selecting
Olympia for the capital of Washington. The territory grew slowly, but it
prospered steadily. Mr. PERCIVAL had faith in the future. He built a
wharf, warehou.se, and store; reared a family residence that did credit to
him and the community, and is now a member of the firm of T. N. FoRD &
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Co., one of the IcadiiiLj incrcantilc houses in Washington. Mis c.vtcnsive
obseivation and pioneer experience give weight to his opinion that the basin
of I'uget Sound is to-day one of the best places on our continent for ambi-
tious young men with small capital, seeking an opportunity to grow up with
a new communit)- and share its prosperity and business expansion.
Sch'wabacher Brothers & Co. — Among the mercantile firms of Western
Washington, that of SeiiWAi!.\cilER Brotiii:us & Co., established in
Seattle since 1869, occupies a leading position. They deal in general mer-
chandise at wholesale and retail, import their main stock directly from
Atlantic cities, and with an average stock of $150,000, .sell to the amount of
about $400,000 annually.
M. V. B. Stacy. — M. V. V>. Stacv, dealer in real estate, and owner of
much water-front in Seattle, is one of the leading business men of Wash-
ington Territory.
Henry Saunders. — One of the leading business men of Victoria is
Hi;nky S.MNDKRS, who established himself there in i<S6o as an importer
and dealer in groceries, provisions, and liquors. He is part owner of TlIE
Windsor Canninc; Company, and agent for the sale of its pack; agent
of the steamer Gmpplcr and tug-boat Piiof, and part owner and agent of
the steamer pl)ing between Victoria and Wrangel.
Thomas Shotbolt. — Among the successful business men of Hritish
Columbia, TuoMAS SllOTBOLT, importing druggist and manufacturing
chemist, deserves mention. He has been established in Victoria since 1862,
and has a branch house in Yale. Mr. SllOTBOLT is also part owner of the
salmon cannery at Ow'eekaynoo, on one of the Queen Charlotte's Islands.
Turner, Eeeton & Co.— Turner, Beeton & Co., merchants of Victoria,
are engaged in a general commission busines.s, are agents for fire and ma-
rine insurance companies, and are importers of hardware and liquors. They
are agents for the Duncan Metlahkah Cannery, and are represented in
London by the associate house of H. C. Beeton & Co. Mr. TURNER has
been mayor of Victoria for 3 years,
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IIORTICULTURK.
231
DIVISION III.-AGRICULTURE.
CHAPTER XIII.— HORTICULTURE.
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Fruit-trees. — Among the industries of our slope, horticulture has a
peculiar prominence. The opportunities offered by genial climates and
fertile soil in California and Oregon were promptly seized by enterprising
people, who within a few years had large areas of orchard and vineyard
planted with the best varieties, and cultivated with high skill. California
excels in its grapes, pears, peaches, plums, prunes, apricots, nectarines,
cherries, figs, olives, oranges, and lemons; Oregon in its apples and plums.
There are about 2,400,000 apple-trees in California, and 1,300,000 in Ore-
gon; 800,000 peach-trees in California, and 44,000 in Oregon; and 350,000
pear, 260,000 plum and prune, 130,000 cherry, 250,000 apricot, 50,000 fig,
1,000,000 orange, and 140,000 lemon trees set out in orchards in California.
The total orchard products of Oregon, according to the national census of
1880, were worth $547,000 in that year; the corresponding figure for Cali-
fornia has not been published, but it is probably not less than $3,000,000.
California has 6,000,000 fruit-trees, or more than 6 on an average for every
inhabitant, and 20 for every adult male ; and 60 cents is a low estimate for the
average net value of the crop of each tree. A mature tree of good variety,
in a propitious soil and situation, should yield loo pounds of fruit on an
average annually ; but if we assume that the crop is only half so much, we
have about a pound of fruit every day in the year for every inhabitant of
the State. The trees of Oregon bear 2,000,000 bushels of apples, peaches,
plums, and pears annually, enough to supply every inhabitant with 2 pounds
of those fruits for every week day in' the year.
The temperate fruit-trees, including the apple, pear, peach, plum, prune,
apricot, nectarine, and cherry, grow rapidly, and bear early and abundantly in
California, and are cultivated in great number on the Pacific Coast The peo-
ple demand the handsomest and best varieties, and arc willing and able to pay
the highest prices. The early bearing has facilitated the improvement of
the orchard.s ; when a tree did not prove a success, it was dug up or grafted
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23J AGRICULTURK.
with somcthiiiLj Ijcttcr. Thi." apples arc rcmarlcabic (nr large size and brill-
iant colors, but since 1^77, like tlie pears, many have been damaged by the
codling worm, which has greatly injured, and threatens to dcstro)-, the value
(jf nian>- orchards. The apples grown in the Californian valleys arc not so
juic)' or well na\ored, and do not keep so well as those grown in the dis-
tricts where the winicrs are cold. The best varieties of apples, if not
troubleil by the moth, are expected to viekl $100 net an acre annualK', in
situations con\'enient for cheaj) shipment to San Francisco.
The climate and soil of California are peculiarly favorable to the pear, and
some of the old trees, planted long before the American conquest, bear-more
than a ton each in an .average \ear. The IJartlett pears have been the most
profitable, ami have yielded $^00 net to the acre.
The .ipricot, which is almost imknown on the Atlantic side of our conti-
nent, is produced in large quantity by California. The delicious flavor of
the fruit makes it a great fa\orite for eating fresh, and for canning and dry-
ing, .ind as it bears abundantly and commands a good jiricc, it has yielded
some fine profits. An orchartl near Ilaywards, in 1879, bore 155 tons ( n 12
.acres, aiul u hen the fruit ri])cned, the wholes.ile price for it was 5 cents a
pound, making ,$1,200 an acre R)r the gross receipts. .-Vs a fruit for canning,
the apricot is unsurpassed, unless by the nectarine, one variety of which is
most delicious.
The banks of the S.icramcnto River, about 20 miles below Sacramento
City, liave numerous profitable peach orchards whicli, in good years, j-ield
1,200 baskets {2^ pounds net in each), or 27,600 pounds of fruit from each
.acre. In iX.Si the average price was 75 cents .1 basket, making a money
j'ield of $900 gross, and $600 net to the acre.
The western portions of Washington and Hntish Columbia h.avc a climate
like that of Western ( )regon, and will produce apples and plums with equal
abundance, excellence, and regularity. Xevad.a, Idaho, Utaii, ICastcrn Ore-
gon, anil Eastern Washington iia\ e se\cre frosts late in the spring occasion-
ally, .so that the fruit crop will sometimes be nipped in the bud; but the
flavor of the apples, jieaches, pears, and other tree fruits is hue, and the
yield is often large. Arizona has few orchards, but it can produce the tem-
perate fruits in the mountains, and the subtropical fruits in its valleys.
Mexico and Central America have tropical and subtropical fruits, including
the orange, lemon, lime, chirimo)'a or cust.ird-applc, zapotc, turta or prickly
|)ear, and aguacate or .dlig.itor [)ear.
One of the important adv.intagc;^ of the Californian horticulturist is the
length of the season for the ripening of fruits. Cherries are in the market
from M;i\- 15th till October 30th. In the v.aUeys, as far north as latitude
40 , the apple and pear are very seldom if ever injured by frost before Decem-
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233
ber, and it is not until that month that the orange ripens. That fruit is so
protected by its thick rind and tlie dcnsit\- of the fohagc, that it has less
danger from cold than the apple. As the various products of the citrus
trees ripen from November to April, and will remain in good condition on
the tree for 9 months or more after maturity, the season for picking fruit
never ends in California.
The citrus orchards are nearly all south of parallel 35'; and north of
that line the time for gathering the bulk of the fruit crop closes in Octo-
ber. Since there is no jjlace where fruit keeps so well, or can be kept so
cheaply as on the tree, it is a great help to the Californian orchardist that
he can leave it there till near the beginning of winter, in case he should not
see more profit from an early sale.
Perhaps a still greater advantage is in the larger number of species
which he can cultivate with success. Among his most productive fruits
are the apricot, nectarine, olive, and fig, which do not thrive, or at least are
not grown in large quantity elsewhere on the continent. They are among
the most valuable products of horticultural industry and, on account of
their rarity elsewhere, arc of great commercial value for e.xjjortation. Ore-
gon and Washington share, with California, the e.vemiHion from the curcu-
lio, enabling them to grow the plum and prune in great abundance, and of
exc'llcnt (juality.
Besides the ad\antages of the longer season and greater variety of fruits,
the horticulture of our co.ast has a greater area of orchard, in proportion to
popuLition, a more intelligent and enterprising class of orchardists, includ-
ing men i)ossessing the skill of all civilized l.inds, and a climate favoring
early bearing, so that varieties can soon be clianged when found unprofit-
able after a brief trial.
The curculio, the great enemy of the cherries, jjlums, prunes, and kindred
fruits, has not made its appearance in California or Oregon. Cherries com-
ing in early have frequently paid more than $i,C)00 an acre. Prunes and
plums have paid $400. The dried prunes of California compare fa\orably
in ajjpearance and flavor with those of liurope, and command as good a
price, except the best of France packed in glass.
Fruit-drying. — The great surjilus of fruit has induced the Califijrnians
to (le\c)te much .-iMx-ntion to drying; ai-d as the dr)-ing in the sun exposes
the fruit to dust and in.sects, and is especially objectionable for apples,
])ears, peaches, and .ipricots, wiiich must be cut to get them into pieces
small enough, \arious patterns of kilns li.ive been tried, and ,it least a dozen
are in u.sc. The orchardists arc not agreed which is the best, and probabl)'
years will elapse before they all accept the same kiln.
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The hot summer sun and the dry atmosphere of the fruit and grape dis-
tricts of California are peculiarly favorable to sun-drying, which is used
almost exclusively in drying raisin grapes, figs, and prunes. The j)roduct
<jf these fruits for dr}'ing is alrcad\' large, and promises to rapidly increase.
Fresh Fruit Shipment. — The shi])mcnt of fresli fruit by rail to the At-
lantic .Slope is an important business in California, and promises to increase
in magnitude. The European grape (especialh- the White Muscat and the
I'lame Tokay waricties), the pear, and the plum have been sent in large,
raid the peach, apricot, nectarine, and orange, in small quantities. The
])rofit ilepentls mainly on the judgment in the selection of the fruit,
the time and care of ])icking and ])acking, and the management on the
road. The weather and the coiulition of the market are subordinate inllu-
ences. .Some shijipers always get their fruit through in marketable condi-
tion, and never fail to make a profit. I'rom the beginning of July to the
end of .September the jirices are Inw in Californian and high in the Eastern
cities, and any one whn knows how to make the connection between the two,
can pocket a consitlerable ])ercentage. Much has been lost by injudicious
vo'itures, but much has also been gained; and the business continues to in-
crease, from 4 to lo cars lea\ing Sacr.imento every summer da)' with fruit to
cross the mountains. There ;uv 2 methods <>( conveyance: one is by iVeight
train, whicji reaches New York usually in i^, but in 21 days at the latest,
from San iM'.ancisco, at a charge of $514 a carload, or .$2.57 for 100 pounds.
The other is by the passenger train, which makes the trip within S days,
and charges $1,028 a carload, or .$5. 14 for 100 pounds. Lemons, oranges,
apiiles, tpiinces, and a few \aricties of late gr;ii)es and late jiears, can go by
freight trains ; but cherries, early pears, early grapes, and peaches, must go by
fast freigiit or passenger trains, if they are to go througii in gootl condition.
The fresh fruit shipments from California to points beyond the .Sierra
Ncvadii, most of them to points beyond the Rocky Mountains, amounted
to 1,690 tons in 1871; 1,070, in 1872; i,.|00, in 1873; 2,500, in 1874; 1,440,
jn 1875; ,?,3'JO, in 1876; 2,690, in 1877; 2,400, in 1H78; 3,590, in 1879;
1,560, in 1880; and 5,000, in 1881; making a total of 21,750 tons in 10
)-ear.s. Of this aggregate, Sacramento supplied 10,000 tons, San Jose 9,500,
Stockton 1,000, .San Francisco 500, and Marysville 1,740 in nnmd numbers.
Those were the points at which cailoads were made up, some of the fruit
having been grown at considerable distances. The shipments extend from
February to November inclusive, being most abundant in July, August, and
.September. In 1881 the shipment was 5,000 tons, the freight charges on
which were more than $300,000.
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235
Nut Trees.— California has i lo.ocx) English walnut trees, and the crop
for 1 88 1 was estimated to be less than 500 tons, or about 10 pounds on the
average to the tree. It does not come into full bearing until 15 or 20 years
old, is subject to blight, and few trees have been set out within the last 5
years.
The almond has been cultivated more extensively than the w.alnut, and
has proved very unprofitable. The trees arc healthy and bloom with great
luxuriance, but in most places there is no crop; and some of the largest
orchards have not paid the current expense of cultivation.
Oranges. — From i?70 to. 1880 Southern California was pervaded by a
mania for plant' "g orange orchards. Oranges sometimes sold for $40 a
1,000, and never for less than $20; and it was supposed that the price
would never fall below the latter figure, unless during a few weeks of ex-
ceptional glut. The best orchards when 5 years old, produce 200 oranges
*o the tree; when 10 years old, 1,000. There are lOO trees to the acre in
many orchards ; at 200 oranges to the tree, 20,000, or .$400 to the acre.
All expenses, including boxes and interest on the investment, do not
exceed $100, leaving $300 net for each acre. That was certainly an
encouraging prospect to the man who could manage to get 10 acres
of orange orchard ; much more encouraging to him who could get 20 or
50 acres. The trees for planting an acre cost about $100; the planting and
cultivating about $20 an acre for each year for 5 years; land with water
about $100 an acre; and interest and incidentals for 5 years on entire invest-
ment $150 an acre, making the cost $450 an acre at the end of the fifth year.
The orange at San Gabriel has paid, in many cases, $500 an acre net an-
nually. The number of Californian orange-trees in bearing in the spring of
1880, was about 200,000, according to the figures given in the report of the
Surveyor-General for that year, including 192,900 in Los Angeles, 9,050 in
San Bernardino, 3,000 in Sonoma, 2,517 in San Diego, 2,287 '" Santa Clara,
1,038 in Placer, 315 in Santa Barbara, and 150 in Ventura. The number of
trees set out in orchard is probably 5 times as great as that of the bearing
trees. The chief orange center is San Gabriel, which has probably more
bearing trees than all the remainder of the State together. Next in impor-
tance is Riverside, which has the cleanest trees and the handsomest fruit,
though most of the orchards are not yet in bearing. The town has in
orchard 209,000 orange-trees, of which 28,000 are in bearing; 20,ocx5 lemon -
trees, and 8,000 lime-trees. In 1881-82 the crop included 9,550 bo.xes of
oranges, 3,800 of lemons, and 5,000 of limes. Pasadena, Anaheim, Santa
Ana, Tustin Cit\-, Orange, Westminster, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa
Barbara, and Santa Paula have .set out numerous orchard.s.
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The cnip for 1S81-S2, ripening from December till Ai)ril, numbered about
20,000,000 oranges; and there will jirobabl)' be a large increase e\cry j'car
for the next 10 ) ears.
Among the notalile orange orchards of California are those of !•". J.
Baldwin, 200 acres; The Mutual Orcharh L\)MI'ANV, 200 acres;
Wilson & Slioun, 105 acres; L. J. Rosi:, 100 acres; A. B. Chai'Man. 60
acres; La/aki) 1"i;i:r1".s, 60 acres; and L. IT TlTUS, in San Gabriel
N'allcy; J. \V. WuLisKiLL, 110 acres; and Mrs. Di; ClCLLs, 72 acres, at
Los Angeles City; CoM.ST(JCK & lIUMINdTOX, 120 acres, at Orange;
and II. K. Snow, 60 acres, at Santa .\na. The cultivation of the orange
is not confined to Southern California, but tiie tree thri\cs in the valleys as
far north as the northern end of the Sacramento \'ailc}-. In the fofithills
of the Sierra N'exada, at an elewition of 1,000 feet abo\e the sea, the
orange ri])ens earlier than in Los iVngele.s, and several (orchards ha\c been
set out with it in IMacer County.
An arrangement has been made fcjr sending the surplus oranges of the
crop of icS82 to the Mississippi V'alle\', from Los Angeles, at a charge
of $300 by the carload.
Olive, etc. — The oli\-e is thrifty and prolific in California, which has a
large area of dr)- hill land, unfit for tillage, and of little \ alue for pasturage,
well ad.ipted to it. The tree does not come into bearing fur 10 j-ears, and
that is the main reason « hy it has not been cultivated more extensively. It
has yielded $500 profit per acre, to several (jf those who have trees in bear-
ing; .md the Cidifornian pickled olives are preferred by man)' i)crsons to
the Spanish. The .State has 13,000 trees in orcharil. California has as
much lantl suited to the olive as Italy, which has an annual oil ero]) worth
$30,000,000.
The fig is healthy and ])rolific in California, ,ind the State has 50,000
trees, including the best varieties. ;\Iost of the fruit ilried hitherto is the
Black Turkc)-, not so large or handsome as the Smjrn.i, but palatable.
Kitchen Vegetables. — The cultivatiiin of kitchen vegetables on the
Pacific Coast has m;in_\- interesting features, but we have not the .space for
a full discussion of them. No market is supplied with larger vegetables or
a greater varict)' than that of .San I'rarjcisco. The garileners arc mostly
Genoese, Portuguese, and Chhiese, and their gardens are lillctl with care and
skill. The windmills useil for iirigation are promir.ent objects in the sub-
urb.m landscape. The Californian potatoes are inmiense in si/e, but in
flavor are inferior to those of Utah, ( )regon, and Washington, anil in several
districts they have been subject todis.isirous blights, which have not troubled
the States and Territories on the Pacilic with less genial climates. The cijun-
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HoKTKTI.TrRK. 237
tics foocin!? on the ocean, from Humboldt to Monterey, have taken the lead
in California in j^rowiiiL;- llic pntato, cabbai^rc, and caulinowcr; the sweet
potato omcsfrom the banks of the L.ower Sacramento, and the Lima be.in
is a specialty of Carpenteria, in Santa ]!arbara Count)-.
Tlie strawberr)' and blackberr)- are cultivated extensi\ely. San Jose has
300 acres of strawberry fields to supjil)- the San l-'rancisco market. The
land is irrigated, and the tillage is usually done by Chinamen on shares.
In 1869 Mr. Hoots, of Santa Clara Valley, obtained 100 tons of straw-
berries from 34 acres.
Orchardists. — Among the orchardists of California, the names of JOHN
Li:\vi;li.ix<;, Willi.vm Mekk, L. J. Rosi;, W'illi.vm WolI'SKIll, and
G. G. Bkiggs deserve special mention in so brief a space as can be granted
to horticulture. In 1847 IIknderson LkwIlLI.INC, a native of North
Carolina, crossed tlie Rock)' Mountains to Oregon with a wagon lo.'d of
well-selected fruit-trees p.ickcd in soil and carefully attended, so that thc\'
should not die on the long journey. That was the first stock of fine
varieties of temj)erate fruits on the Pacific Slope; and it led to the planting
of a great num'ser of valuable orchards. JollX Li;\Vi;i,l,lN(;, a brother of
Henderson, came overland to California in 1S51 ; and having satisfied him-
self that he iiad found a gootl place for fruit, he went to Oregon for a sup-
j)!y i){ young trees, with which he started a niu'sery and orchard on 50
acres of land lca.scd from !•",. L. Hk.vkd. Two years later he moved to San
Lorenzo, where lie made specialties of cherries and currants, botli of which
proved verj- productive and i)rofitable. He was a skillful orchardist, and
made the business a success from the start. Me now resides, an old
gentleman of 70, with a son, at St. Helena, while another son man-
ages the .San Lorenzo orchard. VVoi.FSKll.L was the leader in planting
oranges in Los Angeles Count)-. When he had passed middle age he set
out the first orange-trees in the t(jwn of Los Angeles. His neighbors
ridiculed him for setting out trees which w-ould not coinc into bearing until
after his death ; but he lived to enjo)- his oranges foi- 20 )-ears, and many
of those who laughed at his supposed folly lived to fee him get $1,000 an
acre from his land, while the)- thought the)' were lui;ky to get $100 from
the most productise of theirs. L, J. Rosi;, ,1 native of Germany, came as a
poor man to California, and b)- econont)-, [jersistcnce, prudence, hard w-ork,
and strict attention to business, took the lead in the planting of orange-
trees about 15 years ago, until his fruit crop was the largest and most
profitable in the State. G. G. Hkic.C.s has been especially notable as a cul-
tivator of the peach, the apricot, the prune, and the raisin grape.
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AGRICULTURE.
Subtropical Imports. — The vVmcrican Republic obtains from Southern
Europe many .subtropical agricultural products, which California can supply
in .L;rcat abundance. The foliowinfj list of imports in 1879 is compiled
from the national commercial statistics:
Impnrts.
Quantities.
Value.
Duty.
Still Wiiic-s, gallons
.'Sparkling Wines, cases
lirantlv, uallons
4,000,000
140,000
500,000
19 000
1,500
8,500
14,000
300,000
1,300
33
380
3
$3,000,000
1,600,000
1,000,000
2,000,000
250,000
520,000
1,200,000
430,000
370,000
105,000
47,000
3,800
300,000
40 cents V gallon.
$6 V case.
.$2 "('gallon.
$50 V ton.
$50 V ton.
$20 V ton.
$20 V ton.
25 cents -(J gallon.
Raisin.s. tons
l^'igs, tons
/ante Currants, tons
IViincs, tons
Olive Oil, L;.illon.s
Almonds, tons
Oanarv Seed, tons
10 cents Vlli.
I'Vuit-i, ])reserved
In addition to the .irticlcs mentioned in the above list, the importation.s
of that year included 240,000,000 oranges, without counting uo.ooo.ooo
spoiled on the way, and 31 5,000,000 lemons, exclusive of 1 1 3,000,000 thrown
o\erboard at sea. The total value of these subtropicil products of luiropc
imported into the United States in one year, and that presumablj- an aver-
age year, was about $14,000,000, and probably 50 per cent, must be added
to the declared value for duties, freight, insurance, commissions, and allow-
ances for undervaluation, making the total cost to the importers about
$20,000,000.
Fruit-canning. — One result of the abundance, excellence, and cheapness
of fruits ,ind kitchen vegetables in California, h.is been that the)- are canned
on a large scale for use at distant times and places. The process of canning,
one of the important industrird discoveries of our century, preserves the
flavor and nutritious iiuality of edible fiber from the tendencies to decom-
position, and enables man to keep for years, what in the ordinary c<3Ursc of
natiue, would go to decay in a few da)-s. Thus the perishable becomes
]jractic.ill\' imperishable, and the fruits of the temperate zone can be enjoyed
in their delicious juices amidst the ice of the Arctic or the santls of the
Sahara.
The {|ualit\' of the Californian canned fruits stands high. As competition
among canncrs bectjmes close, there is a temptation to defraud the customer
by the less careful selection of fruit, the use of glucose instead of cane sugar.
HORTICULTURE.
2.39
by not giving good weight, and by using inferior tin. Our Californian can-
ncrs all claim — and \vc believe with justice — that they have not yielded to
anj' of these temptations. They u.se the best refined sugar — of which the
standard allowance is from 5 to 5J<^ pounds to the case — and give full
weight in each can. Their jams and jellies, also, contain nothing but the
juice of the fruit and pure cane sugar. No gelatine or other similar substance
is u.sed. So long as they maintain this standard, and retain the advantage
of the large size, handsome color, freedom from insects, and delightful flavor
which our fruits now possess, we sec no reason why they may not find mar-
ket for all the fruit which the slope can produce.
We can undersell Southern Europe in everything save apricots and nec-
tarines, or at least those are the only canned fruits in which we are under-
sold in tlie London market, our competitors in tho.se being the French and
Portuguese.
Amount Canned. — The quantitj' of fruit canned fluctuates from )ear to
year with the crops and prices, but there has been a rapid increase in the
capacity of the canneries and in the production of the orchards which ob-
tain a considerable part of their rcvenuq from the canneries. It has been
cstimated^for there are no official statistics — that in 1H75 California packed
4,500,000 cans (2 pounds in each) of fruit and vegetables; in 1876, 6,500,-
000; in 1877, 4,900,000; in 1878, 6,000,000; in 1879, 7,ooo,'0OO; in 1880,
6,(')00,ooo; and in 1881, 11,400,000. The last figure includes 6,000,000 cans
of tree fruits and berries, 700,000 of jams and jellies, and 4,700,000 of
kitchen vegetables, including 3,000,000 of tomatoes and 500,000 of peas.
Of the 1 1,400,000 cans in iSSi, .San i'Vancisco is credited with nearly 8,000,-
000, San Jose with nearly 2,000,000, and other places with the remainder.
Among the tree fruits canned in the larg'cst quantities are peaches, pears,
apricots, and plums. The most profitable fruit for orchardists who wish to
supply canneries is the apricot, in situations well adapted for its growth.
Tlie best peaches and apricots received in San Francisco for canning come
from the banks of the .Sacramento River, and from Pleasant and Vaca val-
leys; the best plums from Napa and Sonoma, and the best cherries from
Alameda. ,
The prices in large lots in 1S81 were from $1.85 to $2.50 for tabic fruit
by the dozen cans of 2',4 pounds each; pie fruits, $1.40 to $1.60, 2j,j
pounds in a can; and tomatoes, 85 cents tf) $1.10, in cans of 2^2 pounds.
The prices jjaid by the canneries for fruits in 1880, an a\crage )-ear, were
from .$40 to $50 a ton for pears; $40 to .|6o for plums and peaches; $70 to
$80 for apricots; $100 to $120 for cherries.
The fruits canned most cxtcnsivel)- ;ue peaches, pears, plums, apricots,
and cherries. Tl^e Atlantic States grow [leaches abundantly, and in ordi-
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AGRICULTURE.
dinary seasons can enough to supply all their local demand. In the other
fruits mentioned, California has so little competition, that the consumption
is almost world-wide, and may be said to be limited onl}- by the inability of
the |)cop!c to purchase, or by their ignorance of the qualit)' of our products.
W'e can also, but less extensively, nectarines, apples, Muscat grapes, straw-
berries, blackberries, and raspberries. The apples, peaches, and berries arc
caiinetl only for the local market, unless when a short crop on the Atlantic
Slope makes an exceptional demand there. The vegetables canned are
tomatoes, corn, peas, string-beans, and asparagus; the sale of which is
mostly confined to the local market, as the prices at which consumers will
take them will not justify extensive shipments at high freights.
Till". Cutting Packixc; CoMr.VNV, who have the oldest fruit cannery on
this coast, at 17 Main -Street, .San T'rancisco, have another fruit cannery at
Santa Rosa, and salmon canneries on the Columbia and Kel rivers, anil at
.Sitka, and ha\e branch houses for the sale of their products in St. Louis,
Chicago, Cincinnati, New York, and London. In the bu.sy half of the j-ear
they emplo)- 600 persons, and in the other half 200. In 18.S1 they used
1,650 tons of fresh fruits and i,ioo tons of vegetables. In 1880 the pack of
all their canneries, inckuled 85,000 cases of salmon, 51,000 of fruit, 20,000
of vegetables, I 5,000 of preserves, jams, and jellies, and 7,500 of meat, mak-
ing ;i total of iSS.ooo cases, more than 4,000,000 cans, equivalent to 4,500
tons. They also made 20,000 casks and kegs of pickles, and 1 5,000 quarts
of champagne cider, and after e.Ktracting 165 tons of honey from the comb,
put it in jars for the market.
The cannerj' of Kixc;, Mouse & Co., on the corner of Broadway and
Sansome streets, San Francisco, packs about 100,000 cases annually of fruits,
\egctables, and salmon, and employs from 400 to 600 persons in the bu.sy
season. The establishment was conducted for 10 years by C. JAMES KiNG
OF W'.M., under the firm name of C. jAMES King ov Wm. & Co., until the
])resent partnership was organized in 1S81.
A. LUSK & Co. have a cannery with a capacity of 150,000 cases in San
Francisco.
The cannery of TllE BANNER PACKING COMPANY (M. Banni:r and F.
Tori.ITZ) lias a capacity of 1 50,000 cases,
Sol. \\'.\NGi;niii:im & Co. have a cannery in San Francisco with a
branch on the bank of the Sacramento River. They can about 100,000
cases annually in the aggregate.
CoOi;, k'.LI'IXUT & Co., office at 314 Washington .Street, San I-Vancisco,
jKicked 1,250,000 cans in 1881.
The Standard P.\.ckin(; Company (Henry Sciiammel, W. L. Botte,
;uid I'". B. I^l'.VNOLDS) can from 50,000 to I00,000 cases annually.
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HORTICULTURE.
241
The cannery of TiiD Spafi-ord PACKING COMPANY, in San Francisco,
employs about 225 persons in tiic busy season.
All the canneries mentioned above are in San Francisco, and others in
the same place are those of TlIlC Ri;i) Cro.ss COMPANY and N. GoKTJEN.
Tin; J. Li;.sR Canning Company, of which Jo.siaii Lu.'^k is president,
has its cannery at Tcmescal, near Oakland, and has a capacity to pack
200,000 cases (4,800 tons) in a season, and in 1 88 1 jjackcd i 50,000 cases,
including 60,000 cases of tomatoes. The company occupy about 400 acres
in the vicinity of their cannery for growing,' their own vegetables.
In 1 88 1 The San Jos£ Packing Company packed 1,200,000 cans at
San Jos(5, and 250,000 cans at Colton.
Tin-; Da\v.son Packing Company has a large cannery at San Jose.
James, Pariser & Co. have a factory at 608 Seventh Street, San Fran-
cisco, in which they make 10,000 pounds annually of candied fruits (the
French call them ff/aa'), 1,000 pounds of candied citron, lemon, and orange
rind, 25,000 pounds of jellies, and 20,000 pounds of mince meat. They
complain that the rind of the Californian lemons generally has little value
for their process of candying.
Grapes. — California has 80,000 acres in grape-vines, with an average of
800 vines to the acre, making a total of 64,000,000 vines. Of these, prob-
ably 35,000,000 are not in bearing, and 5,000,000 of those in bearing arc
troubled by the phylloxera, so as to reduce their production, arc of poor
varieties, or are not cultivated, and therefore yield little or nothing. After
making these deductions, 34,000,000 vines in good bearing condition remain,
perhaps half of the Mission, and the others of the varieties classed as
European, including principally Alc.xanilrian Muscat, Zinfandel, Golden
Chassclas or Gutedel, Riesling, Berger, Black Malvoisic, and Flame Tokay.
These varieties are all prolific in bearing, and their average yield is prob-
ably 7 pounds to the vine, equivalent to 1 19,000 tons for the average crop.
Allowing 60,000 tons to be used in making wine, 2,000 tons to be .sent fresh to
the Atlantic Slope, and 5,000 tons to be made into raisins, there would re-
main 52,000 tons, or more than 100 pounds of grapes for each resident of
California, including children, to be consumed fresh or wasted. The leading
counties in grape cultivation are Sonoma, Napa, Los Angeles, Santa Clara,
Solano, Sacramento, San Joaquin, El Dorado, Yolo, and San Bernardino.
The principal centers of wine manufacture are Los Angeles, St. Helena,
Sonoma, San Gabriel, Anaheim, S;'n Jose, Santa Rosa, and Vountville.
The places most noted for the production of raisins arc Pleasant Valley,
Davisville, Woodland, Fresno, and Riverside; and Pleasant Valley is prom-
inent in the production of early table grapes.
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AGRICULTURE.
Since 1879 a new grape fever has raged in California, and has, perhaps,
not yet culminated. It is estimated that 10,000 acres of new vineyards were
set out in the winter and spring of iSSo-Si, and 20,000 in 1 88 1-2. In the
latter season, Xai)a County claimed to h.ivc planted 4,000 acres, and I'resno
3,000. The new vineyards arc mostly set out with the European varieties
most prized for wine and raisins.
Man)- features of the Californian methods of training and cultivating the
vine and making wine and raisins, are the original outgrowths of peculiar
circumstances. Most of our vineyards are on level land, because it is easier
to cultivate and irrigate. The vines are trained low, the stalks being usuall)'
about 18 inches high. They arc set 8 feet apart so as to leave room for
plowing, which is the cheapest method of cultivation. Instead of digging
a pit with the spade for the cutting, it is usually put down into a hole
punched with a crowbar. The vineyards arc intersected at short distances
by wagon roads, so that the grapes shall he carried only .short distances by
men ; the wagons are drawn by lively horses ; the grapes arc cru.shed by
machincr)', and at every step, from laying out the vineyard to .sending the
wine to market, human muscle is spared whenever horses, steam-power, and
the best of tools and machinery can be used with economy.
The main drawbacks to the cultivation of the grape in California are the
phylloxera, the mildew, and the thrip or grape fly. The last is checked by
turning sheep into the vineyaid after the crop is gathered and letting thera
eat the leaves to which the eggs of the fly are attached. The mildew i ;
arrested bj' shaking flowers of sulphur o\er the vine, about 50 pounds to the
acre. The phylloxera exists in Sonoma, Xapa, Solano, Yolo, Sacramento,
Santa Clara, Placer, El Dorado, and San Joaquin ccnmties. The area de-
stroyed is 1,000 acres; that infected i)robabl)- 10,000 acres. Elooding vine-
yards, the cheapest antl most convenient remedy in !■" ranee, is applicable to
many of the Californian \ineyards; and perhaps one reason why the jiest
has not been observed in Southern California is that the \ines there are
generally irrigated.
The peculiar fitness of California for the grape is indicated by the large
size often reached by the vines. There jirc now half a dozen vines in differ-
ent parts of the State, each with trunks a foot in tliametcr, and with branches
sufficient to cover an arbor 80 feet squ.ire, and producing a ton or more of
gra[)i's in an average season. Montecito, Stockton, Coloma, San Ikiena-
ventura, Blakcs in Napa Count)-, and the Cajon Valley in San Diego County,
ha\ e samples of the great \ines of California.
It has been estimateil that a vine3'ard in the fourth year will ])roducc 2
tons to the acre; 2^2 in the fifth; t,'/^ in the sixth; and 4 in the seventh.
Many vineyards have yielded 10 tons to the acre for year after year. The
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HORTICULTURE.
243
grapes arc usually sold by the vineyardists to he wine-makers, and the
common prices, in 18S0, were $::o a ton for M.^sion, and $22 to $30 for
the forciijn. In 1S81, the foreign grapes commanded from $25 to $32.
There is an upward tendency now in the price:, of grapes; five y( irs ago
the price was 40 per cent. less. AcceiJting the yield as stated above, the
gross money yield of the acre will be $60 in the fourth year for foreign
grapes; $75 in the fifth year; $105 in the sixth, and $120 in the seventh.
The table grapes often command 10 cents a pound wholesale, at the begin-
ning of the season in San I'Vancisco, and from 3 to 5 for months. The cost
of a vineyard 4 years old, when it becomes a source of profit, may be esti-
mated at $60 per acre, e.xclusi\e of the land ; and the annual expense of
cultivation, picking, and hauling may be $25.
The first vines of California were planted about 1772 at San Gabriel, and
are of a Spanish variety known here as the Mission, because they were cul-
tivated at all the missions, and the only kind in 1' Mi.,sion \ineyards. It
is hardy, early in bearing, prolific, and well adaptui to the system of short
pruning. The grape is dark reel or black, though it often has a light bluish
bloom or down on the untouched surface; the skin is thin, and the pulp rich
in a juice that has much sweetness, but little other flavor or IxiUij . t. The
grapes brought to San Francisco in 1850 and 185 1 sold for 50 and 73 cents
a pound, paying large profits to the owners of the few vineyards, and as late
as 1856 the common retail price was 37 cents, most of the grapes being
brought from Los Angeles packed in sawdust. The Lc)> .Angeles vine-
yards were the most productive property in the southern part of the State,
and their area began to cxu nd. A grape fever started in a mild form there,
and soon affected the reporters and editors of tlie metropolitan press. The
most glowing statements were made of the superior advantages of Califor-
nia, as compared with I'rance, for the production of the finest wines. The
organization of the German company which supplied Anaheim with water,
planted it and colonized it, ga\c a great impulse to the fever, and in 1858
the planting of vineyards began extensively in Los Angeles, Sonoma, Santa
Clara, Napa, Solano, Sacramento, and the placer region of the Sierra Ne-
vada, using the Mission grap*;.
Until that lime nearly all the vines set out were of the Mission variety,
although the French horticulturists at San Jose, and perhaps others, had
obtained cuttings from IVance. Mr. Delm.VS began in 1854 to import
vines, and he introduced the Black Malvoisieand the Charbonneau or Char-
bono. At a later ilate Cll.VULES Le I'-R.VNC was the first to obtain the
Mataro, Grenache, and Sauvignon Vertc. In subsequent paragraplis, mention
will be made of other men who have been prominently associated with the
grape industry of California.
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Varieties. — The yield varies in the different varieties and di.stricts; the
Zinfandel, Bcrger, Alexandrian Muscat, Mission, White St. Peter's, Mal-
Voisic, Charbonncau or Charbono, and Seedless Sultana beincj among the
most prolific. The early fjrapes, appearing in July, arc the White St.
Tctcr's, Madeleine Blanche, Black July, Sweetwater, Early (Ilatif) Chasse-
las, and Fontaincbleau ; and those abundant in the market from October
till December, inclusive, are the Alexandrian Muscat, Muscatel, White
iMalat;a, Rose of Peru, Red Tokay, and Cornichon. The Cornichon, shaped
like a little cucumber, ripening late, and keeping well, is the last in the
market, but has a poor flavor. A score of other varieties arc commonly
sold for table u.sc from August to October, inclusive, while an equal number
not well suited for marketing fresh are reserved for wine. The Riesling is
insipid when eaten, but makes a delicate wine. All the grapes most prized
for the table, for wine, and for raisins arc European varieties; and the term
European, as generally used in California, excludes the Mission, which is ul
European origin. The American vines, including the Catawba, Isabella,
and Concord, are rare in mo.st of the Californian wine districts, and do not
occupy one per cent, of the vineyard area. They are disliked because
they are considered unfit for making fine wine, and long pruning is neces-
sary, making the training expensive, and the yield is inferior to that of the
European grape. About 1860, MARTIN Aliioit planted a large vineyard
with Catawba grapes, near Coloma, but the investment was not profitable.
The American grapes, the Vt/is Riparia, and ALstivalis are attracting atten-
tion as grafting stocks not injured by the phylloxera.
Large Vineyards. — The largest vineyards in California and presumably
on the globe, were planted in the winter of 1881-S2. That of Leland
ST.\NFORr) at Vina, in Tehama County, occupies 1,000 acres, and the vines
arc nearly all of the Zinfandel, Charbornncau, Berger, Black Malvoisic, and
Blaue Elben varieties. The rancho has an area of 9,100 acres, and the
owner expects to set out 1,000 acres in fruit-trees soon, and according to
rumor is considering whether he shall plant another 1,000 acres of vines in
1882-83. At his country residence near Belmont, and his farm near the
Mission San Jose, Mr. STANFORD has several hundred acres more of vines
The vineyard of R. Nadeau near Florence, set out in 1 88 1-82, has about
1,300 acres. G. G. 13RIGGS has nearly i,ooo acres in laisin vineyards near
Davisvillc, Woodland, and other places. Before 1881, the largest vineyard
in the State was that of L. J. Ro.SE, containing 560 acres, at San Gabriel.
He set out 240 acres additional in 1881-S2.
R. Barton has 380 acres in vines at Fresno; H. J. Glenn has 300 at
Jacinto; Mrs. BoURN, 265 acres at St. Helena; B. DREYFUS & Co., 240
acres at Anaheim, and 260 at Cucamonga; J. GUNDLACH & Co., 240 acres
MOUTICUI/rURE.
245
at Sonoma. The Fresno Vinevakd Company at Fresno, and G.
Gkoezinger at Yountvillc, have each 330 acres; II. \V. CliAlili at St.
Helena, The Calh-ornia Raisin Company at Rocklin, and SiioRii and
\VlL.soN at San Gabriel, have each 225 acres; F. T. ElsEN has 240
acres at Fresno; and J. F. CkANiC at Pasadena, G. H. Eggers at
Fresno, 1'. McDougal at Santa Rosa, W. Scheffler at St. Helena, and
E. J. Baemwin and George Sioneman at San Gabriel, have each 200
acres. Among the vineyards of more than 100 and less than 200 acres,
are tho.sc of Atk.in.son & Co., Charles Krug, John Benson, J. C.
Davis, S. C. Hastings, J. Lewelling, and J. D. Fry, in Napa Coui>:y;
those of KoHLER & Frohling and N. Carriger, in Sonoma County;
of Keller, Rowland, and Brici:\valler, in Los Angeles County;
of G. II. Eggers, A. B. Butler, and M. T. Kearnv, in Fresno
County; of J. L. Be.VRD, in Alameda County; of ClL\RLES Le Franc
and of DOVLE and Wh.LIAMS, in Santa Clara County; and of RoliERT
Chalmers, in El Dorado County. The vineyards between 50 and 100
acres include those of L. H. Werder, John P. Zeyn, William Allen,
A. Bridgen, J. E. IIollenbeck, J. Kahn, F. Sabrichi, \V. II. Work-
man, John Wilson, Kewen's Estate, M. J. Wicks, F. IIartung, A.
LangENBERGER, and J. Dalton, in Los Angeles County; C. P. Adamson,
Amsbury & Davis, John BATE^L\^, C. CRocn.vr & Co., S. Ewer, G.
K. Gluvas, John Green, W. IIarker & Son, T. H. Ink, C. LE^^ME, L.
Sanuer, J. Stecker, T. Van Vleet, M. Van, J. C. Weinberger, and
E. I\l. Falk, in Napa County; J. C. Palmer and L. Stanford, in Ala-
meda County; J. N. Bailhache, and A. F. IIara.szthv, in Sonoma
County; Dr. J. D. B. Stillman, Dr. BARTON, and S. C. EVANS, in San Ber-
nardino County; T. VacHE, in San Benito County; and J. B. J. PORTAL,
of Santa Clara County. R. B. Blowers has a large vineyard in Yolo
County, and there arc many other considerable vineyard'' from which there
is no recent precise report within reach. L.VCII.MAN & Jacobi are inter-
ested largely in vineyards in Sonoma, Napa, and Fresno counties. The
Buena Vista vineyard, containing 450 ;icres, for many years the largest in
the State, has been surpassed in size by several others; and being seriously
damaged by the phylloxera, has lost the prominence which it long held in
the wine industry.
Agoston Haraszthy. — One of the most prominent men in the develop-
ment of Californian viticulture was the late Colonel Agoston HaR-
ASZTHY, who arrived in California in November, 1849, and settled at San
Luis Rey, where he planted a garden and set out fruit-trees in February of
the ne.\t year. Having been elected sheriff, he made his residence in the
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city of San l^icgo, wlicrc lie tlevoted his hours of leisure to horticulture,
and in I'^cbruary, 1851, hi' fuiishcd the planting of a wine vinyard, garden,
and an orchard, on 160-acre lot No. 3 of Poole's survey, tiic plantinLr of
which w.is l)c;_nni in the ])rcvious March. His election to the Assembly
in I S3.: look iiini away fnjni that enterprise, and the orchard .md vine-
\-ard were neglected. Hut he ditl not lose sight of his favorite occupa-
tion, in that same year he took possession of a considerable tract of land
near Crystal .Spring.s, 30 miles from San Francisco, securing the title with
school warrants, and in 1853 set out a strawberry-patch, an orchard, and a
large number 1 il \-ines obtained for him from the Fastern States .and luirope
through t lener.il L. Mi:sz.\R()S, one of his Hungarian compatriots. He put
many of hi.s trees and vines in nurser\-, and obtained a good prolit from
tiieir sale. .'Viiiong the foreign vines which he imported in that )-ear was
.B&E ZinfamteL Aen first introduced into California. He appreciated its
;tm;rris, and l-t^kt after recommended it as the best grape for wine. In
i|]:-;5 he mUidr jaa otTer for the Kelsey or Huena Vista vineyard in Sonoma
V.alley, asKl tte next year he succeeded in buying it. This was the
oilalest vintasaarit and then the largest north of San Pablo Hay, anil its
pnwse9iii«3n matiiie him one of the m(Wt prominent vineyardists in the
Statfc. At tfaar time, however, general opinion looked to Los Angeles
a.-- tin: only ciamntj- where the grapt ccjuld be cultivated extensively,
btJcaaiBse It aJowsi iiatl aan abundance f)f water lor irrigation, which was con-
sidered mdispBasaWe- Colonel HARASZTm", immediately after buying at
Sowooaa, began 30 transfer vines and trees from Crystal Springs, and his
vines planted in tloat ycir numbered 80,000. This was the most extensi\'e
single plantatinn of the kind ever made in the State up to that time. He
clarmcd that ntrigation inas not necessary for the jjroduction of the grape
in any part ul Califojcma ; and for Sonoma Valley he jiroved it by the
thrifty growth and fccomdity of vine.'^ which he set out there on land not
susceptible of irrigatnoira. .Soon after establishing himself there, he in-
duced a score of his personal friends to follow him, and get vineyards, some
of which he planted for them. ]5etv,ecn 1856 and 1864 lie had planted H04
acres with vines for himself and others. Colonel Haka.sztMV did not
content himself with working and talking, but wrote for the daily press, and
he contributetl to the report of the .State Agricultural .Society for 1858, a
valuable paper giving pr.ictical instruction in the proper methods of ])lant-
ing and cultivating the \ine, and making wine and brandy. His example,
coinersation, and \\ritings liatl much inlluence to attract general atten-
tion to the grape, and to stimulate the i)lanting of vineyards, which from
that }eai- began to multiply with great rajjidity. Recognizing the defects
of the Mission grape he obtained an appointment from the Gnernor in
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247
1S60, as one of a. hoard of coiiiinis.siotiors authorized to l;o to ICuropc to
study ihc cultivation of tlv vine there. He went in 1S61, i)ayin^ all the
expenses out of his own pocket, traveled through all the leadinj; wine
countries, and returned with 200,000 cuttinL;s and rooted vines of 487
different varieties, including the best wine grapes of iMancc, Germany,
1 lungary, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Besides bringing the vines he wrote
an elaborate report which Hakpkr & BROTHERS published in an octavo
\olimu; of about 500 pages. These vines were distributetl throughout the
State, and formed the nucleus of the most important plantations of im-
ported vines we now possess. Colonel IIai- . -. 'lY has been called the
father of the vine in California, and certainly ' <ne had more confidence
in the future of Californian wine, or expressc.. it with more enthusiasm,
or did more to promote its interests. lie died in Nicaragua in 1869.
Wine Product. — The annual wine yield of California is variously esti-
mated from 7,000,000 to 10,000,000 gallons. Ari'.ah ITarasziiiy, I'rcsi-
dent of the State Board of Viticultural Commissioners, in hi-, official report
for 18S0, estimated the wine yickl of that year at 1 200 ooojgallons ; and
the newspapers generally made similar estimates for the yield of each of
the 4 or 5 preceding years. In this total, tlie wine converted into br.mdy
is included. The annual brandy product is 300,000 gallcms, and it is made
from 1,5000,00 gallons of wine, or 5 gallons to one. Of the wine re-
(.f'ived at San FVancisco about one fourth comes from Napa, as much frorn
Soniima, a fifth tVom Southern California, and the remainder from other
parts of the State.
The wine received in San Francisco was 4,885,000 gallons in 1881;
^,737,000 in 1880; 3,337,000 in 1877; and smaller figures in previou- ycar.s.
L.vcilM.VN & Jacoiu, who deal e.\tensively in Californian wines, thnik that
60 per cent, of the product comes to San I'^rancisco; and if that estimate
be correct, the annual wine yield is about 8,100,000 gallons, exclusive of the
quantity converted into brandy. The latter quantity should not be in-
cluded, as it is used, and in many cases is designed, from the first for a differ-
ent production. Ihc amount exported by sea in 1881 was 1,500,000 gallon.s,
and 1,650,000 gallons were .shipped by rail. Of the wine sent by rail, San
Francisco supplied 1.260,000 gallons, .Sacramento nearly 300,000, and Los
Angeles about 40,000. Of the 3,150,000 gallons exported, more than 98
per cent, went through San Francisco.
A good )ield is 4 tons of grapes to the acre, abftut 10 [jounds to the
vine; but old vineyards have borne twice as much year after year without
apparent injury, and even iC tons of grapes have often been gathered from
an acre, equivalent to 2,000 gallons of wine. The amount of clarified wine
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A(;K)( ri.Tl'RK.
from .1 ton of grapes is usually estimated to be 130 gallons, or one gallon
IV(iin 15 pounds.
On the basis of 3 ^'2 tons of yrapes to the acre, and 15 pounds of grapes
to the j4allon of wine, each acre will \'icld on an average 466 gallons; and
at thalj-atio, the 60,000 acres of vineyard could make 28,000,000 gallons of
wine annually; a large amount for a State only 30 years old, but small
as compared with I'rance, which, before the days of the phylloxera, pro-
duced 2,000,000,000 gallons, worth $400,000,000, annually, and sustained
5,000,000 people with iier grape industry.
According to Mr. I f AUAS/. ^ll^■, of the 10,200,000 gallons made in 18S0,
700,000 (less than 7 per cent.) were sweet wines, worth, on the average, 60
cents a gallon, and 9,500,000 dr}' wines, worth 25 cents, making a total of
$2,795,000 as the price paid to the producers for the wine.
The ])rice of 25 cents a gallon, mentioned by Mr. HakASZTIIV, is the figure
which the producer recei\es from the wine merchant, who usually hu\s
within 10 months after the \intage, most of the lees having settled by tiiat
time. At 25 cents a gallon, without the cask, grapes containing 130 gallon.s
to the ton arc worth $32.50 by the ton, without allowance for the cost of
making the wine, inclutling the labor, attention, interest, and wear of
cellar, casks, etc. The common price paid for grapes delivered in iS.Si was
$25 a ton, leax'ing $7.50 for the exjienses, of making the wine after the re-
ception of the grapes at the press, and the protits, A large [xirtion of the
grape crop is now sold to prolessional wine-makers, some L)f whom are also
w hdlesale '..ine-dealcrs. The price of the wine as .sold b_\- the wholesalers is
prnbaLl)- 50 cents a gallon on the average, a ccjusidcrable part of the ad-
vance being necessar)' to pay for casks, freights, storage, leakage, interest,
handlin'f, etc.
C, Kohler. — ClIARLr..S Koni.lCR, a native of Germany and a violinist,
arrixetl in .S,in i'rancisco, in 1853, when he was 22 years of age. He played
in orchcstr.is and bands, managed concerts, and took an active part in or-
ganizing various German musical and other societies, which flourished and
becairie permanent features of the social life of the cit)'. II is intelligence,
acti\it)-, enterprise, tact, and i)ublic spirit soon secured fur him general
recognition as ,in inlluential citizen. In 1854 he conceived or adopted
the idea that the \ine was ilestincd to be a success in California, and
formed a parinershii) with .1 brother musician, John I'"l<()lll.l.\<i, to bu\' a
\ inejaiil at l,os Angeles, and maintain a cellar for the sale of the w ine in .San
l'"rancisco, I'KOIII.lNC. bought a vineyard at Los .Angeles in 1854, and de-
\oteel himself to its cultivation, while Koill.t:R managed the cellar, which
was opened in 1855; but as the undertaking was beset with many difficulties.
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249
and proved unprofitable, for a time lie continued to ply the bow in the c\en-
inrrs. lie talked up the ^rape and the wine to all who would listen, anil
I'lad a considerable part in i^ettini; up the u'ne fever which, in 1S5.S, be^an
U> pervade the State, anil led to the planting; nf numerous vineyards. The
house of K()lll,i:i< & ]'"Rt)lll.l\(i preserves its original name, and sells from
700,000 to i,iX)0,000 ^'allons nf wine annually.
Sparkling California. — About 15,000 cases of sparklinL,^ wine are i)ro-
duced in California annuall\- bs' the natural process (in which all the effer-
vescing gas is (.leveloped b)- fernient.ition) as distinc,'uislicd from the artificial
process in which the gas, made from marble dust and sulphuric acid, is
forced into the wine by machinerj-. This entire pnjtluct comes from the
house of Aki'.M) I[.\k.\.s/.iiiv & Co
About 1837, Don I'l.'liko ,S.\.\si:\'.\in', a nati\e of france. an early pio-
neer of Calif(_>rnia, who had married into ,1 .Spanish I'amil)-, arid whose
Christian name had been changctl, by custom, to the .Spanish form, under-
took to make s[)arkling California from Los Angeles wine, which had a
ground taste, and besides was so rich in sugar that it broke a huge propor-
tion of his bottles. After bringing Mr. Ui:ii.\N.\l:;, a skillful cellar-master
from France, and sulfering severe jicruniary losses, he was compelled to
abandon the business.
While S.\\.si;v.\lN was still struggling with the difficulties of pro-
ducing a beverage similar to sparklmg champagne from the Mfssion
grapes grown on the low lands of Los Angeles, Colonel Agoston IL\U-
ASZTIIV made some experiments with .Sonoma wine, and lie directed his
son ArI'.M), then in Kurope for his education, to learn the art of making
sparkling wines beft)re returning. With much difficulty the young man
obtained admission into ,1 first-class champagne-cellar at Kpernay, paying
the proprietor well for the privilege, and then making a seconil liberal pay-
ment to the cellar-master for instruction, for which he had been i)repared
b)- the stud)' of agricultural chemistry. i\fter his memory and note-books
had been filled with the knowledge there obtainable, b)- 2 years of assiduous
labor, he returned to California, confident that he couUl make good spark-
ling wine, lie immetliatelj' entered his father's cellar at .Sonoma .and made
a lot of 100 bottles. They all sparkled .uid had a good fiaMir; anil the re-
sult was considered a success. ,\nother lot of JOO bottles turned out equally
well. Shortly alter the second e\[)eriment, the I'.uen.i Vista Compan)',
which had m the mean tim>" |)urchased his father's \ine)'ard anti cellar,
emi)loycd him, and he bottle, I 1 ,000 ilozen bottles of Sonoma wine. Un-
fortunately not a Ixittle of it sjiarkled. The result was a loss of $5,000,
which his father paid. .(\k1'.\1> could not understand the cause of the failure,
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n.sir^ricd, and in 1863, bcc;imc senior partner in a Sonoma house, engaged
in the manufacture and sale of still wines and brandies.
The Jiiiena Vista Company einployeil Mr. Di;ii.\.\M;, who put up 30,000
bottles of sparkliiiL,' wine in 1.S64, and only 3,000 sparkled. Tiie ne.xt year
the)' put up 00,000, anil lost two thirds by breakage, the gas being too
strong lor the bottles. (3ut of 40,000 bottles in 1.SG6, only 5,000 sparkled.
.Mr. Dlh.VNN]-; made antnher attempt in 1867, and left the company's serv-
ice. They then prociu-eil a new cellar-master from ICurope, and sub-^c-
(]uently, .sc\eral others, until they had tried 6 in all, including I'rench,
(lermans, and .Swiss. .Sometimes they made passable wine, but the e.\-
jjcnse of the sparkling wine department exceeded its income by $100,000
in the 16 years of its maintenance, witii some interruptions.
Arpad Haraszthy & Co.— In 1865 Arp.'.d H.\r.vsztiiy became a part-
ner in the llrm of ]. L.\ND.SU1:rgi:u & Co., dealer in Etill wines in San
Francisco. lie had confidence that he could make a good sparkling wine;
but he had found that man\- experiments would be recjuired to learn iiow
to .secure the regularity of sparkle and the desirable flavor. The Mission
whic pure, was not adapted to the purpose, and suitable varieties were not
easil)- obtainable. But he would not abandon or neglect his hope; fc:)r
years he worked at it, and converted his home into a laboratory, and his
kitchen walls were lined \\ ith racks to hold champagne-bottles.
At last, in 1869, he felt confident that he had overcome the difficulties,
and he proposed to put up a Icjt of s[)arkling wine for the market. Mr.
l.VNDSUERGER objected, but fmall\-, to get rid of importunit)-, as he .said,
eonseiiled that one cask of wine should be wasted. It was made in Mr.
1 l.\K.\s/,Tllv's parlor — the carpet having been taken up — and was a success.
The)- then engaged in the business permanently. W. C. R.\LSTON' heard
of it, and being a stockholder in the Ikiena Vista Companj- and familiar
with its losses, sent for Mr. LAN'r).siii;Ri;i:R and told him that •'" h" intended
III manufacture sparkling wine, his credit in the Hank of California 'ould
be withdrawn. It was withdrawn; and as their capital was small, the Ii.'mi
had many diftkulties to encounter on that account, but they persevered,
and the wine continued to iiiii)ro\-e in (|ualit)- and credit.
in the manufacture of the finest brands of French champagne, it is the
custom of the cellar-masters to add brandy, tannin, and alum to the grape
juice, and also to add fla\ors made from pineapple, ijuince, |)ear, and other
fruits, each lirand ha\ing its peculiar mixtm-e and lla\-or, which, in many
cases, are concealetl from the public, though their general cliarac ter is known
in the trade. The quantities thus added are small, but the effect is to give
a taste which does not come from the grape. In consequence of the colder
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IIOUTICUI/n'RE.
251
autumn in the champagne district and the incomplete or irregular ripenintj
of the grapo, the ;■ additions may be needful there. Mr. II.\R.\s/ rii\' for
years imitated liis teachers; but gradually he has abandoned brand)-, tan-
nin, alum, and all flavors, save that of the grape itself; and he is confident
that the connoisseurs, wlieii they fully understand the cjuestion, will agree
with him that in sparkling, as in .still wines, the natural flavor of a delicate
variety of grape can not be improved by adding to it the juice of an)- other
fruit
The process of champagne making, as conducted by II.\!<.\s/Tnv &
Co., and which, with the exceptions noted, is substanti.ill)- the process of
the great champagne establishments of France, is excecdingl)- interesting.
The still wine, for the purpose, is purcha.sed in all ])arls of the .State. The
varieties mostly used arc Riesling, Borgcr, fiuledcl, Muscatel, and Zin-
fandcl. They are purchased from the vineyards, when the second fermen-
tation is complete, and shipped tf) San Francisco. WIkmi ready for making
into champagne they are aUait a year old. The firm being anion;; the
largest dealers in still wines on the coast, ]ia\e excellent opportunities to
become acquainted with the qualities of wines throughout the State. ICach
wine is selected on ount of some peculiar quality which it possesses,
and from all the wines purchased by the house, those having the most ex-
quisite flavor and aroma are carefully selected and combined with others
which possess the requisite fermenting qualities, strength, and body. The
fact that neither drug nor flavoring m.-iterial is, under any circumstances,
to be added, makes tlie task of selection doubl>- difficult, but the result,
when pcrlcct, much more satisfactory. Ijy the use of flavoring materials
the absence of good, or the presence of evil qualities may be overcome.
Unfortunately, however, they also may overpower the most delicate per-
fumes of t!ie wine itself The flavor and iiouquct produced by the proper
blending of pure wine alone is much munc delicate, and to the educated
taste, more agreeable than that produced by any extraneous flavor.
Besides, the fla\ored champagnes cloy upon the palate and distnrb the
sensitive stomach, which those put up without flavoring will not do. .'f AR-
A.SZTHY & Co. make 3 brands of champagne (jr sparkling Caht- niia:
liclipsc, for which the most delicate and costly wines are selected ; the
Grand Prize, .second in quality and price; and Sillery Mousscux, third.
The Eclipse is either dry or extra dry, to suit the taste of the purchasers,
the extra dry ha\ing a smaller proportion of syrup. The wines have
generally been sold before bciny a year in Me bottle, but the) have
ample means now to keep a si... k on hand until it reaches 4 )ears, which is
the age of the best I'ltnch bran.> when put upon the market; iind they
expect to adopt the same rule Although sparkling California is their
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specialty, they de.'il cxtensivei)- in native still wines and brandies. Their
oflice is at 530 \Vasliin.L;Lon Street, and their vaults occupy a large part
of the block. 'Sir. L.\.\i>.siji;r(;i,k has withdrawn from the business, and
.Mr. n.\K.\szrilv's unly partner is IIeN'KY Kl'STEI.V
Raisins.— The production of Californian raisins for the market began
about 1S72. In 1875 the crop was 1 8,000 bo.xes (20 pounds each); in 1876, 33,'
ooo; in 1S77, 27,000; in 1878, 44,000; in 1879, 64,000; in 1880, 65,000; and
in 1 88 1, 160,000. Large vineyards planted out with the raisin grapes have
not yet come into bearing, and a great increase in the near future is to be
expected. The consumption of our coast is about 60,000 boxes, leaving the
surplus for shipment to the Atlantic Slope. The net annual )ield in a good
raisin vineyard is from ,$200 to $300 an acre. The crop from a vineyard of
6 acres in Riverside yielded 1,190 bo.xes in 1881, worth $2,275, •'"'J t'^*^
c.\pen.scs were, for picking, $120; handling, hauling, and incidental cxpen.scs,
$200; boxes, $164; paper, labels, and packing, $221 ; total, $775. The net
)ield was $1,500 for 6 acres, and $250 for each acre. The wiiite Muscat is
generally preferred for raisins, but many other varieties are used. The Cali-
fornian raisins are dried in the sun, but instead of being kept on the ground or
on an earthen or stone bed ])reparetl .'.pecially lor the purpose, the)' are placed
on light wooden trays 3 feet long and 2 wide. After 10 days, 2 men come
along with a tra)', lay it on lop of the grapes, lift up the tra\"s, turn them
over quickly, la>' the untler tray with its grapes on the ground, and thu.'s
pass through the vineyartl, turning them all. In 2 weeks they are ready to
go into sweat-bo.xes, and then for packing.
It seems ))robable that an area of at least 20,000 square miles in Califor-
nia is perfectly atlapteil to the raisin. The two raisin centers of DavisviUe
and Riverside are 400 miles ajjarl, and Fresno, another center, is half way
between them. The chief raisin ilistrict of Spain, that of Malaga, with an
an.'a of 450 square miles, fronting 75 miles (in the Mediterranean, and ex-
teniling inland 6 miles, produces about 20,000 tons of raisins iumuall)', and
{)( these 10,000 usually come to the Utiited States. Unless the phylloxera
should make unexpected progress in California, our State will be able to
sui)p'\- the entire vVmerican demand at no distant time. Among the notable
men in the raisin business are R. 15. Hl.OWKUS of Woodland, who was the
fust to make a success on a large scale, and G. G. Briggs of DavisviUe,
v.ho has about 1,000 acres in raisin vineyards at different places, most of his
vines being young.
California has also made a few Zante currants ("currant" in that .sense is
a corruption of Corinth, the name of a small grape) of superior quality.
The seedless white Sultana is the best grape for that use. The Ionian
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'53
Islands produce 90,000 tons of Zaiitc currant'; aninialK', and (.'alifornia may
come into coin[)C'titiin wifli tlu'in.
Brandy. —Nearly f\cr\- larL;*' winc-ocllar in the ^rapc districts has a dis-
tiller)' connected uilh it, but {\:\v h.i\e trained a reputalinn for th;it prmhict,
and man)- uf the distillers haw iicitiier the skill, the appliances, the capital,
nor the hi;j;h re^'artl for ultimate success, re(|uisite in the manufactiu'e of the
best braniU' lie^ides, theri' has also hi-en a scarcity of material. 1 lie
Mission ^n';i])e is rich in su;..,'ar, but it lacks the bouquet and tlclicacy of tlavor
which arc as necessary for the fmer ([ualitit:s of brand}' as of wine; and tlic
prices paid for forei{^n j^rapes by the u ine-makers weie so lii^h tlial the
di.stillcrs "Tcnerally considered it misafe to outbid them, and contented titcm-
sclvcs with the Mission and other grapes not in demantl for other piuposcs.
Those who adopted the more costly plan of selecting the best grapes, em-
ploying .skillful distillers, buying new casks, making a gooti wine before
distillation, and keeping their brandy luitil it c(juld ri|)en with time, have
produced a superior article.
The distillation of Californian br.uidy began in a crude way an<l on a
small scale in the last century, and ciintinued to be an obscure brancli of local
industry until 1857, when it shared the attention then given to the cultiva-
tion of the grape. There was a prospect that it would .soon ri.se to much
importance when it was struck down by the internal re\enue ta\ of $2 on
every gallon produced, and the business has not jc't recovered from the de-
pression, though the ta.\ has been reduced to 90 cents. One effect of this
burden, however, has been to discourage the production of an inferior
brandy, such as was made in early da>-s from pomace, jjiquet, unsalable wine,
and other refuse. The better the brandy, the less, relativel}-, is the tax. The
quantit}' of brandy distilled in 1S80 was about 450,000 gallons, estimateil
to be worth $1.15 a gallon.
Among the leading producers of Californian brandy are 11. AI. X.\(;i,i:k,
at San Jo.s4 E. J. Baldwin, at Santa Anita, L.J. Rose, at San Gabriel, and
the JOMXSOX Distillery, at Sacramento. The only person who has made
brandy his chief specialty is General NagLEK. He produces 6,000 gallons
annually and keeps it 7 years. The JollN.so.V Di.stillery in 1S80 made 37,-
000 gallons of brandy, besides 60,000 of wine. The Brighton Distillery,
near Sacramento, crushed J 50 tons of grapes in iiS8o, and made 10,000
gallons of brandy, cmplojing 7 men. The owners are J. I. Felti;u & to.
Some additional matter about horticulture will be found in the a[)pendi.\.
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CHAPTER XIV.— DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
Abundant Herds. — The mildness of the winters west of the Sierra Ne-
vada and Cascade Mountains is favorable to the growth, health, and early
maturity of farm animals; and they do not anywhere multiply more
rapidly without shelter or cultivated food than in the valleys of California.
Our coast nortii of Mexico has about 11,000,000 farm animals of the
fiuadrupcd class, including sheep, neat cattle, horses, swine, and goats.
They furnish every year 4,500,000 lambs, 30,000 tons of wool, 500,000
calves, 200,000 colts, 1,000,000 pigs, and 50,000 kids; and these animals, as
they are brought into use with their wool, butter, and cheese, are worth
$40,000,000 a year.
The number of domestic animals is very large on our coast as compared
with that of the population. For each 100 inhabitants Great Britain has
40 cows, France has 16, Prussia has 20, the yVmcrican Union has 75, and
our slope has 130. For 100 inhabitants Great Britain, France, and the
United States have each 100 sheep, and our coast has 600. We have rela-
tively 4 times as many swine as France and 6 times as many as Great
Britain. If wc admit that our domestic animals arc inferior to those of
Europe in some important respects, the facts still remain that most of them
arc of good blood, well adapted to the conditions in which they arc kept ;
and that we have relatively a much larger supply of butchers' meat, wool,
and draught animals than Europe and the Atlantic States.
Sheep. — The number of sheep on our coast, north of Mexico, is presuma-
ably about 10,000,000, including 6,500,000 in California, and 1,500,000 in Ore-
gon. Of the total, one half are cwcs, which under favorable circumstances
should rear 4,500,000 lambs every season. Many are slaughtered, many
lost in the mountains and deserts, eaten by carnivorous animals, and killed
by cold and starvation. There is no room for more in California, under
the present circumstances, but the net increase in other portions of the
coast is, probabl}', not less than 1,000,000 annually. The dry climate and
open valleys of California, like those of Spain, arc well adapted to the
sheep, especially the Spanish merino variety, which does much better than
the heavier French and iMiglish breeds. When irrigation and horticulture
supersede the present system of wheat-farming on dry soils in California,
l;s- I
DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
255
the long wool sheep will come into more favor. It is the custom in Cali-
fornia to shear twice a >'ear, the spriiit,' fleece avera;,nnLj 4, and the fall lleccc
3 pounds "in the tjrcase;" and scouriiiLj makes a reihiction of 6j per cent,
in the sprin;j;, and 69 jier cent, in the fall clip. The Oreijon annual fleece
weij;hs 6 pounds, and loses 60 per cent, in scourinj^. The Oregon wool lias
a lonpjer staple than the Californian, but is not so fine, anti both are steatlilv
improving', or at least the wool of l'',astern Ore^^on is ^^rowini^' fuK.'r in liber,
while that of Western Oregon is growing coarser, and, probabl}-, also longer.
A \ery serious drawback to the Californian wool is the bur, which detracts
10 per cent, from its value.
The general estimate is that 5 Spanish merino sheep will li\e on the
land required for one cow; that 2 acres of an average shec[) ranch on the
.southern coast of California are enough for a sheep; anil that an acre of
alfalfa, properly managed, will support 1 2. sheep. The coast of keeping a
sheep is $1.25 a year; its wool sells for $1.50; and for each 100 there are
45 lambs, worth 75 cents each. The [)rofit, therefore, on eacji sheep is
nearly 50 cents, on the average, annuall}-. The fluctuations of the wool
market, the occurrence of droughts, which have killed off more than i,OCmd,-
000 sheep in a year, and mistakes in the .selection of shepherds or sheei)
ranges may, in a few months, counterbalance the anticipated profits of
years. Notwithstanding occasional losses, however, no other branch of
agriculture has been so profitable to most of those engaged in it for a suc-
cession of year.s. The sheep increased with great rapidity from iiS53, when
\V. W. HoLLl.sTKR made the first experiment in Californian wool-growing
after the gold discovery, until 1876, when the number began to exceed the
capacity of the wild pasture to support them. According to the tables
kept by liMlLE Gris.M<, the highest authority, the production of Califor-
nian wool was 150 tons in 1855, 1,500 in 1860,4,470 in 1S65, 10,000 in 1870,
21,700 in 1875, 28,000 in 1876, 26,500 in 1877, 20,400 in 1878, 23,000 in
1879, 23,000 in 1880, and 21,500 in 1881. The average price was 14 cents
a pound in 1870, zG]/, in 1871, 29 in 1872, 18 in 1873, 19^;^ in 1874, 18 in
1875, 14^ in 1876, I7'< in 1877, 16 in 1878, 17 in 1879, and 22 in 1880;
the a\crage of the I I years being \c)]^ cents. The aggregate value of the
wool [iroduct of California, for the 1 1 years, was $78,652,830.
Oregon produces about 3,000 tons of wool annually. The expenses of
sheep kept on national land are about 35 cents a head, and as there is a
great tleinand for ewe lambs, the profits have amounted to more than $2
for each ewe in recent j'ears.
Wool-growing receives very little attention in Pacific Mexico.
W. W. Hollister. — Among the w ool-growers of California, the first place
unquestionably belongs to WiLLIA.M WELLS Holli.stek, a native of Ohio,
f r
i i.
1 1
256
AGRICULTURE.
vnw 63 \-c,us nf aL^c, niul a descendant of a I'untan family long established
in Connccliciii, lie came to California in 1S5:;, and liavinL[ satisfied him-
self that it was a j^'ood State for wool, he returned to Ohifi and started in
IMay of the next jear with 6,000 sheep across the continent. After an
ardiKius jiiiirm V, in the course of which 4,000 sheep were lust, he arrived by
wa\' of .Salt Lake, .San Hernardino, Los y\nf,^eles, .ind Santa liirh.ira, in
the valley of .San Benito, wiiicii he selected for his home. Tliere he tlevoted
himself to the care of his herd. Mis debts exceeded the value of all his
property-, but he had faith in his sheep, and he stuck to them. Me boucjht
land for i)astura<,fe ; his herds incre.nsed rajiidly; he bought more land, and
the wool ami the land combined to make a inillionaire of him. v\t one
time he owned 150,000 acres of land and So,000 sheep, and his jjross
ainuial income from his hertls w.is $100,000. He was the first person to
breed sheep for their wool in California after the gold discovery, and his
.success led others to follow his example until the Califomian wool crop of
I.S76, 23 years after he dro\e his sheep across the mountains and deserts,
amounted to 28,000 tons.
The growth of tlie State and the spread of cultivation made his land in
the valley of .San Benito more valuable for tillage than for ]5asturage, so he
sold out his rancho there to a comp;my, which ]iaid him more than $500,-
000, including $370,000 of principal and the remainder of interest, made a
large profit on the purcha.se, and laid off the town of Ilollister on the land.
Me ;ifterw;M'ds sold the tract on wliicli the town fif Lompoc was built.
From .San Benito he moved, in 1869, to Santa Barbina, where he bought
part of the Dk\ rancho. He s])ent $425,000 in planting orchards, erect-
ing buildings and fences, and otherwise impro\ing the land; ;ind, besides,
he undertook to build up .Santa Barb.ira, bring it into notice, and make
it attracti\e as a health resort. It needed a fine hotel, a wharf a daiU'
[jajK'r, and college: and he furnished most of the money for .all these
things. Mis example induced El, \\i )()D CoOPlCK to ])urchase the adjacent
tract of about 2,ooo acres from the l)i;\ estate, and to expend ,$150,000 in
])lanting extensive orchards of walnuts, almonds, ;md olives, and a grove a(
eucal\-i)tus. W. \\'. Siowi-. fiillowetl HdM.ISTKR and Cool'tCK, bu)ing an
extensi\e tract near b}-, and expi'iiding, perhaps, $100,000. The in\est-
nients brought to Santa i5arbara, directl)- and imlirectl)', b)- Mi )I,i,isii;k,
and the improvements which owed their inception and comijletion to him,
g;ue prominence and attractiveness to the town, ilrew thousands of visitors
to it e\ery \'ear, trebled its populatio.i, and ciuadru])led the v.aluc of its
property.
Mr. Hoi,Llsri:R will occupy a permanent and prominent place in the in-
dustrial history of our slope. Mis pioneership in bringing the first large
'^*-m L ',
i
I
noMlsril AMMM.S.
2^7
stock of incriiKK's across the continent, anil in lnvi'ilini; slu'c|) lor fine wool
in the Ciolilcn Slate, contrii)iiteil niatiri.iilv to the (ie\elo|)nient of its a^'ri-
ciillural resources. His luisincss called his atteiilion to the conllictini;
interests of |),istura,L;e anil culti\.ition. Ili' fouinl that the tiller of the -.oil
hail no ri|^hts which the cattle-owner was bounil to res|)cct. J he owner ol
the whcat-fielil could recover no ilaniaj^es for injury done him b)- trespass-
ing cattle. 1 le must maintain a strontt fence or suffer the conseiiuences.
1 IciI.I.lsi i:r demaniled a trespass law, making the owner of the cattle re-
.sponsible. The sujierior im])ortance of tillage and the high cost of fencing
furnished preponderating evidences and arguments for his side; but for
)ears evidence and argument were unable to overcome the stronghokls of
cu.stoin, prejudice, and large adverse pri\ate interests, lie diil not content
hiinsclf with one expression of opinion, or give up the (luestion with one
defeat. lie agitated; he published letters .ind jiamphlets; he urged the
editors to kee|) the matter before the ])eople; anil he brought the subject
before the legislatin-i;, which, after long hesitation, made an experiment with
a small district. Land rose in value, because crops could be grown without
fences; anil gradiiall)' the area was extended, until now the whole agricul-
tural portion of the Stat«. or nearly all of it, has this beneficent trespass I.iw.
Shropshires. — As California becomes morethickl)- settled, there is an in-
creasing demand for the longer fleece, the more sa\or)' mutton, and w hat
may be called the more ilomestic habits of the luiglish sheep. The
best varietj' of these for crossing u ith the Spanish merino, in the opinion of
some well-informed persons, is the Shrop.shire, a hardy animal w liich matures
early, and |)roduces a cross yielding a hcav)' fleece, commanding a high
price anil a ready sale in the San I'rancisco market, and tin local woolen-
mills. The leading breeder of the Shropshires on the- Pacific Slope is J. H.
HuVT, of Suisun. In 1X73 he selected his .Shropshires in I'jigl.inil, aiul his
henl, after S years in California, is in excellent condition, the ])ure bloods
born here showing the peculiar points of the Shri)[)shires as strongly as do
the imported animals, thus indicating the adaptation of the climate to the
variet)-. Mr. Ilovr's herd contains 200 Shropshires of pure blootl, yielding
from 7 to 14 pounds of wool each, annually, and worth $40 a head, besides
C50 head of ewes crossed with the Spanish merino. At the California State
Fair of 1881, he showed 26 shceji, 12 pure Shropshires, and 14 cross-brcds
from Spanish merino ewes by Shropshire ram.s, and his exhibit attracted
special attention, and received ]5rcmiunis for excellence.
Strobridge's Merinoes.— The Spanish merino, which has been the most
profitable in California of all the wool producers, is the oldest of what may
be calleil the high-bred varieties of the domestic animals. It is, un-
33
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iloiibtcillj', the s.imc breed tliat was prized for the su])criority of its wool in
Spain before the Cliristian era. When Ci.AtDirs was l-'mpcror, CoL-
lMi;i.I.A, one of the distin;^'uislied Roman ap;ricultiirists, devoted liiniseif to
the wo(j1 husir.ess in the Spaiiisli peninsula, and tooU special pride in the
improvement of his flocks. The eoiKpiest of Spain by the Vandals, the
(ioths, and the Arabs, {rreatly reduced the number of sheep: but the Moors
appreciated their value, bred them with care, ami spun, \\<i\e, and d)ed the
wool with skill long uncqualeil in any other i)art of lunojie, deriving a
large revenue from their manufacturing industry. In the thirteenth century
the cit)' of .Seville had 16,000 looms emi)lo)ed in weaving woolen cloth.
The Castilian conquerors of the last Moorish kingdom were not blind to
the merits of the merino, and they gave wool-gmwing superior privileges,
which have seriously interfered with other br.inches of agricultural in-
tlustr)-. Certain it is that no otlier countr)- h.is shown such a ilependence
on one breed of domestic animals, or cherished it so generally, and for such
a long succession of centuries. The fust .Spanish inerinoes were brought to
the L'nited St.Ues about the beginning of this century, and most of those
imported were t;ikcn to X'ermont, which t'len became the chief seat of the
best merino blood in North America, .uiil it h.is mer since niiiintained ils
position. 'I'hough other .\mericaii .Slates h.ive l.irger numbers of pure-
blood merino sheep, .and produce far more merino wool, in no other have
such skill, judgment, thought, anil cue been given to the preservation and
improvement of the merino stocks, ;uul consequently all the best merino
flocks on the continent trace their origin to X'ermont.
Perhaps tlu' largest flock on our coast of pure .Spanish merino sheep,
bred with special care fiom the best blood for stock purposes, is that of J.
II. SlKCiItKlDCt, at lla)-w;u(ls, t'.ilifornia. In 1S70 he brought 100 ewes
from /\(klison (Jountv, X'ermont, ;ind though he has sold man>' in the mean
time, his flock now numbers 1,000 sheep, including 400 breeding ewes, wiiich
compare favorably with the best in the (ireen MoiuUain State, or in an)-
part of the world, in size and forin, in absence of wrinkles, and in white-
ness, length, evenness, densit)-, and weight of fleece. The average weight
of his annual fleece unwasiied is reported by him to be 20 pounds. The
flock is known by re|)ute from Arizon.i to Hritish C."oluinbia, and there is
such a demand for its increase that the sales in iS.Si amounted to $12,000,
an average of ;ji^o for each breeiling ewe.
Neat Cattle. — In 1.S70, acirording to the national census, the Aincrican
States and Territories on our sk)pe had 1,300,000 neat cattle, including
669,000 in California, 190,000 in Utah, 150,000 in Oregon, 52,000 in VV'ash-
ington, 60,000 in Idaho, and 41,000 in N'evada. In 1880 Oregon had 435,000,
DOMESTIC AMMALS.
259
and the number hati probably increased in the Territories enoii.c;h to brinj;
the total, for the coast north of Mexico, up to 2,000,000, wortii $40,000,000.
I'acific Mexico and Central America may have as many more, but this is
mere matter of surmise. The herds north of latitude ^2° arc generally
" American," a stock good for beef, milk, butter, and cheese, and decidctlly
better for the ordinary pasture than the Durham and Jersey, though much
inferior to either for .special purposes, in places where there i.s an abundant
and constant supply of fresh grass.
Jesse D. Carr. — Jes.se D. Carr, for many years prominent in California
as an official, contractor, farmer, breeder of fine cattle, land-owner, banker,
and successful pioneer, is a native of Tennessee, where he received a com-
mercial training and made a start in business. He was a merchant for 6
years in Memphis; anc' the first brick hou.sc in that city was built by him.
After 6 years in New Orleans, he left June 10, 1849, for California, and
landed August iSth in San Francisco, where he immediately became dep-
uty collector of the port under ]L II. M.VRRISON, military collector, who
left the management of the unorganized custom-house to Mr. C.VRR. The
latter had to sy.stematize every department. The first civilian collector,
J.v.Mi;.'^ Collier, arrived in October, 1S49, and having never been in a cus-
tom-house, was glad to retain his predecessor's deputy, and intrust the
administration to him. yVfter the lapse of 15 months, Mr. Carr left the
revenue service and was elected member of the State As.scmbly. He was
Chairman of the Committee on Commerce, and acting Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Ways and Means for most of the .session. lie introduced and passed
the first San Francisco funding Act, which proved to be a most beneficent
measure, and created the only municipal department that was always ad-
ministered in a creditable manner, making a remarkable contrast to other
porti(jns of the city government from 1852 to 1856. Mr. C.VRR al.so intro-
duced the bill which, with the aid of his friend, Judge FlELU, became the
first divorce law of California. In the fall of icS52, Mr. Carr moved to
the I'ulgas rancho, in what is now San Mateo County, and devoted him-
.sclf to farming and stock-breeding, which have been his favorite and con-
stant, though not exclusive occujiations, ever since. His knowledge of
horses and UK-n enabled him to take mail contracts with profit; anil he did
so from 1866 to 1872, being for a time the le.-iiling mail contractor on the
I'acific Slope. His routes included those from Oroville to Portland, and
from Virginia City to Boise City. He discovered the frauds under the so-
calleil "star routes," and in 1878 called the attention of the I'ostmaster-
(iencral, Kev, to the matter, but that gentleman undervalued the informa-
tion, and the Government lost $10,000,000 by his mistake. In 1872 Mr.
26o
AcRicri.TrRr;.
K
Cakk imported frnm Kentucky a carload of pure-blood shorthorns anil a
fine stallion from the stable of the famous Dr. Hkkk; and since then he
ha^ made frequent importations, includinj^ a carload of pure-blood neat
cattle from Minnesota, another from the herds of the lion. M. II. Cm II-
K.W, of Canada, 3 carloads of pure Spanish mcrinocs from the herds of
Mr. II.VMMiiM), of Middleburj-, Vt., and many smaller lots, always takinj^
care to purchase animals of the ])urcst race and finest (|uality. Mr. C.ARU
has 3 ranchos: The Gabilan rancho, in Monterey and San Henito counties,
contains about 47,000 acres, and is his home. His Aromas rancho, in .San
Henito, has about 4,000 acres. His rancho near Clear and Rhett lakes in
Modoc County, has i 5,000 acres of patented land, and is so situated with
reference to water that his herd, have the e.vctusive pasturajjc of 150,000
acres more. His live stock includes 30,000 heail of ^'raded merino sheep,
2,000 ])ure Spanish merinoes, 3,000 f^raded neat cattle, 60 pure Dcvons, 100
thor()UL,fhbred horses, and several thousand other farm animals. Since its
ort;ani/ation, in 1S73, Mr. C.\I<1< has been president and a leatlins.^ stock-
holder of the .Salinas City Hank, which has a capital of .$200,000, a reserve
fund of $50,000, and an excellent, if not a very prominent i)osition, amoni,'
the financial institutions of the Pacific Slojie. The Californian pioneers
have been distintjuished for business activity and versatility, but few have
been so continuousK- successful in .so man>- varieil occupations as Mr. CvKH.
COLKM.W YoUNCKU, of San Jose, has 80 Durhams, and has occujjied
a leading' position in imiiortint; and breedint; Hurhams on our coast for 23
years. ^Another noted owner of Durham stock is Joil.N HlDWlCM,, of
Chico. Gi:uK(;k Hkmiat, of Redwood City, has 32 Ayrshires. Pi;ti:k
CoiTTS, of Mayfielil, has .Xjrshires and llolsteins. The estate of M.
Hkvtk has .\yrshires and Durhams in V'olo County. P. J. SlI.M IKU, of
Olcma, and R. NnKi.i., of Grass Valley, have Jerseys. P. A. 1'"|.\N'K;AN, of
I'ruit Vale, has Jerseys and fine horses,
I'or I I )ears, PlCTKK .S.WiC has matie it his business to bring domestic
animals of pure blootl from the celebrated stock farms in Kentuck)-, (or
sale to breeders in California. His leading; siiecialtics ha\e been Herkshire.s,
Cotswokls, and .Shorthorns, of which last he has broULjht 962 head across
till' continent. He luis sold extensively to Japan, the Hawaiian Islands,
Mexico, and Central America.
Dairy. — The farmers of our slope have not ncfjlcctcd the enviable re-
wards offered, in the most hij^hl)- civilized countries, for skillful dairy man-
aj,'ement. The experience of ICnj^land, Switzerland, llollaiul, Sweden,
Italy, and New York in the production of butter and cheese, as well as
the cows which {,M\e the richest milk and the most of it, the Jerseys, Hoi-
DOMESTll ANIMALS.
201
steins, Diirhams, and Americans, arc ti> be found here. California makes
7,ooo tons of butter, and 1,500 tons of cheese, at present, annually, and
other portions of the coast north (>( iMexico probably half as much butter,
and one eighth :is much cheese. Most of our cheese is good; much of the
butter excellent. There is no important novelty in the j)roccsses used by
our dairymen ; but some of the features of dairy management are peculiar
in consequence of the quality and situations of our pastures. California
has some exceptionally large dairies; those within 2 hours of San I-'ran-
cisco produce milk; those farther, but within a day's travel, butter; those
still farther, cheese.
The relatively small area of land moist through the year, the high
value of such soil for the cultivation of fruits and kitchen vegetables, and
the difficulty, and in many places the impossibility, of getting a continu-
ous growth of green and nutritious grass in the summer and fall from the
dr)' fields, have induced the Californian dairymen, generally, to depend
entirely on the indigenous pasture for feeding their cows. The fall and
early winter are a period of greatly diminished production. The condition
of the wild grasses has .so much influence on the supply of milk that good
butter, which usually sells for 24 cents a pound, from April to June, at San
Francisco, is in demand, from October to December, inclusive, at 40 cents,
an increase of 66 per cent. Many of the milk and butter dairies near the
cities have fields of maize, to be cut and fed green, and cultivated gra.s.ses,
besides hay, beets, and bran, for feeding in stables in the winter.
Among the large dairies which supply milk to San Franci.sco are those
of R. AsniiCRXKK, Sami'ki, Goodhue, and D. O. Mills, all in San
Mateo County. The last has 400 cows.
Jersey Farm. — The greater part of the milk consumed in San Fran-
cisco is supplied by cows kept in and near the city, and fed mainly with
exhausted malt, which has been used to make beer, and thus deprived of
its starch and soluble salts, the chief materials valuable for nutrition in the
barley. The brewery rcfu.se, when fed to the cows, is in the vinous stage of
fermentation, and similar, in general character, to distillery swill, which
seems to have the effect of stimulating the .secretion of milk, and, being
much cheaper than either gras.s, grain, or hay, is preferred by those dairy-
men, whose customers look to the quantity and price of the milk without
regard to its quality. The cows fed on brewers' grains and distillery slops
do not live so long as country cows, on account of their unwholesome diet,
and generally go to the butcher after a few years of service.
The most notable milk rancho of California is the Jersey Farm Dairy, of
K. G. Sneath, at San Bruno, 14 miles south of San Francisco. It has an
ii ,
Mk
262 AC.KIcri.TURK.
area of 2,700 acres, extending across the peninsula from the ocean to the bay.
Its herd (if nc.il cattie numbers about 1,000, and from 500 to 600 cows arc
milkeit liaily. It lias about 20 bulls and 50 cows of pure Jersey blood, and
about I 50 lialf-breed Jerseys, and 50 three-quarter bred. None but pure
Jersc)- bulls are used on the place. The milk ])roduct of 1880 and 1S81,
amounted to 400,000 gallons for each )ear, of which about 380,000 gallons
were sold jcarly in San Francisco, and the remainder used in rearing calves.
This, so far as we know, is the largest fresh-milk dairy on the globe. I'3ach
cow gi\es milk for about 7 months, and comes in on an average at interxals
of 10 to 16 month.s. In. order to have a continuous and uniform supply of
milk during each month of the j-car, of ncarl)- the same quality, great care
and constant attention are required. Two thous;md acres of land are now
in cultivated grasses, mo.stly rye grass and orchard grass, both of which
are considered jireferablc to alfalfa. The main reliance, however, is grain
and hay, and about 1,500 tons of each arc fed yearl)-. The grain is ground
upon the place, and consists of corn, barley, and wheat; and each cow gets
from 6 to 14 pounds of fine grain meal, and from 10 to 16 pounds of hay,
daily, which, with good grass, makes a sound, heavy-bodied milk, with an
c.scellcnt na\'or, and rich in cream. The Jcr.scy cow gives from 3 to 6
gallons of milk daily, and the half and three-quarter breeds rather more,
but not so rich, although the (juantity and cpiality depend largely on the
quantit}' and quality fif the fo(xl given.
The milk is sent to the city in large thoroughbracc wagons, containing
200 cans of 3 gallons each, and drawn by 6 large mules. The 14 miles is
made in 2'j hours, twice dail\-; and about 100 men, and as many horses
and mules, find almost constant em])lo)'ment.
Mr. SxKATii makes the business a matter of pride, and spares no ex-
pense in securing the most wholesome purity and uniform richness of milk,
and thus expects in time to establish a character and reputation for his
milk that will make it unrivaled and anxiouslj- sought for. In fact, his
supply at ])rescnt is not equal to the demand. lie has a large milk depot
at 837 Howard Street, from which his milk is distributed by his own small
wagons to consumers in all parts of the city. At the dejiot butter is made
daily; and butter, buttermilk, cream and milk arc alwa)-s on hand for
sale. Hundreds of people call there daily to purchase; and the superior-
ity of the milk has attracted the attention of many leading physicians of
the city, who prescribe it, in many cases, when no other remedy is effective.
R. G. Sneath.— RicUAUD G. Snkath, a native of Maryland and now .
56 years (jld, arrived in California in 1850. He established a store in Dry-
town, Amador County, afterwards another in Sacramento in 1852 under the
DOMKSTK ANIMALS.
2C,^
name of SN'KATII, ArnoM) & Co., one in Rod Bluff under the name of
SnkaTII, UoARMAN & Co., one in San I'ranci.sco under the name of
SXKATII & Arnold, and others in Portland, Salt Lake City, and Virf^inia
Citj- — all beiiiL,' wholesale grocer)- houses.
He has al\va>s been one of the foremost men in the State, but never
politically. Me was in the City Council from 1<S56 to 1S59, dircctl)^ after
the V'ijjilance Committee, and the first under the Consolidation Act; and
beinf,' on the Mnance and Judiciarj' committees, and speciall)' author-
ized to examine into the financial affairs of the city and her officers, it be-
came his duty to pass on the bot^us claims aiul warrants that p;rew out of
the corrupt <^overnment of ante-Vif^ilancc days, and clean out the Auj^ean
stables, which was well and thoroufjhly done. During that period the ])o-
sition of mayor of the city was repeatedly offered to him by the People's
I'arty, which was equivalent to an election; but on account of his e.\tcnsi\e
personal business he had to decline the honor. He was the treasurer of the
U. S. Sanitary Commission, and one of its most acti\e i^romoters from
the first; and under the {guidance and magnetic influence of Tllo.NLVS
Sl\RR KlNC, assisted materially in forminij; the patriotic Union sentiment
that existed in California durinf^ the war. Twice he was elccteil president
of the San I'rancisco Chamber of Commerce; antl it was maiid}- owint; to
his efforts that the Merchants' Exchange buildinj^ on California Street was
erected at a cost of $400,000, to accommodate the mercantile wants of the
city. Before the construction of the Central Pacific Railroad, the trade be-
tween Salt Lake City and San I'rancisco was greatly hampered by the
high cost of transportation; and there was a decided improvement after
Mr. SN'K.\T1I shipped his goods by water to Callville, and thence sent them
b\' wagons to the capital of the Latter Day Saints. His was the first ex-
tensive and successful venture by a San Francisco merchant on that route.
In 1869 he was compelled to give up his commercial business on account
of his health; but after a few years of travel anil open-air employment, he
regained his health, and then assisted as manager in establishing the
Anglo-Californian Bank, of San P'ranci.sco, a .solid institution. In 1875
he opened the Jersey Dairy Farm, and in the same j-ear was called upon
to manage the affairs of the Merchants' Exchange Bank, As the business
was not profitable, under his advice the bank was closed ; and as it was in-
cumbered with mines, timber-lands, and other ])roperty, which could not be
sold at short notice without great sacrifice, he has been employed for )-ears
in saving as much as possible from the wreck, and managi.'ig the large
jjropertics belonging to it^pmperties on which .several hundred men are
constantly employed, Mr, Snka'I'II lives on his farm and gi\es it his
attention morning and evening, but devotes business hours to other matters.
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Butter. — 'Most of the ilaiiits of California arc cngagcil in the proiluction
of butler, and the leadinjj butter districts are in Marin, Santa Cruz, Santa
Clara, and liuniboldt counties, and on tlie western slope of the Sierra
Nexaila.
Man\- of the dairx'incn of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys leave
their homes when the f^rass has turned yellow in the miildle of May, anil
inoM', with or without their wives and children, to the hij^di .Sierra, 6.000 or
7,000 feet abo\e the sea, where they n-main till September or October,
when they return. Hy this system of mi^'ration, the}- enable their cows to
enjoy [j;reen pasture thnui-^h 9 months of the )-ear, whereas they woulil not
liaxe luore than 5 months of it in the low laml. The milk is all made into
butter, which is p.-icked in salt, to be sold w hen prices are hij,dH-st, in the
early winter. .M;in\- alfalfa fields, supplied with an abunilance of w.ater by
irriL^ation at all seasons of the _\e;ir, are used for dairy puriK)ses in the
southern part of the San Jo.uiuin X'alley.
The larjifc butter ilairies ne.ir San I'rancisco pjcnerally use Am.KN's
s(|uare-box churn to make the butler, Al.l.K.v's table to work it, antl
.\|.I.i;n's mold to shape it for the market — all invented by Ol.lvr.K Ali.KN,
of M.uin County.
The lar;.;est Californi.in dairy propert)' used in the production of butter,
is th.it of J()si;ril Rfss. who h.is i^.^yj acres of l.md .md :2,\C>J cows in
21 (laiiv farms in Humboldt Count)'. One of tliesc farms he mana^'es in
person; tiie others are leased with buiklinL;s, dair\- fi.xtures, ;md cows for
r.iles wiryin.L; from ^iJ to $15 for each cow. These farms are all conti,L;-
uoMs. and make u]) a lar,L,'e tract on both sides of Bear Ri\er. The cows,
\\hich are of the Durh.im st./ck, receive no ciilti\ateil food, and depend en-
tirely on the w ilil jiasture, which remains j^neen .ibout 9 months in the year.
The a\er;i;.;e annual product of butter is 130 ixiumls from each cow, and
the L^ross money yield to each cow in that region is about $44. In iS.Si
Humboldt County made about 500 tons of butter, worth $275,000.
.XmoiiLj the notable dairies of Santa Cruz Count)- are those of BALDWIN
W'll.liiK, who has 260 cows and 4,000 acres of land ; and Mr. Laiku, who
has 200 cows .uid 2,200 acres.
Joseph RusB. — .AmouLj the many Californians who have achieved an
honorable triumph in the battle of life, JosKI'lI Rl ss, of I'erndale, deserves
to be counted. His birthda>- was December 19, 1825, and his native State
Maine, where he remained till his iSth )car. When the time came that he
must earn his livinij;, he went to Mass.-ichusctts, where he became teamster,
trader, and partner in a sawmill and grocery, trj-inj; his fortune successive'y
in 3 towns, as well as in different occupations. In 1849 the gold fe\er
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seized him, and after a V()\'ai;e nf 5 iiidiUIis hy \\:\.y cif Cape Ilnrn. lie
laiidixl in San I'rancisco Marcli i ;, i,S5o. His first wnrk in Califurnia uas
the niaiiagenieiit of a steam sawmill in I'.l Dorado Count)-. Ihen he t>e- ■
eame successively contractor for the first l)ridj,'e across the .American Kiver;
l)uilder of a l)rid^'e across the Cosuinnes; ])artner in a store at N'olcano, un-
profitable because it j,'a\e too much trust; owner of a drove of lx;ef cattle,
which he sold in the Vuba Mines; ■. miner there; owner of a hay-yarti at
Colusa; and frei-^diter with his own waj^ons and teams to .Shasta, until the
fall of 1S52, when he took a drove of cattle to llumboklt Ha\-. Ha\in^'
disposed of them, he explored Kcl River, and spent the next winter in its
vallc}-. The ne.\t sjirin^, with a partner, he broui,'ht another drove of cattle
from the .Sacramento Valley, and openixl a meat market in I-Lurek.i. After
several years in that business, he went to Salmon River, in what is now
Siski\-ou Count)-, and was a miner there for t, years. Le:i\inf^ the mines,
he went to ()rej,'on, bout^ht a herd of stock cattle, dro\e them to llumlxildt
Count)', and there settled down with the multifarious occujiations of
farmer, cattle-breeder, butclier, dairyman, woc)l-j,'r()\\cr, <-md lumberman.
At the age of ^C) we find him the ow-ner of 50,000 acres of land, including
10,000 of timber (mostly redwt)od), of 2,000 dairy cow-s, which retpiire
14,000 acres of land for their pasturage, of large herds of sheep and beef
cattle, of a controlling interest in the large sawmill of Rl'.ss & Co., and
of an extensive lumber-)-ard in San iJiego. He gives em])lo)-mcnt to about
350 men. The educational and religious institutions of his county, csjie-
cially the Congregational Church, whicli his family attends, recognize liim
as a generous fricnil; and when San Uiego needed a new- school-hou'-e, he
supplieil lumlxir to the value of $4,000. While he was in the Salmon
Mines, he w-as elected Justice of the Peace; and when his legal learning
was insuPFicicnt, sound judgment and quick perception helped him out in
his decisions. Genial in his manners, trusted in character, and successful
in his busincs.s, his neighbors have repeatedly called on him to take
part in the management of public affairs. [himboldt sent him to the
As.scmbly in 1S73 and 1877, and tried to elect him to the Senate in 1875,
but was defeated by the Democratic preponderance in the associate county
of Mendocino. Mr. Rrss is an ardent Republican, and was one of the dele-
gates from California in the National Convention which nominated Jami;s
A. Gaukikli). In excellent health, of active liabits, with a business ex-
panding rather than contracting, and a family of 10 living children around
him, Mr. Rus.s can look upon the future as well as t!;c past with satisfaction.
Point Reyes. — The I'oint Reyes district, between Tomalcs IJay and the
ocean, near latitude 38°, about 50 miles north-west from San Franci.sco, is
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iiotcil for it-i !ar;To butter raticlios. The distance from tlic ^it)' is too jjrcat
at present to iieriiiit semliiiL; the milk to market, ami I-uiter is more profit-
able tlian cheese. TIk' amuial rainfall averat;es, peril. ips. V^ inches, , mil the
foLjs are alnmilant anil lie,i\\-, -io that the wild p.isture continues ^'reen
imtil late in the summer. In n.itural titness for ilair\ i)urposcs, tl'-' situa-
tion is tiic best in C'alifornia. A few years since a rancho of 54,cx>3 acres,
cxti'ivliiiu,' from Toniales Point, JO miles south-e.istwaril, was held by the
.silAi ii:k HkuTIllKs and Ciiaki.i.s \\i.i;i; IIhWAUH. in undivided owner-
ship under one mana,L;ement. as dair>- i)ropert\-. Thi:- lati'l has since Ix;en
divided into 6 tracts. Ja.MKS M. Sii.M ri;K has a tract of I ^,fi6o acres,
coniprising / tenant farms, with 1,000 dairy cow.s, and a tract i.>f 5,^57 .icrcs,
comprising 3 farms, with 300 cow.s. The estate of the late O. L. SlI.M'TF.K
has a tract of 11,135 acres, coniprisinjj 7 farms, with 1,360 cov\s, and the
Uolinas tract of 6,712 acre.s, with 2 farms antl 250 cows. Mr. IIowakd
has the Olema tract of 7,~^() acres, with 5 farms and 525 cows, anil the
I'oint Reyes tract of 9,S49 acres, with 7 farms and 1,350 cows.
The total area of the 6 dairy tracts is 54,250 acres, comprisinij 31 tenant
farms, with 4,7^5 dairj' cows, an averatje of about 1 1 acres to a cow.
Five acres of.wild cjrass are sufficient for a cow, and in some portions of the
I'oint Reyes district 2 acres; but a considerable portion of the land con-
sists of timber, chajjarral, steep cans'on, anil rocky hill. .\ll these farms
are leased on the same ijfencral 'System. The cows belonf^ to the land, and
the tenant jjays from ^20 to $25 for each cow annuall\'. 'I'he pro]Mietor
su])plics the build in j,'s; the tenant must have his own liorses, wa^'ons, and
im])lcnienls, but is not allowed to keep any domestic animals on the land,
save j)i|.,'s and his work-horses; anil is not allowed to sell anythin;4 from the
land sa\e |>iy;s, calves, and dairy produce, lie must rear one tenth of the
cahes, and deliver them to the i)ropri;"tor ; tlic other calves he can .sell.
lleLjels nearly 200 ])ounils of butter from each cow in a season, and he
sells at prices ran^in^, of Lite \-ears, from 20 to 40 cents a pound, mak-
i.i;; from $40 to $50 from each cow. His calves brint; him about $3, and
his |)i_L;s $4 for each cow, on the a\eraije. His ;.;rf)ss reccii)ts may be $50 or
$C)0, his running' expenses are $15 or $20, and his !iet receipts from $5 to
$15 per cow. It takes from 18 to 25 i)ounds of milk, averaj^inLj 22, to
make a pound of butter, leavint; 21 ]jouiiils of buttermilk for each pound
of butter, to be used in fattenin;,' ])i},fs. The calves are usually sent to
market when not more than a month old, as there is less profit in them
than in the butler or pi^s. The milk is allowed to stand from 36 to 48
hours, at a temperature of 63 , before skiminin;^, and the cream is clmrned
.separately in a square box-churn, without a dasher, turned by horse-power.
So lonfj as there arc )-oi'.ny calves, they ^'et some of the skim-milk; the
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rcmaitukT .iiul the hiitturmilU ^o to the i)if,'s. These figures p.rc obtained
IVomW. II. Alilii) IT, superintendent for eilARLKS \Vi;iili Id >\vaki>, and arc
doubtless tnistw < )rthy.
Nearly all the feed is wild Ki^''^^ I'lit alioiit S acres are |)lante(' with
maize atul beets, and \<> with oats '.r barlev tbi li 1 for 100 cows, the tnai/c
bein;,' cut anil fed 1,'reen for fodder. The cows h x if the common Ameri-
can stock mi.xed with Durham. It is e.xpect d that at the end of each
(lair)- year, in .September, about 10 in 100 ' the c nvs will be rejected by
the tenant and sold by the proprietor f jeef, s<j that the averaj^'e dairy
life ol the cow is 10 j'cars, though there arc cases .n wluch thej- have been
ver)' good milkers for 18 years.
Cheese. — The cheese production of our coa' t has few ]ieculiar features.
Most of the cheese-makers arc in San Luis Obispo, Monterey, I„ikc,
I^Iendocino, Sonoma, and Santa Clara counties, in situations not well
adapted to the ])roduction of butter. Most of the Californian ch'-f^'^c is
made by the owners of the cows, and is jjroduccd without skimming the
milk. It is sold while new, usually for more tlian 14. but often as low as
10 cents a jMjuiul at wholesale. There are a few factories which take the
milk from a number of farmers in the vicinity and m.ikc it into cheese for
them; but many of the cheese dair)-mcn ha\e so many cows that they jjro-
ducc as much as does an avcr.ige factory. Good imitations of Limberger
and Swiss cheese arc made in Sonoma Count\- Oregon, Wasiiington,
and Utah make cheese, but offer little mar ...ii for remark. The largest
cheese dairy on our coast, and perhaps an_\-where, is that of the Stkhlic
Brothers in San Luis Obispo; but efforts to obtain a recent report about
the number of its cows, and the amount of its production have been fruit-
less. It is said that they milk i,5CXD cows which, with 3,000 other neat
cattle, are pastured on 45,000 acres of land.
Beef. — A large business is done by most of the Pacific American States
and Territories in breeding neat cattle for beef exclusively. They arc not
tamed, feil with cultivated food, nor kept in fields. The cows arc never
milked. Roaming over the open country, the different herds mingle, and
the owners recognize their property by brands and earmark.s. Lvery fall
the herdsmen have rodeos to mark the calves, each calf being presumed to
belong to the cow which ii. ""ollows. Nevada has about 250,000 head ^f
neat cattle nearly all bred in this manner, most of them in the northern
part of the State; and Oregon has ab"^ 'f- as many more, besides nearly
200,000 kept on the farms of Western Oregon as "domestic animal.s," a
title that can scarcely be given with propriety to the half-wild beef herds of
Eastern Oregon.
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In the fertile valleys near the ocean 5 acres of indigenous grass will sup-
port a cow; but the Sacramento, San Joaquin, Salinas, and Santa Ana
valleys, taken on the average, will not support inore than one c<jw on lo
acres. The re]iorl of the National Land Commissioner, lor i88o, says that
Elko County, Nevada, has 5 head of cattle to the square mile, and can not
su])port more. Idaho can sustain 5 times, and Oregon and Washington 10
times as main-. It is estimated that a family ilependcnt on the breeding of
beef cattle in Nevada must have uoi fewer than 200 cows to make both
ends meet, anil at 5 cows to the square mile, each family should own 40
square miles. The white sage of the Nevada deserts is good pasture, in
the winter, for neat cattle.
Of the meat slaughtered for consumption on the Pacific Coast we have
no definite statistics, sa\'e from San Franci.sco, which consumes annu-
ally 96,000 beeves averaging 575 ^"ounds of clean weight, 24,000 calves av-
eraging 150 pounds, 440,000 sheep averaging 50 pounds, 225,000 lambs
a\eraging 2S pounds, and 150,000 hogs averaging .40 pounds. This fur-
nishes 65,200,000 pounds of beef, 3,600,000 pounds of veal, 22,000,000
pounds of mutton, 6,300,000 pounds of lamb, and 21,000,000 pounds of
pork, making a total of I iS, 100,000 pounds of meat, or 490 pounds for
each of the 240,000 inhabitants. Perhaps 18,000,000 pounds are jiacked
for exportation; but San Francisco purchases considerable ciuantities of
hams, bacons, and canned meats brought from the Atlantic. In addition
to this, the city consumes large quantities of fish, shellfish, poultry, ami
game; so it docs not seem that her citizens have much reason to complain
of the scarcit)- of animal food.
The steers slaughtered in San I'rancisco arc generally 3 years old, and
if of Durham blood, weigh 800 pounds; of American blood, 700; of half
Spanish and half Durham, 625.; and of pure Spanish, 525. Most of the
neat cattle bred for beef in California never receive any cultix'ated food,
and the)- fatten from March to July inclusive, and lose in weight from Au-
gust t(j I'ebruary in the average seasons, sometimes dying of starvation in
the winter. The business of breeding beef for the market is jjrofitable to
but few of the farmers in the valleys of California, the high price of land
and the small crops of wild pasture being unfavorable to the business. '
As breeders of beef cattle of common stock, the firm of Mii,i,i;k & Lux
have, ])robabl)-, no equals anywhere. These remarkable men began life
as butcher boys, and both are natives of Germany. CllAKLES Lux says
he owes his fortune to an antipathy for the traile of the wheelwright. His
father followed that f)Ccupation in an Alsatian village, and put Charles to
work in his shop. The boy disliked the spokeshavc, and aspired to handle
a bulchcr-knife; but he could not gratify his ambition till he landed at the
IJOMICSTIC ANIMALS.
369
acfc of iG in New York, where ho soon found a place as an apprentice
at $6 a montli. He was strfMiL,', active, zealous, attentive, and taenia!. Me
stuck to his work, learned his business, and made friends. Mis cini)loyer
put him in charjjc of a shop for the sale of butchers' meat in the aristo-
cratic (juarter of tlie city. Me saved money, (Gained confidence in himself,
and came to San I'"rancisco, where he soon found employment, and, after ;i
brief delay, had a shop of his own. Then he established a slaughter-house,
and to obtain supplies for it, v.ent out into the country buying cattle.
His purcha.ses i)ro\'e<l profitable, and he enlarged his business. In 1S56 he
formed a partnership with IIliNRV MiLLKK, who had had a somewhat sim
ilar career; and the firm has now existed for a quarter of a century. They
boucht ranchos fijr their herds and improved the land. MiLLKR took
charge of the country property and Lux of the city business. They made
it their rule to watch the details as closely as possible, for the purpose of
avoiding waste. If there was any offal suitable for feeding hogs on a farm,
the hogs must be kept there. If, after the neat cattle had pastured down a
field, there was anything left that sheep would cat, then sheep must be
driven to it. If the men employed in taking care of the herds had any
surplus time, they must give it to farming. If any department failed to
pay a profit, an examination was made to find whether the land, the sys-
tem, or the manager was to blame. Men were selected with care and held
to a strict discipline; ranchos were bought after careful consideration of
their capabilities. luerything like wild speculation was avoided; but after
a success the partners were never afraid to take other steps in the same
direction. They devoted themselves to their business, and contiiuied to
enlarge it with rapid strides. They lived economically; they m.ide no os-
tentation, and showed no anxiety to be countenanced by any fashionable
circle. Respecting themselves and respected by others, they are content
that everybody should know that thi.-y began life as butcher boys. They
are the leading cattle princes of California; and if they have been sur-
passed in the race for wealth by the railroad and silver-mine princes of San
Franci.sco, they can claim that there was no Government subsid)-, no lucky
stumbling on a bonanza that enriched them. There is no public and
authentic record of their possessions; but it is said by those who pretend
to know something of the matter, that they own 700,000 acres of land
(including 2 cattle ranches and 8 main farms, with 6,000 acres of irrigated
alfalfa, and 14,000 acres cultivated in grain with the help of irrigation),
95,000 sheep, 60,000 neat cattle, 5,000 pigs, and 2,000 horses. They own
all the land on the west bank of the San Jo.iquin River for 50 miles, and
nearly all on the opposite side. The men in their employ number 450,
of whom 20 are engaged at the slaughtcr-hou.sc in San iMancisco. In 1S81
AGRICULTURE.
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tlicy slaughtered 83,332 animals for the San Francisco market, including
i2,.Si.S steers, 2,682 cows, 6,564 calves, 32,435 sheep, 21,202 lambs, and
7,63 1 hogs. The aggregate value was probably nearly $70x3,000.
Wm. Dunphy. — \VlLLl.\M DUNI'IIV, one of the pioneers of California,
came to this .State from Brownsville, Te.xas, in the year 1 1^49, crossing
through .Mexico to ]\Iazatlan, and thence by .sailing-vessel to San Francisco.
1 le went direct to the gold mines in Tuolumne County, where he engaged
in business as a merchant for about 3 years; he then removed to San Fran-
cisco .md to Los Angeles, but soon returned to Tuolunme County, and en-
gaged in business as a cattle dealer. ' le remained there about 5 years more,
until the year icS,", when he again removed to, and became a permanent
resident of, San Francisco. In 1855 he formed a partnership with TlIOMAS
lIii.DUlCTlI, both being at that time in the cattle business. For a quarter of
a century the firm of DUNPIIV & IIlLURKTU were known, throughout Cal-
ifornia and Nevada, as one of the principal cattle firms of our coast. In
1881 Mr. DuxPllY bought out his partner's interest, and now continues the
business alone. Like many of the energetic pioneers who helped to build
uj) California, Mr. DUM'IIV has accumulated a handsome fortune. He
owns, in San Francisco, numerous pieces of valuable city property; and
in Nevada, large and well-improved stock ranches, comprising about 40,-
000 acres of land, sfi situated in the 3 adjoining counties of Lander,
Fureka, ami IClko, that the)- control the pasturage of very extensive stock
ranges, upon which graze his 20,000 neat cattle, and a large herd of horses.
I'rom these ranches he ships his beef cattle, by the Central Pacific Railroad,
ilirect to his slaughter-houses in South San Francisco, or to his ranch in
Monterey Count)-, California, where he has 12,000 acres under fence, and
w here the cattle are placed in the fall, on reserved feed, to await the spring
market for early beef He slaughters, in San Francisco, and sells to the
retail markets, about 1,000 cattle per month.
Qoodaore & Dooley.— The Qur.KN'.s MarkK'I', situated on Government
Street, corner of Johnson, is the oldest establisheil meat market in Victoria;
founded in 1S58 by TllO.s. 1 1.VRUIS, anil at present the [iroperty of Mkssrs.
GooDAfur: & Dooliiv. The ciuantity of meats consumed in Victoria —
considering the population — is enormous, this firm alone estimating their
annual consumjjtion at 1,100 bullocks, 5,000 sheep, 400 calves, and 500 hogs.
To carr)- on successfull)- this large establishment, nearly 2,000 acres of land,
for pastur.ige and crops, are required; 25 horses and 14 men are constantly
emplo)ed, and in the jjacking season double the number. This firm arc,
and long have been, the contractors by ai)i)oiiitment for all supplies of fresh
and salt meats, vegetables, etc., required by the Ikitish Navy on this sta-
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DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 27 I
tion. The merchant shipping, also, is a large feature of their trade, the
quality and cheapness of GOODACRE & DoOLEY's salt meats being well
known to captains and owners of vessels plying in the British Columbia
trade. Over i.coo barrels of salt beef were disposed of in i8cSl,and prcp-
ar.itions are being made for curing twice this quantity in 1882. All .salt
meats prepared by this firm are guaranteed to keep 2 years in any climate.
Van Volkenburg &. Co. — Thi. climate of British Columbia has so little
snow and sc\crc cold that farm animals can be kept through the winter
there unsheltered, with little loss or expense. It is estimated that the main-
land has 50,000 head of neat cattle, of which Tll.VDDEU.s IlAKl'ER, who
has 27,000 acres of land at the mouth of Bonaparte River, and in Frascr
Valle>' has 4,000 head; H.VVNES & LoWE, 2,500; TllOMAS Ellis, C. Beak,
and L. AxTOlNE, 2,000 each; and Van Volki'.xburg Brothers, 1,200,
besides 4,000 sheep. Mr. Ii.\RPER also has a large stock of sheep, and his
experience is that the average loss in a winter does not exceed 3, though
in exceptional seasons it has run up to lo per cent. He is associated in
business with the Van Volkenburgs, and for the purpo.se of disposing
advantageously of their slock, VAN V'OLKENIiURG & Co. have a wholesale
and retail meat market in the Alhambra building, corner of Government
and Yates .streets, ^ iria, for which they slaughter 70 beef cattle, 60
calves, 400 sheep, ai. in hogs, monthly. The j-early amount of their
sales of meat to the Canadian I'acific Railroad is $90,000, and for the Cari-
boo mines, $[5,000. The Van Volkenuurg BROTHERS own 7,036 acres,
which as well as adjacent tracts of public land arc used for pasturing their
meat cattle and sheep.
Horses. — Our sk.o'^ nn;th of Mexico has about 700,000 horses, and their
average value may be about $35. Thoroughbreds arc numerous, and
California is making strenuous efforts to excel k^ngland and Kentucky in
breeding fast horses. The warm winters are e.xtrcmcly favorable to the
continuous growth and training of the horse, and these arc of much .serv-
ice in developing speed as tested under the rules of the turf. While the
trotters and thoroughbreds are in special favor, the Norman and Clydes-
tlalc horses, needed to obtain a stock of large and active horses, serviceable
for heavy draught, have not been neglected. The most noteil horse farms
arc Palo Alto, to be mentioned hereafter, and those of L. J. Rose, who has
about 200 fine animals, at San Gabriel ; Wm. CoRliElT, of San Mateo, who
has 300; Theodore WTnteus, of Yolo, who has 100; Coi;ni' Valen-
sii.N, of Sacramento, who has 200; HENRY Seales, of Mayfield, who has
150; 1'. A. FiNNlGAN, of Alameda, who has 150; I'ETER CoUTTS, of
Menlo I'ark, who has 100; and E. J. BALDWIN, who has 100 near San
Gabriel.
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Palo Alto.— TIic Palo Alto farm of Leland Stanford, at Mcnlo
Park, j2 miles south of San Francisco, where he has his country residence,
is in some respects the most notable estate on the globe for the breeding
and training of fast horses. It has the largest number of fine trotters and
thoroughbreds, and has been distinguished by remarkable enterprise and
judgment in its management, and also by wonderful success in developing
spued within a brief experience. It is apparently the object of the owner's
ambition to beat England and Kentucky on their own ground, to take from
them their preeminence of reputation for possessing the best blood and the
best trainers, and to share the vast profits which they have drawn from the
superior speed of their horses.
So soon as the plan was adopted, preparations were made to provide the
best accommodations for them. Commodious stables were built, and there
are now box-stalls for 300 horses, si'-gle -(alls for 150 more, and sheds for
the remainder. Three hundred acres wno fenced off into paddocks vary-
ing in area from a quarter of an acre to 2 acres, for the brood mare.s, so
that they should not be crowded. These paddocks abound with alfalfa,
which is considered the best pasture for dams with colts. Trainers of ex-
perience in trotting and running horses were found, and now "5 men arc
employed to attend to the horses ; one man being required to take special
care of 2 of the most valuable animals. Each trainer for the general stock
trains lo horses a day; and 55 horses are trained daily in the saddle or
harness. These horses subjected to daily training, include 4 3-ycar-old and
5 2-year-old thoroughbreds; and 5 4-year-old, 11 3-year-old, and 30 2-year-
old trotters. The preponderance of very young horses is caused by the new-
ness of the farm, and also by Mr. Staxi'ORU's theory that the horse should
be subjected to training while still very young. Besides the 55 that must
go under the saddle or in harness every day, 1 5 thoroughbred and 70 trotter
yearlings are practiced every day in the training paddock, which was first
devised and used on the Palo Alto farin. Of such paddocks, Mr. Stan-
1-ORD has 2: in one the circuit is the sixteenth, in the other the tenth of a
mile long, and of an oval shape, with an inner fence to keep the colt on the
track lie is turned in loose, and trainers stand inside of the inner circuit
to drive him around the paddock at his best speed until he is tired, for per-
haps 2 or 3 minutes. If the paddock practice of the yearlings is counted
as training, then 44 thoroughbreds and 1 16 trotters arc trained every day.
Mr. Stanford has the pecuniary means to accomplish much, and he did
not stint the supplies of his horse farm. He set aside 1,400 acres for its
use, including 900 acres of fertile valley land, of which 750 are irrigated, so
thill there shall be an abundant supply of green grass. Carrots are culti-
\ale(i on 40 acres; and a boiler steams ground oats every da)' for tlie
EtOMESTIC ANIMALS.
273
young colts, which begin to receive such feed at the age of 4 months, and
are accustomed to it when they are weaned at 5 or 6 months ; so that they do
not lose flesh on green grass. Having determined to do his work on a
grand scale, he needed a first-rate manager, thorouglily familiar with the
breeding and training of race-horses, and for that purpose, .selected PI. R.
COVKY, who seems so far to have justified the choice. The plan was
adopted in 1877, and the farm is very new; but already it has 500 horses,
all of the finest blood, including the best representatives obtainable of
every strain most esteemed in England and Kentucky, either for running
or trotting. Two of his horses cost him $25,000 each; and probably many
$5,000 each. He has bought at every good opportunity and has .sold noth-
ing. Of his 500 horses, 85 are thoroughbreds, including 45 brood marcs;
and 415 trotters, including 119 brood marcs. The number of colts born or
to be born in 1882 is 100 ; so that there will be a rapid increase until the
policy of selling is adopted.
For the horses trained under the saddle or in harness there are 2 tracks,
one a' mile and the other three quarters of a mile long. There is also a
sandy lane called the winter track, where the horses can be driven within a
few minutes after the heaviest rain. The tracks are graded and prepared
with great care, and are harrowed every day so that they shall be in the
best possible condition. The common training system, of driving the horse
at a slow gait for an hour or two and then pushing him for a mile, has been
abandoned here, at least for the younger horses; and instead, they are
driven at their best for a quarter of a mile soon after reaching the track,
and after resting a little, put through another quarter
The peculiar features of the Palo Alto farm arc, first, its large size; .second,
'its system of paddock practice, so that the colt shall try his speed every
da)', except- during rain, after he is 6 months old ; third, its " short work" in
training ; fourth, the .system of feeding steamed grain to the colts; and fifth,
the great care taken of the brood mares, including the paddock by day and
the stall by night.
It would perhaps be unreasonable to expect any noteworthy results even
under the best management, from a training farm only 5 years old— that is,
the results mainly of the training— but there have been notewortliy results
here. The best Eastern record for a 2-year old trotter is 2:31 ; but Stan-
roUD's Wildfloivcr has made her mile in 2:21, Bonita in 2:24^^, and
Fred. Crocker in 2:25 ;<(. A reduction of 10 seconds in the record is a great
event in the hi.storj' of the turf Again the best Eastern record for a j'car-
ling was 2\lCi)\, and Stanford'.s Hinda Rose has trotted in 2:36^^, mak-
hig a reduction of 20 seconds. These are young horses, but the farm is
not old enough to have trained old horses. Encouraged by these results, Mr
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StankoUI) will give his horses opportunities in 1882 to show their speed
at New York, Lexington, .ind Louisville, as well as in California. Si.xty
will take part in the races of the season, including 4 thoroughbred and 10
trotter 3-ycar-olds; 5 thoroughbred and 20 trotter 2-ycar-olds; and 8
trotter yearling- in California; and 6 3-ycar-old and 7 2-ycar-old trotters
cast of the Rucky Mountains.
Svrine and Goats. — While California has one eighth of the sheep, she
has only one fiftieth of the swine in the United States. Her winters arc
too warm for packing pork without great danger of spoiling; her pastures
are dry and soil hard for much of the year; and maize is not abundant.
On account of these circumstances she will probably never excel in the
production of pork. The temperature is favorable to the growth of swine,
but some varieties mentioned in Chapter XXX L thrive better than others.
The northern coast will probably do better than California with swine.
The mountains and the chaparral of California are better suited to the
goat than to any other domestic animal. The Angora goat has been im-
ported direct from Asia Minor, and the coast has probably 2,cxx) of pure
blood ; but after 20 years of experience with them, the opinion prevails
generally that there is no profit in breeding them for the fleece. The lead-
ing man in the breeding of Angora goats on our slope is C. P. IJAILKV,
who has a herd of 7,000 near Wadsworth, Nevada.
Poultry. — The breeding of poultry has no peculiar features on our coast,
and it is not conducted in very extensive establishments. The most nota-
ble is that of VV.M. Sharon, at his country residence, near Belmont. He
has 30 acres set apart for his chickens, of which he has many varieties,
each in a .separate j-ard. The farm sends 1,200 dozen eggs monthly to his
Palace Hotel, which, in the spring of 1882, consumed 4,000 dozens a month.
He has artificial incubators to hatch the eggs, and artificial mothers to
kee]) them warm.
TllK Pacikic Poultry Company has an artificial hatching establish-
ment ;it the corner of Folsom and Eighteenth streets, South San Francisco,
in a building formerly used as a woolen-mill. About March, 1882, 2,500
chickens were hatched monthly, but the capacity is to be increased to 6,000
a month. Oakland has also an establishment of a similar character.
Eees. — Much of California resembles Greece, the classic land of the bee,
and some of the honey made on our coast mountains has, it is said, the
same peculiar flavor as that of Hymett. s, considered the best of Greece.
The number of hives or stands in California is about 75,000, and the honey
yield ranges from 400 to 2,000 tons. The expenses of one " bee ranch" for
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DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
275
a year arc thus stated, viz.: 400 patent stands, $800; 550 boxes for honey,
$165; wages and board equal to one man for 18 months, $630; hauling
hives and honey, $195; packing-ca.ses, $165; sundries, $45; total, $2,000.
The receipts were $4,950 from comb-honey; $550 from strained honey and
wax ; and 400 new hives, worth $6,000 ; leaving a profit of $7,500 for the year.
Apiaries are found in Oregon, Utah, Washington Territory, and Mexico,
but present no features of special interest.
Silk'vironns. — Silkworms have been bred in California for 2 1 years, the
first lot of worms having been hatched in 1861 by Louis Prevost, a
French nnrseryman of San Josd, who had pecuniary aid from HENRY
Hent.sch, a Swiss banker of San Francisco. Ignorance, enthusiasm, and
some foolish prizes offered by the Legislature led to a mania, which re-
sulted in a loss of $500,000. More than 50 cocooneries have been maintained,
at various times, in the State, and not $100 have ever been obtained from
the sale of raw silk, and probably not $500 from eggs sold out of the
State. Such profits as were made came from the purchase of eggs and
cuttings for use in California. The principal breeder of silkworms is J. A.
Garuarini, of Jackson, Amador County. It is the general opinion of
those who have carefully considered both sides, that the business can not
amount to much on our coast until wages shall be considerably lower than
at present.
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CHAPTER XV.— FARMING.
Agricultural Production. — Pacific North America has territory in all
the zones ; in all altitudes up to the level of perpetual snow ; in extensive
regions where the annual rainfall measures 8 feet, and in others where it
docs not measure 2 inches; in dense forests, in grass-covered valleys, and
in deserts that have been desolate from a remote geological period. There
is scarcely a climate in any other part of the globe without its parallel here.
The annual agrici !tural products of the Pacific side of our continent, north
of Mexico, arc worth about $100,000,000, including $50,000,000 from cereals,
$40,000,000 from domestic animals, and $10,000,000 from horticulture.
These figures are intended to represent the average of the present area
under cultivation, about 10,000,000 acres, and the number of persons now
employed in agriculture in 1881, about 100,000. The last figure is an
estimate subject to much plausible objection, and beyond the reach of
demonstration, but, perhaps, as near the actual fact as are the average of
carefully prepared official statistics on such points. If it be correct, then it
follows, the average annual production for each person is $1,000, and for
each acre $10, the latter figure being much smaller, and the former much
larger than would be obtained from the agricultural statistics of any Euro-
pean country.
Our coast may justly claim to do more work, in proportion to the men
employed, than any other part of the globe. We ha\'c 100 per cent, more
horses than England, and 50 per cent, more than New York. In 1S71
England (including Wales) had 1,560,000 agricultural laborers, 14,616,000
acres in crops and fallow land, and 1,200,000 acres in permanent cultivated
pasture. If we base our calculation only on the land worked every year,
we have about 9 acres to the person ; while in 1870, California had 3,000,-
000 acres under similar cultivation, and 48,000 laborers employed in culti-
vation, or one person to 62 acres. From the figures of " improved land," and
the number of agricultural laborers given in the American census of 1870,
we learn that there were in that year 130 acres to the laborer in Califortiia,
85 in Oregon, 60 in Washington, 46 in Nevada, 20 in Idaho, 14 in Arizona,
and 12 in Utah; and a calculation, made in a similar manner, gives 32 in
the United States, 15 in England, and 55-^ in France. In other words, the
Californian farmer is expected to gather the crops from 24 times more land
FARMING. 277
than the Frenchman, 8 times more than the Englishman, and 4 times more
than the New Yorker. The following table, from the national census of
1870, the latest official table of the kind now obtainable, .shows the number
of "acres improved" in farms in that year, the average number of acres in
a farm, the number of persons engaged in agriculture in the American
States and Territories wholly belonging to the Pacific Coast, and the aver-
age number of acres to the agricultural laborer, deduced from the census
figures:
_ Acres Average Acres Agricultural Acres to
States, etc Improved. to Karm. Laborers. Person.
California 6,218,133 482 47.863 130
Oregon 1,116,290 315 13.248 85
Washington 192,016 208 3,771 60
Utah I i8,75S 30 10,428 12
Nevada 92,644 201 2,070 46
Idaho 26,603 186 1,462 20
Arizona 14.585 127 1,285 14
Total 7,779,026 80, 1 27
There has been a large increase in the number of acres improved, and of
agricultural laborers, since 1870, but the proportion between the 2 has not
changed much.
California has 6,000,000 acres under cultivation, including about 3,000,000
•in wheat, 700,000 in barley, 120,000 in maize, 72,000 in oat.s, 70,000 in vine-
yard, and 4S,ooo in orchard. She has 6,000,000 sheep, 700,000 neat cattle,
300,000 horses, and 86,000 wagon.s. Among her annual productions are
10,000,000 gallons of wine and 450,000 of brandy ; and 7,000 tons of butter,
1,500 of chee.sc, 350 of honey, 1,500,000 of grain, 200,000 of grapes, and
80,000 of tree fruits. There are 50 grapevines, 5 fruit-trees, and 5 sheep
for every person residing within its limits. In the proportion of agricultu-
ral propertj' and production to farming population, she stands high.
Oregon is rich in varied agricultural resources, and in an industrious and
intelligent farming population, most of whom arc established on their own
land. It is the only portion of the American territory from which we have
the agricultural statistics, gathered by the National Census of 1880. In
that year Oregon had 16,466 farms, of which 14,050 were cultivated by the
owners, and 2,416 by renters. The total value of the farm products was
$12,800,000. The number of acres tilled was 1,229,000, including 440,000
in wheat, 150,000 in oats, and 5,500 in maize. The apple trees number
1,300,000, the peach 44,000, and the orchard products in 1879 were v»-orth
$547,000. The State had 1,260,000 sheep, 435,000 neat cattle, 124,000
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horses, and made 1,300 tons of butter, and 84 of cheese in the prcccdinfj
year.
Utah cultivates 223,000 acres, including 72,000 in wheat, 19,000 in oats,
16,000 in maize, 14,000 in barley, 10,000 in potatoes, 3,600 in alfalfa, 1,400
in su^ar-canc, 200 in broom-corn, and 113 in cotton. The total value of
the annual crop, exclusive of fruit, is $7,500,000. The number of acres in
orchard and \ineyard is 7,920 including 3,935 in apples, 2,687 in peaches,
and 544 in grapes ; and the fruit crop is valued at $1,000,000. The Territory
had 303,000 sheep in 1879, 107,000 neat cattle, and 45,206 horses and
mules; and the total value of the domestic animals was $6,500,000. The
sheep are increasing at the rate of about 20 jjcr cent, annually. Utah is
rich in the industry, economy, and mutual helpfulness of its people, but
poor in agricultural property and production. The Mormons fled io the
desert, and though they have made it blossom like the rose, it has been at
great cxpen.se. In proportion to population, they have less than half the
cultivated area, crops, and herds of Oregon.
Agricultural Progress. — The M<iya and Nahua nations, who occupied
the regions now known as Mexico and Central America, before the days of
Columbus, had a system of agriculture that seems to have been the indige-
nous product of the country. It was far superior to the agricultural indus-
try of the aborigines to the northward, and different in many respects from
that practiced under the Incas. Maize was their chief article of diet and
cultivation, and next in importance to it came the bean and the sweet po-'
tato. The red-pe[)iier and vanilla bean— the latter obtained from wild as
well as from cultivated plants — were favorite flavors then, as now. The
plantain, pine-apple, zapotc, and various other tropical fruit.s, were .set out,
tilled, and carefully guarded by watchmen in some places, and protected by
fences in others. The root of the agave was used extensively for food.
The cocoa furni.shed chocolate and other warm drinks at a time when the
Europeans took their table beverages cold. The juice of the agave and
infusions of maize prepared in different methods, were fermented to supply
exhilarating or intoxicating drinks. I loney was obtained from bees kept
in hives. The wild turkey, goose, duck, and rabbit of the country had been
domesticated, and were bred in large numbers. The dog was fattened for
the table, and considered a delicacy. Cotton was cultivated extensively
for purposes of clothing. The leaves of the agave furnished material for a
kind of paper. Irrigating ditches carried water to fields that were too dry
by nature. The chief implement of tillage was a sharpened stick, used for
loosening the soil.
The Spaniards introduced into Mexico the horse, the cow, and the sheep;
lARMINC.
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the wafTfin, harness, and yoke; tlic iilow, hoc, and steel tf>()ls; the wheat,
barley, rye, and flax ; the apple, pear, peach, apricot, plum, and {,'rapc ; the
cabbajjc, pea, onion, sugar-cane, and coffee, thus doing much to counter-
balance the ilestructivc influence of the conquest on Aztec art and industry.
The conquerors, however, were primarily soldiers, and considered it beneath
their dignity to devote themselves to manual labor, and cspcciallj' to toil in
the field. Their plows and wagons were made on patterns similar to those
used in Asia 2,0(X) years ago; they had no dairy, no fine breeds of horses,
neat cattle, or sheep; no valuable varieties of fruit; no light wagons or
skillful teamsters ; no progressive agricultural industry.
The American conquest cau.scd an agricultural revtjlution in California,
almost as great as that made in Mexico by the Spanish conquest. It was
the opinion of the pioneer gold hunters, when they came down the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada on their journey across the continent, or when,
after rounding Cape Horn, they crossed the Sacramento and San Joaquin
valleys on their way from the Golden Gate to the gold diggings, that the
country generally was unfit for tillage. The dry soil and brown landscape
looked, to those accustomed to the moi.st climate, and verdant .summer, and
autumn prairies and pastures on the eastern slope of the continent, as if
condemned to perpetual desolation.
The very high prices paid for potatoes, onions, cabbages, carrots, and
other kitchen vegetables gave a great .stimulus to gardening in 1.S50, and 5
or 10 acres well cultivated in that year, or the next, near San Francisco
were sufficient to lay the foundation of a nice fortune. " ne luxuriance of
the growth, when an abundant supply of water was applied judiciously on
a good soil, was surprising. From every valley, where the land \va.s culti-
vated, reports came of wonderfully large crops. Wheat, barley, potatoes,
tomatoes, cabbages, cucumbcr.s, carrots, pears, and grapes were extremely
prolific. While many persons failed for lack of experience, others proved
the j)ossibilities of general success. Frenchmen, Italians, Hungarians,
German.s, Englishmen, and Americans contributed their knowledge, skill,
and enterpri.se. The finest varieties of fruits, flowers, and ornamental
plants were imported, after a few years, from the Atlantic States and Eu-
rope, and, in a congenial clime, they prospered and multiplied, until Cali-
fornia bids fair to take, if it has not already taken, a leading place in horti-
culture.
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Callfbmian Wheat. — Wheat is the leading product of California, occu-
pying, in 1881, 3,000,000 acres, and producing 1,500,000 tons, worth
about $32,000,000. The yield amounts to more than a ton and a half to
each inhabitant, and as the average consumption of each is 3 centals
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(equivalent to a barrel of flour), and the sccdinfj requires 70 pounds an
acre, the surplus for exportation is about a ton and a quarter for each Cal-
ifornian. The amount exported has, however, never been so much in any
one )-ear, parti)' because portion of the crop, not fit for shipment, is used
for distillation, or ground up into horse feed. The amount unfit for ship-
ment depends on the season, sometimes rising to 25 per cent., but not avcr-
.iging more than 10 per cent. When jirices are low, the ijuantity taken for
distillation increases, and ma)' rise to 50,000 tons in a year.
The wheat of California is usually harvested with a header, which cuts
off so little of the straw that it is imjiossible to bind the wlicat into
shca\es. I'rom the header the grain is carried by a moving apron cither
to a header-wagon, which deposits it in a loo.se stack, or to a threshing-
machine. It rcc|uircs 5 header-wagons, or one small threshing-machine, for
an ordinary header, cutting 12 feet wide, with which swath it will cut 20
acres a day, or 4 acres to each man employed. But there are larger
heatlers cutting 16, 24, and even 34 feet; and the prevailing impression is
that the wider swaths are better and cheaper on level land. The 34-foot
header sweeps over 60 acres in a day. Not content with this, some of the
farmers have double shifts of men, and work at night with the calcium
light.
As there is no fear of rain from July to September inclusive, it is not
necessary to cut the grain .so soon as it is ripe, and on account of
the immense areas to be harvested, and the small number of men em-
ployed, the headers are often at work for more than 2, and sometimes for 3
months steadily, so that much of the grain is exposed, in an overripe con-
dition, for weeks, if not month.s, to high winds. The berries are thus
beaten out, and many of them are shaken out by the header. The short
stalks and low heads escape the sickle. The loss of grain is considerable.
Georgk D.WIDSOX took the trouble to measure off a square yard in a
Yolo stubble-ficld after a header had passed over it, and gather up all the
wheat grains: and they indicated that the loose grain, lying on an acre,
amounted to 118 pound.s, worth in San Francisco, at the average price,
$2.36.
Wheat Profits. — In Oregon, Eastern Washington, and Utah, the yield
of wheat is more regular than in California, where, on the other hand, there
is a higher profit in exceptionally favorable years. After making allow-
ance for the labor, at the average market rates, the average annual net in-
come from the wheat-fields in the Golden State will not exceed 4 per cent.
Relatively few of the men who have devoted themselves to wheat have
grown rich, and much of the land which was planted with it every year,
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from i860 to 1870, is now used for other purposes. The le;ulinjj wlicat
county in 1881 was Stanislaus, wliicli liarvcstcd 18,000 tons, or more tluin
20 for each iniiabitant, while Tehama h.id 9, and Colusa 7.
. Volunteer Wheat.— One of the peculiar features of Californian ajjri-
culture is the extensive reliance of some districts on volunteer crops The
wheat and barley are so dr)- when cut that much of the grain falls to the
ground, which, in certain cla.s.ses of soils, abounds \ ith cracks too narrow
and deep for mice and birds to reach the bottorr. In these the berry
remains until the winter rains begin, and then it sprouts anti makes a crop.
If the .soil has no cracks, the farmer may scratch his fields with a hairow,
or scrape off an inch of the surface with a chisel c;;iiivator, so that the grain
is covered, and thus prepared to get a start when the moisture comes.
The entire cost of putting in a \oluntecr crop with the harrow, is 50 cents
an acre; and one field near Dixon, Solano County, bore 4 successive
volunteer crops of barley in every season from 1877 to 18S0 inclusive. The
yield in the last year was 30 bushels to the acre. Such success, however, is
very rare; the general result with volunteering is a verj' small profit.
H. J. Olenn. — The first place among the wheat-growers of California
belongs incontestably to Dr. 1 1 ton J. GLENN, who in person superintends
and manages the cultivation of 50,000 acres of his own rancho, which con-
tains 5S,ooo acres, and fronts on the west bank of the Sacramento River for
16^^ miles in Colusa County. The fencing measures 150 miles, and divides
the rancho into 7 main fields, the largest containing 12,000 acres. In 1880
Dr. Glf.NN shipped to England, on his own account, 27,000 tons of wheat
grown in that year on his rancho, and received not less than $800,000 for
it. He came to California in 1849 with very little money, but a good edu-
cation and eminent business capricity. His career has been marked by
great industry, which still continues though his fortune places him among
the niillionaires. Among the great number of persons engaged in wheat-
growing in California, he is the only one generally reputed to have made a
large fortune in that business. Besides managing his wheat farm.s, he has
set out a vineyard of 300 acres, half in wine and half in raisin grapes. He
has also a large number of cattle in Nevada. Dr. Glenn is about 55 years
of age.
John Bldwell.— John Bidwell is the owner of one of the noted Cali-
forniaja wheat ranches, which covers an area of 22,000 acres on the eastern
bank of the Sacramento River in Butte County. He has made much effort
to diversify his crops; and has a large orchard, a vineyard, and herds of
neat cattle, sheep, horses, and swine. He has also made special efforts to
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boautif)' tlic f;rnunc)s about his residence, and has contributed much to
make tlic adjacent town of Ciiico one of the most homelike and prosperous
of the Sacramento Valley. His {^rain crop averages about 3,000 tons an-
nually. Mr. I?II)\VI;ll was in the first party which cros.scd by land from
the ;\Iis.souri Ri\cr directly to California, in 1841 ; and within a few years
after his arrival he obtained the rancho which he still hold.s. The Repub-
lican I'art)' sent him to the National Congress in 1864; and in 1875 the
Independent Anti-Monopoly Party nominated a full State ticket with Mr.
J^lDWELi. as the candidate for Governor. lie received about 30,000 out of
1 20,000 votes. I Fc is much respected, and is still an active man.
Oregon Wheat. — Very soon after the American settlers began to farm in
the Willamette Valley, about 1843, it became evident to obs .rvant men
that Oregon would have a large surplus of wheat at no distant time. The
Oregon Spectator of January 7, 1847, estimated the yield of the previous year
to be 1 50,000 bushels in Champoeg (now Marion), Tualatin (now Wa.shing-
ton), Yamhill, Polk, Clackamas, Vancouver, Clatsop, and Lewis counties;
and as not more than 100,500 bushels were needed for home consumption,
there were 50,000 for exportation. The Willamette Valley now produces
about 220,000 tons of wheat annually; and the grain has a size, plumpness,
color, and strength that enable it to command the highest price in the Liv-
erpool market.
Oregoii ranks next to California now in tjie exportation of wheat on our
slope, but within a few years will probably be equaled, if not surpas.sed, by
Washington. Sonora grows no more wheat than is needed for home
consumption, but it has the capacity to produce a large surplus. Utah is
very successful with its wheat, and sends thousands of ton.s of flour to the
adjacent Territories annuall}-.
Barley, etc. — Barley thrives better than wheat in a dry climate, and
much better than oats; and, as it is excellent for horse feed anil good for
brewing, it has been cultivated extensively on our co:i't south of latitude
42. I^cfore i860 California produced in average )'cars nearly as much
bark')' as wheat, and, in some seasons, even more; but the price being less
than that of w heat, it has taken possession of few of the new acres brought
into cultivation within the last 20 years. It is estimated that California
needs 210,000 tons for home consumption, including 32,500 for brewing,
and the remainder for horse feed, seed, etc. There is usually a small
surplus for eviiortalion. Calaveras, Mariposa, Modoc, Siskiyou, Sacra-
mento, .Sail Mateo, and .San Bernardino counties grew more barley than
wheat in 1879. Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia produce very
little barley; Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and Mexico none for exportation.
f)K?
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lAKMING.
283
The oat does not thrive in the drier portions of the State, and is culti-
vated to a very small extent, except in Humboldt, Mendocino, San Mateo,
and Sonoma counties.
While the oat may have one per cent, of the cultivated area of the State,
maize, another cereal to which the climate and soil of the greater part of
California are not p.opitious, has one and a half per cent. The leading
counties are Sonoma, Ventura, Los Angeles, Alameda, and Sacramento.
Doora, or Egyptain corn, promises to become an important article of
cultivation in California, Arizona, and Sonora; but the farmers gererally
have had little experience with it, and the area cultivated in it is small. Its
chief advant.ige is that it ripens with less moisture than wheat or barley;
that it produces 20 or 30 per cent, greater weight of grain to the acre than
any other cereal tried on our coast; and that if cut green it supplies a large
quantity of nutritious forage. As drought is the chief danger of the
cereal crops in California, it is important to have every year, at least a
small area in .some grain that will be almost certain to produce .something.
The disadvantages of doora are that it is not in demand for exportation,
for bread-making, or for beer. It is considered good for feeding horses
and cattle, but its value, as compared with wheat and barley, has not been
fixed, not enough having been produced to give it a definite place in the
market. The white variety is preferred to the red by most farmers who
have tried both.
Cotton. — Cotton was indigenous to Mexico, or at least was cultivated by
the Aztecs before the Spanish conquest, and is still grown there exten-
sivclj", the seed being now of the same stock as it was 4 centuries ago, and
the fiber of good quality. The plant was tried, as a matter of curiosity, by
man)' American farmers in California at various times from 1850 to 1870,
but It was not till the latter year that serious experiments were made to
grow it on an extensive scale. The results were not very encouraging; and
the area devoted to cotton was less in 1878 than in 1873, but the cultiva-
tion is row increasing a little. The area devoted to it in 1879 was 242
acres, including 240 in Merced, and 2 in Kern; in 1880 the area.was larger
in Kern, and 695 acres in Merced; and in 1881, 550 acres were planted in
the latter county. The Merced crop in 1880 was 85 tons, or a ton to 8
acres, and the quality, as compared with Southern cotton, was medium,
.selling in San Franci.sco for 1 2 cents a pound. Utah raises from 29 to 40
tons of cotton in average j'cars.
So long as the production did not exceed the consumption of our local mills,
the cultivation was profitable; but when there was a surplus over the local
demand, especially after the closing of the cotton-mill in East Oakland, the
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AGRICULTURE,
land previously devoted to cotton was occupied with something else. With
the increasing area under irrigation, cotton is coming into favor again; and
in 1880, 55 tons of baled cotton fiber were exported. The following arc re-
ported to be the expenses of a field of Co acres in Kern Count)': Plowing,
$104.50; irrigating, $120.50; hoeing, $295.50; picking, $578; ginning and
baling, $99.61 ; rope and twine, $32.78; burlap, $23.05 ; seed, $33.48; total,
$1,287.42. The cost per acre to make and bale was $21.77, 'i"d ^'^^ "ct
profit per acre was $9.24. The expenses of importation and exportation
are influential considerations under the present circumstances, and the pro-
duction of cotton on our coast will probably keep even pace with the con-
sumption in Pacific mills.
Flax. — The industrious Mormons have spun and woven much flax,
grown in the irrigated fields of Utah, and have made all the linen cloth
produced on our slope. Oregon has a small twine-mill at Albany, and
several hundred acres in the vicinity arc cultivated in flax to supply the
fiber; but elsewhere on the coast flax is grown merely for the seed, which,
in favorable seasons, has netted $20 an acre to farmers in California. The
leading fla.xsced counties are San Mateo and San Luis Obispo. The Willa-
mette Valley has the best climate for flax on our slope, and will probably
produce the plant in large quantity within a few years. The fiber grown
there generally exceeds 4 feet in length, or 50 per cent, longer than a good
quality of Irish flax.
Hops. — Our coast produces in average years, about 17,090 bales of hops,
weighing 170 pounds each on the average, or about 1,400 tons; of which,
700 tons are grown in California, 500 in Washington, and 200 in Oregon.
The principal hop districts are in the counties of Mendocino, Sonoma, and
Santa Clara, California; in the Puyallup Vallej-, Washington; and the
Willamette Valley, Oregon. The Puyallup hop-fields arc the most regu-
larl}- profitable on the coast. In 1S81 450 acres wore cultivated there; the
a\cragc jield was 1,557 pounds to the acre in weight and $342 in money.
One exceptionally favorable season like that will console the farmers for
sc\cral bad years.
Tobacco. — Tobacco is cultivated in small patches for home use on the
western slopes of Mexico and Central America, and will doubtless obtain a
permanent foothold in yVrizona, which has a favorable climate in some of its
valleys. Uritish Columbia and western Oregon and Washington are too
moist and cold for the weed ; and the Mormons arc averse to its use.
About 200 acres are planted with tobacco every year in California, but it is
generally regarded by farmers as an unprofitable crop, although an excite-
FARM INC.
38;
mcnt for it pervatlcd the State in 1873, when a wealthy compan)' cultivated
1,000 acres, and announced the purpose of driving Cuban tobacco and
Havana cigars from the American market. Having purcnased the ingen-
ious Californian patent of J. D. CULT for curing the weed by processes of
successive drying and sweating pcriod.s, it rushed into the business with ex-
cessive confidence; and by inexperience and incompetency in cultivation
and curing, bj' mistakes in giving credit for its products, and, perhaps, by
defects of its processes, lost $1,000,000.
Forage. — Much attention has been given to the question, whether some
plant can not be found to produce a large supply of succulent and nutri-
tious forage for domestic herbivorous animals in the dry valleys and hills of
California, where the indigenous grasses arc dry from June to December.
Among the plants tried are teosinite ( Reana luxiirians), angola panic, pearl
millet, prickiy comfrey, and various kinds of sorghum. The carob, mul-
berry, and malva trees have not been overlooked. So far, no result gener-
ally accepted as satisfactory, has been reached, though different persons
have declared that they did not expect to find anything better than teosin-
ite, panic, or comfrey. Among the grasses recommended for soils not very
dry, are the mcsquit and Bermuda.
Alfalfa.' — Alfalfa, lucerne, or Chile clover, as it is differently termed, is
the favorite cultivated pasture of Californa; and in soils well adapted to it,
supplied with abundant irrigation, its annual yield is estimated to be worth
from $30 to $100 per acre. One farmer, who had a field of 16 acres, cut
60 tons of hay, worth $600 from it ; sold 3,000 pounds of seed for $.|50,
and had pasturage worth $150, making a total of $1,200; and after deduct-
ing all the expenses of cutting, baling, threshing, and marketing, he had
$60 an acre of profit. Another farmer cut 5 tons of hay from an acre, and
had 2 months of pasturage, estimated to be worth, in all, $50. The hay
and green pasturage of an acre well supplied with irrigation, are considered
sufficient to maintain 5 cows, or 1 5 sheep. Cattle prefer most other culti-
vated grasses to alfalfa, and the milk made from it has an unpleasant
flavor. I'or mares suckling their colts, it is considered excellent. Rye
grass anil orchard grass are preferred to it for general dairy purposes by
Mr. S.NKATii, who has made a careful trial of all in his San liruno dairy.
Sugar. — The African sugar-cane is cultivated in all the States on the
western sloi)e of Mexico and Central America, usually in small patches, not
for the production of sugar, but for the direct use of the cane by chewing.
The sweet juice is refreshing in the hot weather, and pieces of the fresh
cane are .sold like fruit. Considerable quantities of the cane are also manu-
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AGRICULTURE.
facturcd into <i coarse dark sugar for local consumption ; and there are a
few mills which jjroducc a respectable article of marketable sut^ar. At
Los Angeles, and other towns in Southern California, the cane is cultivated
for chewing; but its growth is not luxuriant enough to justify the hope that
California will make much sugar from the African cane.
Utah has made a little sugar and much syrup from amber sorghum, and
California has also made .some syrup, but the experiments have not been
satisfactory enough to promise much development for the business. The
sorghums are prized more for fodder than for their capacity to produce
sugar or .syrup.
The sugar-beet thrives in California, and has been cultivated here exten-
sively for the purpose of supplying sugar-mills at Alvarado, Soqucl, Sacra-
ment City, and Isleton. The general results of the experiences in that
manufacture have not been very encouraging, and an account of those enter-
pri.ses will be found in Chapter XX\I.
Tea. — The tea plant has been tried unsuccessfully in California, but no
good account has been published of the reason of the failures. The most
notable tea plantation was made near Coloma, in i868, by a German, who
brought a number of experienced Japanese tea-growers across the Pacific,
and set out a large field, with high confidence in the result. The conditions
of the country were novel, cxpen.scs were high, and the end was disappoint-
ment. The vigor of growth and the flavor of the leaves did not come up
to the anticipation, and within 3 years the plants and planters had disap-
peared. An American experiment at Calistoga was equally disastrou.s.
W'hethcr the main difficulty is in the climate, which is entirely different from
that of the Asiatic tea regions, or in the high rate of wages, is a question
upon which more light is needed.
Seeds. — The production ol thoroughly matured and healthy seeds of
kitchen plants is becoming an important agricultural department, to which
the long summers and mild winters of California arc admirably adapted.
The gardeners of P'rance, Italy, Germany, Kngland, the Atlantic States,
and China have here combined their skill to produce the handsomest and
most palatable vegetables for the abundance, superior size, bright colors, and
great variety of which the San Francisco market is renowned. To supply
that demand it is necessary to have a large supply of trustworthy seeds,
carefully grown, so as to keep each kind pure, and to this business much
attention has been given. Californian seed-growers have succeeded in
gaining the confidence of purchasers abroad as well as at hfime, and a con-
siderable business is done in shipping to the Eastern States.
ULu^
FARMING.
287
E. J. Bowen. — The leading seed house on our coast is that of 1'". J.
BOWEN, at 815 and 817 Sansomc Street, San Francisco. Although not
directly engaged in the cultivation of the ground, he may be said to grow
the seeds indirectly, for he makes extensive contracts in advance, and thus
determines how and where the seeds shall be produced. He imports from
Germany, France, England, and the Eastern States, but obtains large
stocks from the .seed farms of California, especially beet, carrot, onion,
tomato, celery, cauliflower, beans, lima beans, peas, flower and Canary seed.
Mr. HOWEX not only supplies the demand of the entire slope, but ships to
Australia and New Zealand. The Californian lettuce .seed has a high
repute for its very superior quality. The principal seed-growing counties
of California are Alameda, Santa Clara, Sonoma, Humboldt, Santa Bar-
bara, and Los Angeles. Besides the seed of kitchen vegetables and
flowers, Mr. BoWEN deals, also, in those of grasses, especially clover, from
Chicago, and alfalfa, in the growth of which California has taken the lead.
Various Plants. — Our coast yields about 400 tons of broom-corn, cut in
the form suitable for manufacture, in average years. It is cultiv.ted in
various parts of California, especially in Butte and Colusa counties, and in
Utah. The climate is too cold for it in Western Washington and Oregon.
The castor bean thrives in California, and occupies about 500 acres
annually. Comparatively few situations are adapted to it, and the demand
for it is limited to a single oil-mill, so there is no probability that the culti-
vation will become important. It ripens its crop on land too drj' for
wheat, and while it yields as much, sells for a higher price. About 500 acres
arc planted with it eveiy year.
The Persian flea-powder plant ( Pyrcthnim cinerarcBfolium), called also
buhach, introduced into California by G. N. MiLCO, a Dalmatian, has
proved a success in growth, and the quality of its leaves. The powder
made from these is fatal to fleas and other insects, and the buhach flea-
]K)wder is better than that imported, because fresher, as the strength is in
a volatile oil. The production is not large, but will probably increase
rapidly.
Ramie has been cultivated extensively in Californi.a, but has been in-
jured so much by the frost that it never yielded much fiber, and if it had,
would probably have been unprofitable, as all the confident assertions that
machines have been invented to prepare the fiber, at small cost, for weav-
ing, still lack proof.
Coffee is another of the Californian failures. A large plantation of it
was set out a few years since, in Los Angeles County, and the frost dis-
patched those shrubs which had not been blasted by the sun.
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AGRICULTURE.
Among the Califomian products arc chiccory, peanuts, canary seed, cori-
ander, and bamboo. The chiccory root, dried and prepared for the market,
is worth .|200 a ton, and the area cultivated in it is 3CX) or 400 acres,
mostly in San Joaquin County. The profit has .sometimes risen to $300 an
acre. The peanut occupies 500 acres, mostly in Los Angeles County. It
yields, in a fair season, half a ton from an acre, and sells at 5 cents a pound
gross. Smyrna sends 2,500 tons of canary seed annually to the United
States, and California could, probably, cultivate it with more profit than
wheat. •
Timber Cultivation. — The question of the best tree to plant for timber,
is one of much interest to California, and especially in the valleys, where
fuel and shade are scarce. The Mexicans planted the willow, the sycamore,
and Cottonwood, which grow readily from cuttings, large or small, and pro-
duce a large amount of fuel in a short time if set near running streams.
The wood of the willow and Cottonwood is light and weak; that of the
sycamore is hard and heavy, but it is not very tough, and it warps badly.
No attempt has been made to plant the I'lastern white oak or hickory; or,
at least, no success has been reported. The black locust does not thrive
well in some parts of the State, and is objectionable on account of the
sprouts that spring from the roots, where they are broken by plowing.
The Osage orange, the pecan, and the catalpa have been recommended as
timber trees, but have not been cultivated. The onlj- tree extensively
planted for its timber has been the blue gum or Eumlyplits globulus, which
grows rapidly, makes a tall, handsome tree, and produces excellent fuel.
The wood of the old, indigenous tree in iVustralia is tough, and is prized
for tool-handles and wagon lumber; but the wood of the Californian blue
gum has never been used for such purposes, perhaps because it has not yet
reached a sufficient age. The first field of blue gums planted for tim-
ber was .set out in Castro Valley, near Ilaywards, in Alameda County, in
1869, and, had an area of 10 acres. The land had a clay soil that might
have rented for $5 an acre, certainly not more. The trees were set out .so
thickly that there were about 1,000 to an acre. In 1877 the trees were
thinned out, leaving 100 trees to the acre. The wood taken off included
600 telegraph-poles, 50 railroad-ties, and 149 cords of fuel. The cordwood
sold for .$6 a cord, and the expense of cutting, chojiping, and hauling was
$1.10, leaving $4.90 as the net yield for each cord, at which price the yield
was $920. The rent of the land for cultivation in grain would not have
been more than .$5 an acre, or $350 for the whole tract for 7 years; so the
blue gums paid $570 in the 7 years, or $8 an acre annually more than
wheat would have paid.
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289
DIVISION IV.-MINING.
CHAPTER XVI.— GOLD MINING.
Mineral Wealth. — The Pacific side of North America is rich in a
variety of minerals. From the Isthmus of Panama to the shores of the
Arctic, precious as well as the base metals are found in nearly every polit-
ical division. Guanajuato and Sonora, belonging entirely, and Zacatecas,
Durango, and Chihuahua partly, to the western slope of Mexico, include
the richest mines of that republic; and passing to the northward we find
numerous valuable mineral deposits in Arizona, California, Utah, Oregon,
Idaho, Washington, and in the Pacific portions of British Columbia,
Montana, and New Mexico. In each of these political divisions, the most
valuable mineral products are the precious metals ; the metallurgical pro-
duction of the useful metals being of much less importance, if not entirely
neglected. The third metallic product of our coast is quicksilver, ex-
tracted from a score of mines in the Coast Mountains in California, most
of them within 100 miles of the Golden Gate.
Several iron mines have been, and others will soon be, opened. Lead
is obtained in large quantities from argentiferous galena, but unless
associated with a more precious metal, can not be smelted profitably.
Antimony has been produced incidentally, and its ores have also been
mined for their own sake. Platina, osmium, and iridium have been ob-
tained in small quantities from alluvial gold washings, but have never been
.found as the exclusive or predominant metals. Ores of copper, manga-
nese, and chromic iron have been exported in large quantity; arid some
copper has been extracted from its ores.
Of the valuable non-metallic minerals, there is a great variety on the
Pacific Coast. Coal-beds have been found at many places near the ocean,
from San Francisco Bay to Bchring's Strait. Among the most notable coal
districts, with mines now productive, are Mount Diablo, Coos Baj', the
Seattle, Tacoma, and Nanaimo mines. Borax, carbonate of soda, salt,
gypsum, hydraulic cement, graphite, diamond, corundum, granite, marble,
roofing slate, steatite or soapstone, mineral soap, and many kinds of rock,
valuable for building purposes, are found.
37
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Gold Yield.— Accordini; to the report of J. J. ValextiN'K, the yield of
^okl dust and yold l)ulli(i!i on our slope, north of Mexico, amounted in
iS8i to $21,482,454, including $17,166,676 from California; $1,456,548 from
Idaho; $1,140,931 from OrcL^on ; $872,600 from liritish Columbia; $528,-
y2<j from .Arizon.i; $110,295 fi'^'ni Utah; $100,963 from Washington; and
$95,492 from Xevaila. This gold contains some silver, which latter makes
up, perhaps, 2 per cent, of the \alue. On the other hand, the silver bullion
contains abtjut t,], per cent, in value of gold, so that the .innual gold yield
of the entire slope is nearly $30,000,000. Of this sum more than a fourth
comes from Indraulic placers; less than a fourth frt)m other placers; more
than a fourth from silver mines; and less than a fourth from auriferous
quartz mines.
The Californian State Mincralogical Mu.scum or Mining Bureau (which
is open in San I'rancisco, without charge to visitors, and contains an ex-
tcnsi\e and interesting collection) h.is a gilt cube measuring 4'^ feet eacji
u;i)-, designed by I'rof II. (i. II.WKS to represent the amount of gold pro-
duced b\- the Californian mines from 1848 to 1880 inclusive; such a mass
would be worth $1,017,476,065, equal to a yielil of more than $30,000,000
for each of the first a years after the begining of gold-mining on the west-
ern slope of the Sierra Xevada. The first placers of California, those of
San Francisquito, 40 miles north of Lus Angeles, were discovered in 1842,
and for 6 )'ears yielded about $2,000 annually. The richer pl.icers on the
western slope of the Sierr.i Xevada, discovered at Coloma Oii Janu.iry 19,
1848, .soon became more productive than anj' previously known. In 1853
the estimated jicld was .$60,000,000, .and from that year ijie production
declineil.
The exi)erience of California and Idaho agrees with that of Victoria,
New South Wales, and Xew Zealand, to prove that when an Anglo-Saxon
community discovers a placer-mining region, ;ind obtains go\ernmental con-
trol of it, with convenient means of .access, the climax of proiluctiveness will
be reached within 5 j-ears, and will be followeil by a ilecline that will last
for at least an equal i)eriod, and after this will come a term nearly station-
ar)-. Californi.i and Iilaho are both in the stationary condition now; but
vvlicreas not one tenth of their yield came from auriferous quartz in the
first 5 years, now the former derives one third, and the latter about as
much, from th.al source.
Although a placer mine, or claim, of auriferous alhuium, can be worked
with greater r.ipidity antl exhausted sooner than a quartz mine, yet ;i placer
mining district, as compared with a region of auriferous or argentiferous
ijuartz, has usuall)- a much greater extent of mining ground and more uni-
form it)' in the richness or po\erty of its mineral deposits; and, therefore,
COLL) mixinh;.
291
will probabl)- not \ary so much in its yield within averatjc |)criods of 5 or
10 years. This remark is true as observed in the relation of the jilacer to
the quartz of California and of Idaho; and to the relation of California as
predominantly jjlacer in its mines, to Nevada almost exclusively cjuartz.
The production of the Californian placers may decline to insignificance
within half a century, while that of the Nevada silver veins may be as large
in 1930 an in 1880; but it is not probable that there will ever be a decrease
of 66 per cent, in California's gold yield within 4 years, as there has been
in Nevada's yield from 1877 to 1880.
Hydraulic Pipe. — Most of the present gold yield of California is ob-
tained by hydraulic washing, a process invented in California, and probably
better adapted to the deep auriferous gravel deposits of the Sierra Nevada
than to those of any other country. Let us visit one of the great hydraulic
mines. Mere we arc, at an elevation of 3,000 feet above the sea, with a
canyon of the Yuba River 1,000 feet deep at each side of the ridge on which
we are. The mine is a bed of gravel and bowlders 300 feet deep, half a
mile wide, and a mile long across the ridge. A hole v/ith an area of sev-
eral acres has been washed out to the bedrock, and on j sides of us the
gravel rises in high, steep banks. From the top of one of these banks an
iron pipe 2 feet in diameter comes down, and after various turns, terminates
in an immense iron nozzle, the mouth of which, 6 inches in diameter, is
turned a little above a horizontal direction, towards the gravel-bank, 60
yards distant. Through this, a stream of water under a pressure of 400 ver-
tical feet, rushes out against the bank, which it tears down with great
rapidity and carries off through a flume, or artificial channel, 6 feet wide
and a foot deep, paved with cobble-stones. The current here is so strong
that bowlders a foot in diameter appear to move as fast as the stream,
which is thick with clay, sa'id, and gravel. Such a nozzle will discharge
about 20,000,000 gallons a day, and will do more execution in moving
gravel than 100,000 men could do with picks, shovels, and wheelbarrows.
In some hydraulic mines, the expense of washing auriferous gravel does
not exceed 10 cents a ton ; and in many, 25 cents leaves a nice profit.
The expenses vary greatly, however, and perhaps the average expense is 40
cents. Most of the gold is usually found in a stratum about 5 feet deep,
next to the bedrock, where there is often ^5 and sometimes $100 to the
ton. If the gravel abo\e that level pays for the expcn.sc of washing, the
result is considered satisfactory. The abundant supply of water obtainable
by mining ditches on the top of auriferous ridges, the position of the gold-
bearing gravel, midway up on the side of a steep and high mountain chain,
with numerous great ravines to carry away the vast mass of refuse, and the
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extensive beds nf <jra\'cl accumulated there in channels ^oo feet deep and
half a mile wide, form a combination of circumstances that linve no par-
allel elsewliere; and make a jicculiar demand for the hydraulic process.
The ainiferous strata of Australia have no sucli opportunities for draina^'c,
and not onl\- lack the thickness of the Califomian ^ra\els, but, unlike the
latter, if not near the surface, are almost invariablj- covered at a considera-
ble ilepth by barren matter, below the level of anj- natural channel in the
vicinity; so that if water were abundant for washini^, and it is not, the
hydraulic i)rocess could not be used, for lack of an outlet.
Man)' persons ima,L,nne that h)\liaulic minint,^, if not checked by law, is
onh' in its infancy in California; but tl'iere are man)' reasons lor doubting
this statement. The business is not increasinif in extent, anil its profits are
rapiilly decreasint,'. Man)' of the jjlaces that a few )'ears since had the
most productive h)draulic mines now have none. Their gravel has been
washed awa)', if not to the bedrock, then to strata so hard that it is like a
solid con^clomerate rock. .*\11 of the most ])roductive hydraulic mines have
been on 4 deatl rivers or streams buried in a remote ijcoloi^ical ajj^e. The
accessible gravel of the.se dead rivers — some of it is buried so deep un-
der lavr. that the h)'draulic proccsss is not applicable — has been greatly
reduced in tpiantit)'. No new stream has been iliscovercd within the last
23 years, nor is there reason to expect any important discovery of that
kind in the future. The reduction in wages will not help hydraulic mining,
because human labor is a small item in the expense. The cheajiening
of water would aid it, but there is not much probabilit)- of a considerable
diminution in the ditch charges. Moreover, hydraulic washing is threat-
ened b)' litigation. The owners of farms in the \'alle)s have brought suit
to recoNcr damages for injury done to their land by .sand and gravel from
the h)'draulic mines; and if their right to recover damages should be rec-
ognized, the result might be equivalent to practically closing the hydraulic
mines.
Gold Quartz. — Auriferous cjuartz mines )'icld, ])erhaps, one third of the
gokl of California. The rock or ore, extracted in the same manner as that
from lodes containing base metals, is thrown into a batter)- or iron bo.x, in
which 5 iron stamps, each weighing 500 pounds, fall a distance of a foot 40
times in a minute. On the lower side of the battery is a wire screen that
permits the fjuartz to pass when reduced to particles so small that 150 in a
line will not (jccupy an inch. Quicksilver in the batter)- catches some of
the gold there; and a stream of water pouring into the battery carries the
pulverized material from the screen to a copper-plate cijvered with i|uick-
silver, and there mf)st of the gf)ld not caught in the battery is arrested.
(■OI.I) MINING.
293
Tliesc arc the nrdinary features (jf rcduciiifj auriferous quartz, though there
are <;reat cli\irsiiieN of detail.
Gold Quartz Mines. — Mining in auriferous quartz in Cahfornia has been
a fickle hiisiness, conferring' Uirt^c fortunes on a few, and inflictinjj serious
losses on man)-. The majority of the inills have been unprofitable invest-
ments, and most of the mines which have been worked at various times since
1851, when quartz minin.t^ began on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada,
arc now abandoned. (Jnl)' one prominent (juartz mine in the State has
been worked continuously for 25 years, and that is the Sierra Buttcs.
There are probably Co or 80 gold-quartz mines that arc now worked with a
profit in California; but in 1 88 1, only 12 belonging to incorporated com-
panies jjaid dividends. Of these, the most profitable was the Standard
Consolidated, of Bodic, east of the Sierra Nevada; the amount distributed
among the stockholders in the year being $975,000. In the 3 years
ending l"ebruary 1. 18S2, the dividends amounted to $2,475,000, and
the gross yield to $5,500,000. Ne.\t in value to the Standard is
the Idaho, at Grass Valley. In 188 1 it paid $263,000 in dividends. The
mine was opened in 1869, and at the end of 1881 had yielded about
$6,600,000 gross and $3,100,000 of dividends. This mine is working a pay
chute, which, nearer the surface, was in possession of the Grass Valley Eu-
reka Company, which, between 1865 and 1877, obtained $4,600,000. and
$2,134,000 net. This ore body has, therefore, in 17 years, paid $1 1,000,000
gross and $5,200,000 net. These figures are obtained from responsible
sources; in many other cases it is difficult to ascertain what the entire yield
of mines or ore bodies has been. It is said that the Haj-ward ^linc, at
Sutter Creek, produced $11,000,000 gross; the Massachusetts, of Nevada
City, $5,600,000; the Gold Hill, of Nevada City, $4,000,000; the Keystone,
of Sutter Creek, $2jooo,ooo; and the Oneida, of Sutter Creek, $1,500,000.
The Sierra Buttcs paid $78,100 and the Plumas Eureka $60,000 of divi-
dends in 1881. The Black Bear Mine, in Siskiyou County, in 9 years
previous to September 1, 1881, yielded $1,676,684 gross and paid $832,147
of dividends.
The auriferous lodes are numerous in California, and are the main hope
for the gold production of California, Arizona, Oregon, Idaho, and British
Columbia. The reduction in miners' wages to come with time, will aid
their development; and they will, perhaps, owe still more to wise legisla-
tion removing the clouds that now cover many of the titles, and prevent
prospectors from examining veins.
Our coast north of Mexico has about 800 mills, with 9,000 stamps, for the
reduction of gold and silver bearing quartz, erected at a co.st of about $12,000,-
M
294
MINING.
ooo. Of these mills, California lias about half; Nevada less than a fourth,
thr)u;j;h a lai;.,a'r iimporticui of stamps; Xri/ona comes next, then Iilaho,
folic )\\L(.l b\' Ut.ili, I'acific Montana, and British Columbia. The product of
the different divisions is not in proportion to the number of mills, many of
Avhich are lyinjj idle.
British Columbian Placers. — The placers of British Columbia produce
abcnit $1,000,000 annually; ;uid, thou;,,d» the districts from which most
of the jjold is now obtained, will jirobably sink into insijjnificancc at
no ilistant time, there is good reascsn to e.xpect that new districts will be
oiicncd with profit; so that the relative yield from the alluvial deposits
will be better in the ne.\t century than in any other placer region on our
coast. The dense timber, the deep strata of .soil and barren gravel over-
lying the auriferous deposits, the great cxpen.sc of transportation, and the
severe cold during half the year, obstruct exploration and prevent the
opening of mines in many places where good "prospects" have been ob-
tained. Gold is found in most of the streams west of the .summit of the
Rt)ck-y .Mountains on the mainland, and this is equivalent to a promise that
considerable areas as )-et untouched will yield their treasures to the future.
The mo.st- producti\e district. Cariboo, in latitude 53°, has an elevation of
5,000 feet abo\e the sea; and much of its gold has been supplied b}- an old
bed of Lightning Creek, from 50 to 150 feet beneath the present .surface of
the ground. This " dead river" has been drifted out for a length of 3 miles
and a width of 250 feet. Ca,->siar, next to Cariboo in its yield, is in lati-
tude 59°, and a few feet below the surface the giK..und remains frozen
through the }ear. The total gold yield of British C 'h.im' ia, from 1858 to
1882, has been estimated ofFiciall)' at $46,000,000, but \.hr amount reported
in the export statistics is about $36,000,000. Thf righest yield was in
1864, when there were 4,400 miners, and the reported exportation was
$2, So 1, 000. The number of miners at present may be 1,600.
Mexican Placers. — In northern Sonora, near Altar and Caborca, there are
placers, which were very productive for a few years about lialf a century
since; though the supply of water was always scanty, and for that rea-
son much of the ground supposed to be rich was never washed. .Several
American companies have attempted since 1870 to get capital to construct
ditches, but without success. Tradition says that in one year these Sonora
placers yielded $5,000,000. It was there that the natives of Sonora learned
the business of gold washing; so that when they came to California in
1848, 1849, and 1850, they were among the most successful prospectors and
miners. The placers of northern Sonora have never been entirely aban-
doned, but arc still worked in a small way.
^^Ui ■
sii.vicK minim;
2'j5
CHAPTER XVII— SIl.VKR MINING.
Silvf-' Production.— In icS.Si, accordinj,' to J. J. Y.\i.i;\T[N'i:, Nevada
produced $7,^55,574, Arizona $6,278,895, Utah $3,565,610, California $548,-
582, Idaho $370,540, and Oregon $48,684 in .silver bullion, making a total of
$20,665,885. Montana produced $2,305,723, but of thi.s not more than half
belonged to our slope. Of ores and base bullion, Nevada produced $3,896,-
498, Utah $3,637,383, Arizona $1,390,942, Idaho $1,007,386, and California
$305,421, making a total of $10,237,630, of which silver bullion may sup-
pi)- $6,000,000 in value, increasing the amount to $27,000,000. Silver
bullion, however, in many cases includes a considerable share of gold.
Thus, the bullion of the Comstock lode contained 47 per cent., and the
precious metal in the base bullion of Nevada had 44 per cent, in value of
gold in 1881. The value of the silver may ha\e been $18,000,000; and if
we allow $10,000,000 as the yield of the western portion of Mexico, we
have $28,000,000 as the total annual production of silver on our slope.
Silver Mines. — Silver mines are divided into 2 main classes as tlieir
ores are reduced by milling — that is, by grinding and amalgamating, or by
smelting. The milling (jres arc the large majority, including those of the
Comstock, Tombstone, Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Pioche, and White Pine
districts. Those ores which will not yield up their silver to amalgamation
until after the)- have been roasted, are called rebellious; the others are free-
milling. In roasting, the ore, finely pulverized, is exposed to a high heat
for several hours to drive off the sulpluir and oxidize some of the base
metals; and salt is added to convert the silver into a chloride, which is
easily reducible. One of the best furnaces for roasting silver ores is that
of Mr. Stetekeldt, invented and first used in Nevada. The free-milling
ores after being pulverized, and rebellious milling ores after being roasted,
are put into cast-iron pans 5 feet in diameter and 2 deep, and a charge of
perhaps a quarter or a half ton is ground in the form of a thin paste with
common .salt, and sometimes other minerals, until read}' for amalgamatio;,,
when the quicksihcr is added, and after 2 or 3 hours of rapid stirring, the
silver is supposed to be amalgamated; and the pulp passes from the pan to
a settling-tub, in which it is mixed with 5 or 10 times as much water, and,
' > J
]
1^ Ji
i 1
U
11
IT
!
I!- t
296
MINING.
after rcmainintj in a state of quiescence for several hours, the water and
lighter material are dnr.vn off, lea\ing the amalgam at the bottom. The
cost of extracting the ore is usually from $2 to $4 per ton, and of reduc-
tion in the large mills, from $14 to $20. It is the general opinion in Ne-
vada that free-milling ores must yield at least $20 to pay expenses, and
rebellious milling, perhaps $10 more.
Comstock Lode. — The Comstock lode, situated on the eastern slope of
the Sierra \e\ada at an elevation of 6,500 feet above the .sea, is one of the
most remarkable argentiferous deposits on the globe, comparing favorably
in magnitude ;ind )-iclil with the great veins Guanajuato and Cerro I'asco.
It is a fissure \ein, and has been distinctly traced for a distance of nearly 3
miles horizontally, and followed down to a depth of more than 3,000 feet.
In some places the distance between its outer walls is more than 300 feet,
and its average width is probably about 40 feet. Perhaps 2 per cent, of the
vein-stone is ore, paying $20 or more a ton, while the remainder of the
gangue is considered worthless at present, though possibly another 2 per
cent, will be e.vtracted and reduced with a profit within the next 20 years.
1 he ore is a black sulphurct, containing in many places free gold enougli
to surpass the sih'er in \alue. The country rock on the west foot-wall is
syenite or diorite; the hanging wall on the east is propylite.
Mines or mining claims on metalliferous veins, are measured longitudi-
nall)' on the \ein. Those on the Comstock Lode, with their respective
lengths, commencing at the north end are: Utah, 1,000 feet; Sierra Ne-
vada, 3,325 feet; Union, 575 feet; Mexican, 6oo feet; Ophir, 675 feet;
California, Goo feet; Consolidated Virginia, 710 feet; IJest & Helcher, 536
feet; Gould & Curr\', 617 feet; .Savage, 771 feet; Male & Norcross, 400
feet; Chollar, 1,400 feet ; Ikillion, 943 feet ; E.xchcquer, 400 feet ; Alpha, 306
feet; Imperial, 685 feet; Yellow Jacket, 957 feet; Kentucky, 93 feet;
Crown Point, 541 feet; and Belcher, 1,008 feet.
The Alta, 600 feet long, and the Justice, about half a mile south of the
Helcher, are supposed to be on the main line or a branch of the Comstock.
Bonanzas. — In general terms it may be said that the Comstock Lode
has had 3 bonanzas. The most northern of these, within the limits of the
lircsent Ophir, California, and Consolidated Virginia mines, had 2 ore
bodies. The (irst ore bod)- found at the surface extended down 500 feet,
and produced $22,000,000 from 1 12,000 tons of ore. The average width of
the ore boily was 15 feet, and in sh.ipe it was a triangle, the ufjper side
being about 300 feet long. At .i distance of 800 feet from that ore body,
la>' another triangle of rich ore, about 700 feet deep by 1,300 feet long, its
SILVKR MINING.
297
iippcr point being in the Consolidated Virginia, and its base extending
tliroiigli that mine and the Cahfornia into the Ophii'. The average width
of this mass was, perhaps, 40 feet, and its gross yield has been about $115,-
000,000; so that the 2 ore bodies of this most nortliern of the 3 bonanzas
ha\e produced in all about $137,000,000. Its dividends amounted to about
$75,000,000.
The .second bonanza included 3 ore bodies in the Gould & Curry, the
Savage, the Hale & Norcross, and the Chollar-l'otosi mines, the last now
being known as the Chollar. These ore bodies were shaped somewhat like
beans, with a length of 600 feet, a breadth of 200, antl a thickness across
the vein of about 20 feet, '' ')f the beans standing vertically, and the third at
an angle of 45 degrees to the horizon. The gross yield was about $55,000,-
000, and the dividends $12,800,000.
The third, or Gokl Hill bonanza, extended from the Imperial through the
Yellow Jacket, Kcntuck, and Crown I'oint into the Belcher Mine, with
5 ore bodies, 2 of them shaped like circular convex len.ses, and one resem-
bling a semicircular half lens, with the convex edge down. The total
yield of this bonanza was about $100,000,000, and the dividends amounted
to $33,600,000.
In addition to theee bonanzas, a number of small bodies of ore have
been worked without profit, producing in the aggregate, perhaps, $10,000,-
000. The total yield of the lode has been about $325,000,000, and the
dividends about $125,000,000.
The rich ore depos't of the Consolidated Virginia, extending into the
California, was discovered in 1873, "t a depth of 1,200 feet below the sur-
face. In F;ay, 1874, the Consolidated began to pay $324,000 of monthly
dividend; in March, 1875, it raised the sum to $i,oSo,ooo, and kept up at
that rate, with the exception of 4 months, till April, 1878; then jiaid 2
divid(?r.ds of $540,000, and 5 of $270,000 each, making a total of $42,390,-
000 dividends between Ma\-, 1874, and December, 1879. Between May,
187G, and December, 1879, the California Mine paid $31,320,000 of divi-
dends. The total dividends from the 2 mines were $73,710,000, and the
gro.ss production, $108,702,500, including $58,1 i4,30oof silver, and $50,588,-
200 of gold.
The Gould & Curry Mine began to reduce its ore in i860, but paid no
dividend till 1863, in which year it extractcti 48,000 tons, yielding $80 on
the average, and paitl $1,468,000 as dividends; in 1864 it extracted 66,000
tons, averaging $72, antl paid $1,440,000 in dividends; in 1865 the average
yield was $44 to the ton; in 1866, $28; and the dividends ceased, though
there was ,1 small paj-mcnt in 1870. The total yield of the mine has been
$15,000,000; the total lividcnds, $3,826,000; the average yield of its ore,
38
2(jH
MIXINi;.
:, h
$47; and the number of tons worked, 318,000. Its dividends were paid in
1863, 1864, 1865, 1 866, and 1870, the largest payment being in 1863.
Adjoining the Gould & Curry on the south is the Savage, which has re-
duced 459,000 tons, averaging $34, extracted $1 5,700,000, and distributed
$4,460,000 to its shareholders. Its dividends were paid in 1865, 1867, 18O8,
and 1869, reaching the highest figure in 1868, when $1,560,000 were divided.
Adjoining the Savage f)n the .south is the Hale & Norcross Mine, which
])aid $1,598,000 in dividends from 1866 to 1872, and e.vtracted $7,822,000
from 313,000 tons, jielding $25 on the average.
The most productive mine of the Ciold Hill bonanza was the IJelchcr,
which, in the 6 years from 1 87 1 to 1876, extracted $32,200,000 from 678,-
000 tons of ore, and paid $14,976,000 in dividends. The profits were
limited to that period, and the best year was 1873, when the ore averagcil
$64.70 per ton, and the dividends amounted to $6,760,000.
I'he Crown Point began to pa)- dividends in 1866, and with the exception
of 1870, paid every year till 1875: the total amount ilistributed to the stock-
holders in 8 years being $1 1,900,000. The best )-ear was 1873-4, when the
dividends ran up to $5,300,000.
In 1881, the Comstock Lode jielded about $1,200,000 of precious metal,
and the mines and mills cost about $5,000,000 for their management and
maintenance, th(j greater part of the deficiency being made U]) by assess-
ments collected from the people of San Francisco.
Mice Management. — The system under which thcsilvcr mines of Nevada,
.- ncd b\- companies incorporated in California, ha\e been managed, is not
iiout its defects. Its most prominent feature was the issuance of stock
■0 trustees without mention of the I rue owners; and the directors of com-
panies could buy or sell the stock and nobody could discover their move-
ments. Thej' therefore had motives to conceal the true condition of the
mines under their control. The\' employetl superintendents who would
give information to them in adsance, publish false statements to de-
ceive the stockholders and general public, and sometimes detain the
miners for days underground to prevent the truth from getting out.
Though regarded by the law as the fiiluciary agents of the stockholders,
tliey violated their trusts in main-, if not in most of the Comstock mines;
anil attcuipted, sometimes with signal success, to enrich themscKcs by de-
frauding their principals.
iVnother common abuse was that the directors of a mining company
made contracts with themselves as directors of some other companj-, as
owners of mills or as contractors in some other c.ipacity, for work to be
done and supplies to be furnisheil. Ihus, while the mine jielded nothipg
^
SILVER MINING.
299
to the stockholders, or was even heavily burdened by assessments, the
directors were deriving a fine revenue from it. Under such a management,
a mining company would pay $25 a ton for extracting and reducing ore
which yielded only $20; and while the stockholders as a body lost $5 in the
mines, the directors made perhaps $6 a ton in the mill. The mills for the
reduction of the Comstock ores were usually owned not by the mining
companies, but by men who held many shares of the stock, and were
thus enabled to control the election of the trustees, who made contracts
to supply the mills with large amounts of ore, which thc)- furnished even
when it did not contain enough metal to pay expen.scs. Thus the average
yield of 130,000 tons of ore reduced from the Crown Point mine in the year
ending Maj- i, 1876, was $18.60, while the average cost of extracting and
reducing it was $20.30, so there was a loss of $221,000 on the work of the
year. The Hale and Norcross Mine in the 4 years from 1871 to 1874, ex-
tracted and reiluced 134,000 tons, averaging $17.50 per ton with a loss of
about $3 a ton, or $400,000 in all. The Savage Company reduced 1 34,000
tons in the 4 years from 1870 to 1873, and the average yield of the ore
for each j'car was less than the e.xpen.sc of extraction and reduction, leav-
ing a loss of at least $250,000 to the company. In the 7 years from 1868
to 1874, the Sierra Nevada reduced 1 1 1,000 tons, and every dollar extracted
cost $3. The average yield of the ore was less than $8, and the expense
of milling about $12; but it was milled. Many of the other mines were
managed in a similar manner, and the mill-owners derived large profits
from mines which were worked at a great loss to the stockholders.
U
Assessments. — Although great profits have been made by some of the
com])anies mining on the Comstock Lode, most of them did not .succeed
until after they had risked considerable sums, and others ventured much
and recovered nothing. Three of the Comstock companies have collected
each more than $4,000,000 by assessment ; 4 others each more than $3,000,-
000; 3 others each more than $2,000,000; and 7 others each more than
$1,000,000; and these 17 companies have collected in the aggregate more
than $46,000,000. The total as.scssments paid in San Francisco in the last
22 j-cars for mining jmrposes amount to more than $70,000,000, and the
atmual average for several years was about $10,000,000.
Underground Works.— .V subterranean city exists in the Comstock
Lode — a city 3 miles long and a half a mile wide. The vein is perhaps not
more than 50 feet thick on the a\crage, but as it dips to the east at
an angle of 45°, while the mountain side dips in the same direction at an
angle of 20° to the horizon, the miners have found it convenient to sink a
I !
)00
MiM\(;.
succession of shafts each farther to the cast, as it was required to reach
L;rcatcr depths. The deepest of these shafts in the Belcher and Yellow
Jacket mines go down each ^,(X)0 feet, and the Mexican is down 2,800 feet;
and several other shafts ha l'^ i '-'artcd with the expectation of sinking
to at least 4,000 feet. At iut of 100 feet the vein is examined by
levels, each of which ma)' be c rred to the story of a house; so the
Comstock catacombs have 29 stories; and the length of its shafts, levels,
drifts, crosscuts, inclines, and winzes is not less than 250 miles. About
15,000,000 tons of ore have been reduced; 350,000,000 tons of waste rock
have been hoisted to the surface; and 1,700,000,000 tons of water have been
pumped. There is 10 times as much wood in the underground timbering
of the Comstock Lode as there is in V^irginia City and Gold Hill, which are
built mainly of wood, and, at one time, had nearly 20,000 inhabitants in the
I ■.
(
Mine Improvements. — The opening of the Comstock Lode in 1859
made a new epcjch in the mining history of the Pacific Coa.st. It was the
first silver-mining experience of the Americans. They rushed into it with
chiir.'icteristic energy. They found magnificent profits. They supplied
the mines with excellent and very costly mining machinery. They devised,
or first extensively applied, improved apparatus for hoisting and amalga-
mating, for jDumping, timbering, and ventilating. They enabled one man
to tlo more work b)' the help of imi)ro\cd machinery and tools than 10 av-
erage Mexican miners can do in the same time. In 20 years after the
(lisc()\ery of its mineral wealth, Xcx'ad.i, with abf)ut 60,000 inhabitants, pro-
duced twice as much silver as Mexico ever did, though it had more than
3,000,000 people directly or indirectly dependent for support on its silver
mines.
The hoisting, the pumping, the crushing, the ventilation, the stirring in
the pans, and inuch of the drilling in the Comstock Lode, arc done by ma-
chiner)-, which, in cost, efficiency, magnitude, and nice adaptation to the
special piu'poses in \iew, has never been equaled elsewhere. .Several of the
mines ha\e hoisted and reduced 500 tons dailj' for long periods; and this
immense amount of work, yielding a monthly pnifit of $ 1 ,000,000, justi-
fied large expenditures, and required the most careful stud)'. The best
school lor the study of silver mining to-day is Virginia City. There is not
a step in the business (from the sinking of a shaft to the final melting of
the bullion;' which the miners of Nevada have not modified with advantage
t(j themselves.
J. W. Maokay.— The most notable miner of the Comstock is John W.
M.VCK.VV, the ciiief owner in the Consolidated Virginia and California
SILVER MINING.
301
mines. A native of tlie north of Ireland, he came as a poor boy to tiie
United States, and arrived as a poor man at Virginia City, where he ob-
tained employment in mining underground for $4 a da>'. He made fortu-
nate investments, entered the firm of P'LOOl) & O'BUIKX fJ-VMI-.S G.
F.VIR being the fourth partner), and managed the explorations, which led to
the discovery of the Consolidated Virginia bonanza. I lis vast wealth,
and the splendor of the entertainments given by his wife in Paris, are
among the notorieties of our lime. Mr. Mack.W himself has not been
rendered giddy by his success, but continues on terms of familiar friendship
with his old associates, dwells in the mountain desert of Virginia City, and
works hard, going down into his mines every day.
J. G. Pair. — James G. Fair, a native of Ireland, born in 1831, came to
the United States in 1841, and to California in 1850, and in i860 he went
to Virginia City, where he worked as a miner, by the day. In 1865 he had
become jperintendent of the Ophir Mine; a few years later he entered the
firm of Flood & O'Uriex. The discovery of the bonanza of the Con-
solidated Virginia and California mines made a millionaire of him, and in
1880 he was elected a member of the Senate of the United States.
George Hearst. — As the most important parts of mining arc the finding
of the ore, and the correct appreciation of its worth when found, so, per-
ha[)s, the miners who deserve to rank in the first class are those who can
most accurately estimate the practical value of mineral deposits. Judged
by that rule, GEORGE HEARST has no superior as a miner on our slope.
His opinion of a mine will command more confidence than that of any
other man. It is well known that 4 or 5 of the richest mines on the con-
tinent were purchased by the present owners for relatively small sums
under his advice. He is an expert whose trustworthiness has been accred-
ited by experience. Llovd Tevis and J. H. H.\Gc;iN have been well re-
warded for relying on him. Their best mines have been obtained with his
help. Mr. HEARST rccei\ed a simple country .schooling as a boy, and
worked 8 years in the lead and copper mines of Missouri, his native State
before coming to California in 1850, when he was 30 years of age. He
was a gold miner for most of the next g j-ears, until he found himself at
the Comstock Lode in July, 1*^59. He soon obtained a large share in the
Ophir Mine, and within 3 years was worth $1,000,000; 3 years later he lost
nearly all. He speculated with success in San l""rancisco real estate, and
for the last 10 years has made a business of examining mines, and reporting
on their value.
Discovery of the Comstoolc— The history of the discovery of the
Comstock Lode is not free from obscurit)'. That portion of the vein near
M
30:;
MINING.
Gold Hill was rich in gold near the surface, and by its disintegration had
furnislicd materials for jjlacer digj:;ings, wliich were worked by Mexicans in
1S50, and were not abaniloncd until the bed of the canyon had been
covered by the tailings from the silver-mills. It is sail! that K. A. and H. H.
Gkosch, brothers, natives of I'enn.sylvania, and educated mineralogists,
found the lode, and ascertained it.s argentiferous quality in 1853, and
attaciicd much importance to their disco\cry; but they made no publica-
tion or written record of their investigations or opinions in reference to the
lode. Both died in 1857. Among the miners at Gold Hill was a Mexican
named M.\LDO.\.\DO, \\ho had been a silver miner in his native country,
and he was the first person to work the ore with profit. From him the
first productive mine on the lode was named the Mexican. In 1859
samples of the ore, sent to Grass Valley, were assayed by Mklville
AtwooI), who found that they contained 1,000 ounces or more of ])recious
metal to the ton, with a considerable percentage of gold. The high value
of the vein was ascertained or made public in June, 1859; and the lode about
this tmie received its title from a dissipated and thriftless miner, who was
one of the first to obtain a claim on the vein; and Virginia City was named
after his native State. The persons who took up the early claims, includ-
ing Gould, Cukrv, S.w.uje, Sides, and Belchkk, all sold out many
jears ago, most of them for small sums, and .several died in abject poverty.
r 15
Washoe Process. — ]\Iost of the silver of the Pacific Coast is obtained
by the Washoe process, .so called because it was first applied to the re-
duction of argentiferous ores on the Comstock Lode, which was within the
limits of the Washoe district. There are 3 main amalgamation proccs.scs:
the Mexican, the German, and the American. The Mexican piles up his
pulverized ore in a />{7tio or yard, mixes it with water, salt, quicksilver, and
pyrites of copper and iron, and stirs it occasionally by driving mules
through it. It covers a large space, and often requires 2 months to com-
plete the amalgamation. The German puts his ore with water, p}'rites, salt,
and quicksiKer, in a wooden barrel revolving on a horizontal axis. The
American puts his ore in a cast-iron pan, adds his water and chemicals,
sometimes heats his pan by steam, and stirs the l)ul]) by swiftly revolving
arms, which may grind the coarser material.
There is no precise rule for the amount or character of the chemicals to
be used in the Washoe process, nor is there any unifonnity in general prac-
tice. Sulphate of copper and salt arc the main chemicals added to the ore
to prc[)are the siKer for amalgamation. The Mexican ;ind German often
take the copper i^j'rites in its natural forms, while the American uses the
chemical as prepared by art. They put scraps of iron in their heaps or
m'
siiat:r mimnu.
,^io;,
barrels, wliilc tlio i);in itself furnishes that metal in the Washoe process.
From a quarter of a pound to S pounds of salt, and from a ])oinid ant! a
half to 2 pounds of sulphate of copper are consumed for each ton of aver-
age ore. The ores are carefully assayed before reduction, and the jield is
ordinarily from 20 to 35 per cent, less than the assay value. Whether the
Mexican or German process would do so well or better on these ores is
matter of surmise, for they ha\e not been tried extensively; but they would
probabl)- lose as much of the precious metal, while they would be so slow,
and require so much space and labor, that the extra expense would exceed
the extra yield, if any. The Washoe process does the largest amount of
work in the smallest space and the briefest time, with the least human
labor. The ore from the tim'e it reaches the mill passes downward, so that
gravity facilitates its movements. It falls from the stamp to the pan, from
the pan to the .settler, and then divides, part running away as refuse, and
the precious metal going to the amalgam-pots. .
The time for amalgamating a change in the pans is usually 4 or 5 hours,
and the " pulp," as the matter treated in the pan is called, runs into a .settler
or large tub, where it is mixed with water, and allowed to stand till the
hea\ier material, including the amalgam, settles to the bottom, when the
water and lighter mud arc drawn off
Silver Smelting.— Large bodies of argentiferous galena have been found
at luireka, Nevada; Cerro Gordo, California; various places on the
western side of the Wasatch Range in Utah, and elsewhere on our slope.
Smelting is the cheapest process for reducing the ore to the metallic form.
A cupola furnace, holding from 20 to 50 tons of ore at a charge, is used.
The cost, including a small steam-engine to drive the blast, is not more
than $5,000. The fuel used is charcoal, 10 bushels being required for each
ton of ore. The coal is fed into the furnace from the top in alternate lay-
ers with the ore, a flux added, and the smelting continued day and night
till repairs are necessary.
The chief item of expense in the reduction of ores, aside from labor, is
fuel. Charcoal is mostl)' used for this ])urpose, and costs in the large estab-
lishments $40,000 a month. I'robably 800 hands are employed in the
industry, the usual wages being $4 a day. When running day and night, it
is customary to ha\e 3 shifts of (S hours each. The business is confined to
no .sea.son of the )ear; the only interruptions being lack of material,
accident to the mine, or necessity for repairs. The cost of mining and
hauling the ore to the furnaces in the Eureka district, is slated to be
about $14 per ton, and the cost of smelting in the small works $10 a ton.
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The cli.nLjc for smelting and refining is from $io to $|8 a ton. From S'A
to 7 tons of ore iisiiall)- jickl a ton of base bullion.
The protiuct of the furnace, generally stj'lcd " base bullion," is principally
lead, with some silver and gold, which usually amount to about $400 in a
ton. The precious metals are .separated bj- a refinery, of which there are 2
on our slope — one in San Francisco, and one in Eureka. The San Fran-
cisco refinery, of T. H. SlCLBV & Co., u.scs the I'ATTINSON process; the
ICurcka Refinery, belonging to the Richmond Mine, employs the Rezan
pr(.iccss.
In Pattin.SON'.S process the molten mass contained in the center pot of
a row, is partially cooled, being constantly agitated during the time, until
cr)-stals of lead form and sink, when thc\- are removed by means of a
perforated ladle to another pot. This straining is repeated several times;
the enriched metal being carried each time in one direction, and the impov-
erished in the opposite direction. After passing through a set of from 9 to
12 pots, and finally reaching those at the ends, this portion of the process
is c()m])letcd ; the result being that -one pot holds lead, carrying in .some
cases as high as fxx) ounces of silver to the ton, while the other ])ot con-
tains market lead, or lead carrying little more than half an ounce to the
ton. In the Roz.VN modification the melted metal is placed in an iron
vessel called a hydrocicle, having a cajiacit)' of 20 tf)ns or more, and when
melted, the mass is agitated by a jet of heated steam forced through an
opening in the bottom of the pot, the steam also lowering the temperature
sufficiently to cause crystallization to take place as before. The fluid por-
tion is then drawn off through an orifice at the bottom of the vessel, and
the operation repeatetl several limes, u'ltii the same result is obtained as by
the other process. The remaining lead is driven off by cupcllation in a re-
verberator)' furnace.
Leaching. — Leaching or lixiviation, is a method of separating silver
from rebellious ores. They are pulverized coarsely, .so as to pass a No. o
screen, and are then roasted with salt till the precious metal forms a chloride,
which is leached out by a .solution of hyposuli)hite of lime; and the sul-
phite of silver, after precipitation and drying, is exposed to a heat which
drives off the sulphur. The cost of crushing, roasting, and leaching uiuler
favorable circumstances, is about $12 a ton; and that is jjerhaps the aver-
age cost in Sonora, where many mines are using the process. It was intro-
duced there by Californians, who substituted the hyposulphite of lime for
the hyposul|)hite of soda as proposed by I'l.ATKKA, the discoverer of the
leaching moile of reduction.
Eureka District. — The I'^ureka district, now the most productive in
Nevada, yielded $4,000,000 in 1 88 1, and since its di.scovcry, about 14
SILVER MINING.
30s
years ago, has produced $68,000,000, and paid $7,000,000 in dividends.
Its ores arc nearly all argentiferous galena, and arc reduced by smelting.
The leading mines are the Eureka Consolidated, the Richmond Consoli-
dated, and the Ruby Consolidated. The first has yielded $19,000,000, and
paid $5,105,000 in dividends; the dividends in 1881 having been $225,000.
The Richmond paid $540,000 of dividends in 1881. The furnaces of the
Richmond can smelt 300 tons; those of the Eureka, 200; and those of the
Ruby, 100 tons a day.
Arizona Silver.— In 1873 Arizona nroduced $47,778 of precious metals;
in 1 874, $26,066 ; in 1875, $109,093; ii' 1876, $1,111,992; in 1877, $2,388,-
622; in 1 87S, $2,287,983; in 1879, $1,942,403; in 1880, $4,123,081 ; and in
1 88 1, $8,198,766. The rapidity of the recent increase indicates that the
Territory possesses great mineral wealth, and that any estimate of the
future production must be unsafe. Most of the metal is silver, and is ob-
tained from free milling ores. The chief center of production is Tomb-
stone, which yielded about $5,000,000, and had 140 stamps in 1881. So
soon as the miners were protected from the Apaches, and as convenient
transportation was given by the railroad, the mineral production rose with
wonderful speed. Among the dividends of 1881, the Contention Consoli-
dated (formerly the Western) paid $875,000; the Tombstone, .$600,000;
the Silver King, $300,000; the Grand Central, $200,000; and the Tip Top,
$120,000.
Californian Silver. — At various places east of the summit of the Sierra
Nevada, California, has mines of argentiferous galena, some of which,
especially those at Cerro Gordo, near Owen Lake, have yielded large
quantities of metal, but they are now eclipsed by the richer deposits of
Nevada and Utah. From 1874 to 1876, Cerro Gordo annually produced
5,000 tons of base bullion, containing $350 of gold and silver to the ton on
the average; for several years past the yield has been insignificant.
Utah Silver.-^Utah has numerous profitable silver mines, the most pro-
ductive being on the slopes of the Wasatch Range, which runs north and
south, east of Salt Lake. The ores generally are of argentiferous galena,
but there are many others. In 1881 the Territory produced $7,311,288 of
precious metal. One of the most profitable mines on the continent now is
the Ontario, which is in Parley's Park, about 30 miles east of Salt Lake
City. It paid $825,000 of dividends in 18S1, and its gross yield within 7 years
has been about $9,000,000, of which sum $3,975,000 have been ne^ profits.
It is said that there is ore enough in sight to last 4 years, and pay $3,000,-
coo in dividends. The Horn Silver Mine, south of Salt Lake City, in 1881
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yielded $1,807,092, and paid $300,000 of dividends. These arc the richest
mines in the Territor)-, but man)- others arc very desirable properties.
Utah lias 2S5 stamps, and 23 furnaces for smelting argentiferous galena.
Mexican Silver. — ^The western slope of Mexico has some of the most
]m)ductiv'j sihcr districts of the globe, including Guanajuato, which has
yielded $400,000,000, and Zacatccas, which has turned out $300,000,000. The
mines of both those districts liave been worked with profit for more than 3
centuries. Durango and Sonora yield each about $3,000,000 annually now in
the precious metals; and Sinaloa has good mines. Alamos, the chief silver
district of Sonora, has been an important center of mining industry since
the beginning of the last century; and about 1825 the annual production
was $2,000,000. One mine of Lower California has produced more than
$500,000 annually for many years. Money, machinery, and skill are going
into the mines of Western Mexico, and important results may be expected
within a few years. The present annual yield is about $10,000,000.
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307
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CHAPTER XVIII— MINING FOR OTHER MINERALS.
Coal. — Our slope is poor in the area and quality of its coal-beds. The
coals of California and Orc<^on are of the litjnite class; tho.sc of Utah,
New Mexico, Arizona, Western Colorado, and Sonora are, in most cases,
cither of little value or difficult of acce.s.s. The receipts ol coal at San
Francisco in 1881 amounted to 868,000 tons, including 309,000 from luirope
and Australia, 151,000 from Hritish Columbia, 149,000 from Seattle, 104,-
000 from Mount Diablo, 19,000 from Coos Bay, and 18,000 from Carbon
Hill.
The leadinfi coal mines of our slope arc in the possession of 3 wealthy
combinations of capitalists, who have indicated their intention to engatje
in a f^reat strujjf^le to sujiply tlie San Francisco market. Their com-
petition would probabl)' have attracted more attention if the>- had not all
been oppressed by the immense supplies of coal brought from Europe as
ballast by ships sent to carry away the Californian wlieat. DlnsMLIK,
Dkjcle & Co. have the best mines at Nanaimo, the most complete and
con\enient arrangements for extracting and shipping their coal. Thej'
arc at a disadvantage, however, because of the heavy tariff, which cuts off
much of their profit in the American market. Tllli OREGON iMl'KOVi;-
MKNT Company (Henry Villard and associates) own the best mines
near Seattle.
The most productive coal mines of California are on t'-" north-eastern
slope; of Mount Diablo, 800 feet above the sea, and 6 iriics irom the San
Joaquin River, with which they are connected by rail, i Jierc are 4 veins,
one of 3 ^'4 feet, one of 3 feet, and 2 each a fool thick. The production be-
gan in i860, and reached its highest figure, 204,000 tons, in 1874. Four
mines are now v/orkcd, and the Black Diamond yields more than the ag-
gregate of all the others. The only jiroductive coal mine in California, bc-
.sidcs tho.sc at Mount Diablo, is in lone Valley, but is not of much im-
portance. There are coal deposits of unascertained \alue in Mendocino,
Shasta, and Fresno counties.
Tlie only productive coal mines of Oregon are at Coos Ba)'. which .seems
to have reached the cliina.x of its yield in 1874, in which year it sent 45,-
000 tons to San Francisco.
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Extensive listiicts in I'tah, and the Pacific portions of Wyoming and
New Mexico, arc carboniferous; but except in Wyoming and Utah, little
has been ilonc to extract the mineral. The deposits, liouever, are de-'tined
to attract mu:h attention in the future. At Rock Spring, in Wyoming,
the coal .scam -, within 780 feet of the surface, have an aggregate thickness
of 48 feet; a.id at Coalville, Utah, there is a coal scam 13 feet thick, and
the coal area of the Territor)- measures, according to official statements,
I25,CXX) i'cres. The attempts to make coke of the Utah coal have failed.
The geological maps in Ilaydcn's report show that there are 1,500 square
miles f)f carboniferous area in Western Color.ado, but in districts .so sparsely
]Kipul.ited, and so remote from railroads, that coal there is of little \alue for
t!ic present or near future. Coal-beds are known to e.xist at various places
in Alaska, Sonora, and Queen Charlotte Island. .Vrizona has several coal
basins, onv- of them within the limits of the San Carlos Indian Reservation.
Carbon Hill. — One of the most valuable coal deposits of the Pacific
Coast is four d at Carbon Ri\er, 34 miles from Tacoma, in Washington
'I'erritory. The \eins at present worked are 3 in number: one, i^]4 feet;
the .second, 6 feet ; and the third, 4)^ feet thick. Thc\- are situated so that
they can be worked con\enientl\' through a tunnel, and the amount of coal
above its level, and therefore obtainable without puniping, is estimated ;it
26,000,000 tons. Col. G. II. Mi;nI)KLI,, after examining the veins, said they
"have an abundance of superior coal of different varieties easily accessible,
and easy to mine." Mr. GUTKI.IL'S declared it "an excellent bituminous
coal, superior to any produced from [other] mines on this coast." He adds
that the Carbon River coke compares favorabh' with the best English coke
for sale in the San Franci.sco market. The walls arc a hard sandstone, so
that no timbering is needed. The cost to the company of the coal de-
livered in San Francisco is estimated at $4.50 a ton. The veins have no
"bone" or incumbustible matter in them, and the expense of mining is put
down at 50 cents a ton. A railro.id, without ascending grade, leads from
the mine do\\ n to the deep-water ship. These mines belong to the capi-
talists of Tin; Centr.vi. Pacific R.mlro.vd Company. Steam-colliers
are used to carry the coal to .San Francisco.
Seattle Coal— TiiK OREGON Improvk.mknt Company (coal depart-
ment; is the ouner of the coal lands producing what is known as the
Seattle coal — a lignite lying in 7 parallel \eins, of var)ing thickness, on a
tract of 1,200 acres near New Castle, 20 miles east of .Seattle. The mines
have been worked for about 10 )-ears, and have proilucetl from 75,000 to
100,000 tons a year. The present daily output is 500 tons; but withiij 12
MININCi KiK dllll.U MINT.RAl.S.
309
months the progrt'ssins,' impiovciiKnts will iiiciuasc the d.iily capacit)- to
i.cxx) tons. Another piece of the company's property is the Columbia and
Piigct Sound Raih-oad, a narrow-gauge road, 20 miles long, running from
New Castle to Seattle, and at present used almost exclusively for coal
transi)ortation. At the Seattle terminus an extensive coal-shipping pier is
being built of copper-covered piles. The wharf when completed will be
1,150 feet long, 50 feet wide, and will have a cajiacity of putting 3,000 tons
o( coal a day on board vcs.scLs. Connected with this department are 6
.sailing-ships, ha\ing a total capacity of 1 1,500 ton.s. The)- are engaged in
carrying coal from Seattle to San Fran^ isco. In addition to these, the
company have recently added a fleet of steamships, consisting (jf the
lVi//(ii>iet/e, 2,^00 tons; Jl/ississ//>/>i, 1,300 tons; (Jiiiatiiin, 2,200 inns; and
IVal/a Walla, 2,200 tons. These steamers were designed and exjjressly
built for th , economical transportation of coal from I'ugct Sound to San
I'rancisco. They have been equippetl so as to accommodate passengers and
general freight to and from I'ugct Sound. The company own also the
entire propert)' bounded b)' IScale, Hrj'ant, Ikannaii, and I'irst streets, San
I'"rancisco, and have there erected facilities for unloading and storing coal,
which arc probably the most complete and extensive on the coast. The
iriachinery and apparatus is capable of lifting 200 tons an hour from the 4
hatches of a steamer, and the storage sheds can accommodate 10,000 tons
of coal.
Dunsmuir, Diggle & Co. — The Wellington Colliery, at Departure Bay,
l\i miles north of Nanaimo, the property of DuNSMUiR, DiGGLE & Co..
though not opened till 1870, has yielded more coal and more profit than
anj- other mine on our coast, but recently has been meeting with competi-
tion from several of the Washington mines. The capacity is 1,500 tons a
daj', and the average output is 1 5,000 tons a month. A new shaft, to be 500
feet deep, and to furnish additional facilities for extraction, is now being
sunk. The price of the coal froin the Wellington Mine in Calilornia, is
usually from $1 to $2 more per ton than that from Seattle. About half
the yield is sold in San Francisco, and the remainder in Wilmington (to
TlIK SOUTIIKRN P.VCIFIC R.MLRO.M) Co.Mr.VNY), and the Hawaiian Islands.
DUNSML'lK, Diggle & Co. own and use in their business 2 steamships,
the Barnard Castle and Hylton Castle, and besides frequently charter sail-
ing-vessels. The)' cmplo)- 600 men, half of whom are Chinamen, paying
from $3 to $4.50 to white miners, to blacksmiths and carpenters from $3 to
$3.50, and to Chinamen from $1 to $1.25 per day. To accommodate the
laborers, i6o cottages have been built, besides a hotel, 2 large boarding-
liouses, a school-hou.se, a church, and hall, with Presbyterian and Metho-
rr.
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MINING.
tlist soniccs cvciy Sundny. Two railroads, 4]4 miles lonj:;, convey the
coal b_v steam from the mine to the wharf. The .l/cxaiukr, built at the
Skecna Ri\cr, of j'clluw cetlar, said to be the finest tutj-boat on the coast, is
the propertx- of the firm, and is used in their business. At Como.\,45 miles
north (if Departure Bay, they own i,ooo acres of coal-field, containing 6
scams, xarying from 2);! to 8 feet in thickness. The capital invested in
their uusiness is $i,ioo,CXX). Mr. DUNSMUIR was .sent out as a mining ex-
pert from Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1S51, to Vancouver Island, where he has
resided ever since, and to him fairly belongs a large share of the credit for
the successful development of the Nanaimo coal mines.
Iron Smelling. — The consumption of iron on the Pacific Coast amounted,
for 18S1, to more than 15,000 tons, or about 3,500 tons in excess of the
figures for the [irevious jear; while imports fell off from 13,200 tons in
1.S80 to S,6oo tons in iSSi. The difference is c.\])lained by the large
increase in tin; home production of iron, which was estimated, for 1881, at
12,250 tons, and valued at about .$337,000. In former years nearly all the
pig-iron consumed here was imported from the ICastern .States or from
luu'ope ; but the smelting works now in operation in California, Oregon,
and Washington ha\'c been attendetl with such a measure of success as to
give assurance that the importation of iron, in large cjuantities, will soon
cease to he a necessity, though a certain c]u.'..,tity of soft iron will be
required to mix with that of home production. The average price of iron
in San I'ranciscf) ikuing the jiast 5 years has been $29.75 ^ ton; and it is
claimed by the proprietors of furnaces on this coast that ihcycui |)lace pig-
iron on the market at a cost of $24 a ton.
.\s in man_\- other industrial pursuit.s, so in that of smelting the most
useful of metals, Utah took the lead on our coast. The cost of transpor-
tation \\,is so high, the value of iron was so little, in proportion to its
weight, and the Mormons were so poor, that they made man)- efforts to ob-
tain, at home, the needed suppl)'. They erected numerous furnaces, but
gencrall)- without satisfactory result.s. Their coal would not coke; and
used in its raw condition it did not produce a good quality of iron. After
all their efforts and sacrifices to obtain iron in Utah, they were still experi-
menting when the Union Pacific Railroail reached them in 1869; and, by
reducing freight, and at the same time giving an excellent market for their
agricultural produce, diminished the incentives for maintaining furnaces.
The recent construction of a railroad into Iron (Jounty, where extensive
deposits of rich ore arc found near beds of coal, has turned attention again
to the smelling of iron in Utah, and it is probable that the business will
soon be resumed under more faxorable auspices.
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MINING VOK OTIIKR MINERALS.
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Oregon Iron. — In the production ot iron on the Pacific Const, Oregon
came next after Utah, with a set of furnaces, built in 1865 by TlIE Ore-
<;ox Iron Company at Oswego, on the Willamette River, 7 miles above
Portland. The first shipment of ore to San Franci.sco, consisting of 50
tons, was made in 1867. Charcoal is made in the adjacent forests. One
hundred and fifty Chinamen are employed in cutting the wood at $i a
cord, and the coal is charred and delivered at the furnace at a cost of 6)4
ce s a bushel. The limestone, required for flu.x, is brought from the
Tacoma quarries, in Washington, at a cost of $5.50 a ton, and is used to
the extent of 1,000 tons a year. About 140 bushels of charcoal and 3 tons
of ore are required to produce a ton of iron. The cost of the charcoal
would be $9.10, and the ore is extracted and brought to the mine at an ex-
pense of $2. 10 a ton. The iron finds a ready market in Oregon and California.
When used alone, it is found to be too soft for manufacturing purposes, and
is, therefore, mixed with Scotch pig-iron. The price has varied from $25
to $30 a ton, and the sales for 1881 exceeded $150,000. About 300 persons
are employed in the mine and works; the miners receiving $3, and laborers
$2 a day.
Between 1867 and i86o these works produced 2,400 tons of iron. The
furnace then remained idle until March, 1874, and continued in operation
until t'. ■:; fall of 1876, producing during the interval about 5,000 tons. The
following year the property passed into the hands of its present proprietors,
The 0.s\vego Iron Company. The works are located on the west bank
of the Willamette River, and arc connected by railroad with the mine,
which is 3 miles distant. The ore is conveyed by a train of 6 cars, each
one carrying a load of 5 tons, and is delivered by contract at 70 cents a ton.
The averat:fe yield is about 100 tons a day, and at this rate it is estimated
that it will take 50 years tn exhaust the deposit. The thickness of the
vein varies from 6 to 20 feet, and a shaft ' 's been sunk to a depth of 600
feet. The ore is a brown hematite, and ,. lelds about 40 per cent, of iron.
The blast-furnace is a large structure, 1.1 cr 40 feet in height, and is capable
of producing 500 tons a month.
Callfornlan Iron. — The only productive iron mine in California is at
Hotaling, 3 miles from Clipper Gap and 45 from Sacramento. It was
opened by TlIE CaLIKORNIA Iron AND SteEL COMPANY in May, 188 1,
and has a maximum capacity to produce 45 tons of pig-metal in 24 hours,
or about I S,ooo tons in a year. The company own 7,800 acres of timber land,
to supply material for ciiarcoal, 31 miles of wagon road, for the transporta-
tion of their coal and iron, 26 patent charcoal-kilns, each of which holds 45
cords of wood, and extensive deposits of rich ores of the kinds known as limo-
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MINING.
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nite, ochcrous limonitc, and magnetite. The last contains 6g per cent, of iron;
til'-' liinnnitc and ochcrous limcnitc from 53 to 57 per cent. Phospb.onis and
sulpluir arc cither lacking or so small in quantity as not to injure the qual-
ity of the metal. (3n their land, and near their furnaces, arc large deposits
of marble, excellent for flu.xing purposes. Their timber consists mainly
of fir, }cllo\v pine, and spruce, and )ields good charcoal. Their iron bore
a tensile strain var)-ing from 8 to 15 tons to the scjuarc inch — conclusive
proof of high strength — and has been used with success in making car-
wheels, chilling rcadil)- and evenly. The common Scotch iron bears a ten-
sile strain of about 3 tons. The 640-acrc tract on which the buildings are
situated is supposed to be one vast ore-field, as e\idenccs of the existence
of ore appear in all tlirections. Hesides this vast supply, the company has
in possession some 80 acres, called the Scott Mine, about 4 miles from the
works, and on the road to Auburn. On a portion of this propert)', visible
from the road, 2 cuts have been made, revealing a magnificent deposit of
ore of richest quality. In the mines in the vicinity of the furnaces, 5 cuts
have been made, near each other; and in one or 2 of them, true fissure
veins, with well-defined walls, have been developed. In cut No. 3, near the
works, a shaft has been sunk to a depth of 60 feet, all the way through
.solid iron ore of a most vnpcrior quality. The ore is limonite and red hem-
atite, with occasional deposits of magnetite, and is very rich, )ie!ding as
high as 62 per cent, of iron, and is free from phosphates and sulphurcts.
The quality of the iron is equal to any, and greatly superior to most
descriptions, used in San Franci.sco. At our foundries some ordinary tests
have been made of its powers of resistance. It has taken 16 blows to
fracture a pig of Californian pig-iron, while a piece of Scotch iron of the
same dimensions yielded at one blow from a sledge-hammer in the .same
hands. The high (pialit)' of the iron is secured b\- the use of charcoal.
The consumption of that fuel amounts to 1 2,000 bushels in a year. At the
present time there arc charcoal-camps, distant 3, 6, and 8 miles from the
works, antl 26 brick-built kilns with a capacity for 45 cords of wood (mostly
pine), which yield in a da}' 4,000 bushels of charcoal. It requires a force of
75 hands, including charcoal-burners and teamstcis, to supply tiie fuel; 20
miners to provide the ore; 30 hands ?{ the furnaces, working da)- and night
shifts; and I J for incidental work, a total of 137 hands. No Chinamen are
employed. It costs the company about $20 a ton to produce the iron. The
foundries at Grass \'alle\-, Dutch I'lat, Virginia City, and San I'rancisco,
the Pacific Rolling-mills .uul the rolling-mills of the Central Pacific Rail-
road Company at Sacramento, h.ive worked the iron, and find that, in e\ery
essential (jualit)-, it compares favorably with the best fi)rcign .irticle.
The reduction of iron ore to the pig-iron of commerce, is accomplished
MINING l<'OR OTHER MINERALS.
313
in the following manner at these furnaces: The ore is first reduced to large
nut size by an Eclipse rock -breaker, which is worked by a 30 horse-power
engine, and is capable of breaking 80 tons in a day. It is then hoisted to
the top of the furnace, together with the charcoal and limestone, in the
proportion of one ton of ore to 120 pounds of limestone and 150 bushels
of charcoal. When filled, the furnace is fired; and as the mass becomes
heated, melts, and sinks down, new material is added from time to time.
About once every 8 hours the molten mass is drawn off; first the iron,
which lies at the bottom, and is run off into molds; then the slag, or fluid
cinder, composed of the earthy ingredients of the ore, and, finally, the flux
and fuel which had been floating on the surface.
The hot-air blast is used at the company's furnaces. The blowing
engine is of 1:25 horse-power, and discharges 4,000 cubic feet of air per
minute. From the blowing cylinders the air passes to the hot-blast ovens,
which contain nearly 6 tons of iron tubes, arranged in a fire-brick chamber,
and heated bj- the combustion of gases drawn from the top of the furnace
by means of an obliquely placed pipe, about '> leet in circumference, called
a "down-comer." The ([uantity of gas evolved from this fum.ice is extra-
ordinary, and is due, no iloubt, to thr 'n- character of the wood used
in the making of the charccjal. It i i\ to draw off a large surplus
of gas, which is done by means of a lali pipe .it the lop of the furnace;
and at night the corona of colored flames around tti louth of this pipe i^
a grand sight, illuminating all the surrounding country The introdn<iion
of heated air saves nearly 50 per cent, of fuel, antl maki ,1 materia! n dur-
tion in the cost of manufacture and a like increase in the profits. I'hc
originators of this enterprise, A. 1'. HoiALlXG, IRVI.NG M. S< dit, and
Egbert Judson, the last the president of the coinpan\', have established
the first permanent iron furnace in California. Enough iron ore was
smelted in 1856 at Grass Valley to supply material for the castings of a
quartz-mill made there.
Washington Iron.— The Pugei' Sound Iron Compann a
furnace at Irondale, 9 miles from Port Townsend, and have been dera-
tion since I'-cbruary, 1881. They obtain ores from the Chimacuin Iron
Mine, about a mile and a half from the furnace, paying a royalty for the
privilege, and from the Texada Mine, on Texada Island in the Gulf of
Georgia, 150 miles from Irondale, and accessible by water communication.
The Chimacum Mine has, within. 2 feet of the surface, a stratum of bog
o' 22 inches thick, over an area of 600 acres. It can be deliveretl at the
lurnace for $1 a ton, and will yield from 50 to 55 per cent, of metal. The
deposit will keep a 40-ton furnace running for 20 years. The Texada ore
40
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4
314
MINING.
is found in a fissure vein So feet wide, contJiininp; 62 per cent of metal in-
exhaustible in c]uanlit\', and though it needs to be desulphurized by burn-
in;4 or roasting;, is excellent in qualit)-. J. M. Win rii, who exaniineil this
dv'ixisit snid, that of all the iron deposits known to him, "it is the fmcst,
cheapest, and best ore for the production of iron upon this coast, if not in
the United States." The cost (jf tleliverini^ the ore at the furnace from
either mine does not exceed $2 a ton, includinL; the royalt)'. The iron pro-
duced from the ore of the Chimacum Mine is very soft, while that ob-
tained from the Tcxad.i ore is of much harder qualit)-. ]5y mixint,' them
an article is produced that is suitable for commerce. Charcoal is made in
the immediate vicinity of the furnace from fir timber, which is there very
abundant. Lime rock, for flux, is procured on the San Juan and Orcas
islands, at a cost of $1.50 a ton. In the summer of I1S81 the furnace was
running night and day, anil producing, every 24 hours, from <S to 10 tons of
iron, worth over .$30 a ton. A large furnace for roasting ore has been
built near the smelting-furnace, and an extensive brickyard is in operation
in the vicinity. A wharf leads out from the company's works, deep enough
for the loading of \essels. Many new buildings have been erected, includ-
ing a hotel and .store, for the accommodation of the workmen, and it is
anticipated that, before long, the mine at d furnaces will afford direct em-
plojinent to 200 or 250 persons. The company are about to erect a new
smelting- rnace, with a capacity to smelt 40 tons a day, and al.so a pud-
dling-furn.ice. The principal shareholders are JollX A. I'.V.XTo.N, j. II.
RKi)i.\(.r()\, I[i.\CKi,i:v, Si'Ii:rs & II.wi.s, I'oim-; & T.m.uot, II. L.
Douoi:, G. \V. l'Ri;s(,'()TT, A. Cil.Mior, and J. (i. Kklldgg, of San I'lan-
cisco and O.ikland. Cs Kt's W'.MKtK is president.
Chrome Iron. — t'hrome iron is found in many portions of California, but
the onl)- mines now producing ore are 5 miles south-westward from the
town of .San Luis Obispo. They are about 1,800 feet abo\e the level of
the se.i, and extend along the mount.iin side for a ilisl.ince of 2 miles. The
ore is abund.uit, and much of it contains 50 per cent, of o.xide of chro-
mium; and 10 ]iounds of the oxide suffice to make 16 of the bichromate
of potash, which is in dem.uul fi)r tlyes, paints, ,uk1 electric batteries. The
ore is shippetl to the ,\tl.intic, and there reduced. A man can take out }'/j
tons of the ore in a daj-; and the quantity exported has amounted to about
5,000 toTis a year.
f. '$■' '
Quicksilver.— It is a fiirtunale fact for the gold and siKer mining indus-
tries of our slojie that California has luunerous rich cinn.ibar deposits, w hich,
at all times since the opening o( the placers of the Sierra .Nevada, ha\ e > lelded
ii^i;
I i(! d
I Hi r'-
MINING FOR OTHER MINERALS.
315
more quicksilver than was necessary for the reduction of the precious metals
by amalgamation. The production began in 1 850, and from that year to 1 88 1
inclusive, the total j-icld, according to a careful investigation b)' J. B. R.WDOL,
was 1,197,000 flasks of 76 J,^! ]iounds each, or 4,578 tons, '["he yickl in 1S77
was larger than in any other year, and was 79,000 flasks; in 1878, it was
63,000; in 1879, 73,000; in 1880, 59,000; and in 1881, 58,000. In the
year last mentioned, the New Almaden Mine produced 26,000 flasks;
the Sulphur Bank.s, 11,000; the Great Western, 6,000; the Oat Hill, 5,000;
and other mines smaller quantities. About 40 different mines have pro-
duced quicksilver in (California, but the mines which have reached a total
production of 1,000 flasks each, do not number 20; and those which paid a
net profit to the miners, have not exceeded 10. About 20 mines are now
worked. All are in the Coast Mountains and within 50 miles of the ocean,
and nearly all within 100 miles of San Franci.sco, the most productive
regions being the vicinities of New Almaden and Clear Lake. The price in
1 88 1 ranged from 37 to 40 cents a pound; in 1875, when the silver )-iel(l of
the Comstock lode was greatest, the price reached $1.55. About that time,
our slope consumed nearly 3,000 flasks a month ; now it u.scs about 2,000.
In the silver quartz mills 1 ]/, pounds of quicksilver are lost for every 10 of
ore amalgamated on the average; in gold quartz mills the loss is half as
much; and a considerable quantity is consumed in the sluices. The ore is
found in deposits, not in veins; and is reduced by heating to a white heat,
under the influence of which the metal passes off in a vapor to cooling
chambers, in which it is condensed. Among the great quicksilver mines of
the world, the New Almaden, of California, ranks next to the AlmaJcn, of
Spain, which has held the first place for 2,000 years.
Copper. — Copper ores arc abundant on our slope, but the liir;h prices of
labor, fuel, and transportation have prevented the working o*" many veins,
which, if in Europe, would yield immense revenues. There are, however,
some \ery profitable mines in Arizona, which Territory b'ds fair to take a
prominent place in the production of copper. It has numerous large and
rich veins of cupriferous minerals, which can be reduced at comparatively
little expense. The Copper Queen Mine, at Hisbee, in the latter i)art of
1881, produced more than 10 tons of metal daily, on an average. New
Mexico and Sonora are also rich in copper ores. The most productive copper
mine of California is at Spenceville, Nevada County, wher-; there is a large
lead of ore containing from 2 to 6 per "cnt. of metal. This ore is piled
into a heap with fuel, .set on fire, and allowed to roast for ^ or 4 months,
after which the metal is in a condition to be separated bj' leaching and [ire-
cipitalion. Large amounts of copper ore were obtained from the vicinity
t
if
S;*
316
MINING.
f
I
f;
I
'J
I i
of Coppcropolis during; the War of tlic Rebellion; but after the restoration
of peace, the mines became unprofitable, and little has been done there
within the last 16 years.
Antimony. — The annual production of tliis metal on the coast now
amounts to about 200 tons, of wliich at least three fourths are shipped to
New 'S'ork. The ores treated — sulphurcts so poor as not to be worth work-
ing; otherwise — are c)btained in Humboldt Count}-, Xcvaila, where the
deposit is in 2 parallel \eins about 1 00 feet apart, the croppintjs bein^
easily traced for more than a mile. It carries, b)' analysis, o\er 62 per
cent, of antimony, and costs delivered at San I'rancisco $16 per ton. The
jiroduction of the slope is not onl)' sufficient for its own wants, but has be-
sides about stopped impcjrtation into the Uniteil States from foreign coun-
tries. The industry is not one in which mail)- compete; there being, so far
as is known, but 3 works of the kind outsiile of California — one each in
l'2n;4laiul, I'rance, and Germany. The principal smelters and refiners on
the coast are Si ARK & AI.VTlll.soN, established at San Francisco in 1872,
who produce an article known commercialh- as Star Regulus.
Lead. — Lead is obtained incidentally in the reduction of argentifer-
ous galena, and is not the main object of the miner's toil an\-where on our
slope. The amount of the annual production ranges from 10,000 to 25,-
000 tons, the yield being irregular. The market xalue ;it the mines is
usually about $75, and in San l*"raiicisco, $100 a ton; while the preciou.s
metal obtained b)- the same processes from the same ore may be worth 3
or .4^ times as much. Those processes are described in the chapter on sii\ er
mining. The production of lead greatly exceeds the consumption on our
slojie, ,-md most of the surplus is sent to Xcw York, though small quanti-
ties are exported to China and other countries on the Pacific.
Petrokum. — The Pacific Coast consumes about 5,000,000 galkins of
kerosene amiuall)-; anil the Californian wells, the only ones on our slope,
produced 4,194,000 gallons in i.SSi; 1,780,000 in 1880; 834,000 in 1879;
and 639,000 in 1878. These figures show a wonderful incrca.se recently,
and are very encouraging for the future. Petroleum springs are found
at many places in California, and doubtless supplied the material which,
after exposure to the air, harilened into the extensive beds of asphal-
tum in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara counties. In 1864 a petro-
leum fe\er took ijos.scssion of the State, and at least $500,000 were
spent in unprofitable borings, including .'{)250,ooo in Ventura County. In
1865 there were 62 petroleum companies incorporated in California, and of
MIXINC KOR OTlir.K MINERALS.
317
these 31 were formed to bore for oil in Humboldt County, 9 for Colusa, 7
for Contra Costa, 3 for Los Angeles, and smaller numbers for other counties.
I lumboldt, Colusa, and Contra Costa have never produced any oil, while
Ventura, whicii is not mcntionetl in the list, had several I'ennsylvanian
companies at work. The deepest petroleum wells in California are, one of
i,6cx) feet, at Sulphur Alountain, Ventura; another at Scspe, in the same
county; a third at Mattolc, Humboldt Coui.ty, 1,166 feet; and a fourth in
Santa Cruz, 1,000 feet deep. Most of the yield comes from Los Angeles;
Santa Clara is second in its production, and Ventura third. Borings are in
progress in Santa Cruz and San Mateo.
It is not ])robable that the oil production of California will ever approach
that of Pennsylvania. V\'e Iiave no such vast coal deposits, and the strata
along much of our coast stand vertically, so that we have no reason to sup-
pose the existence of such reservoirs of oil as there may be in an exten-
sive coal region buried under horizontal sandstone strata, like those of
Penn.sylvania.
In his geological essay, in the report of Lieut. WllEELKU's survej- for 1876,
Prof Jules M.\RC0U speaks thus of the borings for oil in the San Ter-
nando di.strict; " Hitherto all the boring has been done in the worst locali-
ties that could possibly have been selected. Wherever a few insignificant
petroleuin springs gave speculators the hope of making a sudden fortune,
they went to boring at once, without thinking of the future. Whoever wishes
to succeed must leave the vicinity of the Sierra Madre, and the summits
of the San I'"ernando Sierra, and go to the Valley of the Santa Clara, or to
that of the San Fernando. There will be a better prospect, however, at
the bottom of the Santa Clara Valley." Since that was written 7 years have
elapsed without confirming M.akcou's opinion of the superior richness of
the Sant'i. Clara Valley in petroleum.
Paoifio Coast Oil Company. — The rapid increase in the production of
CaUiornian petroleum, within the last 3 years, is due mainly to the enter-
prise of The Pacii-ic Coast Oil Company, an organization of San
Francisco, of San Franci.sco ca|)italists, under C. N. Felton, president,
with D. G. ScOEIEll), as auditor, and L. D. FiSK, secretary. They have
combined with or succeeded to THE Santa Clara Petroleum Company,
The Calikoknia Star Oil- works Company, The Standard Oil Com-
pany, and The S.vn 1m<anctsco Petroleum Comp.vnv, so that they now
nearly monopolize the production and refining of petroleum in the State.
They liave obtained control of 64,000 .icres of oil land in Los Angeles
Count)', 62,000 in Ventura, and 32,000 in Santa Cruz, San Clara, and San
Mateo counties. These tracts include nearly everything supposed to be of
318
MINING.
much value for the production of petroleum in the State. The most pro-
diicti\e oil district is the .San Fernando, in the north-western corner of Los
Angeles County; and the second is the vicinity of Alma, in .Santa Clara
Count)'. The well nearest to San Francisco is about 25 miles distant, and
nearly due south. TllK I'.VCIFIC Co.\,sT Oil Comp.WV have obtained
these important results by large e.xpi.-nditures in getting possession of their
lands, boring wells, and jiroviding the necessary machinery.
At Alameda Point, TllE I'.vciiu; Co.VST Oil, CoMl'.WS' has the only
large petroleum refinery on our slope. Their works, constructed in 1880,
arc extensive, complete, and solid, and built upon plans prepared with the
aid of the latest improvements for economy, dispatch of business, and
security. The crude petroleum is to be brought from the wells, by rail, in
tank-cars, and emptied In- steam-pumps into the tanks, which have a ca-
pncity of 1,000,000 gallons. Nine stills, the largest of which holds 45,000
gallons, are engaged in the work of refining and producing illuminating oil,
light and dark lubricating oils, gasolines, benzine, naphthas, and so forth,
each still making a distinct fluid. Two artesian wells supply fresh water,
and pipes luring salt water from the bay. The boiler has 100 horse-power;
and the pipes in use for connecting the different parts of th • works have an
aggregate length of 5 miles. The works have lathes for machine work,
implements to cut their own pipe, and a department for making their own
cans and cases.
Asphaltum. — I?ed» of asphaltum fapparently formed b}- petroleum
springs, the lighter j^ortion of tlie fluid ha\iiig e\ aporatcd in the course of
agcs\ are found at many places between San Jose and Los Angeles. At
most of these springs the flow of petroleum, and the accumulation of
asphaltum are small, but at several, acres are covered with a deposit, some of
it haril antl other portions almost as soft as thick tar, in which cattle are
not unfrcquently lost by miring down. The most notable asphaltum de-
posit on the Pacific Coast is at the Hrea Rancho, 8 miles from the city of
Los Angeles, where 60 acres arc covercil b)' it, and an excavation in it has
gone down 30 feet without finding .soil. The crude material is also found
in large quantity on the beach near the town of Santa Harbara, in a situa-
tion very convenient for loading schooners. This bed is the chief .source
of supply for the San I'rancisco market, which demanils about 1,500 tons
annuall)-, wfirth about $25 a ton. The greater part of the supply comes
from .Santa Harbara and San Luis Obispo counties, and .sometimes one
fifth from an asphaltum bed near Gilroy. The Los Angeles deposit yields
500 tons annually for the use of the .southern part of the State. The
mineral serves for roofs, sidewalks, pavements, and floors in cellars and in
MIXING FOK OTIIKK MINKRAI.S.
319
basements. The Santri Barbar.i asphaltum is a stone-like mineral, which is
.shipped as it is dug up from the bed; the asphaltum of Los Angeles and
Gilroy is like thick tar, and is boiled, lo drive off the volatile material, before
shipment. When asphaltum is to be used for roofing material it is thinned
with coal tar, about 50 gallons of the latte-- being boiled with a ton (jf the
former. This mi.Kture is applied with coarse brushes to a covering of thick
felt fastened on the roof. Tor sidewalks, the asphaltum is melted, and as
much fine gravel is stirred in as the fluid will take without losing its viscous
consistency. This mixture when well maile, put down on a good founda-
tion, and carefully smoothed with large pieces of hot iron, makes one of
the best sidewalks — smooth, clean, and durable. I'rof JULli.S M.VRCOU, in
his geological paper in the report of Lieut. VVlIEELEU's geological survey
for 187(5, .says "there is a prospect of getting magnificent and \ery rich
quarries of asphaltum" in the San Fernando oil region; and he predicts
that " these quarries will certainly one day be worked with the most satis-
factory results." Five years have elapsed since that prediction was made,
without any perceptible approach to realization.
Sulphur. — Sulphur is found at many places on our coast, the most
notable deposits being those at Sulphur Bank in the Humboldt Valley,
Nevada; the Sulphur Bank in Lake County; and the sulphur bed in Ven-
tura County, California; and near Muicie in Lower California. It is usually
mixed with volcanic ashes, the latter f-rming from 60 to 80 per cent, of the
mass. The annual production of the marketable sulphur is 1,000 tons, and
the consumption is 3,500 tons, the surplus coming from Japan and Sicily.
The only important reduction works on our slope are at the Humbolt Sulphur
Bank, where the crude material is melted by steam, and the sulphur, 40 jier
cent, of the mass, runs off Sulphur was obtained for years from the Lake
County Sulphur Bank, but the establishment there was abandoned about
1870. The Mormons made sulphur from Utah deposits as early as 1S60;
the Mexicans obtain their supplies from their volcanoes.
Various Minerals. — E.xtensive diatomaceous .strata, found in various
parts of California and Nevada, contain a vast supply of material for an
excellent polishing powder. The deposit, composed of the silicious shells
of the minute moUusks of a remote geological age, is usually of a cream
color, and apparently free from mixture with any other substance.
Minerals resembling soap in general appearance, feeling, and readi-
ness to mix into an unctuous fluid when rubbed with water, exist in various
counties of California, and in .several instances they have been prepared for
J30
MINING.
is
the market as " rock soap." They are poor in alkalies, but rich in materials
that act mechanically on dirt.
Hydraulic cement is made of quicklime, obtained from nearly pure car-
bonate of lime, mi.xcd with clay or aluminous earth, and these materials
aro obtained at ]5cnicia and at Santa Cruz, California. Steatite, or soap-
stone, is abundant in El Dorado County, California.
