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OTTAWA ; J'L'IXTKI) ];Y (i. !■:. DKSliAL'ATS. ! ^ I ' 13^633 '^ r^A 'S ^C^hLL H . fS Enlorcd, according l«) tlu; Ad of llio Provincial ParlJarnont, in the year one thousand eight hnndrcd and sixly-cighl, l)y G. E. Desbakats, in the Ollicc of iho Roirislrar cf ihc Province of Canada. CI t 4 t .1 I 1) E 1) I C A J^ K D iiv n:i{.Missi()\ Ijarnent, ight, by Province 'I'o ins I;XCI:m,i:\(:v tIIU |;I(;j[t ||n.\,,K.AJJJj.; CHARLES STANLEY \LSC()l NT MONCK KIUST (J<.>VERN()Il (rENEUAI. (II ■ &n Hclu ioiainion of Canada, V>y TUK ATTIIoL'. H. HKAI'MONT SHALL. n ( / V i ini: tlic iili: ill mil \vi OIK hr; as tl K thi J. ex Ibi I'm P R E F A C K . 1 / 111 tlie tblhnviuLi [);i,ues. the :iiitliui' ii;i> (Midcavomvd 1<> pliice bcibrc his rciuh'rs. a coiuhMisvd aiiioiiiit of as reliahh' inronnatioii as po-sihlo. rdatiii!: to th<' Proihicts and Manui'acturc's and h'adiuLi' Jittrihiitcs of the Douiinio!! ot Caiia(hi. No pains oi- expense liasc l>een spared to rendei; the work accurate, anil a i'elial>h' aiil lioiir\- on thesuhjects >:> /illidiuied-i+i-it^ lin])erl'eerioHs will doiihth-ss lie discovered ' in it hv tile captious critic. l)Ht in the case of such, thev must l>e attributed to the htek of information allbrded. or withhehl by some who have not (kH'iiicd the writers emjuiries worthy an answei'. If the notice of any special branch has been omitted, it may l)e traced to that cause. * as eiKiiuries were addressdl i)ersonallv. or bv nniil. to all the leading manufactories of the dilVerent Provinces. ^ The Author gladly avails himself of the opportunity ol thankini: the Heads of tlu^ Public Departments, the lion J. Skead. the editor of the Year IJook, (from which extracts have Iteen made), and numerous other ^ r (i Slioiild the \V(»rl^ iiU'cf with tlic support of tlio pii})li('. iiiicl tlu' jiiaiid scheiiio ol" (unlWlcratioii he I'Oiili/ed in tlic riiidu of all the other l*i'u\ iiict's ol'lJritish America, and its doniain oxtend. as it cventuallv must, to the shores oi' tlic l*acilir. the writer purposes, crfcrifi juirlhn-^. to compiU' a second vohniie. eudtracin,!;- the statistics of the whole ; I'lil in the lueantiuie tiiat this the present result of manv hoiu's ol toil and lahoiir may ])rove useful to our Leais- lators.aud ollicial^ -enerally,and instructive to the casual I'cadei'. i> tlie desiiT of II. liEATMOXT SMALL. ■JILi KI.S(,II \M. i'. Ut ■l;niiii-\, I ^('iS. n\ in tlic rica, siikI chores oi* compile ' wliolc ; >r miuiv I' Lc.ais- i«' casual DKSCMMPTION OK TIIK NKW J»<).M1M(>.\. ITS WATKlt COMMrNlCATIONS. ANP ITS C A P \I51 MTIKS, i'i:s( i;ii'T!ii.\ dilati- upon tlic ^^ncal value of ii systiM'.iatic collection ol tacts jn liijurcs or statistics, for the I'urtiicr- ancc of political sciU»rctl a\va\ t'i)r I'litiirc ii'^c, — with a climalc in«)>l ravdiirablc lo iIh' dcvelopinLMii nfliiiman ('lUTLTV, — il is impossible tor llic mind to a>si<^ii a '.';niit lo the growth olthc New Dominion. IJni to hrini; ihi' •-ul)icc1s respectively lo ii:e iiotiee vfiiie world, the N\ riter dceni^ i! advisahh' to ])artifnhiri/e anii '^well more rspeciaiiy upon l!:e prochiets and inannfaetures < i' the c'onntrv. Mclore einerini;' upon whicii, ii will not bi' amiss lo ^dve ;i sli^'lit ire()graj)hi{';d s!Jatisties dl' the eoi:ipoiieni Pr<)\inees, ^hewin^ tli" |)(;pidatioii, l-ni^'th, breadth, nnniber of ;iere'~, 6«:e., in each: i;-tini.itci|. Naiiic'. l.-ii.mli. I'.rriidtli. \ii;i. rciiiul.itien. ' mill's. ) (mile--. > (:\t-yi'--.) lSi)I . niit.iri') TVi .KXt TT.'ii'i'. Inn I.iJOC),!)'.'! <^>uo1h-i' MJo j.-.n l.;4,Ul.'.s;nn 1. 1 1 1,;'))!!', Nova Sroti.t :.")!' iMi» l.;.."..';4,i.'n(i .'::;i).8."