A deposit of graphite, near Columbia, in Tuolumne County, was worked
for several years previous to 18O8, but has since been abandoned. It con-
tains a large proportion of clay, and was never profitable.
Gypsum exists in many places on the Pacific Coast.
There is no home demand for the roofing slates, which could be obtained
in great abundance from quarries in the Sierra Nevada.
Diamonds have been found at several places in California, especially at
Cherokee, in Butte County, but not in sufficient quantity to compensate a
special search for them.
i:l
THE FISll SLII'LV.
331
DIVISION V-FISHERIES, ETC.
II
CHAPTER XIX.— THE FISH SUPPLY.
P
&'
Fish Abundant. — The waters of the North Pacific, and especially those
on the American side, are wonderfully rich in many valuable kinds of fish.
Most of the species are tliffercnt from those of the Atlantic, but the impor-
tant kinds are well represented here, including the cod, halibut, mackerel,
herring, salmon, smelt, sardine, flounder, and sturgeon. Of the kind-^ less
valuable commercially, we have some that the Atlantic has not, and lack
some that it has. Many intelli;;cnt observers, familiar with the fisheries of
Europe, have expres.scd surprise at the greater abundance of fish on our
coast. D.\I,I, says: "The abundance of fish on the .shores of Alaska has
been a matter of wonder since the voyages of the earliest navigators, Pii.i.-
im;s. Cook, L.\ Perousk, Lutkk, Lisi.wskv, Picixher, and Sir Geor(;e
Sl.Ml'SON have all borne credible witness to the myriads of cod, .salmon,
halibut, and herring, which are found on the north-west coast." Of the
oolikon, a fi.sh similar to the herring in size and general appearance, but
superior in flavor, the .same author says: "No description can give an .id-
equate idea of their numbers when ascending the river; the water is literally
alive with them, and seems as if boiling. Wild animals draw from the
stream with their paws sufficient for all their needs." * CoOK spcak.s thus of
a day spent in latitude 55°, in the Alaskan waters: "In the afternoon, hav-
ing a 3 hours' calm, our people caught upwards of 100 halibut, some of
which weighed 100, and none less than 20 pounds." Ll.si.\X.sK\. referring to
Alaskan .salmon, writes that " the rivers, indeed, are .sometimes so completely
filled with them, that the wild beasts, and especially bears, will eat only the
head, which they seem to consider the most delicate part." Referring to
his observations at Sitka, i,. 1840, Sir Georce Simp.SON tells us that "hali-
but, cod, herrings, flounders, and many other sorts of fish arc always to be
had for the taking in unlimited quantities. In a little stream which is within
a mile from the fort, salmon are so plentiful at the proper season, that when
ascending the river ihcy have been known literally to embarrass the move-
ments of a canoe." Nor did he find the salmon less abui.dant in British
41
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322
FISHERIES, ETC.
I j ! V
»:;::
Columbia. When he reached the northern end of Vancouver Island, he
said they are " incredibly numerous in these waters."
Geokok D AVUtSd.v thus expresses his opinions of the Alaskan fishin.!^-
grounds in his A/aska Coast Pilot: " N'cxt to the fur trade, in its legitimate
imrsuit, the fisheries of the coast of the m:\\ territory will prove the most
\aluablc and certain; in fact, I consider them the most important ac<iuisi-
tion to our Pacific Coast. As the banks of Newfoundland have been to the
trade of the Atlantic, so will the greater bank.s of Alaska be to the Pacific ;
inexhaustible in supply of fish that are equal, if not superior in size and
c]uality, to those of the Atlantic. The imixirtance of the possession of the
y\leutian chain can hardly be overestimated; not only can our fishermen
enter and fish in ever)- b;iy, when hca\>' weather compels them to leave the
banks, but they give ample opportunities for the successful curing of the
fish, certainly as great, if not greater, than exists on the south shore of New-
foundland. Instead of making the long trip to anil from San I'rancisco,
and of keeping the fish so long in salt, especially if imperfectly cleaned, it
appears feasible to make a general depot and curing establishment, as at
Kadiak, whence vessels could carry the catch of all the smack.s, which might
readily refit in winter, and be ready for the opening of the next season.
Kadiak is mentioned as affording the nearest available tim.ber for repairs,
and has already a depot for the ice crop of the Pacific. • • « The
command of all the bays and straits of the north-west coast resorted to by
the whale, gives very great advantages to our whalers, that need only be
mentioned to be appreciated; fishing at all seasons, opportunities to winter
and refit, depots for cargoes, and regularity in transhipping them to the
East or to the Pacific ports. It opens the broad question, whether the whal-
ing can not be more effectually and more profitably done in smaller vessels,
specially designed and constructed for capturing the whale, and then storing
the oil at some depot in the Behring Sea, whence it can be regularly shipped
to destination; while the whaling ves.sel, working until the latest tlayof the
season, discharges her crew of Aleuts among their island homes, and laj-s
up for the winter in Alaskan harbors, ready for the whaling grounds at the
earliest opening of spring. If this be done, with the increased knowledge
of the whale's habits, and the aptitude of the Aleuts, the American whalers
can sweep the field of foreign competition."
Fish Statistics. — According to the national census, the men employed
on the American portion of the Pacific Coast in fishing industries, in June,
1880, numbered 16,745, of whom 1 1,555 were fishermen proper, and 5,190
were shoremen and factory hands. Most of !he latter class are engaged in
the canning of salmon. The salmon fishery has 8,400 men ; general fisheries,
Till-; iisii supi'i.v.
323
5.630; the shore fisheries, 1,744; tli<-' codfishcry, 263; the seal and fur-seal
fisheries, 359; the whale fishery, 114; and the oyster fishery, 75. Classified
accordiriLj to the political divisions, Oref,'oii has 6,835, Alaska, 6,130, Cali-
fornia, 3,036, and W'ashin^rton, 744. Classified according to blood, 7,910 (of
the i6,74S) arc Eskimos, Aleuts, and Indians, 4,000 Chinese, and the re-
mainder whites.
The fishing-vessels, and this term means, we presume, such vessels as do
not depend for propulsion on oars, number 53, of w liich California has 46,
and Washin.gton 7; neither Oregon nor Alaska having an>-. California has
16 in the cod and halibut fishery, 15 in the shore fishery, 10 in the seal fish-
cry, and 5 in the whale fishery. Washington has 6 in the seal fishery, and
one in the shore fishery. The total value of the vessels is estimated at $178,-
450, a figure that implies a shadow of the tax-collector, visible in the fore-
ground when the census agent was collecting his information. A fair market
valuation would be not less than $700,000. The fishing-boats, including
craft fitted to be propelled occasionally by oars, number 5,547, of which
Alaska has 3,000, Oregon, 1,360, California, 853, and Washington, 334. The
salmon fishery employs 1,590; the cod and halibut, 200; the shore fishery,
640; the whale fishery, 16; and the seal fishery of Washington, loi. The
total value of the boats is $404,695, as officially estimateil ; but the salmon
bo.-its — less than one third of the total number — cost, when new, at least
$400,000. Many of the y\laska boats are cheap canoes, yet after making all
allowances for their simplicity of construction, the aggregate value of the
boats is not less than $600,000. The total capital invested in the fisheries
is stated in the census to be $2,748,383, but that figure is not one third of
the true sum.
The weight of the edible fish caught in a year is 89,000 tons, equivalent
to more than 100 pounds for every inhabitant of the territory covered by
the statistics. Oregon catches 20,000 tons, Califiirnia 12,000, Alaska 53,000,
and Washington 2,800. The salmon catch weighs 26,000 tons. The catch
of shrimps and crabs amounts to 1,250 tons; and of abalones, oysters, and
mussels to 4,000 tons. The value of the annual catch (including the en-
hancement in price by canning .salmon), is $9,246,000. The fresh fish are
valued at $3,649,000; the crab.s, shrimps, etc., at $66,000; the oysters, mus-
sels, abalones, etc., at $703,000; the whale oil, at $80,000; the seal and other
oil, at $23,000; the whalebone, at $122,000; the seal-skins, at $1,540,000;
and the sea-otter skins, at $178,000. The annual products of the fisheries of
British Columbia are worth about $i,|00,ooo, and tho.se of Pacific Mexico,
perhaps $400,000, making $1 1,000,000 as the total value of the annual fish
catch of our coast. This is cxclusi\-e of the value of the vast amount of
fish consumed by the Indians and Aleuts.
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Cod-Banks. — The most important to the world nl all thu fishes, consid-
ered from a commercial point of view, is the cod, which employs more men,
and supplies a larger ayi^regate catch in weight and value, than any other
kind. Since it is found in the North Pacific as well as the North Atlantic,
a comparison of the resources of the two oceans for this fishery becomes
important. The fish are caught on "cod-banks," in water from 30 to
100 fathoms deep; and the value of a bank is generall,\' measured approxi-
matcl)- b}- its superficir.I area. There are three main cod-banks in the
•Atlantic. First is the Newfour.dland bank, with an area of 40,000 square
miles. Second is the Lofoden bank, near the Nonvegian coast, in the frigid
zone, with an area of 10,000 .square miles. Third is the Canadian shore
hank, with an area of 20000 square miles. The total cod-bank area of the
N(3rth Atlantic is 70,000 square miles. All the fisheries of the North
Atlantic, exclusive of the Mediterranean, give employment to 250,000 men,
and the gross value of the annual catch is .f 1 00,000,000. Great Britain.
I-'rance, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Sweden, Norwa_\-, Denmark. Spam,
Portugal, the United States, and Canada —12 nations, counting Canada a.s
one — witii more than 200,000,000 inhabitants, siiare the ])roceeds ; while
here we ha\e nnl)- 2 nations north of latitude 32 , with fewer than 1,500,000
people, ti> share all the fisheries of our coast, antl nf the greater part of the
North Pacific.
The cod-banks of our ocean liave not been explored. The biiundaries of
those known have not been carefully traced, and others ma\- exist, though
undisco\ered. It is certain, however, tliat the cod-banks (jf the Nurth
Pacific are at least 9 times as extensive as those of the North Atlantic. It
is said that the entire Okhotsk Sea is one cod-bani^. but if we detluct one
third of its area for water too deep or too shallow, we still liave more than
300,000 square miles. The Okhotsk supplies most of the Pacific cod catch
at present. Cod are not found in the Hehring Sea north of latitude 6o\
ami the dei)tii west of latitude 180" is over most of its surface unknown;
but we can safely assert, without counting anything beyond the limits men-
tioned, that the Pehring cod-banks which are as yet entirely neglected;,
co\er an area of more than 300,000 square miles. .South of the Alaskan
peninsula is a bank, including the fishing-ground near tlie Clioumagin
Islands, with an area of .So,ooo .square miles. We therefore claim 080,000
scjuare miles of cod-baiiK in the North Pacific, to put against 70,000 .sc|uare
miles in tiie North Atlantic, or 9 miles for one. Besides, we have the
chances of discovering new banks, while the Atlantic has been .sounded
everj-where. One of the most urgent duties of the American Government
is to iiave a good fish survc)- made o!' the NoKHh Pacific, in accordance
with the n 1 ununendation nf ( ii.i )K(ii; iJ.\\llj.S( ).\, of the Unitetl .States
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Coast Survey, in his report on Alasi<a, made in 18G7. The Pacific coil-
banks arc all south of latitude 60°. wiiile the Lofoden cod-bank in the
Atlantic is north of latitude 68".
The Japanese and Chinese are industrious and skillful fishermen in rivers
and bays, but they ha\-e not yet learned to take the whale and cod, or to
can the salmon, nor liave they the appliances and capital necessary for the
tishinjf fleets and canneries. Our coast, therefore, has the exclusive posses-
sion anil control of these great sources of wealth, and will probably hold
them for many years. The time will come when our Asiatic ncit^hbors will
compete with us on equal terms in the Okhotsk, liehrinj^, and Aleutian seas,
but the\- will first have to pay a larj,re tribute to us for boats, fish, and in-
.struction ; and while their success may take much revenue from our fisher-
men, it will imply a large trade and large profits in other departments of
business. As the growth of the United States has contributed immensely
to the power and wealth of Great Britain, so we may justh' anticii)ate that
the progress of China and Japan will in like manner contribute to the traffic
and riches of our coast.
Pisoiculture. — Congress provided, about 1870, for the appointment of a
national lisli commissioner, wlus should import valuable food fishes, and dis-
tribute them to the various States and Territories. Local commissions were
appointed in California, Xe\-ada, and Utah to receive the consignments and
take care of them. S. R. ThrocKMuKTOX, H. R. Rkudinc, and J. D. F.\K-
WEM. are the State commissioners of California; A. G. I'AKKER is the State
commissioner for Nevada; J. L. Bari'OOI" is the Territorial commis-
sioner for Utah; and Ai.KX. C. Anderson is the proxincial fish com-
missioner of British Columbia. .\. P. ROCKWOUU, manager of the fish-
ponds of The Zion's Co-orERAiivE Flsukreeiunc; Ass(x:i.\tion, has
been prominent in the pisciculture of Utah. The connnissioners are gen-
erally men of high character and honorable position, who attend to the
duties of their offices from motives of public spirit, the pay allowed them
being, in most cases, insufiTicieiU to cover the nec-ssarv expenses.
In California nearly a dozen varieties of fish have been introduced b\-
the commission, and with but one exception, the eel, they are increasing
rapidl)'. Tlu: success in catfish and sh;id has i>een remarkable. The for-
mer, unkiunvn. here previous to its iiUniduclion by the commissioners, is
now so abundant that the annual sales amount to double the approjjriation
made by the State tor the pro]),igation of fish. I'hc new \arieties which the
commission are about to introduce are the gourami, from Cochin Chiii.i.
anti a larger and better varictj' of shad from China, called there samli.
With a view of increasing the supply, the commissioners have hail a stand-
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iuii arningcmcnt with Livincston Stom:, Deputy United States Fisli
Cominissioiicr for California, to hatch out and put into the Sacramento
River ami its tributaries the IMcCloutl and I'it, 1,500,000 or 2,000,000 .sal-
mon e\ery season. This addition to the actual supply, in connection with
the strict enforcement of tlic fish law, makinij the possession of freshly
cau:4ht salmon in August and September a misdemeanor, punishable by
fine or imprisonment, or both, has led to a notable increase in the catch of
each succeeding year. The hopes of the commissioners have, however,
been obstructed by the catching of salmon just before the spawning season
b)- the Sliasta fishermen, who jiave the protection of a fish law, in wiiich
Siiasta is excepted from the gencrrd rule. The consequence of this is, that
in the very place where a close season should be rigorously maintained,
the salmon, when ripe for spawning (in August and September, while the
spawn and milt are ripe, and the fish arc unfit for food), have been taken in
pools usetl by tiie United States I'ish Commission
Pit River near Fall River has a fall of 41 feet. At this fall a fish-ladder,
about 450 feet long, has been blasted out dining the past season, opening
new spawning-beds, 280 miles in extent — an area more than equal to that
of the McCloud and Upper Sacramento together. The appropriation of
$5,000 should be doubled, and a hatchery built on tlie Pit; but the commis-
sion will not ask for this mone_\-, beciuse they claim that their work speaks
for itself.
The salmon-liatching establishment on the McCloud River, under the
superintendence of Mr. .StoNI;, jiroduces from 600,000 to io,000,oc« young
fish annually, and is the most extensive institution of the kind on the globe.
It sends eggs in large numbers to the Atlantic .States, Europe, and Austral-
asia; and through its help the Californian salmon will probably at no dis-
tant time be introduced into every large river in the temperate /one. A
mature female salmon lays 20,000 eggs annually, and from all these, when
left to the ordinar)- course of natine, not more than one female, or, an aver-
age, survives to lay another lf)t of eggs. Py the art of the pisciculturist, the
proportion of eggs that will hatch into fish, and of yoimg fish that will reach
an age to take care of themscKes until they reach a size useful to man, will,
it is supposed, be increased at least 50 fold.
Under the direction of the California fish commissioners, a system has
been established of taking the surface and bottom temperature of manv of
the principal streams of the Slate, and also of observing the times w hen
salmon run in tiicsc streams. These observations have more than a local
value, as from them it is hoped that one or more species of salmon may be
discovered which can readily be acclim.ited to the warm waters of the States;
south of the N'irgima line. .Should this ))riive tu be tiie case, all the Stales
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eastward of the Rocky Mountains will have a valuable addition to their
piscicultural resources. The fav<-)rablc results of salmon-iiatchin^f in Cali-
fornia have attracted the attention of other countries bordering on the Pa-
cific, and yearly large orders arc filled from the McCloud River station to
Australia, Chile, China, and Japan. That a species of salmon can be had
suitable for warm waters, seems to be proved in the San Joaquin River,
where the temperature of the water in the lower portion of the stream, in
August and September, averages from 72' to 80°, and on their way to the
spawning-beds above, they ha\e to pass through 180 miles of water so warm.
Up to the |)resent time, 640,000 shad ( Alcsa sapidissiina) have been
placed in the Sacramento River by the commission, tlirough donations from
the United States Fish Commissioner, and through importations by the
State. These fi.sh arc abundant in the market. When the shad, after
spawning, leave the Eastern rivers, they disappear, and are rarely, if ever,
taken in the ocean. Practically, they arc only caught for market after en-
tering ti.e rivers. The shad turned into the Sacramento, when the time
comes for them to leave the river, resort in large numbers to the Baj- of
Monterey, where they remain until the near approAch of the spawning .sea-
son. The)- are caught there at all sca.sons in the seines of fishermen, w hile
sweeping the bay for other fish. There is no period of the )-car when the)-
can not be found in tiie San Francisco market. Looking to the natural in-
crease of the fish, this is unfortunate, as it will require largely increased im-
jjortations to fully stock our waters.
The first whitefish introduced into California in 1872, were i)laced in Tu-
lare and Clear lakes. Up to the [)rcsent time 365,000 of this fish (Coirgoiuis
albits) have been received and introciuced b)- the commission into the various
lakes and streams of California, and from recent observations it appears to
be thriving and increasing. It can seldom be taken with the hook, and
must become numerous before the fishermen can find a profit in catching it
with the seine.
In 1873, "jx, black bass (MicropUriis iiif^ricrDis) were imjxirted froin Lake
Champlain, and introduced b)' the commissioners into Na])a Creek. It is
supposed that all were caught by anglers the same )-ear, as )ionc of them
have been seen lately. Another lot of 22 fish importcil in 1879, ami placed
in the Crj-stal Spring Reservoir, in San Mateo County, are rapidly increas-
ing in numbers.
Tin; SroRTSM.w's ClAm of Sax Fu.VNCl.sro has also imported a
number of this fish, and placed them in a lake in Alameda, where the)- are
doing well, and increasing in numbers.
In 1879, I 50 striped b-iss ( Rocfiis linciitiis) were imported bj- the fish com-
niis.sion and placed in the Strait of Carquinez, and arc probably increasing.
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FTSIIERIKS, ETC.
Twenty-four mature lobsters, to which were attached about 2,ccx),cco
.f;gs, were iDrouL^ht from the j\tlantic in 1879, and placed in a sheltered cove
near the Golden Gate. None have as yet been caught, but as all conditions
seem favorable, the youni:; arc probably growin^^^ antl it is hoped that t!ali-
fornian lobsters will soon be found in the market.
The Eastern and Californian trout have been introduced into several
places, notably the north fork of the American River, and in Alameda
Creek. These rivers which, above the falls in each stream, originally con-
tained no fish, arc now well stocked with both kinds of trout. Several
small streams through the State, which cont.iincd no fish a few )cars since,
have also been stocked, and are doing remarkably well.
In 1874, 74 catfish (Ainiiinis albidiis) were imported from the Raritan
River. These have increased and multiplied, and this increase distributed
b\' the commissioners until, at the jiresent time, every county in California,
from Del Norte to San Diego, has them. They arc regularly sold in all the
markets, at the same prices ;is the most abundant fish. They are admirably
Jidaptcd to the sloughs and warm waters of the great valley of California,
and in them have so multiplied as to furnish a large supply of food.
In if<79. the commissioners importeil 300 young carp (Carpio trnnininis),
of the \aluablc variety. The)- were brought from the Go\eriuncnt earp-
pontls to California, with but the loss of 2. .Sixty were placed in a |)ubiic
lake near Sacramento, the remainder were placed in the private pond of R.
R. TllOMPSdN, Msc]., of Alameda. Thej- ha\e grown rapidl)-, and promise
to multiply. One of the most important contributions to our stock of fishes
is the Germ.m car[), imported from luirojic in 1872, bj- the late A. J. PorrE.
It is ]ialatablc, prolific, ,-md h.inh-, and is bred with ])rofit in many ponds.
Till'. Lenni Fish Pi«)r.\(;.\l'i.\(; Com P.VNV, which h.-ive an establishment
in Graham Canyon, opening into .Son()ma Valle)-, ha\e a hatching-house,
extensive waters .idmirably ailaptcd for trout ; and 5 car[)-ponds, one cover-
ing an area of 2 acres. They also breed frogs.
In accorilancc with an act of the Nevada Icgisl.'iture in 1S77, H. G.
Takkik, I'.sq., of Carson City, was appointed fish commissioner. His first
work was to stock Washoe Lake, in 1S77, with Sacramento River perch,
anel catfish known .as the Schu>lkiil River variety. The lake is so stocked
with catfish, that over 100 per day have been taken by one fisherman, none
less than 4 inches long, ami weighing not unfrequcntly one and a half
pounds. In fact nothing can be more satisfactory than the e\idence of the
increase and grf)Wth of the several lots of catfish placed also in the Car-
son, 'IVuckee, and Humboldt Rivers. In November of 1878, the United
Slates Fish Commissioner forwarded 250,000 McCloud River salmon spawn,
THE KISII SUPPLY.
329
which produced 200,000 young salmon. These were deposited in the
Walker, Carson, Truckee, and Humboldt rivers in 1879. In that j-ear,
200,000 McClf.i'd River salmon were placed in the Carson River, and in the
Truckee, near Reno.
The Zion's Co-operative Fish Association began its work in rS/i,
and has done something in every season since, constructing ponds, and
planting trout, eels, oysters, shad, and salmon in all the larger streams.
Utah Lake has 1 50 square miles of fresh water, and is well suited to main-
tain many kinds of fresh-water fish.
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CHAPTER XX.— FURS AND GAME.
National Influence. — The fur trade has played a prominent part in the
history of this coast. At the beginning of thit: century our slope, north of
what is now Mexico, had great numbers of animals covered with fine furs
and pelts, of high value in the luiropcan markets, obtainable in large sup-
ply at trifling expense. The fur-seals, now found on only three or four
islands, then abounded on a thousand, and at certain seasons covered the
rocks near the shores of California and Lower California. When Alfred
Robinson visited the Faralloncs, in 1829, he found Russians there killing
fur-seals, and they said they had taken 80,000 skins in one sea.son. The
sea-otter were not less abundant, though they did not bask on the rocks,
or gather in large assemblages, like the fur-seals. The beav .ns had then col-
onies on all the rivers. The blue and silver foxes, the fishers, and martens
were found in other portions of the coast.
It was to obtain furs that the Russians occupied Alaska, and that they
maintained a trading-post on the Californian shore, north of the Golden
Gate, for 30 years. Fort Ross was the home of a 1 00 Aleuts, profitably
employed in catching the fur-seal, the sea-otter, and the sea-lion. The
English fur-traders were the first white men to explore much of the vast
region north of latitude 49°, and west of Lake Superior. Their trading-
posts on the banks of the Columbia, Fraser, Simpson, Stickeen, Yukon,
and McKenzie rivers secured the extension of the British dominion to
the Pacific.
American fur traders came by way of Cape Morn, in iSoo, to contend
with the English for the profits of the Oregon fur trade; and the American
fur-trading post, at Astoria, was one of the chief elements in the title nf
the United States to Oregon. The American hunters and trappers began
to cross the main continental divide about 1820, and to explore the basins
of the Colorado, Columbia, and Humboldt rivers. The profits of trapping
and hunting fur animals in California attracted hundreds of Americans,
many of whom spent only a season or two, while others became permanent
and prominent residents, and by their intelligence, courage, skill as marks-
men, and superior weapons, obtained much influence in political affairs, and
on several occasions decided the fate of revolutionary movements. Among
I'URS AND GAME.
331
these men were P. B. Reading, Judge Blackburn, George Yol'nt,
W.M. VVOLFSKILL, ISAAC Sl'ARKS, JaCOI! l\ LEESE, J. J. WARNER, and
Isaac Graham. The American hunters and trappers contributed much
to the acquisition of Cahfornia by the United States. Indeed, there is no
exaggeration in saying, that the competition for furs brought to our coast,
and built up here, the authority of the 3 nations which promise to be the
chief actors on the great stage of universal history for centuries to come —
Great Britain, Russia, and the American Union. The rivalries of the
Hudson's ]5ay, the North-west Fur, the ^lissouri, the American Fur
(Astor'.s), and the Russian-American companies for the fur trade of our
coast, in several cases, led to struggles conducted on a grand scale over an
extensi\o territory, involving not only great pecuniary interest, but also the
establishment and spread of national dominion. Though the special charter
of the IIudson'.s B.VV Comp.vny expired years ago, and its exclusive right
to purchase furs in British Columbia then ceased, its transactions and the
area of its influence contmue to have almost national magnitude. TllE
Alasr.V Commerclvl Co.Ml'ANY, of comparatively recent organization, has
a larger Pacific business.
Fur Crop. — The value, in San Francisco, of the annual fur crop of our
coast, is about $5,600,000, of which one third passes through TllE AlasK.V
Commercial Company, one fourth through The IIudson'.s Bay Company,
and the remainder through various houses of Victoria and .San I'rancisco.
The fur-seal skins number 122,000, worth $2,120,000. Of sca-ottcr skins
there are 5,500, worth $440,000. Beaver pelts number 21,000, including
10,000 from Alaska, 4,000 each from Oregon and Washington, 2,000 from
California, and 1,000 from Utah, worth in the aggregate $52,000. The valu-
able furs f)f the silver fox are obtained to the number of 100 pelts from
Northern California, with an aggregate value of $3,000. Alaska supplies
2,000 blue fo.x skins, worth $22,000. The pelts of other fo.xes number
16,000, worth $32,000. Of bears there are 1,500 pelts, worth $7,875; of
badgers I.OOO, worth $200; of wild-cats 2,500, worth $500; of fishers 1,000,
worth $6,000; of lyn.xes 5,000, worth $6,250; of cougars 400, worth $300;
of martens 105,000, inchuling 70,000 from British Columbia, and 20,000
from Alaska, worth 300,000; (jf minks 110,000, worth $90,000; of musk-
rats loo'.ooo, worth $6,000; of land-otters 250, worth $1,250; of raccoons
2,000, worth $400; of skunks 1,000, worth $200; of wolves 5,000, worth
$400; of wolverines 5,000, worth $17,250; and of grebes 20,000, worth
$10,000. The List, though birds, are counteil as fur-bearing animals, their
pelts being used, like- furs, for caps, muffs, and cuffs. The land furs amount
in annual value to $yoo,ooo. The numbers of these pelts do not include
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those of The Hudson's Rav Company, of which \vc can obtain no
detailed statement, though \vc are informed, on what we suppose is good
authority, that the annual aggregate is $2,000,000 in value. As prepared
for the purchasers, the annual crop of furs from our coast sells in the Lon-
don market for not less than $10,000,000. Of our fur pelts, not one in 20 is
finally dressed here; nearly all go to England; those of the TUK Hudson's
Bay Company by sail from Victoria, and the others by way of San Fran-
ci.sco.
The animal most \'aluable for the annual production of fur, is the fur-
seal (Callorhimis iirsiniis), which is found in Alaska, and at various points
along the shores of British Columbia, and Washington Territory. This
seal was very abundant on many islands of the North and South Pacific,
at the beginning of this century, but was slaughtered greedily by the early
seal-hunters in our ocean, and was thus destroyed, in most of the places
which it once frequented. It would doubtless before now have been ex-
terminated, or at least reduced so much in number as to have no commer-
cial importance, if Russia, and afterwards the United States, had not lea;xd
the exclusive right of killing the seals on the Pribilov Islands to a single
compan}-, which, of course, has an interest in keeping up the supply of the
furs. Whether the present contract made under the authority of an Act of
Congress is the best that could ha\e been made, is a cjuestion which does not
come within the scope of this book ; but that the fishery should not be
thrown open without restriction to everybody, is evident. St. Paul Island,
the largest and the most southerly of the Pribilov group, in latitude 57^,
has a superficial area of about 33 square miles of diversified, rough, and
rocky uplands, and small, rounded hills. It has 42 miles of shore line, 16^^
of which are used by the fur seal. St. George Island is next in im-
portance, and has an area of 27 square miles, and 29 miles of coast line, of
which 2 '4 are visited b)' fur-seals.
To these islands 5,000,000 fur-seals, including 3,000,000 full-grown females,
resort e\ery year; the first arriving in May, and the last leaving in October;
and it is supposed that all go ashore every day to doze or sleep in the sun.
It is not known where the\- stay the remainder of the year, but it is thought
that thej- spend the winter south of the Aleutian Islands, in places where
fish .ue abundant. It was generally supposed that the fur-.seals found from
January to June, on the fish-banks off the coast, extending from Cape Flat-
tery to the Ouccn Charlotte Islands, live half the year at the Pribilov Is-
lands; but Fish Commissioner ANDERSON, in his report on the fisheries of
British Columbia for 1S80, gives plausible reasons for rejecting this ideiu
These southern seals stay near the Strait of Fuca too long to reach the
Pribilov Islands in the ordinary season; and instead of going northward in
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FURS AM) CAME.
333
the winter, they travel westward in schools. He suspects that the Fuca
.seals may visit unknown islands in the North Pacific, to spend the breeding
season.
Al^ka Commercial Company. — The value of the fur-seal grounds, or
the I'ribilov Islands, was discovered in 1786, and had a potent influence in
inducing the Russians to extend their authority over the group, as well as
over Alaska. The slaughter of the .seals was prosecuted, without check,
until 1839, when the number had been so reduced that the business threat-
ened to be entirely destroyed within a few years. The destruction was then
stopped until 1845, when it was gradually resumed; though instead of the
indiscriminate slaughter which had before been permitted, only the young
males were allowed to be killed. The rookeries continued to increase in
size until 1857. At that time the entire fur trade of the islands was in the
hands of TlIE Ru.ssiAN-A.MKRiCAX Compaxv, established since 1799, and
the company, about i860, was restricted b)' the Government to 50,000 seal-
.skins annually. Of these, 5,000 or 6,000 were from St. George, and the
remainder from St. Paul. At one time, this company had a contract to de-
liver 20,000 skins annually to a New York firm, for $2.50 each. The Aleuts
(natives) supplied the skins, in condition for .shipment, at 10 cents apiece,
no other outlay being incurred by the company, except the cost of salt for
the curing proces.s. From 1821 to 1839,758,502 fur-seals were killed, and
372,894 from 1S45 till 1862.
When the United States Government took possession of the islands in
1867, TlllC Rus,siAN-y\MERICAN COMPANY ceascd to exist, and .several
American firms, among them HUTCIIINSOX, Kohl & Co., established them-
selves in Alaska, for the purpose of trading and seal-fishing; and the whole-
sale slaughter of .seals began afresh. In 1868, not less than 200,000 seals
were killed, and for 1869, the figure was not far below 300,000. Skins were
then worth in San Francisco $5.25, and the Aleuts were paid 35 cents
apiece. The Government, fearing their total extermination, or their being
driven away, leased, under an act of Congress, dated July i, 1870, to
Mltchin.so.v, Koiil & Co. (who incorporated under the name of TlIK
Alaska Com.merclvl Company, of which L. Gerstle is President), the
sole right of .seal-fishing on the islands of St. Paul anrf St. George. The
annual rental was fixed at $55,000, and $2.62^2 for each skin taken from the
island.s, restricting the allowed number to 100,000, of which 75,000 were to
be taken from St. Paul, and 25,000 from St. George. This last condition was
amended in 1874, in so far that the amount to be taken from St. Paul would
be thenceforth 90,000, and 10,000 from .St. George. The company stipulated
that the Aleuts should receive 40 cents for killing a fur-.seal, and extra pay
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iisiiKKiEs, i:ic.
for salting. As this sum is cjinicd by the joint labor of all the able-bodied
men, it is considered a common fund, to be divided equitably amon^ them.
Payment is niaiie for all other labor, at establishctl rates. In dixiding the
sealing fund, the .ibilitx' of the men is considered, and the di\ision inaile ac-
cordingly. Thus the strongest anil most skillful, who work through the
entire season, receive a first-class share. Those who .ire less skilllul, and
the old men wlu) are unable to do the hariler jiart of the work, recei\'e
.seconil and third-class shares, while the boys who take [lart in the sealing
for the first time, receive a fourth-class share. The assignment of shares is
made by the chiefs, and acquiesced in b\- the others, l-'acii year, after all
the skins have been taken, the cliiefs furnish the company's agents w ith a
list of the men, who ha\e been engaged in scaling during the season, antl
the share assigned to each. The second, third, ami fourth classes are
respective!)' yo, 8o, and 70 per cent, of the first-class share. The value of
the shares varies a little from )'ear to year, with th.e number of men engaged
in sealing, l^'or 1.S74, the)- were respecti\el)- $4JS, $368, $343, and $300.
The habits of the fur-seals are \er)- singular. It is estimated that two
thirds of the males are never [)ermitted b)' the remaining third, strongest by
natural selection, to land upon the s.ime ground with the females, which
al\\a_\'s herd together. The so-called bachelor seals ;ire compelled, when
thc)' visit land, to stay ,iwa}' from the breeding-grounds, ;uid thus nature
keeps separate those .se.als which can be killed, without disim'bing the peace
of the breeding-grounds, where the stock- is perpctuatetl. In thc early p.irt
of the season, large numbers of the )oung bachelors go ashore, not far from
the water, .and while they doze there the men approach (luietl)', and get
quickly between them and thc se.a. In this way, a dozen men, running down
a long sand-beach, will turn thousanils of seals aw.ay from the water. When
thc seals are first startled they arise, and seeing the men between them and thc
water, immediatcl)- turn, .and lope and scramble rapidly aw.ay over the land.
The natives then walk IcL-^urely on the flanks, and in the re.ir of the drove
thus securetl, and direct and dri\e them to thc place of slaughter. On firm,*
gra.s.sy ground, a drove of .seals ma)' be driven at thc rate of half a mile an
hour. They recjuire little urging, being permitted to halt and cool off, as
heating "injures their fur. The)- never show fight, unless a few old seals arc
mi.xeil in. The .seals, when brought up to the killing-ground, arc herded
there, until cool and rested; then squads of 50 to 200 are driven out from
the bod)- of the drove, surrounded and huddled u[) one against the other.
Thc natives, .-irmed with hea\)' clubs of h.'n'd wood, strike the .seals down by
blows on the head. A single stroke of the heavy oak bludgeon will crush
in, at once, the slight, thin bones of .'i .seal's skull, l;iying the creature out lifeless.
I'reparator)- to skinning, the body is rolled over, or put upon its back, and
ITRS AM) CAMK. 3l5
t!ic nativc-i make a ^iiis^dc, swifi cut tliicjULjh the --kii , clown alone; the neck',
chest, anil belly, from the lower jaw to the nob of the tail. ( .ire is taken
not to kill more seals at a time than the force of men employed can (li->|)i>sc
of proiK-rly; as i 5 minutes' exposure to the .sun will spoil them by l.x)scnin{j
the fur. The skin is salted immediately after beinj^ removed. The salt-
house.s are arrani^ed with lar^e bins of thick planks, into which the skins
are put, with a layer of salt between each layer of skins. They become -uf-
fii lently cured in from 5 to 7 d.iys, and are then taken from the bins, and
I)iled up w ith a little fresh .salt. Finally they arc prepared for shipment by
rolling; them ilo compact bundles, 2 skins in each, .securely l;i.-,hcd. The
larfjest of the.ic Inindlos weigh 64 pounds, but their averaijc weight is but 22.
The smallest skins, taken from seals 2 j'cars old, weij^h about 7 pounds
each, and the largest, from seals 6 years old, about 30.
All the fur scilskins of our coa- 1 are sent in a raw i' ndition to London,
the only place possessing the skill p.quisitc for dressin , .:nd dyeing them in
the best manner, so that they shall .sell readily for $40, though the raw pelt
is worth there onl)' .$1 $ or $20. France has imjjortcd artisans, dye-stuff, and
even water from llngland, but has never made furs equal to those pre; u'cd
in London. The methods of dressing and dyeing are kept secret, but the
main processes are these: The kin is soaked in warm water, >crapcd clean,
soaked in warm water containin,; m.-ihoganj' or rosewood sawdust, and
trodden by human feet for several days, thus cleansing the hair from sticky
substances. Ihe .second process is to shave off the inside of the skin, .so as
to cut off the roots of the coarse hairs which project be)ond the delicate
fur. The latter retains its hold, w hile the coarse hair falls out after the skin
has been shaved. The third i)rocess is the dyeing, and this is the chief
.secret.
The sealskins taken by the Indians of Vancouver's Island and Fuca
Straits are .sold at Cape Flattery. Their fishing-grounds arc from 20 to 40
miles outside the cape, and as the\' are fearful of going tf)o far to sea .so
early in the season, when the weather is treacherous, they pay schooners,
usuall)- from 3 to 12 tons burden, to take them to the grounds. The seals
are caught asleep on the surface of the water. The Indians approach
noiselessly in canoes, and when near enough, anywlK:re within 30 feet,
throw their sjiears with a strong, stout cord attached, and hauling the seal
alongsitle their canoes, dispatch them with a club made especially for the
]jurpose. The .sealskins taken by the natives at Prince of \\'alcs Island
and contiguous territorj-, arc .sold at the Hudson's Bay Factory, Fort ."^ inp-
.son. The number sold in 1880 was about 10,000. The total number
caught between San I*"rancisco and Alaska averages, for the last 5 years,
probably 20,000. On the coast of Lower California, as far as Sonora, .some
ii
^^36
FISHERIES, ETC.
m. <
iir; '
strafjglinj:; fur-seals arc finiiul, and in artier to capture tlicm, small schooners
arc occasionally fittctl out in San Francisco. Their catch ne\er oxcectls
2,000 a year. Countinjj 100,000 for Alaska, J.S,ooo for Washinjjton, British
Columbia, and Southern Ala.ska, we have 130,000 for the entire annual catch
of the coast. Tin: Ar,.\sK.v COMMKUCIAI, CdMl'.WV obtains 30,000 fur seal-
.skins, aninially, from islands bclonj,nn^ to Russia on the Asiatic side of the
Pacific, and these arc counted, thouj;[h improperly, in the national census
report of 1880, as part of the products of our country.
Warrens Fur-Seal Fleet. — A prominent place in the fur-seal fishery of
British Columbia is held by the little fleet of 4 steam schooners, the Thorn-
ton of 30 tons, the Anna Beck of 40, the Grace of 80, and the Dolphin of 80,
belontjinj^ to J.\MF.S D. \V.\URKX, of Victoria, who is also engaj^ed in
salmon-canning, and is part owner in the steamer plying between Victoria
and Wrangel. The Grace was built in 1 881. and the Dolphin in 1882. The
season lasts 4 months in the year, and Mr. Warken gives employment in
his sealing fleet to 20 white men and a number of Indians.
Otters, Etc. — The fur-seal is, however, not the only aquatic mammal
hunted on our coast. The ne.Kt in importance, the sea-otter (Enhydra
marina), not comprised in the company's contract, is hunted by all the
native jjopulation of Alaska Territory. It is a shy animal, and is not taken
\\ ithout the exercise of much energy and hardihood. The skin is the most
valuable of all peltric.i, except that of the black fo.\, which is, however,
seldom found. The aggregate annual catch is between 5,000 and 6,000
skins, while prior to 1870, 2,000 were considered a good catch. Nine tenths
of these are taken in the waters of the Aleutian Islands, and one tenth near
Kadiak. The natives receive from $30 to $50 for each skin, and the price-
in London is from $80 to $100. The average number caught annually,
from 1821 to 1862, was 1,220, as officially reported. It may be that the
increase is cau.sed by the higher price now paid ; and possibl)' some servants
of the Russian-American Company did not report all the skins obtained.
The sea-lion (Eiinietopias stci/eri) is valuable to the natives of the Aleu-
tian Islands for the oil and skins, the latter used on wooden frames for the
ordinary boats. The average length of the male Is 12 feet, with a yield of
10 gallons of oil, and a weight of 1,000 pounds. TlIE ALASKA COMMEli-
CIAI, Co.Ml'ANY pays the natives on the I'ribilov Islands 40 cents per skin,
and $5 per barrel for the intestines, from which they get oil. The oil ob-
tained by the compan)- on the islands, from all sources, is barely sufficient
for the wants of the different stations, the natives being provided by the
company gratis with seal-oil, fuel, and salmon. The value of .seal-oil is
a little less than that of whale-oil. As late as 1 8G4, a great number were
i-UKs AMI <;.\Mi:. ^37
taken .ilong the coast (^f California and Lower California, from Maj- to
August, and on the shores of Alaska from June to (October, but they
have remarkably decreased. About 'CX3 are yearly caught, on the Cali-
fornian coast, by fishermen employed in coast whaling. Their skins are
bought by beltmakers, who prefer them to cowhides on account of their
even thickness, although the tanning takes about fj month.s. The average
price paid is 4 cents per pound. Another article of value on the ,sca-lion is
the whisker, the price varying according to the size, measuring for old bulls
sometimes 16 inches in length and one eighth of an incli in thickness. The
Chinese pay 40 cents apiece for them, to he used by women in their hair,
and b)- men for ear-cleaners and toothpicks.
Furriers. —The furs, and articles made of fur, sold in San Francisco ha\c
an annual value of about $300,000. The relative profits of the furriers, how-
ever, have not kept pace with the amount of business. IJefore 1869 the
pelts of martens, beavers, foxes, and various other animals then fashionable
and in extensive use, were dressed in San I-'ranci.sco ; but now the fur-seal
skin possesses almost exclusive favor, ;md that is sent to London for prep-
aration. The value of the other pelts, sold here for local use, does not ex-
ceed $15,000 a year. The only furriers of our coast are in San I'rancisco,
and a large part of their skill consists in knowing how to cut the skins, and
fit them together to the best advantage.
There are 3 furrier houses in San hVancisco, tho.se of H. Lliciiics & Co.,
at 113 Montgomery Street; Laciiman & Stkknff.L.s, at 1 29 Montgomery
Street, and li. I'ROO.MBlCKc;, at 114 Post Street. The 3 houses employ 1 1
cutters and 50 .sewing-women. LlKUKS & Co. have 8 small vessels hunting
seals and trading for furs in the northern waters.
The cutters receive from $17 to $30 a week — probably not more than one
getting over $25 — working 9 hours a day, and arc emplovcd through the
)ear ; whereas in New York they get $40, with work limited to jiart of the
year. The sewing-women receive $10 a week in San Francisco, and work
by the piece in New York. Two fur-dressers do all the work of fur-dressing
in San Francisco, going to the shops and using the tools of the furriers,
when the latter need their scA-ice.s.
The Nortb-Tvest Trading Company. — The Orcgonians made a start to
get a share in the fisheries and fur trade of Southern Alaska in 1880, by
organizing THE NoRTll-WEST TRADING COMPAXY, incorporated at Port-
land. It has established a whale fishery .it Killisnoo on Chatham Strait,
oil refineries at Kaigan on Cordova Bay and on Lcmcsurier Lsland, and
trading-posts at Killisnoo, Kaigan, Rockwell on Gastineaux Channel,
Hoonjah on Cross Sound, and Chilcoot Bay at the head of Lynn Canal.
4J
':
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Rf:
33R
riSIIKRIF.S, KTC.
Willi I'. SCHULZE a:, president at I'ortland, C. SPrUN and J. W. VandkR-
I'.IM as joint manat^ers at Sitka, and $100,000 of capital, it will probably
soon take a jironiinent place in the business of y\la.ska.
The most notable houses or companies of our coast engaged in the fur
trade, in addition to those already mentioned, are the TllK Wkst Fur
TRADINC COMl'ANV, LOUIS SLOSS & CO., KOWILAND Brotiikus of San
iM-ancisco, and MARTIN Batls and T.. & J. BosccowiTZ of Victoria.
Land Furs. — I.ruicl fur animals arc trapped in California, Oregon, and
Washington by v hir<> men, in Britisli Columbia by white men and Indians,
anil in Alaska !_»>• Eiikitncs, Aleuts, and Indians. In order to .secure as
many skins as possible, the three large competing companies, the Hudson's
Bay, .'.Vlaska ^^ommerciaJ. and the West I'ur companies, have trading-posts
t!irouj;}lir!Ut Adaska, ann the Hudson's 15ay in British Columbia also. Be-
sidcs-.tJiese trading-staKuiins, there are individual traders .settled through the
fur negioni. and much :radmg is done by small \essel.-i. which are fitted out
in Smj FisMiciHCo fortiiaa purpo.sc, and yearly visit the northern coast. In
Oregrni. '^" ashington. and California, country stores collect the skins from
the hiunter- either for'tiicar own account, (jr to fill orders from San Fran-
cisco ; espicaaJliy is this tiae case in California.
TilK Ni«Tl3-WEST Frji Company, an assocJatipm formed in 1783, by
Canadian mcrdnants. bissan to trade on this coast about 1805, and had
almo.st e.KCituwe postsaiaaon uiratiil 1810. A St. Louis association, called
The Mil.s.souiil Fi'K C ■«n'-%J>r\- established a trading-post on the head-
waters of Lewis' Fcjpfc in 1*09, faaan abandoned it on account of the hostility
of the Indiams. In i8^:<d J-okk Jiacoh A.stor organized The AMERICAN
Fur Comp.VS'Y to collect furs cm tthis coast, ship them to China, and there
exchange them for tea and silks. The company established a traoing-post
at Astoria, collected large quammcs of furs, and had a good prospect to
maintain a strong opposition to "Miu North-west Fur Company, but when
the war u ith England broke outi Mr. A.STOR distrusted his Scotch part-
ners, and The Americ.\N F'ur Jdmpany abandoned its business on the
Pacific Coa.st.
Tin-; Hudson's Bay Company, incorporated in 1670, occupied much of
the northern part of the continent, but did not come to our coast until
about I S 1 3, when, jealous of the success of The North-west Company, they
sent their agents west of the Rocky Mountains. The expensive struggle
between the two rival companies was ended by cooiieratioii in 1 82 1, and tiie
entire absorjition of TllE NoKTll-WEST COMPANY in 1824.
In the mean lime, several small parties of American trappers had come to
ihis coast. In 1823, W.H. .\sih,i:y, of .St. Louis, collected a large ([uantity
FURS AM) (;.\\ir.
^^9
of lurs, with wliich he returned to St. Louis, le.iviiiL^ lOO men to j^nlher
pelts duriiij^r hjs absence. Ti.i^i- men obtained furs worth $iSo,cx)0
between i824and 1.S27. A parl\ of 40 trappers employed b_\- 'rill, I'ioiKV
IMoLNTAIN Fur CoMI'ANV hunted and trapped in the Sacramento X'alley
from 1825 to 1828, under command of Capt. JlUHCHIAll SMITH, who sold
their catch at the Cohnnbia River in the latter year, 'rili: RiuKN' MoUN-
T.VIN I"UR Co.MI'ANV withdrew from our coast in 1829, at the same time
with Mr. PllXTlKR, of Council Bluffs, who had spent 3 seasons with .1.5
men in Orcjj[on and California. A.SHLI•:^■ had ret'-. ; •? jears earlier, j.
O. I'.VTTli:, a Missourian, published a brief accoui.' - ' Jalifornia, in 1832,
after trappfn^r here in the 2 previous )'ears. Cai : ■ oNM'.Vll.I.I'; hunted
and trajjped with a large party in the Humboldt and Sacramento Valleys
in 1832, and was not encouraged b\- the results to continue. The last
attempt of a large American party to collect furs on our coast, south of
Alaska, was made in 1833, when TllK A.MERICAx I'ur Company sent an
expedition to the lower Columbia.
The Hudson's Bay Co.mpaxv, firmly established in 1821, with a special
charter, and the exclusive right (exclusive at least as to all I'lritish subjects)
to purchase furs in the territory on our coast claimed by Great Britain,
including Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, had nearly all the trade. After
a controversy it made a compromise, in 1833, with the Russian-American
Comp: n\', taking the trade of part of Alaska for a definite rental. The
tjusines: of TiiK Russian Amkrran Company terminated with the trans-
fer of Alaska, to the United States, and Tut: HuDSo.v's Bay Company's
.special charter and exclusive privileges expired in 1856.
J. F. Miller. — Of the men who have been engaged in the fur trade of the
North Pacific, none is more extensively known than JOMN F. MiLLl'.R, now
a representative of California in the United States .Scii.ite. Gen. Mll.I.KR,
bo>-n in Indiana in 1 831, received the degree of bachelor of laws from the
law school at Balston Spa, New York, in 1852. The next year witnessed
his arrival in Califorma, and also nis election as treasurer of Napa County.
Illness of a relative in Indiana took him back in 1855 to his native State,
where he remained C> >ears, taking active part in politics as a stump-sjieaker
on the Republican side. In 1860, he was elected to the State .Senate, and
the next je.ir resigned his office, to enter the army with a regiment which
he organized. In I""cbruary, 1862, he had command of a brigade; and from
that time until the close of the w ar, e.xccpt when disabled by seven' wounds,
he was in active ser\ ice, holrling responsible ])ositions, and adding to hi;i
reputation as a soldier and a manager ol men. lU' d'd not avoid exposure,
nor ditl he escape without pa)ing tribute with his blood to the national
If B
3';
340
l-ISHKKIKS, I;TC,
cause. Once lie w.is shot Ihrouyh the neck, tlie bullet passin;; \ery near the
ju;j[ulnr vein, and his left eye was destroyed b>' a bullet which remained
twelve years in his liead, until removed by a difficult and dany,en)us surgical
operation in US75. lie j)artii;ii)ated in 13 battles, including that of Stone
River, in which the troops under his immeaiatc command carried off the
chief honors, and a large jxirt of the credit was, by general consent, given
to him personally. Under the recommendations of his superiors. Generals
RnsiXKANS and TlItiM.\s, he was promoted to the grades of brigadier and
major-general. While in command at Nashville he had delicate and exten-
sive political and semi-dij)lomatic duties which he performed with tact, gain-
ing the coniKlence of the Unionists and tlu' intimate friendship of AnI)RI;\V
Johnson, tlien militar)- governor there. ..After the close of the war Gen.
MilI-1;r returned to California, intending to resume the practice of law, but
.soon recci\ed the api)ointment of collector of the port of San I'rancisco
from his Tennessee friend wiio had succeeded to the presidency. 1 fc lield
the coUcctorship with general satisfaction to the mercantile community until
i.S/O, when his term expired. TllK Alask.\ Commkiui.vl Co\ii>ANY
needed a presiilent, learned in the law, familiar witli general business, of
high repute for integrity, and abli: to defend extensive interests as orator or
writer. Gen. Mii,IJ;r was selectcil for the place, and again he made a suc-
cess. When the Republicans of California were called upon to send a man
to the United States Senate in 1881, they looked around among their num-
ber and decided that J. I". MiLLKK was their best man. He had jireviously
resigned the presidency of TlIK Al.ASRA Co.NrMRRCIAL COMPANV. The
national .Senate li.is been in session only a few weeks since he took his seat,
but his intluencc has alreail)- been recognizctl. At the age of 50 he has
reached the highest political position that the people of California can con-
fer on him, and u ith good health, correct habits, an excellent social position,
and an industrious and ambitious character, he still has much of life before
him
Game.— Our coast has much game of different kinils killeil for food,
though, of course, the cjuantity has been greatly reduced witliin the last 30
years, in consequence of the increase of population, and the greatly en-
larged range of fire-arms. Deer are numerous in many district.s, and 400,000
are killed annuall}'. The number of deerskins sold to the tanners and trad-
ers (exclusive of 'I' I IK lIUIiSON's l\\\ COMrANV) every year is 500,000;
ami some are tanned b)- the hunters, especially the Indians, for their home
use. The elk, common in central and Southern California at the time of
the gokl discovery, has disappeared there; but a few are found in north-
western t'alifornia and Oregon. The antelope was the most abundant, or
(1 1 ■
IT lis AND r.AMi:
.u>
most proininciU ■j;:unc animal of tlic S:ici-amcnt'.) and San J(>ii)nin \'alU'\'s
before the American con(|iiest. but if still sc.-en, is loo r.uv to liave a ni.irket
\alue. The buffalo crosse I the Kocky Mountains at various places in the
middle of the centur)-, but does so no lonL;er. The moose and cariboo are
found in I5ritish Columbia ami Alaska, but are rare. The aiKance of civil-
ization has dimim'shed the number of woKcs and hawks, and j^iven a chance
to the liares, rabbits, and small birtls to miilliplw Of i;ame s(|uirrels, theie
are \ery few.
The water-fowl supply the t^reater part of the ^amc in our markets.
Ducks and geese arc numerous in the lakes, ri\ers, anil sloughs, at the times
of their migration in the spring and autumn, and the large towns are well
supplied with them at such periods. The himters make a pnicticc of goinc;
to a railroad station or steamboat landing e\ery day with their stock. The
season for liunting, with the c.Kception of venison, is fixed by law for Cali-
fornia, from September 15 till March 15, and for vension, from Jul}- i(.
October, inclusive, while gccsc, hares, and rabbits may be killed at .ill
times, though the quantity sent to market is sm.ill. The total value of the
game consumed in San Francisco is alxnit $!00,ooo annually. The quail
number 225 dozen a day at $1.25 a dozen; the ducks, 75 dozen a day al
$2.50; the geese, 15 dozen a day at $2.75; hares and rabbits, 10 dozen a
da)' at $2.25; rccd-birds, 25 dozen a day at 35 cents; and doves, 15 dozen
a day at 60 cents. The supply of deer meat amounts to i .000 pounds a day,
.sold at 9 cents. These quantities represent the average figures in the re-
spective .seasons. Grouse, snipe, curlew, wild pigeons, wild turkej's, wild
sheep, and various other kinds of game obtained in parts of our coast arc
so limited in their range that they do not deserve more than mere mention
here. As a rule, the hunters ship their game to the poultry dealers of San
Francisco, but several produce houses receive consignments, and sell to the
market dealers. ]\Iosl of the quail ;'.nddo\es come from Monterey County,
ducks from the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, veni.son from Marin
County, hares and rabbits from Merced, and reed-birds from Contra Costa.
The principal game dealers in .San I''rancisco are Rl(.ll.\R!i 1). MoWRKV Si
Co., H.\UT & GOODM.W, and v. N. Woods & Co., game and poultry dealers
in the California Market ; Lkmoini:, G.\MI!1:kt & Co., in the San I'"r,incisco
Market; and Jo.sin'li H.\.ssiOTT, JoilN C. M OWE, and LlT'll.liKllil.D, ALLI-
SON & Co., produce merchants.
rii
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342
FISHERIKS, KTC.
CHAPTER XXI.— COD-FISHERY.
Cod-Banks. — Tiic principal cod-fish banks of the North Pacific arc in the
Bciirini^ .Sea, the vicinity of tlic Chouinagin Islands, and the Okhotsk Sea,
which last, the largest known cod-fishing ground, attracts most of our cod-
fishing vessels, and now produces more than three fourths of our catch.
The Hehring Sea, though e.xtcnsivc in its cod-banks and abounding in fish,
is neglected, because the fish are abundant in other places more conveniently
accessible. All the cod-fishing vessels of the Pacific are owned in San
P'rancisco, and bring their catch to curing and packing houses near the
metropolis. The methods of fishing and of sending the fish to market are
not the same for the Choumagin, where the fishing-boats spend the year, as
for the Okhotsk, to which hitter bank the vessels make a trip every season,
spending 5 months, of which 2 are occujiied in catching fish. The fish-
ing at the Choumagin banks is in shallower water than in the Okhotsk; the
depth from 40 to 50 fathoms in the latter, and from 20 to 40 fathoms at the
former grountls. Angle, or hand-lines, as they are called, are used exclu-
sively in the Okhotsk fisheries, and trawl-lines, and occasionally hand-lines,
at the Choumagin Islands. A line 28 fathoms in length, and several of these
joined together, with hooks attached at intervals of 3 or 4 feet, are called a
trawl -line. The trawl-hooks are 3 inches long, with a width from point to
shank, of one inch. The trawl-lines, often 600 fathoms in length, arc
dr.iwn up once in 4 hours, and tlu-catch secured. /Vn angle, or hand-line,
has 2 hooks, kept apart by a piece of wire, and a lead sinker, weighing
3 pounds, livery fisherman manages 2 lines, one on each side of him,
tirawing one while he lets down the other. The use of the hand-line,
instead of the trawl, in the Okhotsk fisheries, is caused by sand-flea.s, small
crustaceans, which there attack and devcjur the fish on a trawl-line before it
can be drawn. Each fisherman is supplied with a dory, or small boat, 14
feet long, sinn'lar to a canoe. Some of the dories arc supplieii with sails,
and others with oars only, and all anchor while fishing. In these dories the
fishermen leave the vessel at the break of day, and are off for tin; fishing-
grounds, which may be 200 yards or 5 miles distant. The)' return at dark
with the da)''s catch, though occasionally, owing to foggy weather, they can
not find their vessel, and are obliged to pa.-i.s the niglit in the dories, or land
'^*.
COD-FISIIERY.
,U3
on some unknown shore, and await the coming of the mornini.f li^ht. A
small quantity of bait is taken from San I'rancisco, with which to bcL^in
operations; witit this the fishincj is conimenced, and the iierrint^, salmon, and
sculpins, which are secured at times on the liooks, serve for bait for the
remainder of the time. The averajje weight of cod-fisii of the North I'acific
fisheries is 3 pounds, and the maximum 1 1 pounds; while one half [)ound is
the minimimi net weight after cleaning. The fish caught in the Okiiolsk
fisheries are long ant! thin, while those at the Choumagin Islands are short
and thick. There are at least 2 species of cod in the Pacific.
Cod-fishermen. — The cod caught are treated in a manner simil.ir to
that employed in the Newfoundland fisheries ; that is, no cleaning is clone
by the fishermen; their exclusive duty being to fish, and attend to their
lines. The "dress gang" consists of a throater, header, and siilitter. The
cod-fish, after being brought on board, are first passed to the throater, who
cuts their throats, and nearly se\-crs the head from the body; thence to the
header, who removes the head, opens the fish, and takes out the viscera;
and lastly to the splitter, w ho takes out the backbone, and flattens out the
fish. The catch is salted, id packed in nests, in the hold. Nesting is
placing one fish inside of another, in ;i manner similar to nesting pails or
buckets. By this system a larger quantity can be stored in a given sjiace
than b)' packing indiscriminately in bulk.
Fisherman are paitl according to their catch, at the rate of $20 for 1,000
fish. The dress gang receive from $25 to .$30 per month, with the excep-
tion of the splitter, who receives $45 or $50 per month. These wages in-
clude board, the owners of ves.scls furnishing everything. At Kadiak Island
and vicinity, where some cod-fishing is done, natives are ein])loyed, at 75
cents or $1 per daj-, to head, split, and salt the to«L. Those caught near the
Choumagin Islands are the best of the Pacific cocl, and superior to those of
the Labrador coast, while the finer specimens are equal to the best of the
Newfoundland fisheries. Tlie life of the Choumagin fisherm.m is one of
ease, when compared with that of his Atlantic brother. The numerous
coves and inlets furnish a convenient refuge wIkmi hea\)- weather rciulers it
ncccssar)- to quit fishing; and as the season la^ls onl)' during the summer
months, it is not probable that cod-fi.shing in the Pacific will ever be attended
by the risk of life, and the many iliscomforts, inseparable from that occu]);)-
tion, on the other side of ihe conlint tit. The salt, procured from the Ala-
meda salt-marsh, California, made by the evaporation of sea-water, is said to
be <}f excellent quality. The vessels, liefore leaving on a cod-fishing cruise,
take <in bo.ird a small cargo, allowing a ton of salt to each 1,000 fish.
The numl>er of vessels ^>( the cod-fishing fleet have never been the same for
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2 c:nnscciiti\x' )c,'irs ; the businc-s lluctiiatin;- with tlu demand for fis'i.
Wlicn a L,f(i(j<l season has Ixcii (■x[)ci'icnccd, and a lar^jc catch secured,. tlic
iiuhisti>- is stimulated, and tlie next year the fleet is enlarged by additional
vessels which are sent out. When a poor catch is the result of a season's
hshincj, some of the vessels seek other business.
The number of fish received from the Okhotsk Sea fisheries in i88i was
721,000, and from the Choumagin Islands 321,000. About 250 men were
employed, and all did well. The consum|)tion of cured cod-fish on our
coast is 4,200 tons annu.all)-, and the exportation 100 tons. The Pacific
fish can be sold here cheaper than the I'lastern ; the business is on ;i per-
manent basis, and as San Fnuicisco becomes more of a distributinij peiint,
the catch will increase. The current prices to the trade are 5 cents for the
ordinary quality, and 5J;J cents fi)r selected. The boneless fish .sell at 6l4
cents. The ])rincipal houses ent^aijed in the cod-fishini; industry on the
Pacific coast are those of LVNDK & Houcil, TllOMAS \V. M(C()i.i..\M &
Cii., an<l \. HICIIARD, each having a large drying-yard and warehouse near
San h'rancisco, with ;i capacity to store 1,800 tons of fish. As the fishing
season lasts only 5 months, it is necessary to store a j'car's supply in
extensive warehouses, which .are not required on the Atlantic Coast, where
the fishing season lasts longer and the catch comes in small lots, which arc
soon sold and replacetl b)' others. LvNDK I'i Iloucil, whose office is at
416 IX'ivis .Street, began cod-fishing in the l\icific in 1865. The curing de-
partment and warehouse is at California Cit\', in Marin Count)'. A l.irge
numixr of detached buildings, with all the necessary appliances, constitutes
the curing establishment, which is most complete in every detail. The ware-
house, built on a strong wharf, is 140 feet long by lOO feet wide, nv.d two
stories high, with a platform on three sides for receiving and discharging
cargoes. The drying frames, or flakes, are at: the south side of the warc-
liouse, in the open air, where the benefit of sun and wind m.ay be freely
had ; the latter being much preferable to the former for drying purpo.ses.
Mi'C<>l.I-.\.M & Co. h.ivc a station on one of the Choumagin Islands, to which
a large schooner makes three trips ever)- season from S.in Francisco, taking
up salt, provisions, and other su])plies, and bringing down the catch. In
this way a constant and regul.ir supply of fresh-caught fish is secured,
doing aua)' w ith the necessity of keeping a large stock at San I'r.incisco.
The curing establishment at Pesc.id.i Landing, opposite Saucelito, consists
of a warehouse 120 feet long b)- lOO wide, a wharf 30 by lOO feet, fl.ike-
y.ird 100 by 180 feet, and two bo;irding-hnuses, e.ach 20 by 30 feet.
The remainder of the cod-fishing industry on this coast is in the hands of
X. lilCII.\Kli, whose Cluing and tlrving establishment is on Kershaw's Island,
near Saucelito,
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345
Catoh. — The first cod-bank of llu- North I'lcific was (li..co\i'rcil in iSd^,
by tlic crew of the Tiniandni, which was returning; from the Ainoor Ki\cr,
wliither she had been wilh a cargo of inercliamhse fioni San I'lancisco.
While becahncd in the Okhotsk near SaghaUen, her crew commenced fisli-
ing fur pastime, and endeil with catching 30 tons of codfish for business.
These were dried on Verba ]5uena Island, in San I-'rancisco Ha\-, and soiil
at 14 cents per pound. This success led to the fitting out of 7 vessels in
1865, aind they returned with 470,000 fish, or -joo tons. The catch was
profitable, and the business increased until 1870, when 21 ves.sels look
1,265,000 fish, or 1,850 tons. The quantity overstocked the market, and
most of the cod-fishermen went into other occupations, so that, in 1872, the
catch was only 300,000 fish for 3 vessels. Wy this time the demand ex-
ceeded the supply, and there was an increa.se until 1878, when 21 vessels
made a catch of 1,190,000 fish, or 1,780 tons. The number of vessels fell
to 13 in 1879, and 8 in 1880 and in 1881, but the catch was 1,500,000 fish in
[879, 1,200,000 in 1880, and 1,042,000 in l88l. In preparing the boneless
cod-fish, there is a considerable waste of tails, fins, and skin, which are made
into an excellent manure; but there is so little demand as yet for anything
of the kind in California, that the price scarcely covers the cost of saving
the material. Six thousand gallons of cod-liver oil are made annually on
the ves.sels while lying at the banks. Some of this is refined for druggists'
use at $1 a gallon, and the remainder sold crude to tanners for 40 cents a
gallon. The sounds and lights arc thrown away; and about 60 barrels of
tongues are saved annually, and sold at $10 or $12 a barrel. A large in-
crease in the cod-fishery of the North Pacific, and the participation of
Oregon, Wa.shington, and Hritish Columbia in its profits, may be confidently
expected in the near future.
44
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CHAPTER XXII.— WHALE FISHERY.
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American Whaling. — Soon after the first .settlement in New England,
its iiiiLjratcrul soil drove many of its inhabitants to the seas for a support,
and they found a large reward for their skill as ship-builders and mariners
in whaling. Their success commanded the admiration of the liuropeans
in the middle of the last century. When lUJ.MUND I5UKKK, within a month
before the battle of Hunker Hill, made his great speecii to the British I'ar-
liament in faVor of a conciliatory policy towards the colonies, he found one
of the chief topics for his praise of the Americans in their whaling fleet.
Ill a ])assage tiiat will never grow stale, he said: "No .sea, but what is
ve.\etl by their fisheries. No climate, that is not witness to their toils.
Neither tlie perseverance of Holland, nor the activity of h'rance, nor tiic
dc.vterous and firm s.igacit}- of English enterpri.sc ever carried this most
jierilous mode of hardy industry to the extent to which it has been pushed
by this recent people — a people who are still, as it were, but in the gristle,
and not yet hardened into the bone of manhood."
At that time Massachusetts liad 300 whaling vcs.sels, averaging 90 tons
each, three fifths of them cmployeil in the North, and the remainder in the
South y\tlantic. The revolutionary war reduced the business to relative
insignificance, but it soon began to revi\e, after peace and independence
were secured. In 1791, 6 American whalers appeared in the Pacific, and
made such f.ivorable reports of their v.^ork that there was a rapid increase
in the number 'The war of 1812 dro\e most of them from the sea, but
after 181 5 they returned with increased force ; and a few years later began
to appear on the coast of California. When Captain Beeciikv entered San
I'rancisco in November, 1826, with an F-nglish exploring vessel, he fi)und 7
.American whalers anchored at Saucclito, a favorite place of re.sort for
them. The)' found fresh water there, cut fire-wood on Angel Island, and
sent boats occasionally to San I'rancisco for supplies of various kinds.
Their accounts of San I'rancisco l?a\', and of the climate and soil of the
surrounding country, ga\e rise to the American desire for the acquisition
of Califi)rni;i. The whalers in the North Pacific continued to increase
until 1855, when the)- had reached the number of 500, antl nearly all had
their ixiils of iende/\i)Us ami refitting in the llaw.'iiian Islanils. Honolulu
was the faMircil port for 200, •ind Lahaina for a greater luunber In 1854
wiiAi.r. iisiii;uv.
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the catch (if 525 whalers included 60,000 ijancls of whale and sperm
oil, and 700 tons of bone. Once in 4 )-ears each vessel reUirned 1. 1 her
hoiye port, which, for most of them, was New Bedford ; and the saij-
ors who had managed to economize their shares often obtainei onouj^'h
on a single cruise to enable them to acquire a comfortable iionv. After
1855 there was a gradual decrease in tiie number, until ate beginning of
tiie civil war, which occurred at the time when the large supply of petro-
leum began to supcrseclc whale and sperm oil for illuminating and lubricat-
ing purposes. Most of the whalers in the North Pacific were then
withdrawn from the business. Of those which remained in 1.S65, the
rebel cruiser Slienandoali burned 34; and in uS/i, 32, and in 1876, 14 were
lost in the ice of the Arctic. The whalers continued to rende/.\()us in the
Hawaiian Islands till 1865, when they began to come to San I'"rancisco,
where supplies could be obtained as cheaply as in Honolulu. One of the
motives for the change wa.s, that the Hawaiian Governmenf would not allow
a whaling vessel to carry a native of the islands awa)-, without giving a
bond in the sum of $600 for his return. Now, all winter in San Francisco,
where C of the scanty fleet of the North Pacific, consisting, in 1882, of 40
vessels, are owned.
The whaling industry is not pursued now by the Californians with so
much energy as it was a hundred years ago by the New KnglaTulers,
because it now yields less relative profit. Massachusetts has a harsh sky,
a sterile soil, and no mines; while in the last century whales were abundant
near her coast, and in all the oceans; and oil and boiie were relatively much
more valuable than in our day. The whales have become .scarce and wild,
and must be chased into the ice, where twice within the last 10 years con-
siderable portions of the whaling fleet were lost. It is true that California
is not adding much to the number of her vessels engaged in this chase ;
but while she occupies a nearly stationary condition, Massachu.setts has for
the last quarter of a century been rapidly retrograding, for she has not now
one third so many ves.sels in the whale fishery as she had in 1855.
North Pacific Fleet. — In 1882, the North Pacific whaling fleet consists
of about 40 vessels, of which 4 are steamers. San Francisco owns one of
the steamers, and 5 of the sailing-vessels, the others belonging to New Bed-
ford. The use of steamers is new; the first cruise of a steam-whaler frcjm
San Francisco having been made in 18S0.
The catch of the whaling fleet in 1881 included 354,000 pomids of whale-
bone, worth from $2.20 to $2.50; 15,000 pounds of ivory, worth 60 cents ;
and 21,000 barrels of oil, worth from 34 J^ to 35 cents a gallon. Allowing
$^50,000 for the bone, $280,000 fo'- the oil, and $9,000 for the ivory, we
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nsiIF.RIKS, F.TC.
have a total of $1,1 ■59,000 for the season's work; an average of $57,000 for
a vessel. Some of tliem, however, made over $75,000, while others did not
make $30,000. In 1S55, when sperm-oil was worth $175 per jjallon, whale-
oil 70 cents, and bone 45 cents, the averai,'e catch of the whalers in the
North Pacific was about $38,000 to the shijj. The highest averaj^e price
for the )ear of sperm-oil, was in 1866, when it rose to $2.55; of whale-oil
in 1 866, when it was $1.45 ; and of bone in iSSo, the price being $3.
The common rate of annual interest, on loans .secured by mortgage of
whaling vessels is 16 per cent., and the late of insurance for the season is
1 5 ])er cent.
The whalers sent out from San Francisco vary in value, including all
supplies for a voyage, from $15,000 to $40,000 each. A whaler has usually
3, 4, or 5 boats, with 7 men for each boat, and from 5 to 10 extra men, in-
cluding cook, steward, carpenter, and cooper. In a trip to the Arctic, a
whaler usually spends 35 days in her northward and 20 in her southward
trip, and has 7 months for work on the whaling-ground. Sometimes she
will get as much oil as she can carry before reiijhing Rchring Strait, but
this has become a rare piece of good fortune, and the chief field of occu-
pation and profit is now beyond the strait, near the domain of perpetual ice.
The officers and crew of whaling vessels do not receive a fixed sum by the
month or voyage, but are engaged " on the lay" or share. The common
rule is that the owners are to supply the ship, boats, implements, and pro-
visions, and are to receive 60 per cent, of the gross proceeds, leaving 40 per
cent, to be divided among the officers and crew. The captain usually gets
about one twelfth, a mate one twentieth, and the ordinary seaman the one
hundretl and eightieth part. A good catch is often worth $45,000; of which
sum the owners would receive $30,000, the captain $3,750, each mate $2,250,
and each sailor $250. The rewards are high for the captains and mates, and
the incn have $30 a month. The possibilities of much higher profit, and the
interest of the crew in the catch, help to secure men for whalers at times
when merchant vessels can not obtain skillful sailors.
The whaling of the North Pacific is now exclusively in the hands of the
Ainericans, and all or nearly all the vessels make up their ciews and dis-
charge their cargoes in San Friincisco. This port has, however, been the
place of rendezvous for the New England whaling ships for less than 10
years, and whether it will succeed in maintaining its monopoly is very
doubtful. At present it has the only large supply of .sailors on the coast,
and the only large stock of such articles as whaling vessels require; but the
time is not far distant when Portland, Seattle, and Victoria will have every-
thing that whalers need ; and the}' have the advantage of being much nearer
to the whaling-groun J. San Franci.sco has, however, many attractions which
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they can never etiual. It is not i)rnl).il)le that wlialint; will entirely desert
San I""ranci.sco as it has deserted the Atlantic ports of France, south of lati-
tude 46 , where il once h.ul its chief scat.
The shore, sperm, and Arctic have been the three main divisions of the
whaiin^^ indiistrj- on our coast. The <;ra\- whale is found near the shores of
California and Lower California in the winter, and can be taken tb're with
less effort than in an>- other place. To pursue him is the main purixjse <:f
the shore whaler, who lives either in his ship or on the land. The land
whalers has'c stations on the shore; the men {^oin^' out in whaleboats and
tf)winy their \ictims to an anchorage, where the blubber is tried out. The
si)crm whale prefers the warm portions of the ocean, where he can be taken
at any time of the year. Shi[) whaling for the gray has been unprofitable
for years, and nothing is now done in it. The Okhotsk was for a long time
the best place for taking the right and bowhcad whales, but ha-s been ex-
hausted, and the ships go to the IJehring or Arctic Sea, spending the .season,
from March to November, in their cruise.
Shore Whaling. — In 1851 Captain D.WF.M'ORT, an old whaling master
living at Monterey, ob.serving the number of whales passing the harbor,
organized a company of men to engage in whaling, while living on the land.
He had a whaleboat, in which he sallied out when his game came in sight,
and, having killed his victim, towed it to the shore, where he had tackle for
taking off the blubber, pots for trying it out, and cabins for his party. He
was successful, and his o-amplc was imitated at a dozen places, from Capo
Mendocino to Point Abanda in Lower California, some of the .stations being
maintained for 15 years w-ith profit. All arc abandoned save tho-u at San
Luis Obi.spo, Point Conception, and San Simeon, each of which has a score
of men, and takes on an average about 500 barrels of oil in a year, though
the catch varies greatly. The business is in the hands of the Portuguese
almost exclusively. From April till September the men engage in farming
near the station.s, but employ a lookout ; and when he announces the appear-
ance of a whale they take to their boats; and from October till March they
spend in their boats, going out every day, if not stormy, to a distance of <S
or 10 miles from land, to watch for their game. Monterey ha-s a crew reg-
ularly engaged in the common fishery of the bay, w'ho go out to attack
whales coming in sight, but do not watch for them. The boats of the land
whalers are of the same size and pattern as those used by the Arctic whal-
ers. The oil from the land stations is now nearly all gray, and the gallon
is worth 5 cents less than that from the Arctic. The number of whales is
steadily decreasing, and those passing the shore of California are becoming
more timid, so that the business of land whaling will probably cease within
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lo years. These land companies i)ay a premium to their captain and mate,
usually $200 or $300 a year — the term of mutual enijai^eincnt— and divide
the remainiler of the net receipts ei[ually amonj^ all the members. TlIK
XoKTii-wr.sT Tk.\I)I\(; CoMTANV. of I'ortland, has recently established a
whaling' station in Alaska, the bcj^inninf,', probably, of an important enterprise.
The (vhale is still first attackx-d by throwing; a hand-hariM)on fa.stened to
the boat b)- a line, as in the last century; but of recent years an additional
and \ery effective weapon has been founil in the bomb lance, an iron tube,
20 inches lon^r and an inch in diameter, loaded with powder, ;md i)repared
to e.\i)lode soon after striking;. When the har[)oon has taken hold, the bolt
is at once shot into the whale from a }jun, and the explosion often disables
the victim, or kills it immediately; if not, others are fircti ;it every good
opjKirtunity, until a dozen may be spent on a single whale. The average
number may be 3. The bomb costs $4, and is considered indispensable for
the ecjuipment of every whaleboat. In the chase of the California gray,
called the " devil-fisli" because of its violent lashing of the water, and it.s
fur\- in attack. iig boats, the harpoon is shot from a gun, which throws a
bomb at the same time. The gun enables the boat to remain at a greater
distance, .nnd thus relieves the whale fishermen from the chief danger of
being struck by the first sweep of the tail. The harpoon gun is not consid-
ered necessarj- in attacking the bowliead and right whales.
The whales of llie North Pacific are the gray ( K/iaciiincctcs ff/aiiciis), the
finback ( Halicnoptcra n-lifcm), the humpback ( Mi's^opteni irrsiiMis), the
finner ( Iui/(Cnt>fitfni Dtii'idsoni ), the bowhead ( /iti/enit iiiyslicrtiis), the right
(/><i/tiici Siclioldii), the su'\\y\mr ( SMui/diiy sii//nrai.t ), and the sperm C/V/)'-v<'At
in<UT(iir/>/iii/its). The gray, or California graj', is found only in the Pacific,
north of latitude :;o , and is most abumlant near the American coast. It is
a migratory animal, spending its winters on the edge of the torrid zone, and
its summers in or near the Arctic, traveling .southward from October to Jan-
uar)-, inclusive, and northward from May to August. There is no method
of ascertaining the time that any one whale requires for making its semi-
aiiinial v.)yage of 4,000 miles. It v.-.is the opinion of Capt. Sca.m.Mon that
about 10,000 whales visited the co.ists of California and Lower Cali-
fornia in 1 874, and the number passing so near the land, as to be visible from
the shore whaling stations, was then 40 d.:'ly in the miildle of the "dt)wn
.season," or period of southwaril migration. The female, when about to give
birth to her calf, in December or January, seeks the shallow water of a bay
or inlet on the ocean side of Lower California, where, if not disturbed, she
will remain, with brief visits to the open water, for several months. She
suckles her calf for 6 or 8 months, and watches over it with maternal solici-
tude and a devotion that often costs her life. The yield of a gray iii oil is
I
WllAl.i; liSIIKKV.
35'
20 barrels on the average, but has risen in a larcjc female to 70. The female
reaches a length of 45, anti the male 35 feet — one instance, at least, in nature
of feminine superiority. In its migrations the gray likes to keep near the
land, and when it has reachetl the regions where it spends its months of rest,
it seeks water either shallow or not very deep; and these habits, different
from those of most other whales, have led to peculiar methods of killing it.
According to Capt. Si AMMON, the number which visited the coast nf l.ower
California annually was 30,0(X) in 1854, and 10,000 in 1874, a rapidity of
decrease justifying his fear that ere long this mammal will be "numbered
among the e.xtinct species of the Pacific."
The bowhead or polar whale, the chief object of the whaler's pursuit in
the North I'.icific, has an average length of 45 feet, and yields 100 barrels
of oil and three-quarters of a ton of whalebone. The best I'lcific whaling-
grounds for the bownead arc now in the Arctic, but formerly were in the
Okhotsk, and some are still found there and in the Hehring Sea. The hump-
back is a larger whale and has a more extended range than the gray. It is
found in both great oceans, on both sides of the equator; and in the North
Pacific, instead of restricting itself to the vicinity of the American conti-
nent, it also \isits the waters near China.
Whaling vessels now generally devote part of their time, when the)' can
not find larger game, to the walrus, which the)- kill with a rifle. P'ach full-
grown walrus jields, on an average, 20 gallons, worth $7, and 35 pounds of
ivory, worth $21 ; making the gross value of each animal about $28, at pres-
ent prices. At least 3 out of 4 killed, ho\\e\er, arc lost, for they sink al-
most immediately, if they are in the water, which they generally .succeed in
reaching if shot on the ice or on the beach. The walrus furnishes a consid-
erable portion of the food supjily of the P'squimaux, and its destruction
must make it more difficult for them to support themselves. C)f the 20
ve.s.sel.s in the North Pacific whaling fleet of 1880, 15 killed the walrus. The
animal is most abundant in the ice-fields of the Arctic, but is frequently
seen on the shores of Alaska, as far south as the southern side of the ucn-
insula.
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CHAFTKR XXIII— OTIIKR MARINK FISHKRIES.
Kinds of Fish. — The varieties of fish most valuable in the commerce
and industry of the Atlantic are caujjht also in tlie waters of cnir coast.
The cod, herriny, mackerel, halibut, flounder, sardine, anchovj-, and turbot arc
found in both oceans. The rejxirt of the fish commissioners of Califor-
nia, for 18S0, gives the nunibi r of species of fish then known in tlic waters
at 280, 25 of which are fresh, and the remainder salt-water fish. Thirty-
four additional species, including 1 1 river fish, are found in Oregon and
Washington. These are all indigenous species. As no thorough .search has
been made between Tomales H.iy and the mouth of tiie Columbia, it is al-
most certain that other varieties will be discovered from year to >'car. Of
the 2 1 flat-fishes on the coast, 19 arc found on the shores or bays of California.
Our coast has different fish districts, well defined in geographical limits,
and different in man)' of their occupants. One extends from I'oint Con-
ception northward to Monterey ; the second, from Monterey to I'uget Sound,
and the third from that point onward toward the Arctic. The bayof Mon-
terc)' is the middle groinul, where fishes from north and south meet. It
has about 130 species, and .San I'Vancisco harbor has the same number.
Santa Harb;ira lias but 95 species, as the rock-cod ami flounder do not go
so far scnitli. In I'uget Sound there are 90 species, all of which belong to
the northern \arieties. In San I'Vancisco Hay, and its tributary rivers, there
arc taken annuall\- about 4,000 tons of fish.
The large-ejed flounder ( IIippoi;lossoidcs Jordivti) is plentiful in our fish-
markets all the )'ear round. Professor JdKD.W estimates the catch of tiiis
fish by Chinamen, in the single harbor of Monterey, at 500 pounils per day.
Of the chirid.e, tlie |)ainted sea-trout ( C/iinis />ic lis) is common in our north-
ern latitudes, and is found occasionally in the .San I'rancisco market. The
c/iinix j^iiltntiis, a species of sea-trout common in the bays of .San I-'rancisco
and Montere)-, is plentiful in the markets the )ear round.
The cod-fish proper iloes not belong to the fauna of California. Dr. Bk.xn,
who recently in\estigateil the fish systems of the Alaskan waters, is of opin-
ion that the cod-fish of Alaska is identical with the (ituiiis iiiorr/iuii, or true
cod-fish. The entire (|uanlit)' of fresh cod brought to San l'"rancisco, packed
in ice, does not e.xiei'd 300 tons, in the seastin of 3 month.s. The green
cod ( Ophiot/oii t/oiij^dliis), is noted as one of the most rapacious of fishes,
,. :-!
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OTHr.U MARINK riSIIKKIKS.
.IJ.I
coming in this characteristic into close competition with tlic shark. Lurk-
ing among the rocks, it lies in wait for rock-fish, and is often capturcil on
the same hook with tlie fisli at whicii it bites. It is vakiable as a food fish,
and sometimes attains a weight of 50 or rto pounds.
Red rock-cod .sometimes weigh 25 pounds, anil blue rock-fish 50 pound.'i.
These are of extreme size. Tlie barracuda season lasts from the beginning
of March to June. In shape and habit this fish strongly resembles the
fresh-water pike, being long and slim and exceedingly voracious. It feeds
on small fish, such as smelt anil herring, and is found in schools among the
kelp. It is caught with trawl-lines near Santa Cruz and Montcrc)-. The
barracuda of the Atlantic Ocean is considered unfit for food, while its Pacific
relative is esteemed one of the most delicate of table fish. Large quantities
arc caught in San Diego Harbor. The hook is baited with a white or red
rag, at which the fish bites greedily. It is abundant in summer at a distance
of 3 or 4 miles from the heads of San Franci.sco Harbor, and thence .south-
ward. In other sea.sons the young are sometimes taken in seines. The
largest size is about 1 2 pounds.
Of the 27 known species of rock-cod, all except 2 are to be found
in the harbor of Monterey. The one most common in the Bay of San
Francisco, the wharf rock-fish ( Sebasticlitliys auriculatus), the only kind
found in shallow bays, sometimes attains a weight of 3 pounds. Tho.se
caught by hook and line, from wharf or shore, average about half a pound.
The largest of all the species is the large, red rock-fish ( SelmsticlUhys ruber),
e.xceeding in some instances a weight of 12 pound.s. Large quantities of
the dark greenish rock-fish ( Atrovircns), taken by Chinamen at the Santa
Barbara Island.s, are salted, ilried, and .sent to China. It is the opinion of
many fishermen that the Chinamen are rapidly reducing the Californian
sui)ply of food fish. Already white fishermen have to go outside the heads
for fish which but a few years ago were plentiful in San Francisco Bay.
The long flats near the Oakland and Alameda shores are often swept by
Asiatic fishermen, who operate with both the .seine and stationary net.
Inside of Cape Scott, the north-west extremity of Vancouver Island, there
is an extensive bank, where rock-cod' are taken in immense quantity, and
of the largest size. On the shore, near to this bank, a Chinese colony is
engaged in the systematic i)ro.sccution of the business. In the vicinity of
Burrard Inlet, a productive fishing-ground, immense quantities of smelt, an
excellent and favorite table fish, are dried, packed, and shipped by Chinese
'fisherman to their fellow-Mongols in Victoria and in San I'rancisco. One
redeeming feature in the presence of the yellow fishermen in our commu-
nity is, that they eat up young shark, and esteem as a delicacy the fin of
4S
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354
I'ISIir.KtFS, KTC.
the larger species in a raw or cooked state, or in soup, when it can be
sparcil from ilrj-inj; purposes.
Tlic greater bulk of the fish sent from Tomalcs and Monterey bays to
San I'"rancisco are black bass, black rock-cod, and other species of the
scor[<icnidiC. On account of their dark color they are very slow of sale, and
sometimes can not find purchasers, even at a cent a pound. Rock-fish are
omnivorous, with a preference for their smaller kindred. They spawn early
in the spring. The pompino is found along the entire Pacific Coast. It i.s
a small fish, juicy and fat, and rcidily brings 25 to jocent.s, .selling occa.sion-
ally as high as $1.50 per pound.
Of the carangidit, the horse mackerel {Tracliuras saiirus) is taken in
large quantity off this coast, and salted for bait. The pilot-fish also belongs
to this subdivision of the scombrid;u, or old mackerel family. Of the true
scombriil.e. the Spanish mackerel occurs from Monterey .southward, and i.s
occasionally found in the San I'rancisco markets. The largest sjx;cimen is
14 inches long. The bonito, or skiji-jack, taken in great (piantity off Santa
Barbara and San Diego, has a coarse, unwholesome meat when eaten fresh,
but wlien salted and dried, it sells for twenty-five cents ;i pound. Its aver-
age weight is about \2 pounds. The albicorc bites greedily at a white rag,
and affords e.xcellent s]5ort in the bay of Monterey, being caught by trawl-
lines.
Of the sci.x-nid;e, the sea-bass, and the 2 species of so-called king-
fish {Gcuyoiicmus lincatiis and Scripltus politiis), are highlj' esteemed as
table fish. The 2 latter descriptions arc seldom more than 10 inches in
length, of delicate flavor, and of course are different from the kii.g-fish
previously mentioned. The white sea-bass is .ibundant, and instances arc
not uncommon in our markets of fish weighing 50 or Co jiounds. The
sucker bass is found on .sandy shores south of Santa Barbara, and the
roncador, of about 3 pounds weight, has the same range. Many varieties
of the perch family are used only for bait, but the blue-fish, moon-fish, rock-
bass, Johnny Verde, and kelp salmon, ail of which belong to this family,
rank high .is pan-fish. The Jew-fish, or black sea-bass, is palatable, and
reaches a weight of 500 pounds. All the species of perch range southward
frcjm the Islands of Santa Barbara. Mullet, common in the harbor of San
Diego, docs not exceed a length of 1 5 inches. The flying-fish, fre-
quently seen off the southern ])art of oui coast from Santa Barbara to Cen-
tral America, reaches ;i weight of a pound and a half or more, and is
excellent for the table.
Of the apodes, or fishes without ventral fins, the conger eel is plentiful
among the rocks near the tide mark of San Diego harbor. Though very
pugnacious, it is sometimes taken by hand. Its extreme weight is about
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OTHKK MAKIN'K KISIIKRIUS.
355
20 pounds. Its skin is said to l)e poisonous, but the flesh resembles that of
the frcsh-vvater eel.
The sting-ray, or stingarec, which is common along the coast, is very de-
structive to oysters, Crustacea, and fish. The Chinese occasionally use it,
when dried, as a food fish. It .sometimes attains a weight of 75 pounds.
The sea vampire, or devil-fish, occurs on our coast, and is not rare in the
Mexican waters. The largest known specimens measure 15 to 20 feet in
width. The Rata binoculattx is common in our local markets, and .sells as a
food fish chiefl)' to the French. The largest of the rays is the Raia Coopcri,
which .sometimes attains a length of 5 or G feet.
i
1
Salmon Family. — In the report of VV. G. MORRI.S, on the resources of
Alaska Territory, it is stated that the yield of salmon is almost beyond be-
lief. Sixty thousand Indians and several thousand Aleuts and Eskimos
depend mainly on dried salmon for their winter sustenance. During the
running season in the vicinity of Klawock, the marine waters are actually
black with them. They arc caught with seines, and are of larger size
than the Columbia River .salmon. Those t^kcn at Cook's inlet average
60 pounds, and not unfrequcntly run up to double that weight. Two of the
largest fill a barrel. In Alaska, as in British Columbia, the fish can be ob-
tained in vast quantity at the expense of native labor, and, after paying for
salt or vinegar, barrels, and freight, return a good profit when shipped to
Australian or European markct.s. The salmoti being mainly a ri\er fish,
will be mentioned again in the next chapter. The salmon-trout is abun-
dant in Puget Sound, where it is taken by seine-fishing up to a weight of 3
pound.s. The surf-smelt, which also belongs to the salmonidii;, is very plen-
tiful in the same neighborhood.
The oolikon (the name is also spelled " oolahan," and " eulachon"), or can-
dlefish, a delicious table fish when taken in iis best condition, is not abun-
dant south of latitude 49°. After being smoked and dried, it should be
prepared for table by the .steaming or broiling process, and is then equal to
the finest qualities of salt fish. It is pickled and shipped to San Francisco,
where it finds a ready sale. When canned it is sold as Columbia River sar-
dine, or as Spanish mackerel. Its size never exceeds 12 inches, and it is
most abundant in the Columbia, Frascr, and Nass rivers. The fish is very
juicy and fat, and contains an oil said to be superior to codliver oil for me-
dicinal purposes. Among the Alaskan natives it is used by the Indians as
a substitute for candles, burning with a clear, bright flame when lighted and
set up endwise. On the Nass River, where the oolikon is most abundant,
10,000 gallons of oil made from it annually are sold to the Indians for $1 a
gallon.
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356
KISIIKUIES, ETC.
|i |i
The Herring Family.— Ainoti}^ the herring family ^r////<7V/ir/'^, the sardine
is taken in the bays of our coast ciuriiif; the ^jreater part <if the year. It is
caught from the \vhar\cs of San I'rancisco and San Diego with line and
hook, anil resembles the fish of that name founil in the waters of luirope,
where, the )-oiing, preserveil in oil, are esteemed as a table delicacy; though
the canned fish usually sold here, under the name of sardine, is nearly
always something else. No attempt has )'et been made to utilize for canning
purposes on our coast the true sardine, which abounds in the waters of Cali-
fornia. The anchovy is almost equallj- plentiful here; but it is found chiefly
in sheltered bays, and is difficult to catch. I"'rom 25 to 40 tons of anchovies
are caught in the harbor of .San i-Vancisco alone, during the season, which
lasts from June to -August. These are sold to the trade at a cent a pound,
and retail at about ? cents, forming the bulk of what are here preserved in
oil anil p.isseil off on the public as sardines, man)- of them uniler French
labels. Some wholesale and retail grocers imjjort directlj- from I-'rance, and
sell no other kind, but this is rather the exception than the rule.
San l'"rancisco obtains her supjily of herrings mainl)' from the waters of
her own bay. Their poor condition is caused bj- the fact that they only
enter the harbor to spawn, and the later the sea.son the worse the>- are. In
the waters of I'uget Souml they are caught in much better condition. Their
season commences in California in October, and lasts 4 months, (ireat
.schools enter .San I'r.incisco Ha_\' e\er)' winter, resorting sometimes to the
mudflats and shallows, and not unfrequentl)' keei)mg in deep water, beyond
the reach of fishermen. .\s a rule they are caught at night. 'The shoal
water of Richardson's Max' is a favorite herring-ground. At the beginning
of the season the price is :)ften as low as 50 cents, but towards the close
often rises to .$4 or $5 i)er cental. 'l"heir average weight is about a fifth of a
])ound. On the Alameda shore seals swarm, and make hearty meals by
))icking the fish out of the nets, the meshes of which arc torn in a most ex-
asi)erating manner ihiring the process, A strip of shoal off Kershaw''^
Island, opposite to .Saucelito, is sometimes a good fishing-ground fi)r herring.
When the nets are cast, men have to be employed keeping off the seals,
which often growl in huge disgust at their futile eiulcivors to get within
swallow ing reach of the captive fish. The best grounds for herring fishing
in the Hay of S;m Francisco are in its northern and north-eastern portions.
'The herring move in shopls, and run against the tide. When they meet the
nets they ex])erience no ilifficult}' in running their heads through the
mijshcs, but owing to the peculiar shape of the fish, they can get no further.
Retreat is of course imiiossible. After a time, the net is slowly drawn in,
and one haul is sometimes enough to load a boat. The herring are sold at
the cit)- markets for fresh consumption, or at the wharves to persons en-
otiii:k makim; i imikkiks.
357
K-ifjcil in salliiifj, tlrj'inj;, ami smoking them. Soon after the close of tlic
season, tlie herrinj,' fisher usually starts for the salmon fishin};-yrouncls of the
Sacramento, when; lie remains for 3 or 4 months.
The cost of a hcrrin}j.j;ill net is over $100, anil 40 per cent, of the ])ricc
is represented by the ihit}'. A (.jood one will last 3 summers with careful
us.age and timely repairs, and serves also for smelt fishtny. Hesitles the
stationary net, the equipment of a boat for the whole season includes a seine,
or casting? net, 60 fathoms lony, with very small meshes, which will catch
anythinjf from a halibut 5 feel lon^' to a shrimi) or a tomcod ; also a sea-
bass or sturgeon net 300 fathoms long, and 20 feet deep, with a mesh 8
inches s(]uare. An entire bay fishing outfit costs from $5CX) to $1,000; the
boat alone, if well built and rigged, being worth $350. I'ortj- of these boats
may be seen anj- afternoon at the V'allejo-street wharf Their rig consists
of a short slanting mast, and a slender boom (alwaj-s longer than the boat
itself), from which is bent an immense spread of lateen sail. Occasionally
the boats carry a jib somewhat bigger than a table napkin. Each boat is
manned by two or three men. On arriving at the fishing-ground, the net is
paiti out from the stern of the boat. This operation, called "shooting the
net," lasts onl)' a few minutes. After .several hours, the catch is hauled in,
and a single h.iul is .sometimes sufficient for one boat-load.
The North-WESX Trauinc: Co.MPANV of Portland, has a station on
Herring's Bay, Prince Frederick Sound, Alaska, where a steamer of 80 tons
burden is employed in the herring fishery, the catch to be used for making
herring oil. A steam launch at the same place is used in the whale fishery.
The establishment employs 8 white men and 60 natives ; and the product of
the first year, 1881, was 15,000 gallons of herring oil, 3,000 of whale oil,
and 1 2,000 of dog-fish oil. This company has another station at Cordova
Bay, Alaska, to commence work in 1882.
An establishment for the extraction of oil from the herring has recently
been erected on the shore of Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, at a cost of
$25,000, with apparatus for drying the scrap. About 20,000 gallons were
obtained in 1881. The .scrap is to be shipped to Liverpool.
Ten years ago a herring fishery was established at Port Madison, on
Pugct Sound, by Mr. Hammond, and for a long time several hundred
boxes a month of cured herring were shipped to San Francisco, in addition
to which, Mr. Hammond manufactured every year about 2,000 gallons of
herring oil. This gentleman has now moved to Cypress Island, where he
puts up about 10,000 boxes of herring a year.
The Atlantic smelt does not occur on this coast, but the Atlicrcnidtr, or
Pacific smelt, are caught at all seasons of the year, and run in .schools near
the surface of the water. They vary in weight from 2 ounces to a pound
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358
KIsIllKIlS, I.TC
and a quarter, .and avcrajjc about } t<> the pound. Fourteen to 15 inchc?
arc considered an extreme size, thoUfjh occasionally smelt measurin}^ i.S
inches arc brouj^ht into market. Many of the smaller ones are prepared
and sold as sardines. The averat^c catch of smcit brought to market in
San I'rancisco maj- be stated at 2 tons a week, thouj,'h on a single day 2}.4
tons h.ive been .sometimes caught. The retail price i.s u.sually 8 cents,
though varying, of course, according to the su])ply. Seventy-five boats
and nearly 200 men are engaged mainly in the herring and smelt fisheries
of this harbor. Most of the herring gill nets used on our coast, made in
Scotland, arc mamifactured in webs 3 yards deep. This width is too great
for bay fishing, and so the net as imported, is usually cut in two; the
size commonly in use being 100 yards long, with a depth of 16 feet.
On the U]iper edge arc cork buoys, 2 feet apart, and along the bottom, at
greater intcrxals, are jjicces of lead. Recent legislation has fi.xed the
limit of the smallest mesh at an inch and a quarter, but it is well known
that nets arc used in the bay of San Francisco, with a mesh only one
eighth of an inch wide. This accounts, in part, for the fact that fisher-
men have already to go outside the Heads for fish that a few >'ears ago
were \cr\- i>lcnliful in the harbor.
Surf-smelt are common in the salt waters of Puget Sound. Though of
a species different from the common smelt, they closely resemble them in
shape and size, but differ in having the belly covered with a coating of yel-
low fat. The)- receive the name of surf-smelt from a ])cculiar habit f)f ile-
positing their spawn among the shingle of the beach, coming in with the
suri" in incredible numbers. Thirty miles south of Cape Flattery, at the
Ouillchute River, the Indians capture them by hand-net.s.
The coal-fish ( A napo(>loma fimbria), called shell or beshow by the Indians,
a fish of delicious flavor, sometimes 2 feet long, is found in deep water
along the entire coast of British Columbia. It can be taken with the hook,
and will probably be much sought within a few years as a food fish.
\ \
Halibut. — The true halibut, weighing from 3 to 30 pounds, is fairly plenti-
ful on this coast, and finds a ready market at 25 cents a pound. The fish
kneiwn as the bastard halibut is abundant in Monterey Hay, Puget Sound,
and Rcllingham Bay, the Strait of I'uca, and the Gulf of Georgia. It runs
from one to 60 ])ounds, and its market value is about 15 cents a pound. It
is f)f good flavor when fresh; .salted and smoked it is preferred by many to
salmon, while the napes and fins are a standard article of commerce. To
carry on this branch of fishery, a small schooner is necessary, built in three
compartments, the middle one being perforated at the bottom with holes,
so as to allow a continual supply of water to pa.ssin and out from the ocean.
OTIir.U MAKIM. riMiKRir.s.
359
Into this well the fish ;irc (lr()])pcil as soon as cauj^ht. In 1879 a vessel
fitted for the purpose brought fresh halibut packed in ice to San Francisco.
The trip occupied 4 days, and the fish arrived in perfectly good condition ;
but this large supply, suddenly thrown on the market, reduced the price to
an unprofitable rate. In the following year a schooner employed in the
same fishery arrived in this hantor, but salted her catch of 40 tons. There
is little demand for the bastard halibut in the .San Francisco market.
LVNDE & HuUi;il chartered, in 1880, the first vessel ever employed on
this coast in obtaining halibut for curing purposes. The entire catch of
that year was sent to Chicago, and the operation resulted in a loss. Hali-
but arc .salted down when first caught, an " on arrival at the curing-house
arc rcsaltcd and piled up in bulk. When required for smoking, they are
soaked out in fresh water, then dried on flakes, and after being smoked from
7 to 10 days they arc pressed and boxed. The weight of a single fish on
the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, is sometimes 500 pound.s.
Sturgeon. — There are but two .species of sturgeon on the Pacific Coast —
the common, or white, and the green sturgeon. In the Sacramento, Frascr,
and Columbia rivers, and in all the bays and large rivers of the north,
they are abundant, the average weight being 40 pounds, though one speci-
men, caught in Fraser River, weighed 1,000 pound.s. Only the white
species sells as a food fish. The flesh of the green sturgeon is commonly
suppo.scd to be poisonous, but is, in fact, as good as that of the white
species. On account of this popular mistake, it finds no market. The
white variety is worth about 4 cents a pound. The sturgeon is not
sufficiently numerous to .serve as a basis for a special fishery, but is. taken
incidentally in .seines and nets set or drawn for salmon, smelt, or herring,
and its large size makes it a prize, though its meat is one of the cheapest in
the market. The female sturgeon, in the spawning .season, contains a large
quantity of roe which, when fre.sh, is in demand for the manufacture of
caviar. The process is kept .secret, and is in the possession of a few person.s,
the principal of whom is A. ASMANN, of the California Market, San
Francisco, who received a medal at the Philadelphia International Exposi-
tion of 1876 for the best caviar. The annual product of caviar in San
Franci.sco, the only phacc where it is made on this coast, is lO tons, worth at
wholesale $5,000.
Shark. — The shovel-nose shark is eaten by Chinese and Mexicans. The
oil shark is caught with herring and other fish bait, and runs to 40 pounds
in weight. The oil obtained from the liver averages nearly a gallon to the
fish, and the fins are worth 12}^ cents a pound as food for Chinamen. For
fvil
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360 IISIIKRIKS, 1 r.
more tli.in 20 \car-i a livi'l)' business lias been iIdho in sh.".rk catching' at the
Island iif Santa C'atalina. About the nutnth of Ainil, sharks visit the ba_\-s
of the island in lar^'e schools, for the purpose, it is su[)p()scil. of clc|)ositin^
tiieir et,';;s in the sanil. All that are cau},dit are found to contain a larj^c
numbiT, about the size of hens' eg^^s. Those found at Santa Caialina arc
6 to S feet lon^. It is well known that the fins are used In- Chinamen for
making soup, and it is said that excellent combs are made from the same
materia!; but the most profitable part of the sliar!; i> t!ie li\er, from which a
valuable oil is obtained. Ihe oil is clear, .md ()urns well ii; its cruile state,
but is chiefly useil fiir lubricating purposes. It also makes an excellent
sheep wash, and is wdrth in the Californian market about 50 cents ;i _i,^'illon.
At Analieim Landing;, for about 4 months in the ye.ir, the business of shark
catching is lucrative. Large stikcs arc dri\en into the saiitl at intervals
along the beach. To these stake-, is tied one end of a \o;v^ rope; on the
other end is ;i strong iron hook baited with fish. This is thrown into the
water, and the shark, when caught, is ilrawii on shore and killed. It .some-
times requires the united strength of 5 fir 4 men to land a full-grown fisli.
The dog-fish is capturcil in i'uget .Sound for the valuable oil extracted
from its liver. It is omnivorous, consuming, it is said, even its own joung.
The establishment?, of Till, XOKTII-WI'.ST Tu.VUIXC COMI'.WV, engaged
partlv in catching iKig-fish sharks on the coast of Alask.% have been meii-
tioneil under the head of the herring fishery.
Skidegate Oil Company — The only establishment on our coast occupied
cxclusivel)- with the extraction of oil from the shark b\' steam-]iower, is that
of Till-. Skiiii.(..\TI, (3n. CdMI'.WV, at the Skidegate Inlet, in one of the
Ouecn Charlotte Islands, the w.itcrs of which inlet abound with the black
shark. This oil when refined, esjiecially that made from the livers — and
these yiekl 70 per cent, or more of oil— is gootl for lamps, and an excellent
lubricant. Mr. /Xnoersox, chief engineer of the British war-ship, Rocket,
recommended its use in the Hritish Navy, and Josr.ril SrRATT, proprietor
of the Albion I"\iundry, V'ictoria, expressed an equally favorable opinion of
its merits. It is highly translucent, and of a pale amber color, re.sembling
olive oil in appearance; and that taken from the livers is sent to market in
cans holding 10 gallons each, labelcil "Skidegate Oil." The sharks are
caught in water between .S and 20 fathoms deep, with trawl-lines, each having
500 hooks. The bait is principally herring. The company has a capital
of $24,000, contributed by \Vi I. MAM Stkrling, CiiarlIvs Morton, J. McB.
Smith, and Howard TRKMIOLM, of Victoria, who commenced operations
in 1X79. The oil works consist of 4 wooden buildings; the main one having
a ground area of 2,000 square feet, and containing a steam-boiler, retorts,
OTIIKK makim; I ISIIKKIKS.
361
dr>'in}^-pans, settlinfj-t.inks, etc. The remaining buildings arc used fiir in.ik-
in;,' tin-cans for canniiijj the oil, for storage, and for the coinpanv's (|ii,irters
and tradinf^j-posl. The nian\- drawbacks incidi-nlal to all new enter|)rises of
an uncertain nature, have affected the siiccoss of the venture. 1 he first
season and a portion of the second were cx'k ^ "incntal, so that but a small
return was made on the invested capital. 1 he season of uSS:: bids fair to
prove successful, as the increased quantiti< .1 anil improvid i|uality of the oil,
together with a better knowletlge by ' .isumei. of the \alue of the product,
offer every inilucemenl to jjro.secute and luirtrirc tin. inilustr)-, v.ith a view
of enlarging; the works, and increasing' facilities for more extensive opera-
tions in the future. Tiie jicld of 1881 .' as 35,cxxj gallon.s, which will be
shipped to I'^ngland, Australia, and California. At present 10 white men
are employed at $40 per month each, besides Indians occasionally.
Fishing-boats. — Only 12 large, dcep-sca fishing-boats 11 >w make the
harbor of San I-'rancisco their headquarters. The remainder of the fleet,
engaged in suppl)ing the metropolis with fresh fish, nimibering 50 or 60,
have their rendezvous at Montere)', and other points on the coast. They
arc staunch craft, almost entirely decked over, and can live in a very heavy
sea. l£ach boat carries a crew of 7 or 8 men, ecjuipped with stout lines,
termed here " trawl-lincs," and al.so " taut-lines," some of them 2,000 yards
in length, when jomcd together in pieces. To this line, at intervals of one
yard, are attached the short lines, 2 fee"- '. length, which hokl the baited
hook. Between Pigeon I'oint and Monterey are favorite trawling-grounils
for large fish. The depth of water shouUl not be less than 1 5 feet nor more
than 60 fathoms. A bank, 9 miles in length and situated 25 miles south of
the I'arallones, also affords a favorite ground for decp-.sca fishing. This
bank is a mile wide and is covered by 38 to 50 fathoms of water. When
the fishing-ground is reached the boat is anchored, if possible, and the lines
thrown overboard, requiring 2 hours to run out. The time needed for haul-
ing in depends on the catch. A good catch from the 2,000 hooks of a sin-
gle line may be stated at 500 pounds, though, once in a while, it may reach
2,000 pounds. The fish caught are mainly the different varieties of rock-cod
flounders, sole of* various species, and the bastard (or Monterey) halibut.
The true halibut and ba racuda arc a small portion of the catch. The black
rock-fish runs up to 6 pounds, while rare specimens may exceed 8 pounds.
The price of the different descripti',;n:. of rock-cod varies, according to .sca-
.son and quality, from 4 to 12 cents pci pound, tiveraging 7 cents. The red
cod sell about a cent a pound higher than the blue rock-fish.
The white fishermen of San l-'rancisco number at least 300, and arc
chiefly Italians, who outnumber all other nationalities. The remainder are
i'lf' '
362 FISHERIES, ETC.
Americans, Greeks, Portuguese, and Dalmatians. They work on shares,
the crew of each boat consisting; of the owner and several others. One
.share is credited to the boat, and the rest are divided equally between the
owner and each member of the crew. Their earnings a\crage $4 to $4.50
a day per man, when at work; but the majority work only long enough at
a time to accumulate perhaps $60, and then remain idle until their savings
have been squandered in dissipation. Notwithstanding the dangers and
hardships incident to their career, it is probable that few of them would
care to change their avocation.
The City of New York is almost entirely supplied with cod, halibut, blue-
fish, and bass, by means of smacks, some of which go several hundred
miles and convey them alive to market in their wells. There is hardly a
doubt that before long the mackerel of San Diego and Santa Barbara, and
the cod and halibut of I'ugct Sound and the Oregon Coast, will be brought
fresh to the San Francisco market
Oysters and Clams. — Oysteis are found on our coast from Central
America to Alaska, and there are considerable beds of them in many of
the bays and inlets, especially in Yaquina, Tillamook, and Shoalwater bays,
in Xatard's Inlet, and in Pugct Sound. Humboldt and Coos bays, how-
ever, arc exceptions; for no oysters have been found there, perhaps because
they receive too much fresh water, or have muddy bottoms on which the
oyster spawn can not live. The largest and most palatable of the indig-
enous Pacific oysters have their home in the Gulf of California, but the ex-
tensive beds there have little commercial value, as they arc remote from the
centers uf population and wealth, and there is no regular, swift, and frequent
communication to transport the delicate bivalves to the market before spoil-
ing. These beds may continue to remain for many years undisturbed, while
we .send large sums every year to New York for our supplies.
The first .attempt to supply San Francisco with Pacific oysters was made
in 1850, by Captain FeltsTEAD, who took a cargo from Shoalwater Bay.
They died before reaching the market, but Antiionv Luulum repeated
the experiment the next j'car, and made a success of it. Shoalwater Bay
supplied all the fresh oysters to the Californian metropolis for ten years, but
the bivalves there were nearly all killed in the winter of 1861-62, cither by
too much cold or too much fresh water. The oystermcn then turned their
attention to a small bed in Natard's Bay, an estuary 50 miles south of the
Columbia River; but as the eutrance was small, they .soon abandoned that
place for a larger bed in Yaquina Bay, in latitude 44" 40'. This bed, and
one near Olympia, were the chief reliance of the San Francisco market for
several years, until a new growth of young oysters could occupy the Shoal-
11
OTHER MAIUNK I'ISHERIES.
363
water bed. The annual catch at the latter place is now about 3,000 sacks
of 100 pounds each, while it is 12,000 at Olympia, and 600 at Yaquina.
Half of the Olympia catch {j;ocs to the San Francisco market. There
arc about 1,500 of the Orci^on or Washington oysters in a bushel, and 50
of them are required for a plate of stew, which is sold in the San Francisco
restaurants for 25 cents. The annual oyster crop of Shoal water Bay was
$200,000 about 1870. The completion of the Central-Union Pacific Rail-
road in 1869 made a change in the oyster market, by making it possible to
bring the New York oysters alive across the continent. They were brought
when a year old — less in size than a silver quarter of a dollar, 1,500 of
them in a bushel — and planted in San Francisco Bay, which proved to be
icmarkably well fitted to fatten them, though the mud bottom would not
permit their spawn to live. At the end of the first year, 600 fill a bushel ; in
2 years, 300, and in 3 yeans, 200. The experiment was so successful that
they were brought by the car-load, to the number of 40,000,000 in a year.
The fattening-beds first used were north of the Golden Gate, but these,
perhaps because of the occasional excess of fresh water from the Sacra-
mento and ban Joaquin rivers, are now abandoned, or at least in much less
favor than the beds on the southern arm of the bay. In San Francisco,
Terry & Co. have 200 acres of oyster-bed ; Morgan & Co., 200; SwAN-
BERG & West, 100; and Doane & Co., in association with Morgan &
Co., 100. All these beds are between high and low tide, so that they are
bare every day. They arc covered with shells or stone ; for the oyster does
not thrive 'n the mud. Each bed is surrounded by a fence of pickets 6
inches apart, costing $500 a mile, to protect the mollusk against the sting-
ray, a flat fish from 8 to 24 inches across, which is very fond of the bivalve,
and would soon clean off a bed if allowed free access. This enemy is not
more than 2 inches thick, and could easily pass between the stakes if he
could or would turn himself edgewise, but he never does. After he has
once been fenced out, the oysters are safe so long as the stakes are not dis-
turbed. It is on account of this enemy that the beds arc above low tide.
The bottom can be inspected every day, to ascertain whether a sting-ray
has entered, and if so, he can be caught and killed without .serious difficulty.
These fishy gourmands are not in the bay during the rainy sea.son, perhaps
because the water is then too brackish for them; but their presence, for at
least half the year, may be the cause of the scarcity of indigenous oysters
in the bays and coves of California.
After oysters have been planted 3 years in San Francisco Bay, and have
grown so that 200 of them make a bushel, they are gathered and divided
into 2 qualities, the first selling for $3 and the .second for $2 by the 100.
The total annual sales of the New York transplanted, and Oregon and
I s.
364
FISIIKRIKS, KTC.
W.ishin<jtoii oysters iti S.in Francisco amount, at wholesale prices, to $1,-
000,000; anil the cajiital invested in the oyster-beds is $300,000, and in
boats, tools, etc., $100,000 more. The number of men employed is about
100. Those who tong, sort, and pack for shipping; get .$35 per month anil
board, the wages being about 10 per cent, higher here than in the eastern
oyster fisheries. The leading wholesale i>)-ster houses of San l""rancisco arc
those of E. Teury & Co., Mou(;.\N & Co., Do.\Mi & Co., and S\v.\Niii-Kci
v^ \\'i:sT, all having their offices in the California market. Large oysters
ha\e been brought in ice from New York to San rrancisco, but not in
quantities large enough to deserve more than mere mention. Several at-
tempts have been made to send the o^ ters of the Gulf of California to San
I'rancisco, by sailing-vessel and steamer, but all proved unprofitable. Those
few of the mollusks which arrived in good condition were received with
favor, but the great majority died on the way. It is not improbable that
the Mexican oyster would multiply in the Kay of San Diego, and in that of
Santa Margarita on the west coast of Lower California; and the time is,
])erhai)s, not far distant when better accommodations can be provided on
the steamers for the Mexican oysters than they had when sent on their
travels before. Nearly 300 tons of canned oysters are sent from Baltimore
and New York to the Pacific Coast annually.
Clams are numerous on the beaches of our coast, anil are of many differ-
ent species, varying much in size, flavor, and toughness. The_\- are espe-
ciall>- abundant in Washington, Hritish Columbia, and y\laska, and the sup-
plies there will probably become valuable at no distant time for exportation.
The only Pacific clam market, from which we can get any definite informa-
tion, is that of San Francisco, which demands 475 bushels, at $1.25 a bushel
b\' wholesale, ever)- average week. When opened and sold raw, at retail,
the price is 25 or 30 cents a gallon. Most of the San Francisco clams come
from the bay beach of San Mateo, where clam-diggers arc employed at
wages of $30 a month and board. The boatmen employed to bring the
catch to the city get $60 and board. I'^astern long-neck clams, introduced
from New York, have established tliemselves in the bay and multiplied, .so
that they make up a considerable part of the catch in .some places. The
supply of these clams amounts to 400 bushels weekly, and the wholesale
price is 75 cents a bushel. The leading dealers in them are Joiix WklciIT
& Co., 83 California Market. Tomales and Monterey bays have a different
clam, more palatable, but smaller and more difficult to dig. This supply,
mostly from Tomales, 75 bushels a week, is sold for $3 a bushel. W. Al.l.KN,
72 California Market, makes a sjiecialt)- of the Tomales clam. Attempts
to introduce it into San I'rancisco Hay have failed. Limantour Hay, under
I '■
OTHFK marint: risiiF.Rirs.
365
the shelter of Point Reyes, has a clam as large as a large saucer, but it is
accounted tough and tasteless. Several species of salt-water mussels arc
abundant along our coast. The San I'rancisco market requires 400 bushels
a month, and pays $1.25 a bushel for them to the gatherers. The best sup-
ply comes from the pickets driven in the bay, about the oyster-grounds, to
keep out the sting-ray.s.
The pearl-oyster is founa on both .shores of Lower California, but the
only profitable fi.shcry has been on the eastern shore. The business began
in i5cSo and has been maintained ever since, with varying succes.s. The
average annual yield has been about $50,000, half of the value in pearls
and half in mother-of-pearl shells. Before 1870, 350 divers were employed,
but about that time submarine armor was introduced, and in 1S74 the yield
was estimated to be $300,000, two thirds in shell and one third in pearls.
It was the opinion of men familiar with the oyster-beds, that if this method
of working were long pursued, the marketable shells would become so scarce
that the fishery would cea.sc to pay. The relative value of the pearl has
decrea.sed, and, on account of the increa.se of travel, the divers have better
opportunities to .sell stolen pearls than in previous centuries, .so that the
profits of the emploj-ers are less now than when Mexico was under the
Spanish dominio There are fi.sheries for the pearl-oyster in the Hay of
Panama and its v 1 'ty, and beds al.so at several places along the western
coast of Central A,.,ciica. At Panama a submarine boat has been u.scd
with success, in obtaining the pearls.
The saucer-like shell of the abalone, or sea-ear {Haliolis) .sometimes a
foot, and generally, as seen in the market, 7 inches across, when polished
artificially on the outside, the inside being polished by nature, is one of the
most brilliant of shells, showing bright colors beautifully arranged, with a
high luster. It is well adapted in its natural form for purposes of ornamen-
tation, and is also cut up to make jewelry, buttons, handles for knives, par-
asols, etc. Three kinds are known to the dealers. The first has bluish and
greenish cohjrs, intermingled with white, and is found along the .shores of
Lower California and Mexico. The second has red colors, and extends
from Mendocino to Monterey. The third, a white abalone. is found from
Monterey to San Diego. About 170 tons are exported to China and
Europe aninially for manufacture into buttons, and bring from $40 to $iSo
a ton — perhaps $10,000 for the whole .shipment. Most of the abalones are
obtained by Chinamen, who use a light crowbar to tear them from the rock
to which they attach themselves, between high and low tide. The meat
when dried has the form, size, color, and almost the hardness of a colt's
hoof, but is used for food, and sells for about 5 cents a pound, most of it
being .sent to China.
J
366
1 ISUERIKS, ETC.
Shrimps, etc. — Shrimps arc abundant in the bays and inlets of the
Pacific Coast; but there is no fishing for them, worthy of note, anywhere
save in San Francisco Hay. The business is chiefly in the hands of China-
men, and the best fishing-grounds are in the cove off San Rafael, and on
the western side of the bay, south of San Bruno Mountain. There are
several colonies of Chinamen, numbering altogether 500 persons, on the
San Mateo shore, occupied mainly in catching and curing shrimps. They
are divided into little camps, numbering from 12 to 40 men, each under a
manager, who selects the fishing-ground, directs the work, and determines
how much of each daily catch is to be sent to the city, and how much
dried. It is impossible to ascertain the average earnings, but they are doubt-
less small. A funnel-shaped net, 30 feet long, w'ith a mouth 18 feet wide,
and meshes not more than half an inch in diameter, is set in water 20
or 25 feet deep when the tide bcgir to '-omc in, and hoisted before the
ebb. The average daily catch in that nei^;liborhood is a ton and a half, for
200 fishermen, employed in 40 boats, with crews of 5 men each. The
shrimps, when taken to the shore, are boiled in weak brine for half an hour,
when they are ready for the table. Those demanded for the fresh consump-
tion of San Francisco, and the towns supplied from the metropolis, are sold
at the rate of 3 cents per pound at the fishing-ground at wholesale, or 1 5
cents as delivered to small restaurants and other consumers. The remainder
of the catch is dried on the ground, and after the shells have been removed,
the meat brings from $ to 8 cents per pound, for the use of Chinamen
distant from the seaboard in the Pacific States, and for exportation to China.
Only one pound of dried meat is obtained from 1 5 of fresh shrimps. The
gross receipts of the fishermen for the shrimp catch is estimated at $I5,CXX)
per month. Large prawns are common in the waters near Victoria, and are
in much demand for the table. One of the notable crustaceans of the San
Francisco market is a large prawn, or, as it is generally called, a crawfish,
similar in size, general appearance, and flavor, to the Atlantic lobster, but
without claws. It is caught in nets and box-traps, along the coast south of
Monterey, and especially in the vicinity of Santa Barbara. The weight of
those brought to the market usually ranges from 4 to 6 pounds, and the
monthly supply amounts to 5 tons, worth $300 or $350 a ton. A small
prawn has been caught occasionally outside of the Golden Gate in trawl
nets, by Italian fishermen, but there is no regular supply, and it has no
commercial importance.
The crab is found along our coast from Panama to Alaska, but is not
made the object of a special fishery anywhere except near the seaports.
The only considerable market is San Francisco, which consumes 3CX) do/cn
daily, paying 75 cents per dozen, or about $75,000 for a year's catch, to the
OTHER MARINE 1 ISHERIES.
367
fishermen. The chief implement of the crab fishery is a strong circuhir net,
fastened to a hoop 3 feet in diameter. In this any kind of cheap meat,
such as the heads of fish, or a butcher's bone, is fastened, and it is thrown
into the water where the crabs abound. They soon fasten themselves on
the bait, and when the net is lifted from the water, do not try to escape.
The city wharves arc convenient for crab fishing, and are used for that pur-
pose, mostly by Chinamen.
Marine turtles are found along the coasts of Mexico and Central America,
and are abundant in the Gulf of California. They have a habit of sleeping
on the surface of the water under the hot sun, especially in very quiet
weather, and are not aroused by the oars of an approaching boat. The tur-
tle, while lying thus at his ease, is harpooned by the fisherman, who with
little effort .secures a victim weighing from 20 to 1 50 pounds. The meat of
the marine turtle is esteemed a great delicacy, though it often lo.ses much of
its flavor when the animal is transported on shipboard, for long distances,
without food. It is tenacious of life, but, if not protected by covering with
wet cloth, will sometimes die on the voyage. About a dozen of these tur-
tles arc brought to San Francisco, cx^ery month, by vessels coming from
Guaymas or La Paz, though there would be but little difficulty in getting a
much larger number. Two attempts have been made to can turtle-meat at
Guaymas for foreign markets. The first was in 1869, when P. M. SCOOFFY
erected an establishment, in which he canned 10 tons of .turtle per month.
The venture was not profitable, and was soon abandoned. The second was
in 1876, when J. A. Robinson went into the busines.s, and canned 40 tur-
tles a day on an average, making from a ton to a ton and a half of meat,
until January, 1880.
368
FISHERIES, ETC
CHAPTER XXIV— RIVER FISHERIES.
Catch.— In no other part of the world arc large fish so abundant in the
rivers, or arc they caught in ciiiantitics so considerable in proportion to the
number of fishcnncn, as on our coast, north of latitude 39". The Colorado,
the only large stream on our slope of the continent south of the Golden
Gate, and the Mexican streams on the Pacific side, are, if not poor, at least
not noted for wealth in fish of commercial value. From San I'rancisco to
the Yukon, all the large rivers are rich in salmon, of which there are 5
species, some distinguished for size, reaching a weight of 100 pound.s.
They are so numerous, so palatable, so well fitted for canning and salt-
ing, and so easily taken, that the business of catching them is a prominent
feature in the fisheries of the globe, and makes up nearly all that there is
of the river fisheries on our coast. Of a total annual catch of iS5,ooo tons,
after cleaning, on our coast (including 20,000 in Oregon, 20,000 in California,
15,000 in l?ritisK Columbia, and 30,000 in Alaska), at least 78,000 are
salmon. The Indians of British Columbia, according to the estimate of A.
C. AxDKKSON, Fish Commissioner, consume 500 pounds of salmon each in
a )X'ar on an average, or 8,500 tons in the aggregate ; 1,500 tons of halibut,
and 2,000 tons of sturgeon, herring, trout, and other fish. The Indians of
Alaska, as well as those of Uritish Columbi.-i, depend mainly on fish for
their food. The greater part of the salmon catch is canned, and the pack
of 1 88 1 amounted to nearly 1,000,000 ca.ses, each containing 24 2-|)ound
cms, including 540,793 ca.ses for the Columbia, 200,000 fijr the Sacramento,
160,000 for the I'ra.scr, 45,000 for the Skeena and Nass ri\ers and Klawoc,
14,000 for the Rogue, 20,000 for the Umptpia, 7,000 for the ICel, and 6,000
each for Puget Sound and Smith River. The figures are evidently not
precise for anj- district, save the Columbia, and the exact amount may
exceed the round total, which is equivalent to 48,000,000 pounds, or about
30 pounds for every white inliabitant of our coast, north of Mexico. He-
sides salmon, we catch sturgeon, perch, trout, salmon-trout, shad, and
catfish in our stream.s. The total value of the annual catch, exclusive of
amounts consumed by Indians and Aleuts, is probably $6,500,000; the
canned salmon alone being worth about $5,000,000 in San Francisco at tiie
present prices.
RTVF.R I'lSIIERIF.S.
3>"J
Salmon Habits. — The salmon bom in the rivers and brooks descend,
wlien youn^, to tiic ocean, where they spend several years, and then return
to their native streams to spawn. It is supposed that instinct takes them
back to their birthplace; so that one hatched in the upper I'it Ri\'er, will
not only find the Golden Gate, and pass the mouths of the San Joaquin,
American, and leather, but even of the Little Sacramento and McCloud,
traveling 300 miles in fresh water before stopping. The age which the
salmon will reach is not accurately known, but it is probably not less than 8
years. The common opinion, that all female salmon spawn only once, and
then die, is almost certainly erroneous as to some species. It is inconsistent
with the fact that eggs are found in females of many different sizes, and
with the obscrvation.s of R. D. Hu.Mi:, who has taken them in Rogue River
after spawning, branded them, thrown them into the river, and caught the
same individuals of an enlarged size in several subsequent season.s. The
fact, that many of the fish reach the spawning-grounds in an exhausted
condition and soon die, proves nothing.
The salmon spawns in all the streams flowing into the ocean, between
latitude 34^ and Behring Strait; but in the Sacramento basin, the spawning-
grounds now in use are limited to the Pit, McCloud, and Little Sacramento,
and in the San Joaquin basin to the upper San Joaquin and the Merced
rivers. The spawning season in the Sacramento and San Joaquin basins
includes August and September; in the Eel and Smith rivers, September
and October; in most other Californian streams, January and February;
in the Columbia and its tributaries, from August to December; and in
Alaska, from June to October. In all tho streams between 47' and 34°
the salmon are far less abundant than they were 30 years ago.
The kind, size, and proportionate number of different species vary in
streams not far apart, and in the same stream, according to season. The
most abundant run of the Columbia was in May, until 1879, and since that
year has been in July. Some of the Columbia River fishermen think that
the fish are more abundant there in j-ears of exceptionally large rainfall, and
that the average interval between 2 such years in Oregon is about long
enough to enable the salmon to attain their full growth before spawning, so
as to be ready to ascend the stream in the first very wet year. 15. Haigh,
canncr on the Fraser, has observed, that in .seasons of exceptionally large
rainfall, the salmon are less numerous than in relatively dry years. It is
the supposition of some fishermen, that the salmon intending to visit
the spawning-ground do not swim rapidly when entering the river, but
linger for a time in the brackish water, which, in times of abundant rain,
they find outside of the Heads, and in dry seasons in the lower part of the
river.
47
n :^>
3;o FisiiKRiEs, i:tc.
The .si)ccies most abundant in tlic rivers of California, Oregon, and Wash-
ington is the common sahnon, or quinnat (O/icor/iv/ia/s (juiiuiat). while in
British Columbia it is the smaller socUejx'. iW\ the varieties of salmon en-
ter tlie rivers ,it all seasons of the year, but in many streams are most abun-
dant in the spring and fall; so the fishermen generally speak of the spring
and fall " runs." There is, however, (jnl)' one spawning season of about
2 months, when the fish ascend to the smaller tributaries of any one river
to deposit their eggs, and those fish which lea\e the ocean (i months or
more before the time for spawning are, perhaps, misled by a defect of in-
stinct. One fisherman sa)-s the spring run begins in the fall and continues
through the j-ear. The largest run of salmon in the Columbia, in ordinary
years, formerly in May, is now in July; in the I'"raser River, in August and
September; and in the Sacramento, in August. The season of greatest
plenty is, in some rivers, the period of spawning, and in others comes .sev-
eral months earlier. Hefore 1 850, .salmon were very abundant in nearly all
the tributaries of the Sacramento and San Joa(|uin, but after the waters
were filled with the mud and sand from the placer washing.s, the fish found
no suitable place to deposit their eggs, and have long since entirely
disappeareil from all the streams that drain the most productive of the min-
ing districts. The Sacramento for 50 miles, and the San Joaquin for
15 miles, from Suisun Hay, have their salmon fisheries, and the fish are
occasionally caught twice ;is far from the bay; but the main streams higher
up and their tributaries generally are now nearly bare. The salmon are
rare in the streams entering the ocean south of San Francisco Bay ; and arc
more abundant relatively in I'X'l and .Smith rivers than in any other Cali-
forni.m streams.
I ii'
Fishing Implements. — Salmon are taken with gill nets, seines, traps,
and current-wheels, and rarely, in salt water, with hooks. The gill net is
from joo to yao fathoms long, and usually 20 feet deep, with meshes 8!/^
inches long when .stretched lengthwise, and \]/^ inches on each side when
.square. A net costs $250 usually, and lasts one sea.son. The material is
twine, made of the best linen shoe-thread, and is knit in the winter by
the fishermen, all attempts to make the necessary double-knot by machinery
having failed. The net, provided with floats at the top and sinkers at the
bottom, is stretched across the current and allowed to (loat with it until a
load of fish is secured — the distance traveled being sometimes 15 miles; or,
if the fish arc verj- abundant, not one tenth so far. The net is generally used
onlyat night or in mudd)' water.for when the fish can see clcarl\-,it will not put
its head in the noose. The large fish— tho.se weighing more than 8 pounds —
get their heads through and stick there, their gills holding them fast. The
\\ \
KIVI.K II SI I IK IKS.
371
boat passes along the net, which the fishermen lift and relieve of liie catch.
When a load is secured (from 60 to 80 salmon), the net is taken up and the
fishermen start for the canncr\'. The nets and fishermen are so numerous
in some parts of the river that there is not room for ail to work at the same
time, without being so near as to destroy all chance for the higher nets to
catch anj'thing; but by common consent, certain rules have been adoptetl
regulating the times when each boat shall have its turn.
The seine has smaller meshes than the gill net, and is used to surround
the fish and haul them to the shore. One end is held on the bank while a
boat pays out the seine, which is then swept through the water against the
incoming tide for a little while, and then the boat comes rounil with a sweep
to the bank below, and the ends are hauled in. While 2 men can manage
a gill net, a dozen arc required for a .seine, though the latter is onl)- half the
length of the former. Seining is not successful where the water is much
deeper than the seine; and it is used chiefly at shoal jjlaces in the Lower
Columbia, and in the Rogue and ICel rivers.
The trap is a picket fence near the bank in shallow water, leading to a
pocket which the salmon swimming up stream enter, and can not leave.
The Columbia may have a score of traps, .md there are perhaps as many in
British Columbia. Amount of the catch depends on the currents, which
change from )-ear to year, a trap being very profitable in one season and
yielding nothing in the next. The average catch of a Columbia River trap
'.n 1881 was about 3,500 fish.
The salmon-wheel is suspended over the water and driven round by the
current running under it and striking its lower edge. Attached to it are
'iwo .scoop-nets which catch the fish passing beneath, lift them up out of the
water, and throw them into a trough. Only one such wheel has been con-
structed, near the Cascades, but it has been very successful in the .season
of 1881, catching from 1,500 to 4,000 adult salmon in a da)-. This device
has been patented. It must be stationed near the bank, but the salmon
usually a\oid the middle of the stream, where the downward current is
stronger, and there are no eddies to facilitate their ascending course. The
wheel has caught small, as well as large fish, and the fishermen generally
demand that its use shall be prohibited.
The boats u.scd in the fishery arc uniform in size and pattern — 24 feet
long, 6^j wide, and 2yi deep; sharp at bohh ends, with a center-board, a
triangular sail, rowlocks and oar.s, and capacity to carry 4 tons. The cost
is $250 to $300; the material. Port Orford cedar and oak; the place of con-
struction, San Francisco or Astoria; and the period of service, about 10
years.
i
.S72
FISHERTES. KTC.
i :
Columbia Fishery. — The .s.ilmon fishery of the Columbia gives employ-
ment in the season 105,600 men, 3,100 Chinamen being employed in the
canneries, while 2,500 whites take charge of the boats and net.s. The can-
nery proprietors own 1,200 boats, and lease them with nets and all the nec-
essary tools and supplies to the fishermen, a large proportion of whom arc
Scandinavians, Italians, and Finns, who, as rent, mu-t give one third of the
catch, and must sell the other two thirds at a stipulated price. Each boat
has 2 men, a captain and a helper. The former hires the latter, boards
him, and gives him 10 cents for ever)- fish caught. The fishermen, who own
their boats and nets, sell where they plca.se, but usually recci\-e the same
price as is paid to the men using the cannery boats. It is expected that
the captain of a boat will make at least $100 and his helper $70 a month
for their labor. The average catch of a boat for a season may be 2,000
fi.sh, worth $1,200, equivalent to $300 a month, of which $100 is allowed for
the use of the boat and net and other material. The price on the Columbia
was 60 or 62)2 cents a fi.sh in 1881, the price having increased gradually
.since 1S66. The'following table is prepared from the statistics of the Port-
land Board of Trade, showing the total product in cases, the price per case
of 48 pounds, and the prices for each fish paid by the canneries to the
fishermen, from 1866 to 188 1.
Year.
Total
Product.
I'ricc.
Cost
r Fish. ,
Year.
Total
Product.
Price.
Cost of Fish.
1866
4,000
$16 00
«5
cts.
1874
350,000
$6 so
25 cts.
1867
18,000
13 00
'5
CtS. i
I«75
37S.OOO
5 60
25 cts.
1868
28,000
12 00
20
cts.
1876
450,000
4 50
25 cts.
1869
100,000
lo 00
20
cts. i
1877
460,000
S 20
25 cts,
1870
150,000
9 00
20
CtJ. !
1878
460,000
5 00
25 cts.
1S7:
200,000
9 5°
224
cts.
1879
480,000
4 60
50 cts.
1872
250,000
8 00
25
cts.
1880
530,000
4 80
50 cts.
'873
250,000
7 00
25
cts.
1881
550,000
5 00
60 cts.
In the canneries, about 850 white men arc employed as superintendents,
clerks, foremen, etc., earning from $50 to $175 a month, averaging $62.
White men make the net.s, cans, boats, and ca.ses, and have all the capital
used in the business. The 3,100 Chinamen receive $372,000 for their work
of 4 months; the 850 white laborers in the canneries receive $210,000; the
2,500 fishermen, $850,000. The wages in the fishing season and cost of fish
paid by the canneries amount to $1,433,000; and of this the 4,000 China-
men get less than a third, v.hile the 3,500 whites divide the other two thirds
among themselves. The proprietors get $2,750,000 for the product, leav-
ing them $1,316,400 above the cost of the fish and wages in the fishing .sea-
son to pay other cannery expenses, interest on the investment and profits.
>
H
O
o
w
M
M
H
O
KlVl.k IISIIKklKS.
37.1
When cannirifT bc^nn on the ('(iluinl)ia, tlic fi-^hcrmcn supposctl that they
coulil not jjet a t;ood catcli of .salmon anj'whcrc, save in that [jart (>( the
river 20 miles or more from tho sea, where the width does not exceed one
mile. There they built ail the (Mrl)- canneries; but the latLT ones went
ilown stre;im. The fishermen, allowing their nets to float with the cu'i'.nt,
found the catch continueil ^ootl after the river widened, even for the 1 5
miles nearest the ocean, where the distance from bank to bank is 6 miles.
Nor ilo they always t.ike up their nets when they reach the mouth, but
.sometimes ^n out to s<',i for miles, def)'in^f the (lan<^ers of the stormy
Columbia Uar, on which more than 200 fishermen have lost their lives within
4 >-ear.s, rk) having' been drowned in iSSo. As t.ie fish are taken while
mi^niting from the sea, the nets farthest out iiave the first chance to catch.
The Columbia River quinnat salmon are considered the Ixjst for caiinin_L(,
and are the most e.vtensivel)' known, so that the name Columbia on the
label secures favorable consideration with the purchaser. The market
demands fish with a ^'ood salmon color, and rejects those of pale tints even
if the meat is equally good. At Mukilteo, on I'uget Sound, a pale salmon
is abundant every alternate year, and is an excellent fi.sh, but on account of
the irregularity in the supply can not be packed now with a profit, and for
that reason, a cannery established there in 1877 has since been moved
away.
The reckless and improvident methods of taking the salmon, and the
wasteful destruction of the fish in the Columbia, threatened to .seriously
reduce the catch, so the legislatures of Oregon and Washington adopted
statutes, regulating the size of the meshes, and prohibiting fishing from f>
V. M. on Saturday till the same hour on Sunday. A mesh of 8J/2 inches
long will allow salmon 2 years old, weighing 8 pounds, to pass through
readily. Fish of this size were often thrown away after they were dead,
becau.sc too small to can with profit while other larger fish were plenty.
T'-.;.se legislative restrictions were accompanied by severe penalties, but have
not been ob.servcd, for many of the fishermen make a practice of fishing on
Saturday night, and -some of them ha\c meshes smaller than the law
allows.
Califomlan Fishery. — The average weight of the Califomian salmon is
12 pounds after cleaning, and the aggregate catch in the 12 months
ending Augu.st ist, was 2,500 tons in 1875, 2,650 in 1876, 3,290 in 1877,
3,260 in 1878, 2,200 in 1870, 5,000 in 1880, and 7,000 in 18S1. Of the
Califomian salmon, at least 1,000 tons are eaten fresh annually, and the
remainder canned or salted. San Francisco takes 100 fish daily, and other
parts of the State and Nevada 400. The large size of the salmon, and the
^ w.
mi
> f
374
msiii;rii;s, i;tc.
facilit)- of fccocjnizintj its meat, help to liiul a market for it in tlic interior
towns, where the smaller fish cauglit in the oeean and bays arc not so well
known, and do not find so ready sale. The total consumption of fresh fish
in California is about 5 tons daily. The fish commissioners think that
the dccitled increase of 1877 was caused b)- the artificial fish hatchinj^,
which in that j'car began to produce its mature salmon. In iSSo the catcli
was so larLje, from the I5tli to the igth of Septernber, that 9,000 fish were
thrown back into the water, as no market could be found for them. An-
other remarkable feature in the salmon fishinj^ of that )-ear was, that about 45
fish were caught by each boat dail)' in December, 6 tiincs more than in pre-
vious )ears. The decrease in ICS79 was the result of a controversy between
the fisherm-.-n, who demanded 40 cents, and the cannei-}- proprietors, who
offered 25 cents for the fisli, on an average. The fisliermcn caught only so
many salmon as the)' thouglit were needed for fresli consimiption, and, after
sending them 50 miles to San I'rancisco. there accepted from the.m.irket-
men the 25 cents which they refused to take from the canneries within
a mile of tlieir nshin;,r-grounds. The .San I'^ranciscans who took the trouble
to go to the v\harf, where the fishing-boats lay, coul'l get their fresh salmon
at a cent a pound. The usu.il [irice since 187S lias been about 35 cent.s
a fish.
The Californian salmon, save those in l'",el Ri\-er, are taken e.\cliisivel)- in
gill-nets. The law forbids the spreading of the net across more tiian one
third the width of a ri\-er, but as tlic nets are 250 fathoms long, they do\ibt-
li'ss often reach from bank to bank. Mucli of the fishing is done at night,
when the net is itnisible, where.is it scares the fisli in the daylight. There arc
two men to a boat, aiitl they generall)- own it in eciual shares, though until
recentl)' they ha\e been in debt for the boats, many of which were obtained
in 1877, by the help of advances, amoimting in all to $10,000, made by the
canneries. I?esides the boats, the fisherinen have scows which they use as
dwellings. They are generalh' Italians, Greeks, Dalmatians, and Portuguese,
and are unmarried. The)- spend much of their time in lounging, and many
waste a large p.irt of their earnings in dissipation. It is expected that each
boat will get 2,000 fish in a \'ear on an average.
In \'.c\ River most of the salmon arc caught with a seine, 150 yards long,
and 7 or 8 deep. One end is fastened to the bank, and several boats pay
it out, carrying it across to the opposite bank, and then making a sweeping
circuit back. It is hauled in by horses or with a windlass. Before this can
be done with safety, the bed of the river must be carefully examined, and
there arc few places where a .seine can be drawn before cleaning out the
snags which are deposited b)- the high water every winter. The master
fisherman takes uj) a quarter of a mile "f the river as a fishing claim, cleans
KIV1.1< I ISIIKUIKS.
375
it out at an expense of perhaps $joo, pays $75 ever)' spring for repairs, ami
has llie exclusixe use of the property, all his neicjhbors rccoy;ni/.inLj his title.
The land on both sides of the river usuall)' belongs to the National Govern-
ment. Tlu; crews employed in the Kel River fisheries receise $1.25 a day
and board. Almost the entire )ield of the I^el and Smith ri\ers has been
c;iTmed for years, the population near the fisheries being very small. In the
large towns about San Franci.sco Bay, salmon arc obtainable for nearly half
the >'ear for about 3 cents a pound at wholesale.
A statute of California j)rohibits fishing for salmon in August, which is
supposed to be the time when it is most important that they should be per-
mitted to pass without disturbance to the spawning-grounds; but the law
docs not apply to the whole State alike, and it is \iolated by man\' of the
fishermen, who care little for the general interest, when it stands in the way
of their immediate profits. The jietty officials in the villages near the fish-
eries, in many cases, protect and encourage the poachers, who salt or smoke
the catch in shanties on the tule islands. It is said that 100 tons of salt
were sold in Jul)-, 1S80, to fishermen [ireparing for their criminal business.
The close or illegal season of fishing has been frequently changed; and
these changes have doubtless had an influence to weaken the authority of
the law.
Alaska Salmon.— The average size of the salmon caught in Alaska is
about 35 pound's after cleaning; in the Columbia, 1<S; in the Sacramento
au'-l I'Vascr, u. One fish caught in the Columbia in 1880 weighed 94; those
weighing 50 arc not rare there, and in the waters of Alaska salmon weigh-
ing more than 60 pounds are often taken. The multitude of salmon in the
streams of Alaska is so great that they are caught with little difficulty, and
arc made to furnish most of the food of the inhabitants. It has been esti-
mated that 12,000,000 are taken annuall)- b)- the 30,000 people, or more
than a fish a ilay for each person; but much is allowed to spoil, and much
thrown awa)-. In 1880 the canneries of Alaska produced 8,000 cases of
canned salman, and 500,000 pounds were salted and exported in barrels.
The salmon fishing season in the Yukon extends from June ist to Septem-
ber 15th, but enough fish for the daily consumjjtion of the [leople are
caught from May to October inclusive; and from No\ember to April, the
less palatable dried article is the chief reliance for sustenance. The chief
implement in the fishery is a round dip net, used from a canoe, the buoy-
ant capacity of which, and the strength of the occupant, are tested to the
utmost by the largest fish. These fi.ih are sold by the natives to the can-
neries, at from one to 5 cents each. A piece put into a frying-pan is soon
covered in its own fat. Besides the round nets, spears, and small weirs,
376
FISIIKKIKS, 1;TC.
planted in shallow i)laccs in the streams, arc used tn catch the fish. At
Klawock in Alaska, the salmon are caught in the bay with a seine, and in
some portions of I'ugct Sound they arc caught in the same way. When
in the salt water, they may also be taken with the hook.
Puget Sound Salmon. — The salmon-fisheries on I'uget Sound arc carried
on almost entirely by Indian.s, using seines from 50 to So fathoms long,
from 4 to 8 fathoms deep, with meshes of 3j,j inches, and ha\ing a pucker-
ing rope run through rings attached to the lead line. A crew comprises
from 8 to I2 men, and the mode of operation is as follows: A large
canoe is anchored in 2 or 3 fathoms of water, and the seine-boat is held
near at hand until the indications are favorable, when the .seine is cast, ai)d
the men in the canoe haul in as rapidly as possible. In the mer.i time, a
number of small canoes arc paddled about the net, and their occupants beat
the water with their paddles, in order to prevent the fish from jumping out
of the seine. A peculiarity in the salmon-fishery in this locality is, that the
fish arc always taken in salt water. There are 4 well-known varieties of
salmon taken in the sound, the Silver, the Iladdo or Humpback, the Jack-
tyhce, or Chinook, and the Fall, or Dog Salmon. The meat of the fir.st
mentioned is of a bright red color, and their weight averages from 4 to 8
pounds, varying indifferent seasons. The Iladdo, about the same size as
the .Silver .Salmtjn, has fiesh of a pale |)ink cr)lor, and makes its appearance
about the first of August, e\cry alternate year onl)-, at Mirkilteo, 26 miles
north-east from Seattle, in such quantities that not only is a haul of from 2,000
to 5,000 fish very common, but at times the nets have been so filled that
they coultl not be emptied until after the fall of the tide. In the barren
years not a single specimen of this fish has ever been taken, and it is \ery rarely
that an individual finds its waj- above Mukilteo. From that point the)' run
up the Skagit River, arri\ing in its upper waters in so exhausted a condition,
that it is believed not one in 1,000 lives to return to the sea. The Jack
SahiKjii averages 16 pounds in weight, is a dark-colored, handsome fish,
anil is taken throughout the winter months. The Dog .Salmon is so called
from the large jaws and teeth of the male, which has a manj'-colored skin;
the female having a smaller head and sihery-hucd scales. This species
averages about 20 pounds in weight, and beginning to run about October 20,
is taken imtil the middle of November.
Aboriginal Fishing. — Before the settlement of white men in Oregon, the
Indians there li\ed mainl)- on salmon. They caught them from their canoes,
or from staging built over the rapids, with spears or hand-nets. At the
rapids, two stout poles were fastened in the bank, with the ends projecting
out over the water, so that the fisherman could walk on them, to a little
RIVER riSHliRIES.
377
floor at tlie outer end. He then stood on the platform, with a pole 30
feet long, to which was fastened, at the end, a sort of basket or net, slid-
ing on a hoop. This net he would fill by slinging it as far as possible up
the stream, and then haul it up, the weight of the fish closing the net by
drawing it on the hoop. Their principal places of fishing were at the Falls
of the Willamette, the Cascades of the Columbia, the Dalles of the Colum-
bia, and the Kettlefalls near Colville. There were no seines, gill-nets, or
traps. After the introduction of iron, it became customary among the
red men to have a hook attached to a long pole, and they would let their
canoes float down stream, the hook, with its point upward, being 8 or 10 feet
below the surface. If a salmon came along, passing near the pole, it was
jerked up so as to catch the fish.
CR.nning. — The salmon, when taken to the cannery, are placed on a long
table, side by side, where the head, tail, and fins arc cut off, and the entrails
removed by a few flashing strokes of a large knife, in the hands of an ex-
pert Chinaman, the average time for each of these large fish being less than
half a minute. They pass to a tank of fresh water, where other men take
off" the scales ; in a tank of salt water they are thoroughly washed. A gang
knife, with 6 blades, at one stroke divides the meat into pieces just long
enough to fill a can. These sections are cut lengthwise into strips of suit-
able size, ready for the cans, which arc filled by hand or by machine. The
top of the can is put on and soldered by hand or by machine. The can is
now put into a crate or shallow frame, which is swung round on a crane
over a pan of boiling water, and lowered until the tops of the cans are half
an inch under the surface. If the soldering of any can is incomplete, the
weak point is at once exposed by bubbles rising over it. The defective
cans are thrown out, and the crates swung into immense tanks of boiling
water, where they remain an hour and a quarter. When taken from these,
and while boiling hot, the second tester lifts up each can and taps it with a
mallet to find whether it has a solid sound. If not, he throws it among the
defective cans; if it has, he strikes the head with a pin fastened in the other
end of the mallet, and from the hole thus made the impri.soned steam rushes
out. As he puts down the can, the tinner follows him and closes the.se
holes with solder, so as to exclude the air aiid thus prevent fermentation.
The cans are again heated, this time for an hour in a retort at a temperature
of 240°. The patterns of these retorts differ greatly in different canneries,
some filling their retorts with dry steam, and others with water heated by
steam. After coming from the retort the cans arc washed in lye, lacquered,
labeled, examined for the last time, and packed in cases. This is a brief
description of a process which is conducted on a grand scale, and with a
48
;.S
I'isiiKkiKs, i;tc'.
'Ai
ii^
: ,
vast amount of skill and careful management in every department of the
business.
The process used by JACKSON, .Mvi:rs & Co., at Milton, on I'ugct Sound,
is described thus: "These pieces arc taken raw and crowded into one-pound
cans, in each one of which a teaspoonful of salt has been put; a round lid
with a puncture in it, quickly fitted in on top, same as a barrel-head; then
soldered, j)Ut in a vat of hot water and tested, those not bcinij air-tight giv-
ing a spouting bubble, and are set apart and resoldered; then those that
are air-tight are immersed in a caldron of hot water for 65 minutes; then
taken out, and each one quickly tapped with a mallet having a nail point
inserted, which makes a hole, out of which spurts the surplus air, and then,
while }-et hot, are soldered up, thus hermetically scaling; afterwards arc
boiled in salt water for 100 minutes at 200' Fahr. ; then dipped into a hot
lye vat, which eats away all the grease from the can ; after wiiich they re-
cei\e a flow of cold rinsing water, and are stacked, remaining four days;
then tested, to see if they ;ire all good; then taken to the bron/.ing-room,
and again tested, bnjnzed, tlip[)ed, and labeled, tested for the last time, then
packed into boxes of four dozen to a box."
The rapid increase of the canneries and of the quantity of their ij.ick, and
the accumulation of large capitals within a few years by sotne of the pro-
prietors, .are sufficient to prove that great ])rofits have been made in the
business. The failures have been comparative!)' few, and in nearly every
case can be traced to incomi)etent management, or to exce[)tional circum-
stances. It is highly pnjbablc that canneries will be built on many streams
in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, now unoccupied,
and tliat the production will continue to mcrease, with a good profit; but
fortunes will hereafter not be made suddenly in canning, ,ind the propor-
tion of failures will be l.irgcr than in the |)ast. The canned salmon of the
Coknnbia, when first ])lace(l on the market, sold at wholesale for 20 cents a
pound, ant! now it is offered for I 1 ,' j, and at one time was sold fiir 10; and
the raw fish costs now about twice as much, as it did in 1865, while there is
no noteworth)- change in ex[)enses otherwise.
Tlie raw fish will doubtless C(5ntinue \ery cheai) in .Alaska for many
\'ears; but the dislike of the wliite men to permanent residence there, the
cost of trips each wa}' for those who s[)end [)art of the year elsewhere, the
difficult)' of getting trustworthy men in case of a strike or controversy,
and the high cost of man)- supplies, more than counterbalance all the ad-
v.mt.ages. These obstacles, however, will gradually diminish as the fisher-
men and canners multiply their establishments, population increases, and
steam transportation becomes frequent at numerous small ports on the
northern coast. Some of the canners, howe\cr, ha\e an opinion that the
KIVKR IISIIKRIKS.
379
salmon of Alaska arc not so well adapted for cannin<j as those of the
Columbia.
B.VDOLLKT & Co., who have an e.Ktcnsivc experience in the business on
the Columbia, think that the time for hit^h profits for the majority of the
establishments there has passed, or at least, th.it they must accept m.in)'
serious risks. There is so much competition, that the catcii is much less
for the boat on an average, the supply of fisii is not constant, and the cost
to the canncrj" has tloubled without any correspondinf,^ increase in the price
of the canned product. A !ar;.^e amount of money must be invested in
the cannery, boats, nets, cans, labels, etc., in preparation for a lart^e catch,
and the run of fish may be small, or irregular, or it may not come when
the men are hired. Tfie busy season lasts for only 4 months, antl its
brevity gives the men employed to fish and can, excellent opportunities for
striking^ for they know that it is a difficult matter to get others in their
places, without a serious loss in production. Many of the canneries ha\'c
hitherto worked with small capital, and having pressing debts, h;id to sell
without dela\-, accepting offers little above the cost of jiroduction, thus
breaking down the market, and injuring the sales of others.
The average cost of a dozen cans to the canner on the Sacramento is
estim.'ited to be $1, ;ind is probably about the s.ime on the Columbia and
Frascr. The variations in the size and abundance of the fish, the prices
demanded by the fishermen, the wages of the canncrs, and the regularity of
the catch, tend to produce compensations tliat leave nearly the same
pecuni.iry results to equally competent management on all of these larger
streams. About one thinl of the weight of the fish as it comes from the
water is l<3st in cleaning and preparing for the can. A large canner)- m;iy
have a capital of about $50,000, and the total amount invested in the busi-
■ ncss may be $4,00(3,000. The canneries number 83, more than half that
number being on the Columbia River. The number of persons employed
is 12,000, atul of boats 2,000, incluiling 1,400 on the Columbia, and 225 on
the iMMser. The S.acramento boats send a large proportion of their fish to
the San I'rancisco m.irket, but few devoting themselves exclusively to the
supply of the canneries.
The Columbia Pack. — A fish weighing 18 pounds will usually yield 12
pounds for canning. The cans of ordinary size hold one pound each, and
there are 48 pounds in a case which, with boxing, weighs 72 pounds. The
pack of 1 88 1 amounted 10930,000 cases, including 540,000 on the Colum-
bia, 180,000 on the Sacramento, 142,000 on the Frascr, 34,000 on other
Hritish Columbian rivers, 12,000 on the Rogue, 10,000 at I'uget Sound,
7,500 on the Umpqua, 7,000 on the Smith, and 6,900 at Klawock. The
«^f,
m
V (
ii ill
kl ,11 i ■ ■
.1 i
:*
380
I'lsur.KiKs, inc.
pack on the minor streams of Hritisli Cf)lumbia includes 8,000 on the
Nass, and 6,000 at Alert JJaj-. OrcLjon proiluced 559,500 cases; California,
187,000; ]}ritish Columbia, 176,000; and Alaska, 6,900. The j,n-catest
recent increase has been in the Sacramento, which p.icked 30,000 cases in
1878, 47,000 in 1879,63,000 in 1880, and 180,000 in 1881. This develop-
ment of the canning industry has been the result of a greater abundance of
the salmon, and there is much reason for believing that that is due mainly
to the hatching of salmon eggs under the care of the fish commissioners,
i'erhaps the arrest of hydraulic mining contributed to the result. The
total catch of salmon on the Sacramento River was 5,000 tons in 1880. and
7,500 tons in 1881. The quantity not canned in the latter year was 3,200
tons, or 6,400,000 pounds. British Columbia will probably soon surpass
California, and Alaska become far more productive than at present in this
industry. It is evident that the canning of salmon will continue to grow
on our coast for many years to come. As the price is about 1 2 cents a
pound for the canned salmon, the total value of the pack of 1881 (44,-
440,000 ])ounds) is $5,332,000.
The number of cases of salmon packed in 1881 by the various canneries
on the banks of the Columbia River is thus .stated by Till-: PORTLAND
B(i.\KI) ol' Tk.VDi;: J. Williams (Oregon side), 9,000; Astoria I'.icking Co.,
30,000; I'-lmore Packing Co., 7,890; Astoria I'ishery (M. J. Kinney), 26,-
QOO ; Wni. Ilume, 20,000; Geo. W. Hume, 18,000; Devlin & Co., 20,000;
Occident Packing Co., 15,000; West Coast, 15,000; Hadollet & Co., 25,000;
iiodlh & Co., 23,000; Magle Cannery, 17,300; Timmins & Co., 8,000; Fish-
erman's Packing Co., 19,000; S. D. Adair & Co., 10,000; Anglo-American
Packing Co., 10,300; Hanthorn & Co., 19,000; Scandinavian Co., 20,000; J.
W. & V. Cook, 30,000; !•". M. Warren, 12,000; J. West, 12,000; Jackson
& M)crs (2 canneries), 13,000; Aberdeen Packing Co. (Washington Terri-
tory siile), 17,000; Jos. Hume, Knappton, 20,225; Pillar Rock Co., 15,000;
J. G. Mcglcr & Co., 25,000; Columbia Canning Co., 8,000; R. D. Hume
& Co., 8,300 ; Cathlamet Cannery, 8,000; Jas. Ouinn, 5,000; Cutting & Co.,
20,000; Eureka Packing Co., 20,000; Hapgood & Co., 13,000; and ICagle
Cliff Canncrj', 10,000; making a total of 549,1 1 5.
S. D. Adair & Co. — Among the leading salmon canners are the brothers
S. U. Al).\lk and John Aiuik, Jr. In 1874 they began to erect a cannery
at Astoria, the second one at that place. JJefore the opening of the .season
of 1875, they admitted A. Ik)oril, of Chicago, with a half-interest, into their
partnership, which assumed the title of A. BOOTH & Co. John Adair,
Jr., was the manager, and he packed 35,000 cases in that .season, the largest
pack on record up to that time. The next year he turned out 37,000 ca.ses,
RI\F,K l-ISHERIES.
3S'
and the following one 23,000. In [877, the brothers, working under the
firm name of liNGLISII & Co., and the management of S. D. AlJ.\iK, built a
canner\' on the Fraser River, and there packed 24,500 cases; a total for the
two brothers of 47,500 in that year. In 1878 JoilN packed 29,000, and S.
D. 17,000, making 46,000 in all. The ne.\t year the)' exchanged places,
S. D. packing 24,000 cases for A. Booth & Co., at Astoria, and John 9,000
for English & Co., on the Frascr. S. U. Au.\n< having sold out his inter-
ests on the Fraser, and bought a cannery on the Columbia, packed 1 1,000
cases in it, under the firm name of S. D. AD.\Hi & Co., and as manager of
A. Booth & Co., 29,000 cases in 1880. John built a new cannery on the
Fraser, and in the same season, under the firm name of AoAHi & Co.,
packed 9,000 cases. After selling out his interest in A. Boo TH & Co., and
building a new cannery on the Columbia, S. D. Adah< made a partnership
with \Vm. B. AiJAUi (who had been with A. lioOTH & Co. three years),
under the style of S. D. AoAHt & Co., and packed 10,830 cases in 1881,
using his old brand the " Eagle." JOHN packed 14,000 cases in 1881 on the
Fraser. The total pack of the two brothers within seven years has been
276,000 cases, an aggregate production unsurpassed in this industry. The
av'erage annual pack of the two was nearly 40,000 cases, and each has dis-
patched 900 cases in a day, or more than 22 tons of cleaned fish. Their
canneries are models of efficiency in convenience of arrangement and com-
pleteness of machinery. Steam-power is used to save human labor as far as
possible, and applied even to such purposes as filling the cans with the
pieces of salmon.
J. O. Hanthorn & Co.— The cannery of Hanthorn & Co., at y\storia,
having a capacity of 30,000 cases, was erected in 1876 at an expense, in-
cluding machinery and apparatus, of $45,000. This establishment, which
packed about 20,000 cases in 1881, ranks among the largest on the Colum-
bia River, and furnishes employment during the sea.son to more than 200
persons. Their brand has a high reputation, and at the Portland Mechan-
ics' I'^air of 1881, the firm received from the committee of awards the highest
medal for the excellent quality of its goods and the neat and careful work-
manship displayed in packing. Mr. HANTHORN, the superintendent, has
been engaged in the canning business on the Columbia, almost from its in-
ception, and has thoroughly studied the matter in all its details. Among
his inventions is a rotary can-washer for washing cans, after they are filled
ready for soldering, and before the tops are put on. The capacity of this
machine is 12,000 to 14,000 cans a day, and its use insures perfect cleanliness.
Wauhams & I'lLLloiT, wholesale grocers and commission merchants, 46
and 48 Front Street, Portland, and 206 Front Street, San F'rancisco, are
agents for the caimery.
H
1}
3S2
FISHERIES, KIC.
Wm. Hume. — Of the 35 canneries on the Columbia River in 1881, about
one half were estabhshcd by the Mu.ME brothers, or some one of them. G.
Wll. 1,1AM HfME were partners in the firm of IlAl'OOOU, IIUMK
& Co., in the sahnon cannery established on the bank of the Sacramento
Ri\er in 1.S64, the first one on the coast. In 1867 the\- moved to the
Columbia River, and built the first cannery there, commencing; their can-
nini; operations in that year. WlI.LlAM lIUMK is the proprietor of 2 can-
neries, one at Astoria, Oregon, and one at Eat^le Cliff, \Vashinfi;ton. The
pack of both establishments amounted, for the season of 188 1, to about
30,000 cases. Over 500 hands are employed in the several departments,
and the pay-roll is about $17,500 a month. The salmon ])Ut up at these
canneries finds a read}- market in .America, Europe, and Australia. Mr.
11 U. ME was attracted to this coast b_\- the opportunity offered for money-
making in former )ears, when (in 1864) fish could be obtained for 15 cents
apiece, and canned salmon sold for $16 a case. How well he has imjiroved
his opportunit}' may be judged from the fact that though he originally put
only $18,000 into the business, he has now $300,000 invested in the 2 enter-
prises. R. ]). IfUMK, a third brother, has a cannery in operation at I'"llen-
burg, on Rogue River, and established 3 others, one of which is at I'-aglc
Cliff (now owned by WILLIAM lU'.ME), one at Rainier (now belonging
loj.\(,i<so\ & MVERS), and one at y\storia. The fourth brother, JosKi'll
IIl'Mi;, came to this coast in 1871, and is now the owner of a cannery on
the Columbia. Mis pack for i88i was 18,225 cases. The average pack of
the different canneries built by the HUME brothers, smce 1864, is probably
not less tlian 325,000 ca.ses of salmon a year. The IluMES belong to a
Scotch famil)-, and their ancestors have been interested in the salmon fi.sh-
eries of their native land for several centuries.
The Kinney Cannery, — Among the first objects to attract the attention
of the intelligent traveler entering the Columbia River while the salmon arc
running, is the fine fleet of fishing-boats belonging to the Kinney Cannerj',
which is the largest and most extensive salinon-[)acking establishment on
the Pacific Coast. It is now run by TliE AsTORlA P.\CKlN<i CoMrANV,
I\I. J. KlXNEV, president, and was built in 1876. A visit to this fine estab-
lishment, and a view of its large fleet of boats going out at night or return-
ing in the morning, well repa\-s the traveler. Mr. KiNNICV belongs to a
family noted and |)rominent in the histor)- and industry of Oregon.
Warren Packing Company. — The Warri:\ I'.\crin(; Co.mi'ANY was
established at Cathlamet, Washington Tcrritorj-, in 1869, by V. M. WaRREN,
who was among the first ti) engage in canning the salmon of the Columbia
River. The capacity has since been increased from 5,000 to 30,000 cases in a
-^
[]
KiNKk |-isiii;rii;s.
383
season, employing,' about 50 boats and 250 men, with a brancli at Warrcndalc,
Orc;^on. Mr. Wakkkn is the iiivcntor of a retort, or process kettle, pat-
ented on April 10, 1877, and now in use by the principal salinoii-canners on
our coast. The label known as the "A i IJrand" finds a ready market in all
parts of the commercial world.
John West. — John \Vi:st is the proprietor of a cannery at Munf^ry
Harbor, on the Washington side of the Columbia River, and has been fol-
lowing that business for the last 13 or 14 years. His pack for 1881 was
12,086 cases of fresh, and 14 barrels of salted salmon; but liis establish-
ment lias capacity sufficient to handle a mucli larger ([uantity. In 1874 the
pack was 35,081 cases of fresh, and 1,160 barrels of salted salmon. Until
1881 Mr. We.st's canner)' was located at Westport, on the Oregon side of
the Columbia. The main object in moving was to obtain the fish for packing
while perfectlj^ fresh. For the last 4 years the men emplcn-ed b\- Mr. W'K.^r
have found it necessary to fish near the Washington shore, and, since tlie
canner)' was removed, the salmon caught during the night arc packed early
the following morning. This gentleman is the inventor of a packing
machine, which he has used for filling his cans for the past 2 years.
British Columbian Pack.— Fraser River is next in size to the Columbia,
among the rivers of our coast south of Alaska, and will probably soon rank
next to it in its salmon pack. In 1881 it had 8 canneries; those of Adair
& Co., TiiK Bkitlsh Columiua Packing Company, The Dklta P.vck-
ING Company, Engli.sii & Co., Ewen & Co., Findl.vy, Durham &
Brodie, IIaigh & SON.s, and Laidi.aw & Co. The pack, acconling to the
report of Fi.sh Commissioner Anderson, amounted to 142,516 cases. In
addition to the canneries above mentioned, ]5riti.sh Columbia in 1882 has 8
others. That of The Briti.SH-American Company, on the iM-aser, opened
in 1882, has a capacit)' of 20,000 ca.ses. The Ximpkish cannerj-, on Alert
Bay, the Douglas cannery, on the Nass River, and the Windsor cannerj-,
on the Skeena, are described in .separate paragraphs. The Ri\crs Inlet
cannery, established on the mainland near Queen Charlotte Sound, IMr.
Croasdaile'^ -annerj', on the Nass, and Mr. Duncan's, at Metlakatla, arc
new. The Iverness cannery, on the Skeena, is old.
Alaska has 2 canneries, one at Kadiak, established in 1882 by Smith.
HiR.SCH & Co., one at Sitka, belonging to Cu iTiNc; & Co., but not run-
ning in 1 881; and one at Klawock, owned by Sl.ssON, WALLACE & Co.
The last cans salmon, halibut, and clams.
John Adair, Jr.— John Adair, Jr., engaged in canning salmon at Canoe,
on the Fraser River, has already been mentioned as a member of a family
.^S4
FisiiKRirs, r.TC.
prominent in the salmon fishery of the Cokimbia River. His canncr\', one
of the iarL;est and most successful in Mritish Cokimbia, i)ack-C(l i8,ooo cases
in iS.Si. The main biiildin;^' is 135 feet loiij^, by 35 feet wide, witli ;i wing
shapeil like a letter T, 100 feet long, by 60 feet wide, and there are 4 large
buildings in all. I-'mployment is given, in the busy season, to 450 ])erson.s.
Mr Ad.MU owns 1,200 ;icres of land adjoining his cmnery.
Alert Bay Cannery.— The cannery of Tlli: Alkkt lUv C\.\.\'N(; COM-
I'ANV at -Alert Bay on Cormorant IsUuul, 230 miles north of Victoria, was
opened in 1S81, when it canneil 6,000 cases. It is expected that the pack
of 1882 and subsequent years, will be at least twice as much, salmon being
abundant, and Indians to assist in the fishing, numerou.s. A good wharf
has been built to facilitate landing the catch; and there is a good anchorage
in a well-sheltered harbor, which is regularly visited for wood and other
supplies, by steamers running along that part of the coast. The agent in
X'ictori.i is TlloM-VS IC.VRLi:, prominent in the grocery trade of that city for
the last 12 jcars.
Delta Cannery.— The establishment of Tin-; Uelt.\ C.WMNG Com-
r.\W, situated at Ladner's Landing, on the Fraser River, 5 miles from its
mouth, cannetl in 1S81, 20,000 ca.ses, and salted 250 barrels of salmon. The
pack is distinguished b)- the brand of a maple leaf, and the agents in Vic-
toria are \\'i:i,c'H, RlTlll'.T & C<.). The main building is 150 feet long by
120 wide, with a wharf frontage 140 feet long on deep water. The cooking
is done by steam in retorts, and during the busy season a steamer is char-
tered to transport the salmon from the fishing-camps. The cannery h;is ^6
boats, and emplo}s 380 men, including 200 Chinamen, 150 Indians, and 30
white men. The Fraser has 3 runs of salmon; the spring run of small fish
in Ma)-; the Sockeye, or main run, for 6 weeks, beginning about Jul)' 10;
and the Cohoc run, for 5 weeks, beginning September 15.
Douglas Packing Company.— Til 10 Dougl.vs Packi\(; CoNfi'.v.w, in
which Ja.mi;s Dougla.s Wakrkn, of Victoria, is the principal owner, in 1881
erected a cannery on the bank of the Xass River, 640 miles by the ordinary
route of travel, northward from Victoria, and e.xpcct to can 10,000 cases of
salmon in 1882. There arc 3 buildings, each 30 feet wide, with an aggre-
gate length of 210 feet. It is to be hoped that the time is not far distant
when the oolikon, for the abundance and excellence of which the Nass is
famous, will also be prepared for the market, by this or some other similar
establishment.
Laidla^v & Co.— The cannery of L.MULAW & Co., at New Westminster,
])acked 16,700 cases, anil .salted 600 barrels of salmon in 1881, its first year.
RTVKR riSIIERIES.
j>'5
Its entire capacity for a season is 25,000 cases. One of the latest canneries
in construction, and erected under the supervision of Jamks A. Laiolaw,
at i)resent its exclusive owner, wiio had |>reviously been superintendent of
Till-: Di;i;rA I'ackinc; Company, in which he still maintains an interest, is
planned so as to secure great effectiveness with relatively small force. It
has 25 boats, which run day and night, with 4 men to e.ich boat. The
main building is 3 10 feet long by 40 wide, with wings 60 by 100 feet, giving
room to do all the packing on the ground floor. Two wharves, a large
storc-hou.se, roomy fish-house.s, and other buildings, combine to make it an
extensive establishment. It gives employment to 150 men, most of whom
are Chinamen. The agents of the Laidlaw canned salmon are Welch,
RlTHET & Co., in V'ictoria.
Windsor Canning Company.— The Windsor Canninc; Co^n'ANV, con-
sisting of Hknrv Saunders, W. H. Dempster, and John Wilson, of
Victoria, established ,1 cannery in 1878, at Aberdeen on the Skeena River,
about 600 miles northward from the provincial mctropcjlis. In i8Si,they
had 26 boats, employed 120 men, and canned 10,000 ca.ses of salmon.
Their entire pack is shipped to the London market.
Sacramento Salmon. — The salmon of the Sacramento River are canned
in about a score of canneries, most of which are between Collins\ille and
Vallcjo. Half a dozen San Francisco canneries which give most of their
attention to fruit, also can salmon, and thus make the season's work last
much longer than it does in those canneries occupied with salmon exclu-
sively.
Salt Salmon. — The production of salt salmon on our coast usually
amounts to about 20,000 barrels (2,000 ton.s) annually. When a cannery
has more fish than the canners can handle, when the dealers in fresh fish
have a stock too large for the demands of the market, when fishermen take
fish at times prohibited by law, and fear prosecution if they sell their catch
in a fresh condition — at such times fish are salted. There arc also salmon-
fisheries at ])laccs where there is neither cannery, nor market for fresh fish,
and then salting is the best method of saving the fish until there is a chance
to sell. The price in l.irge quantity is usually about $8 or $10 a barrel—
at the rate of half a cent a pound.
Other Catch. — The salmon is the only fish caught in large quantity for
the market, in the fresh waters of our coast; though some others, including
sturgeon, are taken incidentally in the salmon fishery. Lake trout, brook
trout, catfish introduced into our streams, and carp bred in ponds, are fre-
49
1
il 't
386
FISHERIES, ETC.
quciitly seen on the table. As one of the products or frequenters of fresh
water, frogs must be mentioned here. San I'rancisco annually consumes
4,000 ilozcn of tlicm, averaging 5 in a pound, and selling at $3 a dozen,
making a total consumption of $12,000. The demand has increased much
within a few years, indicating a decided progress of the frog-eating pro-
pensity among the Californians. Marin, Santa Clara, and San Mateo coun-
ties — doubtless because of their proximity to the metropolis — are the "chief
hunting-grounds for this batrachian ; and the implements of tiie chase are
hand and scoop-nets, and a hook baited with red flannel. The supplj- being
scanty, while the demand is lively in the winter, the canncr's art has been
called into requisition, and the summer's catch is thus preserved for the
winter meals of gourmands.
m •;
i ? li
iiarhor and uiver improvement.
387
DIVISION VI.-ENGINEERING, ETC.
CHAPTER XXV.— HARHOR AND RIVER IMPROVEMENT.
General Remarks. — It is only within tlic last few years that the General
Government has undertaken to facilitate the operations of commerce by
improving the harbors and routes of water communication on the Pacific
Coast. This chapter will show what has been accomplished in that time,
what is now in progress, and will indicate to some extent what now seems
probable in future development. A sketch of the extent of the field of
operations on the Pacific Coast, and of the existing circumstances, may be
of service in conveying a general idea of the scope for engineering in the
future. A student of the commercial facilities of the Pacific Coast will ob-
.servc that it is remarkable for the absence of sheltered harbors.
.South of San Francisco the nearest harbor is San Diego, 500 miles dis-
tant. The Columbia River, situated north of us 600 miles distant, is the
nearest port in that direction capable of receiving large vessels. Rather
more than 100 miles north of the Columbia, the strait of Juan do Fura
affords every desirable facility. On the American coast line of about
1,300 miles, there arc harbors at each extremity, with San P'rancisco and
the Columbia River intermediate. These 4 points comprise all the natural
outlets of the Pacific Coast for general trade by deep-water ships. There
are, however, other facilities for vessels of lighter draught in several harbors
on the northern coast, and in a great number of open roadsteads, which
are well protected from prevailing winds during a part of the year, which
.serve for the transaction of local traffic. Between San Francisco and Cape
Mendocino, a distance of 200 miles, there are 39 landings, most of them of
small capacity, where vessels trade with security during the summer months,
when the northerly winds prevail. In the winter these roadsteads are all
dangerous, for the reason that they are open to the south-westerly kh-cU.
North of Cape Mendocino and south of the Columbia River there are 6
or more roadsteads, the conditions of which arc the same. The most im-
portant of these summer shelters are Trinidad, Crescent City, and Port
Orford. South of San Francisco, there are also a number of open ports
388
EXcixrr.RtNf;, ktc.
oi
which serve to transact existing commerce in a convenient way for the
greater part of Ihc year. Soutlicrly storms arc more rare and shorter in
duration on the soutliern, than the northern coast, which fact is to tlie ad-
\anta_Ljc of the ojicii ports. Humboldt and Coos bays, when entered, arc
excellent harbors. The entrances are obstructed by bars, which are not prac-
ticable for vessels of more than 12 or 14 feet draught. The Umpqua River
has about the same depth on its bar. There arc a number of lagoons along
the coast, bays of areas from one to several square miles, in which the tide
ebbs and flows, and at the entrance of which arc bars with shallow depths.
W'i'mington, the port of Los y\ngeles, conforms to this description. It id
the only sea-coast harbor which has been artificiall)- improved.
As the necessity for greater facilities arises, other places in\olving similar
conditions maj' be similarly improved, so as to afford depth for vcs.scls of light
draft. As for the open roadsteads, it may be said that the expense of con-
verting them into inclosed harbors is so great, and the amount of existing
commerce to be servctl by the improvement is relativel_\- so small, that the
probability is, that works of thi;; class will not be undcrtak'cn for some j'cars
to come, and until the country is much more developed than it is now.
The problem of giving a permanent chanjiel and a better depth on the
Columbia Ri\er bar, seems much more likely to demand attention before
long. The rapid tle\clopment of the country tributarj- to this river seems
to justify this conclusion. The internal natural commercial channels are of
considerable extent and importance. The river .system of California, com-
prising the Sacramento and San Joaquin ri\-ers, and the subsidiary channel.s
of their delta and \icinit>', makes Ooo miles or more of navigation, which
must always require attention to secure depth and remove obstructions.
The Columbia River and its tributaries in Oregon and Washington are
also an important link, to which may be adilcd the rivers in Washington
Territory which drain the western slope of the Cascade Mountains. As
population and business incrca.sc, all these avenues and conveniences of
commerce will increase in value and importance. !t is the object and in-
tention of the iMigineer Department to keep pace with this growth, and to
better facilities as the necessity demonstrates itself The Colorado River
maybe referred to as having been examined, and in jiart surveyed, although
no appropriation for its improvement has been asketl for.
San Francisco Harbor. — The natural advantages of this harbor are so
great, thiit there has been no necessit)' for artificial aid to navigation, e.xccpt in
the renio\al of several reefs of small extent. Three reel's have been removed
by the aid of appropriations made by Congress. Two of these, namel)', Blos-
som and Rincon rocks, were in the harbor, and the third, N'oonda)' Rock,
HARBOR AND lUVICK IMPROVKMENT.
389
was on the approacli to the harbor, in the open sea, 3 miles north, Gf west
from the North I'arallon Island, 33 miles to the southward and westward of
the entrance to the harbor. Blossom Rock was 1,500 yards from the city-
front, and midway between Alcatraz and Verba Buena islands. Its surface
was 5 feet below mean low water, and the quantity of rock to be removed
in order to give 24 feet at mean low water, was estimated to be 5,000 cubic
yards. The work of excavating to the depth of 24 feet, was executed in 1 869
and 1 870, under contract, at a cost of $75,000. Rincon Rockwassituatedclo.se
to the line of the city front, as established by statute in 185 1, and off Rincon
Point. Its surface was 7 feet below low water, and the contents to 24 feet
depth, were 4,7^'=^ cubic yards. A contract was inadc in September, 1873,
for the removal to 24 feet depth, for the sum of $43,000. The extension of
the Harri.son Street wharf rendered the excavation of a portion unneces-
sary. The full depth was never secured, and settlement was made with the
contractor for a partial fulfillment of the contract. The modification of the
harbor front, which was made to take in the rock, rendered it inexpedient
to complete the work. Noonday Rock was so called from the unfortunate
wreck of a ship of that name, caused by striking the rock, the surface of
which was 21 feet below low water. It was removed to a depth of 48 feet
under contract, in 1876, by a single charge of 800 pounds of nitro-glyccrine,
for which a lodgment was found at a suitable depth. The quantity of rock
removed was about 200 cubic yards. Subsequent investigation showed that
this rock was only one of a number of hidden reefs, which remain a danger
to approaching vessels.
Entrance to San Francisco. — The entrance of San Francisco Harbor is
well known to be practicable for vessels of the heaviest draft. Following
the crest of the bar from shore to shore, the distance is 14 miles — over 1 1
miles the dc|)th is 5 fathoms at low water. There is a channel about one
half mile in width which carries 8 fathoms. I'or some years past there
has been an uneas)- feeling in many intelligent minds, lest this excellent ap-
proach is undergoing deterioration, resulting from extensive deposits and
reclamations made since the American occupation of California, in the bays
of Suisun and San I'ablo and elsewhere. It is not now possible to say that
no deterioration at the entrance has occurred. It is, however, true that the
survey of the bar made in 1873, shows quite as good water as the survey of
1855; and further, that it does not exhibit or suggest in any respect im-
pairment of the channel over the bar. Still, it can not be denied that
cause;; are at work 'vhich must in time make themselves felt in unfavorable
changes at the entrance. It seems, however, at present probable that the
changes will be gradu;J in ihcir occurrence, and that their effect in any
iil
390
ENGINEERING, ETC.
future cycle that \vc have any right to consider, whatever it may be, will
still leave facilities adequate for commerce, even if inferior to present con-
ditions. Further investigations are needed, however, in order that wc may
keep informed as to the rate of change.
Interior channels of the bay have not, however, maintained the dimen-
sions which they presented 20 or 30 years ago. The ship channel through
San Pablo Bay lost, between 1855 and 1878, more than a half mile in
width, the depth remaining practically the same. The channel through
Suisun Bay has, in the same interval, changed considerably and for the
worse. There is hardly more than 15 feet here, at low water. These
matters have been and are yet under the consideration of the Engineer
Department, in the hope of devising means for arresting or favorably
modifying these injurious changes.
Oakland Harbor. — The object of this improvement is to make Oakland
accessible to sea-going vessels, with a depth of channel, at low tide, of 18
to 20 feet. In its natural state, the depth of water on the bar which sepa-
rates San Francisco Bay from the San Antonio estuary, is only 2 or 3 feet.
At the (late of the beginning of the improvement undertaken by the United
States, in 1S75, the depth was about 6 feet, which was secured by dredging,
done by the City of Oakland. The project adopted to secure depth
sufficient for sea-going vessels, required the construction of 2 jetties of
about 10,000 feet in length, extending from the Oakland shore to deep
water in San Francisco Bay, and in addition, a considerable enlargement of
tiic tidal prism, which is to be accomplished, first, by dredging the llats in
'ic upper portion of the harbor to a depth of about 2 feet below low water;
and second, by the construction of a tidal canal about one mile and a half
in length, connecting the San Leandro estuary with the upper end of the
harbor. The canal, with au.xiliary works, is intended to cause a portion of
the tidal prism of San Leandro Bay to ebb through the channels of Oak-
land harbor.
The construction of the jetties was begun in 1875, and has received more
or less attention to the present time ; three years, however, intervening dur-
ing which no work was done, owing to restrictions contained in the appro-
priation bills, relating to the claim of ownership of the bed of 'die estuary
maintained by the Oakland Water Front Company. This claim was ex-
amined by the Department of Justice, and in July, 1880, the Attorney-
General issued an opinion to the effect that the United States have the right
to enter upon any land covered by high tide, and to construct works neces-
sary for the improvement of a navigable stream, and that any private
rights, in whatever way acquired, arc subject to this supreme ri}:ht of ihe
HARBOR AND RIVER IMPROVEMENT.
39«
General Government. This opinion permitted work to be resumed, and ac-
cordingly in October, 1880, contracts were made for continuance of work
upon the jetties.
During the past 6 years, the depth and width of the channel between
the jetties have been improved by dredging. Contracts now in force are to
give, in the spring of 1882, a channel between the jetties 360 feet in width,
the depth being 10 feet on the sides, and 14 feet for a width of 100 feet.
The tide adds 4 feet at neap, and 7 to 8 at spring tides. The channel, in
Jul)', 1881, was 200 feet in width, the depth being generally 10 feet at low
water. The total quantity of stone expended on the jetties to June 30,
1881, was 173,089 tons, and the dredging to the same date amounted to
265,205 cubic yards, the expenditures in all amounting to $316,241.97. The
original estimate for the work was $1,779,879.50, and the total amount of
appropriations to date has been $535,000. The construction of the jetties
is of rubble stone, heretofore obtained from Ycrba Bucna and Angel islands,
from Telegraph Hill, and from Point Pedro. The stone was deposited along
the lines, and allowed to take its natural slope. The projected height of
these jetties was 4 feet above low tide, but this has been modified by build-
ing the shore ends to the high tide level, laying the slopes above low water
by hand, and using stone of larger sizes. The jetties are 3'ct unfinished,
but during the present year they will be raised to high-water mark; the
south jetty 7,750 feet, and the north jetty 6,400 feet, from the shore. The
outer ends will be left, for the present, at a height of 4 feet above low water.
The freight terminus of the Central Pacific Road is established at the
shore end of the north jetty, and on the other shore is the terminus of the
South Pacific Coast Road. The large ferry-boats Transit, Newark, Bay
City, Garden City, and Amador use the channel, and it is now quite a usual
occurrence to find sea-going \'es3els discharging coal and lumber at the
Oakland wharves. In 1875 the total freight by this channel was 106,440
tons; in 1880, 824,956 tons; the increase of 1880 over 1879 was 118,000
tons. The next steps in this improvement will be those that relate to the
increase of the tidal prism. The suit for the condemnation of the land for
the tidal canal is now in the courts, and it is hoped that it will come to a
conclusion soon. With adequate appropriations 3 years will be sufficient to
complete this improvement.
Improvement of Petaluma Creek. — The object of this improvement is
to give 3 feet of water at low tide to the flourishing town of Petaluma, and
to cut off 3 bends in the creek, which, by reason of their tortuousness, were
a great obstruction to navigation. The appropriations to June 30, 1881,
have been $16,000, and the expenditures $7,547.66, devoted to making 2
392
ENGINEERING, ETC.
cut-offs. These were made durin<j the past year, and have proved to be of
great service to navigation. The completion of the work projected, which
is entirel)- dredging, will require a further appropriation of $22,000. The
commerce of the creek is • 1 > .jd on by a daily steamer, and by a consider-
able Iket of schooners. Th jommerce by tlie creek is about 80,000
tons. The exports consist pri .,ly of cereals, potatoes, and dairy pro-
ducts.
The Sacramento River. — The river is navigable from its mouth to Red
Bluff, a distance of 275 miles. It has received some attention from the
Government for the pa.st 6 years, the appropriations having been devoted to
a j-early clearance of snags, generally above Colusa. No improvement in
the way of construction has been made, except at Fremont, where the width
of the channel was lessened in 1880, by a wing dam, which increased the
depth from 3 to 5 ; .; feet. The river below .Sacramento is good for the cla.ss
1)1 \cssels navigating it, 7 feet of water being found at low tide at all points.
For 105 miles above Sacramento, and as far as Colusa, 4^ feet can be car-
ried in Umv stages; in the upper 100 miles of the navigable river, the depth
does not exceed 2 feet.
The first point above Sacramento where shoal water is met, is at 6-milc
bar, so called from its distance from Sacramento. Here, in the low stage, the
depth is liable to be less than 5 feet. This is one of the points where im-
pro\ement is contemplated. The shoaliness at Fremont has been remedied,
[•"rom I'"remont, which is at the mouth of the leather, to Colusa, a distance
of So miles, the navigation is good, except that snags are liable to be met
witii occasionall)'. I'rom Colusa to the mouth, the banks arc permanent
and the channel is not subject to much change in position. Above Colu.sa,
the banks are generally less permanent in character, and consequently the
channel is more or less changeable. The fall of the river is also greater,
giving rise to rapids, and snags accumulate yearly in considerable numbers.
The appropriations previous to 1880, were only sufficient to clear out
snags to the number of 200 or 300 yearly. Recently, the Government built
a snag-boat especially arranged for the purpose, and provided with a good
equii)ment of machiner)-. The boat has been in commission since July 1,
1881, and has been employed between Colusa and Tehama. After the
snagging operations were completed, the boat crew were employed in
building wing dams to gi\-c better water on the bars. Taking the shoal
places up in succession, it is proposed to give not less than 3 feet on the
bars at the lowest stage below Sam Soule's bar, and 2^4 feet above Sam
.Soule. When this result shall have been accomplished, giving an average
increase of 1 foot draft, which means an additional load of 100 to 150 tons
to a barge, an attempt will be made to still further increase these depths.
HARBOR AND RIVKR IMI'UOVKMKNT.
393
The Sacramento in the upper parts is a mucli better river than the San
Joaquin, for the reason that in its low statues it carries 4 (jr 5 times as
much water. It is the only means of competition with the railroads
through the northern valley, and as its navigation improves from year to
year, the railroad rates fall correspondingly. The busy season on the
upper river follows harvest. The principal export is wheat, but on the
lower river, between San Francisco and Sacramento and Marysville, there
is also a large business in fruit and general merchandise. The commerce
of the river, as represented by the Central Pacific steamers. The SACRA-
MENTO Wood Company, and The Sax Francisco SxicA.MiiOAT and
Transportation Company, in 1880 amounted to 279,659 tons. No sta-
ti.stics of fruit or other busines.s done by boats not included in these com-
panies have been obtained. The expenditures on the river from Jaiuiaiy,
1876, to June, 1881, inclusive, were $105,467.83, and the appropriations
$155,000.
The snag-boat, besides clearing the river proper, will also give attention
to all the channels of the delta, of which Georgiana Slough is perhaps the
most important and the most incuinbci-cd by snags. It is lioped, that in a
couple of years, the accumulation of snags, which have been gathering
through all past time, will be cleared out, to the great convenience of na\i-
gation, bringing about a considerable reduction in freight and insurance. As
.soon as the pressing necessities of the upper river are met, attention will be
given to the river below Sacramento. Plans have been prepared for 3
wing dams below Sacramento, to be undertaken when opportunity offers.
The San Joaquin River. — During the season of 1 88 1 , progress was made
as here described in improving the San Joaquin River. In the Narrows,7 miles
below Stockton, new channels for the river, at Lone Tree and Burn's points,
were completed. The)- are 100 feet wide, and !0 feet deep, relieving navi-
gation from a great obstruction by substituting a straight channel for an
extremely tortuous one, often impassable to sail vessels, and very difficult
for steamers and barges. In Stockton Slough a contract was completed in
August, 1881, for drcd|ring the lower 2,000 feet of the slough to give a chan-
nel 100 feet wide and 7 feet in depth. It is intended to make a channel in
Mormon Slough not less than 100 feet in width and 7 feet deep at low
water. In the season of 1881 progress was made by dredging 21,142 cubic
yard.s. The work will be resumed when additional funds become available.
During the sea.son of 1881 $6,950 were expended in destroying snags in the
river, below Hill's I'erry. Four brush dams were built, two near Grayson,
one at San Joaquin City, and one at Mahoncy's, which have resulted in im-
proved navigation at these points.
50
I
ii
394
ENGINEERING, ETC.
The river runs down very low in July and Aucfust, and the export of the
wheat produced along its banks becomes, as a rule, im])racticable at the
very season when facilities are most desired. I'rcvioiis operations in thi.s
river were devoted to dredging the points at several places, with the view of
facilitating tiie passage of vessels. Future operations will be of the same
character, namelj-, in straightening the channel in several places, removing
snags, building wing dams, and in dredging. The total amount appropri-
ated for this river to June 30, i<SSi, is $80,000, and the total expenditure
$74,704.95.
Hill's Ferry is the head of navigation on the San Joaquin River. Stock-
ton is the principal commercial point, and the commerce is mostly confined
to the part of the river below Stockton. Above Stockton only light-draft
boats can be used in ordinarj- stages of the river, and navigation usually
cea.scs in Jul)' or August, only to be resumed when the river ri.ses. Relow
.Stockton, 7 feet can be carried as a rule in the low stages of the river. In
exceptional places, the depth is sometimes less than 7 feel. Tlicsc places
are to he improved to give 7 feet depth. In the upper river where the tide
docs not reach, it remains a question whether an)' treatment of the river-bed
can succeed in mainl.iining na\i,,ation, w hen the supply of water is at its
minimum. The following statement includes the commerce of Stockton
T'/Vr San Joaquin River, general merchandi.se and fruits not being included.
The shipments from Stockton by the river from Januar)' i to De-
cember 15, i<S8o, were, 117,329 tons of grain and flour, and 3,917 tons
of wool, leather, paper, etc. The receipts b)- the ri\'er from January* i,
18.S0, to December 15, 1880, were, 38,834,550 feet of lumber; 32,448 tons of
coal; and 4,952 tons of tanbark, paper stock, etc. The arrivals at the port
in I I months ending December i, 1880, were 446 sailing vessels, measuring
20,01 1 tons; and 910 steamers and barges, measuring 203,299 tons; making
1,35 I vessels in all, with 223,310 tons. The business of the city and river
is increasing.
San Diego Bay. — In 1S76, the San Diego River, which had for many
years discharged into the harbor, was diverted and made to discharge int()
False Hay, on the coast sexeral miles north of the entrance of the harbor.
The object of the improvement was to save the harbor from injur)- caused
by deposits of sand which were jjcriodicall)' washed in by the river when in
freshet. Tiie work consisted in excavating a new bed for the river, and in
building a dyke on the south side of the new channel. The length of the
work was 7,735 feet. The d)'ke is 6 feet in height, average width on top
19 feet, the river slo|)e being revetted witli stone about 3 feet thick. The
cost of the improvement was $79,798.26.
HARBOR AND RIVER IMPROVEMENT.
395
Wilmington Harbor.— Wilmington harbor in its natural state consisted
of about 2 square miles of tidal area, mostly bare at low water, draining to
the ocean through a very fair channel of i8 or 19 feet maximum depth,
which diminished to almost an absence of depth on the bar, where the har-
bor debouches into the Bay of San Pedro. So long as the channel was
maintained between good shores on cither side, a good depth was found, ■
but at the mouth the water entered and escaped over a sand bank, for a
lineal width of nearly 2 miles. This excessive width has been contracted
by artificial means, to an extent sufficient to give a convenient channel 10
feet deep at mean low water, and from 1410 17 feet at high water. The
deepest draught vessel that is known to have entered the harbor is the bark
Sierra Nevada, drawing i6>^ feet. A draft of 14 feet can be carried in at
any high water.
The contraction here alluded to was made by 2 jetties, the principal one
6,600 feet in length, extending from Rattlesnake to Dcadman's Island. A
second and shorter jetty extends from the mainland, and between them is
the channel. The entrance was originally obstructed by a reef of blue clay
mixed with stone, upon which there was only 5 or 6 feet of water. Owing
to the fact that material of this kind, cither refuses to yield to the scouring
action of water, or else yields very slowly, it became necessary to excavate
a channel through it by dredging. To this cut, which is now 235 feet wide
and 12 feet deep, most of the money expended for dredging was devoted.
The channel, where it lay in sand, has, for the greater part, been excavated
by the action of the tide, and without the aid of dredging.
This port transacts all the seaward business of the plains of Los Angeles
and the country to the east. While the railway, when completed to Los
Angeles, seemed for a time to diminish the volume of sea business, the
changed relation, due to an extension of the road to Arizona and beyond,
has given Wilmington to-day an importance which it has never possessed
in the past. The supply of tics, lumber, and coal for the whole eastern
country now passes through this harbor. An oppressive system of lighter-
age, made necessary by the want of connection between vessels and the
railroad, has hitherto retarded the development of business to an extraor-
dinary degree, and has deprived the country of the advantage legitimately
due to an improvement in depth from i to 10 feet in the harbor.
The railroad is now extended seaward from Wilmington, and a wharf is
built 1,500 feet in length, with 18 feet of water, so that any vessel that can
enter the harbor can discharge and receive freight at the wharf Lighterage
will hereafter be necessary only in the case of vessels drawing too much
water to enter the harbor. An examination and estimate for deepening the
entrance to 16 feet at low water, or 21 feet at ordinary high water, have
IP"
396
KNCMNKKRINC, KTC.
been made, and Congress will be asked to appropriate money for this
increase of depth. This port has tjic advantage that it is seldom exposed
at its entrance to rollers from the sea, so that the effective depth is gener-
ally very close to the actual dei)th. This is far from being the case at the
entrances of most of the seaports on our coast.
The commerce is shown by the following statistics:
Ycnr. ExpDrts. Imports, Totals.
187S 7,246 ton.s. 59,024 tons. 66,270 ton.s.
1S79 1 '.740 " 78,445 " 90.285 "
1880 13,014 " 98,970 " 111,974 "
In 1S80, 350 \esscls arrived, and 242 entered the harbor. The commerce
is now increasing rapidl)', owing to the newly developed importance of this
port in connection with the business of Arizona and the country beyond.
The appro[)riations and expenditures to June 30, 1881, have been respect-
ively $555,000 and $526,089.74.
Humboldt Bay. — An appropriation of $40,000 for the improvement at
this point was made by the Act of March 3, r88i. This is the first appro-
priation. The greater ]iortion will be expended to give, by dredging, 10
feet of water at low tide in front of the town of Eureka. This channel has
of recent j-ears been much impaired by deposits. The harbor is entered
over a bar which changes both in position and depth, often with great
rapidit)'. It is exposed to the severe south-easterly storms of winter, and
is often for a time impassable. The depth at low water has varied, since
obscr\ ations ha\c been made, from 14 feet to 24 feet. The improvement of
a channel of this character, under a heavy exposure, presents points unusual
in kind and in difficult)'. It is altogether probable that no structure can
be maintained on the bar, so that other means of controlling the channel
seem to be required. A stud)- of the facts ma)' possibly jM-ove that the
maintenance of the sand spits which form the heads at the entrance, at a
defined distance apart, will insure the best practicable results in securing
good and rclati\el)' imiform depth on the bar. If this be proved, the prob-
lem will be much simpler and less uncertain than is presented by its pres-
ent aspects. Humboldt Hay, 230 miles north of San Francisco, has, at high
water, an area of about 24 square miles, and is the most important port in
California north of San Francisco. Its principal export is redwood lum-
ber, I'dthough there is also a large business in wool, dairy, and agricultural
products. The exports in 1877, other than lumber, were valued at $587,-
913.76. The export of lumber is, in some years, 60,000,000 feet. The ton-
nage in the trade between San Francisco and Humboldt Ma)', as recorded
in the Merchants' Exchange, of San Francisco, for 1878, including arrivals
HARHOR ANI> KIVl'.R IMI'ROVKMRNT.
397
and departures, was 134,371 tons. Two steamers arc usually cnp[agcd in
the trade from this port.
Roadsteads. — Beginning in the south, it may be said tlic Santa Barbara
Channel is at every point a roadstead, where the anchorage is safe during
the greater part of the year, being e.xposed only to the southerly winds
and seas which prevail at intervals during the winter. Proceeding north
from Santa Barbara, the first important point is San Luis Obispo.
The peculiarity of all the open roadsteads on the coast of California, with
the exception of Montcrc , is that they are open to the southerly storm.s,
and with a very good cover from northerly weather. Most of these road-
steads have been the subjects of examination and report, made for the pur-
pose of determining the cost and practicability of shutting out the sea
which comes from the quarter towards which they arc open. The road-
stead of San Luis Obispo has been the subject of several reports, and it is
only a question as to when the commerce concerned shall obtain volume
sufficient to justify the expense of a breakwater. Monterey is well covered
from the southerly winds, although the heavy seas double Point Pinos and
disturb the anchorage at times in winter. The roadstead is open to the
west wind and sea. Santa Cruz, on the other hand, is well covered from
the north-west winds, but h exposed to the southerly sea.
Passing from the south to the north of San Franci.sco, the principal road-
steads north of Cape Mendocino have been studied repeatedly, and bv- dif-
ferent persons and Boards, both with the view of improving the various
points for the benefit of the commerce trading directly to the roadsteads,
and also comparatively, with the view to select for improvement as a harbor
of refuge, the place which offered the prospect of the most advantage to
commerce.
Harbor of Ref\ige. — Trinidad and Crescent City in California, and Port
Orford and Cape Gregory on the coast of Oregon, have been particularly
studied, and compared as sites for a harbor of refuge. The most extended
investigation of this question was made in 1879, by the Board of Engineers
of the Pacific Coast, compo.sed of 4 members. The reports m.ide by the
Board have been published by order of Congress. Three of the members
united in recommending Port Orford, i member dissenting in favor of
Trinidad. The considerations which in a principal degree controlled the
opinion of the majority, were the geographical position of Port Orford, the
fact that it is on a salient of the coast, and in the region of storms and
close to the line of the steam commerce of the North I'acific Coast, which
promi.ses soon to almost entirely replace the sail tonnage. The reasons ad-
vanced for Trinidad were, the less cost of con.struction, the freedom from
Hi
39S
EN(;l><F.i:RINr., FTC.
reefs nf its approaches, and its nearer proximity to the large fleet of vessels
of small tonnage, which carry lumber from many landings south of Cape
^Mcnducino, The investigation, which incluiled an examination of masters
and owners of vessels, ileveloped on their [)art a very general indifference
to the construction of a harbor of refuge. Those who were not indifferent,
were di\ided in their opinions as to its location, and a[)peared to be gov-
erned by commercial considerations more than by those which looked tc a
refuge. ICach port had for its advocates the masters and owners of vess.-ls
plying to that port, and each faction thought that a harbor of refuge wo ild
be useless unless established at the port to which they traded. These con-
ditions of sentiment among navigators, and the great expenditure required
to make a harbor of refuge, will probably lead to inaction on the part of
the Government for some years to come.
What is really needed is the improvement of some of these roadsteads,
not as a refuge to vessels trading up the coast, but for the safety of the com-
merce of the ports themselves. If this improvement could be given at rea-
sonable cost, doubtless the ports at Crescent City and Trinidad would have
claims worthy of serious consideration. Hut as any improvement involves
the construction of a breakwater of strength capable of resisting the heavy
rollers of the North Pacific Ocean, at a cost of several millions of dollars, it
will probably for some years be the best opinion that the amount of com-
merce Cf)nccrned is too small to justify so large an expenditure. An appro-
priation of $150,000 for the construction of a harbor of refuge was made by
the act of March 3, 1879, the selection of the site being intrusted to the
IV^ard of Engineers of the Pacific Coast. It was in consequence of this act
that the investigation already referred to was undertaken. The money is
now available for construction, and only awaits the authority of the War
Department. The following roadsteads have been the subject of examination
and estimate: 1. Point Muger, 8 miles below Mucneine; 2. San Buenaven-
tura; 3. Santa Barbara 14. San Luis Obispo; 5. Monterey; 6. Santa Cru,. ,
7. Trinidad; 8. Crescent City ; 9. Port Orford ; 10. Cape Gregory. All of
these, except the last 2, are on the coast of California, the others being on
the Oregon coast. No construction has, however, been entered on in any
case, nor has any project for the improvement of any of them been adopted.
Columbia River.— Among the North American rivers, the Columbia is
second only to the Mississippi in the area of country which it drains. Its
sources lie in the Rock)' Mountains, heading with the Missouri and the Col-
orado. The comparatively short length of the Columbia imparts to it the
characteristic of rapid fall, which detracts very much from its value for
commercial purposes. The river is broken by a fall of 26 feet in 3 or 4 miles,
mv,
HARBOR AND lUVF.R IMPROVEMENT.
399
at the passage througli the Cascade Mountains, about 150 miles from the
mouth. This rapid is passed by a portaj^e railroad. Above the Cascades,
the river is favorable for navigation to the Dalles, a distance of 45 miles.
Over this distance 9 feet can always be carried.
At the Dalles the river is involved in a scries of unnavigable rapids for a
distance of 12 or 15 miles, which make another rail portage necessary.
Above the rapids, at or near the Dalles, 6 feet can be carried to Wallula, a
distance of over 100 miles, with the exception of the Umatilla Rapids,
where at present there is only 4}4 feet, but operations are in progress to
give 6 feet at this point. Above Wallula 3 feet can now be carried to
Lewiston on the Snake, and the [jcrations in hand look to getting 4^^ feet.
The various rapids above the Dalles, and there arc quite a number of them,
have been improved by blasting out the reefs. The same is true of the
Snake, as well as of the Columbia.
The most important improvement yet undertaken by the Government, in
the Columbia, is the construction of canal locks at the Cascades, intended
to do away with the portage by rail to which all freight and passengers are
now subjected. This work is on the south or Oregon side of the river. It
was commenced in 1877, and the appropriations to June 30, 1881, have
been $540,000. The project is, to pass boats by one lift of 26 feet, and to
give 8 feet draught of water. The masonry has not yet been laid, and at the
present rate of progress it will require 4 or 5 years to complete the canal.
In order to give unbroken navigation from the great producing country in
eastern Oregon and Washington to the sea, there remains, after the comple-
tion of the Cascade locks, to add the link at the Dalles, whence the river is
broken by a succession of rapids. This canal will probably be a more ex-
pensive undertaking than that at the Cascades. A survey, preparatory to
an estimate, has been made. The desirable result of a continuous naviga-
tion to the .sea, which would be accomplished by the construction of these
works, can hardly be secured, judging by present prospects, in less than 10
years. In the mean time the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company is
rapidly building a railroad along the river banks, from the wheat region
cast of the Cascade Mountains to Portland. The traffic will, it is thought,
for many years to come, take this route in preference to water transporta-
tion, broken as it is at present by long portages, and embarrassed by rapids
in the upper part of the river.
Access to jPortland. — Portland Is the head of navigation for sea-going
vessels. It is situated on the Willamette River, 12 miles from its junction
with the Columbia. The vessels which enter the Columbia from the sea
are not all able to reach Portland with full cargoes. It is usual for those of
400
ENGTN'FERTXr,, KTC.
ii
iu
n
heaviest (lrauG;ht to ilischarirc a part of the carcjo at Astoria, which is near tlie
mouth of llie Columbia. This is inadc necessary b)' the fact that the clian-
iici between Astoria and Torthmd has a number of shoal places, the principal
oi' w hich occur in the following order, ijoinLj from the sea up stream. The
first shoal is in a wide reach of the river, a few miles abo\c Astoria, called
Cathiamet Bay. There arc now 19 feet at low water, which is more than
lias usually been found here. The tide adds 3 feet at high water. There
is a bar in the Columb'a at St. Helens, which is 24 miles from Portland.
The depth is about 18 feet ;it low water, the tide adding about 2 feet.
Twelve miles below I'ortland, the bar at the mouth of the Willamette has
18 feet at low water, and when dredged, 19 feet. Swan Islrmd bar, just at the
lower end of Portland, seldom has more than 1 5 feet at the close of the
summer freshet of the Columbia. The natural action of the river increases
the depth to 16 feet. Greater depths can only be maintained at present by
dredging. The tide adds at high water, 2 feet to these depths. Plans have
been adopted for improving the depths at .St. Helens and Swan Island.
They ha\e not been carried out for want of the necessary appropriations.
Columbia Bar. — The bar at the mouth of the Columbia has at present
about 20 feet at low water. At high tide the depth is 25 feet, and at springs
several feet UKire. During the summer months, the bar is usually moder.itely
smooth, antl vessels of 22 feet draught can enter easily and safely. During
the winter and spring, \ery heavy rollers occur at times, ,.nd the entrance
is then so dangerous as to be im[)racticable. The depth and direction of
the channel are subject to changes, produced by the action of currents and
rollers on the large deposits of sand formed at the mouth. The greatest
tlepth that is on record was found by WiLKES in 1 84 1, and was more than
4 fathoms. The engineering iiroblcm of giving a fi.xcd entrance with an
improved depth, has been taken into consideration, but no plan has been
thoroughly discussed. The gieat exposure on the bar in heavy weather,
will probabl)', when the demands of commerce recpiire imi)roved facilities
of entrance, modify methods applied elsewhere with succes.s.
The Columbia is the main arterv of the trade which Oregon maintains
with the (jutside world. The products of the Willamette antl Umpqua
valleys are forced to go north to Portland, for the rea.son that there are no
harbors on the part of the coast near the places of production.
Yaquina Bay. — \'a(iuina Bay lies .about 100 miles south of the Colum-
bia, and is naturally well situated for the trade of the upper Willamette
Valle)-. The bar has, however, but about 8 feet at low water. The Gov-
ernment is now engaged in closing one of the channels over the bar. The
operations are unfinished, but it is understood that some improvement in
IIARIIOR AND KIVKK IMI'KnVKMKXT.
401
•'ft
SI
depth has been [rainccl. Two appropriations have been made b\- Congress,
amountiiiL; in all In $50,000.
Coquille. — The Conuille River discharges into the Pacific Ocean, and is
obstructed by a bar at its mouth, ha\ ing a depth of 5 feet at low water. A
jetty inside of the river has been projected, with the view to direct the cur-
rent. It has been constructed in part. The amount of the appropriation
to date is $10,000.
Coos Bay.— This is an important point on the coast, having a considera-
ble export trade of coal and lumber. The interior bay is capacious and
deep. The entrance is over a bar, b}' ,1 channel which changes \cry much
and rapidly, both in direction and depth. The usual depth is about 14 feet
at high water. In southerly weather, the bar is subject to hea\y rollers
which for the time make passage impracticable. An interior jetty, built
where it is not exposed to the heavy sea waves, has been projected and
partly constructed, which is designed to give a favorable direction to the
ebb tide, in the hope to improve the depth on the bar. This construction
is regarded as more or less experimental. It is designed to fix the entrance
channel in the position which observation of past changes show.s to give
the best water. The indications are, that the effect of the construction so
far as made, corresponds to expectation. The difficulties resulting from the
great exposure of the bar, and the large waves of inoving sand, make the
final issue uncertain. The amount of appropriations to date have been
$70,000.
Various Rivers.— During the past 10 years appropriations have been
made, amounting in all to $1 18,500, for the Upper Willamette and its trib-
utaries. This lias been applied to the yearly removal of snag.s, and to the
construction of wing dams, which maintain, in the low stages of the river,
about 2 feet for navigation.
The appropriations foi the Tpper Columbia and Snake rivers, in the same
time, have amounted to $190,000, which has been applied mainly to blasting
the reefs which interfere with navigation.
For the parts of rivers which" afford navigation for sea-going vessels,
namel)-, the Lower Willamette and Columbia, the appropriations in the past
10 years have amounted to $285,000, which has been applied to the con-
struction and maintenance of dredges employed in excavating bars already
mentioned, and also in some permanent constructions closing subsidiary
channels near the mouth of the Willamette.
The Cowlitz River, a tributarj' of the Columbia, has been made naviga-
ble for 40 miles from its mouth, b)- cleaning out snags and scraping bars.
5>
&^
}
402
ENGINEKRING, ETC.
In the Skagit River two rafts have been removed, making the river nav-
igable for 50 miles. This river empties into the waters of Purct Sound.
Other similar rivers, which are navigable for 50 or 40 miles, arc the Snoho-
mish, the Stilaquamish, and Nooksak. These all drain the western slope
of the Cascade Mountain.s, and afford access to the immense fields of fine
timber, which will .soon come into requisition, on account of the cxhau.stion
of supply in more accessible regions.
ft
WATER WORKS.
403
CHAPTER XXVI.— WATER WORKS.
Hydraulic Engineering. — The circumstances of this coast have de-
manded luimcrous and extensive enterprises in hydraulic engineering.
Water was reciuircd, in large quantity, to .separate the gold from the gravel ,
and clay of the placers, and had to be obtained through long and costly
aqueducts, in some places crossing wide and deep canyons. The bare plains
needed lumber from the distant mountains, and water furnished the cheapest
means of transportation. The paucity of the perennial streams rendered it
ncccssarj- for towns and cities to construct large reservoirs to provide regular
water supplies. In con.sequencc of ■ ic aridity of the soil over wide area.s,
numerous arttsian wells were bored, .iiul long ditches were dug for the pur-
pose of irrigation. It is di'iilitfiil whether any other region, with an equal
population, has .so great utv .uid number of interesting works of
hydraulic engineering as arc Uj U. found in California.
Irrigation. — Irrigation is necessary for he cultivation of many crops in
most of the valleys of California, Ncvad.i, Utah, Arizona, and Sonora; and
for this purpose water is obtained by dams, [lUmps, and wheels from the
streams, and by pumps and artesian wells from subterranean strata. The
district destined to be most notable on our coast for its irrigaii'n vorks, is
the San Joacjuin Valley, which exceeds the plains of I .mibardy m extent,
and has a surface better ailajited for the constructi .■iCiiials; but the
rainfall in the low lands, and the supply of snow in the iitljacent mountains,
are less, though great enough for the thorough cultivation of a large area.
The waters of ,ill the larger streams of the .Sierra Nevada, frf the Merced
to the l''eather, have been appropriated and taken out In '• ics for mining
purposes; but considerable quantities are sold for agrici, .i.il uses. .South
of the Merced, the waters of (he San Joaquin, Fresno, King's, Kaweah,
ami Kern rivers, and of smaller streams, are applied almost exclusively to
irrigation, for which large and cosvly canals have been built. The San
Joaquin Canal can irrigate joo.ooo acres, and the Fresno Canal 220,000
acres. The canals taking water from Kern Ri\er ha\ean aggregate length
of more than 200 miles, anil are about e(|ually divided between the two
sides of the stream. The greater part of the length is in canals not less
than 20, and .some of them 60 feet witle. The bringing of the water to the
404
ENGINEERINC, KTC.
ih
soil by artificial means is a new business to Americans, but they have
gathered all the text-books, stuilicd it carcfull)- from the engineering, agri-
cultural, and pecuniary standpoints, and ha\c achieved much within a brief
p"iiod. The cost of irrigating an acre of land for wheat varies from $i to
$5, a\eraging $1.50 under favorable circumstances. The supply, including
the natural rainfall, to make a crop of wheat, should not be less in a season
than a depth of one foot ; but for meadows, 4 or 5 feet is not too much.
The shadoof, or hand-bucket, extensively used in Egypt, is not employed
in California for irrigation, and the sakkia, or jjump driven by oxen, is un-
known here. In a few instances, steam-pumps ;md wheels, driven by the
streams from which they lift the water, have been employed. Tlie dam
and ditch are almost the only expedients in most of the irrigation district.s.
Storage reservoirs are used for mining ditches, and for the supply of several
towns, but have not yet come into extensive use for irrigation,
California has made a commencement with her irrigation enterprises, but
her greatest reservoirs and canals are to be constructed in the future, per-
haps a distant future. The development of her wealth dcpend.s, to a con-
siderable extent, on irrigation works.
San Joaquin Canal. -The largest irrigating canal in California is that
of The San Joaquin ami Kinci'.s Rivi;'r Caxai, and Ii<rk;.\tin(;
C'oMPANV, commencing on the west bank of the San Joaquin River at
Fresno Slough, and thence cxtentling in a north-westward direction nearly
parallel with the river, and on an average 10 miles from it, for a distance of
74 miles. The construction was commenced in 1871, and much of the
work was done under the control of W, C. Rai.ston, who ordered the
survey of the entire San Joaquin and Sacramento \ alleys. He expected
to sell the canal to an English company, and supposed he could afford to
do things on a grand scale. The total cost of the work and its surveys was
$1,300,000, though the canal itself could now be made for less than half that
sum. The first .section of 38}<S miles was cojTipleted in 1871, the second of
303, in 1878, the third of 4^2, hi 1881, and a fourth of 8 miles is under con-
sideration. The branch ditches, averaging 12 feet in width, are 120 miles
long. The area irrigated in 1880 was 29,000 acres, including 12,000 in
grain, and 5,000 in alfalfa. The company, under control of Lux &
Mll.I.I'.K, charges $2 per acre for the water needed to make a cro|) of grain,
if the landowner enters intt> a contract before October. The gro-, receipts
of the canal for water sold in 1880 were $50,000, and the mt earnings
$25,000, less than 2 percent, a year on the original investmeiii, and less
than 4 per cent, on the sum which the canal would tost now. Vet, when
this company offered to sell its water at the rate of $1.50 for each acre
WATER WORKS.
405
irrigated annually, the Anti-Monopoly Party, which had the support of
30,000 voters under the leadership of the Governor of the State, denounced
it as a greedy and detestable monopoly, which should be crushed by the
indignation of the community, and the legislative power of the State.
If we suppose that such property, which is insecure because of floods, and
the possibilities of litigation, high taxation and communistic laws and
judgments, should pay only 6 per cent, net annually, then the present cash
\'aluc of the canal is $400,000, leaving a loss of $900,000 on the invest-
ment. The canal was constructed with the expectation that it would ulti-
mately receive part of its water supply from Tulare Lake, but a chemical
analysis has shown that the water has too much saline matter for irrigation.
The plan of extending the canal to the lake has therefore been abandoned.
For the lack of local experience, some serious mistakes were made in the
engineering plan of the canal. The first section has a descent of one foot
in a mile, whereas 6 inches would have saved the banks from washing, and
would have enabled the canal to run farther from the river, thus command-
ing a larger area to be irrigated. The slope of the banks, originally 2^2
to J, has been changed to 3 to i. Although many authorities assert that
water one foot in depth will, when applied to land, secure a good crop of
grain, the experience of the San Joaquin and King's River Company shows
that the land which it supplies requires 5 feet the first year, and 3 feet after-
wards. The average supply in 1879 was ^'A feet. The area that can be
irrigated from the canal is 120,000 acres. The land slopes 10 feet in a mile
from the canal to the river; so there is no difficulty in carrying the water
over the intervening district. The canal is divided into sections lo miles
long, each of which has its tender, who rides the length of his district every
day, to see that all is right; and a telephone line runs along the bank, and
makes a great saving in the repairs, by securing immediate help.
Kern Canals.— A leading irrigation district of California is Kern Island,
a name given to the delta of Kern River, which issues from the Sierra
Nevada into the San Joaquin Vallpy in latitude 35° 30', and near Bakers-
field divides into a number of branches, radiating out to the south and
.south-westward, making a triangle, 16 miles long on the cast, and 25 on the
north-west side, the southern line consisting of Kern and Bucna Vista
lakes, each 6 miles long, and Kern Slough, about as long, between them.
Into these lakes the waters of Kern River poured, so long as they were
allowed to pursue their natural course, but now they arc excluded ; and the
beds of the lakes arc nearly dry in ordinary seasons. In times of flood the
surplus water of Buena Vista Lake flowed out northward through the tulc
to the San Joaquin River. The area of Kern Island, or the delta, as
4o6
KXCIM .KKINn, KTC.
increased by the drying of the lakes and adjacent tiilc, is about 100,000
acres; and is supplied uith water for irrigation by 7 large ditches, witli
an aggregate length of 66 miles, constructcil at an average cost of
$4,000 a mile. Five of these canals radiate out from the head, or north-
eastern corner of the delta, following the highest ridges between the
natural channels of the river. The bninch ditches are perhaps 4 times
as long as the main canals, and cost in the aggregate nearly as much — in
some cases more. Check-ridges in the fields to be irrigated cost $2 an
acre for construction ; and after these, and the main and branch ditches,
have been made, the cost of distributing the water for each irrigation varies
from 10 to 25 cents an acre. The largest ot the Kern River canals, the
Calloway, 34 miles long, and 80 feet wide, with 40 branch ditches,- aggregat-
ing 120 miles in length, starts near Hakcrsficld, and flows north north-west-
ward, the entire course being outside of the delta, and supplying water to
an extensive tract previously dry and desolate. It now supplies water to
13,000 acres under cultivation, and the irrigated area will probably increase
rapidl)'.
Along the .southern border of Kern Island there are 1 I flowing artesian
wells, each furnishing from 3,000 to 10,000 gallons an hour for domestic use
and for the irrigation of gardens and orch.irds. Nearly all of the delta and
of the ditches mentioned, and of the area supplied with water by them, belong
to J. B. II.\(;;(;i\', who owns 300,000 acres in Kern Countj-, inckuling 250,-
000 acres of valle)- lanil. Of this, 150,000 acres are susceptible of irriga-
tion, and the main ditches ha\e been constructed and filled with water to
supply 100,000 acres. On account of the lack of branch ditches, and of
men to till the soil, only 40,000 acres .ire now irrigated. Other jiersons
own 15,000 acres of irrigated land in Kern Count)', making 55,000 acres as
the total irrigated ;irca. The lanils of Mr. II.\('.i;iN are leased in first-class
farms (\rir\'ing in size from 640 to 1,920 acres), with buildings costing from
$2,500 to $3,000; and second-cl.iss farms (from 320 to 640 acres) each ha\-
ing impru\cmcnts costing from $1,500 to $2,000. The leases are for 5 )-ears;
no rent being recjuired for the first year, anil for the other 4 years the
tenant pays one cpiarter of the croj).
Mr. lI.ViiciN commenced the construction of these irrigation works in the
e.\i)ectation that he wouki soon be able to sell off his liirge estate in small
farms, but liis project of selling h.is been postponed on account of a law.suit
instituted by Mu.r.i:u & Li:\ against Till; Kkkn L.\XD .WD C.\X.\I, COM-
I'.WN', to obtain a judgment, that the plaintiffs, as owners of land fronting
on Buena V'ista Slough, have a riparian right to have all the waters of Kern
River run to iliat slough by natural eh.innels. If judgment .should be
rendered for plaintiffs, it would overthrow the established system of appro-
W
WATKR WOUKS.
407
priating water for irrigation, and might deprive Mr. Haggin's irrigated
lands of their supply of water, thus rendering them comparatively worthless;
and therefore the sale must be postponed till the suit is terminated by a
final judgment.
J. B. Haggin.— James Ben Ali H.vggin is the grandson of J(JIIN
H.VGGIN, a V^irginian, prominent in the settlement of Kentucky before the
(jutbreak of the Revolutionary War. The maternal grandfather was a Turk
who became a convert to Christianity, left his native land, .studied medicine
in l£ngland, and made his home in Philadelphia. From him the grandson
received his middle name. jAME.s B. received a collegiate education, ami
was admitted to the bar in 1845, when 23 years of age. Me jjracticed 4
years as a lawyer in New Orleans; in 1850 he arrived in California and
opened a law-office in Sacramento, with MlLTON S L.VTIIAM as his partner;
and in 1851 he formed a partnership with Llovd Tevi.s. Their business,
as brokers and capitalists, soon jircvcnted them from seeking practice as at-
torneys, and they never became prominent at the bar, but achieved great suc-
cess otherwise, both having become millionaires. Mr. H.VGGIN has had large
interests in many of the most important jjccuniary enterprises of San
Franci.sco, and has the credit of being worth several millions.
ether Irrigation Canals. — The other irrigation canals on this coast arc
very numerous, and some of them important, though inferior to the canals
taken from the San Joaquin and Kern rivers. Near the City of Los
Angeles 8,000 acres of land are irrigated by water from the Los Angeles
River; in the Valley of San Gabriel 19,000 acres are irrigated from the San
Gabriel River; in the Los Angeles portion of the Santa Ana Valley 8,000
acres from the Santa Ana River. The San Joaquin Valley has many wells
for irrigation purposes, each supplying from 10 to 80 acres. Ut;ih irrigates
290,000 acres of land, from ditches. Nevada, Arizona, and Sonora have
many small irrigation ditches.
Artesian Wells. — Artesian wells are used extensively in California for
purposes of irrigation, as well as to supply water for household uses and
for farm animals. The number in the State is at least 2,000, and perhaps
very much larger. San I'rancisco, San Jose, San Bernardino, Westminster,
and Colonia have more wells than any other town.s, though the wells
arc numerous in many valley.s. The deepest borings, 1,400 feet deep,
one on the Norris Grant, 14 miles from Sacramento, and another on the
National .Xr.senal tract, at Benicia, did not succeed in finding water. One,
1,000 feet deep, at Sacramento City, was also a failure. Generally, however,
in the districts where artesian water is found, the wells are not more than
40cS
ENCINKERING, K TO.
i^ i
250 feet ilccp; in some places not more than 100 feet. The cost of a well,
complete, varies in different districts, but generally for a bore of 7 inches it
is$iJofor ICX) feet; $275 for 200 feet, and $450 for 300 feet. Inthevalleys
cast of the Sierra Nevada, the artesian water is rarer, and usiiall)' found at
greater depths than nearer the ocean. The Willamette Valley and western
\Vashinj,rton have no need of artesian wells.
Steam Irrigation. — On several occasions steam has been employed to
pump water for irriijation, but usually only for short periods in seasons of
tlrought. Xo jjumping by steam on a large scale for irrigation has been
pursued from j'ear to year, .so as to furnish material for calculations of profits.
An Italian gardener, who has erected a steam-engine to rci)lacc a windmill,
reports that he irrigates 15 acres for H months in the year, at an cxpen.sc of
$90 a month. His fuel costs $1.50 a da\-. His water supply thus obtained
is more regular than he could get from a windmill. Mis 15 acres give em-
plo)inenl to 10 men.
Windmills are \ery common in California, for pumping purposes, and
arc especially abundant in the market gardens cultivated by Italians, near
San I'Vancisco. The cost varies from $30 to $500, some of the Italians
making them run at a cost not exceeding the former figure.
Mining Ditches. — The mining ditches of California, constructed at a cost
of $20,000,000, take water from the higher portions of the Tuolumne, Stan-
islaus, Calaveras, iMokelumnc, Cosumncs, American, Hear, Yuba, and Feather
rivers, and lead it to the placers in the hillsides at lower levels. These
canals, besides i)ro\iding the means indispensable for obtaining more th;m half
the gold of California, al.so supply the towns for domestic purposes, and the
gardens, orchards, and vine)'ards for irrigation. These ditches carry 2,000,-
000,000 gallons daily, or enough for the u.se of 60,000,000 people, allowing
each 30 gallons a day. A large hydraulic mine will take as much water
as docs a city of 200,000 inhabitants in Northern Europe.
Water-power Canals. — The only canal built mainlj- for the purpose of
navigation is one 3 niiles long at C^regon City, completeil Januarj- 1, 1873,
at a cost of $460,000. It wa.s designed to enable boats to pass round the
Willamette I'alls, 46 feet high. There are 5 locks, each 275 feet long, and
40 feet wide. The canal itself is 70 feet wide. At the locks, the surplus
water ])asses through waste weirs, which will supply a large amount of power,
which secures to Oregon City a place in the future of Oregon, like that of
Lowell in Massachusetts. At Tumwater, 3 miles from Olympia, the Des-
chutes River falls 80 feet in half a mile, furnishing a large amount of power
in situations convenient for use by extensive manufacturing establishments.
;i'
m
I
WATKU WORKS.
409
At Folsom the American River makes a lar^^c fall, and supplies the best
water-power in California for the cstablUhment of an extensive manufac-
turing industry.
The government of the Canadian Dominion is giving favorable con.sidcra-
tion to a scheme for the construction of a canal Go miles long to connect
Shuswap and Okanagon lakes, which are both navigable, and arc separated
by a line of low land well suited for a canal. Shuswap Lake is connected
by a navigable river with the line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and the
outlet of Okanagon Lake is also navigable, so that the canal would make
300 miles of continuous navigation, and give convenient access to one of the
richest agricultural districts in the province.
San Francisco Water Works. — The question of water supply is one of
the most important, and at times most perplexing problems that con-
front the inhabitants of a city. Especially is this the case in Californian
towns, most of which have to bring their fresh water from a considerable
distance. In the smaller towns the necessary water is often obtained
by boring artesian wells and raising it by means of windmills; but
although some individuals adopt these methods also in large towns, the
main supply is usuall)' furnished by one or more corporations, who, by
means of pipes, distribute the fluid through all parts of the citj-. The
quantity of water required for all the purposes which a public work is in-
tended to supply, may be considered as equal to 30 gallons a day for each
inhabitant. San Francisco, in 1850, was supplied with water from Saucelito,
brought across the bay in steamboats. This water, which came originally
from springs on the adjacent hilLs, was conducted to the beach and collected
in 2 tanks respectively 30 and Co feet square, and cS feet high. Captain W.
A. Ricil.VRDSOX and his son-in-law, MANUEL ToRRlCS, were the proprietors
of the works.
Amongst the subsequent attempts to supply San Francisco with the
neccssar}' water, may be mentioned TiiP: Mountain Lake Water
CoMPANV, organized in 185 1, with a capital stock of $500,000, which was
subsequently increased to $1,000,000; but the company failing to comply
with the conditions on which the franchi.se was obtained, ceased to e.xist
in 1862. The San Francisco City Water W(jrk.s Company in-
troduced water into the city in 185S, and continued to supply part of
the wants until 1865, when this corporation was merged into The
Spring Valley Water Works, which derives its name from Spring Val-
ley, near the Cvirner of Taylor and Clay streets, a valley that disappeared
long since, having been filled with earth to a depth of 30 or 40 feet. The
company was incorporated in 1858, and on April 23d of that year, the Leg-
i
If
I
410
KNt'.IMMCUINi;, KTC.
islaturc pas-^cd an act " t<> aiitlinrizc ril.()R(;i'. 1 1. IC.NSKIN and Dtlicr <nvncrs of
the Spring' \'allcy Water Works, to la)- down water in the i)ublic streets of
San I'Vancisco." I'or 7 years the 2 companies (San I'Vancisco and Si)rin<,'
Valley) shared the supplying,' of the inhabitants, the Spring Valley having
the contract of the city for public purposes. I'rom that lime until now the
latti-r has been the only water company in existence in San I-'rancisco. The
city has 3 stiirage reservoirs, fed by a number of creeks located in the moun-
tains of San Mateo County, the I'ilarcitos, San Andreas, ami the Crystal
Springs Reservoirs, with a combiiutl storage capacity of over 16,000,000,000
gallons. The dam which converts the I'ilarcitos Valley into a reservoir is
650 feet long, 1 00 feet high, 500 feet wide at the bottom, and 50 at the top.
The w.iter of San Andreas Creek is kept in by a dam situated about 2 miles
west from Milbrae, 650 feet long, 80 feet high, and 480 feet thick at the bot-
tom. At the time the last dam of I'ilarcitos Creek was constructed, a tun-
nel 1,500 feet long was pierced through the ridge lying between this creek
and .San Mateo Valley. Wrought-iron pipes 16 miles long, with a fall of
14 feet per mile, bring the water from tliis tunnel into Lake Honda Reser-
voir. A second tunnel, 3,420 feet long, runs from San Mateo \''alle\- to the
.San .Andreas Reservoir, and a third, 2,800 feet long, from the Ocean House
road to Lake Honda. All these tunnels are built with solid brick arches.
The water is stored in 2 reservoirs, the Lake Honda and College Hill, each
about 4 miles ilistant from the city. A brick tunnel 2,850 feet long, conducts
the water from the San Andreas Reservoir into a canyon between San Bruno
and Milbrae, and a 30-inch wrought-iron jjipe, from there to College Hill,
253 feet above the city le\el. This latter reservoir has a capacity of 15,000,-
000 gallons, and the Lake Honda one, of 33,000,000 gallons. The San
Andreas lieservoir, which supplies about two thirds of the water of San
l'"rancisco, is also fed by means of water running through iron pipes, and a
tunnel 3,300 feet long, from the lower I'ilarcitos and other small creeks.
i'Vom Lake Honda and College Hill reservoirs, the water is brought by
means of iron pipes into distributing reservoirs, which have a combined
capacity of more than Go,ooo,ooo gallons, and are tap])ed by cast-iron pipes
of from 3 to 22 inches in diameter, aggregating in length more than 175
iniles, for distribution to all parts (jf the city. About 2,000,000 galltjns a
day are also obtained from Lobes Creek, by means of an aqueduct and
(jumping works at Black I'oint. The Point Lobos Aqueduct is about 7
miles long. The annual amount of water furnished by the coinpany is
about 4,500,000,000 gallons, or 12,330,000 daily.
Oakland Water.— Oakland is supplied with water by The Contr.v
C()^l.\ W.\ri;K Cc).\li'AN\, which was organized in 1S66. Its capital stock
WATKK WORKS.
411
is $3,000,000. The supply is taken from Tcmescal Creek, in Oakland
Township; Saiisal Creek, in Brook))!! Township; and San Leandro Creek,
in 15rookl)'n and lulen townships. Tiu latter can be made to supply
75,000,000 gallons daily; its water is 250 feet above the city level. The dam
of the S.in Leandro Creek lies 2 miles above the town of that name, and at
a distance of .S miles from Oakland, to which the water is conveyed in
wrouyht-iron pipes. The Sausal Creek, in the hills of Brooklyn Township,
flowini; throujjh I'ruit Vale, was dammed up in 1874, by the people of that
vicinity, orj,Mnized in a compan)-. They built a reservoir, laid down pipes
for a lenf,rth of 3 or 4 miles, erecteil hydrants at convenient ))f)ints, and .sold
out to the Oakland Compan)' in 1876.
Sacramento Water. — .Sacramento City is supplied with water pumped
up from die river. The pumj) is of the Holly pattern, and was designed to
supply water for e.xtinguishini^ fires as well iis for household [)urposes, but
has failed to give satisfaction, and an au.xiliary pump has lieeii introduced.
It is probable that the present water works will be abandoned witliin a few
years, as many leading citizens desire a change in the method of supply.
Stockton Water.— TiiK Stockton W.vter Company supplies the city
of Stfjckton with w.itcr from artesian wells, one of which, 1,003 ^'^'^^ deep,
discharging 300,00C> gallons daily, is owned by the city and county, antl
leased to the water company for an annual rental of $700. Another well
dug by the companj- in 1880, t(j a depth of 1,040 feet, has a daily capacity
of 280,000 gallons, while 3 other wells are from 80 to 200 feet deep. The
total daily capacity of their wells is 900,000 gallons, which is pumped into
reservoirs and thence distributed.
Los Angeles Water.— Los Angeles City gets its water supply from the
Los Angeles River. In 1868, TiiK Los AxGKLE.s City Watkk Works
COMTANV was incorporated with a capital of $220,000. The)- erected a
dam, and made a ditch and a tunnel from the river to the city, a distance of
6^2 miles; 3 miles of the tlitch being through sandstone. The tunnel was
182 feet long, 3 '2 feet wide, and 5 feet high, and the ditch discharged into
a can)-on running parallel with the river, till within 2 miles from the town,
where a dam was laid, forming in this manner a re.scr\oir, from which the
water was tlisi.ibuted b) pipes. These works were enlarged in 1S78. A
new dam, 330 feet long, and iS feet high, was built 4 miles above the old
one, and from the upper dam a ditch dug, 6 feet wide at the bottom
and 12 at the top, with a depth of 3 feet. This brought the maximum
suppl)' of available water up to 45 cubic feet per second. Near the old dam
this ditch divides, one branch joining the old canal, and the other running
I
i
t!
('
r^
412
KNCINKKklNi;, KTC.
touaids tlic cast side of the ri\cr. These branches reach the city at differ-
ent points, and fill 5 reservoirs, from which the water is led by jiipes into
the streets and iimiscs.
Other Towns. — Vallejo is supplied with water by Till', \'ai,1,i:j() Cl rv
Wai El< Company, incori)orated in \Sjo. Ihc water is cauyht in the hills,
and the main reservoir is situated near the Xai)a road, 3 miles north of the
city. The ilam, So feet above the level of the sea, is 300 feet wiile anil 40
feet hiy;h, forming a reserxoir havinij a capacity of 900,000,000 gallons. The
water is conducted througli i2-iiK:h cast-iron pipes to 2 reservoirs near the
city, which is supplied from these, as is also the Navy Yard; the latter,
to the amount of r, 000,000 gallons per month, by means of a submarine
cast-iron pipe w ith flexible joints.
The Clovcrdale Water Works were i-recteil by a company in I<S72, to
suppl)' water from a spring 2y. miles from the town, and 300 feet above its
level.
Ilealdsburg obtains its water from springs flowing out of the base of
Mtch Mountain, 2 miles distant. The reservoir is 170 feet above the town
level, and iron pipes distribute the water.
I'etaluma obtains water from the Adobe and Copeland creeks, in the
Sonoma hills; the former 5 miles, the latter 8 miles, from the town. The
water is convejcd through "-inch wrought-iron pipes, and delivered into ;i
reservoir situated on a hill near, 175 feet above the town, and having a
capacity of 500,000 gallons. The average daily consumption is 225,000
gallons, and this quantity is distributed through about 20 miles of pipes.
Napa Cit)' obtains 2,000,000 gallons of water daily from Rector Canyon,
through a llume and pipes.
Santa Rosa has a water company, and draws its water through a wrought-
iron pipe, 5 miles long, from Santa Rosa Creek.
San Rafael gets its water from Lagunitas Creek; the main reservoir
being on the side of Mount Tamalpais, 740 feet above the sea. An •S-inch
pipe, 6 miles long, carries the water to the town, and a branch pipe 4 miles
long, deli\ers 60,000 gallons per da)' to the iirison at San Quentin, for which
latter supply the company receives $1,000 per month.
Redwood City, San Mateo County, California, built its own water works.
The}- consist of 2 wells, each 146 feet deep. Three storage-tanks, suffi-
cientK' elevated on trestle-work to carry water into any building in the
town, have a capacit)' of I 50,000 gallon.s, while the wells are able to supply
20,000 gallons per hour.
The town of San Luis Obispo gets its chief supply from the San Luis
Obispo Creek, through a reservoir 4 acres in extent, holding 20,000,000
WAri.K wokKs.
4«3
gallons, which, at the present rale nf consumption, is equal to 4 months'
suppl)-. The main pipes have a diameter of 10 inches.
In Gilroy, the water is brouj^jht a distance of H miles, from Uvas Creelc,
by means of a flume, and pipes 17 inches in diameter, to a reservoir capable
of holding' 10,000,000 gallons; whence it is conducted by 1 V'ncli mains into
the town.
San Diego is supplictl with water from the San Diego River, 4 miles dis-
tant, by Tip; San Diec;o Waikk Co.mi'ANV. The water is jiumped by
steam, from the stream into a reservoir situated on the mesa land back" of
the town, and thence distribiitetl tlirough piijcs. The storage is ample for
present wants, and the river, fed by mountain snows, is capable of sup])I\-ing
a largely increased |)opulation.
Virginia Citj' is supplied with water through a ]3ipe of which an .account
will be given in the chapter relating to inventions. The I'ioche water pipe
is mentioned in the same i>lace. Portland obtains water from the Willamette
River, and Seattle from springs.