<7 N"(nv I'.iiiiiMvi.k I'Mi -,11 IT.f'inirodo L'".i:,04T Ontario has trebled, and Nova Scotia and New Hrn,..-.'. iclc liave doubled liieir aiiijreiLrnle population in ti)e lar greater than ihirty-two oi' the States and Territories of the I iiion, wliile Ontario exceeds in po])nlalion every State except New "^'ork, l-'einisylvania, and \"ir:,nnia. Nova Scotia exceeds in j)opulation ei^riit of iIh* State's, niid six Territories, and the progress in ]M)pulation ot t!ie ditrereni cities of iln-si- Provinces, cc.::ipares very favorably wiih those (ili'ic Cnion, to which the tide ' i' emi- gration 'as been IJowinL;- at so i:ipiil a rate (hn-ing the pist ten years, 'i'hc uniteo' reveiuics of these I'rovinces exceed ll;i'se of any of tlic third rai(> powers ol Knroi)e. Their railroad extent exceeds i/ic ^/i,';,'/-, i^rr/e of Uns>ia, Uonie, Denmark, \orway, Sweden, Holland, Portugal, 'I'lirkev, Switzerland, Kcfvi.t and Jiraxil : ilieir length of jtdegrai)h v/ire exceed", lh(> aggregate of many of the nations of Europe. This status \vlu(di tli- New Doujinion foni.il assnnied ready ior it by the respective Provinees, lias not been won without a .strugi::le — a struggle I'or existence possession, dominion — i)u1 not a struy'gl"' of the battle-iield against an invading foe,— i]ot a struggle Ibr liberty against the oppres- sor, — but the st.uiigic has been in cdianging the wilderness into •vdopnuMi! jii u i'.nit to imd hvt'll ro 1 l' till" )(• iiiniss lo r -tatistics 'i>I.ul.lti •:!' llic )i)])iiiali()n •rritorics of llllc "X<'Cl)t f'Nci.otls in i(> pr< tigress , ('/Mpnres (' ■ i" emi- w ivist, {en I \\->t inio productive lirlds, und in prociirini^' and iiiaiMtaliMni^ i*r<-'<' inr«ri'"i- tions and stdl-^ovcrnnirn!. Kaoli early jdoneer !)i' the \\ilderne», wjio hewi'd out a lnri,i'- for hims(dr and family, has transmillcd die liolds he won ln'iii tlio unhrokon lon*>t to posterity — so seldom grateful for a luK.n. 3t is llio at![gre,i!;ations of the ticdds dm- won, that fonii the long lin(^s of sottlonients everywhere traversing thoso Piovinei-s, whil-t llio slow hilt stoady priiccss <»f elianginu' the wilderness into >inii- innf lands siiH ii-oi's on. \'ears ai^o tlio sotllers had to nud\«' their • )\vn paths to their sc;it!(>rod homes, hut tlu! |)reparatory stop ruw lor the jjettleiiiont of llio wiidornos, is the opening o{ a "'eoloiii- zation road " by a grant from tin* public rovenuo, and which i- t" some oxtont Kept in i . air l)y uovonmient appropriation- und statute labour. The a\('i.igo cost of making roads in tlio wildei- lics.s, where hridgin'j is not \cry e .pcndvo, is '■^^Oi) |)er mile. The livers of the Provi..«». oi- Omahk*, with tli<' t'xception of th" St. Lawrence, which May be said to cominenc(^ its coursn near Kingston, are neither m my in nninber, laru'c in sixe, nor i)l iiiucli use in navigation, l)iit their absence is aiujily made np by llie largo extent of coast line ail'ordi'd by Lal>< s Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario, all of whose waters wash that Province, and ali.»rd a ready means of transit for both exports and im[)m1s. Lak(> Ontario, the lowest. in the series of great lakes, is 180 miles in length, mean breadth G5 miles, mean doj)tli 500 foot, area 8,200 scpiarv miles. Its principal tributary is the TnMit, its natural outlor i- by the St. Lawrence through the " Thousand Islands," nnd down a stoop descent i)rokon by many rapids, whose navigation is t .tr- conio by means of a series of canals, to Montreal. Lake j-'ri,- is united to Lake Ontario bv tli(» Niagara river, on wlii( h the magnificent lalls of the same naun' are situated, rencioring ii v.u- navigable. This obstacle, however, is overcome by the Welland Canal, 28 miles long, with 37 loidis, by means of which vessel- sm-mount an (dovation of 330 feet. It is navi one of the most dangerous for navigation. The country adjoininir it is Hat and highly adapted for agriculture, the land being of the •w. 10 •w-^i (juulily, M'ii (!i'i.'