The Sutro Tunnel. — When the miners on the Comstock Lode, about
1865, reached a depth of [,500 feet, they felt the need of an adit r)r timnel to
drain off the water, to ventilate and cool their drifts anil stopes, and to
supply a channel through which their timbers could be taken i.i, and their
ores taken out cheaply. The temjjcraturc in the lower levels roe to 1 ic ,
and rendered it im|)ossiblc for the miners to do much work. The air was
foul. Great quantities of water were encountered, and to pump them up
more than a c[uarter of a mile was very costly. The shafts opened high up
on the side of a steep mountain, far from tillable land, from sites desirable
for comfortable homes, from supplies of fuel and timber. The benefits
to be derived from a great tuniicl were evident, and its need was a matter
of common talk. Hut who would take charge of an enterprise which would
require millions of dollars, and years of time, perhai)s not to be completed
until the fickle mineral treasures had fled, and in the mean time be involved
in vexatious questions with lawyers, mining companies, and capitalists .'
AdoiJ'H .Sr TKO came forward and assuincd the rcsponsibilit}'. He was
not supposed to be rich, but he devoted himself to the task with energy
and success, lie cmplo)-cd journalists to explain the advantages of the
tunnel; civil engineers to ex.imine the country and locate the line; and
geologists (including ]?aron Rk'IITIIOKKN), to report on the mineral charac-
ter of the Comstock Lode .and the countrj- rock. 1 le then organized a tunnel
corporation, of which he \^as the manager, and in its name he made con-
tracts with the mining companies that, in return for constructing th>j tunnel,
he should receive a certain amount on every ton of ore extracted after hi.s
« 1 1
I 'I
1!
1
414
EXC.IXKFRINC, KTC.
wdil-; had been done. These contracts were not secured until after lont^ and
\e.\aliiius nc;^()tiati()n. Kach company wanted jiecuHar contlitions. W'itn
llie inilorsenient of the mining companies, Mr. Si: IKCi went to Washington
and persuaded Congres.s to pass an act granting to him a tract of land
4,000 feet wide, inckiding a town site at the opening of the tunnel, with the
o\vnershi]i of all the lodes which he should discover in his underground
borings. The act also ratified his contracts with the mining companies.
After success in Washington, he crossctl the Atlantic to gel the money, and
there again he succeeded. European capitalists supplied the funds, and
October 19, 1869, the construction began. He had made little progress
before the great bonanza of the Consolidated Virginia and California mines
was struck, and then the idea began to prevail that he was to make far
more than a fair share of profit out of his tunnel. Enemies aro.se on e\er}'
side. Obstructions were thrown in his way. Litigation, ridicule, and
abu.se surrounded him. Nevertheless he kept on. The tunnel was com-
pleted in October, 1878, after 9 years of work. But the last of the bonanzas
discovered up to tliat time had been nearly exhausted. The only mining
companies deriving any revenue from their mines were unwilling to sliare with
him. They refused to pay his demands. Ileclo.scd his tunnel so that their
water should not drain off Tinally an amicable settlement was made, and
Till'. SUTRO TlNNKl, CdMlWNV and the Comstock mining companies are
in harmony. Mr. SUTRO has secured a handsome competence by selling
out his interest in the company, leaving to t)thers the chances of profit and
loss from the contingencies of future mineral developments of the Comstock
Lode. Hitherto, the enterprise has jieldcd little revenue. The tuimel is
12 feet wide, 10 high, and 20.500 feet l<Jng, with north and south branches,
which have 8,000 feet in the aggregate, making the entire length more than
5 miles. The cost, without interest, was $4,500,000, and including it,
$6,500,000.
;^.'
INVENTIONS.
4IS
I"
■! • ■
CHAPTER XXVII.— INVENTIONS.
Industrial Art. — It is a lamentable fact, that even in the most polished
nations, the useful arts have been despised by the ruling classes. Until re-
cently, scholars and statesmen have agreed with nobles and soldiers, that
agricultural and mechanical occupations were " servile," fit only for slaves,
while painting, sculpture, and the ornamental arts generally were " liberal,"
and proper for gentlemen. And yet industrial art was the main force of
culture, the chief and indispensable aid in raising our race from primeval
savagism to the present enlightenment. But for its help we .should still bo
living a life similar to that of the Californian Indian.s, when first seen by
white men, or even in a lower condition; for they had bows, spears, nets,
and baskets, the products of the toil which they too considered servile, and
left ordinarily to the squaw.
But industrial art, like our race itself, is irrcprcssibly progressive. It is
destined to achieve the highest successes and to conquer the highest honors.
While liberal art was crushed by the barbarian invasion of the Roman Empire,
industrial art continued to advance, and at the close of the Middle Ages
came forth enriched by the mariner's compass, gunpowder, linen paper, the
chimney, window-glass, the stirrup, clothes made with the needle, the wire-
drawing frame, and higher skill in the construction and rigging of ships.
With these acquisitions, civilization was prepared to transfer her chief seat
from the southern to the northern slope of Europe, a fact of vast impor-
tance to the progress of the race. I'recious as is industrial art, equally
nccessarj' to the happiness of individuals and the prosperity of nations, it
ha.'- one subdivision preeminently beneficent — that of invention. It taught
men how to make tools and machinery, without which we should have
neither houses, clothes, books, roads, wagons, ships, orderly governmctit,
nor refined society. Inventive genius is the foundation of the temple of
civilization, the walls of which arc composed of productive industry, com-
merce, science, and national economy; while the pictorial, plastic, poetical,
and oratorical arts are the mere stucco, whitewash, fresco, and other super-
ficial ornaments.
This branch, in which our age and country have taken leading positions,
has nut l)(;cn neglected here, and there would be no extravagance in claim-
I-
r
I:
li
4i6
ENGINEERING, ETC.
I I
ing that, w ithin the last 30 years, the inhabitants of this coast have made a
5.n-cater number of hi^^hly valuable inventions than have been made by an
equal number of people in any otiier part of the globe. The inventive fcr-
tilit)- of California is one of her chief claims to the respect of mankind,
and \vc arc not dispo.sed to let its honorable character be passed by as un-
worthy of consideration or honor.
Notable Inventions. — It is impossible to obtain a complete list of
the valuable inventions of this coast, with the names of their authors,
without devoting years of investigation to the subject; nor can any person,
after getting such a list, give a correct idea of the merit and practical value
of the improvements, without much additional study. This account, though
more comprehensive than anything hitherto published, is not offered as ex-
haustive.
Among the most notable inventions of this Occidental region arc Eddv'.S
sluice, and Matteson's hydraulic pipe, in placer mining; the SxETEFELDT
furnace, for roasting rebellious silver ores; P.VtiL's Washoe pan, for amalga-
mating silver ores, the DeetkeN chlorination ..pparatus, for reducing 'oasted
auriferous sulphurcts.
In the department of machinery needed for deep mines are Dickie's
hydraulic pump, DiCKlE's hydraulic air compressor, Dickie's hoisting en-
gine, and Dickie's sinking pump.
In lumbering, we have H.MXEs' lumber flume, Spauldi.N'G's adjustable
saw tooth, Dolbeer's logging machine, Ronu's gang edgcr, RoDU's gang
lath machine, Roiili's tightening icver, Rouu's saw guide, Rouh's set work,
D. l^V.VNs' triple circular saw, and SWAN's wood-slicing machine.
In transportation, we have Hallidie's cable railroad and Hallidie'S
wire ropewa)'.
In the electrical department, we have L.VUD's telephone exchange, Ladd's
messenger box, and Ladd's double magncto-clcctric machine to supply a
current for telegraphic pur[)oses.
Sciiussi.ER's lead joint, for water pipe, DlCKli:'s high pressure accumu-
lator, for obtaining hydraulic power, VV'ENZEl.'s pneumatic clock, and MUV-
l!Rll)Gi:'s apparatus for taking instantaneous photographs of animals in
motion, are important inventions, and others will be mentioned hereafter.
A multitude of ingenious and valuable .adaptations, that scarcely deserve to
be classcil among the inventions, have had their origin here.
No attempt will be made here to describe machines in iletail. If the main
idea of the in\entor, his nielliud of aj^plying it, and the benefit of the im-
])rovement can be e.\]ilaincd, with a brief sketch of the j)rogress of devclop-
m':tit, our purpose will be attained.
,|1
INVFA'TIOXS.
417
Sluice and Hydravilio Pipe. — California has been fertile in its contribu-
tions to the science of Jijilraulic cnginecrincf. The richness of the placers,
the great depth of the auriferous deposits, the need of immense supplies of
water to separate the gold from the gravel, and the magnitude of the ravines
to be crossed, demanded bold and costly ;.qucd'.ict§, and new ir.ethods of
using the water when it had been obtained. Original ideas followed each
other in rapid succession, most of thcr.i small as considered separately, and
yet of much importance in the aggregate, and leading to important inven-
tions and great results. The niost effective method of washing for gold
used before 1848, wa.s the p-Mund skiicc, an artificial channel leading through
the auriferous gravel, ;;nd supplied with a current of water into which the
dirt from the banks was thrown. The Californian miners had never heard
of the ground slui:e, but soon they invented it. Mr. El)DV wanted to wash
some auriferous gravel near Nevada City, California, in the spring of 1S50,
but the owners of the claim below him refused to let him discharge his tail-
ings on thci'- land. With their consent, he built a board flume across their
land, putting cleats across the bottom at the joints of the boards. A stream
of water v as turned into the flume and the dirt thrown in to carry it to the
rocker below. But the gravel, which had paid well before, yielded nothing
to the rocker. An examination of the flume showed that the gold had
lodged against the cleats. Without any expectation of inventing a more
efficient method of washing auriferous gravel, he had invented it; and he at
once discovered the value of his b(iard sluice, though he could not anticipate
the great importance which it soon acquired, becoming, it might be said, the
chief aid of the placer miner for years. The strong current ruiming through
large sluices, carrying along large bowlders, wore away the transverse wooden
cleats very rapidly, and led to the substitution of a pavement of either
wooden blocks, or cobblestones. To trace the development of the sluice
through all its modifications, including the undercurrent, tail sluice, and
grizzly, would require a book. The main merit in the invention of the
sluice, was the immediate perception of its valu2, and its universal adoption
in many places on a grand scale.
The hydraulic pipe was invented at American Hill, Nevada County, Cal-
ifornia, in I'ebruary, I852, by Edward E. Matticson, who thought that
by throwing a stream of water under pressure through a nozzle, he could
save the labor of digging down a low bank of auriferous gravel. He used
a barrel, at the top of a hill 30 feet high, for a reservoir, and led the water
down in a canvas hose. The success of the device led to imitations, en-
largements, and impnv.ements, until now the water is led down through
iron pipes under a pressure of 300 vertical feet, and thrown through a
5J
4i8
i;n(;ini:i;kiN(;, kit.
..'>'!
If;
s ! »
no/zlc 10 inches in diameter, against a bank 200 feet high, and 100 feet tlis-
tant, doint^ m<iic work in tearinj^ down the gravel than coukl 10,000 men.
Great. Water Pipes. — Ihc flumes to carry water for mining purpo.ses,
across deep ra\ines, were in man)- cases very high, bokl, and costl)- struct-
mes, but they showed no new ideas in architecture or hydrauUc engineer-
ing. When they were built, the only large pipes used for carrying under
pressure were made of cast iron; and the freight on the (luantity recjuircd
to cross many of the ravines, would ha\c e.vcecdcil the cost of ;i wooden
Hume 200 feet high. Sheet-iron ])ipe for low pressure was used in the
hydraulic claims, and, as it bore tin; test, the pressure was gradualU'
incrciscd, until a suspicio!' arose that under many circumstances, wrought
iron would be belter than cast iron. In 1867 lIlCR.M.W SciIUSSLER, the
consulting hydraulic engineer of Till". Si'RiNc, V.M.i.KV W.vir.K CoMP.WV,
reconuncnded a pipe 30 inches in diameter, of wrought iron, and 16 miles
long, to bring water to .San I'rancisco. The heaviest pressure was 340 ver-
tical feet, and the iron at the thickest was a sixth of an inch. Xo similar
]3ipc, so far as known, was in use elsewhere at th.it time, for such a purpose.
The sheet and wrought-iron pipes then used in the mines, lost more water
than the Spring Valley Comi)an)- could afford to lose. Cast-iron pipe,
houexcr, could not be obtained, and the wrought-iron was put down, after
it had been boiled .it a heal of 400" in a mi.xture of as[)haltum nm\ coal-
tar. After use for 14 )cars, this pipe is tight, abumlantly strong, and ap-
parently in as gooil condition as when lirst laid. The success of that cx-
])crimcnt led to the construction of another pipe 12 miles long, to bring
water to San l'"r.inci.sco from the San Andreas reservoir, with a pressure, at
the lowest point, of 320 feet.
The first pipe to bear more than 400 feet of [)rcssurc, was constructed at
Cherokee, Huttc County, California, in iS6y, under plans prepared b\' Mr.
SCIIUSSI.KU, as consulting engineer. A depression 2}i miles long, on the
line, and iSS7 feet deep, with a pressure of 384 feet to the .square inch, was
ti) be crossed. Wrought iron was useil, three eighths of an inch thick ;it
tlic bottom of the ravine. The [Vi[k is in excellent condition, after having
been in constant use for twelve years.
In [873 Virginia City demanded an additional suppl)- of fresh water, but
a ([uestion arose whether it would be possible to carry the liquid across a
depression 7 miles long and 1,720 feet ileep, at the deepest, with 12 intc.r-
mediate summits to surmount, at an elevation of 7,000 feet above the sea,
in a climate where the mercury often falls to zero in the winter, and rises to
80' in the summer. Mr. SCIII'.SSLICU, having been employed as engineer,
risked his reputation by advising the Water Company to invest its money
\
INVENTIONS.
419
in a pipe of wrought iron, ^no. sixteenths of an inch at the thickest. To
allow for the contraction and expansion, without loss of water, Mr.
ScUL.SSLKR invented a peculiar slii) joint with a double facin;.j of lead. At
every suminit there is a valve to let the air out or in, when the pipe was
being filled, ami at the bottom of eacii depression there is a valve to let the
water out, if necessary. The pipe is buried for 3 feet under the soil to pro-
tect it against extreme heat and cold, and also against sudden changes.
The diameter is about a foot, and the quantity of water supplied, 2,000,000
gallons a da)-. This pipe continues without a rival in the amount of pres-
sure, and after a lapse of years, is in excellent condition. It proves the
great superiority of wrought iron for such a purpose, over cast iron.
A pi])e 4^4 inches in diameter, and six miles long, carrying water for the
town of I'ioche, in south-eastern Nevada, over a depression 700 feet deep,
was constructed under the plans of Mr. SCHU.SSLEK, soon after the Virginia
City pipe proved a sutces.s. In 1878 Mr. SCHU.SSLER supplied the sugar
plantation of Mr. ClaUS SpRFXKKI.s with water through wrought-iron
pipes varying in diameter from 35 to 41 inches, crossing 31 ravines, some
of them 350 feet deep, with an aggregate length of 21,400 feet. The town
of liochester, New York, is the only one east of the Rocky Mountains
using wrought-iron pipes for its water supply, and thej' were made after
plans prejiared by Mr. SCHUSSLER.
V-Flume. — The V-flumc — so calleil becau.se a cross .section of it looks
like a V, the sides rising at an angle of 45° from the bottom — one of the im-
portant recent improvements in the industrial arts, had its origin in the
State of Nevada in i,S6S. The history of the invention has hitherto
attracted no public attention save in a lawsuit, which contributed to obscure
the truth. So far as the facts arc ascertainable, the credit is due to Jamks
W. IIaink.s, of Genoa. In 1867, having some cordwood in a part of Kings-
bury Canyon (which opens into Carson Valley), almost inaccessible to
wagons, lie built a square flume, with a horizontal floor and vertical sides,
supposing that, with a current of water, it would carry his wood out to the
valle)-. But it woukl not work. The sticks stuck fist. The flume filled up
with them. The water ran over the sides, washed away the foundation,
and the flume broke. . The break w;is repaired, the flume cleared out at
much exjiense, the water turned in iigain, and when the wood was added,
tbe same experience was repeated. The vertical sides, no matter how
smooth they were, caught the .sticks, and soon the flume was full of wood
and empty of water. \V. S, CllAi'M.VN, N. V.. HuNKLK, and O. LONKKV
liad built a simil.u- flume in Little \'alley, the iirevious year, to carrj- wood
and lumber, and that failed in the same manner. Those gentlemen aban-
I
430
KNr.i\Ki:Ki\(;, i:Tf.
^iii
■A
cloned their flume, but Mr. IlArxi's could not ^ivcuphis without insolvency.
y\ll his propcrt)' was involved in that venture. While studyinij over his
trouble, it occurred to him that he had seen his children tlirow cobs and
chips into a little V-shaped trough of water used to irrii^ate his t^artlen, and
it never clogged, no matter how much was thrown in. Perhaps there was
some beneficent influence in the slojiing sides. He would try it. He nailed
boards 20 inches wide, 16 feet long, and an inch and three quarters thick,
together at the edges, in couples, making a right-angled joint. lie took
these to his square flume; |)Ut the first couple in at the lower end with the
angle down; let tlie next pair of boards lap over the upper end of the first
couple; and thus converted his square flume into a V flume, with a fall (jf an
inch and three quarters at the end of every pair o{ boards. He turned in
his water, threw in his wood, and watched the result. It was a success. If
2 sticks got wetlged together, as the)- sometimes would, the w.iter rose and
lifted them up, the channel widened, tlie wedging situation ended, and the
freight went down with the current. His flume was a good investment; his
land was valuable; he could send his wood to market cheapl)-; and instead
of coming out insolvent, he had laid the basis for a profitable business. He
used his flume -through 1S68, but diil not like the fall at the end of every
box or pair of boards, for the current was not regular; tlie flume would not
carry so much as with a uniform descent, and the we.ir and tear were greater.
In the spring (jf KS69, he substituted a joint for the lap, and fi und a decided
im])rovenicnt from the change. Tlie tnmsporlation of his wooil \ias so cheap
that, with the help <'f some [jartners, he delivereil 15,000 or jo.ooo cords,
annuall}', at lunpire ami Dayton, employing .200 or 300 choppers to furnish
the material. His flume was extended until it had a length of 12 miles,
with se\cral branches.
As immense quantities of cordwood, timber, and lumber were consumed
at Virgini.i Cit)', and the flume made a great reducticjn in the cost of trans-
portation, the lumbermen in the \icinit>' quickly caught the idea, and several
of them built V-flumes. In August, 1.S70, Mr. H.VINES applied for a ])atent,
and after its receipt in 1872, he brought suit against Verkim.to.N, Bi.Iss
& Co., a wealthy firm of Carson, to restrain them from using a \'-flume
built about 2 years before. The defendants contested the suit vigorously on
the grounds that the invention was old, that if new, Mr. Haixks was not the
inventor, and that if he was the inventor, he had neglected to apply for a
patent until there was a presumption of dedication to the public.
The attempt to prove the invention old failed. It was shown that the
lumbermen on the llartz Mountains liavc been in the habit, from remote
times, of turning little currents of water into those parts of their log-slides
■iV
INVKNTIONS.
4JI
where there is little descent, but the use of the water there was merely to
lubricate, whereas in the flume it is to float.
Ross Lkwkks had a V-shaned trough, with a current of water in it, to
carry slabs and refuse from his sawmill in Washoe Valley, as early as i860;
and O. LONKEV had a similar trough at his sawmill at Little Valley in
1864. The shape of these troughs, however, was a mere accident, and it^
value was not appreciated by the builders. Mr. LONKi:\' made a square
flume in 1866, and when it failed, abandoned the idea of transporting lum-
ber in a current of water. In 1859, J. L. I'I'.KI., and a jiartner, cut some
short cordwood on a hill near Marion Flat, Plumas County, near a square
flume which was fed by some V-shaped troughs. As the flume ran down
to the mining camp, they threw their wood into the troughs, and the
current took it down to their market. Here a V-flume, built for carry-
ing water, was used a short time for transporting firewood. A dry V-
shaped trough or slide has been used at sawmills in Maine, for many years,
to carry bark, slabs, and sawdust, down hill away from the mill. Hut in all
these cases the value of the V-shaped trough, for transporting wood and
lumber long distances in a current of water, was not understood.
There is no intention to express an opinion here about the merits of the
lawsu'c mentioned, or about the right of Mr. II.viXKS to a patent under an
application made several j-cars after he had tried his V-fliune. lie maj'
liavc done n(jthing more than ap])ly an old device to a new use ; but he did
so by processes of original thought, and he achieved important industrial
results. He was the first to invent a practicable method of using a small cur-
rent of water, in an artificial channel, for transporting wood long distances,
with little expense; he made a practical application of his invention, and
proved its value publicly, thus securing its extensive adoption, making a
new field for the in\estmcnt of capital, and the employment of labor, making
the forests on the high mountains accessible for lumbermen, and cheapen-
ing wood in the valleys. The first V-flume, as we now understand that
term, was built in Nevada, and J.\MES VV. IIAIXES was the builder.
Whether the law gives him the profit of his invention or not, the industrial
historian must give him the credit.
ft;:
i
Chollar-Norcross Pump. — The great enemy of deep mines is water, ever
encroaching, never resting, and always threatening the destruction of the
miner's toil, and the defeat of his hopes. IIi>= only reliance in this ceaseless
contest is the pumj), and its capacity, power, and reliability are to him of
prime importance. The manufacture of pumps of vast power has become
a specialty of Californian machinists and engineers, and ir. nothing tlo our
foundries and machine shops excel those of the I'lastcrn States more, than in
!■;■!:
422
ENGINEERING, ETC.
the manufacture of the powerful pumps used in deep mines. The greatest
Californian work in this line is the Chollar-Norcross pump, to hoist water
from the 2,400 to the 1,600 foot level, in the combination shaft of the
Chollar, Norcioss, and Savage mining companies on the Comstock Lode.
At the 1,600 foot level there is an outlet for the water through the Sutro
Tunnel ; and at the surface, there is a supply of water that can be used for
driving machinery. The Chollar-Norcross pump, devised by JOSEPH Moore
and G. W. UicKiE, of TiiE RlsDON Ikon W'ork.s, uses a column of water
from 400 feet above the surface to the 1,600 foot level, to pump the column
of water 800 feet high from the 2,400 to the 1,600 foot level. In
other words, a column of water 2,0CK3 feet high above the Sutro Tunnel, is
u.sed to raise another column of water, 800 feet below the level of the tun-
nel. This pump is entirclj- different in conditions, requirements, and
height of its column of water from any elsewhere in use; and has a number
of new inventions and adaptations. The pipes are made of cast-iron,
because there was no sufficient stock of thick sheet on the coast, nor of
machinery to roll the sheets, nor was there time to wait for obtaining the
machinery or the sheet-iron from the Atlantic Slope. But there was no
cast-iron that would endure the strain; and after careful experiment.s, a new
mi.Kturc was made, including .some cast-steel, that would bear the tremen-
dous pressure. A new pump was invented by Mr. DiCKli;, on a plan which,
it is thougiit, is less likely to get out of order than any other; and air cham-
bers were placed on the sitle of the pipe, to prevent shocks from exceptional
influences. The result is, that the pump raises i,6oo gallons of water
e\er)- minute, or nearly 10,000 tons in 24 hours. The success of this ex-
periment — it was generally considered a very bold experiment — is complete,
and arrangements are now being made to obtain a water supply large enough
to hoist the water and ore of all the Comstock mines by similar power,
and thus save a vast expenditure in fuel.
The pump now driven by water was built to be driven by either water or
steam. Tlie mining companies owning the shaft wanted to make it for
water jjower exclusivel)'; but the Water Company ilcmanded too much for
their water. Thereupon the companies applied to TllE RlSDox Iron
Works, which furnished a plan for a pump to work by either water or
Hteain. This plan, adopted in 1880, provided for a double pipe 8 inches in
diameter, from the surface to the 2,400 foot level, with a pump at each end.
Withsteam power, the upper pump should force a current of water under heavj'
pressure down one pipe and up the other, passing, at the bottom, through a
hydraulic i)ump, which should raise the surplus water of the mine from the
2,400 foot level to the Sutro Tunnel. This method of working required
that the same body of water should be used over and over again, without
INVIATIoNS.
433
noteworthy waste, for driving the lower pumi). To obtain sufficient power,
as well as make the machinery wurk evenly, it was necessarj- to subject the
water to a pressure much higher than that ever obtained before on a large
scale by forcing machinery, and this was done by the help of an accumu-
lator, or air chamber, '/O feet high, and 25 inches in diameter inside, of cast-
iron, with wails 5 inches thick. The air was forced into this under a pressure '
of 1, 000 pounds to the square inch, and there were 10 feet of water at the
bottom, and 60 of air above, making a cushion of air that maintains a
steatly pressure under the pulsations of the pumps. Other accumulators,
of smaller size, are attached to the pipes at various elevations. When the
combination pumj), driven by steam, proved to be a complete success, ren-
dering the ChoUar-Norcross .shaft independent of the Water Compan)',
then the latter offered to furnish water cheaper than steam. The offer was
accepted, the steam-engine and the upper pump were disconnected, and the
only power now used is that of a pressure of a column of water 2,000 feet
high, which water runs to waste through the Sutro Tunnel. The steam-
engine, upper pump, and pipes, carrying water to the surface, are all re-
tained, so that in ca.se of a stoppage of water suppl)-, the steam can be
turned on at short notice.
The idea of this pump is new anil original with Mr. Dli'Kli;. It is the
only pump that raises so large a quantity of water in one continuous col-
umn, cSoo feet high. About the same time that Mr. DlCKIK imdertook
this work, Hknrv D.WN". a distinguished hydraulic engineer of Leeds,
England, made 2 pumps with continuous lifts of about cSoo feet, for mines
in Westphalia, but they raise only about one quarter so much as does the
Chollar-Norcross pump.
Dickie's Other Inventions. — The hydraulic pump in the Chollar-Nor-
cross shaft, the onl)- one of its kind now in use, was invented by Mr. DiCKIE.
Its main feature is a time cylinder which, operated from the cross-head of
the pump, opens and closes the valves in regular rotation, and at proper in-
tervals, .so that the water shall be admitted into the water-chamber of the
pump from one direction, and forced out in another, at proper periods in
the successive strokes of the ram or piston. The idea of a time cylinder
originated with Mr. DiCKlK, and its form and that of its valves are covered
by his patent.
Mr. DiCKlF. is the inventor of a hydraulic air compressor, the piston of
which is to be driven by a number of small rams, working in h}-draulic
cylinders. The power exerted b)- a piston directly compressing air is sub-
ject to continuous variations, being little at the beginning of each stroke
and much at its end. The purpose of this invention of Mr. DiCKii;, is to
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make the power \;ir_\- with the requirement. As the piston advances in its
stroke, it opens \nlve after \alve, anil each sets a new hj draulic ram in opera-
tion ; thus incrcasin<j the pressure, wiiich can be retjuk'ited to the precise
force liesiretl.
The air compressor used at the Cholhir-N'orcross pump for sujjplj'iuL; the
accumulator, is made on a new ilcsit^n, invented and patentetl bj- J()>i:F'II
MiiiiKi', and G. W. DlCKlK. It is a compound compression cylinder, which
moses u[) and tlown, while its hollow pistons, one at each end, are stationar)'.
One of these pistons is 4 times as large as the other, and the air beintj admit-
ted into the l,irL;er piston from a subordinate compressor, under a pressure of
60 ]iounds, is raised to 240 jiounds in the lan^'c arm of the cylinder, and to
(jOo in the small arm, and b)' increasini^ the pressure in the large cjlinder,
that in the small one has been raised to 2,000 pounds without |)assing a
temperature of iSo . The machine has been emplox'cd extensive!)' without
inconvenience from heat or any other source, and is the simplest instrument
for obtaining a high air prcsiure.
Mr. Dickie's ne.vt patent is for a hydraulic hoisting engine, the power to
be sup]ilicd either by natural head or from an accumulator. The inain
features of this in\enlion are, that each reel is independent of its hydraulic
engine; that when the cage and rope are going down, their weight is utilized
to ])ump water frojii a reservoir into an accumulator, thus storing power to
be used in hoisting; and that the crank-pins of the pitman slide from the
center to the periphery of the crank disk under the control of the engineer,
thus giving a sjjccd or power adjustable at will. This invention is to be
a[)plicd .soon on a large scale for hoisting from a depth of 3,000 feet, in the
main shaft of the luireka Con.solidntcd Mine.
Mr. Dickie is th.e inventor of a hydraulic sinking pump, intended to be
used in the bottom of a .shaft, and so arranged that it can be easily hoisted
out of the way of blasts. The power is applied through a pair of hydraulic
rams in a station above, connected by adjustable levers with another pair
of rams at the bottom of the i)ipes, the pump being of the DiCKIK time-
cjlindcr pattern. The length of the column of water can be extended from
30 to 600 feet without changing the power, or making any material altera-
tion in the mechanism, sa\c that of adding more pipe. One is being built
now for the luirek.i Consolidated Mine.
Spaulding's Saw Teeth.— N. W. .Sp.vuldinc;, at present assistant treas-
urer of the United .States in San Francisco, and manager of the business
of" Tin; r.\cii ic S.wv M.vnciacturinc Company, is the inventor of
circular remo\able teeth for large saws. Removable teeth had been made
for large saws before Mr. Si'AL LDINc; took hokl of the subject, but they
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INVKNTIONS.
425
had square corners, which strained and ■ .ten cracked the saw-blade. He
adopted a circular forni, which not on!)- distributed the pressure, but also
permitted the j^radual advancement of the tooth as it wore away, anil thus
made it wear loni^'er. The in\entiori is used extensivel)', and its value is
universall>- reco;;nized amoni,' skillful lumbermen.
Dolbeer's Logging Machino — ]oiis Dr)Liii;r;u, of San Francisco, of
the firm of OiiLliI I u & C.VRSON, is the inventor of a steam logi^intf
machine, which is of j^rcat service in hantUinn the immense redwood logs
in Humboldt County. To move a log 7 or 8 feet in diameter, and from 12
to 20 feet long, is a tedious and costly operation when a long train of slow
oxen must supply the power; and the substitution of steam is a decided
success.
Triple Circalar. — flie triple circular iw i.- one of the no.velties of
lumbering in California. A circular saw is never more than 6 feet across,
or 3 feet on each side of the axle or arbor. Twd i ircuhus running in the
same plane di\ide a log 5 feet through without difficulty. lUit the immense
logs, 7 feet or more in diameter, required .something: m for convenient
handling, uiil D. ICv.Ws devised a third circular saw, which slices off part
of the top of the log, and thus enables the doul)lc circulars to cut through
the remainder, the entire work beiii,^ dune at one motion.
Hallidie's Wire Ropeway. — In i.SGS A. .S. H.m.lidie, a manufacturer
of wire and various articles made of wire, invented his wire ropeway,
which is now useil on this continent for the trans[)ortation of ores more ex-
tensively than any similar device. Mr. Hai.LIDIK can not claim priority in
the idea of a wire ropeway, because about the same time that he made his
invention, a Mr. HoDUSON, in I'^ngland, devised what was called a wire
tramway. Of the two, however, it is admitted that Hallidik'.S is superior,
very fe«', if any, of Mi >|m, son's tramways being now in use, as they are not
well ada])ted for steep grades, and tho,sc are the situations where such
means of transportation are most needed.
The original featuri:s of most \aluc in Hallidie's ropeway are the cli]i to
which the bucket is attached; the grip pulley, which cither transmits [)ower
to the rope, or serves as a brake, to check its speed, as occasion ma)- require;
the self-dumping bucket; and gearing transmitting surplus power from the
descending cable on one side of the post, to the ascending cable on the other.
The Hallidie ropeway is used in 30 mines or more, and o far as known, is
the only one used in the United States. The longest one has 4 miles of
endless wire cable between stations 2 niili s apart. At Mineral King the
stations are 6,000 feet apart, and the mine i> 1,900 feet above the mill. The
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ascending buckets are used to carry up mine timbers, fuel, tools, other sup-
plies, and occasinnall)' water. The cost of transportin;^ the ore by this
ropeway is usual!)' about 20 cents a ton, whereas by waj^un it would be .$1, and
in some^jlaces $3 or more. The weight of the ore furnishes all tlie power
needed for transportation, and in several mines there is a surplus for pump-
Iul;, or doing other work. The largest span between posts is 700 feet, at
an Inyo mine, and there the ropeway is 600 feet above the bijttom of a
canyon.
Cable Railroad.— Soon after Mr. H.M.LiniK had invented his ropeway
he in\ cnted the cable railroad, which is one of the prominent features of the
street railroad .system of San Francisco, having been in u.se now for 10 yeans.
In the cable railroad the car is drawn by an endless wire rope, moving con-
tinually under the surface of the street. The steep hills of San Francisco
demandecT such an invention, but the problem of devising a method of sup-
plying the want was surrounded with difficulties which can net be e.vplaineil
here in detail. Mr. II.M.LIDIE overcame them all, and tlie cable cars, pn •
pellcd by a hidden power, carrying heavy loads of passengers up hills that
rise 25 feet in 100 feet of roadway, are among the alfaclions of the city.
.\n open slot, sc\-cn eighths of an inch wide, between iron bars, e.Ktends mid-
way in the track from end to end of the road, antl an arm e.\tending down
through this slot, grips the cable, and moves with it, under the control of the
dii\er. Under the slot is an open channel, in which the cable mo\es. The
main features of the invention arc the open channel and slot; the position
of the rope, not under the slot, but at one side, so that dirt shall not fall
on it; the grip which catches the rope or lets go at the will of the engineer,
and acts gradually, so that there shall be no sudden jerks; and the dummy
to carry the grip. It is estimated that on the Sutter Street cable line in
San Francisco, the power costs 30 per cent, less than it would if horses were
used; and in large cities where the amount of travel is great, the saving
would be 50 per cent.
It has been obscncd that after a cable has been used for a time, the outer
wires are worn so that they lose their rounded form. Mr. IIalliuie has
invented a machine to give his wires the shape which they assume under
the influence of wear. This device will reduce the amount of change.
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Robb's Sa-w-Mill Inventions. —J. A. RoiiH, of San Josc', is the inventor
of half a dozen machines valuable in the production of lumber. His Set
Work or Mead Block enables lUe sawj'er, with little effort, to instantaneously
move the longest and largest log sidewise on the carriage to any position
needed, so that the saws can cut lumber of such width as may be required.
IWKNTIONS.
427
This device enables one man tn do the work of 4 men in changinfr the
position of a loi,' by liie old method.
Roini's Gan^ IC(l.L;cr, a series of circular saws on one; axle, used to cut
up lumber jirepareil for them by primar)- saws, has several valuaiilc improve-
ments to save labor and ex[)edite work. The saws can be chanj^^cd in posi-
tion on the axle instantaneousl)', or the>' can be taken off in a moment by
means of a hin^i; arrani^emont ; whereas in other LjaiiLj edi^er^ much time is
required for such changes. The top rolls, which feed the lumber and keep
it in i^lace, are .so arranj.;cd that the)' must alwaj-s be parallel with the lo\ver
rolls, and thus the feed is strai^dit. It is admitteil, b)' all lumber manufac-
turers, that the machine has decided advantaj;es in some respects over any
other gang cdger.
Roiili's Ti^'htenincj Lever is a tlcvice for stoppiiiLf or mo\int( the top saw
in a double circular, by a simple i'.nd convenient ai)[)liance. ConncUed with
the lever is an "idler pulley," to 5^1;^ anil feeil the carriaije with one belt
directly from the saw arbor.
RdlUi's .Saw Guitle is a device ffir instantaneously adjustinif circular saws
while in motion, the sawyer remaining at a distance of 2 feet from the saw,
and thus being out of danger. It adds greatly to the safet)' of ufirking
with circular saws.
Rouit'.s Gang Lath Holter has back rolls, each independent of the others,
and each drawing it= own l;ith or picket from its saw, in such a manner that
slabs, bolts, or sticky of irregular shapes, shall be carried awa>' as promptly
as if they were of uniform thickness.
These inventions by Mr. lioiilJ, all patented and in extensive use, are
manufactured by Tatum & ]?0\VEN, No. 12 California Street, San Francisco:
Pneumatic Clock.— Hkrm.WN J. Wr.xZEi., of San I'Vancisco, is the
inventor of a [ineumatic clock, devised for the [lurpose of driving a multi-
tude of dials in e.\act harmony with a central clock which keeps perfect
time. The pneumatic connection is less liable to interruption than
elcctricit)- ; and is therefore the best yet de\ised. Mr. \\'kx/,i:i, was
the first to adopt and perfect it. Mis patent was issued in 1S73, ami
about 1880 the same idea was introduced in I'aris, as of h'rench origin.
Mr. Wknzf.l'.s clocks have been used extensi\el)- in San Francisco for the
last 7 years and have given the most complete satisfaction. The [xiwer of
the central machinery is transmitted by air. The air pumps consist of
inverted glass cups or cylinders suspended on a level, and mox-ing ever)'
other minute up and down into glass jars partiall)- filled with gKxcrine,
which will neither freeze nor evaporate. A small pii^e runs through the
jars, one end reaching above thi; liquitl ; the otlier end is conducted antl
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ENGINEERnVG. ETC.
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branched off to the (iiffcrcnt clocks in thi- building. The clocks .so con-
nected, contain only dial-work and a .small air-pump; and so long a.s the
connection is complete, must move exactly with the central machinery, even
if a mile distant.
Telegraphic Inventions. — The first practical application of the electric
sjicakinL; telL])litjne was to replace the Morse apparatus, jwintcrs, magnetic
dials, and other instruments in use on short ]5rivate lines, conncci uvj; offices
with factories, wharves, mills, and mines. The next step was to develop
the priv.-»te Imes into club lines, each embracing perhaps as many as 10 sta-
tions, tlic sub.scribcrs having such business or personal relations, as to permit
the common iwe of one line for all their telephone stations. But the great
field for the useiof the telephone origin;Ltcd with tlic exchange .system, which
vwas (ievised lir-'i:iEOKGE S. Ladd, then and now president of The Gold
.^ssai) Stock Uzlkgrapm Company, and at present also president of The
BttaOFlC l^KT Tixi.-.i'iioNE COMPANY. This sA.stem was first put into
rptactical n under Mr. Ladd'.s management. Soon after the first
aipfmaaaxtcc ui zht: telephone, he recognized its value, but saw that few
pM i WMft coukL .aStinl to maintain lines leading only to their own houses,
aniC tiait dab lines never could be numerous, because there was no privacy
of cowKcrsatiKMi. He studied out the pbin for a sc[)aratc wire from every
.subscniiiEr or oTOmer of a telephone to a cerrtral office — now termed an ex-
chairpfC' — witfa.a.-: -airitchiiiirny apparatus at the office, so that the operator there
couli ":!'
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by amiyioody. iSiprt onlv imuld 2 subscribers in the same city be placed in
communication. .init when adjacent cities are connected by truiilc lines, every
subscriber ni om: cny casn converse witli every subscriber in the other. The
first ciniH on of this system ever made, was to the office of TlIE CALI-
FORNIA Ck.\i.:kek CoSJTiANY, on February 18, 18S1; and in Scptcmlx'r,
188 1, a subscriber in Sar. Francisco could command immediate ami pri\atc
conversation witia 1400 rriier jioints, in his own city and Oakland. The
success of this .uimirable system was complete from the first, and, within a
few months, the example of the Golden City was followed by New York,
Chicago, I'hiladelphia, and other Atlantic cities, until now every large and
prosperous to>vn in the I'nitcd States has its tclphone exchange. The
invention will increase in importance with the extension of the telephonic
range, and if that shouli-l reach across the continent, the telephone exchange
will be one 'f the mo>l prominent factors of business and social life. There
is no exaggeration iti saying that iMr. I..\l)i:)'.s addition of the exchange has
much more than dt)iibleil the value of the telephone.
he telephones of any _' subscribers, allowing them
• might wish, without danger of being overheard
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The establishment of the Ainericm District IVloi,napli s\ -,10111 in S;in
I'raiicisco, in 1S75, \\;-.i soon lulloweil b\- the iincnti'in cil the San I'laii-
cisco signal box, whicli has 12 signals and a liell tn let the p.Uron know
that his signal lias been heard and attendeil to. The old box, whidi li.id
only 3 signals and no rcs[ionse bell, will disappear e\ei)\\ here. I'lie .'"iaii
I'raneisco box was invented by Gl'.oRiiK .S. L.MHi and Sri.i'llKN 1). l''li;i,i).
After the adoiUion of a box with signals for liacks ;uul coupes, a carri.ige
company vvas organized to kee[) such vehicle.-, read)', at all hours ol llie d.iy
and night, for the patrons of the Distri. : ;\ 'egraph Comi)an>-. .S.in l'"ran-
cisco was the first city to have such a . ■ .pany, and it now h,is tlie best
carriage service in the United .States.
The first successful application of the magneto-electric machine, as a
substitute for the galvanic batter)-, to furnish a regular electric current for
telegraphic purposes, was made in California in 1.S79. Many atteni])l- to
use the machine for this inirpose h.ul been made in lunoix' without suc-
cess, the current ha\ing :i pulsating motion which rend<rcd it unser\ iceable.
Gi:()Ki;k S. L.MUi and Sri;i'lii:\ D. Imklh, while working together over
the problem, hit upf)n the idea of starting the current in one machine and
transmitting it tlirt)Ugh anoth.er. The pulsation of one counterbalancetl ibc
pul.sati(jn of the other, and a stead)- current was obtained. .Magiieto-</lt'<:-
tricity is now used in San Francisco and New York, and pcrha|)s other
places, with a great saving; and will doubtless be substituted in all tlie cities
where a large tclegrajihic business is done, with a decided rcrluction in ex-
pense. In the city business of San Francisco, the saving in tlu co.l of
the electric current is 50 per cent.
Washoe Pan, etc. — The iron pan first u.sed for the amalgamation of
silver ore August 11, 1.S60, inthc mill of A[,M.\KIN H. V'.\[ 1, at \'irj;inia
Cit)-, pro\-cil to be a gre;it success, working with a speed far exceeding the
iMexican patio, and the German barrel, and being far more economical fiir
general use on our slojje. It is used exclusively for retlucing all the free
milling ores in the American territory. Mr. Paim. had used the ])an unsuc-
cessfuU)- Ml a gold mill at Ne\ada City, and was ridiculed when he took it
to the Comstock Lode, but the result vindicated the wisdom of his course.
Zkn.V.s Wlli;i;t.KR invented the first fast grinding pan, anil also introduced
revolving blankets for catching sulphurcts. The h'RUi'. revoKing rubber
.sheet concentrator and the Gir.i; lapjiet are other inventions, the value of
whicli is recognized among miners.
Deetken's Chlorination Prooo3S.— The process of separating gold from
roastetl .uniUious ^ulphureis b\- exposing tiiem to chlorine, and then leach-
ing out the soluble chloride of gold with w.iler, ,'.'as discovere<l bv the (ler-
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111,111 chemist I'l.A irxEK. Tlic (icrinaiis wrrc iicrfcct in the chemical part
111 ihi' l)usine.-,s, but the)- did nut isiiuw iiow In make the apparatus needed
i>' .ijipiy it economicaily. At Keichen.stcin, the chief ciilorination establish-
ment in I-'.urope, llie j4as is {generated in clay ])fits with lead covers, in con-
nection with stoneware jars for washiiv; it. and willi small stoneware iin-
l)re!,'nation pots, eacji holdiiii^ 150 [jounds of roasted siilphurets. G. F.
1)1,1,1 Ki:n, at present a resident of Auburn, California, in 1X6:; obtained a
patent, now obsolete, for a cheap chlorination apparatu.s. He matle
a leailen generator with water joiius and a stirrer; the tfas uas washed
in a bell i(lass; the rf)asted suli)hurets were placed on a filter bottom in a
l.u'Lje w<joden \ .it lined u ith rosin and l.ir or an equi\alent. The cover of
the \at was made tiL;ht u ith doiiijh, ,uid the ^^■ls was .idmittcd under the
filter bottom, I)i;r.i'Ki:x',s apparatus for a 3-ton establishment costs here
$300, while till' ivT;i(iii'.NST[:i\ apparatus would cost $4,800; ;ind the
former rec[uires less than one fourth the (piantity of man_L,Mncsc, and co.sts
$4 less a ton for handlin;^ the ore. The Ui;i:'l'Ki;.\ apparatus is used by 7
chlorination establishments in Xev.ula County, one in I'l.icer. one in I'",l
Uur.ido, one in Calaveras, one in Tuolumne, one in Mariposa, one in Siski-
you, and 2 in Amador. With it, lar^'e sums, periiaps millit)ns, have been
ackled to the ^old production of California, The Reichenstein is not
used on this slope,
lioadin-j Chutes. — Tiie shore of California has a number of chutes, or
lap^i' wcioden troutjhs, through which lumber, firewood, ^rain, and mis-
cellaneous articles, incliidinj;' pi,L;s with their feet tied, are sent sliding
down I'rom a hit^h b.mk to a vessel anchored out |)erliaps 10, perhaps 30
\ards from the land. The chutes are supported b}' strong derricks, , and
some of them ha\e sliding extensions which can be adapted to the distance
at which the \essel fmils it convenient to anchor. All the chutes are made
so that they can be raiseil or lowered to suit the condition of the tide. At
the lower end tliere is a br.ike to check the momentum of the descending
object, which if a railroad tie or hea\y piece of timber, if not checked in
speed might crush the deck or siile (.f the vessel. These chutes, which \ary
ill form and size, were first used on the coast of Californi.i, and probably
h.ivc not been adojjted eksewhere. They woulil lie of no use on a flat beach
or on a shore aliounding in harbors.
Photographs of xVlotion. — I'.. J, .MlN Iskiih;!-,, of S.in I'rancisco, was the in-
\eiitor of ;m interesting .apparatus for t.iking instantaneous ])hotographs of
animals in motion. He obtained \iews to show the successive positions of
a horse in one stride, which extends from the time that he piits down one foot
(the right front foot for instance ; on the grounil until he piiti it down again.
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4.U
The distance lor a swift horse at I'lill s])ectl iniLjlit l)c JX I'ei't ; the time half
a second approxiniatcis'. I'he motions of tiie feet are so swit't that the e\e
can not distin_L;uisli them; and artists have' made a iiracliee of paiiuin;^^ riin-
nin,Lj horses in conventional jxisitions which, uitli tlie lielp of M t\ IsKIDCKs
photot,M'aphs, ue now loiow to he unhke anythiiiL; in nature, nntl al)sohitcl)-
impossible. The problem was to take 12 instantaneous pictures , it e(|iial
intervals of time within half a second, in po.'jitions separated In- e(|ual dis-
tances of 2S inches. MLVr.Kin<;i; succeedeil, and the accuracy anil interest
of his pictures have been admitted in the lar_L;est cities on both sides of the
Atlantic. Ilis invention was suj^gcsted by a recpiest made by l,i;i,.\Mi
StaM'oRI) for phototjraphs of a horse in rapid motion at ilifferent porticjns
of his stride, antl this request was basetl on a ct)nviction that the conven-
tional pictures of runninjjf honses were false to nature.
Von Schmidt's Submarine Blasting. — Before 1.S67 the only melluxl
known to cnujineers of blastiiu^ luuler water, was to lay the explosiw on the
rock ami touch it off, thus shattcriuL; the surface, the effect beini, sli^jht in
proportion U> the amoent of explosive u.scd. In that year .\. W. VoN
Schmidt devised a new md much more effective plan. .As the contractor
of the Stone Dry Dock at Hunter's Point, i-n San Franciscf), he e.\cavated
what ma>' be calletl the body of the dock, and then had to make an entrance
throui^'h rock e.Ktcndin^' out with a fjradual slope 100 feil into the l>a\-.
InstCtid of blasting on top of this rock, he tunneled under the water, took
out a large amount of material, and at one blast broke down the roof ami
columns of his hone)'comb work. This process having been a complete
success, Mr. V'ON SciI.Minr took a contract from the National (iovcnnnent
to blast away Blossom Rock, the top of which was 5 feet below low tide, in
San Francisco Haj-. Me built a coffer dam on the rock, suiik a shaft, ran a
drift through a space of 140 feet long and 40 feet wide, 37 feet below low
tide, and then blew up all his galleries at once, and accomplished his task.
'I'he superiorit)- of this method of blasting submarine rock, accessible by
timneling, is admitted by all engineers, and it was adopted in bl.isting the
rock at llell Gale, New York harbor, in 1879.
Gates's Steering Apparatus. -Jon. \ G.\ri:s, an engineer in the ser\iei?
of The OkK(;o\ R.mi.w.w Cdmt.WV, is the inventor of a steering appa-
ratus driven by steam-power, which, however, is transmitteil by water so
that it has a h>draulic ch.iractcr. This invention enables the hehiismeii to
direct the course of the boat instantiv ,iiid without effort. It is the onl>-
.steering aiiparatus suitable for narrow ami swift streams, but s useful I'ver)-
where. Mr. G.VTKS is also the inventor of the " Li^iht-Feea u ibricator," in
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wliich tlio oil |i,-isscs by drops through glass, so that any interruption can be
discovered readily.
Deidesheimer'B Mine Timbering. — In i860 I'llii.ir Df.IDESHP:imkr
was employed to take cliarj,'c (jf timbering,' the third galler)- of the Ophir
Mine on tlie Conistock Lode. This j^'allerj- was in a body of ore 200 feet
loni; horizontally, 65 feet wide, and 560 feet dee[). The mineral was too
ricii to s|)are an)' portion of it for columns, such as arc left in narrow \cin.s
to support the roof, and the metliods of timbering familiar to miners were
not adapted to such immense chambers. Mr. DlCHJii.siIKlMKK invented a
.system of timbering known as the square set, which is now in universal use
among American miners for large ore chambers. It consists of a succes-
sion of cribs, each (') feet cubic, made of strong timbers set together in very
simple manner, and braced across the dip of the vein. Tiiese cribs, jjiled
one on another from the lloor to the roof, arc much stronger than any
other kinil of timbering containing an equal amount of material. ,
Agricultural Implements. — The scarcity of wood and .superabundance
of straw in some of the larger agricultural valleys of California, made a
demand for threshing-engines which should burn straw. Several \ain at-
tempts were made to use it as fuel, but II.ARVKV W. RiCK succeeded by
using it lUHler a IxjiUr with return flues. Out of 400 stiaw-burning engines
in (Jalifornia, more than 300 are constructed on Mr. Ru'i:'.s pattern. The
straw -burning engine has been sent from California to Me.xico, Guatemala,
and the Hawaiian Islands, and has been introduced into some of the States
and Territories east of the Rocky Mountains. In California, the e.vpense
of the straw-burner is from $5 to $8 a day less than a wood-burner, or $500
for each machine in a season. $200,0CX) in a year for the State.
Anothi r \aluable Californian invention is the machine-feeder (ov thresh-
ing-machines, invented by H\'RON jACKsoN. It saves the labor of one man,
$2 a day, and does the work with a regularity that the man can never ob-
tain. Out of 1,000 threshing-machines in the .State, 700 use Jack.son'.s
feeder. It has been sent to Australia by M. C. II.\\VL1-.V & Co. J.VCKSON
is also the inventor of a derrick-feeder for threshing-machines. It saves
labor and is extensively used.
Other Inventions. -The ])atents issued to residents of this coast number
thousands, but most of them ha\i.: no practical \alue, and man>- are \aliia
ble, but the information about them i: not conveniently accessible or it
is difficult to explain their merits in a manner intelligible tc> the general
reader, for whom this book is designed. C.\Kl TON Nkwm.VN, manager of
Till-; .S.W I'"K.\\n.s('(i .wn I'.mii'Ic (jl,.\ss VVokks, is the inventor i.f
» 'v\
m
INVl'.XTIONS.
433
a valuable rlass mcltiiic;-pot. Dcnick-ncts, for Iciadiinj and '^tackiriL; lia\-
ami straw, ucrc invcr.k'il hy OsrAR Maksiiaii. and TlKiMAS l'o\\i:i.l„
of Stockton The best taljlc for woikiiiL; butter and the most convinient
mold to sliai)e it for the market, were inventcil b\- Ol.lVl R Al.lJ.N, of
Sonom.i C\)unty, California, and arc' in e.\tensi\e use. V.wr & llAlNi.il'i-,
of San l''ranci.seo, were the inventors of the method of |)rintinL,' box sliooks
— pieces of board pre])ared to be nailed into boxes with the label of the
manufacturer. y\n aiijjjcr patcntctl b}- Hi'.NjAMiN' lM)KsiNt;K, ol Salem,
Orccjon, is no\el, antl, in certain kinds of work, valuable. Joi: \ Wl.si', of
Wcstport, Oregon, is the inventor and ])atcntee of a vahi,ible machine for
filling; cans with salmon.
'l"hc hydraulic elevators in the Palace Hotel, <lesiL;iied bv Mr. \)\t Kli.
and Mr MoORK, have 5 cvlinders to e.ich elevator, so that the power can
be varied to suit the load — a novel principle in elevator structure. The
accumulatfir of the I'alace Hotel, to ^i\e pt)wer to the elevator machinery,
has the heaviest dead-weight load — iSo tons — u.sed in any accumulator.
55
'!, 1
434
MANUKA(Ti;Ui;S.
DIVISION VII.-MANUFACTURES.
CHAPTER XXVIII.— TEXTILE FABRICS.
Textile Production. — The phrase "textile fabrics" is api)liccl, in this
chapter, not only to tlic productions of the U)om, but to the different arti-
cles inanufacturcil from such productions. It includes, therefore, not only
the blankets ami flannels, the tweeds, cassimeres, and doeskins, the ho-
siery and knit j^rnods produced at the woolen-niills, but all tjic iliffcrcnt arti-
cles that are made from such fabrics; the coats, pants, and vests made from
the clotli, and the o\ers]iirts and underwear made from the flannels antl
knit goods. Those articles, which arc made of imported material, but
fashioned for wear or prepared for other use by means of Pacific Coast
kdjor, such as shirts and linen underclothing, flags and regalia, hats and
caps, dress and upholstery trimmings, rope and cordage, jute and cotton
bags, will also be included under the head of textile fabrics.
It may be stated approximately that the several departments of this
branch of industry give employment to $4,900,000 of capital and to 6,000
operati\es; that the amount distributed for wages is about $2,450,000, and
for material $5,900,000 a year; and that the gross wholesale value of all
manufactured fabrics is about $ 1 1,800,000. In stating the value of mate-
rial, the cloth and flannels of our woolen-mills, so far as they are made into
cU^thing and iniderclothing on this coast, and all fabrics of Pacific Coast
production, to which the tabor of operatives adds a second value, arc esti-
mated only once. Probably not more than $1,000,000 worth of outer cloth-
ing and underwear are made from the jiroducts of our woolen-mills. If to
this amount there be ;ulded $450,000 as the value of hosiery and Icnit goods
made into articles of domestic underwe.ir, we include all the important
branches in w hich labor adds a second value to Pacific Coast fabrics.
Tiie ca])ital invested in our woolen-factories is estimated at $3,340,000;
and the value of their manufactures at .$4,850,000. The capital investeil in
all other br.mches of this industry is estimated at $i,(jOO,000, and the value
of manufactures at $6,950,000.
The progress made within the last few years in the manui'actin-e of tex-
tile fabrics is ver)' remarkable, and contains man)' lealures of general inter-
' IS
Tr,\TU.l-; |-AIlKtCS.
4i>
est. The census reports for 1S70 i;ivc the number of opcr.itiNcs cniiiloycil
at 1,700 (in round numbers), of whom 650 were at work in woolen-mills;
and the total of all products at $3,750,000, of which $1,750,000 were woolen-
mill fabrics. Since 1870 the manufacture of tc.\tile fabrics of all kinds has
increased 466 per cent., and that of woolen-mill fabrics 177 per cent.
It may apjicar sinj^ular that the increase in the manufacture of woolens,
for which material of good quality is produced on this coast, should be so
much less than in the manufacture of other fabrics, for which the material
is mainly imported. The capital at present in\csted in the woolen-mills of
the Pacific Coast is estimated at $3,340,000, and the value of their manufac-
tures at $4,850,000. Tlie capital invested in the production of all other
fabrics is estimated at $1,560,000, and the value of their manufactures at
$6,950,000.
The reason for this ajiparcnt anomaly is not that tliere is a lack of cap-
ital, or that the public fail to appreciate the quality of our woolen-mill
fabrics. If it were clearly establishcil tliat a fair profit coukl be assured in
that branch of entcrjirisc, the capital could readily be obtained, and Pacific
Coast lilankets, flannels, tweeds, and cassimcres sell not only west of the
Rocky Mountains, but in Chicago, New York, and to some extent in foreign
countries. At the close of iSSi, many of the factories were unable to fill
their orders, and one establishment had orders on hand from Xcw \'ork for
all the blankets it could manufacture until the following September. W'hat
then is the reason that, as will be seen in this chapter, our woolen-mills con-
sume only one fifth of the wool clip of the entire coast, while clothing
made from their cloth sells in New York; while duck and denim goods of
Eastern cotton can be imported, made into overalls and suits by the labor
of Pacific Coast operatives, and .sold at a prfifit even in the Eastern .States,
after paying commissions and double freight; and while regalia, upholstery
trimmings, and other fabrics of Eastern material, manufactured on this coast,
arc rapidly driving these las.ses of Eastern goods out of the market? It is
probable that one reason is the uncertainty still existing in the labor market.
The capital needed to start a woolen-mill is so large in proportion to tjie
value of production, that capitalists can find more secure and more ,j'ofit-
able investments. The capital of the woolen-mills on this coast is to the
volume of their production, almost in the proportion of 2 to 3. The capital
employed in other branches of the manufacture of textile fabrics is about
as 2 to 9. Several woolen-factories have paid large profits.
In former j'ears, and even recently, one of the Califcjrnian factories
paid for 1881 a dividend of 30 per cant.; another paid 18 per cent., but the
average profits of the business are much less than those made in other
branches requiring far less capital. The value of outer clothmg and fiannel
« :i!
i !
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11!
■ : I
11
■V.C'
M.wfi \(ti;ki:s.
underwear made u]i on this coast is estimated at $3,650,000, and it is
doubtlui whether the capital scilei)- investe<l in tiiose branches amounts to
$r,ooo,ooo, and that represents almost entirel)' the \alue of stock. These
^'oods are manufactured almost cntir 'ly b)- Cliinamcn in their own ciuarters,
and the manufacturer takes litth: nsk. In other branches of the manu-
factinc of textile fabrics there is a scarcits' of skilled labor; and with the
present unsettled condition of the labor market, it is evident that the day
is not yet ni^di at Jiand whcti, as political economists predict, the manu-
facturiiiff interests of the Pacific Coast siiall exceed both minint; and agri-
culture in ai^nrrcLjatc wealth.
Woolen-Mills. — About one fifth of the wool produced on our coast is
consumed in our coast mills, and this fact is one of the most strikinf,^ ilhus-
trations of the undeveloped condititju of our manufacturing industries.
The greater portion of the reinaining foiu" fifths is sent away not only un-
worketl, but e\en unwashed, to be cleansed, spun, woven, dyed, cut, sewn,
anil returned to us, (juadrupled in ]5rice, as clothing.
The entire capital invested in the 2S woolen-mills of our slope ma>- be
cstimatetl at .$3,340,000; the weight of unw\'ished wool used b)' them is
5,750 tons, costing on an average 22 cents a pound, or $2,530,000 in the
aggregate; and they consume 300 tons of cotton worth 14 cents a pound,
or $84,000. The entire value of all manufactured fabrics, which include
blankets, hor.se, mining, and ice jjlanketings, flannels, cassimeres, doeskins,
latlies' cloaks and ulsters, coat and o\erall linings, glove-cloth, and knit
liose and underwear, may be estimated at $4,850,000. About 93,000 pairs
of blankets, 800,000 yards of flannel, and 700,000 yards of cloth and
tweed are manufactured every year in San I'^rancisco. The doeskins and
cassimeres a\erage about 17)4 ounces to tiie s(]uare yard; the tweeds about
I 5 ounces.
At the close of 1881 the following were the prices of the leading descrip-
tions of good.s manufactured at the Pioneer and Mission Woolen Factory,
in San Francisco, the largest establishment of the kind on the Pacific
Coast: Mission lambs'-wool blankets, $14.50 to $15 a pair; colored blankets,
$3.75 to $15.50; flannels, 40 cents to $1.25 a yard; cassimeres antl doeskins,
$1 to $1.75 ; tweed.s, 50 cents to $1.25 ; check shawls, $10.50 to $36 a dozen ;
plaid shawls, $42 to $78; gra\' shawls, $36 to $72; flannel overshirts, $16 to
$45; knit underwear, $15 to $.48 ;i dozen.
Il is usuall\- estimated, that in a factory which produces all classes of
articles, 3 pounils of unscoured wool arc required to make one pound of
finished goods, and that the manufactured fabrics arc worth, on an average,
$1.30 a pound at wholesale. Accejjting this estimate, it will be found that
■■
TKXTII.K lAllKICS.
kV
the woolens proiluceil on the I'.Ritlc Coast in iSSi were worth ahoiii
$5,000,000, instead of $4,,S5o,oaD as above stated; but the dilVerenco is
.nccountetl for by the fact, th.it some of tlie smaller mills limit llieir opera-
tions maiiil}- til the production of blankets and eoiuse flannels.
The .imoimt paid out for wa'j;es in 1S81 m.iy be stated approximately at
$1,000,000, anil the number of hanils employed at 2,150, of whom 71X) to
Soo are Chinamen, anil the remainiler white operalivi:>. The proportion of
Chinese to white labor would lie much ^Meatjr, but for the fact that, in the
woolen mills of Utah Territor}-, white la!^)r is cmjiloyed exclusivel)-.
( )f the I? woolen-mills now in operation in California, 2 are loc.Ued in
San I'rancisco, and one each at San Jose, Sacr.imento, Sti ckton, Sant.i
Ros.i, Marysville, Merced, Los Anf,'clcs, and San Hcrnardino. There are in
Ore.Ljon 5 woolen-mills, which are located at Oregon City, UavLon, Ashlaiul,
Urownsville, anil Dallas. Utah contains 10 factories liie largest of which
is situated at I'rovo City. Tlie others arc located at Salt l^ake City, Heaver
Cit)-, l^righ.un City, Ogden, liig Kanyon Creek (near .Salt Lake City),
Springville, ^L'u^ti, and St. George. The 13 woolen mills of C'alifornia have
in operation 64 sets of cards and .ibout 260 looms, in atlilition to knitting
machiner)- equal in power to that of .4.0 or 50 additional looms. With .111
in\esteil capital of about $2,400,000, tliey manufacture $1,200,000 worth ,1
)-ear of material into goods valued at nearly $3,000,000, and [rdy about
$630,000 in wages. The total number of employes may be set ilow n at
1 ,600.
Importation of Woolens. — It is estimated by 2 of the largest importing
houses in .San Francisco that, 4 )ears ago, the value of woolen goods
brought overland by rail included 40 per cent, of Eastern, and Go per cent,
of foreign fabrics, but that for the j-car 1880, 75 per cent, were of ICastern,
and only 25 per cent, of foreign manufacture. The indications are that,
inste;id of sending abroatl four fifths of our wool crop, and e.vpeniling
nearl)- the entire sum received for it in the importation of woolen goods,
the I'acitlc Coast will, in course of time, manufacture largel)- f<ir export.
Uin-ing the )-car 1880, nearl)- 500 cases of clothing, princip.dl)- woolens of
home production, were shippeil from .San h'rancisco to China, the Ilauaii.in
Islands, and other foreign countries ; ;uul the trade of at least one of oin-
factories has g.iined some foothold e\en in ICngkinil. .Vs matters now
stand, the wool m.inufacturing indiistr\' is m.aking rapid progress on the
Pacific Coast, as will be seen from a comparison of the statistics just gi\en
with tlio.se for the )-ear 1S70. During that year there were but |S factories
in oix.ration on the coast, manufacturing .$903,000 worth of m.iterial into
$i,7'jO,ooo worth of goods. Comparing the.se with the figures for 1881, we
i't
1'!^
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ill
4i«
MANII ACirUKS.
find an iiicrcisc in thu cost of material of i<So jkt cent., anil in the \aliie
of labric pioiliicod of al>oiit 177 jilt cent.
In tiie centennial \ear, when oiu' wool clip reached its ina.viniuni, and the
])rice (jf wool fell to the low a\eraL;e of 14,'j cents ])er pound, the factories
on this coast were runnini,'" up to their full ca|)acity, turning; out ifoods that
\wiul(l he.ir cfini]);irison with any in the L'nion, while I''.astern manufacturers
\\ere complainitiLj of dull times and o\er-pnnluctioi-.. A brief com[)ari.son
of the o])erations of Californian and Ore^^'on mills for the )-ear 1S70 with
those for 1.S76 will show the lluctuations to which this branch of indus-
tr_\- is liable. In both years the a\eraL;e jjrice of wool was almost identi-
cal, 14 cents in iS7oaL;ainst 14, ':i cents in 1876. Ik'tween tliese dates the
wool clip had increasetl threefold, from 9,500 to 30,500 tons. In 1870 we
fmd that, witli a capital of a little over $2,000,000, I I factories in California
and ()rey;on (Utah is not iiicUuled, on account of the difficulty in obtaininjj
e.\act figures for 1876) were manufacturint;f $800,000 worth of inatcrial into
fabric valued at $1,600,000, and paying out $340,000 a j-ear in wages. In
1876 we find only 9 woolen-mills in operation, but with nearly the same
amount of cajiital, making up $1,200,000 worth of raw material into $3,000,-
000 worth of ilnished goods, and paying out $600,000 for wages.
The (|uantity of woolen goods imp(jrtcd to the Pacific Coast from the
Kast anil from abroad is estimated, from inquiry carefully made among gen-
tlemen largely interested in this branch of business, at $5,000,000 to $6,000,-
000. against $4,850,000 worth of home-manufactured fabrics, including
cassimeres and doeskins sent ICast either for sale or to be made up and re-
turned to this coast as read)'-made clothing. The enormous glut of woolen
goods that accumulated after the close of the civil war, and during the busi-
ness prostration of 1873 and subsequent )cars, no longer exists, and the
recent revival of commercial activity has done much to clear off surplus
.stocks, and to lea\e the markets gcnerall)- in fair condition, with a sfiecial
demand for some lines iif goods both on the Pacific Coast an.d in the ICastern
States. The substantial quality of Californian and Oregoni.ui blankets,
cloths, and fiannels is rapidly gaining for them a jireference o\er those of
l''.astcrn or foreign manufacture. Cassimeres and dcjeskins made on this
coast are l;irgcl_\' in request f)r the cheaper classes of clothing. The manu-
ficture of the finest ijualitiesof woolens has not jet been attempted here on
a large scale, but it seems probable that our greatest production may even-
tii.ill)- be in these fine goods, which can best bear the large freights that
obstruct our access to the markets of the world.
Early Woolen Manufacture. — .A brief sketch of the gniwth and de\el-
oinnent of this inqjortant branch of our Pacific Coast industries, aiul a de-
Ti:\ 1 11.1 1 AllKKS.
■t>9
scriptidii of the [Mcsciit cdiuliticn nf a few Icailin^r factories, may not lie
without interest to tlie reader, l"or mailj- a lialf ceiitiii)-, whiU- tlu- iiiis-
,sions of California were in a prosperous condition under the dominion of
S[)ain ami the inana^cinent of tiie l'"ranciscan friars, wcoi was mamifaetured
into roui^h blankets of the coarsest (pialit}-. When the missions were sei/.ed
and plundered l)\- the civil auth(jrities, the herils were killetl and the looms
abandoned, I.oiil; after 1849, W'>ol and pelts were throvMi away as refuse,
and for years there was scarcely any market for them eMii in .S.ui l"rancisco,
onl}- the carcass beiiiL; in demand. An idea of the conditicjii of the wool
industi)' in early days ma\- he obtained from an adverliseinent in the .l//<r
of June 15, 1854, in which I).\KI('S .SlXJKICS, IJ9 .M(jnt|4omer\- .Street, " be^'s
rcs[)ectful!y to inform dealers in wool that he is pre])ared to pack wool and
goods of all descriptions in large or small bales, and that he also buj-s old
clothes." Among an assorted cargo of old junk, rope, rags, n.iils, ,iiid cop-
per, a few bales of wool occasionally found their wa,\' to the New ^'ork
market.
With a good supply of skillful and steati)' laborers, and protectetl b_\' the
great cost of exporting wool ami importing clothing over 1,000 miles of
wagon-roatl, Mormon entcri)rise built the first I'acific woolcii-miU at West
Jordan in 1853, and mailc a success of the business. (Oregon started her
first mill, the W'illamctte, in 1857, at Salem, but obtainetl no profit from it
until after the ci\il war began. California opened her first woolen-mill
at a period when industrial labor was scarce and extravagant!)- high; when
the raw materirl was difficult to obtain and of inferior c|uality, and when
interest was at least double its ])rcsent rates. The manufacturer had to
struggle against all the difficulties incident to starting a new industry, wliile
Eastern trade influence helped t(j check the growth of a branch of enter-
prise that is now second to none on the I'acific Coast. When, in 1861, it
became evident that armies, drawn from the productive industry of the
nation, were to be clothed and ccjuippcd; when, in I'lastern cities, old mills
were being enlarged and new ones hurried into operation ; when every card
and s])indle and loom was taxed to its utmost capacity, the I'acific woolen-
mills began to reap the benefits which the energy and sorely taxed patience
of their promoters had so well dcscrvcil.
The blankets from the mills of California ami Oregon were ikjI only thick,
warm, and durable, but were made of a fine wool that seldom got into
Eastern blankets, and they sijon achie\'ed a reputation as uncqualed an)-
wherc. The}- i)resenicd a remarkable contrast to the miserable shoddy
blankets serveil out to mail)' of the soklicrs, and they were supplied in large
(|uantit)- for the American ami)-, and also fijr some luiropean armies. The
rcputaticjii then acijuired has been maintained since and extended to other
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grades of I'acific Coast blankets, and to otlicr descriptions of woolen goods,
cspcciall)' to tweeds and cassimeres. In the face of main- (jbstacles and
dilficiillies, (iiir woolen-mills have been stcailil\- gaining groinid of late, and
the )ear l.SSi closed with a verj' promising outlook for the future. iJuring
the fall and early winter months, the demanil for their fabrics was so urgent
that many of them were unable to fill their orilers.
Pioneer Mill.— Til lo 1'|i)Ni:i:k Whii.kn-Mii.i.s, built at Hlack Point in
■iSi.S b>- Ilt.VM;.M.\N, I'K K i^- t'l I., merchants of San l-'rancisco, were the
fir-l woolen-mill enterprise in C'alitornia. The jjroject started in the mind
of Mr. I'll K. who ga\e his attention to the sui)icct. antl satisfietl himself
tiiat the W(jol ji',;ld of the coa^l woukl continue to increase rapitlly, that the
necessity of exporting the bulk of the clip wouKl give a great ailvantage to
the San I'rancisco inainifaclurer, in the (piality and price of his wool, atid
tlial the \\ea\ing of coarse woolen goods must be a source of profit after a
few jears. J ust when the market began to assume a most promising appear-
ance for the San I'rancisco woolen manufacture, in October, iSfii, the
Pioneer .Mills, whici' tlun had 4 sets of cards and 16 loom.s, were burned
down. In iJecember of that )xar a company was incorporated to purchase
the business, with a capital of $100,000, afterwards increaseil to $500,000.
Xcw mills, erected at the same j)lacc, commenced running in June, 1S62,
with machiner_\- for 9 sets of cards, 31 looms, anil 2,800 spintlles. h'or some
time almost the entire capacit)' of the mill was reipiired to meet the demand
for blankets and flannels, ,ind all the goods manufactured were consumed on
this coast. In conjunction with the Mission Mills, they had within 5 )cars
almost dri\en out of the market all woolen goods of the kind they manu-
factured. Their flannel was of much better wool than that of the Mastern
make, and was seweil up into shirts on the [)remi.ses, 50 or 60 .sewing-
machines being keep in constant operation for the purpose. In the article
of blankets, nothing made at the East found such fa\()r among jjurchasers
as those manufactured in this citj'. The Pioneer Mills, which ha\e now
absorbed the Mission Mills, occup)- the 4-story brick building, (xjb)' 400 feet,
that stands out as so prominent a feature, close to the reservation of Point
.San Jose, In adilition to .^S sets of cards, 1 50 looms, and 1 2,000 spindles,
the)- ha\e knitting inachiner)-, taken from the Pacific Mills, with a jjower
ecpial to that of 24 looms.
The yearl\- i)roduction of g(]odN i-. at least 30,000 pair of blankets, white,
gra) , and colored; flaimels of all kinds in white, gra_\', blue, antl scarlet,
cassimeres antl doeskins; robes, chiell)' for buggies; ladies' cloakings, prin-
cipall)- colored, and for orilinai)- use. .\bout 3,5oo,tx.X) pounds of wool and
100,000 pounds of cotton are consumed )early, as raw material. Though
II
Ti:.\iii.K I \i;ui( s.
441
their Eastern tnulc li:is falk-n oil" soincu hat, ^'cmral Inisiiicss is icpoitcd to
be in a fair coiuhtioii. AllDwiii^' 3 pounds of wool at 20 cents (tiicir ma-
terial bein^ purchased at low rates and in larj^e iiuantityl to one of manu-
factured ^'(jods, worth, on an averai^e, $1.30 per pound, the ccjst of material,
inchidin^ cotton, a little exceeils $rK)0,00O, while the total value of their
manufactures amounts to $i,500,0CX). The i)a>-roll and runninj^ expenses
are about $350,000 a jear. The single item of coal costs $70 a day, and
that of water $700 a month. As the factory furnishes emplo)-ment to <Soo
liands, including; 50D wliite jiersoTis, and Jiajs out at le.'st $25,000 ;i month
in uayes, a sketch of its rise and |)rot,ness may not be without interest.
Mission Mill.- Till ; Mis.sioN Wooija-Mii.i.s, started and maintained
for 14 years as a separate cntcrpri.se, tlu)ui,'h now owned by the s.ime com-
pany which has the I'ioneer Mills, were founded in iX^i.) by UoN.M.D Mc-
I,i:nn.\N and John C'i;N"II;u, .ind bej^ran to run in Novcmbe • of that year,
with 2 sets of cards ami 10 looiTis. In December, Mi 1. i:\N.\N Ijecame the
sole ])roprietor, and hi' had not a little difTiculty in kecpiuL,' the establish-
ment ^"iuL; for several je.irs. The war made a m.uket for him .is lor
others, and then capitalists c.ime to his aitl. l,.\/.\iui l"l<i:Kts b<)UL;lU a
l.u'ne interest in the mills in 1S63, and 30 looms \\()\e 650 tons of wool
annually into manuOictured .irticles \\orth $500,000 a year. In 1.S64
the propert)' was sold to ,in incorporited company with a capit.il of
$500,000. The next \ear, \V. (". R.M.s |( )\ bou,i;ht up the stock so as to
become almost the exclusi\e owner; and at that time the (|uanlit)- of the
raw m.iterial consumed annuall)' amounted to 1,150 tons, and the \aliie of
the manufactured product to $1,000,000. The mills took a premium 't the
Paris I'^xposition of 1867 for their goods, and in 1S70 the)- received an
oriler from A. T. S ri;\V.\u i' & Co. for blankets ami robes, to the amount
of $375,000. Hlankels from the Mi.ssitm Mills took the i;i)ld medal for the
best .article of its kind, either foreign or dor .;stic. The .Mission Mills ha\e
been now for about 5 >'ears under their present ownership.
Golden Gate Mill. -^Tl IK Gui.DKN ti.vit. W <K)I,1.N-Mii,!,s, on Hrjani
Axenue, occup)- a site 200 b)' 40S feet, between Nineteenth .md Twentieth
streets. Their two-story brick buikling extends the entire length of the
lot, and has a depth of 50 fc'et. The property is owned liy a joint stock
company, incorporated with a ca|)ital of $JOO,ooo. The experience of Mr.
Do.NAl.i) Ml Ll.WAN, the manager, has en.iblctl him to pl.in and obt.iin
the most recent inventions and the most perfect appliances. It is said th.it
the factory cont.iins ever)-thing needed to transform the Heece, as it le.ives
the sheep's liack, into cloth of the fmest (piality. .\t present there ;ire in
operation sets of cards, S spinning-mules, ami 36 looms. The engine, of
56
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443
MAM I AlTirUKS.
130 horsc-powci-, uiis made b> I'liKsroTT, .S( orr & Co., and has a fly-
wliccl iS feet in diameter, ueii^liinj,' 23,000 ijoiinds. The limit of their
present capacit)' for turnin<^ out j^oods is about $400,000 a year, but this
coukl readily lie increased to $600,000. An artesian well on the premises
furnishes the needed supply of water. The first cost of such a well need
not exceed $1,000, ami the expense of raisint,' water by steam-power to a
IieiLjht of 60 feet, is but half a cent per 1,000 gallons.
The mill went into operation in October, 1.S80, just 6 months after the
corner-stone was laid. They will manufacture woolen goods of every de-
scription, from the heaviest blankets to cloth of fine grade. For the 3
months ending Mav 31, iSSi, the)- used about 250,000 [)ounds of wool,
costing on an average 22 cents per pour-!, while the production is now 1,000
pounds of finished goods per day. Theic are 70 men employed at $1.75 to
$2 ])er da>', 50 women and girls at 50 cents to $i.rx:), 10 boys at 50 cents
to 73 cents, and 40 Chinamen, at an average of about $I a day. H. G.
Kriii,, the secretary of the compan)-, makes the following statement, which
he was kind enough to write out, on the subject of employing Chinese
labor; " It was the intention of the management to employ none but uhitc
labor, but after a trial of a jear, it was found difficult to make the bo)sand
girls |)ay sufficient attention to their work, anti from this and other reasons,
a gang of Chinamen was |nit to work in the mill on the first of September,
18S1. IIa\ing U) compete with other mills, we find that white labor cxclu-
si\el\- will not do. Our \'oung ])opulnlion are not steady and iniluslrious
enough, and think that after working a few weeks their wages ought to be
doubled."
San Jose Mill.— Til K San Jo.sE Woolen Mills Company was incor
])()ratcd it) 1S69 with a capital of $100,000. It was estimated b)' Judge R.
1". I'i:i'KIL\M, who was the main projector of the entcri)rise, and has been
the president and general agent of the company since its organization, that
$200,000 would be necessar)' to establish the business of a fi-set mill, but
it was determined to defer the raising of the second half of the cajiital
stock until the mills should be ready for o|)eration. The first $100,000 was
subscribed by residents of Santa Clara County, more to assist in building up
a |)til)lic industry than in expectation of gain. Subscri|)tions fiir the re-
maining $100,000 amounted only to $17,100. The company was left with-
out atletjuate funds, and thi^ enterjirise had to be abandoned or carried on
with bnrrowcil capit.il. This drawback, added to the inexperience of work-
men who damaged stocks and made imperfect gooils that could only be
solil at ruinous prices, was a great clog on the early effiirts of the company.
No profits coukl be accumulated. The income would hardly meet expenses
and interest on borrowed money.
ll.Xlll.i; lAllKK S.
44?
Thiiifjs went on from bad to worse until, in April, I.S;^, it h.id Ijccomc an
absolute necessity that the stockholders should take measures to obt.iin
fresh working' cipital, or that the conipan)- sii.iiild ^o into liiiuidation and
sacrifice the amount .-ilready subscribed. This was jilainl)- stated in- the
president at a mcetini; lield .it that time. After much discussion, it was
aLjreed that the capital siiould be increased to $400,000, and tliat, when one
third of their face value had been ])aid on the new sjiares, the_\- should stanil
on an ec|ual foolin;^' in all respects with the new stock. I^noUL;!) was soon
subscribed to |)a_\- off all indebtedness, 'ilie company h.id now fairly oxer-
come its eail\- dilTicultics, and under tiie skillful and energetic management
of the president and of AKCllIiiAI.l) Mc I)o.\.\I.l), formerly of the Pioneer
and Mission Mills, a surplus of .'fc^o.ooo has been added to the paid-up cap-
ital of $21 1,400, and dividends have been declared amounting to $168,000.
'I'he suri)lus and dividends earned since 1873 show a net profit of nearly 14
I)er cent, a year, while for the jear i8iSo the diviilend was 30 per cent. The
excellent (juality of the company's goods, especially in the line of blankets,
is now recognized, not only in local, hut in ICastern markets, and has even
gained for them some foothokl in I'.ngl.nid, China, and Jajjaii.
The San Jose factory gives emplojTncnt to ;i large number of operatives,
iiearl}' all of whom arc white persons. Hesides pa)ing wages averaging for
wiiite men nearl)- $2, for women ;ibout $1.30, and for children over 85 cents
a day, a sum is distributed yearly, among white ojieratixes only, in |)ropor-
tion to the wages earned by each. Tor 1880, this sum amounted to $4,500,
or a bonus of 17 jjer cent, added to the year's wages of each individual.
The )'ear 1881 was a very i)ros[)erous one for this establishment. The
amount paid out for wages amounteil to about $75,000, and, at the close of
the year, the mills had orders on liand from New York for all the blankets
they could m.ike until September, 1882.
'I'he iuliclcs manufactured are blankets, white and colored, horse blanket-
ings, flannels, and nanncl shirtings, glove cloth, coat linings, and cassimcrcs.
The president states that the protection afforded by the high tariff rates
of the railroad comi)anies has .done renderetl it possible for the San Jose
mills to e.\ist, and that if the amount of gooils mrnle by the factor)' had
been brought bj- rail from Xew N'ork, the freight would ha\e eciualed all the
profits ever made b)- the coini)anj'.
Sacramento Mill.— Tin: C.M'IT.M, Woni.r.X Mll.l.s, Sacramento, have 4
sets of cards, and 17 looms. The factor)- was built in 1870, and after being
destroyed by fire in 1875, was rebuilt in the fall of 1876. The main build-
ing occupies a site 60 by 250 feet. In connection with the mills is a cloth-
house and tailoring establishment on J Street, between Ilighth and Ninth.
11
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444
MAMIAl ll'KKS.
^
I
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il
Tlic enterprise was cstahlisliecl by an incorpdratinn with a capital of $200,-
cxxi. Tile {joods manufactured are white and colored l)lankets, rcil, white,
and check flannels, and flannel um.lerwear, cassiincrcs, tweeds, and water-
proofs. Most of these proilnctsare marketed in California antl Nevada, but
the trade of the factor)' cxtenils over all portions of the Pacific Coast be-
tween \\'asliin;.^ton Territorv and Xew MeNico. (juite a lar^e percentage
of them funis a market in San I'"rancisco. DuriuL; iSSi thcdemand for tile
goods of this factory was greater tlian it could supplj-, and early in I.S,S2 the
capacit)' of the mills was increased, and the inachiner)- furnished with the
l.itest in\entions, in order to improve still further the (|uality of the goods.
It is anticipated that there will soon be emiiloymcnt for 125 hands, and that
the consumption of wool will be at the rate of 1,200 jiounds a day. Occu-
])ation is given at the mill to 125 hands, of whom 50 are Chinamen. I'.m-
|)lo)-mcnt is affortled to ^5 or 40 additiotial hands in the tailoring depart-
ment, where suits and flannel underwt'ar are made to order. J. S. Tk\(>.\
is till- president i\tu\ su|)erintendent of the compaii)'.
Other Californian Mills. -The woi'.en-mill at Stockton commenced the
manuf.icture of flannels and blankets in I1S70, and now claims to be turn-
ing out more goods than any other mill of the si/.e f)n the coast. l)()li;irr\
& T.\l ri;usux, the owners, have invested $,^o,0(X3 in the enterprise. I'or a
mill with 2 sets of cards and 200 s|)indles a \ery large amount of goods is
turned out, among which the 6-ounce check flannel, and three-(|uarter gray
and magenta blankets are sjiecial features. There are 24 men emplo)'ed,
18 of whom are Chinamen, and good accounts are given of the results of
their labor.
Till-; S.\\T.\ K<)s.\ WoDl.l'.N CoMr.V.NV was incorporated in 1S77, with a
cai)ital of $100,000, of which $50,000 is paid up. There arc but 4 stock-
holders- -C. C. I'".\kmi;k, v.. T. F.\rmi:k, John W.m.kku, and I".. C. I'l'.ucr-
SON. The factory occupies a brick building, C>o\ 1 20 feet, 2 ' i stories in height,
ll is a .V*<--t mill, and is furnished with the best Eastern machinery. I'he
nianufactun^s consist of 7-ounce flannel, blankets, yarns, bugg)- robes, tweeds,
and cassimercs. The enterprise was not fairlj- in operation until January,
1S81. \V'ithin 6 months from that date the factory turned out goods to the
v.alue of $35,000, and when working at its full capacit}' can make u]) $85,000
worth of goods a yciir. The proilucts of the mill are marketed in San
Trancisco.
In the spring of 1867 after A. Slllia.DS and \V. II. l'.\KKS had can-
vassed \'uba and Sutter counties for the purpose of raising the necessary
funds. Tin; M.srvsviij.k Wooi.kn Mills Company was incorporated
with a capital of $50,000, and I). I'.. Knic.HI', the present superintendent.
TIATII.K IAI;KI(S.
445
went I'-ast to purcliasc machinery fnr a 4-sct mill. The pnipoit)- of TllE
Cai.IIorma S1'A(;K fo.MI'AW, (in 15 and Second streets, on which stood a
brick building 140x160 feet, was puichascd, and the factory went into
operation in September of the same jear, (iood mana^;enient and the
cheapness of wool enabled the comp,ui\- to declare a 25 [)er cent di\idend
the first \'ear. The same dividend was paid the second }-ear. IV'lween
1867 and I1S79, the factor)- earned enough to pa>- out $500,000 for material
and $300,000 for labor, to make additions to the buildings of 2 substantial
and c.\i)ensive rooms, anil to make very handsome returns to stockholders,
either as dividends or additions to capital stock. 'I'he ilividend for the )iar
iiScSo, was 18 per cent. Tiiere are 6 sets and JO looms in operation, giving
em])loyment to 45 white men, several women, and 30 Chinamen, the latter
receiving the high wages of $1.15 per day. The superintendent states that
he could not make the mill jiay unless Chinamen were emi)lo\-ed. lie rc-
])orls an excellent state of business, a ready market, and very good pros-
pects. .
Oregon Mills. — There are in Oregon 5 woolen-factories, one of which,
owned by Till', ()ur.r;o\ CiTV Woni. Manci ACTLRINC Compaxv, ranks,
in i)oint of capital and ca])acity for turning out fabric, second only to the
rioneer and Mission Mills of San Francisco. Cloth and blankets of Oregon
manufacture are of superior tiuality, the long stajile of the Oregon wool
being better for certain classes of goods than the shorter and finer merino
of California. The entire capital invested in this branch of industry in the
State of Oregon may be estimated at $450,000 to $500,000, and her factories
ha\e in operation about lO sets of cards and 75 looms, manufacturing nearly
$400,000 worth of material into about $840,000 worth of fabric.
Tin: Wll.l.AMKTl'i: Wool.liN Mli.l,.sat Salem were established in [S57,
at a cost of $75,000, and were then the most important cnter])rise of this
nature on the Pacific Coast, l-'or some time the Willamette factor)- w-as a
source of little (irofit, but of much cheap ridicule to the ^surrounding com-
munity, and of vexation to stockholders. Within a few years the skill and
jjcrseverance of its managers liad achieved for this undertaking a success
seldom equaled in the histor)- of manufacturing enterprise; and the com-
pany's stock had ri.scn from a heav)- discount to 1 100 per cent, premium.
After a long and prosperous career, ami considerable enlargement, the mills
were burned to the ground in Ma)-. 1876. The main edifice of the Willa-
mette factor)- w-as the largest one of the kind on the I'acific Coast, measuring
200.x 541 feet.
Tin; ORKdON Cut W^)()I. Manuiactikinc Cmii-ANv was organized
in April, 1864, with a capital of $60,000, and went into operation the follow-
i
llr
446
M wr
Tl i;rs.
\in
in^ year witli 5 sots u( inachinciy. Tlic ])rcs<'nt capital is $500,000, a pov-
tinn of which represents the accumulatci! eainiir^s Dfthe mill. The factory
was biirneil ilown in iS/j, ant! rebuilt tlic lollouint,' scar. It is now in lull
operation, with I 1 sets of cards and 4.S looms. The annual consnnijjtion of
wool is little less than 1,000,000 ponnds. The tjoods manufactured are
mainly blankets, llannels, tweeds, and cassimeres, to the \alue of $40,ocx) to
$45,000 a month. Their excellent qiialit)- fmds for them a ready market.
Small i|uantities occasionally sent to New \'nvk are eajjerly taken by the
trade; but the tlemand for these i^oods in Oreijon and C!aliornia is now so
threat tliat there is little surplus left for more distant markets. Connected
with the establishment is a clothin|.j department, givintj cmijloymcnt to ,1
number of skilled cutters and about 50 tailors. The superior (pialit)' of tie
cloth is ;it once noticed t)\- visitors, w hile in price it is be'.ow that of liastern
make. In .S.ui l'"rancisco th(.' mills are rcpre.sented by Rrown Hro.s. & Co,
24 aiid 26 Sansome street, who manufacture cloth and flannel from the
()l-eL;on City Mills into j^'ootls valued ato\er $400,000 a \car. The \alue
to a communit)- of such an institution as the ()rej;on City I'actory can
hardly be overestimated. ISesitles jiajMn;,' out nearly $250,000 a vx-ar to
wool-grovvcis, anil about $90,000 a year in wages to 150 hands (the greater
portion of whom are white operatives), cmjiloyment is furnished to hundreds
of persf)ns in makinj; up cloth and flannel into suits and clothini;. Nearly
all the money paitl out, for whatever purpose, is circulateil on this coast and
fmds its way into tlifferent channels of trade.
Tin; HkownsVII.i.i: Wooi.KN Mii.I, CoMI'.WV was established at Browns-
ville, I, inn County, in 1875. ft has now 4 sets of machiner}'. At the
anini.il meeting; of the compan)- held in kSSi, it was found that the concern
liad paiti well durinij the precetling jear. The factorv has not been kept
steadilv- runnini;, but has all the machinery needed for turnini; out cassi-
meres, doeskins, tweeds, satinets, flannels, and blankets, which have been
produced in considerable <|uantitv' since the mill went into operation. The
coinpan)- has a paid-up capital of $36,000. I'-mi)loyment is ;4iven to 40
operatives, all white persons, and the sales amount to about $150,000 worth
a year of goods, which are iiK'rketed in Oregon, California, Idaho, and Wash-
ington. I). l).\U;i,i;isil, 71 I'Vont Street, Portland, is the agent.
TlllC .\silL.\.\l) \\'(>{)l,i:\ Mil.l.s, a joint stock incorporation, are (cated
in Jackson Count)-, 315 miles south of Portland, and on tlie line of the Cal-
ifornia antl Oregon overlaml stage route. Though at present only a one-
set factory, with 4 looms anil 3 knitting machines, the mill building is of
sufficient size to atlmit machiner)' for another set of cards. The goods man-
ufactured consist chiefl)- of cassimeres, doeskins, tweeds, blankets, ami ho-
siery, to the value of .$40,000 or $50,000 a year. It is claimed tiiat the power
if
ri;\ iii.i: iai;ki(S.
447
cicrivcd from Ashland Creek would he sufTiciL'tn to drive all the inacliincry
of Uiriniiv^ham.
Tin: UavHin \Vo(i1,i:n Mills were founded in iV,/2 at the county seat
of Columbia Count}-, on a site which, a few months previously, was the
center of a lar^e j^rain ranch, tnvncd by J. X. D.W. Ihe president of the
mill. S. M. Wait, is a native of Vermont, and caine to California in 1.S50
at the a^e of 28. In 1851, he took an immense drove of ho<^'s fthc first
venture of the kind/ from the Willamette Valley to California, and the fol-
lowing year made the same trip with a lar;j;e band of cattle. MnLjaginj;
afterwards in various enteqiriscs, Mr. WAIT became ac(|uainted, durin^j hi.s
travels in (Oregon, with the ca])abilities and \»ants of the counlr>- ihrou.Ljh
which he passed. In the course of his journeys he frequently had occasion
to pass through the ranch of Mr. Day, and often spoke to him of the many
;idvantages it possesseil as a town site. The woolen mill cost, with ma-
chinery. $40,CXX3, and distributes every }'ear over $30,000 for material pur-
chased in its vicinity, besides disbursing nearly $25,000 a year for wages.
Utah Mills. — Utah contains 10 woolen-mills, one of which — Tin; Ru>
Virgin Manuia(TI:ki\(; Comi-ANV — also i)roduccs cotton fabrics. From
the lx;st information th.it can be obtained from so distant a territory, her
woolen factories are furnishcil with 20 sets of cards, 118 looms, and about
6,300 spindles. The capital invested may he set down at $650,000. the cost
of raw material used at .$600,000, and tiie value of goods manufactured at
$1,300,000. The vcr)' large quantity of wool forwarded bj- rail from Salt
Lake City to Ogden, and the sm.ill .unount of that staple foruardetl from
Ogt'.cn to any part of Utah Territor)', indicates that the wocil used is al-
most entirely of local production. Utah may claim to have established the
pioneer woolen factory of the Pacific Coast. In the Disnrt Nci>.<s of April
19, 1853, Mr. Gaunt informs his patrons "that he has commenced wea\ing
satinets at his factory at Western Jordan, and that very .soon he will full
and finish some cloth."
The largest woolen-mill between the Missouri River and San I-Vancisco
is that of Tilii Provo Manufacturinc Company, at Provo, Utah County.
This factory occupies a four-story stone building. 60 by 140 feet, and is fitted
uj) as an 8-card mill, with 2,880 spindles. In addition to the main eili-
fice is a building 30 by 140 feet, used for ofliccs, store-rooms, carpenter and
machine shops, and a dye-house 30 by 60 feet, containing, among other
ai)paratus, a h)-dro-extr;icter. fi)r drying purposes. The machinery is run
by 35 and 40-inch turbine wheels. The fini'-li'ng-housc, 30 by 70 feet, is 2}^
stories high. About $100,000 worth of v.ool is made annually into fabric,
consisting of blanket.s, pl.iin and twilled, white, and of various colors, twccd.s,
t,!
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MAM I \(Tri<l',S.
jiMii-i, linsoy^, and otlicr clntli for male ami fcinali- attirr, nf in.Uorial liLjIit
cnnuL,'h lor sumnur wear, or lu'aw (.-nou^'h fur ovcrcciats. The wool used is
vcr)' carcfull\- ^^raded. That which is of poor or unserviceable (|ualit,\' is
sent to l'"astern markets. ICmployment is i^'iveii to about IJ-; hainls, ^o of
whom arc men, and the remainder women and boys. The pay-roll ainoimts
to about .$45,000 a )-ear. making' averaije earninsijs of about $1.15 a day for
each operative. The hanils are eiiiplo)-ed on the piece-work system. The
Iniiklinj^s were erected in I.S72, on the cotiperativc plan. l'.;ich citi/en of
the countv' was solicited to Cf)ntribute means or labor for the enterprise, and
building material, rock, lime, sand, and lumber were procured at the exiK'Use
of \ery little moncs'.
rilK RK) VlKi.ix M.\Nni'ACllklN(. Cfi.Ml'.WV, at St. George, Wash-
ington County, lias a capital of $100,000. The factory has 3 sets of cards
and 22 looms ff)r the production of woolen fabrics, and 4 cards with 24
looms for the making of cotton goods. The chief articles j)roduceil are
jeans, linsey.s, kerseys, doeskins, and ginghams.
There is not, at present, any woolen factory in o|)eration in the .State of
Nevad.'i, or in aiu' of the 'l"erritf)ries on the I'acific Coa.^t, with tlie excep-
tion of Utah. .\ mill was established in Arizona, and turned out its first
blanket in December, 1S74, but is now closed.
In X'ictoria a factor)- was engaged, some years ago, in tlie manufacture
of twe^'d cloth, and jjroduccd in all not less than 250,000 >ards. The
result of its operations was, that the banker's account was overdrawn, and
IK) return w.is made to stockholder-, e.\ccpt a 5 per cent, dividend to be
taken out in clotli. The corjjoration of Victoria offers a bonus of $5,000,
and the I'ro\incial Government of Hritish Columbia a like amoimt, towards
the establishment of a woolen-mill at Victoria.
Hosiery and Knit Goods. — These classes of goods, known to the trade
under the term of "domestic underwear," include such articles as knit under-
shirts, drawers, and half-hose for men and boys; and \'csts and hose for
women. During icSSi thi;re was but a single factory on the Pacific Coast
exclusively engaged in the manufacture of knit goods — TlIK C.\MI'OK\I.\
Hf)S!i:KY CoMP.WV, located at Oakland. This establishment has been in
o|)cration only since January of that year, and has .so far been very suc-
cessful. TiiK rio.VKKK A\D Ml.ssiON Wooi.KN Mli-LS of .San Francisco
fof wliich a general .account has been given heretofore) produced in
1 88 1 about $200,000 worth of domestic underwear. One of the Oregon
mills, and 2 at least of the Utah factories, have also a few knitting-ma-
chines in operation. The entire consumption of all the hosiery and knit
goods inanufactureil on the I'acific Coast may be estimated at $450,000 a
>
Tr.xTii.i: I \iiuit s.
44')
year; the cost of tlic wool, cottnii, ami other materials used at $150,000;
the smfl expemleil for lahor at $175,000, di .tributetl ainoii^ 5(.X) o[Kratives.
Cotton can now lie iinporteil from I'cxas, hy the Southern I'acifu: Rail-
road, as cheapl), or very lU'arly so, as it can he laid down in Lowell, or
other larj^e m inufacturinL; cities in tlie I'.astern States. I'reii^ht to San
Francisco by this route is 1 J;^ cents a pound. 'I'he iiroduction of Caiifor-
nian cotton was estimated for iSSi at 500 hales, nf 401) pounds each,
or about 103 tons in all. At present ah.)ut 300 tons of cotton are
consumed every year b)- the I'acific Coast Mills. Takinj^ int<i account
the lower price of wool, it is probable that the cost of material is less
than in Eastern factories, while the operatives eini)loyed consist largely of
boys ami ^jirls, whose waj^es are little if any abo'c l'"astern rates. It is
therefore reasonable to exjiect that, in the near future, there will be a con-
sitlerable development in this branch of industry. jM(jreover, the advance
which has occurred within the last few j-ears, in I'lastern markets, in the
price of all textile fabrics, tells very much in favor of manufacturers on this
coast. There is still a larj^c importaticin of hosiery and knit goods, but on
the other haml. domestic umlerwear made by Californian mills has alreaily
g.iined some foothoUl in Chicago, Hoston, and New York.
In the fall of the year 1880, a number of enterprising business men
formed themselves into a comjiany, bearing the name of Till". C.M.II'oKMA
HosiKRV Co.\tl'.\N'v, for the purpose of establishing a mill, where hosiery
and underwear of all kinds could be manufactured. A sum of monej- was
at once raised, an expert sent East to purchase the required machiner)-, and
within a very few months the factory was in operation at the corner of l-'irst
and Jefferson streets, Oakland. The main building is of brick, with numer-
ous adjuncts in the way of drying-sheds, store-rooms, receiving warehou.scs,
etc. The driving engine of the works is of 60-horse power, and was manu-
factured by Mr. lvi-;.s ScoviLLK, of the Oakland Iron Works. The mill is
furnished with all necessary machinery, of the latest patents, for 4 sets of
cards, and turns out daily 40 dozen of undershirts, and various articles of
underwear, and 60 to 100 dozen of hose. These goods are markctetl in
San I'rancisco, New York, Hoston, and Chicago. Californian and Oregon
wools are u.scd in about equal proportions. Employment is given to about
240 hands, at wages varying from 50 cents to $4 per day — the former rate
for boys and girls as young as 15. Not a single Chinamen is to be seen on
the prcmi.ses. The factory is now running on orders. Mr. JoilN A. SWEN-
AKTON', who may be called the founder of the company, is the present man-
ager. The railroad to San Jose passes within 1 5 or 20 feet of the mill, and
large vessels can discharge cargo at a distance of 200 yards from the
establishment.
57
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450
M.wriAc nurs.
i
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I:
Wool Scouring. — L'ntil 1S77 all the wool rorwaidid Mast from tin-
Tacific Coast vvas unscdurctl unol; hut of late jcars several firius jn San
I'rancisco have entered into the business of unol scomin;.,'. The object of
the process is to cleanse the staple fmni all inii)inities, and render it lit for
manufacturers' use. Most of it is shi|)|)ed to I'.astern markets, as the mills
on the Pacific L'oast are iisuaii)' furnished with apparatus for scouring ti' .'ir
own wool. The (|aantity pnpared for shipment during; iSSi was about
S,ooo tons, or about J.S per cent, of the entire clip. It is estimated that for
i8Sj the amount will be increased to \ 2,000 or 1 ^,000 tons; and it is |)rob-
able that, before loni,', nearly all the wool shipped I'last, from S;"i .''"rancisco,
will be scoin-ed wool. In every pounil of wool taken from the back of the
sheep, two thirds of the wei^jht consists of jjrcase, dust, burs, {^^rass-sccils,
and other iini)urities, which are reinoveil b>' the scourin^r process. H)- first
cleansinj,' the wool, the shipper therefore saves two thirds of the frei^'ht.
y\s the bulk of our wool is ship])cd ilast by rail, the saving; is \ery consid-
erable. .\t present, about 5,750 tons a year arc used b)- the I'acific Coast
woolen-mills, and nearl)- iQ.cxX) tons are forwardeil ICast, of which about
1 1,000 tons are shipped in the (grease. As two thirds of the weii;ht of un-
scoured wool consists of refuse, and the freif^ht i-; 1 yl to 2 cents a pound, it
follows that at least $220,000 were paiil out, in 1881, for the trans])ortation
of over 7,300 tuns of ^Tease, dust, burs, etc.
The Icadiii}; firms at present engaj^cd in wool scourinj,' are I''.\1,km;k,
liixi. & Co., L.vKiiNi.u & Lr.K, G.<t.s.\u & Co., Simo.n & nKi:si..\ii:u,
I'K.VNK I'. Mi;Li;.\N.\N, and John I-". Knox. The 2 first mentioned pre-
pare .ibout 2,000 tons, and the others about 800 tons each a >car About 100
men are emplo>etl in this industry, and the business is at present restricted
to San I'Vancisco. The need is felt of a mill for spinnint,^ woolen yarn for
shipment I^ast, instead of sending the waol in its raw state; and it is ))rob-
able that such an establishment will soon be in operation.
Clothing. — The I'acific States and Territories import ready-made cloth-
ing and under-clothing to the value of $20 annually for every man, woman,
and child of their population. Not more than one fifth of our wool crojj is
manufactureil on this coast, and even of this some |5ortion is exported in
the shape of doeskins, cassimeres, and tweeds, to return as ready-made suits.
Supposing that the wool in a suit of clothes costs about one tenth, and that
Eastern manufacturers, merchants, and railro.id incorporations ab.sorb the
remaining nine tenths, we make our profit on but a small portion of the
material. The quantity of cloth sent East for sale or manufacture can not
easily be estimated, but the amount of wool exported for the )-ear 1881 was
about 20 i)cr cent, of the total crop. It may be stated, with a very near
nXTIIl. I AI'.UK S,
451
approximation to truth, tli.it uc ^cml .il)ni.i<l lniir fiftln <il mir uDni crop,
and (.'.xpcnii on iin|)orteil woolen ^joods an amount aluiost n|ual ti), .ind,
according; to some estimates, exceeding,' tlie marki't |)rice of the clii).
Tile entire \alue of ciothii)!,' manufactured in San I'Vancisco, including,'
suits, o\erails, ,ind underwear, is estimateil at $.5,'')5 ' ■ ), and the niunt)erof
men, women, and Chinamen employed in this branch > 1 industry, the )ear
round, at i,.Soo, of whom at least 1,400 are Chinamen. The number of
Chin.imen em|)lo\-e(l is much i.-irijer ;it times, I-'or the year 1S70 the value
of men's clothinj,' manufactured in San I"ranc' < ., includinji cu^toia work,
w;i stated in the Criisi/s Kifor/ at $964,750, and the number of hands em
j.^ yed ;it 450.
Durini; iS.Si s.iles of clothiii<; exceedeil, by at L.ist JO ])i r cent., those
of the pre\ ious)'ear. The fall trade was especi.illy prosperous. A feature
in the )e.ir's business was tlie increased demaiul for twe<(!s, eassimeres, and
doeskins of I'.icific Coast manufacture. I'"or the m.ikin^ of suits, cloth
manufactured at the Pioneer and Mission Mill, San I'V.incisco, anil at th.
(Irej.jon C'it\- Woolen Mills, is ver)- much in dem.md. It is ailmitted, that
Californian and Oreijon cloth wear lx;tter than I'.astern j,foods, thouijh less
fine as to face, finisli, and neatness of pattern. If this defect were reme-
died, the dem;ind for Californian and (")rc<^on cloth would be more general
instead of bein;,' limiteil, as it now is, almost exclusively to the laboring
classes.
Im|)orts of clothint;, for iS.Si, amounted to 7,5(X) casf , I'"or i<S7iS, 1879,
and icSSo, they were about 5,700 cases; for 1877, _-,ooO cases; and for KS76,
7,000 cases. The large imports for 1881 were not caused by any falling off
in home manufacture. On the contrary, more clothing was made on this
coast in that j'ear than during any previous twelvemonth. All the sister
States and Territories, with the exce])tion perhaps of Arizona and New
Mexico, consume a fair amount of California-made clotliing, anil there is a
small but increasing export trade amounting, for 1881, to 553 cases, against
478 cases for 1880. Our best foreign customers are the Hawaiian Islands,
which took from us (in 1881)232 cases; Uritish Columbia, which took ^j
ca.scs; China, 42 cases; and Mexico, 41 ca.ses. Some of these goods were,
no doubt, F.astern clothing in transit, but the bulk of them were of home
production.
A considerable quantity of the .'oth manufactured on this coast, cspeci-
all)' in the line of eassimeres, is still sent I'.ast, jiartly for the reason that
sufficient labor can not be obtained to make them into clothing, at prices
that manufacturers can afford to pay.
The prospects in the business of manufacturing clothing arc thus ex-
pressed by Mr. GKi;i;Ni;ii.\l!M, the proprietor (<f a factory in which girls are
ai
452
MWriACTURKS.
larjjcly omplnycd : "The outlook- for the future is good. All that we need
is while labor, Ljood and experienced hands, u liich are not in San I'"ranciscn
at present, and will not be, until mothers and dauijhterslay aside their pride,
and are willinij to work, and not ashamed to Ix; called factory hands." In
establishments cni^a^ed in the manufacture of frinj^e, {^imp, braid, regalia,
etc., no Chinamen arc to be seen, but there are numbers of contented and
healthy-lookinij women and ^nrls, wIk) commence as apprentices at $3 or $4
a week, and after learning their trade can earn $S to $IJ, and sometimes
even $20 a week. The.sc establishments, however, can emplo)- but a small
number of i)crsons. The chief branches of manufacture that could afford
cmphnnicnt to women who ha\e to depend on sewing for a livelihootl, are
those of clothing, unilcr-clothing, and shirtmaking. At least four fifths of
all this wo'k is, at [jresent, in the hands of Chinamen, who receive every
)-ear in wages at least $850,000.
If large clothing factories, suc'ri as e.Kist in l^astcrn cities, wore established
in .San I'rancisco, there is no iloubt that bu_\ers from the country would
patronize them, in preference to purchasing from importers. Thcj- would
be able to purcha.sc goods maile up in new and varied style instead of
those that have lain on the shelves of Eastern manufacturing houses per-
haps f<ir 6 or 12 months, and on those of San Fiancisco importing houses
almost as long. It is estimated that if all the outer and under clothing that
is ,;old in San Franci.sco were manufactured in that city, thirty large facto-
ries could be ke[)t constantly in operation, and employment could be fur-
nished to S.ooo or 10,000 hands.
'Jlothin^ Operatives, — Complaint is made by several leading houses in
San I'-ranci.sco, engaged in the manufacture of cloth suits and of undf r-cloth-
ing, that the supply of skilled labor is not sufficient to enable them to kecj)
pace with the demand for their goods. Such an institution as an organized
clothing factory, conducted b)- white labor, can hardly be said to exist on
the Pacific Coast. The industry is at present mainl)' in the hands of China-
men. White operatives work by the piece, and their earnings average, for
skilled workmen $[2 to $18, ami for exjjcrt women $8 to $10 a week. These
wages are about the same as I-^astern rates, except for female operatives,
and ma>' be taken as the a\ ''rage earnings, whether on piece-work or by
daily wage. In Eastern cities an advertisement will at once be p.nswcred
b)- 200 or 300 skilled applicants, and work is done on what is called the
gang system. A gang consists of a pressman, who shapes the garment after
it is cut, and a number of sewing-machine girls anil assistants, each of whom
works pnl)' at one portion of the garment. Skilletl sewing-machine oj)era-
tives receive, in the I'^ast, $10 to $1 J a week, and assistants $6 to $8. The
•rKXTll.K I AIIKICS.
453
extent to which Cliincsc workmen are cmpl(>)'cd in San Francisco, in thii
branch of industry, is pcrliaps hardly ai)])rcciatcd. By far tlic j^rcater part
of the read_\'-madc clothint( and nearly all the under-clothing inade in San
Francisco, for both sexes, is manufactured by Chinamen.
There are numerous Chinese firms working for wholesale houses, and
employing probabi}' not less than i,OOohands in the aggregate. Their fac-
tories are, of course, located in the Chinese quarter. There are also num-
bers of Cliin.imen working under the superintendence of white foremen at
small factories in the suburbs of San Francisco. The bulk of the gooels
manufactured by Chinese labor consists of overalls, jumpers, and pants made
of imported l<"astern denim and duck, over and under shirts of Californian
flannel, and cloth pant.s, chiefl)- of home-made tweeds and cassimeres. Over-
alls ana other goods of duck and denim arc .sold chiefly to miners and to
laborers on ranches. The importation of this class of goods has now almost
entirely ceased. It is estimated by a leading firm in San I'rancisco that
not less than $750,000 worth a year of ducks and denims (cotton fabrics,
dyed in blue or brown) are manufactured on this co;ist, and that not more
than $75,000 worth are imported. .Suits made of these goods are usually
lined with Californian blanket lining. H\- etnploying Chinese labor, manu-
facturers can afford to pay 3 cents a jxiund for freight on the material, which,
w ith the exception of the blanket lining, is all imported, and not only sup-
pi)- ncarlj- all the demand of the Pacific Coast, but sell their goods at a
profit, nearly as far East as New York, after paying a second freight.
Besides the regular Chinese firms, there are small co-operative bodies of
4 or 5 who work on their own account, and :-,end out one of their number to
effect sales. In addition to our large wholesale houses, some of the smaller
ones also employ Chinamen. Their earnings average about $i.50ad€'iy,
and aggregate (for 1,400 em))l()yees, working 7 days a week) about $765,-
000 a jear. This sum, added to the profits made by Chinese employers,
would furnish work to an equal number of female operatives on the system
and at the rates of wages [)rcvailing in Eastern clothing factories. As the
case now stands, white women and girls can find more reinunerative em-
ployment in domestic service than in work on clothing, though a small
number make living wages mainlj- by working for custom tailors. Manu-
facturers state that but for the aid <i{ Chinc^;e labor, the making of ready-
made clothing would amount to almost nothing on this coast. A single
illustration will show that the real trouble is rather the lack of proper
organization, th.m the want of cheap white labor. Some years ago a tirm,
who let out large contracts for clothing of various descriptions, h.ad paid
from $27 to $30 a dozen for the making of certain articles of boys' wear.
They shipped an invoice of the material to I'hiladelphia. It was made up
1]
V
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454
MANllACTrUKS.
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4 1 1
in a better and more substantial manner tiian similar work hatl been done
here, and rctiirnctl at a cost, incliRlin_Lj frcicjht both ways, of only $i8 a
dozen. The waives of clothing hands in I'hiladclphia arc fully equal to
tiiose <)f while operatives in San Francisco, and for skilled labor, nearly
double the rates paid to Chinamen. Vet it is quite probable that the San
I'rancisco contractor, while receivin}.; from $27 to $30 a dozen, employed
mainly Chinese labor at about $1 a ilay, while the Philadelphia manufac-
turer ])aid, on an a\crage, perhaps $1.50 a day. The e.vplanation of the
matter lies parti}' in the fact that, in ]'"astern cities, operatives work only on
one i)ortion of the garment, while in San I'-rancisco, a single person makes
U[) the whole g.irment, and often the entire itt. In Philadelphia, clothing
hantls work for \ears, and with the best appliances, on .separate pieces of
one article of attire. It is probable that one thus working, say for instance
on coat-slee\es, can perform labor equal to at least double the value of that
done by operatives who make up a complete garment or suit. The fault
rests not with the manufacturer, nor with the operative, but with the sys-
tem. There seems to be no good reason why, with proi)er organization,
clothing factories, employing white labor, should not be established in San
Francisco to utilize, more largely, the excellent fabrics produced on this
coast.
Various Factories. — Tlicre arc but 2 substantial houses iVi San Fran-
cisco largely engaged in the manufacture of ready-made cloth suits for men-
and bo}s— Bkown HrotiiKR.s & Co., an<l STRAUS & Lew. Neither estab-
lishment possesses anj- workshop or factory; all work of whatever description
being let <nit by contract. Other clothing houses manufacture small quan-
tities of home-made cloth suits, and numerous firms let out contracts for
duck goods, fl.annel underwear, etc., but, as already stated, such an institu-
tion as a clothing factor)-, in its proper sense, for the making (jf outer-cloth-
ing, does not e.\ist in this State, and probably not on the Pacific Coast, with
the exception of an overall factory at .Sacramento, established in 1S79 by
L. Flkl s K- Co. Str.M's & I.r.vy, 22 S.msome Street, manufacture chicily
boj's' clothing, for which purpose they use both Californian anil Oregon
cloth. Their sales a\erage .$200,000 a jcar, one half of which consists of
goods made by the firm; the remainder being imported. Employment is
given to about 70 persons, white, Chinese, and Mexicans, at wages averaging
$40 a month. The trade of the firm extcnils over California, Oregon, Idaho,
and Arizona.
Brown Bros. & C(j., 24 and 26 Sansome Street, are the largest manu-
facturers of read>--made clothing on the Pacific Coast. ' The value of goods
matle up by this one firm is about $550,000 a year. Tiieir trade extends
TKXTII-K lAliURS.
455
a. 5
all over the I'acific States and Territories, and as far cast as New York.
They arc sole af,'cnts for the Orkgon Ch Y Woolkn Mills, and manufac-
ture from cloth made in that establishment, read\'-niade suits to the value
of $300,000 a )-car, in addition to flannel underwear and other floods, worth
$150,000, from material produced at the same establishment. They also do
a large business in goods of Eastern make. In duck goods alone, such as
overalls and blanket-lined pants and <."ats(the material for which is entirely
imported), their trade exceeds $ioo,ooo a year. The firm complain that
they can not obtain labor at prices which they can affcjrd to pay, sufficient
to manufacture goods up to the full extent of the demand.
Nkustautkr HROTm:RS manufacture large quantities of cloth suits, and
various descriptions of under-clothing. The)- are better known, however, as
the proprietors of the Stand.vrd SliiRT Factory, on Gough and Grove
streets, and mention is made of their establishment under the heading of
shirts.
The overall factory of El.KUs & Co. occupies the second story of a build-
ing on J Street, Sacramento, together with 2 small shop:-., run by Chinamen,
and situated on the same street. In addition to Samson pants (overalls),
the firm manufacture Canton flannel shirts, cotton shirts, and blanket-lined
clothing. Starting only -^ ars ago, with a nominal capital, their sales now
amount to $79,000 a year, ' their goods already find a market in portions
of Nevada, though sold man m the mining districts of California. Twenty
Chinamen are employed, who work by the piece, and 16 girls, who, working
also by the piece, make about $ I a da)-. The material used includes flannel
made in San Francisco, though the cheaper grades of flannel are brought
from the East. The firm reports a thriving business and excellent prospects.
m
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y
Furnishing Goods. — Mention has already been made of some of the arti-
cles which come under the definition of furnishing goods. Hosiery and
knit goods, shirts and linen underwear, have been noticed imder those head-
ings; neckties and .suspenders will also be spoken of .separately, becau.se
there arc factories in San Francisco engaged in making those articles. The
manufacture of furnishing goods is so widely distributed that it is almost
impossible to form any exact or even approximate estimate, as to the
quantity and value of all the different descriptions. Most of the dry-goods
houses employ women, antl some employ Chinamen to make up goods in
stock, and large numbers of Chinamen are engaged in this line of business
on their own account, working in small gangs and employing one of their
number to effect sales. The larger portion of this class of work is done by
Chinamen, and a single circumstance will show the extreme difficulty ex-
perienced by sewing-women in competing with them. The price usually
45^'
MANUFACTURKS.
paid to women for making the button-holes of shirts and some otiicr arti-
cles, is 50 cents a dozen, and Chinamen are willing to do the same work for
7J'.< cents, or 15 jjcr cent, of the price paid to seamstresses.
There are two factories in San I'Vancisco engaged in the making of men's
furnishing goods. Neustadter BROTHERS are the proprietors of an
establishment at which the manufacture of shirts is made a specialty, and
their factory has therefore been mentioned under that heading. The other
one is worthy of special mention, as it presents some features of general
interest.
B. & O. Greenebaum.— B. & O. Greenf.haum, 1047 and 1049 Market
Street, are the proprietors of a factory, in which men's furnishing goods of
all descriptions arc made up specially for wholesale houses in San Francisco.
Their establishment occupies 2 stories of a buihling 50 feet by 165, and af-
fords occupation to more than 200 op,.ratives When Messrs. Gkeexe-
liAl'M commenced business in iXjiS, they employed only 10 persons. They
now distribute over $60,000 in wages, and manufacture goods of excellent
qualit)- to the value of $750,000 a year. At least 1 50 of the employees are
women and girls. The Chinamen do not number more than 50 ; they are
employed (Mily on heavy work, at which women can not earn fair wages, and
arc kept in an apartment bj- themselves. Skilled seamstresses make $9 to
$12 a week, and apprentices $3 to $5. The sewing-machines are all run by
steam-power, and are employed on all grades of men's furnishing goods,
from the finest to the heaviest. Large quantities of duck and denim goods
are also manufactured. Messrs. Greene1!.\UM consider that the prospects
of their trade are good, and ba.se their opinion partly on the fact that the
supply of white labor is gradually increasing. They state that they are
now constantly receiving applications for employment from girls belonging
to respectable families. With regard to the question of employing China-
men, they remark that Chinamen can not compete with girls in fine work,
and that on the other hand girls can not compete with Chinamen in rough
work. They believe that the goods made up by Chinamen are losing caste
in the market every ilay, and that those made by white labor arc rapidly
taking their place. They find that Chinamen will do good work on the
portion of the garment that is likely to be inspected, but will take no pains
with the other portion, while sewing-women will do all their work carefuUj'.
Moreover, if a Chinaman be ordered to make a seam in a manner or direc-
tion differing from the previous custom, he will look upon it as some new
process, and demand extra pay. On moving into their present quarters,
Messrs. Greeneu.VU.M iletermined not to employ Chinamen on any ile-
scription of fine work, but to have their more expensive goods made up
:; M
TKXTIl.K I'-AURICS.
457
entirely by sewin^r-j^irls, who thus have an opportunity to make good rates
of wages. The firm deserve credit for the assistance they render to sewing-
women by always emi)loying them, when possible, in preference to China-
men, and paying; them the highest rates of wages that the business will af-
ford. In .several instances there are 3 or 4 members of the same family
employed at their establishment, and their joint earnings afford them the
means of a comfortable livelihood.
It:: ;
Cotton Underwear. — Among dr}'-good.s houses in San Francisco, cotton
fabrics are included in the word " domestics," and would therefore include
goods made of duck and denim, of which mention is made under the head
of "clothing." The value of imported domestics is estimated, by one of
the leading importing houses of this city, at $5,000,000 to $6,000,000, of
which about yo per cent, is manufactured into garments in San I'rancisco,
the remaining 10 per cent, being brought here in the .shape of ready-made
clothing. Apart from duck and denim, the importation of cotton goods and
of linens and muslins, which are not included in the term "domestics," may
be estimated at $4,000,000 to $4,500,000.
l^adies' underwear, to the value of about $200,000 a year, is manufactured
in San Franci.sco, and about $250,000 worth, chieflj' of the finer descriptions,
is imported. There arc employed at this branch of sewing, on the average,
about 130 Chinamen, and not more than 20 white women, although the
number so employed for a portion of the year is very much larger. The
earnings of all operatives average about 90 cents a day ; and this is one of
the very few instances in which the price of labor falls below Eastern rates.
The average earnings of sewing-women employed on cotton and linen un-
derwear in any large Eastern city are not less than $1 a day. The cost of
material in this branch of manufacture is estimated at 60 per cent., and of
labor 20 per vont.
Shirts. — The average number of white persons employed in San Fran-
cisco the year round on making white .shirts, is about 450, and of Chinamen
about 200. The quantity made is estimated at 37,500 dozen a year, and
their value at $600,000, against $450,000 worth of imported shirts. Al-
though articles of fair quality, made by Chinamen, are sometimes .sold as
low as $9 a dozen, the goods made up in San Francisco consist almost en-
tirely of the more expensive grades. Shirts that sell, let us say at $1
apiece, can not, as a rule, be made at a profit, mainly for the reason that the
prices paid for finishing are too high to allow of competition with cheap
articles of Eastern make. On the price-list of one factory, goods are marked
as low as $10.50 a dozen, but this is probably the only instance of the kind,
58
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458
MANUI ACTUKKS.
and the reason fcir it is, that this establishment is the only one engaged in
manufacturing on anj- large scale, for the general market; other houses pro-
ducing goods onl)' to order, or at least not making uj) any great quantity of
stock. The entire \alue of shirts made up in San I-Vancisco, othenvisc than
to order, is probabl)- not more than $250,000 a )ear, and this work is done
almost entirel)- b)' Chin .nen. It is estimated that the cost of material is
about 50 per cent., and of labor 25 to 30 per cent, of the wholesale value
of the goods produced, leaving 20 or 25 per cent, for rent, profit, and mis-
cellaneous e.xpcnses.
In the making of shirts, as in other branches of sewing, about 80 per cent,
of all the goods made up in stock are manufactured by Chinamen, and the
remaining 20 per cent. b_\' white operatives. In the case of goods made up
to order, these conditions are reversed. At least 80 per cent, of such work
is done by white men and W(jmen, and only 20 per cent, by Chinamen.
Women arc paid 12 'i to 50 cents a dozen more than Chinamen, but e\en
with this advantage, fail to make anj-thing near the same wages. The earn-
ings of skilled seamstresses average $7.50 to $8, and of e.vpert Chinamen
about $9.50 a week. A few highly skilled women, who also possess the
requisite strength can make $10 to $1 1, but these instances are very rare.
Apprentices receive $3 a week, and have to work about 2 j-ears before they
can earn as much as $6 a week. The only process at which women can, as
a rule, earn good wages is that of ironing unlaundried shirts. At this work,
a strong and skillful woman may earn as much as $14 or $15 a week, but
the average is not more than $12.
NlX'sTADTER Huos. commenced the manufacture of shirts in 1874, at a
small factory on the corner of Market and First streets. Within one year
their business increased so largely that it became necessary to .secure very
ample accommodation. A site was ])urchased on the corner of Gough and
Gro\e streets, and a 3-.story building, 137J.J by 150 feet, was completed
in August, 1875. Goods arc now manufactured to the value of several
hundred thousand dollars a year. Of late years the firm has engaged
largely in the making of various descriptions of under-clothing. There arc
constantly employed at the factory about 400 hands, a large portion of
whom are Chinamen, making from $9 to $11 a week. I*'emale operatives
earn from $3.5010 $10, averaging not more than $6 to $7 a week. Employ-
ment is al.so furnished to a large number of sewing-women who work out-
side the factor)'.
n. & O. GREKNKli.VU.M make some shirts, but the account of their estab-
lishment will be given under the head of under-clofhing, which is their main
product. In W. A Stili.M.vn's factory, San I'Vanci.sco, goods consisting
of shirts and men's underwear, are made up at the rate of about $5,000
TEXTILK lAURICS.
459
a month. Employment is given to lo white men at $3 a day, and to 40
girls, whose average earnings arc $8 a week.
Regalia. — The great number of secret societies on our slope, and espe-
cially in California, where such associations thrive with a luxuriance un-
equaled in any other part of the world, has made ;i large demand for
regalia, a term applied originally to the symbols and paraphernalia of
royalty, but afterwards extended, by common usage, to the special articles
of dress worn by the members of the Masonic, Odd Fellows, and similar
organizations. Collars, sashes, and aprons that can be convenicntl)' slipped
on over the ordinary dress, and badgas that can be fastened to it, as marks
of membership, or of different grades of advancement or of office, are re-
quired to be worn in their meetings or on public occasions; and these arc
made of velvet, silk, satin, or fine cloth, elaborately embroidered with silk,
or gold, or silver thread. Much skill and taste is needed in the production;
but there is a great scarcity of competent seamstresses, though the wages,
for the best, range from $15 to $20 a week. Orders arc often delayed for
months before they can be filled, and a small proportion, perhaps 5 per
cent, of the total supply — -which amounts, in the opinion of Plate & Co. to
$50,000 a year — is obtained from Ea.stcrn cities, the remainder being made
in San Francisco. The regalia seamstresses, including w^omcn and girls,
number about 30, and their wages range, according to skill, from $9 to $20
a week.
The firm of A. J. Platk & Co., 418 and 420 Market Street, San Fran-
cisco, manufacturers of uniforms and equipments for military and civic
societies, .as well as regalia, was established in 1850, although the regalia
department was not added until 1865. Its business and credit have grad-
ually extended as it became better known, until it stands at present at the
head of the trade. Within the last few years there has been an increase of
500 per cent, in the demand for regalia. Most of the work is done in ele-
gant style, and the house has in its .service workers as skillful as can be
found anywhere. NORCROSS & Co., 6 Post Street, was established in 1849,
and commenced manufacturing regalia 3 years later. They now manufac-
ture, in addition to regalia and society articles, naval and military goods,
flags, swords, costumes, and carry stocks of laces, fringes, bullions, and other
decorations required for theatrical and masquerade costumes. Several
other houses make the manufacture and sale of regalia a minor feature
of their business, but the firms mentioned arc the only ones that engage
in it on a large scale.
Flags and Bunting. — Owing to the great variation in the demand for
flags from year to year, and the fact that the active demand for them is
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limited to ,i few weeks preccclini,^ the annivers;ir\- of our national inilepcntl-
cnco, it is more eonvenicnt to dealers to have their flags manufactured on
this coast, tlxiui^h previous to 1.S74 the}- depended mainly on importation.
B. Pasquale.— .\b('Ut 1.S61, 15. Pasqiai.i:, an Italian educated in I^ancc
to the silk manufacture, rcsidinLf at San I'rancisco since 1^49, started a
manufactory of flags at 650 Washington Street, where his establishment
has since been maintained. His business expanded as he became kniiwn,
until it rcacheil its greatest development in the centennial year, when his
.sales amounted to $23,000, leaving him a profit of $5,000. He gives a
pleasant employment to a number of women, as many as 60 at one time —
working at home. This business includes banners of all sizes, materials, and
national patterns for use on land, or on merchant or marine vessels. He
gives special attention to orders for fine silk flags.
J. & \\\ IIannw, deal< -; in bags, duck, felt, twine, etc., at 308 Davis
Street, have a flag department, in which their stock of goods is worth about
$20,000, and they do a large business in the line of bunting. The)- pre-
sented a flag 24 feet wide and 40 long, with ,1 streamer (jo feet in length,
worth about $300, to the Golden Gate Park, where it was hoisted by order
of the commissioners. May 17, 1881. I'or such banners, Washington fur-
nishes magnificent flag-staffs 150 feet high at a cost of about $250. Nou-
CROSS & Co., who devote their chief attention to regalia, also manufacture
flags and banners of all kinds, but most of the material which they use is
of fine quality. We have no information that the manufacture of flags is
conducted as a regular business or department of business by any house
on the Pacific Coast save the three mentioned.
Neckties. — Not less than $1,000,000 a year is remitted by San Francisco
merchants to New York, and el.sewherc in the I'^asl, for this small article of
dress; and not more than $125,000 worth a year, or about 11 per cent, of
the entire consumption are made on this coast. The materials used in
making neckties, as silk, .satin, lawn, and cambric, are all imported to the
value of about $75,000 a year. The cost of manufactured articles varies
from $1 to $(jO a dozen, and averages not less than $5 to $6 a dozen. The
freight on a dozen of neckties is but a small fraction of one per cent, on
their value, and the difference in freight between the material and the fin-
ished goods is almost imperceptible. It is not surprising, therefore, that
merchants cm import articles, made up principally in the tenement-houses
of New York, at cheaper rates than they can be made for on this coast.
There arc three parties in San Francisco, and one at Dutch i'Mat, who, in
connection with other business, employ hands the year round to make up
neckties. The industry is entirely in the hands of women, who work by the
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])iccc, and the number of operatives employed depends vcr}- mucli on the
qiiantit)- of imported •joods on the market. The averaije number engac;ed
on this work is not more than 30 or at most 35; but there is a number of
women and ^irls who fill up their spare time by making up floods for stores,
when not entjaL^cd on more profitable work. An expert operative can make
$9 or $10 a week, but there is not work enough to keep anj- considerable
number steadily employed. 11. M. IIKIMC.M.VN, who makes up more than
half the neckties manufactured in San Francisco, has sometimes as few a.s
5, and at other times as manj- as 25 hand.s. The same gentleman states
that the cost of material averages about 60 per cent., and of labor about 1 5
per cent, of the wholesale price of the finished goods, leaving only 25 per
cent, for profit, rent, insurance, and all other expenses.
Suspenders. — In the making of so simple an article as a pair of suspend-
ers, c:ven of the commonest kind, there are at least 5 different materials
used. These are the clastic webbing and the trimmings, the buckles and
rings, and the leather. All the webbing and trimmings u.sed on this coast,
for this or for other purposes, arc imported from New York or from German)-;
the buckles and rings arc obtained direct from \ew Mngland manufacturers,
and the leather is of home production. Were it not that California oak-
tanned leather can be purcha.sed for the same, or for less monej-, than Eas-
tern manufacturers have to pay for their less durable hemlock-tanned
leather, it would hardly be possible to make suspenders on this coast at .1
profit. Even with this advantage, M.VTilt.s & Co. arc the only house on
the entire Pacific Coast that makes this its chief business, and only
one other (M. M. IIkixem.Vn) makes up any considerable quantitj- of
goods. Hoth of them arc in San Francisco, and though recently started,
and therefore doing, as yet, a small business in this line, they look for a
large increase of patronage, when the superior quality of their goods be-
comes more generally known. They make at present about $20,000 worth
of suspenders a year, varying in price from $1 to $6 a dozen at wholesale.
It is estimated that the material costs 50 to C5 per cent., and labor 15 to 20
per cent, of the value, leaving about iy^y4 per cent for profit and contingent
expenses. The low price of goods made in San Francisco is accounted for
by the fact that it is not yet profitable to make up anj- but cheap and heavy
lines of suspcndcr.s. All, or very nearly all the finer grades are still im-
ported. Not more than 3 or 4 men and about half a dozen boys are at
present cmplo)'e<l at this trade. The highest rale of earnings for a man is
$15 a week, and boy.s, working by the piece, can make, after a brief appren-
ticeship, about $1 a day.
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MWriAfTURKS.
Hats and Caps.— Silk hats, or, as tlic>- arc termed b\- the trade, silk-
phish hat.^, are now ahnost the only kind made in San Francisco. In iii/2
tlic silk hat factories had more business than thc\- could attend to. In 18S1
there were only 15 to 20 men and about (> women employed in that branch
of manufacture, making up goods to the value of $100,000 a jear. The
entire capital at present engaged in the industrj- is about $25,000, invested
jjrincipally in stocks of material. The necessary tools and machinery cost
but little. As silk hats arc entirely an article of fashion, the demand fluc-
tuates largel)- from year to year, and the trade is therefore very uncertain.
The quantitj- manufactured is now much smaller than it was 3 years
ago. Stiff felt hats have, to a great extent, driven silk hats out of the
market, not onl)- on this coast, but in the ICastcrn States and in ICuropc.
The imi)ortation of silk iiats has entirely ceased. The framework or body
of the hat was formerly made of felt. Muslin bodies arc now commonly
used. The muslin is manufactured in ICngland at a cost of r2 to 19 cent.s
a yard. Silk plush is imported from I'rancc, and the quality used in San
I'raneisco is worth $6 to $6.50 a yard.
In making a silk hat there are several different processes. The first one i.s
to dip the framework in a solution of shellac and alcohol, for the |)ur-
posc of stiffening it. The difference between a light hat and a heavy one
is but one ounce, and this is caused b)' the quantit)- of the .solution that the
muslin is allowed to absorb. The framework is, therefore, only allowed to
retain enough to give it the requisite amount of stiffness. The ne-\t pro-
cess is to varnish it with a coaling of .secdlac. The silk plush is then ap-
plied, and for this purpose heated irons are used as in laundry operations.
The heat causes the \arnish to act like a cement, and makes the outer
covering adhere \ery firmly to the framework. This operation requires
great care on the part of the workman. If the iron is overheated, or drawn
too slowly across the hat, the varnish is apt to come through, and cause a
stain on the outside. For linings, \arious substances are used. The one
most in favor is made of cork, which is cut as thin as a sheet of paper.
The hat is now ready to be trimmed, a process that is always performed by
women. The nap is then smocHhed with a small concave iron. The last
process is that of curling or shaping, which is done either by hand or by an
instrument called a conformateur, that gi\'es to the brim its elliptical shape.
llatmakers form a guild exercising, perhaps, more influence in their trade
than any other class of operatives. All work is done by the piece. The
cmp'o\er is only allowed to have one man on wages, who acts in the capac-
ity of foreman. None of the hands can obtain employment the year rountl.
There are 2 busy seasons, each of 3 months, commencing in F'cbruary and
Tl.XriI.I. lAliKICS.
463
in Auf^ust, (JuriiifT which cvcrj' one is i<c|)t fully occupied. I''or about 6
weeks after each season there is half work, and lor the reniainin;^ 6 weeks,
before tile .'uhent of the next busy periixl, operatives have \ery little to
do. Durin}^ the season, the earnings of liatinakers vary from $30 to $35 a
week for men, ;ind $15 to $20 for women. Apprentices are not taken in
the business, as it costs too much to teach them, Moreover there are usually
more hatmakers in San Francisco than can find employment, and if, on
occasion, mfire operatives be needed, they can readily be procured from the
I'"astern States.
Railroad, military, and naval caps, and caps for children, are manufac-
tured in San I'rancisco to the extent of about Soo dozen per month, and to
the value of $40,000 or $45,000 a year. The imjjortation is not more than
200 to 250 dozen a year. It is estimated that the cost of material is about
one lialf, and of labor about one fourth of the value of manufacture, leaving
25 per cent, for profit and miscellaneous expenses. There are 5 small
factories in operation, giving einployment to 25 hands, nearly all of whom
are women. The materials used are principally silk, cloth, satin, and velvet.
Dress and Upholstery Trimmings. — A singular contrast is presented in
these branches of manufacture. While there are 6 houses whose business
is the importation of dress trimming.s, and while our local factories only
exist by making to order goods that can not be obtained at the stores, the
importation of upholstery, fringes, etc.-, is but a small percentage of the
home manui'acture, and in a couple of years more will probably cease en-
tirely. Of the 4 leading establishments in this line, all i. "-.in I'rancisco,
FroMM & Scil.AEl'KK make upholstery trimmings exclusively. The busi-
ness of Fttinckk & Co. is restricted to dress trimmings. G.\i:tii & Roi.ii-
klGS and Allwukth & TiiomI'SON manufacture both kinds. The capital
employed by these firms amounts to $40,000. The silk, worsted, and other
material used may be valued at a little over $40,000, antl the production of
goods at a little below $i io,ooo a year. Employment is given to 90 per-
sons, about fifty of whom are girls, at wages averaging about $9 a week.
Seventeen men receive $2 to $3 per day, and young girls, in the first stage
of apprenticeship, as little as $2.50 a week. Gaeth & Rc)i:ilRlc;s estimate
the value of home-manufactured dress trimmings at less than 20 per cent,
of importation. Deducting $35,000 for the value of upholstery trimmings
from the total of $1 10,000, and accepting the remaining $75,000 as one fifth
of the imports, we have the sum of $375,000 sent abroad every year for
trimmings for ladies' dresses.
Fkomm & ScilAEKER manufacture the greater portion of the uphol-
stery trimmings used by such houses as that of I'l.u.M & Co. and The
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\Vi:sT Coast FrRMTUUi: Company. The must expensive fringes, re-
quired for the best class of furniture, are made entirely in this cit)-. The
firm buy all their silk of Tin: Cai.II'OUXIA Silk ManiiactI'UINC Com-
I'ANV, pa)iiij^' from $S to $i J per pound. The worsted is ])urchased from one
of the lar^a-st houses in \e\v York, at the low price of $1.35. .Some of the
most beautiful specimens of trimminj;s fur furniture anil drapery are i)ro-
duced at this establishment, but to appreciate their effect they must, of
course, be seen in drawinij-rooms. ICmployment is given, at full waj^es, to
about 20 persons; and there are 10 weaving,' looms at work, besides braid-
ing, chenille, and ruff machines.
The houses mentioned find their market almost entirely in thi> cit)'. A
small ijuantity of braid is manufactured here, but this article is almost en-
tirely imp(jrtcd. Gimp and tassels are of course usually made up with the
fringe. Now th.it the house of {■"Romm & .SciIAl-.l T.U is rapidly driving out
of the market importeil fringes antl gimps for upholstery, there is reason to
hope that other firms will soon compete more largely with the I'.astern
manufacture of ladies' dress trimmings. 1CttiN'(ji:u & Co. report s.ile.s
exceeding $26,000 a year. L'ntil recently they liave never ke[)t any
stock of goods on liand, ;uid are just beginning to attempt competition
with the I'.astcrn trade. The\- are, at present, the only firm that manufac-
ture ilress trimmings in adwince of orders, and are hopeful of ultimate suc-
cess. Ci.M.ril & RoiMiKics are well satisficil with the business the)' have
done, during the 5 )cars that their factory has been in o[)eration. Thty
manufacture fringes, gimps, cords, tassels, buttons, etc., anil sell about the
s.ime .amount of goods as Ettincicr & Co. I'"or a portion of their silk
they paj- as much as $13 a ])ound, and for worsted $1.60. They have 8
hand looms ;it work, 4 spooling machines, 5 twisting reels, 3 spinning, anil 3
chenille machines. A spare hour maybe spent vcrj' pleasantly in watching
their process of manufacture. The factory of AllwoRTI I & TlIO.MINON,
though established I 7 years ago, passed into the hands of its [jrescnt owners
in 1879. They use 1,000 pounds of worsted, worth $2 per pound, and 500
pounds of silk at $12 per pound, for an average year's consumptiijn, and
market tlieir goods for $15,000 to $20,000. They complain very much of
the difficulties causeil by excessive importations from New York.
Straw Hats — About 3,000 dozen a year of straw hat.s, for male and
female wear, are made in San Francisco. Their value, without trimmings,
is on an aver.age about $5 a dozen, or a total of $15,000. When trimmed,-
they are estimated to be worth $8.50 a ilozen. One half of the wholesale
price is required to pa>- for the cost of material, and after paying for labor
and other items of e.xpcnsc, a small profit is usually left over from the re-
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465
iiKiinint; half. Apart from hats, all the straw goods used on this coast arc
imported, and there arc none of any kinil made oittside of San I'rancisco.
The straw, which is entirely imported, comes in bales of 130 to 145 pounds.
The cheaper grades come from China, and were formerly ordered as reciuiretl,
from New York houses, but within the last >ear manufacturers have com-
menced to import directly from China. Ivich bale contains 240 bunches,
and costs, when laid down in San I'lancisco, about $140. Tlie inore expens-
ive descriptions of straw are importetl from ICngland, Ital\', and Japan.
The quantity of ladies' hats made on this coast is vc/y inconsiderable,
but a gooil business is done in dyeing and renovating then, and in altering
the shapes, both of straw and felt hats. This branch of industry is almost
entirely in the hands of women and girls, whose earnings average about
$7.50 a week. The busy seascjn for the making of men's hats lasts from
April to July, for the making and relating of wom-'n's hats from April to
August.
The process of maimfacturing men's straw hats is a very simple matter.
The narrow strips of straw are first stitched together, according to quality
and shades of color; the hats arc then blocked; the different bands and rib-
bons stitched on; and after being assorted and "nested" (packed one into
the other) in tlozens, they are ready for market.
The "American Straw Machine," a patented invention resembling some-
what the Wilcox & Gibbs sewing-machine, is the one commonly used in San
Francisco.
At The Ati..\ntic Sth.v\v Works of J. M. KoRRiisr in San Francisco,
besides straw hats, frames arc made of buckram and stiff net. The mate-
rials for these frames are imported fiom New York, and after being made into
desired .shapes by first steaming, and then pressing on blocks made for the
purpose, the frames arc ready for covering with silk, velvet, or any of the
different materials u.sed by milliners. The value of work turned out an-
nually at this establishment is from $16,000 to $18,000. The only straw
works now in operation on our coast for the manufacture of gentlemen's
straw hats is Till: ENTiiRPRisi-; Str.vw Work.s, in San Franci.sco. F. A.
II.\Lsi;v is the founder and present owner. Employment is given to 25
persons, of whom 20 are women, engaged in arranging, plaiting, and .sew-
ing straws. About 600 dozen of hats arc made monthly, during the summer
season, when straw goods arc in most demand.
Parasols, etc. — The price of an umbrella varies, in San Franci.sco, from
60 cents to $20, and of a parasol from $1.75 to $75. The value of um-
brellas made on this coast is about $35,000 a year, and of parasols about
$55,000. There arc 20 different patterns of umbrellas made in San Fran-
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Cisco, and J5 of parasols. The \aluc of imported parasols and umbrellas,
consisting chiefly of inferior grades of goods, but including nearl)- all de-
scriptions, is a little larger than that of home-manufactured articles. Of
paiasols about $l.?0,ooo, and of umbrellas $75,000 worth arc yearly im-
jxirted.
The materials used in making parasols and umbrellas are almost entirely
imported. The frames come from iMigland and from the ICast; the co\'er-
ings and linings, as silk, alpaca, gingham, cotton, and Chinese silk, and the
handles of wood, ivor)-, bone, and a composite material resembling cellu-
loid, are none of them of home [)roduction. Some of the prettiest designs
in handles come from I'rancc and (jcrmany. There are in San I'ranci.sco
.S establishments engaged in making and repairing jiarasols and umbrellas.
They ha\e about $30,000 of cai)ital invested, distribute; $15,000 for labor
among 10 men and 49 women, and manufacture $45,000 worth of material
in $90,000 worth of goods. Labor represents about 17 per cent., and ma-
terial 50 per cent, of the gross value of production. The amount paid out
for labor does not include the sum expended for repairs, which would con-
siderabl)- swell the average earnings of operatives, some of whom make as
much ;is $iS, and none less than $5 a week. Most of the hands work at their
own homes, and many of them are only employed for a portion of the j'ear;
all work by the piece. In New York labor costs over 25 per cent, of the
\alue of the goods manufactured, against 17 per cent, in San Francisco;
but in ]'"astern factories the frames, coverings, and handles are usually
made on the premises, while in San I'Vancisco they are simply put together.
There are man)- shops on the co.ist that tlo repairing, but the i)rincipal
factory is that of JollN U. H.AKU, 323 Hush Street, San I-"ranci.sco. After
acquiring an extensive experience in New York, Mr. B.M'IR came to Cali-
fornia in 1864 and oi)ened a shop with no help save that of his wife; and
his business has graduall\- increaseil until he is now the proprietor of a large
establishment, ami imports his own material.
Oil Clothing.— The consumption of this class of gootls does not exceed
in \alue $C>o,ooo a year ff)r all the .States and Territories west of the Rocky
Mountains. The dr\- clim.ite of the Pacific Coast renders oil clothing un-
neccssar)-, except for [lersons engaged in outdoor work durins; the winter
months. There is also a small dcmanil from seafaring men and fromtho.se
engaged in hydraulic mining. Oil clothing is less heating than rubber
clothing, and eiiuall)- imper\ious to water. The articles that come-under
the defmilion of oil clothing include coats, jxmts, hats, caps, tarpaulin.s, and
wagon-covers. I'^rom 500 to f'lOO dozen of suits s.itisfy the demands of the
entire coast, and about 90 per cent, of the ilemand lor all clas.ses of articles
is supplied by .San i'ranciscd n:anufacturLrs.
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467
The cliicf materials used in the makiiiLj of oil suits are ICastern cotton,
both bleached and unbleached, and linseed oil of Californian production.
In the process of manufacture, the suits, after being cut into shajje, arc
Jianded o\er to needle-women, who usual!)- stitch and make them up at
their own homes. The goods are tlieii returned to the manufacturer, and
the ne.\t [jrocess is to boil them in linseed oil, in whicli is dissoKctl a quan-
tity of becswa.\. When sufficicntlj- impregnated with the solution the)' arc
hung uf) to dry ; an operation wiiich requires from 30 to 90 da)s. When
finished the suit lias usually a bright yellow hue. Oil clothing is also
colored in bl.ick, by a process that manufacturers do not care to reveal. One
establishment in San I'rancisco uses, in place of becswa.x, a certain liijuid,
which, it is claimed, absorbs tiie combustible properties from the oil, and
renders the clothing less liable to catch fwc than that prepared by the usual
method.
The busy .season for manufacturers lasts from October to the end of Jan-
uar\-, or a little later if the winter happens to be unusually stormy. There
are 4 factories in San Francisco, one in Portland and one in y\storia, Ore-
gon, making up into goods valued at $55,000 a )ear, and distributing about
$7,000 for wages among 30 operatives, who arc empto)-ed onl)- fur a portion
of the )car. With the exception of a ver)* small quantit)- of oil suits im-
ported into the State of Oregon, the retjuirements of the Pacific Coast arc
met b\- goods of home manufactm-e. The w holesale price of oil coats ranges
from $18 to $72 a dozen, of pants from $12 to $18 a dozen, and of hats from
$3 to $0 a dozen. The factories on this coast engaged in the production of
oil clothing, are those of C. SUTTON, Jr., A.silKK i^' S.MITIl, and M. M.\RK,S
in San l-'rancisco, Is.VAC Makks in Portlantl, and W. ^I. McCoR.MlCK, in
Astoria.
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Bedding. — Of the \arious articles used, apart from natural hair, for mat-
tress antl c)ther fillings, onl)- two, luireka hair and shoddy, or patent
wool, are manufactured on this coast. The consumption of tlie former i.s
about 30J tons a year, worth as raw fiber $(jo, and when prepared for u.se
$250 a ton. Of shoddy about 400 tons are made up, and its price ma)'
be stated at "jj cents a poimd. l'"xcelsior is now entirely imported, and
is consumed, in about the same quantity as shodd)'. It present value is $3
to $3.25 per cental. New Orleans moss, worth 10 cents a pound, is used to
the extent of at least 60 tons a year; ami the annual consumption of bris-
tles and cow-hair, togctlier with the small amoimt of real horse-hair that
finds its way to this market, ma)- be estimated at 300 tons. Tliese are the
chief articles used for filling purposes, and their total value probabl)' exceeds
$300,000. Of this amount, material to the value of nearly $200,000 is man-
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ufactuicd on this coast, and 35 to 40 per cent, of tlic entire consumption is
imported, mainly from New York. I'or real horse-liair there is httle demand
in this market. The best quality sells at 60 cents a pound, and the aiticlc
that pas.scs under that name is usually a mixture of cows' and hogs' hair.
Cow.s' hair is worth about 26 cents, and hogs' hair (or short hair, so called) 4
or 5 cents per poimd. Nearly all the short hair is obtained here, but
about nine tentlis of the consumption of cow.s' hair is supplied from the
F-ast. One giving an order for horse-hair can be supplied at rates vary-
ing from 10 to 50 cents per pound, and a mi.vture is made of the dif-
ferent kinds of liair, wliether horse, hog, or cow, in proportion to the price
paid. I'ulu, a moss-like vegetable growth from the Sandwich Islands, was
largely used in former years for mattress filling, but has now almost entirely
disappeared from the maikct.
The wages in this branch of manufacture are not higher than those of
Eastern cities. In San Francisco, spring and top mattress makers are paid
from $2 to $3 a day, the difference being due not to the class of work, but
to the experience and dexterity of the oiicrative. Unskilled labor is paid
as low as $1 a da)'. I:i New York anil Chicago the highest wages are $3 a
day, and the lowest $1.50, but the a\erage is about the same as in this city.
I'illow makers are ]3;'.id the same rales as top mattress men. In the manu-
facture of shodd)' wool, material assorters receive $1.50 to $2 a da_\', and
pickers $2 to $3. In San I'"rancisco onl)' men and boys work at this occu-
pation, but in Eastern cities women are also employed, atitl the wages are
little more than half the ab(j\c rates. (Operatives in all branches work 10
hours a da\-, unless employed on piece-work. The entire number of hands
cngagetl in .San I'"rancisco in the manufacture of bedding (not including
comforters), ma)' be estimated at 300, and the value of the different articles
manufactured during the year 1S81, at $800,000.
The r.\ciFic Si'RiNc; and Mattress Co.mpany, 25 and 27 New Mont-
gomery Street, luanufacture and .sell to the trade mattresses, [jillows, and
betiding niateri;il of all descriptions. At their factory on Sixteenth and
I larrison streets, they make up from rags a large quantity of " Lane's Pu-
rified Wool." It is claimed " that the process used in its preparation and
purification is such that it is imi)ossible for it to contain anything that could
prove in any way injurious to health." Tlicy have the signature to this
effect of W. T. WknzkLI., Professor of Chemistry in the College of Phar-
inacy.
Such houses as CoLic & Co., Gu.iuiR'i' Ai Mnoui:, and Till. West Coast
FURMTURI-; Co.Ml'ANN', are importers of material, and manufacture the
different articles of bedding, but as no separate Jkccounts are kept of this
branch of their business, a statement in detail is not obtainable. In bed-
'IICXI'IIJ; I'AURICS.
469
ding, soap-root fiber, known in the trade as lun-cka hair, and wood fiber,
styled I'-xcelsior, are used to a small extent. Further mention of them will
be found under the head of upholstery.
Comforters. — The making of comforters, an article that is rapidly coming
into favor, on account of its lightness, and the preference entertained by
certain insects for woolen blankets as a lurking-place, was commenced on a
very small scale by WlIJ.I.VM B.WK.s, in San Francisco, in i860. F. F. Du
Rosii, 29 Second Street, San Francisco, who succeeded to the business, now
reports sales of $2,500 a month. This is a small part, probably less than
10 per cent., of the entire consumption. Mr. Du ROSE, at present the only
manufacturer of comforters on this coast, is doing a constantly increasing
business. He supplies many large hou.ses in San Francisco, and has cus-
tomers in Utah, Idaho, Nevada, and Arizona. Comforters of average size
weigh 6 pounds, ,ind are 6 feet square. Extras weigh 8 pound.s, and measure
7 feet by 6. The former article is sold to the trade at from $18 to $25 a
dozen, and the larger size lor $30 to $36. The covering of print is filled
entirely with cotton batting; not a particle of shoddy or patent wool, as it
is called, is used in this establishment. Shoddy, which is in fact ground
rags, is mainl)- used in the filling of Fastcrn-made comforters. Mr. Du
RosK uses about 15 thousand yards of print and 3,000 pounds of batting
per month. These are average figures; the winter is more than double the
summer trade. Employment is furnished to 8 or 10 women and girls. The
lowest wages arc $6 to $7 a week, paid to those who work only at sewing
together the print. Rasters, who put in the wadding, and makers or finish-
ers, who complete the manufacture of the comforter, receive $9 to $10. All
the hands arc employed 10 hours a day. Eastern work, both sewing and
filling, is done by machinery, and it would not be possible to compare the
rates of wages.
Pillows.— J. Wi:.si!i.M,L, 764 Mission Street, San Francisco, restricts
his m.mufacture solely to the making of pillows. Me combines with this
business the sale of feathers, German ticking, and linen. All feathers used
or sold by Mr, W'KsriiALl, arc thoroughly cleansed by his "patent
steam renovator." The price of an ordinary pillow varies from 75 cents to
$5, while down pillows sell for $15 to $iS. The cheapest feathers cost 6
cents a jjound, and after undergoing the cleansing process are salable at
10 cents. The best geese feathers are worth 70 cents when fit for use, and
the price of different descriptions ma)- be averaged at a little under 40
cents per |)ounil. Down sells fur $j a pound.
Including $25,000 expended for lot and building, Mr. WliSTllALI, has a
capital invested of $40,000. His purchases of ticking .amount to $2,000 a
i i i
.
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470
MAXUKACTURnS.
)'car. He claims that liis patent machinery for clcaninij and curing feathers
docs that work more effectually than any other on the coast.
Owi'.N McCabe, 921 Market Street, also makes a specialty of manu-
facturing pillows, though also engaged in mattress-making and in selling
articles used in the pillow and mattress trade. He also has a "patent
steam renovatcjr," but not of the same description as that used by Mr.
WrcSTIIALt.. His business has been established 19 j'cars, and is now in a
vcr>' prosperous condition.
Three fourths of all the feathers used here are imported from the I'last
or from German)- ; some even from Australia. These 2 firms alone use
about 25 tons of feathers a )car, which, at an average of 40 cents per pound,
would cost $20,000. A description of the 3 articles mainly used as sub-
stitutes for natural hair in the filling of mattresses, etc., will, perhaps, be
of interest. These are Eureka hair. Excelsior, and Patent Wool, and they
will be mentioned in this order.
. ^i';
Soap-Root. —'["he soap \>\a.nt (C/i/orogaliiii'. pomcridiaiiiiiii) wa'a used by
Spani.irds and Indians for washing purposes, long before California was
numbered among the States. For some cutaneous eruptions its lather jjos-
.sesses medicinal qualities of great value. The fiber of the mature plant,
when manufactured into Eureka hair, is dry, cool, flexible, and almost in-
capable of destruction. It does not mat, nor breed vermin, nor harbor
moths, and can be renewed at a trifling expense, no matter how long in use.
It is now employed for bedding purposes at our public infirmaries, almost
to the exclusion of other material. At the Centennial Exhibition a medal
and diploma were awarded to HkR'I'ZOc; & Co. for producing, in this article,
one of the best substitutes for hor.sc-hair. MORKIS Cahn, the present
owner of the business, has letters in his po.sscssion from the commissioners
of the (ierman, .Swiss, and Austrian go\-ernmcnts, who were desirous of ob-
taining it for bedding purposes. In 1876 the export had reached 700 tons^
hut, unfortunatel)', the fiber was shipped in its raw state, and being unskill-
fiiUy treated, the experiment pn)\-ed a failure. Its high price also (the cost
of la\Mng (low n the raw material being $60 a ton) pre\-ented any large expor-
t.ition. The soa[) plant is a bulbous root, with ;i very tough and supple
fiber, resembling somewhat the husk of the cocoanut. It is found only
on the Pacific Coast, as far south as Mexico, but the best roots are obtained
in (.California or .Vev.ula, near the snow belt of the .Sierr.i, and on the shaded
side of the mountains. Th.it which grows on low and sandy soil is imfit for
manuf.icturing purposes, on account of the coarseness (jf its fiber.
The roots ,ire first put through a picker, worked by steam-power, sim-
ilar to a threshing-machine. This separates the fiber into a hair 8 or 10
m.
TKXTII.I-. lABRICS.
471
inches lon^, whicli is placed in a iaii^c vat, or steamer, till it becomes flex-
ible, ami is freed from all glutinous matter. It is then driei) in the sun,
put throuijh another finer picker, twisteil into ropes, and after l)int( for some
time to f,rive it a curl, it is steamed, opened, and picked over a,ijain, and is
then ready for market. The natural color is brown, but if colored black, as it
can easily be, it will take an expert to tell it from the best curled hair. So
man)- substitutes ha\e come into the market duririLj the last 4 years that the
production of fiber has fallen off to 300 tons a year. I'rom 100 to 150 root-
Ljatherers divide amon<^ them $18,000 for the earnintjs of an avera^je season.
Excelsior. — The article known as excelsior is now entirely imported,
thoutjh until recently it was produced in Washington. Excelsior is a
threatllike wood shaving, and was first used in filling mattresses, etc., as ;i
.substitute for pulu. In the Eastern States the fiber of the poplar is com-
monly in use, but that of the cotton-wood tree is preferred on this coast.
Its fiber is lighter, stronger, pnd less liable to pack. Its weight in equal
bulks, as comi)ared with that of the poplar, is one si.xth less. J. J. Sr.MJLO-
l.\"(i, in conjunction with FLINt, TKAliODY & Co., established at I'uget
Sountl a factory which almost drove I'astern excelsior out of the market.
Unfortunatcl)' for the trade, this factory was burned down last year. Before
this accident Mr. Sl'.VL'l.DIXC sold excelsior as low as $1.50 per cental. Of
late it is .scarce. It is almost a necessity for packing purjioses .and for
upholstering, one layer being placed over the springs of couches, etc., before
the hair is inserted. It is ver\' probable that the home manufacture of
excelsior will soon be renewed, and if its price remains at anything near
present rates, such an enterprise can hardly fail of success.
I'atent wool, or shoddy, or ground rag.s (for the material is known by all
these names), forms at the East, and here, too, a staple article of connncrcc.
It is used extensiveK- for filling mattresses and lounges, and takes the place
of cotton batting in the manufacture of Eastern-made comforters.
Spring Mattresses. — Not many years ago all the springs used b)' furni-
ture houses, whether for mattrcs.se.s, lounges, o"- chairs, were impr :tcd from
the I'.ast. During the )ear 1880 two thirds of the home consumption
of these articles were manufactureil in San I'raneisco. About 600 tons a
year of Hcssemer steel wire are u.sed in this branch of business, costing, at
an average of 10 cents a pound, the sum of $120,000, and worth, when man-
ufactured, a little over $200,000. The wire, in its immanufaetured state, is
all imported, and is copper-covered, with the exception of about 25 tons of
tinned wire, u.sed in making what are called wovcn-wirc mattresses.
Three houses in .San I'rancisco are engaged in the manufacture of springs,
and employ from 20 to 25 men. Those who work only at making springs
■;■ !
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4/2
MANUIACrrKKS.
earn from $1.50 lo $2 a day, for 10 hours' work, while 2 or 3 operatives,
who combine other branches of business, receive as much as $20 a week.
In Eastern factories tlic usual rate is $1.50 a ila)-.
Tile process of making springs is so sinij)!e. that, at the establishment of
TiiK California Spring Manufacturing Company, 8 or 9 workmen
j)rotlucc springs worth no less than $50,000 a j-ear. From a reel the wire is
wound on a form, which gives to the spring the rec|uisite shai^e. It is after-
wards pressed for the purpose of testing its qualities. The spring is then
held in a vice, and the ends are knotted by an ingenious little machine,
invented for the purpose. One man performs all these operations, and easily
turns out 2 or 3 springs to the minute. In Eastern factories there are sep-
arate workmen for the different processes, known as winding, knotting, and
packing; and an operative, coming fre.sh from New York, can not make
an article complete in all its parts.
TiiK California Spring Manufacturing Company make springs
of all sizes, and combine witli this business the sale of bedding and other
material. The consumption of material is 1 5 tons of wire a month, and
sales are reported in this one department of over $4,000, against a monthly
outlay for materia! and wages of about $3,000. A. S. \V.\RNl'.k and WiLi.iAM
Ck.WVFORO are the proprietors of the business, and have a branch estab-
lishment at 224 F"irst Street, Portland, under the management of J. C.
Kim HALL.
SamukL Bfalf, 47 to 53 .Seconil Street, makes springs and spring mat-
tresses, and is an importer and dealer in bedding material. lie uses 50
tons a year of Hes.semer wire, and about 27,000 yards of ticking. His
sales, chief!)' of mattresses, amount to $30,000 or $35,000 a jear. Employ-
ment is given, in all tlie departments, to 16 liands.
Tin; Pacific Sprini; and M.vttre.ss Company use about 100 tons
of wire a )ear, and have 4 hands constantly employed in making springs.
In addition to those mentioned, there are 2 or 3 houses in San I-'rancisco,
and one at Sacramento, tliat manufacture springs in small quantity, cliief!)-
for tlieir own u.se.
Truman S. Cl.VRK & Son, 21 Montgomery Street, are probably
the only firm on this coast engaged in making woven wire mattresses.
In their busiest seascMis the)- use about 2 tons a month of Hessemer
tirmetl steel wire, wortli $250 a ton. Female operatives, of whom there
are 6 or 8, earn b)' jjiece-work from $1.50 to $2 a day. While learn-
ing the business they are paid $1 a day. Eastern wages are about
25 per cent, lielow tliese rates. With the exception of the wire, all the
materia! used, even to the castings, is (jf home production. In making
up the mattress, the wire is wound off a reel, and passed through a sta-
11
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TKXTILK lAIiUICS.
473
tionary tube. This tube ^ivcs it the necessary coil, and the machinery is
made so that it can be atljustcd to the size of the wire, hke the stitch of a
sewing-machine. Hy clianging the tube, 14 or 15 different varieties of mat-
tress can be made, with larger or smaller coil. What is termed the "treble-
weave mattress" is made of the finest wire used for the purpose, and sells for
$10.50 for the full size of 5 feet by 6 feet 2 inches. The "single weave," of
coarser wire, and of the same dimensions, is worth $8. The bedsteads, to
correspond, are made of gas-pipe iron, and the attachments of angle-iron
clamps. These are specially suited to warm climates.
Flax.— A flax-mill, established in 1877, at Albany, Oregon, is the only
cntcrpri.se of the kind on the Pacific Coast. The flax is raised in Linn
County, b)- tenant farmers, who work on shares, recciv ing one third of the
crop after it is rotted, broken, and scutched (dressed by beating and sepa-
rating from the woody substance). The mill takes the entire crop, allowing
the tenant 12 cents a pound for his share of the fiber. The seed is divided
in the same proportion as the fiber, but the tenant's share is not purchased by
the mill. It is estimated that a good crop will produce fiber worth $42 and
.seed worth .$45 per acre. The mill has a capacity for turning out 5,000 pounds
of manufactured goods per month, and makes up all kinds of linen twines
and threads, including fishing-twine, bagging-twine, twine fi)r .self-binders, etc.,
worth on an average 50 cents a pound, and valued at $30,000 a yciu: The
goods are marketed in Oregon, California, and Washington. Employment
is given to 5 men at $3 a day, and 20 girls at $3 to $5 a week. Connected
>vith the establishment is a scutch mill, where the fla.v is broken and sepa-
rated from the woody substance, giving work to 8 Chinamen at $1.10 a day.
The pay-roll of the factory is $1 1,500 a year, and the consumption of ma-
terial about 80,000 [rounds of fla.\ per annum, worth, at 12 cents a pound,
$9,600. If cash were paid for all the material, it is evident that the enter-
prise could not be profitable, but by letting their land on shares, and pajing
only for one third of the material, receiving from the tenant the remaining
two thirds in consideration of rent, etc., the proprietors manage to do a
profitable business.
■* ii
t
Upholstery. — Upholstery in California during the Mexican pcs.scssion.likc
upholstering in all the Spanish-American States, was limited in quantit)- and
crude in design. The mild climate did not force attention to upholstery as an
essential element of home comfort, as do the colder regions of the north, and
the outdoor habits of tlie native people led to a neglect of the refinements and
pleasures affijrded by tasteful and artistic upholstery, which the indoor as-
sociations of home develop, where the winters are long and rigorous,
60
iinr^
474
M.\NriA( IlKKS.
When tlic pioneers ni;ide tlieir appearance on this coast, many of thcin
having left l'!astern lioines in which the decorative taste anil skill of the
upholsterer had aitled to make life enjoyable, their first effort was in ever so
rude a fashion to improvise from the material at hand at least soine articles
of comfort. The eager struggle to obtain the necessaries of life too often
])revented the newcomers from giving any thought to the adornment and
comforts of their temporary homes, and it was a rare exception to find a
habitation having an)- pretensions to taste ami refinement. As earij- as
1850, however, there were eviilences of impro\einent. ICstahlishments
began to be opened for the purpose of suppU'ing materials with which to
make life more endurable. Like all manufacturing intlustries of that ila}',
the upholstery business was dependent for the raw materials, ])artly manu-
factured articles, and supplies, upon imi)ortation, which was so verj- irreg-
ular and uncertain that upholstery shops would s<jmetimes ha\e to suspend
business, from lack of materials with which to carry on work; ami at other
times there woiikl be a glut in the market froni a temporary oversupi)l\'.
It was not imtil the year 1853 that the upholstery business began to
assume the ])roportions ol a well-defined industry. -At that time the lead-
ing furnitm'e and upholstery house of the city of San I'rancisco was that of
I'K.WK H.\Kl.l-i, in whose small paper-hanging establishment 011 Cla>- Street
the great fire that swept the cit,\' in [H~,i is s,;h1 to have had its origin, and
he did a large and prosperous business, though there were sexeral other
sm.dler establishments doing a fair business. In the rebuilt cit\' many
families from the I'^astern .States and some from I'.urope beg.in to settle
and make homes, at least temiKjrary homes for a few )-ears, and there was
an immense sale of furniture, much of which was well upholstered, but
generally in rather plain st)'lc. So profitable, indeed, was the business of
house-furnishing, including carpets and jilain and ui)holstered furniture, that
many dealers, in a (i^w years, made small fortunes, on which the\- retired
from trade. T'l^.V-NK liAKKR, it is said, found himself so well off from the
profits of his business that during a visit to New York in i.SGj, he embarked
in Wall .Street speculations, disjiosed of his business to his eTnploj'ces, and
ne\er saw California again. The chief aim of dealers at that time was to
produce an article that would sell, rather than one of artistic taste and
mechanical merit. This era of bad taste continued longer than it otherwise
would had our people sooner discovered the fact that California w.is not only
a good country in which to make money, but also to live and to build up
homes of refinement, which would riv.il those of any other laml. Hut the
demand for a better class of upholstered furniture beg.in to be more pro-
nounceil, and in 1862 B. 1'. M(X)Rr., at present secretary and a leading
member of TiiK C.\Lii'ORM.\ FL'RMruKK M.VNUK.vcTURiNi; Comi'.\N'Y,
m
}''i
TKXTII.I-: 1 AliUICS.
475
started tlic first rcijular upholstery factory for the manufacture, in San I'ran-
cisco, of a superior class of modern and imtique furniture, in which he con-
tinued until his business was absorbed in that of the Ljreat compan>- in \\ hich
he is now an active member. At about the same time the house of i'l.l'M
& Co. be_i;an to make a specialt)- of fine upholstery, in which they have since
made a mark' for superior taste and artistic finish.
Soon after the outbreak of the civil war, many, perhaps a majority, of the
prosperous business men of California, abandoned their lon;4-cherished wish
and intention to make their permanent homes on the Atlantic slo|)e, so
.soon as tiie)- coukl accumulate a competence in the land of j^'okl. That was
the beyinniiiLj of a new era for this coast. About the same time trade anil
industr)- became more profitable tiian thej- had been; wealth accumulated
rapidly ; and the inlluence of the chant;e w as felt in man)- departments, |)er-
hai>s in none more striking!)- than in upholster)-, which ser\ed to !j;i\e ele-
gance anil splendor to the homes of the wealthy. The numerous millionaire
fortunes of the I'.icific metropolis found their reflection in the costly furni-
ture and upholster)- of their owners.
In the language of one of our principal dealers in San I'Vancisco, " It
ma)- be calleil an outburst of latent ta.stc and culture, as exhibited by the
railroad and bonanza kings, and .the wealthy families of our coast, which
has ilevelopeil to such an e.Ktent as to excite the surprise of all culturcil
people of the older States and Europe who have visited us, and to ta.\ the
resources of manufacturers for the production of the rarest articles made
up w ith the costliest fabrics." The same authority also says: " So persist-
ently has this advance of refinement extended into the homes of our peo-
ple, anil so general has become the desire to discard the gaudy and
unrefined of the jjast for the harmonious, tasteful, and artistic style of the
present, that wc claim front rank on the .score of beauty in design and
intrinsic value of product with any of the older countries, and the tastes of
our people arc as esthetic and generous as those of any other people. It
can rea.sonabi)- be said of the upholstery business on our coast, that it
deserves as much credit for the present high state of advancement as any
other branch of industry."
?
t
i
Upholstery with Furniture. — It is the custom on our side of the
continent to carr)- on the upholstery business in connection with the furni-
ture factories, instead of niaking it a separate branch of business as in the
East, and .so we find our leading furniture manufacturers are itoing their
own uiiholstering as a rule. The styles which prevail here are those of the
Eastern States, and the materials used are of the best qualit)-, and mainly
imported from the East and from Europe. Silk tapestries, damask.s,
11 s
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476
MANLl ACTURKS.
ill
V<r
I ^
fissured plush, raw silks, and velours arc ninstl)' used for covers on fine
furniture; |)atterns of velours ran^in^ as hii^h as $100 a >'ard, and in one
lifiuse in San I'rancisco patterns worth $ 1 50 a )aril may be seen, h'or stulf-
ini;, in fine furniture, the best curled hair and moss are useil; in a ciieaper class
of furniture [^ray hair, soap-root, or liureka hair, excelsior, and tow are used.
The latest style of parlor furniture is in ebony, ant! the upholsterin;^ is in
harmony with it. The sprinyis used (jn the coast are nearl)- all of home
manufacture. Soap-root is a Californian product, and inost of the tow used
comes from Oretjon. Cheap and auction furniture is stuffed with prepared
rags or .shoddy, which is no doubt often tlie lurking-place of disease, and is
always uncleanly and unsafe. There is no need of a resort to the use of
rags in the Pacific States. Indeed, even the imxluction of suitable cover-
ings is now possible. As a gentleman of large intelligence, who has been
in the upholstery business since 1862, has exprcs.scd it: "We have the
means of producing every kind of material needed, from silk to cotton, from
wool to hem]5, and there is no reason wliy they should not be converted into
fabrics where they grow." And so long as we are dependent upon the
I'^astern States and Europe for the materials u.sed in the manufacture <jf
fine upholstery, we shall have to wait for a full profit from this large and
important industry.
Wages are about the same on our side of the continent as in the East.
They var)' according to the skill and ability of the workmen, from $2.50 to
$4 antl $5, and good work can be done as cheapl)' here as there. In some of
the large establishments of our coast are now found excellent workmen, who
learned their trade where they work, and have developed talent and skill
which will bear comparison with the best in the older and more favored
establishments of the East.
The market for the sale of Pacific Coast upholstery is expanding rapidly.
During the bonanza times, a few years ago, the business developed great
extra\agance and lu.vury; and following immediately came the days of the
Kearney agitation, when the business was greatly depressed, and underwent
material changes. Ikit once more it has reached a normal state of growth,
characterized b)- richness of quality and refinement of taste, and it is be-
lie\ed b)' those engaged in the business, that there is a prosperous future
belore them. Goods that are imported into California sell at about the
same rate as in the Eastern cities, with freight added. There is a class of
inferior goods manufactured on the Pacific Coast which finds a market
among the poorer people, because of its cheapness; but there is a decided
preference for superior goods, and while some inferior work finds a market
here, the average of the work done is not of so low a grade as the average
of Eastern work; and the demand for upholstered furniture is greater in
TKXTii.i: i\nRirs.
477
proportion to the population, as well as of better quality, than east of the
Rocky Mountains. The proprietor of a leatliiig house in San Francisco,
before (luolctl, refcrrin|4 to the market, says: "As the wealtli of the Pacific
States increases and becomes great, which the near future nc»w promises,
our business will grow, and it can safely be said of the people that they arc
developing great taste in the furnishing of their home-^, and the rising gen-
eration is receiving an education in this direction which will entitle the future
housekeeper to the rank of artist, and the embellishment of hor home a;
liigh art; and in these better days the trade will flourish, and the character
of the work will impro\e." Since the leading upholsterers are also dealers
in furniture, mention of them will be made under that heading.
Carpets.— In 1864 a three-ply carpet made by DOX.VLD McLenn.W at
the Mission Mills was exhibited at the Mechanics' Fair as the first one
manufactured in California. The manufacture of ingrain carpets was tried
at the Mission Mill in 1873, but without profit, and the Provo Woolen
Mill has made some carpets, probably more than any other establishment
on our coast. The chief production of this class is rag-carpet, made by
perhaps icxd hand-looms scattered over California, Oregon, Washington,
and Utah. The rags are obtained by tearing up woolen garments into
strips half an inch or three quarters of an inch wide. The rags furnish the
weft, ami cotton-twine the warp. The total annual product may be 100.-
000 yards. The largest establishment, that of'MACKAY & Co. in San Fran-
cisco, employs only 3 male operatives, who earn $1.75 a day; and the annual
product of rag-carpet is about lo.cxx) yards.
Carpet Lining. — Of the several materials used for carpet linings, the
principal are tule, cotton batting, paper, and Japanese paper-carpet, and of
the.se the only one manufactured on the Pacific Coast is the one first men-
tioned. The cotton lining is the one most commonly in use; the demand
for it exceeding, by at least 50 per cent., the consumption of tule lining.
It is made of cotton batting placed between sheets of paper, and sells at
to cents a yard. It has the advantage of being impervious to moths, and
the disadvantage of offering so little resistance to the tread that it is soon
pressed almost as flat as a sheet of blotting-paper. The tule lining, made of
the round, elastic, porous reed, which grows extensively in the tule swamps
of our upper rivers, yields gradually to the footfall, and resumes its shape
when the foot is removed. The saline qualities of the tule make it a
natural in.sect-destroyer. While the cotton lining retains dust between its
paper covering and the carpet, the tule lining allows the dust to sift through
to the floor, where it remains until the carpet is taken up. The thickness
and clastic quality of the pith, that forms the interior portion of the tule,
:; \
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478
MAMIAI TlKi;s.
J >
pivvi-'iU llic lK'a\icst foDlfall from rcsouiulin^;. IIciicc, it is coiniiKin!)- in
use in the cointiiionis (if San l-"rancisci>. It is also claimed that tlu' tiile
possesses disinfectiiiL,' (ilialities which couilti 'act the effect of noxious odors.
The main objection to it seems to l)e that, the ri'eils heitiL; hound closel)'
together before being used for carpet lining, the continual pressure of the
foot causes the outside [jortions of the tule, whicii are of a wood)- nature,
to rise in ridges and cause considerable friction or wear on tiic carpet.
If this objection could be remoxed, tlie tule lining would, no doubt, come
more into fa\'or. Its price is 10 cents a yard.
Carpet Beating. — The summer winds and sand dunes of .San I'^rancisco
combine to furnish a livel)- business in ear|)et beating. At Till'. I'KjNKKR
C.VKI'IM' Bi:.\TlNt; Work.s, on Teliani.i Street, a 3 weeks' run gives an ac-
cumulation of 6 to 8 cart-loads of dust and refuse. At times they iiave as
much as 30 loads awaiting removal at the back of their machine-room.
Let an)- one tr)' the experiment of treading for some time with ;i jircssure
of 150 pounds on a piece of samJpaper placed over a ]>ortion of carpet, and
he will get some idea of the friction that is constant!)' taking |)lace. The
sand becomes well ground into the carpet, and, cutting into the woolen
fabiic, remo\es with it a portion of the nap at each sweeping. In a heavy
\elvet carpet, costing $6 a yard, cleaned in 1 88 1 by COXKLIN HRfJTIIKR.s,
for Till', I-'lRSi' N.VTION.M, IVWK, there was an .iccunuilation of dust equal
to-nearl)- one third of its weight. This is a common occurrence, and it is
claimed that if carpets are cleaneil once a )ear, at a cost of 5 cents a j'ard,
the expense is far nu)re than coir.pensated b\- the saving in wear ami tear.
In JCastern cities the cleaning process is often performcv; t'.^ice a )ear. A
visit to an)- of the leading establishments during the h^ry 'cr on in June,
would be of interest, and would enable the reader to detcrniiii-' which of the
different m.ichines is least destructive to the carpet. 1 .'le proprietors are
extreme!)- courteous, and alwa)s re.-idy to explain llieir process, which is
in amusing contr;ist with the times when carpets were taken out b)- ncgnjcs
and beaten with sticks over a fence.
In San I'rancisco there are 5 prominent carpet-beating houses, those of
Sr.\L-LuiX(i & Co., CoNKi.iN liRoTiir. us, J.\Mi;s K. Mnviir.i.i., MiDhwkll
(^' Gould, and V. Mkrrili,. Tlie aggregate c,->pital of the 5 establishments
i:i $40,CX)0, and the)- clean 3,500 running )'ards of carpet dail)-, with the help
of 40 or 45 men, all white. The cost of laying the car[)ets after cleaning
is 5 cents a )-ard. Mr. Si'.Ml.liINf) uses a sweeping-machine of his own
invention to cleanse the carpets after the)' ha\e been beaten.
Silk. — Silk has been manufactured on a small scale by half a dozen dif-
ferent establishments, most of which are now closed or arc occupied in work-
JJl
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I l\ III.K I' VIIKK S.
479
' 1
int; up coarser mulcrial. Tlu- priiK'i|);il lactfiry now in iwistcncc is tliat of
Tin: Calhor.nia Sii.k Mam tactiuinc; Cdmi'ans, at Soutli San I'ran-
cisco. This mill spins io.ooo pouiuls of raw silk annually, aiul makes t« ist,
emhroiilery, tailors' and sadtllers' sewinij-silk, worth in tht; aj^Ljre^ate $150,-
txX). The reeled silk, imported from China .and Japan, is the raw material,
which they prepare Tor the needle by si)innin[; and dycinj;. Their sewini;-
silk has a hijih reputation for trentjth, smfwthness, permanence of twist,
and excellence of color, and has no superior in the market. The mill has
no looms. Employment is gi\cn to S men, 100 women, .iiid man)- children.
Amonij tl'.o extinct silk-mills, one to si)in ribbons was in X'isitation X'alle}',
on the border of .San Mateo County, and one which produced dress silks
was in the hands of men who smuggled as much cloth as they wove.
Cotton. — Nearly every Mexican .State on the western slope of the country
cultivates cotton, antl has at least one mill to convert it into yarn and cloth.'
These factories produce nothing for exportation to foreign countries, and
are not remarkable for either size, excellence of machinery, or qualit)' of the
goods made. The laborers arc all natives; the owners and superintendents
arc in some states, Colima for instance, mostly foreigners. In cotton man-
ufacture, as in many other industrial branches, the Mormons h.'ive the oldest
establishments on our side of the continent. They h.ive se\eral sm.iU mills
in the southern part of Utah, working on cotton grown in the vicinity. In
1865 W. FI. RlXTOR & Son built a cotton-mill in East O.ikland, and made
yarn and cloth for several )'ears, but founil it unprofitable, and the machin-
ery was used for jute, with which it has since been occupied.
Jute Bags and Burlaps. — Besides the jute-factory in the Californian
State I'ri^on at S;ui Ouetitin, there is but one establishment on this Pacific
Coast that manufactures burlaps from the raw jute — TllE I'ACiriC JUTE
M.\NU1A( TiKiNc, Company, at East Oakland. Nearly all the burlap
produced at this factory is made into bags of various descriptions on the
premises. There are also several firms in San FrimcLsco that make up bags
both of jute and cotton, from fabric already manufactured. The production
of bags at the ()akland factory for 1S81 amounted in number to about
5,250,000. The number of hands employed at the Oakland works was
800, and elsewhere in the making of jute goods, about lOO. The amount
distributeil for labor was estimated at $270,000, or $300 a year for each op-
erative. The low average of wages is caused by the fact th.'it the industry
is mainly in the hands of women and Chinamen, and that man)^ of them
arc not employed the year round. Nearly all work is done by the piece.
Women can earn $7 to $io a week by making up goods for San Francisco
I i
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480
MANTFACTUUKS.
I t
li
firms. Chinamen earn about $r a day by working at the Oakland Jute
Works.
]5urlaps arc made in widths of 40, 45, and 60 inches. The principal ar-
ticles made from burlaps are grain-bags, 20 by 36, and 32 by 36 inches (the
latter being the standard size), with an a\'erage weight of !2 ounces; wool-
bag.; weighing 3jj to 4 pounds; potato gunnies, ore, salt, and bean bag.s, of
ilifferent sizes. California-made goods usuall)- range from half a cent to a
cent a pound lower than bags shipped from Calcutta.
In making grain-bags, the burlap is first cut into the required lengths by
means of a scale, on which the material is folded. Those made at the Oak-
land jute works are hand-sewed, and the sewing is done bj" Chinamen.
Goods made in San Francisco arc usually machine-sewed, and the work is
done by women. An cxijcrt machine hand can turn out Soo to 1,000 bags
a day, and at 20 cents per 100 — the present rate of payment — can make
fair wages.
Tin: Pacific Jutk MAXCKACTruixc. Comi-any, located on the San
Antonio Creek at East Oakland, has a nominal capital of $1,000,000
divided into 10.000 shares of $100 each. The company was incorporated in
i86», under the name of TllF Oakl.WI) Coiton Maxli'AC TURING COM-
]'.\NV; but the necessity of importing the raw staple, and the high price of
labor, made it impossible to manufacture cotton fabrics at a profit, and the
establishment was converted into a jute-factory. The machinery in use was
imported from England and Scotland, and the present capacity of the works
is equal to a power of 120 looms, each producing go yards of burlap per
working ilay of 1 1 hours. In busy times the factory is run 23 hours
out of the 24, and the production is then at the rate of 23 yartls to the loom.
The goods manufactured are principall)' grain-bags, wool-bags, burlaps,
twines, and yarns. In the process of manufacturing burlaps from the raw
jute, the greatest ])ossible strength is imparted b_\- means of close wca\ing
at the selvages of the cloth, which become the seam sides of the bags, and
arc therefore subject to the greatest pressure.
When the jute works first went into operation, a corps of Scotch work-
men antl woiuen was brought out from Dundee at the expense of the fac-
tory. They soon found more profitable employment, and tlie company had
recourse tf) the only available substitute — that of Chinese labor. During
bus)' seasons, Soo opcrati\es are employed. The manual labor is performed
by Cliinanien, whose average earnings are $1 ada\-; the skilled labor by
mechanics, who receive $iiS to $30 a week.
The goods manufactured are all sold in the San I'rancisco market. The
average price of grain-bags for each year since 1H70 has varied from 9 ^^6
to iG'y-i cents. The average for tin- 5 )ears ending December 31, 1875, was
TKXTII.K FAnRICS.
481
about I3!4 cents; f(M' the 5 jcars ending December 31, 1880, less tlian 10'^
cents. At the former rate there would be a handsome margin of profit; at
the hitter rate it would seem that the compan)' can only make a profit by
takinij acKantai^e of the fluctuations in the market, for the labor and ma-
terial in a yrain-baij, apart from other expenses, cost from 8 to 9 cents.
Results have, of course, varied considerably from year to year, but the en-
terprise has proved, in the main, successful. Laboring, as it does, under the
disachantage of having to pay freight and duty on the raw staple, its
success is most creditable to the management. This corporation dis-
tributes $200,C!00 a year in wages, and in 1880 paid a dividend of 14 per
cent, to its stockholders.
The jute-factory at the State Pcnitentiarj', San Oucntin, started in 1882,
has a capacity equal to the power of lOO looms, with all the latest appli-
ances for .softening, breaking, twisting, spinning, and dressing the material,
and for measuring and cutting it into the .shapes required for sacks. The
motive power will be supplied by a low-pressure engine with steel boilers,
having a 30-inch cylinder with a 60-inch stroke.
Cordage. — Among the many purposes for which hemp rope is used, those
of ship-building, farming, and mining cau.se the largest consumption. More
than one third of all the rope made on this coast is required by farmers for
use in harvesting, etc. This description is called baling rope. Very large
quantities are of course consumed in mining operations. Though ship-
building is not as yet a very prominent industry on this coast, there is a con-
siderable demand froiii vessels lying in harbor for the repair of rigging
damaged by storm, or rendered useless by wear.
The materials used on this coast in rope-making are Manilla and Sisal
hemp. The former is a fibrous material obtained from the Miisd tiwfilis, a
plant allied to the banana, and one th.at grows readily in the Philippine
Islands; the Litter a substance obtained from a species of aloe, and called
Sisal, from the name of a port in Yucatan, whence it is imported. Sisal is
less strong than Manilla rope, but its first cost is from 2 to 4 cents a pound
lower, and it is therefore u.sed in larger quantity. Manilla hemp is imported
in bales, which are covered with matting and bound with rattan. ICach bale
weighs Z/'i jiounds. There are 1 ropewalks now in operation on the Pa-
cific Coast, Tin: S.\.n Francisco Cord.vgk Company, established in
1S56, of which A. L. & IIlKAM TrisD.s are the proprietors; and one in Port-
land, Oregon, owned by MoLsoN & SONS, which commenced running on
January 1, 1878. According to the best available cstim.itcs, the production
of these establishments is about -,"50 tons, worth, at nil average of $275 n.
ton, a little over $750,000. Ihe number of iiands employed is about 150.
61
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482
MANUFACTtJRKS.
m
The sum cxpcndLHl fcir labor may lie estimated at $80,000, and for material
at $530,000.
i\'carl)" ail the tliffercnt kinds of rope and cordaije, from the heaviest
hawsers, for shi|)ping use, to the lightest hay-rope, are made in San Fran-
cisco. Manufacturers on this coast possess advanta,L,res which compensate,
in a measure, for tlie hiijh price of labor and capital, and enable them to
conii)(.'te successfully with the ICastern trade. These are the closer pro.ximity
of .'^an I'rancisco to the sources frtim which supplies of material are oIj-
tained, aiul the facilit)' for makini,' up j^^oods of such .t,MMde and size, as tiie
market may at the moment require.
h'.arl)- in iS.Si Manilla rope w;is quotetl at 1410 15 cents ;i pound. y\t
the close of the jear the jirices of M.inilla ro])e w^-re for 1^4 incli, 16 cents;
l2-thrcad rope, i6|a cents; and 6 and 9 threail, 17 cents. Sisal bale rope
(t, and 4 threads) was ([uoted in December, iS.Si.at 12 cents. A dis-
count of $20 a ton is .allowed for in\oices of 5 tons atul upwards. During
tile ye.ar there was a consiilerable .uh'.ince in the price of hemp, mainly on
acci'uni of the l'",astern dcmantl for u>i; in h.arvest-bindin}^ machines. The
j'c.ar's l.jusincss w.as on the whole satisfactory.
Cordage Factories. — Till; Sax I'r.vnci.sco CorDACK COMPANY occu-
pies a site of 16 acp.s at the Potrero. The original factory was a wooden
structure 50 b\' 100 feet. In 1.S7J this was removed to make room for tlic
present buildings, wiiicli are of brick, most of them being fire-proof, with
hnck flooring, supported by iron girders ,ind with roofs of tiling. The main
f,i' ' is joo b\' 50 feet, and there is .1 storeliouse 100 by 35 feet, an
tii;., '.-room, !)oiler-iiouse, and ropewalk. The latter is 20 feet in width,
;"i' o\er a third of a mile in length; and is connected with a wharf, which
leails I lut to water dee]i enough for schooners of heav)- draught. The power
is transmitted b)- .1 large wheel, 24 feet in diameter and 30 inches wide in
the face, to machinery more than a (juarter of ;i niile distant. A number of
smaller wheels, connected with it by belting, communicate the necessary
power to different jjortions of the works.
In the ])rocess of manufacture, the hemp is first opened and the fiber
straighteneil out. It then has the ap])earance of wav)- blonde hair of indefi-
nite length. It is afterwards lubricated with co.irse whale or petrolciin oil
(3 pounds of oil being required for each bale, for the purpose of making it
run smoothl)' through the machinery. The hemp is then run thnjugh a
series of large s[)readers, which draw out and straighten the fiber, by
means of re\"olving teeth, until it is in a condition to be spun into rope-\-arn.
The ad\;mtage in the use of >preailers is, that the hemp can be worked at
full length without injur\ tn the fibei Ibis could not be done unti' the
Tr.XTII.K I-AIIKH S.
4«.?
iiUroiluction of sprcadint^ machines, an iinu'iition paUMilcd by JOllN Gooi),
of l>ro()kl)-n, New York, and for the use of which TlliUS & Co have pur-
chascil the excUisive rij^ht on the Pacific Coast. After passing throuc,di the
large spreaders into smaller ones, and again through drawing frames, the
fiber is read)' for the spinning jennies, of which there are about 170 at the
compan)-'s works. The jarn is run from the jennies on to bol^bins and
'thence to the rope-making machines in the rofjcuaik. The tlireads are
unitetl in tightis' twisted strands, several of which are joined together to
form small ropes, and several of the smaller ropes to make one of large si/e.
The largest size made is 14 inches in circumference. After some further
manipulation the rope is rolled on a spindle into coils, anil the process of
manufacture is completeil. At the tarring house, where ropes are tarred for
shipping and other use, the y.irn is run through a trough of t.ir, which is
kept boiling by coils of steam-pipe, placed untlerneath. The boiling tar
(horoughl)' saturates the threads, which are tlrawii through a compressor,
and sc|ueezed b)- weights, which regulate th.e qiiantit)- of tar to be left in
the yarn. Tarred ro[)e has the adwintage of offering the greatest resistance
to the action of nir ;uid water.
The number of emi)lo_vees at this establishment is 1 10, of whom So arc
white men, and the remainder boys and Chinamen. Until I'ebru.iry, i.SSo,
there were 50 Chinamen emi^loyed, who were useful in doing work which
in I'jistcrn factories is performed b)- women and girls; but white labor
alwa)-s receives the preference, uiul whenex'cr good bo\s can be obtained,
tlieir services are always substituted for those of Chinamen, .\bout 2,000
tons a Near of rope and cordage, of all sizes and descriptions, arc manu-
factured by 'I'm: S.\X Fu.\NCIsc() Cord.u;!; Comiwnv. The offices and
store are at 61 I and 613 I'ront Street, and comnumicate by tclei)hone with
the factor)-, which is 4 miles distant. During iSSi the woiks were running
the entire year on regular time.
MoLSON & .Suns' establishment at Portland, Oregon, h.as been about
3 years in operation, and is now working up to its full capacity, giving
steady employment to 1 1 hands, and pnxlucing at the rate of 750 tons of
rope a )e;u. Iv 1). I'll'M.W is the foreman aiul superintendent.
Among other enterprises which have been started from time to time, but
arc now no longer in oi)eration, the nu)st important one was Till'. P.vcil'ic
Ci)KI).\(;k ComI'.WV, whose works were at Melrose, Alameda County.
In 1877 this factory cmployeil 90 hands, and was producing at the nite of
2,COO tons of rope a )ear. Among the orders filled at this establishment
was (jne for sounding-lines for the use of the ship Titsativra, in making
sur\eys for the Pacific Oceanic Telegraph Cable. Soine of these lines
were 10 miles in length, and in a single piece.
■' •
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484
MANUFACTURES.
•I I;
Sailmaking. — The only establishments on this coast engaged exclu-
sively or nKiiiil}-, in the manufacture of sails, are in San Francisco. They
give employment to 40 men, and their annual production, usually in com-
pliance with orders, may be wor' V < 1,000. The wages for good sailmak-
crs are $3 a day; and all are whi.j In material and workmanship no
sails arc better than those made hert le manufacturing establishments
are those of Hardixc, Bkaxn & PmoR (founded in 1853), SlMPSOX &
Fisin:R, T110MA.S Reynolds, W. C. Wood, J. I. Blakiston, C. C. Funk,
and 4 or 5 others.
LEATHER.
48S
CHAPTER XXIX.— LEATHER.
Leather Products. — The tanneries of the Pacific Coast manufactured, in
1881, about 8,750 tons of leather, valued at $4,000,000. Considering the'
excellent quality of our hides and tan-bark, it is not remarkable that the
production of leather should already have assumed such large proportions.
The present condition of this branch of industry seems to indicate that the
volume of manufacture will be limited, not by the demands of the market,
but by the scarcity of material, already existing, and threatening to be, in
the near future, a serious drawback to manufacturers. Californian and
Oregon hides are in such demand, not only on this coast, but in the Eastern
States, that the market is often bare of desirable qualities, and it is neces-
sary to import largely from foreign sources of supply. During 1S81, first-
class hides were in such request, that their price was maintained at a point
which left but small profit for the tanneries, and yet receipts in San Fran-
cisco for that year were largely in excess of those for several former years,
and nearly 50 per cent, above those for 1880. So urgent was the demand
from manufacturers on this coast, that shipments of hides to the Eastern
States, for 1 88 1, were about 55 per cent, below those for the previous year.
The main difficulty, however, that confronts our leather interests, is the
scarcity of chestnut-oak bark, the best substance to add weight to the hide,
but being consumed so rapidly that if the consumption continues at the
present rate, the supply, within easy access, will probably be exhausted
within 20 or 30 years. The demand for Pacific Coast leather in the Eastern
States is constantly increasing, and exports to foreign countries are increas-
ing in a still greater ratio. During 1881, 2,127 •'0"^ of leather, valued at
$1 17,500, were shipped to foreign countries, against 1,500 rolls, valued at
$81,000, for 1880; an increase of 45 per cent, within a single year. The
home demand, however, for manufacturing purposes, for boot and shoe fac-
tories, for harness and saddlery, for leather hose nnd belting, for trunks,
valises, nnd satchels, and for other leathern goods, .;" t.f which will receive
mention in this chapter, leaves but a small surplus for Eastern or foreign
shipment. In 1881, the volume of manufactures, in the line of boots and
shoes, far exceeded the figures for any previous year, and that in the face of
larger imports from the East than have occurred for 10 or 12 previous years.
Saddle and skirting leathers manufactured on this coast arc in such demand
i
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486
MANUFACTURES.
in the Eastern States that saddle and harness makers in San Francisco can
not ahvays obtain supplies of first-class material, and yet harness and sad-
dlery of Pacific Coast manufacture find a market in the F,aslcrn States, and
in common with other leathern tjoods, are exported to Mexico, China,
Japan, the Hawaiian Islands, and other foreign countries.
The a,L;gregate value of leather and leathern fabrics manufactured on the
Pacific Coast in 1881 may be estimated approximately at $14,750,000, and
of this sum $8,750,000 represents the additional value that labor, machinerj',
and other factors added to the original cost of the leather. In all its various
branches this department of industry gives employment to about 8,100
operatives and to $7,000,000 of capital. The sum distributed for labor is
estimated at $3,600,000, and for material at $8,000,000. The items of labor
and expense include, of course, all the second values that are added to the
leather after it is made into goods, and the cost of imported or other mate-
rial u.scd in the process of manufacture. The different fabrics produced on
this coast, during 1881, include 3,000,000 pairs of boots and shoes, $3,750,-
000 worth of harness and saddlery, $350,000 worth of trunks, valises, and
satchels, Joo,ooo feet of leather belting, 500,000 pairs of gloves, and about
$150,000 worth of other leathern goods
Tannage Production.— The aggregate capital of the different tanneries
anil wool puUcrics in the State of California may be estimated at a little
o\er $.',000,000, of which $800,000 is invested in San Francisco. The
value of material used during the year 1881 may be set down at about
$2,600,000, including hides and skins to the value of $1,900,000; 28,000
cords of bark, worth at $20 a cord (the average price for 1S81), $560,000;
600 tons of tallow, 3,600 "gallons of oil, 250 tons of gambier, and 300 tons
of sumach, worth in all, $140,000. The total value of leather manufac-
tured was estimated .it $3,750,000 to $4,000,000; the amount expended for
labor at $930,000.
It will be .seen from these figures that the year 1881 was not a pros-
perous one fi)r the tanneries of California. Accepting the higher estimate
of $4,000,000 as the value of leather produced, and subtracting the cost of
material and labor, amounting in all to $3,530,000, there would remain only
$470,000 to co\cr depreciation of propert)', repairs, insurance, and other
incidental expenses, to say nothing of profit and interest on capital.
The operations of a well-conducted tanner}', situated near San Francisco,
may ser\e to show the present condition ol' alTairs. The proprietors, who
were kind einiugh to furnish the information, do not wish their names
to be published. The estimates arc made for the year 1881. The tannery
cost $14,000, carries a stock worth $40,000, and has, besides, an a\erage of
ii
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487
$20,000 worth of goods sold on outstanding credits, making a total fixud
and working cai)ital of $74,000. Tlic sales are at the rate of $i:;o,ooo
a )'car. The cost of hides is $72,000, of labor $10,000, of bark and other
material $17,000. Insurance, repairs, and miscellaneous expenses are about
$2,000 a year, and $7,-4.00 (10 per cent.) is allowed for interest on cajiital.
The entire outlay amounts to $ioS,400. Subtracting this from the amount
of sales ($120,000), there is a margin for profit of $1 1,600. The value of
waste material will probably raise the profit to $12,000, or a little over 16
per cent, on the capital c)f $74,000. At the establishment in question this
is considered rather a small result for the year's business, but is probabl)'
above the average profit made b)' the tanneries of California for the \ear
1881. On the Pacific Coast, as well as in the Eastern States, the largest
tanneries are, as a rule, the most profitable. Some of the Eastern tanneries
ha\e a capital of $2,000,000 to $3,000,000, and tan 100,000 sides a year.
The entire number of men empl(j)-ed in Californian tanneries (not includ-
ing wool piiUeries; is about 1,200, and the aggregate of wages $600,000, or
an a\crage of $50 a month fcjr each operative. This is verj- much abo\c
Eastern rates, where tanners receive only $20 to $30, and curriers $32.50 to
$50 a month.
The usual prices paid in San Francisco for bark \ary from $15 to $25 a
cord. The average in 1881 was $18 a cord. Some inland tanneries ha\e an
ad\antage in this respect. (iROZ1:lii:r & Xi;i..S().\, for instance, of San
Jose, obtain their bark ;it $15 t(j $16 a cord, on account of their establish-
ment being near the Santa Cruz Mountains, where bark is abumlant.
The production of all the Oregon tanneries amoimted in 1881 probably
to $ I 30,000 or $200,000. Within the past 10 )-ears it has about doubled,
and though Oregon still imports more leather and leathern goods than she
manufactures, it is not probable that this will long continue to be the case.
At the Centennial l'",.\hibition the graiul prize for inanufactureil leather was
awarded to the State of Oregon.
In the )-ear 1870 all the tanneries of California, Oregon, Utah, and Wash-
ington manufactured leather to the \alue of about $1,400,000. In 1881 the
tanneries of California alone manufactureil leather to the \alue of $4,000,000;
while the value of boots and shoes made in .San I-"rancisco, a|iart from custom
work, was not less than $5,000,000. Although the high jjrice of material and
the low price of leather reduced somewhat the usual margin of profit, more
leather was made in California iluring 1S8 r than in any previous jear in the his- '
tor}- of the .State. .\earl}'all the tanneries were full)' employed. .Some en-
larged their c,i[)acit>-,and others expect that their increasing business will .soon
compel them to enlarge. The manufacture of home-made boots and shoes
is assuming \ery large [)roportions, anil the ilemand from this source tended
m:immi
3i >!'P
m^n
4;s<s
MANUFACTfKKS.
gicati)- to siqiport the price of leather throu^'hout the jcar. Tlicre is a con-
stantly incrcasinL; demand in the ICastern States for sole and harness Icatlier
antl satldlc skirtin;^ of Pacific Coast manufacture. I'hc market is sometimes
bare of first-class Ljoods of this description; and it is anticipated that when
their durable quality becomes more generally known, they will be still more
in request. The Eastern and foreign demand for all descriptions of Califor-
iiian leather is rapidly increasing. In iSSi yjo tons, worth about $480 a
ton, and worth $440,000 in the aggregate, were ship])cd to the Atlantic slope
by rail.
In the States of the Mississippi basin, tanners complain that, with hides
at 10 cents a pound, and bark at $12 to $12.50 a cord, they can not profita-
bly manufacture leather at present prices. They sa_\- that when hides were
onl}' <S cents a pound, and bark somewhat cheaper than it is now, leather
sold at about the .same price as it now commands. Pacific Coast tanneries
pay on an a\crage not less than $18 a cord for bark, and 10)^ to 1 1 cents a
pound for hides, and still manufacture nearlj' all the leather used on the
Pacific Coast. ICvcn with the low prices now ruling for leather, our tanne-
ries can make a small profit on their capital. The fact that they can do so,
while many I'^astern manufacturers can barely get back a new dollar for an
old one, speaks very hopefully for the future interests of the business on this
coast. While paying considerably more than l-lastern rates for both labor
and material, we ahead)' export more than double the quantity of leather
that is imjiortcd. This circumstance may probably be attributed to the
superior cjuality of Pacific Coast hides, and to the fact that while tan bark
costs about 50 per cent, more than in the East, it contains nearly double the
percentage of tannin matter.
Hides. — Early in the present century, while California was a Spanish
colon}' under the control of the Franci:-can friars, the valleys and hills of
the Coast Range were overrun with wild cattle. Vessels began to visit the
coast to trade in exchange for hides, and long before the discovery of gold
a profitable business was done by enterprising Boston houses, in collecting
and shii)ping them to Eastern markets. Cattle were slaughtered inilis-
criminately for their hides and tallow. Large kettles, ca[)able of trying out
40 beeves at once, were used b\' the Spaniards for converting the carcasses
into tallow, while the hides w'.'re worth $1 apiece. Half a dozen vessels
wore steadily employed in the trade. The business must have been exceed-
ingly ])rofitable, for while [jaying a nominal price for hides and tallow, trad-
ers .sold manufactured goods to Indi.ins and Spaniarils at exorbitant rates.
The discovery of gold, and the extra\agant ])rice of labor in 1849 and suc-
ceeding years, put a stop for a while to this branch of industry, but after a
r* — '■Ml ,1
LICATIIER.
489
few years it a.tjain bcfraii to assii'-n. lar^rc proportions. In 1S54, 50,000
hides were exported from San I''rancisco. In the foUouiiifj year, shipments
uere more than double that quantity, and gradually increased from that
time until 1865, when the exportation reached its maximum figure of 340,-
6(j2 hides.
In 1S81, exports by sea had almost entirely ceased; but large ciuantitics
were forwarded Mast by rail. In 1880, 1,600 tons of dry liides, valued at
$620,000, were sent by rail to New York and other I'Lastern cities. The rail-
road companies carry hides, by the car-load, to the Atlantic Slope, at rates
.so low that sailing-vessels can not afford to compete with them. Overland
frciglit on hides, from San Francisco to New York, is $30 a ton ; on leather,
$40 a ton. Rates on hides have been reduced just to the point that will in-
tluce shippers to give the preference to the railroad companies, when taking
into account the loss of interest, and the risk of damage incidental to a sea
voyage.
Until 1877 the supply of hides on the Pacific Coast was not only suffi-
cient for home consumption, but left a large margin for export. Since that
j'ear, on account of the growth of our leather interests, manufacturers have
been compelled to draw for supplies on Texas, Mexico, the Hawaiian
Islands, and Central and South America. Imports for 1881 from all
.sources were 78,405 in number; for 1880, 172,756. Salted hides from South
America .sell from half a cent to a cent a pound higher than Californian
hides, if in the same condition. In Eastern markets salted hides were sell-
ing, in the fall of 1881, a cent a pound below tho.se of the same quality in
California (about <j[4 cents in New York against io}.j cents in San I'ran-
cisco). Dry hides, on the other hand, were 3 cents a pound higher, selling
at 22j/i$ cents in New York against ig}^ cents in San Francisco. On the
Pacific Coast, salted hides are tanned almost exclusively. In the F.ast,
dry hides are in most demand. In California onl)' 140 pounds of leather
can be made from 100 pounds of dry hides. In the East, 170 to 200
pounds are made from the same quantit)'. Dry hides will not absorb
enough tanning matter from the chestnut-oak bark, used on this coast, to
give them the extra weight imparted by the hemlock bark commonly in
use in the l^asteni States.
Men make a business of purchasing large quantities of green hides in the
markets of our country towns, and pay for them prices equal to tho.se paid
by tanners in San Francisco. The profit and the cost of freight have to be
made by some means, and this is done b)- wetting the hides to such an extent
as to increase their weight by 8 to 12 pounds. Hy this jiractice an addition
varying from 80 cents to $1.25 is made to the market price of the hie' .
At present only dry hides are forwarded to the Eastern States, but in
62
ir
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490
MANUFACTURES.
former years, when salted hides were shipped in lari^c quantity, mucli com-
plaint was made of their bcin<j salted and wetted, and Californian hides
were, for that reason, long regarded with suspicion. In 1 88 1 the price of
heavy salted hides in San Francisco ranged from io)4 to 1 1 cents a pound,
and of light salted hides from 9 to 10^2 cents. Dry hides ranged from iS
to 21 cents; dry kip and calf skins from iS to 20 cents; deer-skins, 30 to
55 ceiit.s.
Tanning Material. — Hcfore the appearance of white men on this slope,
the Indians knew enough of tanning to make the skins of deer and other
quadrupeds .soft and pliable, and suitable for warm covering in cold weather;
but the process was tedious, and the stock of such leather in proportion to
the population was very small. When the Franciscan friars established the
missions of California, they brought with them the art of tanning as prac-
ticed in F-urope, and introduced a stock of neat cattle and sheep, which
furnishetl a regular supplj- of material for the tanneries of the mission.s.
The Russians at Fort Ross, and the American settlers before the conquest,
had .small tanneries, but the business did not become extensive until about
i860, when the civil war gave it a great stimulus.
Bark suitable for tanning purposes is becoming every year more difficult
to procure in the Santa Cruz Mountains, from which the tanneries located
iti the vicinity of San Francisco Hay have been accustomed to obtain the
main [jortion of their supplies, but in Humboldt and Mendocino counties
there is still an abundant supply of the chestnut-oak, the bark of which is
most \aluable for tanning purpo.ses. The trees arc stripped tluring the
summer months, and the bark is kept until it becomes thoroughly dry and
brittle, when it is ground up for use. In the Eastern States the bark of the
hemlock is commonly used for tanning purposes.
Chestnut-oak of the California Coast Range contains more tannin than
the oaks of the .Vtlantic Slope. The largest trees are found in the county of
Humboklt, where there are groves covering an area of 14,000 acres. They
arc speciall)- abundant in the neighborhood of Trinidad, upper Eel River,
and a section of country 16 miles east of Eureka, terminating near KnEE-
l..\N'i)'s I'rairie. There are in this district over 16,000 cords of bark imme-
diate!)' available. A bark-mill in Humboldt County, owned b)- JoiiN M.
Sass, manufactures for shipment to San Francisco, and also for 2 local fac-
tories in the neighborhood. Groves of the chestnut-oak are numenjus as
far south as .Santa Cruz.
The bark is stripped in lengths of 4 feet and piled up like cordwood. The
privilege of stripping trees, which is termed "stumpage," is worth about $5
a cord, when within easy distance of rail or .schooner landings. The price
l.r.ATllKK.
491
paid ill less accessible locations is $2 to $3 a cord. There are about 200
men employed in strippinij the bark, and about the same number in hauling
it to the railroad or schooner landing,'. Men en^^^,L,'cd in this industry make
average earnings of $4 a cord for the bark, when it is i>laced on board the
train or schooner. The average cost of freight is .$4 a cord. Including
all expenses, it will probably be found that the cost of layings ilown
chestnut-Oiik bark at the wharves of San I-Vancisco is not less than $14 to
$15 a cord. In the tall of iSSi bark was unusually low in price, selling at
$16 a cord wholesale, delivered on the cit)- wharves, bi.c the average price
for the j-ear was not less than $18. It seems prf)babie that unless some
substitute can be founil, the price of oak b.irk must, befc re long, aihance to
a point that will render it difficult for the tanneries ol tlalilornia to keep
pace with the demand for leather. A large sum has alread\- been spent in
making experiments for the purpose of finding a substitute, but so far with
little success. The one that seems most likely to come into fa\'or eventu-
ally, is the bark of the Black Wattle (a species of the Acacia), which is very
common in Australia. It is a well-known fact that most of the Australian
evergreens sheil part of their bark in the winter, and that it grows again, U)
some e.Ktent, in the summer season ; whereas the oak dies when once
stripped of its bark, and is usually cut down for cordwood. The bl.ick wattle
grows ra[)idly in California, and if a little bark be left on the tree, it will in
time renew its entire covering. Tanners have made experiments with black-
wattle bark, antl some consider it equal to that of the chestnut-oak.
Gainbior or Terra Japonica, the inspissatetl juice of a plant found in the
Malay Peninsula, is also largely used for tanning purpo.ses. When mixed
with oak-bark it renders the hide capable of absorbing more tannin matter
than w hen chestnut-bark is used alone, and so produces extra weight of
leather; but if pure gambler be used for tanning it produces stiff, unpliable
leather of jioor cjualit}'. The plant will not grow in California.
Sumach. — Sumach comes ne.\t to bark as an importan ' (.\or in tan-
ning, antl the Sinn of $45,000 is e.\pendcd e\cry year by Caliiornia for the
purchase of the needed supply. Onl\- certain sjiecies of the plant have any
commercial value. The best article comes from the Island of Sicily, and
is worth, on this coast, $150 a ton, at which rate it is supplied to the trade
by 2 leading houses in San Francisco Several species arc indigenous in
the Eastern States, but the plant needs a mild winter in order to de\elop
the aciil properties which make it serviceable for tanning purjjoses. Only
2 or 3 of the Southern States produce an article that has any commercial
value. The winter climate of central and southern California is very simi-
lar to that of Sicily. Dr. S.\XK and Mr. ICUKUllAUi;. of Santa Clara, have
I
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492
.MANUI'ACrUUKS.
tried the cxperii.iciU uf ^'rowinLj suinacli for some years, and in 1881 liad
plants of 6 or 7 \i;ars' fjrowth. A species of native sumach grows in San
Dic^'o Count}-. 11 this ;irticle of commerce can be produced in California,
of such (|uality as c) approach in \aluc tliat which is imported from Sicily,
a new and most viluable addition will be maile to the industries of the
coast. In the manufacture (jf the finest and softest ijr.-ides of leather,
sumach is a ncce.--sary inj;redient, and if it coukl be supplied to tanneries at
$80 or $100 a ton, there is no doubt that a j;reat stimulus would be f^ivcn
to our leather nianufacturinj^' interests. As tlie case now stands, such arti-
cles as mi},dH compete with J'rench calf for instance, can liarilly lie made
on this coast at a profit, on account of the hi^h price of Sicilian and other
descriptioi s of imported sumach.
Before gi\iny such a description of different tanneries on the coast as
ma)- serve to indicate the present condition of the business, it may be well
to ilcscribe brii-lly the usual process of tanninj^ hides, by which the animal
matter is killed, and durable (jroperties are imiKirted in the manufacture of
leather. The fir.'-t ojjeration is to soak the hides in water for about 24
hours, to remove the blood. After beinij kept in lime for a week, to rid
them of hair ,uul flesh, they are cleaned with the proi)er implements. They
arc then covereil with layers of bark, and placed in vats containing water.
It is estimated that a salted hide of 60 jiounds, when freed from hair,
grease, and flesh, and ready for the tanning process, will weigh 15 pounds.
To convert this into leather rcciuircs the use of about 200 pounds of bark.
The bark will assay from 20 to 26 per cent, of tannin, but only i2yi per
cent, can be put into the leather, as the hide will not absorb a larger pro-
portion. The tannin matter will add to the 15 pounds of fiber and gelatine
a weight of 25 pounds, and pioduce 40 pounds of leatiier. It will be seen,
therefore, that in a pound of leather, three eighths consist of hide and five
eighths of tannin matter. This calculatic)ii applies, however, only to the
hcaviei grades of leather. In other descriptions the proportion varies.
Tanning costs per pound nearly in proportion to the gain in weight. To
make a pound of sole leather costs 25 to 30 per cent, more than to make a
pound of upper or calf-skin leather.
In Eastern tanneries, where dry hides are principall)- used, the estimate
is that 100 pounds of dry hides will weigh, when ready for the tanning
process, about 70 pounds, and that, when converted into leather, the addi-
tion of the tannin increases this weight to 1 50 or 175 pounds, the difference
depending on the quantity of tannin matter contained in the bark. Mem-
lock bark is principall}- used in Kastern tanneries, and about one ton is
needed to convert 70 pounds of hide into 200 pound.s of leather. The tan-
^
1 11
I.F.ATIIF.K.
493
riiii matter contained in a given <|uantity of hemlock bark varies from 5)j
to HKj per cent.
San Francisco Tanneries. — Most of the tanneries of San Francisco arc
near liic San Hriino Rcjail, in Islais Vailc)-, where tiie)- are prominent feat-
ures of the landscape.
The tannery of Loui.S .Sl,()ss & Co. is the largest one in San l'"rancisco,
and manufactures more sole leather than any establishment of the kind
on the Pacific Coast. The consumption of hides is at the rate of 420 a
week, and of bark 1,500 cords a year. Estimating the average weight of
hides at 60 pound.s, and the cost at 1 1 cents a pound, and allowing $18 a
cord for bark, it will be found that the cost nf material is at the rate of
$180,690 a year. All their leather is sold In re, but they ship from 75,000
to 100,000 dry hides to the I''ast annually. In their tannery they employ
30 men, and are interested in several other important industries.
The tannery of A. li. P.VTRICK is located on the corner of Eighteenth and
Folsom streets. The production of the tannery is about 20,000 sides of .sole,
and 2,000 to 3,000 sides of harness leather a year, amounting in value to
$1 10,000. Among the machinery used is a revolving or scouring wheel, by
which the hides are scoured. The wheel, which is inclosed on all sides, is
about 8 feet in diameter. After the hides have been placed inside, hot
water is constantly poured in, and the wheel revolves at the rate of 20 revo-
lutions a minute. The process lasts about 1 5 minutes. The scouring was
formerly done in tanks, and the hides were trampled by the feet, requiring
a much longer time for the operation. The use of the scouring-whcel has
only been adopted of late years on the Pacific Coast. It is employed only
in one or two tanneries in San Francisco besides that of Mr. P.VTRICK.
MoHlTZ Wind's tanner)', on the San Bruno road, near Twenty-sixth
Street, was built in the year 1877. The consumption of hides is at the rate
of 550 ])er month, and the manufacture is mainly of upper leathers, to the
value of about $50,000 a year. Twelve men are employed at $2.50 per day.
Other San Francisco tanneries are those of Anton Kreig and C. BECKER.
Benioia Tanneries.— -The tannery of McK.W & CmsilOLM, at Bcnicia,
gives constant employment to 50 men, and distributes $30,000 a year in
wages. The annual consumption of material is about 25,000 hides, worth
$130,000; and 2,100 cords of bark costing $35,000, besides oil and other
material to the value of $12,000. The capital itivcsted is $150,000, and the
value of manufactures is estimated at $280,000. The business is now in the
hands of TiioaI.V.s McK.W & ALEXANDER ClllSHOLM. As this is one of
the largest enterprises of the kind on the Pacific Coast, a brief description
of its origin and present condition may be of interest to readers. In March,
I
1S'
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] n
I ; j
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494
MAMIACTUKKS.
1866, Jul I \ R. I'kowx cam; til Hciiicia, from Stockton, having made the
joiinic)- nn fVdt, and \\it!i his woiidiy goods lied in a h.mdkcrchicf. I'liis
j^cntleman was a native uf Nova Scotia, where he had 'earned tlie business
of lanniiiL;" and currj-ini;. At Henicia Mr. liK'>\v.\ met with an (jld friend
of the name of M( K.w, also a Xova Scotian.and with a practical expcrfence
in the tanning business. With a capital of less than $:;oo, these gentlemen
commenced o|)crations on the site of an abandoned brickyard, bought a
wagon anil team, obtained a supply of hitles on creilit, an<l went to work
with sucli energy that, in a very few jears, they found themselves at the head
of a thriving and pr').-.perous trade. Al.r.X.WDKK L'lllsiioi.M bought an
interest in the business in i86y, but the firm name remained unchangeil
until, in I S/.S, .Mr. BuoWN sold his interest to his partners. I'rom that time
M( K.W iv C'llI.siloi.M ci ntinuctl to extend their business facilities and
to maintain the good reputation of their stock, and their hoii.sc now ranks
as one of the largest enteriirises of the kind west (jf the Rocky Mountains.
Ne.ir the beam-house are the tan-vats, w hich number 1 10, and are covered
b\' substantial sheds. The tanning dep.irtment is under the .superintend-
ence of Mr. M<)(iKK, who, from a practical exiieriencc of the business on the
J\'icific Coast, extending over 25 years, has acquired a thorough kn<iwledge
of the projierties of native barks. A wharf on which are built several ware-
houses, extends 400 feet into deep w.atcr.
In iS/I-! Mr. I^ROWN dissolved liis connection w'th Messrs. McK.W i\:
ClllsiloiM, and commenced the erection of a large tanner)- modeled after
his own taste and experience. Hides, bark, and other material arc used to
the value of about $150,000 a year. The invested capital is $100,000, and
the production of leather is estimated at $200,000. 'I"hirty-fi\e men are
einploj-ed, whose wages aggregate $[8,000 a \ear. The present capacity
of the tannery is 900 sides per week. Mr. Hkow N makes a specialt}' <if
manufacturing Union Crf)p .sole leather; and, in alum-tanned goods, lie has
almost a monoiKjly of the Pacific Coast markets, that branch ha\'ing been
gcnerall}' conceded to him by other manufacturers.
Among the tanneries in Henicia are lliose of Ki l.l,M.\.\, \\'A(.Ni:i; &
Co. and J. L. I.WKs.
Other Californian Tanneries. — Stockton has 2 tanneries; one of
which, the Pacific, owiidl In- Walnkr, KlI.I.MAN Cl- Saltz, is prob-
abl)- the largest establishment of the kiiul on the coast. The other is
owned In- II. M. Fax\1N(,. At Santa Clara is the tannery of J At 01!
1'11!I;kii.\KIi ; at San Jose that of CiROZKI.ikr & XklsoN; at Reilwood
City that of J. l-'ij.WK & SoXS and that of Ili'.XRN' HlMlcKK ; at Santa
Cruz that of KiKliV iK: C( >. and that of II. \'. KroX; at Soipiel that of
i
i
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LKATIIKR.
495
Damoktii, MiiOKK & CUMMlM.s; at SaiU.i Rosa thai of W'isi,, Goi.D-
lisii ^ Ccj. and that of Mrs. J. C. JoRDAX; at I'ctahima that of J.
\Vh Ks; and at Napa tliat of 15. ]•". Sa\\NI;R & Co., who ])r()ducc leather
woith about $200,ooo, and whoso cstabhslinicnt bcinLj also <■llJ,^■lL,fc^l in
\viiol-piiliin.L;, will he mentioned attain under thai heading;.
Oregon Tanneries. —The Oukcon iJAtiii i^ Mam'kai ITKIXc; Com-
I'.vw, ''orlland, ums incorporated in 1S7S. I'he president of the coini)any,
A. W. ,\' A ri'.KS, was the leading; promotei' of the enterprise. The abun-
ilancc anil chcapne.ss of material, and the opportiinit)- for obtainiuLj con-
vict labor were the chic'' inducements, .\bout 30,000 sides are manufac-
tured e\ery \ear into leather, which is sold, in about equal proportions, in
Oregon and in the San I-'ranci-sco market. The material used is obtained
in (.)reL,'on and \\"ashintjton. I'orty con\ icts are emplo\ed at 50 cents a
da)', under the direction of a sinf,de foreman. With this advantaije, the
compaiu- has been able within 3 years to outstrip all similar cnter])rises
in the .State, and probabl)- manufactures ncarlj as much leather as is made
clscwbcrc in tlie wliole of Oregon. Tltcre are 2 small establishments in
Portlantl, one of which manufactures $5,000 to .$6,000, and the other about
$j,OGO worth of leather a )'e.ir.
The tannery of H. Li;ini;n\vi;i!i:r & Co., located on the water front of
L'ljper Asioria, is the most important manufacturing enterprise in the town,
and gives employment to 15 liands. T!ie establishment is furnished with
a steam engine of 20-horse ])over, am! with ,ill the modern labor-s,i\ing
machinery. A large portion of the leatlier is niaile into boots and shoes, at
a factor)' recenth' started in connection with the t.mner)'. Thirt)' men
are emplo\'etl in tiiis de])artt. ie.it, and tiie goods produced are all sold to a
single firm in San I'"rancisco.
Other tanneries in Oregon are tllose of ll.MM'.s K' I'l'.TllRS, at luigene
City; of J. II. I'l.RKINs, at CoquilleCit)-; a.; >f W. M. 6;; J. M. i'i;RKINS, at
J'arkersburg.
British Columliia Tanning.— Though the manufacture of leather on this
portion of the 1',-icific Coast is small, as yet, compared with the production
of the Californian and Oregon tanneries, there arc two jjoints which, in time,
must tell strongi)' in favor of British Columbia. These are the heaviness
and excellent cpialit)' of her hides, and the comparatixe cheapness of tan
bark. Hides in British Columbia will average 75 i)ounds in weight, against
60 pounds in California, anil a never-failing suppl)- of hemlock b.u'k can be
obtaineil in \'ancou\er Island, and laiil down in X'ictoria at a cost of $y a
ton; while double that price must be paid for the chestnut-oak bark com-
II:
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496
NtANL'FACTURKS.
irn
monlj- used by Californian and Orcf^oii tanners. Moreover, it is estimated
that, ai the present rate of consumption, the supply of oai'; bark will be ex-
hausted in 20 to so years.
Belmont Tannery. — Six miles from V'ictoria is a tannery occupyinj^ a
lar!;e frame building at Belmont, aiui owned by Messrs. D.VLBY, PEWF.r. &
WlLSt^N. There are numerous sprini;s in the neighborhood, and the above
gentlemen own a eonsidenible portion of the water rights, giving them
ample powL-r for all manufacturing purposes, and leaving a large surplus, a
portion of which is used for supph'ing the I?ritish vessels of war at Esqui-
nialt. The jirescnt capacit)- of the tannery is 4,000 sides a year. Among
other labor-saving niachincr)- is a large revoK-ing drum, by which the liides
arc worked, se\er:d at a time, instead of being manipulated b\' workmen. In
connection with this establishment, and conducted by the same proprietors,
is TiiK ])KLMONT Bool' .\M) SllOK F.U'i'OKV, of which mention is made
under its ])roper heading.
Rock Bay Tannery. — This establishment, located at the foot of Rock
Bay Bridge, in the suburbs of- Victoria, and owned bj- W. Heathorn, pro-
duces $25,000 worth a year of sole, grain, kip, calf, buff, and belting leathers.
The production of scjle leather is at the rate of 1,200 sides a year. A stock
of hides, Nalucxl at $8,000, is kept constantl}' on hand, and 60 lime-vats ;ire
needed for their treatment. A featui-e of this tannery is a large revob ing
drum, erected in iSSi at a cost of $800, by which the hides are worked
in large numbers, instead of being operated upon singK', by hand. Mr.
Hf.ATIIORX is also the proprietor of the VlClOUI.V Boot AM) SUOE Fa<-
TOKV, which is conducted in connection with the tannery, and of which
mention is made imder its proper heading.
Wool-Pulling. — The food suppl)' of San I'rancisco alone requires the
annual slaughter of more than 600,000 sheep. The pelts of the.se animals
arc collected and graded, through the agency of hide dealers, iuid sold by
them to firms engaged in jjreparing the wool and manufactiu-ing the skins,
for the many purposes lo which lhe>' are applied. In years past, the process
of wool-pulling was carried on in c(jnnection with the preiiaration antl tan-
ning of heavy leathers; but is now regarded as a separate and distinct
indu.stry. B. V. S.WVVKu & Com1'.\NN', of Napa, arc also engaged in
the manufacture of leather, and are brielly mentioned under the head of
tanneries. I'ersons engaged in this branch of industr)- ,ire known as wool-
pullers, the wool being the main object of the business. The skins little
more than )).iy the expense of tanning, and large tpiantities of them are
placed in pickle and shipped in that condition to Nt^w York.
"W
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I.KATIIKK.
49;
The luinual production of pullcil uool on our slope may be 3,000 tons,
worth, at 35 to 27 /^ cents a pound (the average price of washed wool for the
past 5 years), about $2, r 00,000. l-lxports from San Francisco may amount
to 1,250 tons annually. The pelts used on this co.ist will average 2 or 2'/i
pounds of clear wool, and the skins arc worth 15 to 20 cents apiece after the
wool is removed. A few short wool pelts are dressed with the wool on, for
the u.se of saddlers and harness and glme makers. When required for other
purposes of manulacture, the pelts are first placed in a large vat, where they
lie in soak for 20 hours, after which the)- are removed and washed. Clover,
burs, and grass-seeds, which are usually found in the fleeces, are either
struck off by hand with a knife, or extracted b)- revolving knives set in
cylinders. The next operation is termed sweating, for which purpose the
pelts are hung up for 24 hours in the sweat-house, and acted upon by steam,
in order to cause a slight decomposition, and so loosen the wool. The use
of lime-water is often substituted ff)r this process. The lime-water is
sprinkled over the flesli\- side of the pelts, which are then doubled up and
alloweil to lie for 24 hours. The effect of cither ■ i thod of treatment is to
cause ;i slight decomposition and so loosen the Wiioi, which is then pulled
by hand from the pelt and at the same lime graded, there being usually
3, but sometimes as many as 7 grades t. h pelt. The skin is now ready
for the openition of tanning, and tlR\\i hen washed by machinery,
taken to the tlry-house, dried, and packed in prr -cd bnli' of from 400 to
500 pounds, jind is then ready for shipment, in riiia, the wool is
dried in the (spen air; in the I'!ast, usually by steam. L n l<r the wash; ^
process the wool lo.ses from 30 to 40 jier cent, of its weight ; but the incrca ■
in its market \alu(' fully compensates for the loss in weight, and for the cx-
pen.se of the [jrocess.
The largest wool-pulling establishment in San I'rancisco is lii.it of
JOSEl'II Sedc;li;v, who uses about 375,000 i)elts a jear, and the shipments
of pulled wool, chiefly to Boston, average not less than 400 tons a jear.
Employment is given to 100 h.md.s, most of whom are engaged in pull-
ing and washing the wool.
B. F. Sawyer & Co. — The tannerj' aiul wool-pulling cstablishni' . of
K V. S.WVVKR & Co., at Napa City, employs iSo hands; half of them
white oper.itivcs whose wages are from $1.75 to $3 a da\', and the remain-
der Chinamen, who receive from $1 to $1.25 a day. No difficulty is found
in employing side by side these two classes of labor, and the firm is thus
enabled to do much \\-oik which higher rates of wages would render un-
profi*-l)le. The shipments of pulled wool to lioston amount to $300,000 a
yc\,. The)' also ship considerable <iu.intities of fleece-wool purchased of
"J
iiii
498
.MANL'i'Ai rrKi;s.
{^I'DWCis in Napa and acljoinin;^ counties. The enterprise was cstaijiislied
in 1S70 b)' !•". A. Sawvkr, of New Hampshire. This L;eiitleiTian cont-
nicnced (iperations ahnost without capital. (Jbserxinj^- that tlic low price
of sliecp pelts allordcd a ijood chance for a profitable Ijusiness, he at once
sci/i-u ihe op|)ortunit)-, built a shed for protection from sun and rain, and
dui; a liole in the ijrounii to "sweat" his pelts. In the following year, his
father, li. !•'. .S.WWi'.K, came to this coast for the purpose of takiuLj an in-
terest in tlie busini..-,. In 1S72 /\. W. XOKTON was athnitted as a partner.
In 1<S79 H. I'. .S.WVVKR (Ued, "id April 1, 1S80, the firm was reori;ani/.ed
witiiout chanL;e in n.ime, i-'. A. .S.VuVi;t;, .\. W. XuKruN, IC.M'L .Man.\ssi;,
;ind S. 1'.. lloLDEN constitutini; the new firm. Mr. M.V\.\.ssi;, a identic-
man of ;.;reat skill .and e.\]5erience, is the in\entor of what is called
" Xap;i I'atent Ian," a process that renders the skins compact and strouLj,
and yet leaves them soft and elastic, so that shee|)skin ])repared by it can
not i-eadil_\- be ilistiuLjuishcd from buckskin. In tannine,' i;love and shoe
st<ick of .ill ilescriptions, this process is speci.illy useful. The m.'mufac-
turiiii; department of the firm is under the tlirecti<in (jf Mr. M.WA.ssi;.
Twf) of the machines used for softeniiiL,' ;uid finishiuLj leather were also
imented by a foreman in the employ of the firm. The skins t.anned b_\-
this ])rocess compete with buckskin in tlic manufacture of gloves, anti in
some instances can hardly be distinL,'ui.-^hed from it. The ljIovc stock man-
uf.ictured ')\- the firm is assortetl into 2S i^nides. J4 of which .are l.anned
b}' the .\ ,1,1 I'.itent Process. The d.ul)- consum[)tion of r.iu material
includes, iunonL,' other items, 1,500 sheepskins .and 300 deer skins. Sheep
pelts ,ire first placeil in t.anks of w.Uer, .and rem.ain in soalv o\er niijhl,
alter which they are put throui,di burrin;;' and washiuL,' machines to free
them from burs and dust. The)- are then handed over to the wool-jiullers.
\\"hen the wool and all the fiesh have been removed, the Kms ,are ])ul into
tan-bark liquid, or prepared by the [latent process, and then huiiLj u|) to drv.
After under.L;oin.Lj various other [irocesses, they are made up for shipment in
bundles of ,1 dozen each. Kid skins [jreparcd at this establishment are of
\ery fine (luality, ami are shipped largely U> 'Sew YcnU, 15oston, Chicay;o,
and I'hiladelphi.i, where the)- are used in the makini; of l.ulies' shoes,
jjlovcs, etc. Considerable (piantities of buck .and antelope skins are also
manufactm-ed into leather. 1 1 ll/l"ii.\', W'l-.sio.S i^ Co. are the Hoston
a-jents of the firm for the sale of wool, and Rosi;, McAl.I'IN & Co.
represent them in New ^'ork fiir- the sale of the leather. The .S.ui I'"rari-
cisco office, at 400 llaltery Street, is in charj^c of RoN' T. KiMliAl.l,.
At Mr. I'JiKKUARD's establishment in Santa Clara, about 120,000 sin ep
skins arc used every )ear, and t.ic shipments of ])ulled wool to Boston exceed
10 tons ;i month. It is better known as a timnery th;in ;is a wool-pullcry.
M'.ATITKR.
499
Harness and Saddlery. — Saddlery and luirncss goods of Pacific Coast
niamifacturc find a mai'kct as far F.ast as Colorado, but seldom beyond
that point. Our best foreign customers arc the people of the Hawaiian
Islands, who took from us 362 out of 847 packages shipped to foreign des-
tinations during the year 18S1. Heavy mulc-harncss, and Mexican saddles
of California make, arc in considerable demand for teaming and other pur-
poses, in connection with the sugar plantations of the Hawaiian Group.
Estimating the average price of exported goods at $75 a package, the total
of exports will amount in value to $63,525.
Imports consist chiefly of saddles and horse wrappers, though 2 or 3
brands of harness arc still imported in small ciuantity from New York.
The entire value of manufactured harness and saddlery imported directly
to San Francisco probably does not e.xcced $50,000 a year, but nearly 40
per cent, of the materials used, including all the articles known to the trade
as harness hardware, are imported. Notwithstanding an ad valorem duty
of 33 per cent., it is found that the cheapest descriptions of harness hard-
ware, the common iron rings and chains, can be imported from England at
lower rates than that which comes from the East. The more expensive
descriptions of hardware are all of Eastern manufacture. A very small
quantity of harness leather of a fine grade, not manufactured in California,
is also imported, but the value is so small as hardly to require mention.
A few saddles and side-saddles are occasionally brought from England,
but the total of foreign imports docs not exceed $1 5,000 worth a year. The
side-saddles and Mexican saddles used on this coast arc nearly all of home
make. The quantitj- of American and English saddles imported does not
exceed 10 per cent, of the consumption, the remaining 90 per cent, being of
domestic manufacture.
The manufacture of saddles was one of the first mechanical industries
established at the Californian missions in the last century; the pattern used
being the one which the Spaniards copied from the Moors, and introduced
into Mexico with some modification. It had a high pommel and cantlo;
its willow frame was covered with rawhide, ami strengthened with straps of
iron ; and it was strong enough to hold a bull fastened to the pommel by a
rcata. The Americans found this saddle indispensable for use in lassoing,
which is still extensively practiced ; and besides they generally consider it
more comfortable than the English saddle for the rider.
In 1S50, a nutnber of firms were engaged, throughout the State, in the
manufacture, importation, and sale of harness and saddlery. Sacramento
and Marysvillc, on account of their proximity to the mines, obtained the
largest share of trade. Prices rulctl very high. The production increased
rapidly, and in 1858 saddles, harnesses, and whips of fine quality were
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500
MANl'IACTrUr.S.
iniulc in San I'rancisco. AccorciinLj to the census report of 1.S70, there were
tlicn on tlic Pacific Coast 249 establishments, with a capital of $7ii,5''>7,
<,rivin.t^ em|)lo_\'nient to 827 hands, distributing,' $;;43,473 for labor, and mak-
int; up $57S,ii^ worth of material into $1,318,301 worth of ijoods. The
\alue of saddle-trees manufactureil for iS/o, is included in the above statis-
tics. Of the i;ross value of production, California was credited witli $i,o6,S,-
452 (includint.; $492,71 5 for .San Francisco), Oregon with $131,919, Nevada
with $60,200, Colorado with $20,800, Idaho with $16,350, Utah with $15,-
580, and 3 other territories with sm.all amounts. Itetwcen i860 and 1870,
the manufacture of harness and saddlery had spread all over the Pacific
Coast, thoufjh as yet of little importance out.sidc of California. The prf)-
j;rcss made in the interval was probably due, in part, to the increased de-
mand caused by the growth of mining interests, and to the completion of
the overland railroad, which i^a\e inland manufacturers easy access to sup-
plies of material.
Harness Production — In the fall of 1881 the number of establishments
on the Pacific Coast en|,'a;4ed in the manufacture of harness and saddlery
was estimated at ^oo; the amount of capital invested at $1,200,000; the
value of materials used at the rate of $1,250,000 a year, includinu;' $750,000
worth of leather and $500,000 worth of saiklle-trecs, harness hardware, ruul
other articles recpiiri'd in the process of ni;uiufacturc. The entire number of
hands empkned was estimated at 1,000, the at^t^rcL^ate of waj;es at $500,-
000, anil the x'alue of f,uiods manufactured at $2,750,000 a >'ear. The trade
of San I'rancisco alone, includin_L[ material supplied to saddle and hruiie-w
Inakers on different parts of the coast, is at the rate of $2,000,000 a year.
Of the 1.000 liands employed in 1881, abnit 100 were convicts at the
State Prison, under contracts which expired on January 1, 1882, and will
probably not be renewed, and about 60 were Chinamen. Complaint has
been made that these 2 clas.ses of labor interfered with tlu^ emplojment and
reduced the wages of free white labor. When it is taken into account that
the labor of 100 convicts is about equal to that of 50 free men, and of 60
Chinamen to that of 40 white men, it will be seen that over 90 per cent, of
all the work done is |y.'rforined by free white labor. In I'.astern factories
boys, and even men, make onl)' certain pf)rtions of the saddle or harness.
They learn no other part <f the business, aiul receive very small wages.
The enormous proportions of Eastern mamifacture reiiuire this subdivision
of labor. On this coast the \-olume of production is comparatively small.
Much of the work is done in shops with only 2 or 3 hands, employed much
of their time in selling and repairing, h'ven in the larger factories there is
little room for :u\y but highl)' skilled operatives. It will be seen that the
I-KAIIIFR.
501
cost of matcri.il is about 4Sl4 I'fr cent., and of labor a little over iS per
cent, of the gross value of manufacture, lc,i\ing nearly 36 per cent, for
])rofit, rent, interest, commissions, and miscellaneous expenses. The propor-
tion of the cost of labor to the value of i)roduction is considerably lower
than in the Eastern States. In New York the amount jiaid out for wages
is about 25 per cent., in Pennsylvania 22 per cent., and in Massachusetts as
much as 27 ])cr cent, of the \alue of manufacture, against onl>- iS jier cent,
on this coast. The dilTerence is accounted for by tlie fact that most of the
gootls made on the Pacific Coast are of cheaper grade than those of East-
ern make. Moreover, in Eastern factories, portions of the material are
made on the [)remi.ses of the manuHicturer, while on this coast the materials
are simply put together. In the relative cost of material there is little vari-
ation. In the State of New York material costs about 44 per cent., in
I'ennsyUania 46, and in Massachu.setts 47 per cent, of the value of produc-
tion, or an average of 45^3 per cent, against 45j-i per cent, on the Pacific
Coast.
Harness Manufacturers. — Among the leading manufacturers in San
Francisco arc M.\1N & WlXcilKSTKR, J. C. JOHNSON & Co., R. S'lONi:,
\V. D.wis, C. L. H.vsKKLL, John 0'K.\ni:, Thgm.vs McGinni.s, and O.
1-'. WiLLF.V & Co. In the interior of California, A. A. V.\N VoouiIiES,
J. T. Stoi.i,, and Cl.vkknck N. NixsoN, of Sacramento; John M. Fovk,
of San Bernardino; WORKM.VN & Co., and HERMAN Hf.INSCU, of Los
Angeles; and J. F. Recket, of San Andreas, arc among the more prom-
inent firms. Among Oregon manufacturers, J. H. CONOLi-: & C(j., J. Clark,
Jamk.s Welch, and W. II. Watkin.s, of Portland; C. K. Klu.M, of Ash-
land; and J. R. Grah.\M, of Oregon City, are prominent.
The business of M.vix & Winchester was established in 1849 by
Charles Main and I^zra H. Winciiesticr. Hoth gentlemen had a
practical acquaintance with all branches of the business, and their success
was so marked that, in i860, the volume of their trade caused a removal to
the large four-story brick building on tlie corner of Hatter}' and 1 lalleck
streets, their present quarters. Of the prominent mercantile hou.ses in .San
I'rancisco, unchanged in partnership and proprietorshi]), theirs is now the
oldest. Three fourths in value of their sales — and the amuial aggregate is
very large — consist of Californian manufactures, of which they send a con-
siderable quantity to the Atlantic slope.
Charles Main, senior member of the firm, was born in New IIam|)-
shire, in 1820. Left an orjihan at 15, and dependent on his toil for
his support, he became an apprentice to a harnessmalcer, and learned the
trade well. After several years of wcjrk as a journeyman, he became jjart-
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502
MAM TACn-RKS.
ncr in a liarncss shop in Boston, but sold out to come; to Califdiiiiii in 1849.
He went to the mines, was fortunate there, and in iiS50, with Mr. \\'l\-
riiESTl'.R, cstaljlisheil the firm wliich throve from the start, is one of the oldest,
and lias been one of the m<ist steadily prosperous business houses in San
I'lancisco. Judicious investments in real estate < ontributed to its we.alth ;
aiul its maiuifacturint;- antl importing business has extended, until it sui)-
plics all parts of the coast.
The fn-m of J. C. JOIINSON & Co., 12 and 14 Pine Street, is one of the
oklesl establishetl hou.scs on the coast, liavin^; been in operation since 1S32.
The principal business of the firm is in the e.\])orlation aiul sale of leatlier,
but all tlescriptions of iiarness and saddlery are manufactured and imported
largel}-. One hundred men are emploj-ed at this establishment. So of
whom ,ire eni;aL;ed in the manufacturing^ department, at wa;_;es \-aryin_Lf from
$2 to $3.50 a day.
One of the leadini,^ factories of the coast in this branch of industr)' is that
of ROCXWKI.I, SroNi:, at 422 Battery street, San Francisco. Xearly every
class of the articles produced !>)• the saddleror harnessmaker is manufactured
there.
J. H. CONCLK & Co., of Portland, (^recjon, manufacturers of harness ,uul
sadtller)-, do a business amountin;^ to $150,000 a j'ear, extendinu,^ o\er Ore-
gon, \\'ashint,'ton, and Idaho. They emi)lo)- 10 men in the manufacturint;
department, at waj^es a\eraL;ini;' $3 a ilay.
Whips. — The \alue of whips manufactured on this coast is about $40,-
000; of imported whips, $30,000 to $35,000. Of the materials used, the
whalebone, L,rlue, wire, iron, rattan, and leather, are of liome production; the
thread and whip-mountings are imported. All classes of articles are manu-
f.ictmxil on this coast, but the greatest demand is for bugg)- antl team
whips. Imports consist almost entirel)- of bugg>- whips, which .are usually
made according to the latest patterns, and are therefore apt to fmtl a ready
market, imported goods are more hnel)' finished, but, for use and wear, are
considered inferior to those matle in San l''rancisco.
The entire mimber of hands emplosed at this industr)- does not exceed
35 ])crsons, of whom cS are Chinamen, .and the remainder white men, boys,
and girls. The wages of Chin.imen .are from $25 to $30 ,1 month. White
men recei\e from $14 to $30 a week, the Latter r.ate being ])aid onl)- to the
most skillful lash-cutters. Girls and boys earn on an average $7 a week by
piece-work; other operatixes arc employed at fixed wages. It is estimated
that the entire cost of l.tboi- averages 30 to 35 per cent., and of material
35 to 40 i)er cent, of the \alue of manufacture.
The only whip factory on this coast is that of Ki;vsi'Oi\ liKoriil'.US. The
m.'
M-ATIII-R.
503
manufactiii-c is also earned on to a small extent by Main k WlXCIIKSTKK,
whoso establishment is mentioned under the head of Harness and Saddlery.
Three other honscs in San Francisco, and one in Portland, OrcLjnn, that of
GkoKGI'; Be.MISII, also make up small quantities of stock. Kr,\'sroN
BroT!!I:rs make whips, reatas, braideil rims, and headstalls, to the value f)f
$25,000 a yern-, K'ivint,' einployinent to 14 persons. One member of the firm
has a patent for a machine to coNer the coverini,fs of carriage whips.
Trunks, etc.— This branch of manufacture is at present restricted on
our coast to San I'rancisco, in which cit\' there are 9 establishments, with.
an a;4gre,L,'ate capital of about $230,000, maniifacturiiii^r $1 50,000 worth of
material intci $350,000 worth of <,roods, and distributin;,,' $125,000 in wa;;es
amonjj; 200 operatives. Importations from all sources do not exceed in
value $20,000 a )'ear, and consist only of ladies' colored satchels and hantl-
batjs.
Of the materials used, tnmk liardware, which includes buckles, locks,
liinijes, nails, etc., is entirely impf)rtcd. Colored leathers, used in the manu-
facture of ladies' satchels and tra\clin^r-bat;s, are also importetl. The tan-
neries of the Pacific Coast ])roducc trunk and black bai; leather of excellent
(]uality, but do not as )-et manufacture any colored leather. The lumber
in use, which is principally that of the sujjar jjine, is abundant and cheap,
and, for makint;' ordinary (.grades of floods, California leather is very service-
able. With the exception alread)^ mentioned, all the different articles com-
monly u.sed, from a ladj-'s hand-bag to the largest Saratoga, and including
about 75 different varieties, arc manufactured in San Francisco. It is
estimated that nine tenths of the entire demand on the Pacinc Cor.st is sup-
plied by trunkmakers in the city, and that the value of impcrted goods
docs .not exceed $30,000, while the export trade is at the rate of $50,000 a
)'car. Our best foreign customer is the Hawaiian Islands. Small quanti-
ties are also shipped to Central America, Australia, (^hina, Japan, and
Tahiti. Mexico also draws on us for supplies, which are sent there in
pieces ready to be put together, in order to evade the tariff on finisf.ed
gootls. Traile in this dei)artment appears to be in a satisfactory- condition.
A gentleman who started in the business in 1 SfiS with onl_\- one assistant,
has now 60 hands employed the year round, and 3et can not keej) pace
with his orders. The wages paid in this branch of manufacture are rather
high, averaging $625 a )-ear per capita, anti if the hands were all steadily
employed throughout the )ear, the average would be considerably larger.
The operatives arc nearly all white men. I'irst-class 'workmen earn, by
piece-work, about $25 a week; inferior workmen, $15. The few boys
antl girls employed make from 50 cents a da\- ujjwards. Several )'cars ago
|il
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504
MAXriACTl'KIS,
tlic Cliincsc atlcmptcfj to yain a footliolil in llic trade, but lia\c always
been rigorously excluded b)' manufacturers, who fear tlial if Chin.unen
once gained a knowledge of the business the\- might soon accjuire almost
a mono])oly of it, ;is they have done in other branches. The high rates of
wages paid to operatives are probably due to the exclusion of Chinese
labor. These wages are not, however, greatl\- in excess of those paiil in
the .State of \ew Jersej', where nearlj- one half of all the triuiks, valises,
and satchels made in the United States are manufactured. In that .State,
though the proportion of female and youth's labor is considerably larger
than in California, the average is at least $5/3 a j'ear.
In San Franci.sco labor costs about 36 per cent., ;ind material 43 percent.,
of the value of production. In New Jersey the cost of labor is about 25
per cent., and of material about 42 jjcr cent., of the value of the manufacture.
The difference in the relative proportions of the cost of labor is accounted
for by the fact that in New Jersey very large stocks of cheap articles arc
made up, while goods m;ide on this coast arc, as a rule, of superior qualit)'.
All the trimk factories of our coast are in San Francisco. That now
owned b>- FKelllll'.lMl'.U & Steelk, founded in I.S5<S, anil the first in date,
employs 65 persons ; that of D. 13LOCII & Co. has 60 ; and that of D. S.
I\I.\R'riN 25 employe.s. There are several other establishments working on
a smaller scale.
Glue. — The production of glue on the Pacific Coast is at the rate of
about 4,700 barrels a year, worth at $18 a barrel, the wholesale price in .San
Francisco in the fall of 1881, the sum of $84,600. The consumption does
not e.xcced 500 barrels. The remainder is marketed principally in New
York. Until the tanning of hides had become a settled and permanent in-
dustry, the supply of glue neeilcd fi)r the Pacific Coast was imported at a
cost of 20 cents a pound. The wholesale price in New York has varied of
late years from 9 to 1 3 cents a pound. The [irice in San I'rancisco is, of
course, guided by the Eastern market, and rates about 2 cents a pound be-
low New York quotations. The expense of freight and commissions is
usually estimated at $3.50 to $4 per barrel of 180 pounds. Glue is made
from the waste material of tanneries, slaughter-houses, anil places where
hides are trimmed and salted for domestic use or shipment. This material,
called glue-stock, costs, at the slaughter-hou.ses. [^4 to 2}4 cents a pound,
and )iclds, on an average, 50 per cent, of glue. There arc in California 6
firms engaged in this inilustr)-, giving employment to 43 persons, and pay-
ing out nearly $25,000 a )-ear for labor. The usual wages for white opera-
ti\'es are $2 a ila)-. Tlie (cw Chinamen employed recei\e about $1 a day.
During the past 3 or 4 jears the consumption of glue in San I'rancisco has
decreased considerabK-, on account nf the dullness in the furniture business.
MATirrR.
50s
At tlie present price of ^liie in the San Francisco market, 10 cents a
pound, it is estimated that the c(jst of material is 40 per cent., and of labor
28 to 30 per cent., of production. It will be seen that .after pas'inj; rent,
interest, insurance, etc., tlie mari^in for profit is \er)' small. The census re-
turns for 1870 rc[iort only 2 f^hie factories on the Pacific Coa-^t, and none
outside of San Francisco, l-'or that year the value of production was
reported at $78,300, and of material used at $15,570. The number of hands
employed was stated at 21, and the aggrc^'ate of wattes at $1 2,400. In 1 870
the cost of material w.is about 20 per cent., antl of labor about 16 per cent.,
of the value of production, lea\ing a inarjjin of 64 per cent, for jjrofit, in-
terest, commissions, and miscellaneous expenses against a margin of only
30 to 32 per cent, in 1881. It will be noticed that since 1870, the cost of
material has increa.scd from 20 ta 40 per cent., and of labor from 16 to at
at least 28 per cent., of the value of manufacture. In 1870 glue-stock,
which is now very high in price, could be had for little or nothing, and 2
establishments employing onl)' 21 hands, could make nearly as much profit
as is now obtained by 6 factories employing 43 hands. Moreo\er glue
has fallen in price during the last 10 or u years from about $24 to $i8 a
barrel, a reduction of 25 per cent. This circumstance, coupled with the
high price of glue-stock, and the general depression of business on this coast,
accounts for the want of progress in this branch of industr)-. Complaint is
made of the difficulty in obtaining glue-stock, e\en at the prices now ruling.
It is probable, however, that as our leather manufacturing interests are lie-
ing raiiidly developed, the supply of material will soon be in excess of the
demand.
In the process of manufacture the scraps of waste material, which are
termed glue-stock, are first stripped of all bony substance. The scraps arc
then washed as cle.iu as possible and placed in vats, similar to thtjse used
b}' tanners, where they uiulcrgo for several weeks the ])rocess of maceration
in lime water. They are then taken out and spread uiion platforms in the
open air, until the lime becomes carbonized and can not injure the glue.
After being Ijoiled the scraps are changed into a state of clarified mucilage,
which is then cooled, cut into flakes, dried, crushed, and placed in barrels
ready for market. The bones are calcined, ground, anel sold to refiners for
clarifying sugars and .syrup.s.
ConrjiNc.TON & Wilcox and Martin IIoljer, of San Francfsco;
C. JUKGENS & Son, of Sacramento; C. N. SOUTIIKR, of Napa, and M.
Kl'NiNTZ, of Santa Cruz, are the i)rincipal glue manufacturers of our coast.
i(
Eoots and Shoes. — The first organizetl attempt at the manufacture of
boots and shoes in California, was made under the direction of Mr. PORTER,
64
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MAMI'Ai TIKI'S.
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I 1 1'
|i v^ i
of the firm iif I'oKiKK, Sl.KssiM .Kk & Co. In llu' \cai- iH^?, tli.it
gentleman was one of llie i)ro]irieloi>: of a ti'iiniT)' al .Sii(|uel, in .S.inta
Cruz Count)', lie entered into a contraet \\ ith tiie .Stale I'rison authori
ties for the labor f)f a number of coiuicts, whose services could then
be procured for 30 cents a day. ( )l)taiiiiiit; iiio^t of thi' needed material
from his tanner)-, he commenced to manufacture bio;4aiis and other ai'ticles
of coarse j;ratle. Soon afterwards 1U'< KlNi ;II.\M & lli:(lir commenced
operations (,n a small scale. Slow 1\-, at t'lrsl, but ;;raduall)' from these
be;.;inninj.;s the industr)- has increased, until in the )-ear 1S81, j^oods
are beint; ])rodiiced in the different factories of the I'.icific Coast to the
value of about $6,500,000, of which amount about $5,750,(XX) may be
crcilited to Califf>niia, includin.L; at least $5,000,000 for San I'rancisco, $350,-
000 to Ore;4oii, and $400,000 to Utah. The quantity of material useil ma)-
be estimated at a little untler $3,250,000, and the amount cx|)endetl for
labor at about $1,750,000, distributed amoni' at least 4,000 o[)crativcs.
Importations fr<r the entire coast are probably at die rate of nearl)' lOO,-
000 cases a year, and ma)' be valued at .$4,500,000. ImiJoited ijoods are
nearl)' all made in the Atlantic States. Considerable quantities of the finer
j^nadcs of It'athcr arc still brought from I'rancc and other foreign countries,
but the importation of boots and shoes into the United St.ites has almost
entirel)- ceased.
In the face of man)' disadvantages, our m.anufacturers have m.ide such
|)r<)gress that th.c)' now supply about 70 per cent, in (|uantit)- and 60 jier
cent, in value of all the goods used on the Pacific Coast, and ha\e alread)'
established a moderate i.vport tratle which is steadil)' on tlu^ increase.
Twelve )'ears ago we m.inufactuivd at the rale of about .$1,400,000 a )-ear,
and hatl no export trade, or none worth mention. We now manufacture al
the rate of about $6,500,000 a year, and our exports for 1881 amounted to
.:,57y cases, valueil al about $1,160,000; for 1880, to 2,171 cases, \;dued at
$975,000. (^ur best foreign customers are the people of the Hawaiian Is-
lands, who took from us 1,611 cases in 1881. We ;ilso shi])ped 467 cases
to British Columbia, ami smaller (|iiantities to Mexico, Japan, China, New
Zeal.'uid, and elsewhere. In addition to the 1,500,000 people who f)rm the
population of this coast, there are several foreign countries in which Cali-
fornia, on account of her commercial situation, nia\- hope, ;it no distant da)',
to establish a ver)' considerable trade.
In 1881 the acli\il\'iii manufacturing circles continued throughout the
year, notwithstanding the large volume of imjjorts. The consi'mption ot
boots and shoes during that )'ear, for the States and Territories to which
San Francisco is the main distributing center, was prob.ibl)' little short ot
4,000,000 pairs, of which about 3,750,000 pairs were manufactured on this
i,i;Ariii;R.
507
coast, aiiil 1,250,000 were impoitcil. The oiJiiiiiiL; up nf a new tciritDrv,
tlin)ii;_;!i tlie complctiim uf the Suntliern Pacific Ixailmad, was proliahly the
main factor that caused sucli a reinari:ahle increase in tlie \iihuiie of irnile
for iMMi. Mucli of this territory was pre\iousl\- supi)lie(i In' lOasteni
factories, hut it is now bein;^f thoroUL;lily canvassed by Pacific t'oast manu-
facturers, and so far, willi \er\- satisfactory results.
In xokune of trade, the \ear I.S.Sl was one of the most remarkable e\er
known to manufacturers and im])orters of boots and shoes. Imports from
tlie {^astern .States amounted, for .San I'rancisco alone, to nearl>- 65,000
cases, \alued at about $2,925,000, a qiiantit)- in excess of the fi|.,fures for
any previous year, ilurini; the last decade at least. I'or the entire coast it
is probable that importations e.xcceiled 100,000 cases. It \\oul(l lie sup-
posed that these larjje shipments of Eastern boots and shoes were attended
with a corrcspondinLj reduction in the amount of home-manufactured
goods; but such was not the case. It is the opinion of parties best com-
petent to judj^e, that the value of floods produced on this coast durinj; 1881
was 20 to 25 per cent. abo\e the estimates for 1S80, and far above those for
an\- previous year.
All the different tirades of ijoods, from brof,^■lns to babies' shoes, c.xccpt-
iiV4 only tile finest hand-sewed I-"rcnch kid buttoned boots, for ladies, arc
niade in San Francisco factories. Tiiere is no [rreat quantity of hand-sewed
goods of any kind manufactured on this coast. The greater [jortion of *'ic
demand for articles of this description is supplied b\' Massachusetts. Ship-
ments from the Eastern States also include large cpiantitics of the coarser
grades of boots, such as men's brogans, etc. It is stated that I'-astern man-
ufacturers bu}- the clippings and waste leather of our factories, and grind
them into shodiiy for in-solcs, or veneer them with a thin sheet of good
leather ;uul use them f(3r the outer sole. Goods of this description vicca-
sionall}' find their way to this market. A feature in the business of the ])ast
2 or 3 years has been the growing demand for articles of superior gratle.
Material for Shoes.— .All the sole leather used in San I'rancisco is of
liome production, and nearly all the upper leather is imported. It is esti-
mated that, apart from sole leather, one fourth of all the material used by
manufacturers on this coast is of home production, and that three fourths
are imi)orted. Califomian upper leather is unfitted for fine work; not from
any ilcfect in the material, but from lack of skilled labor in that branch of
manufacture. Moreover, the best upper leather is obtained from the skins
of animals slaughtered when from 3 to 6 months old ; and it is the custom
among farmers in this country to slaughter calves, cither before they are old
enough to furnish skins of the size required, or after they have grown so
So8
MANIKACTCKKS.
lai'L^c tliat tlic skin lias become amrsc, and, when manuiacturcd, is more nf
a kij) than a calfskin Icatlicr.
The consiimplicin of materia! in the manufacture of boots and shoes on
tlie entire I'acific Coist includes nearly 200,000 sides of sole leather, nearly
10,000 do/en of call skins, 4,000 dozen of kips, .about 19,000 dozen of i;-oat
and kill skins, 45,000 feet of buff leather, 50,000 tlozcn of sheep skins, 450,-
000 to 500,000 j^ards of linen, serines, and cloth for lininjj;s and for the tops
of shoes and .i;;uters, ;uul an almost unlimited i|uantity of pegs, n.ails, wire,
antl silk, and linen threads. At least hrdf of the calfskins, most of the
i^oat and kitl .^kins, all the linen, serine, and cloth, the pci^s. wire, antl nails,
;>nd a large portion of the threads, are imported. Ncarl\- all the kip and
wa.x leathers, and most of the buff, pebble, grain-goat, and morocco, used
by manufacturers, are produced on this coast; but the fmer qualitie.-. of
morocco, kid, and calf skin are imported.
Machines and Processes.— Among the machiner}- most commonl\- used
are McK.W's Sewing ;unl St.indard Screw Machines. The sewing-machine
is furnished with a (.lial-pl.ite, on which the stitches ,are counted up to lO.OCO,-
000, and a royalt)' of 5 to 10 cents is ch.arged for every p;ur seweil by this
machine. The screw machine is maini)' u.sed for fastening the sole to the
upper b_\- means (if wire screws. There is also a machine in use which cuts
patterns from sole leather as quickly as it it were s<i much cheese.
There are other m.icln'nes for fastening the heels; for polishing soles and
lieels; for cutting out boot straps; for making button-holes, e}-elcts, toe-
tips, and for other purposes so numerous ih.it the reader would not care to
ha\e them mentioned.
Among Californian imentions is one called the Giant Scam, for which a
patent was issued in iSSi to parties employed by the firm of RosENTOCK
& Co. The invention is of \-,ilue in making up hea\y grades of boots,
which are thus rendered water-tight, and are less liable to rip.
in producing the more e.\])ensi\e descriptions of gocjds. an article has to
pass through .about 20 different hands before it is finally completed and
ready for the shelves of the retailer. In the process of manufacture, labor
is \ery much subdivided, but less .so th.in in 1'.. 'stern factories. A slight
difference in wages, the use of labor-saving machincr\-. and the greater sub-
division of labor alone render it possible for Boston and other great centers
of Eastern trade to dispose of $4,000,000 to $5,000,000 worth of goods a
year on the I'acific Coast. The .State of .Massachu.setts alone manufactures
at the rate of over $100,000,000, supplying about one half of the entire
consumption of the United States. Some kirgc towns in jNlassachu.sctts
are almost entirel)' supported b_\- this industry. Wages are lower than
IJ-.ATIIKK.
509
those of white labor 011 this coast; most kinds of material arc less expen-
sive; the machincrj- in use is about as near perfection as human incjcnuit)-
can dcvMse; and the subdivision of labor is so minute that all is utilized to
the best advantage. Moreover, operatives in liastcrn factories work for
years, and often almost for a life-time, on a single jirocess, thus acquiring
the greatest possible skill in their own little specialtv'
Shoe Operatives. — Of the 4,000 persons now employed in this branch of
industry on the Pacific Coast, it is estimated that, aiiart from custom work,
there are at least 2,500 Chinamen, making uj) goods \.o the value of .$^,500.-
000, and about 1,500 white ojieratix-es, who manufacture to the value of .$4,-
000,000. The disproportion in the relative numljcr of hands employed to
the value of production, is caused b)' the lact that the goods manufactured
b_\' Chinamen are nearl}- all of cheap grade. Moreo\er, in factories where
white persons are main!)' employed, labor-.sa\ing machinery is \-er\' largcl)'
used, while Mongolian labor can he nbtained at such cheap rates that it
would not pay to use machinery so extensixel)' in (.Chinese factories. The
manufacture of the common grades of shoes is mainly in the iiainls of the
Chinese lactories, ;ind l^astern goods of this description are rapid!)' dis.ip-
pearing from the market. The more exi5ensi\e kinds of shoes are made up
principall)' by white labor, though Chinamen are also employed, at some
factories, to tlo jjortioiis of the work that do not require special skill. Boots
are made b\- white operati\cs almost' exclusively. Not more tiian 30 or 40
Chinamen are emjiloyed otherwise than on the manufacture of shoes, and
those are, for the most part, of such quality as could not ]irofitably be made
on this coast by white labor.
The proprietor of one of the leading Chinese factories slates that during
1881 there were altogether not less than 3,000 Chinamen engaged in this
industry, making up goods to the value of $3,000,000. It is [irobable, how-
ever, that these estiiuates include the manufacture uf slip]3ers, a business
which has been, for several years, almost cntirelj' in the hands of Chinamen.
The experiment of employing Chinamen in boot and shoe factories was
first tried in 1869, on account of the unreasonable demands of white labor,
and within less than 2 or 3 j'cars from that date at least one half of .ill the
goods manufactured in California were made u{) by Chinaincn. In 187J all
the San {""rancisco factories employed more or less Mongolian laboi-; in
soine instances almost to the exclusion of white labor. Many of the best
workmen left tiie state; some engaged in other occupations ;. and those who
remained were com|)elleil to work at greatl)' le-duced w.'iges. Moreover,
the best t'hinese workmen would onl_\- remain until they had thoroughly
learned the busme^s, ami would then obtain better ]),iid emplo}'mcnt in
; ,
i
I
:i i I
II
:i
510
MA\11A( rruKs.
Chinese workslxips. The goods made up in Cliincsc factories were always
pill on ihe niaila't at .f_' or .'Jij a dozen Ijelow those produced elsewhere, and
the effect of this comi^clition became positively disastrous both to maniifac-
tiu'cr and operatixc.
Since the )-ear iSjj, Chinamen have L;i-adually licf^un lo disap])ear from
our leadiuL;' lactoi'ies, thou^i'li still making; up larL;"e cpiantities of cheap L^oods
in their own worksho])s. I'our, at least, of the leadint; establishments in
San I'rancisco emp!o\- white labor exclusi\el\-, and tlie chief coiTipl.iint now
allei^eil aLjainst the (.ihin.iman is, th.it lu; niana;4cs to p,-i-.s off inferior i;oods,
of his own workmanshij), for the more expensive articles made by white
jjcrsons. Waives liave been reduced durinj^ the past lo years from 20 to 25
per cent., but the reduction is not .ure.iter th;m has occurred in other ijr.anches
<if business, and, taking into account the extra purchasing jjower of monc}',
the operative is about as well olT to-da)" as lie was 10 )'ears ago. It is cer-
tain that if this reduction h.ul not occurretl manufactures woukl newr have
assumetl their present proportion. In i.S6y, when Chinamen first beg.in
to Ijc employed, the value of goods made up in all the factories of the l',i-
cific Ccj.ist was $1,400,000: in i.SSi it w.is about .$6,750,000. In boot and
shoe factories, as in woolen-mills, and other branches of entcrj)rise, the em-
plo)-ment of a large percentage- of Chinese, or other low-priceil labor, was ;it
first necessar}- to en.'ible m.inufacturers to compete on an_\- large scale with
r.aslern aiul foreign goods. As soon as while labor could i)e li.'id at prices
which employers coukl ;ifi"ortl to pay, it h;is nearl\- .ilw.iys receixed the
preference. There are noiv several woolen-mills ;ind several large boot and
shoe factories that em[)loy no Chinese labor, and in others the percentage
of such labor has largely decreased of kite years. In factories wlierc China-
men are still employed, the proprietors state th.at if thev could obtain enough
wJiite workmen, ;it about $1 5 a week, the}- would make more niotu;\- by dis-
missing every Mongolian from their establishment ; but the average earnings
of skilled workmen are considerably abo\e that figure. In the winter of
i.S,Si-2, first-class cutters in .San I'rancisco fiictories were making $21 a
week; ordinarv' cutters, $iS ; first-cl.ass workmen $18 to $20; gf)od men's
fitters, $15 to $18. These are average earnings, and it is nothing unusual
fi>r a smart and steadv- workman to make 20 per cent, more than these rates.
Nearly all the o|)eratives woi'k In' the piece. I'Vmales emplo\-ed as women's
fitters make .$',1 to $12 a week; as ordinary fitters .md basters from $.S to
$10. i-"or highl)' skilled l.ibor rales of wages aie a little .above I'i.istern
prices, but so little tli;it tlu' difference is about made up by tlu; cost of
freight in imiiorling ICastern gootls. The aver.age earnings of men einplowd
in shoe factories in New 'N'ork and Chicago are about $15 a week, and in
S.ui lM-.incisc<j not more than $16 to $17. When iom])ared with the prices
; i
^n
i.i;Ariii:R.
;i I
of l:il)(ir In the \\c;illhii;sl cmnilries of Iul^|)])l^ these fiqui'cs stand mit in
marked contrast. In i;n'.;!;ind tlic a\erai;'e is about $7.50 a week; in I'nuice.
$5, and in (lermaii)' $4.50 a week, antl in all these cniintries the price nf
food is much hiLjher tlian in California.
Ean Francisco Shoe Factories. — The borit and sjioc facfoa oi i!i r;;-
IN(;i!.\.M iS: 1 1 IXIIT, in San l''rancisc(i, associated willi the mercantile hrm
of lli.ciii' i;R()iiii;i;s & C(i.. is (ine cf the lar;;est estabh.shmcnts of its
clav, ill tlie United States. It i;ives em|)!oyi-.ient Id about 55c persons, and
its .annual product is worth from $Soo,OOC tf) $ 1 ,000,000. Their entcri)risc
was second in date, and went into operation when little work on bcjots anil
shoes was done, except to order, oiit of the State-prison, and there the [)ro-
duction was sm; 11 and irrei;>.iar. HULKrxi.lIAM & Hi;*'!!! Ijegan on a
comparatively larije scale, v ith capital, skill, energy, and confidence, and
manufactured Ljootls i,f si-pcrior ciualily, w hich, so f u" as the supply went,
readily superseded ICastern importations. i!\- special induccinents the\'
tlrew to their service n\niy bootmakers eiiLjagcd in various occuiiations on
our coast, and brougl.t others from tlie Atlantic cities. Theirs beinLj tlie
first ku'Lje shoe factor)- in California, it e.xerci.sed an import.uil inntience;
first, by provin;;' tha there was ;i profit in the manufacture, and .second, in
bccomin;f a .source from which others could obtain managers, foremen, and
laborers.
C.vilX, XlCKLKDi'lu; & Co., successors to I"lNSTi:i\ S: Co.. manufacture
boots and shoes to the amount of $600,000 annually. They |)a\- out $.SOO,-
000 for materi.il and .$150000 for Labor. The annual production of RosKN-
M")t'K& C't).'s factor)' is worth $300,000. The)- liold the patent for the
"!;iant .scam," which is consitleretl a \aluable improvement in heav)- shoes.
The boot and shoe factor)- of Joia' l^lK)rill',i;s h.is ,'in annual protluct of
$::cxi,ooo, and employs So persons. The )-earl)- sales b)- the factcjr)- of I'..
D. N'oi..\N & Co. amount to $i::5,ooo; and 75 hands are emi)lo)-ed. Arm-
.sTRoNC iv W'RK.lli' make a specialt)- of children's shoes, and al,--o maiui-
factuie boots .uid shoes for men and women. The)- emplo)- 100 o[)eralives,
and their annual proiluct is worth about $100,000. IvOSlCN'iliAl, & I"i;t)i:k.
L;i\-e employment to about r)0 operati\es, and the estimated valiu' of their
annual product is $100,000. This completers the list of the notal)le boot and
shoe factories in t'alifornia.
Porter, Glesslnger & Co.— I'he firm of IV)UTr.K, Si,i:s,sinc,i;k i\: Co.,
I 17 Hatter)- .Street, m.'uiufactin-e goods to the \;due <if .$400,000 a )car, and
import at least an eciual ainou'-.t, tliough their manufactures are gaining
o\-er importations. I''mi)lo)-ment is given at the factor)- to i.So oi)crati\e.s.
Mi
si;
M.wfi \(TrKi:s.
itilN
The business was nri;4inall)- coiiimcnccd in 1863, when Georgf. K.
PnKTi:R, IcaiiiinL,^ that conxict labor could be hired at the State-prison for
30 ccpts a da)-, made a contract tor 100 workmen, to be employed on the
makin;,; of boots antl shoes. Mr. Fokti:k, with liis cousin, 15. V. 1'i)RI1;k,
owned a tanner)' at Soquel, in Santa Cruz County, from which supplies
of material were obtained. These i^entlemen were amoUL; the earliest tan-
ners in the State, and Cii;i >iii;i-; K. I't)Rii;R carried on tliat business for 26
)ears. At present liis tannery is rented. This was tlie commencement of
the wholesale maniifaclinx' of boots and shoes in California, and fiom this
small bcLjinninL; the industr)- li.is i;r.ulu;illy developed until it has reached
its pre>f lit larc^a' proportions. In 1873 Lufis Sl.i;ssi\(,i:k was admitted
as a partner, and in the same )ear a factor)' was started in San l'"r,'incisco.
riie fue which occinred at San (Juenti ', in I*Y-bruar\', 1S76, ilestroved tiie
entire works, and ,'ilso a consider,U)le stock of Ljoods bel<jnyin_L; to the firm.
I'''rom th.'it time the emplo\'me;it of con\ ict labor w;is discontinued, antl the
firm enlari;"etl their factor)' in San I'"rancisco to meet tlie re(]uirements of
their business. .Sufi.sequentl)' Josl'.l'll K.\II\ was admitted as partner,
thoutjh the name of tlie latter ijentleman does not ap[iear in the title of the
firm. The house owns .'ind makes exclusive use, in its factor)', of a valu-
able in\ention |)atented In' Mr. Sl.r.ssiNc.l.R, for ;i seam in the so-called
iron-clail boots, for the use of miners, lishermen, and farmers. The seam
is fortified with rixets so ih.at it cm not rip, atul is smoother than the onli-
n.n')' seam,
Cii:(ii>:i;i' K. I'oui l.K h.-is lent substantial aid in building up many simi-
lar indu.-^tries which are to-da\' in successful oper.'ition in .San I'rancisco,
allhouyh b)' so doing he has created some sterling comjietitors and busi-
ness rivals. I le is a nati\e of l)u.\bur\', in l'l)'mouth Count)', Massachusetts,
and a life member of Tm; .S(h il.'iv ot C.\l,liuRM.\ I'loNrrRS. Hearrived
in San I'lancisco in the fall of 1 .S.19, on board the brig .liradidii. after an
unusuall)' long and stormy passage of 2(1^ d,i)s, 70 of which were con-
sumed in passing the Straits of Magellan. In i.SGo he was elected .State
Senator for .Santa Cruz ami Monterc)' counties, and was the first Republi-
can .Senat(M' elected from Southern California. He served his constituents
faithfulh' and .'iccept.d)!)', and ,'icted as ch.'iirman of several important com-
mittees.
George L. Hibbard & Co. -Messrs. liii;i;.\iU) ;ind HR.\/ri:, who li.id
been manufactining boots and shoes , 'it I'ortland since 1.S73, were tlie pro-
moters of Tin; OiuciiN liooi, Siini:, .and 1,i;.\iiii;k M.\m'ia( i TRiNt;
Ci)MI'.\NV, established in rortl;ind in r.SSi, ,'Uid having afterwards bought
up all the stock, are now its exclusive owners ,\llhougli InU a few months
I.KATIIER.
513
in operation, the- factory alrcatl)- fin-iiislics employment to about 50 opera-
tives, and can nf t obtain sufficient u liitc labor to keep pace with the demand
for its goods. Tite manufacture of leather has not yet been commenced,
but, in the lino of ladies' and tjentlcmcn's boots and shoes, staple articles of
the best quality arc produced, and fuul a ready market in Oregon, Wash-
ington, and Idaho. IIir>l!.VRI) & Co. are the proprietors of a large whole-
sale boot antl sIkjc store at 65 I'ront Street, I'ortland.
One of the largest boot and shoe factories on the coast is that of AlKIN,
Sellinc; & Co., of Portland, successors to 'Mv. AiKlx, who commenced the
business there in 1S59. They ha\e an extensive and profitable custom
throughout Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.
B. Leinenweber & Co.— At Li:i.\kn\vi:i;i:r & Co.'.s factor)- in Astoria,
Oregon, established in 1.S79, boots are manufactured at the rate of 1,500
cases a year, worth on an average $45 a case, and shoes to the amount of
720 dozen, estimated to be worth $15 a dozen at wholesale. The total
\alue of production is at the rale of about $7iS,ooo a year. The goods are
marketed entirely in Oregon and Washington Territoiy. The factor\- was
erected at a cost of $40,000, and gives emploj-ment to 35 hands, including
while and Chinese workmen in nearl)- equal proportions. White operatives
make average earnings of $15 a week, or about the same as San Francisco
rates. In connection with this establishment is a tannery, which is de-
scribed under its proper heading. The factory is to be moved to Portland.
The Victoria Boot and Shoe Factory. — This factory, which is owneil
by Mr. I IK.AI HORN, and obtains its supi)lies of material chiefly from that
gentleman's tannery at Rock Ha}- ('noticed elsewhere), is situated on Gov-
ernment Street, Victoria. Emplo)-menl is given to 50 hands, and the sales
of goods for 1881 amounted to $66,000. During that >-car the consump-
tion of material was so great that Mr. IIk.vtiiorn's tannery was unable to
supply the demand, and it was necessary to import a considerable quantity.
Belmont Boot and Shoe Factory.— Messrs. D.m.mn , Pkwkl & Wilson
are the proprietors of a boot and shoe factory, which occcupies a two-slory
brick building on Government Street, Victoria, and is conducted in connec-
tion with the Helmont tanner)-, mentioned elsewhere. Though but a few
years in operation, this ficior)- already gives employment to 33 men at full
rates of wages. Most of the goods arc sold at the store of WlI.LlAM & J.
Wll.soN, also located on Government Street. The former gentl(;man is one
of the three owners of the factor)-, ami a member of the ijrcvincial parliament.
Lyman Smith's Sons.— Among the articles which ou- coast has not )-ct
produced in considerable (juanlity are roller leatiier for covering spinning
65
li
514
M.Wri'ACTl-KKS,
rollers, and law k:athcr for binclin;^' law books. These products of the tan-
ner's art require peculiar skill, and are specialties of the tannery of LVMAX
Smith's Sons (Joui; li. and C. L. Smith, jjrcsent owners), enga_!jed in the
manufacture of sheep and calf leather generally, at Norwood, Massachu-
setts. To them, the spinners and law publishers west of the Rock}' ]\Ioun-
tains look for a Ir'rge part of their supplies. Their roller leather is noted for
toughness, combined with fineness of texture; their law leather, for smooth-
ness of surface, and clearness, ;uid uniformit)' of color, combined with good
body. The tannery occupies 4 acres of ground, employs 100 men and boj-s,
and lans Soo.ooo sheep-skins annuallj-. The store is at 43 High Street,
lioston.
Gloves. — The manufacture of gloves on the Pacific Coast is an industry'
of verj- recent introduction. In 1860 there was not a single glove factory
west of the Rocky Mountains. In 1870 there were none outside of Cali-
fornia, and tlie total of manufactures barely exceeded $60,000 a year. A
comparison between the statistics for iSjoand the estimates for iSiSi.shows
a 'cmarkable growth in this branch of enterprise. In the former year
there were 6 glove factories in operation, with an aggregate capital of $38,-
600, paj'ing out $22,340 a year in wages, and manufacturing $14,100 worth
of material into goods valued at $62,045. 1" I'lt^ fall of 1881 it was esti-
mated that there were on the entire coast about 20 factories, 10 of which
were located in San I'rancisco, 3 in .San Jose, one each in .Sacramento,
Stockton, and Red Bluff, one in Carson City, Nevada, 2 in I'ortland, and
one elsewhere in Oregon. The total number of operatixes was about 300.
The sum ilistributed for labor was estimated at $175,000; for material at
$200,000; the value of manufacture, ap.irt from goods made up at stores
and at ])laces in which other business is conducted, at $500,000. The aggre-
gate capital in\-esletl in this bnuich of manufacture is .about $450,000. It will
be seen that while there has been a large growth in business, the margin of
profit is, at present, rather small. The cost of material is about .4.0, and of
labor 35 per cent, of the gross \;ilue of production, leaving jjrobably less
than 25 per ct-nt. for i)rofit ami miscellaneous expenses. In the State of
New \'ork, where the manufacture of glo\es far exceeds in ([uantity that of
all the other .States and Territories in the Union, the cost of labor little ex-
ceeds 25 per cent, of the \alue of production. In California rates of earn-
ings are ver)- high, averaging over $550 a year, for an industry which is
almost enlirel)- in the h.ands of women anil girls. Mcist of the ojierativcs
work h\- the piece, and it is notliing unconuuon for a skilled workwoman
to earn $15 to $20, or for a first-cla.^s cutter to make $35 to ,$45 a week.
Rates of earnings in Eastern glove factories are ,it least 40 per cent, be-
l.KATMEK.
5'5
low those prevailing; on this coast. The fact that San Francisco manufac-
turers can afford to pa)- such wayes, and can already sell their goods, in
considerable quantity, far east of the Rocky Mountains, speaks very favor-
ably for the jirospects of the trade.
Glove Production. — Until 1867 foreign and Eastern-made goods iield
entire possession of the market, and until about 1872 the countrj- was
flooded with cheap goods of Eastern make, shapeless machine-sewed
articles, mostly of .sheepskin, and cut without reference to style, comfort,
or durabilitj'. California-made gloves were usuall)' the last to leave the
shelves of retailers. Only through the persistent efforts of manufacturers,
who, at great cxpen.sc and certain loss, .sent forth their agents and commer-
cial travelers, has the superioritj' of home-made goods been made known to
the purchasing ])ublic. In the face of powerful and sleepless outside
pressure, a large domestic trade has been gradually built up, and within
the past few years small quantities of gloves, manufactured on this coast,
liave found a market in the Eastern States. Shipments ICast for 1 88 1 weic
estimated at $150,000. There was a marked increase of Eastern orders
(luring the j-ear, and the growth of this trade is attributed to the excellent
([uality of the materia! used, the careful workmanship of San Francisco
glo\cmakers, the fact that goods made on this coast are either partial!)- f)r
entirely liand-scwed, aiid the difference between Californian and l^astern
methods of tannage. The Eastern process tends to jiuff the skins and
open the ])orcs, producing an article less com])act and impervious to water
than glove Icatlier of Pacific Coast manufacture. The ICastern-made glove
appears to be a heavier article, but when tested, the wciglit is found to be
the same as that of similar goods manufactured in San I'rancisco.
Of late years there has been a considerable achance in the cost of ma-
terial. There is not, as )'ct, an)- important decrease in the available supply;
but the stead)- growth in llie doif^stic antl foreign demand will ])robabl)-
soon work a serious reduction in the quantit)- of skins available lor glove-
making. Shipments of undrcsseil tleer-skins to ICastern ilestinations aver-
age at least 10,000 to 12,000 a )-ear. The poorer grades of skins are nearly
all shipped East, for the rea.son that gloveinakers on this coast can not
manufacture them at a profit. The number of skins of all kinds, cut for
use b)' glovemakers on this coast, is probabl)- little short of 300,000 a )-ear.
The sui)|)l)- of goat-skins is obtained in the \icinity of San Francisco and
from the Guadalupe Islands. The word "kid" is a technical term, and in-
cluiles such materials as lambs'-skins, dog auil fawn skins, am! sometimes,
even rats'-skins. The quantit)- of so-called kid used for maiuifacturing i)ur-
])oses, throughout the world, is largel)- in excess of the suppi)- of skins ob-
<
11
5i6
MANTKAtTrUKS.
t.iiiicil from the sl,iu;j;htcr of kids. The finest qualities (if ladies' j^doves arc
made from tlie skins of animals not more than }, or 4 weeks old. Calf-
skins of special finish arc used in the makintj of certain heav\- i^radcs.
Sheep-skins are princi|)all)' used for linings. 13oi(-skins are i.jreatly in ile-
mand 1))' f;lovcmakers, thouL,di many so-calletl dogskin gloves are really
made of goatskin. A single firm has a contract witli parties in .San I'ran-
cisco, Oakland, and Sacramento, for the delivery of 3CXD to 400 dog-skins
per month. The same firm used to import by e.ich steamer from Sj'dney,
New South Wales, a supply of kangaroo and wallabie ("young kangaroo)
skins, which were made into goods of \er\' durable <iualit_v, but they left no
margin of profit, and the orders have recently been witjidrawn.
It is estimated that the manufacture of gloves on the I'acific Coast is at
the ..ite of about 500.000 pairs a year; that a little over three fourths of this
ciuantity consists of common working and driving glo\cs of buck, goat, and
dog skin, and that the remainder are walking and dress gloves. Kid gloves
are made in San I'rancisco, but in \-er\- small ijuantit)-, ami onl)- to order.
The skins are imported from I'rance, where flocks of goats and kids, reared for
the purpose of using their .skins in glove-making, arc kept in jjarks by them-
selves, to prevent their contracting an\' contagious disea.sc. Two skins arc
required to produce 3 pairs of ordinary kid gloves, but a single pair of very
long gloves often requires the use of 2 small skins. . It is not an easy thing
for liomc-made goods of this description to compete w ith foreign importa-
tions. A name carries much weight, and a I'rcnch-made glove possesses,
in the e}X's of most people, numerous advantages in shape, .symmctr)", and
wear. Importations of French kid amount to .several hundred thousand
dollars a year for San I'rancisco alone. The value of imported gloves, other
than kid, does not exceed $100,000 for the entire coast. All the different
grades of goods, from boxing-gloves to ladies' kitl of many buttons, are
made in San I'Vancisco. Buckskin for working-gloves, and dogskin, or, as
the)' are called by the trade, doeskin, for dri\ ing-gloves, are made in larger
quantity than other descriptions. When tanned, the buckskins arc white ;
before being handed over to the glovcmaker they are smoked, in order to
give them a yellow color.
Iiippitt, Leak & Co.— Mills, Li;ak & Co., predecessors of the [jrcscnt
firm of Lil'l'iTT, [.i:.\l-: & Co., commenced the manufacture of gloves 7
years ago, in a small room 7 feet b)- 9, Their present quarters, at 22
Sutter Street, although large and cfimmodious, do not afford sufficient
space for their growing business, anil the firm \\ ill soon require more ample
accommodations. I'or iSSi their sales amounted to $200,000. Large (]uan-
tities of gloves are forwardetl to ICastcrn iriarkets, where goods made by
Livrn T, Li;.\K & Co. rank among the best. Their facilities for manufac-
I.EATIIKK
SI7
tiirc arc unsurpasset' Besides running; their San Francisco factory on such
grades of gloves as are usually made on this coast, one member of the fn-ni,
Mr. John Fulton, manufactures in Gloversville, N. Y., all the classes of
Eastern articles used in the States and Territories on this side of the Mis-
souri River. Thirty to 40 hands are kept constantly busy at the work-
rooms in San I'rancisco, and about Go at the Gloversville establishment,
manufactLU'ing not less than 150 different varieties of goods. In addition
to sheep, deer, angora goat, and other skins in common use among glove-
makers, large quantities of otter and beaver skins are u.scd by this firm.
Careful \\-orkmanship and the superior quality of California-tanned leather
have enabled them to guarantee the quality of their goods, and thus in a
few years develop their trade from such small beginnings to its present large
proportions. By ])ersistcnt advertising and soliciting among country mer-
chants, and among hunters from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean,
Liri'lTT, LlC.VK & Co. have built up a business that ha^ helped materially
to make San I'rancisco a market for pelts, which, not man)- years ago, went
to waste for want of purchasers. For 18S2 they have a wcw and excellent
glove called the Alaska Buck, which does not become hard after being wet,
and for which they anticipate a l.irgc sale.
P. & F. G. Conklin.— P. & I". C. Conki.IN, proi)rictors of TllE C.M.I-
l'OKNl.\ Glo\i: Co.Ml'.VNV, 5<Ss Market Street, manufacture all grades of
buckskin, doeskin, kid, cloth, and combination gloves. Not less than 100
white persons, including 90 women and girls, arc employed at this establish-
ment. Sewers make from $S to $14 a week, and machine hands an a\erage
of $10, all working by the piece. The main manufacturing lloor occujjies a
.space 155 by 35 feet. Twentj' machines of different patterns are used for
cutting and fancy stitching. The cloth u.sed at this establishment is made
at the Pioneer and Mission Mills. The firm commenced operations 15
years ago in a small room on Stockton Street. They attribute tlieir success
to the fact that, having made up their minds to produce an article of su-
perior quality, thej- made a study of their busines.s, and were constantly
introducing new pattern.s.
F. H. Busby.— FrkI). II. Bushv, 412 Market Street, began business in
i<S74, and has established a thriving trade both on this coast and in the
y\tlantic States. He is him.sclf a practical glovemaker, as' his family have
been for many generations, and having an inventive turn of mind, has done
much to improve the quality and reputation of Californian gloves, and to
create a market for them in the I'2ast. In 1S75 he obtained a patent for
the " BusUV welt," the u.se of which strengthens his gloves and impro\es
their appearance. The Busuv welt is double with the folded edge out.
S'
mmmmmmm
5iS
M.wn-ACTrKr.s.
Ml
This plan luoids the necessity and labor of trimming; the welt in finishini^ tiio
^dove. ami the risk of cuttinL; and weakening the stitches in so doing. Mr.
IUsi;\' at present cinplo_\-s about 15 men, who earn from $20 to $45 per
week, ami some Ijojs and 50 women and girls who earn from $9 to $20 per
week. Nearly all work by the piece, and can only earn the highest rates of
wages during the busiest seasons, by working o\crtime. Over 160 styles of
gloves are made in this establishment, mostly from buckskin, and the \ari-
ous skins known to the trade as kid. There is, however, during part of the
year, a good trade in woolen gloves. The glove of whicii Mr. BusiiV sells
nio.st is a strong buckskin glo\e named the "harvest." Mr. liusiiV believes
that there is a good future for our glovemaking industry, as the liigher
wages necessaril)' paid on this coast are more than offset by our better
methods of tanning, the abundance of raw material, and the reputation for
honest workmanship which our gloves have obtained.
Other Glove Factories. —The onl)- establishment on this coast engaged
in the m.uuifacture <jf genuine kid gloves is that of R. C. CLARK. All the
liighest grades of skins are imported, though under a duty of 20 per cent.,
and placed in the h;mds of the most skillful l-'rench cutters. The sewing
and making is tlone b)- c.\perts, imder the supervision of Mr. Cl.\KK. The
goods manufactured include ladies' kid from 2 to 25 button, and choice
grades of dogskin and buckskin riding and driving gloves.
At TllK P.U'IKIC Glovk Works of S. Bru.ML, the consumption of
material is at the rate of $50,000 a ycu: During the busy season 60 hands
are employed, nearly all of whom are women and girls. The firm has a
considerable ICastern trade, which has grown up w ithin the past year or
two, and finds a market for its goods on various [jortions of the Pacific
Coast. Other glove factories in San Francisco arc those of l^HILLirs &
IIi;sTii.\L, WiLLi.vM Shirks, G. Winchii.l, and \V. W. Wilcox.
TliK S.\N Josrc RoisE .\Mi Glovk COMr.VNV was incorporated in 1S79,
with a capital of $40,000. The companv' was organized by C. V. B.MLKV,
who is now its president. The enterprise is mainl)- tlirectcd to the manu-
facture of robes, which are made from the finest fleeces of Angora goats.
Some of the skins arc tanned and made into glove.s.
Shoe-stock. — The waste material of tanneries, such as the splits, scraps,
and skivings of leather, is made into sole.s, heels, and otlicr portions
of the boot or shoe, and is tiien termed shoe-stock. In the Eastern States
this branch of manufacture has long been a profitable industry. On the
Pacific Coast, material of this kind was long considered worthless, though
now commanding a fair price and sometimes diflficult to obtain. The only
enterprise of this nature is located at Pcnicia, and owned by John Fkrrii;r,
i,i;.\i iii'.R.
SI 9
who in i.SjS itncstcd $iOO in tlu- \cnturc, and now reports sales amounting;
to $8,000 or $io,oO(.) a year, with more orders on li. id tlian he can llli.
Want of capital and proper inachincr) was at first a threat (irau hack, and
for a time the factory was forced to sus|)end operations ; but these difficul-
ties were overcome, and the business is now in a thrivinj^ coiulition. The
^joods manufactured consist of inner, slip, and tap soles, counters, heels, etc.,
fastened together by a waterproof paste, the invention of the proprietor, and
afterwards passcti throu^'h a powerful roiliny-m.icliine, which renders the
stock as soliil as rolled sole leather. Ihe in.iihinery used consists ol ,1
5-horsc power engine, two njUers, a cutter, a splitting-machine, antl the
ncccs.sary sets of dies for cutting soles, heels, counters, etc. The pasting,
trimming, and packing is done b>- young boys and girls, who make fair
wages working by the piece.
Bellows. — There are but 2 factories on this coast engaged in the making
and repairing of bellows, and tho.e are both locatec' in San I'rancisco.
Not more than 10 or 12 men arc employed at this iiulu^try, and the gross
value of manufacture docs not exceed $36,000 a j-car. The inimlier of
pairs made is at the rate of i.Soo a year. The cost of material is estimated
;U $14,000, and of labor at $S,ooo. The entire capital invested i a' >ut
$10,000. Importations have entirely ceased of late years. The ciuantity
made in San I'rancisco is not nnly sufficient to supply the wants of the
Pacific Coast, but a margin is left for export to Au.straiia, Japan, and the
Hawaiian Islands, amounting in value to $3,000 a year. The i)rincii)al
materials usctl in the making of bellows arc .sca.soncd redwood lumber, and
California alum-t.uined cowhide, nhich is .soft and |)liable, resembling skirt-
ing leather. Oak-tanned kip leather is also used to some extent. Red-
wood, when properly .seasoned, is not affected by damp or drought, and for
that reason is preferred to the white wood used in I'^aslern factories. \11
the materials used are of home manufactin-e, with the exception of the
nails, which arc of cast-iron, and eiilircly imported.
In 1874 JA^rl•:s Cvmimskll, superintendent of TnK C.m.II-orm.x ]?ki.-
I.ow.s M.\NU1'.\cti:ki.\(; ComI'.WV, 1,2 I'remont Street, received a ])atent
for a reversible nozzle. When in use, the short end of the nozzle is in
serted in the head of the bellows, but when packed for shipment, it is re-
moved, and the long end inseiletl in the head, lea\ing only the short end
projecting. A sa\ing is thus effected in the measurement of the package,
and in the cost of freight.
In 1876 Mr. C.V.MI'I')I:li, recei\ed a seconil [Jatent for his "safety valve for
bellows." The valve is inserted in the nozzle and is self-acting. When
the bellows are in operation the vaKe remains open, hut closes as soon as
'
I
'li!
hIC
520
MANTI'ACTlJRr.S.
i ' : 1!
till' action ceases, thus prc\cntiiiL; tin- inLi;rcss of ^'as or fire, prcscn-ingf the
Ii'athcr from the effect of heat, and remlerin^; impossible the exiilosioiis
whicii sometimes occur in !arj;"i' jjlacl^smiths' or for^e heilovvs. lIi:\HN'
jMcKuni;, and the company already nameil, are the proprietors of the only
bellows Victories on the coast.
Hose and Belting.— The first lot of leather hose ever made on the Pacific
Coast was manufactured in San l'"rancisco in i-S;", ami ^'ained a premium
at the State fair held at Sacramento in that year. Since that time the
i^routh of this industry has been steatl)- and satisfactory, antl it now hwlds
a hi;.;h place among the manufacturin;^' interests of the coast. In earlier
tla)'s leather hose uf Californian proiluction, ai^ainst \'ery bitter prejudice,
forcetl its way into public favur solely by virtue of its superior merit. The
(.greater strenijth of California nak-tanneil leather, when compared with the
mixed tannages of the ICast, was established b}' repeated tests. It was
ascertained, by I'xpcrimcnts matle before a committee of the JJoard '.)f I'Wc
Commissioners, that I'.astern ho.se manufacturetl at Manchester, New Ilani])-
shire, and costing $1.75 a foot, gave w.iy under a pressure of 205 pounds to
the square inch; while California-made hose, worth $1.65 :i foot, carrietl the
test up to 22i, pounds before breaking, and at :!I5 poimds .showed no syi^ip-
toms ( if weakness whatever. The I'ire Department tiicrcforc gave the prefer-
ence to ho>e manufactured in San I'rancisco, and continued to u.se it until
icS74, when rubber hose of Kastcrn make w.as substituted. The change be-
came necessary on account of the greater height of buildings, and the cor-
responding increase of pressure to which the hose was subject. In the case
of the " Ilarpending" fire, for instance, which occurred on Market Street in
1873, the pressure of the water, when carried to the toj^most stories, was sc)
great as almost to exceed the capacity of leather for enduring the strain
Rubber hose, on the other hand, can be made of almost any strength by
thickening the material. It has, however, the disadvant.ige of being very
susceptible to injury. A very slight cut renders it almost worthless and
incapable of repair. Leather hose will do good work for 15 )-ears, and is
still used in many interior towns on account of its greater economy.
On .account of the \'ast extent of our mining operations, tiie consumption
of belling on *he Pacific Coast has .assumed large proportion.s. Ai: the
close of 1.S81 there were 4 establishments in operation, .ill located in San
Francisco, with .in .aggregate capital estimated at .$175,000, manufacturing
.about 200,000 feet of leather belting, 6,000 feet of hose, and 175,000 feet of
l.icing ;i year. The value of all these goods may be .set down at $250,000;
the number of oper.itives employed at 40, and the amount distributed for
labor at $25,000 a )ear. The cost of labor absorbs 10 per cent, and of ma-
terial about 70 per cent, of the gross proceeds of manufacture.
I.KATIIER.
521
The value of imported leather hose and beltinj; docs not exceed $,^o,oco
a year, or less than y per cent, of the entire consiunplion ; but \ery larijc
quantitie ■ of rubber floods, both beltiny and hose, arc imported for various
Ijurposes, at a cost of not less than $750,000 a year for the entire coast.
Two at least of the 4 factories in San I'rancisco have alread)- estalj-
lishcd a small, but stcadil)- incrcasinij, export trade, now estimated in ill at
about $50,000 a )-car. Their best foreit;n customers are liritish Columbia,
Mexico, the Hawaiian Isl.-inds, Australia, China, and Japan.
Considerable quantities of leather beltiri^' are shipped from the ICastern
States to Ili.^land, where, for some reason, her home-manufactured articles
are inferior to those of American make. Holts m.ide of the best Califor-
nian leather arc as much superior to Eastern yoods, ;is I^astcrn yoods are
to those of British manufacture. Our export trade already amounts to
$50,000 a >-ear, .iLjainst $30,000 worth of imports. Considerin;.,' the lari;e
extent of territorj' in which, on account of her commercial sitimtion, Cali-
fornia may hope, in time, to establish a considerable trade, manufacturers
ha\e every reason to feel wi 11 satisfied with their present status and the
prosperous outlook for their business. All the hose and lieltinL,' factories of
the coast are in San I'^rancisco. II. N. Cook has a hose and belt factor)-
that has been in operation since 1861, and a tanner}- where the material
required for his factor}- is ])repared. .At the tanner}- ij men ;ire emplo}-ed,
and 20,000 sides a }-ear are manufacturetl into leather \alued at .$90,000.
When converted into beltini(, etc., tiie leather is w-orth $135,000. The skilled
hands at the factor}- are paid on an a\craLje $3 a d.ay, and apprentices
recci\-e $10 a week. ]\Ir. CoOK is the inventor of a combination splitter,
with automatic gear, for scarfing belting, for which he recei\etl a patent in
1879. In 1S80 that gentleman succeeded in tanning sea-lion hides, of \\hich
he converts 2,000 annu.-Ul}- into a thick, soft leather. The factor}- of IIi:r-
M.\X ROVKR was built in 1868, .-md now gives employment to 12 hands.
The main feature of this establishment is the preparadon of fulled raw-iiidc
belting. The <;ak-bark tannage largely increases the weight and bulk of the
leather; but the fulling process adds little to the bulk and nothing to the
weight. It is claimed that fulled rawhide belting is of superior strength and
plianc}-. Mr. RoVKi; also makes what is termed combination belting, of
which one side consists of tanned, and the other of fulled leather. I'"ulled
rawhide ropes will run for }-cars without .showing any signs of wear, in pul-
leys much smaller than those recjuired for hemp ropes, which grow larger b\'
use, and are affected by atmospheric changes. Wire ropes are excellent for
transmitting power over long distances, but the want of elasticily makes it
impossible to use them largely for ordinary manufacturing purposes. A. A.
66
4i
Ill
MANll ArTlKIS.
U
C'liDK and L. P. I)i;(.l \ are other niaiiufactiirers ot Icatlier bcltniLj jn Sati
l''ranci.sco.
Rubber Goods.— Twf) large importint; hmiscs in San Francisco — TlfH
(;(i<iii\ i.AK Ki iii;i:r CoMrANV anil Tiii'; (a ma I'krciia an'D RnuiKU
Mami A( rri';iN(; I'omi'ANV — make up all the rubber goods that are pro-
duced on this coast. Hoth these establishments have facilities for makin;^
ail the leading descriptions of articles ef)nimonly in use, but neither of them
manufactures otherwise than to order, and usuall\- to lil! thetlemand lor some
.-.[jccial articles, whirh do not ha|)pen to be in the market. Their services
are al.so in request for icpairing work, w hich brings them in considerable
ri \enue, and for v.hicli tJlacy have all the ncccs.sary appliances. The entire
\alue ol all rubber good -of home production is less than $30,000 a )ear,
against ne;irl\' .ji [ .ooo.oon vvorth of imports. Tlie liemand 1- principall)' for
rublnr Imltjng and hoAc More than go ])er cent, of all tihe leather ho.sc
and belling :<.M:tl on the JHacatic Coast is supplied by San Fra.iiicisco factories,
and the \alui of ourexpoTTr in this line is nearly twice the amount of imports.
The I vattlletre quality- of .ntr hides and tan bark has alrcad_\ enabled a few
enterpriw!'' i' f";: i';complish these results. In the case of rub-
ber gooils, Im r, I'Liitage of ha\'ing to import the caoutchouc
from regions -o iir distant^a* South America, or tropical Asia, is a \ery
seriou-. obstac ''"'i' ! - ■ 1 m-umption of thoe aaticleson-thc Pacific
Coast may tn ,,, in- Ijiauch of industn,-; but, with the [ircsent
inices of laljor iSHil! (aqofiEU^^it can Jnardly be expected that manufacturing
enterprise will, in the iicar inaniiiire. atnain an\- great (.le\elopment, except in
cases where an aJosmdairt .supply oil cheap materiid can be obtained from
sources of supply that are easy of aoEess.
GLASS, KAKIIIKNWARK, liTC.
523
CHAPTER XXX.— GLASS, EARTIIENWAR !•„ ETC.
Scope of Chapter. — This chapter relates to products made from niin-
metaUic minerals by inanufacturing processes, and includes glass, potter\-,
bricks, hydraulic ccincnt, lime, cement pipe, artific-, i -'•nc, plaster casts,
and cut stone. These articles belong to a distinr' iinch of industry,
which has not held a very prominent place on our ..uast. In our archi-
tecture, wood is used far more extensively than brick or stone, and the
population is not yet large or dense enough to sustain factories for making
fme work in glass and pottery. That portion (jf our slope south of Ari/(jna
produces no glass of any kind, and no earthenware, save articles of tlic
coarser qualities. The slope north of Mexico employs in this ck parliuent
4,000 persons, and $4,000,000 of capital, and produces articles worth $0,000,-
000. The jjrick-cut stone and scwer-pipc, but not the structures or works
in whicli they are placed for final use, are included in tiic value.
Glass— The manufacture of glass on the coast is confined almost cx-
clusi'.x' • to bottle-making; the material being named after its color, as
amber, lilack, blue, olive, or white glass. The annual production is valued
at $350,000, and comprises soda, beer, wine, and liquor bottles, carboys,
demijohns, druggists' \ials, and fruit-jars; numbering over 5,000,000 in the
aggregate. The capital invested amounts to $225,000, and the industry
gives emploj-ment to 250 hands, of whom one half are boys, l)ctween the
ages of 12 and 20, The wages paid are: to the laborers who handle llic
material, $1,75 per day of 10 hours; to the firemen, $15 per week. The
gla s-blowers and the boys are paid by the piece; the former earning from
$5 to $10 per day, and the latter from 50 cents to $1.50 in the same
time. A day's work of a blower is S hours. About 650 packages of the
smaller articles ]jroduced arc exported to ]5ritish Columbia, the Hawaiian
Islands, Mexico, Japan, Central America, Australia, and China; the com-
parative quantities to each being in the order named. Whilst mentioning
exports, it may not be out of place to note that nearly 1,600 barrels of
broken glass have been shipped to China in a year. The raw materials
consumed annually include 4,000 tons of sand, 2,000 of soda ash, as many
of broken glass, r, 200 of lime, and \}4 of manganese. The sand used is
from Monterey, with the exception of an occasional lot brought by some
J
f!ii
I /
J
524
MAMlACTrUKS.
vessel as ballast; ihc limu is t'l-Din near ;\ubiini, and the iiian^Ljanese, tlie
oxide of which i^ used in small ()uaiUities as colorinLj matter, also comes
friiin \arioiis places in Califoi'nia. The ci-iide soda found on this coast bcin_t(
enlirel)- unsuitable Uiv ^dass manufacture, that used is imported from
]'2n^danil. The iiiel is coal, and Cannes from t''e coast and iVom Au-iralia;
tlic consumption bcin^^ about 2-, tons per day. The season extends
IhrouiLihout the year, the dullest ])eriod bcinij during' the winter months,
and the busiest the autumn, when jars for preser\in.L,f fruit are in deman<l.
Of the operatives, about three fourths arc white, the remainder l)ein^^
Chinese. 'I'hc latter, and a portion of the white bo)'s, are en,L;a;.(ed in
covcrini; demijohns with basket-work. In weavinif the material, the
C'hinese bej;in at the neck of tlie bottle, thus reversing- the method in
use amongst Caucasian.s. An improvement in this branch of tlie
industi)- consists in placiiiy^ -tulc, a coarse, flexible reed growinj^' abun-
dantly in the Californian marshes, between the glass and wattling. This
lining being elastic, shields the package in case of sliock, and thus adds to
its strength. The many bottles bearing names, or other tradc-inarks, on
their siuTaces in raiseti characters, arc made b)' blowing hot glass into
molds, which arc usually furnished by the parties whose names they bear.
Tills branch of the business is of importance, the value of the molds stored
at tlie w'irks being about $30,000 in the aggregate. The stock of manu-
factured ware kept on hand to meet sudden orders, is worth $()0,ooo.
Glassware is imported to the value of $:!,ooo,ooo yearly; one fourth in the
form of window-glass, the remainder being mirror plates, tableware, tub-
ing, etc. A sm.ill q.iantit}' of the last named has been made here. In
iS5y an attempt to establish a bottle factor)- in San I'"raiicisco was made
b)' a turn who were eng.iged in bottling and preserving; but the glass pro-
duced was of so inferior a i|u.ility that it pro\ed useless. The year follow-
ing, the compan)- brought workmen from the Eastern States ;ind built new-
works, which were abandoned a few months afterwards. Other parties
built works the same )-ear in the same cit)-, only to meet a like late with
their predecessors. .\ factory built in San I'rancisco, in 1862, produced
gootl glass; but the flames from its chimney so alarmed the people in the
neighborhood, ,iiui the alkaline deposits from the soda used so di.sgustcd
them, that the establishment was declared a nuis.-uice. In the mining days
of California, bottles were in such demand that old ones were gathered at
Honolulu, Tahiti, and along the Mexican Coast. The exjjense of iinporta-
tion from the llastern .States was nearh^ cc|ual to the origin;U cost, break-
age in tr.insit reached such proporti<ins, that a writer of the time compares
it to the loss sustained in shipi)ing ice through the tropics. Notwithstand-
ing these drawbacks ,ukI the additional one of imcertainty as to time of
CLASS, i:\UTIIIV\\ \\<]\ 1 If.
S-I?
arrival, tin: \nliR' ^f tlic impdrtaticm nf tjlas^ hullU-s in l^^;^) wa^; alxnii
$250,000. riic reason \vli\- ncitllcr tali'.i' nor wiiiilow L;lass i-; niadi' on
the coast is, that the manufactinT. to he iirofitahlc, must be carrieil on ix-
tcnsjvely; and our jiopnlation is not lar^e enouc;h to create the necessary
demand. Ail the establishments tliat make ^^lass, or L;rind. bend, emboss,
or silver it on our coast, are in San l-'rancisco.
TllK S.W ru.Wctsco .\M) I'.scil'ic ("il..\ss Works, orii;inall_\- 2 com-
panies whose names ,ire prescr\ed in the title, is the l.irtjest ^d.iss m.inii-
factorj- on tlic coast. The first mentioned, established I.))- CXKl/loN \i;\v-
4i
M.V.\ and 1'. T. I?R1:n\.\V in 1.S63, had a furnace containini
pots, the
output consistiiiLf of flint-,i;i;iss vi.ils, lamp-chimneys, etc. This uas tlio
first attempt to manufacture flint i^lass on the coast, and was not a suc-
cess financially. owiiT.^ to lack of pro[)er material, and experienced work-
men. In 1868 the works were destroyed by fire. In 1870, C. Xi:nM.\\
built the bottle factorj' located on Kini^ Street neai' I'"(]in-th, for the pro-
duction of ^'reen, blue, and amber t;lassware, and in 1876, this comi)anv
bought the good-will, stock, and fi.\tures of TllK I'.vt'll'U ("".i.Ass Works,
a concern dating from 1862, and the 2 firms became one. The present
comp.my have 2 buiklings, each containing 7 pots, the combined capacity
being 14 tons of glass daily, and arc constructing flint-glass works for the
inanufactiux" of druggists' vials, lamp-chimneys, ami pressed ware. Capit.d
to the amount of $200,000 is invested; 200 hands are employeil, and tiie
anmial product is \alucd at $300,000.
Tut: Caiji'ORNIA Co-oI'ER.vtivk Glass Works were established at
San I'Vancisco in i88r by Joiix L. Klllv iS: Co., with a capital of
$7,ooci. The industrj- furnishes cmplojinent to 40 men anil boj's, who arc
turning out green, amber, and white vials, bottles, and demijohns, to the
value of $4,000 monthly. The works are located at the foot of Ninth Street.
Mirrors, eto. — In connection with the manufacture of glass are various
industries depending on it for r,nw material. As carried on here, these iirc
silvering mirrors, cutting, grinding, antl embossing glass. .Stained glass is
importeil from lunope in sheets, which are worked up as rec|uired. There
aie 2 establishments in .San Francisco engaged in the manufacture of
mirrors, employing 7 men. The capital in\ested .imoimts to $175,000, and
the work done is i)rincipally on large plates made in Kuro|)C. ^lirrors
made here arc better than the foreign product, for the reason that a sea
voyage tarnishes the silvering. Sm;;!l, cheap glasses are mostly brought to
the coast from the h'.astcrn States. About 15,000 square feet of glass ;irc
covered here ye.irly, and valued at nearly $125,000. In i860 tliere was but
one man emplo\ed in the business on the Pacific .Slope.
i
;-'^-
MAMI Ai'lTKKS.
i, .'■■
i!te. i
( )iiiain(iu.il i(l.iss work, includin;,' bciulin^r, cinpl(i\-s 20 men in San Fran-
cisco, and tlicir waLjcs averaf^^c $18 per week. The annual value of the out-
put is about $60,000. In hendintj Ljlass, the sheets are laid on iron molds,
anil heal applied until the softened plate conforms to the pattern.
The o])a(iue surface, which is the distintjuishint,' characteristic of .L;n>unil
j^lass, is produced by friction in contact with powtlered emery, sometimes
Lflued to the i)erii)hery of a wheel. I''mbossinL( resembles etchint;, in tl'.at a
co.itin^' of resistin^r material is spnad over the surface of the fjlass, and
acid applieil lhrouL,di o]jeninj4s cut in the coating;; but the f^lass is eaten be-
tween the fij^'urcs, thus iea\ inij the latter raised. The ])rincipal glass-cutting
establishments are tho.se of S. \i. Ibjl'lKK, WlLI.l.A.M IIoisT, JuHN i\I.\LLON',
and J.\Mi:s M( t".\kl liv.
Pottery. — The pottery made on the T'acific Coast, thus far, has been
chictly of the coarser classes, including such articles as chimney-tojis, and
other architectural ornaments, flower-])ots, garden-\ases, fountains, chinuiej-,
and drainage pipe, jugs, anti brown cirllienware, fire-brick, and crucibles.
With trifling exceptions all table and otiier fine ware is imijorted. At one
establishment floor tiles, stoves, and burial-caskets, ha\e been manufactured.
y\iiiillier firm has e.\])erimcntcd in glazed )e!low ware, exhibited kitchen
uu iisiK matle of this material, and will i)robabl)' |)lace it on the market
during the coming )car, but generall)-, no fine work has been attcm])ted.
'I'he annual value of the productions i.s about $275,000. In atklition,
3,000 i)ackages of crocker\- of all kinds, and 750,000 fire-brick are im-
ported. The exports amount to [,500 packages; the greatest number
being to liritish Columbia, Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, Central America,
and the South Sea Islands, in the order named. The importation of fire-
brick is largely in excess of its production, not more than 75,000 being
maile here \early. Manufacturers claim for their jjroducts, that they have
been tested side by side with the best luiglish brick in some of our largest
smelting works and fi)undries, .ind ha\e proved their equals in all respects;
but the foreign article coming over as ballast, is transported at a cost little
in excess of handling, antl offered here for $55 per 1,000, which is from $5
to $10 less than the jirice of the home lu'oduct. The principal beds of
jjotter's clay so far discoveretl on oiu' coast are in California, and are in
AiuaiJor, Placer, Sacramento,and Contra Costa counties; the cla)' costing from
$1.50 to $5 I'er ton, according to distance transported. In the ])iitteries more
tl'ian 200 hands are employed, one third of whom are Chinese; the)- are usually
paid by the jjiece, the most skillful earning $4 per da\-, the Chinese $1. I'ho
working seascMi extends throughout the dry months, or about two tltirtls of
the year. The capital imested auu'unis to $3oo,0(X). The cl,i\- is of ex-
HT.ASS, 1 AKTllINU AKi:, KTC,
527
ccllciit (|it,ilily, ill alnmilaiU (|U,imily, ati 1 will im dniilit iK-comc mure \alii-
ablc ycarl)-. The Amador, I'laccr, and C'oiUra Costa deposits arc worked
in connection with coal niiiiinL;; that in Sacramento Count)' is obtained from
Michit;an and Cook's liars, on the Cosiiinnes River. Clay lias also been
foinid and worked near Mureka, in Humboldt County; near Casti'o\ ille, in
•Montcre)- Count)-; in Los Anj^cles Count)-, ne.n- Santa Monica and San
Fcrnandino; in Xapa Count)-, near Xapa; ,iinl in the \icinit)- ot' Rrd IMulT,
in Tehama County. At present there are 10 establishinents in California,
2 in OrcLjon, and 3 in Utah. The Californian factories ha\-e furnished 17
miles of their jiipe to the Cit)' of San I-rancisco. The facilities for prockic-
tion are ample for the suppi)- of the coast; there is crude material in sufTi-
cicnt (|uantit)- to permit manufactiirin;^- for e.vport; the <|iialit)- of om-
]iroductioii compares fax'irabl)- with similar articles m,-ide in the {•'.asiern
States or in luirope. Manufactiu'ers aie prcparini; the u;i)- for the proiluc-
tion of a better class of ware, .-uid we ma)- therefore confidentl)- expect to
see in the near future our cl,-i)-s tunn d into the I'mer articles of potter)-, ex-
clusive of porcelain. l-"ire-cla)- h.is been found mi Ctah, .\'c\-ada, .uul
Arizona, ami used to some extent in making refracioi)' linings for smeltinj;-
furnaces. It is also known ' • occur in Alask.'i.
TuK Sax I'kancisco Si-;ui£r Pii'i-; .Association- rcomprisincj N. Ci.akk
& .Sox's Pacific IVittcry of SacraiiH-nto, the pottery of Cii-.MHtixc, Mi Hi. A.N
& Co., at Lincoln, Californi;i. J.\M1-;'- Millkk iK: Co.'s California I'ottery, at
Oakland, and A. .Stkioer's potter)-, at .San Jose) has ailopted a uniform
schedule of prices for all .sales in -San r'nuicisco; but each conducts its own
businc:;s independently, and each sells at the pottery at such prices as it
sees fit to accept. In Sacramento, H. F. BuxDOCK, Gi;oK(;k ^L\I)llO\, and
r. \"(iN llAin.X have potteries. In (Oakland, Daxiki. Hu.\XX.\X has a
potter)- which was established in 1S56; and W H. & I". II. DkxmsoX
built drain-tile works at Napa Cit\- in 1S80. C BI. Mvi:ks has a potter) at
Orcj^on City, Orc5,u)n. In Utah, Kakiu i-:v & Caktwrioii r and F. Pktsox
lia'.'c works at .Salt Lake City, obtainint; their cla)- from the mountains, 40
miles ilistant. There are several small potteries elsewhere in the Territory
Buena Vista Pottery.— Tin-: lU kxa Vista Pottkrv was established ni
the town 111 lUiena \ ista, Polk Count)-, (Orcj,ron, by the present owner, /\.
M. .SMiril, who discovered beds of cla)- on the banks of ilu- Willamette
River, upon which the \-ilIa^e is siluateil, and Imilt works there in I<S65.
The kilns, which differ fi-om those in u><- elsewhere, ami mo t of the machines,
were desi;,nieil b)- the proprietor, and have proved successful, .\lioul 50
men are emplo)ed, who turn (JUt sewer-;)ipe, stoneware, ilower-pots, \,-ises,
fire-brick, etc., which arc .sold in ()rey;ou and \Vashint;ton, the factor)- beint;
m i
' M
wm
\-mi
$1
in
5:!8
MA.vti AcrrKix
tlu' larijcst one in the industry in ()rcL;f)n. The wluilcsalc dcpdt is at 269
Imhiu Street, I'ortlanti. Mi. Smiiii has been iinifonnl)- successful, ,ilthi)ii.L;li
se\crai other parlies iia\c attcinpletl to estabHsh |)ollcrics in his neighbor-
lu)()(l aiul failed.
Bricks. — liricks are now manufactured b_\- 2 processes: tlie old inethod,
in which a kihi conlaininLj (OO.ooo bricks or less is heated from 9 to 14
(la\'s, rccpiirinL; about 400 cords of wood for fuel; and by a process knfiwn
as I loflni.m's, in which coal is the fuel emplo)-c\!, the Isricks are baked in
lurnaces, some of which ha\e a capacit)' for 450,000, and the time of burn-
hv^ is from 24 to 36 hoiU's. As wood costs $S per cord, rmd Moimt Diablo
coal at least $5 per ton, tlie difference in time between llie two methods is
an item of imjiortance in the manufacturer's account of expenditures,
liricks are classifietl in accordance with their manufactin'e and value. Those
comini^ out of the burniuL;' in a warped condition, onl_\' suitable for tlie in-
terior of walls, ;ire known as c<jmmon red, and sell for from $7 to $cS.50 per
1,000. Those of i.,'ood tiualit}' are termed buildintj-brick, and are sold for
$9 per 1,000; anil those pressed In- macliiner)-, a slower process, brin^r from
$25 to $^0 [jcr 1,000. The annual consmnption of the products of this in-
dustry is said, b\- those en^'agetl in it, to vary more than that of any article
manufactured on the coast, and to tlepend entirely upon the state of the
money market. During; 1 SSl, the production amounted to about 125,000,-
000, and it is not probable the consumjition will hereafter fill below 100,-
000,000 in the most staLjnant season. Of the number consumed, nearl_\- two
tiiirtls were built up in (.California, the remainder beinj;' distributed through
the territory north of Mexico. The capital in\-ested in the industry amoimts
to about $700,000, and emploj-mcnt is ,t,nvcn to 1,600 persons, of whom one
half are Chinese. The laborers are desitjnatcd and paid in accordance with
the ilulies performed. Tiie burner, who has chartjc of the fires, receives $70
l)er month and board; those who sliape the bricks are termed moldeis,
ami are paid $40 to $50 per month and board; those who carry the molds
to the (h-)'ing-ground, and emi)t)- out the bricks, are called off-bearers, and
receive $30 to $35 and board' and those who pile the bricks in tlie kiln arc
known as setters, and are paid $45 and board. Chinese, when employed as
setters, are paid $1.40 per thou.sand, a contract beint^ made with a boss who
furnislies his own men ; Chinese molders recei\e $1.75 per day, and Chinese
pitmen aiul other ordinary laborers $1.20 per day. While the kilns arc
bein;4 burned the work goes on daj' and night, the men working by shifts.
The season extends from about April to October, inclusive, except in the
case of the Hoffman process, whicli being partially carried on under cover,
is less depentlent on the weather. The cost of the claj', in places where
ra.ASS, lAKTIll NWAKF., KTi'
•i2i)
that material i'; obtained \cry near the fiimacc, is i-stiinati'd lo he 75 cents
fi>r 1,000 bricks. The bctis of cla)- arc rret|lieiit!\- tnore tlian JO feel in
deptli, and rarcl\- less than 4 feet. The convicts at the State penitentiary
in Marin (."ounty, California, made 6,500,000 bricks in 1S7S.
Many )ards have been established on the coast within 25 years that,
after flourishint^^ for a period, ceased to exist. J. Di>.\K and otlicrs estab-
lislied works at Stockton, California, in 1.S50, and turned out durini;' that
year 700,000 bricks. In 1858 the Sacramento yards furnisheil o\er 1,500,-
000 ijricks for llio defenses of San I'Yancisco haibc r. In 1S49 a ship-loail
of bricks from I'lymoutli, Ma.ssachusctts, was sold in San Francisco for $60
per 1,000. The numerous fires that occurred in San I'^rancisco, and in otlier
Californian towns, durinj^ the days of cotten-lined wooden buildings,
created a lively demand for bricks, that was met by a correspondinjj activ-
ity in their manufacture. The largest brick buildinc; on the coast, the
Palace Hotel in San Francisco, contains 23,000,000 bricks. \\'ith the ex-
ception of fire-bricks, which are noted in the article on pottery, there are no
importations of buildin<,r-brick, and competition by outside manufacturers
is not to be expected. The production in this branch of industry has more
than doubled in quantit)' .since 1S70.
Amon^"^ the brick manufacturers of the coast may be mentioned R I, MIL-
LARD Hkotiikk.s and II inter & Shacklkford, of San Francisco;
Fountain Hrothkr.s and John C. Rvan, of Sacramento; T. W. Pk-
TLRSON, of San Josd; and Da\TS & LOWELL, of Mountain View.
Hydraulic Cement. — The total consumption of this article is estimated
to be not les.s than 100,000 barrels annually; of which c|uantity, about 30,-
000 barrels are produced here, the remainder bcin^ imported from the /\t-
lantic States and from liurope. Twche men are employed in the industry,
which is carried on through the dry months only. The raw material is ob-
tained within 6 miles of the works, which are situated in Henicia, Cal.,
where they were established by TllE I'ACilTC Ce.MENT Comi'ANV in 1864.
The San Francisco agent is J. Browell. The cement is sold at $2.50 per
barrel, and is prepared by calcination, from rock containing carbonate of
lime and alumina.
Cement Pipe.— Cement pipe, as made on this coast, is composed of
gravel, clean beach sand, and hydraulic cement, the last named being of 2
varieties: a protluct known as Bcnicia Cement, manufactured in California;
and the Rosendale braml, made from rock quarried in New York State.
These cements are mixed in the ])roportion of one part of Californian to 2
parts of F.astern. The process of forming the pipe is simple: 2 iron cylin-
ders of the length of a section are set up, one within the other, the space
67
S30
MAN'UI'ACTUUES.
I*:i
between them bcin;^ equal to the desired thickness of the pipe; and the
mixture, previously made into a stiff mortar, is filled in the intermediate
space anil rammed. When dry the tube is very hard, and equally durable
with the most lasting stone. The total production of cement pipe on the
coa' :. measures about 60 miles, two thirds of which is laid in San Francisco.
Tlie anriual production is about 125,000 feet, valued at $40,000; the cap-
ital invested amounts to $35,000, and employment is given to 8 men, who
are paid on an a\'cra[;e $_• per day of 10 liours. The pipe is sold at from
IJ to 95 cents per lineal foot, according to size. The principal manufac-
turers are II. S. AI.VKTix, San Francisco; and G. J\lELLER & SON.S, Sac-
ramento.
Artificial £tone. — Artificial stone of 2 descriptions is produced on the
coast; that made in blocks for building, statuary, etc., and stone for walks
and carriage drives. The first named, an ICnglish invention, is a composi-
tion the principal ingredients of which are Portland cement, caustic soda,
chloride of lime, and sand. The cement is a burned mixture of gray or
white chalk- with clay from the alluvial deposits along the shores of the
Thames and Mcdway. Excepting the sand, the materials of which thi.s
stone is formed are imported from Fngland. Paving-stone is a concrete
made of sand, fine gravel, and Portland Cement. At first the mortar was
spread continuously o\er the surface to be co\-ercd, and left in that condi-
tion to harden, but it was found that the mass shrunk and cracked in dry-
ing; and the practice, at present, is to cut rectangular sections of the size of
ordinary flagging, before the mixture sets. The annual value of the pro-
ducts of this industry is over $300,000; the capital invested amounts to
$150,000, and employment is given to 1 15 hands, who recci\e from $2 to $4
per day, according to skdl and experience. Of the raw material, the cement
costs from $4 to $5 per barrel here; caustic soda about 4J2 cents per pound;
chloride of lime 2J:< cents; and clean beach gravel $2.50 per cubic yard.
Paving-stone is made on the ground it is to cover, and costs the consumer
from 28 to 35 cents per square foot. Artificial building-stone has been
used in San Francisco for fronts; there and elsewhere in the State for
foundations for the machinery of iron works and of mines; and at Sacramento
for casting the 7 figures surmounting the exterior walls of the State
Capitol. About 2,000,000 square feet of artificial stone pavements have
been laid in San Francisco and neighboring towns. Several companies,
formed to manufacture artificial stone, were unsuccessful, mainly because of
the inferiority of their products.
In lo/i an establishment widi a capital of $100,000, began the manufac-
ture of artificial marble at Oakland, the principal material used being
11 !
CLASS, 1 ARTm.WVXUl-, VTC.
5.^1
{^rypsum, imported from luii^l.uul. The business ;,;a\c cniployinent io \ ::
men, ;ui(l the production.^ in one \-ear amounted in \alue to near!)- $70,000.
The industry, ho\\e\er, did not prove iJrofitahle, and liie works wure closed.
The artificial stone works of Iv 1,. R.wsoM, a Mm of tiie in\enlor nl"
the process in Mnylaiui, were ori;jinal!\- incorporated in San I'rancisco in
1868; the company inducing the present proi)rietor to conn: to tlie .State to
superintend the inanufacturc. Tlic original capital stock of the compan_\-
was $100,000; and tlie liusincss was continued for several years, until it
finally passed under tiie control of Mr. R,\.NS().\I. The product.^ include
foundations, arches, floors, wharf-v.alls, piers, caissons, w.iter pipes .md
filters, as well as building-blocks.
Tin: CALiroRNiA Artu-icial Stone I'avinc. Co.mi'anv was established
at San Francisccj in 1876 with a capital of $100,000. The com[ian}- manu-
factures under what is known as the Sini,Ll\(;r.l': patent, and makes walks,
drives, floors of all kinds, arches, and all other constructions of wliich this
material is the com[)osition, and constantly employs 20 .skilled laborer; ,it
wages ranging from $2.50 to $4 per day. The stone hardens with time,
and is, it is claimed uninjured by heat or cold. About 700,000 square feet
have been laid by the compan)-. The first artificial stone walks and drive:;
laid in San Francisco, were put down by the workmen of this establishment.
Tin-: P.vzzoLA Scoxr. Works of H.vzard & Karl, in Los Angeles,
California, established in 1875, make colored pavements, sewer-pipc, and
irrigation-pipe, of which a large quantity is used in the count)-. In .Sacra-
mento, G. Mi:llek & Sons and L. V. S.mith make artificial .stone.
Plaster of Paris. — Three grades of this material arc produced, building,
for hard-finish and general purposes, casting, for ornamental pieces, and
superfine, for the use of sculptors and model-makers. Terr.i alba and land
plaster are also made tVom different varieties of gypsum, by grinding tlie
rock without calcination. The former is used in paper-mills to increase the
weight of writing-paper, and the latter is applied to land, as a fertilizer. Jkit
little of either is employed. Marble is pulverized at plaster works, the dust
being used in making hard-finish, where white sand is not at hand, and also
by manufacturers of aerated waters, champagnes, and cider, in generating
carbonic acid gas. The annual consumption of plaster of Paris amoimts to
about 10,000 tons, or 70,000 barrels of 285 pounds each, of which quantity
500 tons are imported from the Eastern States. About 500 barrels are cx-
jiorted, chi<?n>' to British Columbia and the Hawaiian Islands. The price
in the San I'rancisco market is from $2.50 to$,^ per barrel. Probably three
fourths of the consumption is for building purposes; the sales of the other
varieties being limited. The wholesale rates are: fijr terra alba, $15 per
532
MWriACTURES.
ton; for land plaster, $S to $ioi)cr ton; and for marble dust, S^t, per barrel,
liiil few h.'iKJs are recjuircd in the preparation of these articles, the work
hein;.; done mostly h)- machinerj-. The greater part of the laboring force
is employed in (|uarr_\inf; the rock, which is obtained near Muleje, Lower
California, in jjieces wei^hinfj from 20 to lOO pounds. Althouf^h plaster
was made on the coast as earl)- as i,S6i, until within a few years
I'.astern makers viiUtally controlled our market. Imports in 1875
.amounted to more than 20,000 barrels; in 1879 they had fallen off to
about 5,000 barrels, and h.ive decreased stcadil\- since. It is true there has
been a period of stai,niation in buiWinL;-, but our home products are well
spoken of b}- buiklers, the r.iw material is .ibund.uit .uid of j'ootl qualit\',
and it is impioliable the Ivistern product will be seen in our market a^'.ain
ill such quantities as have been reported in past seasons. The only estab-
ishmenl on the coast is that known as Tin; GoLt)F.N G.VTI-; I'L-VSTKR
Mills, owned b}- Lixas & Co., established in San I-'rancisco in 1874.
Plaster Decorations, etc. — Depending u]5on plaster-mills for their sup-
ply- of materiid, are the manufacturers of plaster casts. The manufacture
of plaster ornaments for walls and ceilini^s, employs 25 men at an average
rate of .'f^ per d.i)- of 10 hours, consumes 1,500 barrels of plaster per year,
and has an aggreg.'ite capital amounting to $15,000 investcil in tlie busi-
ness. The most important establishment of the kind, that of Klllkt &
]\IL•M^K1^\^■, .San I''r;mcisco, has branches at .Sacramento and .Seattle.
Tile remaining works are located, 2 in San I'"rancisco, and one in .Sacramento.
Plaster Statuary. — Plaster statuary is manufactured to the annu.il value
of $3,000, rec[uiring 100 barrels of raw material, and furnishing employment
to 3 men. There is but one establishment, that of D. Men'CARINI, in San
I'^rancisco.
Marble and Granite. — Marble and granite working, usually carried on
at the same establishment, constitute an industr)-, the annual products of
which are valued at $1,000,000. ]\Iarble is of 2 main classes: the pure white,
and the colored. Imports of all kinds, including finished statuar)' and other
it;Uian designs, as wreaths, etc., Carrara, Belgium, N'ermont, and Tennessee
marbles, and Scotch granite, amount to about 20,000 cubic feet, valued at
$100,000. The number of firms engaged in the business is 110; the cap-
ital invested amounts to $600,000; and, exclusive of quarrj'men, employ-
ment is furnished to over 500 hands, who are paid, for cutting and
polishing, from $2.50 to $3 per da)', and for car\ing, from $4 to
$6 per da)-, a day's work being 10 luiurs. Of the raw material, finished
statues, wreaths, and like articles for architectur.d ;uid cemcteri.d
GLASS, i;.\kTiii.N\vAKi;, inc.
5,^^
purposes bcin;^ obtainable at cheaper rates in Italy than the)' can be
earved for here, are imported read)--niade, and attached to mantds, nidnii-
metits, and other work, as required. Italian colored and white marbles
comprise two thirds of the entire consumption. I?lack marble is brou^'ht
from l?elLjium in small (juantitx-, and a little Spanisli stoni' is also importeii.
The best ^Vmerican white marble comes from Vermont, anil the best
colored from Tennessee. The price of rough blocks is about $5 i)er cubic
foot; there beini; little, if any, difference here between Italian and .Amer-
ican (I'.astern) stone, although the IVamer [lays a iluly of 50 i)er cent.
Californian marble is but little used at present; ilealers assigninj^ as reasons
that the white is hard and will not take a good jjolish; ;ind the dark-veined
unfashionable; in addition to which, the cost of transport.'Uion from the
quarries i.s great. A limited deposit ha.s been founil in Solano Count)-, of ;i
mineral .ilabaster, sometimes called Californian on)x. It takes a high
polish, is veined in rich colors, and has been worked into mantels and table-
tops; some of the former selling for as much as $2,000 each. It can not
be carved, the texture being flak)'. Two varieties of Scotch granite are
used: red, from Aberdeen, and gra\', from Peterhead. The importation is
small, not exceeding $5,000 in annual value; and this is cut abroad, in
order to lessen duties and freight charges. It is employed chiefl)' for monu-
ments, urns, and va.scs ; the cost is the same for either color, .'uid either is
susceptible of a high polish. Black and gray granite are both plentiful in
California, and have been used to some extent for building. The cost in
the rough block is $1.25 per cubic foot. Californian marble having dark
blue veins, has been shipped to Italy, and a block was also .sent to the
Vienna E.xposition. Two .shipments have been made to the National Cap-
ital, for the Washington Monument; the first, from a vein opened in 1852,
having been destroyed by fire after reaching its destination. Foreign
marble is all received at San Francisco and thence distributed throughout
the coast.
Twenty thousand tons of granite are quarried annually in California, one
half of the quantity being used in San F^rancisco.
The largest wholesale marble works on the coast arc those of L. J. Rur-
I'lN'O & Co., San Francisco, established in 1855. The first steam machin-
ery used here in the industry was introduced by this hou.se in 1859; and
they now run a gang of 17 .saws, with other appliances to correspond.
Most of the sawing for the coast is done b)- them, emplo\ing 13 hands and
recjuiring the investment of a capital of $75,000. The firm owns vessels,
imports direct from Italy, and controls two thirds of the foreign trade. J.
D.WIELS & Co., San Francisco, who have a capital of $40,000, furnish
employment to 25 hands, and turn out monuments and architectural pieces
1l!
11
IMAGE EVALUATION
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Corporation
33 WIST MAIN STRUT
WIBSTM.N.Y. MSM
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M.wi'i'.v iruKs.
to the annual value of $5o,ooc^ iriakin;^ the house the larcjcst manufacturers?
in their line on the const. J. GraN T, of San I'rancisco, was, it is said, the
first person to (]uarry .uui cut Californian marble. I'or several \ears he
worked a (luarry in Tuolumne Count\-. The largest j^'r.iiiite-workin;; esi.ib-
lishmcnt on the coast is that of G. (iRll-inil, located at l'enr)-n, California,
where- the proprietor has ([uarrics. Tiic polishiiij' apparatus work.s eitiier
\erticall\- or hori/.ontall)', anil a block weighin;.,' lO tons can be re.idily
handled. 'J'he owner is the oldest .i;ranil(' worker here, lia\in;,' bcj^un oper-
ations ,-it Mormon Island in 1S5:;. lie !iow employs, countinj,' quarrymcn,
more than 200 hands. t)ther workers in marble ;md ^'ranite on our coast
are: J. & I". Ki;s.s;li;u. Misto BKirriUius, and L. A. Mvi ks, in San
l'ranci;co; Atkdn & iMsii, l>K.\i:i. I.iii;, J. C. Di:vim:, \V. Ho^•^•| &
I'd., J. C. CAKKol.I., 1'. '!". MoRRI.s, in Sacramento; Hl..\Ncll.\KI) &
O'Nr.ll., J. \V. CoMlis, and Li;i: & Dklonc, in San Jos-e; ClIAL.Mi.KS
& II()i,Mi:s, and William Volnc, in i'ortkmd; Stager 15KOTin;us, in
Salem, and also in Alban\ ; and MoKRis & I'AANs, in Salt Lake City.
Lime. — t")ver tl;e ;^;reater portion of our coa!4 limestone is comparatively
r,uv: jet it is found in all the political divisions, and nearlj- ever)' one
burns enough lime for its own consumption. There are 2 principal belts of
limestone in California: one on the western slope of the .Sierra Xevad.i,
about 1,800 feet al.M)\e the sea, from M;uiposa to Aubiu-n ; .md the other in
the Coast Rani;e from Santa Cruz to Mount l.)iablo. Tiie fn-st lime-kiln
in ihe St;ite was built in 185^, near .S.mta Cru/, which continues to take
the lead in the proiUictivin, makini,' consitlerabl)' more than half of all
burned in the .Slate. The rock is a mountain limestone, containinij a kir^c
])vMcentaL;e of carbonate of lime, and )iel(lin_L(, when well calcined, a mate-
rial excellent for the piu-poses of the mason .-mtl plasterer. In i.SSi
the .iniount of lime recei\eil in San l"rancisco was 128,000 barrels; in 1880,
I2l,txx"i. In the latter _\ear .S;mta Cruz Count)' made 114,563 barrels;
Clipper G.ip and Ai)plL\L;ate, in Placer Ca\e, 17,210; Alabaster t!a\e, 16,-
250; Cave V'alle)', 8,027; Marble Vallc)-, 4,264; I.os Gatos, 3,318; and
Guadalupe, 30,000. The number emiilo)ed \aries with the season ; btin^
in the summer Irom 175 to 200 men, and in the winter ;i somewhat less
nunilxr. The amount of wood consumed for fuel in the lime-kilns is from
1 3,tX)0 'o 15,000 cords .uuuiall)'; ])rincii)ally reilwooil, cut in lent;ths of 8
feel. The total protluction on the coast is :)robabl)' 250,000 barrels an-
nuall)', worth $325,000.
iJwis & CdWi'.i.L, of San Francisco, have the lar^c.M lime-burning
e.-lablislimcnt of tlu; coast, at .Santa Cruz, and deal extensively in cement,
plaster, marble dust, fire-clay, etc. II. T. ll<iLMLs & Ci.)., of San l'"ran-
■)!'■
CLASS, r.AKTIIF.NWAlU;, ICTC.
5.15
Cisco, li.ivc a lime quan-)- in Santa Cruz County, and arc ajjcnt-; for tlic
lime from Clipper Ga[), ApplcLjatc, and Alabaster Cave. Tin; .S.W Josi-;
I-lMi; CoMi'ANV has an extensive lime quarry near the Guadalu[)e quick-
silver mine, in Santa Clara County, and in iSSi made 40,000 barrels.
Wash i n|.,f ton produces 05,000 Ijarrels of lime annuall)-, ;i portion of wiiicli
is consumed by Orct;on. Of the entire quantity, 37,000 barrels are tlic out-
put of the kilns of San Juan Count>-, and 35,000 of those of Fierce County.
The principal works are those of Till', T.\i OM.\ l.IMi; CoMi'ANV, who burn
20,000 barrels }-ear!y, and have an agency at Portland under the manajje-
ment of J. McCu.VKr.N & Co. Other prominent manufacturers are Is.\.\C
W. Anderson, who makes 15,000 barrels j-early in l'u)-allup Valley ; Mc-
Lociir.AN UR()TIII;i;s, at I'rid;i\' Harbor, who make 15,000 barrels annually,
and whose Portland ajjency is cor.trolled by \\'ADll.\.\rs & Mlliott; and
TiiK Sa.n Juan Li.mi: CoNxI'ANV, producing 7,000 barrels per year, and
shipping to CdUIiHT & .M.ULKAV, at Portland. About 5,000 barrels of
lime arc burned on Orcas Island, jearly.
Pavement. — .'\s pavement or substitute for pavement, the roadways in
the towns of our coast have been covered with planks, wooden blocks,
broken stone, broken stone covered with asphaltum, bricks soaked in melted
asphaltum, cobble stone, and rectangular blocks of granite and basalt. The
plank is excellent for a short period, and cheap in first cost, but of little
durability. The i)referrcd material is the basalt block.
San I'ranci.sco, the chief cit)-, is built upon the sand; and experiments
with the object to give lasting surface to her streets have been both numer-
ous and costly. At present San Francisco has, within her corporate limits,
57 miles of macadam road, 27 of plank, 25 of cobble, 20 of basalt blocks, 4
of wooden blocks, and 4 of other material, in all 137 miles. An average of
<j streets taken at random from the records in the office of the superin-
tendent of strcet.s, .shows the cost during 1881 to be for basalt, $1.75 per
.sciuare yard; for planks, 52 cents; macadam, ranging from 21 cents to 95
cents, according to depth of coating, the average being 70. The rates given
do not include gutters, except in planking, nor curbs. Granite curbs cost
about 14 cents per lineal foot, and gutters vary in cost, depending upon
material. Oakland, California, the .second city in population, has most of
her streets covered with macadam.
Paving was begun in San Francisco in 1856, prior to which year planking
was used e.xclusivel)'. In Sacramento, it was found neccssar)' to raise the
grade of the streets, in order to prevent overflow from the river in times of
high water, and consccjucntly paving operations have been retarded. The
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MANUFACTURES.
streets nf Portland, Oregon, arc covered with plank, Nicholson, and other
wooden pavements.
As to durability, plank lasts from 4 to 6 years, depending upon the
amount of travel; and wooden blocks decay owing to exposure to extremes
of wet and ilry, and then cumble under heavy loads. In the case of carbol-
izcd brick, the asphaltum used becomes ground to a fine dust which is
blown about by the summer winds to the anno)'ance of those living in the
vicinity, as well as of travelers. No material has been found equal to hard
stone blocks, and these are now used in San Francisco wherever new streets
arc paved.
PROVISIONS.
537
CHAPTER XXXI.— PROVISIONS.
Sul\jects Included. — The classification of subjects in a book like this
must be arbitrary in some respects. Many articles of industrial production
have double or even triple characters. Wine, brandy, beer, canned fruit,
may be treated properly under the heading of either agriculture or manu-
facture; the packing of salmon may be considered as a part of the fishery,
or as a distinct business; salt is an article of food and also a mineral pro-
duct. Without undertaking to explain ali the reasons for the arrangement
here adopted, it is sufficient for our purposes to say that this chapter docs
not include wine, brandy, raisins, dried fruit, canned fruit, or canned fish,
all of which arc the subjects of other portions of the volume. It treats of
flour, crackers, confectionery, sugar, macaroni, chocolate, ground coffee and
spices, cured beef and pork, soda water, ice, salt, yeast powder, vinegar,
pickles, mal' liquors, and distilled liquors, except brandy. The aggregate
amount of capital on our coast invested in the production of these articles
is about $20,000,000; the number of men employed, 8,000; and the annual
value of the product about $43,000,000 — more than half of the last figure
being contributed by flour and sugar.
Meat Packing. — At as early a date as 1853, attempts were made to
initiate the packing of salt meat on the Pacific Coast ; but the parties who
undertook it were inexperienced; the climatic conditions were new to them,
and the first efforts were pronounced failures. As Oregon and California
increased in population, more or less packing was done at isolated points in
the interior, the product being generally roughly cut and handled, and the
condition of the meat hard and very salty. Still it answered the purposes
of a pioneer population, who entertained the idea that well-cured meat prod-
ucts could not be packed on this coast. As the winters of Oregon are
colder than those of California, the first successful cu. , of meat on our
coast for the market was done there, and for years Oregon sent cured beef
and pork to California. But the industry does not appear, even at this
date, to have become firmly established there, the supply of hogs being
irregular, while the attempts made in beef packing have never been com-
mercially successful. Even at this time Oregon is drawing on this market
for cured pork.
68
33S
MAMiACTrurs.
\-m
iiiV
As has been before observed, the climatic conditions in Orefjon Ijein;^
similar to those obtaininj,^ at the meat-packing; centers of the I'ast, all the
proxision packini; is clone ilurinfj the cold months, a temperature of 40 to
4J bein;^ needed for the prosecution of tjiis industry under the; most favor-
able conditions. In San I'"rancisco, provision packing', with certain precau-
tion, can be carried on successfulK* throughout the year, e.\ce|)t ilurin^ the
warm periods which occur occ;isionall>- during; the autumn months. At sucli
])eriods the .San I'rancisco packers usual l_\- suspend operaticjns for a few da\-s.
Artificial temperature is now depended upon to some extent, especially for
the cure of mild sugar-cured ham, for which purpose a stcadv' temperatun-,
not above 3S or 40 , is rcquireil. Jk'cf packing was not developed int(j ;in
industry until a inucli later date than pork packing. Until 1870, what little
salted licef w.is found here for sale was of Oregon jjacking, and neither
that nor the small quantity of California packeil beef offered, was esteemed 1 if
desirable (juality. In fact, shipmasters onlj- bought it when ICastern beef
could not b(." had. Since then, however, our j principal loc.il pricking firms
have i)aitl special attention to this brand of nnnision p.icking, anil the
United States Navy, after thorough experiments, is buying here what is
needetl for the service. In 1S80, Mi;RkV, I".\ll,l, & C'l.. oneof the firms
alluded to. filled a contract, with .igcnts for the Russian Governminl, for
4,500 barrels of mess beef, which was scnl to Russian Siberia, while frequent
shipments are now being made to Japan, Central ,ind .South America, the
.Sandwich Inlands, and other countries on the Pacific Ocean ; the (jualit)'
when packed by responsible firms being equal to the same class of meat
cured elsewhere, except that the average ueiglu of the cattle useil is lighter,
a disadvantage which is dis.ippearing as the breed is imi)ro\ed. The various
sleamshii) lines, and the large nimiber of sailing-ships trading from this
port, including the whaling lleet fitting out here annuall)-, are now all sup-
plied with beef and [jork of Californian cure.
Artificial Cooling. — The only objection to meat cured in Calif.)iiii.' is
that the j)roduct is frccpicntl)' too heavily salted. As this applies cliiefly tt)
hams, which the public taste requires shall be cured with as much saccha-
rine matter and as little salt and saltpeter as possible, our local j^acking
firms are now successfully meeting the difficult)- bj- using artificial cold, jiro-
duced b)' the use of ice and refrigerating machines. As the necessity for'
hea\y salting is caused by warmth in the packing season, the reduction of
the temperature to the desired point, removes the only obstacle to the cur-
ing of "sweet pickletl meats" in this climate, and our hams of refrigerator
cure are lalel)' pronounced fully ec|ual t(j I'^astern, and are gradually con-
trolling the trade of the coast.
ruovisioNs.
5.W
One noticeable peculiarity of the climate of San Francisco is especially
fa\orable to the curiiiLj of meat. The atmospheric conditions, iliirin;^ a lar^^e
part of the year, are analoi^'oiis to those of the South American jiamiias,
where meat exposed to the air will drj- before it initrifies. During; the diy
season in San I'rancisco meat will keep several dayswithout deterioration, and
this fact is of j^reat advantage to the curer, while first subjecting; products
to the cinint; process. It is this fact which admits of the |)rosecutioii of
this industry durin;.,^ the entire year in the cit)' — the ran^^e of the thermom-
eter alone woulil not admit of it. The salt used in meat curiuL; was former!)-
inostK' imported from lCnL,rland, Carmen Island, antl Scammon's l^agoon.
Of late )'ears, while a ^'reat deal of \er}' poor local salt is manufactured,
our packers have noticed a fnarked improvement in the (|uality of some of
the local product, and this has made them, to a threat extent, independent
of the imported article, sf) much so that it may now be trulj- asserted that
Californian meats can be cured exclusively with Californian salt. This in-
ctustr)' is still in its infancy, but it has received sufTicient development to
j)lace it on the road Vo assured success, and has alreatlj- passed the period
of experimental experience. The u.sc of an artificial temperature has re-
moved the onl)- bar to steady ad\ancement, and as our interior becomes
settletl, the suppl)' of live stock will increase no faster than the demand,
which will always jrjve it a read)' market at jirices remunerative to the pro-
ducer. There are few industries which so directly benefit our produciiiLC
classes, and it is ■^'ratifying to realize that its future is assured, and its steady
development not a matter of doubt.
Meat for Packing. — Marly experiments demonstrated the fact that Suf-
folk and I'oland-China hogs would not flourish in our climate. The lon,Lj
dr)' scason.s were too .severe for them. But a trial with the Hcrksliirc hogs
has resulted very satisfactorily. The)' are mostly black in color, compactly
built, although smaller than the other breeds named. When proper!)- fatted
they make an cxcellcnl quality of meat, firm, white, and of fine texture.
The hog generally found in California is not pure Berkshire, but tiie breed
is being rapid!)- improved by importation of pure Berksliire blood, a great
improvement being noticeable during tlie past 12 years. The Californian
hog is fattened with corn in the southern coast, wliicli produces our best pork,
and on wheat, liarlc)-, peas, etc., in the middle and northern coast counties.
When thu.s fattened tlic meat is harder and superior to eastern hogs; but in
.some [jarts of the interior of tlie State, acorns abound at certain seasons,
and being fed to hogs, make a very poor quality of soft, oil)- pork — so poor,
indeed, that our packing firms who have a reputation to maintain, decline
to use them, although generally .selling at one cent i)er ijouiul cheaper tlian
grain-fed hogs.
540
M.\NI'1'A( TCKKS.
In drci^on nml Washinj^ton, tin- Suffolk and the I'oland-Cliina breed of
hoj;s arc siuccssfull\- raised, bciii;^ fattened on wlieat, baric)-, and corn, ;ind
making an excellent (|nality of pork. The cattle there are chietlj- lialf-
breeil .\nierican stock, and .uer.ij^'e heavier than in t'.ilifornia, where there
was ori.Lj'inall)- more of the small native slock. This h,is reiiuireil rcpe.ited
cro.ssing with .American c.ittle to briny it up to its ])rescnt standard,
which is bein^ steadil)' raised b_v the infusion of jjctter blood from the
I'jist. In California verj- few hoijs were found when the counti")' was
first occupied by Americans, and the few that existed were very poor stock,
rouyh, lonj,'-leL(tj;ed. with lar^je heails and loni,' snouts- -in fact, an .mimal
fitted to fnul a precarious liviiij; in a rouj^h country, without the care or
foresight of interested ovvnershiji. The cattle were small, so-called Spanish
stock, with long horns, tiiick hides, .nid large bone de\eln])inent. Of
course, such stock made the poorest kind of packing-beef, being gener.illy
thin m flesh, and hard in tissue. The supply of hogs is greatest during our
late autumn and early winter months, but they arrive freely at all seasons
of the )\:ar, and our local packers .ire always read}- to buy. The trade in
this city is still in its infanc)-, and is ycarlj- developing into a more impor-
tant branch of our industries, .\bout 150,000 hogs are slaughtered >-early
in .San l-"rancisco. and of these, two thirds are packed by two princi|)al llrms
engaged in the business.
According to the .San I'Vancisco Journal of Commcnr, California ])ackcd
4.900 tons of bacon, 2,300 of hams, and i,6iSo of lard in 1880: and only
9.430 of bacon, 1,160 of lard, and 925 of hams in 1881; while the importa-
tions from the Mississippi Valley, in 1881, included 1,920 tf)ns of luims, 165
of lard. 47 of bacon, and 35 of pickled pork. Notwithstanding the smaller
home production in 1881, there was also a smaller importation, according
to the figures |)ublishcd.
The packing hou.ses of Mk IIKI.SSKN, Hrown & Co., MERRY, F.\ri.L &
Co., Tiiii SoLTii S.\N Fk.\\ci.s(:o I'.\cki\(; Comt.wv, and J. V. \Vii,s(i\
& Co., of San I'rancisco, ilo their own slaughtering; several otiier houses
buy their meat in the carcase. In adilition to the houses occupieil exclu
si\ely with packing of meat, there are .-i number of others, including some
mentioned in the chapter on domestic animals, who engage in it as an
incident of other business. GooD'" .Uli & Uooi.liV, of Victoria, pack 1,000
barrels of salt meat annually.
Sugar and Syrup. — Syrup was made in California from hccts and
Chinese sugar-cane, of home production, as earl)- as 1856. It was ascer-
tained, even by that time, that the soil and climate of California are favor-
able to the growth of plants containing saccharine matter. More recent
experiments have shown that the plants can be grown in many portions of
!!-n
in
PROVISK (NS.
54'
the State; but the idea of prixliiciiv^ lithcr sii^ar or synip frmn tlu- African
cane is abandoned ; and uhctlur sorj^duini can hi' cultivated v, illi pridil for
any use save ftxlder, is a (luestioii not yet solved on this coast.
f)f the many articles, apart from African cane, out of which su^^ar can lie
manufactured, Ix'ets, sor^diuni, and ;,napes are those most in fa\f)r. lCx|Kri-
mcnts have been made in California with melons, in L'tah u ilh carrots and
turnips, but, apart from tlle business of refining', the onl\- branch of tiiis in-
ilustrj- that has gained a |)ermanent foothold on the Pacific Coast, is the
makinji of beet sugar. In order tiiat sucli an entcr|)ri.se may pro\c fairlj'
profitable, it would seem necessar)- tiiat the factor)- siiould ha\e a capacity
for working up at least 75 to lujtons a da\-. and that tlie pro[)rietors should
rai.se their own beets and not purcha.sc them from contracting; parties. 'I'he
proportion fif saccharine matter contained in different varieties of the plant
varies so much, that great (.iiscrction is needeil in selecting those best suited
for the purpose. Kven in I-'rancc, where the imlustry of raising sugar-beets
is conducted on an immense scale ami with the utmost care, large portions
of the crop are often fed to cattle or used b)- distilleries, as it is consitlercd
that tlicy would not rcpaj- the expense of extracting the sugar. l'"or the
year iSSo the total production of I'rench beet-sugar cxcecdeil 300,000 tons,
and would have been very much larger if all the ])lants raised for sugar-
making had been used for that purpose. The nature of our .soil and climate
is an advantage much in favor of manufacturers on this coast.
The making of syrup was an established industry in Utah .several years
before anj- attempt in that direction was made in California. In 1X52, a
.syru|) factor)' was established by Hricii.VM \'oi;\(; at Salt Lake City.
Ivver)' one who raised sorghum, bcet.s, carrots, and turnips could have these
articles converted into syruj) by giving half the proceeds to the mill owner.
V'cr)- .soon, the planting of small i)atchcs of beets and .sorghum was com-
mon all over Utah, and the production of syrup was sufficient to supply the
consumption of that Territor). Small factories for the making of syrup
were established in most of the settlements; but until 1879 every effort at
making sugar of marketable quality proved a failure; probably because the
mcthfxl of manufacture was not suitetl to material raised on an alkaline soil.
In that )ear, however, a fair article of sugar was exhibited by C. A. MaL)-
SKX & Co., at Gunnison. In the .session of 1880 the legislature of the Terri-
tor)- offered a premium of $2,000 for the manufacture of the first 800 pounds
of good merchantable sugar, and it is probable that an impulse will be given
to that inf'A'stry in Utah, from which good results may be anticipated.
Sugar Beet. —The manufacture of sugar in California, from material of
home prcxluctioii, is at present restricted to beet sugar, and in 1882 there
vt--^
M \\fr\(TIKF*<.
^lA-
was but one sufjar-mill in operation on the Pacific Coast, TlIK STANPAKn
SI'(;ar Mantiactouv Comi'ANV, of whicii <). I". Giii-in is tiic president.
Tlic works are located at AI\arado. Ihe production of tiiis factor)-, thoir^li
.ilmost equal to the entire quantity of beet su^'ar matlo in tiie United States
lo years a^o, is less tli.m 2 per cent, of the ^ross amount of sufjars. of ;dl
ilescriptions, distributed from San I*"rancisco alone. The outi)ut of the
.Alvarado factory, for iSSi, was estimated .it 700 tons of sugar, \ahieil at
$1 50,000, alx)Ut 4,500 tons of pulp, worth $S,5oo, and 6,000 ijallons of sj-riip,
worth $3,500. The aiTgregate \alue of all ])roducts may be set down at ;i
little over $160,000. The consuniiition of beets was 12,000 tons, costing,', at
.$4.50 a ton, $54,000; the expense for l.ibor was not less than $17,000, and
fill- fuel, animal charcoal, barrels, rent, office, and misccll.meous expenses
about $60,000. making,' .1 total outlay of $131,000, ;ind !e;i\inij nearl\- $30,-
000 for interest atul profit. The enterprise passetl into the hands of its
present ]>roprietors in I1S79, and was ori.t;inally liKatcd at Sacramento. The
beets are obtained uiuler contr.ict.
l"or the |)urpose of encour.i^'in^' farmers to Lfivc some attention to the
raisin<^ of su^'ar beets in suitable localities, the Alvarado Companj' offers as
))ri/es, for the best 100 Jicres of beets raised for the factory in iSSi,$joo;
for the best 75 acres, $150; for the best 50 .icres, $100; for the best 25 acres,
$50; for tlie best 10 acres, $20; for the best 5 .icres, $10, The beets furnished
to the mill, for the season of 1881, contained more s.icch.irine matter th.in
tluise used in former years, and the profits made by the company were of
course l.irfjcr in (iroportion.
i :' I'-ii'
Sugar Mills. — In California, no well-oriranizcd attempt at the production
of beet suf^ar was made until 1S70, when a factor)- was started at .(\lvarado,
but not the one ahead)- mentioned, and now in operation. The promoter
of this enterprise, \V. T. G.VUKATT, has ever since been connected with the
sui,far-manufacturing interests of this State. 1 learini; that some German
immiyjrants, who were practical planters, had met with good results in fol-
lowing their vocation in Wi.sconsin, Mr. G.VKK.VTI' went cast to investigate
the matter, and on his return associated himself with other gentlemen in
organizing the Alvarado factory. The capacit)- of the mill was 50 tons a
day. The first crop (1870-1) returned a net profit of $18,000, but the
flood of the succeeding year proved disastrous. The jiroprielors, therefore,
moved their business to Soquel, in .Santa Cruz Count)-, a location which had
the .advantage of a more congenial climate, and an abundant supply of
cheap fuel, wood being used in place of coal. The change, however, did
not work an)' favorable results. The main cause of the wimt of success is
probabl)' the fact that, in ordinar)' seasons and with average prices, a mill
I'KOVISIONS.
54,;
witli a capacity fnr workinc; up only 50 tons a day, can not he operated at a
j'jrofit, as will appear from the lollouin;,' estiinate:
To keep such a mill in operation durinfj the season of 7 montns, or iSo
workin;-; days, would require lo.ooo tons of Ijccts, and estimatin.Lj 20 tons of
beets to the acre, the mill would consume the crop of 500 acres, and the
cxpc'.scs woukl then he, lO.ooo tons of beets at $4.50 per ton, $45,000;
wat,'es of 65 Chin.inien at $55 a month, for 7 months, ^i 5,925; waj,'es of 6
mechanics at $4 a day, for 7 months, $4,200; 4,000 tor.s of coal screeninL;s
at $7 a ton, $28,000; waste of anim.d charcoal (30 tons, at $70 a ton), $2,-
100; depreciation and repair of buildinjjs and machinery, $iS,(X)0; barrels for
sULjar, $7,000; i: surance and la.ves, $5,iX)0; office expenses and incidentals,
$11,000. The total outlay would therefore be $126,225, 'i'lic proceeds
would be, 550 tons of sugar, at i i '_. cents ;i pound esiinialinLf ih.it .1 ton of
beets will produce 1 10 pounds of suj,'ar^\ $1 26,500; .-,500 tons of ])ulp, at $2
a ton, $7,000; and syrup worth $3,000; making the total receipts $136,500,
and leaNintj ,1 margin of only $10,275 for profit and interest on capital.
\V. T. G.\UK.\TT, in connection with Messrs. li.uuv, (lu n r.\V!fU(i,
and Grkkn of Sacramento, ALLEN of San I'rancisco, and I'oOL and SMITH
of Islcton, are the proprietors of a bec^ sugar factory ,'it Isleton, a few
miles above Rio Vista, on the .Sacramento Ri\cr. The enterprise was
originally started for the puqiose of making .sugar from melons. I'l.xpen-
.sive buildings were erected, and machinery was imported from Germany
for that ])ur])osc; but for some reason the idea was abandoned, and the
projjcrty fell into the hands of the above gentlemen, who converted it into
a beet-sugar factory. Through the rise of the .Sacramento Ri\er, the lands
were twice flooded within 3 yeans, and the compan)- deemed it best to close
the works for a while, but intend soon to resume operations with increa.sed
milling capacity. They also propose to try the o.\])eriment of planting
sug.ir cane on Andros Lsland, in the Sacramcntc. River. In 18S0 Mr.
N.\l)i;.\l', of Los Angeles, made a costly and unsuccessful experiment in
beet sugar, and the failure was attributeil partly to mistakes made by the
gentleman employed as superintendent and manager of the works. The
sugar-beet mills at Los Angeles, .Socjuel, and .Sacramento are permanently
closed; that at Isleton is clo.sed temporaril>-; and the Alvarado Mill, the
only one now in operation, occupies the site o) a similar mill that was
unjirofitablc for years. The industrj' has been a .source of serious loss to
the capitalists generally who invested in it; buc it is said that many of the
obstacles in the wa>' of success have been overcome, and that the recent
profits promise a large increase in the production of Californian beet sugar.
Sugar Consumption. — In proportion to their numbers, the people of the
I'acific Coast probably consume more sugar than any other community in
J
i
I I
' I
I ,
iii
Hi
544
MAM", ACTIKKS.
tlit'
the- world. Diirinpj the j-car iSSi, there were (iistribiited from San Fran-
cisco alone near!)- 48,500 to.i>, or an avcniye c)f about 70 pounds for every
man, woman, and child in the States and Territories that depend mainly
on the cit)' for their suppl_\-. The larfjo ([uantity used in the canninj,' of
fruit is, no doubt, one of the main fact' rs that cause this immense con-
sumption.
A portion of the raw sufrar, and of the supplies for the plantations, arc
now shii)|)ed directl)' to and from the islands, and not t'w I lonolulu, tluis
effecting,' a considerable saving of freij^ht. A wharf leading nut from the
new refinery to water deep enougl\ for the unlo;uling of large \cssels, will
allow cargoes to be laid tlowii in San I'"rancisco at the smallest possible
c.\ix;nse. I"or the year iSSi, .about tour fifths of all the raw sugar imported
for n fining purjioses came from the Sandwich Islands. There are at
])reseiit more than 50 |)lantations ii- the Hawaiian grouji, many of which
l)a\e been |)ut under cultivation since the passage of the Reciprocity
Treat)- in iS-6, anil are under the control of American capitalists.
The dut)' on raw material imported from other sources of supply is fixed
according to the Dutch standard, and the scale is regulated by figure^ which
indicate the color, and therefore the (pialit)-, of the gootls. Zero indicates
the darkest grade of sugar, and 20 one of the lighcst. On goods whoso
qualit)' is indicated by any figure below 7, the tluty is 1 <( cents a pound;
from " but below 10,2 cents; from 10 but below 13, 2 '4 cents; from 13
but below 16, 2^4 cents; from 16 but below 20, 3J4 cents; 20 and upwards, 4
cents. In all cases there is an additional charge of 25 per cent, estimated
on the above rates. The entire tariff charges on the lightest grades of
imported sugar arc therefore 5 cents a pound; on the darkest grades nearly
2 '4 cents; and on medium grades from 3 to 4 cents. Exemjition from
these duties has, of course, imparteil a very great stimulus to the business of
sugar-refining on this coast, and the loss of revenue is offset by the expor-
tation of American goods to the 1 lawaiian Kingdom. Shipments from San
l-'rancisco alone amount to $2,000,000 or $3,000,000 a year, and include a
larger quantity of Pacific Coast manufactures than are shipped to any
foreign countr)- in the world.
HaAvaiian Produolion. — It is estimated that there are, in the Hawaiian
Islands, 1 50,000 acres of land specially adapteil for sugar culture. The rains
are abunilant, and most of the planters have already secured the means of
irrigation, which, on account of the limited area and mountainous nature of
the country, can be obtained nt small expense. The plantations of Cuba
anci other sugar-producing countries often suffer .severely from drought. In
the sea.son of 1880-81 much of the cane produced in Cuba was so poor in
I'KuVISKlNS.
qiialit)- that it wfnild mil pa) fur tlu' expense ot cxtmctinn tlic Mij^'ar.
I lawaiian |)lantcrs never suffer from ilroiij^lii. ( )ii some of the plantation--,
as in tlie 1 1 ilo district, bj- simj)!)' lurnini^' some of the numerous mountain
streams into Humes, a portion of tin; cane, anil all the wooil for fuel, can he
cirrif'l ilown to Un mills, without other ix|KiiNe th.m tlie cost of the wond-
work.
The avcratje )i( lil per acre in the Ilawaii.m i,'roup, is at least double thai
of the l.ouisi:" ,1 |)lan'ations. 'I" wo and a half tons .in acre arc a \er)- com-
mon yield, ; 4 tons ,1 not unfrequcnt one. In some of the rich vallej' hands
of the mountain regions, where the cane matures slowl)', an<l there is a rain
shower nearly every .1, }■ in the yc.ir, the \-ield is sometimes ,is much as (> or
7 tons. There is no dan^'er of frost, which in other countries often render^
necessary the immediate harvesting of an immature croj). 'I'he planters
can cut when they pit ase, and jjlant almost when the)' ])lease. If the)-
don't plant ;it all for ;i couple yea's ;i species of volunteer crop s[)ringsfrom
the roots that have been previously cut.
With all these advantages, planters could make little headwa)- until after
the p.issage of the Rcciprocit)' Treat)'. The scarcit)' of labor, and ihe high
tariff rates on raw sugars landed in .San l'"r;incisco, were burdens of a griev-
ous nature. A (ew )'ears before the |)ass.'ige of the treat), plant.itic.ns which
had cost $50,000 were sold for $15,000, and others which h;ul cost $150,000
brought only $40,000. I'Acn at that time sugar was the leailing interest in
the ll.'iwaii.'in Islands, and most of the |)lantations were alreail) in the h.inds
of Americans. I'ew of them could do more than pa\' expenses, ;ind none
of them returned a fair profit on the capital invested. It was estimated in
1.S72. that if tlie dut)' were remitted, and labor could be obtained in suffi-
cient su])pl)'. plantations, which could then barel)' pa)- expenses, would clear
a profit of $50,000 a v'car. Nine vcs.sels, of from 400 to 700 tons, have been
built in San Franci.sco within the last 6 years, to accommodate the trade
with those islanils.
n
Shipments of Sugar.— About 2,300 tons of raw sugar were also
shii^ped in 1.S81 from China, 600 tons from Central America, and a small
(|uantit)' from Mexico. Centnil America, China, and the I'hilip|)ine
Islands have, in past years, furnished large c]uantities of material, and arc
the points from which it seems most advant.igeous to import. The receipts
of refined sugar from the Atlantic States are still considerable. 'The
quantity forvarded in 1881 was about 3,300 tons; in 1880, 2,250 tons; and
in 1879, 2,750 tons. It is, however, the opinion of parties interested, that
the failure of several cargoes of raw sugar to arrive on time, alone rendered
it possible to import .so large a quantity of Kastern sugar at a profit.
69
i i(
H'
546
MAXtirACTtiRKS.
.lit
f
m
Kxpnrts of refined sugar from San I'rancisco amounted, in 1881, to 1,400
tons; for 1880 and iSjy, to about 900 tons. More tlian 160 tons were
shipped to the Hawaiian Islands.about 80 tons to Mexico, and shipments were
also made to Central America. That .several larLje sugar-producintr coun-
tries .should take from us considerable quantities of refined sugar, on which
they pay double freight, cost of refining, commissions, and other charges, is
somewhat of an anomaly, but it is nothing unusual lor the Panama steamer
to take away 500 to 1,000 barrels for Mexican and Central ^Vmerican port.s.
British Columbia is, however, our best foreign customer, taking from us, in
1 88 1. 660 tons .against 740 tons exjjorted to all other destinations.
San Francisco Refineries — California has much to gain from the growth
of an industry which has caused the distribution of $1,000,000 for the build-
ings and machinery of a single establishment, which employs a large num-
ber of white operatives, a fleet of shi[)s, and in ways too numerous to
mention, adds to the welfare of the community. So .soon as the treaty with
the Hawaiian Kingdom was ratified, certain capitalists determined to invest
largely in the planting of sugar cane, and sub.sequently to expentl a round
million in the incrca.se of refining facilities. Our refineries not only supply
almost the entire wants of the Pacific Coast, but already export refined
sugar in considerable quantity, even to sugar-producing countries.
Though there were but 2 refineries in operation during i88i, the(|uantity
of raw sugar used was about 43,000 tons, from which there were produced
about 16,000 tons of white sugar, 17,000 tons of yellow sugar, and 675,000
gallons of .sjrup, the aggregiite value of which may be estimated at
$7,250,000. The average number of hands employed was about 325, and
the amount distributed in wages over $200,000. The cost of tr.aterial was
probabl)' 75 per cent., and oC labor not more than 3 or 4 per cent, of the
value of production, lea\ing about 20 per cent, for profit, rent, fuel, and
miscellaneous expenses. Fhc expense for fuel is a very large item with all
sugar refineries, exceeding in some ICastern establishments the cost of labor.
During the past decade the increase in the production of the sever.il
articles matle from sugar cane was ver>- large, though less in proportion
than for the previous 10 \ears. In 1880 the total value of all jiroducts was
a little under $7,000,000, in 1S70 nearly $4,000,000, and in i860 about
$1,600,000. The gam between 1870 ami 1880 was 75|)ercent; between
i860 anil \^/0, 150 percent.; betv^een 1 860 and 1 880, over 300 per cent.
Imports (jf raw .sugar from all .sources amounted for 1881 to 54,400 tons,
against 38,200 tons in 1880, and 27,700 tons in 1S79. Within a single year
the volume of imports has increased 43 per cent., and within 2 years it has
almost doubleil. The increased supply has been drawn entirely from the
PROVISIONS.
547
Hawaiian Islands, which, in 1881, sent us 44,2CX) tons, against 31,700 tons
in 1880, and 23,500 tons in 1879.
Ahnost the entire ciop of the Hawaiian Isl.mds is now shipped to San
Francisco, and the present limit of their production is not likely to be very
much exceeded for several j-ears to come. In former times the bulk of our
sujjplies came from Manilla. As recently as 1878, imports from that source
exceeded 20,000 tons, against 18,500 from the Sandwich Islands. In 1879
(only 3 years after the passage of the treaty) imiiorts from Manilla were
reduced to 1,400 tons, but increased to more than 8,200 tons for 1881.
There are but 2 refineries now in operation on the Pacific Coast, both of
which are located in San Francisco — the California Sugar Refinery, on
EiglrJi and Brannan streets, owned by Cl.VU.s Sl'KlCCKHLS and his associ-
ates; and the American Sugar Refinery (formerly known as the Haj- Refin-
ery), on Union and IJattery streets, belonging to C. AnOLlMiE Low & Co.
The new refinery already mentioneil is in connection with the California
Refinery, and is situated at the I'otrero, between Louisiana and Delaware
streets. It is expected that the 2 refineries will not work up to their full
capacity in the very near future ; when they do, they will ret(uire at least
1 50,000 tons of raw sugar annually.
The American Sugar Refiner)-, formerly known as the Bay Sugar Refin-
ery, located on the corner of Battery and Union streets, was formerl)- in
the hands of an incorporation of which Cl.\L's Si'RlX'KKLs was the presi-
dent. In 1879 the property was sold to a company of which C. AnoLl'llK
Low is the president. Since changing hands the capacity of the works has
been doubled.
The San I'ranci.sco and Pacific Refinery, on liighth and MarrLson streets,
is now the property of D. O. MlIXS, N. LUNING, and W. T. CoLKMAN. It
was original!)' st)led the San I'"rancisco Refinery, and first went into opera-
tion in 1855 in a small building that had formerly been uscfl as a distillery.
On the same lot the proprietor, who at that time was GEORGE Gordon,
built another refinery which he named the Pacific, and taking in, among
other partners, the above-mentioned gentlemen, united the 2 enterprises
under one management. This refinery is now closed.
Glaus Spreckels.— Claus SI'UECKELS, who has a national reputation
as one of the prominent business men and self-made millionaires of Cali-
fornia, is a native of I'anovcr, and in 1882, 53 )'cars of age. Me crossed
the Atlantic in 1848, and made his home in Charleston, S. C, where lie
became a clerk in a retail grocery. After serving a year and a half for
wages, he bought out the store and managed it on his own account for 5
years. Growing tired of the place, he moved to New York, and thence to
54S
M.WL'I ACTL'UKS.
San I'rancisco, in which latter place he became, in 1856, the <nvncr of a
Ljmccry, which he sold, ami in the next \-car he started a brewery. With
this he must have been very successful, for in iS6^ he sold out and organ-
ized TllK i5AV .SlCAK Ri;riNlN(; Comi-ANV, an enterjjrise reeiuirinj,' a
larj^e capital. lie went to .\ew York, examined the su^ar refineries,
buiLjht the machiner)-. and immediately after his return, erected the
lelinery and init it into .successful operation. lie soon dispjscd of his
interest in this establishment with Ljootl profit, and, havint^ no pressinjj
occupation, visited ICurope. While there he studied the manufacture of
beet sut^ar, of which much had been aiil in California; ami, for the sake of
Icarnini^', 1.^ vorked for 6 weeks as ,1 laborer in a su;4ar-mill at .M.isjdcburL,'.
II;i\in}; satisfied himself that there was little chance to add to his fortime
by a bect-suf^ar mill in his adopted State, he retuineil to New York, where
he renewed his studies of the plans, machinery, and management of suLjar
refineries. His arrival in San Francisco was promptly followcil by the
erection of the very larije refiner)' on the corner of Brannan and lu<,duh
streets, with a capacity of 2$,ooo tons a month. Me u .ed his inlluence to
prevent the ratification of the Reciprocit)- Treaty with the Hawaiian Kini;-
dom, but so soon as the news of the r.Uificition arri\ed, he visited the
Island.s, where he made contracts with the planters in ad\ance for their
sugar crops, and ])urchased a large area of land suitable for the cultivation
of the cane on the isLiml of M.iui.
This tr.ict was obt.iined cheai) because it was drv, but he had satisfieil
himself that water could be brought to it, and in the spring of 1878, he took
with him IIl.R.M.VNN Si'inssi.KR, chief engineer of TlIK SruiNd Yai.I.KV
W'.'vl i;r Works, whom we ha\e hati occasion to mention on several occa-
sions as an eminent man in his profession. I lis survey showetl that the
w.iter could be <pblained by building 45 miles of can.il, ;ind about 20 tumiels,
and b_\' crossing 31 large r;i\ines (some of them 2,000 feet wide and 400
deep) w ith iron pipe. After receiving a grant of the needful water from the
goxernment, Mr. Sl'Rl.<'KI".l.s returned to .San l''r.incisco, organized ami in-
corporated Till': Hawaii.W Commkrci.vi, C'oMI'A.nv, in whicii he h,ad for
associates W. !•". Haikdck, ex-Governor I*". V. Low, I'lilCDKRiciv Tll.i-
MANN, IlKK.MAN liK.NDKL, JOHN D. Si'RKCKl'.l.s and brothers, II.
Sciussi.KR, and others. CUAts SruiX'KKl.S was elected president, and
\\". I'". Baiu'OCK, vice-president, the former, at the recpiest of the com[)any,
taking full ch.irge of the contemplated imprcn ement.s. He eng.iged Mr.
S('lirssi,i;u, who, in the fall of 1878, had 400 men, 100 head of oxen, and
(xj mules at woik under the guidance of competent managers and foremen.
The |)ipes to cross the r,i\ines, measuring 21,000 feet, were made by Till'.
RlsiHjN Iron Works out of 700 tons of plate iron, the iliameters varying
M
TKOVISIONS.
540
from 35 to 41 inches. Four Iciiijths were tclescopctl into cadi other before
loailin;^ on the sailinj^ vessels which took them to Maui. In puttin_Lj them
together 80 tons of lead were u.scci to inakc the joints tif^ht. To keep the
pi[)es in place se\eral million feet of lumber, from our coast, were used; and
lar;^e supjilies of provisions, besides many tons f)f dynamite, were sent from
San l'"rancisco for the use of the laborers and mechanics, of whom a large
number were obt.iined from the same ])lacc.
Within I 2 months after the beginning of the work (in the course of which
m;iny difficulties incident to an enterprise so extensive in a country not
well sup])lied with large machine shops, were une.vpcctetlly encountered
ami successfully (jvercome) the water came pouring over the plantation in
an abundant stream, and Mr. SrRlx:Ki;LS then began to platit his cane, of
which there are now 3,000 acres. A novel system of irrigation, devised by
Mr. Scnissi.IOK, enables one man to irrigate 15 or 20 times as much land
as he could by the methods previousl)- in use.
Soon after the planting was commenceil, the erection of a great sugar
mill was begun. An original plan, devised by Cl..\l's SrRl'.c l<i:i.s, his son
J. I). Si'RKCKKi.s, J. MooKi;, and \Vii,i.i.\m Watson, in joint consulta-
tions, was .adopted, .and has proveil a complete success. Two f)ther mills
were built on simil.ir plans, and a fourth is now nearly complete. ICach has
a capacity of 25 tons of sugar in a da)- of 10 hours, ,ind bj- running at
night the 4 mills could produce 150, or e\en 200 tons, in a da)' of 24 hours.
In these mills the s)-stem of passing the cane lx.'tween 5 rollers instead of
3, adding 10 per cent, to the sugar yield, was first introduced into the Ha-
waiian Islands. The mills were constructed with rapidity and exactness,
under the immediate supervision of JoilN D. Sl'RlX'KKl.s, who is .ilso tlie
resilient manager of the plantation anil mills. He .seems to have inherited
much of the executive abilit)' of his father. All the arrangements about
the plantation imlicate nirc ca])acity in the original |)lan.s. l^\er)thing h.is
been done to increase the productive power of the labor, to save time, to
sini])lify the processes, to obtain the greatest possible ])roducts from the
land .ind cane, to reduce the occasions for handling the raw anil manufac-
tured materials, and to facilitate transportation. A portable railroad trade
2 feet wide furnishes ;i quick and che.ip method of bringing the cane from
all parts of the plantation to the mills. An excellent harbor near the land
of TliK IIaw.mi.w Co.MMKKCIAL CoMl'ANV is a .safe and convenient ship-
ping place for them and their neighbors. Here was ,1 place abouniling with
great natural advantages, that might have remained unoccu])icd until some
time in the remote future if Mr. SI'RI:(KI:ls had not been driven b)- what
seemed an adverse fate, to visit the islands, anJ. fortunatel)' for them, for
himself, for his a.ssociatcs, and for the business of San Francisco, he had the
550
MAXriACTURKS.
juclgmcnt, the boldness, the wcahhy friends, .ind the capital of his own, to
convert what hail previously been a desert into an important source of
industrial production. The shipbuilders, the machine shops, the sawmills,
the ]>owdcr factories, the owners of horses and oxen, the harness-makers,
the merchants and the mechanics of California, have shared with the |)e()plc
of tlie Hawaiian Islands in the benefits resultini; from the enterprise of Till';
Hawaiian Commercial Companv, under the lead of Ci.Ais Si'Ki;cki;i.s.
Kin.L; Kai.AKAI'A recocrnized the benefit conferred on his ])eople by the ca[)-
italist from San I'rancisco, and rewarded him with a decoration.
Having .secured a supply of sugar, Mr. Sl'RIXKELS erected a great refinery
on I'otrero Point, fronting on the Baj- of San Francisco, in the southern
part of the city, with a wharf at which vessels of deep draft can rccei\e
and discharge cargo. The main building is 397 feet long, and the subor-
dinate strur'^nrcs are 187, 165, and 147 feet long respectively. The height
in one pl.ice is i : stories, and the cost of building and machinery has been
reported to be $1,200,000. The area covered by the buildings is about 3
acres. There are, jjerhaps, few recorded cases in which a defeat has been
turned to better account than the defeat of Cl.VUS .Si'RI:ci<i;i,.s in the mat-
ter of tiie reciprocity treaty. That measure, which he and his friends
opposed on the supposition that it would be a cause of serious pecuniary
loss to him, by |)rompt and decisive action was made the source of a vast
addition to his fortune. He is generally styled "the sugar king of Cali-
fornia." A few other men may have larger sugar plantations or larger sugar
refineries, but probably no other combines the functions of planter antl
refiner on a scale so extensive. I fc is also a member of a companj- which
intends to run a line of steamers between San l''ranci.sco ami Honolulu;
;i!id his sons have a line of sailing-ves.scls between tho.sc ports. Mr.
SrRKCKKI.S devotes himself to business with remarkable assiduity antl
cnergN', and to these, supported by strong capacity, much more than to
mere luck, he owes his success.
Flour. — The consumption o( flour in California was estimated, for iS.Si,
at about 1,100,000 barrels, and for tlie Pacific Coast at about 2,600,000
barrels. Exports of flour to all destinations were, for that )car, 785,078
barrels from California and 405,395 barrels from Oregon. The entire
(]uantity of flour iiroduccd by the Pacific Co.ist mills, for 1881, may, there-
fore, be estimated a[)proximately at 3,800,000 barrels. Allowing 3 centals
of wheat as the eciuivalent of one barrel of flour, the millers used, apart from
other grist-mill products, and not allowing for stocks carried <)\er, about
570,000 tons of wheat.
The consumption of cracked wheat in California is at the rate of at least
3,500 tons a )ear, and of oatmeal about the same. Oatmeal is made princi-
^ i ^
I'KOVISIDXS.
331
]);illy of oats raised in Oregon ami \Vasliin}i;ton. Millirifj facilities for its
manufacture arc better in Californian than in Oregon mills. Hence it hap-
pens, not unfrequently, that oats are shipped from Portland to San Fran-
cisco for conversion into meal, while Oregon merchants are purchasing <jat-
meat quite freely in San I""rancisco. There is still a small importation of
Eastern oatmeal, amounting to 4,000 or 4,500 barrels a year, but the quan-
tity is steadily decreasing, and as it docs not appear in what respect the
Californian is not at least equal to the l\astern article, it is probable that
the latter will soon be driven altogether out of the market.
Considerable quantities of buckwheat, graham, and rye flour, hominy,
corn meal, farina, split peas, and ground feed, of various descriptions, are
produced by the San Francisco, and by man)' of the interior mills.
The San Francisco and Vallejo mills produce a larger portion of the finer
qualities of white flour than those hjcated in other portions of the State, and
can obtain about 25 cents a barrel more than is paid for goods of similar
grade manufactured elsewhere. If millers could find a readier market for
their feed — middlings, bran, and screenings, which form a considerable part
of the products of a flouring mill — there is no doubt that a much larger pro-
portion of our wheat crop would be converted into flour than is now the
case. These articles are u.scd only for cattle and hor.sc feed, and on this coast
the demand for them is far from being in proportion to tlie amount of the
wheat crop. In l""rancc, German}-, and other European countries, unbolted
flour, or flour containing all portions of the grain, is from necessity the com-
mon food of the peasantry, and from choice, largely consumed even by the
wealthy clas.scs. It is not to be expected that our population will soon
consume any great quantity of such flour, but, in rejecting even the coating
of the wheat seed, we waste a portion that contains considerable nutritive
properties. There is more gluten contained in the outer covering of the
grain than in any other part. It is a well-known fact that dogs can live on
bread made of bran, but that they soon starve when kept on a diet of white
bread. In Europe, and c\cn in the I'.astern States, bran, screenings, and
middlings find a ready market, but in California there is .so little demand
for these articles that they often go to waste. Their value is .so small, in
pro|)ortion to their bulk, that it woukl not pay to ship them abroad, and
this is one of the main difiiculties that stand in the way of millers on the
Pacific Coast.
Another drawback is the high price of labor, which ranges from 20 to 30
per cent, above the rates paid by l^astcrn mill owners. It is probable that
the wages paid to operatives in California average little, if at all, less than
$J.75 a day. 'At the largest flour-mill in the .State, ordinary workmen are
paid $2.25 a day, and expert millers as hijjh as $4. There are very few
i\ i
11 '
552 M.WriACTLRKS.
Chinamen, probablj- not 50 in all, employed in lliis industry. To establisii
enterprises of such a nature requires a vcrj' large outla)' of capital. When
proper!)- conducted, and especially when conducted on a large scale, they
have, as a rule, been fairlj' profitable, though less remunerative than man)'
other branches of manufacture. Increa.sc of population, and therefore of
consumption, in.'stcad of raising the price of flour, h.is only added to the
number of mills, and tcndeil rather to lessen than to rai.se the profits of the
miller. Scores of mills started, during the past 25 years, on various
portions of the Pacific Coa.st, have been shut down, or converted to other
U.SC.S, and many which were destro)ed b)' fire have not been rebuilt, though
in time- others may have been erectetl in the same locality.
Milling System. — I'he system [)revalent in the ICastern flouring mills
of griiuling wheat ;il a fi.xed price per ton, or for a certain [jortion of the
])roceeds, is almost unknown in California. A few countr)' mills, in districts
remote from eas)- communication with .S.in I''rancisco, adopt this system
entirel)- or in part; but the rule is, for the miller to bu)- liis own supplies of
material, aiul take his own chances. My so doing, he has cNcr)' opportu-
nit)- to take advantage of the Huctuations in the market, .and man\- enter-
prises, which else would not be i)rofitable, are thus made to increase largel)'
the bank accounts of their ])roprictors. A rise or fall in the price of fluu'-
of T,o to 50 per cent., within a few months, is nothing uncommon. In June.
1879, for instance, the <|uality known as "shipping e.xtra" sold for $4 to
$4.25 a barrel ; in ( )ctoberof the same )-ear, for $5.75 a barrel ; an advance of
about 35 ])er cent, within 4 months. I'luctuations in the i)ricc of miildlings
and of bran are usuall)- in greater |)roportion. On the first of January,
1880, choice extra flour was .selling at $6.62 ^'j a barrel; on the first of July,
1880, at $5.50. Middlings fell, during the same inter\'al, from $20.50 to
$14.50 a ton, and bran from $1 5 to $1 1.50. The shrinkage in the price of
flour was therefore only about 17 per cent., while, in the case of middlings,
it was nearly 30 per cent., and in that of bran, about 23 per cent. Wheat
had fallen meanwhile from $2.05 to $1.60, or nearly 22 i>cr cent. The
miller expects to make his profit out of his higher grades of flour, and is
often glad to get any price at all for his middlings, bran, and screenings.
During the last 4 years a new system of grinding, which was first adopted
in Ilungar), and is hence sometimes called the " Hungarian .system," has
been very gencrall)- adopted in Mastern flouring mills. In this process,
chilled iron or porcelain rollers, either corrugated or smooth, are substituteil
for common miUsl ncs, and a new system of purifiers is introduced. The
(piestion of adopting this method in California has been freely discusseil,
but the decision of most mill-owners is at present .against it. Californiaii
y
PROVISIONS.
553
wheat is much more brittle than Eastern, and it is claimed that its white
skin, when pulverized into the flour, docs not injure its qualitj', as is the
case with Eastern flour. Moreover, the price of breadstuffs manufactured
by the new process, does not justify the expense necessary for a change of
machinery. Another objection is, that ever since the first change was made,
frequent improvements, or what arc believed to be improvements, have been
announced from time to time, and millers, of course, hesitate to adopt the
invention until its effect has been more thoroughly tested, and the process
perfected. Not more than half a dozen of the larger mills on the Pacific
Coast have as yet introduced the new system, and these have not obtained
a materially higher price for their breadstuffs. The " Hungarian system,"
or, as it is more frequently termed, the process of " high grinding," is the
only invention of value that has been made in the manufacture of flour of
late years. At most of the mill.s, flour is still made on the I'acific Coast
by the same method that was in use 50 years ago, with the exception that
the steam-engine is substituted for horse or water power.
I
Flour Market. — The importation of flour into California ceased about
i860. For that year the various products of all the flouring mills in Cali-
fornia were valued at nearly $5,000,000, and excepting for the season of
1864-5 (the year of the great drought), there have since been no imports of
any considerable amount. During 1859, and for several preceding years,
there were small shipments of flour to foreign destinations, but the exporta-
tion of flour, in any considerable quantity, did not commence until i8')0-6i.
For the year ending July i, i860, there were 58,926 barrels exported for
the next year exports amounted to 197,181 barrels. From that time, with
only 2 exceptions, and those owing to drought, the volume of exports
steadily increased until, for the year ending July i, 1867, it reached 465,337
barrels. This amount was not exceeded until the season of 1873-4, when
there were 644,710 barrels exported.
For the year 1881 exports of flour from the Pacific Coast, to all destina-
tions, amounted to about 1,200,000 barrels, valued at $6,625,000; a very
large gain over the figures for any previous year. Of this quantity, 364,000
barrels of Californian flour, valued at $1,693,000, and at least 350,000 barrels
of Oregon flour, valued at $1,540,000, were shipped to Great Hritain and
Ireland. It is worthy of remark that exports to the United Kingdom were
much larger than these of any preceding year, and that the shipments of
Oregon flour to that destination so nearly approached those of Californian
flour. China ranks next on the list of our foreign customers, taking, in
1881, 261,000 barrels, \alued at $1,536,000. Central America took 75,300
barrel-s, worth $352,000. The Hawaiian Islands purchased from us 32,100
70
554
MANri'ACTlIRES.
i! iP
barrels, worth $i 10,000. Smaller t|uantitics were shipped to neady all parts
of the woriil with which San Francisco has commercial relations.
Exports to l''iiglantl consist only of surplus stock, and of the choicest
brands. The prices obtained there do not warrant any speculative move-
ment, and millers do not l(Jok in that direction for any larjje increase of
business. Taking into account the cost of freight and the loss of interest, it
is not a little remarkable that shipments to l-lngland should Ix." on so large
a scale, while nearer markets are available. The average cost of milling in
San Francisco is estimated at 70 to 75 cents a barrel, and is considerably
higher in San Francisco than in l-laslern cities, which ship large (juantilies
of flour to liurope. Moreover Eastern millers find a readier market for
their bran and screens than exists on the Pacific Coast, where a large por-
tion of both these products either goes to waste, or is sold at \ery low rates.
The matter is probably explained by the fact that Englaml offers a sure
market at ruling rates, while shipments to Mexico, Central America, the
Hawaiian Islands, China, Japan, and other points, that seem to be the
natural outlet for the surplus stock of our flouring mills, are always attended
with more or less risk.
IJefore 1872, the Chinese trade was in the hands of our own merchants,
but is now conducted almost entirely by Chinamen, who make their con-
tracts directly with the mill owners. Until 1879-S0 China afforded the
best (Hitlet for low grades of flour, but now demands a first-class- article.
j\t present, it is almost as difficult to place inferior brands in Hongkong as
in Liverpool, but a high-grade flour .seldom fails to find a market at fair
]irices.
In occasional seasons, there is a large export of flour to Australia.
ICven in South Australia, which is by far the best wheat-growing section of
that continent, 8 bushels to the acre is considered a good average yield.
In years of drought, Australia draws on us freely for supplies; in good
seasons she is herself a large exporter. The demand from that source is,
therefore, very fluctuating. In 1874 for instance, shipments to Australia
amounted to 2,442 barrels; in 1877 to 13,495 barrels; and in 1878 to 7,867
barrels.
Flour-Mills. — There are now in operation, in California and Oregon,
about 250 flouring and grist-mills, with an aggregate capital of at least
$4,500,000. There are no reliable data at Iiand as to the number of mills
on other portions of this coast, but the production of flour on the entire
Pacific Slope was estimated, for 1 88 1, as alread}- stated, at 3,800,000 barrels,
and its \alue was $17,000,000. The cost of material may be set down at
$13,900,000, and of labor at $740,000, distributed among 1,350 operatives.
rnovisioNs.
555
These estimates do not include the value of fjraham and rye flour, oatmeal,
buckwheat, cornmcal, farina, ground feed, and other grist-mill products
manufactured during the year.
The number of flouring and grist-mills in operation in California is
about 170, of which 11 are located in San Francisco. At least 100 of them
arc worked by steam, and the remainder by water-power When working
up to their full capacity, the San Francisco mills produce over 2,000 barrels
of flour per day, in addition to large (juantities of meal and feed of various
descriptions. The largest flour-mill on the Pacific Coast is located at \'al-
Icjo, and has a capacity of 1,500 barrels a day. In 1853 there were i6
flour-mills in operation in California, and 14 in course of erection, with an
aggregate capacity of about 300,000 barrels a j'car. Two >-cars later there
were 54 mills with a capacity of 1,260,000 barrels a >'ear, or 3 times the
estimated consumption. The ]5rice of first-class Hour of home production
was at that time $28 to $30 a barrel. In i860 there were <j\ mills in Cali-
fornia, 47 in Oregon, 22 in New Mexico, and 10 in Utah, with an aggregate
capital of $2,067,350, employing 556 hand.s, expending $454,524 for labor,
and $4,659,069 for material, and manufacturing flour and meal valued at
$6,483,067.
In 1870 the number of mills had increased to 329; of which 115 were
located in California, 74 in Utah, 64 in Oregon, 36 in New Mexico, 20 in
Colorado, and 20 elsewhere on the coast. The amount of capital was
$4,807,083: the number of employees 1,195; ''^^ cost of labor $601,105 ;
of material $10,809,826; and the value of manufactures $13,998,613. It
will be .seen that between 1S60 and 1870 the expen.sc for labor had fallen
from about 7 to a little ov^cr 4 per cent, while the cost of material had
risen from 72 to jy per cent, of the value of production.
Oregon Mills. — Between 1870 and 1880 the wheat crop of Oregon in-
creased from 2,340,000 to 7,486,000 bushels, and the number of flouring and
gri.st-mills from 64 to 80. Oregon produces a very large surplus in addition
to the quantity required by that State for home consumption. Mvery
steamer from Portland brings to San Francisco more or less of flour, which,
though subject to charges for freight and commissions, finds a profitable
market. For 1881 receipts of Oregon flour in San Franci.sco were 81,000
barrels; for 1880, 107,600 barrels, and these amounts were veiy much smaller
than were received in previous years. In 1870 shipments amounted to 141,-
000 barrels. Moreover, exports of Orf^gon flour to Great Britain often
exceed the quantity of Califomian flour forwarded to that destination. In
1880 Oregon shipped nearly 200,000 barrels to Europe (almost entirely to
Great Britain), against less than 170,000 barrels from California. Though
55^'
M.\\rr.\iTrRES.
tlic ])r(xluction of Orc^'on (lour is not more than one third of the quantity
produced in California, it is probable, that in the volume of exports there is
little dilfcrence between the two states.
One of the Ore},fon establishments, that of Thk Sai.KM I'l.oi'KiNC,
Mills CuMPAXV, ranks third in point of ca])acit_\- amon^' the mills of the
i'acific Coast, and at the Centennial ICxhibition received a meilal and
diploma for the excellent cpialitj' of its products.
There are several flouring mills in the State of Nevada, and one or more
in nearly all the I'acific Coast Territories; but Xevada, and most of the
Territories (with the exception of Utah and W'ashinj^ton), draw more or
less on California or Oreijon for supplies. Colorado has a large number of
mills, and if their proiluct be not sufficient, obtains her su|)i)lies mainlv from
Utah. The wheat crop of Utah incrca.sed from 558,0)00 bushels in 1.S70, to
1,167,000 bushels in 18S0, the jield for the latter year being at the rate of
16 bushels to the acre. There are no reliable statistics at hand of a
recent date; but it is known that the flour-mills of that Territory have a
capacit)- for at least double its present rate of consum[)tion, and that it di»-
jio.ses of large quantities of floiy on different portions of the slope.
Washington Mills. — This Territory has, for her po]iulation, a large num-
ber of flouring mills. In I<S70, when her population was less than a thiiil of
its present number, she had one for about every 1,200 members, while Califor-
nia had not, at that time, and has not yet, more than one for every 5,000.
Taking into account, however, the larger average capacit)' of the California
mill, it is prcjbable that they i)r(xluce as much flour, meal, etc., per capita
as do the mills of Washington Territory.
British Columbia. — Considerable quantities of cereals have been raised
for many years in Hriti.sh Columbia, but the first flouring mill in that portion
of the Dominion was erected in Victoria, in 1878. During 1881 there were
forwarded to that destination from San l-Vancisco 8,900 barrels of flour, but
the larger portion of the needed sujjply is furni.shed by Oregon or Wash-
ing Territory.
Piour-mills. — The number of flour-mills on our coast is so great that it
is imi)ossible to mention all in this place. Among the most notable are
the mills of St.\KR & Co., at Vallejo — to b.; mentioned hereafter; the
(ioldeii Gate Mill of IIORACl': D.wis & Co., of San Francisco, with a
capacity of 600 barrels a day; the California Mill of C. Sl'LlV.ALO, with a
capacity of 250 barrels; the Oakland City Mill of H. K. FilCKOK & Son,
capacity 200 barrels; the mill of JACOB Samm and T. J. Faksons, in Oak-
land, capacity 200 barrels; the mill of C. McCkkary & Co., in Sacra-
I'KovisrnNs,
55/
mcnto, cajjacity 300 barrels; the mill of GF.nR(;i; SniRoTIl & Co., in
Sacraincnt(j, capacity 150 barrels; the mill of R. H. I. AM", at Stocktcm,
cajiacity 250 barrels; the mill nf A. & S. W. Si'I'.KRN, in Stockton, capacit\-
8co barrels — the second on the slope; the mill of C. C. K\(JX, at Alviso.
capacit)' 250 barrels; the Salem Mills, aiul Jefferson Citv Mills, in ()rcj,'on,
to be mentioned hercalter; the mill of J. I). MlI.l.l.K, with a capacity of
300 barrels, in Oreijon Cil\'; and the mill of j. FI, I'()sri;K, with a capacity
of 300 barrels, at Aiban_\-. In some of these mills the production is far
below, in others nearl)' etpial to their capacity.
The most northern <,rrist-mill on our slope is in latitude 50' 45' at the
point where the Honap.irto empties into the Thompson, which is .1 tributarj-
of the l-"raser. There Thaddkis IIarI'KK, the owner of a lar^'e c.ittlc
ranciio, has erecteil a mill to furnish a market for the farmers of the \icinity
and to supply the flour demand of the upper part of the Fraser basin, anil
the Cariboo mines.
Starr & Co.— Starr & Co. have, at Vallejo, the largest flour-mill on the
Pacific Slope, with a capacity of making 1,700 barrels of flour in 24 hours,
and storage room for 50,000 tons of wheat." They grind annually over 350,-
000 barrels of flour, worth nearly $1,750,000 at present rates, and they ship
about 1,800 tons monthl)" to ICurope, besides other lots to Central America,
the Pacific islands, and Asia. Their brand is one of the few that secures a
ready sale for Californian flour at the highest prices. lCmplo)-mcnt is given
to 60 men. The mill, b ■' in 18C9 and enlarged in 1874, has extensive
warehouses and wharves, at which \cssels of deep draught can take in cargo,
while side-tracks of the California Pacific Railroad run into the mills, and
on to the lower shipping wharf, bringing wheat from the Napa and Sacra-
mento valleys. The land attached to the mill has an area of 12 acres. The
firm consists of A. D. Starr, A. Ba.\nisti:;k, and A. \V. Starr. The San
Franci.sco office is at 16 California Street, and the Liverpool office of the
firm at 20 Hrun.swick 13uildings in that city. The cargo sales of the house
in Europe arc all made through their Liverpool house.
The Salem Flouring Mills.— The mills of Tin: Salem Flourinc;
Mills Comiwxv, one of the leading and most prosperous corporations of
Oregon, arc situated at the State capital, which is the heart of and converg-
ing point of a rich grain district, producing about 700,000 bushels of grain
annually. The company, of which A. Husil, banker of Salem, is president,
and James Younu secretary, was organized in 1870, with a capital of
$50,000, since increased to $200,000, to embrace its capitalized earnings and
improvements. The mills, the largest in Oregon, and exceeded by only 2
others on our coast, are supplied with the best machinerj- of the latest and
■-
:um
558 MAXll AfTl'Kr.S.
most approved p.itterns. Tlicir flour, of wliicli 15,000 or \f),ooo barrt-N arc
iiKuli: iniiiUhl)-, coiiimaiiils tlic liiylicst credit in tlu' markets of Mnt,'land
and Continental lanope, and has established a standard by which other
br.nuls of Ore^'on flour sell in I'.urope as nearly as they can grade up to it.
'I'he completeness of the mills, their ample room for storage, the conven-
ience of their situation for shipment, with a railroad on one side and a navi-
gable river on the other, at their verj- doors, the high reputation of their
products, and the prestige of continuous success in the past, contribute to
make the i)rospcct for the future ver>- bright. SlBSON, CnUKCli & Co., of
Portland, are agents for the sale of the flour.
Joffbrson City Mills. — The Jefferson City Mills, at Jefferson, Oregon,
are the ijrojjerly of CoRlill T & Maci.KAV, prominent merchants of Port-
land. These mills have 4 runs of stone, and annually grind 10,000 barrels
of flour, most of which is exported to Europe, where the brand of the mills
commands a ready sale.
Crackers. — Crackers and ship bread arc made in factories by machinery,
which mi.x die dough, knead it, roll it out, and cut and stamp the pieces
ready for baking. The ovens contain an iron wheel, turning, in iine cases,
on a vertical axis, in others, on a horizontal one; the former being called a
reel o\en, and the latter a rotating oven. Attached to the arms of the
wheel are tiles, or plates of metal, upon which the dough is hiiil by an
attendant, and the wheel is turned by machinery, so regulated that the
time <jf revolution of each pan is just sufficient to cook its contents. The
capacity of an oven is from 10 to 2$ barrels of flour in 12 hours, and the
consumption of fuel from 2^4 to 3^ tons of coal jier month. The annual
production of ship-biscuit and the various articles known as fancj- crackers,
amounts to about 10,500 tons, valued at $1,500,000; of which the national
government buys 100 tons for issue to persons in its service, about 500 tons
are consumed b\' tho.sc connected with merchant vessels entering our jjorts,
1,000 tons are exported, chiefly to the Hawaiian Islands, Mexico, and
British Columbia, and the remainder are distributed throughout the States
and Territories of the slope. The price ranges from 3 cents ])er pound for
ship-bread, to 28 cents for cracknel, averaging 8 cents, about the same as
the New York rates. Crackers arc packed for exportation in tins contain-
ing 40 pounds, and in ca.ses of 25, 50, and So pounds; and for home con-
sumption in boxes of 5, 10, 20, and 50 pounds. Capital amounting to
$350,000 is invested in the enterprise, and employment is given to 175 men,
whose wages are $2.50, and 50 boys, who receive $1 for a day of 12 hours.
Eastern-made crackers were largely supplied to our market up to 1872,
it
5 ^!
PK<iVISIO\S.
559
since which time iin|)i)rtati(>ii-4 ii:i\c declined, until ;it ])re-;enl tlicj' comprise
only a few cases from Massacluisetls. rheconsmnplioii df slii|)-l)iead dminLj
sea voyajjes has materially fallen off of late )ears, owini,' to the j^'realer ii>e
of bread hakeil on board vessels; but on the other hand, ;i considerable
quantit)' is itsed in barter with the Indians of the north-west coast.
Exports of these products have increased eightfold since 1870, 10 per
cent, of which has be-Mi since 1S79, and the yearh' ;^Min promises to con-
tinue. In iiS6o there Acre 3 cracker bakeries in San I'rancisco, consuming;
75 barrels of flour per ila\- in the aggregate. An establishment of this
kind was in operation in the same city in 1S49, the projjrietor of which,
WiLl.l.V.M H. GoKH.'..M, found a ready sale for his goods among the miners
of that day. At present there are 17 bakeries on the coast; 10 of which
are in California, 3 in Oregon, :: in Hritish Columbia, and one each in
Washington and Utah. All manufacturers suggest that the flavor of their
crackers is improved by warming before use.
Among the principal establishments are TllK C.\LII'orni.\ Cr.VCKKR
CoMl'.\.\V, to be mentioned again; TllK KcLll'SK C'K.XCKER Co.Ml'.wv, of
San Francisco, established in i<S54, of which TnoM.\s J. Chadikiurm: is
manager; the Eagle .Cracker Hakery, of the same city, and owned b)'
Gi;ORi;r. Muli.KR; the Sacramento Cracker Bakery, and the Iv'igle Steam
Cracker Hakery, both (jf Sacramento; the Oregon Steam Bakery, at Port-
land, SlKIili & IIOELIIING, proprietors; the Walla Walla Steam Bakery, at
Walla Walla, owned by O. Brkciitel; the bakery of I Iu.si.er & GKIiH.VRn T,
at Salt Lake City; and the bakeries of NiiSBiTT & Co., and CUNNINGHA.M
& McBkatii, at Victoria.
California Cracker Company.— The Calii-ornia Cracker Co.mpanv,
the largest entcrpri.se of the kind on the coast, was established in San
Franci.sco in 1850, by Deeth & St.\RR, and incorporated by the present
proprietors in 1872. Capital to the amount of $200,cxx) is invested in the
industry, and employment is furnished to about 100 men. The works,
situated at the north-west corner of Broadway and Battery streets, have all
the modern appliances, including 6 revolving ovens, having a capacity of 4
barrels of flour each per hour, and a machine that cuts 20 varieties of cakes,
the latter being the only one of its kind west of the Rocky Mountains. The
building is of brick, 3 stories high, about 150 feet square, and the machinery
is driven by a powerful steam engine. The president of the company is
Adolimi Weske, its secretary is George Eu.MONiJS, its superintendent
J.VMES Dunn, and it has a branch depot at 206 and 208 S.icramento Street.
Macaroni. — Although nearly 40 varieties of this product arc sold under
the names of macaroni, paste, vermicelli, etc., the process of manufacture is
i
[ w
liiii
.*
i!'^'
560
MAM TAI ITRICS.
the same fdrcacli, and the same cereal furnishes tlie ra.v material. TIic grain
used in Italy is a variety ut" hard wheal, and a small (|iiantit_\' <if this is im-
ported fiir the use of particular consumers ; but its cost here prevents its (gene-
ral use, anil most of the goods sold in our markets are made from our own
whe.it, anil satisfy ordinar_\- tastes. In manufacturing, the flom-, mixed with
colored water for the colored varieties, is kncadeil h)- machiner\- until a hard,
stiff dough is formed, when the latter is placed in a c)'liniler having a mov-
able, ])erforateil bottom. The mass is forced through the perforations b)- a
])iston, and assumes different forms, depending upon the size ;md shape of
the holes. The sticks are dried for several days, ;ind packed in boxes con-
taining 13 ])ounils. The .annual consumption amounts to 145,000 boxes, or
930 tons, valued at $J00,000. I^xports amount to 30 ton.s, and are chiefly
to Mexicm, Hawaiian, and other I'acific ports. The only factories on the
eo.ist are located in San h'rancisco, where there are 6 establishments, em-
l)lo_\-ing 36 hands. The principal manufactor)- is known as TllE C.\LI-
roRMA Italian I'astk Cdmpanv, the proprietor of whicli, C. R. SrLiVAi.o,
owns flouring mills, and grinds his own flour. Other manufacturers are
Ravkxna, GuiRAkDrLi.i & Co., Cattklli & Co., Liiia Vai.kntk, and
J. I'. Ti;n rill iRiA' & Co., the factory of the last named being the oldest on
the coast, having been e.stabli.shed in 1855 by Mkui.LI & Co.
Vinegar and Pickles. — \'inegar is made on this coast from wine, cider,
barle)'-malt, ;uiil from molasses. In the manufacture from the first nameil,
it is usual to add a small quantity of old vinegar to the contents of each
cask to assist the acetification. Cider is allowcil to reinain in vats for from
15 to iS months, during which period it is transferred several times. Barley
malt is steepeil in hot w.iter as in brewing;, and yeast adiled to the wort.
Molasses is tliluted with water anil _\east aililcd. The rapiility w ith which
acetification takes place dejiends, within limits, ui)on the lem])eratinx' to
which the liipior is e.\posed, being acceleratetl b\' heat, .md retarded bv
cold. In all cases after fermentation has occurred, the fluid is drawn olT
into clarif\'ing \ats. The aildition of a little sul|ihuric acitl is not unusual
in the more common grades to prevent mold, and when not used in excess,
it is said to be harmless. When pure, the degree of sourness of vinegar
ilepends upon the qu.intit)' of acetic acid ])resent, which is estimated by
chemical tests; among others, neutralizing a certain cjuantity b)- means of
an alkaline salt of known strength, iisuallv Ijicarbonate of soda, or ])otasli;
or determining the specific gravity b)' an instrument called an acetometer.
The result thus obtainetl is expressed commercially as vinegar of so m.iny
grains; in other words, as possessing a sufficient degree of acidity to neu-
tralize a certain number of grains of the alkali. Ordinary vinegar lias a
PROVISIONS.
561
Strength of from 35 to 40 f^rains; pure cider-vinegar is from 50 grains up-
wards; French vinegar, 60 grains, antl \incgar from native wine has been
concentrated to 90 grains. The last named is reduced in bulk to economize
in transportation, and i.s dikited before use. The specific-gravity test can
not be considered as altogether reliable, since, although the gravity increases
regularl)- up to 80 per cent., fiom that point to 100 it decreases.
The annual consumpti(jn of vinegar is about 5,000,000 gallon.s, or more
than 3 gallons to each individual, not including Mexico or Central America,
of which quantity at least one half is used by factories and canneries in
preserving vegetables, as cucumbers, onions, cauliflowers, etc. The supply is
whoU)' obtained from home manufacturers, the imports of French vinegar
having fallen off from 500 barrels, in i(S75, to less than 100 barrels in 1881.
Exports amount to about 20,000 gallons ycarl)-, one third of which is
shipped to New York, the remainder being sent to the Hawaiian Islands,
British Columbia, Japan, Mexico, and Central America. Manufacturers
give as a reason for the smallncss of the exports to the Hawaiian Islands,
that French and German vessels bring a supplj- as ballast. Vinegar is sold
at wholesale at from 15 to 45 cents per gallon, according to strength and
purity.
In making vinegar, barley-malt is consumed annually to the amount of
2,300 tons, allowing 6 bushels to 100 gallons of wort. The price of malt,
source of supply, etc., will be found given in the article on brewing. Malt-
vinegar is almost exclusively the production of the San Francisco estab-
lishments. Most of the vinegar manufactured outside of the city is made
from cider, to produce a barrel of which requires about 10 bushels of
apples. In addition to the output of the regular factories, about 40,000
gallons of cider-vinegar are made yearly on the coast by persons engaged in
agriculture, for private use or local sale. Very little pure wine-vinegar,
probably not 2,000 barrels in all, is made at present, for the reason that the
majority of consumers are satisfied with a common article at prices lower
than tliose for which the more costly jiroduct can be afforded. Inferior
wines suitable for vinegar could be bought 5 or 6 years ago for from
8 to 12 cents per gallon, but are .selling now for 22 cents, other demands
having arisen for them. The cost of wine-vinegar averages 25 cents per
gallon at wholesale. The quantity of molasses consumed by vinegar-
makers is small, and the supply, known as low grade, is from the Hawaiian
Island.s, and is the same in quality as that used by distillers, costing 20
cents per gallon or less. Taking 25 cents as the average ]iricc per gallon
of vinegar, the value of the annual |)roduct at present is about $1,250,000.
In the United States census report of 1S70, the products of 3 factories in
California and one in Oregon, the only establishments in existence at that
7«
J 'r ■
rM'^'
562
MANir.ACTL'RES.
time, arc valued at about $65,000. Allowing 50 per cent, additional for
indivitlual production, it will be seen that the increase in 1 1 >-ears lias been
more than twelvefold.
The capital invested in vinegar-making proper amounts to about $200,-
000; but connected with the industry, and in many cases forming a part of
the same establishment, is the business of i)icklc-making, in which $120,000
arc invested. The former industrj' gives employment to 75 hands, who
work 10 hours per day, for which they are paid an average of $2, the season
cxtcntling throughout the year. In the latter business 25 men and boy.s,
and 50 women and girls, are emploj-ed; the males earning from 50 cents to
$2 per da\-, and the females from 50 cents to $1, the season lasting from
April to October. .About 20,000 sacks, of 100 pounds each, of the various
vegetables are consumed duri.ig a season. Of the \ incgar made, two thirds
are the jjroduct of California, and of this quantity 50,000 barrels are manu-
factured at the San I'rancisco factories.
Vinesar Factories. — The production of Californian vinegar began on a
small scale at the Missions, in the last ccntur}-, and never ceased, grapes
being .ibutidant and cheap. The first American to engage in the business
west of the Sierra Xevada after the gold discover)-, was A. D. H.VRKK, who
in 1854 established a factor}- in San I'rancisco.
In 1877 the ]M-incipal canneries and pickle factories of San Francisco
united to purcha.se a vinegar factor)- in the cit)-, at which establishment,
known as the Pacific Vinegar Works, is now made all the vinegar u.sed by
them. The paid-up capital amoimts to $100,000, and the business furnishes
employment to 12 men. The annual output is ncarh- 1,200,000 gallons of
vinegar, made principally from barle\--ma!t. Connected with these works
is a pickle factory, established in 1880, with a capital stock amounting to
$100,000; employing 10 men; consuming 7,000 sacks of vegetables; and
producing in addition to pickles about 3,000 dozen bottles of French
mustard from California seed. Vinegar is made for general sale as well as
for pickling; but the pickles are sold to stockholders only. The works,
located at 415-419 I'ulton Street, cover an area of about 100 feet by 200
feet, and the office of the manager, JoiIN L. KosTER, is at 323 Front
Street.
The Stand.vrd Packing ComI'ANV make 300,000 gallons of malt-
vinegar, and pickle 8,000 sacks of vegetables annually. J. 11. Fi.siii;r
turns out 1 20,000 gallons of malt-vinegar, pickles 1,200 sacks of vegetable^;,
and makes 5,000 gallons of toinato catsup. These vinegar factories, ami
also that of C. A. Roiil.N.so.N', are in San iMancisco. A. HkroMAX, in
Sacramento, makes 40,000 gallons of vinegar, and pickles 1,500 sacks of
PROVISIONS.
503
vegetables. P. Van Bevkr, of Napa, has a factory in which he made wine-
vinegar in large quantities, previous to the recent advance in the price of
wine.
The largest cider-vinegar factory on the coast is the establishment of F.
De Long, located on his fruit farm near Xovato, ;Marin County, Califor-
nia, where he has an orchard containing 20,000 applc-trccs. The apples arc
pressed by steam power. The works, which arc of brick, have storage
room for 20,000 bushels of apples, and the cellar has vats holding nearly
100,000 gallons.
Oregon has 2 vinegar factories at Portland, and one at Buttcville, Marion
County, producing in all 400,000 gallons of vinegar, a portion of which is
sold to Washington and Western Idaho.
Utah has a factory at Ogdcn, Weber County, that produces 200,000 gal-
lons of vinegar annually. There are no pickle factories on the coast outside
of California.
CofFee and Spice Grinding.— Coffee-roasting and grinding and the
grinding of spices, with but few exceptions carried on in the same estab-
lishment when the business is large and steam-power used, are, to some
extent, managed by country dealers in groceries separately, with hand-mills
and portable ovens. It being impracticable to obtain full details of the
last-mentioned class, no attempt is made to present the total production,
capital invested, or number of workmen employed. It is probable, how-
ever, that one half of the entire business of the coast is centered in San
Francisco. The coffee berries are roasted in sheet-iron cylinders, and when
sufficiently browned, are allowed to cool for several hours — usually over
night. After grinding, the resulting powder is carried to a packing-room,
where it is put up in convenient forms for transportation. A proportion of
dried, roasted, and ground chiccory-root, a vegetable somewhat resembling
the wild parsnip in appearance, is frequently mixed with ground coffee, and
it is claimed by disinterested persons, when the proportion of the root docs
not exceed 10 per cent., the result is an improved flavor. The annual out-
put of the San Francisco mills amounts to 5,700,000 pounds, amounting in
value, at 20 cents per pound, to $1,140,000. The receipts of green coffee
are principally from Central America. In 1S/9 a brand of roasted coffee
was shipped from New York to San Francisco, which, for a time, sold well ;
but so soon as it ceased to be a novelt)', the sales fell off, and at present
there is no rival to our home production. Chiccory is cultivated in Yolo
and San Joaquin counties, California. A field in the first-named locality
containing fxD acres, yields an average crop of about 30 tons of the green
root to the acre. The annual consumption of the prepared vegetable is
564
MANUFACTURES.
«
800 tons, of which 300 tons are imported froin Germany. Complaints
have been made that a portion of tlie liome L;ro\\th is too rank. This, if
caused, as is supposed, b)- the )-early overflow of the l.ind on whicli it is
cultivated, could be easily remedied. As to the comparative qualities of
the Californian and German chiccorics, the o])inions of coffee-grinders
seem about cquall\' di\ided. The "foreign growth is brought here as bal-
last, and, owing to a reduction in import iluties from 3 to one cent per
pound, the present price is barel)' remunerative to our producers. A few-
tons of chiccor)' are shipped annually to British Columbia and Australi.i.
(iround coffee is sokl at from 1 5 to 40 cents per pound ; roasted and
ground chiccorj- at cS cents, the present prices of coffee being nearly the
same as in 1855. There are 2 establishments on the coast at which chic-
cory root is prepared; the principal one being located on the San Joaquin
River, about 6 miles from Stockton, where it was erected in 1876 at a cost
of ;'i20,ooo. The capacity of the works is 1,000 tons per annum; the pro-
duct being one half that quantit)'. The remaining factory is at Sacra-
mento, and is of minor importance. The pioneer coffee roaster of the
co.ast was \V. II. ]5ovi:i:, who, in April, 1850, opened a small establish-
ment with ;i han'.l-mill in .San I'rancisco.
The operations of grinding and packing spices arc similar to those used
in preparing ground coffee for the market. The total weight of the spices
ground annually in San l-'rancisco is abcjut 250 tons. I'epper was sold
during 18S1 at 20 cents per pound; allspice at 21 cents; nutmegs at 95 cents;
cloves at 45 cents; and ginger at 25 cents. The annual expc^rts are .about
600 cases, chicfl)' to the Hawaiian Islands, British Columbia, .and Central
America. The sup[)ly of spices is obtained principally from Sumatra, th.it
of ginger root from Btjrneo, ;ind mustard secil is a home growth. Imit.i-
tion I'rcnch mustaril is manufactured at the various vinegar works to an
extent that has driven the genuine .article almost out of the market. i\bout
850 tons of Californian mustard seed .are shipped to New York annuall)-,
the cost of which is 2 cents ])er pouiiil here.
Coffee and sjjices are ground in the same establishments, which in San
Franci.sco are those of Foi.GER & Co., A. Scilll-l.ING & Co., G. Vknard,
C. C. Burr & Co., C. Bernard & Co., J. G. Montkalegre, K. Guittard
& Co., Cl.Al'l' & JE.SSUP. C. C. Burr & Co., succes.sors of a house estab-
lished in 1850, make a specialty of grinding mustard. Mr. MONTEALEGKE
imports his own coffee. CUArr & Ji;ssui' grind drugs and flaxseed, as well
as coffee and spices. The house of VlON.VRH entered into the coffee-grind-
ing business in 1851.
In Sacramento, N. Dinglev, L. KREU/.Iu.KciER, L. GoLD.MAN, and
George I ieiscu own mills, and grind both coffee and spices. In San Jo.sd,
I' li!
a
?>
PROVISIONS.
5^55
Hunt & IFunkins have been established in the business since 1869. P.
Casknavk & Co. ha\'e a coffee and spice mill at Los yVngcles.
In Portland, J. I-". JoxES & Co., Cl.ossKT Hrothicrs, and others arc en-
gaged in the business.
In the State of Nevada, AnEi, Lak.nisau has an establishment for grind-
ing coffee and spices at Virginia Cit)'.
Thomas P^arlk, a leading grocer of Victoria, in 1881, added to his estab-
lishment a department with steam machinery for grinding and packing
coffee and spices.
Confectionery. — The more common articles of candy arc manufactured
in every town of importance on the coast, but the finer grades, as well as
all foreign productions, are only supplied by the wholesale dealers of San
Francisco. The annual consumption of the coast is valued at about $850,00x3,
three fourths of which arc sold in its chief city. The confectionery sold at
wholesale is valued at $450,000, two thirds of which are made by the dealers,
and one third imported by them. About 450 cases are exported, I^ritish
Columbia receiving 1 50 of the number, and the Hawaiian Islands and
Mexico mo.st of the remainder. The capital invested in the industry
amounts to $375,000, and employment is given to 250 per.sons, of whom 40
men, 40 boys, and 50 women and girls arc employed by the wholesale
dealers, and 50 men and 70 women and boys work in retail shops. In the
wholesale works the men arc paid from $2 to $3 per day, and the boj's
from $6 to $10 per week, a day's work for a man with a boy assistant being
500 pounds of common candy. The w(5mcii and girls, who do the sorting,
wrapping, and packing, receive from $3 to $5 weekly. In the retail fac-
tories, a man who can make 600 pounds of ordinary candy per day is paid
from $3.50 to $4. The wages paid here are about 20 per cent. ab"vc the
rates east of the Rocky Mountains. The wholesale price of common sticks
and drops is i^'/i cents per pound, and ranges upwards to $1 or more for
choice French confections, put up in ornamental packages. Taking 20
cents as the average price of the home-made, ami 35 as that of the im-
ported, the consumption of the first named amounts to 1,750 tons, worth
$700,000, and of the last mentioned to 215 tons, valued at $150,000, in
all 1,965 tons of 2,000 pounds, or more than 2y^ pounds to each man,
woman, and child on the coast north of Mexico. A considerable portion
of the San Francisco output is sold in Montana, New Mexico, Texas,
and Arizona, as well as in the territory more immediatel)- adjacent,
90 per cent, of the sales at wholesale being to parties outside the city.
Utah, Idaho, and liastcrn Nevada are mainlv supplied by Eastern man-
ufacturers through traveling agents. Of the importations, that of candy
m
566
MANUFACTURES.
proper docs not exceed $20,000, the remainder consisting of cake orna-
ments, candied articles, and licorice in various forms. The ornaments
are chiefly of French manufacture, and paj- an import duty of 40 per cent.
With the exception of a small quantity imported from the Atlantic .States,
the sugar used in this industry is refined here; all grades, from "Golden
C" to "Crushed," being employed, although the brand known as "Confec-
tioners' A," is the favorite, (jlucose, or grape sugar, is mi.xed with the ordi-
nru-y article in the manufacture of C(jnfectioner)' for .shipment, for the reason
that it is said to preserve the candy in a fresher condition. As it costs as
much here as ordinary sugar, nothing is gained otherwi-^c by the adultera-
tion. With regard to competition by Eastern makers, the railroad freights
of 6 cents per pound effcctuall)- bar overland shipments, and, although the
charges by sea are low, the tin-lined, heavy boxes required for the long sea
voyage increase the cost so as to leave but small margins for profits. The
pioneer confectioner of the coast was M. L. WlX.v, whose factor}-, locatetl
on Jackson Street in San Francisco, was destroyed by fire in 1850, again
burned the )'ear following, and afterwards established on Long Wharf, now
Commercial Street. F'actorics were established soon after 1850 in both .San
Franf.isco and Sacramento, the sugar used coming mainly from Hatavia,
and costing from 10 to 20 cents per pound. Tiie business has more than
doubled within the pa.st 10 )-cars. The largest wholesale confectionery
establishment on the coast is the steam factory of D. HlRsciirr:i,l), San
I'rancisco. Other houses arc those of W. S. T(nv.\si:Ni), F. DlCXTKU,
ROTIISCIIILI) & FlIKENrFORT, L. SAROM & CO., SCIIRODKR & Al.-
BRIOCMT, and Mas.sijX Fricres, all of San Francisco. Other factories are
those of M.VUR1CI-: O'Brik.V, San Jo.se; S. S. BoVNTON, Oroville; HiCNRY
FisiiLR, WlEDMANN & Hromoda, and W. F. I'ETER.sox, Sacramento;
William Anderson and John A. Paul & Son, Oakland ; F. Bicrel.
ChaRLE.S GrIESSEN, and W. J. Maveield, Portland; and SMnil M
LiLLV, Victoria, British Columbia.
Portland Candy Factory.. — The largest and one of the most important
confectionery establishments of C>rcgon is TlIE PORTLAND STEA^r Candv
M.\NUEACr()RY, AelsIvV & HeGI:le, proprietors. This house, which has
a wholesale department at 28 Alder Street, and retailing rooms at 145 I'irst
Street, sends its goods throughout that State and into Washington and
Idaho. The quality of their manufacture is acknowledged to be equal to
the best, and strictly pure.
Chocolate.— Chocolate is made from the seeds of the fruit of a species of
the theobroma tree, growing to the height of 30 feet in the tropics. The
.seeds, called cocoa or chocolate beans, after having been roasted and
I'UOVISIONS.
5^-7
broken into sm.ill pieces by a machine, tliat at the same time strips off llie
shell, arc [ilacetl in a mill moderately heated b)' steam pipes, in which they
are converted into a thick, oily substance of the consistency of molasses.
The mass is then placed in pans and allowed to stand for 24 hours, durin;^
which time it soliilifies. The cakes arc broken, and su;^ar kneaded in, the
compounil beinL,' a damp, adhesive substance, into which flavoring; matter is
worked by a machin'^, when the clKJColatc is ready for weighing, shaping,
and stamping. In plain chocol.ite, sugar is omitted. Broma is chocolate
powdered ; the husks stripped from the roasted seeds are known as cocoa
shells, antl yield a beverage esteemed by inan\'; a preparation for candy-
makers' uses is termed confectioners' cocoa, and the broken, roasted seeds
are called cracked cocoa. The annual production is about 350,000 pound.s,
v.ilucd at $100,000, in addition to which 100,000 pounds arc received from
New York. About 350 ca.ses are exported, chief!)' to Mexico, the Hawaiian
I-.lands, and British Columbia. The prices range from 22 to 35 cents a
pound for common qualities, to 70 cents for special brands. The seeds
come from South ;\merica, chiefly from Equador. The i)rincipal chocolate
factory on the coast, is that established at San I-'rancisco in 1852, b_\- 1).
GllUi.\Rl)ElAA in connection with coffee and spice grinding, much of the
machinery having been imported from France. The business gives employ-
ment to 30 hands, and is at present carried on by GlIlU.XKDELLl &
SoN.s. But one other firm, that of E. Gurrr.vRi) & Co., manufactures
chocolate here.
Ice. — Ice is consumed on the coast to the amount of about 50,000 tons
annually. T<j suppl)' this demand both nature and art are called upon to
contribute. The lakes (if the high .Sierra, exposed to a winter air some-
times colder than mercur\- will register, yield a crystallization in every way
desirable for household jiurposes; but the distance from populous centers is
considerable, transportation expensive, and nearly one fifth of the required
fjuantity is obtained by artificial production, accomplished by rapidly con-
verting a volatile liquid (ether or ammonia) into gas, by the withdrawal of
atmospheric pressure, the change of form being accompanied by a reduc-
tion f)f temperature sufficient to freeze water. The machines used for this
|)urposc differ, but the principle is the same in all, and the manufactured
article equals in purity the best specimens of the natural product. The
capital invested in the industry amounts to $650,000; and employment is
given to about 800 men, of whom more than 700 arc hired during the
winter months onl)-, to gather and store the crop from the ponds. About 50
hands are employed at the artificial works, and the average wages for all
engaged in the industry is $3 per day of 10 hours. Previous to 1869, the
568
MANUKACTIKKS.
"J^
ice consumed in California was supplied by a company who {gathered their
crops from ])onds in Ah.ska. The price charged in San Francisco was 5
cents per pound, and the cost could not have cxcccdcii $35 per ton. A
caryo of glacier ice shipped from the same Territory, liy a competing com-
pany, melted on the voyaj^e, and the vessel narrowl)' escaped capsizinj^.
The mountain lakes of California were made available b)- the construction
of the Central Pacific Railroad, and ice from this source at once found its way
to the San Francisco market. It is of excellent quality, at times 24 inches
in thickness, and, owing to competition with the artificial product, is sold at
present for from one half to three fourths of a cent jicr pound. The cost of
securing a winter's crop is about $2 per ton, varying with the depth of snow
to be removed from its surface. It has been found that the workmen best
suited to this kind of labor are, first, natives of the northern New England
States; ne.Kt Canailians; then Irish and Scandinavians. Chinese endure
the exposure least of all. The ice-houses in the Sierra arc, many of them,
built below the level of the pond.s, and the cakes, cut by machines, arc
floated b}' the curicnt to an iron grating through which the water falls.
From this point down to the house, steel rails are laid, and by changing the
position of their lower ends the ice can be landed at any ])oint desired.
The delivery is sufficientl)- ra[)id to keep from 40 to 50 liands stowing. In
1873 a flume 3 miles in length was built, through which ice was floated;
but the friction was so great that cakes 1 1 inches thick were worn down to
3 indies, and the flume was abandoned. The capacity of the ice-houses in
the Sierra is ample for the present consumption.
Of the separate States and Territories, California consumes 35,000 tons,
one third of which is used by San [•'rancisco; and of the entire consump-
tion of the .State, about one sixth is the artificial product. Nevada con
sumes S.ooo tons annuall)'. Virginia City has a machine that supplies a
local demand, but the greater portitin of the ice used is taken from the
Truckee River. In the deep levels of the Comstock mines, where the tem-
perature is 110', the miners consume 7 tons of ice daily. Utah uses 3,000
tons jearly, obtained from the Weber River, near Ogden. Oregon con-
sumes 1,500 tons of natural ice, and a machine at Portland turns out one
jialf as much more of the artificial product. Arizona consumes about
1,500 tons, a portion of which is made by a machine at Tucson. Washing-
ton uses 500 tons of natural ice. The ice annually used on the coast
would make a solid block more than one fourth of a mile long, 75 feet
wide, and 10 feet thick, or a cube 100 feet each way.
Among the principal manufacturers of artificial ice arc TlIK Calikou-
NIA AND Nkvaoa Ice Co.MI'ANY, established in 1871, the main works of
the company being in San Franci.sco, with branch works at Los Angeles;
PROVISIONS.
569
TiiK O.Mvi.ANn Artificial Ice Company, established in 1867; Tiik
SroCKloN ICK MANrrAcrcKiNC. Com I'ANV, incorporated in 18S0; C. II.
Davis & Co., Woodland, Volo County; TiiK ViRoiNi.v and Gold IIii.i,
VVaticr Company, of Virginia City; and William Harris, at I'oVtland,
Tiic principal dealers in natural ice are TlIK SUM.MIT ICK COMPANY, incor-
])oratcd at .Sacramento in iS6y, with works at Sereno Lake; and TlIIC I'lX)-
PLE's Ice Compan\-, incorporated at San Francisco in 1875, with works on
the Truckee River.
Salt.— Besides its use in the daily preparation of food, the preservation
of food, and its consumption by liomestic animals, salt is lart^ely emplo>cd
in the reduction of silver ore, and the manufacture of acids. A consider-
able quantity is also consumed in destroying noxious weeds. The annual
consumption of salt on the Pacific Coast is about 86,000 tons of 2,240
pound.s. Of this quantity, California uses 25,OC30 tons; Utah, 15,000 tons;
Nevada, 15,000 tons; Arizona, 5,000; Oregon and Washington, 10,000;
Idaho and Montana, 5,000; Alaska, 500; and Western Mexico, 10,000. Cal-
ifornia produces 30,000 tons; Utah, 20,000; Nevada, 6,000; Idaho, 1,000;
Arizona, 750; and Mexico, 15,000 tons. Imports amount to 12,000 tons,
nine tenths of which arc Liverpool salt, the remainder being from Carmen
Island, in the Gulf of California. Exports, chiefly to British Columbia and
the Hawaiian Islands, amount to 500 tons, excluding Mexico, of whose
.shipments no data are at hand.
Nevada is well supplied .with salt. It has numerous " flat.s," which were
once the beds of salt lakes, and by digging through a foot or two of soil,
the cr>-stallizcd salt is found in the strata, which have aggregate thickness
of 5 feet in some places, in others of only a few inches. The chloride of
sodium is mixed in some of the flats with large proportions of other salts, so
that the mineral is unfit for table use without refining, but it is good enough
for the silver mills, which obtain most of their supplies from such sources.
In some of these flats, water strong with salt can be obtained from .shallow
wells, and there arc also salt springs. In South-western Nevada, 3 miles
south of St. Thoma.s, the Virgcn River cuts through a deposit of rock salt
estimated to be 9 miles long, with an average depth of 70 feet. It can be
mined for $5 per ton, but with the present facilities for transportation, it
costs $10 per ton more to deliver it on navigable waters. Slabs of this min-
eral were used by the first .settlers for window-panes.
ff in Maricopa County, composed almost
In Arizona there
high
entirely of salt of a good quality. Near Camp Verde, in Yavapai County,
are several large hills compo.sed of salt, carrying considerable .soda and
magnesia, but at the same time suitable for salting cattle and for working
72
5;o
M.\M'iA("i'rKi;s.
ores. In A]i;ic!ie County there arc several salt la|;oons, the principal one,
near the New Mexican line, jieldin;^ 450 tons per annum, without other
l.-'.bor than that of shoveling the crystals into wacjons, 'I'his salt is s.'iiii to
ha\e s'onie s.iltpeter alonf; with it, which renders it excellent forcurin;^' meat.
At present the cost and difficulties of transportation prevent the develop-
ment of an_v of these deposits. Orc^'on and \\'ashinL;ton tleri\c their sujiply
of salt from points outside of their ^'coL^raphical limits, preferring; for ilairy
purposes the ICnglish production, brouy;ht to their iloors by \esscls seeking
car^joes of j^rain. I'or other uses, Californian outputs are emi)li)vcd, and a
small ijuaiitity has been made in Oreijon from the brine of salt springs.
The Great Salt Lake, in Utah, affords an incxhau.stiblc supply of brine
for the manufacture of salt. The north-west winds drive its waters into
shallow lagoons along the eastern shore; this water is ])rcvenled from return-
ing, by means of dams provided with gates, and salt is produced by solar
evaporation. Salt has also been produced by boiling the brine from salt
springs in various parts of the Tcrritor)'. The colonists, in 1847, made 125
bushels of salt from the Great Salt Lake water. In Idaho there are salt
works at Oneida that produce about 1,000 tons annually, by evaporating
the brine from springs, with artificial heat. On the Pacific coast of Mexico
salt is found in San Oucntin and Scammon's lagoons. Lower California, on
the islands of Carmen antl .San Jose, in the Gulf of California, and at Centa,
ne.ir the mouth of the Llota River, in Sinaloa. Of these localities. Carmen
I land affords the largest supply. Centa furnishes several mining districts
in its vicinity, and the rcir.aitiing point.s, although doing an cxi)ort business
in former years, arc not nr.w known outside of their local markets. The
formation of the Carmen Isl.i.rid beds is a natural curiosity. The locality
occupies ;i sort of bas'!- c.w the island, the whole of which is suppo.sed to be
the crater of an extinct volcano. The surface of the basin presents the
appearance of a plain, white with loose snow. The bed of salt is several
feet in depth, solid, and almost transparent. The deposit occurs in smooth,
liorizont.il strata, 3 inches in thickness, and is gathered by splitting off and
breaking the uppermost layer. In about a week, the hole thus left is refilleil
with salt, the same as that removed, by the evaporation of water that has
flowed into the cavity from beneath. The pieces removed crumble shortly
after being exposed to the air, and the c|uality is suitable for all general
purposes.
The \alue of the product is about $550,000 at the works. Capital to the
amount of $500,000 is invested in the industry, aiul 600 hands arc employed
during the season, which extends throughout the dry months. The San
Francisco prices var\' from $4.25 per ton for the lowest grade to $25 for
the best article for table use. In California, where the labor supply is most
i
I'KnVISIONS.
s;t
.ibundant, the expenditure for securing the yield is about $1.50 i^er ton,
and the yield itself is, for the most part, of inferior quality. At least three
fifths of this sn't is evaporated from the waters of San I'Vancisco Hay, and
is known as bay salt. It contains so much of the sulphates of lime and
magnesia as to be unfit for curing meat or fish, but its cheapness has
caused its use to some extent in reduction works outside of the State, and
in chemical works at home. An article made from the bay water, and
afterwards refined, known as crystal salt, is claimed to be as good as any
for curing meats, or for dairy use. Salt has been made in California in
Colusa, Inyo, Los Angeles, Monterey, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Siskiyou,
and Tehama counties. There are 3 establisiiments in San l'"rancisco that
grind salt, employing 50 hands, and producing to the annual value of
$220,000. The principal manufacturers in California arc TlIE UXIOX
r.VCII-IC S.VLT CO.MI'.WV, PLUM.MKR I5R0TIIEKS, P. MAR.SIC.WO, P. JlCS-
si;n, and B. F. Baktox S: Co., all of San Francisco. In Utah, JliRliMY
& Co. have works at Great Salt Lake, near the city.
Yeast Powder. — The production of this article, which is composed of
soda and cream of tartar, does not appear to increase in proportion to the
growth of population. Nearly one third of the consumption, estimated to
be 75,000 cases annually, is supplied by producers in the Atlantic States,
shipments from that source of supply having increased within the past
3 years at the rate of 50 per cent, yearly. The value of the annua! produc-
tion is about $225,000, taking the value of a case to be $4.50. Capital to
the amount of $175,000 is invested in the industry, and employment is
given to 100 persons, most of whom are minors, employed to make up the
packages. Exports amount to 1,600 cases, and arc chiefly to the Hawaiian
Islands and to British Columbia. The principal manufacturers arc D.
Cali.agiian & Co., P. M. Bowkn & Co., Tin: P.uii-k; Soda Company,
TiiK Califokxia Cream ok Tartar Company, and B. F. Barton.
all of San Francisco. Compressed yeast is manufactured by TlIE POTRERO
Dl.STlLLERV AND COMPRESSED Yeast Ccjmpaxv, of San Francisco, and
by B. B. Scott & Sox, of Sacramento.
Soda Water. — This industry includes, besides the particular beverage
which gives it its name, the various drinks flavored with lemon, sarsaparilla,
ginger, etc., as well as bottled cider and artificial mineral water.
The annual consumption on the coast '= about 10,000,000 bottles, con-
taining a pint each, amounting in value to $330,000.
Requiring no extensive buildings (a tent has been used), nor very elabo-
rate machinery, the manufacture has been co-existent with the miner's
camp, and the production only limited by the demand, though it is doubt-
I
mmmfm
.,*.•
572 MANU1\\( TURKS.
fill, considering the hi^h prices of the days of inininsr excitement and the
present competition, if the business of to-day has become lucrati\c in pro-
portion to tlie increase of population. Works arc now established through-
out the coast in almost every hamlet. Tiie materials used in this
manufacture consist chiefly of marble (in powder), sulphuric acid, and
the different flavoring extracts. The acid is of Californian and Nevada
production ; the other articles come from the l"lastern States, or have until
rccentlj-, since when one manufacturer, at least, has made his own e.xtract.s.
Raw material is consumed to the annual value of about $100,000, the num-
ber of hanils emplo)-ed is 160, and capital amounting to $300,000 is
invested. It is probable that within a few years all the material used will
be of liomc production, as improvements looking to that end are constantly
being made.
Among the larger works in San Francisco are those of P. G. SOMPS,
who has $40,000 capital invested, and turns out 150 dozen bottles per da\-;
Simmons & M.wox, who produce a like quantity; Cll.VKLKS Welch &:
Co., v,ho make 100 dozen bottles per day; Georgk C. Thompson, who
puts up 50 dozen bottles and fills 25 fountains of 10 gallon,, each, dail}-;
and C. A. Rkini'.RS & Co., who put up about 25,000 dozen bottles of
mineral water per annum.
Artificial lemon syrup was made in considerable quantities for several
years after the gold discovery, but the consumption decreased after fresh
fiiiit, natural and artificial mineral water, and beer became abundant.
!!!.
Malt Liquors. — The manufacture of malt liquors has assumed propor-
tions of considerable magnitude, the consumption of raw material being
an item of no little importance to the agriculturist. At present there arc
about 350 breweries on the coast north of Mexico, that produce annually
600,000 barrels of inalt liquor, of 30 gallons e.ich. Few, if any, of the
casks in use are barrels, most of them holding either 10 or 15 gallons;
but for the sake of condensation, the (|uantit}' is given in barrels. In brew-
ing, the consumption of barle)- and hops to each barrel of malt liquor will
average 1 1 5 pounds of the former, and 1 '^ ])ounds of the latter; so that to
.suppl\- the ilemand for this bexerage, requires the product of more than
72,600 acres sown to barley, and of more than 450 acres iilanteil with liops,
basing the calculation on the average j-ield of California for 1879. In
addition to the production, 2,500 barrel.s of malt liquor (partly in bottles)
were imported, \;ilueil at $55,000; and from this total must be taken 4,000
barrels exported, i)rincipall\' to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, and South-
ern I'acific ports, leaving the annual consumption of malt liquors, on
tlu' slope north of Mexico, about 12 gallons to the individual. Statistics
PROVISIONS.
573
of the German Empire, covering the period between 1872 <ind 1880, give
tlic consumption of beer there as being 62.3 liters, equal to nearly 16J2
gallons, for each inhabitant. The industr)- gives employment to 1,200
hands, who arc paid on an average $2 per day, working 10 hoOrs. The
bus)- season varies with the climate, being longer in the localities where the
winters are mild than in the colder latitudes. In California there is little if
any stoppage the year round, whilst in Idaho everything is frozen up for ;it
least 3 months. Capital to the amount of $3,750,000 is invested in the
industry, and the value of the annual production, taking the average price
of a barrel during 1881 at $7.50, is $4,500,000. Of the entire production,
California furnishes nearly nine tenths ; and of this, San I'^rancisco con-
tributes 280,000 barrels, the output of 38 brewing establishments. Of the
remaining States and Territories, Oregon has 34 breweries, that produce
24,000 barrels of beer per annum. Nevada has ^2, producing 25,000
barrels. Washington has 20, brewing 10,000 barrel.s. Utah has 13, turning
out 8,000 barrels. Western Idaho 4, producing 1,000 barrels. .Vrizona 15,
Ijrewing 3,000 barrels; and British Columbia 3, producing 2,000 barrels
yearl)'. In addition to their own manufacture, all of these political divisions
receive malt liquors from the Californian breweries. B}' far the greater quan-
tit\- of the malt licpior manufactured on the coast is that known as quick-
brewed beer, the time occupied in fermentation being but 3 days. Califor-
nia, however, lias 2 breweries that brew a beverage of the nature of lager beer,
and which is not used until 4 months after being made ; and about 30,000
barrels of ale and porter are made in Sa Francisco annually, most of the
latter being bottled.
The climate of California insures a dry harvest-time for her barlc)' crop,
an advantage not possessed by most of the otiier divisions of the slope, and
an important one, since a slight wetting at that time discolors the grain and
results in the production of a dark-colored brew. The yield is usually so
plentiful that a large surplus remains for exportation, after the home
demand is supplied. The average price is about $1.20 per cental, for good
brewing barlc)', well cleaned.
The first hops grown on the coast did not prove suitable for brewers'
uses, consequently the crop was not sought after. Time, however, b.-ought
about better cultivation to the yards, and gave age to the vines; and Bass,
the Burton brewer, made a brewing in 1869, using Californian hops, which
took a prize at the Industrial Exhibition at Sydenham, in that year. At
present, the home product is used almost exclusively, the crop gathered on
Russian River, California, being the favorite, and considered equal to the
best Bavarian growth. Exports from the Californian, Oregon, and Wash-
574
MANUFACTURES
I ■
I'll
i.i
infTton yards arc largely in excess of the quantity required for use at home.
The best selected hops sell for about 25 cents per pound.
The packages in which malt liquor is transported, and the brass faiicets
through which it is drawn, are items of considerable importance in the
manufacturers' account of expenditures. The 10 and 15 gallon kegs usod
cost ^^ and $5 each, respectively; the faucets cost $5 each; and as each 3
retained bj- the customer while in u.sc, it is readih' seen that a lai 5' ;-,i
ber is required when the business is extensive. A barrel of on i'. . y 1. 1
sells for from $6 to $8, ami a barrel of lager for $12. A g ass of thc;
former is sold for 5 cents, of the latter for 10 cent.s.
The water suppl)- of thc important breweries, especially those located i.i
San l"r,incisco and the larger towns, is derived from artesian wells dug on
thc premises, and forming a part of the plant (jf the establishment. The
first regular breweVy established on thc coast was put in operation at San
iM-ancisco, in 1850, by yVxDKKW R(jv and WILLIAM .McCov. The build-
ing was made in New York and sent out by sea, and the barley was
obtained fnjm Chile, at a cost of $3 a bushel. Nearly all the ale and beer
shipped from New York and Boston, at that time, .soured on thc voy.agc,
which left thc firm without competition. So far .a.s is known, the first beer
brewed on the coast was made at Monterey in 1837, by one WiLLlA.M Mc-
GlO-NT,, a sailor wrecked in thc \'icinity in that year.
Malting. — To render grain suitable for brewing purposes it is subjected
to a process termed malting, and is known afterwards as malt. Barley be-
ing a cereal little in demand as an article of food for man, is the one most
available fortius use. Its annual consumption on thc coast in the manufac-
ture ■''" brewers' malt amounts to about 34,500 tons of 2,000 [lounds. Of
this ([uantit_\-. four fifths are made by the larger Californian brewers fo- lliclr
own brewings and those of other city breweries. The remainder is mostly
supplieil by San I'rancisco maltsters, thc country brewers of the coast
generall)- obtaining their supply in the city. About 200 tons of malt
are exported, chiefly to British Columbia, Mexico, and Central America.
The capital invested in the industry proper amounts to $150,000, and 40
men are employeil, who arc prud an average of $2 per da\-. Malting con-
sists, in genend terms, in softening ;hc grain b)' soaking in water, placing it
in heaps on a floor where it is allowed to remain until partial germinat'c 1
takes ]ilace, then spreading out the heaps and finally drying on a hea; ,'
floor. The temperature to which it is subjected in drying affects its coloi
and determines its subsequent manipulation by the brewer, thc lighter
colored, which has been slowly dried, entering into the light beers, and the
darker into ale anil porter. In mall 'ig, barley \niiCn i;: u Light, 100 pounds
PROVISIONS.
575
of grain making about 90 pounds of malt, but gains in bulk, 100 measures
averaging about 105 when malted. The average price of malt is about
$2.10 per hundred pound.s. There are 3 houses in San I'rancisco de\-otcd
exclusively to malting. The largest of these, the South Park Malt-I louse,
owned by H. ZwiiCG, is also the largest on the coast, and was established in
1857 by the present proprietor. The aimual output amounts to nearly 100,-
000 sacks averaging ico pounds. SCIIERR, IJACII & Lux are proprietors
of the Pioneer and Union malt-houses, and turn out about 50,000 sacks
yearly. ROSENKR Brothers malt about 1,000 tons of barley per year.
The Empire, Enterprise, and Eureka breweries, of San Francisco, also malt
for sale in addition to supplying their own consumption.
Moiu;ax & Eastman malted grain in San Francisco in 1S54. At the
vMbion brewer)', located in San Francisco, ale and porter arc brewed on a
.system differing from any in use elsewhere on the coast. The proprietors
have excavated an extensive rock cellar in which is a living spring of pure
water.
The Philadelphia Brewery, JoilN WiELAXD proprietor, was established
at San Francisco in 1S55, and is by far the largest on the coast, the annual
sales having increased from 3,800 barrels in 18G2, to 47,000 barrels in 1880.
Capital to the amount of $400,000 is invested, emploj-ment is given to 45
men, and 30 horses arc used on deliver)' wagons. The Chicago Brewery
manufactures 25,000 barrels annuall)', employing 21 men. The Ilibernia,
Washington, National, Empire, and Alban)' breweries, manufacture more
than 15,000 barrels each, annually. The Lafayette Brewery claims 33 )ears
of business life in San Francisco, which ranks it among the oldest houses
on the coast. TlllO BoCA Brewing Comi'ANV has works at Boca, Nevada
County, and manufactures the onjy lager beer on the coast. Capital amount-
ing to $300,000 is invested, 80 men employed, and the sales arc 25,000
barrels per annum. The Fredericksburg Brewer)-, located at San Jose,
makes a slowly brewed beer, employs 25 men, and turns out about 30,000
barrels annuall)'. The Columbus Brewer)', at Sacramento, established in
1853, employs 6 men, and manufactures about 5,000 barrels per year. The
oldest and largest brewery in Portland is the City Brewery, built in 1862,
and now owned by llENRV Weiniiard, the annual output being about
6,000 barrels.
Distillation. — The production of brandy has been treated in the chapter
on Horticulture, and here we shall speak of other distillation. The Mexican
mescal, made from the fermented juice of the American aloe, and the /Jas-
kan hoochenoo, distilled from flour antl sugar, or such other starch)' aiul
saccharine matter as the y\lcuts and Indians of that Territory can obtain,
■in
5;o
MANLIACTlMil.S.
;F ■nm
lire i)ioducccl ill small quantities, and consumed near the stills, so that they
have little industrial or commercial importance.
On the American portion of the Pacific Coast there are 28 distilleries for
v>'i' ' .' cordials, and bitters, including,' 15 in California, 4 in Oregon, 3 in
No id 2 each in Utah and Arizona. Tlic annual production of proof
whisk; .lounts to 2,300,000 ijallons, valued at $2,806,000, of which one
fourth may be converted into cordials, bitters, alcohol, and medicines, and
used in the useful arts. The material consumed in distillation consists of
barley, wheat, and maize, of v.'hich 24,000 tons are required. The kind of
grain depends on the price, but barley is usually the cheapest, and presum-
ably furnishes the bulk of the Californian whisky. There have been times
when it could be obtained abundantly in the San I'Vancisco market for $15
per ton.
In 1 88 1, which may be accounted an average year, San Franci.sco
imported 24,000 barrels of whisky, 8,000 of other spirits, and 30,000 cases,
equal to 2,300 barrels, of cordials and bitters. The exports amounted to
1,200 barrels of spirits and 1,750 ca.ses of bitters. The quantity of dis-
tilled liquor, exclusive of brandy, consumed annually on our coast between
Mexico and British Columbia, is about 2,300,000 gallons of proof strength,
or 2,800,000 of the average marketable quality. This would allow 2
gallons for each person, or 8 gallons for every adult male. If there are 65
drams of average size in a gallon, we have 520 drams a year for e\ery man,
or enough for one drink e\ery week-d.iy, and 4 drinks Sundays. The com-
mon price of the [jroof whisky is $1.20 per gallon, or $2,760,000 for the
2,300,000 gallons at wholesale; but to the consumers the direct cost is at
least $5,000,000. The output of the San I'rancisco distilleries amounted to
1.840,000 gallon.s.
The capital investetl in the distilleries on the Ainerican portion of our
coast is about $1,000,000, and the iiumbcr of persons employed in llieni
150, with wages that average $2.50 per day. Some of them are children,
engaged in labeling.
The first grain distiller)- of California was established in San Francisco
in 1855, anil was piofit.ible, because wheat and barley were then cheai), and
freight, storage, insurance, and the incidents of keeping large stocks (when
merchandise could not be delivered from New York till 6 months after the
ortler was mailed^ were extremely high. The business w.is subject to
gre.'il nucluation-;, following the changes in the i)rice of grain, and the
accumulation or ilecrease of stocks of imported liquor. In 1858 ami 1S59
small (luanlilies of rum were distilled at Los Angeles, from sugar cane cul-
tivated there by H. I). Wilson.
Tin; r.\ti(ic IJi.si ii.li.m; and Ri:i'inin(; Co.mpanv was established
PROVISIONS.
577
in 1864 by LOUIS SCIIULTZ and IlEXRV VOORMAN, GF.ORGE OULTOX
afterwards becoming a partner. Tlie business is the manufacture of spirits,
whisky, and alcohol. The works comprise a 4-story brick building 50 by
75 feet, and 3 other buildings of less extent. The machinery includes 6
steam-boilers and a loo-horse-powcr engine, witji mash-boiler, 2 runs of
millstones, 5 stcam-pumjis, and 2 copper .stills, having an aggregate
ca[)acity equal to the distillation of 1,500 gallons per day. Capital to the
amount (jf .$ 1 00,000 is invested and employment furnished to 30 men. The
production of the works varies from 500,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per
annum, they being the largest of their kind on the Pacific Coast. San
I'Vancisco has 2 other grain distilleries — that of TlIK PoTRERO Vkast
AXD Distilling CoMrANV, of which Herman Wkstkeld is president,
and which makes compressed yeast as well as spirits ; and the West End
Distillery, owned by RoiiERT C. Rrooks. The California Distillery of
Antioch also has its principal office in San Francisco.
Bay View Elstillery.— The Pay View Distillery of SCOFIELD & Tevis,
the largest establishment of the kind on our coast, is situated on the shore
of the bay at South San Franci.sco, with facilities for receiving all their raw
material and shipping away their products in their own vessels, without
expense for drayagc. The main building is 400 feet long, 200 wide, and 3
stories high. Four boilers, sufficient to drive engines of 250 horse-power,
supply heat and drive the machinery. The grain is coarsely ground so that
fermentation shall be complete, and is carried by elevators from the mill to
the meal room on the upper floor. There is a grain still which ri.ses from
the first into the second story, and a copper spirit still, the column of which
rises from the first into the third story. These stills with their columns arc
constructed on the plans adopted in the largest and best distilleries on the
Atlantic Slope. Six rectifiers, constructed on Sinclair's Patent, conduct the
spirit through charcoal, and give them the smoothness and mildness of
flavor, and inodorous quality not otherwise obtainable, and necessary for a
high quality of neutral spirits. ^VU the apparatus is of the latest patents,
and the most complete character. Water is furnished by 3 artesian wells,
from one of which 10,000 gallons can be pumped in an hour. The tanks
on the roof holding 200,000 gallons, give protection against fire, and supply
the boilers, vats, etc. Their Cooper shop produces from 60 to 70 barrels a
day. They have 2 bonded warehouses, and are building a third, which last
is to be 200 feet long by 175 feet wide, with capacit)' to store 20,000 barrels
on racks similar to those used in the Kentuck)- warehouses. It will be
heated, and the spirits will ripen while waiting for customers. Two grain
warehouses contain storage room for 100,000 sacks of grain. The refuse
73
578
MAM 1 ACTIKKS.
from the fcrinentin.Lj vats is fed in clean ])ens to 5,000 liogs and 600 beef
cattle, each of the latter havini; its sepaiatc stall. The premises occupy 8
acres of <;roimd. The distillery consumes 1,000 bushels of grain, makes
4,200 gallons of rectified spirits, and i)a\-s $3,780 dail)' of United States
internal revenue tax. The grain which it consumes requires about 1 5,000
acres for its production. Besides this enterprise, Scoi'IELD & Tevis arc
largel}- interested with C. X. I'ELTON in developing the petroleum resources
of California, as mentioned elsewhere.
CordialG. — Cordials, bitters, alcohol, and neutral spirits are produced in
San Francisco, but in small quantity elsewhere on our coast. In the man-
ufacture of bitters, various plants jieculiar to our coast arc uscil.
In 1S52 Franci.S Crkvoi.I.V & BROrilKR established a manufactory
at San I'rancisco for the purpose of making cordials, bitters, cs.scnces,
.syrups, etc. After some changes the business passed into the hands of the
present owners, ]'.. G. LVONS and JlLES Mavkr. Two stills are used,
and a room is specially fitted up for crystallizing rock candy. Nineteen
persons are emplo\'ed, 2 of whom are minors. The products of the manu-
factory are sent to Oregon, Nevada, ^Mexico, Central .America, the Society
Islands, and Japan. The annua! sales amount to $100,000.
Dox.M.n IMcMiLL.W occupies a 3-story building in San Francisco in
the distillation of cordials and bitters.
WOOD.
579
CHAPTER XXXII.— WOOD.
Wood-working Industry.— This chapter treats of the various branches
of wood-working industry, tlic products of which inchide rougli lumber,
dressed lumber, door.s, sashes, blinds, wood moldings, boxes, coopcr.s'-warc,
willow-ware, carriages, ships, furniture, pianos and other musical instru-
ments. Agricultural implements and windmills are e.Kcluded from this
chapter, and will be treated under the head of iron, which is the more
costly material in their construction as a class. Plausible objection may be
made to every classification of this kind, but the one here adopted seems
as convenient as that to be found in any one of the few works similar to
this in scope.
liUmbRring. — No other nation has handled so much lumber or has ac-
quired so much skill in its production as the American ; and the Pacific
side of the United States is not behind the Atlantic in the size and com-
pleteness of sawmills, in the enterprise and intelligence of lumbermen, or
in the efficient adaptation of new means to peculiar circumstances. What-
ever had been learned in the forests of Europe, Maine, Michigan, and
Canada was transferred in all its completeness by experienced men to Cali-
fornia soon after the gold discovery, and combined and applied in the con-
struction and management of the sawmills of the Sierra Nevada, the
redwood regions, and Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. The
Pacific lumbermen were compelled to acquire superior skill, because their
timber was larger in diameter and length than ever had been, or is now,
handled in sawmills in any other part of the world. The average thick-
ness of a Humboldt saw-log is 5 feet; and logs 9 feet through arc not rare,
and trees iS feet in diameter have been cut in the regular course of the
.sawmill business. Logs exceeding 9 feet in diameter are split by powder
or wedges into halves, suitable for the circular saws. Those from 7 to 9
feet are sometimes sawn b)' sash saws 12 feet long, into cants or pieces
before passing to the circular saws. The largest logs cut into boards at the
first sawing are 8 feet through, though the circular saw used in the work
does not exceed 6 feet in diameter, and can not make a kerf more than 35
inches deep. Two saws, one cutting from below and the other from above,
can not cut up a log more than 6 feet through. The Humboldt sawyers.
V
W
111 i
I
r liitd I
i ^J!^ ii
580
MANUKACTL'UES.
Iiowcvcr, instead of being content to work with 2 saws, use EvANs' treble
circular, as it is called, though it has 4 saws, 2 of them being used to slice
off part of the top of a log 8 feet through, so that the part to be cut
by the main saws shall be less than 6 feet in ilcpth. The great weight of
the large redwood logs has led to the invention of DOLBEER'S patent steam
logging machine for moving them.
The uncqualcd length of the fir timbers sawn in Washington and British
Columbia — So feet being common, and 150 not very n.re — has required the
construction of sawmills with long log carriages; bi.t there has been no
notable Pacific invention in the general pattern of tl.e mills, though some
in the minor machinery. The Californian adjustalilc teeth for large cir-
cular saws have been adopted everywhere. The slide, to send cordwood
and logs down the steep slopes, used in the Alps and other mountains from
remote times, has been adopted in the Sierra Nevada without material
change; and the same principle has been applied in an ingenious and novel
form to the lumber chutes, by which lumber is loaded at various points on
the coast of California where there is no harbor, upon vessels fastened to a
buoy at some distance from the shore. A wooden chute, leading with a
descent from the shore, terminates over the place where the vessel lies ; and
the boards, planks, ties, posts, or pieces of cordwood to be shipped, when
placed on the upper end of the chute, slide down rapidly to the lower end,
where a brake, applied just before the timber leaves the chute, checks its
fierce .speed and lets it down gently to its resting-place. Drives and
booms, common in Maine, Norway, and many other lumbering regions,
have been adopted on our slope without improvement. The "drive " is the
process of sending a stock of loose logs or cordwood down through a nat-
ural water channel to a point below, where it is caught. If the ordinary
current has not sufficient depth, the drive is made in flood-time, or a supply
of water, after being collected in a dam, is let loose suddenly. A " boom,"
consisting of logs fastened by chains or links to the banks, keeps the logs
or wood from passing the point where they are wanted, and yet does not
pre\-ent the water from passing. In situations where neither the slide nor
the drive can be used advantageously (and they arc numerous in our mount-
ain ranges), use is made of the V-flume, which was invented in Nevada,
and was there first appreciated and applied on a large scale. It is espe-
cially .serviceable in carrying lumber from the high Sierra to points in the
valley, 30 or 40 miles away.
Timber. — Our chief timbering regions arc the redwood forest within 30
miles of the ocean, between parallels 37° and 42°; the sugar-pine forest in
the Sierra Nevada; the fragrant cedar forests near the ocean, from 40° to
>
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'7' I
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«
ii.
I
iii m
wonn.
58 1
44"; ami the rcd-fir west of the summit nf the Cascade RaiiLjc, from 44°
to 52". The Alaska cedar, thoiiL;h in some important respects superior to
any of the others, is not yet prominent in our industries. The forests of the
different trees intermingle, so that one be[,Mns lony before the other ends.
Southern California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico have little timber,
save in the hij,'her pcjrtions of a few mountain ranges. Idaho, iVri/.ona,
Eastern Oregon, and Eastern Wa.shington have numcrou.s districts bare of
timber, but also have forests extensive enough to suppl)- the local demand.
The sugar-pine does not anywhere make up the forest, and it seldom
outnumbers the other trees, but it is the most valuable timber of the Sierra.
The lumber' .^_; business there is limited to the districts which have facilities
for transporting the product to a market. The forests are usually high up
on the mountain side, remote from the settlements, and hauling in wagons
is too expensive. Flumes and railroads arc required for the prosperity
of the lumbering industry, and these have been providetl at a number of
points. The m.ost productive lumber district of the Sierra Nevada has been
the basin of the Truckec River, including the slopes and summits near
Lake Tahoe. The Central Pacific Railroad has given to the Truckec lum-
bermen superior facilities for supplying Virginia City, Central Nevada, and
Utah, and numerous mills, flumes, and slides have been built to cheapen
production. A steamboat has been built to tow rafts across the lake, and a
railroad carries the lumber to the summit of the mountain cast of the lake,
where a flume takes charge of it until Carson is reached. It is estimated
that the Truckee basin has .sent away 500,000,000 feet of lumber in 1S67, a
large portion of it being consumed in Virginia City and its mines. The
immen.sc cjuantities of timber, lumber, and cordwood required there, and the
high cost of transporting them uphill by wagon, were among the chief con-
siderations in the construction of the railroad from Reno to the Comstock
mines. As the forest area of the Truckee basin has been very much re-
duced, work has been commenced at Reno on a railroad running northward to
a fine body of timber about 40 miles north of Lake Tahoe. A railroad has
recently been built .southward from Bodic to a fine forest. The long slopes
on the western side of the Sierra have led to the construction of flumes 40
or 50 miles long, leading down to Red Bluff, Chico, Madera, and other
points in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.
No large tree is straighter in grain, follows its grain more readily in split-
ting, or splits with more ease, than the redwood. This free-splitting char-
acter and smoothness of its split surfaces render it suitable for the cheap
production of railroad ties, fence posts, and pickets, and being very durable
it is largely used for such purposes. The number of redwood railroad ties
split annually numbers 800,000, and as they arc 8 feet long, and 8 inches
583
MANUFACTURr.?;.
wide, by 6 thick, the consumption of icdv.ood in lliiit form amounts to
24,000,000 feet, boaid measure, )'carly. Tlic number of redwood fence posts
shipped to Sail Francisco is 530,000 annuall}', and tlie total production in
California is 3 times as mucli, so that 10,000,000 feet of redwood are con-
sumed in tha way. The number of railroad ties made on our slope
from material not redwood may be 400,000 a year. The split timber is
stronger as well as cheaper than the sawn. The ordinary price for railroad
ties is from 40 to 50 cents each in .San Francisco. (Ine of the: serious
drawbacks of our lumbcrini^ industry, and of the man)- branches of our
manufactures, is that we ha\'c no good supply of hard wood, similar to the
while oak or hickory of the Atlantic slope. From Alaska to Lower California,
there is not a large straight-grained indigenous tree of first-rate quality for
plow beams or casks. The common oaks of the valleys have large trunks,
and are beautiful features in the landscape, but the wood is brittle, and
not good fov fence rails, much less for any purpose requiring strength and
elasticity. It is said that some of the oak--trees in the mountains make
good staves, bat our best casks are made of imported material. \\'hether the
eucalyptus will supply the want of a hard strong elastic wood is a problem
not j'ct solved to the general satisfaction. We obtain about 3,000,000 feet of
hard wood annually from the ]\Iississippi Valley.
Wc have not space to controvert here the assertion that there has been a
serious decrease of the forest area on our slope. A careful investigation
will show that the redwood trees have not been killed out from 500 acres in
California, nor the red fir from 1,000 acres in Washington and British
Columbia; that the forests cleared away on the western slope of the Gicrra
Nevada 30 )-ears ago have been replaced by a new growth, and that there
is no proof that the clearings about Lake Tahoc \\iil not be covered with
trees in the same way before the end of the century. While the area which
was covered with trees in 1848, has not materially diminished, there have
been extensive plantings of trees for fruit, shade, and timber, with a proba-
bility that very much more work of the same kind will be done in the
- future than has been done in the past.
liUmber Production. — The lumbering industry of our coast gives employ-
ment to 10,000 men, and produces 750,000,000 feet of sawn and split lum-
ber, worth in the aggregate, at mill prices, about $12,000,000. California
produces 300,000,000 feet; Washington, 200,000,000; Oregon, 150,000,000;
British Columbia, 50,000,00c; and other portions of the slope, 50,000,000.
The sawmills number 700, and the capital invested in them and in the
timber lands needed for their supply is about .$io,ooc,ooo.
The flumes, the chutes, the logging machines, the treble circular-.«avv
WOOD.
583
an-angcmenl, the number and large size of ihc slides, drives, and booms,
the magnitude and completeness of the sawmills, the grandeur and beauty
of the trees, the uncqualcd length and diameter of tlie saw logs, the clear-
ness of the lumber (60 per cent, being free from knots, while 20 is a large
percentage elsewhere), and the varied advantages of the redwood, red fir,
sugar pine, Iragrant cedar, and Alaska cedar for numerous important indus-
trial purpo.ses, make our coast the classic region of lumbering. The mag-
nificence of nature, and the efliciencj' of useful art have here made an un.
paralleled combination, that fills the mind of the Canadian or Norwegian
lumberman with wonder and envy. Trees taller than ours are found in New
Zealand, and forests more extensive in Africa aiul South America, but
neither they nor any other portions of the world have forests so grand,
dense, extensive, valuable for general building purposes, and convenient of
access in the hands of a skillful and laborious population, supplied with the
best machinery.
Washington's predominant industry is lumbering, her chief export being
rough red fir planks, boards, and scantling suitable for the frames of houses
and for fences. The most productive sawmills are at a few points on
Puget Sound, where an abundance of timber is found in the \icinity of a
good mill site, near a secure anchorage, with a body of water suitable for
liolding the logs until they arc needed for sawing. The mills usually buy
their material from men who make a business of logging, which includes the
cutting of the trees, hauling them to the water's edge, throwing them in,
and rafting them to the mill. The mills on and near the Sound have an
aggregate capacity of cutting about 1,200,000 feet a day, a single mill being
prepared to cut 250,000 feet. The shipments arc 140,000,000 annually to
San Francisco, 25,000,000 to other Californian ports, and 12,000,000 to the
Hawaiian Islands. The pncc at the mills is usually $13 for 1,000 feet.
The lunbcr is usually sent to market in sailing-vessels, with a capacity to
carry fi ai 250,000 to 1,000,000 feet, and there is an increasing demand for
it Ur 'A Japan, China, and y\ustralia. Manchooria, New Zealand, and
Soul hern Chile have fine forests, and may in time come into competition
with our coast in supplying lumber to the extensive treeless and populous
regions that border the Pacific on both sides.
The forests of l?ritish Columbia are extensive and magnificent, but the
home market is limited, the Californian market is inaccessible because of the
high tariff, and there is little direct commerce with Japan, China, and
Australia, which, therefore, get most of their lumber from California. The
extent of the forests, however, and the advantages of the mills will, at no
distant time, secure a ready sale for their products in many of the Asiatic
and Spanish-American ports.
numm^mmm'mmimwmm
584
MAXUI'AITIRKS.
Flume Transportation. — Tlic tmiisoortation of lumber by flumes has
become a prominent feature of the lumber-making industry. By their use
logs can be transported from what \\ol.ild seem almost inaccessible points
to the mills in the vicinity of railroads. An account of the origin of the
V-Hume has been given in the chapter on Inventions. These artificial chan-
nels, with smooth sloping sides, a regular grade, and a swift current of water
deep enough to carry lumber, furnish the cheapest means yet found for
transporting the products of the sawmills high up on the Sierra Nc\ada to
the middle of the valley.s, 10, 20, or 40 miles distant. The speed usually
ranges from 4 to 10 miles an hour, and the quantity carried by a flume in a
day is very large.
Many millions of dollars arc invested in flumes, and they have given \alue
to extensive regions of lumber which, before the invention, were practically
inaccessible and worthless for the uses of the present generation. They are
so simple in their construction, and so cheap in their management, that
the)' will doubtless be introduced, at no distant time, into the forests of the
Himalayas and the Andes, and will gi\'C the stimulus of Anglo-y\merican
enterprise and industrial skill to South American and Asiatic communities.
The average cost of a luniljcr flinnc is about $3,000 a mile, and ranges from
$1,000 to $20,000, according to the difficulties of the route, which is often
o\-cr ver>- rugged country.
The greatest of all fluming enterprises was that of THE SiKRKA FlU-NFE
AM) Lu>ri)i:R CONrr'.vxv, organized in 1S75. Thi\- bought 60,000 acres of
sugar pine and yellow pine tim!)er lanil on the Sierra Nevada, 4,000 or
5,000 feet abo\e the sea, in Plumas, Butte, and Tehama counties; con-
structed i'> mills to saw the lumber and about 150 miles of flume to carry
it to Red lUuff and Chico in the midtUe of the Sacramento V^allc)-. They
in\'ested $2,500,000 in their business, manufactured 43,000,000 feet of
lumber in a year, and failed; antl creditors incorporated uniler the title of
Till-; Sii:kr.\ Lu.Mlii;R Co^ll'A^'^', took the property, and have more than
100 miles of fluming in good coiulition now.
A costly Hume is that which carries lumber, mining timber, and cord-
wood to Virginia Cit\-. It was built by a company comprising the bonanza
firm of Flood & O'Brien, mainly for the purpose of supplying their mines,
which at one time consumed 1,000,000 feet of timber in their underground
works, and burned about 3,000 cords of firewood every month. The fire-
wood, at the prices paid before the construction of the flume, cost them
about $500,000 annually. The length of the flume is 15 miles, but the
distance in a direct line from its head to its foot is only 8, so 7 miles are
added in the l)ends. It was built within 10 weeks, by 200 men, at a cost of
$20,000 a mile, or $300,000 for the entire work. The great haste with which
WOOD.
585
it wiis constructed, the very high rate of wages prevailing at the time in
Nevada, and the natural difficulties of the route, made it much more expen-
sive than (lumcs usually arc.
One of the most valuable flumes in Nevada is that of Yerrington,
Br.iss & C<>-, carrying lumber from the summit of the mountain cast of
Lake Tahoc down to Carson City. The most notable flumes of California
are those terminating at Red Bluff, Chico, and Madera. These are much
longer than any in Nevada, and have also a greater descent, for their lowest
points are not more than 300 feet above the sea, while the Nevada flumes
are at least 4,000 feet high. The smaller lumber flumes are very numerous,
and arc scattered from San Bernardino on the south to British Columbia on
the north.
Perhaps the largest flume in Oregon is the Thiel.SEN flume, which carries
50,000 feet of lumber and 300 cords of firewood every day in the busy sea-
son, from a forest in the Blue Mountains to the town of Milton. The total
length, including a branch 10 miles long, is 30 miles. It is the property of
The Orki.o.n Lmi'rovemkxt Company. The Oregon Railway and
Navigation- Company needs large supplies of firewood at the Dalles, and
o' 1' in from the Little White Salmon Flume, 10 miles long, belong-
'".. ''I' ^V- ^^'l IDLER. It cost only $2,200 a mile for construction.
'Ill' <■" of i i.n, in Washington, is supplied with lumber, railroad
tics, and cord - . from the Blue Mountains, by a flume belonging to TlIE
Oregon lMl>Ro\E.\ir\T Co.mpan- Its length is 32 miles, and its original
cost was $3S,ooo, on> uf the cheapi st structures of the kind on record.
Sawmills.— The Spaniards
-M
:m-\v little of lumbering,
used nothing more elaborate than a whip-saw, and did not produce much
with that. From 1800 to iK ; - most of the few boards needed in California
were imported, and the first lumber sawn for sale was produced in 1838 by
James Daw.sox, of Sonoma, with a whip-saw. Stephen Smith, master
of a little trading vessel from Baltin re, entered Bodega Bay in 1841, and
while riding about the country, <!•■ .jovcred a magnificent site for a sawmill
within 6 miles of the bay, and nny a few hours' sail from San Francisco
Bay, of which, like others, he expected much. He determined then and there
to leave the sea, and with that idea he returned to his native city, bought
boiler, machinery, and implements for a steam sawmill and gristmill, and
returned to Bodegn, stopping at various ports on the way, picking up
a wife at one place, a carpenter at another, an engineer elsewhere, and
-sawyers and wood-choppers as he could find them. In September, 1S43,
he cast anchor in Bodega Bay, and soon afterwards began to build the first
sawmill in California, about the same time that JOSEPH Gale built one in
74
L .
5>S6
MANl,'l'AfTrRi;s.
%■ I
Orcfjnn. SMITH obtained a large rancho, and as there was soon an active
demand for lumber, his mill and land became very \ahiable. This was the
only sawmill in California until the American conquest. The next one
was built by JAMKS I'EACE, in what is now San Mateo Count)'; and, in
1847, work was commenced at Coloma on Sr rri'.R's sawmill, wJiich never
produced any lumber. It was to be driven In- water, and the tail race
was excavated in a bed of auriferous gravel, giving Marshall, the millwright,
an opportunity to di.scovcr the placers which made an industrial revolution
on our coast. The first sawmill of Washington was built near the southern
end of I'ugct Sound in 1851.
Some of the sawmilling enterprises on the shores of Puget Sound and
in the redwood region of California arc like principalities. The manufac-
turing firm owns a large tract, 50,000 or e\en 100,000 acres of timber lanil,
including the shore or bank of a cove or ri\er mouth; the}' occupy \xuX of
the water, with a boom to holil their logs; they have a town with all the
ilwellings, store.', and shops; they h;i\e a railro.ul to carry their logs to the
mill, and ships to carry their lumber to distant m.arkets. In several cases,
electric illumination enables them to run their mills and load their ve.s.sels
when d;irkness prev.iils in the \icinity. I'ive hundred men are employed
by a single firm in their logging camiis and mills, and one firm ])roduces as
much lumber as any one of .several lunopean kingdoms uses in a year.
Among the prominent lumber manufacturers of California are John
Vaxci-: and J(.)Si;i'll Ri>s, who are also leading men in the general business
of Humboldt Count)-, where the)- reside. Mr. Russ is als(j extensi\el)- eii-
;';aged in the dair)- business, and an account of iiim has been given in the
eliapter on domestic anini;ds. One of the most noted lumber maiuifactur-
ers of our coast was Jir.XKV Mi:i<;(;s, who made a fortune in lumber, lost
it speculating in San I'r.nicisco lots, forgetl a great number of city warrants,
fled in his own vessel U> .South America, became the railroad king of I'eru,
and laid the foundation for the bankruptcy of that republic, and for its con-
(juest by Chile. Of the lumber enterprises in the Sierra Nevada, the most
extensive has been that of TllK SlI.KRA I'LL'MK AND LUMIiKR CoMl'ANV,
which was organized in iiS"5 to cut lumber in the higher i)orti(jns of Huttc
Count)-, and float dow n to the Sacramento Ri\ er. Thev- bought many sciuare
miles of limber lanil, built 150 miles of flume, terminating at Chico, Reil
llluff, and lehama; hail 10 .sawmills, and produced a great quanlit)- of
lumber. The Ncntare did not prm 1 profitable, and the company witlulrew
from the business, part of the propcrt)- i)assing to a succes.sor. Till". Sn:RR.\.