|), ricli, and allnvinl ; the forostr-i abound U'illi «i; \ maple, blaciv walnut and hickory: the sure sign of good :an:! in Anifiica, bcins; ihc spontaneous growth of hardwood tini- ■jvr. This is iu-Unowledged to be the best wheat producing section if Anieriea. The priticipal tributary of Lake Erie is the Grand livn-, which li;i< at it- ui()ii;!i I'ort Maitland, the best harbour on *ii(' lake. l.;ik(' St. (."lair, a (Miujiiiatively small and shallow lake, forni> ■lie cnnuccii!!:: iink bv means of the St. Clair and Detroit rivers vitii I.;ik<' llmoii. It is J!) miles long, 2.") miles wide, mean .lepth ,M> !rct, ((tvrrinL;" an area of 392 s{|uartr miles. \\n chiet •.ributary i- tl.i- 'riuuies: mid a few shallow and tortuous stream^ t!ow into it, in\ ii.^a!M(\ tor small craft onlv, for short djstances. The land around it is admirably adapted for the cultivation ol fruits, amon^' which tjie peach takes the pre-eminence. The pe- ninsula tormed by the |)ortion o( land that juts out between Eric md St. Clair, has hccu justly styled the garden of Canada. Lake Huron is couuecied wiiii Lak<' Si. Clair, by the river of the same name. It is 200 miles in length, KHJ in width, mean depth 705 leet, and covers an area of 2.S,oOO s((nare miles. Its shores arc hold and roiky, with but few natural harbours. On the north-cas' -ide of it i> a va»t expanse, ahuosi a separate lake, divided fron '.'.w main water> of the lake by a peninsular promontory and tin Manitoulin inlands, called Ceorgiau Bay, into which the St Francis river empties its(df from the east, taking its rise in Lake \ipissing, a i)ody of wattn* 40 miles long and 20 broad. Fron •ills latter lake ihc pro])osed Ottawa Shij) Canal is to be con -tructed,— an uiulertakintr which will upset the present rout(M) nansit from the Western States, and open up the valley of tlif Ot'awa, far quicker than any ordinary inducements would afford The saving in the distance b Detroit rivers wide, mean s. lis chief nous streams irt distances, altivation ol ce. The pe- x>t\veen Eric nada. Lak( • of the sam( an depth 705 is shores arc I he north-eas' divided froii ntory and th< hich the Si rise in Lake n-oad. Fron is to be; eon •sent route o valley of th( wouhl allbrd licago bytlii- gh the lowe: Superior thi lie St. Mary' nasliieSaul anal of larg' h only a littK The lake i U 420 miles in length, 160 miles wide, mean de|)tli 988 feet and covers an area of 40,000 square miles. The land around it is gt<'rile and rigid, and only valuable from the vast extent of mineral, principally copper, which extends more or less around the lake. The total area of the four great lakes is 88,500 square miles, total length bounding on Cannda 1055 miles. There are scores of other lakes in the province of Ontario, such as Simcoe, Rice, Scugog, Boheaygeon, &c., the outlets of which generally aH'ord consider- al)l'' water power. Ht'tween Ottawa and KingslDU, ai the loot of Lake Ontario, exi>;s a navigable channel known as tli(> Ridcau Canal, which is the best example of hydraulii- engineering, as applied to the im- provement and control ol" natural water courses on the continent, or (>robably in the world. Tlu? channel of tlu' Rideau river is rendered navigable by a series of dams for a di>tance of 90 miles, to th'j natural sunnuit level between its watei-shcd, and that of a small stream known as the Cataracpii, where, by cutting