Lu.MIiKK CiiMi'.v.w, The greatesi lumber firm of Nevada is YllRRINciTON,
Bliss'& Cii., who have a sawmill on the eastern shore of Lake Tahoc, a
steamboat to low r.ifts across the lake, a railroad to carry tlie lumber to the
ill
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WOOD.
587
summit of the mountain, and a flume leading down from the end of the
iron track to Carson City.
E. B. Dean & Co., main office at 22 California Street, San Francisco,
have a sawmill with a capacity of 50,000 a day, at Alarshfield, on the shore
of Coos Bay, 14 miles from the ocean. They also ha\e 5,000 acres of red
or Douglas fir (Oregon pine) timber, and 4 vessels — the C. II. Merchant of
2.S0 tons, the Jennie Stella of 293 tons, the Emma Utter of 286 tons, and
the Laura May of 280 tons — which pl\' between San Francisco and Coos
]>ay — antl the steam-tug Escort. It is n\ainl}- to the enterprise of IC. 15.
Di:.\.\ & Co. that Coos Bay owes its prominence as one of the seats of
shipbuilding on our coast. They have constructed 13 \'cssels in their ship-
y.ird, uid now ha\e a barkentine of 400 tons on the stocks. They employ
100 men in their logging camp, 40 in their mill, and from 25 tf) 50 in their
ship-}ard. At the mill, for the convenience of business, the\' have 400 feet
front of wharfage. t)n January- i, 1882, the logs on hand ready for sawing
contained 7,500,000 feet. The house has a lumber-yard, and a branch yard
at the foot f)f Market Street in Oakland.
Charles L. Dingley. — Capt.iiu Cll.\RLl'..s L. DlN(.;i.EV, a prominent lum-
ber manufacturer of Californi.i, .irrivcd in San Francisco from his native
State, Maine, in 1851, his only fortune being his 2 hands and his will to
work. lie shipped on a bay schooner, and within a j-ear was the owner of
a small .schooner. Soon he was known to merchants a.s a skipper who kept
his word, and would carry articles which others would refuse on account of
difficulty of stowage. lie took the first locomotive from San I^rancisco to
Sacramento, and al.so carried the long and heavy timbers (some of them
longer than his vessel) for the first bridge across the Sacramento River.
In 1859, he purchased the bark Adelaide Cooper in New York, and brought
her to San Francisco, with 2 boilers on deck, each 15 feet high, 21 feet long,
and v.eighing 74 tons. Shipmasters generally, who .saw the vessel and the
proposed freight, predicted that Capt. DiNGLEV would never reach the
Golden Gate; but he e.xplained to the underwriters his plan of stow.ige ;
they took the risk ; and he delivered his boilers for the steamer Brother
Jonathan. In such tasks he never failed; and when he accomplished entcr-
pri-^^cs which others would not undertake lie obtained pay proportioned to
the difficulty. After some years he was enabled to leave the sea and
intrust his ships, for he purchased several, to others. He now has the
Ericsson of 1,645 t-ons (this was the ves.sel built by the famous engineer of
the same name to tr)- the hot-air engine as a motive power in ocean navi-
gation), the I'allev Fori^e of 1,280 tons, and the Columbus of 1,000 tons.
Capt. Dl\(.;i,i;\' is president of TllK Gokdo.x I[.\Rinv.\Ki-: Co.\[l'.\NY,
'I!
588
MANLI'Af rUUKS.
250 and 252 Market Street, half owner in the Pacific Oakum Factor}', and
one of tlie 4 stockhoklers in TllK Glalala MlLI, CoMl'ANV, which owns
17,000 acres of redwood timber land, and a mill with a ca])acity of 60,000
feet a day. He also owns, separately, 5,000 acres of redw(X)d timber land.
For 15 years he held the San Francisco agency of the I'<jrt Ludlow Mill,
and afterwards of the Port Discovery Mill.
Dolbeer & Carson. — Among the lumber dealers of San Francisco, and
the lumber manufacturers of Humboldt Bay, Doi.lsKKK & C.VKSON, whose
office is at 22 California Street, occupy a notable place. They own the
Bay Mill, whicii, soon after the first excitement of the gold discovery had
passed, was erected by a firm in which Mr. DoLl'.EKR was one of the part-
ners. The mill was burned in i860, and again in 187S, and e.ach time
rebuilt with improvements; and now it is a mf)del establishment, complete
in all its parts, and prepared to handle the immense logs for which the
Humboldt forests are celebrated. It has a capacity to produce 60,000 feet
of lumber a day; and is supplied with machinery of the latest patterns for
making shingles, laths, and pickets. The sawdust-conveyor feeds the saw-
dust into the furnace from the top, live rolls carry the timlxir to the sec-
ondary saws, and power is furnished by 2 steam-engines, each of 100
horse-power. Besides this mill they have a separate shingle-mill, with a
capacity of 100,000 shingles a day. Doi.liKKU & Carson are also agents
for the sale of the i)roducts of the Milford Mill on Humboldt Bay, owned
by THK MiLFOKD Mill and Lumbkr Company, in which they arc the
leading shareholders. This mill has a cai)acity to saw 40,000 feet in a day,
and is supplied with shingle, lath, and picket machinery. To .secure an
abundant .supply of material, they have purchased 20,000 acres of redwood,
including some of the best near the bay. They have 4 tramways, extending
to the logging camp, 2 miles of T-rail, and a locomotive. They have 6
schooners measuring 1,400 tons in the aggregate, and they ship to San
Francisco, to the leading ports on our continent south of Monterey, and to
most of the large seaport towns on both sides of the South Pacific, as well
as to New York and Boston. John Dolbeer, the senior member of the
firm, is the inventor of a valuable steam logging machine, which will be
mentioned among the notable inventions of the coast, and is a recognized
authority in questions relating to lumber .supply.
Hanson & C3o. — The Tacoma Mill, at Tacoma, on Pugct Sound, 30,000
acres of magnificent fir forest, purchased to .secure a supply of log.s, 4 sailing-
ves.sels measuring 4,000 tons in the aggregate, a large steam-tug, and an
extensive lumber-yard at pier 11, Steuart Street, San Francisco, are the
property of Cn.\RLES Hanson, doing business under the name of HANSON
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WOOD.
589
& Co. The mill, po feet long and So wide, has ;i capacity to produce 1 25,-
000 feet of lumber and 40,000 laths daily. The machinery includes 2 large
circular saw.s, 2 resaw and gang edgcrs, 2 upriglit saw gang.s, a lath ma-
cliine, a picket machine, 3 j)laner.s, a patent sawdust-feed, an endless cliain
.slab-carrier, and a barley-mill. The log is drawn over a slip into the mill
at one end to the large circulars, from which it is carried by live rolls to the
.secondary saws, and from them it passes in shapes ready for the market
down an inclined plane to the ships. The mill can saw lumber 150 feet
long. Additional machinery has been orderetl so that in September, 1882,
the capacity of the mill will be increased to 175,000 feet a day. Mr. HAN-
SON has 15 logging camps in which he employs 400 men, the largest camp
being on the line of the Olympia branch of the Northern Pacific Railroad.
At Tacoma, besides the mills, he owns 54 dwellings, a telegraph office,
and a store, in which last goods to the value of $220,000 were sold in
1881. The resident superintendent in Tacoma is GEORfJi; E. Atkinson.
Mr. Hanson's sailing-vessels — the bark Sainosct of 700 tons, and the ships
Das/ling Wave of 1,054, the SUirky of i,ioq, and the Canada of 1,200 tons-
are employed exclusively in conveying lumber to San Franci-scu market.
The steam-tug Tacoma, measuring 260 tons, with a 600-horse-powcr > iiginc,
is said to be the strongest ves.scl of her class on our coast. Mr. HANSON
also owns a sawmill with a capacity of 20,000 feet a ilay at Redwood City,
giving employment in the mill and logging camp to 50 men. He is also
agent for the Union Mill, with a capacity of 40,000 feet, at Humboldt Bay.
S. H. Harmon. — One of the large lumber-yards of San Francisco is that
of S. H. Harmon, whose office is at pier No. 13, Steuart Street; and he
has branch yards at Point Sal, Santa Barbara County, and at San Buena-
ventura. To carry his lumber to market he has 4 schooners — the Z. B.
Hcyti-'ood, 107 tons; [he (SiM/ala,()i tons; ihn Bi/l t/te Butcher, H$ tons; and
. ihc Bessie Everdine, 74 tons. II i- sells most of his lumber in San Fran-
cisco, but he ships to many ports on the southern coast of California,
especially Wilmington, to which point he has sent much redwood timber,
some of it 43 feet long, for the sectional ]>iling and bridges of the Atchison,
Topcka, and Santa Fd Railroad. Since 1864 Mr. Harmon has been a
stockholder, and is now the president, of TilK GuALALA MiLL Company,
an incorporation organized in 1876. His associate shareholders are F.
Heywood, W. B. Heyvvood, and C. L. Dingley — ail the stock being
lield by 4 pcrson.s. The company own 17,000 acres of redwood timber, a
railroad 9 miles long, 2 locomotives, and the Gualala sawmill at the mouth
of the Gualala River, and 2^ miles from Bowen's Landing, a place at
which no vessel has ever been wrecked. All the machinery of the mill is
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590
M.WIIAdTUr.S.
(if the latest impnived pattcins, and tlie caiiacity is fio.ooo feet a (la\-. A
ntiiles' saw, a Sl'l'.KN's tri|)k' ciiciilar saw, a pi)iiy saw, a L;aii;,' etlj^'er, ^ |)lan-
iiii; machines, a i)icket niaeiiiiic, a shini;lc machine, anil a i^ristmill are
dri\en b)' :; larije steam-cnijines, one C) linder heinj^ J4 bj- ]o inches and
the other 14 iiy 24. The building' is J50 feet Ion;,' b_\' 60 wide; uml in the
loL,';4in.L[ camps and mill IJ5 men are emplnjcd, at wa.Ljes r,ini;in;4 fmm .$30
t(i .$100 a month. W. H.- 1 iKVWi » >li is superintendent at the mill.
Hastings Sawmill. — One of the imied lumber manufacturinij est.iblish-
mcnt.« of our coast is the llastin;4s .Sawmill, erected in 1865 on the shore
of Hnrrard Inlet, near the mouth of I'razer Ri\-er, by JuiLjlisii capitalists,
and now the propert}- of DliKSON, Dl-: WdLK iK: Co. 'l"he machinery,
which was sent from l'.ML;land, has a capacity to .saw -0,000, and to surface
30,000 feet a day. The mill shijis from 10,000,000 to 12,000,000 feet annu-
aiij-, and has been distin.Ljuishcd for the nmnber of larye spars fsome of
them 40 inches in diameter) which it has sent to h'.urope. The demand
tliere for wooden spars li.-is howe\er decreased, because of the substitution
of iron. The shi])ments of hmiber in iScSi amountcti to ii.Soo.ooo feet,
cxclusi\cof SiSo.OOO laths. Of 19 cargoes, 12 went to jVustralia, 4 to China,
and one each to San Francisco, Soutli Africa, anil South America. Of the
boards, about one tenth were dressed, and the \essels carried, on the average,
750 feet of lumber for each ton of measurement. The luinber of Binrard
Inlet, tjcnerally, is similar to that of I'ui^et Sound, and equallj- ifood for
every purpose, but some of it is softer, takes a smoother surface under the
plane, and is preferred b\' carpenters for the insiile work of jiou.scs. J. A.
R.WMliR is tlic resident m.inaijer antl superintendent of the mill, and the
San I'rancisco office is that of IJICKSON, Dk WoLK i.i: Ct,)., 412 antl 414
Uattery Street.
George B. Knowles & Son.— Gkouce H. Knowlf.s & Son arc prom-
inent lumber merchants in .San l-"rancisco. Their stock of Eastern hard-
wood, inchKlin;^ oak, ash, antl liickory, is s;iitl to |je tlv: larijest west of the
Rocky .Mountains, and besitles they tleal in bl.ick walnut and ICastern pine,
and in the kuu'el (for shipbiiiklers;, redwood, fir, pine, antl cetlar of otu'
coast. The}' ha\e a lumber-j-artl occupying 2 50-\ara lots on the corner of
Main and Bryant streets, and another covering a 50-vara Kit on the corner
of Main and Mission streets. The senior partner came to Califtjrnia in
1851, antl in the same )ear began to ship lumber from Oregon, and has
continuetl in the lumber business imtil the present time. Mis first lumber-
yard in San I'rmcisco was establishctl in 1853, on the north side of Cali-
fornia .Street near I'ront .the firm name then was Haiij;v K: K.VOWLES),
\\here it reinained until 1867, when it was mtnetl to tiie ctirner of Main
and Mi.s.sion strcet.s, the present location.
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Moodyville Sawmill. — On the shore of Ikinaicl Tnlct, the most con-
\enieiit harbor for vessels of deep draught oil the mainland of Uritisli
Columbia, and near the terminus of the Canadian Pacific liailnjail, is the
sawmill of THE MOODWILLE Sawmill Comtanv (limited), the stock of
which is held by ANDREW WELCH, of San Francisco, and the lion. IIUGII
Nelson, of ]?urrard Inlet, who is the resident manager. It has a capacity
to saw I 50,000 feet of lumber and to surface 25,000 in 24 hours. The main
building is 350 feet long by 75 wide, anil it has 2 gang saws, a double cir-
cular, 2 planers, and an cdger, and gi\es employment to 150 white men.
WlXCH, KrniET & Co., in Victoria, and Welch & Co., in San I'rancisco,
are the agents of the mill.
Nickerson & Co. — NiCKERSON & Co. (Byron Nicker.son and
Samuel ]!akekj are proprietors of the Garcl\ Sawmh.L, one of the
largest lumber-mills in Mendocino County. The mill was built in 1869,
and is fitted with double circular cdger and trimmer saws, 5 planers, and a
picket machine, and has a capacity of 45,000 feet a day of rcdwotnl and pine.
The\' own a tract of timber land containing 3,500 acres, and employ from
75 to 130 men, and sell by the cargo. A .shipi)ing point is reached b>' a
flume 6 miles long, and a tramway 2 miles in length, and loading into
vessels is effected by a chute. The anchorage is o[)eii, but vessels receive
cargoes throughout the )car. The office of the Inni is at 202 Sacramento
Street, San I'"rancisco.
Occidental Sawmill. — The Occidental Sawmill, in the town of luireka
on nuinboUlt Hay, was originally built by Rv.\N & UUKE, in iSOS. After
being burned down in 1869, it was rebuilt by them in 1870, and sold, in
1872, to Evans & Co., who, in 1875, .sold it to the present owners, McKay
& Co., the partners in the firm being Allan McKay, Harris Connick,
ALiiXANDER Connick, anil A. J. Brvant. The firm own 4,000 acres of
redwood timber, and cut their own logs, emiiloying 60 men for logging, and
40 at their mill. V'cs.sc-ls drawing 20 feet can lie at their wharf Near the
mill they have their office, machine and blacksmith slujps, and a boarding
and lodging house for their men. The mill, which has a capacity to saw
50,000 feet in 12 hours, and can saw logs 10 feet 'hrcjugh and 40 feet long
into boards, is i6o feet long, 60 wide, and 2 stories high. The first floor
has 2 42-inch tUie boiler,'-, 24 feet long, an engine of 100 horse-power, and
shingle, siding, lath, and picket machines, shafting, etc. The second floor
has 3 62-inch circular saws, (jiie above the other, arrangetl under the EvANS
'Jriple Circular I'.itent (which belongs to McKav & Co.), a pony circular
for resawing cants, a gang-edger, 3 trimming saws, and 3 planers lor sur-
facing and niatching. The logs are stored iu the waters of the bay, and are
li.iuled by steam up into the mill.
¥ !
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592
MANUFACTURES.
Pope & Talbot. — Since pioneer times PoPK &Tai,I!()T h,-i\-c been pmmi-
nent in the liiinbcr business of our coast, as dealers in .San Francisco (office
204 California Street), inanufactiirers in WashinLjton Territor)', and shippers
in their own vessels. Amon;^ the first to perceive the advantacjes of Piiget
Sound as a source of lumber suppl)- for the Califoriiian market, they selected
an excellent site at Port Gamble, and erected a mill, which has been one of
the most productive enterprises of its kind. Workin^^ under the name of
Tiili PUGIIT Mill Company, the)- have 2 mills at Port Gamble, with a
capacity to turn out I75,CXX) feet a da)-. Litfht is furnislied by 17 electric
burners to the spit and boom, the new mill, the old mill, the firc-ioom, the
machine shop, the burners for the spit and boom being on hifjh mast.'i. The
actual annual product is 40,000,000 feet. The new mill, supplied with the
best machinery and with the latest impro\cments, has one circular saw, 2
gangs, one tabic edgcr, 2 gangs of edgcrs, one lathing machine, 6 trimmers,
and 2 planing machines. TiiK Pur.ET Mill Company also own the
Utsalady Mill, which cuts 17,000.000 feet annuall)-; and they also own the
Port Ludlow Mill, which has recently been supplied with a large stock of
new machinery, including an automatic slab machine, a sawdust-conveyer,
and live rolls. With their mills at Port (jamble, I'ort Ludlow, and Utsalady,
Thk Puget Mill Comp.WY will be able to produce about 99,000,000 feet
of lumber annually, a.s much as the entire consumption of .Sicily, Cjreece, or
even Portugal. The Puget Mill Company also own 106,000 acres of
timber land on the shores of Puget Sound and near their mills; and Till')
Puget Sound Co.MMI:kcl\L Co.MP.VNY, another corporation comijosed of
the same members, have 16 vessels measuring 14,500 tons in the aggregate,
for the accommodation of their business.
Port Discovery Mills.— This mill, the property of The Port Discov-
ery Mh,L & LUMliER CoNH'ANY, 365 feet long and 95 feet wide, with a
capacity of 100,000 feet in 12 hours, has all the most recent appliances for
sawing lirst-class lumlicr and economi/ing labor. A new device called
Hve rolls, distributes material to the saws. An automatic wire-feed carries
away the refuse isl.ibs, chii)s, and sawdust), some of it to the boiler-room,
and some to a place where a continuous fire ilispo.scs of the surplus. The
macliinei)- includes a gang of large saws in a wide gate, 3 large circulars,
a gang-edger with « saws, a gang of lath saws, and 3 planers, driven by 4
steam-engines with 250 horse-iiower. The mill gives employment to 70
men, wlm live in a town laid off by the coinpan)-, which, besides 50 sepa-
rate dwellings, contains a hotel, boarding-house, general merchandi.se store,
t<iwn hall, machine shops, etc. The company also owns and uses for its
business the brig /),;i<v//. the hark J/irry (,7orir, ship W'nr/iavk. tug .S'. L.
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Mastick, and steamboat Helen, wliicli last carries passengers and freight to
tlic logging-camps and various ports on the strait and sound. Tlic mill,
located on I'ort Discovery Harbor, is situated in the midst of the choicest
timber of I'uget Sound, and which affm-ds the best facilities for ob-
taining logs. The harbor of I'urt Discovery, an inlet 2 miles wide and <S
miles long, is 5 miles west of I'ort I'ownsend, extending southward, and
only 10 miles from I'uca Strait, with a good entrance, secure anchorage, and
ileplh sufficient for the largest vessels. The greater proximity of this mill
and harbor to the ocean, being nearer thereto than any other mill in Washing-
ton Territory, saves from $300 to $500 in time and towage on every large
vessel, as compared with other sawmill ports of Puget Sound. Foreign ves-
sels arc allowed to enter and clear witJiout going to Port Townsend, making
an important saving. About 20 cargoes arc .sent from the mill to foreign
ports annually. Commodore Wll.KKS recommended I'ort Discovery as a
suitable place for a naval station; and its excellence as a harbor and ad-
\antageous situation, gi\e it the promise of future i)rominence. The M.\s-
IICK 15RollIt:KS are the principal owners of this pro[)erty, and its agents in
San I'rancisco are .(\cki;r.son, Moore & Co., at pier 10, Steuart Street.
Renton, Holmes & Co. — Ri:\roN, IIoimi.s & Co., lumber merchants at
])ier 3, Steuart Street, San I'Vancisco, arc manufacturers of lumber on I'uget
Sound under the title of TDK PoUT Hl,.M<i:i,v Mli.i, Co.Ml'.WY. They own
a great mill ;it I'ort Hlakely, opposite Seattle, 35,000 acres of timber land,
7 sailing-vessels, and a steain-tug. The mill, originally built in 1864, and
since enlarged, is 490 feet long uid 90 wide. The ])ower is steam, ami H
has a capacity to saw 175,000 I'eel of lumber, besides planing 50,000 leet
and making 50,000 laths in a ilay of 12 hours. It cuts logs 6 feet in diam-
eter and 145 feet long. Among its machinery are 2 double circulars, 2
gangs, 2 gang edgers, one resawing machine, a table edger, a lath-mill, 2
planers, sl.ib-carriers, a convey<.>i to feed the sawilust and refuse to the fur-
nace, and numennis electric lights furnisheil by TilK C'ALli'ORNi.V I£li:(:tric
LlCIIT COAtPANV, .so that ill th.- short winter days there shall be no dark-
ness to obstruct the manufacture or shipment during the working hours.
The vessels of the coinpany are the ships To/"^al/a)it, of i,2.So tons; the
J^nissiit, of 1,220 tons; and the (?/(r^(', qf S80 tons; the bark Ruicotit, of 850
tons; the b.irkenline A'. A', 'lam, of 560 tons; the bark I.ir:r:h: Marshal, and
the schooner C'c'iirser. In 1881, 70 vessels t<^i>k cargoes oflumber from tJie
mill. The town on the land of the company has 100 dwellings, a hotel,
with acconunotKilions for 120 guests, a school-house, a Masonic hall, a store,
and 400 inhabitants. The mill gives employment to 120 men, and the log-
ging department to 200 more.
75
594
MWriACI IRKS.
iM
Redwood Lumber Mills. — Ihu Island Mill, nn an island in Iliimhuldt
I?ay, with a cai)acit_\- of 75,000 feet one of the l;ir.L;est of retlwocid sawmills),
and the Jones Mill, with a capacity of 40,000 feet a da\-, in the town of
Eureka, on the s.une ba\-, helony; to a lirni which conducts the liusiness
under the name of 1). R. J(i\i;s i Ci 1. at luueka, and of JmiN KiONT-
I'lELlJ & Co. at pier 9, Steu.art .Street, .San I'nuiciseo. 'l"he ])artner.s are D.
R. JoNi.s, n. II. lU; I INK, and JmiN Ki;.\tkii.i,|). The Jones Mill, built
about i'S50, in earh^ times contiibuted much to the prosperity of ICureka,
and deserves a prominent ])lace in the historv of Humboldt County. It
has been I'cfitted, antl both mills are now sup])lied with the l.iest maehiner)-
and the Latest improvements. The Island Mill h,is a wharf at which 5 shijis
can load at a time, The firm own laruje tracts of redwood timber near the
ba}-, anil the\- have a railroad 6 niiles Ioiil;', with 20 car-trucks and 2 first-
class locomotives to haul their Ioljs to tide-water, where thev' are made into
rafts to be towed by the firm's steaui-tui,'' to- the mills. The shijiments by
this firm to the Saiulwich Islands L;ive emiiloyment to 3 vessels; 4 vessels
arc required to carrv their products to ,San h'rancisco; and larLje (|uantities
of ties antl lumber are shipped to the southern ports of Califi)rnia, ,ind to
Central and .South .America.
Rock Bay Sawmill. — The Rock Hay Sawmill, in \'ictoria, w.is erected
in 187S, In- W. 1'. S.vVWAki), a resilient of British C'olumbia since iS^.S, and
a pioneer in its lumber industry It occu[)ies a valuable site near the water
front of the harbor, and has a coinmoilious wharf 300 feet lonj; on the deep
channel, ,ind .).(X) feet witle, offerinij c.xcellcnt fiicilities for shi|)pini; the
products of the mill. The capacity is 30.000 feet of lumber dailv, anil. 30
men arc cmployeil, of whom one third are Indians. The latter receive
$1.25, while the pa_v of the white laborers is !$2 a day.
A. M. Simpson & Brother. — A. .M. Si.Mi'sox & HKorm.u, prominent
manufacturers and dealers in lumber on our coast fiir a quarter of a ccn-
turv, are rem.irk.able for the wide extent of their operations. They have
7 sawmills, one at .Shoalwater Hay, ipiie im the Columbia, _' at (iardner,
on the L'ni]Kiua River, one at Coos Hay, one at Crescent Citv-, and one
at Boca. Their mills have a capacit)- to produce ::70,000 feet, in the aL;;4re-
[;ati', dailv, includinL; 30,000 each from Coos Bay, Crescent City, and lioc.a;
40,000 at .Shoalwater Hay, .and 70,000 e.ich at the Colu:iiI)ia and (i.ird-
ner. Hoca supjilies suLjar pine; Crescent Citv, ledvvood ; Coos Ha_v, white
cedar; and the oihei's, n-d fir 'Oi'e^on pine}, .ind spruce, makinLj a variety
of the most valuable kimls of I'acific lumber now in the market. I'or the
piu'po.ses of transportation the\- liave a licet of 15 vessels, includinL; a bark
of 51.S toil.,, <i harkentini.M of j,ooo aL^Ljre^^ate tons, a bri^; of 31J tons, 8
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505
schooners of i,6Hi aijgicf^atu tons, and 6 stcain-tucjs ; tliey arc now builclini^
a schooner of 300 tons, and a steamer, to add to their fleet. They employ
500 men, and pay from $30 to $100 a month waijcs. Their office is at 44
Market Street, San Francisco.
Starbird & Goldstone.— The firm of S r.\RiUi;i) & Goi.nsnjNK, established
as lumber merchants in San Francisco since 1872, arc part owners in the
Albion Sawmill, situated on y\lbion harbor, at the mouth of the Albion
Kiver, in Mendcxino County. The comjiany have a steam tug, and chain
moorings, where vessels of heavy draught can load. They also own r8,ooo
acres of redwood timber (to supply the material of their production), a
town with a hotel, store, post-office, telegraph office, 28 dwellings, and 26
cabins. The mill is 160 feet long, 100 wide, and 2 stories high, and has a
capacity to saw 50,000 feet in 12 hours. Its machinery includes sash-saw.s,
double circular, lath-mill, ijickct-machine, and shingle-mill; and in the log-
ging and other departments 140 men are employed. SlWKBlRi) & GOLD-
.STOXK have 2 lumber yards in San Francisco, one for wholesale business on
the water front, between Main and Beale Street wharves, and one for
retail purpo.ses at the corner of Market and Spear streets.
H. B. Tichenor & Co. — The Navarro River, which empties into the Pacific
in latitude 39 1 5', runs through the midst of a region covered with magnifi-
cent redwood timber, in which H. 15. TiCIIENOR & Co., lumber merchants in
San Francisco (office 42 Market Street), Iiave a saw-mill, 20,000 acres of
land to supply material for it, a wharf for convenience of shipment, a town
for the accommodation of their employees, and a ranch which furnishes beef,
milk, and vegetables. They have work for about 200 men, on the aver-
age, of whom 175 are in the logging camps, and the remainder are engaged
at the mill and wharf or rafting on the river. They own a line of 5 sailing-
packets, pl>ing between San ['rancisco anil Navarro River. Besides, they
have 5 other vessels in the trade under charter. Their mill, erected in 1861,
has a capacity of 40,000 feet a day. Cii.\KI.l:s G. Y.\Li:, in his valuable
pamphlet on Pacijic Coast I /arbors, published in 1879, referring to the
Navarro River, saitl: "The mill and wharf arc owned by il. ]}. TlClIKXOR &
Co. This new wharf is the best and most substantial on the north coast.
The piles have been driven in very deep and all the work has been done in
the ver\- best manner." A horse railway, half a mile long, leads from the
mill to the end of the wharf. Not infrequently loo.OOO feet of lumber arc
.shipped in a day. They also send several hundred cords of chestnut-oak
tanbark to San h'rancisco annually. Their town has 35 cottages, a store, a
blacksmith sho[), a telegraph office, express office, and a hall used by the
Odd Fellows and United Workmen. H. R. TiCIIENOR has been prominent
':
5'/'
MAXn At TIKKS.
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ill the hiinbci- business for many \cais, havini,' built a mill at Port Orford,
in 1.S53, to cut white cedar, which because of that supplj- became known as
Port Orfnnl cedar.
Watsonville Mill. — One of the larijest lumber enterprises on the coast
south of San I'rancisco is that of Till'; WatsoWILLI; jMiM- AXD Lcm-
r.KK COMl'.WS, which <:;rew out of a small mill erected in iS62ln- J. li.
I?U(i\v\. .Sofin afterwards he was jfiincd b)- J. I,. I l.M.si 1; ai >, ,ind as busi-
ness enlarged under careful and judicious mana,^'ement, llu}- admitted
NliWM.VN S.wr.ORX into their firm, ami built a new mill. l"or the purpose
of consoliilatiny; ri\al redwood interests, thej- added CUARI.KS FoUD, Lu-
CIEN Samiorn, and \Vm. Willia.Msox to their list of partners. Four
years later Xi:\VMAX Saxisorx died, and .\. L. SAMinRX, a younL;er
brother, took his place. Mr. WJI.LIAMSOX .sold out in 1872; and, in 1.S7S,
the partners formed an incorporation. C'lI.VRl.I'.S FoRI) is president; J. 15.
Browx, superintendent; .\. L. .S.WI'.okX, treasurer; and Jami.s Li:\-
SCOTT, secretary ; and other shareholders are Lucius .SaxudRX and J. L.
ITai,sT!;.\1j. They have 3 .sawmills with an aggrcLjalc capacity of 75,000 feet,
and a shiiv^le-mill that can .saw 40,000 shinj,des a da)'. To supjily the mate-
rial for their mills, they own 8,000 acres of redwood timber in the .Santa Cruz
mountains. Their mills and los^gini^ camp i;ive emi)loyment to 150 men.
The main |)roduct is lumber for buiklin.Lj purposes, but the\- also sell large
quantities of timbers suitable for railroad bridges. The firm of Ivird &
SAXIiORX have large mercantile establishuK nts in .Salinas ;md \\'atson\ille,
Messrs. MoRKV and jMur.Vsco being partners of the house in the latter
town.
John Wigmore. — Joiix \VI(;M()Ri:, importer and dealer in hardwood
lumber and veneers, came to California in 1854, and returning to the
Atlantic States the same year, c.ime out ag;iin in 1S57, ;uul beg.in manu-
facturing the next season, on the ground now occupied by the Merchants'
l'-xch;mge building. In 1.SO7, he built a large furniture factors- on Spear
Street, which was destroyed by fire within 1 J months .after its completion.
He then discontinued m.inufacturing, .and cnnfined his business to the im-
portation of cabinet wcioils ,ind s(]uare-edged hardwood lumber, this being
the onl)- house nii the co.ast dealing exclusi\el)' in these articles. A
si)eci.ilty is maile of counter tops, choice foreign woods in logs and in lum-
ber, white-oak timber and plank, :ind locust-tree nails, wedges, etc. The
office and \'anl are at 1 ;, 1 Spear .Street, the pivmises co\'ering ;in .area of
230 by 137 feet. The proprietor lives in Hosion, Ma>-..'ichusetts, and attends
to ]iurchasing and shipping, the .San Francisco business bcini.
by his son, Al,i iioxsn .\. Wii-.Mi )Ri:.
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597
Willamette Sawmill.— Thr l.irt^cst s.iwniil! in Orcj,'oii is tliat of TilE
WiLLAMr.TTi: Stkam Mills, LLMnr.ui.\(., .VXD Manukactltunc Com-
I'ANV, Ijuilt at Portland in 1869 by Gr.()K<;i': VV. WianLER. Tlic main
l)iiildinj.j is 325 feet long by 60 feet wide, and 2 stories higli, the upper
stor)- being iisetl for a sawmill, and the lower one for planing and mokling
work. The company, which was incorporated in 1.S71, employs 150 men,
at from $2.50 to $3.50 per day, cutting out, in a )-ear, 2G,ooo,ooo feet of lum-
ber, including about I 2,ocxd,ooo feci o( dre.-sed lumber, and 6,000,000 lath.
Sonic of this lumber is exported to California, Sandwich Islands, South
America, and China, but the larger part is used in Oregon and W'ashington.
The total \alue of a year's product is about $325,000. Connected with the
mill arc a s;ish, door, and blind factory, and a bo.\ factory, the former turn-
ing out products worth about $100,000, and the latter $25,000. I'our other
sawmills in Portland jjroducc about iS,ooo,ooo feet annually, making a
grand total in Portland of 44,000,000 feet, valued at $600,000.
John Vance.— In the manufacture of redwood lumber, perhaps no one
has been more successful than JOIIX VaN'CE, of Eureka. He is a pioneer
settler at Humboldt Bay, and president of the Pioneer Society of Eureka;
also i)resitlent of the I'.ureka Chamber of Commerce, and a leader in the
business of his county. The finest hotel in a seaport town between the
Golden Gate and the Columbia River, was built b)- him at luireka, and
supplied with all the modern im[)rovemcnts, at a cost of $60,000. To
obtain a .supply of jirovisions for his guests, and feed for his domestic ani-
mals, he has a farm of 200 acres. He owns thc^ barkentinc C'/ic/c Jolui,
built for the Sandwich Island trade, and is part owner in another vessel.
He has 2 sawmills and a shinglc-mill, each of the former having a capacity
to produce 40,000 feet a day. One mill is at Eureka, anil the other, with
the shingle-mill, is on Mad River, 15 miles from Eureka. The mills
have live-rolls, s.iwdust conveyers, slab-carriers, double-circulars, gang-
edgers, and Stern's head-blocks. Mr. VANCE also has PkeSCOTT's Patent
Steam-feed, the first on this coast. This machine has a steam-cylinder 40
feet long, the piston of which moves the log back and forth at pleasure, and
can be controlled with one finger, even when a log weighing 20 tons is on
the carriage. Redwood is not sawed to a length greater than 40 feet. He
has 3,000 acres of fine redwood timber on Mad River, a railroad 8 miles
long, laid with T steel rails, and 2 Baldwin locomotives to transport his
logs. In his mills and logging-camps he gives employment to 150 men.
Although the entrance of Humboldt Bay i.-- sometimes difficult, the harbor
of luu-cka is secure. It is expected that the town will .soon be made a
port of entry.
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\iA\riAii I i;i:s.
Planing-mills.— riio alnindani ■■ and cheapness i.f lumber, the adoption
rif unod a. tile ciuef material in the CDnstruction of the houses, and the
skill of the pc()])le iti workintj wood on our si )pc. north of Mcxieo, imply
the (.'xtensive use of the planin;^'-mil! to sa\e 'ahor in prepariniij the hunber
for the carpenter. The pieces rei|uired fo. niakiuij tloors, sashes, blinds.
columns, pilasters, cornices, porticos, balustrades, frames, and internal and
external casin;.;s fur doors and windows, arc cut by machincr)-, in finished
patterns, at little expense, from soft wood. We not only sup|)K' our honie
demand for such articles, but have bcLjun an active e.K])ortation, the annual
sliipments to Mexico, C entral America, and Australia amounting;- to $350,000,
with a prospect of rapid increase. The sugar pine, white cetlar, .\laska cedar,
asli, and redwood arc well ad.ipted for such purposes. Tlie suyar pine, liow-
cver, is becoming;' scarce, the price of its lumber iiaxini^f achanced to .$75 for
1,000 feet. Redwood is used extensivel)- for m.ui\- kinds if planin^-mill
work, becau.se it is cheap ai^d docs not warp, stain, or crack. Our coas' has
now 20 planiuLj and door jiiills, with an ay.Ljrei^ali' capital of $i,(X)0,ooo,
einploN'in.L; 1,500 men. pa_\-in;j; them $1,350,000 in u;iL;es, usinij 40,000,000
feet of lumber, worth .$i,JOO,ooo, anti tin-nin;_; out a pnnluct wortli $.4.,500,-
000 in the aL^j^ret^atc.
The hrst i)laninjj-miilll on our coast was started in 1S57 on Market .Street,
near First, .San I•"ra^ci^iCo. by Mr. IIl'TTo.N; and the second one was built
at Xorth 15each by llENiA Mi;i(;i;s. The first sash and iloor factor\- was
e)|)ici«ed at MarxsviUc tn 1N54. .Amonij the noted planinL;-mills of the coast
air* the California 'PliEM uTT & S.\.N-i;(iK\), the .Meciianics' Rr>si;LL,
Wilis & Co.j, the Einterprise -D. ;V. M.WDONAI.U & Co.), the Centennitil
(W. !B. Bkaduukv .in San Franci.sco; the Pioneer 1). G. Hauxks), in Oak-
lamti:: Perrv, VVi lonwc )R1II ^;: Co., in Los Angjeles; G. W. WlCini.llK, in
Pnmiand; and the Royal City, in New Westminster.
Ssyal City PJAning-mllls.- I'lii: Rhvai. Cit\ I'LAMXC-MiLr.s Com-
PX"^- . LiMiTi.h i)artners. Jdiix Ih'.NDKV, IXwii' McX.MK, R. 15. Kki.I.v,
anc A\I)l^i:w I l.\si..\,.M ), establisheil in 1.S7.S, at New Westminster, is one
of cne leading; industrial enterprises of iiritish Columbia. The mills do
wrought and scroll :-;u\ing, pkmin-, and turning, and maiuilacture dres.sed
lumber, doors, saslies, blinds, and inold'iigs. They can saw ::o,ooo feet antI
plane as much, besides making 100 doors and 100 windows in a da\-, and the
dr_\'ing capacil_\- is jo.ooo feet. The mills, ire situated on the b.ink of I'rascr
Ri\er, with a water froiUage 396 feet long, and a wharf reaching out to a
«lei)th of 12 feet at low tide. Tile mill is |,S7 feet long b\- IJO wide, with
additional buildings to furnish abutulant store room. The dii\ing power is
supplied l)y 2 siij.im-engines, tine of 1 50 and the other of j:, horse-power.
ti<
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wdon.
599
their lumber from Tiir. Mahfra Flumt'. and Tr AiMNr, CoMrAW, aii<l
tlu.'ir principal material is sii^^ar \m\Q, to obtain wliich they ]ia\e at \arious
times biiili 23 saw mills, thoui;h the}- ha\e u illulrawii n<nv iVum tlu' pro-
lUictioii of roll;,;!! lumber. They were the ownersof a ihrnr and sash factory
at Chico. with a cajiacity to produce 10,000 doors a month, and its destruc-
tion by lire in 1.S7.S caused a loss of $;"3,ooo to them. The)- employ
100 men in their factory. Their hunber-j'ard, warehouse lor storini^ their
doors, sashes, and blintls, and office are at the corner of Mission and Spear
streets, where they occui)}' a lot Joo feet loiii^ by IJO wide. TlKy shij) to
foreit;!! ports, but most of their [jroduels fmd a market on tiiis coast. The
partners are Jaso.V .Si'RINdl'.K and W. M. S.VI.siiruv.
Box Factories.— Tile manufacture of \\<ioden packin,t;-bo.xes is an exten-
sive business on our coast. Our fresh fruits are sent to the local markets,
and our dried and canned fruits and canned salmon shipjied awa)- in such
boxes. Three fifths of the entire production is consumed for such purposes.
There are about a dozen factories, ineludini; 5 in San I'raneisco, .md one
each in Sacramento, Los Anyeles, San Jose, 'I'ruckee, rortland, Astoria, and
Seattle. They consume annually 30,000,000 feet of lumber, worth, as they
receive it, $20 a thousaml feet, and as the\'sell it. $35, The price of l:)o.xcs
when sold in considerable (jiiantities is calculateil liy the superficial feet of the
material. About two fifths of the boxes are used for soap, candles, sui.;ar,
crackers, ami niiscellaneous piir[)oses. The wood jjreferred for fruit and
provisions not eaiuied is siiruce, which imparts neither taste nor odor to the
substances in contact with it, is soft enf)ugh to be worked witli little expense
anil strong; enou.i,di to hold toLjether well. The suppl)' of this material is
abunilaiit in the forests north of latitude 39 , but the price has risen nearly
50 ])er cent, since iiS79. The machinery of the factories is simijle in pat-
tern, tliL chief i)ur[)osi; bein^r to turn oLit a threat ciuantit}' of boards of uni-
form sizes in brief time. Some of these are planed, and others are printed
with the address of the houses ordering them, before nailini,^, which last
is done b\- hand. Some of the factories are associated with saw-mills,
which cut th.c boards from the loy into the rcquiretl sizes, and fasten
them together in bundles of ".shocks," which when received at the factories
are ready for nailinjT tojj[ethcr. About 40 men arc employed on an average
in a factory, the wages being from $1.50 to $2 a day. A.s the boxes occu])y
a large .-Dace in [iroportion to their weight and value, they arc nearly all
made at he places where the packing is to be done. Thus San I'rancisco
jjacks large quantities of fruit, vegetables, and sa'aiion, and is besides a cen-
tral jioint tor the supply of a tnultitude of towns, which are not large enough
to maint.un box factories uf their own. Los Angeles, Sacramento, ,San
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MAM lACTlKKS.
Jose, atul Portland arc similar cciitcis of a,L;i'iciiltiiraI production; Astoria
needs lioxcs for ils canned salnif>n ; Truckee and Scatllc arc ])iaccs where
more siiook-. tlian hoxc-; arc made; and Crescent City also makes shooks.
Most of the boxes on our coast arc made in factories uliicli de\()te theni-
sches cxclusi\ely to the manufacture of boxes: but in places not supplied
with a box factor)-, if there is a planin;;-mi!l, it usually has a d^p^rtment in
which boxes are made to order. AmouL; the notable establishments arc the
L'liion l)Ox I'aetory, eniployitic^ 125 men, the factory of I loi;i;s, W'Al.l. &
C( I., the i'acillc-iSox i'actory, the .Standard Iiox J-"actory, ,md the San Imiui-
cisco TackitiL,'^ ]5ox kactory, of .San I-"rancisco; the I'iunecr Hox l'"actory, of
Sacramento, and the factories of Jniix II.VKl.oW & Co.
'j'lit; ()ut;i;(iN r)Ai;Ki.i. Cumi'anv, of which H. (). Si:vi:r.\N( 1: was th(;
founder, and \\'.viill.\MS & EiAAO'lT, merchants of i'ortlanil are share-
holders and a,c;ents, has a factory at St. Johns, on the Willamette Ri\er,
where, besitlcs barrels antl pails, bo.xes lor fruit and cases for salmon are
made to tile value of ,$l 5,000 .annuallj'.
Cigar-boxes. — The cit,far-boxcs required to hold the cifjars made on our
c<jast are all made in San l'"iancisco. The number of boxes produced
annuall)- is about 1,800.000, and their total \aluc $210,000. The material
includes (ioo.ooo square feet of Spanish cedar an inch thiclc, wortii $70 a
thou--and feet, and half as mucli redwood worth $^-,. The Spanish cedar is
considered the best of all wood for tile- purpose, haviuL^ an admir.iijle com-
bin.ition of aroma, color, facilit)' of workin;^, ;ind smoothness of texture. .As
cigars ,irc sold 1)}- the thousand, the boxes are desit;n;ited b_\' the proportion
of that number they will hold. 'i"he common sizes are tenths (holdini,' 100
cigars eac1i\ worth 16 cents at the factor}-; tu-cntieths (lioldinij; 50 each\
worth IJ cents; antl fortieths (holdin<^ 25,', w-orth 10 cents. Of the entire
production ;,o per cent. nia}- be tenths, 60 per cent, twentieths, and the
remainder fortieths. Those are the i)riccs at the factories ownetl by white
men foi- jjoxes of Spanish cedar; for redw-ood the charLje is 2 cents less on
a l)ox; and llu' Chinese, who make about one sixth of the entire ])roduction,
sell their boxes at lower fif^ures. There are 150 white laborers (uien, boys,
and t;irlsi in the factories owned by white men. The white sawyers i;ct
from .$10 to .'fi5 a week; the naik-n- from $7 to ."fio, and the planers from
$6 to ,$.S. The bo)-s and twirls work In- the piece, and the skillful L;ct from
$6 to ,$() a week. Hesides the white laborers, the factories owned by white
men emi)lii_\- V-' Chinamen; and aboiit as man>- more Chin, mien woik in
the C!hincse factories, so that the total number of (icrson^ enL;at.;etl in (he
business, in liSSi. is 210, 4 times as man)- .'is in I1S7C1.
riie factories of ciijar-boxes on our coast are all in .San Ir.mcisco, and
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include those of Koui'.KL & BROTHERS, who make 600,000 boxes annually;
of C. A. & G. W. Hooper, who make 1,500 boxes a &dy; and of A.
WaldstEIX, who makes about as maiu'.
Jewelry -boxes. — The manufacture of jewelry-boxes on our coast is
conlmed to .San I"rancisco, and ^ives employment to a dozen persons, who
receive on an average .$1.50 a day, about one fourth more than is paid to
men in the same occupation in New York. The poplar, or white wootl, used
for frames, the imitation morocco for covers, and the linings arc all brought
from the East. The annual production is worth $25,000, while the finished
articles brought from the Atlantic are worth twice as mucli, the annual
consumption being about $65,000. There has been a rapid growth in the
demand, purchasers now requiring elegant boxes with jewelry which was
formerly taken in a pasteboard bo.x or a paper wrapper. The San I'ran-
cisco boxes compare favorablj' in design and finish with those brought from
New York. A considerable part of the local business owes its existence to
the local manufacture of jewelry and sih'erware to order on patterns requir-
ing special bo.KCS. The only Pacific house that manufactures jewelry-
boxes is that of i\. H. LociIBAUM.
Furniture. — The present condition of the furniture business on our coast
may be stated in general terms as well inaugurated, measurably prosperous,
and of growing importance. The statistics show that the furniture trade
in California considerably exceeds .$2,000,000 annually, and in Oregon
reaches $750,000. About one half the furniture sold in the Californian
market is made in the Eastern States, and the other half is manufactured
in the State, while in Oregon not more than one third is imported,
and the other two thirds are home-made. A large proportion of the furni-
ture imported is sliipped in separate pieces in what is called the " knock-
down" state, ready to be put together, and is set up and upholstered here.
It is chiefly the higher priced goods that arc imported, though all kinds of
chairs are brought from the East in cases of a dozen each, to be put together
here, as both the material and labor employed in their manufacture arc much
cheaper there than here. The "rawhide" chair, the only distinctl)' original
article of furniture produced on the coast, comes in competition to a limited
extent with the cheap Eastern-made chains, as it is a light, durable, and in-
expensive chair, well adapted to the climate, being someW'hat larger than the
common kitchen chair, and made of round pieces, except the nearly straight
back, and seated with rawhide strips wo\en or plaited in large open squares.
The chief advantages enjoyed by the manufacturers of furniture on the
Pacific Coast are in the mild and equable climate, and in the high rates of
freight from the Eastern States. There is no loss of time here on account
76
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fif cxlmm- liLMl nr cold, and hu\. lilllc oulla\- is rc()uircd for fuel and shelter.
The cost (if transportation from the I'.ast is 25 per cent, of the Eastern
sclliii;; ])rice, even for such articles as can be packed to advantacje, and so
hif^h as to practically prohibit tlie im|)ortation of upholstered jjoods. The
f^reat hindrances to production are in the necessity of importing nearly all
the materials used. ']"he manufacturini^ centers of our coast have an e.\-
cellent situation for sup[)l)-in;,f fine furniture, not onl\- to the American and
Biitish territory west of the Rocky Mf)untains, but al.so the Pacific islands,
■yVustralia, the eastern shores (,f Asia, and the western slopes of Mexico,
and Central and .South America.
Material for Furniture. — The hinibcr for the manufacture of furniture
is near!}- all imiioricd, consislin;.; of black walnut, oak, asli, maple, and
cherr)- from the Mississippi \'alle\-; prima\era and Spanish cedar from the
west coast of Mexico; toa and tamano from the South Pacific islands;
and, for the Ciilifornian market, maple, ash, alder, and white cedar from
OicL^on and \\'ashii)L;ton. .About one fourth of all the wood consumed in
the manufacture of furniture in San I'rancisco is imjiorted from the Missis-
sippi X'alley, one half from ( )rei;dn and W'ashin.Ljton, one tenth froin Mex-
ico and the .South Pacific islands, antl the remainder comes from California.
Of the lumber broULjht from tlie Mississi])pi X'alley, prob.ibly three fifths
are black walnut, and two fifths are .about cquallj- divided among ash, oak,
maple, and cherry. The wholesale ])riccs of lumber in the San Francisco
market in ,Septeiiib('r, iiS,Si,were as follows: Black walnut, $160; cherry,
$150; ma])le. oak, and ash, each $110; Ore^'on maple, $40; white cedar,
$55; akler and ash, .$45; primaver.i, $145; .Spanish cedar, $100; tamano,
$100; and toa, $140 for 1,000 feet.
Some year.s ago the native woods of the Pacific Coast, from Washington
to Central America, were carefully examined b)' Tin; West Co.v.st Fuk-
NITURIO Co.MP.V.W under the instruction of the late W. C. R.VLSTO.V, the
master spirit of the compan)-. .As the result of this examination, prima-
vcra, a Mexican wood, strong, even in grain, susceptible of good polish,
and light yellow in color, was selected as the material for the furniture of
the Palace Hotel. .Such Californian oak as was obtainable at the time
was unfit for furniture, being coarse and brittle.
At that time Californian laurel had been rejected, because much furniture
and the inside-work of houses made of it had been honeycombed by .small
W(jrms; and the same opinion still jirevails gcnerallj', although persons
possessing some k-nowlcdge and experience declare that it is a mistake.
The laurel in the inside-work of a very costly mansion in San Mateo
Co"nt)- is in excellent condition after a lapse of mure than 10 years, and
\\l-)( 111.
(n^\
bills fair t<i last as lonij as the liinisr itsilf. Thi-^ucmd was ua'-lu'i! w illi
kerosene l)efi)ie vaniishiiv^f, ami sinci- thru llic worms haw shdun iii> si;;iis
of life. L'apt. .\. \V. Cll.\si:, of the L'liiteil Slates Coast Survey, in the
t7i'iV-/i?//V .lAv/////)' for September, 1S74. .sai;l: "The laurel is an e\eri;reiMi,
but has ,111 annual llow of sap. This is (|uile an important laet in eoiniec-
tion with the proper |)re[)aration of the timber for shipbuiUlinii. The
riijht time for cuttiiiLf is durin!.;- the months of .September, ( )ctober, and
November. If eut before or after these months, tin- wnod is liable to
dcca\-, and also to be attacked In- a small worm; but in tin- proper time,
and when water or dock .seasoneil, it is full\- equal to I'.astern oak." lie-
.sidcs pos.sessiny; the stren.L;th and durabilit}' suitable for ships, it has a fme
color, [(rain, and texture, \er_\- desirable in elcLjanl furniture. In veneers,
however, it remains sound and will hokl its place as a most beautiful haid-
M'ood, bcin<,f ecjual to satin wood, .ind, for sonie purposes, Ljreatl)' excels it.
For beauty of finish, delicac)- of color, and hardness of texture our nati\e
laurel has no superior amontj all the furniture woods known to the trade.
Suijar pine is a soft wood, without a ri\al for ])atlern-niakin;_;", but is too
soft for ^'eneral furnitine purposes. J'orl Orford cedar, or white cedar, is a
fine wood, and is extensi\ely used in finniturc. It is .somewhat harder than
Eastern whitewood, antl, like it, will take a black stain equall)' well u ilh
any other wood, llavint^ a pleasant perfume, with the property of repel-
linjj moths, much of it is used for the inside of ilrawers, wartlrobes, anil cup-
boards. The Thuja white cedar, found extcnsivelj- on oin- coast, is used in
Oreyon, \\'asliinj,rton, and Hritish Columbia for furniture anil the in.siile trim-
ming of hou-sc.s. Its light color appears to advantage when associa,':cd with
darker wood.
.Alaska cedar, in the judgment of our best-informed furniture djalers, is
destined in a few )ears to fiiul a [)lace in the list of favorite woods for the
manufacture of fine furniture. It is one of the finest grained woods in the
world, and receives a polish equal to a mirror, and for ebonizing ,s without
a rival. It grows large, affords excellent milling timber, and is abundant.
Its greatest drawback is a rather ilisagrccable odor, which can be overcome
on outside cabinet work that is \arnished. There is no dark wood in
Alaska suitable for the manufacture of fui'niture. Th . ma|)Ie of Oregon
and Washington is of a soft species, and is e.xtensi\ely iisci! in chair work
and for furniture which is to be ebonized, anil in many respects is inferior
to the maple of Canada and the Mississippi \'alle)-.
The Oregon ash is a very fine wood, none better in the world, and is as
much superior to the ICastern ash, for furnitm-e, as the ICastern majjle is
.superior to ours. Furniture made of this ash and trimmed with ash burl, is
very attracti\e and durable. liej'ond a iloubt this inie ash will, some day
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MANll AinUKS.
in tlic near fiitiirc, hccoinc such a faxoriti' that it will l)c s(ni_L;lU after all
(iMillir woiKl. rile alilcr of (jur coast is a jjjootl wood (ov use in some
parts cif furiiitinc, hut requires to be ihoroui^hl)" kiln-Llried, more so than
almost any (ither uood. It will take a black stain readily, but bcini; a soft
^^•ood, it is not s(j much in demand. The red fir of Orcj^on is the staple
\\(pod of that State. It is miicli like the fir-, of other States, but differs in
the immense heiL;]it of the tree and the strength of its fiber. It is used
ni,iinl_\- fiir the inside work of furniture.
Tlu; redwdod of California is well known to fame, and is indeed without
;i ri\;il on the Pacific Coast. It is distinguished alike h_\- tlie' enormous si/c
it alt.iins, and the niunerous uses m.ule of it. In furniture it serves almost
innumerable piu'[)osc.s, when treated in the prf)per manner. It can be
stained tn iinit.ite any dark wootl, and [lossesses this peculiarity ih.il ;i(ler
beconiinL; nioderatel}' dr}' it ne\er shrinks ;uid swells as do nearly all other
kinds of furniture wood. ThouL,di a soft wood, it becomes hard in time
iifter bciiiL;' well wirni-^hed. The redwood knots cut into \eneers ,are as
Ije.iiUiful as ambo\'na, and when properly treated take a very luLjli polish.
This fact seems to be not !,renerall\- known, and it can not be Ioul;' before
the redwood burl will be much sf}Ut;ht after for (jrnamcntinL; furniture and
for the inside finish of costl\' dwellinLjs.
The Mexican prima\cra is a very fine hardwood, and ha a wavy figure
similar to satin wood or birch. It makes excellent furniture, office trim-
mings, bank and store counters and furnishings; but when used alone it
presents a rather monotonous appearance. Ilowcxer, when blended with
.some darker wood it makes beautiful work. The toa wooil of the .South
Pacific islands is similar to F.astern w.Unut in color and texture, but is much
finer in figiu'e. Some of it is remarkably beautiful. It has light and dark
shades, and sometimes very \\-,\\y figures. It works up well in mantels as
well as furniture. Libraries fitted up in this wood can not be excelled. It
takes a fine hard-finish, is very durable, and is much used on this coast.
In certain styles of fine furniture teak is in growing favor. Central
American walnut, which is much like toa, is gaining in popularity rapidly.
It is a lighter-colored wood than the black walnut of commerce from Canada
and the Xorthcrn Mississippi Valle)-, and, when finished with the dark
woods from the tropics, it makes a light and gniceful st\'le of furniture. The
old familiar walnut of the Upper Mississippi V.illey and the Canadas is in
the gre;itcst demand in I'-urope ever known, and in recent years has nearly
doubled in value, iuid it has .already become necessary to .seek for a substi-
tute for it, which is likel)- to be found in tlvj tamano of the South Pa.cific
islands.
\V( PI 111.
60^
Furniture Factories. Tlic tuniituic Inisiiiess dii etir od.i'^l imrtli <<\
IMcxici), csi)cci.illy in tlu' I'stahliihiiKiUs mamir.u-turinL; llu' inosl iK.'^^.inl
articles, li:is liccii associ.ili-il witli iipliolsui) . which i> laatcil si'imratcly in
the chapter on textile faiirics. .Sonu' of the-^e hoiwe- have enii>l..\eil umre
men in their iiijjiolstery departmi'iU-- than in the workiii- <A' uoiui. Such
stores as those of C. V.. I'lJ'M .S; Co., I'm. (.AlIl ( iK M A ITUMll Ui;
Mam t \ei u;iNr, c'umi'ann, 1". .S. Cii mumi um: ^: d >., ami W. J.
lll'.M.V & C'li. contain l,ir^e collections of furniture fmi -hed with the
lii;.;hest mechanical skill, in the most costly materials. i'he tasteliil, orig-
inal, and varied desi,L,nis are based on acute perci ptions of s_\ininetry of
form and harmony of color. In maii>- of their products the dem.mds of
art have been stiulied as carel"iill\- .as those of hixiirioiis comlort. I he
stores thcnisclves, or portions of them, will compare favorably in the ele-
f^ancc of their arran;_;ement and decoration, as well ,is in the excellence and
beauty of their furniture, with first-cla.ss establishments of the same class
in New York, London, or P.aris. Hut the correct taste, orii;inalit\- of
dcsifjn, and fmislied workinanship are not limited to the larijest establish-
ments, for some of the manufacturers en|j;ay;ed in business <in a relatively
small scale sliow the capacity and enterprise whicli promise to secure to
them a large business reputation and patronai^fc at no distant time.
The first furniture factory west of the Rocky Mountains was established
b)- Mormon enterprise at Provo in 1.S52. 1 he work w.is roUL;h but sub-
stantial, and there h;is been a steady improvement in the desii;ns. Till-,
CaI.IK<ir\1A l''rRNirUKi: MANfl-ACTURIXC Co.Ml'.\.^^■ are the successors
in business of Gi;()R(;i; C). Will iNKV & Co., who established themselves
as importers of furniture in San I'ranci.sco in 1S49; and the senior jjartner
in the furniture and upholster)- store of I'l-fAt & Ij, I. is, opened in 1S50,
occupies the .same place in the firm of ClIARLKS .M. Fl.UM & Co. For
)-ears furniture was made onh' in small shops, which were partly occupied
with repairs and with the production of articles to order: and it was not until
I<S57 that California had a furniture factor)', of which W. G. VVi;iR was
])roprietor lie eniplo)'ed 100 men, continued in the business for 12 )-ears
or more, and his success induced others to follow his example. The rise in
freit;hts and in w.ages in the Atlantic .States, caused b)- the civil war, yave
a lixel)- stimulus to the manufacture of furniture, as well as of many other
articles in San h'rancisco. In iS/O, .accordinij to the n.ational census of
that )-ear, the i'acific States and Territories had 126 furniture factories,
eniplo\-iiii,r 493 men, and the gross value of their annual product was $972,-
000. Most of those factories might properly be described as the shojas of
cabinet-makers, in which work was done on a small scale. Our slope has
not more than 50 factories devoted e.xclusivcly to the manufacture of furni-
«:
i
I
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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HiotDgraphic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WIST MAIN STRUT
WnSTIR.N.Y. 14SS0
(716) •72-4503
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M.Wl I A( TIKKS.
tiirc \»itli the ;iiil nf stc;iin-pciucr, anil most of these arc to be found in ami
ne.ir Sail I'"iaiicisco, I'ortlaiul, Seallle, I'i-o\-o, ami Sail Lake City. I^cavinf^
till' caliinel .'.lio])s out of consiileration, San l";ancisLO iias j6 houses nianu-
faiturinL; furniture, anil the reniaimler of the slo])e has as man)' more.
J'he aj,f!,n-e'^ale capital is $1,(XX),000; tlie_\- employ i.ooo operatives, whose
\vau;i's .iir.oiinl to $750,000 a jear; ami the a^f^regate product is worth at
least $.?,cxx),i:kdo a \-ear.
Anioni,' the furniture factories of .Sari I'"r,incisco are those of I'lll'; W'KSl'
CoA^^r .Mamiai TIKINC CoMi'AW ; L. & I'.. l".MAMi:i. I, which has a
lar^e factor)' occupied mainly in the production of jjlain, hut ^jood furni-
ture; Tin: L'.Mo.v |'"i'KMriRi; Companv, Kiiin & Fuciis, J. S. Hkx-
M:ri. RiciiAKi) 1Ii:kkin(;, S.wukk ^: Ri;iriii.i\(i, J. H. LfciisixcjKu &
Son, and l'"KANK I.AI.KI'.MANS. Connected with the house of I'". S. ClIAD-
UOL'KNM'; & Co.. of San I'"rancisco. is that of 1'". S. CllAUm ii'km; & Co.,
in Tortland. In the latter cit\' Ci. SlIlNDl.LK has a factory. (■ilI,lii;RT iS:
MiidHi:, in .San I'Vancisco, make a specialty of manufacturing school and
office furniture.
ij
California Furniture Manufacturing Company. — The leading furni-
ture house in San I-Vancisco is that of Till'". C.\i,ii'i>u\ia I-'iRM iLKf;
Mam lAi riuiNc. Comi'.wv, \. I*. Com-:, iiresident, M. 1'. MooRi:, sccro-
t.ir\'. and SMAT.sii.u Mi:rkii.i., treasurer, at 22Q to 226 Hu.sh Street. The
compaii)' uas incorporated in I.S72, with a ])aiil-up ca|)ital of $6oo,000. It
alixirhed the firms of X. 1". Col.l-; & Co. lestablished in 1S65), ami Gi:()R<;i':
( ). WlllTMA iS: C(i.. and, not long after, on the failure of J. I'. GOODWIN
^ Co.. took the entire stock and building of that firm. .Soon after the in-
corporation, the conipaii)' made a contract with the .State for the employ-
ment of |)riM)ners at .San (Juentin, 200 being thus emi)lo)'ed at the rate of
40 cents a day for each man, gi\ inij the .State a ie\enue of $So a day, or
nearly ^Jj.ooo a jear, till the end of i.X.Si, when, b)- the terms of the new
State Constitution, convict labor could no longer be employed by imlivid-
uals or corporations. The comp;my gives emploj'ment to 75 men (e.M.'lusive
of convicts' and to a number of women in the u[)holstery ilepartment, and
also to .1 number of apprentice',, at wages ranging from $4 to .$25 per week.
In 1S7J the comi)any sold goods to the amount of $i,ir)7,ooo, the largest
amount ever sold by one firm on the coast, though the sales for 2 or 3
jears were not much short of that sum. With the depression of otiier
branches of business, the fiunitiire trade has suffered for several years, but
is now grailuall)' recoverin.,, and gives promise of renewed prosperity,
'i'lll': C.\I, NORMA I''iRMHRi. M AM I'.u If Kl M 1 Co.Ml'ANV keep a large
stock of all the styles for wiiich there is a demand, and find purclvisers in
f
wonn.
Coj
Asia, Australia, South America, and Mexico, as well as in the American
States and Territories of our slope.
Friedrlchs & Gercke.— Hci^innini^ on Spear Street in 1S76, in ,1 room
15 by 60 feet, I'KIKDRK lis & CiiOKi Ki:, proprietors of the S.w I-"kan-
c:iSCO I'rRMTl'RK I'ACIdRV, both |)ractical workmen, have built up .i bus-
iness which now occupies a buildin;.;- 100 b\- 120 feet, on Berr)- .Street,
between Third and I'ourth, and emiiloys JO men, at $50 a day of ai^ijreujate
waj^es, usin;^ modern machiner)-, including; saws, ])l,iners, shiners, jointc-rs,
lathes, stickers, borers, etc., .and turns out .imiu.ill\- furniture worth from
.$.^5,cxxi to $40,000. \ m.arket is found in California, Orej^on, \\';ishin.L;toii,
.(\rizona, and the Sandwich Islantls. Their special 'ine of work has iieen
furniture made of cedar and walnut. Both proprietors were born in (ier-
man>-, Iii;.\RV I'"Rir.i)Rl<:ils in 1S47, and Wll.i.i.VM Gkrckic in 1.S49, where
both were educaleil. The former cune to .America in 1S66, and the latter
in 1S69. in the prime <jf life, with ;i l;irj,re and ijrowing business as ,1 reward
for their enteri)rise and hard work, the future is full of promise and encoiir-
a.ujement.
Indianapolis Chair Manufacturing Company. —This establishinent
\va.s founded in 1874 by F. KlCN rscilLER in a store, 20 by 30 feet, on
Market Street, as a branch of the Indianapolis house. The business in-
crcasin,:,^ rajiidly, he soon f(3rmed a copartnership with Messrs. Woi.MM'.R I'
and Sci IWKR I )r, and opened business on a lar^^e scale in their present prem-
ises on Xcw Montgomery Street, near Howard, embracing; 4 stores witji
basement 100 bj- 200 feet, and a finishin^r department on Xatoma Street,
25 by 80 feet. Their specialt_\- is Indian.ipolis furniture, also the " Perfect
Rest Chair" and the " I'erfect Sofa-bed," likewise upholsterinj^, mattress and
bed manufacturins.;, and carpets. The)- employ 20 h.'inds, and their annual
sales, umountini^' to more than $150,000, are increasing.
California Spring Manufacturing Company. — The Californi.v
Si'Rl.\(; M.Wll AeTlRlNC Company, or^rani/.etl in 1876, with a paid-up
capital of $15,000. by the consolidation of the firms of W.VRXI'.K & .Sll..sin'
and William Crawiord & Co., occupy 2 stories of the brick premises
Nos. 147 and 149 New Montgomery .Street, anil ha\e a branch est.iblish-
mehl at 224 I'irst -Street, Salem, Oregon. They manufacture wire si)rings
for beds, sofas, chairs, lounges, etc., and use about 15 tons a month of Besse-
mer steel wire. A read)' market is found for their gootis all over the coast,
in the Sandwich Islands, and Japan. Their sales, amounting to about
$f)0,000 annually, are const.mtly increasing. With this business the)- com-
bine the sale of bedding and ujjholstered goods. The)- make a s[)ecialty
II
If
I 1
I i
e ■■'.
r.o8
MWl I \l TlKl-.S.
(if tlu'ir "Star Sprin,; Hod," «hicli lias a lar<^c sale. The foiiiulcT o( tin;
business, .\\iii> Sai lokh \\'ai;m;i.i, was Ijoni in W'l-monl aiul educated
in Ohio, lie came tu t'alifornia across the plains in 1S50, settled at Diy-
ti>u n. afterwards innved tu t'liica;^(i, where he was married in 1S66. In 1S71
he came to San I'rancisco and enL;a|-;ed in his presinl lni>iness.
Andrew Frei. — One of tlu' oldest and most successful furniture factories
in San iM-ancisco is that of .\\l>ui:\v 1'"ki:i, 231 to 2y) Kin.L,' Street. The
business foutuktl in 1S64 !))• I'll.l.li iS: I'ki I, on I''rcinont Street, in a room
50 by 1CX5 feet, was mo\ed, in \X6i< to Hrannan, and in 1S73 to KiiiL; Street.
Mr. l"li;i,l) sold out to Mr. I'Ri'.t in 1.S77. The (.growth of this establishment
has been remarkable. It now o(^u])ies 43,5C)0 sijuare feet more than an
acre} of floors in factory, warehouse, dr\in;4-rooni. and euLjine-house, exclu-
sive of a hnnber-yard IJ5 b)' 100 feet, |;ives employment to 200 men (no
Chinamen , reiiuires j6 niachines, dri\en b)' a 50-horse-power enjj;ine, and
represents a capital of $35,000. Mr. l"l<i;i does a ,Ljcncral business, but his
s|)ecialty is chaniljer sets, bedsteads, and the cheaper class of <^(iods; market,
the Pacific ("oast and Sandwich Islands. 1 le was born in Sw itzorlaiul in
iS^j, educated in the common schools, .ind taui;ht the wood-turner's trade.
After comiiiL; to Anierici, in iSjj, he passed 7 je.irs in I'ittsburi; and Cin-
cinnati, and reached California in l>!59.
Herman Granz. -.\ strikiuL; example of success in the furniture business
is seen in the case of iIi;R\IAN CiR.W/, who started in 1 Sriy with $500
capit.il. in a room Ji by Vs ''-■'-'*• '"i*^' I'l^' business has j^rown up under his
nianai,fenient until his capital amounts to .$55,000. 1 leeiii])lo\s45 men, pays
$l(X) a da\- waives, and $2^ runniiiLj expenses, and occupies a lar.L,'e factory
3 stories hii;h, full>- e(|uipped with modern machinery, includinL; jilaners,
jointers, sh.ipers, band, jii;, ami circular s.iws, lathes, borint,', stickint.;, ^'roov-
in;^f, and dovetailiiij^ machines. ("he articles |)roduce(l in this establishment
are bedroom sets, parlor frames, ta lies, chairs, warilrobes, sideboanls, library
and olTice furniture, etc., and are sold in C'alifornia, ( )re^on. W'ashini^ton,
Ne\ada, . Arizona, and the S.uidw icli Islands. UlCKM.W (iK.\.\/ was born
in .Saxony, (lermany, in 1S41, where he was educated, lie came to New
\'ork in 1S6.S; the next )ear he arrived in San {'"rancisco, anil laid the
foundation of his present prosperous business. His factory fronts on Hian-
nan ami Hluxome streets, near Sixth.
A. F. Knorp.— Since icSOS \. I'. KnokI', 41 1 Mission Street, has been
successfull\- en,i;a;.;ed in wood-turniii^r and manufacturin.i,' fine finiiiture.
I le employs from 1 5 to 20 hands, .it an averaj^e of $] a da)-, and makes use
of I.? machines. 1 U- iloes ,ill kinds (if f.mc)' woodwork, devises models for
'Lttimta
wnoi).
fiog
machinery, and furniture for the office, store, library, anti household, ;uid
makes a specialt)' of fittin;,' up stores and offices. He recommends man>-
kinds of woods found on our coast, from Alaska to Central America, for
ornamental purposes. Mr. KXOKI' was born in W'urtcmbcr^, ("lermany, in
icS^j, where lie was educated and tauj^dit the milUvrij^ht's trade. In ICS53 he
came to America, and in 1S55 to Californi.i in the steamship Uncle Saw.
The tri]) was an eventful one, as 321 passcnj,'ers died of cholera. Ik-
passed .several years in Tuolumne and Solano counties, havinj^ been coroner
of the latter county for several years.
Picture-frames, etc. — All civilized communities spend annually larjje
sums f(}r objects u.sed in the adornment of their homes. Paintinjjs, statuary,
and mirrors were once the exclusive ])ossessioP', of the rich or of the state.
Among the chief glories of modern culture and industrial skill are tlie crea-
tion (jf a taste for beautiful objects among the masses, anil the invention <jf
mechanical processes by which the works of great artists may be nuiltiplied
and placed within their reach. Mirrors and pictures require frames, and to
the manufacture of these is n;iturally joined that of orn.imental brackets,
stands, and other brie a-brac. The now pre\alent custom among well-to-do
families of personally pre])aring many of the household decorations has
created a large demand for these, and also for artists' materials, the sale of
which last is said to be 10 times greater in proportion to ])opulation in Cali-
fornia than in any European country. That the Pacific Coast is not be-
hind the rest of the world in this respect is shown by the fact that 13 San
Francisco firms arc engaged in the .sale of such articles. It is estimated
that $500,000 is annually expended on this coast for frames, mirrors, and
pictures. I-'our firms in San Francisco are engaged in importing, manufac-
turing, and jobbing these goods, employing in the aggregate 75 mechanics,
at wages ranging from $15 to $25 per week.
The great volume of this trade is in pictures and mirrors. The cheapest
mirrors, of common silvered American window-glass of good quality in com-
mon ])inc frames, stained in imitation of rosewood or walnut, are usually
imported to this coast from the I*lastern States in their frames. Next
in grade, the German iiiatc, of which there are several qualities, and of
these Havaria is the largest ])roduccr, arc imj)orted with silver backs, and
usually framed on this coast. The best arc of excellent quality, clear and
white, and well polished, and differing from the I'rench plate mainl)' in
thickness and strength. The so-calleil I'Vench plate, produced not only in
l'"rance, but in Belgium and England, is, on account of its strength, neces-
sarily used in the largest mirrors. Some American plate-glass is made of
satisfactory thickncs.s, but lacking in whiteness, clearness, and polish.
77
'
(jIO
M.\M;KA( TLKICS.
A lar^c part of tlic ])icture trailc is done in chronios, pjcncrally inferior in
artistic (|ualit\-, tint occasionally possessing; inucli merit. These are t,'ener-
all_\- broii^Mu in thin sheets and mounted liere. Hoston, I'hilaiielphia, and
New \'ork are hej^innin}; to ci)mpete\vith Germany and I"'rancc in their pro-
duction, anil scarcely a jear passes without \isible imi)rovement, resultiTij^f
from the tendency of buyers to reject the jxiorer works. I'liere i> a consid-
erable trade in cheapoil ])aintinfrs, soUl at marvelously low rates, in "silver-
f,'ilt" frames. Steel en},'ravinj;s sell well. The increasin;; demand and the
accumulated supply of larjje plates make it |)ossible to produce them with
less expcn.sc than 20 years ago. It reiiuires hi^h artistic abilitj- to copv
the picture of a jjreat master, anil do justice- -so far as black and white can
do justice to colors — to its numerous merits. Great reputations ha\e been
achieved in this art, and the name of the artist, familiar to connoisseurs,
connnands hij,'h ])rices for "artists' ]iroofs," as the best impressions are called.
I'iiotoi^ravures, prints taken from a surface made b)- the photo[;ra|)hic
process, are rapidl)' t;ainin^' favor. The)- are made mechanicall)-, and can
never build up artistic reputations, but they pos.sess important merits in
which the eye and hand of the engraver can never eijual them in coi)yinf,f
|>ictures.
The people of our coast have a luxurious taste in frames for their pictures
and mirrors, and a multitude of skillful mechanics fmd ])rofitable occupation
in supplying; the public want. The simple molilin^^s used in this work are
imiKirted, but much of the finer Work and all the j;olil-leaf },nlilin^ on the
lartjc frames, are done here. S.VXItOKN, V.VIl. & Co., .S. & G. Gl'Mi',
II.Ms.M.WN HkdlllKU.s, and lIi:u.M.\\N Cniii..\ are leading manui'ac-
turers of frames in San Francisco. \'ery few are made elsewhere on the
coast.
Billiard-tables. — The preat demand for billiard-tables on the Pacific
Coast caused this brancli of manufacture to be established at a very earl_\-
date. In icS6o there were 5 small factories in o|)eration in California, mak-
in}.j up pof'd'' to the value of about .$30,cxx) a year. In 1870 there were
6 establishments making' over $90,000 worth of articles. In iSSi the value
of manufactures for the entire coast was estimated to be little short of
$200,000. This industry is princi|)all)" in the hands of (icrman and l""rench
mechanics, whose waf^es a\erajj;e about $3 a day. I\astern mainifacturers
pa)', for the same class of labor, from 15 to 20 per cent, below that rate;
but still are not able to sell any large quantity of goods west of the Rocky
Mountains. Tables and a])paratus of Pacific Coast manufacture are
shipped in small iiuantity to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, China, Japan,
and occasionally to other foreign destinations. It is claimed that in work-
i.
I
=1^
\V(.)OU.
61
inanship anil beauty of design, tables made in San Francisco ami elsew licic
on this coast arc superior to those of Mastcrn manufacture. Medals liavc
been awarded at International ICxhibitions helil in Santiago, Chile, and in
S)'dn(;y, New South Wales, for articles made in California.
The outer frame of the table is inaile of ash., laurel, or walnut. IJifferent
varieties of wood are used for the inner fr.ime, but the sugar i)ine, indige-
nous to the Pacific Coast, ami the rod fir are those usually preferreil.
The former costs G to 7 rents a foot, and the latter about 2]4 cents. Slate,
for the bed of the table, is imported from Vermont, but, for \ery costl)'
articles, Italian or other marble is occasionally used. Tile cloth is importeil
from I'Vance or Mnglantl, but more often from I-Vance, and costs $8.50 to
$9 a yard. The oils, varnish, and shell.ic used in the process of manufac-
ture are mainly of home production. The rubber for the cushions is of
course imported.
The slabs of slate that form the bed of the table are rubbed as smooth
as |)ossible with blocks of marble, ami afterwards with saiulpaper. The
bed is cemented to the frame with glue and tightened with jacks. The legs
arc shajied and carvetl by haiul. In fact, the process of manufacture is en-
tirely manual, reiiuiring much time and labor. In .some of the o])erations,
especially in that of carving the legs, a nice taste, a sharp ev-e and keen
tools are required. The table most commonly used is S feet iS inches long,
4 feet 6 inches wide, and 34 inches high. The cost when complete, with ali
the ajjparatus, as cues, cue-rack, a set of ivory balls. 2 strings of markers,
etc., ranges from $200 to $500; but, of course, highly ornamentetl articles
can be made to order, up to any jiricc that the purchaser is disposed to pay.
The cost of recushioning tables is from $50 to $()0.
The principal manufacturers in San I'Vancisco are I'llii.ii' LlKSENl'KI.D,
J. G. II. Mkvi:k, Jacob StkaiilI' & Co., August Juncmslut & Co., and
theJ.M. Hkuxswrk & IULK1-; Comi'ANV. The first-mentioned gentle-
man sl.irted in business in 1855, employing only 2 operatives. He has now
30 men at work, when working in full force. The principal articles manu-
factured in San Francisco in the line of billiard-tables are the centennial
bevel table, the American standard, the I'rench curve, the excelsior and
the combination table. In bagatelle-tables, the ICnglish bagatelle, the
Jenny Lintl, the Tivoli and parlor bagatelle, and the top bagatelle are
among the favorite descriptions, and are all maile on this coast.
The cues arc of Kastcrn or foreign manufacture. The more expensive
ones, inlaid with ivory or ebony, come from France, and are worth $12 to
$50 a dozen. Cheaper articles, such as are commonlj- in use at billiard-
saloons, are made entirely of ash, and cost $7 a dozen. I'"or the cutting and
turning of billiard-ball.s there is but one establishment on the Pacific Coast,
n
! ;i
6i2
MAMl At nULS.
that of J. (i. II. Mi;\i;u, in San Francisco, already mcntioncti as a inanii-
factiirer of billiartl-tablcs. The ivorj' obtained on the eastern coast of
Africa is usually preferred for this purpose, on account of its superior white-
ness, but the tusks of Asiatic elephants, and the fossil ivory obtaineil in
Siberia, arc also used for that purpose. In the inakinjj of a billiard-ball
much delicate nicet)' of manipulation is required, and iont^ exjicricncc,
coupled with natural ailroitness on the ]>art of the workman, are indispens-
able. Just as every block of marble is .said to contain a statue, so every
block of ivf)ry is supposed to contain a perfect billiaril-ball: but it requires
a liit^dily skilled mechanic to demonstrate the fact. The utmost care is
ob.^^ervcd in thorou.L,dil\- sea.sonin_Lj the balls in order to extract, as far as
necessan,-, the natural moisture of the ivor)'. After the scasoninj^ process,
which requires 5 or 6 months, the colorinjj is im|jarted by the use of expen-
si\e dyes anil acids. The balls are then polished, and are ready for use. A
set of 4 hand.somcly linished ivory balls is worth from $25 to $30. K<ach one
wei^'hs from 7 to g ounces, and the standard size m 2i^ inches in diameter.
Pianos. — The value of the inusical in.strumcnts sold annually on this
coast is about $ 1, 000,000, of which amount nine tenths are paid for piantis,
$50,000 for parlor organs, anil the remainder for other instruments. Of the
total value nearl\- two thirds are paid for imported work, principally the
output of Eastern factories. I'-xports amount to $25,000 per annum,
bein;^ chiefly to the Hawaiian Islands, British Columbia, Mexico, and
Japan, in the order named. The entire business of manufacture, import,
and export is, it may be said, centered in San Francisco. The annual pro-
duction is al)out 800 piano.s, 200 house, and, perhaps, 5 church organs, and
a few guitars, and other small instruments. Cai>ital amounting to $700,000
is invested in the industry, and employment furnished to r 50 men, who are
paid an average of. $3 per day of 10 hours. Of pianos, about 2,500 in
all, and of organs 300, are sold )'early. The chief labor of the pian(j-
maker consists in arranging parts produced by other manufacturers and in
selecting, properly seasoning and working up suitable lumber into the
various forms of cases which gi\e beauty to the completed instruments, and
entitle them to classification with ornamental furniture. Usuall)' the com-
bination of levers, by means of which the wires are struck, ca'..^-d the action,
is made by a firm who do nothing else. Sounding-boards, necessarily of
thin, resonant material, are the work of another house. The strings,
made of steel wire, must be prepared by workers in that metal; the iron
frame and brass pedals must be cast in foundries; and the key.s require for
their fashioning artisans familiar with the mani|)ulation of ivory and
m<jther-of-peail. Most, if not all of the jjarts mentioned, are made in the
WUDI).
^'13
Atlantic Stales, although it is but a few j-cars since strinjjs were iinpoited
from ICnfiland and Germany. Our coast produces several varieties of
ti.nbcr having a handsome (,'rain, admittin}^ of a high polish, little affected
by ordinary variations of temperature, and, consecpiently, well suited for
piano cases or other articles of household furniture. The demand for pianos
here is at ]>resenl confined chiefly tf) the shape known as "upright," in which
the strings are held in a vertical frame. Makers account fcjr this preference
partl>- on the ground of fashion, and partly because the upright instrument,
re(]uiring less horizontal space than either the .square or grand, can be used
in a smaller apartment.
The total number of pianos made on the coast up to the clo.se of I <S68
was 550, and about 1,000 were imported in that year. A 6-octave square
piano, made in San I'rancisco in nSjC by jACon Zkcii, was, it is said, ihe
first instrument of the kind made west of the Rocky Mountaiirs. The
first ujjright piano made in San I'Vancisco was turned out by G. RlDOU' in
1865. The principal piano-makers on the coast are SllEKM.VN, Clav &
Co., STRATflAM & CoNli, G. RUDOLI'II & Co., IIliM.Mli & LONci, and C.
R. Hall.
Knabe Pianos. — A i)iano factory unsurpassed in size, completeness of
machinery, skill of workmen, and amount of material kept in store, is that
of Wnl KN'ABK & Co., in Baltimore. The business, which began about
50 years ago in a small shop, has e.vpanded, until now there is a capacity to
produce 1,800 pianos in a year. Tiie building covers 2y> acres, and a
portion of it is 5 stories high. The commercial department has a branch
liouse in New York City, and agencies in all the American, and many
European cities. At the Centennial Exhibition, Wm. Kn.\BE & Co. ob-
tained a diploma of honor, and medal of merit " for general excellence in
the requirements of a first-cla.ss instrument." This praise is apjiroved
by the most eminent musicians, and their commendation has secured a
market for the KN'ABE I'ianos, which are noted for the volume, clearness,
sweetness, duration, and quality of all their notes; for the precision and
elasticity of their touch; for the .solidity and thorough honesty of their
work, the uniformity of their excellence, and the extraordinarily long time
for which they remain in tune. If every manufacturer and distinguished
pianist in the United States should mention 2 pianos which he preferred,
the Knabk would probably be mentioned oftener than any other. Wm.
Knahe & Co. make grand, square, and upright pianos, and their general
agents for the entire Pacific Coast arc A. L. BANCRorr & Co.
Organs, etc. — The number of parlor organs sold on the coast annually
has not exceeded one fourth that of the pianos up to the present time.
MANUFACTURES.
aiul must of these were imported; but ns this branch nf the business is
now recci\inL; the particular attention of at least one iar^e manufacturer, it
is probable that hereafter home products will take the ])lace of F.astern
work. In the manufacture of organs, as in that of pianos, several of the
parts — as reeds, ke\-s, etc. — are the work of special makers, and all are
assembled at the case factory by experts. The present fashionable case is
made of cboniz.cd wood, or wood stained black to resemble ebony. Parlor
or house or},'ans are sold at from $100 to $200 each, and upright pianos at
$400 each.
About 75 church orphans have been built in San Francisco, costing; from
$1,000 upwards, some of which were shipped to \Vasiiinj.jton, Orej^on,
Nevada, Me.vico, and Centnil .\merica. The first organ built on the coast
was put up by Joseph Maver in Marysvillc in 1856. The largest instrument
on the coast, and one of the largest in the United States, is that in the
Mormon Tabernacle at -Salt Lake City, Utah. Its base measures 20 by 30
feet, it is 40 feet high, contains nearly 2,000 pipes, and has a compass of
35 stops. It was built by JosKi-il 11. Riih;ks in Salt Lake City in 1866,
mostly of home material. Other musical instruments, as accordions,
guitars, violins, zithcrns, flutes, banjoes, and a few brass wind instruments arc
m.iile b\' small manufacturers to fill special orders, but the entire annual ])ro-
duction will not exceed $10,000 in \alue, while at least 4 times this value
;.re imported from the Atlantic States.
The laigest house organ manufactory is the establishment of TllO>r.\S
1\I. Antiseli,. Tlie largest church organ building establishment is that
of JoiI.N HerGSTROM, who has been engaged in the business since 1864.
Othci builders are /osEI'II Maver, the oldest on the coast, FELIX V.
SciKJENsrEiN, and F. B. ScHoENSTElN. The last makes orchestrion
cylinders as well.
I'iano and organ keys are made in San Franci.sco by W. KELLER & Co.
The materials used are pine, cherry, and bass woods, obtained here, and
elephant ivory imported from New York. About 10 .sets are turned out
monthly so far, selling at from $15 to $19 each.
Clarionets and flutes were made in San FrancLsco, in 1859, from Mexican
rosewood, by GEORtiE Pfaek, a mechanic from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
who sold the clarionets at from $50 to $150 each, and his flutes at $50 each.
Cll.VRLES StI'Ml'KE made guitars and violins in the same city in 1857, the
wood for which he obtairled from the Sandwich Islands. About 30 orches-
trion cylinders have been made in San F'rancisco, and sold at prices ranging
from $100 to $400 each.
Coffins. — The average number of deaths occurring in San Francisco is at
the rate of about lof) a week, and in California 250 a week, or 1 3,000 a year.
WOOD,
r.i;
It will be seen, therefore, that the business of makinp or importin}^ coffins
is not a very extensive one. The death rate in California, in ordinary
seasons, is about |6 (x;r t,000, and in San I'rancisco about 21 per 1,000.
Many of the interior towns on the I'acihc Coast have a lower death rate
than San Francisco; but there arc few cities or towns in the Union in which
there is a lower rate of mortal ty amonj^ infants. In New York, (!hicaf^o,
Philadelphia, and Haltimore, nearly one half of all the deaths are those of
children under 5 years of age. In San I'rancisco not more than one third
of the deaths occur amoiifj infants. With one or two exceptions, the num-
ber of deaths ])cr 1,000, of all apjcs, is consi<lcrably lar},'er in ICastern cities
than in San I'rancisco. In the populou-. cities of ICuro|)e it is very much
lar^jcr. In Naples, Milan, I-'lorence, iicrlin, antl Vienna, it is almost double.
In i^iverjiool, Manchester, and Glastjow it is 50 to fio per cent. hi{,'her. In
New York it is 30, and in Haltimf)re .75 per cent, hij^her.
There arc but 5 firms in .San I'rancisco exclusively enga^jcd in the man-
ufacture of casket.s, and these, when running to their full capacity, can sup-
ply the dem.'uids of the entire Pacific Coast. Several importing and
retail houses also manufacture to order to a small extent, aiul some of the
interior towns have one or more establishments where coffins are made.
The entire value of all such articles made on the Pacific Coast is ])robabiy
about $200,000 a year. The materials used may be estimatcil at 40 per
cent, of this sum, or $80,000. There arc not more than 60 or 70 work-
men cmjiloycd, anil the amount distributed for labor may be set down at
$45,000.
Metallic, walnut, and rosewood coffins are imported from the East to the
value of $30,000 or $40,000 a year, but imports are rapidly decreasing.
The material commonly used by manufacturers on this coast is Califor-
nian or Oregon redwood, but lumber merchants are now importing large
quantities of rosewood and walnut by way of Cape Horn, and the more
expensive classes of articles can now be made in San I'Vancisco of these
materials to better advantage than they can be imported. Overland freight
on wooden coffins from New York is 4 to 6 cents a pound, while lumber
can be imported by sea for less than one cent a pound. With this advan-
tage in their favor, manufacturers have already reduced the amount of im-
]iorts to a very small figure, and it is probable that, with the exception of
metallic caskets, they will soon supply the entire demand of the Pacific
Coast.
It was the custom in the mining districts of California, during the early
days of her history, to bury corpses in rough wooden boxes, and sometimes
even in sacks. Until i860, coffins, of whatever description, were almost
entirely imported. In that year there was but one establishment on the
6i6
MAMIAiTlKllS.
i j
Pacific Ci>ast at which burial cases were made, and tlvir value did not
exceed $15,000 a year. In 1870 there were 14 manufacturers, makiti^j
about $110,000 wortli of caskets, or about half the ijuantitj- required. In
iSSi there was not more than one funeral in 6 at which imported colTuis
were used. .About three fourths of the interments in .San l-'raiv.isco are
inatle in redwood coffm.s, ;ind tile remainder princiijall)' in walnut, ro.scwood,
or metallic caskets. The frei^jht on metallic coffins, from New York to San
Francisco, is $20 to $25, and still thc\' can be iinported for less money than
it costs to manufacture them in San Francisco. It was c ice; sujjposed that
caskets made of metal possessed the advantajjc of being j.ir-ti[;ht. The
remains f)f a man buried in ^'erl)a Huena t.'emetery in 1S55, vere e.xhumed
after a lapse of 15 years, anil foutiil to lie in a perfect state of preservation.
The cor])se had been buried in a metallic coft'm; and for some years after-
wards there was a considerable; demand, on the Pacific C<vi:st, for similar
articles. In 1S70 an attcm])t was made to manufacture them in San P'ran-
cisco; but the hi^jh ])rice of labor and material rendered it impossible to
compete with Fastern-maile caskets. Moreover, it was afterwards dis-
covereil that most of the metal cases were not air-tijjht, anil wiicn this fact
become known, the ilemand for them ra])idly decreased.
Carriages. — The liiyh rate of wages, the value of time to business men,
the abundance and cheapness of horses anil horsefeed. the sparseness of ])oi)-
ulation, the long distances at which many of the farmers live from towns,
the numlx-r of good roads, and the considerable amounts of cxi)orts and
imports, ha\e led the people of our coast to own and use an exceptionally
large number of wagons and buggies. It is doubtful whether so many arc
to be found in proportion to the people in any other part of the world. All
the large towns have iileasure drives, on which the light buggy and the fast
trotter are leading features.
While we consume a great number of wheeled vehicles, we produce but
few. The oak u.sed in the heavy and the hickory in the light wagons are
cquall}' lacking, and we must import both from the Mississippi V'allej-, anil
it is found cheaper to obtain them for general use in forms prepared for
putting together, if not already ]Hit together, in the various parts of wagons.
A great part of the value of a wagon is in the wheels, most of which arc
made up for us bej'ond the Rocky Mountains. Even when wagons are
made here, the spokes, felloes, hub.s, axles, and tongues have not infre-
quentl)- been shaped in the l£ast. We purchase on this coast about 7,000
farm wagons annually, worth $100 each, and the number made here is very
small, not one factory or shop being devoted exclusively to their produc-
tion. Nor until we grow some wood that can rival the Eastern white oak
Wool I.
in strcn^jth, elasticity, and even hardness of tjrain, is it probable that we
can establish large factories for farm wagons with profit, even if the differ-
ence of 25 per cent, in wages against our inamifacturcrs should be removed.
In s|)ring wagons, such as are re(|uii ,11 express, grocery, and dairy
business, and in buggies and other light pli ri-nrc wagt.'is, we do more, but
even in this branch, we should jjrobably d'l little if it were not for the
necessity of repairing old and broker vehicles in shopr:. which contain the
labor, skill, tools, and materials for n •' ing new work, ivheii there is nothing
to do in rep.-iiring. Most of the shops in which buggies are iii.ide are, or
were, primarily ilependent mainly on repairs fir their maintenance.
San I'rancisco, which has probably one third 01 the manufacturing in-
dustry of the coast in this branch, in.ikes annually .ibout 500 spring wagons,
worth $200 each on the average; ;is many buggies, worth $250; 100 rocka-
ways. worth $450; ■■md 25 hacks ;ind coupes, worth $8or. Man>- of these
are made to order, either for the sake of getting something diifcrcnt from
the imported vehicles, or because of confidence in the superior excellence
of a certain shoji. Sacramento, .Stockton, and Portland have .1 similar,
and, perhaps, relatively larger patronage.
In some respect;! there has been a considerable decline in the business of
the C.alifornian cities. When all the freights required by the northern and
.southern mines were sent out from Sacramento, Stockton, and Marysville
in wagons, a special construction was required, and the wagon factories in
those places were large and jirofitable establishments. The building of
railroads and the decrease of ])roduction and population in the pl.iccr min-
ing camps, deprived these mountain teamsters of much of their business,
and diminished the demand for wagons of special patterns. The freight
is now carried in vehicles brought from Michigan. For many years
KiMH.VLL & Co. maintained a large carriage factory in San Franci.sco, in
which they employed 100 men, and turned out 100 vehicles monthly.
Another factory, founded in 1851, and for many )-ears nearly as large, cm-
])loyed 70 men. Both the.se have disappeared, leaving no successors.
High wages and the necessity of importing all the material destroyed tlicir
permanence. The more rapid communication with the Kastcrn States, and
the facility of obtaining articles within a few weeks after sending the order,
have given the wagon ''ctorics on the other side of the continent advan-
tages for supplying our market much greater than thc>' had before the rail-
road days. The annual productioa o'" wagons and carriages was not half so
large in 1881 in San Francisco as it was in 1869. It would probably soon
revive if wages were the same here as in New York.
In 1870 California had 84 establishments in which carriages and wagons
were made, employing 630 men and 10 boys, with wages aggregating
78
6i8
MANUI ACTURF.S.
■i |fi
11
$447,336, using material worth $439,404, and producing vehicles worth
$1,309,443. In the same year Oregon made wagons in 14 shops, employ-
ing 35 men, with a total product of $46,405. The similar statistics for
1880 have not yet been published, but the figure.'; are probably not much
greater, notwithstanding the large incre.isc of population and of business.
At Sacramento TiiK Ckntu.m, Pacific Raii-KCVO Company have most
of their shops for the construction and repairing of cars for their own roads,
and the numerous roads whicli they control under leases. Cars are also
made for several San Tranci.sco street railroads. In 1881 the.se shops made
100 cars and repaired 800. This establishment is the most extensive of
its kind on our coast, and gives employment to 1,200 men.
Among the carriage factories of the coast are those of Gravk & Co.,
Bi.RNAKi) Gallagmkr, J. McCuK, and TiiK Carvill Manufacturing
Co.mianv, of San Francisco; Watkriiou.se & LlCSTFR, II. M. Hernard,
Martin Kestlkr, J. I\ Hill, Johnson & Blue, and Pike & Youn(;,
of Sacramento; W.M. P. MiLLICR and M. P. HENDERSON, of Stockton;
CiEORdE P. Hunt, Charles Raisch, and Sarers & Cutt.s, of Marys-
ville; and L. M. DvER, TiiOMAs I'REEMAN, and The I^spev ]Man-
Ul A( rURINC. Company, of Portland. San P'ranci.sco has also a factory
ercctctl for the manufacture of baby carriages, but as its capacity exceeds
the tlcmand, most of the time of its 10 employees is given to the produc-
tion of toys.
Espey Carriage Factory.— The carriage factory of THE KsPEY Man
UF.UTCRiNi; Company at Portland, the leading establishment of its kind
in Oregon, turns out half of all the wagons and carriages made in the
State. T1k'\' are manufactured with special regard for the local needs, and
the peculiarities of a climate without its like in any other part of the
Unitetl States. The business was commenced in 1874, and has been in-
creasing steadily. Purchasers come from Idaho and Washington, as well as
from Southern and l'3astern Oregon, and there is a good i)rospect for future
devcK-jpment. Most of the materia! comes from the Atlantic Slope; but
.some of Oregon production compares favorably witli the best oak and ash
of the ]\lississippi basin, and is u.sed only in heavy wagon work and
machinery purjioses.
Holt Brothers.— Holt Brothers established themselves in San Fran-
cisco in 1870 as importers and dealers in hardwood lumber, carriage hard-
ware, anil trimmings, including springs, a.xles, bolts, and, in fact, every de-
scription of material used in the manufacture of wagons and carriages; also
ship-plank, boat-builders' materials, and other hardwood lumber. In 1875
the house started a factory at Concord, New Hampshire, where they manu-
WOOD.
619
facturc wheels, hubs, spokes, felloes, shafts, poles, and carriage woodwork
for their trade on this coast, and for the Eastern market. They have also
a mill at Adrian, Ohio, and one a'. New River, Virginia, for the manufacture
of the various kinds of hardwood lumber direct from the forest. The firm
is compo.sed of four brothers, of whom C. II. HoLT is the representative
and resident manager in San Francisco, the others superintending the pur-
chasing, manufacturing, and shipping of material in the East. Their place
of business in San Francisco is at 27 and 29 Ik-ale Street, and 30 and 32
Main Street, the store extending through the block, fronting the last-named
street. In 1880 they erected for their accommodation a 3-story fire-proof
brick building, especially arranged to facilitate the prompt handling of
goods with the least possible amount of labor, including a hydraulic eleva-
tor, reaching from the basement (which is sunk 3 feet below the water level,
and kept dry and tight by planking and caulking) to the third floor. Their
trade embraces all the Pacific States and Territories, as well as Mexico,
British Columbia, and the Hawaiian Islands.
Waterbouse &. Lester— Wateriiouse & Lester, extensively en-
gaged in the importation and sale of hardwood-lumber, carriage and wagon
material, and carriage hardware and trimmings, the oldest house in that
lino o{ business on the coast, had their origin in Sacramento as a shop
for the manufacture and repair of wagons and mountain stages, under the
firm name H. W. Bra(;g & Co., in 1850. CoLUMisus Wateriiouse, the
-senior partner, a native of Vermont, came to California in June, 1S50, spent
several years in the mines, and in July, 1853, bought an interest in the
business. In the fall of that year, the house commenced the importation of
wagon lumber and materials, and gave up their manufacturing branch.
Sacramento being then the central point for the sale of wagons and wagon
matcrial.s, their business increased, and in the fall of 1854, after J. W.
Lester became a partner, Mr. Wateriiouse went to New York, and
established there a branch house (of which he was manager for 5 ycvs),
for the purchase and shipiTient of stock. In 1859 he returned to California,
and J. VV. Le.STER became the resident partner in the East. During the
great floods of 1 861-62, they were compelled to establish a branch in San
Francisco. In October, 1865, 11. W. Br.\OG having .sold out to his part-
ners, the firm assumed its present title. The opening of the Central
Pacific and Union Pacific railroads, by facilitatirg heavy importations of
cheap wagons from the East, .severely affected their line of business. The
competition of Eastern wagon and carriage factories, aided by cheap
freights on their manufactured work, forced several thousand mechanics oil
our coast to give up their business, and tompcUed WATERIIOUSE & Lester
i
I 1
620
MANLTALTURES.
to engage again in manufacturing. In the spring of 1875, they bought out
the firm of W. A. llrOKNliURC & Co. in Sacramento, and opened a factory
for the manufacture of wheels and wagon and carriage wood work.s,
which they make a specialty. By the extensive use of machinery they
can supjily the wagon and carriage makers of the coast with wheels
and wagon and carriage wood work at prices as low as I^astcrn pro-
ducts of the same cla.ss can be .sold here, or lower. H. A. W.VTKR-
lIiiL'Si;, an elder brother, is now the resident partner in the East, and 2
jounger brothers are engaged with the house. All are thorough busi-
ness men and good mechanics. They have a large store and factory in
.Sacramento, and in San Francisco :cupy a brick building i^/'/i feet
square, with 3 stories and a basement, which they have recently completed
at 14 to 22 Beale Street.
O. P. Willey & Co.— O. F. WiLLEY & Co., of 427 Montgomery Street,
importers and manufacturers of carriages and harness, have long been fa-
vorably known in the trade of San Francisro. The firm is composed at the
liresent time of O. V. WiLLKY and ClIARLKS J. WiLLEY, brothers, natives
of Vermont. The former came to California in 1850, and, after mining
for a few months, established himself in San Francisco and engaged in the
business of supplying water to the inhabitants of the city until 1855, when
lie started in the carriage trade with Mll.l.s C.VDY, under the firm name of
Caov & W'lLLEY, at 316 California Street. Having dis.soKed partnership
with Mr. Cadv in 1857, he associated himself with T. S. EASTMAN in the
firm of O. F. WiLLEY & Co. Three years later Mr. Eastman withdrew,
and O. F. WiLLEY was sole proprietor until 1867, when Charles J.
WiLLEY, who had been a resident of California since 1852, became a part-
ner. The house obtained all its stock in trade by importation previous to
1863, since which year they have been engaged also in manufacturing; and
about one third of all the carriages sold by them in the last 2 years were the
])roduct of their factory. They make a specialty of importing the finest
styles of carriages, and have been agents for .several of the leading manu-
facturers of Eastern cities, including BREWSTER & Co., of New York (who
recei\ed the first award at the I'aris ExiJosition and the decoration of the
Legion of Honor); \V. D. ROGERS, of Philadelphia; CllARLES S. Caefrey,
of Camden, N.J. ; and H. Kll.LAM & Co., of New Haven. They deal exten-
sively in harness, robes, whips, and other goods of the trade. O. F. WiLLEY
was a member of tlie Asscmbl)' in i860,
Cooperage. — The wages paid to skilled coopers on the Pacific Coa.st
range from $2.50 to $3.50 a day, and steady employment is furni.shcd the
year round; but even at these rates there is a scarcity of workmen. In New
\\\)OlJ.
621
York and Chicago the rate is $2 to $3 a day, and the latter price is paid
only to the most highly skilled operatives. The difficulty in procuring
labor, even at rates 15 to 25 per cent, above those prevailing in Eastern
cities, has very much retarded the growth of this industry. Invitations
have repeatedly been extended to Eastern workmen, but few of them have
been induced to settle on this coast. The journeyman cooper is usually
inclined to improvidence, and lack of means rather than disinclination may
have stood in the way. Apprentices are prevented from obtaining employ-
ment b)' the jealousy of workmen, or, if employed, do not take hold of their
trade in such a way as to give satisfaction.
It would be very difficult to estimate, even approximately, the quantity
of coopers' wares used on the Pacific Coast by brewer.s, wine and liquor
merchants, sugar refiners, flour mills, provision packers, dealers in drugs,
chemicals, oils, lime, cement, etc. The multiplicity of uses for which keg.s,
barrels, liogsheads, and casks are required in California, where so much
wine, flour, fruit, and butter are produced, and in San Francisco, where the
manufacturing interests, already large, are constantly increasing, prevents
any detailed statement of the present condition of this industry in all its
departments. ' tne idea of its extent may, however, be gathered from the
following figuri hich have been compiled after careful inquiry among the
best informed co' . in San Francisco, and represent the leading branches
of the business on the entire Pacific Coast.
It i.s estimated that there are now in operation about icx) coopers' shops,
giving employment to 550 operatives, and that there are manufactured
annually 200,000 casks and kegs for the use of brewers, and for the wine
and liquor trade, worth, at an average of $4.50 apiece, $900,000; 350,000
barrels and half barrels for sugar, worth .$210,000; 35,000 barrels for pro-
visions (apart from sugar), worth $55,000: and 95,000 powder-kegs, valued
at $.4.3,000; making ;i total of $1,208,000. These estimates do not include
ship cooperage or the requirements of the lime and cement trade.
Coopers' Materials. — The value of ship cooperage for 1881 was $30,000
to $40,000, and of lime and cement barrels about $25,000. Where the kilns
are within reach of suitable timber, lime-barrels arc usually manufactured
on the premises. Redwood is the material commonlj' used for this purpo.sc.
For ship-casks hard wood is mainly used, and oak timber from the Fastern
or Middle States is the favorite material; but for water-casks supplied to
.shipping, spruce is the favorite wood. For cooperage requiring soft wood,
the main supplies come from the forests of Oregon and Washington,
although sjirucc, white pine, and other soft woods are also imported to a
small extent from the Fast.
■I
02 2
MAN Ul'AC TURKS.
Amontj provision and liquor incrciiaiits there is a strong objection to the
use of Pacific Coast lumber, parti)- on account of the acid properties con-
tained in the wood. Timber imported from the Mast is cut in the winter
montiis, when the sap has ceased to flow. On this coast it is cut at all
seasons, and when made into barrels for the packing of provisions, or stor-
age of liquors, is apt to impart an acid fiavor to their contents. Moreover,
the Californian oak is harder to work, and costs almost as much to lay
down in San Francisco as Eastern material.
Powder-kegs arc usually made of redwood. The Santa Cruz powder-
works alone use 40,000 to 50,000 kegs a year, and obtain their lumber in the
adjacent forests.
Iron and steel hoops are made of imported materials. The price of
hoop-iron in San PVancisco is 4' j to 5 cents a pound. Wooden hoops are
made of the hazel-bush, which gro-.s in ; cat abundance in Oregon and
California.
Cooperage Production. — The value of coopers' wares produced on this
coast in proportion to the number of operatives, is much higher than in the
Eastern .States. In California, each workman produces on an average more
th.in $2,000 worth of goods. In none of the large manufacturing cities of
the East docs the a\crage exceed $1,500, and it sclilom reaches that figure.
In the iJroportion of the cost of labor to the value of production, the differ-
ence between Calif(jrnian and ICastern cooperages does not exceed 3 or 4
])er cent., and is in favor of this coast, notwithstanding the higher rates of
wages prevailing here. In New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois, the
e.vpense for labor ranges from 27 to 31 per cent. In California the average
is about 25 per cent. This advantage is more than counterbalanced by the
higher cost of material, which in California is not less than 55 to 60 per cent.,
while in I'"astern cities the average is not more than 50 per cent., but the
difference has been considcrabl>- reduced of late. Three years ago, freight
on staves from Lafayette, Indiana (the main source of supply), was $3i.S a
ton; it is now $200.
The making of wine, liquor, antl beer casks, includes at least three
fourths of all the coopers' work done on this coast, and as the wine yiekl
promises in the future to cause a great development in this branch of busi-
ness, it ma)' be of interest to state precisely the relative cost of labor and
material. T(j make a puncheon of 160 gallons, the i)rice of which would
be $10 (or a little over 6 cents a gallon), there would be required 27 staves,
worth at I0j4 cents ;ipiecc, $2.84; and 25 pcjunds of iron, worth, at ^'/, cents
a pound, $1.12; the headings would cost $2; making a total of $5.96 for ma-
terial, or nearl)- 60 per cent, of the value of the cask; the cost of labor
WOOD.
02},
would also be $2, making an additional 20 per cent. The value of the cask
increases in proportion to its size; the usual range is 5^j to 8 cents, but
some of the largest ones made for the cellars of wholesale wine merchants,
with a capacit)- of thousands of gallons, cost as much as lo cents a gallon.
Nearly all the different kinds of articles known to the cooper's trade, from
a butter firkin to a I3,000 gallon wine-cask, are manufactured on the Pacific
Coast. The packing of butter in the spring, of fish and fruit in the fall
months, and the demand for sugar-barrels all the year round, form consider-
able items, but the requirements of the wine and liquor trade far exceed all
others. The wine interest in California has now attained very large, and
promises to assume vast proportions in the future. Already there is a diffi-
culty in obtaining casks at reasonable rates, and leading wine merchants
find it necessary to import material in bulk, and to employ coopers to put
the casks together. The entire value of material and manufactured coopers'
wares imported to this coast pnjbably exceeds $1,000,000 a yean The
demand for wine-casks was formerly restricted to certain portions of the
year, but the storage and shipment of wine are now conducted on so large
;i .scale that casks are in request the year round. Many of the leading
vine growers in Los Angele.s, Sonoma, and Napa counties have extensive
depots in San Franci.sco, with vaults of cellars, in which they store the prod-
uct of each year. The stock kept constantly on hand at some of these
establishments is not less than 500,cxx) gallons. A glance around their
vaults shows a display of casks, vat.s, pipes, and puncheons that would have
delighted the heart of Flannibal, when on his march to Rome he bathed his
horses' legs in the choicest vintages of Italy. At these cellars may be seen
some of the largest wine-casks ever made or used on the Pacific Coast, cost-
ing about $i,200 each, and with a capacity for holding \2,ooo gallon.s. Sup-
posing that the vintage of California should increase only at the rate of lo
to 1 5 per cent, a year (and it is almost certain to increase much more
rajiidly), the production will, in a few year.s, exceed 20,000,000 gallons a
year, in addition to about 600,000 gallons of brandy. To store this stock
of wines and liquors will require 2 or 3 times the quantity of casks that arc
now made by all the coopers on the Pacific Coast. Many of the regular
coopers are hard pressed to supply the miscellaneous liquor and the provis-
ion trade, and it may become necessary for the owners of large vaults to
establish cooperage shops of their own, in which to manufacture casks of
the si/e and strength needed for shipment. This has already been done by
Dui'.Vl rs it Co., proprietors of the Eagle Wine Vaults, and their example
will probably .soon be followed by other leading viniculturists.
Among the leading coopers in San i-'rancisco are Lawken'CK Felvkv,
RuDoi.i'ii Armstkong, L. N. II.vndv & Co., Hogan & Co., John L.
634
MANTlAt Tl'KKS.
IIOI.DKN, XOKTOX & MaDSF.N, I'CMiA HrOS. & CO., TlIE MATTULLATII
MANri'A< TIKINC C'oMI'ANV, and DaVII) WOKRNER.
Woodenware. — The pails, tubs, churns, sjrup-kcf^s, powder-kegs, and
similar articles made of soft wood by the iielji of machincrj-, and forming the
chief products of 'he " woodenware " factories, arc consumed here annually to
the value of about $200,000, and are entirely supplied by local establishments,
including 2 in San Francisco, and one each in Sacramento and Portland.
These factories also make other woodenware, including broom-handles,
washboards, ice-chests, butter-molds, sieves, and man}- smaller articles for
domestic use. The one at Sacramento also makes fruit-bo.ves. The woods
most u.sed are sjirucc, cedar, and fir. The hoo]js are usually of iron, thougii
hazel hoops are also used to a small extent.
Such articles as a.\ and pick handles of hickor\-, and chopping bowls
and trays of beech and sugar maple, arc imported, because there is no tim-
ber on this coast suitable for making them, :ind there is more hand labor
used in the process o{ manufacture than can be applied here profitably.
In 1S52, the mercantile firm of ]'2lam & IIoWKS (succeeded by Gi;oKt;K
IIOWKS & Co., and afterwards by E. K. IIoWKS) erected a woodenware
factory in San Francisco, and it continued to run until 1880, when it was
closed in consequence of losses suffered by the proprietor in other lines of
business. It was the pioneer establishment of the kind on the slope. C. \V.
and G. W. Akmes began the manufacture of woodenware at Mark West,
Sonoma County, in 1853, and encouraged by the condition of their busi-
ness, moved to San Francisco, \\here the firm took the name of Armk.S &
Dai.1..\M, now the oldest factor)- on the coast. Their annual product is
worth about $190,000. TiiK Ma iTui,L.\Tii Manufacturing Co.mi>anv,
and E. A. Stockton, are other manufacturers of woodenware in San Fran-
cisco; Nichols & Co. have a lactory in Sacramento, and Z.VN Ukotiieks,
in Portland.
MattuUath Mills. —The Mattullath ManuF'Wctuiung Comi-anv
of San I'rancisco are an extensive cooperage enterprise, (icrhaps une(|ualed
in the amount of their production. They run 3 mills, employ about 500
persons, ami turn out 3,000 barrels a da)-. Two mills in Washington saw
or cut out the material, and one in San ]~rancisc<i ])Uts it into final shape.
The i'-agle Mill (a stave factory), situated on the bank of Elliot's Ha)-,
North .Seattle, three quarters of a mile from tlic business center of the
town, is the largest and best eciuipped of all establishments of its kind. It
has 200 hands, and can turn out the stavi and heads for 5,000 barrels a
day, besides furnishing, from the refuse, material for man)- thousands of
boxes. The greater part of the machincrv- is maile under recent patents, of
WOOD.
C^::
which this company has exclusive control, and which were first adapted for
practical working, in a large scale, by HUGO .MaituLLATII, [ircsident of
the company. The process differs {jreatly from that used in the old
methods of barrel manufacture. The sides of the vessel are made of a
single sheet, which takes the place of 20 separate staves. The sheets arc
cut from a large log by revolving it against a luige knife. The second stave
factory, at I'uyallup, employs 60 hand.s, turns out the material for 1,500
packages a day, and is a very lively establishment, running all the year.
The total number of persons in the .service of the company in Washington
Territory is about 300. The sheets, heads, and other materials from the
Seattle and Puyallup mills arc shipped in compact packages to the finish-
ing factory on Brannan Street, between Seventh and Eiglith, in San Fran-
cisco, where the vessels are put together for the market. The timber used
includes fir, spruce, and cottonwood, and the barrels made are mostly of
the classes used for holding dry substances. The San Francisco factory
gives employment to 200 persons. The company are incorporated for the
purpose of manufacturing cooperage, and have a capital stock of $500,000,
all paid in.
They also make a petroleum barrel, under an invention patented by Mr
Mattuli..\TII. The S-gallon tin cans in ordinary use for transporting
petroleum being costly, and objectionable in various respects, TllE Cox-
TlNENTAL OiL AND Traxspoktation COMPANY, of San Francisco,
applied to him for a barrel that would serve the purpose. Casks of
wood leaked ; casks of tin broke; and every device failed until Mr. MattL'L-
L.VTH invented a machine to make a tin cask, which he placed in a wootlcn
cask a little larger, filling the intervening space with cement, which prevented
shrinkage of the wood. He then devi.sed a reversible faucet, serviceable as
a plug until the kerosene is to be drawn off These are the main features
of the Mattullatm Kerosene Barrel, which has overcome all the diffi-
culties in the way of transporting kerosene in casks. Of these kerosene
barrels, each holding 46 gallons, 5,000 are now in use, and 600 are made
every month.
Faucets and Bungs. — Until 5 or 6 years ago, trade in these lines of
goods was entirely in the hands of importers. Timber suitable for the
making of bungs is scarce and costly on the Pacific Coast. San Francisco
firms, that import corks and bungs, have agents in the Ea.st, who are pre-
pared to take advantage of the fluctuations in the market, and who pur-
chase and ship by water at low rates. It sometimes happens that wooden
articles can be imported for less money than it costs to lay down the rough
lumber in San Francisco. Notwithstanding this disadvantage, there are 3
79
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!
i .1
n i
626
MANTIACTLUES
lioiiscs in San I'laiicisco whose sole business is the making of wooden
blinds and faucets, and one small factor}- for the making of metallic bimgs.
Oak timber from Lake C<>imty, California, is suitable for this purpose, but
most of the material is imported from Wisconsin. Spruce from Oregon, hr
rosewood from Mexico, are commonl>' used for faucets. The cost of faucets
ranges from $5 to $lS a dozen, of wooden bungs, from $6 to $7 for 1,000.
The capital invested in this branch of business in San P'rancisco is about
$5,000, and the value of the different articles manufactured does not exceed
$7,000. There are still some small im])()rtations.
Willowware. — Our coast buy.s baskets to the value of $50,000 an-
nually, and manufactures to the value of $10,000, obtaining most of the
sur])lus from luirope, and paying 30 per cent, of the value as national ta.K
on the importation. Even with such a burden, the cheap labor of luirope
can undersell llu Californian basketmaker, e.Kcept for the heavy market -
baskets, which can not be packed in a compact manner, and for baskets
recjuireil to be made to order. Most of the factf)ries are retail establish-
ments, where the proprietor and several hired men are engaged part
of the time in selling or repairing imported articles, and give merely
a surplus of leisure to manufacture. The business conducted in this way
requires but a small capital. The laborers number about 30, and are nearly
all men who learned the trade in ICurope. The San I'rancisco boys and
girls ha\e shown no zeal in learning basketmaking. Some Chinese make
baskets for the use of their class; and a few are employed in covering
demijohns with rattan work at the glass-factory.
The coast has S establishments engaged in the manufacture of baskets
and willowware, including 7 in San Francisco and one in Sacramento. It
gives employment to about 30 persons. The pioneer in the business is
V"lCTOR N.WI.KT, who opened his shop at .117 Leidesdorff .Street, in iiSsi,
and still works at the same place, with.iut an assistant. The largest shop i.s
a branch of TllK W.VKKi'il'.l.l) R.viTAN C(iM PAX V, which has 1 2 operatives.
Iiasts. — The making of lasts was commenced in San Francisco in 1864,
on a very small scale. The establishment of numerous boot and shoe fac-
tories brought with it a corresponding increase in the demand for lasts, and
at present about 30,000 pairs a j'ear are manufactured. There are but 2
last factories on the I'acific Coast, both <if which are in San I'rancisco.
They employ 14 hand.s, distribute $12,500 a >ear for labor, and $6,000 for
material, anil make goods to the value of about $30,000 a year. The wages
paid range from $12 to $21 a week. Plain anil ironed lasts are made in all
styles and sizes. The materials u.sed are sheet-iron (used for bottoming
certain kinds of articles), and maple or laurel wood. The wood of the apple-
gH
WOOD.
O.v
tree is also used, and is preferred by some boot and shoe manulacturcrs to
any other description. A .small quantity of wood is imported from the East;
principally from the State of I\Iaine, on account of its being a little harder
than California timber. Shipments of goods manufactured in San Francisco
are made to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, China, Japan, and Australia.
During 1881, a large order was filled for a firm in Paris. California-made
lasts compare favorably with goods of Eastern and foreign make, and have
undisturbed control of the home market.
Ship-biUldlng. — An extensive seacoast, possessing numerous secure har-
bors, an active maritime commerce, and many skillful mechanics, must have
some ship-building industry. In the early years, after the gold discovery,
several ship-yards were established on the shores of San Francisco Bay,
and these were followed by others at Stockton, Vallejo, Oakland, Hum-
boldt Bay, Coos Bay, Puget Sound (at Seattle, Seabeck, Port Blakely, Port
Hudson, Port Townsend, Port Madison, and Utsalady), and on the banks
of the Columbia and Umpqua rivers. The vessels built on the coast in
1882 had an aggregate measurement of about 17,000 tons, and were worth
about $1,200,000. California took the lead, with a production of about
8,000 tons, and the remainder were nearly equally divided between Oregon
and Washington. Besides other work, San Francisco built 4 ocean steam-
ers ; Portland built 7 river steamers and made extensive repairs on 2 ocean
steamers. The vessels built on our coast are generally small. Of 129
built on the shores of Puget Sound in 1 1 years, the average measurement is
164 tons; at Humboldt Bay it is about 175; at San Francisco it is consid-
erably larger. The mean for the coast will not exceed 250 tons.
The first ships built on the western shore of North America were con-
structed by order of Cortez in 1521, for the purpose of exploring the coast,
and were vessels of less than 100 tons capacity. The Spaniards have never
been distinguished in ship-building, and in this respect Mexico was inferior
to Spain. No large vessel has been built, nor has there ever been a notable
ship-yard at any Mexican or Central American port on the Pacific. The
only vessel constructed north of Mazatlan, under the Spanish or Mexican
dominion, so far as we know, was the El Triimfo de la Cruz, built at Lo-
rcto. Lower California, in 1719. The schooner Z>o//k was built by Ameri-
cans in the Columbia River in 1810; in 1841 a small vessel was constructed
on the bank of the Willamette ; and a schooner of 74 tons was launched at
Victoria in 1846. There was a ship-yard at Sitkci, which probably began
to provide small sailing-vessels for the Russian fur-traders early in this
century, but we have no precise information. The first steamboat in the
waters of California was coftstructed in pieces there in 1847, for W. A.
1
■
I III'
1''
638
MANUFACTURES.
Leidesdorff. and was put together on Yerba Buena Island. She was
very small, aiul her machinery was so weak that she could not make
headway against the strongest tides in the bay. The immigration of 1849
brought a multitude of skillful ship carpenters to California; and before the
end of that year, several ship-yards were established in San I'rancisco for
repairing and building vessels. The active demand for steamboats to ply
on the bay and its tributary streams, made business lively in the ship-yards
for years. Stockton launched her first vessel in 1850, and has continued
to do a considerable business in constructing river steamers ever since.
Other notable vessels, each the first in their respective classes, were a brig
of 235 tons, built on the bank of the Umpqua River, larger than any sail-
ing-vessel previously constructed on our coast; the Eliza Anderson, at Port-
land in 1858, the first ocean steamer; the Toticcy, at the Marc Island Navy
Yard, the first vessel belonging to the American Government; the brig
Western Belle, oi 275 tons, in 1S64, at Humboldt Bay; the Del Norte, the
first ocean steamer at San Francisco, in 1865; the Wihhvood, of 1,200 tons,
built at Port Madison by MEIGS & Gawley, in 1871 ; and the Western
Shore, of 1,778 ton.s. built at Coos Bay in 1874 by SIMPSON BROTHERS.
Competition of Iron. — The main obstacle to the development of the ship-
building industry of our coast is the fact that the material in which wc
c.Kcel has ceased to be the favorite material for marine architecture. Iron
has superseded wood for ships almost entirely in European ship-yards, and
we can not expect to find an extensive market for wooden ships unless they
are to be used in the coasting trade, where they arc not exposed to compe-
tition with British vessels. Many wooden vessels built before iron had been
introduced extensively in the ship-yards, or while its relative value was con-
sidered doubtful, arc still used in Europe, but the new vessels, for routes
where there is a large trade, arc iron steamers. The larger and more costly
the vessel, as in the case of steamers, the greater is the advantage of having
an iron hull. Shippers, insurance companies, and mariners, give the prefer-
ence to iron vessels. Wooden vessels are often much injured by passing
through the tropics, while iron vessels are not. It requires 70 per cent,
longer to load and unload a wooden than an iron ship. While there may
be a profitable occupation for all the ship-yards which wc now have, and
for some more, we must not delude ourselves with the idea that the posses-
sion of a large supply of excellent ship timber will certainly lead to the
development of a great business in ship-building. After Japan and China
have made a little more progress in the art of navigation, will they not come
to us for wooden vessels suitable for their coasting trade? In reply to such
a question E. B. DEAN, ship-builder at Coos Bay, and lumber merchant in
!ii«MI
WOOD.
629
San Francisco, said: " The Chinese have already bou^jht up one line of Eng-
lish iron steamships engafj;cd in the Asiatic Coast trade, and a full-blood
negro born in Washington, D. C, is the general manager of the line. As
they are beginning to u.se iron steamships f(jr their coast trade, there is little
prospect for the sale to them of wooden sail vcsjxLs built on this coast. He-
sides, Maulmain, on the Hay of Bengal, is a great ship-building piirt, and
the teak ships built there are the best in the world for durability, and as
material is cheap, and labor extremely cheap, a good vessel can be built
there for less money than in any other part of the world."
Several other authorities expressed similar opinions. If China and Japan
need a large supply of small wooden coasters, they will probably build in
their own j-ards. J.\Mi:s DiCKllC thought Australia might come to us for
such vessels, which they can obtain here, of excellent model and material;
but the larger vessels there as elsewhere will be iron steamers. Messrs.
De.\N, Tii.VVEK, and C.VKSON agreed that, as we ha-e built 20 vessels for
the trade of the I lawaiian and Society islands, we may reasonably hope to
furnish them with many more. For use on our own coast, JA.VIES DlCKIE
advises that all ves.sels over 800 tons should be built of iron; all under
800 should be built of wood. Iron ships suffer in the tropics from exces-
sive fouling only ; wooden ships suffer much more, and rot is a very dangerous
thing for them.
No large iron vessel has ever been built on this coast, and the largest job
in iron ship-building done here was done by the I - jON Iuon Wokks, in
lengthening the ship />W/i-'rtr. Her original length was 215 feet, and by
putting a section in her middle she was made 300 feet long. Her measure-
ment was increased from 1,100 to 1,800 tons. She now runs to Victoria.
An iron sailing-vessel built here would cost about $125 a ton; in Scotland,
$85. The difference in cost between wood and iron is greater in a sailing
than in a steam .ship. Wooden sailing-ves.scls can be built about as cheaply
here as they can be in Maine. The higher wages on this coast are counter-
balanced to some extent by the greater amount of labor to be spent on the
harder timber of the East, and our vessels are at least as strong.
Other Obstacles. — In the cost of fitting out a vessel for sea, our coast
can not compete with Eastern and European rivals, as nearly all the
materials used are imported, costing about 12 per cent, more for transpor-
tation and interest on the investment, while labor here is generally 80 per
cent, higher than in Maine, and 40 or 50 per cent, higher than in Europe.
A great drawback to ship-building on our coast is the cost of labor. Ship-
carpenters are paid here $4 to $4.50 per day on new work and $5 a day on
old work. Calkers receive $5 a day for both old and new work, and when
650
MAM IA( 1L-Ki;s,
engaged on old work, according to the rules of the Calkers' Association,
100 running feet of calking with 2 threads are a day's work, and when
using 4 threads, 50 running feet arc a day's work, and the men arc not
allowed to ilo any more. On new work they are not limited. These rules
only ajjply to vessels built for the coast trade. Ship-lniiklers occasionally
object to these arbitrary ami stringent rules, but without effecting a change.
As an illustration of the difference it makes in this one item in the cost of
building, the cost of calking a steamer built by the DuKll'; HuoTllKKS,
for CiOoUAl.l,, I'r.RKlNS & Co., for the coast trade, was $1,250; while the
calking of a .steamer of the same size for the Hawaiian trade cost only
$Soo. Wages in the Eastern States range from $2 to $2.50, and in Eng-
land, $1.50 for skilled labor, is the average. It is estimated that the cost of
rigging is 15 jjcr cent, greater here than in the Kastcrn States, and 25 per
cent, greater than in l"2ngland. The rel.itive cost of building and equip-
ping a sailing-vessel of i,cxx) tons in these countries may be stated thus:
In California, $75 per ton, or $75,000; in Maine, $66,520; in England, $55,-
2S5 ; lx.'ing 13 per cent, greater in Califor.iia than in Maine, and 35 percent,
greater than in lingland. But this estimate has reference only to the wages
paid for labor and the price paid for rigging the vessel. On Coos and
Humboldt bays and on Pugct Sound we have the advantage in the price of
timber and lumber, both o\'cr Maine antl ICngland. At I'uget Sound, fir
costs but $10 per 1,000 feet, while lumber of like character costs $18 to $20
in Maine, and in England $27.50 to $30, and finishing lumber is as high in
|)roportion. This will offset the 13 per cent, in Maine and the 35 per cent,
in I'lngland, lea\e a margin of 6 to 8 [ler cent, in favor of Coos Hay and
Pugct Sound builders, and nearly cancels the balance against the San Fran-
cisco builders.
One great obstacle to the development of ship-building in the United
States, and especially on this coast, is the great discrimination by the tariff
against ship iron, which must pay $43 a ton, while railroad iron pays only
$7.50, and there is no important difference betw^ecn their quality and cost.
This discrimination may be adapted to the interests of Pennsylvania, which
is destined, apparently, to be the chief scat of iron ship-building on the
Atlantic Coast of our continent, but it docs not suit the wants of California,
Oregon, and Washington. Again, in San Francisco a vessel of 1,800 tons
must lie at a wharf 60 days while fitting out, and must pay the State $1,200
for that privilege. In Great Britain no charge is levied on a vessel till she
is ready to receive freight. In Scotland, now the greatest of ship-building
countries in proportion to population, the Harbor Commissioners provide
ship-yards, which are let to none save ship-builders actively engaged in the
business; here there is a great difficulty in finding good sites for yards.
WOOD.
6v
Ship Timber.— The assertion can be maclc with confidence, that if the
Pacific Ocean is to have a hirf^c and inf;rcasint( supply of wooden vessels for
ocean navigation, through the future, there must be a great ship-build-
ing industry on this coast at some time not far distant. The disadvantages
of more costly lalior, and dcaicr supplies of many kinds, will diminish
rapidly, while centuries will probably elapse before our supply of timber
will be as scanty as that of luiropc; and scantv as it may be in ciuantity,
it will still be superior in quality. Ship-builders were slow to recognize the
merits of the red fir and the Alaska cedar as material for large vessels ;
but it is now admitted that, for the general purposes of marine architecture,
they are unsurpassed. In the combination of strength and elasticity with
great length and straight grain, they are -mequaled.
The red fir has just cnorgh pitch to enable it to hold iron fa.stenings
with a tenacity so great that bolts and spikes will gcneially break before
they will draw out of it. Its durability, when put into any part of a ship,
is all that could be desired, and in the oldest vessels, some of the .schooners
being 20 and 25 years old, gives entire satisfaction, as they arc still per-
fectly sound ; although it decays in 3 or 4 years when used in damp places on
land, and.expo.scd, as in fence posts and street planking, or for cellar floors.
It greatly excels the Georgia oak in length, and indeed is now celebratcil
throughout the world for its wonderful proportions, and for the size and
strength of the masts it supplies. Timbers 150 feet long and 18 inches
square, without a strip of sap, without rent or check, perfectly sound,
straight, and free from knots, can be obtained in the forests from Oregon
to British Columbia. As an illustration of the use of these fine timbers,
it may be mentioned that in the ship Blue Jacket, which was brought out to
this coast from New York by D. O. MILLS, to ply between San Francisco
and Australia, 6 timbers were placed to stiffen her, each of which measured
135 feet in length, and 24 by 18 inches in thickness. As was remarked by
Mr. Boole, to whom the contract was awarded: "There is no other part of
the world where timbers of such dimensions can be found." Planks of
this timber 60 to 90 feet long, and of any required width and thickness, arc
readily obtainable, the use of which avoids the necessity for more than one
third as many butts and scarfs in a ship's side as are required in an East-
ern or European vessel.
Other Pacific Coast timbers are now found to be of great excellence in
ship-building, which demand our attention. Tideland spruce, which abounds
in parts of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, is particu-
larly suitable for top timbers and natural crooks White cedar, the common
cedar of the Eastern States, is found on the mountains in Oregon and Wash-
ington. Laurel, found on the Northern Coast Range in California, and
632
MANUFACTURES.
l;i • ■!
throughout Oregon and Washington, in logs 50 to 60 feet long, is used for
stanchidiis, stems, stcrnposts, rudder stocks, aprons, and cabin finishing, for
whicii latter purjjose it is pre-eminently adapted by its beautiful color and
susceptibility of taking a high polish.
Yellow cedai, found in abundance from coos Bay along the coast, and on
the islands northward as far as Alaska, is a most valuable wood for s'liiJ-
building, perhaps excelling the now famous red fir. A vcs.sel built of yellow
cedar about the year 1836 at Sitka, w.is examined b)- the officers of the
revenue cutter Liiico/ii, in 1867, 5 years after she was wrecked, and the tim-
bers were as sound and perfect as on the day she was launched. The yel-
low cedar grows to a height of 180 feet, and attains a diameter of 4 feet.
It is said to be the finest material in the world for the deck' of ships and
like uses. Prof GEORGE DAVIDSON recently visited Alaska on behalf of
the United States Government, to make examination of the forests of that
country, and he reports that ash and oak are abundant, and walnut can
be obtained in great quantities. It thus appears that timber of the best
quality for ship-building is most abundant on this coast, and perfectly
accessible.
Ship-yards. — One of the leading ship-yards of the coast is that of TllR
Central Pacieic Railway Company, at Oakland, where numerous boats
for the navigation of the San Francisco Bay and its tributarj' waters ha\c
been built, including the elegant ferry-boats, and the freight-boats i)l>Mng
between San Francisco and Oakland. The largest boat from this ship-j-ard
is the Sfl/dito which carries trains acr<5ss the Strait of Carquinez. Her
length is 424 feet; width, 1 16, and depth, 18. She has 4 tracks, and at one
load can carry a train a quarter of a mile long.
Among the notable ship-)-ards of our coast are those of DiCKliC Brotiieks,
Matthew Turner and Ciiarli:s Wiute, in San Francisco; E. B. Dean
& Co., and SiMi'soN Brothers, at Coos Bay; Mr. Cousins and II. D.
Bendixson, at Humboldt Bay; and the Hall Brother.s, at Port Blakely.
Dickie Brothers.— The Dickie Brothers, whose ship-yard is on the
Potrero, in ,San I'rancisco, have ta'- en the lead on our coast in the construc-
tion of ocean steamers. In 1881 they built 3,000 tons of wooden vessels,
including the JAuvVv, a steamer of 1,800 tons; another steamer, the Bonita,
of 600 tons, one, the /'u'a/tvi/, of 300, and a schooner of 300. All were
classed in the Bureau Veritas as good for 12 years. The material of the
frames and planking is yellow fir. In 1880 they constructed 600 tons; in
1879, Txx); and in 1878, 900. The Mcxiio cost $235,000 or $130 a ton.
The contractors offered to build her of iron for $310,000, or $172 a ton.
The Bonita cost $75,000, and could have been made of iron for $105,000.
^-^..liN-,.
WOOD.
633
The hm/aiti coat $43,000. TllE RisnoN Iron Works .supplied the ma-
chinery for these steamers. The DiCKlK BROTHERS have built 24 vessels
in San Francisco, all .steamers save 4, ranging in size from 150 to 1,800 tons;
6 were constructed for the Sandwich Islands, 3 for Mexico, and the remain-
der for California and Oregon. In March, 1882, they have 3 vessels on the
stocks and 4 under contract, including the pioneer steam whaling vessel
for GOODALL, GrII-I'-ITHS, and others. They are thoroughly versed in
iron ship-building, and propose to construct iron vessels at tio distant
time. The partners arc John and JAMES DiCKlE (brothers of G. VV.
Dickie, of The Risdon Iron Works, one of the most prolific inventors
of our coast), are natives of Scotland, and belong to a race of ship-builders.
Their ship-yard in San Francisco was established in 1872, and it has ever
since occupied a prominent place among the industrial establishments of
our coast.
Simpson Brothers.— A. M. Simpson & Brother, extensively engaged
in the manufacture and sale of lumber, have built about 30 sailing-ves.scls,
most of them at North Bend or Coos Bay, where they have their principal
ship-yard. They have another on the Columbia River opposite Astoria.
They liave also occasionally rented yards, in which they built 4 vessels at
San Francisco, 2 at Oakland, and 2 at the Umqua River Besides these
sailing-vessels, they have built 5 tug.s.
Dry Docks, etc.— The only large dry-docks on our coast arc at San Fran-
cisco. The Hunter's Point stone dry-dock, one of the largest and most
complete to be found anywhere, is 465 feet long at the top and 400 at the
bottom, 120 feet wide at the top and 60 at the bottom, and 22 feet deep in
water over the miter sill. This dock is within the limits of the city, and
convenient of access, so that there is no difficulty in obtaining labor or sup-
plies of any kind. The pumps throw out 40,000 gallons a minute, and can
einiity the dock in ^yi hours. It was in the construction of this dock that
A. W. Von Schmidt, C. E., first used his original and valuable system of
submarine blasting. This stone dry-dock and floating dry-docks (one 250
feet long by 100 wide, and another 150 feet long by 75 wide) are controlled
by a company which charges 60 cents a ton per day of 24 hours for sailing-
vessels, 75 cents for steamers. There is also a marine railway slip for the
repair of vcs.sels not exceeding 800 tons measurement, and also smaller
slips.
The National Government is constructing a stone dry-dock, to be 350 feet
long and 100 feet wide, at the Mare Island Navy Yard; and the Canadian
Dominion is making a larger stone dry-dock at Esquimalt. Portland and
Victoria have marine ways for repairing vessels.
80
MAXUIACTURES.
House-building. — The chief building-matcrinl in 4 houses out of 5 on
our coast north of Mexico is wood, and, in the rcmaininj^ fiftli, brick occu-
pies an equally large proportion, leaving little for stone and adobe, or
unbumcd brick, which last was used almost exclusively by the native Cali-
fornians before the American conquest. In San I'rancisco, brick is pre-
ferred for the costly business establishments, but for dwellings is considered
objectionable on account of earthquakes (though nobody has ever been
hurt in a brick dwelling in California by an earthquake) and of the moisture
which fill.s, or is supposed to fill the wall.s. A dwelling of wood, while
cheaper than one of brick, will usually find tenants at a higher rent, and
that fact is the main cause of the rarity of brick buildings on the residence
street.s.
The brick store-buildings of our coast arc not distinguished from simi-
lar structures elsewhere by any jjcculiar features, unless it is that they
are generally constructed in the most modern style, combining elegance
of outward appearance with convenience of internal arrangement. The
stories are high ; and the fronts arc arranged with large windows, ad-
mitting much light and allowing passers to see what is for sale. The lead-
ing retail stores of San Franci.sco are noted for large windows and doors
and elaborate window displays of tlicir attractive goods.
It is in the wooden buildings that the prominent characteristics of
Californian architecture arc most observable; and thc\- are especially
noticeable in San I'rancisco. The houses are not framed, bnt nailed
together in the method, if not invented, at least first made generally known
in Chicago about I1S45, and for that reason stj'led the " Chicago frame."
I'lxcept in large buildings there are no timbers more than 3 inches tiiick ;
there is no mortising; and none of the raising necessary in "heavy frames."
Flimsy as these structures look before they are co\ercd, they are found to
be very strong, and can be moved on rollers for miles without serious
injury, as many sucli houses 3 or 4 stories high have been moved. They
have been built to a height of 6 stories. The external ornamentation is
elaborate; and in San Francisco, where the average temperature in suinmer
is .seldom above the degree of comfort, bay-windows are very numerou.s, for
the purpose of catching the sun.
PAPER, PRINTING, ETC
^35
CHAPTER XXXIII.— PAPER, PRINTING, ETC.
Paper. — Four varieties of paper arc made on the coast, printing, manilla,
straw, and pasteboard. In manufacturing the first kind, the materials
chiefly employed arc rags, old paper, and, within the past year, wood-pulp.
Manilla of the better qualities, such as is used for bags, is made from old
manilla rope. For the inferior products, as heavy wrapping paper, burlap
(coarse bagging) furnishes the raw material. Straw paper, as its name
implies, is made entirely of straw, that of wheat being usually preferred.
Pasteboard is also made from straw, the pulp being subjected to hydraulic
pressure. Various other substances have been used unsuccessfully, includ-
ing the stem fibers of the yucca growing abundantly in the arid tracts of
Southern California and Arizona; the tule, a coarse reed found in the
marshes along the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, and coarse grass
gathered along the Columbia River, after the subsidence of a flood. The
American aloe, or century plant, has likewise been used for this purpose,
and an irjcombustible paper has been made in very small quantity from
asbestos. The first straw employed here in the industry was found to con-
tain so much silica, that it could not be bleached by ordinary processes. As
the portion used was cut by a machine that severed the stalk about 9 inches
from the head of grain, the lower part of the growth was examined and
found free from the objectionable matter. Only the middle of the stalk is
now used. The annual production of paper on the coast is about 1,800 tons
of printing, worth at wholesale $160 per ton; 1,000 tons of manilla, sold
for $iSo per ton ; and 2,400 tons of straw wrapping, and 300 tons of paste-
board, each sold at $60 per ton; making in all 5,500 tons, \,orth $630,000.
The annual consumption is more than 6,000 tons of printing, 2,500 tons of
wrapping, 1,300 tons of manilla, and 750 tons of pasteboard, leaving 5,000
tons to be supplied by the Eastern States. A portion of that supply,
especially in the finer qualities of book and label paper, comes from the
Boston house of S. D. WarrEN & Co., who have about a dozen paper mills
in various parts of New England. No writing paper is manufactured on
the coast, and the imports of that article probably amount to $350,000
annually, four fifths being received at San Francisco. The value of the
envelopes consumed yearly is about $150,000, or, at $4 per 1000, 25 to each
inhabitant of the coast north of Mexico.
ffT
636
MANUFACTURES.
Of the raw material consumed by our paper-mills yearly, i,cxx3 tons arc
•"■'ift^' 5oOO tons wheal straw, and 1,000 tons manilla stock. The rags arc
gathered mostly by Chinese in our towns, and cost $45 per ton ; straw sells
for $5.50 per ton, and manilla stock for $60 per ton. About $350,000 are
invested in buildings and machinery; the working capital amounts to
$ico,ooo, and employment is furnished to joo person.s, one third of whom
are \vomen and minors. The men are paid $2 per daj-, and the others
from $1 to $1.25, a day's work being 10 hours. In all, 10 paper-mills
have been built on the coast, the earliest erection of the kind being in
1B56. Of these, 8 were put up in California, and one each in Oregon
and Utah. There arc 7 remaining. Of the 3 mills no longer in ex-
istence, the one in Utah was built by direction of Buigiia:^ Younc;,
at Salt Lake City, about 20 j-ears ago, and was di.scontinued for want
of support. The ILiglc ;\Iill at Punta Arenas, Mendocino County, Cal-
ifornia, was unsuccessful by reason of location, being too remote from
the sources of supply of its raw material. The third establishment now
closed was built in Los Angeles ('ount)-, to use the yucca fiber, and
was unable 1.0 compete with liastern manufacturers. The production of
paper on the coast is not equal to one half the consumption; in fact,
the consumption of printing paper alone is greater than the total pro-
duction, ^lost of the printing paper is used for book and other work out-
side of newspaper issues, that consumption being now nearly supplied
b}- home production. The material that by its abundance and cheapness
enables our manufacturers to compete most successful!)' with Lastern pro-
ducers, is straw. The most productive establishment is that (jf TlliC Cai.i-
FOKM.v PaI'KR ^Lvnuiactukinc. Comi'AW, wlio.se works are at Stockton.
Cajjital amounting to $300,000 is invested, and 80 hands employed.
Lick Paper-mill.— The mill of Tin; Lick Papi;k Co^n>ANV at Alviso,
California, was built as a flour-mill in 1852 by J.VMKS LiCK, the noted phi-
lanthropist. In his earl)' )ears he had been a millwright and cabinet-
maker, and when he Ibund himself wealthy in California, he gratified his
pride as a mechanic b)- building a mill which not only turned out the best
flour then made in the .State, but was finished with jjolished mahogan)-. at
an e.\i)ense of several hundreel thousand dollars. The situation, however,
was inferior for grist purposes to that of many other mills built aftcrward.s,
so it was converted into the Lick I'aper-mill, the production of which, com-
])rising printing, manilla, cartridge, anil hardware pajjcr, is about 2 tons per
day, the r.iw material being procured from junk ile.ilers in San l-'rancisco.
Special machiner)- has recentl)' been introduced capable of manufacturing
from 75 to 200 paper bags, of the satcliol-bottom pattern, per minute, the
I
■W':\m
If i« '! ■
PAPER, PRINTING, KTC.
<537
number depending on the size of the bag. The working force consists of
20 men. The present company was incorporated in 1880 with a capital of
$100,000, with 1"-. II. McCORMICK as president and !•". \. DkL.VNOV secrc-
tar)-. The tirst mentioned has been on this coast since 1865, and went into
business in San Franci.sco in 1876. The secretary came here in 1874. The
products of the mill are sold chiefly to the trade by the company's agents
in San Franci.sco, McCORMiCK & Dkl.ANOV, shipping and commission
merchants, whose office is at 109 California Street.
The Pioneer Paper-mill. — The Pioneer Paper-mill, the first one on our
slope, was built in 1856 on the bank of the San Gcronimo, or, as it is now
generally called. Paper-mill Creek, in Marin County, California, 15 miles
from San Rafael, in the midst of beautiful redwood timber. A village has
grown up about the mill, and in the summer there is an additional popula-
tion of campers, who find favorite resorts in the vicinity. Power is sup-
plied by the creek during half the year, and by steam during the dry
season. Employment is given to 20 hands, who receive from $30 to $50 a
month. The mill was erected by S. P. Taylor & Co., who still own and
run, it, and dispose of its product, about 300 tons of manilla, at their
paper warehouse at 414 and 416 Clay Street, San Franci.sco. Mr. Tavlor,
the senior member of the firm, a native of New York State, and a resident
of California since the spring of 1850, has .served the city of San Francisco
as supcrvi.sor for one term in a creditable manner.
Other mills on our coast are those of E. T. King & Co., at Saratoga;
Brown Brothers & Watson, at Corralitos; the South Coast Paper-
mill, at Soquel ; and the Clackamas Paper-mill, near Oregon City. The
last mentioned was established in 1868 by the present proprietor, H. L.
PiTTOCK, who has $50,000 invested in the industry, employs 25 hands, and
turns out news, manilla, and coarser papers to the value of $50,000 annually.
The Graham Paper Company. — Among the mills which send large
supplies of paper to our coast, arc tho.se of THE GRAHAM PAPER COMPANY
of St. Louis, Mo. (formerly H. B. GRAHAM & BROTHER), represented in
San I'Vancisco by the agency of \V. G. RICHARDSON, at 507 Montgomery
Street, established since 1873. The products of this company are well
known to all large consumers of paper on the coast. Since the establish-
ment of its business 27 years ago, the success of the house has been unin-
terrupted. The company now occupies Nos. 217 and 219, and also 212
North Main Street; all 4-story buildings, containing the largest stock west
of the Alleghany Mountain.s, assorted to supply the wants of publishers,
printers, binders, box-makers, and the wrapping-paper trade. Their Paper
Stock warehouse — the largest, most complete, and convenient on the conti-
w
63S
MANUFACTURKS.
r^
/:<
.i
ncnt, at Nos. 1229 to 1237 North Sixth Street — brings them in close com-
niunicition with the l,n-t^cst mills in the laiiil. Their facilities arc unsur-
])asscd for promptly filling' car-load orc'crs fordail>-and weekly publications,
as well as the minor wants of the general trade. They obtain book and flat
jiapers from the best known mills of the country, and handle the i)roduct of
.several news print mills. Their brand of Keystone paper being used by
leading dailies in many states, taxes their jirescnt capacity for production
to the utmost; but the)- arc completing arrangements to materially increase
the product of this popular brand, and arc in the market to supply any of
the products of paper-mills.
The Owen Paper Company.— Tin; 0\vi:\ Paper Factory was estab-
lished at Lee, Ma.ssachusctts, in 1822, by a firm of which CilAKl.LS M. 0\vi:x
was the senior partner. His son, Edward H. Owkn, became a partner in
1849, and soon after assumed the management of the works. In 1857-8 the
firm erected at Housatonic, Massachusetts, what is now known as the "Old
Mill," which has been enlarged from time to time until it is now 320 feet
long, and fitted with the most approved machinery, much of it patented by
the mill-owners. The arrangements are such that the rags arc received from
cars at one end of the mill, and the finished stock shipped from the other
end. The company incorporated in 1862 comprised E. H. OwiCN, CHARLES
M. Owen, and Henrv D. Cone. Within 20 years, \arious changes have
occurred, and now IlENRV D. CONE is sole proprietor and active man-
ager. The specialty of the works is the manufacture of first-class jiaper
from carefully selected linen and cotton rags, and the uniform good quality
of the goods has secured for them a reputation not only throughout the
United States, but also in other countries which use much paper. A new
mill put up in 1881 is, it is claimed, one of the largest and best equipped in
the world. The main buildings ha\'c a frontage of 500 feet, with a second
building in the rear 400 by 300 feet, and a wing 200 by 40 feet. The boiler
and storehouses are detached. Mr. CoNE having bought the land on both
sides of the stream upon which his works are situated, for a distance of ,1 mile
and a half, is enabled to command the supply of pure water necessary in fac-
tories of this kind. The cottages of the workmen form a village, with pleasant
surroundings, and the proprietor has furnished a free library of several thou-
sand volumes for the use of the employees. The result of this enterprise
has been to place on the markets of the country a class of paper for which
the American market \\'as previ(jusly dependent upon foreign producers.
Bags, Boxes, and Collars. — The consumption of paper bags on this
coast is about 60,030,000 ])er annum, \alucd at $180,000. They arc made
by an automatic machine that jjcrforms the entire work, including pasting.
I'AI'KK, I'RINTIXC;, ETC.
639
Tlic paper is fed from a roll, and upon the completion of each 50 bacjs, a
bell is struck, Icavinjj only the packintj to be done by hand. The principal
manufacturers arc Bl.vkk, RoRlilXS & Co. of San Francisco, and TllK
Lick I'.m'kr Comi'ANv.
The annual consumption of paper boxes is valued at $50,000, and is sup-
plicil by home production, with the exception of a few French snoods, worth
not to exceed $500. The industry furnishes work to about 60 persons, the
fjreatcr portion of whom are boys and ^irls, who are paid by the piece,
earning from $3 to $12 per week, according to proficiency. The few adults
employed are paid from $12 to $20 per week. A day's work is 10 hours.
Raw material is consumed to the value of $20,000, and is mostly imported,
onl)' about one fourth being the product of our paper-mills. Paper b.o.xcs
arc made in San Francisco by ClIARLEs TuiKBAUT, Max Waizman, and
W'KMl'K Hrotiiers, and Otto Roenicke has a factory in Portland,
Oregon.
Paper collars are consumed at the rate of about 2,000,000 per annum,
at an a\erage price of $6.50 per 1,000, or a total of $13,000. None are
made here now, a combination of Eastern manufacturers and a largely re-
duced consumption having compelled the only producers, Wempe & Co.,
of San Francisco, to discontinue the business. In 1870 this firm had
$10,000 invested in the industry; employed 12 hands, to whom they paid
$3,000 wages; consumed material to the value of $9,000; and produced
collars, cuffs, etc., to the value of $22,000.
No paper hangings are now manufactured on our coast, though a few have
been made experimentally.
Type Foundries. — Until the year 1866 the newspapers and printing-
hou.ses of the I'acific Coast drew their supplies mainly from agencies, in
connection with some of the leading type foundries of the Eastern States.
Agents were compelled to carry large assortments of stock and to charge
high prices, in order to realize a fair profit on the capital represented. The
want of a nearer depot of sujjplies than New York or Philadelphia was a
great drawback, and it is estimated, that since 1849, not less than $1,500,-
000 has been sent abroad for the purchase of type and printers' materials.
The establishment of type foundries in San Francisco wrought an immedi-
ate saving to purchasers.
Previously to 1866 several attempts were made at Iiome manufacture, but
with no very encouraging results. A successful type foundry is a business
that is apt to be slow in development, but when once firmly established,
there is no limit to its growth and duration. In I'^ngland some of the
foundries, known to-day as the best and largest, had their origin soon after
640
MANUFACTURES.
ii;'
I :;{
the introduction of the art of printinj^ ; and in Philadelphia and New York
the foundations of several establishments, that arc now world-famous, were
laid ncarl_\- a century ago.
There are now 4 foundries in operation on the Pacific Coast, 3 of
which are in San Francisco — those of Paintkr & Co. (proprietors of the
San Francisco and California Type I'oundrics), Marder, Lusk & Co. (the
Pacific Type Foundry), and FOREMAN & Co. The Pacific I'oundry is a
branch establishment of a Chicago liouse, and until recently was under the
management of N. C. Mawks. There is also a foundry at Oakland con-
ducted by the Pacific Press Publishing A.ssociation.
The value of type manufactured at these foundries is estimated at $50,-
ooo a year, and the number of operatives employed, at 45. -Skilled work-
men, who do the mold-making and machine work and the fitting of
matrices, are paid fixen wages, ranging from $15 to $2 1 a week. Others,
working by the piece, make $12 to $18. J-'oremen receive $25 to $35; boys
earn $2.50 to $5, and girls $3 to $7 a week. There are 19 casting machines
at the .several establishments, with a capacit)' for turning out 30 pounds of
tj-pc per day to each, but the demand is not large enough Ik keep all the
machines running. The different kinds of type required by newspapers,
and all the different varieties of what are known as "standard job faces,"
arc made on this coast. Imports ,-onsist chiefly of display types and
borders, for which patents have been issued in the Eastern States. The
quantitj- of stock kept constanth' on hand by foundries and dealers, is esti-
mated at $60,000 to $70,000 for the entire Pacific Coast.
The materials used in making type-metal arc lead, antimony, tin, and
copper, the 2 lacter being used as alloys. The usual proportion is for large
type, 70 per cent, of lead and 20 per cent, of antimon)-; for small type, 60
per cent, of lead and 30 per cent, of antimony. The jiroportion of tin is
about 8 per cent., and of copper 2 per cent. The degree of hardness in the
inetal depends on the proportion of antimon>' u.scd ; the degree of tough-
ness or durability, on the projiortion of tin and copper. Tough type, or
good wearing type, is in demand by establishments in which cylinder
prcs.scs are in use, and for this description less antimony is required. The
best type foundries have established rules, from which the)- seldom deviate,
as to the degree of hardness that type-metal should possess; but among
printers there is a difference of opinion on this point. Hard type is pre-
ferred by some printers, but objected to by others. If too hard it is liable
to become brittle, and crumble when under pressure.
Until the completion of the overland railroad in 1869, most of the lead
taken from the base metal mines of the Pacific Coast would not repay the
expen.sc of freight, and was therefore unmarketable, the supply needed by
TAPER, rUINTINd, KTC.
641
t)'pc founders being mainly imported. Since that year, refined lead of
home production and antimory have been in suppl)-, at rates just low
enough to stop their importation.
I'rintcrs' materials, which include such articles as cases, stands, cabinets,
imposinj^-stoncs, brass rules, and various kinds of brass-work, are used in
San Francisco to the value of $50,000 a year. Of this sum, about $12,-
500 represents the cost of brass-work, all of which is done in that city, and
the remaining $37,500, the cost of wood-work, which is imported or made
at the local mills in about equal proportions.
Of the type foundries now in operation, that of Pai.xtlk & Co. is worthy
of special mention, as one of the members of that firm has been connected
with the business on this coast from its first inception, and a brief descrip-
tion of his career will recall sortie interesting recollections.
Painter & Co.— Jkromk B. Painter, of the present firm of Painter
& Co., 510 Clay Street, comirtenced business in 1850, in partnership with
Messrs. Joii.soN and Steri:t"I', on the south-west corner of Sansome and
Washington streets. The firm made printing their specialty, but also man-
ufactured leads and slugs, and dealt in type, presses, and printers' mate-
rials. In the conflagration of 1851 the premises were burned to the ground,
and the partnership was thereupon dissolved. Three jears afterwards Mr.
Painter associated himself with JoilN O'Me.vra, and these gentlemen
conducted business together till 1859, when Mr. O'Me.VR.v died, and Mr.
P.\i\Ti;u formed a partnership with his brother, Tiii;oi)OKi-; P. Painter,
lUKlcr the firm name of P.MNTER & Co. In 1866 he purchased the San
iMancisco Type Foundry, originall)' started in 1853 by IU)\v.\Ri) Pelouze,
and afterwards conducted by that gentleman's brother. In the fall of 1866,
1'\\ULKXI;R & Sox, in connection with the New York firm of CONNER &
Son, established the California Type I'oundry, and carried on business on
an extensive scale. In 1S68 IIacj.vr & Co. opened a branch, in connection
with their business in New York. Competition afterwards became too great
for so limited a field of operations, and prices were forced down to a
point that w.as unremunerative. In i S75 the business of the California Type
P'oundry and of H.\(;.\R & Co. passed, by purchase, into the hands of
P.VIN TER & Co. This firm now does a large and increasing trade in the
manufacture of type, the sale of printers' materials and supplies, and in elec-
trotyping and stereotyping, under which head further mention is made of
the establishment.
Eleotrokype and Stereotype.— y\ stereotv'pe is a fac simile of a page
(jf ordinary t}-i)e, but with fi.xcd, instead of movable characters. The main
.lesign is to dispen.se with the necessity of keeping in type publications for
81
i 11
642
MANl TACTLKUS.
which there is iikclj- to be a future ilemaiul. The tasl< of rccompositioti is
thus avoiileii, and llie type, Ixmul; thus released, can Ije distributed and
reset.
On account of the small number of i)ool<s publisiieil on this coast, electro-
typiny and stereotyping; furnish enipio\iuent, outside of work done in
news[)aper offices, to on!)- jj wcjrknien.
There are at iircsent 3 fn"nis in San l'"rancisco and oni- in Oakianil en-
!,'a,L;ed in this line of i)usiness. I'AIN 11;r & Co., aireatly mentioned uniler
the headiiiLJ of 1 )'pe I'ounihies, executed in 1858 tile first piece of electro-
typiuLj e\er attempted in this State, for the hcadins^ of the Gohkn Era. The
app.aratlis for a complete stereoty[)e founih")', with the latest imprrAcnients,
was also brou,L;lU here in 1857 b}- the same fn-m, and they still ha\e a por-
tion of it in use, A complete electrotype and stereotype foundry was
brou^dit from the Ilast in 1865, by the printing; lirm of ToWM-; & Hacon,
and afterwards fell into the liaiids of 1'A1\ii;k ^ Co., who now employ 13
hantls in that department, .md put into plates from 100 to 200 paijes of
boi_)k-work a da)-, besides doing a lar;;e amount of other work for printeis.
W. IIoKisc iim;ii)|;r, of the funi of Win ti:k1!LKN & Co., started an
electrotxpe foundr_\- in uSd^, and is still en.Ljaged in tliat business. l'.\l..Mt;i<.
& Rl'.V are mentioned in the next para:4raph.
Palmer & Rey.— Prominent amon;^ the type founders of San I'rancisco, is
the lirm (jf TAi^MiiK & Kev, who, although comparati\el)' new liere, have tlie
most complete stock of t\-pe, printing-presses, and ])rintcrs' materials upon
the coast; and liavc also an extensi\e machine-sho[) for the manufacture
and repair of presses and book-bintlers' machiner)-, and the largest and
ixst appointed electrotyping and stereotyping foundry west of Chicago.
They empio)' about 30 men on the average. The)- are the sole agents of
MlLLLR & RiCllAKIi, the eminent type founders of I'.dinburgh; TlIK
CAMriiKl.l. Trkss ManliA( riKiXd CuMPANV, of New York, manufac-
turers of cylinder presses; TUK Gl.oKK MaNUIWCTIRINC ComI'.\.NV, of
Xew York, manufacturers of Peerless, Clipper, and Jewel jobbing i)resses ;
C. 15. Coiria:!,!, & Co., cjf Westerly, R. I., manufacturers of c>linder presses;
Howard Ironworks, of Buffalo, manufacturers of paper-cutters ; TlNCUK,
llcjusi; & Co., of New York; J. C. ToDi), of Xew York; and various
other i)rominent I'lastern manufacturers. 1'AI,.Mi;r & Ri:\' iiave a brancli
house in Chicago for the manufacture and sale of lithographic presses.
Printing-inks. — Printing-inks, as produced on the coast, are of 3 general
varieties; common black, colored, and lithographic. The first named is a
mixture of linseed oil, lampblack, .soap, and resin; the others being made o(
ro.ST IXTKLLKiKNUER HUILDIXC, SKATTLE, W. T.
Il I
H k
m I
vs
\ m ■■
'p.
^IriwtfilHHiinHMHii
PAPER, PRINTING, ETC.
643
more costly matcrinls, including soiutions of the precious metals. Usually
all arc applied by means of elastic rollers, composed of glue and molasses,
and wliich arc manufactured in connection with the inks. The present pnj-
duclion of inks comprises 16 "grades f)f news and poster; 20 of book, job, and
woodcut; and 4 of diagram, which \ary in price from is^j cents to $5 pet
I)ound; also 26 standard grades and tints of colored inks, costing from 50
cents to $5 per pound, and lithographic inks and bronze powders. The ink
used in printing this book was made here. The manufacture is conducted
Uj some extent by machinery, not more than 10 men being employed. The
capital invested amounts to $30,000, and the annual production is valued at
$40,000. About 100 cases are exported, chiefly to British Columbia and
tlie Hawaiian Islands. The importation of printing-ink is very small, but
the raw material is all brought from abroad, mostly from Europe. The only
manufacturers of printer's ink on the coast, are SlIATTUCK & Fletciikk,
at San Francisco.
Newspaper Printing.- After the mind has been awakened by books,
and the conversation of intelligent companions, and accustomed to habits
of observation and study, it craves thought-food, the most attractive form of
which, for the majority of mankind, is a knowledge of the events happening
contemporaneously in all parts of the world. We arc so constituted that
we feel an irresistible interest in all the facts that have a large influence on
the happiness of any considerable number of our race; and this interest is
greater in proportion as the occurrence is recent. Our good and evil for;
tunes arc felt most keenly when they are still fresh; after a few weeks or
even days, the sensations suggested by them become dull. For a similar
reason, our feelings arc not arou.sed to the same extent by hearing of an
event weeks after it has become stale to the participants, as if wc had heard
of it while it was still in progress. It was reserved for our century to invent
the electric telegraph and bring it into general use as the handmaid of
journalism; and thus to associate all civilized nations in a daily communion
of thought and sympathy over the news of th.e world.
Nowhere else is the craving for reports of the most recent occurrences
from all parts of the globe stronger than in the American and British por-
tions of our slope; nowhere else arc journalism and the general news depart-
ment of telegraphy more liberally patronized in proportion to population
than here; and nowhere else has journalistic skill iri the clear presentation
of news reached a higher development. Our people generally have b-^cn
trained by schools, travel, and familiarity with extensive business and bold
enterprise to take an interest in the affairs of all mankind. In the places
provided with a daily mail, the morning paper with its record of the notable
644
MANUFACTURES.
political, commercial, industrial, literary, and social events of the previous
day in Europe aiy! America, is one of the necessaries of life.
The newspapers of our coast, as a class, ha^•c trained an honorable dis-
tinction by their careful study and intelligent elucidation of the local com-
merce and industries. The varied and rich resources, their rapid develop-
ment, and the active traffic of these Pacific States and Territories, offered
interesting' ficld.s for investigation, and many of the editors have shown
much zeal and knowledge in using their opportunities. The annual reviews
published at the clo.se of each year by leading dailies of San I'rancisco,
Oakland, Sacramento, Stockton, Los Angeles, Portland, Salt Lake City,
Victoria, Seattle, and other places, and by the commercial weeklies of San
Francisco, are models of costly, comprehensive, and judicious compilation.
Some of these papers will be mentioned hereafter more specifically.
The public journals of our coast are so numerous, and they have exerted
.so much intlucnce on the development of its resource.''-, that a comprehen-
sive account of their origin and progress would make up a large part of its
history. Here, as in the Atlantic States, the newspaper has been a semi-
nary and training school for politicians and statesmen, and some of the
highest offices within the gift of the people of California have been given
to the graduates of composing and editorial rooms. The first newspaper
on the Western slope of our continent — at least the first of which we have
an}' note — was the Oregon Spcc/ator, a weekly paper, the first number of
u'hich appearetl on I'ebruary 5> 1^146, at Oregon City, then the chief town
of Oregon; J A.ME.S \V. Xe.SMITII, since a member of the National Senate,
was one of its proprietors. Spain and Mexico held California for three
quarters of a century without establishing a ncwsjjaper; the Americans had
been in pu.ssession of Monterey just 39 days when the wecklv Califondan
appeared on August 15, 1846. The Califoniian Star, published with ma-
terial brought by the i\Iormons, issued January 7, 1S47, was the first news-
paper in San Francisco, and the first daily, the Alia California, welcomed
the sun on January 22, 1850. Since that day there has been a steady and
rapid increase, not only in all the American States and Territories west of
the Rocky Mountains, but also in British Columbia, iMexico, and Central
America.
The number of printing-establishments of all kinds on the coast is about
700. Of these, more than 400 publish periodicals, the remainder being
book and general job offices. Steam-power is employed by f,o of the
former and 55 of the latter. The annual value of the newspaper ami
literary business is .$3,500,000; that of the book and job work, .$J,000,ooo.
The circulation of the y6 daily newspapers is at least 225,000 copies. Of
this number San Francisco supplies 133,000 in the I'lnglish, and 7,000 in
"^m
PArKK, rUINTINf;, ktc.
(345
other languacjcs, the issues comiMisinij 14 publications. Outside of the city
there are 28 dailies in the State of California. Nevada has 12; OrcL^on
and Arizona, 6 each; Utah, 4; W'ashin^'ton Territor)-, 3; l^ritish Cnlunihia,
2 ; and Panama, one. Their subscription lists range from 200 to 4,000
copies each.
Of the newspapers not dail\' California has i.S.S weekly, 1 1 semi-weekly,
antl 2 tri-weekly; Nevada has 10 weekly; Oregon, 52 weekl)-, and one
monthly; Washington Territor)-, 21 weekly; Arizona, 14 weekly; Utah, S
weekly; Idaho, 10 weckl)-, and one tri-weekl)'; British Columbia, 4 weekly,
and 2 semi-weekly; Mazatlan, 2 weekl_\'; Lower California, 2 weekl)-; and
Panam.i, one weekly. Tlie proprietors of 40 of this class own neitlier
type nor machinery, but get their editions printed at job works. The sub-
scription lists of the dailies range from 200 to 40,000 copies each. The
capital invested in the business amounts to $3,200,000, of which $2,000,000
is in the newspaper and literar)- establishments, I'.mployment is gi\en to
1,816 compositors, of whom 654 work in the book and job offices. Of all,
about 200 are females. The book and job employees are paid from $7 to $25
per week, or rates averaging 35 cents per 1,000 ems, when working by the
piece; expert compositors averaging $15 per week. An "em" is the space
formerly occupied by a square letter M, which is the unit of measurement.
News and literary compositeurs receive from 25 cents to 50 cents per 1,000
cms, averaging 40 cents. I'^oremcn and power pressmen of the first class
are paid from $25 to $35 per week; those of the .second class, from $15 to
$25 for the same period. These rates are about 10 per cent, hir'ier than
those in the Eastern Stat(;s. The leading San I'rancisco dailies employ
fnnn 25 to 50 regular hands each, including foremen ; anil the ra*es paid
compositors are 50 cents per 1,000 cms. Tour arc printed from stereo-
t}i)cd plates — the Call, Chronicle, Exaniinci; and Post. The first 2 have the
latest improved perfecting R. I loi; prcs.ses, which print from paper in contin-
uous roll, cutting, folding, and pasting 33,000 copies per hour each, if driven
at full speed. Other presses in large news and job offices aver.ige 10,000
copies per hour. Several of the important job-printing establishments have
facilities, which would enable tjiem to .set up and print a large double-sheet
newspaper complete, anil furnish 20,000 copies within 10 liours after re-
ceiving notice.
In I'.irly d.iys San h'rancisco w;is the printer's paradi.se. Higher wages
were paid compositors, and higher prices charged for work, than e\'er was
known in the world's histoi)- elsewliere. In 1X70 wages beg.an to decline,
owing to the incrca.sing number of workmen, who had become so many
;is to crowd each other, causing competition between firms and reduction in
prices.
646
MAXUFACTURKS.
-A
i.i I
Book and Job Printing.— Our slope has ncarl)- 300 book and job )iiint-
iiv^ offices, most of them small shops, cmploj-cd cxchisi\-cly on job work,
not cmp!o_\-in;^ more than 3 or 4 persons each. The number of those fre-
qucntl)' employed on book work does not e.xceeil 20; there is ])erhaps not
more than one constant!}- oiV4a;4cd in book work, and not one devoted ex-
clusi\el)- to it. The circumstances are not fa\'orable jiere to the publication
of books generally; labor antl materials ,ire higher than in the .Atl.uUic
States, and the leading houses there are con\-eniently situated for controlling
tlie trade of 50,000,000 |>eople, while here the entire population numbers
onl_\' 1,500,000. Under these circumstances it required mucii enterprise to
undertake book publishing on our coast as a regular business, but it lias
been done with success.
The largest book and job offices of the coast arc in San Francisco, ami
include those of A. L. Bancrokt i'^: Co., II. S. CuocKEU & Co., F,. Hositfi
& Co., I!.\( ON & Co., R. F. Sti;rri;tt & Co., W. A. Woodward & Co.,
Framv l"..\srM.\\, Josi.rii Wintkrcurx & C<x, and George Spauldixg
& Co. The printing-house of II. S. CROCKER & Co., established at Sacra-
mento in US56, does the printing of TlIE CENTRAL rAcii'lC R.MI.Road
COMI'.WV anil \.nious associated corporations, and iiesides the large busi-
ness of that kind, is extensively engaged in the sale and manufacture of
stationery and blank-bo(jks. Thc)- deserve to be classed among tlie l.irge
stationer)' and printing establishments of thc United States. Tlie main
office is in San Francisco, and the)' ha\e a branch house in Sacramento.
Bacon & Co., successors to Wiiittox & Townk, established in 1853, give
cmi)loymcnt to 40 persons, and make a specialty of book work. H. I'.
Sterrett, the succcs.sor of the firm of JoiisON, .Sterrett & P.vinter,
established in 1850, has 20 men in his office. Hosc^iUI & Co. give special
attention to thc finer ciualitics of work. Frances, Vaeentink & Co., and
WlLl,E\M M. lliXTOX & Co., arc other prominent firms.
A. li. Bancroft & Co. — The San I'rancisco firm of A. L. H.vxcRoiT &
Co., one of the leading book and stationery houses of thc llnited .States,
have a business that amounts in the aggregate to $1,000,000 a )ear. They
receive y.ooo invoices from 700 different Furopcan and American manufac-
turers; they pa)- $150,000 on freight, and $200,000 on salaric. and wages
to 250 emplo)-ees in thc same period. Their wholesale department makes
fre(|ucnt shipments to l,Soo retailers in China, Jap.iii, thc llawaii.in Islamls,
and on our coast. The letters pouring in numl;er 400 a da)-.
riieir business consists of a manufacturing and a mercantile branch. The
former includes composing, |)rinting, engraving, lithographing, ruling, .mil
binding departments; and has published a multitude of book- including
<t I 1
• liiiniiiirtr
PArru, rRiN"TiN(;, ktc.
647
165 volumes of law books. Ainont^ these arc 30 volumes of the American
Decisions; 57 volumes of tlie California Reports and Digest; mail}' volumes
of the Supreme Court Reports of Oregon, Nevada, \Vashin;j;ton, Arizona,
Idaho, and Utah; HlTTEU.'s Codes; and standard elementary works by
PoNrEROV, F-STIU-:, I'^REF.MAN, and Profeatt. The American Decisions, to
comprise the leading cases of all the American State supreme courts, from
1 776 to 1 869, and to be complete in 90 or 100 volumes, is so comprehensive in
its plan, and so difficult and costly in its execution, and requires so much
learning and research for its proper compilation, and so many years, 15 at
least, for its completion, that it is one of the largest publishing enterprises of
our time. /\11 iJatterns of blank-books and stationer)-, including blanks for
banks, official and legal documents, are manufactured. The labels turned
out in a single year have numbered 20,000,000.
A. L. Bancroft &. Go's Cuilding.
The mercantile branch is divided into 8 departments (the wholesale, the
retail, the law, the official, the music, the educational, the subscription, antl
the .serial), each under an able and experienced manager. The educational
department, besides selling school-books, school-stationery, school-apparatus,
and schonl-fin-niture, publishes aiul introiluces school-i)ook.s. Three times
as many books are sold by the subscri[)tion as by the retail department.
The official department supplies blank-books ijind stationery for banks and
public offices. The music department has Knabe and Pease jManos and
printed music for sale.
The brick building at 721 Market, 75 feet in front on that street and also
on Stevenson, 170 feet long, and 6 stories high, counting in the basement, is
I i
64S
MANUFACTURES.
owned liy <inc of tlic fiiTn. They occup)-, for the putposcs of their business,
8 llours, with an area of more than an aero, about equall}- divitlcLl between
tlie nianufacturinf; and mercantile branches. T'he acconipanyini,^ enL;ra\in[j
reiirescnts the Market S; . ■'; front of the buildini;. and an ideal \iew of the
interior, showint^ the distr i " the departments. The steam-engine to
drive the machiner}', and ti.. .[)ini,''-desks, are in the basement. The
wholesale, retail, official, law, an., education.al departments are on the first
stor\- (Ml a level with the street. The music, subscription, and serial depart-
ments are in the second story. The thirtl has school-furnitinx', paper, and
locsc stock. On the fourth floor are compositors, engravers, lithographers,
pressmen, and presses. The folders and binders are in the fifth story.
The firm consists of 2 brothers, natives of Gran\ille, Ohio: 11. I [. ]5a.\-
CKOI T, born in 1S32, and A. L. B.VNCROFT, born in 1S41. The business
was commenced in 1S56 by 11. II. Hancuoit, Mith G. L. Kl'..\NV as his
.-.ssociate, under the stj'le of II. II. l?.VNCROl"T & Co. Five years later Mr.
KrxNV withdrew to join ,1 brothcr-in-Iaw in Lii.sincss; and A. L. Bancroit,
who had arrived in .San I'rancisco in 1859, was admitted as a |)artner with
a fourth, which was subsequentlj- increa.sed to a half interest. The business
prospered, and the lot at 721 ^larket Street was bought, on which was
erected a large building speciall)' adapted to their wants. They moved in
1.S70, after having been for 14 )-ears on Montgomery Street, near Merchant,
and having part of the time a front on the latter street.
The title of the firm was changed to A. L. ]5a.\CROF1' & Co. at the sug-
gestion of the senior partner, who, while retaining an undiminished interest
in the house, wished to withdraw from the direction of its business, so that
he could devote himself to the more congenial occupation of writing a large
history of the Pacific Coast, a work to which he has devoted much of his
time for the last 10 years. In the 4,000 i)ages of his Xutirc Rnas of the
Pacific States, he has published what may be called an anth.ropological
introtluction to his history.
Ferno'W's Drying Machine. — The recent development of manufacturing
industr\- has made a large demand for labels fit to attract the eye, please
the artistic taste, and convey a clear idea of the article sokl. L.ibels
printed in colors as well as oil ]Mcturcs, require varnishing, to gi\c smooth-
ness of surface and bring out their best effects. But the dr)-ing of labels
m;uiufactiu-ed b)- hundreds of millions, was a costly and troublesome op-
eration, until Lolls .\. I'ERNiiW, 119 .Monroe Street, Chicago, devised a
cheap and coiuenient methotl of overcoming the difficult)-, lie in\ented
a machine which may be described in general terms as a light, flexible, mov-
able wire frame, which recjuiris little space or power, takes the labels at the
h.
wmm
■
PAPEU, PRINTING, ETC.
649
varnishing press, lifts them scparatcl}- to the top of the room, holds them
apart, moves them in the air, and brings them back in a drj- condition,
ready to be packed away without danger of damage by sticking together.
Extensive experience having proved the practicabilit)-, economy, and su-
periority of I'crnow's Drying Machine, it has been introduced into many
first-class label -printing-houses in the United States, including that of A. L.
Bancroft & Co., in San Francisco. Its adoption in any city is a sign of
extensive manufacturing, and a necessary adjunct to the production of labels
in large quantities, with the strongest effects of color and gloss. Its effi-
ciency in doing with a relativeh' small amount of machine power, what
could not [lossibly be done in the same space and time b)' hand even at ten
times the expense, makes it one of the curiosities of modern ingenuity.
With its help, one person is enabled to do as much as 20 could do by the
methods in use before its invention, and the work is done in better style
The machine is made useful for drying various substances, such as cottons,
woolens, yarn.s, tobacco, also in paper-mills, card-board manufactories,
laundries, etc.
Book-binding and Blank-books. — The growth of these industries is best
indicated by the following figures. In i860 there were 5 book-binding
establishments on the Pacific Coast, employing 15 hands; expending about
$1 1,000 for material, $7,000 for labor, and receiving $32,000 as the proceeds
of the year's work. In 1870 there were 14 binderies in operation, with 1 20
hands, paying out $74,000 a year for material, $62,000 for wages, and re-
ceiving about $185,000 as the value of their manufacture. In 1881 the
number of binderies had increased to 34, and the number of operatives to
about 350. The amount expended for material was estimated at $300,000,
and for labor at $250,000, the value of manufacture at $750,000. In 1S81,
a single firm in San Francisco, A. L. BancroI' r & Co., did thrice as much
work as was done in i860, and more than half as much as was done in
1870 by all the binderies of the Pacific Coast.
Book-binding, paper-ruling, and the manufacture of blank-books are
usually conducted in connection with other industries. There are in San
Francisco 18 binderies; there are 2 in Oakland; 2 in Sacramento; and one
each in Stockton, San Josi^, Petaluma, Los Angeles, and Yountvillc. At
some of these establishments only the cheaper kinds of work are done,
while at others the most expensive bindings are produced in full Russian,
calf, and Morocco, as well as the cheapest in cloth or paper. The value of
the work done at the different binderies in San Francisco, including book-
binding, paper-ruling, and the manufacture of blank-books, was estimated,
82
6;o
MANriACTfRES.
! ;. I
for 1 88 1, at $550,000, or 70 per cent, in value of all the work executed on
the Pacific Coast,
In Orc;,ron there are 7 binderies located in Portlaml, and one in Salem.
At least 2 of the Portland establi.shmcnt.s (JoilN J. IMeston and Ilowii &
Co.) manufacture blank-books, and do paper-rulin_!.( in any required pattern.
Mr. .Meston al.so fills orders for the mountincj and varnishing of maps and
charts.
There is one book-binder)- in Nevada, at Viri^inia City, and 2 in Wash-
ington, at Tumwater and Walla Walla. With the exception of the cloth and
leather, nearly all the materials used in these industries are of home pro-
duction. In California the cost of labor is very much higher, and of material
considerablj- lower, than in the Mastern States, in ])roi)ortion to the value of
manufacture. New York and ]\'nns)lvania do far more work of this de-
scription than all the other States and Territories in the Union, and in
neither of these States is the cost of labor much above 20 per cent., while
material costs in New York over 60, and in Pennsylvania over 50 per cent,
of the value of production. In California the expense for labor is not less
than }}i, and for material about 40 per cent. The difference is explained
by the fact that most of the wcjrk done on this coast consists of the cheaper
descriptions of book-binding, anil by the very high rates of wages still pre-
vailing in this dc[>artment of l.ibor. In New York the earnings of skilled
male book-binders range from $12 to $20 a week. In San I'rancisco as
much as $30 a week is paid, and the lowest rate for skilled male labor is $15.
Women, who do the stitching work, receive $9 to $12, and boys, $4 to $6.
Procejs of Binding.— A brief description of the usual process of book-
binding may not be without intcicst. After the printed sheets have left the
press they are dried in a steam-heated temperature of at least 100 degrees,
and then subjected to hydraulic pressure. After undergoing this process
the sheets are taken to the folding and cutting machines, and arc first folded
into pages of the size required for the book. If the sheet be onl)- once
folded, into 2 leaves, or 4 pages, the book is in the form of a folio; if twice
folded, as is the ca.sc with this volume, it becomes a quarto; folded once
more it is an octavo; ami so on to the smallest-sized book, which contains
32 leaves or 6.4. i)ages to eacli sheet of |)rinted matter. The next operation
is to collect the pages for each volume, until all tlie sheets are exhausted.
The leaves arc then taken to the " mashing-machine," which presses them
solidly together. Grooves arc then formed in the backs of the folds by
what are termed "sawing-machincs," in order to receive the cords, through
which the thread is passed, in sewing the sheets together, and so avoid a
jirotubcrance at the back. After being sewed together at the .sewing-frames,
PVPEK, PRIXTING, KTC.
65..
the printed matter is in book form, but witliout bindin<jor cover. The sides
are then trimmed smoothly ;ind accurate!)-, and the backs rounded. The
baclv is thinl)' coated with ^duc to preserve its roundness of sliape, and cov-
ered with musUn, over which is pasted a piece of pajjer. The cdijes are
then usually gildetl, marbled, or sprinkled, and the book is ready to receixe
its bintlinLj. In cloth-bound books the cloth is cut in the required size, and
ylueil to the boards, which are made of such material as is used in the man-
ufacture of cheap coarse jjaper. The design is then impressed on the sides
and back of the cover by means of an embossing press. The book is pasted
or glued into its binding or case, and pressed in boards to form the joint
between the sides and back. The process last mentioned completes the
binding.
Book-binderies. — ^Thc largest book-bindery on the Pacific Coast is the
one in connection with the publishing-hou.se of A. L. B.VN'CROKT & Co.,
721 Market Street, San Francisco. The fifth, or top floor, of the building,
is set apart for this branch of the business, and occupies a space of 40 by
170 feet. Through the center of the main room runs a line of shafting, by
which motion is communicated to the machinery. The machines in use
arc of the latest pattern. The most remarkable of them are the embossing
press, which is the largest in California, and a "wave-ruler," that will de-
.scribe a circle, a reversed curve, or an ellipse; and is almost as great a
curiosity as the celebrated geometric machine, used in the United States
Treasury at Washington. At this establishment are found the only ma-
chines in use on the Pacific Coast, for the folding of paper for book pur-
poses. A machine feil by a single person can fold 160,000 octavo, or
240,000 i2mo pages in 9 hours; while an expert folder, working by hand,
can not do one third so much. There are machines for stitching paper-
covered pamphlets and cheap books with wire, and apparatus for binding
gift volumes in gilded Morocco. About 50,000 volumes of law-books and
50,000 of .school-books are turned out every jear from this single bindciy,.
in addition to a large number of miscellaneous volumes and of blank-books
for the use of county offices, departments of state, banks, mining com-
panies, railroad companies, etc. The working force is under the supervision
of G. W. Cooke, and numbers 60 employees, including 20 men, 35 girls,
and 5 boys. The entire business of BANCROFT & Co.'s book-bindery is
estimated at $130,000 a year.
Other notable binderies in San Francisco arc those of H. S. CROCKER
& Co., li.vRTLixc; & Kimball, D. Hicks & Co., A. Buswell & Co.,
and E. BosQUi & CO.
652
MANUFACTURES.
CHAPTER XXXIV.— IRON.
Iron Manufactures. — This chapter is devoted to the manufacture of
iron, and excludes the extraction of ore and its reduction to the metallic
form. Those processes belong to the division of mining, in which an
account has been given of the few iron smelting establishments on our coast.
The principal manufacturing processes in use here are the casting and roll-
ing of iron, the construction of stamp-mills, hoisting-works, and pumps for
mines, of steam-engines and boilers for mines, factories, and steamships, of
locomotives for railroads, and of castings for houses, agricultural and other
machinery and kitchen furniture, and the making of wire, wire rope, wire
cloth, other wire wares, saws, edged tools, and cutlery. Under this heading,
also, we treat of agricultural implements, windmills, and elevators, which
are made of wood and iron, the latter being the more costly material in a
majority of cases.
Notwithstanding the high price of labor, the dearness of coal, and the
fact that until very recently, most of the materials used in the manufacture
of iron have been imported, the growth of this branch of industry has been
very remarkable. Including all its departments, the gross value of produc-
tion for 1 88 1 was not short of $20,ooo,cxx), while in 1871 it did not e.Kceed
$6,000,000. Considering the enormous deposits of rich iron ore that have
been discovered in many portions of this coast, and the sure prospect of a
greatly increased demand for iron manufactures, it is very probable that
the ne.\t 10 years may witness even a greater development than has oc-
curred in the past. A single illustration will show the great possibilities that
e.xist in the future. During 1881 the quantity of steel rails used by the dif-
ferent railroads in course of construction on the Pacific Slope was estimated
at 75,000 tons. There is but one rolling-mill on this coast that produces
these articles, and its capacity is limited to 10,000 tons a year. It would
require, therefore, "Jj years to furnish the rails needed for 12 months' con-
sumption. The growth of our iron interests has depended, and will yet de-
pend in a measure on the demand for mining machinery, which, in 1S81
was manufactured in San Francisco alone to the value of $3,000,000, and
in some previous years has exceeded that amount. At one time the found-
ries and machine-shops of this coast received the bulk of their orders from
the mining districts, and their prosperity was of course affected by the alter-
IKON.
653
nations of success and failure that are inseparable from mining enterprise.
This is no ioniser the case.
Iron-work. — It is to the credit of our iron manufacturers that thc\' ha\c'
exerted themselves to extend tlieir trade and to increase the \ariety of
their products; and the)- have been rewarded by securinL; a iart;c increase
in business from distant markets. i\bout 5 j-cars ago all the machinery
recjuired for the sugar plantations of the Hawaiian Islands was im])orted
from luu'fjpe. San I'"rancisco foundr>-men secured patterns of the ma-
chinery in use, and imdertook to compete with the European manufacturer.
The result has been, that at the present time nearly all the machinery or-
dered for the plantations is made in San I'rancisco. In the manufacture of
marine machinery also this coast has made rapid progress, instead of send-
ing ICast for such m.achinery, as was the case heretofore, it is now ncarlj'all
made on the Pacific Coast. An order was given for the construction here
of machinerj- for a steamship of i.Soo tons, recently completed in one of our
ship-)'ards, although the owner of the vessel is an Eastern man, and resides
in an Eastern State.
The manufacture of architectural iron-work has practically become a
separate branch of business. One firm in San Francisco is almost
exclusively engaged in casting ornamental work, and another in making
wrought-iron girders, beams, ticbands, bridge irons, and railings; al.so iron
doors, .shutters, burglar-proof bank-vaults, etc. Hoth complain, however,
that orders arc not increasing, but have of late years fallen off. This is
clearly due to the fact that there has been a decrease in the number of
large buildings erected in San Francisco; and the foundries have done
remarkably well if they have held their own in their particular lines of
business. Manufacturers of wrought-iron draw their supplies mamly from
the Pacific Rolling-mills, and the pig-iron, for castings, has mostly been
imported. It is estimated that this branch of t'' ■ n -i industry amounts to
about $500,000 a j-ear.
During the early hi 'ory of the iron trade on this coast many difficulties
were encountt :"ed. ():tc of these was the need of a rolling-mill to utilize
the scrap iron which u \s accumulating all the while. Not less than 1,500
to 1, 800 tons were yearly shipped East, and yet it was estimated that 2 or
3 times that quantity went to waste; the price paid for it by ship-owners —
$12 a ton — not making it worth the trouble of collecting it and hauling it
to the dock. The occasional scarcity of coal and the exorbitant prices
sometimes demanded for it ($35 per ton being paid, for example, in 1864),
so increased the cost of castings, that only such machinery was ordered as
was absolutely indispensable. The alternations of success and failure in
654
MAN L'lAl TURKS.
I ■!
iniiiii,'.; enterprises were always clusel)- followed !))■ like clianfjcs in the iron
foundres and niaciiine siiops. In the flush times of 1.S61-2, new foundries
and shops were openeil almost e\cr)- week— many of them to be closed at
the firs, season of depression in tratle. Great i|Uantities of mininj,' machin-
ery were sent into the mountains and placeil in un[)roductive mininj^
camjjs. On the failure of the mines this niacln'nerj- was sold to others
at merely nominal prices. The nuniher of orders for new macliinery was
thus diminished, and the shops sufUred accoiditifjl)'. Other obstacles en-
co.nUeretl in the jjrogress and de\elopnient of the industr)', were the hit,di
i/rices of pig-iron and coal and the great cost of labor. I'ig-iron has been
mainly imported from the Eastern .States and Murope to the amount of
about 14,000 tons ainuiall)-, taking the average of the past G jears, though
in iS.Si imports were reduced to 8,600 tons. The cost of iron in .San
I'rancisco has ranged, since 1876, from .$^4 to .$38; averaging about .$30 a
ton igainst $20 to $22 in Pennsylvania. Coal abounds on tiie i'acific Coast,
but appears to be of t(jo recent ft)rmation to be usetl in making castings.
Coal and coke must therefore be im[)orted at a cost of $12 a ton, while tiie
same k.nd of fuel costs in I*emis)lvani.'i but .14 per ton. Labor in Cali-
fornia is about 35 per cent, higher than in the Mastern .States, molders
recei\ing .$3 to .$3.50 per tla\', machinists ami pattern-makers the same,
blacksmiths $3 to $4, and laborers ,^2. Although foundrymen are of opin-
ion that, on account of the climate, men can do more wf>rk in a da\' here
than in the ICastern .Stales, there is still a large percentage in favor of
I-Iastcrn manufacturers on the score of wages.
Advantages. — At first thought it would appear that these various hin-
drances arc so formidable as to render competition with Eastern foundries
practically impossible; but tliere are some compensating advantages enjoj'cd
b)- our I'acific Coast inruiufacturcrs which enable them to i)rosecute their
business successfully. On all foreign machinery there is an import duty of
35 per cent., which, coupled with the cost of freight, practically excludes it
from our markets. There is now a fair prospect that the iron mines of the
I'acific Slope will jiroduce a full supply of pig-irt)n for home consumption,
and thoiigh it is the opinion of our foundrymen that this will not materially
reduce the price, it must place the iron market on a steadier basis, and
secure a more regular su[)pl\'. The distance from eastern cities, and the
con-sefjuent loss of time in the fuinihnenl of f)rtlers, is a great ad\antage to
I'acilic Coast manufacturers. Californians are noted for doing business in
liaste, and when they gi\'e an order for machiner)-, retjuire it for inunediate
use. The\' can not dela}' long enough 10 senil luist without serious detri-
ment to their business, and hence their work must be done as rapidly as
COMPOCNl) MARINE ENGINE.
JOHN DOUGALL, ATLAS IKON WORKS, VICTORIA, R C.
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IRON'.
^55
pos'-iblc by our local foundries. In ihe liuif^unt^c of one of our pnimincnl
iron founders, " the short time in which machinery has to be delivered alter
being ordered, is our great safeguard against eastern competition." An inci-
dent which occurred in San I'rancisco w ill illustrate this puint. Some time
since a local sugar refiner invited bids for iron tanks, to be deli\ereil within
a limited. time. The lowest bid was $50,000, and was made by a firm in
New \'ork. A number of bids were received from foundrymen on the-l'a-
cific Coast, but the lowest one — thai of a .San I'rancisco firm — was for $3,000
more than the tanks would ha\e cost if the order had been filled in New
"N'ork, and the frcigiit paid by the purchaser. ;\s the tanks would be un-
handy for tran.sportation by rail, and the time was short for shipment by
way of Cape Horn, the refiner concluded to accept the bill of the San l'"ran-
cisco hou.sc, at a loss to himself, and some gain to the local fiiundr)'.
The manufacture of iron on this coast leaves a fair margin of profit, and
the price received here for machinery and castings considerabK- exceeds
that which is paid in I'.astern cities. It is probable that, with slight modifi-
cations, this condition of affairs will continue, as freights arc not likely to
be reduced to such a point as will bring the Eastern and Pacific Coast
markets nearly to a level. In order to state the case full)- antl clearl}-, as it
now exists, it will be necessary to make a comparison between the ICastern
and the Pacific states, in the cost of material and manufacture, and also in
the value of production.
In Penn.syKania, pig-iron is wortli $20, and coal $4 ]3cr ton, against $30
a ton for iron, and $13 for coal in California. As one ton of coal will melt
8 tons of iron, the cost of |)roducing a ton of manufactured iron would be,
in Pennsylvania, $20.50; and in Califijrnia, $31.62^/2. Hence, the cost of
coal and raw iron is $11.12^2 a ton, or about 54 per cent, higher in Cali-
fornia than in Pennsj'lvania. The higher prices prevailing for labor, rent,
interest, etc., will probably increase the margin against the Pacific Coast
manufacturer to at least 60 per c.^ it.; so that an article which costs the
Eastern foundiyman $100, will co .t $160 in California. On the other hand,
the value t)f plain castings in P( msslvania is $2.10 ]3cr 100 pounds; and in
California, $4; making a difference of about 90 per cent, in favor of manu-
facturers on this coast, as an offset to the adverse margin of (3o per cent, in
the cost of production.
If, therefore, some foundries ha\e had to close their drxirs on account of
financial disaster, it must ha\e been for want of the capital neetleil to title
(jver a dull season, or through mismanagement; for there is clearl)- a larger
profit in the iron-trade on this coast, than in the East, and Eastern estab-
lishments, as a rule, are growing stronger and extending their business from
)-ear to year.
Cs6
MANUFACTURES.
All the foregoing estimates, however, are made on the basis of plain cast-
in'^s, while the great bulk of the business done on this coast is the manufac-
ture of machinery made to order, and such work varies in price from $4.50
to $9 per 100 pounds, $5 being regarded as a fair average price. The cost
of production on woik made to order is about 25 percent, more than on
plain castings, which will make the value of such work $2.62 ^3* per lOO
pounds in the East, as against $5 on this coast, which leaves $2.37^^ or 90
per cent, in favor of this coast.
The probable reduction in the near future in the price of pig-iron, is still
another and greater prospective element of profit in favor of this coast.
The proprietors of furnaces in Oregon, Washington, and California, now
say they can produce iron at a profit for $24 per ton, delivered in San Fran-
cisco. This is $6 per ton or 20 per cent, less than eastern iron now sells for
in this market. The reduction of freights may, at some future time, take
off 10 or 15 per cent, of the profits now enjoyed by the Pacific Coast manu-
facturer over his eastern competitor; but the time will probably never come
when our iron foundries will not have a decided advantage over those of the
East and of Europe.
Mining Machinery. — San Francisco machinists have long been noted
for their success in the manufacture of mining machinery, and our foundries
and machinc«shops arc unrivalctl in this line of work. Great efforts have
been made by eastern competitors to secure a portion of the trade, espe-
cially in Arizona and New Mexico, but most of the orders for mining ma-
chinery still come to San Francisco. Special appliances for mining purposes
were invented from time to time, to meet the requirements of various enter-
prises on thi.'5 coast. The experience gained in constructing machinery for
the early quartz mines of California, and afterwards for the Ccmstock and
other great mines in Nevada, has enabled San Francisco machinists to pro-
duce work of such a superior character, that from Idaho to Arizona, and
from Oregon to Mexico, they command the market without a rival. It is
estimated that the sum of $3,000,000 was paid in 18S0 to Pacific Coast
foundries and machine-shops for this class of work, including hoisting,
pumping, crushing, and smelting machinery and steam-power. In the con-
struction of hoisting works no great changes have recently been made.
Most of the cables are imported from England, especially those used in
deep mining; their strength is increased in proportion to the depth attained
b_\- the shaft.
Ill pumping-machinery great improvements have been made. Twenty
years ago a 40 horse-power engine for working a pump was considered a
wonder on our coast; now at least one such engine has 700 horse-power.
mmummm
IRON.
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Man\- devices for lessening friction and the chances of brcakacjc, and I'm
tile saviiiLf of fuel, ha\e been introduced. Improvements have also been
made in drills, and with f^n'eat benelit, as much depends upon the eiTective
workint,' of the drill. Little use is now made of the ordinaiy harid-drill in
large mines. Patent drills, driven by steam, are usetl in all extensive min-
ing; enterprises. These drills are operated by compressed air, which is con-
\e)-eil through tubes from the surface, thus serving the double purjiosc oi
cooling and jiurifying the air for the miners, and furnishing the motive
power for driving their drills. In the early days of mining, before com-
pressed air came into practical u.se, the steam-engine was lowered into the
mine, and its direct action upon the drill was the common metlKxl of oper-
ation ; but when any great depth was reached, it was found that the steain
condensed so rapidly as to lose its power. The air-compressor permits the
steam-power to be placed above ground, ilriving the compressed air through
tubes to an}' depth desired. The diamond-pointed steam-drill, commonly
called the diamond-drill, is only used as a prospecting drill. One of its
advantages is that it can be used l<i i)enetrate the fcirmation before the
miners arc aware of the nature (if the rock they an; about to cncoimter,
and tluis enable the parties i ntrol to ascertain, in advance, the situation
of valuable ore bodies.
In stamp-mills there has beei, :ent improvement; the chief differ-
ence being in the weight and lunnber - 'hi tamps. Several new devices
for crushing ore have recently attracted considirable attention, and a num-
ber of them have gone into u.se. ? liners gencrallv' continue tn purchase the
ordinary stamp-mill, in i^reference to any other. The price of the>o mills
varies with the number of stamps, the usual price being at the rate f $ioo
to $150 per stamj). The combination amalgamating pans arc in general
use, and unite the main features of man)' inventions. The)' arc made by
nearl)' all the foundries and machine-shops, and cost $500 each. Settlers
are now made almost entire!)- of iron, and cost from -$450 to $500. Con-
centrators cost about $400. Rock-breakers of variou.s design re in use,'
and cost from $12^ to $400, and one kind $750. Cars f>y ^porting ore
from the mines are made 42 inches long, 24 wide, and j , lecp, with a 12-
inch wheel and an 18-inch track, and cost $100 each.
Pumps. — San l-Vancisco li.is jiroduced a number of large pumps for
mines, ihe most notable and original of which is that made by Tin: Ris-
DO\ luiix WoRK.S for the Choll.ir-Norcross shaft at Virginia Cit)-. A
brief account of it is given in the eha[)ter on Inventions. Anotiier great
pump is tiiat of the Union Consolidated Mine, erected at a cost of $500,000
by The Union Iuon Works.
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The manufacture of ordinary small pumps has not proved profitable,
though a j;()od deal of capital has been invested and lost in the effort to
establish special manufactories of cistern and household pumps; and at the
present time there are at least 500 of these pumps imported from the I'last
for 100 manufactured on our coast. The relative cheapness of eastern
pumps is due mainly to the greater advantat^es of the eastern manufacturers
in the employment of labor. The eastern method is to pay boys 75 cents
to $1 a day, and pnt each bo)- at work on some one part of the pump, and
confine him to that one tj.-»nch, and for each gang of boys one expert pump-
maker, who puts the pumps together and finishes them' at $2.50 a day, while
on our coast onlj- skilled workmen aic emijloycil, who are competent to
make all the parts and finish the pump, to whom from $2.75 to $3.25
a day is paid. The cheapest kinds of eastern pumps have but little brass-
work compared with ours, and this one item cheapens the eastern goods.
Again, eastern manufacturers have sale for 20 times as man)' pumps, and
this greater tratlc gives them a great advantage, both in percentage on sales
and in cost of j^rodiiction. The eastern pumps range in ])rice from $4 to
$7, and our home made from $10 to $12 for cistern and house-pumi)s, and
for windmills the eastern i)rice is from .'J520 to $25, and ours $30 to $35,
The total value of small pumps made on the Pacific Coast in a year is esti-
mated at $200,000, and most of them are inaile in San l'"rancisco. The
1> .ding manufacturers are W. T. G.\RRATT, IlKDOKS & DlLLKNlsUKC, and
11. II. Roi)\vi;ll.
Iron Beginnings. — The DoNArit'E foundry, now known as the Union
Iron-works, established in 1849, was the first enterprise of the kind on the
I'acific Coast, In the next j-car the X'ulcan I"i>undry, the Sutter Iron
Works, and the I'acific I'oundry, began work. The h'ureka, which made a
specialt)- of railings, balconies, etc., appcareil in 1S51. The ra[)id increase
in mining operations during the 2 or 3 succeeding years, caused the erection
of sin.ill foundries and inachiiie shops in many of the mining towns. The
enormous demand for machinery, and the high price which it commanded,
induced eastern manufacturers to make and ship articles which thej' suji-
posed to be suitable for the purpose, but which, when tested, proved to be
almost entirely useless. The local establishments were therefore called on
to supply the demand; and in iSfjo San Franci.sco had 14 foundries and
m.ichine-shops, emi)!o)'ing 222 men, consuming $57 1,750 worth ol materials,
and i)roducing machinery valuetl at $1,218,500. In the mean lime several
establishments of considerable size and importance had grown up in various
parts of the State, and notiibl)- at .Sacramento and Mar\ -\ille. Hoilei-
works were established at Portland, Oregon, as early a.s 1852. Utah, in
IRON.
659
1S54, had a foundry at Salt Lake City, and one at Cedar City in 1855.
The Salt Lake foundrj- made a specialty of cogwheels and mill machinciy.
Ill 1865 the first locomotive ever built on the Pacific Coast, was made at
the Union Iron-works, San Francisco, for the San Jose railroad, and i;avc
such satisfaction that this foundry was employed, at inter\als, for 4 years in
making locomotives for the San Jose and other interior railroad lines, man-
ufacturing 12 of them during that time. The trial trip of the pioneer loco-
motive was made the occasion of a festivity, and when it made its appearance
on the streets, drawn by 8 horses over a temporary track to the railroad,
much interest was manifested by the people of the city.
Foundries and Machine-shops. — In most respects, the leading foundries
and machine-shops on the Pacific Coast compare favorably with those of
the larger and older cities of the Eastern States and of Europe. Pennsyl-
vania, New York, Ohio, and Illinois contain many large establishments, but
few that arc better appointed than those of our leading manufacturers. The
Eastern method is for each house to make a specialty of some particular
branch of the business, while our larger foundries and machine-.shops make
everything that is in demand, from mining-machinery, locomotives, steam-
ship engines, sugar-mills, and architectural iron-work, down to the various
small articles required for cvery-day use. Some of the establishments on
this coast are, however, conducted on the Eastern plan, making only orna-
mental castings, or such articles as iron railings, fenders, grates, sash-
weights, etc. Few of them work otherwise than to order, and the quantity
of goods made up in stock is very inconsiderable. Such articles as pump.s,
sto\es, car-wheels, etc., are usually ordered from the East, while those cast-
ings w hich require special molds, or are needed for mining-machinery, or
being bulky would cost too much in freight, are made on this coast. Our
principal establishments have machine-tools, costing, in .some instances,
$10,000 or $15,000, with which they turn out work quite equal to that pro-
duced in an)- part of the world. Mining-machinery has constituted the
great bulk of the heavy iron-work done in San Francisco up to the present
time. As the mines on the great Comstock lode have increased in depth,
the difficulties in hoisting and pumjjing have also greatly increased, and
what was regarded as heavy machinery 10 years ago, is now considered
quite inadequate. In the construction of mining-machinery inventive and
nicchanical skill have been taxed to their upmost, to meet each new emer-
gency, and thus results have been attaineil, perhaps superior to any similar
work done elsewhere in the world. In general business our foundries are
also abreast of the times in their equipments, their thoroughness of work-
manship, and the excellent quality of their productions.
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MANLIACTIRKS.
At present few of our foundries ;incl machinc-sliops are running to t!iei\
full capaeit)-, and it is probable that an increase of 30 or 40 per cent, in llie
voiunie of business could be met without an\- incon\eniencc; nor would such
an increase be attentled with any threat atUance in the cost of manufacture.
It was estimated that, in i<S<Si, the \arious establishments in San I'rancisco
};avc employment to about 1,200 operatives, and consumed 18,250 tons of
pitj-iron and 16,500 tons of bar-iron in manufacturing the tlifferent imple-
ments and machinery ordered during that year. The amount of work done
by the larger houses was estimated at $4,000,000, of which about $3,000,000
represents the \aluc of mining-machinery, and the remaining $1,000,000
that of marine, stationary, .sugar-mill, and miscellaneous machinery. The
smaller establishments in the city, where special lines of work are done, such
as the making of iron doors and shutters, fenders, .safe-vaults, cornices, etc.,
do a business estimated at $750,000 a j-car.
Californian foundries and machine-shops outside of San I'"rancisco, do not
less than $5CX),000 worth a year. Oregon, Washington, and other portions
of the coast, will [irobably add about $2,000,000 to the volume of produc-
tion. The entire business of the Pacific Coast already amounts, therefore, to
about $7,250,000 a )-car, and there is an almost certain prospect of a large
increase in the future.
Risdon Iron Works.— Tiir: RisnoN Ikon .wd LocdMorivi-: Works,
which makes ,1 speci.ilty of machinery for mines, steamships, anil sug.ir-
mills, is one of the great iron establishments of our time, especialh- worthy
of note for lia\ing manufactured the Virginia City water-pipe and the
Chollar-Norcross pump, which seem destined to occup)' a place in the his-
tory of hj'ilraulic engineering, as well as in that cjf our co;ist. The Risdon
Works also made the jiipc to conve\- water .icross a deep ravine for the
irrigatifin of Cl.MS .S|'RE('KI;i.s' sugar plantation in the Ilawaii.in island of
Maui, and the Yellow Jacket hoisting apparatus, which last, constructetl to
hoist ore from a dejnh of 4,000 feet, weighs 350 tons, antl is the hca\iest
machinery of the kind ever matle. The Risdon Works had the first h)'-
draulic [iress riveting machine in the United States. The pump and hoist-
ing works which the_\- are building for the Eureka Consolidated Mine, are
designed on a pl.in Ixjld and original in conception as well as grand in scale,
and promise to add much to a reputation .alrcid)' high. In short, if the
Risdon establishment is not so large as many in l'"uro])c or on the Atlantic
Slope of oiM' continent, it is second to none as to capacit)' in its specialties.
In order to hantlle the enormous weight of the pieces of machiner)- manu-
factured in its sho|)s, it has a revolving crane, caii.ible of lifting 50 tons,
with 12 hydniulic side cranes. IClcctric light is supplied, after dark, b)' 16
IKON.
66 1
Brush burners, each of 2,000 candlc-poucr. The establishment, at the corner
of Mission and ]5eaic streets, San Francisco, is the property of an incorpo-
rated conipan}', in which there are 12 shareliolders. W. H. Tavlor is the
president, and JosiU'iI MooKli superintendent.
Union Iron-works. — Tui': Union Iron-works, inckiding foundr)',
machine-shops, and boiler-shops, o-cupy a lot on Mission Street, extending
from I-'irst to Fremont, with a frontage of 275 feet on each of the last 2
streets. The half of this lot nearest to First is covered with a brick building
3 stories higii, above the basement; and the other half has a wooden buil'J-
ing. By the number of their departments, the comjileteness (jf their equi[)-
ment, and the large size of their machinerj-, TllK UnioN Ikon-works are
prepared to undertake extensive enterprises in all the main classes of
foundry and machine work. One of the planers, the largest on the coast,
can plane 10 feetsciuare by 25 feet long. There are 6 cranes with power to
lift 50 tons each, 2 large steam-hammers, and lathes with capacity tt) turn
a shaft 25 feet long or a balance-wheel 25 feet in diameter. Mining
machinery is one of the specialties of Til K UNION lRt)N-WORIvS. In 1879
they made the [jumping machinery of the Union Consolidated IMine, cal-
culated to pump 106,000 gallons an hour from a dei)th of 4,000 feet, and
erected at a cost of $500,000. They give employment to 600 persons, and
have paid much attention to the industrial education of boys, many of whom
under their training have become excellent mechanics and successful busi-
ness men. The intluence of Till:: Union Iron-works has been used to de-
velop the iron mines of the coast. G. W. I'RESCOTT.thc senior partner, is inter-
ested in the Irondale Mine in Washington Territory; antl the .second partner,
1rviN(; iM. Scott, was one of the promoters, and is one of the chief share-
holders in the Clipper Gap Mine, California. The third partner is 1Ii;nry
T. Scott. The present firm (I'RESCOTT, Scott & Co.) in 1875 succeeded
II. J. HoOTH & Co., who, in 1865, succeeded BoOTiI & Co., successors to
Pktkr DoNAIIUi:, who, in company with his brother JAMKS, in 1849, estab-
lished the Union Foundry, the first on the coast, or at least in California.
It made millionaires of the DoNAlIUES, and has been one of the prominent
indu.strial institutions of the coast.
Peter Donahue. — The most prominent iron manufacturer of our coast
has uniloubledl)- been Pktkr Donahuk, who has, however, now retired
from the busines.-^. Born of Irish parents at Glasgow in 1S22, he came,
with his father, in 1835, to New York, where he learned the engineering
trade. He w.is cmpl(i)-eil on a steamer on the western coast of South
;\mcrica, when the gold mines of California were discovered, and in 1849
662
MANUFACTURES.
he arrived in San Francisco, where he met his brothers, Jamks, a boiler-
maker, and Mli'ilAEL, a molder. They opened a blacksmith and machine
shop on Montijomery Street, near Jackson, and then moved to the corner
of Mission and First streets, in what was then Mappy Valley, where they
established a foundry. After the great fires, old iron was very cheap, and
their castings were in demand at good prices, so in a few years the establish-
ment was a source of a large income to l'i;TER, who had become its exclu-
sive owner. His prominence in the iron busincs.s, his wealth, and his sound
judgment, gradually enabled him to take a leading part in many impc^rtant
enterprises, including the San Francisco Gas Works, the tlmnibus Street
Railroad, the San Jose Railroad, the San Francisco and North Pacific Rail-
road, and the construction of the United States steamer Saranac, of the
monitor Comanche, of various merchant steamers, and of notable build-
ings. Mis work has left a permanent impress on California, and especially
CHI San Francisco.
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JEtm. Iron-works. — One of the oldest and most prominent iron manu-
facturing establishments on our coast is the ^Etna Iron-works started on
Sutter Street, between Montgomery and Sansome, in 1857, by TllOM.vs
Pe\I'>i:R('..\,st, and moved to the present site at 217 to 221 FVemont Street,
between Howard and I'olsom, in .San I'Vancisco. The works include pat-
tern, foundry, blacksmithing, and machine-shop departments, supplied with
all the complex and fine iin[)lements retjuired for a foundrj- and machine-
shop of the superior class. The blacksmith-shop connects the machine-
shop with the foundr)', and has a 3-ton hammer. The foundiy is 80 feet
long antl 40 wide, with an L, and contains 2 cupola furnaces, capa-
ble of melting 15 tons of iron daily. The machine-shop, occupying the
main building, 90 feet long, <So wide, and 3 stories high, embraces all the
latest improvements in heavy tools, such as lathes, boring, planing, and
slotting machines. The principal products of TllE /Etna Iron-Works
arc designed for mining purposes, and include engines, boilers, amalgama-
tors, ore-breakers, smelters ft)r reducing argentiferous galena and copper
ores, and hoisting and pumping engines. The WlIITK Rotary Furnace, of
which George W. White is the inventor and sole owner, is manufactured
exclusively in this establishment, of which the present proprietors are
Thomas Fenderi-.a-st, Ja.mes Pendergast, and George Johnson.
The number of men employed varies from 80 to 120.
Fulton Iron-vrorks. — The F-uetdn Iron-works on the corner oi
Fremont and Howard streets, prominent among the large iron manufactur-
ing establishments of San I'rancisco, were founded by D. B. HiNCKLEV in
IKON.
663
1.S55, and arc now owned by D. H. HlNCKLKY, Jamks Spikks, and D. K.
IlAVlis in partnership. They give employment to 300 persons, and the
value of their annual production is about $800,000. The foundry, boiler,
and machine departments arc extensive, and well sup[)lied with machinery,
stock, skill, and experience for undertaking large and costly enterprises.
They have manufactured the iron-work for many quartz-mills of all sizes,
from s to 60 stamps, and they supplied the engines for the ocean steamers
S/aU of Soiiora, Thomas A. IV/iitelazo, and C. R. Bis/top. In their cupola
furnaces 20 tons of iron can be melted in a day; their large lathe has 14
feet swing; their principal planer can plane surfaces 20 feet long and 5 feet
square, and one of their steam-hammers can strike a blow with a weight of
1 1 tons.
Paolfio Iron-works.— The Pacific Iron-works, established in 1850,
and long regarded as one of the most noted industrial establishments of
our country, have pattern, molding, smithing, machine, and boiler depart-
ments, with all the mechanical appliances, technical experience, and the
best engineering ability requisite for the complete production within their
own establishment of the various kinds of heavy machinery most in de-
mand on cnir slope. They make a specialtj' of machinery for mines, mills,
and smelting- works, and creditable samples of their production can be
found in nearly every mining camp west of the Rocky Mountains. Many
of the most .successful mining enterprises of the country use the hoisting-
works, mills, and other products of TlIK PACIFIC lUON-WORKS. Within
the past few years, extensive orders have been received from the Japanese
Government, and from Central and South America. They employ from
200 to 300 men, and consume 4,000 to 5,000 tons of pig, bar, and plate
iron annually. For the last 20 years the business has been conducted by
Rankin, Brayton & Co.
Empire Foundry.— The Empire Foundry and Machine-shops, at 135-
143 I'"remont Street, of Savage & Sons, make all descriptions of machinery,
for agricultural, mining, shipping, architectural, or ornamental purposes.
Among the products of this establishment are the cast-iron fronts of the
Palace and Baldwin hotels, the .stairs of the Hall of Records, the entrance col-
umns of the New City Hall, of SllEKWOOD's Union Block, of HUNTINGTON,
Hopkins & Co.'s new building, of Crocker's business buildings, O'Con-
nor's Block, all in San Francisco; of the Opera House at Salt Lake, of
Baker's Block at Los Angeles, and of the New Palace at Honolulu.
Salem Iron Works.— The Salem Iron Works were established in i860
by B. F. Drake, the present owner, and for the last 15 years have been
664
MAM'IA(n Ri;s.
* ^!
I! '1
i
under the forciiiaiisliip of JditN 1 [oLMAX. Tlic}- cn\cr a space Sj feet loner
b_\- "5 wide, Ljivini,' cmpldviiieiit to 12 men, wlui turn out a i;reat \ arict\- of
engines, iiiacliiner\', and castin^^s. 'J'lie averaj^e wattes are ,f 3 |)er da\'. Mr.
Draki-; came to our co.ist in iS5i,and ;ifter minint^ lor a short time in
\e\;ula County, Calif irnia, mo\ed to ( )ret;on City, where he remained till
he engaged in the iron business at Salem.
Albion Foundry. — One of the most extensive and comi)rchensi\e foun-
ilrics t)n our coast is the .Mbion at \'ictoria, owned by Josi'.l'll Sl'k.V'ir,
who, like most other successful men in the newer portions of our continent,
began work on a sm.ill sc;de, and gratlually enlarged his operations as he
accumulateil capital and e.Kperiencc. The foundry has iron and brass cast-
ing departments, ;i blacksniith-shop with a steam-hammer, a boiler-shop,
a machine-slmi), a brass-fuiishing slir)p, aiul a bi..'lt-shop. The machiner)-,
tools, antl arrangements for casting, forging, planing, turning, grinding,
pfilishing, japanning, antl enameling work for steamboats or mills, are com-
plete. Stoves are maile in anticipatit)n of the demand, and Mr. .Sl'RAir
keeps them for sale in a large v^tf'T J^tore with an elevator, where he also
sells imported agricultural imjilements. lla\ing prepared himself to make
sleambo;it machiner\-, Mr. Sl'lv.\ri' built the steamer jftiut/, ami after bus-
ing the Carilwo l-'ly and the Wilioit G. Hunt, refitted them and iil.iced them
on the rt)ute between X'ictoria .and Xanaimo, touching at intermediate |)orts.
lie has Commodious warehouses, sc\eral large wharves, with deep-water
frontage, and emploj-s 60 men, e.\clusi\e of his wharf and steambo.at hands.
lie also owns a large mine of rich iron ore on Te.\ada Islanil, tlestined to
be very \aluable at no distant future. Mr. Si'K.V Tl' ser\etl an apprentice-
sliip to the trade of machinist under Sir JollN Rknmi;, in London. I lis
[Mjsition in Briti.sh Columbi.i is, and his career has been, in some rcspect.s,
similar to that of I'lnr.R DoNAllUK in California, but unlike the latter, he
has not been o\ershadoweil by railroad or mining magnates.
The V'ictoria Iron Works of SllAW & Ku.NA, on Herald Street near
Stove Street, in V'ictoria, are occupied maini)- in boiler-making. They
occupy a building 120 feet long by 60 feet wide, in which they emjiloy 16
men, at wages ranging from $2 to $4 a day. They ha\ e been established
.since 1S76.
Uavid Lisii:k & Co., proprietors of the New Tacoma Iron Works, in
Wa.shington, manufacture about 3 tons of castings a day, besides doing a
large business in connection with their machine-shoi), in which they have
all the appliances rcc|'.iired for the different kinds of work. One of their
specialties is the making of chilled car-wheels, several hundreds of which
X
'mi
r t TB
frr
'i I
ll<l)\.
665
have already been [)ra(lucccl at their establishment, and lia\c been pro-
nounced of" first-class (jualit)'. The orders recei\ed by this firm are sufficient
to keel) about 40 operatives in constant cinployinent.
^\mon}^ the oilier foundries of f)ur coast are the National Iron-works, of
MaUSi in T/ & CaMKLLI.; the F.uieka, of TiIuMI'SON Huotiikrs; ,uu1
the Occidental, of Sii;I(;i;r vV: Ki;rk, in San I'rancisco; the Oakland
Iron-works, of IVES SCOVILLK, in Oakland; the Mope Iron-works, of II.
II. IM( \Vll.M.\Ms; the Union Works, of Root, Xf.ILson' & Co.; and the
Sacramento I'oundry, of Gt: ri;xiii:U(;i:u & Co., of .Sacramento; the Globe
Iron-work.s, of JoilN' C.MNi:; and the foundry and machine-shop of I'".\r<-
RINGTON, IIVATT & Co., of Stockton; H. J. Bocxni & Co., of Marys-
villc; The VVilla.mkttk Ikun-works and Smith Brothers & Co.,
of Portland; White & Tenxv, of Seattle; and the Silver Iron-works,
and Salt Lake Iron-works, of Salt Lake City.
Railroad Workshops.— The workshops of The Central Fach'ic Rah.-
KO.\i) COMi'A.W at Sacramento, prominent amon^ the industrial establish-
ments of the coast, comprise rolling-mills, foundries, and machine, boiler,
])attern, car, bl;icksmith, copi)er and tin, cabinet, and upholstery shops The
chief material in point of cost is iron, but wood and man}- other materials
are also used e.vtcnsively. The main products in 1 881 included 7 locomo-
tives, 100 cars, 100 truck-wheels for locomotives, 9,550 car-wheels, 2,200 tons
of iron castings, 74.3 tons of bar-iron, 1 16 tons of bra.ss castings, and repairs
on 800 cars. .Among the materials consumed were 3,000 tons of wrought-
iron, 2,000 tons of c.ist-iron, 500 of sheet-steel, 50 of pig-copper, 3,000,000 feet
of lumber, 1,800 tons of coal, and 1,500 cords of wood. The space occupied is
I 30 acres, all of it reclaimed from sloughs connected with the Sacramento and
American rivers, and filled in with earth to the high grade of the cit}'. In
1881 a rolling-mill was erected at a cost of $55,000, and it is expected that
a larger mill for rolling Bessemer steel will soon be built. These are the
main stoichou.scs of the compaiu' for its 3,000 miles of rail and 600 miles of
steamboat route, and the value ot the material in store on January i, 1882,
was $600,000. Among the articles kept in store arc illuminating and lubri-
cating oils; and of these, 230,000 gallons, worth $95,000, were issued in i88i,
the quantity of the lubricating being nearly three times, and its gross value
nearly twice, that of the illuminating oil. Employment is given to 1,200
• men, thus contributing much to the prosperity of the city. Besides these
shops at Sacramento, TlHC CENTRAL Pachtc RaILKOAD COMPANY has
repairing-shops at the ends of v.irious divisions of the roads.
The OrE(;o\ Rahavav and Navic.vtion Co>U'axv has extensive ma-
chine-shops for building ami repairing cars at Portlaiul and The Dalles, and
The Northern Pacific Railroad Company has its shops at Tacoma.
84
i
I Si
i ■
666
MAN UK ACT U RES.
Boiler-making. — The nianufacturc (if marine, locomotive, and stationarv
boilers is included, anioni; otlicr branches, at many of the leading found-
ries and machine-shop.s on the Pacific Coast; and there are, besides, a lew
establishments which confine their operations exclusively to boiler-making
anil repairing, and to the manufacture of sheet-iron. I'rofits in this line of
business, when '-onducted alone, are smaller than in other branches of the
iron trade, and the work of repairing is considered the most lucrative
portion of it. The number of boilers made in San Francisco is estimated
at about 500 a year, and their average value at $1,000 each, or $50^,000 in
the aggregate. Horizontal tube-boilers are more in use than other descrip-
tions. The entire demand of the Pacific Coast, whether for steamship,
factory, mining, or other usi:, is supplied by local manufacturers, with the
e.xception of a few small boilers for stationary engines, which arc occasion-
all)' shipped round tlic Horn, at an expense, including freight, about equal
to what they would cost if made in California. .\ single firm in San l*"ran-
cisci) has occasionall)' not less than 60 or 70 boilers in various stages of
]irogrcss at one time.
Plates for boiler-making arc imported from the Eastern .States, and can
be laid down in San I'rancisco at chea])er rates thantho.se of Englisb man-
ufacture, which have to bear the charge of import duty. Moreover, the
laws (if the United .States forbid that any other than Americiui sheet-iron
shoukl be used in the construction of marine boilers. I'he law also re-
(|uircs tliat those in use on steaii..-.hips shoukl be inspcctetl once a \-ear by
an officer especially ap])oiiited for that piiqjose.
There are I J establishments in .San Francisco where boilers are manufac-
tured, and 3 where boiler-tubes are maile. Among the former are PUKS-
coTT, SoriT & Co. and Tin; Risdun Ikon and Locomotivk Works,
both (if which ha\e alreail)' been mentioned.
Among the other boiler-works of our coast are those of Prktorius,
TRowiiKincK & Co. and J. \'. Hall, in San Francisco; The Portland
Boiler-woiks, in Portland; and iosiiril Si'K.vrr, in Victoria.
Stoves. — The value of stoves and stove-castmgs manufactured on the
Pacific Coast, is estimated at not less than $j;o,ooo, and the value of
imported articles at $i,ocx),CKX) a year. At various times, efforts have
been inatle to establish stove-works in San Francksco, but with limited suc-
cess. In several of the interi(3r towns of California the local foundries have
supplied the home trade to a large extent, but no reliable statistics concern-
ing thi'iii are at hand. One great obstacle in tlie way of establishing stove
factories, is the dilTicull)' in proiluciiig a new style, which will not be an
infringement on some previous patent, and the high price that must be
II?.!
IRON.
667
paid for any new style or pattern which is in popular demand. Not less
than $5,000 is occasionally paiil by lartje Eastern establishments for new
styles, which the purchasers then ])atent for their own protection.
The yreat number of stj'les or patterns ahead)' patented rentiers the inven-
tion or construction of a new stove inuch more difficult than is generally
supposed, and the liabilit}' to infriiiLjement of pre\ious ])atents renders the
business of manufacturing somewhat hazardous. In manufacturing accord-
ing to Eastern patterns, protected by patent, the ro)-alt)- is usually so large
as to reduce the margin of profit to a very low point; and in consequence
there is little or no inducement to engage in the business of manufacturing.
About $5,ooc worth a year of kitcheri-ranges are made to order in Si.n
Francisco, of special size or measure, and they are almost exclusively inanu-
factured by JoUX G. Ils, who also makes stove-castings and grates for
local hardware houses, using only Scotch pig-iron for his work. About
$7,000 worth of ship-ranges arc annually manufactured by 11. C. Langreiik,
who is the chief manufacturer of this line of goods in San Francisco.
The Alvarado Stove Works, established in 1872, and owned by Georgk
II. Tav & Co., are located in Alvarado, Alameda County. More than
$200,000 has been invested in this enterprise, which promi.ses to become a
success, as their work is equal to the best from the East; and their stoves
are free from .sea-rust, and the corroded or broken parts can be readily
duplicated. They make a specialty of the Imperial Range, which for finish,
convenience, and material, rivals any imported article. The material used
is a mi.xture of Eastern, Scotch, and Oregon iron, a combination producing
a superior quality of iron for stovc-ca.stings. About 30 hands arc employed
in the works, and as their stoves gradually supplant the Eastern-made arti-
cles, which they now biil fair to do, they will employ from 150 to 200 men
regularl}-. They also manufacture all kinds of stoves and heating and
cooking ranges. The Oregon Stove Works, owned by a company, of which
J. LOWENBERG is president, established in 1862, produces, on an average,
12 stoves a day, and finds a ready market for them in Oregon, Wasjiington,
and Idaho. They use 90 per cent, of Oswego and 10 per cent, of Scotch
iron in their casting.;.
Wire-workfi. — The wire manufacturing industry of our coast lias been
much stimulated by the large demand for wire cables to hoist ores, to carry
them down the sides of steep mountains, and to draw street-cars on the cable
ronds. The cable roads and wire ropeways require round cables; the largo
hoisting-works liave flat cables, sometimes 8 inches wide and seven eighths
of an inch tliick. These larger cables, 4,000 feet long, weigh more than 12
668
MAxnACTrKr.s.
tons; ami as the transportation is vcr)- cost!)' on account of their great
buil< ami weight, anil the weaving is done b)- liand, se\cral niinin;^ com-
panies at \'irjj;inia City have imported their wire and made their own cables
near their shafts. The wire rope factoiy of A. S. Hm.I.IDIK is the only
establishment which makes or draws wire, or makes wire rope on our coast.
The raw material for wire is rolled iron or soft steel rod, which is drawn
through a hole in a hard steel plate — the hole beini; smaller than the rod.
'I'his operation is repeated until the wire is small enouyh, e\en till it is as
thin as a line thread. Mr. rL\I,LIUU:'s factor)- has 240 such plates for
wire-drawinij; and of its smallest wires 140 can be laid side by side within
the space of one inch. The wire-drawing machiner\' is working to its
full capacity, and is to be enlarged to meet increasing demands. The
wire factor)' is on one side of Sansonie, between Vidlejo anil Crrcen streets,
and on the opposite side is the wire rope factor)' owned b)' the same gentle-
man. It makes cable ropes anil wires of all sizes demanded here, to the
length of 4,000 feet. The power for the 2 factories is furnished b)' steam-
engines with liSo horse-power.
Tin: C.M.noKMA Wire-works Co.mpanv, of which A. S. Hallidie
is president, has succeeded to a business originall)' established in San Fran-
cisco by Gi;()RGl-; rJi;XMS in 1S54. It makes screens for quartz and (lour
mills, sie\es, riddles, biril-cages, fenders, fire-guards, anil a great multitude
of other articles for use in kitchens, i)arlors, anil industrial establishments.
The ,imounl of wire used annually is goo tons. Wire is manufactured on
a small scale in 3 retail shops in San I'rancisco, and b)- JoilN Hkusii &
"SOV, of Alban)-, Oregon.
Saws. -The factoi)- of TuE rACiEic Saw Maxuiactl'Rim; Co.Mi-A.w,
located at 17 and 19 I'remont Street, San Francisco, is the only establish-
ment of this kind on the coast, and was jjut into operation in 1866 by C.
P. SllEl'irEI.ii, X. W. Si'Ai/LDlNi;, and Jame.s Paitekscv. The capital
was $24,000, whicii was all invested in machinery, tools, and raw material.
Pre\ious to this time, i\Ir. Sl'.MM.IilXi; had in\ented an adjustable and
removable tooth for circular saws, which has rexolulionized the m.inufac-
turing of lumber in all portions of the world, which h.i\e sawmills
su[)plieil with the most efficient machiner)-. .Saus with this invention
attached are made extensivel)' in St. Louis and (,!hieago; and nearly all
circular saws above 40 inches in iliaineter, made on the i'aeific t.'oast, ,ire
iitled with movable and adjustable teeth. About 500 circular s,iws arc sold
amu'.ally in .S.iii i-'rancisco for sawmill use on the coast, the sizes ranging
from 2 to 64 incbe. in iliameti'r, anil thi' cost from ,$1 to $2~. The greatest
di.uueter for eircul;u- saws is 84 inches. Of all the saws manufactured in
JMH,,
'
IRON.
660
San I"rancisc(i three fVuirtlis arc intcinictl for sawinill use, and nineteen
twentieths of the himber manufacturetl upon the Pacific Coast is cut !))• cir-
cular saws. The company are turning nut all the finer grades of hantl and
crosscut saws, and of the latter, 3,600 dozen are manufactured annualK'.
They sell rcadil}'. The import.itions of sucli .saws are also a I.-.vfrc item ;
during 1.S80 there were imported to this coast 2,500 dozen handsaws, and
about 15,000 crosscut saws, [t is generally understood by the more in-
telligent mechanics of the coast, that the saws of all kinds made licre arc
of finer material and better workmanship than those sliii)peil from the
Atlantic States. The business of TuIl PACIFIC S.WV M.\.NUK.\CTUI<ING
COMIWNV ha.-, been a. complete success in c\cr)' detail, and the trade now
extends from .South America t<3 all of the northern territories of the
P.'icific. IuTiplo)'.nent is given to 30 men, whose wages range from .$2 to
$C> per da)-. The annual \-alue(if the product is ,$100,000, anil the raw m.ate-
rial used anni.all}- is \alued at .$24,000. The steel usetl is obtamed mostly
from Pittsbjrg, antl some from Sheffield. Little difference in the ([ualities
of the steel shippetl from these i^laces is observed, the American being in
some resj.ects preferable. Mr. SP.VL'I.HINC. has lately invented a gouge-
tooth anc bit for circular saws, which is intended to supersede e\erything
in the sa\,'-tooth line. It is now being used by se\eral lumber companies,
and pracrical tests show that it requires less [lowcr, cuts smoother, and
needs les- Icerf to clear it. The companj- have orders aheatl of their supjily.
Cutlery. — ()"'■ ccjast has not done much, and for man)' )cars to come
will probabl)' not do much, in the manufacture of cutlery. The high price
of labor as coinpared with that of the raw material, and the hjw cost of
transportation as compared with the market price r)f the finished product,
gi\c great adx'aiUagcs to the manufacturers of Europe and liastern
America. Xotwithstantling these aiKantages, however, a s.' all business
has been done on our slope in making cutlery adapted to special wants.
The first cutler west of the Rocky Mount.iins was Wir.l.l.VM W.VLKl'.R, who
made knives, razors, and scissors at .Salt Lake Cit)^ in 185 i. IIuc;H Mc-
CONNELI,, of .San I'rancisco, in 1852 made butcher knives and bowie
knives, the latter being of excellent temper and mounted with silver, or
even gold, in such m.mner that a knife sold for $100 or more. .San
I'rancisco carving knives, finishetl with care and much elegance of form,
command high prices, and find a sale in Xcw York. The princii)al
cutlers on our coast at jirescnt are Wll.l^ & FlNClC (successors of Mc-
CoXNKIJ.) and Mk IIAKI, PuiCi;, of San I*rancisco. The annual jiroduct
is worth about ,$60,000; the niunber of men cmplo)ed is 50, and their
wages are $3.50 a day.
h'il
W !'.
670
MANUIACTIRKS.
Files. — dur coa-^t consiiincs files to the value (if several hiiiidrod thou-
sand dollars annuall)-, and imports nearly all. We have no factory cnf;a;j;ed
in making files for the trade, but a dozen mechanics are em[)loyed in 4 .San
Francisco shops in recutting files; and some work of the same kind is done
in the shops of TliH Ckntr.m, l'.\ciFir R.mlko.M) Comi'.vnv at Sacra-
mento. A few files and rasps of odd shapes are made out of old material,
but the file-cuttin;^ business of the coast iis a whole is insif^nificant. .Vbout
1S70 there were 3 factories making files for the trade, antl it was supposed
the business was on a secure basis. Till': Cai,ii"ORXI.\ Fili-: Comi'.WV iti
one )'car produced files worth $20,000, but the enterprise became unprofit-
able when the inarkct obtained cheaper supplies by rail from Fastcrn
factories.
Miscellaneous Tools. — The only factories on our coast of miscellaneous
mechanical tools, of classes not heretofore mentioned, arc in San Francisco.
The Caliioknia Tool Works make edged tools, and also dies and
punches for shoemakers, tinners, and printers, and \arious agricultural im-
plements. B.VL'KK Hroiiikrs manufacture tools for .shoemakers and
saddlers; AlSNKR DoniJ'; makes tools for blacksmiths, masons, and miners.
Till" .San Francisco Tooi, Comiwnv devote most of their attention
to the manufacture of heav\' machines anil tools for turning and planing
iron, but produce small tools also. All these establishments, howe\er, ilc-
pcnd to a large extent on orders for their business, and could not compete
with ICastern factories advantageously, if they depended exclusively on pro-
duction fi)r the trade.
The instruments of civil engineers and the tools of machinists are mostly
imported from Fastern States, with a small percentage from Germany
and Fngland ; the last, although generally considered the best, find a
limited sale on account of their high price. The tools used by the large
fountlries and machine-shops are mosti)' import(;d b\' these institutions, anil
it is impossible to get <i trustworthy estimate of the j-eaily consumption on
this coast.
Abner Doble. — Tools for blacksmiths, stone-cutters, and miners have
been manufactured in San l'"rancisco since iSjoby Abmcr DoiiLE. His
factory is situated at 13 I'"remont Street. The shop, in the rear of the
salesroom, is a large, well-arranged room, containing 2 steam-hammers,
forges, and various machiner)-. I''ourteeii men are employed, the mechan-
ics receiving .$4 i)er day and the helpers $2.25 per da)-. Mr. UoiU.i; is
agent fijr TlloM.vs Imrtii & Son, Slieflield, ICnghuul, from whom begets
his steel. About 150 tons of steel is on hand constantl)', and the tools
manufactured annually by him are worth about $24,000. Mr. Doiil.i:, a
m.)
't\
I RUN".
671
iiati\-c r.f Indi.ma, came to California in 1S50, and immcdiatcl)' after liis
aniv;'l, commenced workinf,^ at his trade, to which he has since been faithful.
John Wrkiiit, of San Francisco, is the only manufacturer of picks for
the trade on f)ur coast. Mis annual sales \ary from 1,500 to 2,000 dozens
annually, includincf picks made to his order and under his sujxirvision in
the ICastern States.
Fire-arms. — .As in cutlery, .so in fire-arms, this coast can not compete
with the ICastern States or luigland in manufacturing for the general
market ; and our local production has been limited to the supply of .special
and exceptional wants. A few cannon have been cast, and man)' fme
rifles and shot-guns have been put together here — most of the parts having
been manufactured in the ICast; but this work was either done to order or
the weapons were of patterns which could not be matched among the goods
manufactured elsewhere for the trade.
N. Curry & Brother. — This hou.se \va.s established in San Francisco in
1S52 by Cli.\RLi;s CURRV, who then moved from I'hiladelphia, where he
had been engaged in the same business since 1837. He opened a store on
Commercial .Street, and afterwards moved to the corner of Commercial and
Battery, where he remained till his death in 1863. I'rom the profits of his
business and of judicious investments in real estate, he accumulated a hand-
some fortune which he left to his brothers, X. and JOM\ CrRRV, who
succeeded him and compose the present firm, the former having been con-
nected with the house for some years before. They moved in 1S69 to their
present situation, i 13 .Sansome Street, which they subsequently purchased.
They ha\e a large importing and jobbing business, extending to all points
tributary to .San l'"rancisco, including Mexico and the Sandwich Islands.
The)- are the Pacific Coast agents for the Remingtoii breech-loading rifles,
magazine rifies and shot-guns, for the celebrated Greener shot-guns, manu-
factured in Birmingham, England, and used exl-nsively by sportsmc.i
everywhere, and for Sharp's rilles; and thi\- import argcly of Colt's revolv-
ers and breech-loailing shot-guns, the Parker bn.-cch-loading guns, the
Kennedy rifies, and the cartridges of the Union Metallic Cartridge Com-
pan\-, Bridge|K)rt, Conn. Besides their specialties, the firm deals in such
cheaper goods as the trade demands, carrying in stock everything in the
line of sporting goods, except fishing-tackle. They have a repair shop,
em])lo)ing several workmen, and manufactun' fine guns and rifies to order.
A. J. Plate & Co.-- The firm of A. J. Pl-VTli & Co. dates from May,
1850, when its founder, Mr. A. J. Plate, commenced business in a little
\y -I
6y2
MANUFACTUUnS.
■I
outdoor stand on long wharf (now Commercial Street), with a small stock
of ammunition and sccond-hantl pistols. He was a native of Westphalia,
and lia\'inL; received an ordinary business (xlucation, came to America in
iS^o. With 2 brothers he cngai^ed in the manufacture of furniture,
building up a flourishing business. Having, howe\er. been visited by 3
disastrous fires in the space of 3 j'ears, the last of which swejjt away all
his property, he was prepared to fall an eas)- victim to the great Californian
fever of 1849. Leaving his wife and infant son in New York, he arrived in
San Francisco in the fall of that )car. After a few months in the inines,
where he met with moderatcl)' good fortune, he came to San Francisco, and
commenced business. In 1851 he opened a small store on Lcide.sdoriT
Street, and added a repair shop to his business. In 1855 he remo\cd to
Commercial Street, and began the importing anil jobbing of fire-arms and
ammunition, in which his business continued to increase until, in 1S66, he
was able to purchase and occupj' the old Knickerbocker fire-engine build-
ing, at 510 Sacramento Street, which he occupied until his death, in 1878.