through a small isthmus less than a mile in length, the navigation is per- fected bv another series of weirs and dams, and the whole actual extent of eanalling in a length of 120' miles, i>- only 10 miles. It pao-es vessels of two hundred tons. In the Provixck OF QiEHEc the river St. Lawrence with its tribu- taries, many of them rivers of no small si/e, is th(^ princij)al high- way. It is 756 miles in length, and varies in width from three quarters ot' a mih; to 90 miles at its mouth, lis continuous navi- gation being oiistructed by rapids, numerous canals have been constructed alibrding a passage for sea-going vessels. Along the rapids of the riv<'r, seven ship canals of various lengths have b«'en con-iructed, which may be enumerated as follows : Length. Depth. No. Locks. Lacnine 8.\ mil(?s 10 fe -i 5 Beauharnois 11| " 10'^ 9 Cornwall 1 1 .1 '^ 10" 7 Farran's Point 9} '' 10 '^ I Rapid Plat ) ^' MO" 2 Point Iro(piois.... [■ !)^ ^' •] 10 " .... I GaHops S " MO" 2 The head of oeenn navigation proper on this river is Montreal, the port for the great chain of river, lake, and canal navigation, I n i'f ; , I , I r 12 which (ixtend.- wostwanl to Fond ronlreal the river (wpands into a lari;c >hallo\v >hcel ot water 2o miles long and !) \vid(>, called Lake Si. I*eler, whoso average depth is iVorn 5 to 10 f>'et, but through which a ship canal, IS t'eof deep, has been dri'dged. The j)rincipal tributaries of the St. fjawrence arc the llliawa. liichelieii. St. Maurice, St. Francis and Saguenay. The Ottawa, which is the iioiihcru Ijoundary between the provinces of ()ntari( and (Quebec, is lJ)i' oulh't for vast stores of timber, to be noticed herealter iiiulcr the i)roducts of the Forest. It has lately liocn surveyed to it-< liead-waters, and asi-erlained to be 1,000 i;;ile> long, embracing in its crourse, Lak(^ Temisi-amin;^', and CmYos Lake 200 iTiilcs Inrther north, which is said to be 400 miles in circumfe- rence. The numerous rapids on the Ottawa, impede a free navjgn lion, but are overcome by dams and canals. Penetrating a min'Ma region, rich in all the uselul metals, and furnishing from its ine\- hauslible forest-, a choice oi return iVtMght, th(! Ottawa possessc- manv claims to 'nuicral attention. .Many of the tributaries oi iii' Ottawa arc in thciiisclv(>s large rivers, alh)rdinn" outlets for tin vast stoics ot Foiest proiliicts which the country watered l)y tise-' northern rivers, contains. Amongst them m;iy be mentioned llu I)u Licvr(\ 21)0 mile's long, the Gatincaii, 107, the Madawa In four or ill Funi rem; the I ol' ir safe ol F Otilui Kay, Nt.rt 80 III from for b Oj)cil GO fe intcn coa>i with I 1.; o, !i clistanc nland ^vat(M locl by ono ol m limes, ill'' Irand Trunk :42 Ibct eaoli. i>^ t\v<> mil'-- into a lariif IUmI Lake Si. but ibrouLji: • the l")lJa\^'a. 'rijoOllawa. L'l's of ()i\*ari< () bo noliiHN, IS lalclv V'Orll 1,000 i;:ilt'^ ikI Cros LuUr. 's ill circui;i!<-- a i'wr navjga \n'^ a luin-Ma Iroiii its in«'\ Wa |)O:?S0ssi'- iiitarit's <»i 111' liitM'ts I'or til' greatly obstrnclccl l)y rapids jmd {"alls, iIkhijj;!; the (lovcrmni'iit improveiiicnlf^ on it, have ol" lali' years given i^n at advantages lo the lumbermen in obtaining an easy ace(!ss to iiiari for havinir its hed deeper lliaii the river into which it (lows. Il is said to he 100 (;ithoni> deej), and its banks are so precipitous that a Inll sixed vessel can lie alonir-side of them as safely as if in mid-ocean. \kw I^u'.nswiciv. — .