Mr. Pl..\Ti': left a large property to his famil)', his 2 sons, II. A. and A. I".
I'L.vri:, succeeding to his business, in which the former had been a partner
since 1871. Mr. rL.\TK was among the first to import arms from Furope
direct to the Pacific Coast, and he built up a prosperous trade with our
entire slope, from Mexico northward. The firm have al.so had some export
trade to the Pacific islands, witli occasional shipments to China and Japan.
Some years before ]\Ir. Pl.v Tl'.'s death, the firm had reached a position
aniontf the largest deal
in fire-arms west of St. Louis. In 18O5 Mr.
Pl.VTI'; added to his business a department of regalia and militar)- gonds
(mentioned in the chapter including that subject), which was carried on at
325 Montgomciy Street. In 1880 the firm moved to their present quarters,
Nos. 418 and 420 Market .Street, where for both dcp.utments of tiieir busi-
ness, they occup)' 3 stories and basement. Besides manufacturing fine
rilles antl guns to order, the}- do a general jobbing and repairing business,
and employ a number of hand.s in their shops, at wages ranging from $5 to
$25 a week.
Among the houses in this line of business on our coast ma)- bo men-
tioned LiODM-; & Kakdinc, Ci,.\iiK<UGi[ & GoixiiKK, and C. 1). Laud.
of San Francisco; and II. T. HUDSON and Wm. HlXK & So.\, of Portland.
Safes. — The only manufacturer of safes on our coast is JoN.\TII.\N
Km Ki.Dc.i:, who makes from 20 to 30 aimually, and depends mainly for
his jjatronage on banks and wealthy houses, which want large safes of
patterns or sizes not made for the trade. The ordinary safes, from ICastcrn
factories, can be sold here much cheaper than those made in San Francisco.
IKON.
(>n
Not only arc waives lower there, but the larger market enables the manu-
facturers to make a j^^reat number of one size and pattern, and they can cm-
plu)- more machinery, and relatively less highly skilled labor than in a shop
where only a few costly safes are made, each different in size and pattern
from the others. There is no probability of much increase in the manu-
facture of safes on our coast in the near future.
Looks.— No locks are made for the trade on this coast, but there are a
dozen locksmiths who make them to order; and some of the work done is
of very fine quality. JOX.VTII.XN KlTTKI'UGE, of San Francisco, inakcs
safe-locks. After the construction of the Taiace Motkl was commenced,
A. M. Ad.VM.S, a skillful locksmith, propo.scd to \V. C. R.M.STON to estab-
lish a lock factory, and supply the Palace with locks of Pacific manufacture.
R.\l,srON gave the help required, and the factory was established. TllK
Central P.\cutc Railroad, The Kimbali. Carri.u;k Comp.vxv, and
the Xapa Insane Asylum patronized it; but the general public purchased
chcai)er locks brought from the liast, and the lock factory of A. M. ADAMS
& Co., pro\ing unprofitable, was closed.
Pacific Chain-works. —The only chain factory on our coast, established
in 1874, is kn(jwn as the Pacific Chain-works, at the corner of Iowa and Yuba
streets, on the Potrero, in South San I'rancisco. The proprietor, James !•:.
Gordon, owns the land and buildings; the iron rods used in his work
are made specially for him at the Pacific Rolling-mill, in which he has been
a .stockhokler from the start; anil his manufactured products arc sold
through the agency of THE Gordon Hardware Company at _'50 and
252 Market Street, which succeeded the mercantile business established by
him about the same time, and noticed in another part of this work. lie makes
crane, cable, dredging, sugar-mill, mine, railwa>--car, ship, bridge, log, raft,
coil, back, trace, pole, lock, and stay chains, plain or twisted; but his enter-
prise depends largely for success f)n order work for chains of special sizes
anil sujjcrior quality, for which he has been awarded several bronze and
silver medals at the exhibitions of the San Franci.sco Mechanics' Institute.
Those who are content with the common styles and cheap qualities of
chain .sent to our coast by Eastern factiiries, some of them made in the
public prison.s, are not likely to patronize the more carefully selected mate-
rial and the more costly labor of the Pacific Chain-works. Mr. Gordon
cmjiloys from St" 15 men in chain-making, according to the briskness of
the season.
Springs.— Though mattress springs and wire mattresses are made of iron
wire, their jjroduction on this coast is, to a large extent, in establishments
8s
6-4
MANUl ACrURICS.
Mti
engaged in the sale of bedding or furniture, and therefore mention has
been made of them in the cliaptcr on textile fabrics and wool.
The wagon and carriage springs sold annually on our coast are worth $200,-
000, and wc manufacture a little more tlian one seventh of the supply, the re-
mainder coming from the Atlantic Slope. The labor is a large part of the
co.it of springs, and .so long as workers in iron get from 10 to 25 per cent, more
licre in wages than on the other side of the continent, it is not likely that
the importation of steel springs can be much reduced. The Eastern springs
are sold for 16 cents and the Californian ft)r 20 cents a pound; and the local
manufacture depends to a considerable extent on articles different from
those imported, as prepared for the general market. The only wagon
spring factory west of the Rocky Mountains is that of The Betts
Sl'RlNG Company in San Francisco, located at No. 218 Fremont Street,
with a frontage of 70 feet and a depth of 138 feet, where all kinds of steel
siblings, from the locomotive to the baby-carriage, are manufactured. The
factory was started in 1868 by WILLIAM M. Betts, the head of the estab-
lishment, and a practical mechanic. Eighteen men are employed at wages
averaging $2.75 per day. They import their steel from the Eastern .States,
and occasionally from Europe; and about 80 tons were worked up last
)car. A heavy item of expense, which puts this company at a disadvan-
tage compared with Eastern factories, is the price of anthracite coal, which
is imported from Pennsylvania at a cost of $13 per ton. However, the
business is prospering and gradually extending, small shipments having
been made to China, Japan, and Mexico.
Agricultural Implements.— The agricultural implements purchased
annually on our coast are worth about $5,000,000, of which amount Cali-
fornia takes probably five .sevenths, and Oregon and Washington a fifth.
Four sevenths of the supply may be manufactured here, and the remainder
brought from the Atlantic Slope. California purchases annually about
1,000 headers, worth each $350; 350 threshcr.s, worth from $500 to $1,200;
1,500 gang-plows (the largest with 8 plows), worth from $75 to $150;
13,500 single plows, worth from $5 to $25 ; 5,000 harrows, worth from $10
to $50; 5,000 cultivators, worth from $10 to $100; and 3,000 reapers, worth
from $200 to $300. Among the articles of this class made annually on our
coast are 100 headers, 1,000 gang-plow.s, 3,000 single-plows, 50 hay-presses,
and all the harrows and cultivators used here. The horse-rakes, spreaders,
seed-sowers, derricks, harrows, cultivators, and self-feeders, for threshing-
machines, arc bulky in proportion to weight, and are generally made here.
Many of these machines can be made more cheaply in the East than
here. The labor, which is a large item, is from 20 to 25 per cent, cheapei
IRON.
675
there. A factory thoro usually makes only 2 or 3 kiiuls of implements,
but produces them in great numbers; while here it undertakes to manufac-
ture 20 different articles — but a small number of each. All the supplies
needed can be obtained there in great variet)' and abundance. Castings of
common, or malleable iron, may often be bought from foundries which pro-
duce them as specialties. Favorable contracts can be made for the use of
the patents needed in many of the implements. The oak and hickory in-
dispensable in the wood-work, arc necessarily che.ipcr there than here. The
])rice of every material and of every class of labor em])loyetl in the factor)-
is dearer here; and, as a con.sequence, the implement produced in San
I'rancisco always commands a higher price than one made in .St. Louis or
Chicago.
The freight from the Atlantic Slope has a large influence on the price of
our agricultural implements. The charge b_\- rail is $50 .'i ton by the car-
load; on sailing-vessels it is $10, but the voyage is long and uncertain, and
the in.surancc and packing cost more than by rail; and besides. New York
is not the place where the.se articles are manufactured e.vtensively. About
one half of the agricultural implements jjrought to our coast from the liast,
come by way of Cape Horn. Most of the implements made here are of pat-
terns not much used on the Atlantic .Slope, or our mechanics have acquired
a si)ecial skill in their proiluction, or the freight makes up a large part of
their cost. The railroad charges for bringing a hay-press weighing a ton
and a half across the continent are $75, or 16 per cent, of $450, its sale
price. The construction is comparatively simple, and, instead of taking the
high-priced oak for the wood-work, the cheaper red fir may be substituted,
and it is strong enough. A threshing-engine weighs 4 tons; a threshing-
machine from I'/i to 2'/i tons; a header from Ij4 to l^ tons; a reaper
half a ton or more; a gang-plow of average size 600 pounds; a cultivator
from 75 to 750 pounds; a harrow from 75 to 300 pounds; a single-plow
from 40 to 100 poimds.
About 500 men arc regularly employed in the factories of agricultural
implements on our coast. The leading establishments are The Hknicia
Agricultural Works, at l?enicia, to be mentioned hereafter; Jackson
& Truman, M. W. Rice, and K. Soulk, in San JMancisco; and Matte-
.SON & WiLLiAM.sox, G. LlssENDE.v, Joiix Caine, and H. C. Shaw, in
Stockton; THE CiHCO I'LOW Works, at Chico; H. D. N.vsH & Co., at
Sacramento; J. Rnrkuit, who n.akcs straw-burning engines, at San Jose;
and J. L. IIE.VLI), in the same specialty, near Port Costa.
The Jud.son Horse-nail Company, of which ICohert Jidson is
president, contracts with the State of California for the manufacture, in the
67G
MAM FA( TLUKS.
San (JuciUiti prison, of Victor Mowing-Machines, pulleys, hangers, coup-
lings, collars, hardware, and horse-nails, employinj^ 60 hands. Several of
the articles turned out, includiiij^ the mower and the pulle>s, arc the first of
their respective kinds e\er made on the coast. The work furnishes em-
ployment to 60 convicts. With the exception of the horse-nails, which are
made of the best Norway iron, the raw materials consumed are products cjf
our slope.
Benicia Agricultural Works.— I'm; Hkmcia AoKicui/iURAi. Wokks
is the name of an incorporated company, which has one of the lar^^est fac-
tories for .is^ricultural implements in the United .States, occupyinj^ 15 acres,
inchRlin_Lr the jjroperty lon^ held h)- the I'acific Mail Steamship Company
at Henicia, with a wharf O5 feet wiile and 600 loni^. Althoujjh the incor-
jKiration and the establishment at IVnicia are recent, the company are in
one sen.se old, for they [ws.sess the knowletl^e, experience, skill, anil credit
of their i^rcdeccssor, TllK S\vi:i-;i'.staui; Fi.ow Comi-a.nv, established and
maintaineil b)- ]5.\Ki;u & llAMILIDX at .San I.eandro for many jears.
That company had spent many j'ears in studying the wants of the Pacific
market, and h.id found that on account of high wages, the dryness of the
snnnners, the distance of man\' farms from repairing-shops, anil the serious
loss in case of breakage, the farmers of California ilemanded \ery superior
implements; and it was in the manufacture of these that H.VKKK & ll.\.M-
II, ION laid the scjiid foundation of the Ik'nicia Agricultunil Works. I'he
corporation has a capital of .$500,000, most of the stock being contributed
b} j?.vki;K iS: II A.MiliON, anil employs 200 men, all whites, at wages rang-
iiv; from $1 to $5 ])er da,\'. They have a sawmill at .Seattle, where thcj-
manufacture much of the hard wood suitable for their ])urpose, obtainable
in Washington, and the leniaindcr of their hard wood they bring from the
Mississipjji \'allcy. Most of their iron comes from Clipper Gap, California,
and Oswego, Oregon, a little Scotch being mi.xed in, to get the best combi-
nation of toughness and harilness. They make Hill's Improved Headers,
the I'.ureka (iang-plows, .Sweeiistake Gang-plows fnew model), I'.ureka
Gangs, I'ayne's .Single .Sulky Flows, Beauregard's Cnannel Iron Harrow,
wooil harrows, Caho<in anil Gem scedsowers, Gillis' Horse Powers, road-
scrapers, iron-gear spring wagons, scedsowers, cultivators, and other im|)le-
mcnts. !■'. A. IIll.l, is the superintendent of their works.
Jackson Sl Truman. — Among the interesting industrial establishments
of the Pacific .Slope, the agricultural works of JACKSO.V & TkU.MAN, at
()2^ Si.Nth .Street, .San l'"rancisco, deserves special mention. It owes its
foundation and success mainl>' to the inventive genius of the senior partner,
IRON.
('77
who, finiliiiL; lliat tlic threshing' in.ichini i> used lo or i 5 years a^o \v;is not
fully adapted to the wants of California, set his wits to work and made in-
vention aftci' in\ention, until the expense of separatinfj grain from straw
and cliaff had been reduced about 50 per cent. .Mo<t of the impn\e-
inents orij^inatcd w ith liim, others were made necessary by his inventions.
First on the list was the self feeder and elevator, which sa\ed the labor of
•S men on e\ery large thrcsiier. The ok! system of hand-feiiliii;^ ix-quired
16 men to pass the grain from the stack to the threshing-machine, and ga.'C
them opportunities to shirk, so that either the siippl)- to the machine was
in'-i.ilicient uul irregular, or the labor was e.vtremel)- hard on the willing
hands, h'or that rca.son. and because of the ;.^neat iieat in the threshing
season, it was difficuh to get good men for such work. Tiie .self-feeiler
enables 8 men to do the feeding, and imposes a regular task on each, so
that there is no chance to shirk. He who < n not or will not do his share
is rejected. Hesides, on account of the gu.iter regularity in the feed, the
ordinary working capacitj' has increased 25 per ( <^nt. The number of
steam threshing-machines on our coast is variously estimated from 1,500
to 3,000, and is probably tint less thati 2,000. The aM ra; lengtli of the
threshing s(msoi> is 70 liays, and multiplying that number b)- 2,000 and 8,
we have a total saving of 1,120,000 day's work, fir at $2 a tla)-, more th.m
$2,000,000.
To prepare his grain for the feeder and elevator, and secure the regular-
ity of the supply, Mr j \i K.sox invented an improved distributing s])reader-
distributcr, which last .aves tiie labor of one man. His spreader was intro-
duced only 2 years ago, and now more than half the threshing-machines in
the State have elevators with spreaders attached. Another invention of
Mr. Jackson's is a portable derrick mounted on a common road-wagon,
the derrick being .so made that it can be conveniently lowered to pass
through covered bridges or under trees. With the derrick, J.VCKSox's
light-weight horse-fork is used to carry tiie grain from the stack to the
derrick floor, where it pas.scs to the elevator. J.\CK.SO-\'s fork weighs about
40 pounds, whereas the older forks weighed 70, their weight being a gre.it
objection to their use. The implement is called a horse-fork, but it w ill
soon be a stcain-fork, for JacK-SON & Tkuman ha\e bouglit a patent for a
spool or drum which will be driven from the threshing-engine, thus saving
the labor of 4 horses and one man. Mr. JacK.SON has 1 1 patents in ail in
threshing machinery.
In consequence of the introduction of his inventions, it has become
profitable to use larger engines and threshing-machines, to make the stacks
with more care, to employ more trustwoithy men, and to \YAy higher
wages; for men engaged iti threshing get better pay now than they did iti
:i 1
6;S
M.WllAc TIKKS.
1S70. W'illiin 10 )Ciirs the .ivcraijjc cost of tlircsliinj^ ;i cental of wheat, in
California, his been rciluccd from 20 to 10 cents; a saving of $2,800,000 on
the cro|) of ulie.it harvested b\- California in iS.Si. Ihe ;4reater part of
that saviiifj is the result of HyuoX Jac'KsoN'.s in^'eiuiity.
When he found that he hiid the exclusive rij^ht to manufacture valu;ibic
af(riciillurai machinery, Mr. jACKSdN, in 1872. be^an to manufacture, h.iv-
inj^ his work done by contract in .Sacramento; the next )ear lie established
a factor)- of his own at Woodland ; in kSj.S he nioveil to .San Francisco;
and in iSSi he formed a p.utnership with 1. J. Tui'MAN, who hail been
maua^^cr for Hakkr & Ha.MILIX>N for 18 years. The}- have invested over
$100,000 in their business, em|)loy 65 men, and manufacture vineyard and
iron harrows, hay. hide. hoi), and wool presses, hi^h .and low derricks,
threshing' and stationar)- enijines, horse-forks, ste.im-tlerrick fork-spools,
and self-feeders. Their steam-eni^ines are sui)i)iied with an automatic
governor on the engine-shaft, connected directly to a plain slide-valve,
which is balanced by a very durable and simple device, so that the \alve
will last as long as an)- portion of the engine, anil never leak steam. Thr
entire engine, including the governor and valve, was designed by Mr.
Jackson.
H. W. Rioe. — The engine and boiler works of II. W. Rici:, embracing
the Nos. 52 to 60 Hluxome .Street. ha\e a frontage of 165 feet by 120 feet
deep, anil occupy a neat 2-story buililingwhich is suitablj- divided into a
machine-shoj), boiler-shop, erecting-rooms, paint-rooms, forge-shops, anil
storage-rooms. A large power elevator gives commimication to the upper
floors, where arc pattern-rooms, drafting-room, and wood-shops. ^Ir. RlCli
first established his factory in Haywood in 1873, and mined to San Fran-
cisco in 1876. Hi.s specialty is the straw-burning engine, which he was the
first to make a success, by burning the worthless straw that is wasted in the
har\cst-field.s, making it .supply the fuel for generating steam in field
engines. His first patent, issued January, 1874, and reissued IVIarch, 1875,
has been sust.iined in 2 cases before the United .States Circuit Court, where
the originalitj' and the great value of the inventions were generally recog-
nized. The straw-burning engines arc now in common use in California
and arc rajjiilly being introduced into all the wheat-growing districts of the
Mississippi basin. He h,as now 270 engines in successful use. In 1881 he
built and sold 45 engines, anil in April, 1S82, he was building 30, and had
alread)' contracted for the sale of 20. He also manufactures gang-])lows, saw-
mills, jack-screws, marine and stationarj- boilers, etc. He is comi)leting the
boiler and steam-drum for an engine of 500 horse-power to be u.scd in
.S|'1;kkn's enlarired flour-mill at Stockton.
IKi>N.
Cyjij
Windmillj. — TIr- lack of rain, dining' tlic smninci', rciukrs some arti-
ficial supply of water ncccssarv on many portions of the Pacific Coast,
and the [jievailin;,' breeze, (iurint,' tlie same season, makes the \\i,i(linlll the
cheapest jjouer.
Most of the lar^'e towns in California, aiiil 'especially those situated in
the ai^'ricultural districts, have one or more small factories, wiiicii sup|)ly
the local demand. .Stocktcjn has 4 such estaljlishments, uhile .San I'ran-
cisco has S, some of which manufacture very little. .Stockton is sometimes
called the "Cit)- of Windmills." 'A'ithin a ratlius of a few iuindred yards
of the Yosemite Hotel, at Stockton, one may count more windmills than
arc to be seen, in the .same arc,i, elsewhere in the State. The windmill fans,
in u.sc on the Pacific Coast, varj' from G to 60 feet in diameter of wheel.
Their cost ranjjes from $75 to $2,000, a\-craj.(in^ $200 or $250.
Orcf^on pine and rcdwooil arc the principal materials used for tiie wood-
work. The oblique vanes or fan.s, radiating from the shaft, are made of
redwood, which bein;^ 'is'it. 'I'l'l 'ess liable to injury from rain or sun than
other timber, is well adapted to the purpose. Ore^'on ])ine is preferred for
the arm-braces, on account of its extreme touj^hness. The iron castings
and brass bearings arc, for the most part, obtained at the San Francisco
foundries.
Althoutjh there is abundance of material to be obtained in California, at
a reasonable cost, Kastcrn manufacturers often contrive to .sell their mills at
cheaper rates than those made on the Pacific Coast. The waj^^es of opera-
tives, in all parts of California, are $5 a day, and this his^h rate, which is at
least 20 per cent, above the Eastern price of labor, may prcjbably account
for the matter. The Eastern mill is less carefully made, and the wood is
often not thoroughly .seasoned, a defect which tells very quickly in the dry
climate of California.
Many of our factories liave some peculiar methods of their own in the
process of manufacture, and a large number of patents have been issued
for various inventions. Most of the windmills made of late years are sclf-
regulating, will adapt them.sclvcs to a light or strong breeze, and will
stop revolving in a gale. Man)- improvements have been made since
WlIJ I.\M I. T'i'SiiN erected at Henicia, in 1849, the fir.it mill ever built in
California.
i
i^'%iB
Elevators. — The manufacture and use of house elevators on our coast
are limited, with few exceptions, to .San I'"rancisco, the only city west of the
Rocky Mountains large enough to make a considerable demand for them.
Ail the different kinds of machines commonly in use, from a dumb-waiter
to a hotel passenger elevator, are manufactured. Some very handsome
6.So
MAXriArTT'KKS.
•i\'
jjassuns^cr crtrs, fitted « itii doincLl s!vyli.i;'hts of L^roiinci i^la.ss, vo'itJlatcd hy
means of br>;i/.c wire scrtx-ns, and finished with paneled ,uid inlaitl woo-,!,
have been iikkIc. I'oi- many (jf tlicsc elevators, automatic doiirs are pro-
vided, wliich are lockctl and unlucketl bv the ajjuard or downward motion
of the ears; thus avoicHn^f all danger nf their beiny (ipen exce;)t at thj
nmment when tile ear arri\es. By the use of elevators the objection to
reiitniL; rooms nn the u])|)er lloors of hotels, office buildin^js, etc., is entirely
ol)\ iated ; and the top floor is often more desirable than the lower ones, on
acc<iunt I'f its seclusion and (|uict. I'or sidewalk hoists, usctl in raisintj
hea\y fifn-.ids irom the basement, wire ropes are rapidly tal'ciiiy tin' place of
chains, in the use of chain hoists any sudden jar is apt to break a link,
and w iien thi;- occurs, the life of the operator is endangered, antl the goods
ow t!ie iilatfonii are dainagetl. The wire rof>e. which is elastic and yicld-
jiig, ih now |)retiinTed on account of its greater safety. Hoists, worked b}'
llund power, nan: used where steam aiul hydiauldc power can not be ob-
tamuii. Thty iuie furnishetl with a clutch f )r holding the loail at any
pmmi (i>f its aiecaator descent.
.^eam, elcOBitiiiy, hydraulic power, and hand power are all used for
wcinking- hoisK-auni: elevators. A small one, used at the Baldwin Hotel, for
raiHimg paekas^s irom the office to the different floors, is run by eleetricit)-.
Hysaraaiiiic eks-aBors have the advantage of great simplicity and safety,
GoinbaBBnll xvitii flmocsthmcss in running and lieerlom from smoke, heat, and
iKi>ise. A ijsressiiiKct of 40 pounds to the scjuare inch is usually sufficient, and
can bir ( ilatzLisKjd nm iimosll cswes by turning on the water from the city mains.
VV'heiie this jBre.siHJiBc doefc not cxi.st, or is insufficient, a tank or receiver is
used mTst±i a capucitj- of lsdo to 2,000 gallon.s. .Air is pumped in up to a
pressHire of .So pwunds, atmrii the tank is then half filled with water, by which
means tht: air jjuessare t*. doubled, and. remaining as a constant head on
tim water, furajtilies jwwcmor hoisting purposes. In buildings whore there
is shafting con\'cniently sanaatcd, leather belting is often used for the trans-
mission of power.
The lumber required for tlie making of hoists and elevators comes jjrin-
cipally from I'uget Sound, except that which is used for the cages, which
are commonly made of I'^astern ash. The wire rope, iron, and other mate-
rials used are mainly of home production. Orders are occasionally received
by San I'ranci ;co manut'ailurers from Portlantl, Oregon, and from the
Hawaiian Islands, but their amount is not very considerable. The few
machines imported from abroad consist almost entirely of costly passenger
ele\ators, required for fnst-class hotels, and for a few other buildings. Those
used at the (Irand Hotel, the Nevada J^lock, and at A. B. McCrkkky's
building, on Tine Street, were made in .San I'rancisco. The (1 rand Hotel
IKON.
r.si
elevator lias been in operation tor over 5 years, riiniiin;^ 17 hours, ami
makin;^ about 500 ir;;) \cry ilaj' in the year, in I'aslcrn cities, \\ lure
hotels, factories, ami Inisiness jjuiUlini^s arc ric(|ucnlly 7, S. .uul c\cii
10 stories lii^h, ele\ators are used nuicli more I'xtensivelj' than in San
I'rancisco, where .5 or 4 stories arc the usual limit. The number inadi- in
the latter eit\- does not averat^e more than So to icxj a year, and ihcir \,ili\c
does not exceetl $100,000. The deinand is necessarily limiteil, and tlcpcnds
mainly on tlx:; number of lar^e buililins^s that may be in course of election.
At times the orders received in a single \i..i'!; ■.ill exceed those for sc\er.d
prexious months; then will follow another d, '.' interval, during' which there
is little or no business. A San I'"rancfsc(. ,n has now on hand an order
for 2 passenger, 4 freight, ami 3 sidewalk elevators, all for the use of a
single building now in course of erection. Their cost, when complete, in-
cluding machinery and boilers, will amount to $30,000.
The uncertainty and fluctuation in the dema'nd cause much of the work-
to be let out to contractors, and verj' few mechanics find Sicad)- employ-
ment in this department the )'ear round. In busy times there ma\- be
30 or 40 men engaged, and in dull times not more than a d07.cn. ()nl\-
first-class mechanics arc employed, and their wages are from $3 to $4 ,1
day. Most of the elevators in California, ,uul man>' of those in luistern
cities, arc made under |)atcnts for hydnuilic elevators granted to I'llil.ll'
IIlNKLli, of San Francisco. New \'ork, I'hiladelpliia, Boston, St. Louis,
Cincinnati, Rochester, and Detroit all pay a royaltv to him.
I
George H. Sanborn's Sons. — A consitlerable portion of the book--
binders' and printers' machinery used on this coast comes from the estab-
lishment of GiajKiiK H. S.VNUORN's Sox.s, 25 Heekman Street, \ew
York, and 152 and 154 Monroe Street, Chicago. The firm have a large
factory on the Mystic River in Connecticut. The Sanborn machines are
noted for their easy, quick, and smooth running. Their embossing i)ress,
number 10, possesses the requisite size and strength for all regular work in
binderies; number 12, a stronger and more powerful maciiine, is suited for
large surfaces, and ;'or the hardest kinds of boards, sucli as the embossing
of quarto and folio bibles; their double-elephant embossing and compress-
ing machine, number 13, is the most massive and powerful machine ever
introduced, and is used for gilding large surfaces on card-board, or an)- \er)'
thin, solid substance, or for mashing or book-pressing for large books.
Their patent roller-backing machine is largely used in binderies where
edition work is done, and is the only machine of the kind in use. S.W-
liORN's Sons have been established since 1852. First-class medals were
86
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Cj^l
M AMI ACTIKICS.
awarded to them at the London and I'aris exhibitions, at the Centennial
I'xliihitiuii in I'iiiladcl[>hia, and at oilier jjlaces in different parts of the
world, where their machines luivc been exliibiteil.
Kolling-mills.— Our slope has 2 . illincj-mills; one at San I'rancisco be-
l.)n},n'n;^r to liiK r.\( iin R()|.i.i\(;-mii,l Company, with a present capacity
of 30,000 tons a }ear. and another at Sacramento connected with the rail-
roatl shops — the latter de])endin_i:; for its raw m.itcrial on old rails and scrap-
iron. Till:". rAClKiC Koi.i,lNi;-Mii.i. COMI'WV was ori^anizcd May 10, 1866,
the orii,nnal corporators bcinj,' WM. Ai.xoRD, John Bknslky, D. O. Mll.LS,
B. r. liUlNKK, and A. Mavwaku. They complied with the conditions of an
act of the let;islature, passed in April of the same year, granting a tract of
submerged land in front of Potrcro Point, the conditions being that they
should pay the price to be fixed by the Tide Land Commissioners, at not
more than $300 an acre for the land, and should also erect a rolling-mill.
This tract, with some upland pre\ iously purchased, gave sufficient ground
for their works, tlie construction of wliich was commenced without delay.
In Jul)-, 1.S68, the buildings, whar\es, and machinery were all complete, and
in that month the first bar of iron was rolled. The capacity was then 3,000
tons a )ear.
The works are divided into several dei^artments, each having its special line
of production. In the first are made bar, rod, and angle iron, Lbeams, and
'1" ami channel iron. Iron ami -'eel rails are rolled in the second. In the
third are tlie puddle-mill and fmiiaces for converting jiig and cast-iron into
wrought-iron. The fourth de[)artment conl.iins furnaces and steam-ham-
mers for locomoti\e, marine, and engine forgings of all kinds. The fifth is
the smith-shop, for the manufacture of irons required in britlge, ship, and
car work. The sixth is the factory for holts, nuts, railroad and ship spikes,
track-nails, washers, etc. In the se\enth, all kinds of coil-chains arc man-
ufactured. Besides these separate departments for the jiroiluction of iron-
work, there ar ; a repair-shop, a l)ox-factor_\-, and a pattern-shop.
The machiner)- of the rolling-mill is driven by Oengines, .'xertiiig 650 horse-
power and driving 5 separate trains of rolls. I'jghteen reverbator)- furnaces
are in use, capable of heating 130 tons of iron in a day. The heat gener-
;ited !)}• the furnaces is utilized, not only for the m.anipulation of the iron,
but also for furnishing steam 40 boilers being heated by this means. A
\ ast sa\ ing in fuel is thus effecteil. Two sleam-hannneis, with a crushing
power of 150 and J40 tons, res])ectively, are used for making large wrought
shafts. There are also 3 steam-hammers of gieat poxver in the blacksmith-
sho|). There are 6 machines for cutting railroad spikes from the hot iron, and
each spike machine can make 75 spikes per mimite; and 7,500 bolts can be
F
m
m '1
IKO\.
r>S;!
made in a d;iv. I'ivo machines, fed with hot iron bars, turn out fmisjieil
.square and hexaijiin nuts. .Vn immense plain disi< saw, which makes ;,,cxx)
revolutions per minute, is used for euttini; cold iron of an_\- tiiicj^iicss, such
as beams, bars, pillars for building's, etc., at any required lentjth. A lari^e
quantity of new machinery, ordcreil from the I'.ast. will soon increase tiie
capacit)' of the mills ami introduce the latest impro\cments. Scra|)-iron
is received from all soiuces. in addition to the local suppl)', many coun-
tries that have commerci.il relations with .San i'"r,incisco, contribute their
quota. Bituminous coal, from Australia, to the extent of about i 5,000 tons
a j'ear, is consinned at the Pacific RollinL,r-mills. (las furnaces have recently
been erected for the manufacture of coal-ijas, to be used instead of coal;
and it is claimed that they effect a savinc; of 2^ per cent, in fuel, and of 50
per cent, in the waste of iron. Tiie mill runs day and nijj;ht. i'rom 4,50
to 450 men are employed usually in the tlifferent shifts. The rates of
wayes are 25 per cent, higher than those prevailing in the I'.astt'rn States.
Common laborers recei\e from .$1.75 to $2 per da\' ; piiddlers, rollers, and
mill-men are paid by the ton, and make about $4 per day; and those in
charge of a gang of men receive $<S per ilay.
The officers of the Pacific Rolling-mill Compaii)' are Wm. .Vln'oKD,
President, L. H. Ukxchlkv, General Manager, P.MKRK NoiU.K, Sui)erin-
tcndent, and Cll.VRl.lCS M. Kekni:v, Secretai)-. (Jf Mr. ALVORr), .some
account has been gi\-en in the chapter on Ranking. Mr. Bexc'HLEV came
to Cal.fornia in i85oand has been in the iron business since 1852. He
was one of the originators of the Pacific Oil and Lead-works.
lil*
. I'l
i
t v'
Rolling-mill Products —When the Pacific Rolling-mills began work,
the)' made onl\' bar-iron, but soon afterwartls undertook the maiuifaclure
of railroad-iron. Later they erected puddling-furnaces, which enabled
them to make use of pig-iron. The_\' tlo not make sheet-iron, as the limited
demand for it would not justity the oulla\' for tiie necessary machinery,
which is \er)' expensive. At present the}' manufacture railroad-iron of all
sizes and shapes: wrought-iron shafts, for mills ,ind steamships; Lbeams
and girders, for house-building and bridges; rod-iron of all sizes, from a
(piarter of an inch to 6 inches in diameter, both round and sijuare; and
strap and Hat iron up to '.2 inches widi. The}- also make chains of
various sizes, and all kinds of screw.s, bolts, and nuts. The manufactme
of tiiese articles amounts to 7,000 tons a year, exclusive of railroad-
iron. Iron bridges are made, of many sizes and patterns. Among
those lecently manufacture] arc one of 260 feet span for Oregon, _' of
160 feet each for the same .Stale, and one of uSo feet for Oroville, L'ali-
'(
M
M i-
684
MAMIAC TURI.S.
foinia. Shafts for steamships arc made in all sizes, a 90-foot shaft, in 4
len;4ths with couplings, liavini; been made recciith' for the steamship JA'.iv'fC.
iron lails for street-car lines in San I'rancisco, and for several interior rail-
roatl lines, have for years past been made at the i'acific Rollin;.;-mills, but
steel rails were not produced till May, 1S81, when the first experiment was
made, and with such success that they will hereafter be manufactured as a
part of the regular business of the factory. The demand for these articles
is \er)' large, and has so far been supplied eiitirely from abroad. The fish-
plates, bolts, spikes, etc., were mainly produced at the mills; over 30,000
bo.xes of spikes, each hex containini,' 100 pounds, having been made for
a single company in one year. All tiie boxes and wood-work used at the
mills are made on the premises in a separate building, which includes a
carpenter-shop and pattern-loft.
I .ua.-i»a>i. .afcmigiaty^.-''
'i
OTIllCR MlCIAl-S.
685
■Hi
CHAPTER XXXV.— OTHER METALS.
Various Metals. — The prcviou.s chapter treats of manufactures in whiclt
iron is the chief material; .and now \vc come to those articles in which a
similar place is occupied by other metals. These make up a comprehen-
sive class, and include jewelry, silverware, f^old-leaf, gilt, plated, galvanized,
and japanned ware, refined lead, lead sheet and pipe, shot, tinware, copper-
ware, and so forth. The gross annual production of our coast in these
articles has in some years amounted to $ 1 4,ooo,ocxj, a large part of that
amount consisting of the gold, silver, and lead obtained by refining base
bullion, the yield of which varies greatly from year to year. Leaving that
out of consideration, the production amounts to $4,000,000, and gives em-
ployment to 1,500 persons.
Brass Foundries. — In the manufacture of bras.4 and bronze the foundries
of our coast have made great |jrogress, and have reached a state of develop-
ment which will comiiarc favorably with like work done in the older States
and Europe. For example, in one establishment alone may be found the
following metals, all of home manufacture and of first quality: the golden-
yellow brass, called prince's metal, 2 parts copper and one part zinc; bronze
for gun-making, machinery castings, and statues, 96 to 108 parts copper
and II parts tin; and bell-bronze, 36 parts copper and 11 tin; also bell-
bronze with extra zinc to produce greater shrillness of tone, and other
kinds with silver or lead added to soften the tone; likewi.sc a brass .some-
what ductile and malleable, produced by combining less than 10 ounces of
zinc with 16 ounces of copper, or made crystalline, hard, and brri'lc by ad-
ditional zinc. As in other parts of the world, old brass is used by melting
and recasting. Antimony and bismuth arc also used. The mixing of the
different metals is done in furnaces, and the alloy is cast in the same man-
ner as iron. The princii)al foundries of the coast are located in San Fran-
cisco. The copper used in our fouiulrics is partly old scr.ip-copper, worth
18 to 20 cents per pound, and i)artly from Lake Superior, worth here 32
cents per pound; zinc, irioslly from Missouri, costs 4 cents per pound here;
block-tin, from Australia, worth iS cents per pound, l;indcd in .San Fran-
cisco, but formerly from Hanka Straits SettlcmcTits, ;i superior acticle, and
higher priced; lead, 5 cents; and aniimon) 16 cents per pound. ( )ld liiass
t U
> 1 1
I
: I
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086
MANUKAl URI-.S.
is worth from lo to 14 cents per ])oiiml. The ])rice of brass castintfs i)cr
pound al the present lime is ^55 cents for j^ood niachiiier)- wor!^, 2S cents for
second-class ditto; for ship-worj.; 25 cents, and for fnii^hers' work, from 60
cents to $1 ; a\era,L;e [jrice on all work done, about 40 cents. It is esti-
mated tliat .v50o jiounds of brass castings are made iiaii\- on the coast, 500
])ounds, or one sexenlh, beini,' done in (^re^^on; annual product for the
coast, 560 tons, worth $441,000. Materials used, in tons, copper 341, tin
1 15, zinc 71, lead 25, antimony 8. Bells are worth from 40 to 50 cents per
pound, according to size and composition. Steel bells arc worth 25 to 30
cents per pound, and arc mostly imported. Some brass-work is still im-
ported, but it is mainly articles known as finishers' work. Wages com-
pare with the East as follows: moldcrs, here, $3 to $3.50, there, $1.50 to
$2; machinists, here, $2.50 to $3.50, there, $1.50 to $2.50; blacksmiths,
here, $3 to $4, there, $2 to $2.50; laborers, here, $2, there, $1 ; boys, here,
first year, $3 per week, there, nothinij; here, second year, $4, there, $3.
Hours of labor, 10 in summer and 9 in winter. Hands are generally cm-
jiloj-cd throughout the year, except the laborers, who are taken on and
sent off as the business ma)' recjuirc. The articles usuall)' manufactured in
our foundries are pumps, bells, gongs, water-gates, gas-gates, fire, dock, and
garden hydrants, gas-valves, steam-gauges, and whi.stles, and man)- other
articles. The crucibles in use here arc ncarl)- all imported, worth about
$20,000 fcjr a year's supply; and as an abundance of jjlumbago is found in
Columbia, Tuolumne Count)', California, and in Mexico, it is suggested
that it would pay to establish a manufactory on the coast. In 1880 there
were in San Francisco 8 foundries, employing from I So to 200 hand.s, and
producing $190,000 worth of goods.
The leading brass foundries of the coast are those of W. T. G.VRR.VTT,
\Vi;i:i) & KiNGWhLL, GRi:;i:MiKR(; & Co., and Olssex & 13Kx\.\i:r in San
Francisco, and JOSEPH Sl'Ii.\'l r in Victoria.
Garratt'a Brass Foundry. — The brass and bell foundr)-, and machine
anil Indraulic works of W. T. CiARR.M'l', had their beginning in San I'ran-
cisco in 1850, and now occupy the premises on the corner of Xatoma and
I'Vemont streets, the foundr)' being in the rear. I'or)'ears this was the only
house where brass-founding was done with similar mechanical labor on
our coast. The business took a definite shape in 1853, and has con-
tinued to increase until now these works are among the most important
of the kinil in the United States for the variet)' of their products. The
articles made b)- them include bells, hydrants, \alves, faucets, and mis-
cellaneous castings, from the smallest lo the largest size, in brass, Babbitt
metal, and other allov's. In iron, and general machine business, the)'
ul III.U Ml I. M.S.
6S;
m.'.kc- ^Kilx-\al\cs, .saftj-valvos, riri-lijdraiUs, water ami j,'as gates, and
cast-iron littin;4s for large pipes. TIk-)' also iarr\- a large stock" of iron-
pipe, and nial!eal)le iron fittings, governors, hand port.ible-hlmv ers, hlast-
blouers for smithies antl foinulries, and steam-traps. One nf their spec-
ialties is Ci.VRU.vn's jackhead, or miner's sinking-jniinp; its lightness,
durabilit)', and the ease with which the \alves can be replaced, ni.ike
it one of the best pumps in use for sinking. Muddy and gritl\' waters tlo
not obstruct its action. .Mr. ("i.\Ki<.\ rr manufactures the 1 lnokin' steam
pump, a Californian in\ention wliich has received the gold medal of the
Mechanics' Institute, and has come out successful whene\er it has been in
competition. It is specially valuable for mining and irrigation, and boiler
feed, and is the best stcam-pumji for general use on our coast. Mr. Ci.\]<-
KXy\' has the exclusive right to manufacture it west of the Rock\- Mount-
ains. The largest and best bells on the coast were cast in these works. It
is saiti that a greater \aricty of work is done here than in an_\' other estab-
lishment in the Unitetl States. y\lmost e\erything needed in connection
with ])ipes for the conxeyance of water, ^leam, gas, ,ind air is manfactured.
The place is a hi\e of industr)-. Man)' of Mr. (1 AKU.\ i r's best workmen
learned their trade as apprentices in his foundr)' and shops. His products
find a market in /Vustralia, the Hawaiian Islands, China, and Japan, as well
as on our coast.
William T. Garratt is a native of Connecticut. While he was still a
child his father emigrated to the West; and he grew to manhood in Cin-
cinnati. When ^o years of age he started for California antl arrixed in the
spring of 1850. For a short time he worked in the gold mines at Big
Deer Creek, now known as Nevada City; he then came to San Francisco,
and entering the foundry of G. W. .SlIULTZ, was admitted into partnership
in September, I1S50, after a month's trial. On the dissolution of the firm.
Mr. SllULTZ retiring in 1851, Mr. GaRUATT continued the busines.s.
In the conflagration of that j-ear his buildings were burned to the grountl.
He again opened business on Halleck Street, and was a second time
burned out. In 1866 he started once more near the corner of M.irket and
First streets, and after a prosperous career of 4 years his foundr)' was de-
stroyed by fire for the third time, caused by the burning of the Mechanics'
Mill. His loss on this occasion was very hc.iv}'. Nothing daimted, he
shortly afterwards commenced tf) build up the establishment which he now
occu[)ics. Mr. GaRR.VI'T has, ;it times, held large interests in mines, rail-
roads, and steamboats; anil several steamers now running in the Ha)' of
San I'"r;incisco .ire named after members of his famil)-. I'"or more than 20
)ears he has been an active member oi' the Odd l'"ellows' and Masonic
; :li|
I
I i
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b'i
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4
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I
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688
MAMIACTUKKS.
societies, aiul is also picsiilcnt (if Till. TiiKUrn )UI.\I. I'loNlJ.Us. In poli-
tics he is a Republican, ami heluccii 1870 and 1874, icprcscnted the city
aiul C(iiint\- nf San l^'rancisco, as Scnalor in the State Lei^islaturc.
liead-works. — The inanufacluie of lead into the various articles usually
IJidiluced from that metal was begun in San Francisco in [S65, and the
cnterjirise, successful from th'- first, now supplies the entire consumption of
the coast. The ])roilucts of the industr}-, including sheet and bar lead, lead
wire, jiipe, and sash, shot, bullets, sheets antl ])ipe of block-tin (tin ailoj-ed
with a small pro[)ortion of antimony), Habbitt metal, solder, bar-lead, and
bar-tin, amount to about 5,. ,00 tons per annum, valuetl at $825,000. Em-
ployment is furnislu'd to 150 hands, wlio-ie wages a\erage $2.50 jicr day of
10 hours. Of the raw materials consumed, lead and antimony arc ,pro-
iluced here in abundant (|U,intity. Tin, of which about 5 tons are worked
up monthly, comes from I'jigland and Australia; and graphite, used to
gloss shot, etc., is also imported. About 50 tons of lead pipe are shipped
to Hritish Columbia, and small shipments .ire made to .Mexico and the ila-
waiian Islands. The principal establishments are Till'; .Si;l1!\' .SMi;i.TI.\(r
.\M) I.K.M) C'liMi'.wv, I'KKXriss SiJ.BV .superintendent, whose works
comprise a 3-stor\' brick building 70 b)- 80 feet, and a shot-tower 200
feet high, and the I'acific Metal Works, established in 1876 by the jires-
ent pro])rietors, Mom^ow & SlKONi;, who, in addition to the manuf;icture
of ISabbitt metal, solder, bar-lead, and bar-tin, are the onl}' house that pro-
duces fruit-canners' solder, cut in pieces resembling a tlrop, b)- a machine.
Plumbing. —I'iunibing and gas-fitting establishments ha\e sprung up in
every town of n'lportance on our coast, indicating a readiness on the part of
the people to :\\;i\\ themselves of the household and sanitar)' comeniences
of the ilay. .About 200 shops, great and small, are now open, the least
of which tloes something in the w.iv of manufacturing. Capital amount-
ing to $500,000 is in\-ested, and .4.50 hands are employed, including 25
api)rentices. Mechanics' wages average $3 per day of 10 hours, and the
annual business is valued at $1,500,000, including imports from the States
cast of the Rocky Mountains, as follows: chandeliers and fi.xtures, $450,-
000; miscellaneous hardwaie, sheet-iron, tin, zinc, etc., ^ 75,000; plumbers'
bi'ass-work antl gas-pipe, $50,000 each; in all, $725,000. Lead-pij)e is sup-
])lied by home m.inufacture, as is also consitlerable of the brass-work.
I'lxports, principall)- to the Hawaiian Islands and Mexico, amount in \alue
to $10,000. .\s to the location of the sho[)s, se\en eighths of them are in
California — .San I'nuicisco ha\ ing 125; Oregon has 8; L'tah and Xe\ada, 3
each; ;uid Washington and .Arizona, each one. The most extensive plumb-
ing work on the coast i' that iii the I'al.ice Hotel, San I'"iancisco, compris-
■;. ■!
iitiii;k mktai.s.
6S9
in;4, in part, 500 closets, 4,000 basins, and a complicated heatin;^ apparatns,
the whole costiiij^f $350,000. Tilt first jilumbinf,' lione on the coast was hy
J. K. 1'kIiiK, wlio o|)ened a shop in .San I'lancisco in iS,^,, ,uul upon the
introiluction of ^as, addeti ^'as-fittinj^ to his hnsiness. Anion^-- the whole-
sale de.ilers and importers of j;as-fi.\tures are A. I". NA i: & Co., Mc N ai.i.n
& II.WVKINS, D.wiD Ursii, TlioM.vs l).\v, and I). I..\ss\vi:i,i., all of San
I'rancisco.
Tinware. — Tinware, as manufactured on this coast, is of 2 ^^cneral
cla.s.ses: that made in .sections, afterwards joined by soldering', and the
variety termed "pressed," the latter compiisini^ articles stamped from single
sheets. The manufacture of wares from sheet-iron, beinuj carried on in
connection with the tinsmith's business almost exclusivel)", is included in the
total amounts gi\-en. The annual consumption of these goods is \alued at
more than $1,500,000, of which about two ihirils .are the product of our
home works; the remainder being imported from tlie I'lastern States, antl
consisting chielly of pressed ware. There are about 125 establisiimcnts
engaged in this industry exclusive of rejiair-shops; the capital iiu'estcd
amounts to ,$500,000, and employment is given to 550 haiuls, of whom
more tlian one half are white mechanics; 100 are apprentices, and 100 are
Chinese. It is estimated that in addition to those ahead)' mentioned, lOO
Chinese are engaged in small shops of their own, or working for proprie-
tors of their own race in San I'rancisco and some of the larger town.s.
Their products, consisting mostly of the more common articles of tinware,
arc valued at $70,000 per annum, and are sold in the small towns of the
slope. The average wages paid are: to white men, $2.50 per day of lO
hours; to apprentices, from 50 cents to $1.50 per day, according to experi-
ence and ability; and to Chinese, who arc mostly employed on piece-work,
from $1 to $1.50 per day. The tin-plate, of which 750 tons were con-
■sumed in 1881, is imported from Australia, and costs about 23 cents per
pound. Common sheet-iron comes from Pittsburg, Pa., and tlic better
qualities from Sweden and Russia. The importation of tin during 1881
was more than double that of any previous year, the increa.sed demand
coming from fruit and fish canneries. This branch of the business alone
employs I 50 men, one half of v. nom are Chinese. A considerable quantity
of tin-plate is al'so consumed in the manufacture of cans for lard, spices,
and milk. With the excepti(5n of the fish-packers, who make their cans at
their stations, about one half the tinware of the coast is the product of San
Francisco factories; one house in the city turning out o\er 100 dozen of
milk-cans annually, which are sold -it wholes.ile for $[6 per dozen.
The mining of 1849 created a demand for tin and sheet-iron ware, and
1
fiQO
MANTIACTfUKS.
ii
In
piiccs were \ery lii,L;h; a sheet-iron pan for washinfj gold costinfj the miner
iin ounce of j^'old. In 1858 Sacramento, ou-inij to her _L;eoi;raphical posi-
tion, furnislicd the miners witli most of tlieir siijipiies. At that time that
city contained 14 shops, and Marys\ille had 2, the id establishments iMn-
plriying o\er 1 00 hands antl havin^j $2Cxd,ooo iinested in the business.
I lu'ir i^'oods reailily sold at prices 100 jier cent, in advance of the highest
I'.astern rates of the time. .San Francisco did not manufacture the wares
under consideration to an>- extent until 1S60, when the mining rlemand
had begun to gi\e place to that of the ilairymen.
Among the factories of the coast arc those of GkoR{;K II. Tav & Co.,
established in San I'rancisco in 1848, and now the largest on the coast; H.
C. Au.sTiM J. I)i; La M(int.\\va; IIouiRodK, Mi;krili, & Stetson,
antl W. W. .MoNTACiUK ct Co., all of San I'rancisco; Jamks Dai.zkll
and U. Di: La Moxtanva, Oakland; D. WlCl.MAXX, at Sacramento; JoilN
J.u:kso.\' and II(j\vari) Mo(;an, of Stockton; M. W. CiilLt)S, at Los
Angeles; i\Ill,ro\ CamI'IJKI.I,, at San Jose; and Goi.DSMlTlI & LoE\Vi;\-
I!I:r(; and I). Colic & Co., at Portland.
Coppersmithing. — There are 13 establishments of this class on the coast,
9 of which are in San Francisco, and one each in Sacramento, Vallcjo, and
Portland, Oregon. Capital lo the amount of $80,000 is iinested in tlie in-
ilustr)-, and 50 smiths are employed, who are paid wages averaging $3.50
])er day of 10 hours. The value of the copper used annually is $100,000,
it being Lake .Su])erior ore, rolled in New England mills; and the work
done here amounts to $120,000 more, making $220,000 as the total \aluc
of the production. Imports of finished work amount to $25,000, and con-
siderable work is exported to the Hawaiian Islands for use on sugar plan-
tations there. The business includes copper- work for steam-vessels, sugar
refineries, breweries and distilleries, mines, artificial ice and soda water fac-
tories, and for house and miscellaneous work. The first to engage in the
industry was Josi.l'K M.VCKKN, who opened an establishment in .San I'Van-
cisco about 1852. The principal coppersmithing establishments on our
coast are those of Gi:oRGii A. Trii'p, Charles W. Smuii, Jr., San'ders
& Co., \Va(;\kr & Toon, Joiix G. Ils, A. S. lREn\[.E & Co., Little
& LawsoX, Si.meox IMistre, ami P. Perev, of San l'"rancisco, and
William IIi;\L\ in Portland.
Galvanized Iron. — Galvanized iron is iron covered with a metallic coat-
ing lor the purpose of irreventing oxidation. In the ordinary method, the
surface of the iron being thoroughly cleaned b)- friction, with the aid of
diluted aciil, the mass is plunged into a bath cf)mpo.se(.l of melted zinc, to
which small quantities of mercury and soda or potash have been added.
OTIII U MI r\i s.
691
No shcct-i iir iitlur lari^c boilicn of iron arc thus treated (ni this coast, the
local hulustrj- l)ciiiL; CDiiniicil to CDwriiii; small artieUs, ,1-, talis, buckets,
spikes, bolts for shiii-liuildiii^, luiop-iron, and Iron-wire. The iron so
coated annually is valued at abinit $10,000 before tre.itinent, and its value
is increased from 20 to jO per cent, by the process. Tin- ca|)ital invested
in the industr)', which is carried on in coiniecliim with japantiini; and man-
ufacturinj,' small articles, amounts to $50,000, and employment is ^i\en to
20 men and 5 boys; who are paid .an avera^je of $^.50 per <la\- for the
men and $5 |)cr week- for the boys. A day's work is 10 hi>urs, and the
working .season extends throui^hout the year, the market bein^^ slij^ditly
duller durinj^ the winter months than at other times. The work done is
principally for wholesale dealers in San I'rancisco. Larj^e |)ieees, jncludinL;
.sheets, pi]je, etc., are supplied to us chielly by Pittsburg; which cit_\- bein^
a larjre iron center and commancn'n^ a chea]) supplj- of zinc, is enabled to
manufacture on a scale a^'ainst which our coast is unable to compete either
in quantit)' or prite. The jirincipal establishment is that of JoilN I,i:k ik
Co. at San I'rancisco. Thej- employ 15 men and 5 bojs, and tmn out
50 tons of galvanized iron yearly, most of which is manufactured into
various articles on the [jreniises.
Dcpenilin^f upon gah'anized iron for its sup[)lj- of raw material is the
manufacture fif cornices, and other architectural ornaments, roofniLj, etc.
At least 600 tons of coatetl .sheet-iron are consumed in this industry
yearly. Capital amountint,' to $100,000 is invested, and 150 men and boj's
employed, the ■'"oriner receivinf,^ $:;, and the latter $1 per daj' of 10 hoin"s.
The sheet-iron costs from iS cents to 12 cents per pound, accordint,' to qual-
ity, and the finished cornice is sold at from $5 to $12 per foot, dependin<j
upon the architect's design. The busy season is from May to December.
The principal establishments are tho.sc of CoXLix & RonERis and
Joseph F. I-'orderek, in San iMancisco; and IIexter &j\I.\n, at Portland.
Japanning. — Japanning, as done on the coast, consists in applying var-
nish to tinned or ])lain sheet-iron ware, and drying in a heated o\en.
Ordinary articles, as the cheaper kinds of tinware, receive a single coat, but
the better class of goods are treated se\eral times; each coat being
heated, antl when liardened, polished by hand with powder, I'-urthcr orna-
mentation is adiled, in the form of gilding, or ]jainting with bright colors.
The annual production of these wares amounts to about $30,000, anil tht-
imports of Eastern manufacture to as much more.
As the industr\- is su])plementary to and mostl>' carried on in connection
with manufacturing, the adtlitional capital required is small, probabl_\- not
exceeding $10,000. A few men and bo)-s are employed, the former being
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(716)172-4503
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MANUFACTURES.
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jiaid $3 a da)', and the latter earning from $5 to $8 per week. The busi-
ness is ])niicipally in the hands of J NO. Lkk iS: Co., Gi.okck T.W & Co.
(wlio arc referred to, tlie former in the .section on ^ahanizinj^, and the
latter in that on tinware), and R. SllOKT, all of San h'rancisco.
Metallic Signs. — Metallic .signs made of brass or zinc are sold on the
coast to tlie annual value of about $iO,CXX). The letters are stamped into
the sheet of metal, and the spaces thus made are filled with paint, usually
black". The ca]iital invested in the mdustrj- amounts to $15,000, and em-
ployment is gi\en to about 10 men, who are ])aid an a\era^'e of $2.50 per
da\-.
Mathematical Instruments. — Mathematical and nautical instruments
have been manufactured on the coast since 1S49, although the business at
first was small, and liinited almost entirelj- to the rejjair of chronometers
and other nautical instruments. A few years later a demand s|)raiig up for
surveyors' outfits, assay balances, bullicMi scales, and other appliances,
until at present, the annual sales of the class of articles under considera-
tion amount to about $jo,000, and the repairing ti) ."^7,000 more. The jirod-
uct includes surveyors' instruments, as transits, levels, odometerjt — the
latter for measuring distances traveled b)- a wheel ; nautical instruments,
including sextants, compasses, and mercurial barometers ;no aneroids are
made here); a few telescopes, the len.ses for which are ground in the Mast-
em .States, hj'iirometers and otlier gauges, thermometers of the \arious kinds
in common use, drawing instruments, assayers' balances, and bullion scales.
The brass worked up yearly is valued at $2,000; silver, to the value of
$J50, is rolled into thin strips for graduations; and selected wood, to t'-e
\alue of $250, is made into bo.ves, tripods, etc.
As compared with tl\p Eastern States, the works here are very small, not
more than 6 men being employed in the largest, and not more than $50,000
capital iiivested in the aggregate; while a single maker in Troy, New N'ork,
emi)lo)s 200 hands. Prices here arc about 1 5 per cent, higher tlian in the
Atlantic States, but the risk and exjjense of transportation of the more
ilelicate instruments arc so great that consumers prefer to bu)' here.
Indeed, more instruments wcrc^ called for last year tlian were turned out.
A^ to the quality of their work, makers claim it to be as reliable as any
made elsewhere. Lenses for telescopes and microscopes are imported in a
finished state. The manufacture of spe tacle lenses has been begiui at San
I'rancisco, and although the business is .still in its infanc)-, enough has been
done to promise success in the undertaking. The glass comes from I'.ng-
land in .squares a little larger than a finished eye-glass, about one fourth of
;m inch in thickness, and is ground on revolving stones to the re(|uircd
^1
OTIII.R MKTALS.
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shape, atid polished. The principal linusc is that of BertkI.INC S: Watuv.
The first-named member of the firm is the inventor of an optometer— an
instrument by means of which lenses are suited to the c)-e. In addition to
the proprietors themselves, 2 workmen arc employed. Tiic pioneer instru-
ment-maker on the coast is TlIO.MA.s Tl.NNKNT. Other makers arc
William Sciimolz, John Roach, and Carl Rahsskopif, all of San
I'rancisco.
Telegraphic and Eleotrioal Instruments.— TiiK California Elec-
trical Works were incorporated in San I'Vancisco in June, 1877, with a
capital of $600,000. MoNROK Grkenwood is president and PAUL Si:iLi;R
superintendent. The company acquired by purcha.se the business of Till
Electrical Constru:tion and Maintenance Company (of which
Georc.L S. LadI) was the president) and also that of TlIE Calieorma
Electrical Power Comi-ann, and is now the only establishment of the
kind west of the Mi.ssouri River. The works and offices arc located at No.
35 Market Street, San Francisco, and the factory now produces instru-
ments and apparatus to the value of $50,000 or $75,000 a year, furnishin;^
employment at full rates of wages to at least 25 or 30 persons, and, in busy
seasons, to double that number.
Among the articles manufactured arc telegraphic. instruments, batteries,
and supplies, electric light generators and lamps, telephones and magnetic
bells, electric fire-alarms for cities and villages, district telegraph-boxes,
burglar-alarms, electric annunciators for hotels and residences, electric
clocks, submarine cables, and fine brass and model work. The company
also deals largely in wire and telegraph-poles and insulators, and under-
takes contracts for the construction of telegraph and telephone lines, fire-
alarm and electric light .systems, district telegraphs, etc. Connected with
this establishment arc the largest electro-depositing works on the I'acific
Coast, where gold, silver, copper, and nickel plating arc executed. An im-
portant feature of this department is the plating, with silver, of copper
battery plates, for use in gold quartz-mill.s. One ounce of silver is laiil on
each square foot of surface, and the copper plate is thus protected from the
rapid destruction which unplatcd copper surfaces undergo when exposed to
the action of quicksilver in the process of amalgamation.
Clocks, etc. — The only clock factory on our coast is that of HERMANN
Wenzel, who makes pneumatic clocks under his patent for keeping a
number of clock-faces in exact time with one regulating set of clockwork.
The ])osscssion of the patent and residence of the inventor here, counter-
balance the disadvantages of high labor and lack of extensive machinery.
6r)4
MANUl'ACTURES.
?<-'■
A watch and clock manufactory was established at San Francisco in
1874, the machinery and about 70 workmen beint,' brought from Chicajjo
■'\fter a ftw months the works were moved to West Berkeley, and after run-
nintj there a short time the machinery was taken down, and the enterprise
abamloned.
Watch-cases arc made in San Francisco by CROCK & MARCIIANIJ,
Al.KXAXJJER FALCO, P. A. GlANNIXI, F. SMITH, and WOLI r'' & LOZE.
Gilding. — The art of the gilder and plater is a branch of industry
scarcely more than in its infancy on the coast; not that artisans are want-
ing, but rather that the demanil for such wares is fully supplied by outside
mr.iufacture. Gilding is the covering of articles with a thin sheet of gold.
Plating is a similar operation with silver or nickel. Gilding and plating
arc both done with the aid of electricity. The value of the annual pro-
duction is about $70,000, from one third to one half of which is in the
material used. The manufactured articles comprise amalgamating plates,
plumbers' goods, and electric apparatus, the remaining work being mostly
replating old articles.
The business gives employment to 20 men, 2 boys, and 2 girls — the latter
as polishers. The adults are paid an average of $3 per day; the minors
from $5 to ,S per weelc. A day's work is 10 liours, and the season lasts
throughout the year. The industry is not sufficiently extended to admit of
comparison with the large Iv'istern cstablishment.s. Besides gilding and
plating, the metal nickel is used to some extent as a preventive of oxida-
tion and for ornamentation. \ickel-coating is carried on in the same
.shops with gilding and plating, and is a branch of the business. The value
of the work done on the coast annually is about $10,000. The nickel used
is from New Jersey, and weighs ,ibout 400 pounds in the aggregate, one
fourth of which is in the metallic form, the remainder being salt.s. The
nickel on the various articles brought from the Eastern States will prob-
ably increase the consumption to $15,000.
The principal gilding and plating establishments on the coast (all in San
Francisco) are tho.se of TllK Calikornia ELECTRICAL WORK.S, E. G.
Di;nm,st()N, whose chief product is battery plate, and JoilN Mautell,
who plated small articles by hand as early as 1857. There may besides be
a dozen small shops, most of them having no workman save the proprietor.
One man has almost constant employment gilding watch-cases for pawn-
brokers and auction stores. The value of the importations of plated ware
is about $500,000 per annum. This ware is from the Eastern States, which
have not only stopped foreign importations, but are now exporting to every
state in Europe.
=1 V
■^-
OTHER METALS.
Cg$
Gold-beating. — The gold-beater draws out gold into thin sheets by ham-
mering. For this purpose it is necessary, in the first place, that the gold be
freed from any alloy that would render it hard and brittle. It is then
melted with a little borax, and cast into ingots weighing about 2 ounces.
When cold the ingot is hammered out on a steel anvil until its thickness is
not more than one si.xth of an inch, being annealed at intervals to prevent
cracking. It is then passed between powerful polished rollers until a ribbon
is formed, so thin that a square inch will weigh only 6^j grains, Vjcing fre-
quently annealed as before. The ribbon thus formed is cut into pieces one
inch .square, and the squares piled one on another in packages of loo or more,
with a piece of thin calfskin between each square. The pieces of skin are
4 times the size of those of metal, the latter arc placed in the center of the
former, and se'vral layers of skin are put under the bottom of the pile, and
also over its top. The package is then placed on a block of marble held
in a strong wooden frame, and struck with a heavy hammer until the gold
is spread over the skins, when the sheets of metal are removed, each cut
into 4 equal parts and packed again between thinner skins. The second
package is beaten with a lighter hammer until the gold is spread out as
before, when the leaves are again taken out, cut, repacked, and hammered
a third time. Each leaf is now trimmed to a size of from 3 to 3^ inches
square, and placed in a book made of soft paper, chalked to prevent stick-
ing. During the operat'on, the area of an original square has been in-
creased nearly 200 times, and the hammered ingot — 6 of which were
required to make an inch in thickness — has been so thinned that it will
take more than 280,000 leaves to fill the same space. A book contains 25
leaves of gold, and 20 books are called a pack, which latter is sold at from
$6.50 to $8. The entire annual consumption of gold-leaf on the coast is
valued at $106,000, not more than one tenth of which is manufactured here,
the remamder coming from the Eastern States, principally from New
York and Philadelphia. The industry furnishes employment to 8 work-
men, who are paid an average of $2.50 for 10 hours' work. The output is
all consumed at home, none being exported. The first gold-leaf manufac-
tory on the coast was established at San Francisco in 1853, and although
other gold-beaters have opened workshops from tir to time, this factory
has alone survived, and after passing through several hands is now owned
by James Newman.
Jewelry. — The manufacture of jewelry on this coast is principally car-
ried on in San Francisco, where there arc about 14 establishments, great
and small, employing 245 hands and producing to the annual value of
$425,000. The workmen — classified as lapidaries, jewelers, engravers, dia-
ChjG
MAMl-.UTLUKS.
1 5«f
inontl- setters, machinists, and tool-makers — receive from $2 to $6 a day.
The annual importations arc worth about $1,600,000, and of the total sales
($2,000,000; in San I""rancisco, one half is at wholesale. The exports
amount to about $50,000, being chiefly to the Hawaiian Islands, Mexico,
and Central and South America. Gold and siher, obtained from f>ur re-
fineries, or by melting coin or other articles, are consumed to the value of
$400,000. The gold-bearing rock of the coast is much used in the industry,
and the articles made arc ornamental as well as peculiar t(j the slope. The
interior coating of the shell of the abalone, a moUusk found along our
coast, which, when cleaned, becomes highly iridescent, is employed in con-
siderable (juantity; and tortoise-shell is also worked. American jewelry,
generall)', is noted for tastefulncss and lightness of design; and that turned
out on the Pacific Coast compares favorably with the products of the At-
lantic States. The jewelry worn by the miners of 1S49 consisted chiefly
of scarf-pins having nugget heads, and rings hammered and filed from a
solid piece of metal. Among the first to engage in the business here was
the firm of H.xuuKTl' & SllKUVVooD, who exhibited gold-quartz work at
the World's Fair in New York in 1S53.
All the large establishments engaged in the manufacture of jewelry on
our coast arc in San I-Vancisco, and among them are GlCOUGK C. SllKKViv
& Co., The Calii-orni.v Jkwklkv Comi'anv, A. Anuricws, Koeiilmu
& RlTTr.R, and D. \V. Laikd.
Silverware is made by 1 1 hou.ses in San F'rancisco, although most <if
them are working on a small scale. The annual .sales amount in value to
$150,000, of which at least one half is iii.ported. About 40,000 ounces of
silver are worked up here annually, being mostly bars from the Nevada
mines, together with old coin bought of brokers, and old silverware. The
industry furnishes employment to 75 hands, who are paid wages averaging
$3 per day of 10 hours. The largest piece of plate ever made on the coast is
a punch-bowl and .salver, weighing 460 ounces. The demand for silver-
ware does not increase with the growth of the slope, and dealers give as a
reason for the comparative smallness of their sales, the yearly improve-
ment in plated ware, both an regards richness of design and artistic finish.
The heaviest manufacturing house is that of .SciIULZ & Fisciu;i<, .which
has been in existence since 1868. W. K. Vandekslri'. also ha.s an cst.ib-
lishment, and most of the large jewelry manufacturers turn out silverware.
San I'rancisco has 10 establishments (and there are none elsewhere on
the coast) engaged in lapidary work, cutting, engraving, ]>olishing, and
mounting precious stones. Tlie aggregate value of their work, leaving out
the cost of the gems, is $100,000 annually. The workmen earn from $2.50
to $10 per day for a day of 10 hours. The principal lapidaries are GEuKGli
OTHEK MKTALS.
697
C. SlIRKVK & Co., D. W. I.AIKI), R. BOSQ & Co., J. N. Bretonnf.l, Julks
Lank, and Kukhlkk & Ritter. all of .San Franci.sco. Josi:i-V\ & Park,
of Salt Lake City, have for .several years mounted mo.ss a^^ite and other
native stones, which find ready sale amony tourists.
George C. Shreve &. Co. — In the manufacture of a lar^c variety of fine
jewelry, GKOUdE C SlIKKVK & Co., San I-Vancisco, have no cc[ual in the
United States, except one firm in New York City. Many ICastern houses
manufacture more extensively, but limit themselves to cheaper work, or
to a single article. Thus one house may make nothinjr but bracelets,
another nothinjf but rings, a third nothing but brooches, and so on. Hcsides
making all these things, SlIRKVK & Co. enamel, engrave, set diamonds anil
other gems, do lapidarj' work, inlay metals, .set clois.sonnd work and bronze
from Japan in pieces adapted to American taste, and manufacture all
classes of fine jewelry. Gold-quartz jewelry, in the production of which
San Francisco has a monopoly, is one of the specialties of the house, and
is used in sleeve-button.s, pins, ear-rings, lockets, bracelets, match-boxes,
cigarette-cases, and other ornament.s. The black-quartz comes from Cala-
veras Count)-, the white-quartz is mostly from Grass Valley. Their chief
specialty, however, is the inl.'iying of metals, in which they have surpassed
all competition. They import largely, and it is their rule to import every-
thing that they can purchase in the East of quality good enough for their
customers, and to limit their manufacture to articles finer than anything
they can buy cl.sewhere. This policy compels them to employ the highest
artistic talent and mechanical skill ; and their success is indicated bj' the
originality and taste of the design, and the excellence in the workmanship
of the fine jewelry to be seen in their show-cases at 1 10 Montgomery
Street. It may be assumed that whatever th?ic is most attractive is the
product of their own factory. The knowledge of a connoisseur in jewelry
is needed to appreciate the merit of much of their work. They employ 73
men in their factory. The firm was established in 1852, and consists of
Georce C. Shreve, George Bonnv, and A. J. Lewis.
Nast, Oreenzweig &. Co.— The firm of Nast, Greenzweig & Co.
originated in New York City, but, induced by the promise of future
prosperity of the Pacific Coast, the business was transferred to San
Francisco about 10 years .igo. Since this ch.ingc it has kept pace with the
rapid growth and ilevelopment of the city; and although of modest dimen-
sions at first, now ranks as one of the prominent business establishments of
our slope. By capacity and knowledge of business, it has achieved a success
unsurpas.sed by any competitor in this line Appreciating the geographical
advantages of San Francisco, the management soon comprehended that it
S8
Cg^
MANUKACTIJRES.
was destined to become the natural base f)f supply for the western coast,
and lost no time in placing experienced a<;ents throughout the Pacific
States and Territories, Mexico, Central and South America, the Hawaiian
Islands, and Australia. Jewelrj- of American manufacture is, it is claimed,
superior to European production; and this firm has not neglected effi)rts
to convince our Mexican neighbors that the time-honored prestige of the
Old World in their markets, is destined soon to become a thing of the past.
The firm is located in a modern buikling, 533 Market Street, wlicre it oc-
cupies 3 floors, each 40 by 160 feet, as salesroom, factory (including lapi-
dary works), and shipping department. The house has issued an elabo-
rately illustrated catalogue printed in both ICnglish and Spanish (for the
trade only), being the first issued by anj- jewelry establishment on the coast.
Nast, GuiiKXZWElG & Co. liave a capacity to supply all articles in the line
of jewelry, watches, and artistic diamond-work. The firm has a branch
establishment in New York at 176 Hroadway.
ScilULZ & FlSCIlKR began the manufacture of silverware in San Fran-
ci.sco in 1868, and have occupied a prominent position as workers in the
precious metals since that time. Their line includes spoons, forks, and
table silverware in general, as well as presentation pic' 's rccjuiring elabo-
rate and skillful workmanship. Among the productions of this house, a
handsomelj' orn.amcntcd epergnc, 27 inches high, and costing $1,200, is
worthy of mention as being the largest piece of its kind made on the
I'acific Coast. The firm also import plated silverware -and fine table cut-
lery. Their salesroom, in which their work is displayed, together with the
office, occupies the second story of 513 Market Street; their shop, fitted
witli machinery driven by steam, being in the rear and extending through
the block to Stevenson Street. Employment is given to 22 hands.
'f 3-.
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
699
CHAPTER XXXVI.— MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
Tobacco. — Ever since California was numbered amon;^ ihc States, exper-
iments have been made in the raising of tobacco, but there was no extensive
cultivation until 1871, when J. D. CULP discovered a method by which he
claimed that the rank properties of hoinc-raised tobacco could be removed.
This gentleman succeeded in interesting .several capitalists, and a company
was formed for the purpose of raising and curing tobacco and manufacturing
cigars. Business was conducted on a very large .scale. A factory and ware-
houses were erected at Gilroy. Every effort was made to bring the goods
into favor, but without success, and the company disincorporated after suf-
fering severe loss.
In 1 88 1 there were not more than 100 acres of tobacco under cultivation
in the entire State of California. The question as to the real value of this
tobacco, or whether it has any value when not cured by some special
process, is a matter yet undecided among cigar manufacturers. A con-
siderable portion of the crop is shipped to New York, where it sells at
wholesale for about 25 cents a pound. The advantage that would accrue
to this State from the cultivation and manufacture of tobacco may be esti-
mated from the fact, that the imports of manufactured tobacco for 1881
exceeded 3,000 tons, and amounted in value to nearly $2,750,000.
The tobacco factory of JONES & BraNDENSTEIN, started in San Fran-
cisco in January, 1882, is the only establishment of the kind on our coast.
The firm manufacture navy plug, twist, coils, and light pressed tobacco,
in all styles and sizes, from Kentucky, Virginia, and North Carolina leaf.
No seed tobacco is used. Within 2 months after commencing work, the
production was at the rate of nearly 70,000 pounds a month, worth, at an
average of 55 cents a pound, the sum of $38,500. When in full working
order it is expected that the establishment will produce about 150,000
pounds a month, and that the amount of sales will be little short of $1,000,-
000 a year. The factory contains 4 floors, and is equipped with all the
modern appliances and machinery. When brought from the warehouse,
the tob.i-^co is taken to the second floor, where the stem is stripped from the
leaf. It is then sorted into different grades, and taken to the top floor,
where it is dipped in a solution of sugar and liquorice, and afterwards
steamed at a temperature of 160° It is next put up in bulk, and again
70C
MAN! TACTIKES.
II
3'!
sweated in a temperature of 80". These operations arc executed uti tlie
thiril slur)'. The final ])rocesses are performed 011 the first fl<ior, and eon-
sist of puttin,ij tlie tobacco throujjh a machine to ^i\e it tlie proper size,
binding it in \vrap])ers, and pressini,' it. The manufacture is now com-
jileled. The j^oods are packxd in i3o\es, and are ready for sliipment.
ICmployment is ^iven, in all the departments, to J50 operatives, and before
l<jn<;, this number will be consitlcrably increased. There arc 46 skilled
operatives — colored men brou[;ht specialU' from the ICastern States — who
make from $10 to $Jo a week; anil about 125 white women and {;irls, and
So boys, who, with very little experience, earn from $3.50 to $7. All work
b\- the piece. Amonj; the einployees arc several little girls between 10 and
12 years of age, whose earnings are about $4 a week. There is not a
Chinamen to be seen on the prcmi.ses.
Cigars. — In the making of cigars, as in many other branches of industry,
California has undertaken to work on a large scale. Tlie United States,
with a jKipulation of 50,000,000, manufacture about 2,000,000,000 of cigars
a )ear, or 40 per capita. California, with a population of 865,000 paid
dut\-, in 1 88 1, on more than 150,000,000, or about 174 cigars for each
member of her population. In this instance, at least, it can not be said that
the ])coplc of the Pacific Coast are slow to patronize home manufactures,
for they consumed about 98 per cent, of all that were made; and imports
for 18S1 amounted only to 2,500 ca.ses. Allowing an average of 8,oco
cigars to the case, it will be seen that less than 1 2 per cent, of the gross
consumjition came from abroad.
It is probable that the entire number of cigars manufactured on the
Pacific Coast, during 1881, was not less than 165,000,000, an increase of
about 35,000,000 over the quantity made in any previous year. Estimat-
ing the wholesale price of these goods at an average <3f $35 per 1,000, their
aggregate value would be $5,600,000, of which amount $2,128,000, or 38
per cent., may be set down as the cost of material ; $1,848,000, or ^], per
cent., as the cost of labor, and the remaining 29 per cent, for duty, rent,
profit, and miscellaneous expenses. The number of cigars made at the
larger factories owned by white persons in San Francisco (according to the
statistics of the Internal Revenue office) i.s, in .some instances, 40,000 a
year to each operative, and docs not average less than 30,000; at the latter
rate, 5,500 operatives would make all the cigars that are now manufactured
on this ccjast.
The larger factories in California are all located in San Francisco, and
may be classed under 3 different heads: First, .those belonging to firms that
employ Chinese cigar-makers, at regular wages, under a white foreman ;
MIS( r.l.l.AM-.IH S MAMTAcTfUrS.
7or
sccokI, tliosf tli.it furnish toliacco to a ('hincsc contractor, to be mainif.ic
liiivd into ci^'ar'^, and rcliirncd at a fixctl price. per i.cxx); and third, tlicsc
wliicli are contniUed entirely by Chinamen, and worked on the ("hinesc
system. There are numberless small factories where none but Chinanvn
are emplo\-ed. Man)- of them are conducted on the cooperative s\steni,
am" one or more of the number are em[)lo)'ed to attend to the oiitsiile busi-
ncs.s, and to effect purcha.ses and sales. There are also 30 or 40 retail
dealers who cm])loy 2 or 3 white cij^ar-makxrs on their premises, usiny the
front-room as a store, and the back-room for nianufacturin;^ purpf)scs.
Cost of Mnnufaoture. — In the fall of 18S1, the price paid in .San Fran-
cisco for manufacturing^ seed and Havana mokl-made cij^ars, 5 inches in
length, was $6 per i,ooo, against $S in New York. For hand-made cigars,
the price in San FrancisctJ was $8 to .$10 |)cr 100, while the usual rate in
New \'ork ranges from $10 to $13, and for choice Ilavanas cis much as $20
per 1,000 is paid for making. The prices paid for packing arc the same in
New York as in San Francisco. In the former citj', large (luantities of
cigars are made in tenement-houses, and the operative is usually assisted by
members of his family. The rates paid in such cases are the same as those
already quoted.
It will be seen by the above table that the cost of labf)r in New York is,
in the ca.se of mold-made cigars, about 33 per cent, higher, and in that of
hand-made goods (not taking into account the price of $20 per i.oco paid
for manufacturing the choicest grailes of Havanas), about 28 per cent,
higher than in .San Francisco. Shiiimcnts of Californian cigars to the
I'-astern States are already being made to the extent of nearly 1,000 cases
a year, and consist mainly of cheap grades, worth about $1 50 or $160 a case.
If overland freights .should ever be reduced to a Hw point, or if tobacco of
suitable quality can be raised on Californian soil, k is probable that in time
we shall be able to compete largely with I'.astcrn cigar-makers on their own
ground. Should our manufacturers be able to establi..,h their goods in favor
with Fa.stern consumers, the field for their enterprise is unlimited. l'"sti-
mating the retail price at an average of 5 cents apiece, the people of the
United States expend at least $100,000,000 a year for this single item.
Increase in Consumption. — The great increase in the volume of Cali-
fornian ijroduction, for 1881, is no doubt due, in part, to the opening up of
fresh territory throtsgh the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad,
and to the |)ersistent energy displayed by San Franci.sco merchants in
securing this new field for their enterprise. Between 1877 and 1880, the
number of cigars made in San \<"rancisco increa.sed from 108,000,000 to
u.
702
MANUFACTURES.
112,000,000, .n difference of less than 4 per cent., while the pain in iSSi
(fniin 1 iJ,ooo,ooo to \xC\joo.ooo), exceeded 30 per cent.
The incrc.'isc in the import;iliiin of leaf tobacco Wu.s still more remark-
alilc, aniountinfj, for i.S.Si, to near!)- 2,(')Oo tons, a^.iinst 1,700 tons for 18S0,
a ^;aiii of 53 per cent, in a sin^rle j'ear. I'"astern-niaile ci},'ars were im-
ported ill S.'in I''ranci.scn, thirinj; 18. <i, to the amount of 2,523 cases, and to
the v.iliie of about $900,000. Iinports for iS.So were 2,570 cases; for 1S79,
2,494 eases; for 1.S7S, 2,354 cases; and for I1S77, 1,789 cases. A case usually
contains 10,000 ci^'ar.s. The consumption of cijjars of Cuban tobacco,
niiule principal!)' in New I'o.'k, is ilecreasin^ \'ear by year, as improvement
is const.mtl)' beinj,' made in articles of domestic manufacture. I'.astern
shipments mciudc a much lar^M' pcrcenta^'c of inferior f,'rades than was the
case in former \-ears. It is not like!)' that imported articles will ever be
dr,\en (juite out of the market for there are many smokers in .S.in I'ran-
cisco who would not, knowi'i^;iy, pl.ace a domestic ci{(ar between their lips.
The indications are. however, th.it the day is not far distant when the volume
of exports will lar^^dy exceetl the tiu.intity of imported j;oods. The duty
on foreign cij^ars is virtually prohibitive, wliile that on leaf tobacco is
almost nomin;d. A few cases of foreign cigars, consisting mainly f)f
Manila cheroots, arc occasi(jnally shipped to this coast, but the quantity is
inconsiderable.
M;i'
Cigar Factories.— At the close of 1881 the Internal Revenue office re-
]X)rteil 251 cigar factories in operation in California, of which 2l() wore
located in San l-Vancisco, 8 each in Oaklaiul and Los Angeles, 5 at San
Jose', 2 each at Alameda, .Stockton, and Redwood City, and one each at
lierkelcy, Santa Cruz, San Mateo, Santa Harbara, Ilaywards, Sonora, Sa-
linas, and San Felipe. The amount received from the sale of cigar ;uu! ciga-
rette stamps for the 12 months ending February 28, 1882, was reported
at $919,461.90. The revenue law requires tiiat each manufacturer should
file a bond of $500 for his factory and $100 for each person employed
therein.
Among the largest factories in San Fr;mcisco arc those of LiKHi'-.s Hrds.
& Co., W. Lkwis & Co., and the New York Cigar Company, each mak-
ing over 6,000,000; I. S. ROSENHAUM & CO., G. CoilN & Co., JoiIN S.
I?(l\VMAN & Co., F. GOSI.INSKV & Co., F.NGKLHUKCIIT, l"ox it Co., the
American Manufacturing Company, the I'Ispanola Coinpan)', ami the
Jhiena Comi)an\-, that make from 2,000,000104,000,000; RoscoK & Co.,
J. W. SciiAiCKiKK & Co., J. D. Cui.i' & Co., M. \Vi:ktiii;imi:r &
BkOTHEU, Mavki.scii Bugs. & Co., and the Arlina, Chicago, Colino,
Colombo, Comstock, and Cubana companies, each of whom manufactures
MIS(i;i,l,.\Xi;utS MANCIACTURKS.
703
from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000. At the jiliovc cstahlishincnts the number of
o|K.Tativc"; varies from 50 to 350; and the number of cifjars mad'- Lv each
workin.in ranj,fcs from JO,ooo to 35,000 a year, averaLn'ni^ about 30,000.
Tlie lar},'cr factorie.s in San I"raiicisco are usual!)- 3-stor)' bu ldinf,'s, and
some of them li.i '^ also a cellar, which is used for storage :\nu cleansing'
tobacco. Some ol ihcm cmp!f)y 250 to 350 operatives, and procl;ice froM
5,000,000 to ; 000,000 cigars a year. In the process of manufacturinij
cigars of l, tap (in ility, the 1im\cs are first separated into 3 grades, termed
fillers, biixiors, and wrappers. The smallest leaves are u.scd for fillers, m;--
diuip-sized ones (or hinders, anil the largest for wrappers. The tob.icco is
then handed "vci 10 the strii)pers, who wet the lea\es, open them out, ami
strip off the stems. i\ftcr being dried, they are delivered to the cigar-
makers, A'ho work at tables resemblirg double desks, ICach operative is
supplied with a molding-board, a measuring-board, a knife, and a pot of
paste. The -vorkman first makes up a bundle of fillers; then euvlop;
each one in :i bituler, and cuts, fnun the; leaves used for wrappers, portions
to correspond with the exact shape of the article he is making. After it
has been neatly enfokleil in its coxering, the ends arc trimmed, the cover-
ing fastened with paste, anil the cigar is made.
Most o[)erativcs work by the piece, receiving so much per 1,000, and
each one has a certain number assigned to him. This number is stampe I
on muslin bands which ;ire tied around each bundle of 50; so that, at the
end of the week, it can be ascertained in a moment how many cigars the
workmen has made The bundles arc then ready for the .seasoning-room,
where they lie until ready for packing. Much depends on the careful
a.ssortmcnt of the grades and colors; anrl the packing-room is usually the
largest and best-lighted apartment in the factory. In December, 1881,
the cheapest grades of goods made up in the Chinese factories were worth,
at wholesale, $14 to $17.50 per 1,000; Connecticut leaf cigars were quoted
at $25 to $30; seed and Havana, 4 to 5 inches, $40 to $60; fine grades of
clear Havana, 4 to 5 inches, sold for $75 to $125; and the very choicest
liavanas could not be purcha.sed for less than $200 per 1,000.
Cigar Operatives.— Of the 5,500 operatives engaged in cigar-making on
the Pacific Coast, at least 4,500 are Chinamen. The number employed during
a portion of the year, is no doubt, considerably larger; and 5,500 is stated as
the avenge, not as the gross number. Chinamen first began to make cigars
in San F snci.sco in 1857. They soon learned the busines.s, and, by work-
ing at considerably lower rates than white men, while making an equally
good article, they quickly obtained the bulk of the trade, and have now
almost suix;rsedcd all other labor. In 1876, the white oper.itives organized
704
MANUFACTURES.
the "C"i;^,-ir-mal<cr.s' Association of the Pacific Coast." Their object was to
improve the comiition of their craftsmen, and, if possible, to drive Moni^o-
iian labor out of the field. Several manufacturers were induced by political,
or other motives, to discharge their Chinamen ; but when they applied to
the Association to supply tlicm with white help, their apjilication was in
\ ain. White cigar-makers were not to be had in suflicicnt number, at rates
that manufacturers could afford to pay. They attempted, therefore, again
to have recourse to the aid of Chinamen; but found that many of them
had started in business for themselves, and were already entering into
active competition with their former employers. Eastern cigar-makers
were iniluced by the Association t<i settle in San Francisco, and, for a time,
found ready occupation ; but manufacturers could not long afford to pay
them their price of $12 per 1,000, while Chinamen were doing similar work
at $S per r,ooo. The members f)f the Association adopted a label, which
was placed on eveiy box of cigars made by white labor, but did not find
tliat the label had much inlluence on the .sale of their goods. Just when
the anti-Chinese agitation was at its heiglit, New York manufacturers
.seized the opportunit}-, and flooded the market with cheap I'.astcrn goods,
ni.adc, of course, by white labor. Prices fell to a ruinous point, and the
members of the Association found themselves in an evil case. At present,
abiAit 400 of them arc settled in Oregon, Washington, and other portions
of the coast, where they work in clubs of from 2 to 6 persons; and, by sell-
ing their goods at retail, or dircctlj- to store-keepers, usually for cash, and
thus avoiding ri.sk and the expense of commission, manage to compete
with San l'"rancisco houses, The white cigar-makers still remaining in San
I'Vancisco are informed whenever there is a good opening *"or them on other
portions of the coast. In 1880, for instance, under the advice of the As.so-
ciation, a [larty of 6 settled in Hritish Columbia, where there is no tax on
tobacco, but where imported cigars are subject to dut)-. With this advan-
tage in their favor, they soon established a thriving trade, and alread\' fur-
nish em])lo>meiU to a considerable number of extra hands at \€ry good
rates of uagcs.
There are now not more than 150 white men engaged in cigar-making in
San I''rancisco, against nearly 4.500 Chinamen. A few girls are employed
at some of the factories, but their earnings are .so .small tliat they seldom
remain long at such occupation. They must be very expert to make $7 a
week, and their average earnings arc probabI_\- less tiian $5. Tlie entir*
number of female operati\es engaged in making cigars and cigarettes is
not mcjre than 160. Cigarette-makers ^arn a little more than cigar-makers,
but the serxices of women are in such demand for better-paid descri[)tions
of labor that, as a rule, the)' avoid either of those (jccupation.s.
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
705
Pipes — There is one store in San Francisco at which pipes are made,
both wooden and meerschaum, but the quantity is so small that it furnishes
employment only to a single person. The proprietor of another store im-
ports $1,500 to $2,000 worth a year of meerschaum, amber, and cherry-
wood, from which he makes a few pipes ; but his .sales are, as yet, so small,
that he can make up all the goods him.self, or at least docs not feel ju.sti-
ficd in employing any assistance.
Acids. — The discovery of the precious metals on the coast created a
demand for the acids commonly used in refining, and led to the establish-
ment of works for their manufacture. The principal products of these
works are nitric, muriatic, and sulphuric acids; but sulphates of copper
and of iron are made, sulphur is refined, and the pigment known as Prus-
sian blue is also produced to some extent. We have 5 factories, turning
out either some or all the articles mentioned, 2 of which are located in San
Franci.sco; one each in West Berkeley and on Point Pinole, California; and
one at Dayton, Nevada. The annual production is about 12,000 tons of
nitric and sulphuric acids, 1 50 tons of muriatic acid, 300 tons of sulphate
of copper, 200 tons of sulphate of iron, and a less quantity of prussian
blue ; the total value being $1,200,000. Capital amounting to $450,000 is
invested in the industry, and more than 100 hands are employed, who
receive $2.50 a day on the average, a day's work being 10 hours, and the
busy .season extending from April to December, inclusive. The wages
paid here are 20 per cent, higher than the rates paid in the Atlantic States.
Nitric acid of 63° to 66" purity sells at present for about 1 1 ^2 cents per
pound. The commercial article of 38" was furnished, in 1881, by contract
to the United States branch mint at San Franci.sco, in quantities sufficient
to .supply its consumption of from 4,000 to 5,000 pounds a day, at from
5.)^ cents to C cents a pound. This is less by about 2^^ cents a pound
than the acid was furnished for in the years 1879 and 1880, and is the lowest
price at which it has yet been .sold. The reduction is due to competition
between manufacturers, and the rates leave but a small margin to the pro-
ducer. Sulphuric acid is .sold for 3^2 cents a pound, and muriatic for 4',2
cents. All the acids mentioned are heavy; the specific gravity of sulphuric
being nearly double that of water. Sulphate of copper, known as blue-
stone, sells for 8^3 cents per pound. Sulphate of iron, called green vitriol
or copperas, for 2 cents a pound. Prussian blue, in a solid form, brings
from 25 to 35 cents a pound; as a .solution, 20 cents. These are wholesale
prices, and are from "^^ of a cent to 113 cents a pound less, for the acids,
than small quantities are sold for, and proportionately lower for the other
articles. W^ith the exception of prussian blue, which is imported occasion-
70fi
MANUFACTURES.
ally in comparatively small quantities for speculative purposes, the local
market is supplictl by local productions.
Nitric and sulphuric acids arc largely consumed in the manufacture of
the explosive compound, nitro-glyccrine ; in fact, 2 of the factories dispose
of the greater part (jf their product in that manner. Sulphuric is used in
the works where it is made in producing sulphates; in chemical works
generally, and by soda-water makers throughout the slope. Muriatic, with
sulphuric, is employed in candle-making; and alone, in soldering and assay-
ing. Nitric acid is made from the nitrate of soda and sulphuric acid.
Sulphuric, from .sulphur and nitrate of .soda; and muriatic, from common
salt and sulphuric acid. The nitrate of .soda used on the coast is from
I'eru, and costs, duty paid, 2),-^ cents a pound in San Francisco. Sulphur
is obtained from Nevada, and is, besides, imported from Sicily and Japan.
Manufacturers consider the home product equal to the foreign for their
uses, but the suppl)- is uncertain, and at times the market is bare. They
are obliged, therefore, as a matter of .self-protection, to procure a portion of
their stock from abroad. Sulphur costs, usually, ? cents a pound. Of the
sulphate of copper produced, fully three fourths is consumed in the amal-
gamating pans of silver-reduction works, and most of the rcmainilcr by
farmers in soaking seed-wheat. It is made by roasting and grinding
copper ore, and adding sulphuric acid, after which the mixture is placed in
pans and left to crystallize. Most of the solid material now used for this
purpose is that known as cement copper, and comes from .Spenceville,
Nevada County, California, costing, when pure, \6 cents a pound.
The oldest factory now in existence on the coast is that of JUDSON &
SlllcrAKl), established at San I'rancisco in 1854, and now located near
West Berkeley. Tho works were at first established to supply the United
States branch mint at San Francisco with parting acids, but since their
removal, the muriatic acid produced has been used in a candle factory
under the same ownership. Until the present year, the firm have also con-
sumed their product of nitric and sulphuric acids in the manufacture of
high explosives; but recent improvements have enabled them to increase
their output, and again contract to supply the Government establishment
mentioned. Twenty-five men are employed, and the annual product is
worth about $250,000.
The acid-factory connected with the Vulcan Powder-works, at Pinole
Point, began operations in i88i,and is now turning out 1,200 gallons of
sulphuric, and 15,000 pounds of nitric acids per day, all of which are con-
sumed in the manufacture of high explosives. The .San I'rancisco factories
are the California Chemical-works, owned by Joll.N RliVNOl.DS, who makes
acids, sulphates of copper and of iron, and prussian blue in .solution, em-
MISCELLANEOUS MANLIACTURES.
707
ploying 20 men ; and the Golden City Chcmical-woiks, S. M. Van VVyck,
superintendent, producing the same vjlass of articles, and employing 30
hands.
An acid factory erected in Carson City, Nevada, to supply the mint in
that place with acids after running 17 years was burned down in 1880, anil
has not been rebuilt. The Carson mint is now supplied with acids by the
Dayton Mill and Mining Company, who have an acid factory in Uayton.
Explosives. — Explosives, as made on our coast, are of 2 main classes:
one of ordinary black powder, and the other of the various high-grade ex-
plosives. The classes differ widely both as to their composition and effi-
ciency, the first named being a mechanical mixture, and its combustion
gradual ; whilst the last mentioned are chemical combinations, and their
action instantaneous and very violent. High-grade explosives, variously
called Giant, Vulcan, Hercules, and by similar terms indicative of strength,
are made on the same general principle. Glycerine is combined with
nitric acid, and ?,n absorbent, as magnesia or silicious earth, added. The
mi.xture is molded in cylindrical forms a little larger than an ordinary can-
dle, which are cut into suitable lengths when used. The charge is exploded
by means of a cap containing fulminating powder. The annual consump-
tion on the coast, of the high explosives, is about 1,500 tons, and of black
powder more than 2,000 tons. Of the l.ist, 2,500 tons are made in Cali-
fornia ; 1 50 tons, chiefly sporting powder, are imported from the Atlantic
States; and 500 tons are exported to Mexico, British Columbia, the
Hawaiian Islands, and Central America — three fourths of the shipments
being to Mexico. Perhaps 500 tons of nitro-glycerine powder arc ex-
ported. The value of the high explosives consumed annually on our coast
is about $1,500,000, taking the average price at 50 cents per pound, a low
estimate. Of the black powder, the value of the home production is
$850,000, and that of the imported $150,000. In addition to the Eastern
powder received here in packages, we import about 20 tons fixed, loaded
in the metallic cartridges used in breech-loading arms. Capital amounting
to $j,ooo,ooo is invested in the industry, and employment furnished to 300
hands, whose wages range from $1.25 to $3 per day of 10 hours. The de-
mand follows to some extent the mining season. Of the raw materials,
glycerine is partly a home production and partly imported from the East-
ern States and from Europe. The great demand for this article has caused
it to advance in price 50 per cent, since 1879, the present rates being 32
cents per pound. The Jicids and charcoal are made here, several of the
nitro-glycerine works making their own acids; nnd of the nitrates, that of
potiish comes from Calcutta, and costs, duty paiJ, 12^ cents per pound; and
7o8
MANUFACTURES.
that of sodn, from Peru, costs 2^-4 cents per pound. Sulphur i.s found in
Nevada, but the market being irregularly supplied from that source, it is at
times imported from Sicily and Japan, costing about 2 cents per pound.
The first of the nitro-glyccnnc explosives to come into extensive use in
mining, dynamite (callctl also giant powder), was made in California soon
after its invention by NoBEL, but did not begin to attract general attention
until 1 87 1. The miners in those towns where they were organized in
unions for the maintenance of their wages, as at Grass Valley and Virginia
City, determined to resist its introduction. Their pretext was that the
fumes from its c.xplo.sion were unwholesome; the real rca.sons were that the
dynamite needed a smaller drill hole, and its use implied that one man
C(iuld do the drilling, whereas 2 were necessary for black powder. Not only
would the single hand-drill, with dynamite, do as much work as a double
hand-drill, with black powder, but the drifts for one man would not be so
largo ,., fo' 2. The miners feared, therefore, that the introduction of the
dj-namite x.ould throw half of them out of employment, and then reduce
the wages of the remainder. The mine-owners, on the other hand, deter-
mined that they must have the dynamite. There was no difificulty in find-
ing men willing to work with it, but they were threatened with all those
outrages to which men are exposed whenever they violate trade-union rules.
The most serious troubles occurred at Grass Valley, where several independ-
ent miners, who used the dynamite, were cruelly beaten, and one was shot,
though not mortally wounded. Threats were made that the buildings of
the mines where the dynamite was used, .should be burned, and the local
company of the National Guard Militia was ordered under arms so as to be
prepared for emergencies. In smaller towns, where there were not enough
miners to maintain a combination, the dynamite was received with .so much
favor, and the newspaper press was so emphatic in recommending it for
general use, that the miners at Grass Valley and Virginia City became
ashamed of their opposition, and gradually accepted the single hand-drill
and its explosive. Now there is no open objection to them anywhere.
The greater efficiency of the drill, with the help of dynamite, has increased
the demand for miners' labor, and there has been no reduction in wages.
The success of the giant powder here led to its introduction In other coun-
tries. At present, exclusive of Mexico, little black powder is u.sed on the
coast for mining purpo.ses. The imports from the Eastern States arc not a
third of the exports from San Francisco, and are confined to the finer
gr.-ides, the use of which is chiefly a matter of individual fancy. Dr. J. H.
WurrriER, of Utah Territory, is credited with making blasting powder
there in 1857, which, it is believed, was the first e.xplosi\'c made on the
coast. In 1870 there were 3 factories on the slope, employing 75 hands,
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
70:>
and having about $75,000 capital. The powder manufacturers of the coa.st
not mentioned in other paragraphs arc: The Vulcan Powder Co.M-
PANV, whose works are at San Pablo, and THE ToNITE PoWDEK Com-
pany, whose factory is at Stcge, RALPH L. SHAINWALD being the secretary
of both; The Glvnt Powder Companv, having works at West Berke-
ley, and an agency managed by Bandmann, Nielson & Co.; The Cali-
KOKNL\ ViGORiT PoWDER COMPANY, located at California City, the
secretary being W. H. Lent; The Safety Nitro Powder Company,
whose works arc located at Point Pinole, and whose agents are Flint,
PEAnoDY & Co.; The Granite (formerly Hardy) Powder Company,
established at Vallejo, whose agents are R. D. HUME & Co.; The Safety
Powder Company, C. F. Rosecrans, secretary; and The Thunder
Powder Company, Charles De Lacy, manager. These factories all
produce high-grade explosives.
The California Powder-works.— The California Powder-works,
the only manufacturers on the Pacific Coast of militarj', sporting, and blast-
ing powders, were incorporated in the )*ear 1861, with a capital of $100,-
000. They soon discovered the inadequacy of that capital, and by voluntary
as.sessments, and investment of profits, have since increased it to the present
figure of $1,500,000, which is not more than enough to carry on the im-
mense business they have created. Before the establishment of these
works, the development of our mines was retarded, and public unprove-
ments were discouraged, by the cost of powder, which was imported from
the East, and doled out at high prices; and at that time, the civil war hav-
ing begun with demand from the Government for all the powder the
Eastern mills could manufacture, but for these works, the completion
of the Central Pacific Railroad would have been long deferred. The
buildings of the company, pronounced by officers of the U. S. ordnance
to be the most complete in America, are situated near the city of Santa
Cruz. They occupy both banks of the San Lorenzo River for a rnilci
and comprise 21 powder- mi ll.s, 10 shops, and 6 magazines and stores,
besides other necessary buildings, and dwellings for all the employees.
These form a village which, nestled in the valley, constitutes the most beau-
tiful view from the South Pacific Coast Railroad, famous for its picturesque
route. This site was determined by the abundant power of the river, the
proximity of suitable timber, the easy access to the sea, with which they
are connected by rail, and the advantages of an adjacent town. Ships
discharge cargoes of niter at the company's wharf, and load there with
powder for e.vport.
The ordinary force employed (all whites) is 45 men, at $1.75 to $3.50 per
7IO
MANUTACTURKS.
..ii
!
day, and 15 boys (from 16 to 21 years of age), at $1 to ^1.50 per day, the
whole cost of personal services being $140 to $150 per day. This force is
sufficient to turn out 15,000 pounds of blasting powder daily, besides the
military powder required for the Pacific department, and most of the
sporting powder consumed on this coast, from Alaska to Mexico. This
statement, however, does not indicate the ultimate capacity of the work.s,
which are built in duplicate to avoid detention by explosions. They can
produce, if pushed, 30,000 pounds of blasting powder daily, and the huge
railway works in course of construction will probably demand this latter
quantity in 1882.
Some years after the establishment of the works at Santa Cruz, dyna-
mite was invented, and quickly became the favorite explosive for deep min-
ing and tunneling in hard rock. To meet this new departure in art. The
California Powder-work.s instituted the manufacture of Hercules
Powder, which consists of nitro-glycerine absorbed in carbonate of mag-
nesia, and constructed at Point Pinole, upon the Bay of San Pablo, immense
works for its fabrication. These comprise, besides the Hercules works
proper, works for the manufacture? of sulphuric and nitric acids, built upon
an imprecedented .scale, with all the improvements known to science up to
the year 1 88 1. From Pinole, Hercules Powder goes to every State west of
the Mississippi, to British Columbia, and to Mexico, commending itself
everywhere for strength, and especially for safety. The great success of
TiiK Calikorxia Po\vdi:r-\vorks is due, after the excellence of their
powders, to the integrity and liberality of the management, which has
met with cordial favor. Their large capital enables them to aid enter-
prise with judicious credit, and .so, with profit to thcm.selves, help to
develop the country. They have maintained dividends without interrup-
tion since May, 1869. Their Board of Directors, in 1882, is composed of
N. G. Kittle, president; G. T. Lawton, vice-president; J. B. Haggin,
N. LUNING, J. O. Earl; and Bernard Peyton, superintendent, ex officio
director. Their secretary is JoilN F. LoHSE, who has filled that office ever
since the organization of the company.
Blasting Fuse, as made on the coast, is small, flexible tubing filled with
powder. The cylinder consists of from 2 to 4 layers, the innermost being
of jute yarn, the others of cotton, hemp, or other fiber. Each layer is
covered with a varnish, and the whole thus rendered waterproof. When
the innermost layer has but one covering, it is known as single taped ; 2
layers arc termed double taped, and .so on. The powder used is manufac-
tured for the purpose by The Calikornia PoWDKR-WORKS; the ingredients
arc the same as those composing ordinary gunpowder, but so proportioned
;r
.J '
M I SC K I , I.A N i:0 1 ; S MA N I' K At T U R ES.
'\ I
as to burn rapidly without exploding'. The fuse k-nown as doubled taped
is most used. The industry -jives employment to about 40 hands, and its
products amply supply the demands of the coast. The jute yarn used
comes from Dundee; the cloth is from New York. There arc 3 factories
on the coast, all located in California: TllK CaLIFORN'IA FUSli-WORKS, at
San Francisco, established 1.S66; ToY, BlCKl'ORD & Co., at East Oakland,
established 1867; and Thk Eagle Fuse-WORKS, at Felton, established
1868. The products of these factories are sold by their afjents, THE CAL-
IFORNIA Fu.sE Association, in San Francisco. The large consumption of
the products of these factories throughout the Pacific States and Territories,
and Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, and Mexico, is evidence of their
good quality.
Fireworks. — The manufacture of fireworks for display has a place
among the industries of the coa.st. Two classes of these combustibles arc
made: hand pieces, comprising crackers, candles, rocket.s, etc.; and fixed
pieces, which are combinations, including .some or all of the first class, in
many cases of considerable size, and having very ingenious mechanical
arrangements. The annual con.sumption of fireworks on that portion of the
coast north of Mexico amounts in value to about $75,000; the 3 factories
here producing to the aggregate value of $45,000, and the Chinese in San
Francisco making some of the cheaper kinds. The importation of fire-crack-
ers reached in past years the value of $15,000; but the restriction placed
upon their use in some of the larger cities has materially curtailed the de-
mand, and the receipts during 1881 were less than the exports by 150
packages. The duty of $1 per box of 40 small packs, that retail at 10
cents each, is more than the original cost of the crackers in China. Capital
to the amount of $40,000 is invested in the industry, and employment is
furnished to about 20 hands, who are paid wages averaging $2.50 per day
of ro hours. Fireworks were made in San Francisco in 1852, and firms
not now in existence were established there in 1861 and in 1868. The first
public display of fireworks in Oregon was at Portland on the evening of
July 4, i860, and the pieces were made in that city. The oldest and
largest pyrotechnic-works on the coast arc those of STEELE, Elder &
Co., established at San F'ranci.sco in 1853. The remaining factory, in Cali-
fornia, is that of Alfred B. Eckstein, also in San Francisco. In Port-
land, Oregon, GEORGE HUUIIES has an establishment, and supplies that
portion of the coast.
Matches. — The annual consumption of matches on the coast, excluding
Mexico and Central America, amounts to about 460,000 gross. Importa-
tion.s, chiefly of the different varieties generally known as parlor matches,
712
MANUFACTURES.
I •
amount to 10,000 gross, and exports to nearly 60,000 gross. Of the latter,
one third arc shipped to China, the remainder being distributed from
Siberia to the islands of the South Pacific. Of the entire production,
amounting to 500,000 gros.s, it is believed one fifth arc made and used or
sold by the Chinese secretly, and the revenue tax avoided. The greater
portion of the matches made here are those known as "block," that is, split
from a block of wood. A gross being 144 blocks of 100 matches each, and
estimating the population north of Mexico to be 1,500,000, it follows that
more than 12 matches per day are used to the individual. Capital amount-
ing to $50,000 is invested in the industry, and employment is furnished to
100 hands by regular makers, and probably to 25 more by irresponsible
dealers. Of the workmen, fully one half are Chinese, and the wages paid
range from 50 cents to $2 per day. Taking the price at $1.85 per gross, a
low average, the value of the annual production is $925,000.
The wood used is the Port Orford cedar. It is soft, straight, and fine-
grained, and when properly .seasoned, burns well. The sulphur is either
that refined in New York, or English roU-brimstonc. Coast sulphur was
used until the market cea.sed to supply a quality fine enough for the
requirements of the industry, the production being absorbed in other man-
ufactures in a more crude form. Phosphorus has always been imported,
principally from England. In manufacturing, the blocks are cut to the
proper size, and either coated at one end with glue or compressed by
machinery; the object being to cause the matches to adhere at their un-
dipped ends. Dijjping in sulphur and pointing with phosphorus complete
the operation. About four fifths of the output are from the San I'ranci.sco
factories, the remaining establishments being small and their markets local.
The industry dates from at least 1857, when there were factories in San
P'rancisco.
I'actories have been established at different times in several of the larger
Californian towns, but with the exception of Sacramento, where there are
2 supplying a local demand, most of them were short-lived, and unable to
compete with the metropolitan establishments. Salt Lake City has a fac-
tory, and there is one at Mazatlan. The largest works on the coast arc
those of Nkwbauek & Co., established in San Francisco in 1862, and
known as the Metropolitan Match Factory. There are 7 establishments in
the city in addition to the one already mentioned, the principal of which
are the Empire P'actory, owned by B. Bendell & Co.; the Eureka P'actory,
owned by IIoEEN & C(J. ; and the Golden Gate Factory, Levi Davis,
proprietor. TlLTON & VVORTMAN have a factory at Chico, and WILLIAM
Bond has works at Portland.
MISCELLAXi;( )IS MANUl' ACTURES.
713
Linseed Oil. — Our coast consumes annually about 1,500,000 gallons of
linseed oil, all of Pacific production. The raw material is obtained chiefly
from fields of flax cultivated exclusively for the seed in California and
Orej^on, but the supply of the material from these sources being insufficient,
the mills obtain cargoes occasionally fnjm Hindostan. The seed yields
from 20 to 25 per cent, of oil, and the cak'c Icf in the press is used for
feeding cattle, being rich in fattening qualities. Most of the oil is taUen by
the painters, some of it by varnish manufacturers, and it is applied to a
great variety of purposes. The wholesale price is from 55 to 60 cents a
gallon.
Thk P.\CIFIC Oil and Lkao Works were opened in 1S66 at San
Francisco, and are the oldest establishment of the kind on the coast.
Besides linseed-oil manufacture, quantities of oil are expressed from the
castor bean, mustard, and cobre at these works. The machinery used is
perfect in every particular, and large numbers of employees arc engaged in
the different processes of oil manufacture.
A linseed-oil mill was built near Oregon City in 1868, but was closed in
1878; and now the only mill of the kind on the coast north of San I'ran-
cisco is that of G. VV. GRAY & SONS, at Salem. Upholstering tow is made
from flax fiber at the same establishment. A linseed-oil mill was started in
Utah in 18C1, under the management of a prominent Mormon priest, but
the local demand was insufficient to make a profitable market, and the en-
terprise was abandoned.
Paints. — As the people of our coast erect a great number of wooden
buildings every year, and generally paint them externally as well as inter-
nally, wc consume paints, paint-oils, and varnishes to the value of $1,400,000
annually. This includes 3,500 tons of white lead, worth about $600,000 at
wholesale, and nearly as much of other pigments. The white lead, lin-
seed oil, and most of the varnish, are made here; and here the colors are
ground in oil ; but we produce no pigment save white lead. Various de-
posits of umber, sienna, ocher, and other earth)' paints have been found,
but the factories erected to prepare them for the market have proved un-
profitable, and have been abandoned. The processes u.scd here in the man-
ufacture of lead, oil, and varnish have no novel feature. The methotl of
grinding with oil is the same with white lead as with other pigments, among
which those most extensively used in house-painting arc ocher, umber,
Venetian red, and lampblack. The painters add 4 gallons of oil to 100
pounds ' of ground white lead, and 8 gallons to the same weight of other
pigments, to fit them for use. Putty is made by mixing whiting with lin-
seed oil, the combination being one that becomes hard by long exposure to
90
;>4
MA\rr.\(iii;i:s.
''V
\M'I
the atmosplicrc. Tlic consumption of putt\' on niir coast amounts to 150
tons, wnrtli $9,000. One of the forms of |)aints most c\tciisi\cl\- used on
ourco.ist is ilic rul)bcr-|)aint, of which 80,000 },'al Ions arc consumed annual!)-.
It contains some India rubber, and is con.sidcred an excellent protection for
wood exposed to mucli moisture. Another kind of |)aint, mixed witli solu-
ble ^dass, is known as the Avorill paint, and is also useil extensively, the
consumption sometimes running up to 500 tons a month.
The Pioneer White Lead and Color Works of WlirniLK, I"ii,I.i;k & Co., in
San l'rancisc(\ the onl)- establishment that makes white lead on the Pacific
Coast, consist of 2 massive brick buildinj^s connected by a bridge, and were
erected in 1875. They cover an area of rjround 275 by 137 feet, and extend
from Fremont to Heale, between Howard and I'olsom streets. That por-
tion of the factory facing Rcale Strc< t is used for the manufacture of white
and red lead. Files of pig-lead are on hand awaiting the melting process.
The metal must be jiure, and especiallj- free from iron and silver, the pres-
ence of which would tend to give the pigment a dingy and tawny hue.
The melted lead runs from a furnace upon an endless band of iron mold.s.
In the.sc the lead assumes the form of thin disks, 6 inches in diameter
and pierced with holes about one fourth of an inch in size. When cool,
the.sc disks are put into earthenware pots with strong acetic acid, but
in such a position that the acid does not come in direct contact with
the metal. These pots arc imbedded in tanbark, in tiers, and each suc-
ceeding tier is covered with boards until a stack is built up 25 feet in
height. The fermentation of the tan creates a double reaction, cau.scd by
the heat generated, and the acid becoming volatilized, changes the lead into
an acetate. The acetate again undergoes a change by a combination with
the carbonic acid gas evolved by the tan, and thus becomes a carbonate of
lead. Three months elapse before the material is ready for further work-
ing, but, owing to the number of stack.s, .scarcely a day passes that one is
not emptied. The carbonate, when ready, is passed over elevators to a
crushing and grinding-mill, where it is mixed with water ; a steam-pump
conveys the fluid mass to the topmost floor of the factory, where it pas.ses
into tanks for the purpose of being precipitated; the residue from the last
tank is conveyed to copper drying-pans heated by steam.
The pigment is pulverized in its dry condition, then ground 3 times over
i 1 different mills, to .secure a complete and uniform mixture with the linseed
oil into the best kind of ground white lead ready for the u.se of the painter.
The works have a capacity to produce 20 tons of ground lead in 24 hours,
and sometimes run day and night. Besides these extensive departments for
the manufacture of the white lead and for grinding it in oil, there are others
for maknig red lead and litharge in furnaces; for grinding colors gener-
MISCT.M.ANKnrs M Wrr'ACTrRKS.
715
ally in oil; for in.nkinL; nibbcr jjaiiit and putt)-, and for the iiianufactiirc of
the acetic acid required in their bu;iiness. They ^ivc cmplojTncnt to 150
men. Tlieir establishment deserves credit for several improvements in the
methods of manuf.icturiny white lead, of a character designed to ])rotect
the health of the operatives.
A white load factory, to make the pigment by a new process, was opened
in Visitation Valley, 5 miles south of the business part of .San I'rancisco,
in iSj2, but the process was ,1 failure, and the enterprise was .abandoned.
The Pacific Rubber- I'aint-works, also the property of Will r TIKR, i"lI.I,i;K
& Co., arc managed .separately. The rubber, imported from Hrazil, is mi.vcd
with the other materials under a patent process. The ostablishment |)ro-
duccs a sufficient quantity of rubber-paint to supply the entire demand of
the coa.'.t.
TllK Califdrni.V P.MNT Companv makes all the Avcrill mixed paint
consumed on the coast. The pigments arc ground under a secret process,
with oil and soluble glas.s, the latter giving a hard, glo.ssy surface, con-
sidered excellent for resisting the effects of heat and rain. Hesides making
the Averill paint, this compan)- grind about 250 tons of pigments in oil, and
make 1 50 tons of putty. San Francisco has all the paint factories of our
coast.
Vamiah. — Of varnish which is made by melting or dissolving copal gum
in hot linseed oil, our coast consumes about 8o,ocxd gallons, worth $150,000,
annually; and makes ■ XX3, the remaining 20,000 gallons being mostly the
finest qualities of coach and carriage varnish imported from England, and
worth from $4 to $5 a gallon. More than half of the total amount con-
sumed consists of furniture varnish. The only varnish factories on our
coast are in San Franci.sco, and the principal establishments are those of
HUETER Brothers & Co., the oldest in date, founded in 1857, producing
50,000 gallons of various qualities annually; N. C. Walton, Sr., who
makes 4,000 gallons of black varnish ; W. H. WoRDEN, who makes furni-
ture varnish; and the recently opened California Varnish-works.
Turpentine, eto. — When the civil war broke out in 1861, the supplies of
turpentine and resin, previously received on our coast, were suddenly cut
off; and it was found that none were to be had from other sources so
cheaply as from the yellow pine trees of the Sierra Nevada. The most
accessible forest of yellow pine was in Butte County, which became the
seat of an active production. The pitch, which gathered in cuts near the
roots of the trees, was distilled, to separate its main constituents, the vola-
tile turpentine, and the heavier resin. Both were made in large quantity,
and of excellent quality.
716
MANUKACTfRES.
%\
(il
In 1863 the Legislature of California offered premiums of $500 for tiie
first 1,000 t;aiions of turpentine maile in tlic State; $^00 for the first 100
barrels of resin; and $150 for tile first 100 ixirrels of pitch. Tlie first and
second of these premiums were awardeil, the next j'ear, to J. W. jACciIt-
soN, wiu) uitii a partner had a still with a capacity to make 100 {gallons of
turpentine daily, in Marysville. The averaj,'e season's jield is 3 gallons to
each tree (crude), or 25 barrels of turpentine to 1,000 trees.
In 1864 350,000 pounds of crude pitch were collected in Uuttc and Sierra
counties, from which 3 distilleries made 7,250 gallons of spirits of turpen-
tine and 1,150 barrels of resin, averaging 350 pounds. One companj- in
that )'ear tapped more than 20,000 trees. In Hutte Counts-, for the 2
years ending in 1866, 1,200 barrels of turpentine, 1,800 barrels of pitch, and
7,200 cases of resin were made. The industr)' remained active for 4 or 5
years, but suddenly declined in consequence of North Carolina's coming
into the market again after the close of the war, and since then the produc-
tion of our coast has been insignificant. In 1872 a turpentine and resin
factory was put in opc.vition in San Diego, Cal., the i)itch for which was
obtained from trees in the vicinity; its product, however, supi)lied a local
demand onl)-, and was not known in the San Francisco market.
The Californian pitch gatherers cut into all the coniferous trees in their
districts, including the nut-pine. One of the distillers, who concealed his
business and whose name is not on record, found that the pitch from this
tree would not make turpentine; and he had much trouble in getting any-
thing from it by the still, but finally he obtained a liquid entirely different
from turpentine in specific gravity, odor, and in some of its qualities. He
called it erasine, and sold it as a detergent, for taking grease out of clothes.
Druggists, who sold it, advertised it under new titles, as if they had person-
ally discovered it and had the only stock to be found anywhere.
Ik'fore kerosene came into common u.sc, camphenc supplied a brilliant
light for those people who were willing to take the risks attached to its high
inflammability. It is redistilled or refined turpentine, the second distilla-
tion clearing the fluid of the pitchy material carried over in the first treat-
ment. Considerable quantities of camphene were made in San Francisco,
from North Carolina turpentine, before i860, but very little within the last
1 5 years, so little that but for its former prominence it would not deserve
mention.
!t:
\^
Perfumery. — The perfumes and toilet articles consumed annually on our
coast are valued at over $350,000; of which, not exceeding one fifth (in-
cluding the various colognes and other waters manufactured by druggists
in all the larger towns), is produced here. The importations are the prod-
'!; ii
MISCELI.ANF.Oi;s MANTI \( TfKF.S.
/I/
nets of both Eastern and forciijn makers, many of the finer articles bcin^
I'rencli or German. The ca[)it;il investcil in this l)rancii of iniiu;try amounts
to $15,000, antl cmplo)-ment is ^;ivcn to 15 persons, chiefly l)o)s and ^,'iils,
who earn from $3 to $0 per woek, working' 10 liours per day. 'I'iie articles
turned out comprise the various odors known as handkerchief extracts anil
bouquets, hair-oil, pomatums, cosmetics, powders, ;ind similar toilet prepa-
ration.s. The prices of the different sorts of perfumes vary according' to
the cheapness of th." raw materials and quantity of odoriferous matter con-
tained in them. Cf the raw material consumed, the s])irits, tallows, lard,
oils, \\a.\, and som"; other articles of minor importance, are produced at
liome; but the extracts used in makin^f the various perfumes are from
flow<Ts growvi m many lands. The manufacture of these articles is con-
fined to San I'Vanci.sco, and their consumption to the slope north of
Mexico. The principal establishment is that of I'liCK & C.M..MA.\N, doin^;
business under the title of the Franco-American Perfumery Company.
Other makers arc CoWAN & Co. and A. LuDERS.
Cocoanut Oil. — The annual consumption of cocoa oil on our coast
amounts to 90,000 (gallons, nearly all made, in or near San Franci.sco, from
cobre, the dried pulp of the cocoanut. This material is collected by the
natives of the islands in the South Pacific, and sold at prices rangin;^ from
i^ to 3 cents a pound. Under pressure it yields about 60 per cent, of oil,
valuable for soap and cosmetics. The recent prices have been 50 and 55
cents a gallon, though a few years since it sold readily for 70 or 75 cents.
The cake left after the oil has been pressed out is -used, like the cake of
flaxseed, for feeding cattle. The only mill of which cocoa oil is the exclu-
sive production is that of A. Crawkoru & Co., at Alameda. They em-
ploy 3 -schooners in bringing the raw material from the tropical islands in
the Pacific. The Pacific Oil and Lead Works also press cobre.
Whale Oil Refining. — About 400,000 gallons of whale and fish oil arc
consumed annually on our coast, mostly for lubricating purposes, and some
of it is prepared for use by refining, a process in which one small estab-
lishment in San Francisco is occupied part of the year, lying idle the
remainder of the time. Before the days of kerosene, while the oils of the
common and sperm whales were used in nearly all the lamps, 3 or 4 large
refineries were busy constantly.
Soap. — The annual consumption of soap on the Pacific Coast north oi
Mexico has been steadily increasing, until it now amounts to about 20,000
tons of 2,000 pounds, or more than 25 pounds to each individual. Imports
amount to about 1,000 tons, and exports to 300, leaving the production at
•i8
MANUFACTURES.
M ^
least iQ.cxx) tons, worth, at $200 per ton, $3,800, xxD. Most of the soap im-
porti.'d consists of castilc soap from I'rancc, and toilet soap from the
Atlantic States. ICxport.; are i^rincipally to Japan, the Hawaiian Islands,
British Columbia, and China, in the order named, and shipments are also
rcLjularly made to Siberia, Mexico, and Tahiti. But little of our soap
reaches the Australian market, owinsj to high import duties. Manufacturers
look for a steady increase in the number and value of foreign orders, partic-
ularly from China and Japan. Capital amounting to nearly $1,000,000 is
invested in the enterprise, and employment furnished to 600 hands, who
arc paid from 50 cents per day — for minors, engaged in packing and similar
work — to $3, for expert workmen, a day's work being 10 hours. Of the
entire business of the coast, the 21 factories in San Francisco, or having
their business headquarters there, represent 75 per cent, of the capital, em-
ploy three fourths of the hands, and turn out the same proportion of the
jjroducts. The raw materials u.sed in the industry include animal and
vegetable oils, alkalies, resin, meal of maize, coloring matter, and perfumes.
The animal fat most largely consumed is tallow, although fish oils are cm-
ployed in making certain coarse varieties. The supply of tallow on our
coast is ample for a largely increased busines.s, a considerable quantity
being exported annually; it sells in average years for ^}4 cents per pound
for crude, and 7 cents for refined. Of the vegetable oils, olive, cocoanut,
and iialin are chieflj- employed ; the first named being u.sed in the manu-
facture of castilc soap. Only the inferior qualities of olive oil are taken for
the purpose, the best being reserved for table use. The imported I'Vcnch
castile .soap is of several qualities, the pcorcst of which contains sonpstone,
or (jther like substances; and this variation in quality, no doubt, led to the
establishment of the duty — 35 per cent, mi valorem, and one cent per
pound. The dried meat of the cocoanut, known as cobre, is shipped to
San Francisco from Tahiti, and other Pacific islands, and from it is pressed
the ordinary cocoarmt oil, which sells for about 60 cents per gallon. Palm
oil, from Africa, is used in making toilet soaps, and costs here 8 cents per
pound. Caustic .soda main!)- supplies the alkali required, being obtained
for the greater part by recrystallizing the deposits found in Nevada,
although some is brought here fnjm ICngland ; it is sold for 4 cents per
pound. Russian potash is also made use of in the manufacture of special
brands. Maize meal is introduced into a variety of .soap, said to be spe-
cially adapted to washing fine flannels. In the manufacture of .soap, as in
other industries, machinery has been largely introduced; lathes, presses,
saws, planes, cutters, and other appliances arc to be found in all our large
fact(jries, and some manufacturers print their own labels and wrappers. A
deposit of mineral soap was discovered in Nevada in 1875, near the junction
-ilk.
MISCELLANKOUS MANL'lACTl'KES.
;i9
of Smith Creek and the south fork- of the Little Humboklt, in Elko County
It is said to be good for toilet purposes, though too weak for other uses
In 1856, a company was formed, in San I'rancisco, by some Parisians, lor
the manufacture of toilet soaps and perfumery, being the first attempt of
the kind on the coast. The articles jiroduced were of a good ([ualit)-, but
the demand was small, and the enterprise failed. The first soap factory in
California to manufacture for the trade was established at San Franci.'5Co in
1850, on the corner of Green and Powell streets, by J. J. Uercin. A small
factory, supplying a local demand, is mentioned as being operated by a Mr.
CarI'ENTKR, in Los Angeles in 1834. The largest .soap factory on the
coast is that of TiiE Standard Soai' Company, whose works are located
at VVcst Berkeley, California, and have a capacity sufficient for the produc-
tion of 7,cxx3 tons annually. The oldest factory now in existence is that
known as the Pioneer Soap Factory, owned by James H. IIeilm.VN'n,
established in Sacramento in 1850, and removed to San Trancisco in I1S5S.
The Columbia Soap-works, J. BOLAN & Co., proprietors; the Alta Soap
Company, Enuwer & Weintraub, proprietors; the Union Soap Factory,
Charles A. Petersen & Co., proprietors; and the Champion Soap
Factory, owned by TllOMAS DoLAN, arc also located in San Francisco.
Other important factories are tho.se of the The Royai, Soai' Company,
and The CoNnncRCiAL Soap Co^^'ANY, both established in Alameda;
V\'. J. Houston & Co. being the .San I'rancisco agents of the first, and
Dakin & LuiBKY, of the last mentioned. The Navy Soap Company wa.s
established at Oakland in 1880, to manufacture the Nevada mineral deposit
previously mentioned; its San Francisco agent is Fr.vnk U. De Pi;e.
In Sacramento, the Capital Soap Factory, established in 18C6, is owned by
WiTHlNGTON & Baglev, who make washing- powders as well as soaps of
various kinds ; and HoWELL & TusoN are proprietors of the Chief Soap Fac-
toiy. There are other soap factories of minor importance in California, and
also in most of the divisions north of Mexico, including British Columbia.
Oregon Standard Soap.— The Standard Soap Co>h\\xy (R. iRvrxr.
& Co.), of Portland, Oregon, established in that citj' by R. Irvinu; in 1868,
is the second hou.se of importance on the coast in its line of business. The
manufacture is carried on almo.st entirely by steam-power, but 5 hands be-
ing employed. About 15 varieties of soap are turned out, besides consid-
erable quantities of glue and curled hair; the market being Oregon and the
neighboring territories of Washington and Idaho. The ofifice and factory
are located at the corner of Eleventh and F streets.
Pendray & Co.— Thp; Hrhish CoLL>HiiA Soap-works were estab-
lished at Victoria, B. C, their present location, by VV. J. JEEKREK and J. VV,
730
MANUFACTURES.
I'KXDRAY in 1878; the business beincj carried on under the firm name of
I'KXDKAV & Co. Tiic works, situated on James Bay and Humboldt Street,
consist of the factory proper, a 2-story building covering an area of 40 by
60 feet, and a warehouse of one story, 28 by 60 feet in extent ; the 2 build-
ini^s being connected by a tramway. The plant includs 4 kettles, the
largest having a capacity of 1,400 gallons, together with a steam digcstor
and the usual modern appliances found in a first-class establishment. The
furnaces arc so arranged as to consume the gases generated in the different
proccs.scs, thus avoiding the dissemination of disagreeable odors. The
products of the works comprise 10 varieties of soap, ranging from the
coarsest grade for Indian use, to a highly perfumed toilet article, and also
sal soda in quantities sufficient to supply the trade. A market is found
throughout British Columbia.
Candles. — For certain purposes, chief among which is underground min-
ing, no satisfactory substitute has yet been found for the candle, and by
far the greater part of the manufacture on our coast is now sold for use be-
neath the earth's surface. Both dipped and molded candles are produced
on the coast, although the output of the former is limited to a small c[uan-
tity made of wax, which substance can not be cast, because it adheres to
the molds, and also shrinks in cooling. The materials commonly eni-
ploj-ed arc tallow of beef and mutton, cocoanut oil, and sometimes palm
oil, though in much less quantity. The annual consumption of candles on
the coast, .so far as ascertainable, is about 210,000 boxes of 20 pounds each,
or 2,100 tons, being nearly 7 candles to each inhabitant, including Alasl.a,
Pacific Canada, and Pacific Mexico. This quantity is below that actually
cf)nsumcd, as .several mines in Nevada and Utah receive their candles
directly from the Eastern States, and consequently no record of the v.xight
reaches San Francisco.
The San I'^rancisco manufacturers, the only ones on the coast, produce
135,000 bo.xcs, equal to 1,350 tons, annually; imports from the Atlantic
Stales amount to 98,000 boxes, or 980 tons; and exports, which arc mostly
to Mexico, the Ilavvaiian Islands, and British Columbia (the first named
receiving three fourths of the entire shii)ments) amount to 20,000
boxes, or 200 tons. Ordinary candles are sold in San l*'rancisco at
from 9 to 20 cents per poinid, the price usuall)- varjing according to
weight, whicli is from 9 to 14 ounces for each set of 6 candles. fak-
ing the average price at 12 cents, the value of the annual consumption
is o\'cr $500,000; th.it o( the home production $325,000; that of the
importation $235,000; and that of the exports $50,000. Capital to the
amount of $150,000 is invested in the industry, and employment furnished
MISCELLANKOUS MAXUI ACTURES.
721
to 150 hands, wliosc wac^cs ran_^e from $1 to $3 per day of 10 hours, avcr-
aj^ing $2. Mold cindlcs, as implied by the name, arc cast in molds, a
number of which arc f^roujicd, and wicks being strctchca through their
centers, melted fat is allowed to run in. In dipping candles, the wicks
having been warmed, are suspended over a basin of melted wax, the wax is
poured over them until the desired size is produced, and the candle is made
round by rolling. Of the raw materials, tallow is supplied by the coast,
and costs In ordinarj' years about 5^^ cents per pound for crude and y^-^
cents for refined. Palm oil comes from Africa, where it is made by boiling
the nuts of several species of palms in water, and costs here 8 cents per
pound. Cocoanut oil is pressed, in San Francisco, from the dried meat of
cocoanuts shipped from several of the South Sea islands, and costs about
60 cents per gallon. Since 1878 tlie shipments of candles to the coast from
the Eastern State.i have decreased 50 per cent. During the time of the
extensive working of the Comstock lode in Nevada, the consumption of
candles thee was immen.sc, several mines using from 6 to 8 tons each per
month. The annual shipments from the Eastern States from 1875 to 1878
amounted to over 5,ocx) tons. Candle-works were established in Sacra-
mento and in San Francisco in 1854, the factor)' in the latter city being de-
stroyed by fire 2 years later. Eastern-made candles cost at that time 46
cents per pound. In 1871 the San Francisco candle-makers obtained most
of their tallow from Australia. Hesides the factory already mentioned, one
was burned in San Francisco in 1873. The import duties on foreign can-
dles are from 2^,4 to 8 cents per pound, according to quality. Candles
arc much improved by age, and should be stored for some time before
being used. As the candles consumed by the general Government on the
Pacific Slope are from our factories, it is fair to presume that in quality
they are equal to the products of Eastern works. The principal factories
arc those of The San Francisco Candle Company, Egbert Jud.son,
president, established in 1867, burned in 1876, and rebuilt immediately
afterwards, now employing about 50 hands; and the Mission Soap and
Candle Works, Max Morgentiiau, proprietor, established in 1872; which
works were destroyed by the explosion of a steam-boiler in 1881, and have
been since rebuilt. Forty hands arc employed.
Staroh.— The annual consumption of starch on the coast amounts to
about 1,300 tons of 2,000 pounds, of which quantity, not to exceed 100 tons
valued at $16,000, are produced here, the supply coming from the States
cast of the Rocky Mountains. Exports amount to 75 tons, being chiefly
to Mexico, British Columbia, the Hawaiian Islands, and China. The man-
ufacture in California employs only 6 men. In 1855 a factory in Contra
9«
;!^
722
MANUFACTURES.
Costa County, C.ilifornia, turned out about 20 tons per month for a short
time. In 1857 an establishment at San Francisco made a few tons. In
1870 a company was incorporated at San Francisco, having a capital stock
of $150,000, which, for a time, supplied various hotels and laundries; but
di\idends were (c\v, and the business was abandoned. In the same year a
factor)- was established in Santa Clara County, which produced 80 tons of
wheat starch in 4 months, employing 20 men ; but the works proving un-
profitable, were closed. The cause of these misadventures was inability to
compete with Kastern manufacturers, whose products can be sold here at
from one and one half to 2 cents per pound less than similar articles can
be sold by producers on our coast. Most of the Eastern starch is made
from white corn, which can be bought at times for less than 50 cents per
bushel of 56 pounds. Very little of this grain is grown on the coast, and
the yellow variety does not j'ield good starch. When, costs here about
$1.50 per cental, which is $12 per ton more than Eastern rates for white
coi n. From 1 .^^^ to 2 tons of grain are required to produce a ton of starch.
Some wheat starch is al.so shipped from the Eastern States, but being made
from f.ommon flour, it is inferior in quality. The only factory on the coast
is that of J. Evi:i<lJixr, & Co., established in 1H54, with works now located
in Berkelev.
Soda. — The refining and otherwise treating the crude forms of this salt may
be classed among those industries that have obtained a permanent foothold
on our coast.. The various products of the industry are known as sal soda
(impure carbonate), bicarbonate, soda crystals, and washing-powder. The
annual consumption of soda, in its various form.s, is about 4,500 ton.s,
amounting in value at average ]5rices to $275,000. Capital amounting to
$50,000 is invested in the industry, and about 20 hands are employed, of
whom one half work during the .season only, which lasts through the dry
months, in gathering the deposits and attending upon the vat.s. The wages
paid average $2.50 a day of 10 hours. Of the entire consumption, 70 per
cent, is imported from England, and 1,000 tons are produced at home.
About three fourths of the importations are soda ash, a portion only of
which is worked over here, the greater part being used in glass, soap, and
other works; and of the remaining imports, nine tenths arc caustic — used
for bleaching, etc., and one tenth is bicarbonate, chiefly consumed in the
manufacture of baking-powtler.s. Extensive natural deposits of soda occur
in Mexico, California, and Nevada, but those in the last named State
are the only ones worked. They arc found in Churchill County, 25
miles south-east from VVadsworth, and consist of strata, probably the
result of years of evaporation, cand originally covered an oval basin of
ih '■
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
■^3
about i6 acres, 75 feet below the level of the surrounding ground, which is
a desert. The deposit is several feet thick, with some sand blown in
between the layers, and as three fourths of it have already been dug out,
its entire removal is but a matter of a short time. It is freed from impuri-
ties, and mostly shipped to San Francisco in sacks, a small quantity being
used in Nevada in milling ores of silver. The freight is $iy a ton, and it
sells for about $60. Near this "soda lake," as it is called, is an arc-'-. ..f
perhaps an acre, within the limits of which numerous springs bubble up,
the water holding in solution almost pure carbonate of soda, the other
matter amounting to not more than 5 per cent. This water is pumped into
shallow vats, partially evaporated by .solar heat, and when its temperature
is lowered by cool nights, soda is formed. So much depends on the cool-
ing, that a sea.son during which little ice is formed proves a poor soda
season. This .soda is shipped to San Francisco in boxes, where it is con-
verted into other varieties of the salt, one • of which, the bicarbonate, is
rapidly taking the place of the English production. The only establish-
ment now on the coast is that of Joiix IIORSTMAN.
Cream of Tartar. — During the fermentation of grape-juice, a deposit is
formed, dark or light colored, as the wine is red or white, and after purifi-
cation is known chemically as bitartrate of potassa. It received the name
cream of tartar, because a portion of the crystalline formation floats on
the surface of the solution, as cream floats on milk. The crude article is
chiefly used as a flux in assaying ores; the refined product is employed in
medicine, but the most of it is consumed in the manufacture of yeast-
powders. The annual consumption of cream of tartar on our coast is
about 100,000 pounds, amounting, at 40 cents per pound, to $40,000, of
which quantity at least three fourths is refined from imported French argol,
the wine-cellars of California furnishing the raw material for the remainder.
Capital to the amount of $15,000 is invested in the industry, and employ-
ment is given to 10 men. In iSGo, Emilk V^\cnT manufactured about 1,000
pounds of cream of tartar, at Los Angeles, from crude material obtained
from vineyardists in that vicinity, and this was the first production of the
article on our coast. M.-iny wine-makers do not save their argol, consider-
ing the quantity too small to repay them, while others allow it to remain in
the casks, thinking the wine improved thereby; but as agents have been sent
through the wine districts to buy up the supply, it is probable more will be
saved hereafter. The principal refinery is that of D. Cardaire & Co.,
in San Francisco. A. Bertandias establi.shed works at Napa in 1880, for
collecting argol, and ships about 5 tons annually to San Francisco for re-
fining.
724
MANUFACTURES.
Borax. — The production of this salt on the coast is at present limited to
the States of Nevada and California, the first named furnishing 1,250 tons,
and the last mentioned, 650 tons of 2,240 pounds, in all, 1,900 tons per
year. Of this quantity, 1,250 tons arc shipped from San Francisco to
New York; 475 tons to England; 10 tons to various Pacific ports; and
about 75 tons are consumed on the slope, between Mexico and British
Columbia. In addition to the production given, 100 tons of borate of
lime were shipped, in 1881, from Nevada, and 50 tons from San Francisco
to England. Capital amounting to $150,000 is invested in the industry,
and 125 men employed, who are paid wages averaging $2 per day of 10
hours, the working season lasting from 6 to 8 months, depending upon
the absence of rains. The value of the production, at 10 cents per pound,
is about $450,000. The receipts at San Francisco for 1881 were about 80
tons more than those for the previous year. The principal sources of sup-
ply in Nevada are Teal's Marsh and Virginia or Rhode's Salt Marsh,
situated about 14 miles north-west of Columbu.s. In California a deposit
is found in San Bernardino County. Borates of lime and soda occur in
several other counties in Nevada. The .soda deposits have been success-
fully worked, but the price has fallen to so low a figure (from 33 cents to 10
cents, delivered at railroad), owing to the importation of boric acid from
England duty free, that little profit remains to the producer. In 1856 Dr.
J. A. VKATt:!!, whilst analyzing the water of certain springs in Tehama
County, California, found crystals of bora.x remaining from the evapora-
tion of several gallons of the fluid. This is believed to be the first known
on the coast, or in the United States. In con.sequencc of this discovery he
examined other waters, and found boric acid in many of them. Borax
Lake yielded about 250 tons, annually, for a few years. Although the
present yield of the coast is far in excess of its consumption, it is by no
means sufficient to supply the country at large, a large quantity being im-
ported into the Atlantic States from England. The San Francisco agents
are WlLLIAM T. COLIiM.VN & CO.
Cigarettes. — At most of the cigarette factories, tobacco is cut up for the
use of persons addicted to chewing or pipe-smoking, or for cigarette smok-
ers who prefer to roll their own cigarettes. The quantity sold in San
Francisco alone is probably not short of 80,000,000 a year, and, until 1882,
about seven eighths of them were imported.
A small number of Chinamen are engaged at this industry, but there are
several factf)ries in which only white labor is employed. Young boys
and girls make low, fixed wages by sorting and stripping the tobacco.
The cigarette-makers, who are usually adults, receive 6$ to 75 cents per
HI
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
725
1,000. If very expert, they can make as many as 5 a minute, or 3,000 a
day, and earn $10 or $1 1 a week; but their average earnings do not exceed
$8 or $9. The packing and stamping arc done by girls, who make about
$6 a week by packing and $3.50 to $4 by stamping. Cigarettes of good
quality are made of what is often called Turkish, but is usually, in fact,
Virginia tobacco. Real Turkish tobacco is worth $5 to $10 a pound; and
is, of course, beyond the means of most smokers. Havana tobacco is also
used for fillings. The wrappers are of paper of various colors, or of corn-
husks. The ends of the paper are turned up with a small instrument
resembling a steel-pen, which is attached to the finger of the operative.
The materials used in the process of manufacture are nearly all imported.
Most of the tobacco comes from the Southern States, and most of the
papers from France.
CbarooQ.!. — San Francisco consumes annually about 3,600 tons of char-
coal (120,000 sacks of 60 pounds each), worth $65,000 at the present price
of $17 a ton. The bulk of the supply comes from Sonoma County, and
the producers are 70 or 80 Italians, who work in little partnerships, num-
bering from 3 to 5 men. Each firm leases a piece of land containing some
oak timber, under a contract requiring the payment of a fixed rent, a fur-
ther payment of a few cents, not more than 5 on each sack of charcoal
made, and sometimes a clearing of the land, so as to be fit for tillage. The
lessees sell some of the wood as cordwood for fuel, and make the best of it
into charcoal. If they earn $450 each in the year, they think they have
done well. The evergreen oak is preferred for charcoal, but the deciduous
oak is also taken ; and a little willow is burned for special uses. Some of
the farmers in the San Joaquin Valley, who have oak timber on their land,
devote their time, not required for agricultural labor, to charcoal-burning;
and hire field laborers at $25 or $30 a month, with board, to assist them.
For the purpo.se of making charcoal, the wood, cut in lengt'.is of about 4
feet, is piled up sometimes to a height of 30 feet, then covered with a layer
of brush, and this again with wet .soil, which last prevents the outer air
•from penetrating during the burning process. The burners must be con-
stantly on the watch to prevent the fire either from dying or from burning
too fiercely. In the first case, they open the pile for a few minutes; in the
latter, they throw on more soil. The piles or kilns, as they call them, are
of different sizes, sometimes producing as much as 1,000 sacks, or 30 tons
of charcoal, and take from 15 to 22 days to burn. The slower the process,
the better the charcoal. The San Francisco Mint consumes about 900 sacks
monthly, and the canneries about 250 tons yearly. The consumption of
late years has decreased. In 1878 as much as 150,000 sacks were con-
4
III
726
MANUFACTURES.
II '':'
m !
I •»(■
sumed. Tinsmiths, who in former years used charcoal exclusively, have
rcccntl)- adopted a heater, which Ijurns oil. The charcoal made by the
Italian companies is sent b\- them to this city, and sold in large lots by the
sack, and not by weight, to dealers, who, in their turn, retail it to their cus-
tomers. In Nevada enormous quantities of charcoal are u.sed by min-
ing companies in smelting their low-grade ores. About 2,000 men, most
of them Italian.s, are emploj-ed in the production. The price paid by mine-
invners to the charcoal-burners is from 28 to 30 cents a bushel.
Bone Charcoal, eto. — Hone charcoal, bone phosphate, bone ash, bone
meal, meat manure, and ncat's-foot oil, although put to widely different uses,
are usually manufactured at the same establishments, for the reason that the
raw material is obtained from a comtnon .source of supply — the large
slaughter-houses of important commercial towns.
This coast produces annually about 1,200 tons of charcoal, 2cJo of bone
ash, 800 of bone meal, and 1,000 of meat manure, and 6,000 gallons of
neat's-foot oil. The coal, ash, and most of the oil are consumed at home;
the meal and manure exported to Australia and New Zealand, as arc a
few barrels of the oil, though the latter is the only one of the.se articles
mentioned in the usual list of imports. Thirty hands are employed. The
capita' invested in the industry is about $100,000. The coal sells for $60 a
ton; the ash for $75 ; the meal for $25 ; the meat manure for $40; and the
oil for So cents a gallon. Animal charcoal is made from bones, which arc
cleaned and charred in a covered cylindrical iron vessel holding about 200
pounds, and kept at a red heat for 8 hours, when the pot is withdrawn and
placed aside to cool. The coal is chiefly used as a decolorizer in the man-
ufacture of sugar and of other articles requiring purification of this nature.
From the dust unavoidabl}' accumulated in grinding bones, phosphate has
been made ; it is largely u.sed as a manure in the Eastern States, but as
high rates of freight prevent its shipment, and there is no home demand, it
is at present thrown away. Bone ash is made by burning bones in an
open furnace until they become friable and easily reduced to a coarse pow-
der; it is supplied to the mints, assay offices, and metallurgical works,
where it is used for making cupels. Bone meal is made by first steaming
the bones to remove the gelatine, and afterwards crushing them. Meat
manure is prepared from the refu.sc organic matter of slaughter-houses, be-
ing first dried by centrifugal action, afterwards by steam-heaters, and then
ground and mixed with a sufficient quantity of sulphuric acid to fix the
ammonia contained in it, which is its most important constituent. Neat's-
foot oil is prepared from the feet and intestines of cattle, and is principally
used for dressing leather; the quality of that produced on the coast is not
i
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
/-/
excelled by the best Eastern article, but the quantity made is limited by
the supply of the raw material, which, in fact, is the case with all the pro-
ductions mentioned. There arc at present 2 factories in San I'rancisco —
the only ones on the coast — those of N. OlILANDT & Co. and A. Has.S.
The manufacturers complain that our agriculturists are indifferent to the
necessity of supplying the land with the material required to keep the soil
in good condition.
Inks, Blacking, and Mucilage. — These articles, aside from printing-ink,
which is mentioned in the chapter on paper, printing, etc., are mostly manu-
factured at the same establishments. Two varieties of ink are produced —
writing-fluid, and that used by workers in leather. The first-named
variety includes all black, colored, copying, and stencil inks; the last, that
used by shoe and harness makers. Mucilage differs only in strength; and
blacking is cither solid or liquid. The aggregate value of the annual con-
sumption of these articles on our coast is about $80,000, of which one
fourth is imported. Capital amounting to $30,000 is invested in the in-
dustry, and employment furnished to 15 hands, one half of whom arc
minors engaged in putting up the mixtures. Exports amount to 500 cases,
and arc principally to Briti.sh Columbia, the Hawaiian Islands, and Mexico.
Of the raw materials, such articles as sulphate of iron and prussian blue
arc obtained from our chemical works, while galls, gums, etc., are imported
from Europe. The prices range from a few cents per package, for the com-
mon inks or blackings, to $8 per gallon for stencil ink, the high price of
the latter being due to the costliness of its principal ingredient, nitrate of
silver.
The largest establishment on the coast is the Pacific Ink Factory,
James J. Knowlton, manager, the works of which occupy premises 52
feet by 137 feet. Henrv Lake and A. Patek, each manufacture black-
ings and dressings, all being located in San Francisco.
Carbon Bisulphide. — Bisulphide of carbon, a heavy liquid vaporizing
rapidly upon exposure to atmospheric influence, depends for its commer-
cial value on the poisonous effects of its vapor, particularly as affecting the
lower forms of animal life. About 800 pounds per day are manufactured
here during a portion of the year, most of which is .sold to the agricultur-
ists of the coast, and employed by them in destroying ground-squirrels,
gophers, and the phylloxera. Several shipments have also been made to
the Eastern States. Capital amounting to $8,000 is invested in the in-
dustry, and 6 men are employed, who are paid wages averaging $2.50 per
day. Until 1880, the price of this agent (from 50 cents to $1 a pound)^
placed it beyond the farmer's reach; but the invention of a cheaper pro-
728
MANUFACTURES.
rfV {
a: I ■ ^
cess of manufacture about that time so reduced its cost that it is now sold
in large quantities at 8 cents a pound. To destroy the rodcnt.s, a small
portion is placed in each hole, and the opening sealed; the vapor, heavier
than air, sinks to the bottom, and a single inhalation kills the animal. A
pound is enough for from 25 to 30 holes. The fluid is too strong in its
natural state for use in vineyards, and when employed to destroy the
ph>'llo.\era, potash or soda is addca, and the mixture diluted with water in
the proportion of ^7}^ gallons of the latter to a pound of the mi.xture for
each 1 5 vines, planted 8 feet by 8 feet apart. This quantity proved suffi-
cient to penetrate the soil to a depth of 3 feet, and to spread over the sur-
face between the vines. The ground must be in a condition to allow the
solution to penetrate quickly, and it should bo used at that season of the
year when vegetation is least active. The officers of the California State
Viticultural Commission place its cost for a vineyard at $20 per acre,
equivalent to the value of one ton of grapes. Of the raw material con-
sumed in this industry, the carbon is obtained from specially prepared
willow charcoal, and the sulphur comes from Sicily and Japan in the form
of brimstone, costing 2^3 cents per pound. The only factory in the
United States is that of Jonx II. WlIKELER, at Berkeley.
Axle Grease. — This lubricant, as made on the Pacific Coast, is a mi.xture
of resinous and oily substances, and its annual consumption amounts to
200 tons, valued at $45,000. The San Francisco factories, the only ones on
the slope, produce about 1 50 tons yearly, and 50 tons arc imported from the
Atlantic States. E.xports amount to' 2 5 tons per annum, being chiefly to
Mexico, British Columbia, the Hawaiian Islands, and Australia. Capital
amounting to $45,000 is invested in the industry, and 10 hands arc em-
ployed, who arc paid $2.50 per day of 10 hours. Of the raw materials,
resin is received from North Carolina via New York, at a cost of about
$3.50 per barrel of 280 pounds; and the oils are partly imported and
partly produced here. The only factories on our coast are in San Fran-
cisco ; the oldest and largest factory, that of L.\.MBERT & GREENE, was
established in 1852; the other, owned by VV. H. WoRDEN, was started in
1873-
Brooms. — Brooms are manufactured on the coast by about 50 establish-
ments, who have capital invested amounting to $125,000; employ 300 per-
sons, one half of whom are Chinese ; and produce annually 60,000 dozens
of brooms of all kinds, worth nearly $250,000. The whites receive from
$10 to $15 per week, and the Chinese earn about $9 — all working 10 hours
per day. The exports amount to 2,500 dozens yearly, and are chiefly to
the Hawaiian Islands, British Columbia, Mexico, and Central America.
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
729
Wholesale prices ranc;c from $1.50 per dozen for whisks, to $5.50 for the
best house-brooms. The raw material, broom-corn, is yrown in Butte,
Colusa, Sutter, and Yuba counties, California; in Washington, and also in
Utah, principally in Weber County. The average yield is about 4 tons to
the acre, and the price ranges from $40 to $175 per ton. The cxport.s of
broom-corn average about 250 tons per annum, and arc chiefly to Australia
and New Zealand, the first named receiving by far the greater portion of
the shipments. The total product of the coast will not exceed 800 tons.
The lands on which broom-corn has been grown in California lie along the
Sacramento River and its tributaries, and are liable to annual flooding, to
the detriment of the crops, which arc commonly raised by Chinese, who
hire the land. Usually the stalk of this corn is thicker and the brush
shorter than that grown in the States ea.st of the Rocky Mountains. The
first peculiarity is an advantage, in that it admits of a firmer attachment to
the handle ; the second is a fault that is overcome by laying the Eastern
product over the home growth in making the broom. The importations, at
no time large, vary with the quantity and quality of the native yield.
A ton of broom-corn will make from 100 to 125 dozens of brooms.
Broom-handles are made of Port Orford cedar and of Californian pine. In
addition to the home consumption of handles, 12,000 are annually exported,
chiefly to Australia. They arc made in San Francisco, from which base
most country dealers obtain their supplies. The culture of broom-corn be-
gan near Sacramento in 185 1, and brooms were made in that city the year
following; the manufacturer starting with a capital of $50. In 1858 his sales
were 3,500 dozens, and he employed 9 workmen. About this time 125 tons
of corn were shipped to New York and Boston. Several interior towns in
California not only manufactured for their own consumption, but shipped
their surplus to San Francisco; which city did not lead in the industry
until after 1866. Eastern brooms have been worked over in San Francisco
and sold as home-made, the latter being in greater demand.
Chinese were employed in 1870, and, soon ma.stering the business, opened
establishments which in some degree competed with white producers, not
only by reason of lower prices, but because, as already mentioned, a por-
tion of the corn crop is grown by Chinese, and they sell to their coun-
trymen in preference to others. Of the 40 factories in California, fully one
half are in San Francisco, and the remainder distributed throughout the
State. Among the leading broom manufacturers of California are COLE
& Kenny, L. Van Laak, Thomas Ward, Tho.mas Golden, Harri.son
& Dickson, and Ah Chow, in San Francisco; Billingsley & Co.,
Brice Powell, and W. F. Le Favor, in Sacramento; and Armes &
92
730
MANUFACTURES.
Dai.LAM, in San Ouentin ; the salesrooms of tlic last mentioned being in
San I'Vancisco.
Orcjjon has 2 broom factories — that of the Zan Huotiiers in Portlanil, and
the works of J.W. GUAYSON & Co. in Salem. These establishments supply
most of Oregon and a portion of Washington, the corn being obtained from
California and Washington, and usually costing $100 per ton. Washington
has 2 establishments — that of WOODUUI'I'' & Van El'fs at Olympia, and
the factory of IIan'COCK & WRIGHT in Walla Walla. Utah has 4 estab-
lishments; 2 of which are in Ogden, and one each at Bountiful and Spring
City. A market is found in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, aside from
the home consumption.
Brushes. — Brushes of the coarser grades only have been manufactured
as yet to any extent on this coast, although efforts to introduce a better
class of goods have been made, and are meeting with grailual success.
The obstacle to the increa.se of pnuluction is that the large Eastern fac-
tories can sell more cheaply, and with a single day's work can supply our
demands for a year. Usually the brushes made here are turned out to fill
special orders. The annual consumption amounts in value to $240,000;
only one sixth of which is home production, the remainder being the prod-
uct of the States cast of the Rocky Mountains. Of the importations, that
of feather-dusters, amounts to $50,000; the remainder including all varie-
ties, from shoe to toilet. The capital invested in the industry here amounts
to $30,000, and the business gives employment to about 40 hands, who earn
from $1 to $5 a day, according to skill. Trom 75 to 100 cases arc ex-
ported, principally tc the Hawaiian Island.s, British Columbia, Central
America, and Mc;cici). The raw material annually consumed is valued at
$12,000, and cons'vcs ;f bristles, soaproot fiber, tampico, twine, tacks, and
wood for backs. 1 jc mestic bristles arc generally short, and cost from 10
to 50 cents a pound, the annual supply seldom exceeding $3,000 in value.
The finest imported bristles come from Siberia, other portions of Rus-
sia and North Germany, and .sell for $8 per pound; and together with
twine and tacks from the Eastern States, cost about $2,000 a year. The
soaproot fiber is claimed to be the best substitute for bristles yet dis-
covered, being highly elastic, unaffected by water, and making fine and
ser\iccable brushes for general household uses. It has already been men-
tioned under the head of Upholstery. Tampico grows in the Mexican
•State of that name, and yields a stiff and lasting fiber, used in the manu-
facture of scrubbing and other coarse brushes.
The first brushes made on our slope were turned out at Salt Lake City
from domestic material by GILBERT CleMENT.S in 1853. Three years
MISCELI-ANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
73'
later, an establishment was opened in San Francisco by Nr.WMAN Uroth-
EUS, and one in Sacramento by JoilN W'oi.l'. In i<S66aSan I'rancisco
manufacturer exhibited several varieties at the fair of the Mechanics' Insti-
tute in that city. The industry is as yet in the hands of white workmen,
the Chinese not having obtained a foothold. Amonfj the brush manufac-
turers of our coast are Fic.ER nuoiilERs, R. V\^ SnirsoN, and J. Una, of
San Francisco; 1). Metzger, of Portland; T. C. JONE.s, and C. L. WlllTE,
of Salt Lake City.
Artifioial Limbs, Trusses, etc. — The consumption of artificial limbs,
trusses, and similar surgical appliances, on the Pacific Coast, amounts
in value to about $25,000 per annum, one half of which is paid for im-
ported articles. The artificial limbs used are of 2 general varieties,
known respectively as wooden and cork. In the m.inufacture of the first
named, the material used is the wood of the willow, or that of the buckeye.
Three varieties of cork are employed ; Spanish, Peruvian, and Chinese.
Spani.sh cork is too well known to require description here ; that from Peru
would be taken for the ordinary article at a hasty glance, but closer inspec-
tion shows it to be much finer and softer, and far more elastic. Chinese
eork, the most delicate growth of all, is smooth, has a light-gray color, and
in general appearance resembles dried pith. The number of artificial li: ibs
sold on the coast annually will not exceed 50, with prices ranging from $50
to $ 1 50 each.
Trusses are made partly of steel and partly of the different kinds of cork
mentioned, the metal being imported from Europe. Under the term "sur-
gical appliances," are included all mechanical devices worn on the person
for the purpose of treating physical deformity, or for supporting, or
strengthening weak parts of the human frame. But few of these are
made, except as specially ordered, for the rca.son th^t 2 cases are rarely
found requiring precisely the same treatment. Capital amounting to $25,-
000 is invested in the industry, and about i 5 workmen are employed, who
are paid from $2.50 to $5 per day of to hours, according to proficiency.
The principal manufacturers on our coast are William Heeman, Menzo
Spring, August Koeiiler, and J. H. A. Folker.s & Brother, in San
Francisco; G. A. Stephen.SON, in Sacramento; and ROBERT REED, in
Oakland.
Oakum. — For a number of years after the gold discovery, it was the cus-
tom, among Eastern and British ship-ovners, to dispatch to this coast ves-
sels which were unscaworthy, for such a voyage as that around the Morn.
Some of them were condemned and broken up, on arriving in San Fran-
cisco hatbor. Indeed, many of them were sent here with no expectation
732
MANUFACTURES.
'■ iSV;
m^^
that thcj' \\'ould ever make another voyage. The high rates of wages and
the difficulty in obtaining a crew and a return cargo, also caused numbers of
shijis to be dismantled and beached ; and their subsequent use as storehouses,
saved vast quantities of valuable merchandise from the great conflagrations
to which San Francisco was subject, in the early days of her history.
The old rope obtained from the dismantling of vessels and the renewal
of worn-out cordage, was either dumped into the bay or shipped among
other odds and ends to the New York and "Boston markets. Until 1870,
or thereabouts, one could buy up all the material needed at a cent a pound,
while the price of oakum averaged 28 cents a pound by the bale. It was
not until 1870 that an oakum factory in San Franci.sco, the first and only
one on our coast, was established by SAMUEL WEEKS.
Oakum is made at the rate of 6,000 to 7,000 bales (50 p'unds each) a
year, and to the value of $30,000 or $35,000. The cost of the cordage ab-
sorbs more than 35 per cent, of the sum received from the sale. Not more
than 25 operatives arc employed. The wages of white men are $2 to
$2.50, of white boys $1, and of Chinamen 75 cents to $1 a day. The price
of material averages 3 '< to 4 cents a pound, and of oakum about $5 a bale,
or 10 cents a pound. The supply of old rope is insuffic ;nt to meet the de-
mands of the factory, and a considerable quantity is imported from Liver^
pool. With prices at present rates, it would be impossible to ertiploy other
than cheap labor. The experiment has been tried of .substituting the
.services of white boys for those of Chinamen; but it was found that they
could not be relied on for steady and continuous labor. A few boys, how-
ever, arc still emplo)'cd.
The entile consumption of oakum on the Pacific Coast is at the rate of
7,000 to 8,000 bales, and more than 75 per cent of it is made at the factory
in San Francisco. Imports consist almost entirely of goods manufactured
at the Government factory in Brooklyn, New York State, and shipped
thence to the Mare Island Navy Yard. WEEKS & Co. also furnish 300
bales a j-ear for use at this naval station.
Fishing-tackle. — This section treats of the smaller implements used
in hand fishing, the larger appliances, as nets, etc., being mentioned else-
where. The value of the annual consumption on the coast of articles
of the class under consideration is estimated to be about $40,000, of which
not a tenth part is manufactured here, and the little produced is mostly
made up of small lots of what is termed tied-work, such as flies, leaders,
and hooks having gut attached, all made to fill special orders.
Felting. — The principal uses to which felting is applied on this coast are
for boiler coverings, roofing, and sheathing. All these descriptions are im-
vmn r||
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
733
ported from England. When used for roofing, it is covered, after being
laid down, with a heavy coating of asphaltum. Imports of this description
have fallen off considerably of late years ; but there is yet a heavy stock
on hand, and shipments of .several hundred frames were made during iSSi
to the Hawaiian Islands, Mexico, British Columbia, and other foreign des-
tinations. F. N. Neuval and W. T. Somervell are the owners of an as-
phaltum mine in San Luis Obispo County, and from it obtain material to
cover roof felting, in which they do a considerable business.
Gas-'works. — The annual consumption of gas on our slope is about S50,-
000,000 feet, four fifths of which are produced and used. by California, the
city of San Francisco alone burning 300,000,000 feet. Capital amounting
to $17,000,000 is invested in works, mains, and material, and employment
is given to 650 men, who arc paid on an average $2.50 per day of 10 hours.
A ton of 2,240 pounds of coal equal in quality to good English canncl, will
yield 10,000 feet of gas, 4 to 6 hours being required for its production.
English coal costs here about $10 per ton. Gas made from petroleum is
now used in many country residences in California; several of the smaller
towns are thus lighted, and works are being constructed in some of the
larger cities, including San Francisco, where 2 of the principal hotels have
manufactured their own gas from petroleum for about a year.
Gas was first made in San Francisco by a company in 1853, when the
price for a short time was 6 cents per foot to private consumers and 32
cents per lamp per night to the city. T'.c few lamps erected at that time
were on Montgomery Street. In 1856 13^^ miles of pipe had been laid,
and the price had fallen to $12.50 per 1,000 feet. In 1857 it was $8; in
1862, $6; in 1869, $5.75; and in 1880, $3. In the smaller towns $5 or
more are still charged. The price in New York and Brooklyn is $1.25 per
1,000 feet. The largest establishment on the coast is that of TitE San
Francisco Gas Light Comi any incorporated in 1852 with a capital of
$2,000,000, which has since been increased to $10,000,000. The first works
of the company, having a capacity of 70,000 feet per diem, were completed
and the .streets of the city lighted with gas on February 1 1, 1854. In 1881
about 300,000,000 feet were produced, and 400 men employed. TllE Ci:n-
tral Gas Light Company, incorporated in .San Francisco in 1881, with
a capital of $1,000,000, has built works with a capacity of 500,000 feet a
day, laid 1 2 miles of pipe, and is now constructing additional works, includ-
ing a wh;trf for the reception of its raw material. This company manufac-
tures its gas from petroleum, TiiE OAKLAND Gas Light Company
first lighted its street-lamps in January, 1867. Gas-works have recently
been built at Berkeley.
734
MANUFACTURES.
The Capital Gas Company, of Sacramento, cstabiishc>1 in 1875,
produces about 30,000,000 feet of gas annually. The city was first
lighted with gas in 1855. The San Josd Gas-works were established in
i860, and at present include a factory for the manufacture of gat from pe-
troleum. The yearly production of gas amounts to 1 2,000,000 feet. The
Santa Rosa Gas-works were established in 1876, the present ^nnor; being
John A. Paxton and others. Stockton has 13 miles of niri- i^i'l, cm-
ploys 8 men, and produces about 10,000,000 feet of jci^ »• 1 Los
Angeles County manufactures about 4,000,000 feet annua : . V a»ie,o has
gas-works and 6 miles of mains. Nevada City and Grass \ alley cac'.i have
gas-works; those in the last named having been constructed in 1862.
Napa City and Marysville have gas-works, and there arc small establish-
ments elsewhere in the State. In addition to the amount gi\.jn as the
product of the State, probably 15,000,000 feet are made yearly by private
parties for their own consumption.
In 1 861, before the town of Virginia, Nevada, was 2 years old, works
were erected and gas made from the pitch-pine that abounded in the vicin-
ity. In 1863 coal-gas works were built and io,oco feet of pipe laid. TllE
Euui'.K.v G.\s Co.MPANV was incorporated at Eureka in 1873. Petroleum
gas-works were built at Reno in 1876 and one mile of pipe laid. The
Portland Gas-works, at Portland, Oregon, have 5 miles of mains laid. At
Salcm, first lighted by gas in 1870, there are works with 3 miles of pipe.
Seattle, in Washington Territory, has a gas company, incoiporated in 1873.
The Salt Lake City Gas-works were established in 1872, and arc parrl
owned by the city. Victoria is also lighted with gas. In 18G9 TIov j.,
& Lakriag.V obtained a privilege for 20 years, and built gas-works at
Mazatlan, Sinaloa.
liilt
APPENDIX.
Acknovrledgments. — Although the name of only one person as author
appears on the title-page, a dozen others have been employed in collecting
information and preparing it for the press; and among these, Alfred
Bates and E. P. Newkirk have rendered the most ser\'icc.
The scope of the book is so comprehensive and the mass of material
collected for it so great that doubtless mistakes have been made in deciding
what should be accepted or excluded, leaving room for improvement in the
subsequent editions through which it is expected the book will go in suc-
cessive years.
The chapter on the improvements of the rivers and harbors of our coast
is from the pen of a gentleman thoroughly familar with the subject.
H. F. Page. — The bill for the first appropriation for the construction of
an artificial harbor in San Antonio Creek was introduced into Congress and
pushed to final passage by H. F. Page; and the people of Oakland showed
their appreciation of his services by securing his nomination and election
for 4 succeeding terms, in the course of which he has obtained the appro-
priations for continuing the work.
Sources of Information. — The readers may desire to know where to
look for fuller or later information than is here given. Of these sources the
most important is the daily press, which is an invaluable record of the his-
torical progress, and of the commercial and industrial condition of the slope.
The daily newspapers of San Francisco, besides their full reports of passing
events in their ordinary issues, generally publish in January, comprehensive
statistical summaries of the commercial and industrial business of the city
for the preceding year, and these figures include much of all that is done in
the State. Similar summaries for their respective localities have been pub-
lished by the Sacramento Record-Union^ the Oakland Times, the Los
Angeles Express and Herald, the Stockton Independent, and the Sonoma
Democrat, in California; the Oregonian and Journal of Commerce, of Port-
land, and the Astorian in Oregon, Post-Intelligcnccr in Seattle, and the
Tribune, in Salt Lake City. Those are all dailies which devote themselves
736
APPENDIX.
to general news; and some periodicals devoted to special departments are
excellent. The annual reviews of the Commercial Herald and Journal of
Commerce, of San Trancisco, should not be overlooked.
The San Jose Mercury, the Virginia City Enterprise, the Olympia Tran-
!•■■■ V and Standard, the Tacoma Ledger, the Victoria Colonist and Standard,
ither journals which publish much interesting information about the
1' >urces and business of their surrounding districts. The San Francisco
Rural Press and Riverside Press are noted as agricultural publications,
and the San Francisco Mining Press contains much information about the
mining of our slope.
Of general information in reference to California something may be found
in The Resources of California {a. volume of 440 pages, 7th edition, 1S79) by
John S. IIittell, Bancroft's Pacific Coast Guide Book 1882, 300 pages, and
Tlic Resources of Cilifornia, a monthly paper devoted to the dissemination
of information about California, and published by J. P. H. WeN'TWORTII.
A. W. Preston, Secretary of the Immigration Association of California, 10
California Street, San FrancLsco, will give information to persons desirous
of settling in the State. Mrs. A. II. H. STUART, of Olympia, president of
the Washington Immigration Society, will answer for that territory; and J.
E. SllEPllARD, at 504 Battery Street, is commissioner of the Oregon State
Koard of Immigration in San Francisco. He gives pamphlets and maps
relating to Oregon to applicants, and furnishes certificates to men with
families entitling them to passage from Portland up the river at reduced
rates. One of the most comprehensive books on Oregon is All Over Oregon
and Washington, by Mrs. I\ I". Victor. Among those who have written welt
about the business of Oregon are WM. Reiu and A. J. DuKOUR. Elwood
Evans, of Olympia, is a recognized authority in reference to the r'isources
and progress of Washington. The Attractions of Utah, by O. J . I lOLLlSTER,
published by the Utah Board of Trade, is an excellent pamphlet, and
several briefer essays by others have been issued by the same body. The
Resources of Ariaoua, by PATRICK Hamilton, published by order of the
legislature in 1881, is the best treatise on that territory. The Guide lo
British Columbia, published in 1877, a volume of 400 pages, is the latest
book on that province. The books which contain information about parts
of our slope number hundreds, if not thousands. A list of the histories of
the counties of California, and of the pamphlets about the business resources
and attractions of different cities and towns, including Oakland, Los Angeles,
Vallejo, Stockton, San Diego, Montcrc)', Santa Cruz, and San Jose, would
fill pages.
y\ll the leading towns of our slope have their directories, many of which,
besides their list of residents, contain comprehensive articles on the re-
I
APPENDIX.
737
sources, industry, traffic, and history of their respective neighborhoods.
The scries of San Francisco directories, compiled annually for more than 20
years by H. G. Langley, is a valuable record of general information. Other
directories deserving of special mention and commendation are the Pacific
Coast Directory, lox 1880-81, published by L. M. McKenney & Co.; the
Directory of Sacramento, Amador, El Dorado, Placer, and Yolo Counties, for
1879-80, published by L. M. McKenney ; the Oregon State Directory, pub-
lished by J. K. Gill & Co.; the Directory of the City of San Jost', for 1878,
published by COTTLE & Wright ; and the Arizona Business Directory, com-
piled and published by VV. C. DiSTURNELL.
Relative Space. — San Francisco occupies a large part of the space in
this book for the reasons that she has a preponderant share in the manu-
facturing industry and wholesale commercial business of the slope, and
that our facilities for collecting information and verifying it up to the date
of publication have been far better in the metropolis than in other cities,
even those only a few hours distant. It was part of the plan of the work
to give an equal space to every division of the coast in proportion to the
amount of its business, and if we have fallen short of that purpose it was
because of circumstances, which if not appreciated in detail will be under-
stood, as to their general character, by experienced business men. We are
fully convinced that extensive districts on our slope arc to make more rela-
tive progress in the next 20 years than San Franci.sco, and that her pros-
perity and growth are and will be in a considerable degree dependent on
those of the slope from Mexico to Alaska.
Supplementary Material. — Some of the material prepared for this
work could not, for various reasons, be inserted in the chapters for which it
was intended, and is therefore put into the appendix.
Gomstook Mines. — The accompanying engraving gives a vertical section
of the Comstock lode as seen in the imagination from the east, looking
westward. The scale is a quarter of an inch to i.ooo feet. The lightest
spots represent the large bodies of rich ore; the darkest portions indicate
what arc supposed to be barren strips of the vein. The white lines running
down from the surface are the shafts and inclines; the white marks at the
bottom arc the limits of the different mines, which are numbered consecu-
tively from the Utah at the north to the Belcher at the south, and then
there is a skip (a portion of the vein being doubtful) to the Alta. These
mines, the length of which is given in Chapter XVII., are the following:
I, Utah; 2, Sierra Nevada; 3, Union; 4, Mexican; 5, Ophir; 6, California;
7, Consolidated Virginia; 8, Best & Belcher; 9, Gould & Curry; 10, Savage;
93
APl'l'.NDIX.
liU
1 1, Male & Noicross; 12, Chollar; 13, Bullion; 14, Exchequer; 15, Alpha;
16, Imperial; 17, Yellow Jacket; 18, Kcntuck; 19, Crown Point; 20, Bel-
cher; 21, Alta.
St 30 19 iS ly 16 15 14 13 12 II 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 a I
VERTICAL SKCTION OF THK COMSTOCK LODE.
Mining Tables. — The following tables give the number of tons of ore
reduced, the average yield of the ton, the gross yield, and the dividends
for each fiscal year of some of the most notable gold and silver mines on
our coast. The number of the year indicates the end of the company's
fiscal year, which usually closes on the anniversary of the company's organi-
zation. Thus the yield of the Imperial Mine credited to 1869, is for the
company's fi-scul year ending May 31, 1869.
The figures for the Consolidated Virginia, California, Sierra Nevada,
r Ichcr, Empire, Raymond & Ely, Eureka Consolidated, and Black Bear,
arc for calendar years ; those for the others for fiscal jxars, which arc in Jan-
uary for the Bodie Consolidated; in February for the Standard Consolidated
and Hale & Norcross; in March for the ChoUar-Potosi ; in May for the
Crown Point and Imperial; in June for Justice; in July for the Savage and
the Yellow Jacket; in November for the Gould & Curry and the Kcntuck;
and in December for the Ophir.
Consolidated Virginia.
Year.
Tons.
Average Yieic
. Gross Yield.
Dividends.
1873
1874
• ir,297
89,784
$57 00
56 00
$645,582
4,981,484
$2,592,000
1875
161,160
93 00
i''',7i7,394
11,448,000
1876
145,500
114 00
16,657,649
12,960,000
1877
143,200
96 00
13,738,000
8,640,000
1878
123,625
65 00
7,996.753
5,400,000
1879
60,227
41 20
2.481,358
1,350,000
1880
•*••••
1,75^536
540,000
1881
6,816
21 13
144,143
Totals
..741,609
$65,118,959
$42,930,000
California
1876
127,540
$105 07
$13,400,841
$8,640,000
1877
213,683
8849
18,924,850
14,040,000
1878
138,785
7889
10,949,078
7,020,000
1879
64,044
40 24
2,576,972
1,620,000
1880
38.359
6,175
23 21
19 77
890,515
122,107
I88I
Totals
..588,586
$46,864,363
$3'>32o,ooo
Ophir- .
Year.
1860-1870
1871-1875
187s
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
Tons.
109,166
39-334
51.428
67,738
8,946
441
19-175
6,540
Totals 302,768
Gould & Curry .
i860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
Totals 318,747
Savage . .
, . 1863-July I, 1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
APPENDIX. 739
Average Yield. Gross Yield. Dividends.
$4800 $5,210,000 $1,394,000
30 00 1,100,000
35 33 1,817,187
34 35 2,340,848
20 44 182,834
40,000
66 87 1,283,246
32 23 214,605 100,000
$12,189,780 $1,494,000
$15660 $22,005
147 40 44,220
99 80 842,539
8007 3,902,913 !f!.-i68,8oo
72 18 4,798,125 1.440,000
4402 2,026,173 618,000
2800 1,690,952 252,000
2473 707,594
4 73 65,538
18 37 285,945 ........
28 03 666,252 48,000
26 21 91-645
II 91 34-217
4761 $15,178,118 $3,826,800
$44 35 $3-600,709 $800,000
44 14 1,303,852
41 97 2,9i..<,i64 1,120,000
40 84 3,506,082 1,560,000
34 87 1-950,550 728,000
20 06 283,841
2143 827,234
18 70 905,800
1329 447-952
140
300
8,442
48,745
66,477
66,022
60,417
28,583
13,835
15-563
23-767
3-496
2,956
8i,t83
30,653
70,721
87,342
69-257
13-747
38,949
48,393
33-709
Totals.... 459-036 $3429 $15-703-279 $4-460,000
HA1.E& NORCROSS.
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
28,636
25-333
16,536
45,441
64,974
49-625
40,417
31,733
12,575
■$47 32
34 14
2389
27 13
25 13
1738
16 28
18 70
18 00
$1,355-220
864,998
395.146
1,232,929
1,632,844
862,701
657-950
593-599
226,846
$350,000
440,000
192,000
536,000
80,000
Totals.
.313,270 $2497 $7,822,233 $1,598,000
740
APPENDIX.
Chollar-Potosi . ..
s
' r s
i "•'
Year.
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
Tons.
57,799
7o.,3,3i
46,867
5C.636
?3,775
35,93°
Average Yield. Gross Yield.
Totals
Sierra Nevada.
1868
1869
1870
1871
1873
1873
1874
1879
1880
1881
Totals
Crown Point.
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
2,890
18,000
i9,'6s
18,698
18,380
20,731
13,636
3,143
3,238
6,077
■ 123,702
1,064
3,766
18,259
34,75°
25,964
25,833
21,087
80,567
137,180
130,937
175,960
130,182
3,125
Totals .
Kentuck. . ,
.1865,
1666
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1873
20,058
15,835
31,390
27,876
18,103
9,183
9,438
$25 73
24 >4
23 70
2486
41 30
26 17
$1,348,323
1,905,421
1,185,141
1,522,277
3,459,423
940,119
Dividends.
$70,000
350,000
42,000
1,946,637
252,000
■351,338 $2500 $10,360,704 $2,650,637
$789
8 66
II 44
7 92
7 39
637
S OS
5°
41
32
$3601
35 60
37 73
35 91
33 35
32 73
22 39
43 48
47 05
5096
31 46
18 68
IS 70
$22,832
155,880
220,287
148,064
135,728
132,056
68,861
190,054
132,391
182,310
$45,000
37,500
20,000
$1,318,483 $102,500
$36,572
134,080
700,565
1,265,155
873,998
851,559
472,121
3,503,633
6,441,975
7,417,115
5,511,97s
2,432,441'
48,696
$78,000
372,000
48,000
360,000
1,260,000
2,180,000
5,300,000
2,300,000
708,636 $3600 $29,729,785 $11,898,000
$44 00
4386
4003
2888
20 50
15 25
13 21
$852,803
721,844
1,259,718
804,732
371,198
140,069
126,711
Totals 131,883 $3242 $4,272-,o75
BoDiE Consolidated. 1 879, 1880 5,778 $137 38
1880, 1881 5,647 76 59
Totals 1 1,425
$793,716
432,486
$257,000
335,000
450,000
170,000
40,000
$1,252,000
400,000
$1,226, 202 $400,000
APPENDIX.
741
Imperial.
Year.
i860- I 864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
Tons. Average Yield.
28,237
35.182
40,878
41.234
45.172
$30 26
29 97
25 93
21 75
13 35
Totals 189,724
Yellow Jacket 1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1868, 1869
49.013
55.°°6
84.340
34.718
$3306
32 51
31 73
19 5°
Totals.... 223,677
Empire 1860-1864
186s
1866
1867
1868
1869
16,000
17.995
11.779
10,724
$30 28
21 86
21 92
20 00
Totals 56,498
Justice 187S 7.297
1876 30.729
1877 110,292
$23 00
30 00
15 00
Gross Yield.
$640,369
854.630
1,019.27s
1,060,054
897,108
603,146
$5,074,584
$1,500,000
1,528,790
1,695,228
2,677,447
682,003
2,500,000
$10,583,468
$1,043,720
508,192
414.139
294.583
218,703
150,000
Dividends.
$67,500
220,000
240,000
396,000
120,000
24,000
$1,067,500
$330,000
600,000
90,000
720,000
$1,740,000
$288,000
120,000
32,400
49,200
$2,629,337 $489,600
$16,865
856,591
2,062,921
Totals 148,318 $23 00 $2,936,377
Raymond & Ely 1871
1872
1873
1874
187s
10,574
$131 00
28,626
125 00
37,500
56 00
Totals
Eureka Consolidated..
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
12,592
89,292
18,847
32,170
25,692
22,831
49,894
16,800
43.H1
83.473
68,334
34,262
30,929
5 76
$3000
36 00
63 00
56 00
29 00
36 00
40 00
40 00
5500
$906,219
3,693,936
2,372,430
78,793
$7,051,378
$556,276
1,159,509
1,624,282
1,287,406
1,425,206
602,829
1,724,066
4.367,705
3,112,670
1.650.925
1,720,318
$615,000
2,070,000
$2,685,000
$275,000
200,000
175,000
350,000
600,000
1,800,000
1,100,000
380,000
300,000
Totals 426,363
$19,230,692 $5,180,000
! ;it
i
I II
Standard Consolidateu
APPENDIX.
Year.
1879
1880
1881
Tons.
26,608
59.406
63.512
Avcr.igc Yield. Gross Yield. Dividends.
$54 94 $1,461,825 $550,000
33 35 1,981,247 950,000
32 81 2,084,550 975,000
Totals 149,526
Belcher.
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
18,468
83.195
156,000
166,739
124,140
13'. 328
$64 93
57 63
69 69
5488
27 26
2r, 23
$5,527,622 $2,475,000
$1,199,134
4.794.659
10,779,171
9.150.533
3.383.874
2,920,461
$2,184,000
6,760,000
t;. 304,000
312,000
416,000
Totals 678,534 $47 57 $32,227,868 $14,976,000
BuLWER Consolidated.
1879, 1880 2,850
1880, i88i 7,432
Totals 10,282
Black Bear.
.1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
18S0
i88i
1,578
11.933
11,126
16,000
12,792
18,698
20,278
16,054
13.762
9.5 n
$97 37
10 86
$23 49
16 29
1843
14 73
21 73
12 II
697
9 21
940
936
$277,517
80,711
$358,228
$37,080
193.942
205,312
235,106
273,526
223,830
141,430
147,937
129,467
89,051
Totals.
•131.732 $1265 $1,676,684 $832,147
Notes. — Several mines represented in the tables show no returns for
a number of years past. The Gould & Curry, and also the Savage, have
yielded nothing of note since 1873, nor the Hale & Norcross since 1874;
the Chollar-Potosi has produced but little since 1872, and the Kentuck re-
ports nothing for the same period. The Empire appears to have produced
nothing since 1869. The Belcher has done but little since 1876, and Crown
Point ceased producing in 1876. The Raymond & Ely is reported as pro-
ducing nothing since 1875.
The table of the Yellow Jacket Mine is made up from the official report
of Clarence King, but differs materially from that of the" secretary of the
company, who says that the gross yield is but $7,143,721, instead of $io,-
583,448, and that the dividends are $2,184,000, instead of $1,740,000, as
reported by King. He also says that a dividend of $2.50 per share was
declared in 1871.
iMut
API'KNDIX.
743
The profits of the Justice Mine in 1875, 1876, and 1877, are reported to
have been $161,062 75.
The period marked 1868, 1869, under the iiead of Yellow Jacket, means
the term of 18 months from July i, 1868, to December 31, 1869.
The Meadow Valley Mine, from 1869 to 1871 inclusive, yielded $1,671,-
965, gross, and declared dividends to the amount of $330,000; in 1872, the
gross yield was $1,628,408, out of which were paid $690,000 in dividends;
total yield from 1869 to 1872, $3,299,873 — dividends, $1,020,000.
The Northern Belle Mine has been a dividend-paying mine for more than
S years. The report for i88i shows 28,706 tons of ore crushed, with a gross
yield of $1,293,700, averaging $45 07 per ton. This mine paid a dividend
for 188 1 of $362,500.
The Ontario Mine, Parley's Park, Utah, yielded in 1877, gross, $1,726,480;
in 1878, $1,455,051; in 1879, $1,359,181; in 1880, $1,813,636; in 1881, $791,-
605; total yield, $7,145,955.
The Black Bear Mine produced in the 10 years reported, $60,000 worth
of tailings, which sum is to be added to the total yield, $1,676,681, in the
table, making a grand total of $1,736,684. No figures are given of the
yearly dividends, but the total, $832,147, shows a yearly average of $83,214
The Milton Gravel Mining and Water Company, Nevada County, Cali-
fornia, has received a total of $2,748,083 from their mines and the sale of
water, with a profit of $1,014,886; have declared dividends amounting to
$561,284, and redeemed $150,000 of the bonds out of the $300,000 issued.
The. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining and Water Company, Nevada
County, California, from 1866 to 1874, received, as gross yield from their
mines and the sales of water, $218,073, profit $2,232; for 1875, $83,070,
profit $22,072; for 1876, $200,366, profit $98,476; for 1877, $291,125, profit
$148,172; for 1878, $311,276, profit $140,635; for 1879 and 1880, $287,424,
profit $122,928; for : J., $241,446, profit $121,792. Total gross yield,
$1,965,050; total prcn'.-', ''"^40,665. The dividends during this period aggre-
gated $506,250, and bonds to the amount of $150,000 were redeemed out
of the $500,000 issued. From stock owned by this company in the Milton
Mining and Water Company there was an income during this period of
$272,629, which is to be added to $840,665, the amount of profits above
named, making a true total of $1,1 13,294 as the profits of the North Bloom-
field Company from iiJ66 to 1881.
Commercial Policy. — The American portion of our slope has much to
gain and little to lose by a liberal commercial policy. A high protective
tariff takes $10 from the consumers in California and adjacent States for $1
given to the producers; and there is no probability that the benefits of such
744
APPENDIX.
legislation wciulcl equal the bunlcns within 50 years. Lacking coal, cotton,
hard-wood, and cheap labor, we shall have to devote most of our ener-
gies to the production of raw materials, which require and receive little
protection, 'vhile \vc must purchase manufactured products at prices doubled
by a heavy tariff.
If protection is demanded by the more populous portions of the Repub-
lic, they should at least permit the Pacific States to obtain such reciprocity
treaties as will develop the resources of the countries bordering on the
North Pacific, and cultivate those amicable feelings which may lead in time
to more intimate political relations. The interests of the United States
demand that British Columbia, if not the entire Canadian Dominion,
should be induced by justice, kindnes.s, and industrial, comme 1, and polit-
ical harmonies, to enter the American Union. There is gi cd of reci-
procity on our coast with British Columbia, Mexico, and America.
We have no desire to defend all the features or influences of the present
Hawaiian reciprocity treaty; but the main objects of the documents arc
commendable, and some of its effects have been highly satisfactory.
The annual imports of the seaports on the North Atlantic amount to
about $4,000,000,000, and are sources of vast profits and savings to all the
countries which participate in that vast and unparalleled traffic. The
American portion of our coast, having the largest and most active foreign
commerce on the North Pacific, has a duty as well as an interest in striving
to build up a commerce relatively as active on our ocean. Generous in-
ternational policy is one of the chief aids to commercial and industrial
success.
Havraiian Traffic. — The total exports of the Hawaiian Kingdom for
1 88 1 were $6,715,000; the total imports $4,548,000. Of the exports, $6,-
407,000 worth, consisting entirely of raw produce, were shipped to San
Francisco. Of the imports, $3,396,000, or 75 per cent, of the gross amount,
were American goods, and $2,640,000, or 58 per cent., were goods shipped
from San Francisco.
The Hawaiian Islands consume largely of our produce, and purchase
more of our manufactured goods than any foreign country in the world ;
nor are these goods restricted to machinery and implements for use on the
sugar plantations. Besides 2,200 packages of machinery, 5,000 packages
of iron pipe (for irrigation purposes), 380 cases of agricultural implements,
and 2,200 packages of castings, nearly all of which were, no doubt, in-
tended for the plantations, exports from San Francis-^u, in 1881, included
2,400 packages of furniture, 630 rolls of leather, i;6oo cases of boots and
shoes, 360 cases of saddlery, 1,500,000 bricks, 1,800,000 feet of lumber, 12,-
APPrNDIX,
745
250,000 shingles, 17,000 sacks of potatoes, 1,000 tons of oats, 1,400 tons of
barley, 2,200 tons of flour, 190 tons of refined su{;ar, and larffc quantities of
canned fisli, fruit, meats, and other provisions. Of the gross vakie of
exports from California to the Hawaiian Islands for lcS8i, amounting to
$2,640,000, more than $1,500,000 consisted of Pacific Coast manufactures.
It has been said that the discrimination in favor of the Hawaiian King-
dom is an unfair one; that if it is desirable to admit sugar from that quarter
free of duty, it is also desirable to import free sugar from the I'hilippine
Islands, Central America, Mexico, and other sources of supply. There is
little ilciubt that such a course would be of benefit to our coast, if treaties
could ' negotiated with those countries, similar to the one now existing
with the Hawaiian Island.s, allowing the free admission of American pro-
duce and manufactures. Mexico and Central America took from us, in
1 88 1, $3,200,000 worth of merchandise, including a large proportion of
manufactured good.s, and if either of those countries could find here a
better outlet for their own raw materials, they would certainly purchase
more freely of Pacific Coast produce and manufactures.
Nine tenths of the Hawaiian plantations arc worked by American cap-
ital; nearly all the best sugar-lands arc owned or leased by Americans;
nearly all the ships and machinery, required to handle the crop, were built
with American money. The commercial relations of the United States
with the Hawaiian Kingdom arc not unlike those of England with Aus-
tralia and Canada, both of which countries, though developed with the aid
of English capital, and nominally a part of the British dominions, arc
virtually free from British rule. It would be almost as reasonable for Eng-
land to impose a tariff on Australian wool or Canadian lumber, as it would
be for the United States to restore the duty on Hawaiian sugar.
San Francisco does not expect to compete with Eastern refineries on
their own ground, but to supply those points for which she is the natural
distributing center. She already meets almost the entire demand of the
Pacific States and Territories, and during 1 88 1 shipped abroad $326,000
worth of refined sugar, including $150,000 worth to British Columbia, $68,-
000 to Australia and New Zealand, $20,000 to Japan, $15,000 to Tahiti,
$14,000 to Mexico, $8,000 to South America, and $5 1,000 to other countries
with which our metropolis has commercial relations. In doing .so, we of
course competed to a small extent with Eastern refineries; but if they can
send their sugar to California at the rate of nearly $7,000,000 worth a year
and make a profit by doing so, after paying more than $1,000,000 in freight
to the railroad companies, they have surely no great reason to complain that
our San Francisco refineries ship to foreign countries at the rate of $326,-
000 a year.
94
746
APPENDIX.
i .>;
^1
An Australian Complaint. — The Australasians complaiii that the
American (X)stal department has insulted and wrontjed them by levying
high charges on the British closed mail-bags crossing the American terri-
tory, between England and y\ustralia, for the jjurpose of making a profit on
the transaction. RoiiERT J. CUKKWITON, resident agent of New Zealand
in San Francisco, said in an official ccnmunication dated iVugust 1 8, 1879:
"If this unreasonable impost he continuously levied, the Pacific mail
service will be discontinued, and the American llag will disappear, except
casually, from the .South Pacific." In the same document he asserted that
he had the authority of A. \. TOWNK, superintendent of the Central
Pacific Railroad, for stating tiiat the railroads did not get one per cent, of
the amount rharge by the government for transporting the British closed
mails across the continent, and therefore they were not to be held_rcspon-
.sible for ilie extortion. He says further: "ft is unreasonable to e.xpect
foreign communities to tax themselves continuously [by steamship subsi-
dies) to preserve trading intercourse with a country which * * sends
its mails tens of thousands of miles at their cost, and makes a large profit
upon liieir mail freight across its territor)-."
Flour by Rail. — Exports of flour b)- the overland route are likely to Ixj
larger in proportion to the \olumc of production than those of wheat: as
floLM' is more liable to injury from a sea voyage, and, being a more valuable
commodity, can better bear the expense of freight. Moderate shipments
have already been made to New Orleans ; and, though exporters do not
look to England for an>' great increase in business, they will, no doubt,
avail themselves of the overland route to ship flour to England whenever
quotations reach a high figure.
The cost of shipping wheat from San Francisco to Ouecnstown or Liver-
pool averages about $15 a ton, against .f>3.75 from New York and $7
from Chicago. In 1880 the wheat crop of California exceeded 1,600,000
tons, and was larger than that of any State in the Union. If the future
ratio of increase should keep pace with the past, California will i)roduce in
1890 about 3,250,000 tons, anil the quantity required for home consump-
tion will probably not excecil 750,000 tons, leaving 2,500,000 tons for
export. Nor is there any rea.son to apprehend that such an increase of
production would be attended with any .serious decrease in value. When
the total crop of California amounted only to 250,000 tons, it brought only
$1 a ton more than in 1880 — the year of the greatest yield — when the
production w.is nearly 7 times as great.
Increase of Manufactures. — One of the principal reasons for the falling
olf in iiur treasure exports is the increase in the volume of our manufac-
APPENDIX,
747
tures. The gross value of Pacific Coiist manufactures for r88i can not be
estimated at less than $130,000,000, and probably reached a much hii^her
fiLjurc. Of this amount, at least $28,000,000 represents the second value
that labor adds t(j about $67,000,000 worth of raw produce, and $35,000,-
000 the miscellaneous expenses and interest on capital. If all the wool,
hides, and other raw materials produced on this coast were manufactured
here into finished goods, instead of being sent abroad and coming back to
us in forms adapted for ultimate consumption, after receiving double, and
even quadruple value, the volume of our home manufactures would reacli
at least double its present amount. There is on this coast abundance of
labor and capital ; and within the last year especially, our manufactures
have made remarkable progress. What is now most needed is to find for
them a better outlet. In the sparsely populated regions west of the Rocky
Mountains, there is not demand enough for them even at the present rate of
production ; and it is probable that they will increase in amount more than
in proportion to the increase of population. The natural outlet for them is
not only in the Pacific States and Territories, but in British Columbia, Mexico,
Central and South America, the Sandwich Islands, China, Japan, Australia,
New Zealand, and other countries bordering on the Pacific Ocean. British
Columbia and the western slope of Mexico, separated from the Eastern
States by a long stretch of almost uninhabited country, both consume
largely of our manufactures. British Columbia taxes our commodities but
lightly, while her own produce is subject to a heavy duty when shipped to
American ports. Several of the Australian colonics admit our produce
duty-free, while paying us heavy toll on their wool, coal, and other articles
exported to this country.
Oregon's Traffic. — Oregon imports from England iron and steel rails,
gla.ss, liquors, tin, and some other articles ; from British Columbia, hides,
oil, ai.i wool; from Australia, coal; from China, general mcrchandi.se ; and
fron-' the Hawaiian Islands, sugar, molasses, and rice. The total impo.'ts
of Portland for 1881 directly from foreign sources, were $639,000, against
$486,000 in 1880, the difference being largely due to the importation from
England of steel rails, required for railroads in course of construction.
Hong-Kong also shipped $134,000 worth of goods to Portland in 1881,
against $84,000 in 1880, the increase being caused by the large number of
Chinamen employed on the railroads. The voyage from the mouth of the
Columbia to the principal ports of China is shorter than from the Golden
Gate; and when direct railroad communication is opened between. Oregon
and the liastern States, it is possible that a considerable portion of the
trade between China and the United States will be diverted to Portland.
ill
M
748
APPENDIX.
:l'
Besides supplying large quantities of raw produce and manufactures to
Washington Territory and Idaho, Portland shipped by steamer to San
Francisco in 1881, nearly 135,000 tons of wheat, flour, cattle, fish, wool, and
other commodities; and considerable quantities of coal and lumber were
shipped from other ports in Orgon to various jioints on the coast of Cali-
fornia.
Dry Wines. — Tastes do not agree in regard to the merits of the wines
made from the various grapes and in the different districts. As the best
for a light white wine, Riesling would probably obtain more votes than any
other. The delicacy of its perfume, the richness of its flavor, the beauty and
peculiar brightness of its color when it has reached maturity after several
years of tender care, are its iireemincnt merits. The Golden Chasselas has
similar, yet different excellences; and the best samples of it made in Cali-
fornia compare favorably with the fine Gutedel brands of the Rhine. The
Berger is a vcrj- valuable grape, rich in precious qualities, especially service-
able, in the judgment of some experienced wine-makers, when mi.xed in
the press with other varieties. The Blaue Elben, German Muscatel, Gren-
ache, Sauvignon Vcrte, Chalossc, and Carignanc each have peculiar and
valuable tiualities.
Of the dr)- wines of California, not more than one third has been red,
but the latter color is gaining in favor, though as the grapes must be fer-
mented with the skins, there is more cxjicnse in making it. Pinot, Char-
bonncau, Grenache, Wataro, and Black Malvoisie are prized next to
Zinfandel, which is in some important points unsurpassed, and is now the
leading favorite. Malvoisie is rich in flavor and body, but capricious as to
soil, difficult to hantlle, and, in srmie respects, still subject to experiment,
and by many more prized for mixing than for separate use.
The Californian wines are sometimes named from the grape which gives,
or is supposed to give, their flavor. There is no difficulty in finding pure
Zinfandel, Goklen Chasselas, Gutedel, or Riesling in the San Franci.sco
market; the other varieties are usually mixed. Most of the brands are
those of the wine merchant; in a few ca.scs, the wines are prepared for the
market at the vineyards, and can be obtainetl in the bottle under the label
of the grape-grower.
Sweet Wines.— The dry wines arc those in which the sugar has all been
changed into spirit by fermentation; sweet wines are those which retain
part of their sugar. The dry wines have usually from lo to 14 per cent, of
alcohol; the sweet wines from 14 to 20 percent. When grape juice has
sugar enough to make more than 1 5 per cent, of alcohol, complete fermen-
1
APPENDIX.
749
tation becomes slow and difficult; and with 1 8 percent, of alcohol, which
can be obtained by adding brandy, further change under ordinary circum-
stances is arrested. As the fully ripe grapes will, of the sweet varieties,
■yield at least 12 per cent, of spirit, and often 14, an addition of 4 or 6 per
cent, of spirit before fermentation has been completed, will convert them
into sweet wines. To this class belong the Califomian ports and sherries,
which arc good imitations of the genuine European beverages of the same
name, and in some cases, superior in quality. They arc usually made by
adding from C to 12 percent, of brandy about 4 weeks after the commence-
ment of fermentation; or a smaller proportion of spirit is added if the
grapes were allowed to become partially dry on the vines before they were
sent to the press. The Mission grape, in the .southern part of California, is
well suited in sweetness, flavor, and color for the production of wine of the
port class.
The climate of California allows all varieties of wine grapes to ripen
thoroughly before frost, and usually before heavy rains, which is as injuri-
ous as fn- L to the mature berries, causing them to burst. Complete ma-
turity under a clear summer sky secures to the grape a large proportion of
sui'fir; and the wine made from it, like that made in Spain, is richer than
t- -n'-s of Germany and Northern France, in spirit. The proportion of
alcM 11 the lighter wines of California ranges from 10 to 14 percent.;
and, in man)' districts, it is difficult aflci lie i rop has ripened, to obt.uii less
than 12 per 11 .a. This cxceptii'iial strength in spirit has made it difficult
to ferment the wine |)r<)|)erly, anr has also tended to divert attention from
the development of ihe more delicitc flavors, which are the results of thor-
ough fermentation, and are more readi!' <>bser\ed in the lighter wine.s.
Angelica, generally classed .uriong tiie wines though it has some of the
qualities of a cordial, is ma<ie by adding 18 per cent, of brandy to unfer-
mented grape juice, or from 10 to 15 per cent, to grape juice partially fer-
mented.
Of the wines .shipiied to the l''.astirn States, 45 per cent, is light red, 35
light white, and the remainiiv '^^ isists of port, sherry, and angelica.
The comparison of the _, if the grapes with that of the wine
indicates a great waste, which is to be attributed to the poor quality of
much of the Califomian wine. Of course bad repute and low prices
followed poor quality, and the industry suffered. The wine interests of
California have encountered many serious obstacles. The early vineyards
were planted in rich, moist soils, where cultivation was easy, and the grape
crop large, but the wine was strong and coarse. The vincyardists were
poor, or relatively poor, and would not spend the money required to make
a clean and delicate wine.
3
7SO
APPENDIX.
Photography. — California has lonfj been noted for the beauty of many
of her photographs. Of course, here as elsewhere, much poor work is
turned out, but an exceptionally large proportion of the portraits have been
sharp and well modeled, after the subjects had been posed so as to show
the features and expression in the best light. The skill of the San Fran-
cisco photographers became a matter of national reputation, and it fre-
quently happened that one of the first things that the stranger did after
arriving in the Pacific metropolis from New York or Europe, was to have
his picture taken. In land-scapc the work was equally good, and received
additional interest from the grandeur and beauty of the scenery. In photo-
graphing animals in rapid motion, MUYBKIDGK made inventions of world-
wide interest. Something of the excellence of the Califomian photograph.s
is to be attributed to the climate, but more to the taste and ambition of the
men who have taken leading places in the business.
I. W. Taber. — Among the San Francisco photographers, I. W. TabeR is
noted for the merit of his work. His parlors, at No. 8 Montgomery Street,
contain numerous excellent productions of his artistic skill, including the
likenesses of prominent residents of our coast and distinguished visitors, as
well as a very comprehensive collection of landscape views in the Sand-
wich Islands, Japan, Utah, the Yosemite Valley, San Francisco, at the Big
Trees, and the Geysers, and along the lines of the Central Pacific Railroad
and the Columbia River. Mr. Taber came to California in 1849, ami hav-
ing spent 10 years on our coast as sailor, miner, and farmer, went back to
his native State, Massachusetts. yXfter devoting srtmc years to photog-
raphy, he returned to San Francisco in 1864, and entered the house of
Bradley & Rulokson, with whom he spent 7 years; afterwards he was
a .short time with MoR.SE; and then opened his own gallery, which now
ranks among the fir^i in the United States.
J. R. Hodson. — One of the most extensive and complete photographic
establishments on this coast is that of J. R. lIoD.SON, at 521 J Street, Sac-
ramento City. The situation in the capital of California has given the
proprietor opportunities to take pictures of the political celebrities of the
State, and he has a large collection of them as well as of other notabilities.
In one .sense he may be called the Court Photographer of California, and
the merit of his work makes him \\nrth}' of his ])osition. The legislature
of 1881 (srdered some of his ])ictui ^ to be hung up in the State Capitol.
Mr. MoDsoN is the inventor of a metluul of engraving in the film of the
negative so as to reinosi-nt lace or ' nibmidery.
A. H. Lighthall. — One of tlv notable iiwcntors of .San Francisco is A.
H. Licil rUAl-L, though his most valuable invention — the atmospheric
m ?
n
APPENDIX.
751
pressure and vacuum air-brake used on all well-managed railroads — was
made while his home was in his native State of New York. Since becom-
ing a resident of California, he has invented a combined header and
thresher, which has been used for .several years, and has given such .satis-
faction that a company has been organized, with a capital of $300,000, to
manufacture the LiGilTHALL Harvesters, at the corner of Fourth and
Silver streets, San Francisco. Arrangements are also being made to man-
ufacture them in Chicago and in Canada and Australia, the inventor having
obtained patents in the leading British Colonies. Mr. LiGHTllALL is also
the inventor of a mining pump, and his father invented the LiGHTHALL
Marine Condenser.
Thomas Hildreth.— Mention has been made in Chapter XIV. of DUN-
riiv" & Hildreth, who were prominent among the cattle dealers of our
coast from 1855 till 1881. In the latter year the firm dissolved. TllOMAS
Hildreth, having .sold out to his partner his interest in the cattle and
cattle farms, devoted .such attention as he was disposed to give to business
to the management of his rancho of 17,000 acres in Fresno County. This
large estate is entirely inclo.scd with fence, and much of it is under culti-
vation. He resides at San Jose, where his children are receiving their
education. Mr. Hii.DRETH, a native of Kentucky, spent most of his life
in Missouri, until he arrived in California in 1849. For a few months he
was a miner, and then went to Los Angeles. There he bought, for $25 a
head, a drove of cattle, which he sold in the mines for $100 each. In 1851
he went to Chihuahua for sheep, of which he lost 1 1,000 on the road to Cal-
ifornia; and in 1853 he went to Missouri for cattle, of which he lost one
third, and for sheep, of which he lost one third, on the road to California.
Such experiences were costly but in.structive, and prepared him for great
and continuous success in later years.
Russ House. — The Russ House, one of the large and well-managed
hotels of San Francisco, has 300 rooms, and accommodations for 400
guests. It is under the management of S. H. Sevmouk, who has been
its landlord for 17 years. In connection with his hotel, he owns a boarding-
stable, which occupies the lower part of a brick building 4 stories high,
and 137 feet in front by 52 deep. Pecuniarily, at least, Mr. SEYMOUR has
been the most successful hotel-keeper on the Pacific Coast, having accumu-
lated, it is said, half a million in his business, in which he has been en-
gaged since he was a boy. A native of Germany, he came to America at
the age of 9, and began to support himself as bell-boy in the Planters'
Hotel, St. Louis. In 1853 he came to California, and almost immediately
found employment in the American Exchange, then the leading hotel of
ti
it
;) I
♦1
752
APrENIHX.
San Francisco. After a lapse of 7 years he became its landlord ; and in 4
years cleared $100,000. In 1865 he became proprietor of the Russ Mouse.
Hotels in the North. — Amon<j the prominent hotels on the northern
part of our coast, each the leading house in its locality, arc the Driard
House, in Victoria; the Arlinp;ton House, in Seattle; the Halstcad House,
in NewTacoma; the North-western Hotel, Dayton, \V. T.; and the Central
Hotel, at Port Townsciid.
Leading Business Houses. — The following list is designed to include
the names of all the leading mercantile and manufacturing establishments
of our slope, and if any, that should be here, arc omitted, the cause is inad-
vertence or lack of complete information. The general rule governing the
com])ilation has been to include no mercantile houses save those engaged
in wholesale or importing business, and no manufacturing establishment
unless it produces for "the trade;" but some deviations from the main prin-
ciple necessarily resulted from the differences in the nature of business.
The proprietors of Langli;v's San Francisco Directory ha\'e kindly per-
mitted us to use their work in preparing ours, and our examination of it
has given us a high estimate of the intelligent labor and care spent in its
pii '.nation. We have also had occasion to refer to L. M. McKk.WEY's
Pacific Coast Directory^ and have foimd it comprehensive and valuable.
As it is our expectation to issue subsequent editions of Tlie Commerce
and Industries, wc .shall be glad to receive information of mistakes, omis-
sions, changes in old business houses, and the foundation of new ones.
We have made separate headings for manufacturing and merchandising
establishments, marking the former as manufacturers, leaving it to be under-
stood that if the heading indicates a class of merchandise, without further
remark, then all the houses mentioned under it are dealers, not producers.
Thus the heading "Agricultural Implements, Manufacturers " means that
all the houses in its list have factories; while those engaged in the importa-
tion and sale of such implements, are mentioned under the simple head of
"Agricultural Implements." In other words, if the designation "manufac-
turers" is not expressed, then importing or wholesale "dealers" is implied.
The abbreviation A. is for Arizona; av. for Avenue; \\. C. for ]5ritish
Columbia, C. for California; I. for Idaho; Mcx. for Mexico; I\Ifg. for IManu-
facturing; I'kg. for Packing; Mon. for Montana; N. for Nevada; N. M. for
New Mexico; O. for Oregon; S. I", for .San I"rancisco; st. for street; W. for
Washington; and U. for Utah. The different classes of production and
occupati(Jii are arranged alphabetically, except that Dry Goods appear on
page 787, Salmon Canneries on 788, and Hotels on 789.
APPENDIX.
733
AfiTIICULTUUAL nirLEJtENTS.
Baiter t Hamilton Pmo anil Datla nts. , 3. F., O
li.;!; ;;• I: IlaraUon Sacramento, C
Eat:hcl :cr. Van Gcl.kr t Co Sacramento,
EilU. Gso HanJosj, O
Da7k.,Gea A OT Maifet at, fJ. r., C
DjiT, Vr. .1 WaUv V.'aUa, W
rr.:nk Kroa 313 Mark, t fit., .'j. T., O
Friir.!iI!ro3..'.' I'ortland, O
I-rank l;ro3 Lo3 An:;eles, O
Oibsontlk'Cics Osilcn, U
Gieso, Henry Lo3 /Vnselea,
(iran:ier»' llualucsa Asb'd 106 Davia St, S. F., C
nanua,F. li LosAuselea, O
Hawley, Mareua C. & Co 301-9 Market st. , S. F„ C
IIa«lcy, Marcus C. .S Co Sacramento,
lIo\iuan, Stanton £i Co Sacramento, C
Jonc-„W Walla Walla, ^y
Kualip, Eurrcll & Co Portlan.l, O
Linfort!!, Rico £i Co 323 Marlalct., S. r.,C
Lone, .'.o. A S"" Lake City, U
Meoro, C. t M. C Vy-alla Walla, W
Iv-oirbtL-y, Ilawthorno t Co V.'iJla Walla, W
Kowl)Ury,II.vv.-;lionie&Co jU'oany, O
Ncwbnry, Ilawtborn j li Co Forllaua, O
03bom.', D. M. tCo 33 Market r,t., H. V., C
Cs'ionic. 1). M. ^; Co
Oabomo, D. I.I. fi Co
Beymour, fjablu f; Co • -
Stockton A jr. V.'arolioiiBO
White, Barnard
..I'lirtlanil, O
. . San Jo3c, C
..Portlanil, O
..Stockton, C
0;:den, U
AGIlICULTUnAL IMPLEMEHTS-M.lNUF.vcrunK.-ts.
AyovsJI. iCo 258 Market St., a F.,i;
Benida Ajr. Works "^'""■'. *-'
Ealicr t Hamilton Ptoo i Davia Bta., S. 1., O
Bakur f; ILimilton Sacramento, O
Bowca,t).D Stockton, C
Calnc.John Stockton, C
Condit, J. a S; Co SKickton, c
Corvallia Plov.- and Asr. llfg Co Corralba, O
neabV.iA:,T. Worta Port Coita. U
J-Kkson I- Tmman. ..Cor. With and Eluxom-j Bta., A F., C
Kleca, John .'; Co Sacramento, C
Li 'btliall Harvester Co., Cor. FonrUi and Silver 8t3 , B. !■., C
Stockton, C
. .200 Wa.«hin„tou ct.. fi, F., C
Stockton, C
Stockton. C
Sacramento, C
PadUo Alt. V.-orka Stockton, C
Padlio -Vi;r. Works S..Jeni, O
I'ntma.fiCo <Ul.any, O
l:ic' nar\\'y W CtiBluxomcst , S. F., O
Ban Jos J A:,t. Works
Bhav.-, II. C
Sonlj, i; Cor. Fourth and lityantcts., 3. F.,l
BtoweM, Jo!m StockUm, (J
Tbe Cliico Plow Woika '•'liico, C
Ai:iCOMPKESSOi;S-M.vNi;F.VCTl)n!:u.s.
Klchmond Dii'.l and Comim-a'r Co. , 27 Stevenron Jit., S. F.. C
licynolda i^ P.ix « Fremont st., H. F.. C
AQU.Vl'.IUM-MANUFAcrunEM.
DUon i Ben jteiP S50 Market st, 8. F., C
95
L;s3:;ndeu, (1. f; Co. .
HcL-'Uaa, Frank .
Masters, E. J
Mattcson h Williamson .
Xasb, 11. H. ft Co.
..San Jose. C
..Stockton, (J
ARCinTF.CTTr..\L0RXAMr,NTS-M.\NUF.\CTCr.r.R3.
P.ici:ic r.iuc Ornamental Factory. . .853 Mis.aion St., S. !■'., (J
Eakston, II. & J 2Ca Fremont St., S. F., C
AT.TESIAN' WELL PIPE-M.lNUF.VCTUKEKa.
Gla<ld!n3, McDcan&Co 1130 .Market i *„ ." (''.,0
Pra:t, Martin 123 Clay cL, S. F. C
Smith, Franeij ft Co i:0 Bealo St., B. F.,
ARTIFICIAL ST0NE-M,VSOF,vCTUllEns.
California Artillcial Stono Pav'g Co.402 Mont^jV st, S. F., O
Frear Stone Co 411 California at., S. F., C
Perlno, W. D 23 New Montgomery St., S. F.,
Eansonio, E. L 402 Moutyomery at., B. F., O
AUTISTS' MATERL^LS.
Bancroft, A L. i .-o 721 Market .'.t.,
Baas, T. J. ft Co 27 Bupont at.,
Cohen, Humnann 13 Uuliont at.,
Currier, Amos 103 Depout at.,
Denny. Edward ft Co 418 ilontgomery at,
Ilucter Bros, ft Co. . .8. W. Cor. Second ft Market,
LeCounS Bros 117 Montgomery at.,
MoiTis ft Kennedy 21 Pu.'.t at.,
Sanliom, Vail ft Co 837 .Market at..
Snow ft Co U Post St..
Whlttlor,. Fuller ft Co. . . .S. W. Cor. Pino ft Front,
AKTIFICIAL LIMIW.
Bcoman, W 33 0Ta-.rcll at., S. F., O
Coo!:, II. N 435 M;irket St., B. F., O
Jowett, Jarvia 20 Merchanta' Eschange, S. F., O
Siiring, Mcnzo 9 Geary St., S. P., O
AWXINGS-M.\NUF.\CTUlii:in.
jVnderaou, Charles L BM Howard st,
S. V.
C
a. V.
S. P.
s. p.
a. F.
c
3. F.
S. F.
B. r.
s. r.
.0
B. F
.0
3. F
■
Burton, V^. II 153 Ne\? .Mont:;omcry at,
Dctrick, F.. ft Co 1C8-1 12 Market at,
Ilauna. .1. ft P. W 303 310 DaviJ st,
McDonalil, Joaoiib 703 Jlarkel at,
Jlehen, Tholmia -103 Tehama,
Nuviile ft Co 31-33 California at.,
Uosslter, James 101 California at,
Slmoatou. T. U 771 Misaion at,
yVXLI! CKBA3E— M.VS0F.vc:TunDr.3.
Foye Bros 307 California st.
Holt, Warren "17 Montjomnry at,
Lambert ft Green 143 Katoma at,
Wo-don, W. II 223 Sacramento at,
Yatos ft Co 113 Pront at,
BABBITT MET^VL— MASUFACTUr.cns.
Oarratt Win. T 118 Fremont at,
»Io:row ft Strong V-7 First at.,
Painter ft Co 510 Clay st,
Belby Smelthigaud Loail Co. .410 Montgomery at
Weed ft ICingwcU
P., O
P., O
F., O
P.,
P., O
P.,
F., C
P., O
P., C
r.,c
F., C
r.,0
p.,
p., c
P..0
p., o
p., o
p., o
123 First st, S, P., O
BAGS.
Barbour Bros Oil Market at.,
Coleman. W. T. ft Co. Cor. Market and Main Is.,
Dalvln ft Lib'ey 223 Sacramento at,
Dctrick. E. ft Co 103-12 Mark..t at ,
Dl;k.son, DeWolf ft Co 413 Batt-ry at,
Forbea Uro.i 303 Cakfornia at,
Ilanna, J. ft P. X Mo Davis at,
Hughes, H. ft Co 302 California at,
ICittlo ft Co 202 California Bt,
F., (!
I' , <■■
P., I!
I': O
P.,
v., O
P., o
F.,0
P.,0
I I
W't
If;
I •■(
754
APPENDIX.
Koshlnnil, S. & Co 223 California St., W. V., C
Mi'Ncar. (1. W iOCalitonilaBt., H. V.,V
Kmlhli Co 31-33 OalltomiaHt., H. F., C
Oakl.in.l Vmj JIfg Co 115 Uattury St., li. I'., C.
Vliitf &, LlsiuU 318 Caliloriila St., .S, l'., (J
BAGS— MANl'FAtTfl:nr..s.
C'o.ik, 11. W 40j M.irkct St., S. F., O
CooU, A. C 415 Market St., H. F.. (!
Dotridt, K. f; Co 108-12 Market »t., 8. 1'.. <;
Ilaima, J. ii P. N 308-10 Davis »t., 8. F.. C
N.villo & Co 31-33 California St., 8. F., C
Oakland Juto Mfg Co Offlce. 113 Datteiy »t., H. F . (1
nANKS.
Agency I'inm County Bank Tombstone, A
Ajcncy Bank of California Virginia t.'ity, N
Ald-'raon, Thomas Placervillo, C
Andrews L llollenU'ck Auburn, C
Anslo-Califomiun Hank S. F., C
Baker t Doycr WaUa Walla. W
Baker, J. Ci. t Co Deer Loil^u City, Mon
BanSk of Aluibelm Anabcim, C
Bank of Arizona Aijeney - Phoenix, ,\
Bank of British Columbia Victoria. B. C
Bonk of Britisti ColumMa S. F., C
Bank of British North America 9. F., C
Bank of Britisti Columbia New Westminster, C
Bank of Britiall Nortli America Portland, t)
Bank of British North America Victoria, B. (J
Bank of D. A. Bonder & Co Ilcno, N
Bank of Orcgoa City Oresou City. O
Bank of Virijiuia City Viryhiia City. N
Banies. G. A Olymi'ia, W
Beekman. C. C Jacksonville, o
Belloo S Co H. F.. (^
Bender. Chaj. T Itcno, N
Bertonii Oalllard K. F.. C
Blakj f; Co Prescott. A
Blauvclt. W. II Gold Hill. N
Bodio Bank Bodic. C
Boise County Bank Idaho City. I
Borel. AlfrcdiCo ». F.. C
Br:idiva;-. II. S BoonviUe, C
Br. ..rly John Lcwiston, I
Brown, .T. 1'. ii Co Camptonville. C
Burekhuiter. F. t Co Truckee. C
. Buridiam, .1, II Foisora. C
Butte County. Bank of Cbico, (J
California, r,ank of 8. F., C
California Havings and Loan Society 8. F.. O
California 'iavinss Bank 8.icramento. C
Carson City Savings Bank.*. Carson City, N
Case, I. W ^Vstoria, O
Chico, Bar.k of Chico, (J
Citizens' Bank Nevada City, C
Clark, W. A Butte City, Mon
Colusa County Bank Colusa, C
Conner, Joliii Alliany, O
Commeieial and .Sttvin.^'8 Bank Son Jose, C
Consolidated Batik of San Diego San Diego. C
Commercial Bank of Los Angeles Los Angeles.
Cow.len, M. II Forest Hill. C
Curlock, A. B Fort .fonefl. O
Davis. P. & Bro Anaheim. C
Decker & Jowett Marysvillc. C
Dcscrct Bank Salt Lake City. V
Dcitor, Ilortou Seattle, W
Diion, Bank of DlTon, O
Dominion Governuient Savings Bank Vietoila, B. C
Dnnolioe, Kelly i Co 8. P., C
Donnell, Clark & Lamblo Butto City, Mon
Dooley, J. i;. ti Co Ogdin, V
I'.tonder. II. W liable Creek. O
Fairebild, J. A .San Diego, O
Farmers' National Gold Bank San Jobo, C
Farmers and Merchants' Bank Los jVngelcs, O
Fanners and Meehunies' Bunk IleablBburg, O
Farmers' Savings' Bank Lakeiiort, O
Farmers' I:aiik of Wlieatland Wheatland. O
First National (Jold Bank Santa Barlianl,
First National Bank of Alameda Alameda, O
First National Bank Portland, O
First National Bank Deer Lodge City. Mon
First National Bank Bolso City, I
First National Gold Bank Oakland, O
First National Gold Bank I'ctaluma, O
First National Bank of Stockton Stockton, O
First National Bank Walla Walla, W
First Na: :.mal Gold Bank S. P., O
Franco-.iVm.rlcan Savings Bank S. F.. O
Francis, W. W Portland, D
French & Co The Dalles, O
French Savings and Loan Society 3. F., O
Freeman, M. P. & Co F.lko, N
Frisco Banking Co Frisco. U
Garosche, Green & Co Victori.a, B. C
Gcmiai Savings and Loan Society S, F.,
Gllroy, Bank of Gllroy, O
Goo«lraan, James II. h Co Napa. O
Gordon, l.M.liCo San Kafacl, C
Grlllin. W. K Piocho. N
Grangers' Bank of California S. F., C
Guthrie, ,1. W Corinno, U
Hamilton. W. B. & Co Conr.lUs. O
Harris & Khiuo Indopendcnco O
Ilarkncss & Co Ogden, U
Hau.ier, S. F. & Co Butto City, Mon
Ilcaldsburj, r.ank of Ilcaldsburg, O
llclntwn. Charles. Forest City, O
lllbernia Savings and Loon Society 8. F., O
Ilollister, Bank of HoUlitcr, O
Ilopkln.'!, Wra. T a P., C
Ilovey ti Humphrey Eugene City, O
Humboldt C.)uiity Bank Burcka, O
Irwin, O San Kafael, C
Jones, T. B Salt Lute City, IT
Kern Valley, Bank of Bakerslleld, O
Ladd t 'i'ilb.n Portlaml, O
Laild & Bush Salem. O
Lil Porte. Bank of La Porto. O
Lake. Bank of Lakcport, O
L-azanl Frercs S. !■'.,
London ami .San Francisco Bank 3. F., O
Lomhm Bank of Utah Salt Like City. U
Los Angeles County Bank Los Angeles,
Lyon. 8. M Portland, O
Mack, a. L Luinooru, O
Martinez. L ink of .Mortlncz, O
Marjsi die -'.ivings Bank Marj-svllle. O
Marye, Geo. T. & -ion Virginia City, N
JlcCormick U Co Salt Luke City. U
McCluru, E. L Dutch Flat, O
MeLaliie. Ijinchlln Volcano, O
MendoeUio, Bank of Mendocino City, C
.Mcrcal Hoeiuitj- Savings Uank MorooU.
•I
APPENDIX.
l^Icrccfl, Hank of. Mcrccil, C
Moy:r, DauitI ij. I'., O
MJssor.hi National IJiuiU Mis^onla, Mon
MoJcHto Ban!: Modesto, C
Mono Comity iJauk IJodie. C
Morjaii, i:. n 9. I'.. fJ
Munlock. W. fJ. £;Co Willows, C
Kapa, liank nf , Xapa, (!
Kathan, M Sua:uiviUD, C
XaUonal vjolil Hank . Sacramento. C
JTaracovich, C Aurora, N
Nevada Kauk, of San Fraiictaco H. F., C
Kcvmla Lank, of Sail Francisco (Agen v). Virginia City, N
Nicliola, W. ;: P DutcU Flat, O
Pacific Dank S. F.. C
ralmcr, IT. A Oakland, C
I'arrott, John 3. F., C
Piixton Iz Curtis Austin, N
Paston & Co riwrcka, X
Paiton L Curti;i Belmont, N
Pctalurna f^vi.;g3 Bank rytaluma, O
Piiaa County Bank Tucson, A
rcoi)lo3' Havlujj Dank Sacraintnto. C
PoK land Savings Dauk I'ortland, O
Oakland Dank of ^avin^ Oaldand. C
Oregon and Washinjtoa Mortaaje and Svga Bk . Portland. O
Kuid, \V Portland, O
Kiduout & Smith Maryavillc, C
Rideout, Sniitli t Co Orovillo,
Sacramento Br.nk Sacramento, G
Sacramento Siviu^u Bank Sacramento, C
Bafford, IIud:Jon t Co Tombstone, A
Bafford, Iludaon t Co Tucson, A
Saliniw City Bank Salinas City, C
Santa Barbivra County Bank Santa Darliara, C
Santa Clara County Bank Santa Clara, C
Santa Cm;: Bunk of Saving:* and Loans Santa Crun, C
Banta Cru;; County, Dank of Santa Crti7, C
San Fi-ancisco Saviuss Union S. F., C
Ban Joaiiuin Valky Dank Stockton, C
San Josu Savin:;^ Bank Han Jonc. C
Ran Joij, Bank of San .loso. C
tiiXii Lu!3 Obispo, D;ink of San Luia Ohlsiio, O
Santa Dosa Dunk Santa Ko^a, C
Bather £; Co 3. F., C
Savings and Loan Socitiy 3. !■'., C
Savin'js Dank of Santu Uosa Santa Uosa, O
Scd!nmon. II Downievllle, O
Security Savingj Bank S. F., C
SeeKy i: Dickforco Xapa, C
Bimondi, vV L SiUtrCify, I
Sneath. II. G S. F., G
Sononiu County, Dank uf Piitaluma, C
Sonoma Valley .'Jank Sonoma, C
Stockton, Bank of Stockton, C
Stockton fiavn):,-B and Loan Society Stocklcn, C
Sni:)Un. Dank of Suiau*-., O
HatToii Co 0. P.,0
Tallant & Co S. F., C
Tehama County. Bank uf ilcd BInlF, G
The Dank of Arizona Prescott, A
Tho Btito D.nik, of Piuclio Pioche, N
Ttiu Ueno Savln^ja Bank Ucno, N
Tomaleis Dahk of Tomalcs, C
Tliomiison ;; Co b. F., C
To«nse:;d, FreiL U S. F.,'C
Ukiah, Dauk of I'kiali, O
Vuiou National Golil Dauk Oakland, C
Union SavinKdDank Oakland,
VaUcJo. Bank of. N'uUo.'.j, C
Vallejo Savin73 and Commercial Dank Vallcjo, G
Ventura, Ba:ik of San Buenaventura, G
Virtue, J. W Baker City, O
Visulia. Bank of ViH::!:a. C
Volhner, John P. & Co Lcwioton, I
Vosbnr-j. J. 3 Tucaon, A
Zion's Savinsa Bank and Truat Co Salt Lake C.ty. U
■\ValsworLh. !■;. II Yrcka, C
Walker Bros Salt Lake City, U
Watt, Itohert S. F., G
WataonviUe, Dank of WutBOnville. G
Watson, LaGransjo & Gibson H. F., O
Wellfl, Fargo & Cob Bank S. F.. C
Wells, Fargo i; Co Salt Lako City, V
WcUj, Fargo & Co S;lver Beef, U
Wieraon, Jewell i Co Placer\illc. O
Whitu Piuj County Bank IJireka, N
Wo odlaiid. Bank of Woodland, O
BiUinELS AND KEOS-MANUPACTUnEns.
Mattullath Mfg Co Eighth ut., ncarBrj-aut. S. P.,
Neabitt, J. U Bro 21 Dhutomc ot., S. F.,
BASKET MAlvEItS.
ArmeaiDallam 230-2:^ Front ct , S. F., O
Becker, William rZ2 .Market at., H. l\. O
FiUmer, J G33 Market ht.. 8. F., G
Gillett, F. J 2120 Jones st., 3. F., O
Ilennea, Chria. &Co 11)3 Market at., S. F..
Lange, J. C. U 12 Momgomcry av.. S. P.,
Wakeflold lUttan Co C44 JIarket St.. 8. F., O
BlCBIt— M AS UFACTt; RLIIS.
Adolpl', L Solcm, O
Mhnny (F. Ilagjman & Co.t 71 Everett ot., H. F., C
Albion, J. IL Buniell is, Bro.). . . . Ninth av. and G, S. P., C
BuUangcr, Ddward jUbany. O
Baur, G. A Austl.], TI
Bavaria (P. P.-ankjaholz) Uoatgom;,'ry av.. 3 F., G
Beck & Koehn Santa Cru^, C
Boca Brewing Co Boca,
Bocmcr ^; Wirth Stockton, G
Bolinger, W. F lied Blulf, O
Borchcra, W. F Sacramento. G
Broadway (J;u;o'j Adams) GG7 Broadway. S. P., O
Buchm:iler k Wella Ojden, U
Buchk-r, August The Dalles, O
Bunster, lion. A Victoria, B.
California (Shulte & Gcitner)
. . ScrpoTdUie avenue and 2Cth st., S. P., C
Corion V. Ernst Bodie, O
Chicago (TlenryAhomsiCo.l 1420 Pino Bt, H.V., C
City Brew<—/ Portland. O
f".-. ish, U The DalIo3, O
Columbus Drcr-ery Sacramento,
Croissant, Charles Chl;o,
Deiuinger, F VaUejo,
Eaglo BroH'ory (Wni. D. Smith)
Folsom and IGth st, S. F., O
Baglo Brewery (Geo. Scbor^r) San Jose. C
Bmi)ire Drewery (John liarmldj 179 Jcaalc st, S. F.,
Enteriirisa Brewery illilk'brandt & Co.)
201 J Folsom at., 3. P.,
Eurel:a Brewery tSi:hwoitzcr & Bro.)
235 First St.. S. P., O
Europa Brewery (John Christ) Nebraska st., S. F., O
•|
7S6
APPENDIX.
\^W
rmnkcnburgET «^ Davison Bodio. C
Franz, Joliu CiTHAA VulKy. ('
Froilcrick.jburi; Rrcwery San .lost', O
FrLdc'rickfibiipj Brewery rortluuil, < >
Gaml)rinu3 Brewery I'urtlainl. ( '
Cfcnlcj, Rich rortlau.l, ()
CfuUlun City Brcwf.ry (O. llrvklf). . .1431 I'aciflc Ht.. S. F.. C
fioUlen (iatc Brewery (C. J. B. Slutzler)
717 (irtjcnwkh at.. H. P., C
UoU Hill Brt-wcjy CmiM Hill. N
tiowcn, <■ Victoria, B. O
tluticwiller, Hcury Oakland, 'J
Hiibn, Jiihii AfltoHa, O
Hiiri>cr, JamtH Eujl4u*, C
IIamnau:i Broa Stockton, t *
Iluyt.-a Valley Brt-'wcry (A. Wahmuth & Co
512 Orovoht, H. F., C
UcvildBbuft; Brewery , UealdHburg, ('
Hibcrnia Brt^wery (Matthew Nunan). . .Howard st, S. F., C
HumlKjldtBr^-weiy l833Mifl*ion st., H. F., C
Humboldt Brewury Kast I'urtlaiitl, O
Heuli k Co Lureka, C
Jacksca Brewery, (W. A. FreUerlckU423 Misaiou it , 8. F.. C
Kdfer, CliaJ. Albany, (>
Ki-rth & Niculas .Sacrumeut<j, C
Kiiamr, Lorcnz SacrameiiU>, C
Krunib, Limia San Juse, C
Lafayette lirewcry.lOiroKaii&AiutcU) 725 OreeiiBt. H. F., i-
Lan:,-cu t Co Virginia City, N
I-,autli, Fhil.. Los Augelfs, C
MalUatodt, D Los Au«elt.-B. C
Mason's Brewery (John MaAon). . 519 Chestnut at., K. F., C
Melhom, A Stuttle, W. T
Milwaukee (Luhnuan/c Co.).... 012 rioTenthKtriL-t, t?. F., C
Molfion & Sons Fortland, <>
Natioual (tiluck £: Hansen).. Fulton and Wel*ter, H. F.. C
Neiblin;^ & Fux Hilver Ueef, V
North Beueh Brewery, Powell and Chestnut etreet, H. F.. C
Oakland Brewiiy Oukland. (_'
OrLjon City Brewery Ore„'on City, O
Bacitic Brewery (Fortmaii & Co.). . 271 Tehama st.. .S. F.. C
PalT'itas, C WatAinvillc, C
rfeiffer. F Xajci, C
Bhiiadt'lphia (John WielanU). . . .254 Second Btreet, S. F., C
Philadelphia Breweo' Lor ^Vugcles, C
Phttui.t Brewiry |T. J. Kirby), Noe, b. 18th &. 19th, S. F., C
Pioneer Brewery ( Heii-sler i Frederichs)
203 Treat avenuo, 8. F., C
Presidio (.Sdineidi'rii\Vachter)...ir>2ti Pacific nve, S. F., C
Kallroad Brewery (F. Schuster). . .425 Valencia st., H. F., C
Ka^t, John .Itosebiug, O
]{othcnbu.s!i, D Stockton, t."
}tunipf & Duukel Dayton, W
Kail Francisco Stock — Powell and Francisco ats,, S. F. C
Saut.fc (.'!ara Brewerj' Santa Clara, C
Santa llo^\ Brewery Santa Cosa, t.'
Schmith L Mendcs I-lureka, N
Shultz & Viet Jacksonville. < )
Smith, V. liJ Vidiejo, C
Sorenacn & Peterson Modesto, C
South San Frautisjo Hth at. and IUilroa«l av. S. F., C
Star Brewcrj- (iJoaeuerBros.), Utliand I'olsoniBtH, S. F.. C
Staid. John H Walla Walla, W
Swan Brewerj 15th and Dolores hts, , H. F. , O
Swi.-«i Brewery 414 l)u]Kmb at., S. F., i;
Union Brewciy (C. Heaa) 62o Clcmentitia at., S. F, C
UnitL-d States Brewery
MciUlister and Fmnkliu bU.. S. F., O
l*nito*l States Brewery Portland, O
Wag.-niT, Hiinry fJalt I>a!.ui i'y, U
Wa^liington Brewery.... Lombard and T.ijlor ii^s., 8. F„ O
Willowi Bn'wery I'Jth and Mla^iion atn., S. V.,
BUIOIiS-MANlIPACTl'UKIlH.
Bonnet. K. & Co 235 Montgomery, S. V., C
])iivifl& Lowell Mountain Vitw,
Fotmtaiu Bros Sacramento, <7
Hunter & Sliacklefonl 310 Pine wt., S. J"., ( '■
Lynch, Peter Pacific dtrctt wharf, S. 1'., ij
Mallon, I'atriek. . ..N. E. cor. Keaniy and Market. H. I',, (!
Patent Brick Co California at, H. F.
Pettraon, T. W San Jo3e, C
Piptr, Jerome B 7 Clay nt . H. F., O
lU-'Uidlard Brick Co Pacific street wharf, S. F., C
Byan, John C Saeranieuto,
Tobin. Thoa. V Office. 335 Montgomery at.. S, F., C
INUtlo Brotfaen 234 Moutijomery at.. S. F, C
BR00M8-MANL'F.\iTlKEns.
Annes k Dallam 230 and 232 Front at., S. F., C
BiUingsley k Co Hacnunento, O
Bricc, Powell Sacnimento, U
1 'ole Si Kcnuy 114 Sacramento at., S. F. , O
CoiMWHi, Benjamin 322 Bavia 6t., S. 1'., U
Figer Bros G15 Sacramento at., H. F.,
( ;huiz, Clu-istian C4i Weal Miaaion at., S. F, O
(Jolden. Thomas 1(0 l. by at.. S. F, O
Craywin. J. W. k Co Salem, O
Hancock iiWrifht Walb Walla, W
Harriflcn & Dickson 120 Sacramento «t., K. F,. C
Hemingway, John Benial Iliglits, H. F , C
HublHjrt, W. K - 1(>42 Minion Kt..S. F, O
Kuu7.e, Otto E 044i Mission at.. S. F., U
1-ikc k Warren 411 .Saenimentotit., S. I'., C
LeFuVfir, W. F Hiirmnieuto, O
LilHihcr. iJeorge 411 Sacramento at., .S. F, O
I<o3 .iVngJiu Broom F'actory Los Angelc^ (J
Han Franciaco Bruttli Factory. .325 Sacramento at.. S F. O
Taylor, John 325 Sar-HinL-utij at, H. F., C
Tobin. Morria 150S . iJic at.. S. F., C
1 'nn.% Jacob ..157 New Montgomery at., S F.,
^'an Liiak, Lambert 17th et., mar Howartl, S. F. O
Warl. Thomas 271>rummBt., S. F.. O
Wi-o'cner, Henry lOliJ Lombanl et, S. F.,
Woo(huff.!c Van Fppa Olympia. W
Zau Brothers Portland, O
BUUSH-AUNtTACTUllSi.H.
Colc& Kenny 114 Hacmmento St., S. F,
CunUin. Thoraafl C 413 4th at., S. F., O
Dyer Bros 5 Taylor at. S. F.,
Figer Bros CIS Sacramento et., H, F. (J
Fonl. John K Moultrie, near Old Hitkory nt., f). F . C
.bines, T. C Halt Lake City, U
Kmize. Otto K Clti Mission at, H. F.. C
Metzler, B Portlai.d, O
o, K. Bruiih Factory G4il Mission titrcet. S. F. O
Simi«on, K. W 325 Sacramento at-. S. F., C
l^nna, Jacob 157 New Mouttfomer>' fct.. 8. F., C
White, C. L Salt Lake City. U
bungs-Man i-FAcTuiiEBs.
(iracier, Francis 211 Mis-slon at., S. F., O
Mixer. CJeorgo H. (metallic) 51 Beale at., 8. F., C
Swift, James 221 Mission at., S. F, O
Wwu, Ueiu? 720MhiuAst.. 8. F.,
APPENDIX.
757
ar.
V
H. r.
V
H. I',
ti
fi. p.
H. !■'.
a.v.
s. r
c
B. F
,c
a. I'
.0
F.,
C
P.,
P.
R
C
f.
F
r
r.
a
F.
c
F.
c
F.
, c
F
,0
F
,
1'
. c
F
.
BED SPKIHas-MANurACTUunns.
Blancharil, Juica 710 Mluaa fit.,
Calitorula Spriuj ilTi: Co. . . .147 Now lluiitg'y ot.,
CU.-'.!, Tniumii a. & Co 21 Xuw Montgy Bt„
Ilinclduy, K 133 Now Mouta'y t>t.,
Kacbman, AUoljih. 77 Nov .Moats'y Ht.,
I'aciflc Hprinj ii Mattress Co. .23 New .Molitg'y Bt.,
HELL FOUNDEUa.
Garratt, W. T 140 Fromout Bt.,
Orcculjcrj £: Co 205 Fremont st,
Weed U KlliiJwoU 12J First Bt,
Ur.LLOWS -JLUJl'FAcTUriuIia.
California liellowa .Mfs Co S2 Fremont Bt, B. F., C
McKiuno, Ueury OW Mkaion Bt., 1). F., C
BELTING.
llaker & Ilamilton 13-M Front at., U. F., O
CiiroUm, Cory t Co . . .117 California »t, S. F., C
Cooli, A. O 415.MarlietBt., S.
Cool!, U. N 403 Market ot., H.
I>e^'en, L. F 13 Fremont Bt., H.
tJoo lyj IT Uubbcr Co 577 Market Bt, K.
, Orcsory, II. 1'. i Co 2-4 California st, : ■.
Gutta I'erclia Mfs Co 511 Market ct. .S.
Iloycr, Herman 855-8C1 Bryant Bt , n.
Scllty, Thomas II. 6! Co Ill) California Bt , S.
Wbaitt'fl, WnL N 423 WaBhingtou Bt, S.
BILLliVliD TABLES- MANUl'ACTURKns,
Brunswiek, J. »L t Balko 055 Market Bt, S.
J'iiigblut, Aujust ii Co 10-16 GolJen Gate av., S.
Liosoutehl, Fhilli) M3 Market at . , a,
Meyer, ,J. U. II 320 Kcaniy Bt, .S.
Strahlc, Jacoli & Co 533 Market at, S.
BIRD CAOES-M.iSUFArTUliKBa.
Edwards, Geo. F. .Bryant liet Fifth and Sixth ali, S. F., (-!
Fuhnuann, AM 751 Miaaionat, B. F.,
Grue-jhajen, CU 063 Miaaion »t. .i. P., O
HalUdic, A a (5 California Bt, a. F., C
BRIDGE BUn.DEE.S.
Hallidie, A. S C California .st, a. F. i'
Paciiie Bridge Co 4 California ht., a. F., t ■
8. F. Bridge Co 10 California at, a. F., C
BLACKING— Manufacthkers.
Oough, John Potrero av., S. P., C
Lake, Henry 643 Tliird Bt, S. F., C
Patek, A 413 Sixth at, 8. F., C
Schwabacher, Louin 017-621 Bruman at, H. R. C
BLANK BOOKS-MaxufAi rtJiKia.
Althof & BahlB 323 8a"ramento Bt, 8. p". . C
Bancroft, A. L. i Co 721 Market Bt, 8. P., C
Banlius & Kimball 505 Clay sf, .S. F., O
Boaiiui, Edward Sc Co 523 Clay Bt, a, R, O
Buswell, Alei. & Co 525 Clay at, 8. P., C
Crocker. U. S. 4; Co 215 Bnsh Bt, ,S. F.. . '
Gralum, J. C. & Co Salt Lake City, l'
Foatcr, F Sacramento, <;
BOILERS--MAXUl.'ACTl'r.Ell!i.
Golden State & Miners' Iron Works.. .237 First st, 8. P., C
Hall, James V 214Bealeflt, a. I'., O
Hi.ickley, Siicars & Hayes 207 Fremont «t, 8. P.. C
McAfee & Co 213 Spoar Bt, S. P., €
McCone, Robert 403BealeBt, 8. F., C
Sloynihan S Aitkcn 311 Mission Bt, 8. P., O
I'rcseott, .'icott i: Co. . . N, E. Cor. First t Jllralon, S. F.,
rretorlou.sTronbrldue&Co Ill First st, tl. i'.,
ForJand Di.iljr Works Portkiml, O
Rankin, Bi.iytontCo 120 Fremont :it, li. F.,a
lUsdon Iron ii Locomotive Works
8, E. Cor. Bcaloand Howard sts., .^5. F., O
Roobufk. Thomas G 137 Beale st , S, F., O
aoboljer & Sufrln 203 Fremont at, i*. F., O
Spratt Joseph Victoria, B. O
BOLTS— JLlNiPAcTunEtia.
! raciflo noUing Mills 202 Market at, 8. V , O
I PhelpaMfjCo 13 Dramm nt, S 1,0
I Payne Bros I33BealoBt, 8. 1 , O
Booi;.-i.
Bancroft A. L. i Co 721 Miu-kot Bt, 8. 1'., U
Billiiiga. Ilarljourue & Co 3-5 Mont^'y st , 8. P., <1
Boacli, C 107 Mont ;'y Bt, , 8. P., O
BorUiaus, F. W. t D 213 Kcnrnj tt., 8. I"..
California Bible Society 7M Market st, S, F.,
Cmmingham, Cnrtias & AVclch
aacraniuQto and Sansorac sts., 8. P., c
Denias, J. i; Co 421) Bush al , B. P. C.
Flo.jJ, Michael 831 Market nf, S. F,C
Gill, . I. K. a Co I'orlland, O
Golly, J. B. iiCo 26 Geary at., H. I'., O
Grcsoiro, Sor.h & Co Po.'it s»,, 8. F.,0
llwlse, JohnG. & Co 314 California st, 8. r.,0
lIoiishto!», W. A. tC. 8 Sacramento, O
Mclveiclicr £: Thompson Portland. O
MeLhoai..t Book DelKjaitory li'Il Market St., a. i'.,0
Payot, T'pham&Co 2ut S:i!ir,omo at., 8. !■'.,
Shearer, Frederick E loi ' liirket :>t., S. P.,
Waldteufek A S.m Jose,
LAW BOOKS.
Bancroft A. L. i Co 721 Market Bt, 8. P.,0
Whitney, Simmer & Co 013 CUiy St., 8. P.,
BOOK BINDERS.
Bancroft A L. & Co 721 Market st, 8. P., O
nicfoi. D. SiCo 608Mout3omery6t, 8. P., O
Lear^-, A. J 404 Sausonie at, 5. P., O
McTntyro, John B 423 Clay st. .8. R, O
Mcston, ,Iohn J Portland, O
Phlllilis, J. 8. i Co 50J Clay Bt., 8. R, O
Rankin, Chas. E 540 Clay lit, 8. F.,0
aonnichsen, Charles San Joao,
^Vhelan & Tracy 410 Sansorao st, S. F., O
BOOTa AND SHOES.
Armstions, Thomas H 67 Storcnsou st, .S. P.,
Calm, Nickelsbm-g & Co 31 Battjry st, 8. P., C
Capen, C«;o. B. & Co Portland, O
Casey, AL Francis 125 Sansomc st. , 8. P., O
Chase, R. P. & Co 809 Market Bt, S. R,
Dolan. James W 414 Market st, 8. P., O
llawlcy. Charles B 414 Market st. , 8. F. . O
Hibbard. Occ. L. i Co Portland. O
Ilecht Bros. & Co 25-27 Sansomc at., 8. P., O
llocht, Martin S: Co Portland, O
Ilobart, Wood & Co 15 Sansome at. 8. F.,
Jones. Orin & Co 703 JIarkct st, C
Jory Bros Cor. Van Ness av. and Fell st, 8. p.,
Kaufman, Ilecht & Aken Portland, O
Kullman, Salz & Co 106 Battery st, 8. R,
Levinsky Bros M6 Market at, 8. F,
75R
APPENDIX.
■ id ! -r
l,ovy, Dlamnnt & Co 107 Battery nt. 0. F.,
L.a l^ali?/.lr:5, I C2 i-tciuvrt rt., fj. V.,
Nohn. l;. 1). ;: Co 71 litL-vtiinou nt., fl. F.,
Nohn, U F. tl.'o lllJIarllot St., a F.,
Porter, Klcsr.;n,:rr t d 117 to'.trry lit., li. F. ,
rrinjlo, Cilhert lO'.S Miltkot ct., ii. F.,
liohilo DriM COD JocksoQ Dt., H. F..
IIoBciiRtock, H. W. A: Co. .Cor. BauB<>mo anil Bush, B. F..
Itox'nthal. Fudor & Co 13 Diittcry r.t.. ^. F.,
beilxTlich'a. ^V Sons 33 Secoul ist., 8. F.,
Tim'll. C. & 1>. II. 'iCo 1« Clay St., B. P.,
T'nitwl Workloifmcn'a Boot an.l Hhoc Co
110 Marki t ct. , S. F,
Wcntvortli, I. SI. & Co 40O r.:ittcry rt.. 8. F,
■\Vlthrow it I'ondlcton US Ninth St., ». F.,
UOOT.S AND snOES-MAXi'i'.MTunrna.
Armstronj, Tliomai II 67-C9 Htevoniton nt., H. F.,
Beliaon; B.»ot cml Ghoa Co Vittfjrl.i, IV
UucUluijha::! Ii Ilucht 25-27 S.msorivj nt, S. F..
C»'m, Nickclsburj i Co 31 Cattery nt, !i. V.,
Capcn, Geo. B. t Co... Portland,
Cas-^y, M. Francis 123^.10201110 r.t,, n. 1'.,
Chase. Ii. I". ,'; Co 8oD Market Dt.. 3. P.,
Dj!an, James \V 411 Slarhct St., H. P.,
OlnirJ, L-.^Jficr ^; Co 7J1 Market tt., I'y. F.,
Uawlcy, Cliarlca V 4U Markit ct, S. F.,
IIc-l!iorp, W Victoria, U.
llil.'.'ar.l, Geo. h ti Co Portlaud,
IloVait, Wood t Co 15 Sansomo ct.», ;l F.,
Jones, Orin U Co 76J Marliet r,t., 8. F.,
Jor>* Eros 8. W. cor. Van Ncas nv. and Fell »t., 8. F.,
KuUmau, .'iab Ii Co 100 Battery ot, 8. F.,
Lan jeuberj Eros Koscbur;;,
Leaser Bros 7,'l Market St., 8. V.,
Lcvinriliy Bros 515 Marlxt at., 8. F.,
Lo>T. Diamant & Co 107 Battery at., 8. F.,
Lindeabunra, 1 52fiteuart ct, 8. F.,
Nolan, B. D. £; Co 71 8tcvcn.son St., 8. F.
Nolan, r. P. i Co .111 :«arkct st., 8. P.,
Portor, Slc3sin:?!r & Co 117 Battery r,t, 8. P.,
Priii3lc, C.ilbJrt 1015 .Market oS., 8. P.,
Uohde Bros 503 JaoKsoa rt, 8. P.,
Fajsenslock, 8 W. t Co
Cor. Sansome and Bush sto., ,S. F.
Seib:rUch*8 Sons 32 .Second at., 8. F.
Terrill, C. 4: P. 11. ii Co 413 Clay St., 8. F.
United Workinsmen's Coot and 8hoo Co
410 Market at., 8. P.
Wcntworth, I. M 40O Battery ot , .8. F,
Withrow &. PeniUeton 118 Ninth St. , 8. F
BOXES— MASliFACTlliEna.
Astoria Box and Lumber Co Astort.^, ()
Brown, fi. n Astoria, O
Harlow, John Portland, O
Uobba, I'omeroy i. Co 11 and 13 Beak St., .8. P., C
Uumc, O. W /Vstoria, O
Morjuiro, John L. .8. \V. cor. Bryant and 5th sts., 3. P., C
Meyers, GilmsniiCo 0th St., ii.-^ar Harrison, 8. P., C
Nicliols fw Co 8acramcnto, C
San Francisco Bo.\ Factory
Berry St., bet. 3.1 aud <th. 8. F.,C
Scheurcr U Coyiio Portland, O
TrJcHeo Lumber Co 321 Kins St., 8. P., C
Voion Bol Factory 114 to 124 Siwar at, 8. F., C
Union Box Factory Sacramento* C
W;'Btoa. Cliarlos W 301 Mission »t., 8. P.,
Woodbury, Ojorjj 13. . .B.rry St., liet. •Ith aail J.b, U. F., O
BOXr.J, CUSAn-M.VSUTACTURCIU.
California Cijar Box Co Bjrry o'.., ncsr '.th, B. P.. O
Hool) :r, C. A. i; O. W 4th and (.'hann. 1 r.tB., 8. P., C
Korbfl, P. t Bro cor. 5th and B.-yant sU., 8. F., V
PliullM !i Miller 420 Sutler at, (1 I'.,
l;ad;m, Ludwii; 420 Kearny st, 8 P., O
\Vald»tein, Abraham Berry »t, ncarClh, 8 F., O
BOXFS. JEWELBY-MANl-rACTIiniBS.
Loebliaum. A II 134 Sutter at, 8. F., O
Iluhi, Antonio 203 Butter »t, S, F O
BOXES, PAPEK-MANiiF.vcTCn«M.
Itocnicke, Otto Portlantl, O
TUlebuul, Charles 741 Mission at, 8. I'., O
Wor.ilx) I!ro.i 573 Market St., H. P., O
V.'aiznian, Max 530 Market ct, B. F., O
BOXES, TIN'— MASt'FAI-TUllLns.
Austin, B. C 400 Front St., S. r "^
Ilollroo!!, Jlerrlll £ Sletaon, 223 and 233 Market ct., 8. F., r
Moalajue, \i. \V. £ Co 110 to 113 Battery ct., t). P., O
HAlt^T l-ros 422 Katramcnto at, 8. F.,
Tay, Geo. n. & Co 014 to c:a llattery at, 8. F , O
CRASS FOUNDERa.
Band, Frank 023 Fulton St., S. F..
Bell, Joha P. & Co 13 Fremont ct., 8. P.. O
F.n-les, ■\Vllliam Utah at, near Twtuty-fiiurth, 8. P.,
Oarratt, W.T 1^8 Fremont at, 8. P..
Oiovaulni t Co 417 Mission ct., 8. I'., O
(Ircenhcru t Co 505 Fremont ct., 8, F.,
Olsson £ Bcnneracheidt Ill First ct., 8. F. O
Pretorious, Trowbridaa & Lenuner. . . .141 First at, 8. P., O
Roylanco, Joseph .45 Fremcnt ct, 8. P., O
njiratt, Joseiih Victoria, B. O
Tay, Geo. 11. t Co C14 BatUry ct, 8, P.,
Was.itair, T. II Bond, lir 8cvcutceulh ct. .'). P., O
Weed ii Kinswoll 123 First at., 8. F., O
BUTCUEBS.
Audrcws. Oliver Fifth ar., nrMst., 8. 3. P., O
AnioldiCo Cor. OilandVabaciasts., 8. F., O
AKi:,'Ues. E. &Co 522-533 CUy St., 8. P., O
Avy, liuscuc 323 8.in3o:ne s'... 8. P., O
B.-owu, U. W Fifth uv., 8. 1-.
Brandonsteln JI. & Co 223 Clay ct, 8. P., O
Bonleuave, .loscph Fifth av... 8. 8. P., O
Connolly, .Miciia.i Fourth av., 8. 8. P., O
Crum;nery i; Hail First nv., 8. 8. P., O
Donnelly, Dunne ii Co 001 (Uliforniant, H. F. O
Dunpliy, William 501 Kearny t,t., 8. P.,
Furcarto ii Gates Fiftll av., 8. 8. P., O
Gcrber Bros Tenth and J fits., Sacramento, V
Golden fi Mealey Fourteenth av. , S. 8. F. , O
GradwohUi EmiK-y 741-747 Mission nt, U. F, O
lleiibron Brat G03 J at., 8.acramento. O
Ilusson «i liokailo 533 Clay at. , 8. P., O
Hart.:, L. ami J 5 C.ntro JIark.'t, 8.. P., C
Johasou. J. G Fourth av,, 8. S, P., C
James, ,1. (1 331 Kcaniy at, 8. F. ,
Levcrone, Win. M FU^t av., .8. .S. P., C
Look ii .Moulton Fifth av, 8. S. F.,
Murphy k Uom 533 Kearny St., 8. P., O
m
APPENDrX.
75.)
Muhri K:M_;hjr nithuv.. H. s I'., C
SloSat. i;. t II 233 KcurnyBl., H. 1'., ()
M;U;r i Lui M3 Kgaray u'.., H. 1'. , (J
MidluUaau. Drown 4 Co 803 Front «l.. 1. P.,
Nokvuiaa t Co '. 'J Cuntro Market, 8, V., C
O.IjU, M. M fiacninii^nl... i;
Orojo 1 Stock anil l>utchorin^ Co. .331 Muut^'y Ht , .S. I'.,
roiliillaii i; Mallei Flttll uv,, M. H. F., C
Poly, IIoilbro.1 & Co 333Kearuy«t., H, 1'.. c
SlUerlKTj, biiuon sa) HiiiiBomo at., H. F., C
Hcbumukur Uros Fourth uv., 8. H. F., C
Schcukcl, P Fiftli ov., S. a F., U
Sylvester, Joliii First av., 8. S. F., C
Bhra-a.r, A. J Flratuv,, 8. 8. F., C
Bulls, M 331 Keaniy Bt,. S. 8. F,C
SjUwulticr, J. & Co 10 Cluy-at. Jlarket, 8. F.. C
Bshack, li. & Co 211 Foteom ut., ». F.. V
Hohocnfolil, J4i<»b 331 Koaniy »t., 8. F., C
8clu"line, Nutluin 331 Ktaniy bt., Hr F. , i;
Url, Fellt 20 8. F. Market, 8. F., (J
Van \'olkcul>uri{b & Co Victoria. 11 C
Wa.-ner, F. 0. k llro 1-5 8. P. Market, 8. F., C
Wajncr, Charles F 530 Kcaniyst. 8. F., C
Ziuiiuermauu, 8trolue&Co 113d Market nt., 8. F'., C
CANNED UOODa.
Articles Cannins Co 11 Han Franci'«co Market
llouuer M. & Co Cor. 8l>ear anil Fulsoin eta., 8. I-'., C
Coil.', lilicH a Co 3U Wasliiuston at., 8. F., U
Cuttinj I'ackina Co 17-41 MaUi st., 8. F., C
Dompater i Keyt 202 Market St., 8. F., C
CiolUeu Gate Packing Co 8an Jose, C
GooOacro & Dooley Victoria, 11. C
James, Pariaer & Co 608 Seventh Bt., 8. F., C
Kinj, Morse & Co. ...Cor. llroa*lwayan(lHanKonie. H. F., C
Lusk t Co 530 Clay at., 8. P., C
Merry, FauU t Co 125-127 California at., 8. P., C
lied Cross Packing Co 805t;auaolnest., 8. 1<\, C
Sacramento Itiver Pkg Co 318 F'roiit at., 8. F'., C
San Joau PVuit Pk^- Co 309 Sacrauiento St., ,S. I'., O
Schauimel, UeynoMs & Co 120 Froat it., S. F., C
Soutlicrn California Fruit Pkg Co Loa Angeles, C
Wiin^euheim, Sol. 4 Co 118 Davis at, 8. F, C
Wilaou, J. Y. S Co 50S Market St., 8. P., C
CANNERIES OF PllUIT.
Banner Pkg Co S. F., C
lllootl, Jos. A Carpentaria, C
DmOforU, W. D Froi.t at., S. F., C
Carter, LP Boise City, I
Caiiitol Canning' Co., (J. CarroUi Sacramento, C
Corvalli.i Fruit Pk',i Co Corvailin. O
Coilo, Elfclt & Co Washiniton at., S. !■., C
Cutting Pk;i Co 17 Main St., 8. 1'., C
Corville, EmcrsoQ Sansomc st, 8. F., C
Dawson, J. M. Pkj Co San Jose, C
Demmick k ShcRleid Santa Barbara, C
Pn.'3no Fruit Pkg Co Fresno. C
Ga:t, J. B PhK'crvUlo, C
Goetjen, N 1032 MoAlllsterat, 8. F., C
OolJen Gatj Pkg Co .San Jose, C
llantiiom, J. O. & Ca Portlau.l, O
Hamilton, G. M Loa Angelej, C
llari).*-, W. S Lo3 Ansel s,
llurlburil Canning Co Ptaecrville, C
Hume, Geo. W 203 .Srcramonto st, .S. F.. C
Hume, It. D EUcnburg, O
Johnson 4 Sugdon Florin, C
Johnson, B. F. 4 Co Spring Lake, U
ICIng, -MnrKe & Co. .. .Broadway anil Sansome Bt3., 8. P., O
Ld* tijito.i Fmit Pjieking Co ..Loa (Jat-iH,
Lovejuy. Mrs. A. 1, Portian-l. <)
Lilak,.!. tiCii 534 Cloy St. S, F , I)
LiiHk, J., Camilug Co Oakland, tJ
Marks, I,. U Placerville. O
.Moore, K Petalunia, C
Mors*! Fruit Canning Co ... Chicn, f)
N*;weastlu Fruit Asaoclation > ewcastle, O
lied Cross P. K. G Wans**!-.'.' lit, 8. l\, (J
San Joae Fruit Pki. (,'o Iaw Gatos, O
.Shannon, E 1^. Portlat.d, <J
Hchanunel, ileynolds & Co. 130 Front st., 8. 1,0
Bouthcrn California Pkg. Co Lo;i All;icles, O
SlrafTord Pks. Co CUiy at , 8. P.,
Sn.'soTich4(-'o .HanioniuBt., 8. !•'., O
ThoraiKwn, G 1213 Broadway, Oakland,
Union Mfg. Co Loj Anselea, O
Wanieiiheini, iiol. 4Co.,DaviaandSacramentosts., 8. P.,
Wallace. Joseph Paattdena, O
Wear, Geo. W BakcrfJcHO
Wooilworfli. 8. F Newcastle. O
Wriulit, W II Coltim, I!
CAKPETS.
Froilerieks, Joseph 4 Co 049 Market at., S. F., O
lleyneuiuim II. 4 Co 5 Sonsome at., 8. P.. O
Locke 4 Laverson Hacnwnonto, O
liicher, P. E 209 Sanaome st,, ». P., O
Sloane, W t J 523 Market St., .1. P., fl
Walter, I). N. 4E. 4Co 1 Battery St., 8. P., O
Walter Bros Portland, O
C.MiUIAGE MATEUIjVLS.
Holt Bros 27-20 Boalo St.. S.T,
Nortbruii, E. J. 4 Co P.jrtland. O
Wat. rhouao 4 Lester 117-119 Market st, 8. F.,0
WlUte Bros 13-15 Main St., 8. P., O
CARHIAGE3.
Brandcnstein 11. 4 Co
Cor. Mission 4 New Moutgomory sis., ,4. F., O
Eastman, Tliomas 8. . .40-40 Now Montgomery st., 8. P.,
Galla,;hcr. Bernard 222 Mission at., 8. 1"., O
Sanborn. A W 2lBeakMit. 8. P., O
WiUey. O. P. 4 Co 427 Montgomery at., 8. F., O
CAUI1IAOE8 AND WAGONS-MANUF.vcTUnEns.
Bemanl, 11. M Sacnunento, O
Black, II. M. 4 Co 70 New Montgomery at.. 8. P.,
Carvlil Mfi- l.'o 7-9 Powell St., ii. 1'.,
City Carriage Factory San Jose. O
Crittenden 4 McCuc 1317 -Market St., 8. P., O
Dyer,L. M Portland, O
Espcy, WW Portland, O
Farren, J. W 21Boalest,8. F.,0
Folrom, Albert 217 ElUa St., H. P., C
Freeman, Thomas Portland, O
Gallagher, Ueniard 225 Mission St., 8. P., C
Grave, B. 4 Co 421 I'aciUost., 8. F.,0
llatmau4 Nonnandin San Jose,
Henderson, M. P Stockton, C
Hill, J. F Sacramento.
Hunt, Cieo. P Marysville, C
J>>Iinson 4 Uluo Sacramento, C
Kerr, David 47BealeBt.. .'i. P., C
Kestler, Slartin Sacramento, O
Larkins 4 Co 031 Howard Bt. , 'i. P. , C
Miller, Wm. P Stockton, O
O'Brien, P. J. 4 Sons. 329 Golden Gate av., S. P., O
760
APPENDIX.
; 'I' ■
^JlJ'
Pike k Yunng Sacmmcnto, C
PrinilL- i; Mca-UT i!^.:i .lo •.?. ( '
I!.iis:'h, Ch.-rl..! Marj-avilL', C
Ba!>c;-2 1; Cat*.:-. MurjuviUo, r
Stitl, l;./l)crt 113,Ii'.v!lont., s. P., ('
Boul^-, KUj-jui; l-'ur. Fuunh Qiul lii^'uut, ti. r., ('
WattThouse & L'jstcr SacruDeuto, C
L;VLCR'it LltillT.S— MAXLlMITtnEIlS.
I;iaky. A. i:. &L'o 323 I'mnt ut.. .■<. F.,
Truwortliy, Moaza,i Lrijuvunworth St.. .S. F.,
CAXl)LF.S-.MAM'rACTunEr..s.
Ilay .Soap uud Camllo \Vorl« UG Front at, 8. F.. C
Mission Soajt ouU *-'aiuIie Works 1C8 Duah «t., ti. 1^, L'
San Francisco (Jantliu (.*o 403 Front St., 8. F.,
CK.MEXT PIPE— MAjroPAi-Tl-UEIUl
Wellor ii riona S.icramento. C
CHAINS— JlAXUi-ACTrHLn.-i.
Dixon Lroa Cor. lowa.au'.i Yuljo sta., .s. i'., C
Paciiic Cliain Wurlii 12 Front tst, ti. I'., O
Pu>Tio IJro.( LJ3 liLaiciit., .S. i'., C
I'licliu .MI,; Co lJ<171>.uiiimBt, pi. !■'., C
ClIAIHS— MAXUfAI^TCllKIlS.
i'amioiiclic, i'aul 131 Main st, a. F., C
Grcffj, Cirarica 5a3 Bmmian at., rt. F., V
llL'ywo<«l IJru.i. & Co o3J..'iJ5Miaaion at., ». F., C
luiliauaitoiJa Cliair .Mf? Co. . .lliU Nww Moa* j y r.t., S. 1"., C
Nou;,'ar,.t, Cliarlca 133 licalo St. H. F.,
ciIAilPAUXK— aiAATFAerruEua.
Ilanuzttiy, Arpad^ Co ...^SOW^aslungtou at., H. F., C
l.vljniaii, S. i:Co UJ Market r.t., 8. F., C
l.'HAiEDAiaSi:.
AUitr, U. K. LCo «» Uattory at., H. P., C
Cilenian, Wm. T. ii Co IIU ilarltot at, S. F., C
(.'aafiia, 1'. J. i.Co 433 Doltory St., S. !•'., C
Dlckion, Do Wolf i Cu U3 Uutte.-y at., 8. F., C
llellmaun Bros. & Co 523 Front at, H. F., C
Montasuc, W. W. iUo lUl-llS llattorj- at., H. i'., C
JIiuTk.-, Vii'torsCo lun Califoniia at, 8. F., C
Mu-iit-'oke, Cliartea^Co .3M Hacnmiuiito at, 8. l'., C
Iticliariiii i; Harrison 4Ul-l'.i.l dauaoiuf at., >S. F., C
Kutilliroii atiilimti'omLTyat., ti. F.. C
HaUfctiu. A. il. C^i^o bli) 8aliaomu at., .S. F., C
bclmnlcr, II. J^ Co C17-0U1 bausumo at, 8. F., C
8tclnlla„fU, V 403 Davtast., .S. F, C
Visuier. ..Vmi 433-431 liattcry St.. 8. F., C
Wola i lOicinliold aw Battory St., 8. V-. C
CUIAIiS.
Boswan. J. .4. ii Co 213 Oattcry at, 8. F.. C
Bnuiil. ll.rman Jttl Battoiyat, H. V.. c
Bruno, Auiuat 227 Clay at, 8. F., C
Colm, K. <wCo ,£aiAant;,-omo.-y at, 8. F., C
Cohn. O. SCO 233 Front at, 8. K, C
Culp, J. D. 4Co 10 Front at, 8. P. c
Curtia. Dlion & Co SfJ CUiyat. 8. 1',. f
DiezJilUiuon 416 Unttety at , 8 F, C
Drinkiiouao, J. A UattetTtmil nacranitintoata., H. F.,C
Dvryur ^ Cartm 513 Hacramento at, H. F., C
KnsklirMit IVi« k (Jo. . 313 Front at, 8. V., V
i:r ital.rr. I ;. J; (.'o Ml! .Muiket at., .S. P., C
Esbcrs, iJaciunau,s: Co. .Caiiiomia ami lljitt«ry ata., .S. F., C
Falkcnstcui^ Co., Cor. tiamBmemoanii Battery ata., 8. F., C
Ooldtjorg^ i'optio 41U hocraniuntost, H. F.. C
(ioaliniky. E. & Co 3W Battery at, B. F,
Ounst, M. A.&CO 203KoamyBt,
IIcyn'j:aana, II ....20.1 f^il.foni^a^t..
Irvjiic, Win. ti lis rourth at,
Kcr'.ia ic rip,uai 3t)3 .Sacr.iaiunto i.t.,
KoUlljorj, M. P. iCo ^ Battery at,
ivoaminsky £i Uroa 333 ,SanBonic at,
L>'wia, 8am it Co 24 ('allfomia St.,
LiolicaBroa. i* Co U Frciaontat.,
Lowia, W. k ( 'n 30 California at,
' .Mayriaeh Bros. & Co 405 Battery at,
( .Mu.lan, J. i 1' JOl Moutg i.-uory a» ,
I Sleyor Bros, i Co 412 Front at.
I .Uichalitachko Bros X Co 237 Kjaruyat.
i uppoiihoiiUL'r ,^ Bro 20O Front at,
I i'otlak, .VrnoliKtCo 208 Sacramento at ,
xouunltauui, 1. 8. kVu 322 Battery lit,
I l^oaenaiiine. M. & Bro iJO-1 Front at,
I Uosentlial :£ Frohmou ti27 Mont„'omery at,
.Saniieraon ,*; Hum 027 IVont at,
.'^chocnfelil, .louaa. 423 Jackson at,
a^iaetler, J. W. ii.Co 321 8acraintinto at ,
83ebi;niianer, L. & Co 222 Battery at ,
8i:aifo, Aifrail
Wuillnan, Peck-ii Co
Wt!rttieimer, L. and K. . .
W«rtheilUv-r. XL ii Bro. .
Tniita, I. K
....301 Ciilliomiaat.
133 .Market at,
303 Front at,
.^ii3 Front St,
. J2ZI Sacramento at,
Y-aal ii Co 023 Ma.'i;ut at
OIUAR&— MANUtACTUKEllS.
.{\rmer, M. & Co 300 8tiunuuunto bt,
Bairy, David Cor. Foliom and Nintli ata.
Bueker, F. W 70o Davia at
Lugger Broa 510 llayeaat,
Biiukofsky & 8t*jnib(!rg 310 Waiibingtoii »t
liowmuu. .ioliu .^. ^ Co 213 Battery at.
8, P.,
a. F.,
8. F.
,s. F.
fs. p.
s, p.
8. F.
8. P.
8. P.
8. P.
8. F.
8. F.
S. i'.
H. P.
8. !■•.
a F.
8. F.
a F.
H. F
H, i.-,
8 P.
.s. P.
.8. F.
8. P.
a. P.
8. F.
8. F.
Bi-anil, llennau
lirenier, Joai'pUJ&Co. .
Brunc, Auifnat
Uura, Adolph
l.'lauaaen, Jotm
Coiien, I. L. & Co
Colin, U. &Co
C-.h:o, .Mai
Curtia, Dixon & Co
301 Battory at,
. .310 8aci-aluento at,
227 (.'kiy 6t,
104 imimatat,
1203 Iiaureiav.,
17 J Uortlen wt.,
232 Front at.,
777 Markft at.
303 Clay at.
lliez t Itamou 416 Battery at,
Duenirald, C. F 13201 Howard ht.
Llilit/., llonry F K«).S Sixlli at,
KisoiilM-'rjj, h. .^ Bro. .Cor. Market and Prem't eta.,
Engellwrt, Peter 11 4 Fourth at,
Ka^elbreellt Fox,^ Co 312 Front at.
Lu:.ceiiiann, ilcrmami 2.'>1 Tliml at ,
I'.rzsrabiT, C. Jc Co 640 Market at.,
i'.Ai>er,{, Bachuiiui&Co..Cor. Battery and Cal. atji.,
Fakk. Bcrnant. .421 Montgomery at.
I'alkenatein & Co Cor. 8ac'to iin.i Battory ala,,
l''imkh.-maer. t.'tiriattan 610 Uctavia at,
Fraiikenlier;; Broa 114 DnlKitit at.,
I tvnnd .v .Morgan 7(i3 ^ Bryant at. ,
I'iictllander. 1,. ,v C'o Cor. lat ave an<l 16tli at.
iia.luaiio, Antonio S02 Montgomery at
(iareia, .lose A 413 .Sacramento at,
Uelil, Louia 733iiearyat,
lieli.n, iludulph 11 315 Dana at,
ifoiilen^ou. Ldward 443 Niutli at.
I ioldiuan. 8iinou 740 llarriaon at,
1 ioaliuaky, K. Jc Co 213 Battery at .
llolm &. Cohen 336 Cloy at,
8. F.
8. F.
8. F.
,. a. V
8. 1\
8. r.
8. 1'.
.S. P.
8. P.
.8. F.
8. r.
8. F.
8. F.
8. P.
8. F.
.S. P.
8. P
8. P.
8. V.
8. P.
8. P.
8. F.
8 F.
, 8. F
8, P,
8, 1'.
8. F.
8. P.
8. F.
8 I-,,
8. F
8, !■•.
8. F
8 F.
8. F
8, P,
8. F.
8.1'.
m
APPENDIX.
761
IIarri3 liros 512 Washinston at., S. V., C
Ilastorlic;!. B -2 rnr.r;h =;., fi. F., C
U^luiutli, V/m. ^J Ja:I:30u r.t., ii. F., C
John, V,'i:i:ani Cor. Post ami Diilionl sto., B. I'.,
Kalmuk, Jlo.-iti 40 Fourt!l nt., H. F., C
Klopatoo'.:, O. (t Co 2W I'ronl n;., ;1. l'., O
Kutncr t GoWstciu 427 Fro;;! st,, fl. F., C
Lcmko, Joba 1013 Kurkut i.t., S. F.,
Lou tUanns 1247 Mlssloa r.t., a. F.. f!
Lowia, Sam S Co 2-1 California st., H. F., O
LaB-i3, W. t Co 30 Calitorniii «t., 3. F, C
Liubcs liros. .'cCo 203 Sacraraouto st., S. F., C
LioU .r, FrccloricU 1114 Piidfic St., H. F., C
JIaira, Aluiandcr Kl Clay st., it. F., C
MajTlsch ilroa. & Co 405 IJattery Gt.. S. F., C
Meyer, Aaron 933i FoUoni St., H. V., C
Meyer, Geor-^e 30 California St., H. F., C
Meyer h Dnliclstcin 281 First r,t., ,S. F., C
Odenstoin & Co 305 Battery st, B. F., C
Ostcrloli, Courail 21 Anthony St., S. F. ,
Teraszo, r, 1121 Diiiwnt at., B. 1'., (.!
I'clrie, C. (J 1407 Duiiont 3t., H. F., O
Pettinati, Peter 1023 Kearny St., H. F., C
riajeniann, IL & Co :'0j Sacramento st., H. F., C
Pope, C. C. V 410 .Saeramonto St., H. F.. C
Poiipe, Cliarlca L 303 Dattery St., S. F., C
lUesjIJros 023 Clay st„ a. F.. C
niuaUo, T Kan .lose, ( •■
Roseubanm, I. S. & Co 322 California at., S. F. . C
P.oscuthal U Frohmau 027 Jlontsomcry at., S. F., C
Ilmrc, William 903S Iloivaril St., a. P., C
8al)in, Ferclinand 1027 Diilxmt st, a. F., C
Salamon, .1. & Co 60fl Battery St., S, F,. C
Sand.raon & Horn 327 Front St., B. F., O
Schiller, U 220 Turk at, a. F., C
Bchlaliorj, V.bC 02J Washinston St., rt. P., C
Schmetzer, Henry 1033 Fohmu st., a. P., C
Schmidt, Frank 420 Ktovensonat., S. F., C
Hoboejfeld. .Iona.i 423 Jackaonst., S. P., C
Schwartz, WillLam 01 Baeramentost., 8. P.,C
Schweitzer. W. & Co 20 Fourth at., .1, 1'., C
Sehucriu, P. 3305 21th st., B. P., C
Schaoffer, J. W. & Co. .321 and 323 Sacramento at., S. P., C
Simla i Son 270) MlB.5ion St., S. P., O
Sideraan, Abo 032 Washington at.. B. P.. (-'
Sldenmn, Lachmau & Co 203 Pattery at., B. P.. C
SlolKinliauer, L. & Co 222 Dattery St., B. P., C
aike.i, P. & Co 115 Front . I , B. I ■ , ( '
Smith, Wm. N. & Co 140 Fifth st, B. l-- ,C
Stem'. C. S W 703 Mission at, B. P.. ('
Timl!0, ,T. It flBro 611 Sansome «l.. .B. F,, ('
Urban, Huso 1023 Market at. B. F., I'
Watson, Warren M 302 Davis at., S. F., C
Woimer,Sliam 1307 PaciUo at., S. F, C
Wurthelmer, t ft F. 30O-30C Front ■it. a. P., C
Werthelmer, It t Bro CIS Front at.. B. P.. C
White, Isaac K 221 Sacramento at. . B. P. ,
Wolf, M .'iall Third at, B. p., C
Wrede, Wm 200 Washington at.. S. P'.. V
Youne'. AU*rt II <i07 Davis St., 8. P., C
Wheeler's Carbon lliaulphide.
norstman, .John
.111 Lciilesdorn at., a. P., O
.7C7-7r.J r.ryant st., ». P., C
( UF.MIC/VL WOIIKS.
, F.,C
San Francisco Clu mlcal Worka 402 Front at
Reynoldn, John
Ban Uruno Iload. near Twenty-olgiilh at. 8. P., C
OoUlen City Chemical Worka, 303 Montgomory at., 8. F.,
Wrlsht W. H 850 Market St., 8. P..
96
.S. P.
c
a. 1'.
c
a. p.
c
S. F.
a. F.
B. P.
a. p.
s. p.
s. p.
.0
a. F.
,0
S. P
.0
B. F
,c
B. P
,
a. p
,0
a. F
. c
a. p
,
CII0C0LATF.->UNUl'ACTtl!!:n3.
r!hlrar<l-:lll li Bona 4-'! Uattory at., S. F , O
Guitta.d, F. £i Co 40j aauaonie at., B. P., C
CLDCKB.
Ackerman Pros 203 Sutter at..
Ateclml. Seller ,t (.'o 119 Dattery at..
Davia Dro.i 713 Market at..
Day, Thomas 122 Butter St..
Piaenbers, A 203 Kearny at..
Hall, A. I. & Son 623 Market at.,
I.awton, O. & Co Oil Market at.,
Lundy. T 7-0 Third at.
Xathan. D. & Co 120 Sntt, r at.,
Pacille Jcwclrs- Co C Dattery St.,
Suth Thoma3 Clock Co 132 Sutter St.,
Sp;noc. A. a. & Co K17 Market St.,
Straus, Kobuatamm & Co
Cor. Battery and Pine sts.,
Bwain 11. A. kCo 112-114 Calironiia st.
Titcomb, A.C.kCo 24 Post st„
Wenzel. Hermann 323 Kearny St.,
CtOTHIXC.
Alexander, S. O. «t Co 2 Battery at.. S. P.,
Brown, N. ,1 Co 103 Dattery st., S. P.. O
Brown Dro.s. £ Co 20 a,ansomo St., S. P., O
Damn, J. & Co 9-11 Sansomo St., rt. P., O
B.inncrErothcnt Cor. Sutter and Sanaomu sts., S. V.,
Dailser. W. C 13 S.inaomo St.. S. P.. O
Colman Bros Cor. Sanaomo and Butter sts.. a. P., C
I'.lfclt, A. D. & Co 110 Bansnme at., H. P.. O
Fechhouner, Goodldnd & Co 10 .Sansomo at., B. P.. O
Frankonhdincr, D Stockton. O
Goodyear Rublier Co 577 Market at.. S. P.. O
Hyamo Drothera 123 .Sansoraest.. 8. P.. O
Hjinan. M. ii Co 618 Market at.. S. F.. O
Nenstadter Drolhera. . . .Cor. Battery and Pine at., S. P.. O
.SUnnlmrt, W. & I. & Co SDatteiyat., H. P.. O
Slrauaa. Levi 4l Co 14 Dattery at, S. V., O
CLOTHrKO-MANUFAiTn:ni:n.s.
Astoria Clotbinj Mty Astoria, O
Dad;;er, W. 13 Sanaomo st.. a. I'., O
Banner Brothers Cor. Sutter and Sanaomo sta,, B. P.,
D.Lum, .1. !:Co 3-11 Sanaomeat., S. P..
Drown B.otbors & Co 2li Bansome at., S. P., O
Drown, N. S;Co 103 lUtteryat. .S, P., O
Cohnan Brothers — Cor. Sansorae and Sutter sts., B. F ,
Elkiw, I„ & Co Sacramento, O
Oreenebaum, D. & O 1047 Market at, 8. F.,
Hastinua. C c. * Co
Cor. Montgomery and Sutter ata., 8. P., C
Hyama Dros 123 Sansome St., S. P., C
Ilnnan, Jt. i Co 513 Market st. B. P.. O
J.acob3, M. & Son 20 Sanaomo St.. B. P.. <;
Laventbnl, Rosalia 123 Sanaomo at, B. 1'., (1
.Mathers S Co. (suspenders) 35 Second at.. .B. P. 1)
Nathan. Pulvonnan tiCo 23 Diittery at.. B. p.. O
^■eu^tadter Bros Cor. Dattery and Pino sta. . B. I'., C
Sehafcr k Co 11 Monti-omery st, B. 1',, C
Slegel, Simon 414 Sacramento at, B. P..
Stolnhart. W. S I. & Co 3 Battery at, 3. P., O
Straus & Levy 22 Sanaomo st , 8. F .
762
APPENDIX.
Ui? 1
COAL OIL.
AUyaoSWIiito 112 Front nt,. ."., I"., C
Colarjaa, V/i:i. T.&Co 121 r.l3.-k;t ct.. U. v.. C
Continental Oil aati TraU3portat;on Co
133 Cai;tnml;v ut., li. I"., C
DlotJ, A. C. &Co 0Fro:it3',, fj. F., C
Loiv. O. Ailo!i)liu & Co 203 C-lli.'onila r,t.. H. F.. C
YatC3 & Co IW Front »t., H. F.. C
CODFISH.
r.icharil. :•.' S. F., C
LynJe/; Iljiish 41C Davi.i.st, .S. F., C
JlcCollam, T. W. i Co 203 Clay «t, S. F., C
COFFEE.
AujiT, n. i;. tCo 40') Battery Rt. a. F., C
Kothin, Dallemaml & Co :^5 Front St., H. V., C
Fro::iI>cr3cr, Max 35 lluLtcry ct., 9. F., C
Cabrjni. Kom-i & Co 123 California Bt., fj. V., C
Carit, J. A 313Cai;forniaat, H. F.. C
Coleman, Wm. T. £ Co 121 Market ut.. S. F., C
D.iupster tl Iloya 203 Market B%r, 0. F., C
DcTjrs, Kocrhncko & Co 30 Fremont ct., fJ. F., C
Funkon-iteni, C. £: Co 320 Bauiioniu at., il. P., C
Iluaillcston, Ilnj'a 522 luaimy St., H. F., C
Low, C. Ail(il;i!io ,S Co 203 California St., H. F., C
Mordll & Jo 204 California st, fi. F.. O
MontjaKoTo .1. CJ 213 Sacr»:neuto St., Ji. F., C
Mouteale;,To i Co 230Califomla St., S. F.. C
Moore. L C 317 liattcry St.. H. P.,
Parro'.t i; Co 303 California »t., n. P., C
Scrl.it. .'3:ni & Co 413 Commcrdal St., S. P., C
Tn!>3 J. tCo 123 Calllomlact., S. F., C
Urrucla t Urlosto 203 Mariiet St., li. P., C
ZaOik, A.tiCo 33 Uattery St.. S. P., C
COPFEF, AND .SPICE3-.M.VNur,\crCIlEIls.
Ailchilorfor, E. t Co 400 Sansomo Kt.. 9. P., O
lier:iar(l. C. £ Co 707 Hanaoniyst., M. I'., C
r.un-, C. C'.i Co 13 Pino St., a P., C
Botliin, Dalloaanil £ Co 30.5 Front r.t.. B. P., C
Cb;>;) f: J^fsuii Cor. Mission and Proiniint r.t.v, 9. !■'.. C
rlo33:tt Bro3 Portlanil, O
Caaonave, P. f; Co 1.03 Au;;cles, C
Dn.Tley, N Stte.-ainento, O
Pari.', Tlionias Victoria, 11 C
Polj.'r li Co 104-103 California st, H, P., C
tiuittanl, E. fc Co 403 Sanwnio si, H. P., O
Cliirank'Ul k Bona 415 ,lai.k8on r.t.. 8. P., C
Gol.l:nan, L. Bacramcnto, C
Ilotca.'; Co 412 Clayrt., S. P., C
Hunt t Uunlvias S.iu .lojo, C
IleisJi, Goorjo.. Sacmraento, O
Jones, .1. T. £ Co. Portlanil, O
lCrenr.berjcr Sacramento, C
Lo3 Anjelcs 9t?am Coffeo and Siiieo Mill:', Lo3 An:;elc.\ ( :
Mo-t.;aleiro, ,1. 218 Sacramento St., H. P., C
McOart'jy Proa 121 Front St., S. P., O
Bchilllnj A. ,'i Co 122 Davia St., 9. P., C
Vcnard, O 025 Front at., 3. P., C
COFFINS— JlAJJUK.VCIlKl-.UH.
< ;r. y, N. t Co on Sa:ramento St., .S. P., C
Lo.kliart ,'; Porto.- 23 Illn.xomo r,l., 9. I'., <,)
Maisey, Atklna GOl Kacramento ct , H. P., C
MoAuIIIIj U QirU 610 Eljhtll St., 9. P., C
Paeifle Mfg Co CSO Sllnkinn St., 9 F , C
C0Ll..Vi:3— M.\NL'F.\CTi;Knii.S.
Atkinson, L. .': Co 20 (iuttirst., S. P., O
La-.rr.on, Frank C03 JUrket n',., .S. P.. O
New York and Gan Pmnclsco Collar Co
liattery St., B. F.,a
Seymour. W. H 120 K-.arny st., 8. P., C
Wempo Bros 373 Market at., S. P., O
C0MF0UTE?..S-.M.v.\l-rACIinEIl3.
DuRose, F. F 23Be«ondst., S. P., O
CONFCCTIONERY-MANur.viTtr.Kns.
Allsky h Ile-elo Portlanil. O
Anderson, Wm Cildand, C
Ile'lin, Louia 115 Sixth at., ^ P., G
Bl.'kel, Fred Portland, O
Doynton, .S. 9 OroiliL', C
B.-oadbout, C. W 1003 Market iit., 9. P. , O
Ueniera, IIa:tor L .1214 Market St., H. P., O
Dema.tini, L. & Co 211 Poatst., .1. P., C
Dex'-e^, Fran!: 520 Washinston St., 9. P., O
Fink, Henry 401 Moutjomorj' ot, 9. p., O
Piiiher, Henry Sacramento, C
Foater & Co ilSZS Market ct., 9. F, O
Gilbert, Au.TOst 410 Hayca ot, 9. P., O
Oriesscn, Cliailea... PortLind. o
Haas, Ueo. & Co 824 Market et., 9. P., CJ
ILlcker. U 123 Third St., 9, P., O
IlirBchtold, D 2) Stevenson ct., 9, P., C
Lariit, Arseno IXII MoA!list«rut., .9. P.,
Masaon Prercs 413Connnerclalt;t ,9. P., C
.Maylield, W. J Portland, O
Mercer, M. A .518 Kearny at., 9. P., O
Midon, F 117 Butter :,t., 9. 1'.,
O'Brien, Maurice 9an Jose, O
Paul, ,Iolm A, f; 9on Oakland, O
IVterson, \V. F Sacramento, O
Perry-Tomisond, .Mm. II 1153 -Market i,t., 0. P.,
Pitt, Wm. H. C. & Co 403 Stevenson st, 9. P.. O
lUi'K'rti, Clei. F 1301 Pol'i at., 9. P., O
Uot3er & Iliscliolt .307 lialt St., 9. P., O
Uothicliild £ Ehroniifort 113 Front ot., .9. P.. O
9.ironi. Lonii I't Co 423 Sacrauionto
Sohleaainscr £ Berjuian
Cor. Market and Drumm sLs.. S. P., C
Schmltj, William 32J P.ro:i.Iw.iy rt., 9. P., O
Schroder, Albrccht & Co 2311 lattory at. , 9. P. , O
Soeba, CharLs P 127i Fourth ct., U. P ,
Hcldl, J. & Co 403 Davlj r.t., H. P., O
Smith ,t Lilly Victorli, B. O
Thain llro) 73i Market nt., S. P., O
T.iwnjond, W. 9 027 Market ot, 11. P„ O
Wledmaun & Ilroniada. Sncmmento, O
COOPERS -MANiiK.veTrnnus.
Amiatrons. Il.rlol:>h 121 Jackronst,, 8 F., O
Iland.v, L. N. & Co 32<.'laynt, 9. P., O
IIo.;in& Co lOODnmnnnt, 9. P., O
IIoU.;n. .lolin II 101 Clay St, 9 P., O
Pelvcy, Lawraaco 114 Bacramorito i:t., !J. P., O
Pulda Bra.1, bCo .33 BjK'ar .it, B. P., O
Norton ,'c Madjon 113H.icrimentOBt, 9 P., O
The .MoUullath Mf.t Co Elalltll. near llryau', 9. P., O
Wocnier, David Cor. Main and Harrison, 9. P., O
COPPERWjUIE- Mani;i AcTi;nEUiv
Hcaloy, Wm Porthiml. O
Iredalo, A. 8. & Co 862 Mlmlon st, B F„ O
APPENDIX.
16i
I
Il3, John G 31 1 ICuaray r.t„ ft. F.,
Llttb & L-.-.v. 1:1 03; By.to.-/ r,'... B. F.,
Ml:te, fj:!:icon Sll Mo;if o:n=rr nt., fJ. F.,
p,r-y^ p 2^3 Ftet ct,. !i. F,,
Bxijc'ro i Co -1-1 Miajion .'it.. !). F.,
Biait'.i, Chv.ri.'i V/ 533 Da.v:i St., 0. P.,
Tripn, Goo. A.
..22;F;'c.-:ioiitot., Ij. V.
Wajatr & Toild 533 Miaaioa St., H F., C
Hlllidlc, A. H., (Wiro) California Bt., ». 1'.,
Glover ?c WiUcomb C7 Now Monlsomcry lit., n. F.. C
IC-JoA John 73 Now Jlont^onicry i;t., a. F., O
Ljwj, Dav:a\y., Cir. Ga-ataCla;iiaaclC'aroliuaotJ., ii. F., O
xrortou and Mulcaliy
.Cor. Bauta Clara aiid CaroUuft r.t8., 0. F.,
O'Drlen. John Clianncl r.t., nr Tenth, fi. F., O
Sha-lcld, Charka L Tcnncs3cQ fit., nr Cut'.o, .S. 1'.,
Wuchorcr, G. ii Co.. Cor. Lombardaud tlou^'h Bt.i., S. F., C
Sin.-aljBt., fi. v., C
533 Fifth r.l , a P., C
..333 M:3!;o.l nl., 1). F., C
Mobon&Sons Portland, o
PacinoCotaajoCj 313 Calitomia St., H. F., C
San Franoiaoo Cordaje Mfy 013 Front i-.t.. it. F.. C
U. ti. Cord To 110 Market Bt., S. P., O
CORDLVLS— MANur.vciuncas.
Mi-MUlan, Donald 711 Front at, S. P., C
COrwNICna (.METALl-M.VMUF.VCTOKCns.
ConlLn, RoVjrtj V23 J.railon at., (i. P., C
Fordirar, .Jo3'jph F
llayj.!. G ^o. & C J
PaiLlj Zin) O.-namont Factory,
Cl'.EAM OP TAUTAIl-M.lNUr.vcriuiEttS.
Cirdiaro, D. ft Co 31J Towno-'nd b;., 3. F., C
Visuier, A 333-033 Bryant st, 3. P., C
CPiACKEas— Mas uiwciun Ens.
California Cracker Co
Cor. Broadway and Battery ot3., B. F.,
Cnnninjham £ M^Beath Victoria, B C
Eajlo Cracker Bakjry
Cor. Miasiou and F.leVL'nth BtB.,S P., C
1 13IC SS '.am Cracker Bakery Sacrotm uto, C
Edipse Cracker Co 2U Sacrani uto Bt., S P.,
Uuit.r L Oolihardt Bait Lake City, U
Noabitl&Co Victoria, BC
Orejo.i Steam Bakery Portland, O
Sacramento Cracke.- Bakery Bacramcnto, C
Walla WaUa S ;aam Bakery Walla Walla, W
CnOClCERY AND GLjVS3WAJlB.
Ackerman'8 Dollar Store Portland, O
Al-nol-1, N. a. & Co 310 'Jalifornla r.t., B. F., C
Altaohul, Seller i Co 113 Battery at., S. P. C
Ack.rmanBroa 123 Keaniy Bt, it. P., C
Aekermai Broa U.ieramonto, C
Cerf, J, iiCo 317 Mark.t St., B. P., C
Danerl, Antonio 423 Battery at., U. P., C
Jackson, W. S Co PorUand, O
Lawton, O. & Co 003 Market St., fl. 1^, C
May.leR A 1-' Battery r.t.. ;!. F., C
Markj, Mannheim 153 Stevenson St., S. P., C
Nathan, H. ft Co 130 Sutter at., S. v'.. C
So'-lcr. M. ftOo Portland, O
Swain, It. A. ft Co 112 California at., H. P., C
Straus, Ivohiutaram ft Co. .Cor. Batt=i7 and Pine, B. F., U
Strajburjor Broa 323 Battery iit.. 8. !■'., C
Sjioh.Uner, Simon DujiontBt.. B. P., C
Sanderson S Brotller .310 Battery at.. S. F. C
Taylor, John ft Co 123 Ma'.kel Bt., S. P., O
Wansouhelm, Stcrnheiui ft Co 523 Jlarket at., S. P. O
OuUIilSD UAia-M\Nui-,uTURi::;fl.
Arnold, N. B. ft Co 310 California at., 8. P.,
Dailoy, Henry Missovirlat., 8. P., O
Eureka Ilalr Fact 'y.. Cor. Fitt'nlh and Dolores aU,, S. F., O
CUTLEnY-:\lANUf-\cTuut:na.
Price, Michael 413 Kearnyct., S. P.,
WUlftPlnk 703 .Mark.^t at.. S. P.,
DMilY PEODUCE.
Ahem ft Co 233 Waahin-.'ton st.
Bri;lmm, Wliltney ft Co 320 F.-ont Bt,
Balancsi. Joaeph 107 Cla. k at.
Collins ft Tilden 123 3.insomo »t. , B. F. , C
Do3^o, BwoeneyftCo 113 Market St., B. P., C
, a. P.,
, B. P.,
, a. F
ForsaUhftDodso.
Gctz Bros, ft Co..
n'.ldbnr3 Bros —
UeyAvood ft Ilcndlcy. .
323 Front at., B. P;, O
301 Front St., B. P.,
..100 California St., ft. 1'.. C
221 Clay St., 8. P., O
naii'ht, Hoijcrt ft Co 223 Front at., B F., C
Joost, Herman 410 Clay at., B. P.. O
Loudon, It. B 117 Drumm Bt, fj. P., C
McIIenrj-, B. ft Co 423 Front at, !!. F.,C
Moulton, E. 8. ft Co 303 Clay st, 3. P., O
Meade, Geo. W. ft Co 410 Front St., B. P.,
Sjmmer, II 102 D.-umm at., B. P.,
Steele, Elder ft Co 20-1 Front at. B. P., O
Von Bon ft Ilenckc Bro:( 430 Front at, B. P., C
Wooatcr, lluboell ft Co 317 Front at., B. P., O
Wolien, MaxftCo iilO Vi'aahinjton st, 3. P., O
Wieland Broa. ,
.330 Front Bt, S. P., O
DESKS— MANUFACTURCnS.
, S. P.,
Easton, John 231 First st,
Puller, Geo. II 13 New Montgomery at, B. P., O
Gilbert ft Mooro 14-23 Sutter st, S. F.,
DISTILLERIES.
Bay View Distillery. .Cor. Eighteenth av. and II st, B. P., O
California Distillery :21 Battery at, U. P., O
Pacitle Distilling and Ueiiuinj Co..4lO Battery at, B. P., G
Potrero Distillery and UeQnery
Cor. Minnesota and Nevada "ts., S. P.,
Wo3t End Distillery Near San Jose Koad, 8. P., O
DOOR SASHES AND BLINDS-MAXUFACluilcaa.
Bradbury, W. B 530, 572 Braanan Bt, B. P., C
Davis, W. E 134 Battery st, it. P., O
Dempster ft Keys 233 Marliet st, B. P.,
Doe, B. ft J. B 43 M,arket st, 8. P., (!
r,.\colsior Planinj .Mills. .Cor Bryant and Fifth sts., B. P., C
Hanson, M. ft A 133, 130 IMaln Bt., 3. P., U
IIa.ikcl, Phineus Cor. Bryant and pl.th Bta., S. P., O
lvittri,li-e, E. H. ft Co 113 Market Bt, 8. P.,
Macdoaalil, D. A ft Co 217 Spear St., 3. P.,
Mojbanics' Mtil.t. . .Cor. Miaaion and Fremont ata., B. P., O
Morrison, J, J Cor. Spear and Mission ats., S. P., C
Moore ft WUkie.... Cor Mission and Fremont Bb., S P., U
Prescott ft Sanhoni. . .Cor. Howard and Spear ats., B. F., O
Sejara, Uriah 100 Main st. 8. P., O
Sprinjer, Jason ft Co. .Cor. Mission and Spear ata., S. P.,
Turner, Kennedy ft Shaw
Fourth, bet Clianncl and Berry ats., 8. P., O
ii;
n
■'I
Hi;
m <
764
APPENDIX.
Wiiahbuni, AP)t'rt
Bjiry, iKt. rourth nn.l Fifth cU., 3. P., C
Wilaoa L IJi-o'.hcr 13-22 Drumiu fit., S, F., O
DKr.s3 t:;im:.iinc,3.
Baasr Cro3. ,'c Co 5:7 Mar!;:t Bt., 8. I'., O
CoWincrUroB SU Market ot., H. P.,
llcia IJro3. i Co 512 Mar:;ct Dt, a. V. , C
Mayer, Dawaoa .'; Co 12J ;i:iitcrot.. H. F., C
MiL.TDruj 511 Miirlwt It., S. F., C
DRUGS.
Bryan, Win. J
Cor. Market nnd NewMontgomiry sts., ,S. r.,C
IJoericko t Taful 211 Sutter Et, «. ]■'., <;
Iwwuins, A. F. tSoii MHiiColulBt, B. F., C
Fosbajr & Mason Albany, O
Cut s, ,T. 11. & Co.Cor.&aQSoDle&Commcrcialstii,, B. F., ('
Ileinzeman ^c Eilis L03 An^'elen, C
Hodjc, Davis .'i Co rottlaiul, O
ICoUy i Yimnj Soaltlu, W
lUrk, II. O. .'; Cj S.v.'ramjnto, (!
Lan;ley /; ^liclneli Cor. Front imd Pincbtj., fj. F., C
Lansley ,V Co Victoria, 11. C
Mack, J. J. tCo 11 Front St., fl. F., C
Mcrtjn, MoffitJiCo 313 Clay B;.,a F., C
Moore, Allen i Co Salt Lakj City. U
raci.lclIonieopathicPbannacy 4lOearyat., fj. F., C
Kortinston .'i Co 523 Market at., R F., C
Illcliaril.s C. F. i Co -127 ,Sa;is.;m-- st, S. P.. C
Slaven, II. li Cor. Market ond PuwellBt.. H. F., C
Sto il,', James C aXi Market r,t., S. F., C
Snipes li Kiuncrsly Tlio DaUe.i, O
WakLleo ti Co Cor. Moutsomciy ami Buah ets., B. F., C
AVeatlierioril ,'; Co Salera, ( >
^^■ooa«•Ma, C. 11 , t Co Portland, O
KLKCTaoPLATEa-MA.vrrAnuKcns.
Culiforala Floctrical Works 35 Market at., 8. F., C
Denuiston. UilwardO G53Mi&sionBt., 8. F., C
F.keluud, IJrio G20 Merciiant St., 8. F., O
F.LECTRICAL APPAUATUa.
California Kloctrical Works 35 Market Bt., H. F.,
California Dni^sti Klcctrio Ll^'ht Co
113 0'Fum:'.lBL, 8. F, O
Fuller, Frank W 41i),Sacl-ament*)Bt., 8. P., C
ILimpton, Charles W 007 MlBsionat., 8. F., C
Ilatterot'.i & RU3.5 321 Ke.amy fit., S. I'., O
Will & Fintk rO'J JIarket si.. S. F, C
i;i.ECTrL0T\'PE3-M.vxuF.vcruunB.s.
American Tyji,.' roimdry 510 Clay Bt., 9. F., C
California i;ie.:trieal Works 35 Market St., H. F., C
California ry[w Foundry 511 Sansome Bt.. S. P., O
Miller .'; lllchanl 5S9 Commercial ut., H. P., C
Paclllc Tyln VoimJry 523 Sacramento St., 8. F,, (.'
Painter .it Co 610 Clay at., 8. P., C
Han Francisco Typo Foundry 512 (.'lay at., H. P., O
WlntBrbum, Joseiili i Co 417 Clay at., H. P., C
KLEVATOlia-.MANiir.icTi'UF.n.s
llireh. Wni. U 110 IJealest., 8, F., C
Euau-ell. W. P 223 Mission st., 8. P., C
llan-utt, W. T 133 Froinont Bt., H. P., < !
Uinklo, Plilllp 113 Mala at., S. P., C
EMDR0IDER1E3.
Barker, Isaac 14 OFarrellBt, 8. P.,
Uauur Brua. & Co 547 Market st., 8. P., C
Din J, 8 130 Kearny at ,
Buyer ii Ilcleh 12J Keal-ny at.,
Cobliucr Bros 543 Mar!;ct Et,
DavidsDn, J. W. ft Co., Cor. Koar.iy and Pes'- S: i..
Held Dr.is. .'jCo 512 Mark !tr;...
Holler, M. & Bros 112 .Sansomo,
,Tonos, E. II. fiCo 5Jj Market Bt,,
Levy, Jules 523 .Market ot..
May r, Da^vson & Co 123 Sutter St.,
MuierBros Ml ^La^kct at.,
Norcr03a& Co G Post r.t.,
Ktisim'iaum ft Co 24 Battery at ,
Verdier, Mor w\ k Co
'.-'or. Sutter and Moatjomery Bts.,
Weil Bros, ft Co 21 Batt^jryst,
EXGIN'Ea.
Arnold, 11. 8. ft Co 310 California at.,
Baier ft Uamilton 18-10 Front at,
D.'i Mar, Alexander 21fl Sansomo Bt.,
Flih, A. L. ft Co n First Bt.,
Orcjory, II P. ftOi 2 Cdlforniaat.,
Hant'.n:;toa, Ho;)klai ft Co
Co.-. Bush and .M;irk.'t Bti.,
Bte.'u. E. T lOnijab.sl.,
Tatniii ,'i BuK.:n 33.) .M irk jt s:. ,
WilUain-., Dinioad ft C.) 2 3.M irkjt St.,
8. E., O
S. F.,
3. P., a
a p., o
8. P., O
8. P., O
8. P., O
a p., o
s. p., o
3. p.,
8. p., O
I), p., o
a p.,0
8. p., O
p., o
p.,0
p.,
p.,
p., a
p.,0
v.. a
p.,0
p., o
E>fGINE3-MANUPACTuncn3.
Atlai Iron Workj .....133 Beilost, 8. P., O
Golden State a.ld M.uerslroa Wk!. 2M-2J7Piritat., 8. P., O
Ilinekloi-. Spi j.-.i ft IUy.;j.... 21.1 PromDatoi., 8. P., O
JaJkjO'.i ft Truman. . .Cor. Si.tth and Bluxoni j atJ., 8. P.,
L.)W ft Chartr,.y 23 Fremont at.. 3. P., O
MeCime, K-iljjrt 40JBoal3 st., 8 P.,0
Ohnien. Wm. II ,51 Fremont nt., 8. P.,0
Pendergast, Smith ft Co S17-221 Fremont st., 8. P.,
Preaeott, Seott ft Co., . .Cor. Firat an'l Mia.non r,t,i., f.l. P.,
tonkin, U.-ayton&Co 127 Fremont i.t., ,8. P. O
Uice, II. W 50 fliuxomo bL, 8. P.
Ivisdou Iron and Locomotivo Works
H. E. Cor. Doalo and Il.iw.ard sts.. 8. P.,
Bmall, Isaac II 574 B,-annan at., 8. P., O
Talt ft Ilainoue 115-117 B.alo at.. ». P., O
Thomlison ft Evans 112 Bealo Bt , 8., p.,
ES.'SEXCES A>rD EXTRACT3-MvNUFACri:nEIl8.
Cihon, PhUipp ';218an3oji3 8t.,S. P.,
M3.Millan, Donald 711 7U Proatot.a. P.,0
Nichols-.ra, Bamuol II 2121 .M o-.ioa at, fl. P.,0
Kioser, P. ft Co 611 Front St., 3. P.. O
Thompson, Ira D 41 1 Front at., 8. P., O
FANCY ClOODa.
Aekorm.in Bros 123 Kearny at. , 8. P., O
Hau.!rIlro3. ft Co 5(7 .Market bL , 3. P., O
Buyer ft R.'ich 131andl3j Sinomiat., 8. P.
Cobliucr Bros. 51? Market »t„ 8. P., O
Davldion, J. W. ftCo lOJ iCe;vi-iiy at, 8, P.,
DavUIlros 713.M.krkot at., 8. P,
D.ivii nro.i., LaVinoAOo IJtu IG.Suttjr at,, .S, P., O
Davlaann, llallftCo Butter bU, H. F,. O
DeCourcy 50tl Market at, 8. P., O
Dlnkelspiel, I.. ftCo 37 BatloiT at. , 8, P, O
Peljenliaum ft Co 120,SanBume Bt., 8. P., O
Fiaherft Baum 10:i Sansome at,, 8 P.. O
Frank & Co Cor. .Sansomo nnd Sacramento ata., S. P., O
Fraukenthal, Baehman ft Co
Cor Battery and Calif omia ata. , 8. F., O
mShm
1
APPENDIX.
76s
rranklin, M. & Bro IS liattcry st, S. F., C
llas.y '^ Lanjaatcr ?.2 K^aniy Et., ii. F., C
Held Dro.l. & Co OU MjrJiJt St., 3. P., C
ILMkCo OiSlIurkctst., fi. F ., C
Ilolk-r, JI. t Bro 112 Sauaonia ot. H. F., C
llQrzl>orir, Murtlu 4U Hacramcuto at., S. F.. C
HoiTiuaaiCo 17 Battery st. a F., (!
JoiU'a, K. II. & Co 535 Market Bt, S. F., V
KahnBro-i. & Co 23 Uatfiry r.t., S. 1'.. C
KjODo Bros 107 Kcaniy nt., S. F., C
L'jviiishun& Muycrstoln 117 SatiBomoBt.. 3. F., C
Levy, Jl. &O0 103 Battery St.. S. F., C
l,ol)u & Salinscr 414 Market 8t., ff. F., C
Mayer, Dawdon & Oo .120 Matter at., B. F., C
MIcUels, FrioiUandiT (i Co 9 Battery St., H. P., C
Murphy, Onrnt fc Co. .Cor. Sanaomo ami Bush ata., .S. F., C
rilster, ,T. J liOrtuttiTBt., 3. F., C
Ilo.seal);iU)n £ Co 22 Battery at., 3. F., C
Roaemlale, A. C. i Co 519 Market ct., 3. F., C
Bactis, Gtraajborger & Co
Cor. Sansomo ami Pino Bts., 3. P., C
SaiUer t Co COj Market St., S. F.,
Schweitzer, f^acha&Co.Cor. fiauanmoandBualiBtJi., 3. F. O
Sheyer, M. ii Bro 121 Baiisomcr.t., 3. F., O
Sou Bros 300 California St., 3. F., O
Spaieo, A. 3. &Co 537 Market St., a. F., C
Vcrdicr, .Morsau £: Co
Cor. Mont:jomery ami tiutter stj., 3. F.,C
Woil 4 WooJleaf 113 Batter? at., .3. F., C
FUJI'S— MAKUFACTUKF-na.
Doble, AliTicr 13-15 Fremont St., H. F., C
Kelley, Martin 303 Howard at., 3. F., C
rarille Saw Jltit Co 17 Frcmo t at., 3, F., C
Hicboway Bros 0-11 Hill st., .S. F., C
Wilde, Fetor ft (^o 218 Fremont St., 3. P.,
Wolf, A 1332 Columbia St., 3. F.. C
FIKEWORKS— MANUFACTiir.EM.
Kckalelu, «V T! 10 Front at., S. P., O
llushoa, Gcor:;o FortlamI, O
Steele, Elder t Co 201 Front at,, H. F., C
FLAX— MANrFAcTUUEna.
Albany Flai Jlills Allmny, O
FLOUU— ^L^NtrFAC'TITIiCRB.
Caledonian O.-vtnieal Mills 713 3.v.i3onio at., S. F., O
Califomki Flour ]\Iill.i 41.5 Balt?ry r,t. 3. P., O
C.iplal Floiu: .Mills 202 D ivls at., 3. P.. O
Capital nonrlnj Mills Salem, O
Foster, J. II Albany, O
(iotiesco Mdl C?o tioldut., near 3ana >nui at., 3. P., C
Ooldju Ago Flour Mills 717 Patti'ryat., 3. P.,
(loldon Oato Flour Mills 41-13 1 irst at., 3. P., O
Jefferson City Mills JtiTctson, o
Kuoi. C. C Alvlso, C
I.ane, U. B Stockton, C
McO'arj', C i Co Sacramento,
Miller, J. 1> Oregon City, O
National Flotir Mills —
Cor. raolDoaml Battery sts., 3. P., C
Oakland City Mills Oakland, C
I'ionocr and AlUi Flour Mills. . 8-10 Stovonsou at, S. P., C
Balcm Flonrinj Milki Salom, O
S.imru li Parsons Oakland, C
Schroth, Cico. & Co Sacramento, C
Sporry, A. & 8. W Stockton, C
Starr & Ci ynllejo, O
WasliiujtoL Flour Mills
Co.-. Washinston and Dnunm nta. , 3. P. ,
Yolo Flour Mills Cor. Alission and Slain ata., 3. F., O
FF.UIT.S.
Aliom i: Co 203 WaEh!n::;ton ot.. fj. F., O
I!ia::i, D. &Co 520 Samonio ct., 3. F., O
Bniwer, M. F. Li Co .Gacramcnto, O
Cattiirioa, li J 420 Davla at., O
Conrad, Uavid Cor. Waahiustou and Front iit.s.. .3. P., O
(Ummilnss, fJimmel & Co 42H!attery at, !i. P.,
Uabovich N C07 Waslmi^ton at., S. P., O
Dalton ,t Gray 401 Davis at., S. F., O
D.aly, J. r 305 Washinstou at.. 3. F, O
Drake L ICmerson 521 Sansomo at, 3. P., O
Earlu, li P 323 Market at, 13. F., O
EUiottfiCo 503RansonioEt, a. P.,
Freeman £; Baker Ill Davis ct„ 3. F., O
Oale, J. W. &Co 403 Davis at, ,3. P., C
Garcia Bros — Cor. Wasliinjtouand3ansoinoat3., 3. F,,
Garratt f; Cree^ian — Cor. Bansoma au'l Clay ats., 3. P., C
Ilisr.on, Justi ft Co 313 Washington ci., 0. P., O
Ilaj:m, John 413 Washington ct, 0. P., O
IIoWe/iHall 403 Davis St, 3. V.. O
Ivoncovlch, J. £; Co
Cor. Bansomc and Washinston cCs., 3. P., O
laratlBky h Morris 210 Wa3hin:;;o:i sts., 3. V., C
Lsjiar, L. & Co 203 Washington r.t, 3. P.,
L-'vy. A. U Co Cor. Washington and Front sts., 3. P.,
Levy, 3. £: Co 213 Washinjton st, 3. P., O
Lipnia:!, 11 233 Wa.-li:n2to;i at.. 3. P.,
LittleileU. Allison ft Co 303 Washington at., 3. F., O
Louwi-nUajTi, Henry 4233anso:'jo at., 3. P., O
I.usk, A. ft Co 531 Clay at., 3. F., O
Lyou ft Barnes f-iocvamcntu. O
rdaraicano, V 411 V»'a.ihinj;ton at., 3. F., C
McDono^h, .lames 212 V/a3hiu:;toa at., B. P., C
Meailo, G. W. ftCo 410 Front at., 3. P., O
Mcraick,D 420 F.ont ft, f'. P.,
Meycrlnk ft Meyer 523 3.;aao.no -t., 3. P.,
Mun>hy ft Conrcr.-. 503 banauao t.t. 8. P., O
Onestlft Conner rM IJ:inr,o:,. at., .3. P.,
Fastene, ^Vntonio 203 Washin jton at., F.,
Bojth, Henry C 517 Sauuomo at., 3. P., O
firesovich, T.. G. ft Co 503 Gan^olno ivt., 3. F., O
Btarr, G. It. ft Co 303 Wasain.;ton it., ,3. F., O
Stewart ft Buckley 513 Sansomo at., 3. F.,
FimNISHISO GOODS.
Badjor, Wra. G nSauaoraoct., 3. P., O
Baluier Bros Cor. Sansomo and Suctcr cts., 3. F., C
Bauni, .1, ft Co 7-9 Sansomo St., fi. F., O
Browni Bros. ft Co 24 Sansoiiiost., 3. P.,
Brown, N. ft Co 103 Battery St., 8. F.,
Cohen, W. ft Co 13 Battery at., 0. F.,
Cohn, If'^nnau 200 Bannoraoat, 1'. P.,
Colniau Bro.i Cor. Sansomo and Sutter ats., 0. F., O
KlMt, A. F., ft Co 103 .Sansomo r.t., 3. F„
Foehheimcr, Goo<lkiud ft Co 10-13 Sanaonio at, 3. p., C
Feder, M. M. ft Co 33 Battery at., H. P.,
Franklin JI. ft Bro 18-20 Battery at.. 3. P.,
Go'.datone, M 2 Battery tt., 3. P., C
Orecneliaum, B. ft 1047 1043 Market at., H. P., C
Gi-oenebaum. Saclis ft Freeman 524 .Market at., 3. F.,
llejueuiann, II. & Co 3 Sansomo at., H. F. O
Monig ft Baruch Ill Sansomo at., S. P.,
Jacobs, M. ft Bon 20 Sansomo St., M. P., O
'A
If-
tli
766
APPENDIX.
ml
^
n. v.,
n. F,.
f!. r..
fi. r..
a p.,
a. v.,
a p.,
S. F.
CI
a F
c
B. F.
c
8. F.
c
B. V.
c
». F.
f
a F.
c
aF.
Lovy. M. &Co 103 liattcry St.,
Marcu3, li^aluli 12j Sau^oci'.; St.,
Moycrctela i*i Lowcn'»or5 lOD aiuMTnc r.t.,
Ml.;:d3, rrlcaiar,il;r 1 Co 7-0 Kattery ct.,
I.Ijr!.w:i, II;it.;li;n-*.3:i.* Co USUaahGt.,
Murphy, Grant U Co., Cor. Sanpomonnd IJuiih t;ta.,
Kt^^tailtcr Ilros Cor. liattcrj' ami Piao Bta..
Bcliwcltior, Sa:!iii & Co
Cor. Saiisomc amj Uu.-.h fits.,
Rlicycr, M. & Ere ICl Uansomu Et.,
Siiink b Toancr 121 Sansomo St..
Uliihihart, W. t 1 3-!; r.utte:yEt.;
Straiwi, Lovi .t Co 11 Ilnttcry Bt.,
Weil Una. t Co 23 Battery St.,
Well & Jl:clicl.i 8 Fattcrj- St.,
Weil i. Woodlcaf 113 liattcry St.,
FLu:;i3aixG goods-foii ladiiu.
Mlchcb, rrljilUmler i Co 9 liitlcry at., a F.. C
Golibtone Mitchell 2 liattjry lit, H. F., i!
FmNiTunE.
Ca!!:om!a Fum:t'.ro M(j Co 223 Bush nt, a F., C
Cb;ull«uni?, F. ,'i. i Co 733 Marlict St.' a F., C
CorasU/ck, V*'. D. t Co Saciaracnto, C
Gilbert i :.Ioore 13 Sutterct, a F., C
llLiny, W. J. &Ca 11 nUlast., aP., C
lUywooU Bros, t Co M3 Miflfiion nt, H. P., C
Iiu!3chiii',at, Frcileri-k 32J Pine at., S. P., C
lailianapolis Cliair ilts Co ICO Mont:;'y at, a P., O
Llereniana, Prauk 523 Waahlnston at., H. P.,
l'!a?n, Cha.i. M. t Co «1 Market at., S. P., O
Biia'jcr, John A TO? Jlarkct at., H. P., C
TutUo. Michaelj i; Co M3 Marliet at., U. P., C
■\VakeUclJ Ilatt ju t.'o « 1 MarliL't at., a P., C
FLrilXITL'llL-M.VNUFAcrur.E'H.
Andrews, C. N 571 Erannan at., S.F.,
3Cj Enmiuin a'.., fl. F.,
Kan Jo*,
Sacraneiito.
222 Bush at., a P.,
Sacramento,
733 Market at., a P..
.21 New Moutj'y at., ii. P.,
Portland,
013 Pin,- at., a P.,
IndiamiwV.aChair JIfjCo...lMNew Mont^yat.. H. P., O
Johnson Aiithouy ,'J72 Branaan at., a. P., O
la^ni-ji, C:ii.-b3 113 Cluxod^Et, B. P., O
K.nor.1, Alb::rt V Ill Miaaion oU, 0. P.,
ICraj'en t G: ;."t 73t'i lirauuan at., li. P., O
Lacromana, P.-a.ik D23 Waoh-.ajtonat., a. P.,a
Lo:ha':);;cr, John B. t Sun 7IJ Mi;uia at., fo. F., O
Mar.ih, L. ti. 1" ^^ah:a:id, O
Orcjon l^irnittiro Mfj Co I'ortUnd, O
Plu:n,thaa. JI. .'i Co Ml Markjtot., a P.,
S. P. Furniture Factory
Berry tt., l.et. Thil-daud Fourth ata., tt. P., O
San Jo:i : Furnitur J Mfo' Co -San Jo.io, O
Shaher, John A 707 Market at., a. P., O
ShlmlUr, O Portland, O
Suyd-T & Itjichll:i3. S7l Erannan at., !i. P., C
Ste-.-^U-Tj', Uimon i Co i'orlland,0
Stockto.i Puruituru Mi'y Stockton, O
Smhle, .lacohtCo 533 Market St.. U. P.,
Sylvejt.ri; .Moyj Htocktoa. O
Thomas Broa Blu^onie Let. Fifth and Sixth ata.. U. P., O
Union P jrnicuru .Mi«- Co OiJ ilraanaa at., U. P..
V/ier6 0atea 221 Mimlon oS., B. P.,
C
Bennett, Ja:nc3 a. 5C3 Bnmiuin a'.., fl. F., C
Bennett, Patterson i Co Kan Jo*, C
Brenner, .John Sacramento. G
Cal. Pum;turj Mf.; Co 222 Bush at., U. P., O
Cap'tol Pumituro Co Sacramento, C
Chadl oum.', P. S. fc Co 733 Market at., a. F., C
Cl.ir;:, Trunan a. f; Co 21 New Moutj'y at., (i. P., C
CUadboumc, P. ,'J Portland, O
Connelly t UorU 013 Pin,- at., fl. P., C
Cn:r ^ Co li. W. Cor. Ery.aut and Fourth ata., a. P., C
Dan-.;ab, .lanioa /Ubany, O
Di iwoody. lle;ny .Bait Laljo City, U
Ilaaton, .Io!in 201 First at . a. l^. C
Eniinuol. L. f; i; 310-321 Pj.o at. H. P.,
Erdin, Thuodoro, lix.i BrunalUl,nr Fifteenth avc., B. I'., C
IZuler it Co Nil cor PolL-th and Bryant ats., fj. P , C
F.eld.i, Charles 533 Bryant a'.., U. F.. C
ritlh-atrcoi. Fu.Tilturj Mfj Co tU5 Fifth at., a P..
Prank II jnry 212-21il Commercial at.. 3. P., C
Prltkelt, a II. 4i Co atocUton, C
Frel, /Vnlrow 231-23) Klnjat., a F.,C
Puller, Geo. II 13 New Mont j'y at.. U. P., C
O j:»ha!:er, And-ew 210-2:2 MLialon at., a P., C
Gilhjrt L Moore 13-23 autlorat., H. P., O
Gran.;, IIer.n.ni C17 Erannan at., fl. P., O
O.-af & F.o.nn Alhati;', O
IXxabUTjer, a D. '. Co &.;cranlonto, C
lIo.iLy, W. J, tCi 11 I'Ulj at , a P., C
ll.-rin .-, Uii'lianl i.'J Ponr.U at., H. P., C
Il^ywood E.-oi. u Co 53J Miasiou at., U. p., C
lluJachraidt. Frederick 323 Pine at. 8. F.. O
PCIia.
jUofka Commercial Co. .
Bates, Martin
Bissinj'er i^ Co
Boseutvitz, J. ii. L
Cahen Eros. ^ Co
,.3:0Sansomeal., B. P.,
Victoria, BO
. 313 aauaome at., a. P..
Victoria, li
41 Clay at., ii. P., O
Cohn, Adolph A Portland. O
Palkuer. Eal ^ Co «3 CaUfornia at.. iJ. P.. O
Foley. P. i; Co 2:J iJnimnl at.. U. P..
Proomb.r.;. II Ill i'o..t at., a P., O
Hudson Bay Co Victoria, B O
Hutehhison, ICoU, PliUlippcnfl ^ Co
3.0 aanaonio at., iJ. P.,
liahnEroj I'o.-tlund, O
Ko.-,h!a..d Eros
lto..hlana B:o3
Laclunan L ateruiels. . .
Lieljcs, U. ^ ftJ
Xc^vmark, J. i'. ii Co. . .
Oppcuheimcr, Ivan
tiiosa, Louis t; Co
T.bbey, iVa
i'opllL:, P. ^ Co.
OCl Batt:ry St., ii. P., O
Po;tlaud,0
. 123 Montjoiaery at., ii. P.,
..lUJlontcomayat., li. P.,0
2a CalJorula at., a. P.,
43 C-ay at., ii. 1'., U
mIO tia:iaou) j at., a. P.. U
. . .Cjl aaerameutu St., a. P., O
571 Market at., a. P.,0
Worrell, James 1> Victoria, E O
Western Pur and Trauinj Co iJi California at., 3. P., O
FCaE— MASUFACrURC.IS.
California Fuao .Vsj'n 10 I'rout at.. D. P.,
Eva. James i; Co., Cor. PourfnthundCiiaimcl ata., 11. 1'.,
The Luile Fuse \/o.-ks Pulton.
Toy, Bickio.->i ii Co liuat OakUud, O
Gi1LVANlZi:D laoN-JLvNui'.vcrcnniui.
Conlln t Boberts 723 Mission at., U. F., O
Pordercr, J. P ..03 Eeuljat., a. P. O
Ilexlor ,i May l'or.Und. O
Lx, John li Co 31 Main at , a. p, C
G.\a PI.'CT'JItUS.
Allen. V.ci. Ii. it Co 731 Mark.t, a E.,
Euaii. David 22 1*03. at., a. P., O
Da>'. 'i'liomaa 123 tiutterrt.. ii. P., O
Fr.t.'. ,-; Ke.m li.0 O.'ary at., li. P.. O
Lane. W'm. L 505 Kearny at., b. P., C
McNally li Ua»klns 607 Market at, B. F.. O
APPENDIX.
767
Nyo. A. F. tCo SlSPiaoBt, a F., O
Prior, Jarjoa K UIJ Uarfct lit, S. P., O
GLA33— M,U»urACTURIR3.
California CoHilurativo Gla-iS Wit J, foot Kinth St., S. F., O
Sa:i IVaacisco ;iuii PaciJo Glojki Woilla
Uiiij St., Iir Fom-th, a. v., C
ti LOVES.
Aschc, Henry T. U Co. .Cor. Koamyand Gea'.7 Ht3., 8. F., C
lilu'.:i,n:lml, QuinlantCo lOliush ut., ti. P., C
I>avi(lfion. J. Vv'. i; Co 101 Kcamy lit., fj. F., C
Doano a llemihciwoo-l 133 ICuaruyat, ii. F., U
X'raiilcuutlial, rachinan u Co
Co.-. iiattcri' and California ats., ti. F., O
Ileynciiian. 'I. i; Co S fjauaoino tit., ii. F., C
Joncj. 1:. II. i^; Co 53o JIarkut ct, ii. F., C
ICuano liroj 107 UeumyLt., ii. F., C
Ku'nncily, P. II 2J2 Kearny i>t., ii. I'., C
Lippitt, Loali w Co 23 SiutterDt., ti. F., C
Mayor, Dun-Aon £; Co. .*. 13J auttcr Dt., ii. F . C
Micheis, FrijiUaridcr ti Co 7-0 Uattery at., !i. F., C
Murjtity, Graiit ; Co. . .Co;*. liilBti and .SaUdoaio i:*.j., ii. P., C
Mu5::r D.'oa 51i Market at., ii. F., C
O'Hrieu, J. J. £- Co i)3o .MarUct tit, a. F., C
O'Connor, ilofta.t ii Co Ill Poatut., ii. P., U
Uo3oubau:u .'; Co 22Uattory at., Ii. I\, C
Bamucls, David 12J-12J Poat nt., ii. 1'., C
VniiiU'j Kid Glove Store 723 Market tit., ii. F., C
Vcrdier, Moreau iii^o lOd McntoOaiery at., ii. P., C
Weil ii Vr'oouleaJ 113 iialtery i,t., U. F., C
WolltiUoii, M. W 103 Uattcry at, ii. F., C
( ;LO Vi:s— .Man ui'ACTUnEna.
Aurora Robe and Glove Co iian Josl', C
lilumentlial, IJulnlan i Co 10 IJush et., ii. P., C
Eusby. P. II 413 Market tU, Ii. P..
Califonua Glovo Co oiio Mai'ktt ct., b. 1'., O
Chamllcr ii iioa Portland, O
Clark, Uolmrt C 114 Post at., B. F„ C
Ijm'ekaiicainleal Glove Factory... 12 jiiausomo at., ii. P., C
Goodyear Rubiier Co 577 Market at., ii. P., C
GnlLtard, Onier 5 Market at., ii. P., C
Oiitta Percha and Kubber Mta Co. .001 Maikot at., fi. P., C
luinan, Wni. .M 113 1'oat at , fi. P., C
Limtitt, Leak ;; Co 23 liiittjr tit, 8. P., C
MvLHer liros CI Market at., ii. P., C
O.-e^oa Glove Factory Poitlaml, O
racillcGlovo Worka lOfi Lattery at., ii. P., C
Piauni, K. C Benlcia, C
ruililili, llesthal i Co 103 Cattery at., S. P., C
Bliiren, Wm liOO Market at., S. P., C
V.'lUoi, W. W S. P., C
Wihchell, Ii ti. P., C
GLKIi— MA.N-UFACTfliEnS.
CiHldlnstoTi U Wilcox Fllleenlh av , S. P., C
lioljer, .Maitin Cor. tiixleouth and Deilaro eta., ti. P., C
JiL'jcn.^ C. Ii .Son iiacramento, C
Kuiiiuts, M iiauta Cmi, C
Soulbor, C. N Napa City, C
GOLD I'l.ATPii-'MAXUFAc Tunr.ns.
Calttomla Kleetrlcal WorLi 35 Market at., G. F., C
Dennlaton, 11. G C55 Miatjion at., ti. F., C
Kkelunil. Lrle G2J Merchant ct., fi. P., O
Haw kiiia, .1, ."(I 020 Slercliant i.t, li. P.. C
Lederer. Geo. M. S; Co 731 Mission at., ii. P., C
Lundy, Thonuw 7-9 Third at, 8. P., C
I'artieein L laochcrl 3 CoUlo:i Ga'.e r.v.. ,1. P.. (J
blicpman, Wm. E -11 Geary 1/.., ii. i'., O
fSpJuk, a 1'. a Bona 7 Fourih ct., Ii. P., O
GIIAIS SHITPEIIS.
Beat, n. P. i: Co 13 Califoraia at., 3. P.. C
nalfour, Gilthliu t Co 310 California at. , B. 1"., C
Colerami, Wi.i. T. t Co 121 Market at., ti. F., C
DreabacU, Wm. i Co 31S Cali.'ornia at., 8. P., O
Diekaou, DoV.'olf i Cj 413 liatto y at., 8. P., U
Lppinger, J. ^ Co 310 Calif amia at., 8. P., O
Falkner, liell ii Co 430 California at, S. P., O
Forbe.^ Droa 303 Cali.'oniiaat., 8. P.,
Grace, J. W. ii Co 43 California at., S. P.,
Gran:;cra" Iluainess Aasoclation lOj DaviaSt., ti. P., C
Ilarte, G. P 123 California ct, fi. P., O
Ilolcomii, W, A. t Co 302 Divia ct., 8. P., O
La.d, Henry 214 Callforaii at, H. P., O
McXear, G. W 20 CalifomLl at., 8. F., C
Uuocke, Vletor ii Co 103 California at., S. F., C
X'arrott & Co 30i Calito.-nia at , fi F., O
I'lOdi'en, Meyer ii Co 213 Lattery at, fi. P., C
P.oaenfeld, John 203 Caiitomia ct. fi. P.. O
Klioehy, Ilobert 317 California ct, 8. P., C
Sinclair, C. II 313 California ct, 8 P.,
Ten Uojcli, N. i Co 23 Merchants' Lxchanso, 8. P.,
Waterman, M £: Co 113 Cla; -.(..Ii. P.,
Wangonhoim St Co llOand 113 Daviact, 8. P., O
Guooiinrr.s.
Ailama. McXeill £: Co Sacramento, C
Alojjttl, O Slociiton, C
Allen i Lewis Portland, O
Athea:"l !iCt 53 Stcnart ct, 8. F., G
i:at:hcldcr. A. J. ^ Co Maryaviile, C
Ilernliardt, Charlea Ban Joan, C
Eigley IJroa Clay and Davia eta., ii. P.,
liird ,'; Piosa Portland, O
Booth ii Co Sacramento, O
Uradt t: fiona Sa.i Diejo, C
Carr, P. ■ Victoria, U. O
Casilo nro.1. .'; Lounc 213 P.-o.:t ct, S. F.,
Caaaainr.you, A. iiCo Victoria, B. O
Ciicsley, 0.0. W Dacramento,
Chichi.:oia, Antonio 735 fjaaaomj nt, 8. P., O
Coriiltl t Macleay Portland, O
Crittenden i IC.-rr V/alla V/aUa, W
CuUnor,0. F Salt Lakj City, IT
Danorl, P. tCo 27 and 23 Crll.OT.Viaat, li. F.,
Dodjo, W. W. .'iCo Clay and Front sla., ii. P.,
Diibola ii Kinj Portland, O
Dyer Lrotl Au.iti;i, N
Early, Thomas Victoria, B. C
P.hnnau, BL ii Co 101 to IIO Fro .tat, fi. P., O
lijslcaton, Ben Lodio, C
Erakin, Greer f; Co Sacramjnto, C
Parrar, Stiuire .'c (.'o iialem, O
I'll'iins f; Henry 431 Proat at, fi. P., O
PoUom, P. W GoldUill, N
F033, l;. r. &Co Portlaiul. O
Foster, 8. & Co 2i CaUfomla ct, fi. P., C
Friant ii Cj San Joae,
Gamble ii Bryant fianta linaa,
Gibson, O. W !;03 8uo;-oacatoct,ii. P.,
Goldman, fi 8a-.i"aniento,
Goodman. A Tu.aiia, A
Graves ii Hill Placcr^-illc,
; Griffln&Co 405 Front st, a F, O
II
i !
I!
I
768
APrKNDIX.
M
Haai nro3 103 Califnmla Bt. 8. 1'.. C
II-<;Uu.i^y ^v Ikno i'j. t!a:Kl, O
H-ill, Lahrj .'; Co Sucrumcuto. O
lli'^?'«.j.i. J. C. l^\Jo VirjiuU City, li
Uju ey^iii-iow 12j C'ulii'o;Tii:* iit., ii. V.,
Iliiv/ljy, C.J.iiCo :'l j du'.lo.' at., JJ. v., O
U-'U^i-i, IliiJiiOo Loj Aa.,('lj3,
ILUiarO. Jl 'A. li Cj Vullujo, O
lly^iiij Uroj 21ii CalUoiuU ut., a. i''.,
Jjuuhj;,'3, Thouia.1 41G3atuumoat, S. F., C
J^uln^^'s, D. A Statu*,'. W. T
Juaoj ;; Oo 1-3 Trout at., B. i'., C
Klmlull i Liiwrouco Silt Lak j City, U
KirijhV>r.iun, tiuu i: Co Virjiuiii City, N
ICioiturmaun I»roa Purtlauil, O
Krusoi; Eulcr *0J Tnmtiit,, W. F., C
Lambert /; IJrlso;! Sacraojeiito, C
L'j'jcubauiii i; Ooldbjrj. ,52'J Koamy ii 1-1 1'ojt i>t.. li. F., C
Luudrum, Burim ii Co Sau Jo3u,
Lcnnon, Join A 213 Clay tit., 9. V., C
L^miluy i; Co 40j Fiout u:., M. V., C
Liudk'/ ^ Co S^rJ.uieiito, O
Liiinia:!, 0. ii Co Vir^iaia (Jity, N
Ljry, II. i::Co HI Cal.foruia gL, 3. F., C
Ljwii, lluury L 215 fciacrammito bt., G. F, .C
Loliiaaii I. Cojhii; 31 J Front lit., U. F.,
AIall»:i, J. ^ J. Ii Vir;;iuiaCity, ^'
ManjcU M. i;Co ai'JClayot., li. F., C
Masou U Co Carson City, N
Mail. Albert i; Co 212 .^larkct fit., S. F., C
ilcCo.iULll. T. Vv WuUa Walla. W. X
McCrajkcn, J. L Co FortlauJ, O
^DXay li Brown 427 Davijiit, !i. F.. C
aii.'l*Iicc, W Vktoria, i;. O
Mtado, O. W. f; Co 41G Front Lt., 13. F.. C
Mc'biu3 ii Co iSa-jraiucnto, C
ilusto, r Ktoikton,
^sovi-.uarli, II. ii Co Lo3 An:;t;l(.if, C
Xon-ton Uroj. li Co 200 California tt.. ;J. V., C
XiciiolJon, I'. II. ti Co !iau Jo.ic, C
Odi-il U Wrlslit O^di-ii. U
RamuUu. A .li Co Viiginia City. N
l\.icliaiiLi<^ Ilarrii^on 401 Ganaomu ut., !i. F., C
latchic, J. U Fodic, ».^
Kodjcrj lii'oa. i"; Co Tianta Uarbx^a, C
Hootfc .Sandj-son 12J Markf-tc;., ij. F., O
lioantroj li iloChiru 401 iVo.it ct., H. F., G
babatlj, A U. £; Co GIO Saanom j ct.. Ii. F., C
Bjarboro£;Co o31 V/aahlao'ton el., fi. F., C
tjv'iiaoact, Ocorjo. fiacraaicuto, C
tikurt-ciV, W. T. f; Co Nevada City, <J
Spencer li iVrmstrons Santa i:osa, O
btewort Ci Co VjfjinU City, 2i
Sti-attoa, C. A li Co Mao'sviLc. C
Pajc ii AUcn i'o;1laad, O
Fajj ii Allea Asioria, O
Farlicr, ii. II. £; Co Ktucktou, C
Pcaraoa Bros Walla \/;dla, \*
I'itts, fJ. J Victoria, B. C
Va KT, Ilarlior tiCo 103 and 111) California ol., U. F., C
Tiiluiaun d Byudcl
ti. V/. cor. Clav and Battery ctx, li. F., O
Jb'oilracr, Jolin i'. L Co Lcsv.iatoa, I
V.*j. Juanu ii iJLIoU Portland. O
N/cUaiaa, i'c^ki; Co I2uto lu3 Jlaik^tcL., iJ. i'., O
auNy, t:ic.
.Uk-n, v.. T 4 Id Market Bt, S. F., C
AiUms. C OOdCoramorciaiflt., S, F., C
Beck, Wm. & Ron Portlind, O
Droivain j' li BrL^iacr
Clab.-onjh, .J. 1'. li Liro. ,
Curry, I». L Bro
Ii.l;tr, W'ra
IIu.l3oa. II. ii
La.ld. Cliarlc^I-)
Liddlj £; ICaallaj
Ci CUy i.t., :i. /., O
. 030 Mont;,onn.ry r.t., .'3. 1'.,
IIJ iiausoiaj bt.. \j. F., O
, ..C:i Vrachin:;tun it., a F.,
rortla-id, O
821 lUar-y ct., U i\, O
,.5.i3 ;V"aih:ni,toui;t., a F., O
FUto, A J. £; Co 413 iIa:U» t tt.. 0. F.,
yonntaj £i Co '. 110 Murkct tt., £i. F.,
Schneider. VV, U 23 Geary ut. H. F.,
tichoeueniau, Frederick 517 Kearny at., li. F.,
niireve & Wolf 21J Fujh st., «. F., O
Wibou, 11. ii. L lion 513 Ciay bt., li. F., O
Winchester Uepcatinj Arras Co 113 Pine at., B. F., O
HAItDWAKK.
Allen, K. T 41'J Market ct., H. F., C
.(Uvord, Iljnry B aa:i Joao, O
-\rauia, X. .'i. /: Co 3J Davla i:t.. u. F., O
Ba!ier ;; Ilamiltou Cor, l*inc and Ija?ij tta., i). F.,
Batv-J, i.eo. (). L Co Siajr-::aculo, O
Brov.a U. .Mathe-V3 Los An.i^le3, O
Buhiu-. II. II. .; Co Lur.ka, O
Cairo, Justinian 521-533 Marki,t tt., K. F.,
Campb.li. C. 1^ f-aa Joso, O
Carolaa, Cory fi Co 117-113 California ct., U. F., O
Claik, A G. ii Co :;uiiaCity,0
CojK-, W. T ua:it:i Cru.*,
Corbett, Fallia J & Ci I'ortlaad. O
Daneri, Antonio 420 Battery ct., U. F.,
Da; ton, llallii Lamlwrtaon Fortlaad, O
Dodd, C. il. £: Co Po:tlaad, O
Drew, ILL fiaa Bemardiao, O
Duuliaiu, Carri3ani;Co 107-Ul Fro:it r.t., ii. F., O
livcraoa, Wallaeoi; Co Hi i'ront ut., 'i. F.,
Fost;T ii liobcrtaon Fortbud, O
Foy, 13. C Lo3 Aujcl.s,
Frcciu.ia, F. '^. li Co Woodland, O
Gordon Hardware Co 12-14 Front ct, li. F., O
liawkerf, C. K 203 Market st.. U. F.
Ilawley. C. A :; Co 413 Marto:t tt„ 0. F., O
liaiTk'y, MarcuuC. ;; Co G01-C03 .Market tst., ii. F., O
lloloroak, M^rriU:; fJioL.ioa....23>3jJ:.Ia.-k=Sist., Ii. P., O
Uuntlnjtoa, IIo;)kln3 iiQo
Cor. Market and Euali sto., y. F., O
nuntia:,-ton, Hopkins li Co Sucrauioato, O
JoojtBms Cor. Miaaioa cad Llcvcn'.'.iEts., !i. r.,0
Laadcra, Patrick 403 ^arkc; ct., £3. F., O
Linfort'.i, liico ii Co 401 RloiU-t ct.. U F., O
L.aaen, U. II. i; Co Gacraa:cnto, O
I-Iontajuc. W. M. :: Co 110-113 Fatto;7cl.. ti. F., O
0'Do.mell. Y/ Walla Walla, W
Palao Fro.i Daj-toii, V/
Parkhurjt, V. S. W 41^ .'ax'kct ct., a F.
lUchardj ii TLiow 4D3 IIa:kct ct.. 0. F.. O
ijjl'oy, Vhouiaall. i.^^o 110 California ct., 0. F.,
t;iui:uo:i.i, Fai-.vo c'; Co O^CUyct., D. F., O
fijotl, G. TJ. li Co Sa:t Lako City, U
Hlicridaa, VL 3. ^; J. C Hoscburj, O
.Smith li iitarmtt Aiutla, N
li^ru.aaer. Otto \7a:8oav;Ue, O
Tay, Geo. ILf.Co ClVC13D:ittay t-t., 0. V.,0
V:io:anr.;>:!, DjUa-.-t. U^o Foitlxid, O
'rlio-:i:'3;>J, G. W Cia^.U -.0-3. O
Uudorliiil, Jaro'j. ^tJ Ca.li'or.ila C... a F..
Van Wiukk', 1. f J. £i Co 413 MarlicL ct., fJ. F.,
Waiio ii. Brown oalem, O
Wightman & Hampton MaryavIUe, O
APPKNUIX.
769
Wliiw. Couli-y £1 t'utla Morysville, <.'
Woo.i. lleniT H Woodlaiiil, C
WooU & Turoer Mmlesto, C
UAK:(ES3— MASOPACTUnERS.
Bocket, J. F Him Andrcafl, C
Clark. J rortliiuil, < >
Connie. J. U. kCo I'ortliiud, O
DavlB, W. 410 Maikct ei-, S. F., (-'
Emiwy & Lcnuanl Han Jose, <■
Foye. .lolm M Han Uernanlino, C*
Garcia. Doininno Los Angeles. C
Graliam. .1. U <Jresim City. O
Haikell, O. L 13 Hush St.. H. F.. I'
Johnson, J. C. & Co I'J to 14 Fine St.. H F.. (.'
Klum. •'. li AsWanil. o
Main k Winchester 214 Lattery St., 8. F.. C
McCilnnis, Thomas 273 Market st, S. V., C
Nelson. «'. N Sacramento, C
O'ICan,'. John 767 Market St.. S. F., C
Quinn, Thomas Walla Walla, W
Stone, n 422 llattery St.. ,1. F.,
Stone, n Hacrameuto.
Stoll, J. T Sacramento.
■Watkins. W. II Portlanl. O
Welch, James Portland, <)
WlUey, O. F. & Co 427 Montgomory St., H. F., C
Workman, E. II Los Anwles, C
UATS AND CAPS.
Bcrwin. P. & Co Ul liattery St.. H. F., C
Fleischer, W 103 Uatteryst.. S. F.. C
Friedlaiider Ilros 21to 23 .Saiisomo St., .H. F.. C
Gam, William 423 Vine St., S. F.. f '
Klhie, Liuls &Co 110 Bush St.. S. F.. O
Kline t Co 21) llattel-y ot. H. F.. C
MeU3J,lorfIor. ,I.C.&Son 810 Market sU, !i. F, C
Mea^sUoriter, C. II Portland, I )
Meyuj". (.'. II. «: Uros 23 Sansonie St.. !i. F.. C
Ncuatadter Uros Portland. ()
Kosuuljcro', Geo Cor. Pino and San.iomj Hts., S. F., V
Simon. TJ. Sons&Cook 3 HauBumesU. rt. F.. C
Triest iiCo llotSansome St., !J, F , C
Thanhauser, L. S: Co Porllauil, < I
Woods. J. S PorUund, O
UORSE POWERS— \UxlilAtrruUEH.s.
Modwcll, IL II 211 Mlsaiou St., H. F„ O
Krosh, F. W. fc Co 47 Iloale St.. S. F., C
Bchobiir K fietrin 203 Fremont St. , fl. I'..
Tnstln, W. 1 303 .Mis.siou st, S. F.. C
HOSE— MASurACTUllEIW.
Cook, H. N 405 Market St., S. F., C
C"«jk. A. 415 Market St., S. F., C
Deyei', L. P 13 Fremont st, H. F., C
Detricli, ]■;. & Co , 103 -Miu-bet St. S. F., C
Ciitta Percha and Uuhber Mfg Co. .601 Market st, S. F.. C
KeviUe & Co 31 California St., H. F., O
Koyer. Herman 855-801 IJryant st, S. P., O
LMPOUTEKa
Arnold, N. S. iCo 23 Davis »t,H. F., C
Anger. U K. i Co -100 llattery st, S. F.. C
lialfour Gutlirio&Co 31C.CahIomia St. .S. F.. C
llaker. Henry & Co 213 Sausomo st, S. F.,
Itindniann. NlelsonSCo 210 Front st. S. F.. C
Ilel I, Tliomas & Co 303 Hansom .s st . H, F. . U
Caljrenl. ItomaiCo 123 California st, H, F., C
Cami)beU. W, II 402 i'-rontst, H. F., C
Cbaimian. .lames P. SCo 22 California ct, H. F.. C
Coleman, Wm. T 121 Market st', B. F , (J
Col, J. W. & Co Cor. Front anil Green sts., .S. P.. O
Cutting. JohnT. &O0 407Fiont8ts..H. F.,
DeCa.stro. D. i*c Co 213 .Sansomo st, H. F., C
DeFr,auery, James & Co 410 Battery St., H. P.. O
De Salvia, Eugene 40 California st, S. F., U
Wegener Si Co 303 (.'aUfornia st. S. P., O
DL'llepiaue & Co 425 liatti'ry st, H. F.,
Dennister ii Keys 202 Market St.. .S. F, O
Dilililee, Albert 10 1 lalifornia st,, S. F., C
Dixon, DeWolf S:Co 412-414 ll.itteryst. H, P., O
Dodge, .Sweeney & Co 114 Market St., H. P.,
Donaldson&Co 121 California st, H. F.,
Doyle, Henry S; Co 311 Market st, M. F., O
Dresbach, Wm. & Co 310 California st, S. F., O
Duisenlierg, Cha.rles ii Co 314 Haeram^nto st., H. P., C
Egerton, Henry C lO'J California st. 8. P., C
P'alkn. r, Bell it (Jo 4!0 California st. H. F.,
Flint Peabndyi;Co 403 California st, H. P.,
Fv>rbe3 Bros 303 California St.. B. P.,
F'or.salth li Dodg j 323 Front St.. .S. P..
P'unkenstine, C. kCo 320 Sansomost., S. F,, U
<;etz Bros. Si Co 303 Front st, S. F..
Grace, J. W. i"i Co 1') California st, H. P., C
Gutte. 1 307 California Bt, H. P., O
Gibbs, Geo. W. & Co
35 and 37 Fremont and 'M to 40 Beale St.,
Ue'Jmau B,-os. f; Co G25F'ront st,
Hussey. H. P. (; Co 205 Front st.
UutehliLion, Kohl, Phillippeus & Co
310 Hausome st, ,
Iken. F.etljriek 500 Battery St.,
lv!:t;eii Co 202 California St.,
Kuowles, J. N 30 California St.,
Ko.ieke. A. ;. C.> W Front i,t,
Koshland Broi 301 Battery St.,
Krnse ;; Enler 209 Front st,
Liii.'oith, Bice & Co 323 Market St.,
LoLd.'a, Wonceslao 323 California st.,
L.jhman i Coi'hiil 513 Front St.,
Low, C. Ailolplio ii Co 203 California st,
Lnnd, Henry 214 Cali.ornia St.,
Maekeuzio i; GdlMrtaoo 12J California St.,
:\lacondrjy i'; Co 20-; .Sansomo St.,
Marcus, Goo. £ Co 304 California at.
Moiueokc. Charles &Co 314 8»;iamento st,
Morrill, J. C. i;Co 204 California st,
Meyer. T. Lemmen 320 bausome st,
Middloton & Co 521 Front St.,
Mout4ia!o3ro. J. G 213 .Sacramento st.
Monteale^re .<c Co 230 (California st
Moore, A. D 103 Cali:'oroia st.
Muocke, Vietor i Co 103 California st.
Newhall's Sons & Co 311 Hansome at
Nowton Bro.i ^ Co 206 California st.
N tiiols, A. C. &Co 402 Battery st
Nickel, J. L. UVo 123 California st
Parrott 6c Co 300 California at
Philip, Speyer & Co 425 California st
Itodgera, Meyer & Co 213 Battery st
Ilulil Bros. 522 Montgomery st
Scofleld S Tavia 120 Front st
H. F.,
S. F.
c
H. F
c
a. F.
c
.S. F
c
S. F.
S. F.
c
.S. F.
H. F.
H.V.
c
ti. F.
c
S. P..
c
S. F.
c
S. P.
c
S. F.
c
S. F.
c
.S. F
c
H. F.
c
H. F.
S. F.
c
,S. F.
c
B. F.
c
S. P
G
B. F
c
•S. F.
S, F.
c
a. F.
c
ti.F.
c
8. F.
H. F.
8. F
8. F
8. F
a. F
8. P
,0
I
mm
f I
'70
APPENDIX.
ScotchliTKllllibs 313Fnmt»l., S. F..
Bfvcsrivnci-. II. W 310 Califoniiii ht.. H. I'.,
Biirujki:!.!, .lolMil). (ilirii lOJ Ciilifnrnl;i at., 8. I'.,
Stuvcna, IlakiT & Co.
cor. Bacraiucnto imd D-.iviimt., H. F.,
Taylor, C. L & Co M Cali;'ornl:iiil., S.V.,
Ten lioach. N. & Co 2S .Murchuiita' i;.\cha!isc, S. F.,
Thannhuuser 'i Co 311 CalifomU at,, !i. F..
Thcfilialil. ( ioo. .1. (i Co 41D Culifornla »t. , S. F..
Tinoto. J. M. & Co 50) rSattuiy jit. H. F.,
Trcjo..., .1. CCo 123 California St., H, F.,
rmiilaii Criostf 202Markotiit., S. F.,
■\Vul«jn i Co i;2 Markut Bt.. H. F.,
WcdUerspooa & Co 211 C'alitonila ilt. .'<. F.,
Wolah&Co : IWCalHornla Bt., H. F.,
Wilkiiis & I'o 103 C.ilifoniia nt., 8. F.,
WillUimii, nimondicCo '.'UJ Markut »t.. H. F.,
Wolf & Khfioliold rm liattfry at., ,S. I'.,
IX.SL'UAN'CE— CALiroKM.v Cu.HrANrrji.
California Iim (.'o 313 California nt., S. I-'., C
Commercial Ina. Co 4()j California Ht., .S. F., C
Firomans Fund In.i. Co 4U1 California iit., H. F.. C
Ilorao lltltual lus. <_'o 40j California st , 3. F., C
Kortb Pac-ltic iMntual Llfo Asu'n Portland, <1
Oakland Homo Infl. Co Oakland, C
racilli; Lilo Ins. Co 413Califoniia Bt., .S. F., V
Btato Investment Ina. Co 213-220 Sauaome nt., H. F., C
Vnion Int. Co 410 California r, „ H. F., C
WestiTuFirj and Marine lua. Co.,4iJ'JCalifomiafit., S. F., C
IXSlTvAXCU AGENT.S.
liutler & Ilaldan 413 California «t.,
lirj-ant, .\. J 31J I'alifoniia St.,
lirown, < 'raij & Co 215 Hauaoino Bt.,
Uookor, W. Lane 317 California st,
IJeltiieau Cisar 20JHanEonio pt.,
Ueuuet. Tlio.1 310 I ■alifomia St.,
llabxT, Ily ^i Co. 22j t?an.wnio St.,
Balfoiu-, (iutlirio^ Co 310 I'aliforaia Bt ,
IJacon. .TosL'iih 8 410 California ct.,
Craij', Ilnyli 233 Sntter St.,
CuUini'liaiu, W. J. & Co 213 Saniioino Bt.,
I>omin, tleo. D 433 California Bt.,
Donaldson ^'c Co 124 California Bt.,
DKk-i<)n. Koliert, C«»r. Montij'y and Califoniiaet.^.,
I>eMniond, J. J. k Hon.? 322 Califoniia Ht..
De^-ener ^ Co 308 California Bt.,
Elliott, W. L. & ,Son 440 California Bt.,
ForlK'B, Andrew 1!. (Life) 214 Sanaoniort.,
313 Chlifonila Bt,
219Hanaoniu st.
430 California St.,
— 307 Califoniia Bt.
, .313 ilontt'onu-ry Bt.,
Flint. Augnatus P
FaniaHortli, E. I) k Son..
Fnlkuir. JiAl k l.'o
Gutto £: l'>ank
Gray, lidward P. (Life)
Grant, Thom.ia C 213 HanBoiuu at.,
0;'.rland, V/lUiain D. (Llfcl....240 .llonti-omery at,
Hoi^kin.^ & llrownwell 313 California at..
Ilutchinaon ft .Mann 322 and 321 California ut.,
limit .Jonathan, Sou S Co 313 California st.,
llelhnan IJros. ii Co r)2ii Fiiint at.,
Hawkiuii, Elijah (Lite) CO! California r.t.,
llaives, Oliver 433 (.'alifornia st.,
IlawoH, Alexander O 220 ,San80ino at.,
Ilarriaon, Win. O 213 ,Sanaonie at.,
IlainiUon, Jolin i^ao 210 SaiLsome at.,
Jeiintuga u tStlUiiian 317 California at.,
Jacoliy. LtiUJa 439 California at.,
a F.
H. F.
S. F.
H. F.
H. V.
K. F.
H. F.
H. F.
S. P.
H. F.
H. F.
H. P.
H. r.
H. V.
rt. F.
H. F.
H. F.
1>. F.
S. F.
S. F.
H. F.
S. F.
,S. F.
a F.
8. F.
H. F.
8. 1'.
H. P.
H. 1''.
M. V.
a. F.
8. F.
I.V P.
8. F.
8. P.
a F.,
•laenlw 4 Ea:ilon 210 SaiMome at.. 8. P., I'.
Jai'olia, Jnlina 21ti,4anatmio»t., 8. F-, ('
Munacll, Januri ,Ir .213 8anronio at., S., P., O
.Muecke, Vietor & Co 109 California at, K. F., O
Milihor, ,1. A. (Life) 120 8anaomo at. 8 P.,0
Mel, Gcorjo.. 422 California at., 8. F., O
McNear, G. W 20 California at , 8. P.. O
Marciu. Georce & Co 301 Califcjrnia at., 8. P..
Ma,-i!l, Arthur E .'.2J California at., 8. P., O
Ma-.'ondr,ay (t Co 200 8.inaonio at., S. F,
LaUm, CliarleaA 403 California at., 8. P., O
I.andera & Co. (Life) 2 .VeViula Plock, 8. F., O
Lanilera, WlUiarn J 400 California at., B. P., O
Potter, Edward E 415 California at., S. I'"., O
I'ope, Thomm E 311 California at., 8. F.. O
Philili, 8ii.-yer & Co 423 California at., 8. P., C
iiotlyers, Meyer & Co 212 Lattery at., 8. P.. O
Koiiuiti, Jame."! 11. (Life) 315 California at., H. P., C
SyA llirry W 223..an*)m i at., 8. P., O
Snow, Ilarv, y W 319 California at., S. P , O
Kniith, Andrew D 310 (ialifornia at, 8. P.,
Tliannhauaor ;i Co 311 California ut , 8. l'.,
William.i, Diuiond S Co 202 Maiket at., 8. F., C
lUON-PIG.
Arnold, JJ. 8. & Co 23 Davis St.. 8. P., C
JJriina, Henry 303 .Mi.saion at., £5. P., O
Chandler, ElchardD 113 Pacific at., 8. F., O
C<.lonian, W. T. ii Co 121 Marlut at., 8. P.,C
lla.ito ii Kirk 21 r.<;ale at, 8. P., O
Jettray, William 201 California at., 8 P., O
Lund, Henry 211 California at., 8. F..
Ma^xlonoUsh, tloaepll 41 Markt t at, B. F., O
8eeley, L. 11 Cor. Foiaoin iiUfl Main s.tj.. 8. P.,
WlUamj, DiniondiiCu 203 Market at., S. P.,
lliOX aAPE8.
llaira 8afo and Lock (.'o. .211 ami 213 California at., 8 P., O
Kittrcd^;e, .Jonathan 18 and 20 p^rcinon»> St., 8. P., C
Leavltl, C. II 225 llc.lo ct., 8. F., O
Xmtto,-. Calvin & Bona 12! i'n:-j«,:.l:,t.. ii. P., O
Paijje, L. IJ 8 Xew Montjomery at., •i. P., C
Kaymond ;i Wilahlrc 115 Front at., 8. P. O
8ini:i. JohuR 123 I^ealost., B. P., O
INKS.
lianeroft, A. L. i Co 721 JIarUet .«.t., S. P., O
J>on;ty, .loseph II rt27 Coiumereial at., 8. P., C
Miller ti Ilicharda- 523 Cotnuercial at.. 8. I^, O
Pacific Ink Factory C17 and 621 Prannan at, 8. P., C
Pacilie Tyite Pouiulry 523 t'ominercial at., 8. P., O
Painter i; Co 510 Clay at , 8. P., C
81iattuck& Fletcher 520 Commercial at.. 8. P., O
Takott, Lonia !a33(lFarr II at., 8. P., C
Willhtnia, C. h. & Co 417 Waaiiiiii'lon at., 8. P.. C
lliOX WOIJK.S.
Aetna (Pender:ia.'*t. Bniith A: (io.)
217 Frotnont at., H. P., O
Aliaany Irtiu W'orka jVlliaiiy, o
.(Uamwla Foundry , 8an Joae. O
Alijion Iroa Vv'orka Victoria, 11. <J
Allen, Geo. II Xevada City, O
Architectural Iron Work.* 420 Ikale at., 8. P., O
Astoria Iron Works Aatoila, O
Atlaj Iron Works 135 lleale at., 8. P., O
Itower & llaker Los An..;eic.^, C
Ca.ac, .1. I & Co. (Euyine-a) Portlau'i, o
Chony, C. C Albany, O
APPENDIX.
77t
oily Iron Worl-i (Low u i .,utrcy).28 Fremont, rt„ H. F,. i!
City Fo'indry awl Mmliiue Shop L4W Aligt?IoR.<'
City Kutinilry Dull' 8, l»
City I-'oiinilry mul .MacliUin HUuiu l'ortluu>l, ( )
I'oliMiil'Ui Iron Works 135 fJcaleKt., 8. F„ I'
Oohimiii i Iron Work*. rurtUud, < i
Conkliu, II ll.&Co r.un.'ka, \
Duuanll, John Victoriu, 11. C
Krapiri! Ironworks Ill Frumout Pt., a. K, C
limit. ro Mucliinu SUop Miiryavilk*. *.'
Dici^lAior In>n Works I'ortlmi'l. 1 1
Kiir. U rounJry 123 llcalo st., 8. F., r
Kmniet, Uuo GoIJ Uill, X
Knriifbt, Joseph Sun Jose, V
Kurekii Iron Works .'lU Ilowardst , H. F., O
Fulton Iron Works 207iina2ll Fremont St., rt. IV.C
Fulton FiiUnilry Uolil Uill, N
Glolio lion Works ijtoekton, O
Golden Htuto iiud Miners' Iron Works
iB5 First St., .S. F, (1
Ooiu Ji Adailis m Bcalest., 8. F., U
Gms.i ViiHey Foundry.. (ir;i.s.< Valley, C
GuttjiiUrjer, Wni Saeiamento, C
Hopo Iron Works Hacntlnt-uto, C
Indiatrl il Iron Works 233 Beale »t, .s F., C
Jo^kso.i Ji Truman. . .eor. 8Uth and Bluxotne sts.. H 1'., C
Lawrence &llailow N erada * 'ity. C
Lo^au, N. O Corluuo; U
Main .St. IrouWorki 131 and 135 Main nt.. S. F ■■
Marine Iron Works 1015 Ifeittery ^t .SI ■ "
JIaij.Hvillo Fouinlry Maij.ivillL, ».'
Marahall & Jones Walla Walla, W
Matt^^son & WlUialnsou Stockton, V
Mc\i'illiams. 11. 11 Sacramento, i!
Metluuiea' Iron Works 217 First »t., S. F. I!
Metrol>olttan Iroi, Works 233 l''r«mont St., 8. 1'., C*
Mill Street Foundry Gr.i^s Valley, tJ
Morey. U 8 PlacervUlo,
Nat;o:;a Iron Works. ...cor. Main and llowanl ntu..S. F., C
I'uw Taconia Injn Works New Tiieonia, W
Nov.lty Iron Works 216-217 First St., ... 1'., U
Novelty Iron Works rorilund, O
Oakland Iron Works Oaklu..d, (.'
Occidental Inm Work.! IJ? First lit., H. F., c
Paclllj Iron Wolks FJO Fttiiuont «t.. 8. F., I'
racilie.M.tul Works 113 Fir»t St., ('. F, 1
Paeill'j Stove and Iron Works 223 Main at, 3. F., C
Fuoenix Iron Works lS-2;> Fr.)iuont st, 8. F., O
Pioneer Iro.i Works 121 Ftvmont St., S. F.. C
lUs'lon Iron and l,ocomotivu Works.
cor. Beale and llowanl sts.. 8. F,. (.*
lUxit, Xeil/ion ^t Co..... liu^rainento, C
Itoseljurs Foundry lioaelmrtf, O
llmUy ^ .\lery Chieo, C
Sauraineiito Foundry .Sacnuncuto, O
Salem Iron Works Balein, O
San Fiuaci.HCo Iron Works 203 Fremont St., tl. F., C
Santa Clara Moelilnc Shop Santa Clara, C
Ball Joaj Foundry and Fngiiio Works San Jose, C
B'liiw ;c Kuna Victoria, B. C
Kiiv, r Iron Workl ,Salt Lake City, U
Suiltii llros. ti Wat,ion Portland, (J
Htockttxi Iron Work.s Stoekt*',i, C
Vnir>n Iron Wttrk^i cor. First and Mission sts., i>. i',, U
trtiioii Ironworks Portland, O
I'iilon Iron Works Sacnuncuto, C
Toinh.-itone Foundry Toinhstono, A
Western Iron Works 316 Mission St., S F., C
White 4 Tcnny Soatllo, W
Wiliainette Iron Works PortUtnd, O
Wortli's Fouu'lry Fetaluma,
JEWELF1I8
Andrews, A 521 Mont,iomory st, 8. F.,
Dmvemiaii lonis&C'o 119 Montgomery st, H, P, O
Calirornia Jewelry Co 134 Mutter ut., S. F.,
Chopanl, Louis San Jose,
IJorraiice, C. P Portland, O
DInkelsi.lel. 8. B. 4 Co 1.1 llinh St., 8. F,
KliH'nlK.re, Adolph 2gij Kearny St., 8. F,,0
Ilaskeil i Mimmie 2mi Keaany St., 8. P., O
Ilovey, J. J SacranienUi, C
Kalin M. and L 12CKearny»t , 8. P., (I
Koelder i Uittor 120 Sutter kt. M. P.,0
Levi.son Bros 134 Sutttr »t . ». F. O
Levy, Jolin 4: Cj 811 Sutterst., 8, F ,
Kwi.^, .lackaon San Jose, O
Lundy, Thomas 7 OThirdst. 8 F-, O
Ximt, (Ireeuitweie&Co 533 .Market St. , H. F., O
Phellis it .Miller 12i) Sutter St., 8. P., O
llandoiiiti i Co 101 Montfioniejy st., H. F., C
Kherwood, W. J 617Mont.'uineryBt., .S. F.,0
Shrove, (ieo. C. &Co 110 Montuomery fit., S. 1',
Slinonsllros. &Ca 120 Sutler «t., 8. F., O
Stone, II L Portland.O
Silence, A. 8. &Co 537 Market at., 8. F.,0
Straight, Z L V/a'.la WaUa, W
Thoui|Mon, Lucius 4 Cbroniclo Building, ,S. P., O
Titeomli, Allien ('. St Co 21 Post at., 8. F., O
Vanderslice, W. K. & Co 136 Sutler at., 8. F.,0
Wolizel, Kothsch'.ld tt IIiKlenfelt
cor. Ivearuy and Post sts., .4. F.,
Weyl. Jonas lH' .Sutt^jr st., S.. P., O
Wolir Joseph 12USutlcrst., 8. P., C
Wolir & Lozo 120 Sutter at. 8. F., O
Wunacb, M. & Co Ill Sutter St., 0. F.,
Zocliarias, L. tC) 210 Kcamyat., 8. F.,
Ji;WlXnY.— MjlNUFACTl'llEltH.
Anilrows, A 221 Moutgoniery St.,
Aufrichtic, .Morris 1113 .Sljtii at.,
Buehr, Vvilliam (UONacraniti.! 'st.,
Ucllemore, A .331 Kearny St.,
Blutaentbal, J^L & Co 71'J Clay St.,
Ilatiui. Vv 204 Stockton );t.,
llraml, U. J 230 Uoamy St.,
lirvtonnel, J. V 323 Bush at. ,
Uujanuoll, Reinbold 13 I'rinily at. ,
Califoroia Jewelry Co 13-1 Mutter st..
Caliender, II. r.ry A 14 Trinity St.,
( hapman. 11 CUMertbatttst.,
Cliariot, Jose-pli 110 Sutterst,
ClaUH.;n, F 410 Kearny st,
KUeau, llonrj 208 Sutter at.
C);lKjrson, Herman (334 Mout^oincry st.
Fink, Charles 120 Kearny at,
Foube.t St Biart 223 Sixth ct,
llirsehinau. Adolph.. 323 Busliat,
.lockson. It. W 024 Muiket st,
Koehler & Hitter 120 Sutler st.
Laird, D. W 27 Post st,
Lewi;!, II;inty M fi'tj Clay st,
Liuuemau, (.,', H 33'3Busli st,
Marshall, John 22 Kearny at, ,
Malhicu bi ,Malson l,") Trinity at
Miller, Louis Jr 335 Busli st
8, F.,
8. F., O
aF.,o
a. p.,
u. p., o
K. P.. O
S p., O
8 F., O
8. F„
a. v., o
8. p., o
S F,0
8 F.,
8. !•'., O
8. P., C
8. P.,
8. F., O
S. F.,
8, P., O
8. F., O
H. P., O
8. P.,
8. :^, o
8. F., O
8. P., O
8. P., O
8. F..
i!
772
ArpF..vnix.
Mnhrl;.'. I' F lU'lTj-. iii-iir FuurtliBt,. H. F., C
Miirris, 11. UV't OlSSiHTuinuntont., S. P., ('
Xant, Cnrliziivii' & Co 533 Murkft rt. S. F.t'
N'l'uniunii. Albert 9(-cury »t., H, F,, O
IVlllo Jc'Wi'lry Co Iluttoy St, H. F, (^
Votilinumi, (lUHtave F 417 Kiuruy St., rt. K., (!
Illolilur, Adolpb 622 Mtrchulit. St., rt. F. O
Sunw, Ilinry 24 I'.jit «t., S. F. ('
Kiixlon. Siuilh & I'o 120HiitUr«t.. H. !•'.,('
Srlmlz & FlHchiT 613 Miikft st., K. F.,(^
•l<lH'|iiilor, William 33 Kearny »t., S. V ,f
SUrevc, ttc". 0. & Co... ...... .110 MuiitHDUiiTy St., H. F., C
mivunimn. David 620 Mirdiant st , H. F. c
•ilmolis, llni. *Co 120 Killttr »t , S. F. C
Tiusry. C. ( 1 Portlaiid, O
Tucker,.!. W. i C.i 131 Kianiy, st, H F.. I'
Tiukcy, Altri'.l 13 Triully «t, H. F.,C
VuniltrBlicc, W. K. 4 Co 1.TC Sutter St. , S. F. . ( '
Waguer, F. Jr 223 Keaniy »t., H. ¥., C
Watt. John 1525 51i-Alli8ler St., H. F, C
Wenzel. I!otliachlia * Ilmlonfelt STFostst., «. F. C
Weyl, .lonaa 110 Sutter »t., H. F., C
WiUlaluEon. Alfred D aclearyst, H. F.,C
Wolff fcLozo 120Kutter»l., H. F.,
-TFTF.— M.v.xrF.UTriiKU.H.
Pacillc .luto MTg Co East ( )aklaud, ('
LAMP.S.
Allyiio J; Wlill<3 112 Front St., H. F , C
AltSL-lml, Seller k Co 119 llattery »t., H. F.,C
Cert. .1. JiCo 517 Market St., H. F., C
Day, Thomas 122 Sutter ut., S. P.. C
Dletz. A. C. &Cn Fmntst, S. F., .I
Dunn, II. D 547 Wa-sliinatoa St., S. F, C
KoHter, lleury 410Sansome St., S F., C
Lautou, O. i Co Oil Market St.. S. F., C
Xathiui, U. .iCo 130 Sutter St., S. F, C
Straus, Kohnstamm & Co 100 Uattery St., S. F.,C
Hwain, K. A. & Co 112 (.■.Uiloruia »t., S. F.. C
W.ingt'nhiiim, Stcmhehn & Co 12*.* Sausomo St., S. F., t."
Yatos & Co 113 Front St., «. F.;C
LEATHER.
Abenhcuner, Juliua — -.20 Sansoiue fit. , S, F. , (;
Bloeh & I>.ivl.l«m 223 Pattery St., H. F. C
B;!!3iui;er, Colm & Co Porlhiuil, <)
Boiu-ne. It. A 103 C.earj- st, .S. F., (•
Cahen Ilros 41 Clay 5t., .S. F., C
Cabn, Mchclsljurg & Co 31 Battery st.., H. 1' . C
Clayhrouirh i Natlian 322 iiattery St.. ,S. 1', C
Cox, J. W. £: Cii.. .NAV. cor. F'ront and (Jrecn Hts., S. F.. c
Danforth, Moora & Co 8 New Mimti-omery St. , S. F., C
Dolliveri liros 573 .Market.it.. S. P.. C
Exi)ert. Hernard — SE. corPov. th ami Sr,vcr sU . S. P., <.'
Prank, ,1. ^ Bona 400 ISattery St., S. P.. c
(letleaon i Landis .513 :^Iarket st., S. P., c
(ionlon, llcniard 312 Eiijhth St., S. P., C
Hall. F 3-1 O'Farrell St., .H F, <■
Hecht IJroa o: <.*o 25 Hanwime i-t.. S. P.,
Hclueliera, I! 30J llatUity St., S. P., C
Hert.^ Herman lOGCoinmoreial fit., K. F.,C
Ini- i .Mesdag 313 Clay Ht, A P. C
Jolmson. ,). C. S. Co 12-H I'lne St., M. I'., C
Klopper, Frederick 20 O'ParrUl St., ,4. P., C
KuUman, Bhi2 i: Co IOC liait^ry st., ,S. P., C
Kullnutn, AVaguer » Co lOGUattery St., .H. F., C
JIiilu /i Winchester 214 liattery St., S. P.. C
Ma!ji>.' «i Mooro 613 Market St., « F. C
Matteru & Moore 42 Heavy st, S P ,
Nichols, A. C. JiCo...NE. cor. Ilatlery 4 Clay sis . .1. P.,
* »reKon Ixtather Manufocturlni; Co I'olt'and, (.t
OUoimell, C 607nraunau8l., S F. (!
OniK-nheliner. Ivan... 43 Clay St., H. P., C
l'hllllM>, H sthulfcl.'o 103 Ilattery St., ,'H. P., U
llossi'ter it Smith 643 Market St., 8 P., C
lluiil, .1. C 119 Batlei7 St., S. P., C
Stroivliridgo, .1. A r.>rtla-id, (>.,()
Sawyer, U P. k Co 323 Front St., S. P.. O
SehleHer, C. U 10 Post St., H. P., O
Sl.«», Louis & Co 310 Sansouie st., » F..
■SUrnfeld Bros. &Co 539 Market st, S F. O
Sti , I! 423HatteryH. S P .
Sumner. W. B. & Co 415 Front st, H. V .
Turner, fteo. 8 Lo» AuKeles, <.'., ()
Crliacli, I»natz 801 Montgomery st,, H. P, O
Wcnlwortll. I. M. 4 Co 400 Buttery st., S. P., C
WiUlanij llro.i 569 Market "t, 8. P., O
LPATHF.n (10(>D8-MANri'A.Tl!llEn»
American Morocco I 'a.ie Co 2n,S HuttiT «t., S. P, C
Lochliaum, Ausust II 134 Sutter at. M. l',«)
Itailiua, L 420Koamy»t., 8. P., O
LIMK- M.V.Nl'FA<Tl'U!;IW.
Andenion, Isaac W Puyallup \'alley, W
Davis 4 Con 11 211 Drumm St.. ,^ P., O
Il,.lmes. II. T. 4 Co 14 Market St., S. P., O
.McLothlan Bros Friday Harbor, W
Tacoma LImo Co. Taeruno. W
San Joso l.lmeCo Sau ,Ioae, C
Kan Juan Lime Co San Juan, W
LIQUORS.
Adams, McNeil 4 Co Saciamento. C
Allen, D. H. 4 Co 322-321 Front St., H. P.. C
Andnran, C. 4 Co 517 .Saeraiuoiit^> at., S. P., C
.Vrnand. ^\lhert...X W. cor. Post and Dujiont Bt:(. , S. F. C
.\iiger. HE 409 Buttery st. , S. P., O
Bach, Meese 4 Co 321 Montgomery st.. ."!. P., O
Beiso, A Virginia I 'ity. If
Bcnhayon 4 .McClleunon C23 Sansome st., rf. P., O
Billintia, i;. L. 4 Co Sacranie .to, O
Bochow, F. CI. stCo TheDallea. O
Booth 4 Co Sacramento, O
Brassy 4 Co 8.%n .Inac, O
Briekwedel, Ilemy 4 Co 2IOPiont et,, .S. P
Brooka, k'ork 4 Co 315 California lit., ,S. P., C
Brown, E >'ew Westminster, B. C
Buekow, r.mil & Co Sacrami nto, <)
Bnrchardt, C. A Portland O
Bum-man;; -Martonini 321 Battery «(, .-<. P.. C
( 'arroU, H. T. 4 Ccj 323 Sansojne St., S. P., C
Cartan, MeCiirty 4 Co 513 Sa^iamentost., .S. P., C
C.issin. r. .1. 4 Co 433 llatteiy at.. H. P., C
Caaey 4 Cnjnau Sai ramento, C
Cliancho, AiUie.nC, 015 Front at., S. P., O
Chei:ley, O. W Sacramento,
ChevaUcr, F 4 Co 520 WasbiliK'on it. ;■.. V , C
Chielovlcli, K. a I'o 001 Front St.. .S. P., <)
CUuaaeniu.l 4 Co Saciamellto, Ci
Coleman, Win T. 4 Co 121 Market, at, H. P.,
^.^lmmirl 'ft4*)Co:mnr 291-200 -Market at., .S. P., O
Cra.i, . IIa-;ti:i^;i 4 < 'o 121 Calirornla at., H. F , C
Daneri. F. 4 Co 27-29 California St., S. P., O
Davis, S. F. 4 Co Sacramento, O
Mi
APPENDIX.
773
Daiet, J. 11 VlraloUi Clly, N
l>uuavi:iMix ^: MalAon ,
....X- W. cur. Hatinuuiu uuilJut-'luoUHU,, M. V., V \
Dodgo, W. W. &l'n i
N. W. cur. Front mul lluy »t«.. «. F., C '
Dn'y.uit, U. t c'o 110 rrtjiitnt., rt. F,. C
liifiuT liriw Hacnmii'iito, (!
Kjfaii. SI .M Aiwtiii, \
FiUBO. i;. A. i Co 310 i'runt Bt., H. K., (,'
FulUT, Jaiiius I. & Co Hucmmotito. O
FcuUmii»i--u ii, ItniuiHcliWL-iift'r 4U Fruut at., H. F., (.'
FUhur, W. J. SCo 310 Front Bt,, H. F, C
Fli-clii:ii»ti;lu « Mayer I'ortlanil. () .
FuukfUKU-ir C.iCo 320Sali8oiuu •,l.. S. F,, C
UoodRiu, ,11. iCo 4071)a;toi.v«t., 8. F., i
Oilni:ui, WulIliT & Co
H. W. cor. California ami From nta., H. F., C
Oo„';iiii ii Hbtfliy Cor. Jackitou autl Frriat bu . H. F,, C
Clanac, W 71l.SaiuioiiiL'»t. S. F., C i
Cmvffl, F. C ..4tJl .Saiisr>niL'st., a. V.,
GituiUacli, J, 4 Co
S. E. cor. Market ami Stcinirt atj.. S. F., C
UaljiTllug, J. C 110 l)up<mt St., H. P., C
Iliiffonl. U. F, & Oo ToiubBtouy, A '
Hull, Luhni (t Co .Saoraiuento, C 1
Hoelsdiur, Win. i: Co 501 Market Bt.. 8. F . C
Uoijoa, John II lo:» Fol»om »t, 8. F., C
llotalin^', A. F. 5i Co 431 Jackion »t, H. ¥., C 1
llotalint', A. F. & l.'o Portluua O
Janjou, li. A. ii <.'o 430 Jackson St., 8. F'., C ;
JoBt &. Adlur 3'Jl Uattcry »l., S. F., C
Joyce, N'. r.. .t Co Toniljstono, A
Jullien, J. k l.'o 017 Fatilic St.. S. F., O
Ki lly ■'' I iililiri.-'t 311 F'ront Bt., H. F , C
Kune, ()l.cary\Co 221-^23 llUHlist, 8. F., C
Kell> .^ i;us»n OOl.Iiatlery St., 8. F., C
Kenny. John 005 Front sL, 8, F., C
KitUlljercer Si Dold
N. E. cor. Market and Powell Bts., 8. F.,
Knauth, J Sacraincuto, C
Kohler Si Frohlins 020 Montsomery St.. 8. F., C
Kowalaki 4i Co 520 California St., 8. F., U
Luclunan, 8. i; Co 401-411 Market at, 8. !■'., C
L;u:hmau i Jaeobi.8. il. cor. Market and First std.. 8. !■*., C
Lan;I & Co 210 Duiwmt St., 8. I'., C
Lawrence *i Co 322 Clay st., 8. F., C
Lo Omnd, A Portluiid, O
Leno.-mand Kim 735 Howard St., 8. F., C
Levy, illchael Los Anselcs, C
Lilicathal i Co , 223 California St., 8. F., C
LundleyJw Co Sacramento, C
Livin8.itcn & l. • > 222 California St., 8. F.. (-'
Lowe l!ro« 217 liattery St., 8. F., C
Lo»,C. .Vdolphe 208CaIituruia8t., 8. F., C
Louji, Janiis 514 Mission »t., 8. V., C
Lyons, K. II. (c Co 503-510 .Jackson »•., S. F., C
MalaUsta. Louis 311 1'acillc St., 8. l'., C
Mandclljamii. Fnuicis 312 .Sacminento St.. 8. F., C
Martin, li. Jv Co 40,* .'■'rout st. , 8. F., C
Martin, i;, ii Co Los Angeles, C
Martin, i:. k to Portland, O
Marx &, Joricusen Portland, O
Mathews, U. A Stockton C
McClelland, J. J. i Co Tho Dalles, O
MeljiuB i Co Sacramento, C
MiHlauw. J. J. It. *^ 8ou 9C8 Folsoni St., H. F., C
Meiuecko, Cliarlcs & Co 413 Sacramento st,, 8. F., C
MeMmor, Louis Los Ant;elc*, C
.Meyer, M 33 8utti'r bt, , 8, F., O
Moiuoe, A K Hon* F'liri ka, O
Sloiin, .Scully ti Co 310 8acr.ilnento Bt., 8. F., C
Mnore, Hunt 4 Co 417 .Market St., 8. F., O
.McKire, 8amuel i Co 212 (.'alilumla «t , 8. F., O
NalH-r. Aifs K Bruno 413 Front at, 8. F., O
Nixil i Felt Lo« Anaeles. O
olJrlen, John H Mtocktou, U
Olierfel.ler. UrosiCo 123 California St., 8, F O
(Inllahan, D. J Stockton, C
Palmer, Henry Ik Co 302 Davis st, 8. F,,(l
Piiwal, Dubedat & Co 42(i Jkcksou Bt., 8. F., O
Porter, David '105 Montt'omery st, 8. F., O
Powell* & Ucndcrxon 8acraniclito, O
Provolt, Daniel 11 118 Leides.lor« st,. 8, F.,
Pe?tner & Hildel.randt 411 113 liattery Bt. 8. F., O
Uebstock. Cndres & Co 322 8anBouie St., ,S. F., O
llenz. John 219 Commercial St., 8. F'., O
lUcbards & Harrison 401 8ansunie st, 8. F., O
Ilolh&Co 2l4PinuBt,8. !•'.,
Kottarzl, Oiosuo 1027 -Market at, 8. V., O
Powe, U. P 218 California St. 8. F., O
Babatie, .\. E i Co 010 Banaomo St.. .8. F., O
Sabatli!, P. U S Co 330 Hush st, 8. P.,
8»ulnier, John S Co 007 Front st, 8. P., C
,8clinrdln, .1. P. 4 Co 31 DniHinlst, 8. F.,
8chro<ler, Henry 4 < 'o .017 8anson)e St., 8. V.. O
Kchuhman k IJotcf uhr — Portland, O
8ihultz, \Vm. A 533 Front at, 8. F., O
Hchultz & Von Iliirgcu
I 8. E. cor. Front and Califoniia ata. , 8. V. ,
i SeellK, K. .V Co Portlanil, O
81iea, IJoc<iacraz 4 MeKeo
! 8. W. cor. Front and Jackson ata., 8. F., C
Sieljo llros- 4 Plajfi'iuunn 425 Sacramento at, S. F., U
j SUllmaii. F. W. 4 Co 510 Waahiiinton at, 8 i". , C
I Sorbin, J. E Albany, O
I Siiniancc, Stanley 4 Co 410 Front st , S. F, O
! Sroufo 4 McCrum 203 Market Bt. 8 F., O
Steh'.haBen, P 402 Davi.iBt., h. F.,0
Stevens, George 3la F'ront st, 8. F., O
Stmtz, <Tulius Sacramento, O
Taylor, 'riiomaa & Co, : Virginia City, JT
TaussiK, Louis 4 I 'o 205 liattery at.. 8. F"., O
Thatcher, (k'o&Co 323 Chiyat, 8. V. O
Van Dcr.'e'i, N. 4 Co 413 Clay St.. ,S. F., O
Van Schuj vor, W. J Portland, O
Vignier 4 Kinunons 423 lkit'..ry at., 8. P., O
ViUidieu, Oiarlca 420 liattery at, H. F., C
Walter, .M. 4 Co C25 8anaome st. S. F.,0
Walker Bros. 4 Co Salt Lake City, U
Ward, Wm. 4 Co 609 Sacramento st, 8. F., O
Wanlc, M. 4 Co 313 Uiittery St., 8. F., O
Watennan, J. 4 Co 418 liattery 'st, 8. F,,
West, Geo. 4 Co ,Stoekton, C
Well Brothers 213 Jackson st, 8. F'.. C
Weinreich 4 Bartela Haerameuto, C
Widunau 4 Lutjen 321 Clay at., S. F., C
Wicker Brothera 702 Front at , 8. F'., C
Wilcoj. Felter 4 Co .Sacnuuento,
Wilm'erdius 4 Co 210 Front st, 8. I''., C
WillKhni, H. 4 Co 109 CaUfonda st, ,8. F.. C
WoltiTH Bros. 4 Co 221 California st, S. F., C
Wuiclie. Frederick 332 Sansoinc St., 8. F.. C
Ziimuenuau, F Portland, 0>
774
APPENDIX.
ii
Ll'MIiUK-MANfl'AL-miKIWi
AckiMnon, Muort: A. t^i IMcr 10, Mteuart 6t , H. F..
AilnHLi. Wiu. J Pier 17. iitcuirtBt,. H. P.,
BcailU' i Cc :iSiieurst.. H. P..
Bunilram. (i- M ...1500-1313 .Market St.. H. P..
liytlKo, .lolm T ."i.Slicarst, S. P..
iv.k. .1. i A. M Pier :5 Kti-uart St., .s. P.,
I>.aii. i:. 11. S (,'o 2 CuUfornla «t. . H, P.,
IVrl.y. K. .M 183 <;luy «t., S. P.
l/icksim. DcWiiU&O.i 412 PattlTj- 1.1., H. P..
Diusl.jj-. Cliiuli'K I Par 10 .Sttuart «t.. S. F.
li^j- , t-'harUa F Nlicur aud iluwanl BtH., H. p.,
I).ill«:ir U Caninn 22 Califuriim Ht., H. F,
DuimW.iun. W 321 Kliif at., H. P.,
iJniliiliiolKl &. Luniont ^2^ Valt-tuia St.. S. p.,
liuncan'n .Milla U i(. L, Co 22 California Hi., ,S. F,,
Eutlu.vMoii Flilluorurt. Wharf, S. P.,
Falk, ClmudlurJ. <^o ..128 -ituiiart Bt., .S. P.,
« It-nuon, A. i Co 113 Ml&Binn st., .S. F.,
Glail... PrwliTkk W
HaliBoti, At.kt:n«omt4'o.
IlaniKiti, Haiiiui't It
Herri, k. i: SI
lli;,';,ilia J.: Colliiu
UlllB'Uli!, tjert. 8. & Co. .
30,S;)c'nri't.. .4. P.
..Pi<Tll,.SlouartBt., «. P.
...i'ieriJ. Htt'Uart »t., H. P.
lU.SUjuartat., H. P.
jr7.MuiUBt.. S, p".
JSAMitoniia St. , K. ]■'.
,C
Holt U.-o» JIT-Jl lU-aluBt,, H. P., C
Ilooptrr, 0. A. & Co Pouxtii.juu.1 Chaitiit'l Bti., H. I',, C
Ilooiitr, P. P. (C.I. A I'iinrA',. steuart Bt., .s. r.C
Iluntington Liilubcr Co iSan .los..,
Jiit.kHoii, .1. *i PiL'r4, wtctuirtst., H. .''., C
Kfutlltld. John & c'o Pier li, Htr.uart st., S. 1 ., U
KhowIlb, (i. It. Ji rtoti .Miuuiou and Main Bta., 8. F., C
Kiiowiaud. JoButih 22 (-'alifotufa Bt., S. F., C
Ma<^titk. tj. 1.. H Co - . . .Pier 10, .Steuart st. S. P., C
AlcWay KC'o 4 Calttoniia St., .S. P., C
McaLlmmi liacoii 2735 Mi«8ionst., H. P., C
Mn;.'*, (ieorsu A -Pier 1. .steuart Rt., S. F.,C
.Mt.iiduuino Lumbar I'o WCalitoniUiBt.. K. V., C
llnorw A. U iOil California St., H. p., C
iloihsou, i'n.ti. n 575 liraiuian st., H. !■'., C
S'-irriBou, Jono&J — tipear and .^.l...si^in stB., H. !■'., C
>io%ut>aIjiiiiberCc„ ":M i liiitoniia Et., H P., c
Xeylou, Jamt!S 1S-:.U .Sitcar at., M. p., C
XlLkcrsoii iiilo... '.tfl'iriiinr.mmnta Bt.( S. P., C
Uucideuial iitnnr.iUlll l^ureka,
Ueeidcutal I.uinlwrJitilla^ 4 California st, H. P.,
l'attrid;,e, ;L i; 123 .StuiLirt Bt.. H. P..
I'inr liiini'nr AnrTTfiam Pier 5, Steuart at. , 4. V.,
I'uUal-d. TUoiiuM 17 tsteuurt St., H. P.,
l>oi«! i '1'idln.t 20-1 Calllorula st., H. F.,
I'ort Uakely Mill Co Pier 3, Hteuart st., M. I'.,
Port Distovery MiU.^
i'oit .ModiBoii MdlB
I'ort ( irfofd Cedar Co. . .
Pn-atnii \ MoKinuun
1 Ui;et ."-oiiiid Lundier Cu
1E«.1ho«b1 Luiubci Co. . .
.Pier 10, hteuurtBt., S. P.,
.I'ierlO, Steuart St., S. F.,
-LMalketBl., W. P.,
. .Pier 5, Hleuart Bt., .S. P.,
.Pier 17, Steuart St., S. 1'.,
1(1 .Market St., S. P.,
lle.;woi*d .Maiitifaetute-rs" Am'ii 16 .Market Bt., 8. F., O
Ileiitoa. lluliuea ii Ci> . , Pier 3, S^.euart st, .S. I'., C
l.oeli IJay naw-uiill Vietorta. U. C
KuB.1, ,1. i.Co 33 .Market 8t, H. P., C
liuulau liiver L;uul aud Luiuliur Co
4 t^iUfomla »t, M. P„
Sierra Lumber Co 320 HaUBolue bt, H. P., C
Biemk Nevada Wood Bud Liaaher Co
224 California at., ,S. p., U
SiuipB>.u, A .M. Jc lira 11 Marliet at , .S. P., C
Hmith, .lames eJ 1 Uoward Ht, H. P.,
.Sonoma Lumlier Co 323 .Monti/omery Bt , H. p.,
Hpringer. Ja.4on ii. Co S;.ear aji.l .Mission stfl., H. P.,
Htilrbj.1 & OoMstoue .Market and Hpear BtB., S. F,.
Htraut, W. K Sacramento and Drunun atB.. H. P.,
Tluiyer, J. '; 22 California at, S. P.,
The Ortj^jn Improvement Vm Portland,
TiclK.no.-, II I!. &Co 42 .Market at, H. F,
Towl,. llroB Dutch nat,
T-.*le, \V. W 303 Tovrnsend at., H. V..
Tueker& firant 26 .SiK-ar fit., K. P.,
Turner, Kenneily & Shaw Channel st, S. P.,
TunuT&Co 019 East st, S. P.,
Vance, John — Eureka,
Waterhouao k Leater 14-23 Beale Bt, , S. F. ,
Watsonville Mill WatHonville,
Wcidter, florae W Dayton,
Welch, Kithet S Co Victoria, 11.
Wchh&Co 103 California Bt, H, P.,
Willamette Sawmill Portlanil.
WeB.^on, Joseph W ,SlH.'ar auil ll.ivrar.1 Bta., S. P.,
Wetlierl.ee, Henry lUMaiketat, H. F,
White IlriS learriage) 13 Main St., H. F..
WhlU!, L. E ISSteeirtat, S. P.
Wlymore, John (hardwood) 120 8iie.-ir st, 8. F,
Ycrriugton& Ullsa Virginia City,
O
,0
,0
w
o
o
o
o
u
.0
.0
., a
MACAP.OM.
CattelliSCo 433 Broadway st, .S. F., (J
navcnna, Ghlrar.lcl'i .t Co 421 liatterj-at, .S, I'., O
Spllvalo, C. U 415 liattery Bt, S. P.,
Tinthorey, J. P. & Co 558 Mission st, S. F.,
Valente, LuiBl 216 Prfjadway at, S. F , C
.MACHINERY.
23 Davis at, .S. F., C
Pine and Davis Bt4., H. P., O
Halt Liiko nty, ir
First Bt, .4. I-"., O
2CalifoimaBt,.S. P'., C
Portland, O
Arnold, \. .S. ,t Co
llaker & llauillton
lio'vers, \.\ II. 11. .iv v'o
Fish, A. L. iCo
tlrcfiory, II. P. ^ <'o. . .
(Jregory. 11. P. & C.i.. .
llendy. Joshua. , . .cor. Miaaion an.l Fremont sta., H. P., O
Ilildrcth, .V P Portland, O
Iluntini^on, llopkiua & Co
cor. Slarket and Uu.sh.Hts., S. P., O
Marwedel, C. F C6 Pinit st, S. F.,
McCone, nohert -103 ISeale st, H. P., O
I'iu-ke&Lacy 21 I'remont Bt , H. P.,
Stsen, Edwanl T 107 Ileale St., 8. F„
Taluui i Doweu 323 Market St., 8. P., O
Vi'hitelaw, V. O. 11 foot Secoudst, .S. F.,
MAt.T.
llarr..l.l. John Jr. i; Co Chestnut st, S. P., O
llerriii.oui & Co 313 Hacnmieuto at, S. P.,
lllllelir-.vu.lt P. &Co 2019 Folsoinst. 8. P.,
lloBener IJnia 116 Front at, ,S. F., O
.'ielieir, liach Jc Lux 535 Sacnimeiito at., JH, P.,
Zwei;i, llerniauu 610 llrannan at, >H. V., O
MAIIULE AND OnANITE-M.VM-I'ACTUllKlls.
.Vtken ^Fisli .Sacramento,
lllanchard Si O'Nell San .loan, O
Ikiyne, W. (; Co Sacramento,
Carroll, J. C Saemmeuto, O
Chalmers Ji llolmea Portlaud. O
C.lnltl.^, J. W Han Jose,
Uauiels, J, iCo ...4'.'0Piuo»t,, 8. F,, O
~Tj|
AriTxnix.
775
D^'vhiq J. v' jSiu'miiiciito. ( '
Orifiitlj. 1 ! IVuryn. (.'
Ishk;!. L,;co Hacniiiu'nto, C
K-aalur. -T. .'; V Bi-unnim. J:r. Kifth at . H. V.. (.'
liJU ui D.'louj , .'-Jail .It>RL\ I'
M.y.ir,^. L. A 2-^3 M» In H.. S. V, l'
Mo rip, 1', T.. SftiTttuiL'ntu <;
Monia & llvaiiB Hiilt* l-ulto City, I'
MuaUiBroa 713 HatU'ry Bt, H. F.,*:'
Kumiio, L. J. & Co l)70Ui-yiuil.Kt,, H. R, C
H,a :t!r Vrm Halciu. O
y miiy, Wm Poillaml, t)
MATtUICS— MANtFACTIKKUH.
Arnies & T)ullaiu —
Uotul, Win
Diivia, Luvi I
Uofeii & Co
Ootigli, Jutin
ItuiTJtioii ii i)ic(idou. .
..230-232 Front Bt. fl. F.. C
I'ortliiml, O
• \.u\ Shotn-cll Ets,. rt. F., C
4l2CluyBt, H. F.. C
I'utrcnt ttv., 8, F., C
210 HiKramtuU) ht„ 8. F.. C
NewlwniLT i: C() '206 fciacmnu'iitoBt., H. F., C
Tilt on i: Wurtnuin CUico, C
MK'tCHANDlHE-GKSKKAL.
Al<lt*r(ion, Thoiniui. l'Iaa'rvilI-\ C
Austin, N. i'. & Co Kanta, liarhara, C
Auviuruiii & I'oiucroy 8uu Jono, ('
B.u.'r. Luvy k Co ITr.ioi,, t>
llartii'tt, (,'. C. ;; Co I'nrt Towiifinntl. \V
llashfonl, L. \ Co PniH^ott. A
ItirnlKJiu, ^.'N, (.'o 8aijta Cruz, C
liL'ttuuui, L Olyniiiia, W
linynto.i, Vj. H TuHcaruni, X
BuckaL'ff & Ochoa Flurt-iicc and L'am\ t iriiniU', A
Buffum. W. M l'p.-Bcott, A
C'luluvll & Wtaiitoixl Tombritonc, A
Caiuiilt. 11. Uou H Pn-flcott. A
Cbarnian k Hun Oi-cK<m City. O
Ch-'sicy. iJ-'o W Hacnununto, C
ChlHuira. J. P Ntw Tuconia, W
Cbmch. -f.E Hcd Bluff, C
City .Stoic Hail Jusi', C
Clailic, A. J Kuruka, X
Cluu-, F. W Keno. N
Colieu, It. Toiulistouo, A
Cohn & Co Dutcli Flat, C
Cohn, ,1. a Miuysvllle, V
Coim, M. &Co Viftiilia, C
Cunu & Kiuil'ull lied liliiff. i.'al
Cn;:,'ttr IJros V.alla Walla, W
Cuuniii^liam, .Jan Ni;W Vv'c.ituilustir, U. i'
Dalryiniil-', J. J Haleni, O
Dan^kin llroi Duise City, Id
liny k Co Salt Liikv City, U
D.ivis A; lliniroil Bolso City. Id
Uunicr^ L Cciinno, U
Uoiiuo, lIoVHjit .....Now Wustminptcr, B. C
Doru. U. W. & Co Chico. C
DouyliiSd Broj, & Co Viaulin, C
DoUHliijrty, John D riv.scott, A
Uoutrick, Frank k Co ' I lu" vka. X
JJucamunm, y' Loa jViisjcIch, C
Diumibuitf k Stenecl Daytoji, W
Biw. uii.'.y Uro3 Walla WalLi, W
Katun ii IJiiiliy Clulw, A
KhiB'.uin. Louij a Cn. Fivsiio City, <.'
Klli^, Xiitliau Pix'tcott. A
j:vLi-utt. .Mi lM.no, X
Falk. Nathan & Bro Bohw City, Id
FiinniTR* Fiiiou s^m .low. (I
Fiiidi, r.tirtt a. C.i HmI HIiitT, ^t
Findlay, U'uhaiii A HruiUu Victona, It C
Flo <, Guo. K Toriit-slmu-. A
F.hlu r, J, L PrfHi-iitt, A
Ford, t 'hiw Wat-^mn ill.-, O
FoBttr, .luhu U. 4 Co rrimtilla. O
G«rrisli, O. F. St l.'o Vorl Tinvn«. iid. W
(iibwm, ItiirlKTi Co Btidlf, C
t.illH.rt. I. K. iCo Mod.Ktu. C
rioldnian. M Men-fd. C
Cordon .V lla/^anl Han IMtgo, O
(Inihant, lOdw.ird .Silvi'v fjty. Id
(iroviBteiii \ Itlnnanl ...LowirtUm, Id
(iutlirit.- \ Adanw Corinno, U
JlagLnnan k Scliooliuy Iti'no, N
Hale Krori, & Co IV Uluiiia, O
IIttniilton& Co San Oii-go, O
Ilt-ad. C. r. k Co rrt'HCott. A
Uorrora, F. k Co Cliarlt-ston. A
!Iu£fuian Bros Aiintiu. N
U.iLlItT, .lusi'i'li Toinlwton.', A
HooiHT, W H. AiCn riuL'nix and Tucson. A
Irvine. V,. k(.\t I'lKLMiii, A
.Inmtfs F. W Port Tunnriund, W
Jan»ric'n. H- & Co . . Eiui^ka, C
JobiiBou, Ul'osu & WinauH Wnlla Walla, W
John.«on, U A Viwdia, C
Kutuer & Goldstoin FrL'Huo City, (i
Laidlaw, .lames k Co PurMand. G
Lavt-ntbal, 11 Ti ulwtonc, A
I.L'vy, F Halfiii, O
l.evy. H. W Port 'V ownBond, W
Levy. D. A: Co. I'rtscott, A
i4j\vl.*. A. .Sl C WatHonvino, O
Lewis. U Austin. \
Lu:liur^ Scbroide.* Han .loiie. l!
Loowt-nlwri IJros Lcwiaton, Jd
Mauniiitf k Hurry Runo, N
Mark)4, .S. .v Co Roscbnrtf, O
Mayer k Fnodlander Halina-n City, G
Mc.Utiiur, J. .M I'ajaritti, A
McDonald i Hebwabacher Dayton. W
McFarland k l-'rencli Tlie Dalloti. G
Meytr, E. U Co Haleni, O
Mi^yernteln t Co .San Bernardino, O
Mluraon, JcwcU A; Co PbiferiilK-, G
Moody, AV Tbe DalU-H. O
Xatbaa, M Reno, X
Xott & Co, Dutch Flat,
Xifkelsbura, A. k Bio Woodbiml. O
Newlmra & Uatljbum Hau Bernardino, C
Gleeite k Garibaldi Merced, U
PrtoX', Wliuatoti i; Co Budie. C
Kedtield i Irvina Albany, G
I^oil,U. B. At Co Boise City, Id
Iteiubart. B. k C Klko. X
Uoseutbid Brort Seattle, W
Roaentbal. G Oljninia, W
Sadler, Cliasi. ^ Co Auathi, \
Huso, ^V. A. k Co rtau .io»v, »>'
HchwaliacberBiiw. k Co WalU Walla, W
Ht bwai .aelur Unw. & Co Seattle, W
b^'liwaltailier Bro-i. & Co 123 Market Bt, 8. F.. G
.SclnrartA M Bodi»f. C
Sbaffir ic l.iinl TonibHtone, A
Hbo] iKiid, Jay.ux k Co Walla Walla, W
ShurUeir, W. T. & Co (Irwu. Valley,
776
APPF.NDIX.
Simon. M. A. Son i'iuL'trville, C
SiHocm, WitllHce i^ Co Los Anuelc«. C
Kml^lI, Wn.irirtiiY k Kunor ...Tusraroni. \
KiinH" til 'it I'.ury^u, C
Know & IVttiH Vulk'jo. C
Siuntuii, H. (.' JtoncJmrfc'. O
Huiiit-r. KluuWr & (.'o ..8au DiL-^o. O
Hti'Vt-riH K WUcox Vinuiiii. ('
Htn»rig, W. li & Co H:u-ruiiuMito, C
Hwi-asi'y. J k. Sun Kuruku, O
8wet.-t. H. k <,'o Viauliii, V
Kyiiionils \ Lanioreuux IVUtliuim, (.'
T;wk<.r .V l»ri<lhain.-H'i Tunibstouu, A
TiLkiar, IJuruImni k Co Clik:i), <J
Tli'timiaon iu JteanI ^'upa City, C
Tumor, liiK-tuu k Co Victoriii, li. C
Van UiisiMi. t\ kVii Ast4)ritt, O
Vuncit-rhurst, H;inI»oru k Co Salinas (.'ity, C
Viin ( H<1. u. W. 11 ( Jriss Viilloy. C
VcnU-.S: CullcnlH.T(f The l>ulh'«. i>
\VuU;rnian \ Kutz I'ort Townfteml. W
WatkinsA Co Chico, C
WiiigiiU-. !■:, kVo Thu l)ullif», O
Wriylit, Ueo. ti. nous Cnion, <»
Zockoudorf k Co Ttu'-buu, A
METALS.
Arnold, N. S. & Co 310 Camornla at. S. F., C
Cuiolan. Cory & Co 117 Califoniiii Bt.. S. F..
l)c La Montanya, Jaiui-a (iOJ Iljittery at,, ti. F-, C
Dol.lo, AViiRT 13 i-'rtiimiit Ht.. S, F.. C
Dunhaiii, Carrit^an & Co 107 Front hI., S. F., C
OililiB. (ieu. W. &Co 35 Fremont st. , S X'., C
HoMjrook, Merrill A Stetson.... 225- 230 Markotst., ,4. F., C
Uu)itiii;,^on, Uopkiiis & Co
cor. Bush and M-irkot r.t«.. H. F., C
Jf ITray. WilUmn 204 California at . S, F„ C
Monta;,'no. W. W. & Co 110-118 liatrcry tst., S. R, {.'■
S. ll.y. Tliouiaa H. k Co UC, 11$ (.-alifoniia M.. K. F., C
Tity. Cvo. |[. S; Co CHHUd liuttcry Bt, .S. F., O
VunWinkW. I. H. kVo 113 415 .Market Pt, H. K. C
Whitney k .Uaniball 22 24 Frcmoi.t st, H. F., C
METALLlJKaY.
Mdtg"! W'ks (Lui^kliardt C, A & Co.). 23 SUiVonaou, 8. F., O
MILLINFUY.
Ilunei ItiothfiB & t.'i 517 Market st. S. P., C
Itmlor. r. F 8(.8 Market St.. S. F..<'
Ool.liin'r iiro.i 513 Marki't ht.. .S. F., C
Bavimin. Hall i; Co 6 Siitfr-T at., S. F. C
Ilakur. W. & Hinz 545 Market st, M. F., C
Uuia Brort. & Co .112 514 Markut si . S. F., C
IKId it Cu 52G Market Bt.. .S. F., V
llellnr. M. *c Bro 112 Sans».nio dt., M. F. I'
Hiiiz Ji Landt 10-18 Second at, H. F., C
Iliiwii. B. S 743 Marlat ht., S F.. C
lloirnian .S; Co W BatWry Ht.. S. h., C
Joni-K. V. n. & Co 535 Market 8t., S. F., C
KiwhH. StrasBbiiryer k Co
cor. Pino and HauFionie »t»., S. F.. ('
HchHtilt/er, Haelia&Co....Bu(<haudrthnHonie uta., H. F. C
Hull^& Xewmaii 31 Hutterst.. H. F., C
Tutdltz, F. k Co 571 Market at.. 8. F., C
MININti .Sll'FLlKS
CaUfoniift Electrical Woiku .35 Maiket Kt., .H. V.,V
Dunham, Carrib'aii k Co...* 107 I'routHt , 8. F.,C
UKerUni. li. ( ' lO".* California st , H, F.,
Oregory, li. V. k t-Vi 2 California st., 8. F.,
Ilawlty, Vhus. A. \ Co 412 Market rit.. 8. V., O
IK-ndy. J«rainia eor. MkBiou and Fremi.nt mtn., S. F., O
Huntinj!tt)n, F. A 220 FrL'tuuiit st., S. F., O
UuutiUKton. Tlojikinsi: Co '.
eor. Buah and Market at, 8. F., O
Lord k Wiilianiit Tucson, A
Marwvdcl, C. F 56 Firetnt. S F., O
MontJiKwe, W. W, k <.'o 110-118 Battery St.. .S. F.. tJ
Richuumd Drill a.ul CompreBiior Co
2C St<^'Venaiin «t., S. F.. O
NK\VSl'Al'El!B:
IThe following lint of the periodical puldlcatioiiB on our
slope ^ll<lWH their nameH, tht.- jjlaces M'hfre puMi.''liL'd, and
the cUaraiter, whtiher thiily (dl, weekly (\vi, r-..!iiii-uc»kly
(nw|, t«sO(d thitv tiiiiesa Meek (tw i, or iimmlily (m). '1 ho
alihreviatiou fi: Ht;ui(l8 for l''r«.iii'li, < ^i-r. tnr i.i M'""t. It.
for Italian, Scan, for Sciuulinavian, aii-i Swf '-, i,.]
Tow\. Xahe of ' .1 !■'■
Altnnus. C Modoc Indi-i't-..,:*' :.1, y
.\ltura.s, C Donioi'rat, w
Anael's Crnip, C Moimtain Echo, w
vVrcjita, C Luailer, w
Astoria, (» Astorlan, w
Aulmni, C I'lacer Herald, w
Auburn. C Placer Arirus, v
^Vahl'Hid. O Tidings, w
Albany, <) Democrat, \7
Albany, O Herald, w
Autiocii, C Lodger, w
Anuhclni, C ....Oa^ette, w
Au*tin, y Ileoiw niier UuvUlu, d
Alameda. C Knclnnl, w
Alanieila, C Alaine'Ia Artjiw, w
AlauK'da, C Alaiucda News, w
Alamos, Mex Felii»> Manpiez, w
Alamos, Me.x Bernanlo, w
Amador, C Hentlnel, w
j\j'[zona City, A Hcntinel, w
Biulier, C .' Mountain Tribiuio, w
l^kentlield, C c;iizt'ttc, w
Bakcrallehl, C Southern Californian, w
Bakersflrtd, O Kern Co. Weekly Pccord, w
BiidKt-port, Cliroulcle-Vuion, w
Brians, C Uccordcr, w
Brooklyn, C '. VldetUr, w
Bakitr City, O Beilroilc Democrat, w
Baker < ity. O Uoveillc, w
Bi-niela, C Siiw Er.\, w
Belmont. N ..Courier, w
Bodle. C Free Press, w
liivttb' Moutitain, X MeHheOtjur, w
IJuttlL- MouiiUiln.N Lander Free I'res-*, v
i'lLaver, t" Eut<'rpiiKe, w
Black. oot. I Iteij;i.-«ter. vr
Boise City, I Ktatesman, w, tw
B<ii.se City. I Hepnblican. w
Bonanza ('ity, I Yankee Fork Herald, w
Butte. M(m Minor, w
Bakers'iebl, B. C Hentiiii-l. w
lUllovuL, I Minor, v,'
Jivwf^. w
Belle
,1.
Berkuley, C Atlvocutt-, w
('hico, C MornUitf Adviicatc. w
Cliioo, C Entcrpri-'^c, sw
Chico, C Buttu Ileconl. ilxw
Colfax. W PalouseCazetto, W
AI'I'KNDIX.
777
Colfax. W I tctuwrut, w
CorvuUiti, (> t ;iiZL'tU\ w
CuUon, ( ' Sciiil-Troj)k', w
I'ttTiun City. X ..Triliiiru', •!
CajHuii City, N... Apin-al, i!
Carson ('ity, N Stjitv .Iiiuniiil, w
CaUatogu, C (^iilitttnyiaii, w
Culi.ican. Mux Kl l-i^floait o t)tlcinl
CrttJcenb City, C... Cnurior, w
< 'rcHcent City, (.' Iti-rnitl, w
Coliiiia, Mcx Kl IJuin lU'*icnuo
CoUma, Mi'X 1 I Kstiwlo tio Coliiim
Coliiiin, Mux Kl IVtIc Mi-o » )tit.lul
Coliiua, Mfi KfiKluru Oroscd
Cliciicy, W Tritdine. w
Ciiatrovilli!, C Ar;ft;.-. w
CouconI, C Cmirord Hun, w
CaudoliirJii, N Truu Fissure, w
Canyon City. O New.H, w
Cliallis, I Morfacnyur. w
Colusa, (.! Smi. w
Dutch Flit C I'lacLT Timin. w
Diumonil, \J UockyMuuutjiin Huttliaiiilmaii, \r
iJDWuiuvllio, C Mtiuiitain Mi-nsi'iia'cr. w
Dison, C Trilmuo, w
Dayton. \ Times, w
Daytiin, W (,'ohuulpia Clinmiele. w
Dayton, W Ncwb, w
DaUe.% O Mouutaiuncr; w
DalKa, O Ittiiiizcr, w
Eureka, C l-Wiiiiiiij JIiTalil, w
Kurt^ka, C Stum Ian ITclLiiUoue, w
Eureka, C UumljohU Tini(;3. d k w
Eiigcuu City. O Statu Juvnuiil w
Euguuo City. O (Juiml, w
Kinpiru Clty.O Coast aiail. w
Kmpirc City, O Coiw County Argus, w
Elko, X I'oiit, w
Eureka, N Stutinol, d
i:iu'i:ka, N Leador. d
Etna, C FoBt, V.
FoUom, C Tclegmi>h, W
Forest City, C Herald, w
Fort Jone3, C Scott VuUuy Nci* ;», w
Fitjano. C Expositor, w
Furadali:, C Enterpritic, w
Fresno, C Ittipubliean, w
Fuirence. A Arizona Kntorimsc, w
Frisco. I' Tinius, w
(jfidley, C HurnM, w
Georgetown, C... (•a-:etto, w
GrucnvlUo, C GroeuvlUo IluUetin, w
GrantviMe, O Sun. w
Guadalupe, <' Telegraph, w
Genoa, N Caraou Valley Newa, w
Genoa, N Courier, w
iitasA Valley, C Foutbill Tidings, w
Graaa Valley, C I'nion, w
Glebe. A GIoIrj Chronicle, w
Olobo, A Silver lU-lt, w
Gilroy, <.' AdvoLute Leadi-r, w
Goldeudale, W Kliek*tut Sun, w
'luadalttjara, Mex lU IVriodio(» Odciul del Goliiemo
jumlaia^ara, Mex I'.l Tli-miMi de t;ua*lala.ara
Kiadalajara, Mex El 1'otnorc o
t .uatUlajaro. Mex I.iis ClaB»'» J*ri>" ;uct.. ran
G'iinlalajai.i. Mex El Alacrm
Gu'.;rren», Mex Elnrgauo Otiuiu) dclGoLKnio
CuayuLu, .Ui-x.... i;i GoUodf CnrUn. \t
Gait. V i la/el to. w
Ho11I;!Ut, C Till' I'acltle C..asi. w
IlolIiALt r, I' Hau I'eiiito Advaniv, w
I lolIi.-,t<-r, C iX nuKi-.a, w
llaywiinL*. c TiMinial. w
U;;aldstltun(. C Knterpmo. w
llmldrthurg, C UuhhUui liivcr Fla;:, w
IlUUlKiro. O lndei»eii U:iit, w
Harrisipiirg. O Ut-vicw. \r
llardiaw. A Arizona ItulUon, vr
llanfonl, C Delta, w
J laily. I Woihl Uiv«r Tlnnit, w
Indent-ndcnee, C Inyo lndeiK.ndeiil, w
Malio, I World, w
Indept^ndenre, O KivL-r^iIv. w
Jaciisun, (J Amador SL-nUnul, w
Jackson. C Amador Ly<l;fiT, w
Jackson, C Amador Dispateli, w
Jackaonvllle. O Si-ntim.!. w
Jacksonville. O- Ti;ntt', w
Junction <-ity, O Kepultlican. w
IawH. C lU-viow. w
Livermoro, C Ilenild, w
Lomijoc. C Ueeonl, w
I^i Paz, Mex La llaja California
Lower Lake, *' liuUetin W
Laku Vimv. O State Line Uenild
Lafayette. O l-'ourim-, w
I^Giando, O Gazette (ITnion). w
Ij03 Augi'lcs. C The Coiumercial, w
Los AiiHelen, C Evcliiny Exprcf^h. w
LoH Aunelea, (! IL-rald, i.t.*cw
Lurt Antieles, C . .La Cronii';i, vr
Los Angelei*, C TIil' Mirror, vf
Lo8 Angeles, C SoutliL-rn Cutifornia lV»st, w
Los AntjeluB, C Semi-Tropic Califoniia. w
Lttflsen, C Advocate, w
La Conner, W Mail, w
Lakeiwrt, *I Deo* Democrat, w
Logan, 17 Leader, w
Lundy, C Index, w
L;ikoviow, O Kxamhiur, w
MaryRvtlle, C Ledger, d
MftrysviUo, C ExpreHH, d
MaryavUlc, C ApiK.'ul. dUvr
Merced, S. J. Argun, w
Merced, C Star, w
Merced, C Express, w
MillvlUe, C Shasta County Deraot-nit, w
Monterey, C Calii'ornlan, w
Mendocino City, C ..iU-aton. w
Martinez. ( " News, w
Ma/at'.an. Mi x LI Occiilental, w
Mazatlau, Mex tJazctte, w
MoMinnville, i ) lleiHirter. w
Muketunio lltll, C. . , Calavuriut Clm>niele, w
Maripo«a. C Ga/ette, W
MaripiHja, C lluiahl, w
Modesto, C NuWH, w
M wlutfto, C Ilerald, w
Modesto, C Farmer's Journal, w
Momnouth. O Chriatiau Meflscnger, w
iLn-slilleld, O NuH-rt, w
Ma/jUlan, Mex El Dec dental
Mazatlan, Ml-x El Estudu do.Si:.aIiHi
Muzatlun. Mtx La Tarantula
Mazatlan, Mex... El I'lwiiico
m]M
778
AI'PFATlIX.
ti'iLi'J
; s
m
Moniliir, V Areiis. w
>'uw Tacoiiiii, W. T Weekly Li'tlycr, w
NiiW TacoIllI^ W. T IkniM. w
New T;vvoiiia, W. T N'cwn, w
Noviulii City, (- Trun«fript, <!
NuviMla <'ity, C Ilen.M, U
NaiKiC'ity, j;.'iioit4% v
Nupii ( "ity, (• ItcsUttT, i\L\v
Knrth Hjii Juan, C Tlines, *v
Nuw WcBtiniiii-tcr, It, O I'aciUe Doininlon HuaUl. kw
J.'cw Westminster, It. (' 5Iuiulaii»l (iuaidian, w
N'aiialinu, IJ. C Tree I'rts.i
Newark, U liuttrpridc, w
Ouklimtl. C IlemUl of Trutli, w
Onklauil, TrilHiiii-, 0.iLW
Oaklaud, C Mirror, \v
Oaklanil, C Journal (tlc-r.), «■
Oaklunil, Timt'.s. t\K\v
Oakland, C Sibnis of th.'TiiiH'.t, w
Oyk-n, T ■ Frc't'iuiin, w
Og'len, U Junction, diw
Ori:„'i)u City, <) l'uU'ri"'irte, w
Oregon City, O lX'i:iocmt, \v
Oruvillc, O JIuHo County liL';,'i8tt.T, w
Orovillo, C Mcrcurj', w
Oi-laud, C Tiiiifs. w
Oukilalt', C Stanislaus Wheat Crouvr, w
Olyiupia. W Standurd, w
Olyni[>;ii. W Transcript, vr
Olyiuitia, W. (Courier, w
Oxford, I Iliitcriirise, w
Tanunta Star uiid Herald. di\:\v
Purtland, O Kvcnin^-Teltjyi'iiii), d
Portliind, O West Shoit', vr
I'oitland, O Pucilic CbrlHtian Advocate, w
rortiund, O New \i ithuxst. u
Portland, O Oruaoii Churchman, \v
Portland, U Catholic Sentinel, w
Portland, O On^uui^n, d.xw
Porilaiid. O .Staudurd, diiw
PortU .d, Commercial iieimrtc-r. w
Portland, O WillaiucLto rarmui", w
Portland, O , . . .
llesourct s of Oretjon ami Washington, w
Portland, o Doutschu Zeituny ((ler.), w
I'artlaud, O PueiUc Chiu-cli Advocate, w
PortUnil, tl Sundjy Mercury, w
Porthmd, O hiuiduy Welcome, w
PortLiiKl. O llota luiKx, d
Portland. O \ilidieutor, w
PorUund, O..... liull. tin, d^cw
Pctuluma, C Bonuma County I'rvM. w
Petaluino, <,'ourier, w
I'et^duma, C Arifis, \v
PlucLTvdIi', C Mountain Deniouiat, w
Placerville, O Keimlihcan, w
Pcndl.tuii, O i^aat 'lifgonian. w
Pcudlottin, i) Indeiiendent. w
Pv.*mileton, 0/ Triliune. w
Pinal. A Tbfi Pinal Drill, w
Phiuiiix. A Halt Itlver llemld, w
Phu'iiix, A Arizona (iazette, w
Pioch J, N iteconl, w
Pri-ttcott. A AJiiitiiirt Jliuei. d^LW
Pre cott. A Deuiocnit, diw
Prov.\ I' I'lnijuirer, su
Pu.t Dr.onl, O Pu:.t, M-
■\*ark City, V Kocord, w
Port Towntw-nd, VV Ar^niS vf
I'ort Townsund, W Democratic PrusB, w
ijuiney, C I'lumai irafionul, w
i;ed\V(.M)d C!*j', <'.. Jounitil, w
lledwoodi'ity. C Timc;i and (Jaactto, w
Htihu! n-illj, <_■ i:el r.iver i:cho, w
Kiversidu, C Prcsa, w
ICwhUns, C IndcKn''.ent, w
lied^Un?. (; Dj:aocn:t, w
lie I lUuiF. C Peoitlo'a Cjaac, Uiw
Ilul Illuff. C .Sentinel, w
llenn, N Journal, dSivr
lleno, N (Jazett-', di;w
Jleno, N Times, w
Itul.y Hill. N Minhi;j Kuirort, w
Iloscburj, O Plaindealcr, w
I'oHeliurs, (J Inde;vnd'jnt. w
SteHacoom, W Ilsjire-^a, w
San Joac, (' Time!', il
Sun Joae, C Piuntjcr, w
San Jo3u, Courier, '(ier.>, w
Han Jose, C .^rcrcmy. <l;iw
iSin .Toso, C IIe:-ii.]d, d-^w
.■?an JoHe, C Ileacili^lit, w
San I.euuili-o, C Sentinel, w
San Leamlro, C. Pei'orter, w
Santa Clara. C Santa Clara Journal, vr
Kan And( eas, C AdvertlBLr, W
San Andreas, C Calaveraa Citi.-:en, w
San AndVi-'UH, C Pru.ip.'ct, w
Stockton, O Da.ly Mail, <l
Stockton, C Hcnild, d&w
Stockton, C planner, w
StoLktoii, C Independent, d^w
SuRnnville. C Lassen Advocate, vr
Su.<aiiviHe, C PiemiMic?.n. w
Seattle, W rinhaek, vr
Hjatcie, W Post lutelllajucer, di:w
SeatMe, W Chronicle, diw
Sau DieiTv', (! Union, diw
San Dieyo, (' News, d&w
Sunta Cruz, C Sentinel, w
Santa Cruz, C Local Item, w
Santa Cru;% C Tranncrii)t, w
Sonorji, (.' L'nion-DtiUiocrat, w
Soiioni, C Imlcpendent, w
Santu Darliara, (.' Pres.=>. d«LW
Sitita Darhanv, (,'.... Indejicndcnt, sw
Santu BarUtr:!, C La CJacuta, w
San ilafael, C .Juuruol. w
Sau Uala'-l, C TocsUi, w
Silver Mountain, C Alpino Chronicle, vr
ShaUa, C Courier, w
Sail Lui.ttU'laiHt, (.' Tiihunc, w
S.uita Itosa, C Sonoma Democrat, w
iJauta llona, C l.epulilican, d&w
Su -ta Ana, C Herald, i-*
Spokane. W Tinici*, vr
Sacramento, C Bee. d&w
Sacramento, (J Itecnrdrnion. di.w
Sacruiiiento, C AdvertiHtr. tw&w
Saerauu-nto, C Au icuUurlat, w
Sacramento, C Suiday Times, w
Sacmmento. c JoUiUal, (Oer. ', hw
San Bernardino, V Index, w
Siia Ikr.airdino, C TUulh, d.vw
Sulina.! City, t." Democrat, vr
SaliuuaCIty, C luUei, w
-ao. i . Jrr . ur gigiCLi:
APPKN'PIX.
779
Sail lliu-naveuliim. O Ventura Hignal, w
Bun r>iuniivcn*.ura, (' Kn-o Vtv&n, w
SitvtT City, X Tiiiios, tw
St. Ht;lciiu. O rflar, w
Salom, O Daily Tomh Talk, il
Balcin, O Statcflp>iiii. Akw
Hull. Lake, V. ....DuSLTct Ncwa. itiiw
SuhLiike, V .Juvtiiilo Instructor, w
Halt Lake, V .....Cliristiau Advui-uU'. w
SiUt Luke. U Tr.liuiiiL', .liw
Salt Luke, i: IleriU.l, il5;w
8uoh(iiiiinlt, W Northern Ktar, w
Silver llvut, V Miner, w
Sutro, N In^Upenilent, w
St George, I.* Pomoloijirtt iiml (iiinlner, w
SoiKira, Mex I^ 0<nititiu:iun, —
Sinalua, .Mex . .Lt Urgaiio du Sinulca, ~
Sau Luis llev, C Htjir, w
Sulaun, C Reiiul'li^un. w
St. Hcteiiii, O Colmuhiiin, w
Silverton, O ApiJLul, vr
Silver City, I Avalaticlie, w
Silver City, N. M lleraKl, --
Silver City, N. M Chruniclc, -
Sau i'rauciHCo, C Alieml I'oot (fk-r.), <1
" Alta Culifoiiiia, ilkw
" ^Vryonaut, w
'* Argus, w
" Calif ornian, m
*' (,'aUfornia Christian Advotut^', w
" California Demokrat i<Je..),d£;w
•* California Jourual, diV^.
" California Spirit of the Timea, w
" California Stuats /eituu:^ ((«er,), w
" Cunuiiercial IleraUl, w
" ....Couriier lie Hiin Francisco (Fr.), (li«-
*' Jiveniu:,' Uulktin, d&w
" Kveiiing I'oat. diw
*' Kxiiniiuer, d&w
" (iolden Km, w
" IlelTiiw (EnK. and *!er.), w
•' La tSoeiedad (Hp, ', t w
" La V(t7. del Nutvo Mutido (Hp ), r w
" La Vocii ilel I'opolo (It,), w
" Sriuiug and Scientific I'rehs, w
" i'\lonit<ir, w
" Mornintf Call, t\Kw
" Occident, w
" Paeilic, w
*' I'acUic KvanHelist, vr
** raride l.'luirchnuin, w
" (irocer and Countr>' Slcrcliaiit, w
" Pueilic Methotlint, m
" ....rucille Hcboul and Uouiu Jouinnl, ni
" llcsourcea of Ciilifomla, m
" liurul I're.ss, w
" rolitlctil Iter rd. w
" San FraneiBCo Chroniek-, d^ff
" . .San rranilacu Jouriml of Conunerue, w
" San Francisco Ncwi I^'tter, w
" Sun Kraucisco Stock ilxchanae, ili:v.'
" Sttifk lUport, dkw
" \'rl(i>rlen (Mi^Qn,), u
'• California I'atron, "
" American liruida' .Inur.iul, w
" California Chronil: Uler.), w
" Cullhirnla Mail Ituij, ni
" Coast Keview, i.\
Sau Fniucirtco, C..(.'t)nnn«>rcial News and Hhlpping Unt, il
Hotel tia/i't*.'. d
" Kvuu.:ul. \v
Fi;;aro, il
FiK.tlih^'t. d
" Frateftiitl Kecord. w
" <iuid.-, tri-w
" Hayes \'tdlry Adverli.'iL-r, w
" Ili'lirow Olmerver. w
" llunntrist {(Jer.). w
'■ Jewish I'uHTeHrt, w
" Jt'Wittli Tiine.s, w
" lolly (Ihint, w
" I^i KiimMica, vr
" ...Lau'.lduinal, -
" Le IV'tit dournal, d
Lisht For All m
" MHHunle Miintldy
" Medluo-LiU-rary .louni.-il, m
" MuHieal Clippin;;. m
" Muaical I'eview, ni
" New Afe, w
" Our ClioHt II Frieml. n.-m
" I'atilie Apiwal. w
" I'. C. Law Journal, -
" l'acifle<»roi'n')aeker, w
" raciiic Land Journal, ui
" Pacllic Statea Watchman, h -ni
" The i'aeiilc, w
" Han Fraiu'iscoiirupliic, w
" ri. F, llliuitrat».d Wnwp, w
" S. F. iMerchant, w
S. F. Trade Ik-viuw, -
" Htctta-Har»-l'oAttn (.^we ), vr
Truck !c, C lie I mill lain, h. vr
Tehan a, C Toi-ain, w
Tuinb.s. ine, A Weekly Xufc';;et, w
Tonilif.tc le. A Fpitaph. d.'tw
Tipton^fillt N. M Fionerr, w
Tucson. A Star. «I&w
Tueaoii, A Kl Fnmterizo (Sp.), w
Tucson, A Citizen, diw
TucRon, A Heeord, d&w
Ckiah C. IVh.h, w
Vklali, O Denioiimt, w
Ik-fJi, C Di^patih, w
Union, O Mountain Sentinel, w
>'uucouver, W. Indeiieudent, w
Vaucjuivei, W IlegiHter, W
Vidlejo, C Times, d.'iW
V;iih:j '. C. ETcnlug Chronieh', d»Vw
\ ,ide)o, C NeWH, ^
Yisali... C Times, a
V.Kidi-i, C) Delta, w
Virjiliiia City, M KutcrpriHu, D
Virilniu City, N Chronicle. d;*w
Victoria, U, V lirltlali '..'olnnist, diw
Victnila. ii. C Ktamlirtl, dOw
WallHlnn-tf, W TIuuk. W
Whuteom. W Mail, w
Wiwlilngtoii Comera, Aliuneda lU'iKirter, w
WdloWB, C luimial, w
Winter.^. (J Advocate. O
WalMiniill'. c I'ajaro Valley Hun, w
W.iljiiinvilJr. C Tmnsaipt, w
WaUonvllIu, C ...Pujaronian. w
WeaverrlUe, C Trinity Jonrniil, \r
WooiUaiid, C Volo Mail, w
J
M:'
m
■i' '
'■ r.<
7S0
Ai'pi-..vr)ix.
\Vmi.Uunil. (• Vdlo Ui'iuocrat, iliw
Wlu'ulIaii'I, C NfWs, w
Wi-slKii, o Ltia<lc'r, w
AVinuL'iMUrcji, N Silver Stau;, d
W'ulla Wiillii. W VuUiu, w
WjIIu Wiillu. W Wut( hmaii. w
Wullii V.'iilla. W Stuturtiaan. w
Yubtt *.'ity, C Itunucr. w
Yulja (-'lly. C runiRT, w
Vrckft. C Jinimal, h.-w
Yri;ka, ll TrilrtvUf. w
Yiiijiii, A Hi-ntim^l. w
Yiniiii, A Fri'O l*ii;s^. w
Yaly, H. O luliui-l Suutiut'l, w
OILS.
AllyiU'4 Whim 112 Front BC, H. F., ('
Di tz. A. O. & (.'o "-'.IFrimtBt, S. F., <J
Klirmuii. MS; Co lu-l Front Bt., S. V ,('
Huywanl, A 221 4'aliforiiiii St., S. F.,
Kuli.v. J. II. & Co 221 Murkft »t., S. F.. C
KostL-r. Henry 410 SansMnnoBt.. rt. F., C
Imv.C Ailolplic & Co 203 (.'alifornia »t., S. F.. C
Nicliola, A. O. & Co 402 Ilaltfry Bt, S. F., C
Kedlnglon & Co 523 Jlarkiitst, S. F., C
'Whitticr. Fullur & Co cor. Front ami Fine Rtfl., S. F., C
■WililaniB. Uimoud &C'o 252 M.irknt St., S. 1"., C
YttU-s .t Co 113 Front St., 8. F., U
OILS— LUHItlr.MINO.
Continuntal Oil anil Transiiortation Company
123 California St., S.F.,C
Cn!gors', II. r. & Co 2 California St., S. P., C
Tatnm .t IJoWfn 320 Market »(., S. F., (■
WiirJuEi, W. II 223 Xacriinionto st., K. I'., C
Yati'SSi Co 113 Front St., .1. !■'., C
OlLH—M.vNrFAcxnnERa.
All)cra. Cliarlos 700 Mission St., S. F., C
Caiifomia Oil ItcfllU'ry 2212 Taylor Bt., H. F., C
Caliromia oil Works 124 JIain St., .S. F., C
California SUr Oil Works Co.402 MontsomcryBt., S. I'.. C
Omy, <i. W. U Sons Salem. '.»
Kelly & Dunno rortlan'.I.
Ohlanilt. N. i Co. (Neatsfoot) I'otri'ro, S. F, C
racillo Coast oil Co 402 Montaomtry »t., S. F,, C
I'aiiHc Kunueno W.irk.i 112 Front St., H. F., (!
Phmnix Oil Work.i 112 Front. st., S. P., c
SkiiU'fati' Oil Co. Victoria, II. C
OTL-CLOTII
n,arclie, Dicilrich & Co 710 .Market bI., S. F, C
Sliwme. \Y Si J 525 Market St. Si. F., C
Walter, I). .V. Si 1". (.'o.cor.Uattery and Market Rls.,S, F., C
OIL CLOTIIlN'ti-.M.VNrp.vtTi i:l:lin.
ABher k Sniitll 325 Davis St., S. !■'., C
D.ivis 4; Kiillosi; 34 Calirornia Bt., S. F., C
Mar'i.s Uwic Portland, o
MarllH, M 52 Clay »t, S. P., C
McCormiek, W. M jVsttiria, O
Ni ville .'i Co 31-33 Califoniia Bt., H. P., C
.Sclnni.lt. II 4031 IJruve Bt, S. P., C
Sutton, Cliarles, ,Ir. & Co 32 Caiifomia St., S. F.,
OUE CON-CKNTUAT0KS-.M.lNlKA<TlKnilH.
AdiUU.i A; Carter IOC Caiifomia St., S. P., C
Caiifomia Conecntration Co. .331 Mont,iomery st , H. F., C I Curtuz, B. .
lleudy, •foi;hua Missio.i and Fremont sts., .S. P., O
' San iJieyo Concentration Co, .323 Slontyomery St., S. P., O
I Stclibuus Concentrator Co 331 Mont;jomury St., H P., O
I OUGANS— MaNLTACTL'UEUS.
I Antiaell, T. M Powell and JIatket stB, 8. P., C
I Bert'strom, Joliu (Cliurell Organs)
I .Mission, nr. Twenty-ninth, H. P., C
I Mayer, Joseph 127 I'ase »t,. S. P., C
Seiioenstuin, P. II 511 Fulton St., 8. P., C
i Schoenstein, Feli.x F 012 Cirih av., 8. F., C
i I'AI.NTS, OILS ASD OL^VSS.
' Allyne .'.While 112 Front St., 8, P., O
I BasB, T. J. i.Co 27 DuiKjnt St., S. P., O
Cliad.lerdon, J. L Satnimento, O
I Deitz, A. C. 4; Co 7-0 Front Bt., S. P., O
liuntcr 11 OS. li Co., cor. Second and Market sts., S. P.,
! Kelly, James U. i Co 221 Market St., 8. P., O
Uoster, Henry 410 Sansome Bt., ii. P.,
McKee, tieo. 11. & Co San J030,
lii-diuston & Co 523 Marliet St., S. P.,
M'luttier, Fuller & Co cor. I'ine'and Front Ht.s., S. P., O
Whittier, Fuller & Co Sacramento, C
Yates & Co 113 Front St., S. P.,
I'APIiU.
Illako, riolibina & Co 51G Sarmmento St., 8. P., O
California Paper Co 10 California st., S. P.,
Frank i Co eoi-. Sacramento and Sansimie slji , S. P., O
FreundScCo 2041inBhBt., 8. P., O
Ciraltam Palicr Cu. (Agency) ,,507 Montiiomery St., S. P., O
Metzser. L 2C8 P.ush St., 8. P., O
Oweu PalmrCo. (Agency) 721 Mark.tht , 8. F., O
Platshek & Harris 312 Sacramento St., S. P., O
Itemingtfjn, A. I>. & Co 413 Sansome St., 8. P., O
Scjinour, Samuel , 4'jO Tehama st., 8. P., O
Taylor, 8. P. & Co 41GCljyBt., 8. P., O
I'AJ'ER— ManLI VCTl'ltlUlS.
Brown Bros. A; Watson Corralitoa, C
California Pap;T Co .10 Caiifomia St., S. P., O
Clac^ama-i Paper Co Portland, O
King, 1:. 'i*. A; Co Sai-atoga, O
Lick PaiH5r Co 110 Front St.. 1-1. P., O
I'ioueer I'aper .Mill 414 Clay St., 8. P., O
Taylor, 8. P. i Co 410 Clay St., 8. F„
PAPER IIANOlNCiS.
Clark, George W 045 Market »t., 8. P., O
Kdwurchi, FVankG 030 Clay St., S. P., O
<inuiiH3rtz Ji Brooks 323 Sutter st., 8. !•'., C
Walter, D. N. & K. & Co
cor. Battery and Jlarket sts., S. P., C
PAn.VSOLS-MAXl lAcruuKlls.
Barr, John D 323 Bush st., 8. P., C
PEU PI.'.MEH Y- JlAX I, rAtr u umts.
Cowan & Co WS Mission St., S. p.,
Peck S Cahnann lO'J Battery st., 8. F.,0
Luders, A 430 Minna at., 8. P., O
PIANO FORTES AND OUC>AS8.
Antisell Piano Co. . . .cor. Market and Powell sts., 8. P., O
Arnold, N. 8. & Co 310 California Bt., 8. F., C
Ba*lger, W. G 13 SansoniuBt., H. P., O
Bancroft. A, L. .t l.'o 721 .Market St., 8. P.. U
Benham, lUAL 047 Market st , .-i. P.. O
20 O'Parttill Bt., ». P., O
^j«aiPMBMn.'uakSkMhTiiM«ai
7"!
f;ocKlllou;1l, A. >t 2JHfth«t, 8. F, C
O.ny. JUtthlaa 117 r.istat., S. K., (
IKalj-.doo Zi DiiL.nt Bt., H. R, V
Kolilcr Ji C'huse 1J7 I'uat Bt. H, R, C
Louj, ii. II 1815 Washinston »t., S F., U
O'l'oimor. ,1. II. !s. Co 2.i Duimlit »t,. S. V.V
I'Utc-, Vr'. H SOXuw Mimt-imiwyiit., S. R, C
Riiilolf. II. ;i I'll 107 Stoiktoli Bt, a F.. t,'
Kluiip, Will. T Cl'J Uliikimvu., S. V , ('
Kli.riimii, t-'Uy ii r Uli Ktumy^t., M. F., ('
KlK.nr.ur, V. W. S Co 2J Fifth «t., S. F., C
TuLlii. Sim« .1 Co 811 Maikct «t., 3. F., V
WixKlwoilli, Kchull J; Co 1(15 IJtocktoii It., S. F.,0
IMANO FORTES- MANrr.M-ruiiEn.t.
Autiaull Pijiiio Co , .31«rki.-t anil I'nwt'U Bt., H. F., C
Il:ilcli, lIonlLO Jl MJ MiBslciii St., H. F., (,'
I"ay, UoU'rtJtCo 171 J Shsoii st., S. F., C
Hull, C. U I'Jlllolikiidiit'av., a P., I!
Kocli, J. D 211 -Niiitlmt., H. R. C
laini-, S. II 4M Montaoiiury t, H. R, C
Uuilolph, (1. &Co , lOTKtocktunst., S. F., C
ShLTniiin ;; Clay 139 ICcaniy Bt, S. F., C
Stmtlmiii & Cimc IWl'iiBtst, a F., O
Zucli, J;icob 211 MntU Bt, 8. R, C
I'ICKS-JlAXlJFACTtllKIW.
Wright John 13 I'lviiiout «t, S. F., C
PIOTURK FRAMES-MANrtACTUKKllu.
Cohen lltinnau - i'i Duixmt at., .S. F., C
Oiimp, .S. ii(i 531,.MaikctBt, a R, C
UailBimitt liros 217 I'lno Bt R F. (!
Sanborn, VaU i Co 857 Market st, .a F., C
PILLOWS— Man UFAcTntEiirf.
Wcsthall, J 704 MlBSion Bt, a. F., C
PLANED LUMBEE-MASUFACTf BERS.
A.Ihi Pkiiiin!! Mill Aaiu,C
AruH-ntrout E. A San Uurnariliiio, i'
Uui-ni;.l, D. <i. ti C'o Hoilth Vullejo, C
llamoa BroB. .>c I Ji'ilsi.' East OakkuiJ. 1-'
Euiuforil IJro:? WcBton, O
llcai.0, J. l: Binitlii, < •
lUoua, M .Miilu ay, V
IJoca Mill (.'o Hota, C
Ilnulforii, H. H Sonora, (.'
Bmnsteter, P (irass ValLy.
Bumham, StanJcford \V. A Co .Oakl.mil. C
Cal.lwcira Plaiiiii:; Mill WooiUaiKl, C
Cal'forni.T, PlaniHo' Mill Iliwaril aiul .Spcnrsta, H F , C
Carter, E. i Co Alhuny. <)
Ccntcunial Plauin^j Mill 55(i Hrannan st, .S. F., C
Cuntral Uerry, W. Fourth st, .a R, (.'
Cooler. H. M ■ . . .Tuuiwutor, W
Cram, W. II PahniBO, W
Crano, Will. .■; I!r03 BroiniBvilli', C
Car.1 U Lair Scattli-, W
UaviB, ( 'Ims l:lo Vi;ita. ( !
Dyer ,'i Clarcy Poiuiroy, W
East Oaklanil Planins Mill F.aat (lakliin.l, i '
Eutorpriso I.I11I 217 SiKiar Bt, S. P.,
EnterjiriBi' Mill anil Lunilier Co San .lo.se,
EiMlsior I'luuiiiii Mill CJ7 l!r>aut st, S. F.,
Fitieunilil .t Hi'iulcrson Htockton,
Fliioil, .T. P ■ Lob .\nirilM,
FilMa llroB. 8: 1'o 30-40SiHiar i;t, a F.,
Gllluspie, v. J. a Co SttU JoBO,
aliiBBfor.l, Win Walla W.illa, W
Grillilli, .1. M. X I'o 1..IB An cil.M, C
Grovi-B.'i Wll.4on Atlin, l^
Hall, (!. W , Colmilb'a. (•
Ilunaon, .M. i A 130 .Main st, H F, (•
Hanlml'urKh. Isaac U4 MaliiBt, <s. I ,c
Ilarmiin, .?.<-' I inreka, N
ILtrtwt-Il. llotLliklBS & Htilkvr HucmTiicMt^i, C
ILiteh, ll:ll IMyton, W
Uaywanl. C Viitiria. 11. V
Intit, ,1. A. i Co Sarra;ii,'iit.». C
Hyatt & I.conaril tlaktaml, C
laaars, IJi-o. E Mcnvil, ( '
•Tohnson & Co Portlainl, O
Kiiiip, J. &Co im Mission Bt, a P., O
KiniUll. II. F TuniuMtor, W
Korlicl, S. f; r.roH Santa llosa, C
Kmiii, CharluH Tho l)all,-s, O
Latiinf r, Taj lor & Co Salt I^kf City, IT
Lawton ,^ Kkiuner Vn.'ka, ( ■
Lirin. Davhl la.-lmonvllli., <)
Linvillit, A. .1 San B.'nia ilino, C
Marali. I.. S. II \shlaul, O
Jlclutosli, U. M llaker Cily, O
.Mi'niler, II. II I 'uracin City, N
Mochanli:i' Plaiilir;. Mill. .Mission anil Fruniont Bts., .S. F., (!
MocliaiiicV Planlns Mill Portlaml, O
Mitohull, Win ThiiUalliB, <>
Mnirl call k Maun Vict iria. It. (!
Nny L. (1. & Co Petalmuit, O
Pearl & Allen IlalK-y, O
Pearson, AmBtlun & Burnett Hacr.iin 'iito, ti
Perry, Wooilwartl^ Co Lo:i An^-ele.i, C
iVITer, .lohn Mfti-yavillo, O
PhiUilis i; Favour Ilealililmrr', O
l*utnani. -S .Vii'ir.ni. C
Hitter k I Inliiian Dayton, W
lioyal City Mill Xew Westminster, 11. O
Scranton, ,Iolin Ishiml City, o
Se,iiior, ( loo Wrifa-hfii, ( )
Sharon & Co Pemlleton, (*
.Shaver, Isiuw. Han 1,'afacl, O
Shaw & tMiiifl Sttito 1, O
Sh paril. It I Santa Ilarham, (I
Sloper ^Fuller IV taltiina C
Santa Clara Valley M. & S. Co San Jose, O
Hanla Cm.'. Liunhcr Assoelatlon Santa Cniz, O
San Die:jo I'la-.iing .Mill C.) San Dic^-o,
Han Jor,u Iinlelienilont M. k I,. Co San ,Tosi'. O
Smith, Daniel B iker (.'Ity, <)
Smith, A. tiny ci Co .\iiahelni, O
South PiitIi Pla-llui' .Mill 3(K Batt.'ry ?t, P. P., O
South Point Planing Mill. . . .Berry an.l Thlril st"., S. F„ O
SisjirSti-ut Planing .Mill SOSiiearBt., S. F., O
Htoektoii I'lauiiij .Mill Berry at, near Fourtli, S. F., O
Strahati ;; Cook 1 'ortlauil, O
TeiTy *c Brown San Dietfo, O
Tlieiscn, ,Tolin .1... Valencia Bt, near Ei^ihteentlu S. F,, C
Walsh, .Michael, Tweuty-seconil niiil Valencia bib., S. 1'., O
Wehater, J. M Sprhrl llrook, W
Wetlierli.v, fleo M Bryant anil Fifth sts., ,S. F.,0
Wlilto, Thus Stockton, O
Wriuht W. li San Beruaraino, O
POTTERY— JiAXUKAirruKEiiR.
Albion Pottery Am ioeli, < I
Braniiaii, Daniel Uaklanil, O
Bunilock, II. l' Sacramento, (J
7«2
APPKNDIX.
Channel Pottery ami Drain Pipe Works
4>i Molitfc'onii'ry Ht., H. !•'.,
fliirli, X, Ji i;.,iia IJlj-iaW Marlii-t «t., il, 1'., t '
Dunnlsou. W. II fc K. II Naiki (Jity, V
Kaiiiliy i ('urtwrislit Hall Lain; L'ity. U
Olaiia.ni-. MclfeuM & Co 1310-1310 Market «t., H. I'. 1/
ll!i.:ajil li Ijvrl I,ii:i A:is-lo3, I '■
Sliiililox, < Jt'.irjL- HiMiraiUinto, <-'
Mlj-ots, I'. II Orcson Wty, O
MtiL'r, Jaiiicd & t-'u (KUilaal, (.'
K rtli IViiilitVluonlPilMi Co... .U2 California «t., H. I'., (;
Ow. U!^ .J.ilin II 22 (••■iDfoniia lit. H. V., C
Vilam, !■■ Salt Lii!; ■ Cjty, U
Il;ui(Kinic, K. L i&2 -MuntyoiULTy at.. :i. i'., C
titi;l;,'cr A .Sati Jo»?, C
Voii Ilattiui, P. Hacmmcuto. C
POWDKll-MAKurAcnTniins
Atlantic (iiunt Powder Co lOCalifuniiast., .'^. P.,
Ciliforui.i l'<iinU'r Worlis 230 1 'alifoniia St., .S. F., C
California Viyorit Powder Co 62 Nuvail.i iSlo.it. .S. I' , O
Dii;u>iit Powder I'o 113 Pi juBt. ti. I'.
Kiirelia Powder Co 31 J i'inj fit.. H. 1'-. C
Exculaior Powder Co 40 Mercliauta' Ill^jlian^e, H. V , C
Ciaut Powder Co 210 I'runt ct, H. P.. O
Hanly Powder Co 410 California a;., S. 1'., C
Uereule.s Powder Works 230 < California fit.. H. F.,V
Judfion Powder Co 2U l-'roiit fit . H. F., C
Safety Sitro Co 4JJ California »t., S. V.,
Safety r.nvder Co Octavia and Oroeliu'icli s:j., S. P., C
Tiiu.i'ler PowiUr Co 606 Monti,'o;nery fit, ti. P., C
Tonile Pi.wiler Co 310 California at.. S. P., C
Union Powder Co 40 California fit. H. F., C
Vul-un Powder Co 213 California at, S. F., C
Warren Powder Co 21 .Merchants" ilxcliano'e, S. P., C
PniNTKItS-U(H)K ,\S1> Jou.
Hacun t Co Cor Clay and Manaomo ata. , S. F. ,
llanerofl, A. h. i Co 721 Market at, H. F.,
llod:iiii, I'dwurd ^L Co. .Cor. Clay& Leideailorif ats., .S. !■',,
Br.)die, ,1. 11. t Co 420 Clay at, S. F..
Canil.iny.J. II 4J;i WaiiiiuaUinst, H. P.,
Cottl ■ ii Wri^lit Kan Jose,
Crociier. If. ; ». U i',t Saeranicnto,
CroL-lier, U. S. i Co 21.-. linili fit., ». F.
Doui-berty, P. l;. & Co Ill Clay at., .i. P.,
Eastman. Frank i; Co o',3 Ciayat., .'i. 1'.,
Francis & Valentine 517 Clay st.. ». P.,
Hinu.*, lieo. II I'ortiand,
Uinton, W. .M ii Co ..530 Clay st, H. F.,
Mnrdnci!. C. A. Jc Co .' .532 Clay at. S. R.
Owen. .1. J .San .Toae.
Pacilic Pres:? Printina Co Caklard,
Uieinnond. L. (1. it 8ou 421 Mouc:{oluery at , H. P.,
Scliwab fc Anderao.i Portland.
Siauldiuj, Geo. &Co !H(;lay»t, S, P.,
Sterett, 11. F 512 Clay St., ». F..
Tllomai. P. .1 533 Clay Bt, S. F..
WiiittTljurn, JoBL'i h f.; Co 417 Clay fit. {». P..
WuU'n •, A. f 1 Portland,
^V'-av!;-. H. A SjicraTnunto,
Woodward, Will. A. ^ Co 520 California fit., H. P..
PROVISIONS.
Athearn £ Co 6 St juart at. S. P., i;
Bii'Ijy liroii Cor. Clay and Davia sta., ."j. P.. (.'
Breeze & Lon^Iiran . . .Cor. Wasliington .'; I>.r is Rta.. S. P.. C
llrisiiani. miitnc-y ,<; Co :;2;) i'r^.nt at. S. F , C
Castle liros. 1 Loujie 213 Pliiut St., H. F , C
Dolli'lil.ino & Co 421 Datt.Ty at,. H. P., U
D.d.re. rtnveney&<'o 114 .Marllet i,t. fi, F., O
Do lie. W. W. ic I'.i Cor. CUyn.il I'ro.it 8t.l., S. P., O
Elu'mau, M. SlCo 101 Kroatfit, Si. F.,0
Pellina ti Il.'nry 121 Front at, 8. P., O
Poiniith & Dod;e 325 Front at, S. P., O
Fiit.T, .-i. .si,') 2iCa!i.'o:nlaat. S. P., O
Oetz lima, i C.i 3J1 Pro.it at, S. F.,
ILtn Uro.i. . . . i 102 Cili.'orilia a'.., 8. P.,
llaiaht. Kj'.iu:-. .V C 2JiProntnt, rt. P., O
llaily K Sjow 12) Caii.ornla st, S. F., O
Ilentrieh. Lewi; 513 Front nt., 8. P..
llonaton, W. ,1. ,>; c'o 205 Front at. 8. P.,
dennin;;ri, Tlioniaa 116 Hansomc at., B. F., O
.JoncaiiCo 220 Front lit, S. F.,0
Keyea, O. U 50 Steuart at, 8. P., O
Kruau & liolur 20D Front at., f). P., O
Lohuian >'c CojhiU 313 Front «t, .S. P., O
-Manjels, M. &C 310 Clay at, S. P., O
Martin, Fenaler <c Stotlani 311 Clay >t. ei. F., O
.Mcllenry, ii. & Co 42) Front at., S. P., O
MeKay/V Drown 427 Davis st, H. P., O
Merry, Faiill it Co 123 California nt, S. F.,
Mlehelssen, llrown *i Co 310 1'roiit at.. .4. P., O
Midilletoo i Co. 021 Froiit at, S. P.,
Uoot S .landeraon !22.^Llri.■et st, ci. P., O
Uoluit:x'o i; McClmX! 401 Front at, .S. P.,
San Francisco Packing and Provision Co.
515 Waabtnston st., S. F.,
Stoeli', i:idjr & Co 201 Front at, 8. F., O
Htea.lia& Hmitli 42J Front st, 8. F., O
Taller, Uarker & Co 103 California fit, S. P.,
Tillman & IJendel Cor. Battery and Clay ata.. 8. F., O
Von llomi &i Uencke Bros 406 Front at, 8. P., O
Welllnan, I'cck i Co 126 JIarkot at, S. F., O
Wlicaton I; l.n'jrs 213 Front at, S. F., C
Wieiaiid llro.i 32J Front st, a P., C
Wilson, .t. y. & Co 508 Market at., M. P., C
Wi««ter. IluliboU & Co 317 Front st, S. p'., O
PUOVISION PACKERS.
Arnold & Co ..
Cor. Valencia and Twenty-tliird fits.,
Aulicrt, Allicrt lOH. P. Market,
Bailey Bitis 71 California .Murltet,
Bunker, 11. F 7.1 California .Market,
Ciirtl.i, Jojiii «; Son 232 P'hth at,
Dentiaril, .Tohn Cor. Howard and Nintli sts.,
L>rouet, II 1420 Stookton at,
Ilentrich. Lewis 513 Front iit.
Merry, Paull t Co 125 Califoniia i!t.
Jlieiielaaen, Brown li Co v — . 310 Front at.,
Muller & Koenig 16 California ^Inriiet,
lied Cross Packing Co 801 Sansome at,
Reinlu t Puchs 3 Grand Central .Market.
San Pranclaco Packing and Proviaion Co
513 Wasliiu:,'toa st,
Schuck, II. i: ('o 211 Polaoni st.
South 8au l-'rancisco Packin:; and Provision Co
Cor. Fourth av. and ^I at. . 8.
Wilson, J. Y. & Co 503 Market St.,
nUUBER GOODS.
Davi.i & ICellosg 34 California st., 8. F., O
Dolun, .lames W 411 5Iarl;et »l.. 8. P., O
Folkel». .1. II. A. i Bro 118 Montgomery st., H P., C
Goodyear Rubber Co 577 Market St., 8. F., C
H. F.
a. p.
a p.
8. F.
8. F.
s. p.
c
8. I-.
a
8. F.
8. F.
y. P.
a. P.
8. F.
W. F.
H. F.
S. P.
8, F.
c
8 P.
a
API'F.NDIX.
?«,!
('ri-3ory, II. 1' & L'o 2 (■ilit..r.ilii »t., ». V., I'
OuttalVrcliaiUuliln'r<!j ."4Jl MurSiit B'., S. !•'., C
Nuv.Uj iv Co 31-3J<'ii:i'nniU«t., rt. P., I!
SiiUc.ii, jr.. I horliB f; 1 'o ;4 3lU'aliroiiil»iil.., S. 1'.. l'
Wiitl, .Ic.hu l.Iuwvlry) li-i McAlilstw si., s. I'., l'
WilliaMS, Dlmimil i: Cii 203 Marktt 1 1.. 11. P, C
Wnoiidocilot IluMwr Co 4U Murkol »t.. H. V., C
S.VILS— MAMUrAUTUIlKllS.
llhikoston. .1. I Ol-'liiy»t., H F. ('
I'unk. (.!. O *i <*«• «t . ■■<. '■'■. •'
llanlingS: Ui-aiin aiCloy St., H. F,. ('
Hfyi"''l». TliouiM Marbot uiid Htouart «t«., S. F.. ('
Slmlfflon & I'islwr M MWuurt »t.. S. !•'.. C
Wooil, W. U 44 Maikit Kt. H. F.. C
SALT -Masiii'.\( 1 L'HKlt!*.
Barton, IJ. F. & Co 213 Ha-^nuiicnlo Bt., H. F.,i'
Juroniy s Co '■'■'" I-uUo City, U
Marsicalio, I' 411 Waabiiiifton «t.. H. F,, C
riumm;.T Bros 221 CUy st, .s. F., O
Tlio Unum Pai'llic Salt Co 210 .SacraniL-iitii st, 14. F.,
SAWS.
I'acilic ,Saw Mfg Co 17 I'ruinoiit «t, S. F., C
HAW.MILI. MACHINi:UV.
Birch, W. H lU lijak at, S. F, C
Crjjory, n. P. SlCo 2 California St., S. F., C
Honcly. .losinia « Fmiiont Kt., S. F., (!
IIu;itiuiton, T. A HO I'roinoiit st, H. P., O
Small, Isaacll S74 i;raimaii st, S. F.,0
SHIP BUILUEUS.
B.jn(lisr,oii, H. D I'.tir.ka. O
Djaii, E. n. ScCo Coos Hay. <)
Dickie Bros I'J Kttuart st, S. P., C
Hall Bros Port niakoly, W, T
SlmpsouBros '-■ooa liay. i)
Turner & Uuu.llo Biltliht, H. F„ (:
Whit.', Charles S. P., C
SHIPPINO MERCHANTS.
Pier 17. .SUlUirtst, S. P., C
. .310 (_ alil'oniia St., S. F., C
Adams, Wm. J
Balfour, Guthrie k Co. .
Ballanl, Duuiio Jt Co
Bal/.cr, Henry & Co
Barcila, P. L
Brown, V. & Co
California Steam Naviijation Co
Washlni.'ton St Wharf, S. F.
22Ci'.llforniaBt, S. P. C
209 Hansome 6t, S. P., C
.213 Sansonie st, S. P., C
.,641 -Market St., H. P., C
Chapman, James F. & Co. . .
Califonlia Transportation Ci
Oor. I
ColHn. Geo. F. 4; Co.
Col jniaii, Wm. T. HCu
Cor'i 'Ht it -Macl ^ay
CraMforil, A
Do Castro, D. & Co
Dempster i: Keys
Dlbblee, Allwrt
Dickson, DeWoH ii Co
Dolljoer is Ca-. non
Donaidson.M Co
Drushach, Wni
tarle, V. W. ;o Co
riiut, Peabody ci Co
Pontana, M. .1. ii Co
Poroea Bros
Poster, 'i. ii *'o
2 California Bt, H. P., C
ek.Houanil Eaststs., S. P., C
13Plno6t,.S. P., C
121 Market st, S. P., C |
.,,210 Ca iiovnia st, S. F., C
27.M,uket st, H. P.. C
2U .^ant*ome st, .S. F., C
202 Miirket st, S. P., C
. . . .10 (.\ii;fo.-nla st, .S. F.. C
112 liiUrery St. ». v.. C
22 I'uli.oriua St., S. 1'.. C
. ..121 C.ililuniia st . .i. !'., C
...3!8C.ii;:n.-niast, S. P., C
...22(1 l.'al, fur, lia st. a P., C
. ..lOSCaliiorniast.. S P., C
GOJ lia.i jomo st , S. P., C
. . . .30* California st. ri. P., C
20 C.ilifurnia St., S. P., <-'
Prwman, .Mnilth & Co IW 1'sllfonilai.t , S P.,
Freennm & li.ik r. 113 Duvi* st, ,S P.. C
Frils. Sorcn 11. I'eteraon 5^ <'l«y »t.. 1* F,, C
(l.«,ilall, Perkins « Co 10 Market st , M. P., I)
lirae.', ,) W. K Co 10 1'alifornia »t, S P., »'
Hanson. Ai-kuinon & Co Pier 11. SU''uirt.>t. S P.
Ilartc, (;rei;ory P 13a CaUtctrnla »t. H. P., O
Hat-hJi Bar' lay
H fil. Ilulllia/jir rsll Battery ft, S. F . C
Hones. .laU-z :iir2 CaUtornia st . S. P., t;
llaiue, t ieo. W 30;) Sacramento st , «. P., C
IBesey, 11, P. .4 Co 2(15 Front st, S. P., C
lIutthlli.son. Kohl, I'hlllpin'tis S C"
310 SnoBome st. H K , C
KonWelil. John .4 (.'o Pier!). Htonartst. .s. P., (I
i;llll.-S.Co ;;i2 California St. s. P., C
Kin 11. .lame! I'or, St liart an.l Mission »t.i,, S, P,,
Knowle^. J. N 30 C.illfornla st , S. P., O
Lohir, Ch.iiksP 31 Merchants' Kxehanw. S. P.,
Low, C. Ailolphe & Co 208 California b',., H. P.. f
Lowenthal. Livingston * Co 320 California st, S. P., "
LunJ. Henry 214 California st.. H. P., O
Lynde k Hou.di 413 Davis B'., S. P., O
Mivckeiuie li I lllbertson 123 1 'alifomla ut, S, P„
.Macomlray & (,'o 20ii Saiisnme st , S. P., O
Makin, Uolnsrtd 302 (i'alitor.iia st, S. P., C
Mastlrk. ,S. L. & Co Pier 10. Stemirt St.. H. P.. O
MfComiiok & Helanoy U6 Front Bt. S. P . O
.McNear. (J W 20 California st., S. P., C
Melnecke, CIrarles 4 Co 311 Sacramjllto Bt. S. P., C
iSIel. John 34 California St. S. F ,
Mendelson Bros 300 Sacramento St., S, P., O
Merrill. .1. ( '. ,^ Co 204 Cilltomla st, H. F„ U
Moore, A. D lO'.l California i.t. S. P.,
Mneeke, Victor i: Co WJ California Bt, S. P., O
Nannton. (Jeo 524 Battery Bt, S. P.,
Newton Bros. & Co 200 California st . S, P,,
O'N'eill Bio.4 2lOI).i\isat. S. P, C
Parrott i f.'o 300 California st , S. P., C
Peterson, S, B .WClayBt, S, P., O
Ptcrdner&Co .M5 Market Bt. H. P.,
Pierce, K. (1. »; Co 20 California st, S, F„ O
Pope k Talbot 201 California st,, S, F„
Ransom, lili-sha & Co 204 Callfonila »t., S. 1'., O
ncsensbureer, S 102 Battery st , S. P , O
Iteynuld.i, L. .t c'o 10 I'lrst st, S, F„
Uodfers, iMeyer .<; Co 212 B.iltery St., S, P., C
RoscnfiM. Jolni .102 California st. S. P.. C
Sabatie. A. P. .'i Co : . . .017 Sansonie st. S. P„ O
Schusalor, John 107 ilatteiy st, S. p.. C
Scolleld <c Tevis 120 Fiont St.. S. P.. C
.Severance. H, W 310 Califorida st,. S, P
11
.317 California st, S. P..
Portlaud, O
H Market st, s P., C
.12*> California t^l.. S, 1'.. C
.10.1 California r.t, S. P.. O
..liil-'aiifoniiast. S. P., O
Sheehy, It.iltert
Sibsou it Church .^ Co
Simp~o(i. A, M. .vllro
Sis-on. \\.,ll;i-e^. I'm
Spreckeij, .lobu IJ. J£ Bro.
Starrs Co
Stevens, Baker & Co
cor. S.icraineuto and D.ivia st.^,. H P., C
Strauss, IC.
Taylor. (.'. L .v Co
Ten llojch. X >';l'o
Theolralil, lieo, J. .V Co
Tichenor. il, B. i; C.i...
TltcombiiCo
Towie, W. W
Turner ^^ Buudle
:i lljiLtery ;.t.
S.
r..
..31 (.'iilifi)riiiiist,.
s.
■•,.<;
,.n:'C;iiirui-ii!r, .st
.•*',
1',, O
1:! -Murlai. st.
s.
r., o
20u Haeramuuto st
rt.
F . (
..MS TowiisL'ii'lsr,
s.
h\, (v
.1-12 Calif oiuiast .S. P..
7«4
AriT.NIllX.
W.i.lhiiliii. k KltliiH aw Front pit.. H F., V
Wulhiri., .1 J. .vc.i 1118 Ui'liwliirll Ht.H. K, !•
Wcl.liTnl iiM'ii 211 ririt.iiiimi.t,. H. K. •'
W. lo:i A I'll 1ij:p ( 'Hlifiirnitt «t., H. F . < '
W.IK (■lmrl.«ll aot'iilir.inilii »t., S. F. (^
V/MtiK-y, .1, II. * Co lila < 'lay «t.. K V , <:
Wilkiln & C.) \m (.■allf.,riilii m.. S, F., C
M'llliiiiiiii, I)i I & To a)2 >riirl(i-t Kt . S. F., t;
Wiiikli-iiian, lluiry W stcimit »t,. H. F.. r
Yi.ik. l.lHii 34('iilitoilii.i»l , H. F., C
SILK MAM-KAITl'llKHS.
CiiUfiiriiiu Silk Miiuiifa' tilrinu ru.OSS Mitrk^'tflt., H. R, *J
SOAl" M.VM FAITUUEUS.
Aflumn, .TnHcph W 24 *'oTiiiiu'rcinl nt.. H. F.. C
AItu KiiapOj... (irt'tfDii, Tir. I»,i\i«i't.. H. F.. t'
Itiiy H[i.-i]i anil (laiiiUu Co l;ti Fnmt ttt , S. F.. O
lli'ttiiiiiri, .M.iHiii 3ll<',,niiiiirfi.il»l., H. F. C
Ilrnuri. Kicliaril Cluitmel, nr. Fourtwntll Kt., S. F.. O
(-ulifoniia lllL'iu:hil)t{ Snail Cu
Hixtetnlh anil Polsoni »t» . H. V , C
('aiiltal Soaji Factory Sacmnicnto, C
< 'hii-f Hnap Factory Hjwraiiu-iito, C
Chitk Iln.d Xebraiiku. nr. I V^nt^-r Bt., S, F. ('
(■iiliiiMl.iaSoap Worka 2(12 -Markot «t., H. F . C
Ciilninliia Hn.ip Co Portlaiiil, C
Cniiiniiriial Hiiap Co Ilroily, ur, Marki't nt, H. I'., C
Ciliiiill. CiinlavfJiCo -.7 Malk.tiit.,S. F. O
Daklii & I.ihlH'y 223 Hacnmipiito St., S. F., C
Dolali. Thimia.s.... TotrtTo av.. S. F.. C
Kaylii Moap Worka 2.V.I ( 'lay »t., S. F., C
UvUtiian & Lfliiimn 706 llraiinau nt., H. F., C
Hiiiiston, W. J. (t Cii 20S Front St., S. F.. O
Irviiis H. k Co I'ortlaliil. O
Lilli', PUilip Bay ami Wolmtur hIh , S. F. C
Luckd, .1. C rortlanil. O
Lucy, O. 11. fc Co 123 California »t.. H. F., C
McCarthy, James I'tali and ' !ciitcr uta., S. F.. (!
SliBjiiin Hoap anil Candle Works 1(18 lluiili at., S. P., C
Navy Soap Co 310 I'oat st.. S. F.. C
New l-;n:jlatiil Soap Works
<:tali anil Sixteenth stu., S. F., C
Ncwctl .v llm 221 Davis St., S. F., C:
I'oake & Fiskc 34 Cnlitoniia «t., S. F., C
'i-nilray ,<: Co Victoria. 11. C
IVtcrsou, Wm. .J 421 Clay nl.. S. F.. (I
rctcreon. C. A. i Co Juniper St.. S. F., C
Pioneer Soap Factory Sacranieuto, C
Royal Soap Factory 205 Front «l., S, F., O
Scii'.el, FrcihTiik K
f-'aii Hrnnn Koail. nr. Twenty-ninth St., S. F.. C
Binnlieinier JIosi-s 311 Convincrcial St., S. F.. (.'
Smith. I.ury&Co 4(B Fnmt St., S. F.. C
Stan.laril .Soap 0.) 2W Sac:amcuto»U. S. F.. C
SluM<laril .Soa|i \Vorks .s.m Josv. C
StaniUu-.l .Soap Co Portlanil. *>
Htuhr. Auaiist.San liruuo Itoatl. nr Fifteenth av., S. F.. C
Vnion .Soap Factory Jnniper, nr. Folsoniht., S. F., C
Wuintrulv. II Portliuiil. <)
Welch. .M I'tah anil in Dorailo hta.. S. F.. C
S(Jl>A- Masi:fai.tuki;1[s.
llorstiiian. John TOOBiinhst,. S. F., C
SODA WATEK-Maxifacid ki;iik.
Bay City Soila Water Co 112 Colilcn (iatc av. S. F.. C
lieiucrs, C A. ii Co 223 Khn av, S. F., C
Welch. Cliarlcs&Uo 171'Ji Market St. S. F., C
Hhnmnns ft Muson Stockton ami I'nlon sts.. S. F.. O
.Soinim. P. (1 iVllClenientinaft.. S F. O
Thoiniison. (Jeo. C Filhert ami .Marion sis . S F . tj
SPItlXliS- MA.NTFAni UEIIM.
'Jlie llctts Spriiiu Co 218 Fremont St. S. P.,
SPlH.Nll .M.VrniKSS-MA.St I'AITI HERS.
Biiale. Samuel 47 Scijnml St.. S. P.,
, STAIiCll .\I\M lAiTi ui;k.h.
Kvenlnw. J. \ Co U clayst. S. P.. O
srATlllNKllS.
Ilaneroft. A. L. i Co 721 Market St.. S. F., C
Itlake. llol.hlns&Co .'ilC Saeratneiito s',.. .S. F., O
Crocker. II. S, kC 215 Iliisli st . ,S 1'.. C
Oroiker. II. S. fi l'^,, Sacramento. O
Canninifham. Curtlss 6i Welch
.Sansonie ami Sacramento sts., S. F., O
Frank, liolilsmlth & Co -.
.Sansunie ami Sacramento sLs.. S. V., O
filll. J. K. &Co Portlanil. O
llunulftin). W. A. & C. S Sactamentn, O
Le Count Urod 417 .Montsoniery St.. S. F.. (J
Payot, Uphani & Co 204 Sansomu st. S. P.. C
Han Francisco News Co 413 Washington St.. S. F.. C
Waldtei.;.', A .San Jose, O
STOVES ANIJ TIN'WAIIK.
Chllds. M. W I.,08 Anuelea. O
Crawford. J. W Sal. in, O
lie La .Montanya, James 006 llattery St., S. P., O
(iolilsniith A; Ijoewcnltrg Portland, O
Cloodrich, Taylor 2.>1 .Market st . .s. F., C
Uollimiik. Memll & Stetson. . . .22i-239 .Market st . S. P., C
Harper. lJeynold.s & Co Los Auricles.
lU. Johnti 814 Kearoyst.. .S. P.. U
Moutauue. W. W. Si Co 110 lUitteiy St.. S. P., U
Hay. W. S.iCo 12 14 Market St., S F., C
Tay, lieor^e II. .*; Co
(Jllj llatti! yst.,anileo.. Callfonila ami Davis sts., S. F'.. (.1
STUVICS- JiANrFAl-ri'ItEKH.
Paciflc stove and Iron W"orks Co 228 Main St., S. P., C
I!ay W. S. &Co 12 .Market St., S. P.,
Savaye & Sob 137 Fremont St., S. P., G
Tay, lieo. U. fc Co 1114 Hattery St., S P., C
STKAW OOODS-Mamifai.ti liElis.
Atlantic Straw Works 132 Foiu-th St.. S. P., C
Cowles. <i. W. .M 1017 Market St.. S. P., C
Enterprise Straw Works 813 Mission st., .S. !•'.. C
Kxcelsior Straw Works 120 Fourth St., S. F.. C
Paeitie Straw Works Iti Fourlli St., S. P., O
Western Straw Works 108 F'ourth St., S. P., O
SlIiAIt REFIM:1!IKS.
American Sufar Ilcllnery 208 California St.. S. !••., O
California .Sugar Itelinery 215 Front St.. .S. p.. V
San Prunelficoand I'acilic 424 California St., S. P., C
Standard Sugar MIk. Co lOF.ont st., S. P., O
TAXSFltlES.
lleezer, Ilcnry lied wood C'ity. C
Brown. .1. 11 llciiicia, C
Belmont Tanneey Victoria. II. C
Datiforth & Co Santa Cruz. O
lllierhard. .lacob.... Santa Clara. (!
Panning. II. M .Stockton, C
785
Kniiik llr.w KtUwooil City. O
Ori)A'lit:ii .t Nt'bkin Han .It**', <:
IlaliU'Sii IVU-re Eu(it!iio City, o
Innu». J. L llclikla. (I
J.puliui, Mre. J. O SanW Uumi, (,'
Kirl.y ,(i < •<! Manta t'ru/, ( !
KriHi, 11. F Suula I'ruz, (-'
Kiilliimii, WiiencT A Co ItonlcLi, O
KuUmiin. Wasuer & Co Htoi'kli>ii, (•
I!. Lk'mnwoliiT & Co Aitoria. O
McKay H I 'hri»hi)lui Ikiiiiola, ( ^
Oregon Leather Mf« Co I'ortlanil. ( I
ratrii'k. A, U FoljRjm anil Elghteouth sts , S. V , C
I'urkiuj. J. II CiKiinMo CUy, o
rerklna, W. M. & J. M Parkcmlmrij. O
Kockllay Tannery Victoria, 11. O
Hiicraluouto Tannery and M(g Co HiM:raiuent4), C
Sawyo , li. !•'. & Co Napa City. IJ
8iaa.^, Louis it Co SlOSanaoinu Kt.. H, h'., V
Wind. Molitz NuUrahka nr Yuba St., H. F.. C
Wicks. J I'utaluuia,
Wise. OoldflBh * Co HauU Uo»a. C!
TEA.
Botliin, DallomanilACo 305 Front at., S. I'., C
CasUoBros. & Louini 213 Front at. S. F., C
Coleman, Wm. T. i Co 121 Market »t., ». F.. C
Ehrmau, M. Si Co lOWlO Front at., S. V., C
Foftter, H. & Co 2tlCalifoniia at., H. F., U
Ilanly. Ceo. T. &Co 211 Haoramonto at., H. F., C
Knowing. F. & Co 123 California at., S. P., C
Low, V. Adulliliu Ji Co 20j California at., H. F., C
Maconilray & Co 20li ilanaomo at., S. F., C
Monteaiegre, J. (i 218 Uacramunto at., S. F., C
Moore. I. C 317 Battery at., S. F., U
Mooa-, L. P 413 Sacramento at., B. F., C
NcwtOiiBros. i Co 206 California at., S. F., C
Frfmitreo & MoCluro *H Front at., 8. P., C
Taljer, Ilarkur & Co 108 Califoniia at. , S. P., C
Wellinan, PcckiCo 128 .Market at., a. P., O
TIN WAKE— JLlNUFACTUBnii.s.
Auatin, B. C 406 Front at., .-(. F., C
Camiibell, Miltou San Jose, C
ChiUla, M. W Lo3 /^J^80lea, C
Cole, D & Co Portland, O
Ualzell, Jamea Oaklaml C
Golclamith 4 Loewenbcrg Portland, O
Hogan, Howard Stockton, C
Ilolbrook, Merrill 4 Stotaon 225 Market at., 8. F., C
Jackaon, John Stockton, C
Montagiie, W. W. &Co 110 Battery at., 8. P., C
Montanya, J. Do La 600 Battery at , 8. P., O
Montanya, M. De La OaMand, C
Tay, Geo. U. Si Co 616 Battery at., 8. R,
Woirmann, D Sacramento, C
TOBACCO.
Ailama, Cyrtia & Co 417 Battery at., 8. F.,
Anncr, M & Co 306 Sacramento St., S. P., C
Ayers. George 0. Si D 205 Froutat, 8. P., C
Baumgartner Si Bohb 230 Fourteenth at., 8. P., C
Bowman, .John 8. Si Co 213 Battery at., 8. V., C
Brand, Ilemiau 304 Battery at., 8. P., C
Bremer, Joaepli i Co 310 Sacramento at., 8. P.. O
Bresaon, Joseph 923 Paciiio St., 8. F., C
Briggs, Spencer R 200 California at.. S. P.. C
Bruton, Daniel 206 Front at., 8, P., C
99
Buchanan A I.yoU 318 Balliry «l , ». F, C
Cohn, 11 ,V Co 2M Fnmlat, H. F, O
CiUp, J 1) .(i Co 16 tVimt at, 8 F.C
Dauaman Tt»l-)MTo Co 2U0 Frontal., S F . C
Unnklionae, J. A ■■ ■■
eor. Battery anil Hocramento at.. H. F, O
Duke W., SonaiCo 2M Front at, 8. P., II
Klirmaii. .M. Si (.'o 104 110 Frontal., 8. F.,<l
Englel.rucht. V"X II Co 3U Front at., 8. F., t!
Ealierg, llaehman & Co. .ror. Battery and Cal. ata .8 P.. ('
Falck. lleridiard 421 Montgomery at , 8. F. . ( ^
FalkenaU'iii & Co
cor. Hacranientt) and Itiilli'ry ata, rt. P., <!
Franulttl, J. 4 Co 41'J llatl, ry at , 8. P.. <1
Frohman. 8 027 Montgomery at.. 8. F., <!
Gareia Uroa cor. WiuiUington ainl Hanaomo ata., 8. P., O
Goldberg i IVipi>e H.T3 Market at.. 8. F., O
Goalinaky, R S Co 219 llatttry at, 8. F,0
Gunat, M. A. Si Co 21U Kearny at , 8. F., I!
Harris llroa 813-618 Waahlngton at. 8. F., O
Ueurdink Si Co 431 Valencia at.. 8. F, 11
Heyn luan. II 204 California at, 8. F., O
Houalon, W. J 215 Calilornlaat, 8. P., O
Klopatock, C. 4Co 212 Proulat. 8. F., O
KohlUrg, M. P. S Co 225 llaltery at, 8. P., O
Kopiiel. J C. Jt Uro Han Joau,
Lewis, .loaepli .'>12 Waaliington at, 8. P.. O
Lewis. W. S: Co 30 California at . 8. P., O
Liebea llroa. Si Vu 14 Fremont at, 8. F., O
Liggett Si Meyers Tobacco Co 206 Front at, 8. P., O
Mayriach Bros. «i Co 405 Uatlery at, 8. P., O
Mfchalitaehko llros. k Co 237 Kearny at, 8. P., (!