\ uhuice at the map will -^how that there is scarcely a s^ection of this province which eanno' be penetrated by its >ireams, from the running brook', up io ilie nnvigable river. In --ome parts of ihe interior a cnuoe l)v ;i porl;iiie of three or four uules only, c;u) lIoiU away cither up to tin' Bay of (■hal(Mir>. le (lulf of St. L:iwrenee, or down to St. .'olm ;nid the lj;iy ot or r umly. re 1 11 a i IK Tw (1 thii'ds of its boundary arc wa-Iied bv the th ler I 'cmu' eiiihiaced hv the ar:re r:\< rs tl'.e Si. Jol m and the l{estia-eo;! harliours, with anchorage lor shipping. The principid of ilicx- are the liay sai ol Fund\", 110 miles I'-tuir and 15 at lis ijicatcvt \\ idtli, wuh It- nentioued 111'' nl(luenl> ('hit;u(M-!o and Cumberland liays. and I'assamacpioddy Madawa-'U'.t. j.jjjy^ .^1 i),,. south-wot ani^le of the province. (")n tli(> enst are IJav |maller rr'er> V,.i-i,.^ Shediac, Cocaianc, liicdiibuelo. smd Mirnndclii, oil-shoots of Is, &ce., il Joachim. ,|.o\i Northmuberland strait ; whilst on t II' MortI Bi tV ot dial cur' Hi! 1 nto tli ^' 80 miles Ion.'.: by 2'i in its greatest !>ie;idih, adonis ;m approach iVom the Culfof St. Lawrence. The li;iv oi' Fiindv IS naviiral)|i' (Jliampbiiii for !•> months in tli(> yc;ir, while the (Jiilfof St. Lawrenei' is onl\ diort cana;, t. op< ii nboiit seven. 'I'lie tides Ikm'c rise from 20 feet at St. John, to IVork. ^^^ ''■'' ='' ''"' '"""' "1 Chigdiecto Bay, caused by the vii»t and un- dowin" f" '"^'''"'"P'*''' '"^'ly "1 die gulf sirc.im forming a current aloni,'- the lilndr coa-t till it strikes the Aova Scotian shore of the Bay of I'undy with yrciit force, rolling its tremend(»us tides up the whole bav ; Lcn so This river i «( ;i M -r 14 while those of ihe Giilloi' Si. Lawrence, ^eparaled only Uv.'!\.' inde miles I'roni those ot the Hay ol" Fnndy, rise only IVoni lour 1o seven coas feel. The principal river is iho St. John, 450 miles long, which Imrh rising partly in Canada, and i)artly in the State ol" Maine, Mow- well jn a southeasterly direction emptying itself into the Bay of Fundy the at the city of St. .lohn,and allbrds an ontlet for the products of tlir than mines, forests, and soil of s(^xen counties which it traverses. l\ four is navigable from the sea to Fredericton, 8t miles, wluMicf wos steamers ply 1:30 miles further up. berls The Uesti''-ouch(' 200 miles long, the boundary line i)ctv.j>cii ^" ' New Hrunswick and the Province of Quebec, expands into ihr ^^^ IJav of Chaiems. The Ijeauty and richness of the scenery on thi^ P^^'' * In fl i'iver, and its branches, an- rarely surj)assed by anything on tlii> *" '' continent, piie( The Miramichi 22'j miles l(»ng and 1) miles wide at its jnoutii. " is navigable for 30 miles, the Kieiiibucto is 50, the St Croix GO. the Petitcodiac 100, the \ipisguil 90, and all along the coast lim Ci are scores of rivers varying from ten to forty miles in length, time (iood roads are to be found bordering almost every stream of an\ the i mairnitude. The wjiole comitry is dotted with lakes — from merr coloi ponds to those of an area of SO to 100 square miles. 'J'he printi- posit pal are Temiscoiiata ai the head of the St. John River, Granc tagc: lyi\n' ill Queens County, and Grand Lake, (the source of the St of th Croix.) between the State of Maine and New lirunswicdv, Bellr Isle Lake, a reci'ss of the Si. John, and tlu- two Oromocto Lake-. The only naviga])le use of these inland lakes, however, is confmei to the accimmlaiing of lumber in the winter season, and tin boating it down lo lli(> sea-board when the ict; breaks u|). NoA A Scotia.— Frt)m the peculiar contiguratiou of this pre vince stretching out like a wharf into tlu; Atlantic Ocean, and onl\ iumnd to -New Hrunswick by an istluuiis 15 miles wide, it ha- lew rivers which exceed 50 miles in length, though their name i- fjj,,^ legion. Among the largest are the Avon, the Annapolis, Shuben ^j ,. acadie, St. Mary> and Liver|)ool. It contains upwards of 40( l^^^, hdves of which Uossignol and Ship Harbour, Grand and Lochabc l^J^r^ are tlu; largest. j^^. The smallnes.' of the rivers, however, in Nova Scotia, is ampl} Hca' lompensatcd foi in its extensive coast line of nearly 1,000 miles Fi mun as it boar that port!= be tl short iM ' lit 15 ;l only l\v.'!\" 11 lour to ^ic veil s long, whifli Maine, l!o\v> Bay of Fnndy iroduots of t!i( traverses. Ii nlles, wlienrc r line belwtHMi •ands into tlic cenery on tlii> ivlliina: on tiii> :,' at its juoivtli. ' St Croix GO. the coast lim les in length, stream of an\ ^s — from men The prinei- Kivcr, Gran(: in-c of the 8! mswicOv, Belli imocto Lake>. er, is confine" isjon, and tin <.s n|). n of this pn cean, and onl\ « wide, it h.i- I their name i- polls, Shubeii wards of 40( antl Lochabe ;otia, is ampl\ y 1,000 miles indented by numerous excellent harbours, those on the Allanl.c coast being unparalleled in the world ; of these Halifax, the ilncs' barbour in the world, is the principal. It never freezes, and bein^ well protected by the citadel, forms the summer rendezvous lor the British American Navy. Between Halifax and Cape Caiiso thore are twelve ))orts capable of receiving ships of the line, nnd fourteen others of sullicient depth for merchantmen. On the > ... . . western side of the j>rt)vince, Minas Basin, an extension ol Cum- berland Bay, (.'Xlends lilty miles into the land, and is from lo uy 20 miles in breadth. The Strait of Canso, IG miles long, divides Nova Scotia from Cape Breton, alibrding a sale and convenient passage for ships between the ocean and the Gulf of St. Lawrence In the interior of Cape Breton is an inl-nd sea, the Bras d'Or, siii)- plied from the Atlantic by two channels, each about 30 mile- long. This salt water lake covers an area of ai)out .500 S(]u;ue miles. Commercially speaking, from its numerous sea-ports and mari- time position — being in the track of ships from Europt.' — and wit! the ultimate prospect of being the Atlantic terminus of the Inter- colonial railway, Nova Scotia occupies one oltlie most promineni positions on the continent of America, anil with il-< loc al advan- tages will add nuiterially to the commercial wealth ajid prosperiiy of the New Dominion. From this hasty sketch of the |irinei|)al means ot water eoiu- munieation which exists throughout the several provinces, tending as it does in each of them, however remote, e\entually to the sea- bt)ar(l, there is but one conclusion at which we can arrive, \ iz.. that intercourse and trade relations with foreign nations througii ports and harbours of oiu' own, can l)e carried on, whatever may be the tide of events ; for as Canada holds within her grasp th'' shortest, cheapest, and most time-saving route for a shi)) can.u from the interitn* of America to the Atlantic, all that is wanted i- an enlargement of the carrying cai)acity of the Welland and S;. Lawrence canals to a uniform draft, and carrying capacity lor large class vessels, or the opening of a ship canal from Georgian Bay to the Ottawa. And should ever hostilities occur, (whieli Heaven forbid,) to break oH' our relations with a neighbouring Ifi ilhr ri inwer, \v(; li:iw tlic satislacUDii of knowing lluit (lour manufac- ificd in llii' wcslern limits of Canada, the copper of Lake Siipc- inr. or fills and tlic prociur-lsof the forest from the Upper Ottawa. ' "lid find llinir v.ay lo tlie sea-lioard and tlience to Enroj)e by !i Canadian route, as easily as Iiillierto they have done by Boston or New Vork. Willi this knowiedi^e a feelini^ of indepcndenco is '■ngendered — a power that relies on itself — and where hithertd i!ie s(»parate pro\inees have l)een like little bovs swimming on 'nladders, vieini,' with each other, and relying on extraneons aid i 1 ease of a e(>l!ai)se, the time has now come, when throwinij ;e-id'} all I'alse snp[)orts, they nnist match themselves together in ill' race of nations, and with ii I'riendly spirit of emnlation backed ny liie strength of their own resources, eventually rank amongst '!!'