Opiienlleimer & Uro 200 Front at. S. P.,
OrdonsU-in Si Co 308 Battery at , 8. P., O
Plageraaim, H. 4 Co 305 Sacramento at, S, P., O
Itoaenltaum. I. 8. 4Co.Cor. Clay and Battery ata., 8. P.. O
Roaenaliine. M. Si Bro 6IM Front at, 8. p.,
Rosenfeld, II. Si Co Portland. O
Itoaenthal, B,
cor. Montgomery and Commercial ata., 8. P.,
Sanderson Si Horn 327 Front at, 8. P., O
Schoenfeld, Jonas 423 Jaelisonat, 8. P.,
Schaoffer, J. W. Si Co 323 Sacraniento at, 8. P., O
Seal Hock Tobacco Co 225 California at., 8. P., O
SiJemon, Lacbmau & Co 209 Buttery St.. 8. P., O
Siebenhauer, L. Si Co 222 Battery at., 8. P., O
Smith, L. O. K Portland. O
SpencoBroa. 4 Co 203 Front at, 8. P., O
Todd, II. II 315 Battery at, 8. P.,0
Waaaerman & Co Portland, O
Wellman, Peck 4 Co 126 Market at,, 8. P., O
Worthoimer, L. 4 E 300 Front at., 8. P., O
Wertheiiner, M. 4 Bro 518 Front st, .S. P., O
Ygual 4 Co 258 Market St., 8. P., O
TOOLS-MANOFACTURFaiH.
Doble, Abner 13 Fremont at, 8. F., O
San Francisco Tool Co 21 Stcvenaon at, 8. P.. O
TOY,S.
Ackennan Bros 123 Kearny at, 8. P., O
Davialiroa 419 Kearny and 713 Market ata.. 8. P., O
Davia Bros., Le Vino 4 Co 10 16 Sutter at., .8. P., O
Feigeubauin 4 Co. .120 Sansomo and 217 Pine Bts., 3. P., O
Flavin. Martin J Cor. Kearny 4 Commercial ata., 8. P.,
Frankcnthai, Bachman 4 Co
Cor. Battery and CaUfomlaat, 8. F., O
Qoodyoar Rubber Co 577 Market at, 8. F.,
1
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APPENDIX.
;m
l[a3cy& Lancaster 32 KeaniyBt.. B. !•'.. C
JoSLidi, Xatlia:j ic Co C4I Clay eL, ti, 1'., (I
Fasiiuak', B C60 Washlastoa St., 8. P., C
Ti!I.MMlNG3-MANurAcTunEn.s.
Allwotth i; Tluiniiwoii 8. F.. C
ntinjcr Iz 0,1 1(13 Pcist nt.. S. P., C
Froaim & rt.:li»i!fi.'r 445 .Murkot at, 8. F.. (,'
Giiuth S noL'hrt's 72? Markot «l.. S. F.,C
TRUNKS— Masu rACTL'nEKS.
r.lock, I). &Cj lOTSansorao nt, S. P., C
rcflilwhuLT i Steele 1(X) Uatt^iryat., .S. F.,C
Ilarria, .1. .'; Co Market ami Kearny »tH.. H F., (.'
llylaml. Jo-seph 11 Sutter a <1 Moutijoinery stu,, H, F,, C
Martin. D. S. SH'o C2 J .Markot «t. , .S. P., C
Nor;;! ore. Julin 12 tJeary at., S. P., C
Smiill. JaniuaR OCIJ Misalou at, S. P., O
Wiralnj, C. H 023 ^Iirketat, 8. P., C
TVPK— M.\NrPACTmEIl3.
AmerieanTyiw Pounilry SlOCIayat., 8. F.. C
Foreman t Cj 518 Sansoinc at.. S. F., ('
Mar,\i r. Luse I: Co SIS flay at., H. F., C
I'alnt.r i Co 510 Clay at., 8. P., C
Palmer i Key 629 Comniorciul at.. 8. P.. C
UXDEI'lTAKEKS' aOOM-MASUKAiTlurns.
Gray. N. & Co &0 Saeramenln at., 8. F., C
L.'vlson iiros 134 Sutter at.. 8. P., C
Liiekliarti Porter 16 O'Farrell at., 8. P., O
Massv-y. Atkiua 051 Sacrum, nto at, 8. P., C
PacifloMtgCo C2:lMI«8lon at, 8. P., C
VAIUETY GOODS.
Acberm.in llros ..123 Keumy at., 8. F., C
Currie. .\rthur L. & Co 514 Post at.. 8. F., C
Davi< Ilroj 410 Kearny ami 713 ^larkct at., S. P., C
Davia llros.. Lo Vino & Co 10- It) Sutter at, S. p.. C
Flavin, ilartln J.. Cor. Commercial and Kearny ata., 8. 1'., C
Looiiii.s, tJeorjp , 70j.71(J Kearny at., 8. F.. C
Ba^lKr i; Co GOi Slarkot at., S. P.. C
Pponi-o, A. H. &Co 557 Market at, 8. F., V
BtoTcnaon & LouBBiU C03 Market at, 8. P., C
V^VKXlSn-MAXrFAcTr:;>!na.
California Varnish Works. ..Utah, near Center St., 8. P., C
lluetcr lirui. ^ Co Second and Market ats., S. P., C
Walton, N. C, Sr 219 Miaaion St, 8. F., O
WAGONS.
Baker & Hamilton Pino and Davis ats., 8 F., C
Davis. Georjo A 32'/ Markit at, ,S. F, C
Eastman. T. 8 40 New Montsomery at, 8. P., C
Frank Uros 319 Market at., 8. P., C
Oallajhcr, Bernard 223 .Mission st.. 8 P., C
llawley, C. A. & C,i 412 .Mirk...t at, 8. P., C
llawley. MartiusC. & Co.. Cor. Markets Be. Icats.. .H. p., C
Ilawky, David N Cor. Market and Mai.ata., 8 P. C
btudeliaker Bros 31 Culifiinii.v at. fi. P., C
HanlHini. /V W 21 Beale at, 8. F.. C
WiUey, O. P J; Co 427 Mcnti'oniery ,it, 8. P., C
WATCH CASES-MASUFACTI:llEIlf.
Corce 4 .Marchand GS2('!..vst, H. P., C
Falco, Alexander 614 ".Icrchant st, S. F., C
Oiannlnl, P. A 100 Mjntgoniory st, S. F,, C
Smith. F 417 Bush St. 8. F.. C
WolatLon 120 SuttM st, H. F, O
WATEIl METERS- M.\xurACTunEns.
GloTUinlnl & Co W Mirnlou at, 8. F., O
WILLOW-WARS.
Armc« & DaKani 200-2:2 Front at, B. P., O
Cole & Ke::ny Ill liacrnracntoct, y. P., O
Cu])ltKa. .Samuel J"c Co 12J California at., 8. p., O
Pei^enbaum & Co. . .120 Sanaome and 217 Pine at. B. p., O
Pelduiann. L. i: (-o 317 Sacrauient^iat., 8. p.,
llarriaou ,'i Dickson 210 Satramentoat., 8. P., O
llennca, Christ 4 Co 1 08 Market at, H. P..
Lange, J. C. It 13 Monti;oniery uv., 8. P., C
Liimlier, George 411 Sacramento at, 8. F., O
Stanley. Mrs. Mary J 1210 Market at, 8. P., O
WIXDMILLS-MAXUFACTUnEllS.
Althouao Wiudmill Co IliSPino at. 3. P., C
Dachelder .Mlg. Co 13 Fremont at, 8. P., O
UakerJ^ Hamilton Davij and Pine, 8. F.. C
Eodvrell, 11. H 211 MUaion at , .S P.,
GrcBory, II. P. & Co 2 California at, S. 1'.. O
Coldamith, D. E 425 Sanaome at, 8. P., C
lliuley, Mareu.! C. ,1: Co 3J1 .Markjt at., 8. P.. O
Kro.'h, F. W. Si Co 47 Bjalo at, 8. P., O
Tustin.Wm. 1 3(B Mission st. 8. P.. C
WHIP— MANUr.4CTrftKRB.
Kcyston Bros 2663 Milalou St., S. P., O
WIKE-WOKKS.
C lUfonila Wlr« Works Co California st, S. F, C
WINES AND BRANDIES- Native.
vVnduran, C. A. & Co 517 Sacramento at., 8. F. C
Bach, .Meese& Co 321 Montsomery at. 8. P., O
Baei^aluii.t, Duinenico 1419 Duiiout at, ,S. P., C
Bunema!i& .Martinonl 321 Ilattjry at., .S., I-'., (J
Dreyfus, B. & Co 121 Ci.u.otnia at, 8. F., O
Dreyfus kCo Loa AUt^eKs. O
Pet/, Joseph cor. <!e:iry and l>ui)ont ats., 8. P., U
Fraliolli, 1!. & Co 710 8.i.runienlo at.. 8. P., '(!
Gunillaeh. .1. Ai Cu — cur. Market and Second at., 8. F., C
Ilaraazttiy, Arpad U Co 5;>0 NVaaliinjtoii at, ,8. P., C
Ilorrl.i. E. T SiSMiasioust.S. F, O
Kohler & Frohliug m Moutsomery at, 8. F, O
Kohler& FrolUing I.oa Angeles, C
Laehmon, 8. & Co 100 Market at, 8. P., O
Laehman U .Tacobi cor. Firvt and Maxk'.-t ats. S. P., O
Lang i Co 210 Duiajiit at, 3. P.,
Lenonnaud Bros 735 Howard St., 8. P., O
Lyons, E. G. & Co 500 Ja< ksoa at., 8. P., C
.M.ilatt8ta, L 311 Pa-^lllc at, 8. F . O
Me.Milhui, Donald 311 Front st, 8. F, O
Melczer, Win. i Co I2J l'alifonda«t. H. P ,
Palmer. U & Co 302 Davis at, 8. P., O
lienz. .lohn 308 Commercial at. 8 P., O
Kosi', I. .1 Los Angel. B, O
Seallnanild, Carlo 713 P'ront at., 8. P., O
Walter, Schilling & Co. . .cor. Pino and Battery st, t>. P., O
WOOLEN OOODS-MANlKAiTlIlEnu.
Aahlaml WtKilen Milla Aahland, O
nnjwnaville Woolen Milla ' -ownsvillo, O
Calfonila Hosiery Co Oakland, O
Dayton Woolen Mill Dayton, O
Golden Gato Woolen Mill 303 California st, 8. P , O
Los Angeles Woolen Mill Los Angeles. O
Million Woolen MUl IIB Battery st, 8 F. O
MarysvlUe Woolen Mill BlaiysflUtw O
APPENDIX.
787
F
I-
!•
. F.
,,,
V
ntn
('
. F.
f
- F.
c
mil
Ore5<>:i f.'ify Wriolcn Mill Oro3,iii City, o
P!0-J,:or Wo;>lcn Mllb 115 Itatttr/ nt., S. F., ( •
Provii Woolen M:ll I"nivo. I'
I!lo Vlrjln W.Kilen Mill St, ( Icor;.'. U
San .loan Wonlon Mill Son .Toso c
Sicra'nento Woolen Mill .S.icram'.'nto, ('
8 otliton Wool™ M:11 St<Kkt(i:i ( '
tianta I!o.sa Woolou Mill Santa llosa. ('
WUlaiusltj V/oofen Mill Malcm. O
WOODI'.X WAUli— Mas ufactc ukr-s
Armo^ tz DuFuiu 2J0 Fn>nt st,. rt,
Colo f; K'jnny Ill .Sacmnu'Uto St.. H,
Fciamimn L & Co 317 Sacninicnto St., S
Fiffenbaiim & Co 120 Hanflomu st,, 8.
Harrison fi. Dlckiuiu 210 Sacraniunto St., .S.
NichoLf /i < 'o Sacramr:
B-.oclcton, 1;. A 411 Mission St.. S.
Tbu .Muttullath Manufactiirfti^ Co
Klslith St.. near ilrj*aiit, S.
Zan Dros P.Jrtl.
A'OOL.
Abholt, Cha» cor. Ilhuonio ami Fifth sts., S. F.,
Avy, i-iujjno 323 Sanioniost., H. F..
Baili^y, Thomas li Co.. cor IJluxomc and Fifth sta., 8. V.,
Ball & Juliun TownHtiud, near Fifth >,t., H. I'..
DaUlwin, A lIan<loii.
IJanianl. J Itamlon,
Pi88inSL'r& Co 310 Haiisoine St., ,S. F.,
PiaL-lflock, J Ilanilon,
Bray Uros 220 Clay »t,, ». F.
Ilrowu. 1>. A; Co 041 MarltotBt.. H. F.,
Cahon nn>3 41 Clay it, H. F,
Christy J: Wile 0U7 Front at., «. F.,
Christy (i Viivs PortLiml,
Cox, J. W. & Co cor. Green ami Front stA. H. F.,
P,ivi3, Uhrlrty 42l! Townsond bL, H. P..
Dclli'lilan,.' S Co 42S Ilattory St., S. F.,
Doughty, Win 3H|>!'ar8t.. 8. F.,
Fallinir, Hell & Co 430 California St.. 8. F.,
Flint, II P Townscncl, noar Fifth at.. 8 F.,
Fcihy. F. & Co 21a Dramin at.. 8. P..
Cioliltr^. Nathan 20HanjW)iue at., 8. F.
(Iri&ir, II i Co cor. Fifth anil Towiisond ata,, 8. F..
Hal.', .lanica W cor. Fifth oud Blnxomu ata., 8. F.
Hart, JaoUaon lODaylaat.S. F.,
IFcTfon k Farrar P.irtlaiid. O
Ilix.-iiii. .Insll.'iC.) 310 Wasldnjtonnt.. fl. F, C
Kalni l:roi Portland,' (I
Knox, .lull I F Townsr-nd near Fifth i.t.. !1 I'.. C
Kcisl.lanil llrus 301 llatt«ry iit., 8. I'., (,'
ICslilanil l:ri.i I'o Hand, 1)
Koahl.ind, .S. .■.«'., yjS CaU.'omla lit , II 1'., C
Linil;frl. l.lihha 5 SiK'arr.t.. !j. F, C
Lanlm r & Leo 440 IViwnnond St., 8. F., C
Le. .Inhn cnr. Fifth and Tonnscnd sbi, H. P., U
I.L'sall.'t. IKiminhini'
8ixth Avonno, lictwcen Qand U ata., Bunth H. F.. C
Miller a Co 10 Uavlast. 8. F.,
Moialy 4 Farriih 210 Davis i.t . 8. F ,
Xcwmark, .1. P. Si Co 214 Califomi.i iit , 8. F, C
Xt-l:(on & Co Bandon, t)
( nreiw, Bcrijauiin W 403 Front si,, ii. P.,
Parks. IL F 10 Davis St.. 8. F., O
PlatBhek i llarrii 311 Battery st . S. P.. C
lIoa< man fi Bntler Portland. O
Sawyer, 11 F .t Co '. 323 I'rimt nt.. M. F,.
Sthwalocher Broj Waila Walla, W, T
8od^;ley, Joioi.h 5J3 Ke.aniy st , fi. P., O
Khoo1)ert i^; Bealo 405 Mont;.-onicry Ht.. ii. 1'., C
Simon .'i Urealauer 13 Firat at., 8. F, C
Sloas. Loula tiVt, 310 Hansolne at.. 3. I'., C
aninner. W. 11. i Co 415 Fr..nt at.. 8. F., O
Van Blarcoin. A. L 2t4 Sansonie st. 8, F,. O
Whitney U WcI/bUt Townsend at., near Fifth, a. P., O
WOOL SCOrKF.HS.
Falkner. BelKt Co 430 California at , S. F.. C
(irisar ."c Co Cor. Fifth anil Townsend ata.. H, F., O
Kni>x. .Tiihn P Townaeiid, niar Fiftli St., S. F.. U
Larilneii U.<i 440 Tomiaend at,, 8. P. V
McLjnuan, IVank P 425 Townsend at., S. F., I!
Himon.t llreshiuor 13 First at., S, P.. O
YF.AST POWDFIl -M.lNlKAnt'nrm.
Uartou, n. P 313 8acr:,menf<i at. . 8.
Howen P. M. & Co 13PlnuBt.. 8.
California Creatn of Tartort'o... 310 Towii3.!nd itt., 3.
MeCartliy llroa 121 Fnmtat.. 8.
Pacliic Soila Co 707 Bryant at.. H
Potrcni Distillery and Comprcased Veast Co
745 Marliet St.. ii
Tyler, M. 11. & Bon 221 Uominerclal nt.. 8.
P., O
F.. C
P . I)
P. O
DRY GOODS.
Au«rbf*ch. F. i Bro Halt Uko City, V
h\.rhn\\in liros 10 Hiitlt-ry nt., H, K. O
C'.>l)liiier UtiU 513 Market Pt . H. 1' , (1
<:.)liii, M *.';irBou nty, N
Curliii. O 911 Market f»t , H V.. r,
I»anMi!nlimiin, .1. & H 121 Huiinotuo nt , H. F.
I>:ivlUtou, J. W. & t'u Kuaruyuml I'uHtitt*., $. V
VA ' .tircy. K 60(i Market r,t , H. F
I)iiiki;Mi'1. L. &Co 37 Battory st . H. F.,
]).)itio «: UjmhelwfKHl 133 Kuiiniy nt, ti. F,
F-'ist lli-o« H.II1 Jo9»t.
Kirtli T & Haiim 1U3 Hansuinj Kt. . H. F.,
ri .'is rli;icr, Mii'LT ti Co I'urtLuiil,
iJ.iMvn th, L. uVn Portlm»l,
Fnnilil.n, M. ic Bro IrtJlatti-ry Ht . H. F,
II-..li_T, M. & Itroa naSaiuwmo fit.. H. F..
IIilu, O. A. & Co S;»u JoM.
llab/.: Hum Hill .Tos4\
II ' iioiiHim, II. & Co SHaiiBumo nt., H. F., C
II >j!iittiult.*i- k Bro Maryavillo, C
llr,iri,iiii»itC.j 17 BattL-ryBt. H. F. C
Kiihii Mm*. &Co 17 Battery Bt , H. F., i'
KcatiJ BroB 107 Kearny ut., H. F . C
LavluiboD ft Moyontaln 117 BaDBomo Rt., 8. F., O
'., c
LcTy, M. & Co HW Bdttcry r.t, H. P., O
Levy. M. fc Hun Haiita Vni/.. O
l^jvy, M NuiiJi»30, (I
Iiion, jj San Jo.w,
Lf)>iiiait. H &Co .8arnmi«iit'>, (I
Li|*"ia" & '•'» I*nrtla:iil. O
Meyer, Kui^.-rr.- tiCu L'U Aiijl-I s. C
Mur|thy. (initit k Cn. .Cor. flauwnu ami Bu^intn . M, F. (!
Muriihy. draiit .'; Cn Fortlainl, <>
NewlHirgor. UeUrt fc Co 17 Huttcr nt.. H. I'. C
<tBrieii. J. .1. *£ Co 1*24 Markot «t., H F, C
O'Comier, Mi'ffiitt&Co HI FiHtB'.,M. F , C
Uoseiiliaum & Co 22 Battory i.t., H V , C
Bosjutlittl, A. H. &Co 2vllB,«rif;t. H F. <.'
H:u:lif», llellcr & Co Cor. Battery an<l Bnsli lil.i.. ft. F.,
Boctid Him.«lpurffer£i Co.. Cor. Baur.oiii'Ji:I'liiJtitti., ;*. F., O
Hhey.-r. M. fc Bro 121 ririaoiu:- r.f... fi. F.. C
Hprin«. T. W aaa Jo.w. O
HtnuHW^irttor. A. tc ('o.... Bonn, N
StrutiM, L'.-vlfcCo U lottery at.. H. F..
Venlier, Moruiu & Co
Oor. autt«r and Montgoniury at i., H. F, <J
Weil Bros ft Co 23 Battery a , H. F.. U
WUtou. Tliomaa ft Co Victoriik B. O
CANNERIES OF SALMON.
Tbi' nlibn-vlutfoti B F , after th« iiuiiiom of the ut>ut4j tn tliif table, inil1cat«a that thov n-flMe In Ban Fraaciaoo; P In
rnrtlHiia. A In AMtdria, iiiid V in Virtorlu. thoae thnn; citiM tuirtni; nt-arly all tho u«enctc«.
Alienlren I'kg Co. .
Adair S 1). &Co...
AilalriO.
Astoriu Firthcry
AiiijIo-AiiH'ricttu I'kK ('o.. .
Iladolla fcl'ii
lllltllllT I'liU Co
Itntli < 'luinin^ Co
Il4'iilria I'kaCo
INuik. J
IliKith. A *i Co
llooth ti C
Booth. 8 &Co
Bm.lfortH; Co
Itrf ti8h Amurican Vkg Co. .
Ilritlsh ColiiiiiMa I'kK Co.
Culifoniia I'kK Co
Capitol I'kK Co
CnliinililiirkKCo
CuttiliK l'k;I t'o
CuttinK I'kK t.'o
CuttiliK I'kK Vo
Coluniliia CaniilTiK Co
Coliiinhia 'tlviT I'iikCo
Coliirobua 'kKCo
l>tivliii. Joliii A Co
Delta Canning Co.
Douclai I'kK Co
Klnton*. H,iMiiicl.
Kugllsh h Co
Kurt- ka I'kg Co
KwiMi k Co
Finillar, linrham ft Urwlle.
FlHlteniimiM i'kg Co
(iar<liier I'kg (.'o
liOL-llull. N
Ilalgii. It AMona
llai>Koo<l li Co
Ilantboni k Co.
Iloko Halinon Co
Ilttnie, JoH
lluMie, K. I)
Iluiuc, Wm
Hmiip, Win
Hume, (ieo. W
Hume, 11. I)
InTcmoBs I 'anning Co
JacluHin, Meyern & Co
Jimos k Anilenon
King, .Morra & Co.
Laldlaw & Co
Martinez I'kg t^i
Megler, J I), 4 Co
Mutlakatlah Canning Co
N»«« lllv.r Klulilng Co
NlinliklAl] Cannery
Mortli I'aellloTnyrit&rkgl^o.
ticcMent I'kK Co
Occident ana * Went l*kg Co. .
Ocean Cunning Co
1ire|{on I'kgC
Pa"iiio Canning Co
I'aclflc Cnifpii I'kK Co
raclHc < 'luut I'kg Co
Pillar Hock I'kg Co
riiget Hoiinil Cng anil Pkg Co,
QuTnn Jan
Iletl t'roMi'kg Vo
Ilwiu'o, W
I.')>IMT AHtoria, O. .
Cauoe I'tua. It C. . ,
RlTcr'H Inlet Canning Co. .
H«an<linavlan I'kg Co
HeaoUle I'kg Co
Hnilth. Illmchftt^o
8pafr.ini I'kgCa)
HulHini I'kK Co
Taylor* McDowell
Tlniinlnn, C 4 (To
I'nlon I'kg Co
WacbiiHctt t'anntnK Co
WanKenbcitn, Hoi. ft Co. . .
Warrenftl'o, V. M
Warren .tC.i
We«t. .lohn
Wc«t CiKwt I'ka Co
Wettierliee ft Tnontof
WKIiauiK. ,laa ft Co
Wliulfor Canning Co
Arrtiirlo, O
JVlilorh^ (I
.-\fltoria, o
San Frunciwo, O
I'lnihiua Hirer, U
Henieia. C
.Martinez, C
Ilelilcla, Cal
Collinoille. C
Ubick DlamouU
CoUliuville. C
CuntM) I'jiiM, It C
.New \Voiitniln8t4'r. II *-'...
■San Prunclaco, c
Hacraini>nto, O
San I .oiieinou, C
.Marti. )■ r, C
KuHelutf Itlver, Alaska . . .
.Sitka. Aliuka
Kisberton. W
Kaglol'lilT. W
Kagle Clin. W
AsU>ria, tl
Lailner'g Lanillng, II. O. . .
Natw Uiver. IJt!
AnUirla, o
.New WeDtniinitter, II C...
Knreka, \V
.New Wmtniinater, U O . . .
IVaa Maml. UC
AMt4iria, <i
I'iniMua Hirer, O
San Kranclttco, (.'
" luitlau Hirer, UC
Wat.irfor.1, W
Ajit<irla, O
I'oit Townia'Uil, W
Kna)itou. W
Antorla, o
iVnUiria, 11
KagloCim. W
Astoria, {>
lloguo Hirer, O
InvemeM, B C
lialnler, o
Sactunicnto, C
lUack Diamonil
•Sapiierton, B C
.Martinez. C
Ilrookllelil, W
Mctlakatlah. B O
Najui Klver, BO
Alert Hay, BC
Klawack. W
Aatoria, O
.Smith Klr.r, C
Hay View, W
Clifton, O
Han Franclico. C
Astoria, o
Kel Hirer, O
I'lllarHock, W
Milton. W
Oulnn's l,an(ling, O
■San Francisco
Hlver's Inlet, B.C.. Ij'n
...Charlotte Hound. . .
AsUiria, <)
Astoria, o
KiHllac Isbsnd. Alaalu. . .
Han Francisco, t!
Port < 'ostA, C
Courtland. C
Astoria, <>
Astoria, O
.Maska
ColllnsTlUe, U
I'atblauiett, W
Cascwles.O
Wii»ti>ort, O
Asl4irla, <>
Astoria. <J
Astoria, O
Aberdean. B O
Boar
Kagle
Eagle
Astoria Fl&iiery. . .
Anglo- Aiaerican. .
AOCNTM.
Banner
Hacramouto Uirer Halmou
Oral
Black Dlaniond , .
Hoal
Crescent
British Colunibbk Pkg Co.
White Cross
Cauitol
Columbia
Hpring Hacramento Fish. .
CockUII . . .
Columlius .
Maiilo IjeaT
Si'al
Klmont'sHoal..
Phoenit
Htar
Lion
Fishomuin .
.Map
Htar
f Waterf onl Pitserrg Co.
I HuligooU ft Co
Uauthom ft Cu
l*hotogra|)h
t 'rown
Kaglc
Kagle
Flag
t Crown Royal I
••■ I . . and (!lolie. . . / '
T. II. ft Co
Jones ft Andcrwn \
. Taylor ft McO.
Pioneer h iskery
Dominion
'hiefUln
atagaudSt lleorge.
Chanticleer
MmnkbibUinir ...
Challcngo
.Meriiiaid
O. ando
Ksuulinaux
J. W. ft V Cook...,
Tiger
Portrait
Man I'aclflc t^oaat.
Pillar Rock
Anchor
Heil t'ross
Queen (Charlotte
HcantUnarlan Plslterrnan ,
lloneHhoe. ,
Taylor ft McDowell.
WhitoHlar
Wachuselt
Htar of Columbia..
Royal Standard.,
Hhip .
Farorito
.1. Williams ft Co .
Double Triangle..
788
fieo. W llnnie, K F.
Hilw.n. ( hureh&Co,, P.
I WilihiiCo, S. F
i Welch. Hllhet ft Co., V.
.M .1 Kliuiry, H. F.
Corliltt ft Macleay, 8. F. ft P.
Banner Pkg Co,. H. F.
<te<i. W Hume, H. F.
(leo W. Hume, 8. P.
Hc.)tchlerk(lilib«,H. P.
.Scotchlerftlill.bs, H, F.
Hcotebierfttiil.lis, 8, P,
.Scotchlerft(ill.l«, H. F.
Wm. T Coleman ft I 'o, 8. P.
Wm T c..hnianft Co., 8. F.
<'uttlnK I'kK Co.. 8. F.
Wni T Coleman ft Co., 8. F.
A. l.uskftCo.. 8. F.
Cutting I'kK Co , 8. P.
Cutting l'kgC4i.
CuttinK I'kK Co, 8 P.
Wm. T Coleman ft Co., 8. P,
CutlinKl'kKCo, 8 F.
Fontana, Marsicano ft Ca, 8. F.
John A IkillnftCo., A.
■ W.lcbftCo.. H. F.
Welch. HlUut ft i;o., V.
1) Wamii. V.
lieo W Hume. 8. F.
Wm. T. Cikninii ft Co., 8. F,
HeoU'hler ft I tlhlis, 8 F.
Htahlstnlilt ft Waril. V.
FIndlay. Durham ft 11., V.
Wm. T. Coleman ft Co., 8. P.
Wm T Coleman ft Co., H. P.
N, CrtWtjcn. H. F,
Htahlsinklt ft WanI, V.
John clement. 8 P.
Wadbams « Elliott, 8 P. and P.
Thos Phllllia. Port Townsend,W
R n llnmoft C.I., 8. P.
Wm T Coleman ft Co., H. P.
Wm T Coleman A i;o., 8, F.
lleo W. Hume, 8. F.
K. » HuDU' ft Co., 8. P.
Turner, Beetou ft Ca, V,
Win. T Coleman k Co., 8, F,
KIni. MonicftCo, 8. P.
( Welch ft Co , 8. P.
I Welch. Blthet ft Co , V.
11, Von Amnion, 8, F,
. irbiltft Ma<^leay, P. aild& F,
Tomer. Itet'ton ft Co., V,
Finillay. Durham ft II., V.
T, Karfa, V.
II. A. Wilson, V.
tie<x W llimie, 8 P.
Martin. Feusier ft Co., B, F,
lie.! W, llunio, 8 F,
C Ad..liiho.I,ow ft Co., 8. F.
Ile>l Cross I'kK Co , 8. P.
Win. T. Coleman ft <^o., B. F.
Cutting Pkg Co , 8 P.
Ptiget Bound Cng and Pm. Ox
Allen ft U'wis. 8 F. and P.
Reil Cross Pkg (%i, 8. P.
Tbol. Hhotbolt. V.
fleo, W Hume. 8 P.
Win, T Coleman ft Co,, 8. F,
l,<iulsHloMift<Si., H. P.
I M. BiolTord ft Co , 8. P.
Wm T Coleman ft Co., 8. F,
(leo W Hume ft Co.
Wm T Coleman ft Co , a. F.
Wm T C.ileinan ft Co,, 8, P,
Win T Coleman ft Co., ft P.
Wailgenheiin, 8ol ft Co., 8. F,
Warrenftl'o, P.
Warn n ft Co , P.
Allen ft I^wls, B P. and P.
(J.'o W Hume. 8 F
Hintclilerftllibba, 8 P,
Wm T, Coleman ft Co,, 8. F,
Henry Bauudera, V.
1
Si
t;
DRIARD HOUSE, VICTORIA, B. a
HOTELS.
Tho fnllowtng list of the leadltiK IlntcU of our Coaat, so f ar an our moans of knowledge pxtcn<l. kItcs tho locality.
Umtlonl or i>r()prit>U)r. iminbL-r of t;iiuat« tlut tliu buiuo cuu auruuuuotUtu umL r<x>iiu, uu<l cbaruu pur (Uy. Tliu abbru*
Tlation r luuauti i ixiimt, uiul y i,U(;iiU.
Al»Miny. o
Alluii HiirUms, a..
Alta,U
Auaboim, V
Antiucb,
Apfcos.0
Ai«uria.O.
Auburn, O..
Austin, X
lJakcr4'Uy,n
Bakors lUy, W
lUkiTsIirM. )'
Bartlutt riprings, V...
Battlu Mountain. N.
Bouida.0
Bodle,!.'
CallHto^, O
(Cambria, C
Canon City, N
Chico, O
Clackaiuai) I'ounty. U
Clatsop lluacb, U . . . . .
C'loTunUlu, O
(iuvunUilo,
iolfax. C
Cu'Um, r
Colusa,
"Ti
Gorvftllis.O..
DftUu. n...
Durton, O..
Dftyton. W. .
nixon, C
Dutch FtutsC
East PurtlaniLO..
Empire City, O...,
Eureka. C
Eureka. N
FuLsoni. C ft
Forwt GroTo, O
Frotuo, C
OuaiUlupo, C
Ooysenrille, C
Oilroy, C
(tlcnbrook, C...
CJlol-e, A
Oota hill. N
(Jnua Valley, 0..
Hauf oril.
Ilaywards, C
Ilwl>Ubarg,C
HlKblaiiO. C
Holbstijr. C
UoodUivur, O
Ion- Clty.O
JAcksoitTtUe, O...
Kellogg, C
Knights Firry, O.
hA ilmngx, C
Lake I'ounty, C..,.
Lakepprt, C
lAkeTahoo, 0..
Lathrop, C
Lewliton, I
LUlell, V
Lus Augttles, O.,
St. Chftrlos Uotel
Allou Hprin^fti Hotel
Alttt Hotel
i*lant4;TB' Hoti-1
Atni-'rlvan Kxcbange Hoti-l .
Aptoa Hot-l
I'urki r HouHu
Ocfi.lunt Hotel
American Hotel
I'utnain House
Inteniatiorial Hot I
Latimer's Hotel
St-a View House
<'ainpl<L>ll House
ilartlLtt HpringH Hotel
tosniopoUtan liotel
i>cci(lental Hotel
I'albituga Hot Hprtngs..
I'roctor House
Orinshy Hoiuo
Arlington House
I nion Hotel
Wilboit Hnringi'. Hotel..
S<>aHidu iiouiH}
Mountain Houso
United Htates Hotel. . ■ .
Colton Exchange Hotel. .
Colusa House
Hureka Uotcl
DccidonUl Hotel
Vincent House
Curtis House ,
Columbia Hotel
North Western Hotel.,
King's Hotel
iJutch Flat Hotel
HunilKtblt House
.•Vsttrr House
Flnsun House
Vance House
lnt«.'matioual Hotel...
< 'cntrul H<iU.*l
liauipton House
Ogle llouse.
Krvuru House
(•eystirvillo Hotel
lUilroa<l House
Houtbem racltlo Hotel. .
Ua^etts Hotel
I'ascoe House
\ova<la House
Holbrooke House
Ilanfonl Hotel
Haywarii's Hotel
Oakce'HoU'l
Stnyijiiiij HoteL..
Higliland Hiirlngs House..
McMalii'it If^tuse
IIoo«l Itiver Hotel.
Arcadu Hotel
Jacksonvillu Hotel.
Kellogg Hotel
lUue Lakes Hotel
Harbin HotHuljihur Springs..
Setgter Hprlngs Hotel
NiHlu Uny Hotel.
llowani House
Clear Lake Hotel
Tal lac House
Ltttbrop Hotel
AitiJk Hpriogt Hot«l..
Cowuopolitau Hotel..
Mrs. C. Houck
Alkn Uros
Alltert Thomas
K. Dtuiharo
IV 'iriJHn
\V, H. Httxlmaa
Il.lt, I'rtikcr
\[t-gler& Wright
F.TiOl
Terry & Co —
Crt scenzo St Uaudolfo.
Jos. Latimer
.fas. Cumpltil
Hartlutt, McMaUou & CUrke.
J. K. liatchclilcr
Myrick FoUoiu
Kemp i CoUiman
t.reo. W. Johnson
lleo. H. Davis
.Sharp llros
B. F. Hniull
Ira K. DooUttle
A C. McDonald. ,
M. MoDthan
Curley & Mabou..
J. Laird
M. r. French
.Mrs. N. C. Folley
II. W. Vincent
M. W. I'arson
J. a Huteh
M. r. Cbarlea
W. A. MiKKly
Hrinkerhoff d£ King...
K. Mirilows
Jno. Kroetz
< 'had. Baker
W. H. KoweU ,
John Vance
D. H. HalL
J. (,'. lUnii
A. H. Hampton
W. O. liarker
W. M. Fenton
C. W. Hkogg
Mrs. C. M. Uiggiuson.,
Ueo. Keaniau
Wm. V. liABsett
it. F. Pascoe
Jos. Bo<lcn
D. 1>. Holbrooke
.M Malcom
Haj-ward
Tony Oakcs
Ju' V. Clack
Dr. v.. M. Bates
Itector ilros
D. II. RLlttletteld....
fas. McCauley
U. M. Coltum
C. H. Holmes.
Mrs. Itarnes
Mrs. MM. Basso
Theo. Demiug
Itichnrd Wi'liaou
Jno 8|>aul(ling
A. K. Greijg
Mrs. A JlJlBch
J. N.Miller
K.J. Baldwin
Htackitole tt Lincoln. . .
Augtut Dittner..
WTII. Lidell..
Hammel & Deokor. .
2-5
CU'R((i;i4.
48 r
40g
Mr
75 g
70 g
Wg
■Wg
60g
7Sg
SOg
76 g
2Sg
aor
40r
SOg
900g
il tO-i 50
150
1 25-3 SO
3 50-3 00
3 0O
3 00
100 3 00
1 50-3 00
3U0
3 00
1 00-3 00
3 00
3 00
1 oo-aoo
2 0O
3 00
1 SO
3 00
2 00
3 00
3CI0-3 60
3 00
3 00-3 00
780
m
!)'
1
MM
r
it
l/)9 An^cltai, V
Los Aii^f.ti* C*>u;ity, C
Mu4l -lu. t!
MiiriiMco, *'
M.tnixi iit'uii ity, C
Mii.k \>.»t.
.Miirtiui;/. C
MiiryaMllc. ('
Mc-Uiuiivillo, U
Miitti I'mk, t;
Muri.x<l, (-'
MInemlllill, N...
MiHiiioii hull J(iat>.
Mutic'tiU), I'
Mont wy, ('..
Montcn-y r«uuty. C
MoLiiitaiii Vii rw, c,
Nuimiiiio, It. C
>UiU, I*
Nonida t'lty, «'..,
KuW Tacti.iia, W.,
Oron^'t V
Oru^uii City, O. .
*Koville, I'
Oy.iturv.lle, W...
i'ujuro, O
I'llllMiitC. N
VatM li>H)U»«, v..
I'ttttlUlllU, ('....
rh'«-ilx, A...
i*n)diuo:it, (-'.
I'liWJ.T.llL'. C
ru/Uiiiul, o..
Tort Ti>wn.ijml, W.,
l*r.»e"tt, A
Ut-UUiUT, f
IluiMIus. C
KixiwooJ City, C,.
K.iio. N
lUvcrwi.lu, C
RoBiiburj. O...
BoOiUniuiito, C.
H^rnaiv C
Halt L.iki; City, ir.,
8aTi n T.-anliiio, C. .
Sa:i r.iic.wvciitura, C.
Han DL'^ii. C.
bau I'mjcisco,
Ban (Idbria, C.
HOTELS.—CoNTiNtrED.
Piui Ilouae
-Slum i\lutlru Vitltt. .
.»lllC('B UnU'l
.l.illitn.i ll.)tl
<;m Vi ■> ll..t I
Miiik \\\ t Siiiiu;i8..
Allm'!il<i.kil.i:<.I
\Vr«t ri IIiUSi;
CVutrul Uutul
rr.ijpnicTon.
ilrbwolO i'. M.vn\\ ,..
W. I'. i;h.«iaca
U. I'. Maoi
Mr'iiiDlotrtiuSl.Min —
■In 1. Hiiniiion
Ji>jIu1i Hiur^h
iifO. WuplHjl
L. H.CiM.k
.V. U. Fiitchcr
New WusitmiiiHt.r, 11. C
Ojk-iuni, C
03tlea. IT....
Ulyiuiua, W. .
KlCipftan.
O.Miii(>,M»lltim Hotfl !.\I. I-'. Monin..
(lot Hi.rin j Hot.;! ,T. 1(, Bruffy. .
lri;ern.U.<)iial liiitcl.... J. ('iilonib.;^.
i'n-ntift.1 Ilotul
lSu«l lliitUJ
Ilot.l.lel Monte
^t. Charlcj Uut.'l
i'ar.]5oN|iriii;;H Hute)....
iioA^' liut.l
Itlack DiiitnunJ Uotol. . . .
I'llUc-rllL.ta
XuiMli'iM
\ttlional r,x:baujo. ......
iU]»t..(l lli)iis.>
HItickwairtllotjI
OjwtUut lloLi.1
laltiKlo liouaj
fiib.B Hotel
il.-unla) jy'd lloteU
tJailtoii lloiuij , ,
i'ucillo llotui
liroiu' Ilottl...
iJlllt lloUHO
iJ. H. Hot*;!
i*aclllc Uouw
I'ujaro Hotel
lX-i>ot llotui
i'aititdj UobltD Hotel
■i\v,i .to:i llctano
Aiiuricaii Hot. 1
i_'oj:!ioix>lita:i Hotel
Ujik hxfhmyjllotj....
I. W. ITontisa
J. C. Tnincr
.tco. HJion.-n'alU
it.C. WoHKa
J. I*. littiVCJ
,•:. W. Uoj-a
■J, W. Uninnton
>Irj. L. Kelly
Li. A. HOjan
Ch.ii. li. IVarsun
Ia:obHubt;.l
^V. 11. Ultickwcll
.1. W. liowison
f&3. r. .Morrla
M. Tuhbfl
M. II. UiarOcky
.M. W. Wm.a
M. W. Willa
tV. L. Uulm'tom
r. \V. Ilhoadcj
Lo.iiu \V. Hoops....
l^ Cdnutlura
J. M. IJuKiwIu
■•:. M. Uau-.n
Ula Lburii Kna. ti Jiuueb. .
t'iioj. \/. t>r/aniuii
Mouro ii IJutlon
II. Mattliica
1:1. (Jan~:
r.-ank lliQitt)
ilo\ifin.iii Uutiaj i i(. \ur:ioM .
L'lun:uUu'i Hot^-1 /lubo.' t^ Kiiuwlca. .
i'h J I Bujoutl 1.1. H. Brcjiior
•it. CIiarh-M Hotel jL. t). Urownuian..
■ic. tJeoriij HotJ LUiiUclct i; Liijiu. . .
. 'Jtita.1 i lilt :1 iJoX I J; l*icli
tVilliiiia:* HoiLio 1 A. 1'. \/ill.a:u3 ....
{caiU'.ifr ll'.itol..
rrcmo.jt HuU-I
ttmia.nzHutoL
.iraa«UI"lc!l
Di.'itotHot:L
tlvc.-^Mj Hou3o
■ Ic'.irnvoo I ( 'ol-tajo llotui. . . .
.Mjt.o.wl ta-.i llotjl
iJiTi'lian Hon*.!
- foldua liaj.c llotjl
.StaU) Houoo
(Jnion IlotuI
Wcstora Hotel
i'!io:n'.l£:t;iH ttcl
'.'oiniiK'n-Ial Hutot
.;eu"l"iJHotJ
\blKitt 1 loose
vValk-r Ho>-
'outii):n'al Hotol
Stark/a Hot.l
^.nltllJI;l Hot*;!
itovcro I Iou:«
Ayo s' Hnt,.l
Ho ton Hoitso
rala::jno;d
;.il hv:u Ho-. -L
ili-a.i.UloU;!
Djtia.'n.dl Hot I
l/olc lIo-i;c
M.y\ Hon: '
n»ok!>"j 11 (iwl
A uurijaii Lx-^tiai'gj
i.'o.n nr.-.r.l HoUl ,
iiilcmutiuual Hot.'l
I. Audr-wj, ,
i. W. Cur,eu
U. Co.nro
Jolui i 'ro^;ljy
»V. a Cha-iberlafn
\V. U.\/ood
I-'ra::U A. Miller
\V. L. Uutton
iV'r.y ii Vq
Iiu. MjNaaa.-
a. i:Klrol
lajtio:'.! Towimcml
u'vx. Lr.ii'l
V K Ma-thcwa
>«\-Blcy I irtiton
'. A. fljcil
Jurrliioa ^ UmiUi
;.4J. i.i-b
1. ;f i:rb
A. Htail:^
a J. IJvani
\Ya■■.l^:'H:o
A. Ayrr.i
'. 1*. vtcrlcliton..
A D. Hhxro'J
,;. J. UaLlwIu
I. !■'. 'iliom.
Jliaa. ).. V/cth':riiJO
,/i;i. r. Uo-.1ao-i
1. U. M.y::r>-i'f;(.'o
'•ra-juaa Ci Dalil;y ,
'.:r.!. Mou: o-.i.:y /i Uro.i.
■y u; <'4'.r.i.'.;iy... ,
if. C. I'atr.d:;!
0. C. IVitclieU
700
/I :i ^ '
SOg
70r
1X1 :;
33r
tJlS
me
UilS
Ur
SOg
40g
16JU
JO J
Mr
40 B
3 00-100
1 CO-3 0D
200
200
2 00
J 10
1 50-2 00
3 CO
1 10-2 00
300
1 :J-3 00
2 UJ-2 HO
3 CO-3 00
I ;.j-j (,0
1 oo^j to
2 00
I :)-3 00
1 CO-1 23
2C0
3 00
3 tj-3 ca
1 tJ JCO
1 lU-aOil
2 00
1 SO-2 00
Mr
11^-9 00
I 0-r
J O-l CO
liii:
J (.0-1 to
100 u
1 r.j 3 to
100 u
1 W 2 00
13S :;
2 OO-J 00
Mr
2 0)
2j0r
1 co-2 no
,5Jr
J OJ-1 CO
■150 1
J CJ-S CO
1 Or
1 tO-JtO
4;0r
1 oj-;t 00
iMr
1 0.) 5 CO
. OJ r
1 CO iCO
121 r
1 1. J J to
laJr
1 to 1 :o
20Or
1 10
Ulr
1 CO-2 00
ARLINGTON HOUSE, SEATTLE, \V. T.
■ ^
MOTELS— COSTINDKD.
fl
TOWH
NAJlt
ritUpltlKTUll.
■J «
C'lriiuta
Hftn Jow, C
KDellwig
I'jflcr iJcacU
123 r
IM(
lljUll
Mt
70 r
100 r
IMr
123 g
60g
3 SD-J U)
1 M>.5 M
i'Ia.'jfcUoH
1 itmlillti lIuUl
CcMUnoMli'an Hole)
Hun Luii OLliiio, *;
UtiickMini \ Frtnlnrlck
■i lU-1' M
Bah Mntoo C
Haa MiUulioU'l
L'eutml ll.ii.I
raiuuli%iiH lIoLl
ii. Wulttw
Haultufoul.
a OU
Hmita Aiui. U
i W Layuiau
Haiita UftiUn. C
JUO
ArUnjto;! lUn. 1
i*ucinj(>ooati IlauM.
St CluulitB Hotel
HatiLa Cm/
K. J. Hwtit '.;...
i^ttuta Munktt lluto]
tVilkiriii lluuwr. ,. .
linuul Iluiel
••
I'. V, V/ilkiOii
8Mit«KoM,a
(teciac'utal UoML
rlonta lUna Hotel
i'aclllo C'onsrei* Hiirititfa
t-.l Moiitu Hotel
ODtral Hot(!l
0. A. '1 uii|ier
r. JohoMii
L. A. Htijo
J. i:. Slinkey
Jaa. H. HucHdY..
.iiultli/t Vturvr
Sumtora, (T
Huucrlit^i, *'
ISO
BtiHttif ^v
2 Ul
Juo V. Hcott
SUoti flpriligil,
Hu.-ffiii *',*'.....
.HkagHB' Hotel
A. Skit«iH
soo-sa)
1 (JU-JOO
MtA II 1). AmletMiii
*L II(irM.-1y . . .
F. A. FreuU
City Hotel
0. li. Ilonila.
Soquel. C
Span ahtowii. C ^
I'artt HouM
>»
1. AM. llttiiii
ti " ' '
BUmkion,
h* C. Holm
Vrtsomitj House
laii (.'avea.
„
1. H. Cro«
u iM». n
ICuberts' Hotel
ftio. Vutt
TtaSii^o ::—;:•■■•
riios. Hmitli
1 ct>-2 50
•Valkcr ILiuse
H.H. Walker
i'aul Monim-y
Monh & iJrificoU ....
Tiicaoii. A
Tiilare C
Paciilo Hotel
Lkfah C.ty Hotel
D. W. MadUeii
W. A, Ha^.Tina
Peoiilo'.* Hotel
a Tanner
Union Hotel ..
VacaTillc C
Wilson Ho;d
I. K.Davia ]
VttUui-.,
it. J Hoiriu'^oii .
3 0IV6 00
St. Niclmhu Hotel
M. 1'. Diliou.. .7.
1.
\7allft W&U;k. W
Olunii'la Hotel
IL U. I^jiuiO* ....
200
Watsonfine, C
300
tVillitim)! Hotel
W. H. WilHaiua. '.'..'. ....'.
WooillAnfL C
Voh) Hotj'
U W. McDonald.
IToMuiitd VaUcv
Yoacmi'.J Hotel
3 CO
Itlack'.i Hf.*J
M
f*iaiifii Hotel
rnk>,C
p|>)|[|p^l\|imffff|fl lioUtl ... ...
Jolmit. iiobei*Co
791
79»
APPENDIX.
MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
i ■'! :
Califoniia uuil NfrmU Oppotltti
On-i,*'H» iiU'l \V.wIiiri;,'lo.t "
Ni-w Tucoiu.i "
urt-iuii lUilH'uy aail XAttjation Compiiay'i Dock. "
strainer Wiu In'iiij; ... "
Port CoBtft "
tjorUon llar.luraru ( 'oiiipaiiy'i Hulldlnji
Firtt Striit. I'ortlanil
HauiiiK-rii i; Co '« StfiUntT Hunlxiiyx "
KzceUior Saw-null uf J«nM'pli llwt i^ tJo ''
Aftoria
8alinoi. Canjjiiijf Machinw of JobD WuHt "
KeUa Ulm k. Victoria
lltmiUfUt L-ig^iiirf ItuUway of D. It Jou ■* k » 'o , .
Tart (jamWo Saw-mill of I'djio i Tal bot
.ManhHuU Saw-mill 'it V. U Dean i Co
Uay Saw.mill uf DoMta-r \ t'arwu "
Tacoma Saw-mill uf I lanson St Co
i'ort Dlaktily Saw-iuill of UuMitun, Ilulmofl It Co
IsUnJ Saw-inill ul II U .luwi Si I'u
Navarro Rlvir Sa» mil ut II 11. Tkhonor A Co
Mad RlTer Saw-mlU uf Joint Vance ii Co "
ICoyal City Planiii.4 Macbiao *'
I'ost- IntclUgeiict-r HuiMilij. Seattle "
Fcmow a Drj iii^ Machine ...
Compound Maiino Kn;;lne John Dou^l Atlu Inni Wortta, Victoria "
AlMou Iron Worka of Juwiill flpi«t(
Driara House. Victoria '
AlUnuton Ilouae, Seattle
Halatwd liouM^ Tacouia
Tltl.rai-«.
K'J
190
193
VH
£0
»9
'.-JO
l»l
373
X»
M
io7
!>ii3
S30
993
KI4
ua
m
coo
Cti
M3
(iM
CM
7S0
7U0
m
?';^
iilo Tlllo r»;-«-
KJ
IsO
103
ityi
»j
228
2J0
2IJI
373
T/J
;;j
5)0
5'M
s;i4
SOS
coo
C43
64d
OM
CM
7S0
'I: ^:'' it
'.if.
ii i
.51
lii
j
INDEX,
Abolone 3C5
Abbott. Charlw 787
Abliott Houu 290
Abbott, W. H 267
Alienhclmer JuliUB 773
Aberdeen Pkg. Co 7S8
Auapulco 47
Ackennau Bros. . . .7C1. 763, 764, 785, 7S8
Ackemuiu's Dollar Store 763
AckcrHuii, Moore & Co 774
AdalrSCo 206,219.384,788
A<lulr John. Jr 380; 381, 383
AdabrSD 380.381
AdairS. D. 40o 380,788
AdamsA. M 673
Adams C 668
AdaiDB C';nu & Co 785
AdamsiOo 125.120.135,180
AdamaS Carter 780
AdantB, Jacob 7'>5
AdamB, JoBcph W 781
AdauiB, MoNeU & Co -. . . .767. 772
AdaiuB. Wm. J 774,783
Adaiosou.C. P 245
AdelBdorfer. E. & Co 762
Adolpli. 1 755
Aetua Iron Worku 663, 770
Aetna Springs Hotol 789
Aaricultural Iraploincnts. . .442. 674, 753
Agricullural Production 276
Agricultural Progrcu 278
All Chow 729
Ahem & Co 763.766
Ahunia, lluury & Co 855
Alkiu,P. A 211
Alkin, ScUing 613
Alameda 23
Alauietla FoundiT- 770
Alaska » 43
Alaska Commercial Co
331, 333. 336, 339, 340, 766
Alaskan Fiaberies 333
Albany 33
Albany Flax MliU 473. 765
Allwny Iron Works 770
Albion Foundry 664
Albion Iron Worka /70
Albion Pottery 781
Alderson. Tbomas 754, 775
Allugnitll. G 707
Alert Hay Canning Co .!84
Aleutian lalaada 44
Aloiandor. S. O. tc Co 761
Alfalfa 285
Albambra Hotel 70O
AlbolT. Martin 241
AlUky k Hegelc 536. 763
Allen, D. H. & Co 772
Allen, B.T 768
AUcu. Geo. H 770
AUeniLowis 210,767
AUon. OliTor 264
Alien Springs Hotel 789
AUcn, Wm 246,364
AUen Wm. R.iCo 706
Allemania Ins. Co 159
All over Oregon, etc 736
Allworth & Thompson 463. 461. 789
Allyno 4 White 763. 772, 780
Alpcrs. Charles 780
Alt* Hotel 789
Alia Soap Co 789
Althof4B*hla 757
Althouse WlndmUl Co 786
Altsohul. Seller 4 Co 761. 76.% 772
Altarado. J. B 60
Alvord. Wm 138,682,683
AlforJ, HcmrB 768
Alaop 4 Co 217
Amazon luaurance Company 159
American Dlat. Tel. Co 192, 193
American Kicliango Hotel 739, 790
American Fur Co 338, 339
American Hotel 789, 700
American Morocco Coaa Co 773
American Type Foundry 764, 786
American Sugar ReOnury 784
Amsbury & Dufla 245
Anaheim 29, 05
Anaheim, l^nk of 754
Anderson. AC 41, 32a, 332, 368, 383
Anderson, Cliarloa L 753
Anderson, laaac W 636, 772
Anderson, Wm 666, 700
Anderson, Mr 360
Andrews, A 601,677
Andrews, C. N 766
Andrtjws, OUrar 753
Andrews 4 HoUcnbook 754
Aiuluran, O 4 Co lia, 786
Anglo-American Pkg Co t
Anglo-Calif omian Bank. . . .135, 139, 754
Angora Ouats 63
Angora Bobo 4 OlovuOo 766
Antelope 310
Antimony 316
AutlseU, T.M 614.780
Antiaell Piano Co 780.781
Aiitoino L 271
Appendix 735
Aptos Hotel 789
Arcade Hotel 789
Areata 30
Agricultural Iron Works 770
Argonti. Felix 125
Arizona 38
Ari:tona. Bank of 755
Arizona, Bank of (Agency) 851
Arizrma Business Directory 737
Arizona SilTcr 305
Arlington Hotol 791
Arlhiston House 752, 739, 791
Armer, M. 4Co 760,785
Armcs 4 Dallam.
...729, 755, 756, 775, 780, 787
Armstrong, Rudolph 323, 763
jlrmstrong, Thoa. H 757, 753
Armstrong 4 Wright 611
Amaud, Elbert 772
Arnold 4 Co 766,783
Arnold, N. 8. 4Co
763. 76*. 768, 769, 770, 774, 776, 780
Artesian Wells 497
Artmcial Limbs 731
Artidoial atono 630
\rtlgues, E. 40o 758
Artig\ies Canning Co 759
Archie, Henry F. 4 Co 767
Ash jurnor R 201
Aaher 4 Smith 467, 780
Aallley, W. II 338,330
Ashland Woolen Milla 446, 786
ABmau, A 359
Asphaltum 313
Astor. J. J 338
Astoria 32
Astorlan V35
Astoria Box 4 Lumber Co 753
Astoria Clothing MfgCo 701
Astoria Fiabety 788
Aator's Fur Co 331
Aator House 789
Astorbi Iron Worka 770
Astoria Paekhig Co 383
AUieam4Co 776,783
Atkinson & Co 344
i:-^ ';=;
■>J4
Atkhlw)n L. & (\) 762
Atk>'n& risli 534, 73j
Ailiiiitio CJiiuit PowiIiT t'o 73'J
Atlantic ami Ta-iBo U. II ISl
Atliintlc Straw Works. 105 T84
Atlaj* In.iii Wiirks 7iU, 770
AtwoiKl. MflviUu 302
AubLTt. AUwrt 782
/-:i'rini 33
Aiicrluirb. F. i JIid 787
/. ifriditl .-. .MiirriB 771
A]„'ur, It. K Si Co 760, 702, 76:1, 772
Austin 38
Aiwtiu. II. (1 0'JO, 7M, 783
Aiwtin. X. P. i Co 775
AiLstmllaii Comiilaint 74j
AiL^i'RiiH HrUiO 7:11
Au7.eral9& ".'lUieroy 775
Avy, Kui'unf 753, 7S'i
Avyni. tk-ort'eC. & D 785
Ayer's lIoti-1 700
Ayers, M. & t'o 7.\1
Axlu OroHstr 723
liabccick, W 83
Ilalicock, Wm. F 217, 218, .'Ml
Ritli. Mi'tai! & fo 772, 7*;
Ilncheldier .MufnOo 781
liachniiin Itnw 209, 787
Ilachmun, ,1. & Ilto 153
llocta'aluiKi, D4>niualco 78<1
Ilacku-s O. ,1 S21
Ilacon i Co atd, 782
lliiroii, .Toaciih S 770
IWIije.. W. 761, 7l35, 780
Ii«lolliit & Co 379, 783
Ilailir, William 771
Jlalicr, Li-vy tc Vo 775
Ita,;loy & Kuowles .690
Ilalky Uma 782
nailey, C. r 274, 518
Bailor, Henry 763
llailcy, Tlxonias i Co 787
llnilliadic, W ,T 425
llakcr. A. D 562
r>akt'r & ll4iyt;r 135, 754
llaker.V Hamilton 309,220,
070, 753, 757, 764, 768, 774, 780
Baker, 1. <i. & Co 754
Ilaker. H 591
Ilakcrmlelil 37
llalani«i, ,lo8Ci)h 763
Ilakh. Horuco M 781
Ilal.lirin, A 7S7
Ilalilwin, K .1 61, 230, 345. 253, 271
IlaLlwin Hotol 790
Ual.lniii, W 364
Ilalfour, Outliriu & Co
203, 767, 709,770,733
liuUanger, Kilwartl 755
RkUanl, I>uauc & Co 783
Ilall (t .IiUlen 787
lUlzar. lioury & Co 769. 771), 783
Itaiiilioo 283
lUncn>ft, A. L. 4Co
310, 013, 648, 643, 649, 051, 753, 757,
770. 780,783, 784
INDF.X.
liancroft, A. I. 643
llalicnift, II. U M8
Uaiientftfl N'ativo ItjicvR t»48
Itancniftrt Piu;iOc<'ttafit(jui>lu Hook. 736
llanilniau, N'ielson i Co 709. 709
liunk Enliauuo lloUU 790
llaiik ('omini-stiioh 130
IJaiikern, Notable 135
Dank of UritLsh Columbia 135
Hank cit (iilifoniitt 134. 133
IJaiik of Xeva.la 134, 140
Hank of ( Ireeon City 754
Hank of Virtpnia 754
Hanking 121
Uankina Hu»ine«s 121
Hanking; lucxperieuce 120
Houkiuj; luBtitutioOB 134
Uankiitt; rtosi)ect« 134
Banks, Finn. 124
Hants, Wm 469
Hanner Una 200, 761. 705
HaunuT, M. & Co 759
lianmr Pkg. Co 34* 759, 788
llanuister, A. 557
Harliour Hpm 753
Uanl,T R 135
UanOa. F. L 783
Itarfoot. J. L 325
Itaiker, Isaac 764
Hiirkhaus. P. W. 4 D 757
Harlcy, etc 282
llamaril, J 787
Barnes, D.O 598
Homes, a. A 574
Baruus, Mrs 789
Barr, JolmD 466, 780
Bany, David 700
Bartlott, C. C. i Co 775
Bartlett Springs Hotel 789
Battling i Kimliall 651, 767
Barrel Co., Oregon 000
llarrutt & SlierwooJ 6X
Barton, B. F 787
Barton, B. F.iCo 571, 783
Barton, Dr 3io
Barton, U 344
Haahforil, t. 4 Co 775
Ba»B, Stri|K«l 327
Uoaa, T. J. &Co 753, 780
Ilamett. Josep'-. Ml
Bamett s Hotel 789
Basso, Mrs. .M. M 789
llatcheMcr, A. J. 4 Co 767
Ilatcliclor, Van {kiUlor 4 Co 753
Batcman, John 245
Bates, Alfred 733
Hates, Goo. O. 4 Co 763
Hales, Martin 338, 7flfl
Bath Cannluj Co 788
Battle Moinitain 38
Baud, Frank 738
Bauer, Bros. 4 Co 764, 770
Banni, .1. 4 Co 309, 701, 705
Baumgurtner 4 llohls 735
Baur. ti. A 755
Bavaria Brewery 755
Baiter. H. D 153
Bay City Soil* Water Co 784
Bay Hoap anil Candlu Co 760, 784
Hay Sugar Co 548
Bay View Distillcrj- 577, 76J
Beach. C 757
Beadle 4 Co 774
Beak. C 271
Bealo. fialuuel 472, 784
Beamish. Percy Ill, 113
Uoan, Dr 353
Beans, T. K 135
Bi-anl, K. L 237
Board, J. L 245
Hoartbloy's Hotel 790
Bock, Wm. 4.Son 672, 768
Beck 4 Koehn 756
Becker, C 493
Becker, F. W 760
Becker, William 735
Becket, J. F 501.709
HediUng 467
Beochy. Capt 340
Beof 207
Beeger, Uenry ,494
Beeman, W 753
Beckmau, C. C 754
Beeman. Wm 731
Bee« 274
Boot Sugar 543, 513
Boozer, Uent7 784
Bcbco, A 773
Belcher, Capt 331
IMchcr Mine 303,743
Belden, Josiah 60, 113
Bolin, Louis 702
Bell. John P. 4 Co 758
Boll, Tliomas4 Co 769
Hellemore, A 771
B llooiCo 754
Hollows 619
Belmont 35
Belmont Boot Factory 496, 513
Belmont Boot and Shoo Co 753
Bolmont Tannery 4*1, T84
Belting 530
Bjmcnt, Oeo im
Boinlsh, Oeo ,103
Benchloy, L U 033
Bouoldey, L. B. A Co 333
Bcndol, H 548
Bendoll, B. t Co 713
Bender Clias. T 754
Bonder, D. A. 4 Co , 7M
Uondluou, ILD ^...63^,783
Ilenliam, Azol M 780
BetUiayon & McUlennun 773
Benlela 34
Ilonlcia AgtI. Works. . .320, 67^ 076, 763
Bcntcla Packing Co 783
Benicta Tanneries 493
Bennett, James S 600, 706
Bolmctt, Patterson 4 Co 766
Hcimett, Thos 770
Bensley, John 683
Henstni. Jobu 34.^
Bunt. K F 4 Co 767
Benton, Thos. II 103
hiir
'111
Bfnjhi, J, J 719
li.T;luun, A 5G2
nurgHtruiii, Juhu 61-1. 783
ncrkuky 2J
Uunial, HuiKira 5'J
Buniiira, <>. & I 'o &i4, 702
BeruiirJ. II. M 7a
ikniiint Iluiuu 7'Jl
Benilianll, Cliurlca 707
UtTiiliL-iiii, J. & Co 775
BertjiniUaa, A 723
IV.Tti'lini ,'i Watry 693
Barthfuu, ('*»ar 770
Bcrton i (iallianl 731
Bcrwlu, P. ftCo 769
B.'Umiui, L 775
Buttumii, Mu»e8 7S1
Butts Siirina Co 074., 784
Di-tts. Win M 074
BlagI, D. SCo 705
l):-licl, Frcil 702
Bkliaril. N 702
Bi2kwcU,F !»!
BiawoU, J 00
Biihvull. Jului 2X), 281
B:ak-y. Unia 707, 782
Bisiilow. 8.0 143
BU TiV".- IIoli'l 790
BiUlaril-tablra CIO
Billilli,-!! .
.321
BiUiiifH, R L. &Co 772
BlUings, Harliovirni' i Co 757
BiUhigiiluy & Co. . . 729,750
Bhif, li 701
Birch, Win. II ...764, 7A1
BlrdiltoM 707
C:iuinj-ur k 1 Vi .76^1, 737
BiMiiitjur, Co!ui&Co 772
Bittner. .\ugujt 739
Bbck, II. M. & Co 700
Black lioar Mino 742, 743
Blaukbuni, .Iiuitfu 331
Black Diamond Hotel 730
Blai-king 727
Black. J 788
Blilcklock, ,1 737
Blick'.i Hotel 791
lilackwclls Hotel 790
lilaku&Co 7M
lllako, I)r. ,T 75, 70
Blake, liobliins £ Co. . .310, 639, 780, 731
Blaklnlon, J. 1 484,783
Blanchttr.1. .Iulo« 757
Bliindiara & <VNell 634, 754
BlaTik-liooka 619
Blantiui hue 710
Illauvcit, W II 754
niodi & I)ari.l8on 772
Block. II. & Co 780
Blood, Ja». A 759
Bluwcra, II n 345,252
Blue Lakct Hotel 789
Ulnnuiillial, .M. fc Co 771
Blinncntbal, Qnlnlan li Oo 707
Board of Ilcaltli, Cal. Htato 73
Boanl of rudemrittim 149, 153
lloanl of Marino I'ndcrwrltors 100
INDEX.
Boca BrvwiUif Co 575, 755
Bocliow, P. li. Si Co 772
liodio 31
Ilodic, Bank of 751
Bodio Cunsolldatetl Mine 740
BodwcU, H. II 058, 709, 780
liourlcko i Tatcl 704
ISocnicr i, Wirtli 7,'a
ISoBnixr, W. P 753
Bogcr Bros 700
Bosk's Hotel 790
liohn, W 771
Ikiilcr Making 006
Boise, Couuty Bank of 754
Bolan, J. & Co 719
Bonanzas 296
Bond, Wm 712, 775
Bone, Charcoal, etc 720
Bonnet, K. i Co 750
lionne»lllo, Capt 339
Bonny, (Jet 097
lt<H>kbiuduric8 051
Bookbinding 649, 650
BiKik printing. .. 640
Booker, Wni. L 153, 770
Bootli & Co 767, 772, 733
Booth, A & Co 380, 381, 788
BootK II. ,1. 4 Co 601, 005
Booth, S. k Co 763
lloot.1, Wm 505
Borax 724
Borchi«, W. F 755
Bonlenavc, Joseph 758
Bortl. ,Utre.l & Co 751
Itoscowitz, L. & ,1 338, 700
BosQ, 1!. & Co 697
Bosqui. Edwanl 4 Co. .646, 651, 757, 7 !2
Bothiu, Dallemand & Co 762, 785
Boukofsky & KWniborg 760
nouni. Mrs 244
Doumf , II, A 772
Bour , W. B 150
licvee, W. H 664
Bowon, P.. J 287
Bowcn, V. M. k Co 571, 787
Bowen, H. 11 753
ISiiB-er & Baki'r 770
Boners, W. H. II. & Co 774
Bowles, Samuel 64
Bownian House 790
llownuin, .r. R. &Co 702,700, 785
Boyne, W. &Co 034, 754
Boynton, E. B 775
Bnjiilon, S. S 506, 762
Box Factories 599
Box Shooks 4.T3
Brace, C.L 04
Bnxlbury, W. B 698,703
PnuKonliCo 788
Bnulfonl, W. B 7.19
Bradley 4 Itulofson 750
BnMhilct 4 Co 379
Bradt4i<ou8 767
Bradiray, H. H 754
Bragg, H. W. 4 Co 019
Brand, Heruuui, 760, 785
Brand, H, J 771
795
Bmntlenstlne, II. 4 Co 759
lir indcnstiue, M. & Co 758
Bnihiiati, Uauiel. 527, 781
Brauuan, H 144
Brandy 252
Brasiiy & Co 773
Bravennan, Louis 4 Co 771
Bray Bros 787
Bray, J (1 143
Brearley, John 754
Brechtel, 559
Breeze 4 Lougltrau 783
Brekle,0 75G
Bremer, Joseph 4 Co 700, 78S
Brennan. 1*. T 525
Bresson, Joseph 785
Bretonnel, J. N 697, 771
Breuner, Jolui 700
Brewer, M. T. 4 Co 703
Brewster 4 Co 020
Brice, Powell 75«
Bricewallor 243
Brick.1 623
Brickwcdel, Henry 226
Brlekwedcl, Henry 4 (.'o 220. 773
Itridgen, A 2-15
Brigss, U. 237, 244, S.'i3
Briggs, HjH'UCer R 785
Brigham, Whitney 4 Co 703, 782
Brighton Distillery 253
British iVmerica Co 383
British American I'kg Co 783
BritUh Culuml)ia 41., 738
liritisU Col)md>la, Bank ot 754
British Colmuliia Packing Co. . .383, 783
British Columbia Soap Co 719
British Columbia Tanning 495
British North Auierico, Bank of 7M
Broadhont, C. Vf 703
Brod rick. D. C 123
Brwlio, J. H, 4 (.'o 783
Bmml«rger. Max 763
Brooklyn Hotel 790
Broiiks, C. W 150
Brooks, II. B 321
Braiku, It. 577
Brnoks, York 4 Co 773
Brooms 728
BriMimconi 237
Browell, J 529
Brown Bros. 4 Co., 209, 440, 451. 701, 705
Brown Bnw. 4 Watson 037. 780
Brown, D. 4 Co 780, 787
Bn>wn, V. 773
Brown, ((, B 758
Brown. .1, B 696
Brown, J. P. 4 Co 754
Broivii, J. li. 494, 784
Brown, N & Co 761, 765
Brown, Uicliard 784
Brown, U. W 768
Brown. Craig 4 Co 770
Brown 4 Mathews 210. 708
Browning 4 Bremer 708
Brownsifillo Woolen Mill Co. . . .416, 786
llriuie, August 760
Bnuicr, B. P 683
'!
:(|
> Mi
796
llruiu-1, S 518
]>iirns, Unary 770
liruiwM itk, J. M. & IliUko Co. . .(ill, 757
llnulics 730
Uruton, Dunliil 785
Ilryan. Win. J 7(H
Uryuiit, A. J 154,531,770
l;ryt,>, M 300
KiiL'liunaij & Lyall 785
l:uchler, Augunt 755
r.uckiUow & Ochoa. 775
iiiickiutn'liuiu & Hccht..506, 511, 757, 758
IJuckmiller & Wells 766
lluckow, Emil & Co 7ri
Buffalo 341
lluffalo German Ins. Co 101
Uuftum. W. M 775
llueua Vista Potterj' 527
1>uena Vista Vinicultural Co 63
Uubacl) 287
Buhue, II. II 5M, 768
Uujanuoa, Reinbold 771
Biilliau Yield, total 32
Bull, Geo 753
Bulwer Mine 742
Buudock, II. F .W, 781
Bunoitian & Martoniui 772, 0S6
Bungs 025
Bunker, N. E 419
Bunker, H. F
Btmster, A 755
l:untiue 459
Ijura. Adal)>h 7G0
Dnrchard, C. A. 210, 772
!',un.klialtcr, F. t Co 754
l>uri;oynu & Co 124
UurlaiHi. 479
liuniull. ,1. II. 4 Bro 756
I>iirii)iaui, G. M 774
Ilumham, J. II 7M
Burnett, 11. P CO
Burnitt, IVt^jr H 135
Burr. C. C. & Co 6*4, 703
Burr, E. W 135
Burton, W. II 76 1
Busliy, F. H 517, 707
Business Failures 214
Biwh, A 135, 5n7
BuBli, Darld 089, 706
Business Houses, leading 7.'';3
Buswell, A i Co 051, 757
Busivell, W. P. 7C4
Butler, A B. 245
Butler, P. F 776
Butler & Ilolden 770
Butttt 'bounty. Bank of 754
ISutter 264
Buyer i Reich. 704
Byxliee. John F. 774
( al.le Itailmad 426
< '.iliR-m. Uoma & Co. 762, 769
< 'iiilwell & Stanford 775
Cody, M 020
I'ody & WiUoy 030
Caffrey, C. 8 620
Cohen Broa. k Co 766, 772, 787
INDEX.
I Calm, Morris 470
Calm, .\iekeL)liursiCo..611, 757, 753, 772
Calno, Jolm 605, 075, 7:'3
Calru, Justinian 703
Calcium Li>;!it 7L0
Caletlonia Oatm. al Mills 705
California 20, 21
Cal. Artif. Stone Paving Co 753
CaUforuiau Banks 121
California, Bank of 7M
Cal. Bellows .Mfu Co 519, 767
Caliiomia Bible .Society 757
Cal. Brush tleetrie Light Co 7M
CaL BleaehiUB' Hoali Co 781
CaL Cijar Box Co 758
Cal. Cracker Co 428, 763
Cal. Concentration Co 780
Cal. Cream of Tartar Co 571, 737
California Distillery 703
Cal. Electric Light Co 593
Cal. Electrical Power Co 693
Cal. Electrical Works
693, 694, 70i 707, 776
Culifornian '' terjin-^'s 48
Calitonr . File Co. 670
California Flour Mills 705
Cal. Furniture Mfg Co 606, 006, 766
California Fuse Aia'n 711, 766
California Fuse Works 711
California Glove Co 617, 707
California Uonie Ins. Co 114
California Hosiery Co. .118, 418, 449. 780
Calitoniia Ins. Co 160, 770
Caiitoruia Iron Co 311
Cal. Italian Paste Co 660
California Jewelry Co 696, 771
California Lloyds 144
California Mine 738
Cal. Mutual Marino Ins. Co.... 142, 143
CaUfomia Gil Works 780
California Oil lieftncry 730
Oallfornia Pkg Co 788
California Paint Co 715
Califoniia Paiier Co 780
California Paiier Mfg Co 636
CaUfomia Powder Works. .709, 710, 782
California liaisiu Co 245
Cal. Savings Si Ix»ui Society 754
Cal. SiUi Mfg Co 46i 479, 784
Califomiim Silver 306
California, Bouthem 28
Cal. Si)ring Mfg Co 007
Ciil. Siiring M,ittre88 Co 470
California SprUig Mfg Co 470, 757
CaUfomia Star Oil Co 317
Cal. Star Oil Works Co 780
California Hlato Tel. Co 189, 190
CaUfomia Steam Nav Co 108, 783
CaUfomia Sugar ICelinury 647, 734
(JalifomlR Tool Works 670
California TmusiKirtation Co 783
Califonda Typo Foundry 764
Califonda Varnish Works 786
Cal. Vigorite Powder Co ... .709, 783
Califoruian Wheat 279
Califomhi Wire Works Co 068, 786
Colkers' Association lOS
Callingham, W. .1. k Co 770
CaUendar, Henry A 771
Caila^han, 1). & Co 671
Cali3t4jga Hot Springs 789
Camels. .Siberian 63
Campbell, C. E 768
Campiiell. Geo. II 775
Campltelt House 789
Campljell, J 519
Campbell, Milton 785
CaiTipbeU, M 690
Campbell Pru*i Mfg Co 043
Campbell, W. II 769
Canadian Pacilic IL It 98, 181
Canary See<l 283
Caudles 720, 700
<.'au(Uc ('omi>any, 8. F 721
Canneil Goods 7.'i9
Canneries of Fmit 759
Canneries of Salmon 788
Canning, Salmon 377
Capon, George B. K Co 21 1, 7:i7, 758
Capital Canning Co 759
Capital Flour MiUs 705
Capital Furniture Co 766
Capital Gas Light Co 731
Capital Pkg C, 785
Capital Savings Bank 704
Capital Soap Factory 731
Caps 403
Carbon Bisidphidc 727
Carbon Hill 008
Cardiare, D. i Co 723, 763
Career for Energy 85
Cariboo 341
Carit, ,T. A 763
Carion & Emst 755
Carlton Houso 790
Carmany, John 11 & Co 783
CarmoDchc, Paul 760
Carolan, Coo' 4 Co 209, 757, 768, 776
Can) 328,385
Carpets 477, 753
Carpet Beating 478
Corpet Linhig 477
Carpenter, Mr 719
Carqiiinez Strait 23
Carr, Jcsso D 269, 960
Carr, II 767
Carriages 616, 759
Carriage Materials, Dealers 759
Cairlgan, Andtvw 221
Carrlger, X 246
Carroll, ,1 C ' ... .634, 774
CarroU, J, H ...155
CarroU, II. T. A Co 77a
Carson 38, 639
Carson City f^viogs Bonk 754
Cartan. McCarthy 4 Co 72
Carter, L. F 769
CorviUe Mfg Co 618, 759
Casanova, Henry 218
Caaenavo. P. & Co 665, 7C2
Case, J. J. (t Co 211, 770
<:^a«c, I. W 754
Casey, M. Francis 757, 768
Casey &Cronau 773
Cusaamayou, A. k Co 779
('ui»ln, V.J. & Co "GO, 772
Caator Bcjiti 3S7
C'astlu Bros. 1: Louihi...2i», 707, 7S3, 785
CiutrovUlu 30
Calflah 328,380
Cattarliia, E. .T 705
CattclllSiCo 560,774
OeUar Forests 35
Comont rii« 539, 783
Cento, J 441
Centnl Uottl 753, 789, 790, 791
Conlnil Paclllo U. 11
10, 92, lOi 1C9, 170, 174, 177, 308,
018, 033, 046, 005, 070, C73
Central Gas Lisbt Co .733
Ccrf, ,r. iCo 210,763,773
Chaliot, A 314
Chadboiimo, F. S. .Ik Co. . . .211, C07, 7GI1
Chad>jounie, T. .7 559
Chailclenlon, J. L 780
Clialns C73., 760
Chatai 601, 607, 700
Chalmers, Robert 245
Chalmers St, Holmes 534, 774
CharaiUKne 349, 700
Chances for Settlers 87
Chandler & Son 707
i.'hamller, Ulchanl D 770
Channel I'otterj- 782
Chapman. A. 11 330
Chapman, U 77^
Chapiuau, James P. S Co 709, 783
Chapman, W. S 419
Charco.ll 725
Channan, Thoa 136
Charman. T. S Son. 228, 775
Chariot, .Toseph 771
Chanl, Thomas S 153
Chase, A. W. Capt 003
Chase, It. P. &Co 757,768
Chauche, Ailrlen O 772
Cheese 207
Chcmekcta Hotel 790
C!>omieal Works 761
Choi.T, C. C 770
Choslcj, G. W 773,775
a . valier. ''. i Co 772
Chlco 27
Chico, Bank oi' 754
CUIco Plow Woiks 675, 753
Chicory 388
Chiehizola, Anton'o 703
Chief Soap Factors 784
Chlelovich, K. 4Cj 772
ChUa8,M. W 214 690,785
Chilborg, J. P 775
Chinese CowiKttition 113
Chinese, Upposttiou to 119
Chloriiuktion Process 429
Chocolate 606.761
Chollar-Norcross Pnmp 421
Chollar PotosI Mine 740, 743
Choiunl, Louis 771
Cluist, John 756
Christy 4 Wise 165, 787
Chn^mu Iron 314
Cbuicli. J. K 775
CInites. LowUng 4oO
C'Ifars 700, 700
Ciifar Boxei 000
Cigar Faet<iries 703
Cigar OiK-rativos 703
Citizens' l!auk 754
City Brewery 755
City Carriage Factory 7i'i9
City Foiuiilry 771
City Hotel 791
City Store 775
Ciahrough tt, Golchor 673
Clalirough, J. P. 4 Bro 703
Clackamas Paper Co 780
Clams 362,304
Clapp & Jessup 664, 702
Clarcmlou Hotel 7'JO
Chirest, H 755
Chirk, A. O. 4 Co 708,775
Clark Bros 784
Clark, Geo. W 210,780
Clark. J 501,709
Clark, Jonas 143
Clark, N. SSoni 527
Clark, U. C 518,707
Clark, W. A 754
Clark, T. S.4Son 472
Clark, Truman 4 Co 757, 766
Claudius 358
Clausen, F 771
Claussen, John 760
Claussenius 4 Co 773
CUyburgh 4 Nathan 773
Clearing House 135
Clear Lake Hotel 789
Clements. GUbert 730
CUff House 790
Clhnats of Alaska 83
Climate of Arizona 82
ClLmatoof Los Angeles 80
Ctlmato of Oregon 81
Climate of Sacramento 75
CUmatcs, Tables of 72
Climate of Utah 83
Clocks 693,761
Clocks, Pneumatic 427
Clothing 450,761
Clothing Operatives 453
Cloasett Bros 763
Clute.K. W 775
Clorerdale 413
Cluncss, W. U 130
Coal ^ 307
Coal Oil 763
Cobliner Bros 761, 776, 787
Cochran, St H 360
Cocoanut Oil 717
Cod Banks 334,342
Co.msh 342, 34^ 763
Coddblgton 4 WUcox 605, 767
Code, Klfelt 4 Co 340, 759
Codlflc<l Law 61
Coffoo 387, 653,762
Coffins 614, 702
Coffin, Geo. F. 4 Co 783
Coin. Amount of ^23
797
Cohen, H 010
Cohen, llernnau 75.^, 7dl
Cohen, I. L. 4 Co 700
Cohen, Philip 7iH
Cohen, U 775
Colien. W. 4 Co 765
Cohn, Adolph A 706
Cohn 4 Co 775
Cohn, K. 4 Co 760
Cohn,U. 4Co 702,700,785
Cohn, Herman 703
Cohn. J. O 775
Cohn,M 787
Cohn, Jt 4 Co 775
Colaco. Max 700
Colo 4 Co 403
Colo, IJ. 4 Co 090. 785
Cole.N. P 60«
Colo 4 Kenny 729, 756, 78 '., 787
Coleman, Win. T
210, 547, 731, 734. 733, 760, 703,
707, 709, 770, 783, 7ii3
Collars 703
Cnllam, Paiier 039
Colmau Bros 209, 701, 7ia
Colller,J 2J9
ColUns 4 Tlldeu 703
Colonies 95
Colton Kxehange Hotel 789
Cilumiiia Bar 400
Columbia Canning Co 788
Columbia UoU-1 789, 791
Columbia Iron Works 771
Columbia Pkg Co 738
Columbia Kivcr 3.i8
Columbia Uivcr Fisheries ;'73
Columbia Blver Pkg Co 788
Columliia Soap Co ....Ibi
Columbia Soai» Works 754
Columbus Brewery 755
Columbus Pkg Co 788
Columella 358
Colusa, County Bank of 754
Colusa House 739
Combs, J. W 531,774
Comforters 469, 703
Comfort, Wages ami 108
Commercial Bank of Los Angeles. . .754
Commercial .Fire Ins. Co ..159
Commercial Herald 736
Commerchil Hotel 790, 701
Commercial Ins. Co 155, 770
Commercial Policy 743
Cumntereial Soap Co 719, 733
Commerchil 4 Savings Bank 7o4
Commins 4 O'Couner 773
ComlKtltion with thj East 117
Competition, World-wide 115
Comptou 33
Conutock, C 205
Comstock, Discovery of «(jl
Comstock 4 Hnntiugtou 236
Comstock Lode 38, 2j6
Comstock .Mines 38, 737
Comstock, W. U. 4 Co 708
Condit, J. H. 4Co 753
Cone, R I) 63
^
798
INDEX.
C'uoa ii KimWI 775
f 'oaf cattioocnr ..fiC5, Ilji
'■•>■:'... J II kCo 501. 70>J
t'uuklio llrtH 478
CuukUu. II U. t Co 771
< oukliu. 1'. k V. a 617
< uulUui, Tbmua C 736
4 utilixi4 IlA/berU 691, 7)^ 7(.Vi
i'>u\i. J^Ata IX
I ouiKcticnt Pii»- : -a. Co 158
VtmuKiijk Ikirle.. 7tti
I'litiUL-r, Juhn 754
c uuuer 4 Hon 641
li/uuick, A 5U1
('4pnnkk. II 5yl
c 'oimoUr. Micbael 75S
< ■..iini.l r)»i U 7M
<-"uli Umiik of Hftn l>ieso 754
* '>m. VirKinia Misw 738
C'unliiifiiUl Ili>««l 7'jO
< 'ouliufmul <hl I'o 624
CVjotiUL-uUl Oil Ji Traiu. Co. . . .7631 7iiO
( 'oiuititutioD of (Jalifomi* 133
Cook. A- A sa
(■<i.)k. A. O 7H 757. 76'J
IVjok. Cipl 321
<;<«jk, II X 5S1, 753, 754, 757. 70J
Cook. I. t A. M 774
t'ooke. 11 W 651
<oo,«.-i»Sc 6301 C22. 702
Cooju-T, Klwuod 230
^'uo« Itiy 401
(■•lie. W T 7C8
< ■-*!«'■ «), 315, 690, 763
l'«i|«nn. II 756
l!tj.|UllV; lljfcr 401
tori^lt. FaUui<4Co. 211. 768
C«rl.«t. Smutor HI
OirlxHt, Wm 271
Coriiilt k. Macksjr
2101328.568, 767, 783
Cor<U{e 481. 703
("riliaU 578, 7M
Ciruiulv 2&i
4 '.-ruioea 763
(..•uiupollUo Uotd 789, 790, 791
t.Atli- 4 Wrifbt 731, 782
VMUm 283,4711
CoUoa t'wicnrear 457
CoUrill. i;. 1) k Co 643
LuUaUu, Mr 633
CuatU, P 260. 271
Covey. 11 It 273
I'owali L Co 717, "i^i
l.uir.liii, M. II 754
Coal>9,<i. W. M 7»l
( iirTiil:iji Frail rackiot Co 750
C jr»»!ll« Plow k Av- Mfy 753
Corvillc, VjDBtwaa 75U
Col. J. W. tCo 7ta,TIi,W
< rjW 366
CraW.. a W 245
Cnuii.'. IlaatinxkCo 772
Cnin, Iliuh 770
Cmckeni 568. 763
Cracker Co^, Cal 55*^
Cnmk. J. F 243
Crawfonl. A 783
I'tiwtoril. A. 4 Co 717
tni»tor.l, J. W 784
( 'ruwfonl. Wm 473
Crnwtutrl, Win 4 Co 607
< 'nuiii cif Tartiir 723
Ouiiar llrod 775
Crt'itfhton. I^>l>u^t J 746
Ctvtk-ent City 30
• 'revulln. K. & Uro 678
Critteudtui Kerr 767
Cril tentleii k McCiie 753
('r,a*Uilf 383
Crocus Marcliuiid 6iM. 786
Croi'lial. (;. iCo 243
Cnxikfr. C 168. 174
(.'roekor. £. B 168. 175, 176
(.•riK:ki!r. II. S. & Co 757. 783. 784
('nH:kiTj- 763
Crockett, rage k ToTia lo'J
Cn)i>uhiut, Charles 55
Crown I'l.iiit Mine 740. 742
Cninmu'ry & Hall 758
Cudell. Cuittave k Co 784
Cuir 4i Cu 766
Culiner. O. F 767
Culp, J. D 385, R'J
Culp, J. D. i Co 703. 760, 785
1 'umiiiitiHS, Oilnluel & Co 765
Caniiinglmm. Jas 775
Ciimiiiiifbaiu k .Mclteatli 669, 763
< 'iltiiiiiiKliaui. Curtis & Welch
210.757.784
Ciilfples, f^aniuel k Co 7^
Ciirlock, A. B 754
Curkil Hair 703
CurlfW Mi
t-'urliy .t Maliaii 78a
Currency 131
Currio, .Vrtliur U i Co 78J
Currier, Amos 753
Currj. Clias 671
<■" rj-. J 671
Ctt' ry, N. i Uro 671. 768
Curta/., B 780
Curtin, C 787
Curtis House 783
Curtis. Tyler 154
( 'urtitt, DiXGti & Co 760
Curtis, John k Bon 783
I'unhUii!, C. II 154
CuUeiy 61)9, 703
Cutting i Co 383
Cuttiua, JohnT. A Co 708
Cutliu.; Packing Co 340,759.788
llaljovlchN 765
Uair}'; Dairy Produce 360,703
Dairymen's union 107
IJaklii k Lihliy 719, 753, 784
Dalliy, I'ewel ft WiUon 496. 513
Dainleisli. 1) 446
Duil. W. H 4i321
Dalles, Hank of Tho 140
Dalles, The 33
DalO'lnple. ,). J 775
Daiton. .1 345
Dalton ft Gray 765
Djiy, 1' J 765
Datzeli. JunK'8. 390, 785
Daucri, F. ft Co 209. 218. 707, 77'i
Daueri. Antoniu 703, 763
DaiiicLs, .1. ft Co 533.774
Danlurtl), Mmire ft Cunimijiffs..495. 773
Diiiifurtli ft Co 784
Dannats. .lunius 766
Daniieuijaun). J. ft H 787
Dau skill Bros 775
Duiisuiaii Tobacco Co 785
DaveliiHjrt, Capt 349
Davidson. B 124
DaviiUoii, (leo 280. 323. 324, 033
Daviilson. J. W. ft Co 787. 761, 707
Daviilsou, Hall ft Co 761, 778
Davis Bros 761,764, 783, 7a«
liavis, Christy 787
Davis ft Cowell 534, 772
Davis, C. II ft Co 55<>
Davis, Geo. A 753, 7W
Davis, HoraceftCo 5S6
Davis ft Hiinrod 775
Davis, J. C 345
Davisft Kellom; 780, 783
Davis, Levy 712, 775
Davis ft Lowell SW. 756
Davis. W 601, 769
Davis, P. ft Uro 7M
Davis, W. Ii 763
Davis, ,H P. ft Co 77a
Davy. Henry 433
Dawson, J 5ji5
Dawson, J .M. Pkg C.i 241. 759
Dawson Pkjf Co 211
Day,.l W 447
DayiCo J73
D.iy, Thos 689, 761. 704 775
Dayton. Hall ft Lamhcivou 211, 763
DayUm Woolleu Uilk 447, 786
Dazet. J. B 773
Dean, K. B. ft Co. .587, 629. (13, 774, 784
DoCaslro, D. ft Co 769, 'iS)
DuUclis, Mr» .230
Docker ft Jewctt 7M
DcCourcy. F. 764, 787
Deer 340
ileuthftHtart 660
Deetken. Chloriuation 41f
Deiitkoo. O. F 430
l>el''rumery. Jaiuoe ft Oo 769
Degen, L. P .•..533,737,768
DoifcnerftCo 303,769,770
Deidesheimcr, P 433
Dcililuger, H 768
1 )e Ijury , Cha« 706
iJulan.iy, F. W, 037
Delsuuj, F. X3
Del Alar, Alexander 764
Delleliiane ft Co 769. 783, 787
Delta Canuiug Co 306, 219, 384. 788
Delta Packing Co 383. 385
Itonilister ft Keys.. 759, 763, 763, 709, 783
Deiu|«ter, W. A 385
Duuiartiul, L. ft Co 763
Dtimers, Hector L 763
IX'inurs, L 775
Dt^miliK, l*atmcr & Co 210
l)i-mmlck i .shtfliilcl 7j3
Dcnuveaiix A Mainou 773
DuuJianl, John 783
Domils, tieartfo G(j3
Deuiiisun. W. H. (c E. K 527. 782
DeDiilHtuii. Kilwanl G CM. 764, 7C7
DBiiiiy, Ivlwuril Jt Co 753
l>v|Hit Hiitol. rallHadu 790
Delxit IIoU'l. lieno 790
Do I'uu. V II 719
Dorliy. K. M 774
Dwrlck-Ncta 433
l>e .Salila. Kilgcnu 769
IKmeret Ilauk 764
Drakil 703
DuamoiKl. J. ,1. & Sons 770
Itetrtck, E. & Co 733, 7.H 709
Dt!V»;rs. Kovbncku & Co 7f>2
Dovine, J. C 534, 775
DovHii, John & Co 788
DewiiiK, J. & Co 7.'J7
IViliT, F 566, 762
IKxtcr, llortoii * Co 754
IMnlilo Hhlgo 23
Dlamoiitlit 320
Wbblcc UnM 'J«
Dlbhltf, Albert 709, 733
DIcklo Ilroa 630-033, 783
Dlckh'. (I. W., iuvuntioiix of
416, 422,423,434,433,633
nicklo, .liw 629. C33
nickio, John 033
Dickflou'H /Vjjcncy 158
Wckson. Do Wolf Ji Co
»M. 753, 700, 767. 768, 774, 783
Dlcknon, M. W 126
Dickson. Itiilwrt 158,770
Dli<7, ..V. C. » Co 762, 772, 780
l)iu2 H lUinuu 760
Dilko, Sir Charles 64
Dint'lLT, O. L 687,774
Diugley, N 561,702
Dlnkelalilil, L. & Co 76i 771, 787
Dinwooily, Henry 706
Diri-etory of Kaeraraent<i 737
Directory of Han Joae 737
DUtrict TelekTaiih 192
Dintumell, W. 737
Dixon, Uiink of 754
Dixon ,^ HeniBtein 753
Dixon llr<M 460
Doane ii Co 303, 364
I><iane k Henshelwood 7tJ7, 787
Doiine, Kobert 775
Doblft AbniT 670, 706, 776, 785
IXhM, Cliarles II. & Co 310, 768
Doilge, H. I, 314
Doilgu, Hweeney & Co 703, 70i<, 782
Dodae, W. Vf. k Co.... 209, 707, 773, 782
Doe, II. ,li J. ,S 703
Doe, Cbnrlen K 774
Dolan. James W 7S0i 758. 783
DoUn. Thomas 719. 784
DoUieer & Carson 774, 783
Dolboor, John 425, 680
I.'.'DKX.
DoUteer's Logger 416
Dollivir k Uro 772
Domestic Animals 254
Dominion 1 Jov. .Savings Dank 754
Donalmu Foumlry 058
Donahui-. James 001
Donahue. Kelly & Co 754
Donahue. .Michael .062
Donahue. Teter IM. 001. 664
DunaMsoD i Co 769, 770, 783
DoualiUon. W 774
Domicll. Clark k Liirable. 754
Donnelly. Dunne k Co 738
Donoboe. J. A 135
Dooly, J. E. i Co 7.M
Doom ami 8ashes 5'JO, 763
Dorety, Joseph II 770
Dom, (i. W. i Co 775
D.imin. Geo. D 137. 770
Dorrance, O. P 771
Dougherty, John \V 775
Dougherty, P. E. 4 Co 782
Doughty k Tattetson 444
Doughty, Wm 737
Duugall, John 771
l>ougla«a I'kg Co 381, ?■«
Douglas.* Ilroa. k Co 775
Doutrick, Frank & Co 775
Itoves 341
D^jwney 29
Downey. J. (i 4^
Downing. A. F. k Hon 704
Doyle, Ilcnry & Co 769
Doyle S Williams 245
Drake, B. F 063
Drake k Kmerwjn 705
Dtesliach, Wra 203, 767, 769, 783
Dress Trimminffs 403, 764
Draw, II. L 708
Dry Docks 633
Dreyfus, B 210, 5*1
Dreyfus, B. iCo 773, 780
Dreyfus & Co 023
Drlanl House 732, 791
Driukhouso, J. A 760. 785
Drouot, U 782
Drugs 764
Drtucmond & liCmont 774
DuUoU, Kintt i Co 210. 767
Ducks 311
Ducommun, C 210. 775
Duonwaia, C. F 700
Dufour, A J 730
Dulsenlicrg, Charles & Co 763
Duke, W. Hons&Co 785
Dun, ,T. O. tCo 214
Duncan. Mr .333
Duncans Mills L. t L. Co 771
Dunham. B. Frank 221
Diuiham. Carrfgan k Co
209, 221,768,776
Dunn, H D 772
Dunn, J 559
Duniihy k HiUlreth 270, 751
Dunirtiy. William 270, 758
Dunsmuir, Digglo je Co 199, 307. 309
l>ui>ont Powder Co 782
.710
.783
.705
707
782
736
799
Dnltose. F. F 409. 762
l)us.rnlKTy k Steucel 775
Dusenhery Uros 775
Dutch Flat Hotel 78.1
Dutton. Wm. J 1.51
Dwelling House Unilcrwriters 156
Dwycr k Cartan 700
Dyer Bros 750, 767
Dyer. L. -M 618,759
Dyer. W.J 753
EaiLi, J. 11 182
Kagtu BrLWery 735
Eagle Cracker Bakery 703
Eaglo Fuse Works 711
liagle Hotel 791
Eagle Soap Works 784
Kagle St/?am (tracker Bakery 703
Eardhy & Cartwright 627, 783
Earl, J. O
Earle, D. W. 4 Co
Earle. E. F
Earle. Thomas .Vj5, 702. !
Eaitman. Frank & Co 640. '
Exttman. Thomas >i 020. 7.59, '
Eiiston, ,Iohn 703, 700
Eaton k Batluy 776
Eberhard, Jacob 491, 494, 784
El.ncr Bros 773
Eckstein. A. B 711.765
Eclilise Cnickcr Co 763
Eddy's Sluice 416, 417
Edmonds, O 559
Edwards, P. C. 210, 780
Edwanls. Geo. V 757
I'gan, M. M 773
Egcrton. Henry C 709. 776
Eggers. C, H ^!I3
Erileston. Ben 767
Ehlltz, Henry F 700
Ehnnau. M. k Co 707, 760, 782, 785
Einstein 4 Co 511
Einstein, Louis 4 Co 775
Eisen, F. T 245
Eisenlwrg. Ad.ilph 701, 771
Elsenljerj. E. 4 Bro 700
Ekelimil, Eric 7':4, 767
Elam 4 Howes 624
El Ca|)itan 79
Electrical Construction Comisuiy. . .
192,693
i:iectrical Instruments 693, 704
Electroplates 764
Electrotnie 641, 764
Elevators 678, 704
Elfeldt, A II. 4 Co .209, 701, 704
Elk 310
Elkus, L. 4 Co 451. 45^ 761
Elleau. Henry 771
Elliott 4 Co 705
Elliott. Wm. C. 159
Elliott. W, L. 4 Son 770
Ellis. Nathan 773
Elli.i. TboTias .«;'l
El Monte Hotel 791
Elmore. .Sanmcl 738
Elsander. H. W 754
' i.
8oo
Kumnuel, L. &K COG, 764)
Kiubrolileriea 704
Kinint'tt, lifci ,71
Kmit'y & lA?uiiunl 76'.»
Ijiipiru roimilry 6t"J
Ijuiiirt; HoUl 791
ICmitirL- Inm Wurk« 771
Kiiipire Muchlnu Bhop 771
Diulilro Mini' 741. 712
Knuullirfcht. Foj S Co 702, 760, 735
I'.nguuiann, llenoana 7fiO
]:nsiucs 704
r.ii«Ki & Son 774
Knsli'lKTt, Peter II 760
KngU-n, William 758
l:uglli,li 4 Co 381. 383, 788
Kugwor & Wt'intraub 7iy
F,nri;;ht, Joseph 675, 771
Knterpriiu) Straw Works 465, 781
KiiterprUfS, Great 50
Kpiiinger «: Co 303, 767
l^lmteill, lienty 252
Krilin. Theovloro 766
Krskiii, Orw^r & Co 767
Kr/gml»(-T. C. k Co 760
K)i!H.T,f. Bochman & Co 760. 78.'5
Ei>i>erBon. Ilennan 771
liHlH'y Mtu Co G18
ICaiior. W. W 759
J'^sscncfi*. etc 764
ICstuillUo Ilot.i 791
KltingiT i Co 463, 444, 736
Kulcr & Co 7G6
Eureka 37
I^ureka Consolidated Mino "41
Kunka District 304
Kui;t;ka Fomiilry 771
Eureka (ios ».'o 734
Eureka Iluir Factoiy 763
Eurekl Hotel 789
Eun-ka Iron Works 771
Eureka Pku Co 783
Jjireka Powder Co 783
J'^ureka SeauUeas Ulovo Factor}' 767
J->-a, .Tames & Co 766
Evau.1 ii Co 545, 591
Evans, 1) 436, 680
J'>ans, Elffood 736
Evans, Ham 416
Evorts, Wra. M 108
EverdluK & FarreU 211
Everdini;, ,1 4 Co 722, 784
Everett, J. K 775
Evenou, Wallace 4 Co 7C8
Ewcn4Co 383,788
r.wer. S 245
Excelsior 471
Excelsior Iron Works 771
Excelsior Planlntf Mills 763
Excelsiitr Powder Co 782
Excelsior Htraw Works 784
ExiK'rt, llcmurd 772
ExiKirts, c;eneral 211
Express Business 184
Express. ( )rigin of the 185
Expresslnit 181. 188
Expressmen's Union 107
Factories. Ijwk of 49
Factories as Hehocls 118
Falllut!, Ii 135
Fair, J. 11 301
Falr<iauks & Uutchlnion 225
FalrchlU .1. A 7W
Falck, Benianl 720
Falco, Alexander 6tH, 786
Falk. E. M 245
Palk, Chandler » Co 741
Falk, Ilenihanl 785
Falk, Nathan & Bro 775
Falkensteln i Co 760, 785
Falknor. Bell * Co
450, 766, 767, 769. 770. 787
Falkner & Son 641
Fauey Uooils 764
Faukhauser. Christian 760
Fanning, H. M 494.784
Famo, E. A. 4 Co 773
Farmer, C. C 444
Fanner, E T 444
Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank 754
Farmers* 4 Merchants' Bank 754
Farmers' Nat. Gold Hank — .• 754
Fanners' Savings Bank 7I>4
Farmers' Bank of Wheatland. 754
Farmers' Union 775
Farming 270
Fanier, J. W 759
Farrar, Sipiin) 4 Co 767
Fanisworth. E D. 4 Son 770
Farrlngton, Hyatt 4 Co 605
FarweU. .T. 1> 325
Faucets 6'J5
Fay, ISolwrt 4 Co 781
Fechhelnier,Cioodklnd4 Co 209, 761,765
Fechheimcr 4 Steele 501, 780
Feder, M. M, 4 Co 765
Fuigontauni 4 Co 764. 785. 786. 787
Felling 4 Ucnry 767, 782
Feist Bro 787
Fcldman. L. 4 Co 209, 786, 787
Felslcad, Capl 362
Felter, .las. .7. 4 Co 253, 773
Felt, J.J 143
Felting 732
Folton, C. N 317,678
Pe'iVcr, L 623, 762
Fenkhausen 4 Braunschweiger — .773
Form.w, L. A 648
Femow's Drying Mafhluu 648
Fitz, Joseph 786
Field, The 17
Field, Judge 259
Field, S.D 192,429
Fleld4Frel 608
FieliU, Clias 766
Fiftli ,Street Furniture Co 766
Figerllros 766
Filhner, J 756
Finch, Burtt 4 Co 775
FiuBon lloiue 789
Fiuck, Henry 762
Fiudla, J 143
Findlay, Durhani4Bradle..383. 775. 788
Fink. Charles 774
Fink, (ieo. K 775
Finnegau, PA 260, 371
Figerllros 7.11
Files 670. 7«1
Fir ForesU 36
Fires 143
Fire Arms 671
Fireworks 711, 765
Plro D(!iiartnient 148
Firemans Fund Insurance Co.. LW, 770
Fire Insurance Association 156
Fire Patrol UK
First Nat Bank. Alarne<la 754
First Nat Bank, Boise. City 754
First Nat Bank, Deer Lodge 754
Pint Nat Bank. Portland 7M
First Nat. Bank, Stockton 755
First Nat Bank, Walla- Walla 754
First N. Colli Bank, Oakland 754
First N. Oold Hank. Petalnma 754
First N. Cold Bank, H F 754
First K. Colli Hank, S. Barliara 754
Firth. Tonms 4 Bon C70
Fish 321,353
Fish, A. L. 4 Co 764, 774
Fisher, W. J. 4 Co 773
Fisher, J. L 77.''
Fisher 4 Baum 764
Fisher, Henry 666, 763
Fisher, J, II 563
Fisher 4 Baum 787
Fisheries, etc 321, 368
Fish Lailder 336
Fislii-nnan's Packing Co 788
Fishenuau's AsstKtation 107
Fishery Boats 361
Fishing Implements 370
Fish Statistics 323
Fishing Tackle, etc 733
FiBh.L.D 317
Fliigs 459
Flavin, Martin J 785
Flax ^S^473,765
Flea Powder Plant 287
Fleekenstcln & Mayor 210, 229, 773
Fleischer, W 769
Fleischncr, Mayer 4 Co 210, 787
Fletcher, A. B 790
Flint, Augustus P 770
Flint, B. P 707
Flint, J P 144
Flint, Peabody 4 Co. . . 471, 709, 769, 733
Floo.14 ll'Dricn '. 301, 684
Flood, Michael 757
Flortjnce 39
Flour 580,765
Flour MlUa 554,666,656
Flour Market 653
F'lour Mills, Oregon 655
Flour by Kail 746
Fliune Tniusportatlon 684
Flume, V 410
Fog 73
Foley, F. 4Co 766,787
Folgor4Co 664, 763
Folkers, J. II. A. 4 Bro 731, 782
Fohiom, Albert 769
INDKX.
8oi
FoUom. F. W "07
I'onUna, M. J. tfo 783
Fomjj 2SS
Forlwi, A. U 217. 770
Forboj liroa 733, 707, 7C3, 733
Forac 030,775
Fonl, Joha U 7jC
Ton], T. N. 1 <,'o 22J
Ford U iiiUiXiom CX
Piinlcrer, J. F 691. "C3, 7CJ
Foroiuun & Co G40. 73o
Fottjk;. J. M iCto
Forsallb & Dodjii
764 703,733
Foratncr, K 433
Fortluanu £: Co 75G
Foaliay & MaH4)n 704
1 033, K. I', i Co 707
Foster, F 737
Fo3tu.-, J. II 755
Foatcr, 8. iCo
707, 782.783,733
Foator, John It. & Co .773
FosUtS; no'wrtaon 211, 70j
FosttT, J. IL 557
rosier & Co 702
Foubert & Tiart 771
Foundnea, Ilmsa GS5
Fotindrioj, Iron G53
Fountain Bros 523, 736
Foy, a. O 210, 703
Foyo Dix>8 753
Foyo. ,T. M 501, 700
Francis, W. W 731
Francis. Valcntinii & Co MO, 73J
Franco-^Un-.-rican aavinsa Bank 7M
Franco- American Uotcl 731
Fnuictto, J. & Co 753, 783
FmulcBroa 210,786
I'i-a:ill&Co 761,730
Frauli, Goldamith t Co 731
Frank. J. i; Sons 4H '73
Frank, Henry 776
Frankonljcrj Bro 700
Frankonburjcr k Davidson 756
Fmnkcnlicimcr, B 761
I'raukuatlial. Ita^Uman & Co
704,767,785
Franklin. JL JiBros 763, 737
Frapulli, D. £Co 78J
Fraacr PJvcr 43
Frosor Uivor Canneries 333
Franz. John. 753
Frcar Stono Co 753
Frederick. W. A 730
Frederick. Joscpli & Co 753
Fredericksburg Brewery 753
Prodcricks, J. & Co 210
Fredcricha & Oercke 007
Frce:nau ti Baker 765, 783
Freeman, F. 8. ti Co 7G3
Freeman, Tlir-iar 618, 753
Froonian, ,Smitli i Co 7il
Freeman, M. P. tt Co 751
Frei, A ?*>
Frcislit Charges ■ 171
Iramont, J.C CO. 12S
lOI
FMnch, D M. & J. M 14')
FnnchtCo 140, 731
French Savins* ^ Loan 7.'>i
rrj3no 27
FreanuCaiia! Co 07
Fi-cah Fruit Pka. Co 75J
Fresno Vineyanl Co 213
Freund t Co 783
Frcund k Morgan 700
Friarit fit Co 767
Frickotl, S. U. i Co 700
Friedlander Bros £00. 703
Friclrichs, II 007
Frirtbie, J. B 135
Frisco BaukiuK Co 751
Frit^ &Kcan 763
Frojs 323, 33:;
Froldini,', John 213
Fruluuan, S 735
Fromm & Scliatfcr 463, 461. la^,
Froombert'. U 337, 706
Fruo Conuoatrator 423
Fruit (/.iuuing 233, 25J
Fruit Jrylnj 233
Fruit 8hlpinents 234
Fruit Trees 231
Fruit Dealers 765
Fry. J. D 245
Fruhmanu. AM 737
Fuldallros. tc Co 624. 702
FiUler. Geo. U 763.763
Fuller, F. W 761
Fulton Iron Works 602
Fuuk.C.C 78)
Funkenitoin. C. t Co 762. 773 703,
Fulton Iron Works 771
Fulton Foundry 771
Funk.C. C 454
Furcorto & Gates . . 758
Furguson. E. C 444
Futnishiug Goods
445, 455.705. 703
Furniture 601,700
Furniture Material 001
Furnltnro Woods 6J2
Fiurniturj Factories 603, 007
Furriers .337
Furs 330,331,76,1
Fur Seals 330, 333, 531
Fuse 710, 76;
Fuse, Ea^lo Works 763
Gaeth & Iloelu-iss 463, 464, 736
GM. J. B 733
fialt House 7'Jl
Gale, Juic?h 533
Gale, .1. W. &Co 763
Golindo Hotel 700
Gallagher. Bernard
013,753.780
Galleano, Antonio 700
Gailiion Ilot.d.'. 7.X)
Galvanized Iron 090, 763
Gamble k Bryant 707
Gambrhius Brewery 750
Game.* 240,330
Game Dealen 341
Game Supply 311
GarbirinI, J. A 2,'5
Garcia Bros 705, 7*5
Garcia, Domingo 501, 763
Garcia, Jose A 70(1
Garcia Sawmill 531
fiardner I'kg. Vo 731
Garescho, Ureon & Co 754
Ganlen City 23
Gardeners* Association 107
Gortleld, J. A 233
Garland. Wm. D 1,0
Garii, Wm 70J
Garratt, W. T..512. 513, 653. 683, 087,
733, 757,753,701
Garratt k Creosau. 705
Garratfd Bra.u Foundry 686
Garrison k Frotr 123
Garrison, Morgan ii Co 137
Gas Works 7;3
Gas Fixtures 763
Gates, John 411
Gate.-!, J. It. kCo 704
Gaunt, Mr 417
Gjcio 341
Gclil, Limis 760
Gcisbaker. Andrew 706
Gelien, Uu.iolph O 760
Gcnesoo MUl Co 735
Gcrber Bros. 753
Gircke, Wni 007
Gjrdes, Uich 753
Gorman Savings Bank 133
German Having.i and Loan Sooloty. .751
Germon, A & Co 771
Gerrish, O. P. i Co 775
Gerstlo, L 3^3
Gotloson & Landis 773
Getj Bros, i Co 760, 763, 732
ajysurviilo Hotel 733
Gliirardelll, D 537
GUlranlelU S Sous 701,763
Giannlnl, P. A 631,733
Giant Powder Co 233, 703, 783
Gibiwns, Dr 03
GibbTapiwt 433
Gibbs, a JO. W. i Co 3I», 76), 773
Gibioa. Barbara Co 773
Gibson. C.W 767
Gibson & E3clo3 733
Gieso. Henry 733
Gilbert. August 703
Gilbert. I. E. & Co 776
Gilbert i Mooro 408. 603, 763, 703
Gilding C81
Gill, J. K. & Co.... 210. 323, 737, 757, 731
Gillett, P. 753
Gilman, Walker i Co 773
Gllroy 41.1
Gilroy, Bank o( 751
Glovannini & Co 733, 73)
Girard Ins. Co 153
Girard, Leaser k Co 758
Gladding, MeBean & Co. . . .527, 725, 733
Glaile, Frederick W 771
Glass 533,767
Gloss Melting-pot 433
i I
8oa
INDEX.
D
II, fc:
I
■f")
(IIU9 Wcirks, H, K. & P 523
Olas.* Works, ('.itifumia Coop 5-5
<ilii«« WurU3, riidUc 52J
lllMiii. II .1 51. 203. 244, HI
OliMn I'allalns. Co 101
C.Kuiin.o 1 ( VilUgu Uutcl 7110
HMhi Iron Works. 771
(IIoIk: Mttf. l,'o M3
< Hover k WillcoinlK) 7tt3
(lluvi* 611 707
Oluu 604, 767
(ioM Hill liroworr 73tl
ti.ilcl llitoilialuil CilJ 5a
IJol.l Milling 2S
Colli IJuurti .Mliuii 2J3
Ooia k HU)ck Til. < 'ci 194, 42i)
Ool.l Vidil ZU
aoM-butttiiuj KB
Ool.llicrg S I'opiio 760, 783
Ool.lfU. TliomiM 726, 7,"ii;
Ool.U'n Ai;o Flour .MllU 7(1.'.
Oolii.'ii City I'licnilcil Worku 7l'.l
Coldon i;a,?lo Uotcl "JO
Oolilfii tiat^i 23
lloiik'ii 1 !al« Kl.mr MiU.i 7'>j
(JuMi-ii <',iiU! Packliiif < 'o 759
OoMen (iatc Wiwluu Mills 441. "SC
GoldfU Btato k Miuun' trim Works.
757.704,771
Golilcusoli, F.dwunl 7C0
Col.l I-UtM 707
Oolilinuii, L 664,703
Oolclmim. M 775
nolilliwii, H 707
(Milsmitli, U 141
(lol.tsraitli, D. K 781!
(loiasinltb, L. k Co 787
OiiMamith&Low«ilH!rs....O!lO, 781. 783
C.olJiitone. .MitcliuU 7lB, 700
GoUltrci', Natluin 737
Oolinsky, E. 1 Co 702
Oo .icru k Doolcy 270, 271, 540, 759
Gootloll. rurkiua & Co
201. 202. CJO. 7S3
OooiliUl, Charlos 202, 2(1 )
Gooilliue, 8 201
GooUinan, A 707
Go»lmuii. .1 H. &1V. 754
Goixlman. Simon 70O
Go"'inomh. A. M 780
Go<..iricli, Tiiylor 784
Goo.iwln. .T. C' 006
GofHlwiii. M. k Co 771
Cotnlyoar UuliWrCo
522. 757, 701. 707. 782, 785
Golly. J. II. SCO 7.57
Gordon. Bernard 772
Gordon. O 547
Oonlon Hardware Co
209. 220. 687. 073. 708
Gonlon & Hazzard 775
Gordon. .Tamos E 220, 073
Oonlon. (,'. M. &Co 734
Oorhaiu. W 11 553
GoaUluk>-, E. 4 Co 7C0, 785
Ooss k Adania 771
Oottisi, L 135
lloud,ll. L 221
Imuld, .Mr 302
doul.l scurry .Milif 739. 712
Goiiuh. .Jolia .757, 773
(lowen. O 750
Graio. ,1. W. *Co 3M, 767, 709. 7«3
lirac-ier, Francis ..750
t 'HKlwold 4 EuilNjy 758
( iraf A: Frotitui 706
UnihaiD, liilward 775
(iraliaiii, 11 II & lira 637
GnUiain. Isaud 331
Graliuin, ,1. C. k Co 757
Gruhaiil. J. U 601. 76.1
Itmliam TaiN-r Cu 037, 780
Umin HIilinHTs 203. 707
Grand. A. 1, 210
Grai d Cntral Hotul 701
Grand llotid 790. 791
Grange. N 773
GraiigerH' Hank of Califoruia 754
Grangi-rs' llubiuuss Aaa'u 752
UraniUi 532
Granilo I'owder Co 709, 782
Grant, J ._ 531
Grant, TUos. C .' 770
Granz, H 603,700
GralHts 241
Graphite 320
Grans Valley 30
Grass Valley Founilry 771
lirau i Co 618
Gmvo, U. & Co 759
Gnves. V. Co 773
Graves k llall 707
Gniy. Edward I* 770
Gniy, G. W. k Sons 713. 760
Gray, .Matthias 7^1
Gniy, .V. k Co 702. 7S0
Grayson. ,1. W. 4 Co 730. 735
Great Fortunes 55
Green. John 345
Greenebauiu. U. & O
119. 451. 156. 458. 701. 705
Gruenbauiu, Sachs k Freeman
209,7&-|
tlrvenberg 4 Co 686, 707. 758
Greenwootl, .M 69^1
Orelfe, Charles 700
Gregoire, Louis 4 Co 5.'7
Gregory, H. I*. 4 Co
. .210. 211, 757, 704, 774, 776, 780, 783, 78ll
GrlesBon, 502, 7S2
Grimu4(,'o 707
Grlain, W. E 754
Grifflth,a 634, 773
Griffltb,.T. M 210
Grisar, E 255
Grisur, E. 4 Co 787
Groceries 707
Groezinger. G 245
Grosoh, E. A 303
Grosch, U. B 302
Grouse 3ft
Gruvcstem 4 Blnnard 773
Grozelier 4 Nelson ftM, 785
Gnicnhageu, V, H 767
Gulllemolt«i. J. M T91
Gulttard. E. 4 Co 664, 607. 763. 763
Guittaril, Oiner .707
Gump. S. 4G 010. 7.S1
Guui|H.rtz 4 Brooks 20J, 780
1 lundlaeh, J. 4 Co 241, 773, 7811
tluiis 709
Gunat. M. A. 4 Co 700, 783
Gutelius, .Mr 308
Guthrie, J. W 754
Guthrie 4 Adams 775
Gutta I'ercba Mfg. Co
6S2. 757, 707,709,783
Gutte, 1 70'J
Gutte 4 Frank 770
GulUiilKTser. Wm 771
tJuttenlterger 4 Co 665
Guayinas 46
Gwlli. W.M 90
QylMUm 320
IlaoiSros 209,708,783
llaas, Geo. 4 Co 703
Iluhorlhi«, .1. C 77J
Hacheney 4 Beno 708
lliicker, B
703
llatfonl, R. F. 4 Oo 773
Ilagau, John 705
lla:;au 4 Manhelm 15S
llai(cr4Co C4I
Ilaaer, John B 160
llaguinann, F. 4 Co 055
Uagenuali4 Schooling 775
llaggiu, J. B 139, 301, 406, 470, 710
Hahii, John 76^
lliihn 4 Cohen 760
Ilaigh, B. 4Sons 383, 305, 78S
lUiiiht. iiuliert 4 Co 763, 783
Haines, J. W 410, 419, 420, 421
Haine-* 4 Feters ISA
Uaker, W. 4 llinz 776
Hale, BriM. 4 Co 775
ILile, Jaincs W 787
Hale 4 Norcross Mine 739, 743
llalc, O. A. 4 Co 737
llaUliut S.'B
Hall, A. J. 4 Sons 221761
Hall Bros 032,783
Hall, C U 1 013,781
llall, E. A 235
Hall,F 773
Hall, J. V Oo0,757
llall, Luhrs 4 Co , 708, 773
Hall's Safe 4 Loik Co 770
Ilallidic, A. S
183, 410, 425, 436, COS, 757, 703
Halsey, F. A 465
HaUteU House 753
llaUted, J. L 696
Hamburger, S. D. 4 Co 706
Hauiilton 4 Cu 775
Hamilton, G. M 759
Hamilton, .Tuhn line 770
Hamilton, I'atrlek 736
Hamilton, \V. U. 4 Co 754
Hammond, .Mr 260,367
Hampton. Clias. W 764
m
llaiiiiilon. J. l", & Co 7M
lUuiiiUiu IIou.;u 751
lUnciKkt Wililit 730, T3t
Ilai.ly, L. N & Co 023, 702
lUliforil Ho;cl 78-J
IlailU U. (1 2J0
Ilallly, IlLorsi' T. » Co 78J
llauly u HtMW...^ IGi, 7^
Ilaniia. V O 733
Ilaiina, J, & IV N 763, 7il
llaiina. J. V. W 40O
IIii:iB<.'ii. M. S A 7C3
IlaiiHuii, Acttcntun & Co 774. 783
Ilaiithom, J. (1 i C.) 381, 757, 71
]Iaj>,'u<«l i C.i 78J
IIai>^oo.l, llUDiu&Co 381
]l.inu:;thy, Ak'oston 343
IlaraS2tliy, A. P 2i:
JlaroH/tliy, An>a'l 247
llanu.aliy, Arpml & Co 250, 700. 7Sfi
Ila.biii Hut Hulpluir HiirlUit'S 7SU
Harlfora 3'J7
llardii'. UliiOrlcli & Co 7S«
Hard wart-. dL'aluni In 7C8
llanly Powder Co
IIar.1
.341
Hardin^-. Unlnii & Prior 4H 78J
llarkur. W. 4 Sou 24.)
Ilurkuusa & Co 7M
Harlow, J. & Co COO, 758
llaniio:i. Bauiuul II 774
IIa.-ndi!ii. W P 183
Harucjs 491)
llanioaj Mmiufacturcri 501
liari'Ois Production GOO
Harper. Jatnen 750
Harper, I£t.-y:iold« & Co 210
Ilarjici, Tho« 271, 537
Uari)cr,W.S 730
Harris, Ilroa 7C1, 73^
Harris, E. T 730
Harris, J. & Co 78u
Harris^ Rhine 751
Harris, TIios 270
Harris, Wm 560
Harrison & Dickson
720. 756.775,780,787
lUrxiion, C. H 230
Harrison, William O 770
llamiann Bros 750
Harrold, Jolin J.-, k Co 754
Harroltl. John 733
Hart. Jackson 787
Hart & Goodman 341
Hart & Sons 787
Harto, O. P 707,733
U:irtung. F 245
Hasey & Lancoater. 765. 780
na.ito i ICirk 770
ila.ikell. C, L 001. 76J
HaiikcU. D. n .■.18:.
lI:Lskcl. PhincAS 703
Haskell & Jluojzo 771
Haslani, A 053
Hasterlicll, 8 701
Hastings, C. C. tCk) 701
Ilostuigs, a. C 24S
INDtX.
Hatcli. Dr P. W 73
lUuli & llarclay 73J
ILithaway. C W MJ
llatnian & N'ornianiljD 733
Hatlcrotli & lluu 704
Hat* 433. 700
I laii.^iiuin Pros 610. 7ol
Haiuer, S f. » Co 731
Haven, C. D 150
Haven. J, P 112
Hawaiian Commercial Co
2C6,W8,M0, MO
Hawaiian Tratlle 744
Hawaiian Haiptr Viold Ml
Ilawe.^, Alexamlcr a 770
Hawes. I) 158. 770
llawkes, C. K 768
Hawkins, F.lijali 770
Hawkins, ,1 .11 767
Hawks. N. c 610
Hawley. c A. k Co 703, 770. 7S«
Hawlej. .has. U 757 753
Haul ,, C J. t Co 70S
Hawley, David Jf 783
Hawley, M. C. & Co. .. .300, 763, 768, 783
Hayes, D. K 603
Hayes, l ieo. k Co 763
Haynes k Lowe 271
Hayward. A 632. 780
Haywanls Hotel 7.S'J
llaiardiKarl 031.782
Head, C. 1' 4 Co 775
Heuld's Airieultural Works. . . . '675. 753
Haildsburg 412
Healdsliurn'. lialik of 754
Healdsbnrii llrowery 750
Healy. Geo 781
Healy. Wm 030. 702
Hearst, Geo 'V)l
Heatlioni. W 400, 51 '
llelK;r. Wm 703
H.-cht, M 707
Hecht llros. & Co 210, 511, 757, 772
Hi-cht, Martin & Co 211
lIe.lonliimjh. W. A. 4 Co 620
He<lses & DillenUiril 053
Heenlink k Co 783
Hefti. lialthamr 733
Hellbron Urns 753
Hcllraaii, J. n 710
Heluebers, 1) 772
Heinenian, 11. M 401
Heiiiscli, H 210
lleintzeu, Cliarlcfl 7M
Heinzenuui k EUls 704
Ileiseh, Geo fJM, 702
Held Bros. & Co 704, 765, 770
Heller, M. k Uro. ..200, 764, 765, 776, 787
llellman. I. W 135
Heilman Bros, i Co 760, 769, 770
Hellman. Hass & Co 210, 763
Ueliman k Lehman 733
lleinmth. Wm 701
Heinnie ^ Long 613
Heniilipvay, John 756
Hclidur».)li. MP 618, 769
Heady, J 210, 698. 774, 776, 780 783
803
Heney. W. J, ftCo 70fl
IKrikiil'o 750
Ilunni-s, Christ k Co 753,736
ll.-nsl r 4 Pri'.'Uricla 7511
Iluritscli, H 2:5
Hentrieh, Ia'wIs 731
Hureidcs Powder Works 733
Herils, AliuiKlaut 234
llerniosillo 46
Ilirr, Dr 200
IIiTrera. P. & Co 77.1
llerriek. l:. .M 774
llerrlns Family 363
Herrini-. I! 006,766
Hernnanu k Co 774
Ilerntn k Parmr ...787
Hertz, Herman 772
Hertz, L. 4 J 768
Hert/eg 4 Co 470
Herzbers. Martin 705
lliss. C 736
lleiter4 May 211, 001:706
Hevneinoim, H 700,783
llLyuemann, H. 4 Co
210,759,765,707,687
H.ynemunn, Pick 4 Co 440
lleywuiMl llros, 4 Co 7C0, 766
lleyi.ood 4 Hendlcy 763
Huywooil. W. 11 630
Hibbard. O. L. 4 Co
211,512, 613,767,758
llibemla Savings Uauk 135, 758
Ili.Uok. D. E. 4 Hon 636
Uickj. U. 4 Co 051, 737
Hides 488
Hiigins 4 Collins 774
Highland 8pr;n.js House 783
Hood lilver Hotel 789
Hiidburg llros 763
llilJreth, Tlioraas 270, 751
Uddreth, A. P 774
Hill, P. A 076
Um, J. P 018, 759
Hiilebrandt 4 Co 765, 774
Uillinrd, E. M. 4 Co 708
Himes, Geo. U 733
Hirsch, D. S 770
Hirschfeld, D 702
Hirscfamun, Adolph .*. . . .771
Hilton. Weston 4 Co 498
Hinckley. D. II 662
Hinckley. E 757
Hinckley, Spiers 4 Hayes 767, 764
nines 4 Peters 405
Hinklo, Philip 081
Hinsdale, Geo. 8. 4 Co 774
Hiuton, W. M.4 Co 646,782
Hiuz 4 Landt 776
Hirabfeld, D 506
IlitUU. T. U., Codes of 047
lUtlell, John S 736
Ui3Cson, Justl 4 Co 765, 787
Holiart, Wood 4 Co 761, 753
Hobbs, Pomcroy 4 Co 758
Hobhs, WaU4Cu 600
Uoehstadter 4 Bros 787
Uodge, Davis 4 Co 211, 761
8o4
INDEX.
m.:
ni«lji!. Jolinii. & Co 7J7
IIoil,«).i, J. II 7M
Iloi llcr, J.«, ph "87
ll.Kl.tt.bui, Wlu. & Co "73
ItoIviiftCu 713, 7C3,77J
llolT trui Uruj 773
U..«;iMn i 1'" 705, 7711, 787
lloff jchimlcUT. W (M
ll.>j:m tl'o 023, 703
lli>.<»ii. lluwiurcl 090, 783
IIulio Halmoii Co 788
lloUt, Will MO
UolliriHik, MurriU & Utctnon
Wi. iM, 758, 708, 770. 7*1 785
lIollircKiko lloiuu 789
U.iKniiib. W, A. iUo 707
HuKIlju, Julill 11 7t3
lIuUloii, J. L 023
lIoWcii. 8. K 4i«
lluIdmliC Will lOO
llaljur, .Martin MB, 7C7
llu'.Jis, Jubii II 773
IIi.lli'ulHick. J. K Hi
IWlUtur SU
U.'lli-i -T, l^iiik (if 711
Uulli.vur, .1. 11 'JO
IIull:..tLT, O. J 730
UoUbitur. Town at 60
UolliJt.jr, WW 51, 06, »5, 230, 257
IlMhiiiii. ,1 001
ll.iliitiii. Huutoa It Uo 7,V)
llubn; s, U T. 4 Co 531, 772
Holt IlKM 014 759,774
lloll,C. 11 M'J
Ilolt, Warrt-n 7'i3
Iloiiii; .Mutuul Im. (.'o IH 152. 770
llonitf & llanicb 7li5
UiKytl'd Canal 34
HtwiK T. I'. A i Co 774
Doopur. C .V. i O. W 001, 7,'i8
HooiKir, F. r iJ. A 774
llooiKT, W. II. JtCo 773
H(.I. • Irciu Worku 771
Ilollkill.^ i- llrownt-U 770
llopkliw. I.', T 142. 159
llupkim & Hughes 177
Ilupkliu, Mark 168, 170,177,173
IIopkluaiMillur 177
Hopkiift, WuL T 7M
lIopi>er. S. K .'>11>
Hol» CM
Honi(!loy Uoiuc 791
Homos 271
Ilorau I'ovfiTS 709
Unrstmun. John 723. 701, 781
Ili.rtiiultnru 231
Hurtou IIoiiso 7tiO
Hoa.- 620,709
Hosiciy 44S
Hotalind. A, P. i Co. ..210. 227. 313. 773
Hot Days 05
Hotels 769
Hottlil.lMonto 7K)
Hotel, l':anioiiil 790
Hot Hprinipi Hotel 790
Houshlou. J. F 163
Houghton, W. A. 4 O. 8 757. 784
Iloiwo nulliUna CU
ll.iustnn, W .1. & Co.. .719, 782, 781, 763
llovcy ;;. Humphrey 7.'»1
Uo
. J .1.
Uowf, ,1. C 341
llowalcl, Chaa. W 51, 360, 2<i7
llnwnnl. (Ito II IIJ
Ilowiirtl Ilouso 789, T91
Ilowi. ,(. Co O&l)
lloHuU Ji I.urriai,'a 731
llowtll i Til».iu 719
HowoJillall 785
lIowi*. (loo & Co sn, <m
llowi's, ,lalHi2. 203.783
Iloyt, J. U 237
Uubbcrt. W. K. 7.V!
lluiliUeston. Ilu]h 702
IIu.l«on. II. S 072, 7ia
Hudson's llay Co
331,332,338,339,340, 700
Ilut'ter Ilroa. k Co 7'.5, 75,1. 781. 78 ;
Hufschiultlt, FrxHliirick 700
Uughus, (ii'orgo 711, 765
Uujlus, II. 4i;o 761
IliUlhes. Thus. E & Sons 97
Humbert, August 12 >
Ilumbolilt Itoy 30, 39J
IlumboliU llrewery 750
liunibolJt ('ounty Bonk 731
ilumbolilt House 789
Hume. 1 1. W 382. 758, 759. 783. 783
Hume. Joseph 382, 783
Hunii-, 11. U 369. 392, 759. 778
Hume, Win 382, 788
lIuniMlly. llelatlvo 71
Hunt. i;.H). 1' 7.'>9
llunt& Iliinkitu 605, 702
Hunt, Jonathan. Hon 4 Co 770
Iluutur 4 Kh;n:klL-tonl 529, 75<)
llunthij{t«i.n. C I> I68v 177, 179, 179
Iluntingtim, F A 770. 783
llnntiugtori. Hopkins Bt Co
177, 209. 7lH. 70it. 774. 770
llnntingtoii Lumber Co 774
Hnrlbunl Canning Co 739
Hiuleriil.ulilianlt 559, 701
Huasiy, H. I'. & Co 769, 783
Ilussoni Ilolado 763
Ilutclilnson, C. U 157
Ilutehinson, Ilcnry L 225
Hutc-hinsou, Kuhl i Co 333
Hutcliinson, Kohl, Phillippeus 4 Co.
706,709.783
nut/:Iiinaon 4 MaDD 156, 770
Uutton, Mr 593
Hyams Bros 701
Hydraulic Cement 320, 529
Hydraulic Klerators 433
Hydraulic l-Insineorini; 403
Hydraulic Jllnlnij 291, 292
Hydraulic Pipe 291, 416, 417
llj land. Joseph B 780
Ilymanllros 210,763
IIyman.M. 4Co 701
Ice 807
Ice Co. Cal. and Nov 563
III! Co . ( (akUuiil 609
IcuCo., IV-oplus' 569
ku('o., Huiumit 511}
l.-j Co.. Stockton 563
loCo., V mdO. II 539
I.Uho 40
Ikon. Fnnlurlck 703
IU,.lohii<l 1307, 703, 784
luiporiul Fire InsunuicuC. 142, 158
Iminiit atlon Associatlounf Cal. 218, 730
Imperial Mine 741
Imperial Firu Ins. Co. of London... 200
Importers 203
Importations 207
IraiHirtoil tiooils 34
1 miNirtem ou Commission 709
Increase nf ManilfactuPDS 740
IndiaiialKjIia Clinir MtjCo.CO?. 760, 700
liidastrii.l Art 413
Iuillb.triat Iron Works 771
liiKii .Mi:s<Ulg 773
Ink.T.U 315
Ii,^ 727, 770
luman. Win. M 707
Innus, .1 L 494,733
liimranco 113
lusitralic.) Agents 770
Insuraiicu llusim-ss in 1881 147
InHUranou Coui|>anies 770
Insurance llatt^s 146
ItiKuraneu (.'ominnies, flrst 142
Iiuuranco Losses 146
Insurance, Uush into 145
Intuniatloual IloUd 789, 790, 791
Inventions 415
l;ivcnii:sH Cauiiiui; Co 788
Iritlalo, A. S. 4 Co 703
Inm 652, 770
Iron llef;inuings 058
Iron, 4.'[dlfoniian 511
Iron Fuundrioit 639
Trim .Manufactures 033
Iron, Oregon 311
Iron Safes 770
Iron Biiips 628
Iron, Smelting 310
Ironworks 653, 770
Iron, Washington 313
Irwin, O 754
Irvine, K. 4 Co 775
Irving. It. SCO 719.784
Irvine, Win. II 700
Irrigatiou '. 603
Israel. Luco 775
laraelsky 4 Morris 705
I vaucovicb, J. 4 Co 70S
Ivera, U 164
Jackson, Byron, Inventions of
432.070,077,073
.locEson 4 Tniman
075, 070, 077, 753; 70i 771
Jackson. Jlyera 4 Co :)82, 788
Jackson, J 090
Jackson 30
Jackson, J. O Tit
Jackson. John 785
INDEX.
80s
Jiiilcion, It W 771
Jackiunvaiu lIuUl 73 1
Jscobwo, J. W 7M
JiWoby& Kjuton Itll, 77U
Ju'.'oIm Urutbfn 2U
Jitcoittt, M. ii Hon 7lJl, 7C!i
Jaool.li, Jiillui 770
Jttcolty, I^mU lia, 770
Jamt-i, J. 4 J 7J0
Jsuiiu. rariwrACa 341, 7f>'J
JaniM, P. W 773
Janucn, K. ft Oo 773
Japjiixj Art KxlUbiUua 33)
Japutininif CDl
Juiljuu, I''. A. & Co 773
Jfllrti', W. J 719
Ji'ltunun City MilU xa, yd, 7G.J
Jiilfruy, William 7711,770
Ji-:inliis>, Thoiuaa 210. 7liii, iSl
Junnti)/H, D. A 703
Juiiniuiiii k .HtiUman ...WO
JiToiiiy A Co 571, 78^
J':ravy Farm 2Jl
Juucu, I* 571
Jowulry 771
Jcffolry IkiXf « fiOl
J.-wutt, JarrU. 753
J(ilj.«>n & Hterotl Ml
JulMon, Btorett i Paintur 041
Jab I'rlulinj OIU
Jolin, William 701
JnhnaoQ, J. C & Co
210, 501, 5)2.7C'.I, Vi
Joluuoii, Ueeao & Winau» 77j
Johaton, L. A 775
Jo*.,ti3on ti. Huj^ilun 7.VI
Johnson, 11. F. & Co 7.'0
Jolinson, J. O 753
Julinson i Blue dli, 73.)
Joluiaou, Antliouy 701
Juliuson. (iuto 002
Johuiiua Difltlllcry 2.")3
Johusuu, Pros. A 310
Jonfa S: Co 210, 703, 782. 731
JouM, K. II. & Co 704, 703, 707, 770
Jones, Orin&Co 757. 7.'i8
J.)ne:i, T. C 731, 750
Jonor, D. n. 4Co. 5Jl
Jones, W 753
Jo;k-s & Anderson 7S3
Jones, J. F. & Co 505, 703
Jones, T. U 754
Jou.s & Itrandenattiia 003
Jonliin, Mrs. J C 403, 785
Jory Urothors 511. 757. 738
JoHefb. Nathan A Co 7S0
Joaelyn i Park 087
JooBt^ Herman 703
Joost Bros ^03
Josl & AiUer 773
Joyoo, M. li i Co .773
Journal of Commerce, Portland — 735
Journal oJ Commerce, S. F 207, 736
Judson & Shepherd VOG
Judson Horse Nail Co 075
Judson, Egbert 313,721
Judjon Powdor Co. 782
Juliieii, J. 4Co 771
Jun^lilut, Au^iuikf'o Oil. 737
Juittiee Mine 741, 743
.luru'iin. C. li gon SOi, 707
JutoIUits 470,772
Kabn Ilroi 700
Kalin llrul. * Co 763. 787
Kahn, J01 143,613
Kahn, M iL 771
Kahn Itros 737
Kalluuk. MorilJ 701
Kane, (*'Ix-ary & Cti 773
Kaufman, llecbt & Aliea 737
KtanoUros. 705,787,737
Keifer, Chaa. T^'f
Kelley, .Martlu 70.')
Kellosj, J. O 311
KeUogg, Dr 41
KeUogu Hotel 780
K.llet i Murray SJ3
Keller, liovland 243
Keller, Wni iCo Ml
Kelly, Ku^no 1.^
Kelly, a n 533
Kell), J. It. 4 Co 7dO
Kelly Si Egan 773
Kelly 4 GllclirUl 773
KeUy, .1 K&Co 523
K'^lly U Voung 701
ICentllold, John * Oo 6»«. 774, 7S3
Kenny, O I, 048
Kearney, Charles M (i83
Koariiy, M. T 24">
Kissler, J. & F 534,773
Kenny, John 773
Kennedy, P. B 707
K.ntu -k MIno 740. 743
Keosh, John 703
KerU 4 Sjileu 700
Kerth A: Ni"olaua 750
Keni Canal 403,400
Kern Valky, Dank of 734
Kerr, David. 733
Kestler, Martin 013,733
Kewen's Estate 215
Key P. M, (Sen 253
Keyes, O. N 73J
Keyston Brothers 502, 503, 73J
KihnSFucha 000
Kimball Carrlago Co 0"3
Kimball 4 Lawrence 703
Kimljall, J. l^ 472
Kimt«rly, Itoy 8 433
KIni', Clarence 743
Kings Hotel 78.1
ICinit, E. T. 4 Co 637, 7iiO
King, Morso 4 Co 240, 7KI, 733
Kinney, M. J 3a;
Kinney Cannery 332
Kirby4Co 434,785
Kirk, U. C. 4Co 701
Kitschbraun, Son 4 Co 703
Kitchen Vogotables 230
Kittle, N.O 710
KitUe4Co 753,700,783
KitUebergor&Dold 773
Kittredi-, K. II. * Co 703
Kiltretlgo, Jonatliau 072, OiM. 770
Kifell, J,»me» .733
Kleos, John .4 Co 73}
Klumui, Charlus /Oil
Kline, UiiUi 4 Co XO, 703
Kline 4 C- i 709
Klopiwr, rrwlnrlrk 771
Klo|Mt<Kk. C, 4 Co 7CI. 78}
K'mttinuan Bros 310, 703
Klum. C. K 301, 7;»
Knabe Pianos 013
Knube. Wm. 4 Co. 013
Knapp, Uurrell 4 Co 311, 733
Kuaner, Luronz 733
Kunuch, J , 773
Knewing. P. 4Cc' 783
Knight. U. E 4lt
KnltllociiU 413
Knoni, Alliert F 0)3, 700
Knowlaiid, Joseph 774
Kuowlcj, U. B. 4 Son 5J0, 774
Kuowles, J. U 703,783
Kuovlton, J. J 727
Knoj, C. C 537, 70J
K.ius. John D 433, io7
K.jch, J. II 781
Kochler 4 Ititler. 6J6. 607. 771
Ko<:hler, A 731
KohUr, Charles 24S
Kohler 4 Frohllng 210, 215, 778, 731
1 Kohler 4 Chaso 731
Kuhlb.rg. M. i", 4 Co 7ilO, 7S5
700
733
...001, ;5S
...338,700,703,787
731, ,37
Koncke, A. k Co
Kolipcl, J. C. ti Uro..
Korbol, F. 4 Uro
Kojhland Bros. . . .
KoaUand, H. 4 Co
Ko.tminBky & Bros 70O
Koster, Henry 772, 7iO
Kosler, J. D 553
Kowalskl 4 Co 773
Kronen 4 Coist 706
Kreig, Anton 403
KrcuzbeTger, L 703
Kro/h, F. W. & Co 7u 3, 730
Kro:i, II. F 4114,733
Krug, (Charles 213
Kjumb, Louis 756
i ICruie 4 Euler 210, 708, 70J, 733
I Kiihl, U. 443
I Kullman, Salz 4 Co 731, 754 773
KuUman, Waener 4 Co 404, 772. 733
Kunintz, M 505. 707
Knuze, Otto K 736
Kuroaiwo, Tbo Otl
Kutner 4 Cioldsteln 701
Labor 9.1. 103,113
Laborers Aiisoeiatious 103
Lachmau 4 Jocobl 315, 773, 730
LacUman, S. 4 Co 7C0, 736
Laclunan 4 Stemfels 337. 706
La Couilanco Inauranco Co 156
Ladd 4 Bush 754
LadO, Charles D 072,703
Ltdd, Cl«a B., InTsntlons ot.433, 429, 09]
So6
Ladd & Tilton 135, 754
Lr-dil. \V. S 141
Licremaiis, I'riiuk COO, 7U')
Jjh ronci-ro Marin j Ina. Co UC
Lafajvtto Krcwery TOO
Laiaiaw k Co 200. 219, G83, Sai. 7C3
LaitUaw, J. A 335
LaiiUaw, James & Co 737
Laiijneau, Abel 5C5
I-iiinl. D. W G96, G97, 771
Laira, Mr 204
Lake, Dank of 754
Luke, ncnry 727, 757
laku & Warrcu 750
Lambert & lirison 708
Lambert, UUalia 787
LamlHM-t & (Jryeue 723, 753
Xanipa 772
Lands, llritish Columbia 07
Lauds, Central Taeillc U. U 91, 1-2
Lands, Public 81
Lund Tura 31:8
Land, tirant Policy 173
LiiU Bloiiciioly 80
Landd, Nortliern Pacitlc U. It U3
Luids, Cn;Lon Imiirovcmtnt Co — '.4
Land3, Soutliern Pacific 1*2, 9J
Lands, Washiiigtun 95
Lands, Western Oregon 04
Lander, L 245
Landers & Co 770
Laudc.'s, Patrick 703
Landtra, William J 770
Landdbcrgcr, L it Co 250
Lane, Jules 097
Lane lu B 705
Lane, W'ta. lu 700
Lang i; Co 773, 780
Lan;;e, J. C. It 755, 730
Lanjcn &■ Co 7."G
Liui^eubcry Bros 753
Laniienbcrgcr, A 215
Lan^iham Ilonac 790
liUn^Iey i; Co 70
Laiisley. U. O 737
Lant'ley ic Miclmelfl 209, 704
Laualey'8 directory 752
Lani,rulu-, 11. C 007
Lankerbliim. J. ti Co 210
Lautli, Phil 750
Liv I'urouse 321
LaPo;tv, Bank of 754
Larat, .Vrsene 7C3
Lardner & Leo 450, 787
Larycat Fonyboat 155
Largest Hotel 51
Largo Vineyards 24-*
Larkina & Co 759
Lasiir, L. & Co 705
LassweU, D 080
Laata 020
Latham, M. S 135, 4'J7
Latlintrn Ilot'i 789
Lathrop Hotel 78J
Laton, Charles A 155, 770
Laubenheim, P 775
Laventhal, B 776
INDEX.
Laventhal, Koaalla 701
Lawrence & Barlow 771
Lawrence & Co 77^!
Lar.'ton, G. T 710
l-awto'j, O. & Co 210, 701, 703, 772
Lanton, Frank 702
Lazartl Fn^res 244, 441. 754
Leaching 304
Lead 310
Leading Business Houses 753
Leailttorks 688
Learj- A.J 757
Leather 485, 772
Leather Go.>ds 772
Leather Products 485
Lebeubaum it Goldberg 7r>3
Lo Count Bros 210. 753, 7M
Lu Coutc, Prof. J 03
L^derer, Geo. M. & Co 707
Lee, John 737
Lee, John & Co 691, 002, 700
Leo & Delong 53-1, 775
Letjo, J. P 331
Lc Fxauc, Chas 245
Legallet, Dominitiue 787
Leidiya Hotel 791
Lcinunweber, B. k Co 495, 513
Lemke, John 701
Lc^noino, Gambert& Co 341
Lommc, C 245
Ljndruin, BumB& Co 763
Lennio Fiah Co 323
Lennon, John A 708
Lenomiand Bros 774, 786
Lenscott, J 500
Lent, W. n 709
Lt^Bccr Bros 758
Lester, J W 019
Levcron -, William M 753
Lovi, H. & Co 703
Levinshon k aieyerstcin 765, 787
Levinsky Bros 756
Lcviaon Bros 771, 780
Levy, A &Co 705
Levj' it Co 210
Le\7, D. i Co 773
Ljvy, Diamant & Co 758
Levy, F 775
L,vy, Isaac .227
Levy, Jolm & Co .770
Levy, Jules 764
L'jvy, M 787
Levy, M. ec Co 765,706,787
Levy, Michael ... 773
Levy, M. & Son 787
Levy, 8. & Co 765
Lovy,8. W 775
Liek HouBo 700
Lick, Ja« 630
Lick Observatory 25
Lick Paper Co 636. 780
', Liddle & Kacding 072, 703
LlebosBros. & Co 703,760.701,785
LielR'B. H. & Co 337, 766
Liedosdorfl. W. A 628
Liokor. Fredericks 761
Letnenweber, C. H 141, 78S
Lcwelling, Henderson 237
L-JWeliJnj, John 237, 213
Lew & Ilannta 761
Lewi.4, A. & Co 773
Lewis, A. H 097
Ljwij, Henry L 7G3
Lewis, Henry M 771
Lcwift. H 773
Lewis House 791
Lowia, Jackson 771
Lewis, Joseph 785
Lewis, W. iV Co 702. 700. 762, 783
Liesendeld, Philip 757, Oil
Li^'gctt k Mcyirs Tobacco Co 785
Lighthall A. II 753
LilienthalAi Co 227, 773
Lille, Philip 7*1
Lime 534. 773
Lime, San Jose Co 535
Lime Co., H .u Tuan 535
Lime Co., Tocoua 53^ 713
Lindeman. C. 11 771
Lindenbaum. 1 758
Liudloy & Co 763
Liuforth, Kdwartl W 222
Liufortli. James 223
Lintorth, Uico ii Co 223
Liuuell, n ILk. Co.... 232, 753, 768, 709
LiUBced Oil 713
Lion, L 787
Lion Fire Insurance Co 157
Lipman, H 705
Lipman, 8. & Co 763,737
Liimian & Cu 787
Lii)pitt, Luuk & Co 310. 516, 517. 707
Lipaher, George 756, 780
Liquors 773
Liaiauaky 321
Lisscndjii, G. & Co 753
Lis^emleu, G 075
Lister, D. & Co 004
Little & Lawsou 763
LittleUeUl. Allison & Co 341, 705
Liverpool Insurance Co 143
LivUigatoa i; Co 227. 773
Loal/.u, Wencealao 709
Lobo & aaUn^jjr 765
Lobsters 328
Lochbaum, Aujust H. 601, 733. 771
Lnchii»n Bros 535
Locke k Lavenson 753
Lockhiirtfii Porter 763, 786
Locks *. 073
Locomotive Kngineers 108
Loowo Bros 773
Loeweuberg Bros 775
LoewenhajTi, Ilcnry 765
Logan. W. O 771
Lodging Machine 425
Lohman & Coghill 209. 700
Lohnmn& CoghlU 708. 783
I^hae. J. F 710
Lolor. C. P 733
LomiKiu 96
London Assurance Corporation 153
London Bank, of Utah 754
London Prov. Marine Int. Co 156
■^7
London & San Francisco Bank. .135, 754
Long, S, II 781
Lonkcy. O 419, 421
Looke & Sloulton 758
Loomi3, Georgu 736
Lovcjoy, Mrs. A. L 753
Lord k Williams 770
Lo3 Augpltia 23, 29, 7J0
Lo3 Angi'lcs Coffee Mills 7G2
Ij03 Angeles Cou jty Bank 754
Lo3 Angoles Expreaa 735
Ij03 Angeles IleraM 735
Loa Angeles Water Co 411
Los Angulcs Woolen Mill 786
Los Oatos Fruit Pkg. Co 753
Lotfc, C. F M3
Louaoo, R B 703
Lougb, Jamrs 773
Low, C. Adolpho A Co
547, 762. 763, 773, 730. 7b3, 785
I^w, F. P ny. 543
Low k Chartrey JCA
Lowe, David W 7G3
Lowo, Geo. A 75;j
Lowcnberg, J 0(17
Lowentlul, Livingston i Co 7d3
Lower California 4j
Lubricator, Lightfoed 431
Lucas & Co 53
Lucas, Turner & Co 127
I'lico, 1 634
LuiUisinger, J. B. & Son 603, 7fio
Luckol, J. O 784
Lnckhardt, C. A. & Co 770
Lucy, 0. It & Co 7&1
Luders, A 717, 730
Ludlow, Fltzlmgh G4
Ludluin. Antliony 363
LugscUu, Jay 214
Luhrinaim & Co 7511
Lumliennens' Union 100
Lumbering 67;)
Lumber Manufacturers 774
Limd, Henry 7G7. 7(>9, 784
Luudy, Thomofi 761, 707, 771
Liming, N &47. 710
Luak, A & Co 240, 760, 705
Lusk, J., Canning Co ^41, 753
Luther k Schroeder 77.*)
lutke 321
Lux. Charles 268
Lynch, Peter 75
Li-ndo ft Ilaugh 34i 353, 762, 7^3
Lyon, S. M 7,^4
Lyon b Barnes 71)5
Lyons, E. 578,773.780
Macaroni 553. 774
Macdonald, D. A. fc Co 598, 7G3
Mac*lonaUl k Uawea 158
Macdonongli, Joseph 770
Maco's Hotel 71H)
Machhto Shops WO
Machinery 774
Mock, J. J. &O0 203, 7G4
Mack, 8. L 754
Mackenzie k GUberson 769, 784
Xtackay & Co 477
Mackcn, J ii%
Mackey. J. W 300
Macondray & Co 760, 770, 783, 735
Gladden, Jeromo 03
Maddox. a 527. 7S2
Miulacn, C. A k Co 541
Magcc k Moore 77.3
Ma^ill, ^Vrthur E 770
Maidfitodt. D 75G
Main, Charles 143, 501
Main St. Iron Works 771
Main k Winchester. 2 10, 501, 503. 70'.). 772
JIakiu, IlobertG 733
Molatesta, L 773, 780
MaUrkoy, D. J. & Co 210
Maldonado 302
Malloii, J 526
Slallou. J. i J. B 763
Mallon, Patrick 750
Malt 574, 774
ATalt Liquors 572
ManoHse, Em'l 41iS
Mandulbauui. Francis 773
Man^-els. M. & C 210, 71^. 7S2
Alanhattan Firo Ins. Co 153
Mann, Alexander 7i*l
Manning k Berry 775
Alansion House 791
I^Ianufacturcrs 22
Mora. J. A ItiO
Marble 632, 774
Murcou, Prof. J 317,310
Marcus, Geo. & Co 769, 770
Marcus, Isaiah 70t)
Mardcr, Lufla&Co. 640. 7S6
Maru Island 24
Marine Fishorios 352
Marine Iron Works 771
Maritime Marino Ins. Co 206
Murks, Isaac 467, 780
Marks, L. D 759
Marks, M 407, 780
Marks, Mannheim 763
Markri, S. & Co 775
Mark Wist Sprhigs 790
Marah. L. S. P 760
Marschutz k CantrelL GG5
Murehatt, John 771
Marshall & Jonoa 771
Marshall, O 433
Marsicano, P 671, 765, 733
Martelt J 694
Martin, D. H. & Co 501. 736
Martin. E, 4 Co 220, 773
Martin, Feusler k Stc'fTani '.782
Martin, H. S 530
Martin. J. W 135
Martinez 24
Martinez, Bank of 754
Martinez Pitg. Co 783
Murwodel, U. F 774, 776
Murye, G. T. & Son 754
MuryaviUo 27
Maryavillu Foundry 771
Mar>'sville Ravings Bank 754
MarysviUo Woolen Milla 44i 766
Ma-toii, Wm 152
Muj'ou'ii Brewery 756
Mason k Co 763
Mahsey, Atkins 7()2. 780
MasHun, FrcR-s 50*J, 703
Masters, I], J 753
Mastic Bros 503
.Maatic, S. L. k Co 771. 7^3
Matehert 711. 775
.Matrrial, Labor ami 103
Matlieniatical Instnuncnts 033
Mathewtf, H. A 773
aiatliora & Co 401, 761
Mathieu k Maisun 771
MattJtu & Moore 773
Matt.'snn, E. E 417
.Mattjaou & Williaiuson . . .675, 753, 771
Mattidlath Mfg. Co 51. 624, 755
Man, AlWrt & Co 209. 763
Marx k Jorgeuscn 210, 773
May, Joseph 227
Mayer. Duwaou & Co 704, 705, 767
Mayer k Frlcdlaudur 775
Mayer. J 678,014, 780
Maylield, A 703
Maylleld, W. J 566. 703
Mayri.sch Broa k Co... 702, 760, 761, 735
Mazatlan 43
McAfee ii Co 057
Mc.Vrtlmr, J. M 774
McAuliffu k Ganl 763
:\Iu(;ubu 470
McCarthy Bros 763, 767
McCarthy. J 026
McCarthy, James 734
McCkllaud, J. J. & Co 773
McClare, E. L 754
McCoUani. T. W, & Co 344, 703
McCouc;, Hubert 757, 76i 775
McCowiell. H 003
McCounell, T. W 763
McCormick & Co 754
AtcLorinick k Delanoy 637, 783
McComiick. F. 11 636
McCorinlck, W. M 407, 780
JlcCormlck, W. L 221
McCrakeu, J 210
McCracken. J. & Co 535. 7''<
MeCrear>-, C. kCo 500, 765
McCreery's Building 2-0, 680
McCoy, Wm 573
McCue, J 618
McDonald, A 443
McDonald, Joseph 75J
McDonald, Wm 158
McDonald, U. H 135
McDon-jJd & Schwabachor 775
MeDougal, P 245
McDnnugb, James 763
McDowell ill Gould 473
McFarland k French .775
McGinnls, Thomas 001, 709
Mctjlnne, Wm 574
McHenry. H. & Co 763. 783
Mclntyro, John B 757
McKay A Co 591, 774
McKay k Brown 768, 783
i '^'i*t I
808
McRiy & Chlsholm «3. «4, 735
U.-lvay, Tho3 -m
McKc.-, (ic-o. U. /t Co 783
McICc:incy, L, M. & Co 737, 7 J3
McKt^reher !i Thompson 7j7
McKuiic, II 5;0, 757
McLuuc. C. E ISG
HcLaiic, Louis 140, ISC
RIcL.-iiue, T>.ii]chlin 7.'VI
McL'jllan, Frank 733
McLoniian, D 441,477
BU-Lenii.in, Frank P 4J0, 7d7
SIjLorhtau Uro3 772
MoM,iIjou Uoiiso 7i'.)
McNair, D 398
McNJIy Si Itaitkins 035, 760
MoNoar.n. W
203, 204, 203, 754, 707, 770, 783
MoMillan, Donald 733, 786
Mcrhee, N 778
McUucr, D. 113
McWillianis, IL II 055, 771
M.arlo, GiK). W. S Co 703, 70.">, 708
JlL'.acham A: llacon 77-4
Moadow Valley Mino 743
Bleat Cooling 5J8
Meit Packing 537, 5,';9
ML-at Packing, S. S P. Co 540
MGl)ins & Co 703
Meilau, J. k V 700
Slo.lauw, T. J. II. !i Son 773
BIcchanics, Imported 116
Blijchaniea' Inanraaco Co 101
Mjclianics' Iron Works 771
Meehanica' Mills 7iJ3
MeL'k. Wni 237
Moeler, ,1 (I. Si Co 7S3
Melian, Tlioina.i II 73.1
]Meig3, George A 774
Jl^iggs, II 5W
Moinockc, Chaa. & Co. .700, 760, 773, 783
SI.l, (iinirge 770, 783
Jli'iclior, J. A 770
Melczer, Win. & Co 780
Mv.'lhom, A 750
Miillcr, O. 4 Sons 530, 531
Moncarini, D , 532
SlL'Udell, G. II 303
Mcndelson IJros 733
Mond(K:ino, IJank of 7M
Mendocino Lumber Co 774
Menlo Park 20
Mcrccvl 27
Merced, IJank of 753
Merced Savings IJank 7.>4
Mcrchandiae, Imported 775
Merchandiaiug 207
Mcrcliants' Mutual Ins, Co 144
Blerccr. M. A 702
Blerguirc, John L 7iJ8
MelWi, .1. C. i Co , , . ,703, 703, 733
Mcrriil, r 478
Merrill, 8 (m
Merrill, Dr. H 143, 143, ICO
Merifteli, D. 705
Morton, Moffltt Jt Co 701
Morry. FaoU & Co I>38, 640, 769, 782
INDEX.
Moston, ,1. J C50, 767
Metals, Dealers in 770
Motallic Signs 032
."\Ietallurgic.al Works 770
JIeti;orolo;;y, Comparative G2
Meteorological Regions CJ
Metliodist Hook Dei)08ilory 7.'i7
.Metiakatlah CaTining Co .7£8
Metropolitan Iron Works 771
Metropoliton Hotel 790
Metzgcr, D 731
Jletzger, L 780
MetEler, D 7.'jO
MoUler, C. J. I! 753
Meu.s8dorffcr, C. 11 70'J
Meussdorffer, J. C. & Son 709
Jle.vico 45
Mexican Silver 30j
M'.yer, /uiron 701
^I yer llros. & Co 700
JLyer, C. II. & IJro 76)
Meyer, Daniel 735
Meyer k DalKlstein 701
Mey.r, Eugene 210
y.eycr, Engeno & Co 787
Jlcyer, E. & Co 775
Meyer, Em 773
Meyer, George 761
Meyer, ailinan& Co 758
Meyor Tloneo 701
.■Meyer, .1. G. 11 01 1, 612, 757
Meyer, T Lemmcn 763
Meyers, L. A ...775
.Meyers, C. II 7S2
Meyerink S Meyer. 705
Mcyerstein & Co 775
Meycrstein & L-iwenbcrg 700
Michalitsciiko Bros, i Co 700, 785
Mich.ls, FHedlandjrft CU..765, 706, 707
Michelson, Ilrown & Co. . , .540, 739, 783
Middloton 4 Co 769, 782
Midon, F 762
M'crson, Jewell & Co 775
Milco, G. N 2S7
Mili-Btreot Foundry 77!
Millers Co 737
.Miller, E. IL, Jr 177
Miller, Henry 200
Miiler, J. &Co 627,782
Miller, J. D 705
Miller, J. P 330,340
Miller, Ixjuis, Jr 771
Miller, W. V 618,739
MiUer&Lui 268, lOl 759
Miller 4 Illehard 042. 704. 770
Millinery Goods 770
Milling System 533
.Miliionaires, Residences of 25
.Mills, D. 0.128, 137, 138, 201, 547, Ql, 032
Mills, Edgar 135
Milton Gravel Mino 713
Mino Improvements 300
Mine Maungemcut 393
iline Timbering 432
Mining 280
Mining Asscasmeutfi 299
Miuln( Dltchei 408
Mining Machinery 65fi
Mining Stock) 130
Mining Sjpiilies, DeaLrs in 770
Mining Tables .7^3
Mini:ig Works, Ua«lerg:ouud 239
Mirrors, etc 525
Miiision Soap t Candle Works. .700, 764
Mission Woolen Mills 441, 78G ■
Missimla N'ational llonk 75o.
-Miasouri Fur Co 333
-Mistre, Simon 090, 703
Jtitchell. .1. E .;78
Mixer, Geo. II 756
Moileato 27
Moilesto Bank 755
Moffat .<; Co 123
.■^loltat, K.&n 739
Molir i Ivi-oger 759
.Mohrig, C. F 772
Molson & Sons 750, 703
M'.no Coimty Pank. 7i»^
Monroe, A. U Sou 773
Montague, W. W. & Co
209, 000. 758, 700, 708, 770, 7S4, 783
Montana 41
.Alontanya, .lames Do La
200,232,030, 76,734,735
Montealegre, J. 564, 763, 709, 735
Montealegre & Co 702, 709
.Uonterey 30,337, 73S
Moody, Z. P 773
Moody & Farriah 737
Jlooilyville Sawmill 206, 219, ."^91
Moon, Seully & Co 773
Moore, Mr .£94
Moorc^ A. D 703, 774, 733
.Moor.:, D. P 47i COO
Moore, C. 4 M. C 753
Moore, E 75J
M.iore, Dr. U. A 135
Moore, I. C 702, 785
5Ioore, Joseph 4 4, 433, 519, 661
Moore, L. P 785
•Moore, Allen 4 Co 754
Moore, Ilunt 4 Co 773
Moore 4 Wiiklu 703
Moose 341
.More, Sanmel 4 Co 773
-Morcy, IL S 771
.Morey 4 Moraseo O'JO
Morgan 4 Co 163, S64
Morgan, 1). I) 755
.Morgan 4 Eaatman ' 575
Morgentlmu, Max 721
Jlonis, 11. 4 Co 773
Morris X Evans 775
Morris House 791
.Morris 4 Kennedy 753
.Morris, P. T 634,775
Morrison, Geo. II 774
.^lorrison, Hutchinsou 4 Co 760
.Morrison, .L J 763, 774
.Morrow 4 Strung 088, 7M
MorBe FruitCanuing Co 759
Morton, Chas 3flO
Molt, Jr. E. D 156
Moultpu. E, 8. ft Co ?(»
Mount Diablu 24
Muuntaiii House "fio
Muiuitaiii Lftku Water Co 40J
Wowry, U. (J. & Co 341
Moynihan & Aitkou 757
MucUasu 727
Muccko, Victor it, Co
7tJ0. 767, 7G9, 770, 78J
Muelli & Co 5G0
Muhra, jViitouio 753
Muiler, (;eo SS'J
Muller & Koenig 78J
Mimscll, Jumea Jr 77o
Munlock, C. A. k Co 782
fllunlock. W. C. & Co 775
Mnipliy, B. D 135
Murpliy i. Councrs 705
Muri>)iy. Grant k Co
209, 705.766.7(17, 787
Murphy & Horn 758
Muser lire* 704, 707
Mm^to liros 534. 775
MuaUi, 1* 7G8
iVIu^val Ureliard Co 2J0
aiuyli-iilyu, E. J 430, 431, 750
Myers. C. H 527
Mcyem, L. A 534
JVlyrick, Folflom 78'J
Nabor, Alfa 4 lirmiv, 773
Naclimau, Adolph 573
NaUcau. U 244, 543
Naylee, II. M 124, 186, 253
Nupa, Uank ot 755
Nupa City 412
Aapa Hotel 790
JS'apa Valley 25
Naracovicli, C 755
Na«h, H. D. &Co 675,753
Nobs Kiver rislilug Co 7S3
Nant, Urtienzwuig k Co
097,771. 772
Xuthati. B. i Co 210, 701, 7C3. 772
Nathan. M 755, 775
Nathan, I'ulrenuau & Co 701
National Kxchanuo 7i>0
National Flour Mills 7f't5
National Gold Banks 754, 755
National Iron Wor"^* 771
Naunton. Geo 783
Navarro. .5.'5
Navlet, V 020
Navy Hoap Co 78 1
NoBt Cattle 258
Nockttcs 4C0
Netf i Co 775
N(Mhliua&Fox 750
Nelson, C. X 001, 769
Nclfton k Co 787
Nelson, H 591
Neahitt & Co 550, 7«'-3
Kosbitt, J. k Bro 755
Nesniith. J. W 044
Ntuumiin, /Ul>ert 77:i
NouB'atlter Bn«
209. 456, 456, 458^ 761, 766, 769
NeuTol. P. N 733
loa
INDEX.
Novmla 37
Nevailii, Bank of 755
Neva-U City 30
Nevada Ilouao 7S9, 7J1
N'tva;la Luml)cr Co 774
Xevllio A Co 753, 754, 769, 780, 73.J
New Taconia Iron Works 771
Newliauer & Co 713. 775
Nowburg, Hawthorne & Co 210, 753
Newbura k Uathbun 775
Ncwburyer. Iteisa & Co 787
Newcastle Fruit Association 75J
Newell k Bro 784
New tnyland Soap Works 784
Newhall, Sonsi Co 709
New Hampshiro Ins. Co 154
NewkLrk. K. P 705
Newman, A. k Co 759
Newman Bros 731
Newman, C 432, 525
Newman, Jainea G95
Nev.nnark, II 210
Newmark, II. & Co 763
Newraark, J. P. i Co 706, 787
New Orleans Ins. Co 150
Newspapers 643
NiiWton, Bros, k Co
209, 768, 769, 783, 785
Now WoBtminster 42
Noylan, James 774
New York k S. F. Collar Co 7G2
New Zeahiiid Ins. Co 206
Nithols, A. O. & Co 769, 772, 7£0
Nichols & Co 758, 7S7
Nichols, W. & P 755
Nicholson, F. II. & Co 708
Nicholson, S. H 704
Nickel, J L. & Co 769
Nickclsburg, A. k Bro 775
Nickerson. B 591
Nickerson & Co 591, 774
Nights, Cool 06
Nimpkisli Cannery 783
Nniiel 703
Noble, I'atrlck 683
Noel k Felt 773
Nocll, R 200
Noian. D. & Bros 511
Nolan. F. D. & Co 758
Nolan P. F. & Co 753
Noroross&Co 110, 459, 764
Norjrove, John 780
Norris, Win 143
North Beach Brewery 750
Nortli Bloomlleld 743
Northern Assumiico Co IM
Nortliem Belle Mine 743
Northern Pacillc U. U 93, 179,605
Nortli Pacific Mutual Life Ass'n . . . .770
North Pacitio Trading & Pkg. Co.. ..788
Nortlinip, K. J. k Co 753
Northwestern Hotel 752. 783
Northwcfitem Itailway Co., Wi8....1W
Northwest l-'ur Co 333
NorthwL-st Trading Co. 337, 350, 357. 360
Norton, A. W 498
Norton k Madson 62i 762
809
Xorton & Mulcaby 763
Notalilo Bankers 135
Nott« V43
N' iiga. L't, rhartua 7C0
Novelty Iron Worka 771
Nunan, Matthew 750
Xiittfiis. Calvin liSoa 770
Xut Trees 235
Xyo. A. F. (t Co C89, 707
Oakes' Hotel 789
Oaklanil 23, 736
< laklanrl Uas 5tfg. Co 7M
Oakland Jtauk of livings. 755
Oaklaiiil Brewery 756
Oaklanil JliU 7C5
Oakland Ciaa Co 733
Uaklanil llariior 300
Oakland Homo lua. Co 155, 770
Oakland Iron Works 771
Oakland Times 735
Oakland Water -110
(Jakum 731
Oatmeal 551
OlHjrfelder Bros, i Co 773,
O'Urien, Jolm 703'
O'Urieu, John II 773
O'Urlcn, J. J. &Co 707,787
OlJrieu, iM 506
O'Brien, Maurice 703
O'Brien, P. J. & Sons 750
Ocean Canning Co 783
Ocean Steamers I'JO
Occidental Si Oriental 8. 8, Co iOi
Oceidcnti'l Hotel 789, 700, 731
Occidental Iron Works 771
Occidental Luml)er Mills 774
Occidental Sawmill 501, 7V4
Occident Hotel 78.1, 7;:0
Occident i Orient Pkjf. Co 738
Occident Pka- Co 733
O'Connor, J. B. & Co 781
O'Connor, Moflatt & Co 707, 767
Odell,M. M 759
Odelli Wright 70S
Odenstein & Co 701
O'Donnuil, C 773
O'Donnell, W 703
OkIo House 780
Ohlandt, N. & Co 780
Ohnicn, Wni. H 704
Oil Cloth, Dealers in 780
oil Clothing. . 466
Oils, Dealers lu, etc 780
I >jal Valley 29
O'Kano, John 210. 501, 709
O. K. Brush Factory 756
Olceso & < laribaldi 775
Olive, etc 236
Olsscn & Benner 080
Olsson k Beuuorscheld 7C3
Olympia 36
Olynipla Standard 736
Ulym|)la Trausciipt 736
O'Mearu, J 641
O'XciUBroB 783
Onestl /i Conner 765
!i
ml..
4v,r\
n
8io
oaMioo
Oiililr Ulno
0;i:i3a!l2lia r i; D o 703,
Opp^uliolmtT, Iv,\n 7Gj,
Ora i[;o
Otanjj Hotel
0."cliariliat.s
0.-iloavit;ln f; Co
Orj:;oa 31.
Oregon IimniGration Board 01.
Oruio.iCoot :ilfs. Co
O.-i'-on t Cal. n. n
l)rti-on Si Ciil. U. n, Co
Or2:;on City
Oix'^oa City nrcwory
Crjgoa c;ty Woi«l Mfg. Co
Orcso-. City Woolen .MiUa 453,
Orcgnn riirnltiuv Mfg. C( 211,
Orccoii Olovo Factory
Oro~on:a:i
Orogoniaa railway Co
Orccrou Improvement Co...3'J7, 3C8,
Oregon Irou Co
Orejon Leather Mfg. Co... 4'Jj, 77i
OrrgoaPlcj. Co
Oraj'oii, Prosperity of
Orei:ou l^. ^ N. Co
M, ISO, 133, 201, 203, 5Sj, GC:
Oregon U. f; N. Co.'s VcBStls 201
Orejoa Savings t:iuk 141
Oroj-o.i litaiiilard Soap Co 713
Oregon Utat J Directory 7o7
Oregon ntjarn Daliery 7uJ
Or.'C^a utcain Nav. Co 133
Orcjon ij'.o:k ^ Datchcriug Co 753
Orocon Tan:ierlo3 4.13
Ox:;on'ii Trxlo 215
Orc::on L^ Transcontinental Co 183
Ore:;on L \.'a£hington Mtg. & Savs.
I;li 7.M
Oregon Woolon MUIb 443
Or;
.013,733
Ori.jnt I:iDtiranco Co 101
Onaaby Ilotua 703
OrovlUo 27
Oaliomo, D. IX iCo 211
0.-!torlo!i, Conrad 701
OoiilllvaD, C. D 131
OttJro, < l3 300
Oullahan, D. J 773
Oulton, (Juo 077
Ov.rland Tolegraiih Co . . 130
Owen, C. 51 033
Owen, i:. n 033
Olreu J. J 783
Owen rtt;x:r Co 038, 700
Ow^nn, Dcujamiu W 7S7
■ Owens, John D 782
Oya.on 302
I'a^mt; Agricultural Worki 753
i'aililjCank 134, 135, 136,753
rac.fls CrlUg.! Co 7.-7
Paclila Cinninj Co 7^3
I'ajiii J Cement Co 52.)
I'acllle Chain "NVorka 073 700
Puollli! Slope, Ana of 18, 1'J
INDEX.
racitlc Coast Directory 737
Paclflo Coast 0:i Co 317, 313, 750
Pacific Coast Packing Co 70 j
racfflo Coast Population 13
Pa-ilic Cod!*t Posii^-ssions. 13
Pucilic Coast Steamship Co.201, 205; 2i.O
i'acilVj Congress Springs 731
Pacilic Corilage i;o 4S3, 703
I'nrin,; Diatilliug i. KcHning Co.570, 7."J
Paclflo <;lovo Worka 513, 707
Pacitio Horn. Pharmacy 704
PaciUe Hotel 730, 731
Pacific llouso 730
PaciUc Ink Factory 770
Paciiic Insurance Co 144, IH
PaciUc Iron Work!! 063,771
Paclflo Jewelry Co 701, 773
Pa,-;rie Juto Mfg Co 470, 480, 772
Pacific Kerosene Works 780
Pacilic Lif.' Insurance Co 770
Paeille Mail SUaiuslilp Co 200, 21,5
Pacific Manufacturing Co 702, 780
PaciO. Metal Works 771
Pacific Mutual Lifo Ins. Co 13.'i
Piciflo t ccan IIuuso 731
Paclflo 0.1 Works 713
Pacilic Poeltry Co 274
Pacilic I'rcs', .'^rinting Co 732
Pacilic naiiror il Agitation 102
i'aclflo Rol'nig Mill Co 082. 737
Paclfle Saw Mfg. Co. . .003, COO, 705, 733
Pacific Soila Co 071, '87
PaciUc Spring i Mattress Co.. . .463, 753
Pacific Stove & Iron Works 781
Paclfle Straw Works 781
Pocille TyiK) Foimilry 764, 773
Pacific Vnion Packing Co 783
Packing .Meat 5C3
Page, II K 735
i'aga & jVllcn 703
Pago Eacon & Co 123; 127. 130
Page. Wheaton & Co 773
Paige, Calvin 143
Paige, 8. U 770
Paine ISms 703
Painter,.!. I) Oil
Painter. T. P 041
I'ainter & Co
610, 641. 043, 753, 764, 770, 786
Paints ; 713, 780
Pajaro Ilotol 700
I'aklco Hotel 61, 433, 673, 790, 731
Palisado 33
Palmer, J. C 245
Palmer, Cook & Co 123
I'almor, Henry Si Co 773, 780
Palmer. H. A 755
Palmer iilley 642, 786
Palnitag, C 750
Palo Alto Farm 272
Panama liallroad Co 103
Panic of 1377 131
PalKir 635, 780
1'alK.T Hags Ii33
i'aiRT lk>xcB .633
Paper t.'oUars 638
Paper Co.. Uraluun 637
Paper Co.. Lick. 639
I'apcr Co., Owen 633
PajK'r Hangings 750
I'aperMill, Lick 630
Paper Mill, Pioneer. 637
Parait?o .Springs Hotel .730
Parasols, etc 465, 7;"0
Parke i Lacy 210,774
Parker. II. O 325,223
Parker House 783
Parker, 11. I). 4 Co 703
Parker, (j. H 1.10
Pork House 701
Parkhurst VS. W 768
Parks, it F 767
Parks, W. H 444
Parrott. ,Iohn 137,217, 735
Parrott, Louis 11 218
Parrott, Tiburcio 217
Parrott k Co. . 203, 217, 762, 707, 769, 733
Parsons, M. W 789
Panion.s, T. .1 550
Particelll i lacchcri 707
Pa-sadcna. 29; 93
Pascal, Dubcdat & Co 773
Pascou llouso 783
Paiod-j Iloljes Hotel 790
IVifiuale, U 4C0, 735
Pastene, ^Vntonio 7C3
PatLk, A 727,757
Patent Brick Co 753
i'a'.tie. J. 339
Patrick, A. 1! 493,785
Patterson, James 063
Pattiuiion Process 304
PattriUgo, U. K 774
Paul, A. U 429
Puil, John .li. ic Son 566,763
Pavement 535
i'alton, J. A 314, 734
Puxton & Co 755
Paxton L Curtis 753
Payne Ilros 757, 700
Pajot, Ipham & Co 210, 737, 784
I'oaco, J 686
Peako & Fiske 784
Peanuts. 288
Pearl Oyst. r 363
IVarajii Bros 763
Peek. J. M 2!3
Pick k. Calmann .717, 780
i'ecuniar} Wrecks 53
PeeL J. L _ 421
Pclousc. E 611
Pcndergast. James 063
Pendergiist, Thos 663
Penilergnsl, Smith & Co 704
Pemlray & Co 713, 781
People's Hotel 791
People's Havings Bank 755
People's Ins. Co 150
Peipillhuj & Hales 739
Pcrazzo, O .761
Perch 320
Pen:lval, 8. W 239
Perey.P 690
Perfumery 710,780
INDEX.
8ll
P rim, \V. D 753
Perkins lIoliBu 731
Ptrkina, (!. C 202,203
Perkins, J. U 405, 7i5
Perkins, \V. SI. i J. M 453, 7S1
Perry, P 7C3
P. rry, Woodnrorth & Co. . . .210, 398, 7S1
P rry-TowuBcml Jlrs. II 7C3
Pestnor i UlUoViranUt 773
PeUiluma 412
Pctaluma Creek 391
Petulumu Savings llauk 733
Petersen, C. A. & Cu 719, 7»1
I'etorson, S. D 733
Peterson, T. W 750
Peterson, W. F 529, 606, 702
Peterson, W.J 7&1
Petne, O. O 701
Petroleum 310
I'etroleuni Barrel 025
Petroleum Co., Ban Francisco 317
Pets,.n, F 782
Pottiuall, Peter 7C1
Peyton, B 710
Pfair,G CU
Pfeilfer, P 750
Picnlncr & Co 783
Pllstcr, J. J 703
I'lielps MfB. Co 751, 7C0
Pllilpsi. Miller 733,771
Pliila ielidiia Brewery 750
I'hilip, Speycr & Co 700, 770
PliiUlp, Ilesthal S Co 518, 707, 772
Pliiilil)3, J. S. t Co 7:7
Piioinix Brewery 75C
PiKenix Iron Works 771
I'iucnix Oil Works 7£0
Photogronha 750
PliotoffTaplia of Motion 430
ri.inoa 013,760
Picks 7S1
Plcklea 500
Pico House 790
Pico, I'io CO
Picturo Fi-amea 009, 761
Pieilmoat Springs Hotel 7iX)
Pierce, Janiea 1' 1^5
Piorco, E. U. &Co 783
Pierce, W. 8 731
Piijeona, Willi 341
Pikoi YOUU3 018, 700
Pillar liock Pkg. Co 7S3
Plliowa 409, 761
I'inra County Bank 734, 755
Pino & Ilougbton 153
Pine Lunilicr jVsa'n 774
Pioneer & Alia Fiour Milla 703
Pioneer Carpet Beating Co 473
I'ioneer ln»n Works »771
Pioneer Paper Miil 783
Pioneer Soap Factory 710, 731
Pioneer Woolen MilU 440, 443, 787
, I'Iper, Jerome B 736
Pipes 703
Piscicultiu-o 323
Pitman, E, D 483
Pilt, Wm. O. C. t Co 703
Pittocit, ILL C37
Pitts, S.J 703
Placers, Califomian 290, 221
Piacer.H, Cariljoo 2^4
Placers, Cassiar 2^
Fiaccrs, ^lexican 194
Placervillo 30
Plarervilie k Ilmnboldt Tel. Co 189
Plagemann, H. & Co 761, 765
Planing -MiiU 698,781
Planters' Hotel 789
Plcater Decorations 5o2
Plaaler Mills 533
I'iaster of Paris 531
Plaster Statuary •'132
Plate, A. F 072
Plate, A J. & Co 459, 071, 072, 703
Plate, H. A C72
Piatcra 304
I'iatshck i Harris 730, 737
Plattner 430
Playter, F..W 221
Plaza Hotel 711
Plum, C. M. & Co. .210, 403, 475, 603, 700
PlumiiEliia 005
Plnmijing 088
Plinnmer Br>s 571, 733
Polilmann, tiuatavo P 772
Point licyes 205, 306
Political Denunciation 170
Pollak, Amolil-& Co 700
Pollard, Thomas 771
Poly, Hcllbrou & Co 759
Pomona 29
Pouy F.xpress 187
Poi)0,iV. J 1-3
Popj& Talbot 693,774
Poppe, Charles L 7C1
Portal, J. 1>. J 243
Port Blakciy Mill Co 503, 774
Port Costa 24,204
Port Diacovory Mills 592, 774
Porter, David 773
I'o tor, (leorge K 512
Porter, Slossiogcr St Co.506, Oil, 612, 733
Portland 92,399
Portland Board of Tnulo. 141, 380
Portland Boilei- Works 773
Portland Candy Factory 663
Portland .Savinga Can'.; 765
Port Madison Mills 774
Port Mooily *i
Port Orfonl 3;"
Port Orford Color Co 771
Post-Intelligencer 73d
Potrcro Dialillins Co 577
Piftrero Distillery i Eoflncry
671,763,787
Potter, Edwanl E 770
Potter, Jacobs & Eaatnn 161
Pottery 620,781
Poultry 274
. Powder 707,782
Powder Co., Giant 703
Powtler Co., Granite 703
Ponder Co., Safety 709
Powder Cj., Safety Nitro 700
Powder Co., Thunder
Powder Co., Vigorit
Powder Co., Vulcan
Powder Works, California. .
Powell, Bricc
,709
.709
.709
.703
.729
Powell, Thomaa 433
Powers & Henderson 773
Prag, .Martin 753
Pienlisa Hotel 790
Prescott, 11. W 314,001
Preacott Insurance Co 153
I'reacr)tt k San bom 598, 763
Prescott, Bcott & Co
443,001,006,757,764
Prescott's Steam Feed 597
Preston, A. W 736
Preston £t McKinnon 77-4
Presses, Eml.ossing 631
Pretoriona, Trowbridge & Leinmer. .
666,757,758
Provost, L 273
Price, Michael 669,703
Priridle & Meader 700
Priugle, tiilbert 753
I*rinters 783
Printing Inks 0-12
Prior, J. K 089, 707
Proctor House 739
Prosperity, Mcasurt) of 123
Providence Washington Ins. Co K8
Provisions 530. 732
Provo Mi'g. Co '.l?
Provo Woolen Mill 787
Provost, Daniel It 773
Prussian National Ins. Co 159
Paget Mill Co 093
Puget Sound 34
Puget Sound '^'anning & Pkg. Co — 733
Puget Sound Commercial Co 590
Puget Sound Iron Co 313
Puget Sound Lumber Co 774
Pumps 037
Putnam & Co 753
Putnam House 789
Quail 341
Queen iVssuranco Co 158
Queen Cliarlotto Group 41
Quicksilver 314
Quinn, Jam'.:S 783
Quinn, Tlmmoa 600, 709
rabbits 341
r.adius, Ludwlg 753, 773
r.ahsslioplF, C 093
Kailroada 102, I0«
Baiiroad House 789
railroad Workshops 065
Railway and Navigation Boats 197
Bains 69,70
llaisch, Charles 70O
i^aisina 253
Ualston, H. SJ 753
lialston, W. C
127, 128, 129, 133, 404, 441, 003, 073
Kamello, A. & Co 708
Barole 287
mim
■H"
8l2
INDEX.
VJ
rMiDdr.LJ. B 3r.
n.ja-.l.nhtCo 771
Iii:iL-i, rniy.ua t Co G63, ";7, TH
H-dI^ ChsTlca K 757
ranjonr, lairfuktCo 783
It.inanro, 12, L 531, 753, 7c2
E»J1>, J. tM 791
lla£t, Joha 7^
Kaani,Il ': 7G7
EiTtn-a, Chinmklll t Co 560, 771
nay, W. K. i Co. 7»1
Uajacr.J.A 530
liariiondtnrMlne 741,7^3
UzyrDonil h V.'iUhire 770
ne*,;£tock, Endrcs k(-o 773
EocfjT, W. tt tSon ■17D
Ital Una 27
EolU:UI Uotcl 70O
Ktil CnMl It;, tv 2U, 7C», 7S3, 783
n£:/lJli r. B 331
naidinjan. 75. 79,92,323
Ealilais IIolcl 700
CuUfld & IrrUia. 775
Eidi.ir.on 4 Co 154. SOO, 7C1, 780
naStoiton, J. II 311
CcilTood CO!
l:cilTro«l Citj 20,412
Htdffoul Lurotjcr Co 774
Ikdtroou Lu.'Tibcr Mills 591
l^jdvoc4 Maaufactiirurs' Aw'n 774
Veeil-itipis 341
I>eJ.n 731
EeodnIIotel 7S0
Bt-Jin. B. tCo. 775
Eeoc, Michael 14!
DcciIJl 459
I2e:;23c}jar:rcT, 3 773
Uc'xly^ziAain Proccao. 430
EtJllV. MHUl, 730, 755
Eeia'.t»,C. A. it Co 572, 7S4
Cciliiiart B. Z; Co. 775
Belukr U Fuclu 732
Bdatitc iSracc 7-7
Beliaa^o Zlariua Ita. Co CuG
ltcm:UarJ triik Co 750
Kcxoiil^nl Lroa 52J
Eo=±j.-ton, A. I> ft Co 780
llcnnie. 6ir Jobn CCI
Ilcno 37
I^oo titrat'^ Ba:ik 755
Itoltoa, Ilutoca t Co. 503, J71
JStnUchiiT, r C07
Bcnz. Jbbn 773, ;&j
Beaounca of Arizona 730
llcsourco cf CjUifornia 730
I^CTcTcIIoajc 783, 7W
EcT^okli, John 700, 701
HcTiuAa, L.n:u 733
lu.7lio!4j L Hlx 753
t;i.]r7>alcli, Tlios in, 78J
tU:zi. I i"nx-«ia 30)
I^-j, Hirrtr W. ta 673. 753, 704
Eia:. V/. A. 223
IUdi,Oti> 153
nA.ljar.iS 3;4
Uictuuuil, O. F. * Co 209,704
nichanb & IIutUou. 7l'fl, 708, 773
ni-jbrjil.ifc .Show 224, 70)
lUchanlcm, W. A 4)9
KIcbardson, W. (1 037
Kicbcr, r. K 759
r.khmona Drill Co 738, 7C0
nichmoiiil, C. S Co 131
Ikichmond, L. G. & Bou 732
Kiclitcr, AituliOi 772
KichtbofL-ii, Itorou .413
!:i(lcuut& HiDitll 557
I!ia:;cii, J. N 014
Iiid;TOway nro.4 705
Kidloy, A. E. 4Co 7C0
Ulet'cr, P. i Co 704
niuac Bmllitirs 701
ninaldo, T 701
Ulo Virgin Mfj. Co 447, 443
Ulo Vir^'lu Woolen lUU 7S7
Uijidoa Iron Work»
.iM, MS, 033, 657, COO, 006, 757, 764, 771
KiU-Uo, J. 1! 703
lathut, IM' 2uj
l;ivcT Fish 363
liiver Improvcmunts 387
Hirer's lukt Canuiag Co 783
Uivcrsido 05
lUvcraidc lioiiso 70U
llivursidu Press. ..7m
lllvcrs, Vurious. 401
IJoacli, J 093
i.obb, J. A.. Inrcutiou3of..41C, 420, 427
Lobb's Uauj Kd^er 413
Kobcrts, tit;oryo F 702
Hobcrts, Jauiua B 770
I'obcrts Hotel 7:j]
rujbbinoii, Alfred CO, 330
i^oliinsoii, C. A 502
Uobinsun, J. A 3G7
liock l:ay ,Saw .MUl 594, 774
Kock tioal 32j
Ilockwoud, A. P 325
Uocliy Mountain Fur Co 3;rj
Itodo'cm, Mt-yer j: Co
203, 767, 709, 770l 733
Uoohuck, Tliomoa G 737
ItocTiick,-, Otto 639, 753
UoL-tl), I Icury C 705
liojcrs iiros k Co 703
r,oad(j Ilro3 753
IlolUns Mills CSJ
Itomaucu of tho I'rcscut CtJ
ICoot, NcUeou ^Co C05, 7*1
Koot ti Handcrson 210, 708, 782
ItoHCoo iiCo 703
r.oae, L. J 210, 238, 237, 253, 271
liosu, MeAlpiuo & Co .493
Uosucrans, C F 709
iimecrans, W. S 340
Iloscman L Butler .787
no.«.'Ulaum i Cci 704. 705, 707, 737
Koscabaum, 1, H. i Co.7U3, 700, 761, 783
iioseuberj. (icorje 769
lUiSebur,{ I'uuudiy 771
rio.^udali;, A. C. U Co 705
lloaeuer Bros 575, 756, 774
noacnfcl.l, II i Co 785
I'.oaenfol.l. Jobn IM, 205, 767, 783
iiosLjishine, M. fc IJrt) 700, 7S5
Uosenstock, H. W, & Co 511, 753
lioijcntlial. \. S. & Co 737
r.osentbal, B 783
Kosentllal Bros 775
Kosentbal & Feeler 511
Kosentbal i Fruhnian 760, 701
Kiisenthal, G 775
r.ossoter /; Kinlth 77J
llo.iaitcr, .lames 753
Ko^;s Ilouao 790
notary FllniiWO GC3
Hotter & BiscbofI 762
Hotb & Co 773
Kotbcubnsh, D 756
Kothrook, Dr 39
Kothachild & Ehronpfort 560, 703
Kottanzi, O 773
Il'tnuds It Aluuwoi-th 791
Itountrco & Mc<;lur.i. . .209, 763, 7S2, 785
Uowu. n. r 773
Rowlaml. J. i Co 177
Hoy, Andrew 574
r.oyal City Planlns Mills 593
lioyal Soap Co 719, 7M
lioycr, Ilennan 521, 757, 709
Iloylaucc. Jo.scph 759
r.ubbtr Goods 522, 782
r.udolph. O. 4 Co 013, 761
RULxl, J. C 773
Uufflno, L. J. & Co 533, 775
Ruhl Brothers 760; 769
Ilunipf 4 Dnukel 756
Iin3l)y £: Mery 771
i;u.!3, .losoiih 51, 204, 530
r.m\. j. t Co.. 774
Uiiai House 751, 790
BusaeU. Wells & Co 093
I£U53CU. W. U 187
ilusjian-Amcrlcan Co 333, .'i39
Uusjian Uiver Land k Lumbor Co. . .774
Bowf, Win 701
r.yan k Duff OJl
Kyau. JolinO 529, 756
Saliatio, .V E. k Co.210, 760, 763, 773, 733
.Sabatie, P. O. &Co 773
Holivts i CutU 618, 760
tiabin, Ferdinand 701
iiabrichi, F 315
iiichs. Heller & Co 209, 787
Saehs, Stmsaburser & Co! . .765, 770, 787
Sacramento 28
.Sacramento Bank 753
tSacrameuto Bubery 763
.Sacmmcnto Fou dry 771
iiacraineuto Ilooord-Union 735
.Sacramento liiver 393
Haerumento Ulvi r Pk,i. Co 739
Hacmmento Hahnon 385
Hacmmento Havin;^ Bailk 755
Sacramento Tannery 783
Kat^rameuto Valley 2f
Uocramento Water 411
Kt...--^
?85
C7, 783
.700, 7S3
|.511, 7i3
787
785
773
511
760, 7Cl
....775
....773
....733
....790
. . CC3
....703
....773
...7M
39
OeH 703
773
....7;u
7»2, 785
..773
..177
..574
..533
710, 781
737, 709
..73J
I, 7S3
013, 781
3
533,775
700, 700
.7X
.771
2gJ, 03«
....774
731,730
813
Bacramento Wood Co 393
Bacr.viiciito WooU-r. MDU ^43, 737
S.viai-ry 4W
fiaaier, Clias. & Co 775
G.vaieri; Co 7C3. 733
Baf,'J 07X770
Saf -ty Xitro Powder Co 700, 7S2
Safety rowdcr Co. 703, 782
Baironl, Hudson & Co 735
Bilge, A. A. & Co 775
8;iilln3 VesBela C03
Bailfl 481.731
Sr.lamon, J. i Co 7C1
Balera 32
Balcm Flourins Mills 206, 557, 765
Sabm Imn Woika CG2. 771
Halinau 30
Kulinaa City Uaiik 755
Salmon 311, 363, 375, 335
Salmon Canning' 377, 433
Halmon Ilatcbtiis 325
Bait 5G9. 733
Salt Co. , Unlou Pacific 783
Salt Lako City 40
Bamm, Jacob 550
Saiiim i Parsons 7C3
Sanmcla. David 767
Sail Brnjardino 23
San Clas 40
San Diojo 29. 413, 7:0
San Dioso Bay 391
San Die^o Concjntration Co 789
San Fernando 20
San Francisco 21
San Francisco Bankers ,. 48
San Francisco, Ii .y of 22
San Frauciaco Box Factory 753
San l-'ranciaco Brid^jo Co 757
San Franciaco Bruali Factory 750
San Franciaco Caudio Co 700
San Francisco Chemical Works 7C1
Ban Francisco Conlag.' Co. .481, 482, 433
San Francisco C^onUgu Mfy 7C3
San Franciaco Furnitm j Factory. ■ "00
Han Francisco Uaa Liglit Co 733
Ban Francisco Harbor 383
San Francisco Tnriuranco Co 144
San Francisco Imn Works 771
San Francisco Mining l^rcss. 730
San Francisco News Co 734
San Fran, i; Pac Sugar Ucfluery. . . .78-t
Han Fran. Pkg. & Provision Co 783
8au I>anci8Co liiiral PrcM ''30
San Francisco Savinga Union. . .135, 755
San Francisco Stock Brcwci-y 750
San Francisco Stock &. Tct. Co 393
San Francisco Summers 04
San Francisco Tanneriea 493
San Francisco Tool Co 785
San Fmnciaco Typo Foundry 701
San Francisco Water Supply 409
San Cialiricl 23
Ban Joaquin Canal 404
San Joaiiuin River 393
San Joaquin VrJley 27
Ban Joaquin Valley, Bank of* 765
S;ui Joso 25, 730
."ian Joso Airicultural Works 75 >
3:in Joso, Bank of 75"'
Ban Ju3o Fimndry 771
Gan Jn.-iQ I^uit Vkj. Co 753
Sail Joso Fumituro Mfs. Co 7G5
San Jo30 Limo Co 773
Han Josa Mercury.. 7J0
i'lai Juso Vkj. I'o 2!1
f^au Jtmn ilobo k Glovo Co 513
San Joso Savings Bank 755
Sr.a Jo3L' Woolen MiUs 442. 787
San Juan Lima Co 772
SauLu>dO:ii3po 30, 412
San Luis <Jbi3[K>, Bank of 755
San Luis Obispo Roadstead 397
San Mateo 23
San Mateo Hotel 791
San Rafael 21, 412
Sanborn. A. L...... 530
Sanborn, N 530
Sanborn's Sous, Geo. n C31
fianboni. Vail it Co 610, 753, 731
Sanders is Co 703
Sanders t Lawson 090
Sanderson k r>ro 7G2
Sandcreon i-^; Horn 760,761, 781
Sansovain, Don Pedro . . - 2t3
Santa Ana. 23
Santa Ana Hotel 791
Santa Ana Uiver 29
Santa Barliara 23
Santa Barbara Channel 397
Santa Barbara County Bank 775
Santa Clara 25
Sjnta Clara Brewery 750
Santa Clara County Bank 755
Santa Clara MachinoShop 771
Santa Clara Oil Co 37
Santa Cni3 30, 337, 733
Saufci Craz Barings Bank 755
Santa Crtiz County, Bank of 755
Santii Inez Muuntaina 23
Santa Monica Hotel 731
Santa Rosa 25, 412
Santa Rosa, Bank of 75^5
Santa Rosa Brewery 755
Santa P^sa Hotel 791
Santa Rosa Woolen aiills 444, 7S7
Saroni, Louis & Co 6t>>, 702
Sathor&Co 735
Sauluier, John &. Co 773
Saunders. Henry 230. 335
Savast-, Henry 77:3
Savage Mine 302, 739, 743
Savage k Suns 663, 761
Savings Bank of Santa Rosa 755
.Havings k Loan Banks 123, 130
Savintr-i k I>oan Society 755
Sawmill, Ilaitlugs" 530
Sawmill Inventions 416. 425. 420
S.iwmilla 535. 783
SawB 003, 783
Sawyer, B. P. & Co
496,407,498.772,785,787
Sawyer, F. A 403
Saxe, Dr 4.U
'.'>.ix ', Peter 200
S i\ton, Sr.iltb ^; Co "3
;^a7ivard, V/. P :,>\
ii lar^wro kCj 7 13
Sralmaninl, Carlo 733
Scammon, Capt 351
S^aramon, II 755
S:andinavian Pkg. Co 788
Sebafer i Co 701
S-'haoffyr J. N. & Co 783, 733
S-'hammcr, Reynolds k Co 759
ScharUhi, J. P. t Co 773
S':heelino, Nathan 759
Schctll-r, W 215
8L*lie:ilvci, P 753
.Mclicpplcr, William. 772
Sdierr, Bach k Sax 575, 773
SjhL-nrer k Coyne 758
S jliie^or. C. II 773
;30hiUyr, U 701
S--hillin.7, .V. & Co 503,763
Schlabjr,', F. i C 731
Schk'3aiuj:;r k Borgraaa 703
Schmot.rer, Henr* 701
Schmidt, Frank 701
Schmidt, N 730
SchmiUi k Mendcs 758
SchmitA William .763
Sciimob^ William 093
Scluicidcr k Wachter 750
Schn;;ider. W. H 768
Schober k Sefrin 757, 769
Sclioenfeld, Jacob 753
Schocntcld, Jona.s 700, 701, 785
Schoenemau, Frederick 763
Schoenstoin, F. B 613, 730
SchoeuHtem. F. F 614, 780
Schroder. Albi-ccht & Co 536. 763
Sclux)der, H. k Co 760. 773
ScUroth. C. &Co 557, 705
Shuck. O. kCo 753,733
SL-henman k Botefulu- . .210, 773
S.'hulto k Geitner 753
Schultz, Louis 577
Sthult2 k Von Cargcn 773
Schultz. Wm. A 773
Si:hulz k Fischer 093, 097, 773
ScliuJzo, P 333
Schumakor Bros 753
Seh'istcr. F 750
Schussler, H 416. 413, 419, 543, 513
Schusiler, John 783
Schuyler's Hotel 719
Sehwab k Ando son 783
Seliwabacher P.ros. & Co 230. 775, 777
Sohwabacher, Luuis 757
Schwartz, M 775
Schwartz, William 761
Schweitzer k Bro 755
Schweitzer, J. & Co 753
Schweitzer. Sachs & Co-203, 765, 70G, 770
Schweitzer W. k Co 701
Schv.-eitzer, Jacob 007
Schwerin, K 701
ScolluUl, D. C. 317
il
mi
'Hi
,i {.
h i
i
M
I
;
814
B,-otLM.';Tovl3 C73, "CD, 7S1
BcooITy. P. .'.I "7
8.o:,c!ilt;r U Gihbd 77i)
E.-otdlV.-, J. U Ml
Brotl. II. T Ml
B.olt..J. .M 313
Bcof, Ir.injM 031
Boott, O. M. & Co 7C3
Bt.-i)ttisli Union lus. Co 153
Bcovak', Ivea 4», CCJ
HcrlvtncT, A. IGJ
Bjiil Uock Tobacco Co 7S->
Bjal.s, II 2n
Boani3trcsae3 , 10.1
B.\-uililo IIouso 78.1
ScasidJ riij. Co 783
Soattlo 3:.
B;:attb Co;-.l 303
Boa View IIouso 783
Security S.v.-inffj Buuk 7C3
Bcl-lcy, JosopU 4J7, 757
Bei.bj, Cba3. V 7C2
Butids 23^
Scclcy i DiclifonI 75J
Seol.'y, L. li 770
Sctlli;, K. i Co 210, 223, 773
Soi-ars, Uriali 703
BciU.'rlich'a Sous 733
Bciilel, FnyJcrick E 73i
BoidI, J. iCo 703
Boi:;lor Spriuja llotd 783
SfU.T, Paul 033
Bellty, Prtnti.^ 033
Sclby Sracltins and Lead Co. . . .083, 7j3
Bully, TI103. II. tCo
COS, 303, 757,703. 770
8ai3, M 753
Solij & N'cwinaun 770
Seller Eros 75 ^
Seri:it, fiiun & Co 702
Senaonot, Gcorje 763
Scssioll3. K. C 135
Setli Tboniaa Clock Co 701
Bettlera, Chances for 87, 83
Seyer.iuco, IJ O COO
Bcrcrouce, II. W 770, 733
Bewer Pipe Association 527
Sowins Girls 110
Beymour, S. II 751
Seymour, Saliin & Co 211, 753
Seymour, Samuel 7S3
Seymour. W. 11 703
SIiab.;r, John A 703
Bhld 327
Sliocflcr, J. W. &Co 700, 701
Slmfter k Lord 775
SliaOeld, Charles L 703
Bliafter Droi 200
Sbafter, James M 230
bhaflcr, O. L 200
Siiaftcr, P. J 200
Shainwulil, II. L 7*3
t'bauuon, II 753
Shark 353
Shani, V-'m. T 781
Shaltuck & FIctcbcr 220, 043, 770
S'law, IL C 073,753
Shaw ,'; ICmia CCA, 771
.'ihea, IJo.Miuem:: £: MclCoo 773
S'.i.a.vr, FrciL'rick i; 737
aheeljy. lUibcrt 203, 707, 733
S'.iOi'li.
Sh.cp, Wild 341
lih.flluW, (!. P 003
Shcpard, ,L E 730
Shopman. Wm. E 707
.■^hepiianl, Jaycox li Co 775
Shcriilan, I!. S. & J. C 703
Shenutt:i, Chiy & Co 013, 7S1
Bhennau, \V. T 127
Sherwood, W. J 771
rtlieycr, M. i Dro 705, 700, 78;
Sliielib, A 411
SlilniUer. O 003. 700
ShiudlcriiCo 211
Ship Euildcra 783
Sh:p-huildin3 627, 023
Shiii Joiners' Association 103
Shippee, L. U 135
Shlltplnjf 135
Sh:l)pi:ij Mercliants 781
Ship TImlior C31
Shipwriifbts' Asaociatiou 103
Ship Yanls 0J2
Shirek & Tonner 75'j
Shires, Wm 518, 707
Shirt-mukins H'
Shirts 4J7
Shoj Finding-.! 0C7
Slioo i Lea'*ier Ina. Co iCl
Shoo Machineij* 503
Shoj Operatives 533
Shoes 535
SIioo Stock 510
Shooljurt ti Uoalo 737
Shorlj & Witscn 215
filiort, 11 0*31
Shotljolt, llionias 233
.Slirailer, A. J 753
(jhreve, Geo. C. i Co. . .030, 037, 771, 772
Slirevo Jc Wolf 703
Shrimin, etc 30.i
ShropshU-o Sheep 257
SlmlakSon 701
Shuilz & Viet 750
Shiullefl, W. T. fc Co 7 A 775
SiliHon, Church it Co 200, D53
Sideman, Abo 701
Kiduman. Laehm.in & Co 701, 735
Sides 302
Siebe liros. & Pla^uinann 773
Siebo k Il.icbllna 0.53
Siibeuliuuer, L. i Co 700, 701. 735
Sie^'cl, Simon 701
Sierm lilanea 33
Sierra riumu Co 51, 534, 583
Sierni Luuilicr Co 530, 774
Sierra Ma.U-j Villa 7M
Sierra Nevada 30
•Sierra N'ovada Mino 7i0
.Sierra Nevada Wood & Lumber Co. .774
SlkcB, E. &Co 761
Skajj'a Hotel 731
mil; 473,734
ollkwormi 27.'i
Hllllman, V.W.UCn 773
Sllverlwn;, Simon 733
SIIv.rGntc 2!, 21
■Silver Iron Worlu 7.'1
Silverma-i, David 773
Silver Mining 235
Silver Production 235
Silver Smeltln J 303
Simmou3 1. ?iu:c< >n 572, 781
Simmonii, Kone .*"; Co 703
Hlmou U. Ereslauer 453, 737
•Simon, M. ii Son 770
Simon, v., SonJit Cook 709
Simondl, A. .S 755
Simons Eros. & Co 771, 773
uiaionton, T. I) 733
.■SimiiBon, A. M. & Ero 534, 771, 78J
.Simiwon Eros 01,2, 033, 7oJ
ijimpson U ri:>kcr 431, 733
.Siml«on. II, V/ 731, 750
Siniiwon, ,S;r G C21
Sims, Jolm U 770
Kinaloa 48
Sinclair, C. 11 707
Sinsheimcr, Mitscs 734
Sinsheinie.-, Simon 703
Sisson. Wallace S Co 333, 770. 733
Skalfe, Alired 70O
Skidesate Oil Co 300, ISO
Slatca. UmiUng 520
Slavcn. It. 1! 704
Slessiniier, S 511
Sliiauo, W. & J 2iO, 733. 783
Slope. Area of 17, 13
SIoss, Louis & Co
333, 433, 703, 773, 735, 737
SlulcoPiiio 417
Small, Isaac II 704, 733
Smith, A. D 133,770
Smith, A. M £27
Smith Ext)", ii Watson 771
Smith, C. L 514
Smitli, Ciias. W. Jr 030, 703
Smith, F 634, 7.W
Smith, Fnuncls & Co IZ'S
Smith. lUrsth i Co 333, 733
Smith, James C 774
Smith, J. E 514
.'■mith, James R 783
Suiltli. Caltt. Jed : 333
Smith, J. McB 300
Smith, L. F 531
Smith. L.G.K 785
Smith i Lilly 500, 703
Smith's, L. Sons 513, 014
Smith, Lucy i Co. 734
Smith, P. &J 750
Smith, 8 085, 580
Smith & Starrutt 703
Smith, Wm. I) 75
Hinith, Woo3ruiI t Euuor 770
Sueath, Aniol.l 4 Co 263
Sueatb, Eoardiuau & Co 263
INDEX.
8|:
Snaath, a O. . .51, ICO, 201, 232, 203, 753
Bnlpo Ml
buijica a Kliiacrtily 701
Knoiv ;; (.'o 753, 770
Blow, II. K sai
Hnuw. Iliirvcy W 770
Know ii rcltU 770
Hiiydur U. Ituichliu^ OOu, 70G
HiKJl> 717, 7*1
Huuli lU>ut 170
HoJii 722
83il.i lUy ilipt.l HJ
Hixla Wulcr 571, 78-1
Sxucrnll, W. T 733
Bomiour, II ; 703
8um:>a, P. 572, 7S-1
Soil IJros 705
Sjniiichncn, C'lma 757
Somita^ & Co 703
8o:H>uia County, Hank of 7i'5
Bouoma Democrat 733
Bonomu LumlxT Co 77 1
Sonoma Valley 23
Sonoma Vulloy Bank 753
Bonora 30, 40
Bonom Kallroail Co 1£2
Sorbin, J E 773
Borcusun & reteraon 7>'>0
Sotoyomj Hotel 7S3
Boulo, K 075, 753, 7C0
Bourccsof Information 7,.5
Bouthor, (!. N 505, 707
Bouthem California 24 2H
Bouthora (;al. Pk™. C.-> 753
Bouthora Hotel 790
BoutlK-m I'acillc Hotel 783
Boutb.rn Pacific 11. U. Co. . . .82, 93. 309
Sontli H. F. Ilrmvery 730
South S. P. Pkif, & Pro. ji Co 7t'2
SiHkfTonl Packing Co 241, 759, 783
Bpaui»h-Anicrican lUiilroaiU 182
Sparkling California 243
Bliarks, Itiaac 331
Bimulilins i Co 473
BliaulJins, (!. & Co 046, 7.i2
Bpauliling. J. J 471
BlKiuhlin;, X. W 424,063
Spaulding'ii .Saw-Tooth 410
Biwnce, A. 8. & Co 761, 7«S, 771. 780
Bpence, llroa. ii Co 785
Spencer & Armstrong 708
Silencer, !•'. W. & Co 781
Bpcrry, A & H. W 557,705
Bpico (iriiiiling 503
Bpient, ,Tiis 003
Bpiko, llio Last lia
Spink. S. P. i«ou» 707
Klillval.i, C. K 556, 561), 774
SiMkiin Pttlls 37
Spratt, Josepll..300, 664, IMO, OM, 737, 758
Bpri'ckelii. Claus...*. ....M7, 643, MJ, 5a)
Bpreckel-, John D 548, 549
Bpreckeli, John D. i Bro 770, 783
Sprins, ICarly 63
Springer, ,Tuson & Co 703, 774
Springfield Ins. Co 101
tipring Co., The Botta 784
Hprin;;, Menzo 731, 753
:)pr:nj, T. W 7i7
f^piiOeil, AlattreM 7^1
.Sprin:;a 073, 7s7
H;iriiig Valley Watjr Co.... 217, 41)3, 413
iipriauce, .Stanley i Co 773
.Spuhn, C 333
a.piirn'la 341
.Sre.Hovieh, L. (i. & Co 759, 705
Hroufo Si .McCmm 773
Stacy, M. V. U 230
Stager Brothers 534, 775
Stahl, J. II 730
Standard .Mine 742
Standard Oil Co 317
li^andanl Pocking Co 243, 302
Standard Shirt Paetory JU
Standard .Soap Co 729, 781
Standard iSoap Worka 78 1
Standard Sugar Co 542
Stauilard Sugar Mfg. Co 784
Stanford Brt>a 174
Stanford, Leiand
..51, 153, 103, 173. 174. 2H, 215, 272, 431
Stanley, Mrs, Mary 780
Stanton, II. C ;70
Staples, D. J 150, 152
,'3tarl)h*d& C;oldBt<tno 595, 774
Starch 719,784
Starke's UotcL 7.0
Starr, A. D 537
Starr, A. W 557
Starr i Co 233, 556, 537, 765, 783
Starr, O. U. & Co 763
Starr U Klathison. 316
Statu Bank of Piocho 735
Stato House 7:^
Btato Investment Imi. Co 154, 770
SUto Medical Society 73
Stationers 7*4
Statistics of Coast 18
St. Charles Hotel 789, 790, 791
St<>am Navigation 195
St.-anis & Smitli 782
StcM:ker, J 245
.Stoele Bros 51, 207
St.-olo, Elder i Co 711, 703, 765, 782
Steele, James a 764
Btccu, K. 1 704, 774
Steering Apparatus 431
Sleigcr, A 527,782
Stt;iger & Kerr 063
Steiuer, Kliiulior k Co 770
Steinhagen, P "GO, 773
Steiuhart. W. J. i Co 209, 761, 700
Stephens' Concentrator Cn 780
Stephens, J. D 135
Stelihenson, (1. A 731
Stepp, C. fc W 701
Stcreotyphig Oil
Sterett, B. F 016, 7S2
Sterling. Wm 300
StenilK'rg, Simon & Co 763
Sterufeld, Bros. & Co 772
St«tefoldt Fnmace 295, 410
Stevevlores' Union 105
Stevens, Baker 4 Co 770, 783
Stevens, Oeorge 773
Stevens, Levi 113
Stevens k Wlleoj 7T0
{itcvensou, J. D 1,0
,Steveuriou ti Lonj'Will 736
Stewart, A T. Si Co 441
Stewart k Buckley 705
Stewart k Co 708
St. George Hotel 790
.St. Helena 25
.Stniman, Dr. J. D. B 243
Stlllman, W. A 433
StUie Hoiuc 791
Still, llolrert 700
St. .lames Hotel ?9I
St. Xich.das Hotel 791
.Sto_-kton 27,736
.Stockton Agricultural V/archouse. , .753
Stockton, Bank of. 755
Stockton, i:. A 787
Stockton I'unnturu Manufactory 766
Stockton Independent 733
Stockt m Iron Works 771
Stockton Savings and Liian Society. 755
Stockton Tanneries 194
Stockton Water Co •Ill
Stokes, A. L 94
Stoke», D 439
Stoll, ,1. T 501, 769
Stone, B. L 771
Stone, L 326
StonemtMi, George 245
Sto:; • Pavinrj Co., Cal 530
Stone, 11 210, 501 502, 769, 772
Stone Works, The Pazzola. 5J1
Story, C. n, & Co 1.51
Stoves 784,601
Stove Works 607
Stoivell. Jolis 753
St. Paul 44
St. Paul Insurance Co 156, 757, 7t'6
Strahle, J. i Co 611
Straiglit.Z. L 771
Strasabcrgcr, A. k Co 787
Strossherger Brothers 763
Stratham & Cone 031, 763, 781
Strauss, IC 783
Stniuss, Kohliiitamm & Co
201, 761, 763, 773
,Straus. Levi & Co
209, 831, 766, 787
Straus, Levy 454, 761
Straut, Wm. K 774
StraW'liuming I^nglno 432
Straw ( loods 784
Straw Hats 464
Street Kailroada 181
Slrohridgc, ,T. A 772
Slroliridje. J. H 253
Strobridge's Merinos 257
Strocssei, Otto 7C3
Strong, W. li. k Co 770
Stmts, Julius 773
Stuart, Mrs. A H. H 91, 733
Studebakcr Bros 788
Stuhr, August 784
Stuiuckc. Cbos 614
;;~n!!ssmifw^mmm
8i6
INDKX.
Sturgeon 3o?. 3Sr)
b jliliiariilJ lUiLitliij* 4J1
Subtropical Iiui>ort3 2^
BUo'ar 2i5, MO
Bujar liJtl 'JUJ. oa
Sujur luiiurtatiuns r>t^
Sujar Mills &13
Bui-ar KjI'muilcs 610, M7, 784
Biwnun, Bank vt 70j
Sui;m:i rkj. Co 7d(i
Hiill.liur 3rj
Kuuiuch 401
(Sumner. \V. U.ic <'o 773, 7S7
Buiiiilemcutary Material 737
BusiK-ndurit mi
Buttor Cro.;k 30
Butter's Sawmill 6S!1
Button. Cliaa. Jr. & Co....4G7, 760, 7S3
Sutro, AJoliih 413, 414
Butro & Co 7iu
Butro Tunuel 413, 41 1
Bwuin. 11. A. t Co ilO, 701, 703, 772
BuanliorK i West 363, 3il
Bwan Brtwcry 730
fiwau'fl Wood Sliccr 410
Sn'autun Houso 7'.K)
Bweas -y, J. U Hun 770
Swi-ei»stake8 Plow Co 070
Sweet, .S. i Ci 770
Swenarton. J. A 449
8«-ift,C. 11 13.-)
Swift. Jantes 7iiO
Bwiue 274
Swiss Brewery 750
Sylvester, Jnlui 739
Sylvester k Moyo 700
Symonds k Lanureaux 770
Pynil> 54t)
Sy/, Uarry W 770
Tabor, Harkcr & Co
209,218,703,782,783
Taber, I. W 750
Talicr. .lacol) S 218
Taconm 8t>
Tacoma Li^ilucr 730
Talt & Ilalu.iuo 433, 701
Tallwtt, W.O 143
TalL-ott. LiiuU 770
Tullac llov.so 789
TallantS.('o 75j
Taiualpais Hotel 791
Tam:dliais Kldjc 23
Tanna j'O rroductious 486
i'aniialt. T. It »4
Ta:.niug Material 490
Taiiker & Pridtiam 776
Tatum i Ilowen 210, 704, (74, 780
TatLss's. I/D"iB i Co 773
lay, Geo. II. t Co
209, 221, CM, 758. 708, 770, 784, 78.'.
Taylor, 11. F 01
Ta;lor, C. L. & Co 770, 7S3
Taylor, .John 750
Taylor, ,Iohn & Co 210, 703
Taylor k .McDowell 788
Taylor. H. P. i Co 037, 780
Taylor. Thos. & Co 773
T.iylar, W. a 001
Tea 2:0
Ti aiustcrs' I'nion 107
Te.iuo Hotel 791
Tcliatiia t.'ounty, Bank of 735
Tel-e uph 18.1, 191
Tcle:;raplilo lustnunentA 093
Tcleiilioue 190, 42J
Telei-hone, Paeiflc Hell Co 438
TemiH-raturo, Stamlurda of 62
Ten lloach, N. i Co 767, 770, 733
Tenneut, Tlios 05, 07, 09)
Tenthorey, J. P. & Co 500, 774
Torr.v, K. i Co 303, 361
Ten-ill, C. & P. II. iiCo ......758
Teseliemacher, II. F 143
Teutonla Ills. Co 156
Tevls, Lloyd 133. 139, 170i 180, Ud
Tcilllii Palirlos 431
Tliaiu llros 703
Tlauulmuser & Co 770
Tliauidiauser, L. & Co V09
Thatcher, Geo. & Co. 773
Tliuyer 02J
Tliayer..!. E 774
Theoliold, (ieo. J. & Co 770, 783
Thieliaut. Chas 039. 753
ThIelBuii Flume 63.".
Tliouiaa Itros.. 700
lUontu, (leu'lO. II 3-10
Thomas, P. .1 785
TIiouip.ton llros 005
Thomiw.u. DellarttCo 211, 708
Tiiomiaou. I). V 135
Thompson, G. 739
Tliomiwon, Geo. C 572. 7S4
Thompson. G. W 803
Thompson. Ira I) 7li4
Thomptk)n. Lucius V71
ThomiiBon. I!. 11 328
Thomi«on & Ilcaiil 770
Thompson & Co 755
Tlionipson k Evans 70.
Throckmorton, 3. It 325
Thunder I'owder Co 703, 782
Tilhey, A. S 760
TIchenoi', II. I!. & Co... 143. 305, 774, 733
Tickncr, Bumliam &Co 770
Tillman. F 6iS
Tdlmun & B.'nrtel 209, 708, 762
Tllton i Wortmau 712, 775
TuuIht 31, 90, 233, r.SO
Timkc, J. II. iUro 701
Tiumiins, C & Co 783
Tlnsxy, C. G 773
Tingue. House & Co 612
Tlnoco, J. St S Co 770
Tinware 0s9
Tltcomh, A. O. & Co 701, 771
Titcomb & Co 783
Titus. L. II :x
Tobacco 23i 099
Tol>aceo CouiiUmptlon 001
Tobacco Manufacture 701
Tobin, Morris 760
Tobiu, R J 135
Tobln. Hlmms *('o 73
Tobin. Thomas I^ 75<1
To.!d, H. II 783
Todd. J, C C-U
Tomale.1. Hank of 755
I'oml.atone 29
Tombstone Foumlry 771
Touito Powder Co. 783
Tontine Powilcr Co 703
Topl' /, F. I; r„ 700. 77«
Tiirre.", Mai.ael 400
Towlo BriiB 774
Towlc, WW 774, 783
T..»-ne, A, N 744
Towiie k Bacon 012
Townsenil, Fred. R 755
Towneend, W. H 560, 703
Toy, Blekford & Co 711, 766
Tr.Kle with Australia 214
Tnwlers" Insuraiieo Co 101
Tradesmen's Insurance Co 161
Tranlug Walls, (laklaml 23
Travelers' Homo 791
Trcabure 213
TrcjoB, .1. ,4 Co 762,770
Treuiont Hotel 790
Trenht.lm, Howard 360
Trespass Ijiw 257
Tribune of .'ialt Lake City 73S
Triest & Co 209, 76D
TrlDlihul 30
Tripp, O. A 690, 703
Trout 323,343
Tnrckee 31
Truckec Lmnber Company 753
Truman. I. J 678
Trunks, etc 501
Trusses, etc 731
Tniworthy. Alouzo J 760
Tryon. J. rt 414
Tul.lB. A L. & II 431
Tul.bs' Hotel 780
Tucker. .1 W. «: Co 773
Tucker k Grant 774
Tuekcy, ^Ultcd 773
Tucson 39
Tunier, Georuo 8 773
Turner, M 033
Turner, Beeton & Co 230, 776
Tunier, Kennedy k Hhaw 774
Tunicr & Co 774
Turner k l!un<llo 733
TuriKintine, etc ...: 715
Turkeys, Wild 341
Turtles 367
Tustln. W. 1 079, 769, 787
Tuttlo Bros 756
Tuttle, Michaels & Co 708
Twitcliell, C C 790
Tyler, ». II. & Son 787
TylK' Foundries .' 639
TyiMigraphical Union lOfl
Lliiali, lUnkof 753
Iklah City Hotel 791
L'lnatilla House 791
Uno, Jacob. 731. 758
78
7M
7M
C'.l
TM
23
771
7S3
703
[M. 776
400
771
74, 7«3
74()
W3
754
7C3
II, 7li6
..214
.101
.IGl
. 23
.7^1
.213
C2, 770
.71)0
.360
.237
.735
03. 70D
20
'JO, 703
i23, :;&5
... 31
,...758
. . .078
...501
...731
....70O
....tl-t
....■131
....780
....773
...774
...773
... 39
...773
...033
io, 7rs
...774
...774
...753
...715
.. 3«
...3.57
.9, 787
..750
..700
..700
..787
..M3
..100
VndolUlll, Jociib 7l!,j
trtKltfrtakuiv UorxU 780
Vulon ]) )X F.ic'.ury 753
I'uioii Fiirulturu Co fiiKJ
l.'Dioii FurulLuru Mfg. Co OuO
Tnlon Hotel 789, 7'JO, 701
Union iM. Co 166, ICl. 770
Vulon Iron WorkB 657, 771
Union Mf^'. (V) 75y
tin Ion Nafl. Until Bank 7.\r,
IJniou I'ociUc R It. Co 101
Union ruclBo Salt Co 571
Union Packago t'« 788
Union I'owilcr Co 783
TTnlon Haringit Bank 755
ITnlon >Soai) Factory 781
Unlfiuu Ki'U'loro Store 767
Uultoil Canlago Co 193. 193
Unltofl 8t;it<« Browoiy. 750
irnltcd StatM HoUil 789
Uulttil ^Vk■m•» Boot k Shoo Co 758
I'pholntfjry 473, 475
Uiiholdtory Trimmings 403
UrLath, lenatB 773
UrlKtn, IIinjo 701
Url, Fdil 759
Urraela* UrlosUi 763, 770
U. 8. OoruCo 763
t;. S. Hotel 790
I'tali 39
Utah, Attractions of 730
UtahUoarJ of Trade 736
Utah Inclosed Basin 37
Utah Silver 305
Utah's Trade 216
Utuh Woolen Mills 447
■Variety Goods 786
Varnish 715i 786
Vache, T 245
'Valenslen, Count 271
Valento, Loigi 660, 774
ValeutlDO, J. J 187, 290, 295
Valloio 739
■N'alleio, Bank of ._ 755
VaUejo, M. G .' 60
Vallejo Savhigs k Com. Bank.. 13,'i, 175
VaUojo Water Co 413
Van, M ,..245
VanBever, P 503
Viui Bergen, John 143
Van Bergen, N. i Co 773
Van Blarcom, A. L 787
Vance, John 686,697,774
Vuuee House 789
Vancouver Coal k Land Co.> 205
Vancouver Island. 43
VanderWlt, .T. M S38
Vanderhuist, Banbom ft Co 770
VandersUco, W. K 696, 771, 772
Vandusen, A. &Co 776
VanLuaok, h 729,7,16
VanOrdeu, W. B 776
Van Scluiyvcr. W. J 210,773
Van VlockSCo 205, 206
VanVloot,T S4S
Van Volkenborg ft Go 971. Ita
103
INDEX,
Van Voorhles 7C9
Van VoorliieH, A. A 501
Van Wlul<lu. I. S. & Co 708, 77i;
VanWjcke, ri. »L 71)7
Vurii t U'S of Grapes. 24 1
VaniiKli 71'>
Vi-alcli, J A T!l
Veuard, G 564, 702
Ventura 29
Ventura, Bank of
Verdj'jr, ,Moreau&C:o..704, 705, 707. 787
Vertical Stjctlon of the Co.nRtock
Lotlo 738
Victor, Mrs. P. F 730
Victoria 43
Victoria ll<xit Factory 496, 613
Victoria Coloni.H 73t)
Victoria Standard 730
Vignler, A 2281760,703
Vignicr tt Slttunons. 773
ViUard, Uenry 141, 179, 180, 181, 307
Villedieu, Clmrles 773
Vincent House 789
Vhieitar 560
Vinegar Factories 562
Vhieyards, Large 244
Virginia City 38,413
Virgluia City Kntorprlso 730
Virginia House 791
Virtue, J. W 7.55
Visalia 29
Visalia, Bank of 7.V)
Visalia House 791
Vogte & Oallenberg 770
Volnicr. Joini P, & Co 755
Von Uatton, V 527, 7
Vou Bonn ft Heucko Bros 70;), 783
Von Schmidt, A. W 431,0:3
Voorhles, A. A 700
Voorman, Henry 577
Vosbmg. J. H 755
Vulcan Powder Co.., 709,782
Wass, Uenry 756
Wachusett Carriage Co 788
WaOhamsft Elliott
310, 331, 535, 600, 768, 784
Wadsworth, E. H 755
Wages 99, 103
Wagner, Charles F 759
Wagner, F. O. ft Bro 7.'>9
Wagner, F. Jr 872
Wagner, KiUlman ft Saltz 4!>4
Wagner ft Ford. 7C3
Wagon Roads 183
Wagons 616, 780
Waestaff, T. H 758
Wahmulh, H. ftCo 756
Waintmli, H 784
Walt ft Brown. 708
W.ut,S. M 447
Waizman, Mai 739, 7 'jS
Wakeficid Rattan Co 626, 755, 766
Wakeleo&Co 764
WalJstoln, Abraham 601, 758
Waldt«ufel,A. 767,781
Walker Bros. 766w 773
817
Walker, Cyrus 3U
Wulkur House 790, 791
Widkcr, John ....414
Wttlkur, William Oi'O
WaUa Walla 37
WiiUa Walla Steam Bakery 703
W^iUace, J. J. ft Co 78*
Walliwe, Jodeph 753
Walling, A. a 782
Walter Bros "..211,219, 7.W
Walter. D. N. ftK. tCo
210, 219,759,780
Walter, H. N 219
Walter, J. N 238
Walter, M. ft Co 773
Walter, ScUlUug ft Co 767
Walton, X. C„Sr 768
Wagener, Honry 765
Wangenheuu, 3tomIielm ft Co
210, 763, 77a
Ward. Ttioman 729, 754
Ward, Wm. ft Co 773
Warvlo, M. ftCo 773
WanoBelt 7*
Warner, AS 473.608
Wanier, .1. J 33X
Wamerft Silsljy 601
Warner ft Co 788
Warner, F M 383,788
Warren, J. D 336,384,766
Warren Packing Co 382
Wamn Powder Co 788
Warren, H. D ft Co 035
Warren's Fiu- Seal Fleet 338
Washburn, Alliort. 76 4
Washington 3i 35,213
Washington Brewery 7.56
Washtogton Flour Mills 765
Washington Immigration Society. ..736
WashooPan 302,418
Wasserman ft Co 783
Watches 334, 225
Watch Cases 784
Water-fowl 341
Watcrhouse, C 619
Waterhouse, H. A 620
Waterhouse ft Lester.
618, 619, 769, 760, nl
Waterman ft Katz 776
Waterman, J. ftCo 773
Waterman, M. ft Co 303,767
Water Meten 788
Water Pipes 418
Water Power Canals 408
Waters, A. W 495
Watertown FU'o Ins. Co 666
Waterworks 403
Watklns&Co 776
Watkins, W. H 601,769
WatwnftCo 770
Watson, La Grange ft Gibson 755
Watson, Warren M 761
Watson, Wm 549
WatsonvlUo Z3
Wateouvillo Bank 755
WatsonvlUo MUl 696,774,
Watt,Jolm 374783
II
i :
818
Walt, ItiiUrt 75S
Wear. Scut t 750
Wtatlicrtord & Co "64
WciMiTHimnii i Co "70, 73-1
Wt-clHi L'o 733
WocilS KinawuU 680,753,757,738
Week* a 73'.'
Wtticnor, lleary 7M
WciilUT, Ufo. W 683i 508, 771
\i\H llraa 773
W^il. llroa i Co 7W, 766, 787
WeU & MitliiU 766
W^jil S WoodlLttf 765, 766, 767
WciiilicrftT. J. O 215
AVuilu-r, Simoa 701
Wulnhanl. 11 573
Wulmann. U 690, 783
Wuinrtlcbi IlarU'lJ 773
Wilr, W U 605
Wdcb, Auarew 218
Wal;h.A 6;tl
Woloh, Uhas. k Co 573, 781
■Welch 4 Co 218, sal. 770, 771, 781
Welch, James 601,700
Weh-h, M 781
Welch. U. U 200
Welch, lilthet i Co
206, 219, 381, 383, 591. 771
WellcriiSoua 760
WcUUnjtoii Coal 309
Wclhnau, Peck i Co
208. 218,700.768, 732, 785
Wclb, Charles H 7jM
WelhliCo 121
Wella, Fargo 4 Co
11. 139. 110. 131. 185. 186, 187
WcUj. Fareo & Co. s Baiik 755
Wompo Bros 639, 738. 703
Wentworth. I. M. 4Co 758. 772
Weatworth. J. P. 11 730
Wenal. Hermann J. . .116. 427. 653. 701
Weuzcl, UothchiiaSIIadenreU.771. 773
Wenzul, W, T ViS
WordOT, L. II 215
Wcrtbeimer. L. i K 750, 761, 780
Wcsko, A 539
Wc«soii, .loseph W. 771
West Coa«t Furniture Co 602. 606
West Coast Packing Co 7Sil
Wuat End Distillery 577. "63
Wejtem Hotel 790
Western IIouso 790
WestOeld. II 577
WiBtFurTnullugCo 338
West. (Icorfo i Co 773
West, John 783
Westhall, J 169,170,731
Wait, .John 383.133,788
Westminster 29.96
Weateni Tiro A: IMartnu Ins. Co 770
Westei u Fur i Tradmg Co 706
Western Insurance Co 155
Western Iron Works 771
Western Straw Works. 784
Western Union TeL Co 190, 191
WesthaU. J 169
Weston. Charlej W 768
INDEX.
Wetberhoe. Henry 771
WutliurliyS Tliomos ~fS
We) 1. Jonas 771. 773
Wliaites, Win. X 727
Whale Fialiery J16-3J1
Wheat and Flour Kiports 212
Wheat. Oreuon 283
Whejt. ProUts 230
*/hoat. Volunteer 281
WheatoQ, OouUttJe & Iladlejr 171
Wlieaton 4 Lubrs 783
Wheeler, J. II 733
Wheeler, Z 42'J
Wlielan 4 Tracy. 757
Whips 502, 780
White, llamard 753
WhitoUros 759, 771
Wliite, Cha» 632, 733
<Vhite,C. a 731, 750
Wldtc, Cooley 4 Cutts 709
White, Geo. W 602
White, OoUlsmitb & Oo 210
White, IsaacK 700, 761
WlUte, J. M 313
White Ijlbnr Oainine 113
Wuto, L. F, 771
White & Lisaak. f'M
Wliito Pino County, Dank of 755
Wliiteft Tenny. 605, 771
Wliiteflsh 327
Whitt^lnw. T. P. H 771
Whitney. O. O. 4 Oo 005. 600
Wliitnoy. J. U. * Co 781
Wiltuey 4 Marshall 776
Whitney, Sumner 4 Co 757
Wliitney & Wel3ater 787
Wlilttier. Fuller 4 Co. 711, 715, 703, 780
Whittler. Dr. J I) 708
Whitton 4 Towno 616
Wlohman 4 Lutzen ?71
Wicker Uro.s ",3 ,
Wicks. J 1% ;« i
Wicks, M. J ■Jl.'! j
Wieihuann 4 Uromoda. 56^>. VC |
Wi'Oand Bros 76.' 783 '
Weiland. J -I'
Wier4Cate8 7'>o
Wierson, Jewell 4 Co 7.'xj
Wiyhtman k Hampton 769
Wigmore. J (71
Wilcox. Felter 4 Co 773
Wilcox. W. W 518, 707
Wilde. Peter 4 Co 705
Wiilielml. II. * f:o 773
Wilhoit Springs Hotel 789
WiikinB4Co 770, 78t
Wilkes, Coramodoro 34, 593
Wilkins House 791
Willamotto Iron Works 665, 771
WiUamette Sawmill .W. 771
Willamette Steam -Mills 4 Mfg. Co.. .597
Willamette Woolen Mill 115, 787
Willey, C. J 620
WiUcy, O. F. 4Co.
210, 601, 020, 759, 769, 786
WU14Flnk 669, 703, 761
WUliami. A. P 227
Williams. nianchanl4 Co «M
Wi lllams Ilrus 778
Willlami. C L. 4 Co 770
Willl.imi. I)imoTid4 Oo
...203, 206, 701. 770. 773. 780i 783, 7M
Williams Hotel 791
Williams IIouso 780
Williams, James 4 Co - . .788
Williamson. Wni. 506
Willow ware 628, 784
Willows Urewery 736
Wilmording 4 Co 773
Wilmington Harbor 395
WIlHon. II. II 67«
Wilson 4 llro 764
Wilson, E J 53S
Wilson, IL 114 Son 768
Wilson Hotel 791
Wilson. , John 383. 31»
Wilson, J. Y. 4 Co 540, 759, 78»
Wilson 4 Shorb 23«
Wilson, Thomas 4 Co 787
Wilson, Wm. 4 J 513
WIncbell. (1 8181 767
WlnchestOT. E. II 501
Winchester llepeating Arms Co. 768
WIn.l .Mills 679. 783
nindt, Morris 493,785
Wimlsor Canning Co 230, 385, 738
Win.lsor Hotel 7'Jl
Wines 247. 748,786
WIngato. K. 4Co 778
Winkelman. Heniy 784
Wlun. M. I, 566
Winalow, Mary Pratt 1.12
Wlnterbimi 4 Co 643
Winterbnm. Joseph 4 Co. .616. 7M. 78J
Winters. Tlieo 371
Wi.:'ers. Warm 66
Wire Ropeway 425
Wire Works 667,78(1
SiusUll, C. II 788
V\ 0, Goldfish 4 Co 495,785
V. .m;,J. n 155
(Vithington 4 Bagloy 71^
Wlthrow 4 Pendleton 758
Wocmer, D 631. 763
Wolf, A 765
Wolf, John 731
Wolf.M 701
Wolfen. Mai4 Co 763
Wolff. Joseph 771
Wolff 4 Lozo 694. 771. 772. 786
Wolff 4 lihelnhold 700. 770
W.ilffsolra. N-. W 707
Wolfskin. J^W 938
Wolfskin, William 237. 331
Wollpert. Chas. 007
WollcrsBros 773
Wolves 311
W00.1 579
Woo<l, Henry B 769
Woo<l, W. C 481,733
Woodbury, Geo. E 758
Woodenwaro 624, 787
Woodland 27
Woodland, Bank of 75
INDEX.
819
Wiioil S Turner ?60
W.)o,lrufl ti. Van Eppn 730, 750
WoiiOs, J.H 7M
Woo.1,1, P. N. &ro m
WoMlwttTtl, O. IL&Co 7i>l
W.wawarcl, W. A. t Co MO, 782
WoLl-worklua WO
Woodwortli, S. P 7.W
Womlworth, SchcU 4 i.'u 781
W.K)l 251,434,787
■WdoiruUing 496
Wixil Scouring 457
Woolen Ooocla 434, 435. 437, 439, 780
Woolen Mouufocturo 433
■Woolen MllU 430
Woolen MlllK, Oolilon Gate 113
Woolen MII1.1, riouoer 113
Woolen Mill, Hlocktou 444 787
Woonaockct Rubber Company 783
Woostc-r, HubhcU & Co 703, 783
Wordcn, W. II 715, 723, 753, 780
Workman 4 Co Ml
Workman, E. U. 7C9
Worknun, W. H 24S
Wortli'a Founilry 771
Wreile, William 701
Wrl:ibt, Oeorjo & Bon 770
Wrlgbt, Q. W 123
Wright. J 071
Wright, W.II 701
Wucherer O. i Co 703
Wuicho, Froaertck 773
WimKh,M.fc Co 771
Valo 42
Yale, 0.0 503
Yaauina Bay 400
Yates & Co 753.703, 772,730
Yeast Powder 571,787
Yellow Jacket Mine 741, 742, 743
Yerrington, Bliss & Co
420, 535, 680, 774
Ygual&Co 700,733
Yolo noiur Milhl .703
Yolo Hotel 791
York, Ebcn 781
Yoaemlte HoteL 791
Yo«>mll« Home 7M
Youns. Albert B 701
Yoiinj. lirlsham Ml, C30
Youn5, .J 557
Young, Wm 534, 7?^
Younger, O 2C0
Yuunt, George 331
Yreka 31
Yuba City 27
Yukon 41
Zacharias, L. & Co 771
Zailik, A.4C0 703
ZanUros 730,750, 787
Zech, Jacob 013, 7fil
Zeckendorf S Co 770
Z it(uchJ,E 223
Zeyn, JohnP 213
Zimmerman, F 773
Zimmerman, Strouso & Co 753
Zino Oraameat Factory
453,703
Zion's Co-Op. FlaU Co 323, 323
Zlon'a Co-Op. Institution 210
Zlon'B Savings Bank 755
Zwelc Hoimann 679^774