? foremost j>eople of the VVest(?rn Hemisphere. liri ad{ to t cer an set sul iae exj trif i cro w l)( ex vat se(l ■J 'Xt hoi La doi the sh Pr 18 II )l'! i w mv maiiufac- Lakc Supi- pper Ottawa. Euroi)e by a by Boston oi [ependenco is hero Iiithcrld wimming on xtraneoiis aid len throwini; s tosjethcr in Uition backed •nnU amongs' ACIIKTI/n.lJAb I'llODlCTS. 'M -m A very largo extent ol' the Province? of .Nova Seoiia, \e\v Uriinswiek, Quebee, and almost llie wholes of Ontario, is admirably adapted for agricultnral pnrsiiils. The soil and climate are snitcd to tlie growth of all the irsnal prodncts of t('ni|)erate climales, "; cereali<, vegelablo and frnils ; and few counlrics allord so large * an extent and so great a variety of indigenous prodncts — useliii f grasses and friuts. Agricnllnre, Avhieh in tluM'arlier days of the * settlement of the sevi-ral Provinces ol'ihe Dominion, was pursued . ! subordinalely 1o Inmbering, lishing and shipbvnldinii-, from iIm r tact of these pursuits allording a more speedy return lor labour ' expended, has now assumed an important place amonii the indii>- ii trial avocations of the <()mitry. ^ It is a maxim in all agricullural operations, that eonlinual ■ cropping, without supplying the ^ojl with feitili/ini' manures. will cxhanst the riehest ]and> in the world. This system ha- I been ])nrs!ied here and in the New England Stales to a great extent, and it is only recently that clliirls have been mad(! to reiio- . vate the old "•' worn out " soils. The great wheal i)roducing s(M;-tions of North America have l)een gradually shifting their boundaries, and retiring farther westwards. 'J'lie N'alh^y of the Si. • Lawrence was the q^ranarv of America in the times of the Freneli ■t dominion. Western Xew York and Upper Canada followed in their order. The farms on the whole line in the old settled lown- S ships from Montreal to II anulton, are (to use the words of the ; President of the Agricultnral Asso(dation of Western Canada in * 1850,) what is termed "• worn out." JS Pi ; M ( :(; ! ■!! ' ■ V } .'*•■■ U '( , ' i; f Vow, tlif newer st'clions of tlie eonnlry on IkMIi rsides ol' llic (Jreat Lakes, have beeonie the i,Meat wheat exporting religions ol Nmih America. Three centuries have elapsed sinee wheat \va- raised first in the Province of Qiu'bec ; Lower Canada which (a> It was then called) in ISOO ied its own population, and exported 1,010,000 bushels ol wheat, has now become a lari^e importer ol wheat from the Upper Province, By eontimial cropping, withoiu returning to the in the production of wheat ; many of the emigrants !)ronirht with them :iii improved system of agriculture, and ifecanie pm-eli;i^ers (t| some of the worn out lantls, which thc\ made highly ])roductive. Their example has been followed b\ Withers. They broke tliri>iiuh the old plaii of removing the barn> and stal)le> to aiiotiier spot, when the manure heap became si ;!iigli that it ])revi nted aecess to them, — they utilized the hea]). and repaired the oiil-buildiiigs. The principal part ol the ))roduct- ."t (Quebec, where hut lew emigrants remain, are raised on new land. The Freiieli iidhere closely to old habits and customs ilicir rapidl> incre;i>-inu I'lunilies aggregated in the old settled dis tricts ; taey continue to divide and subdivide the oltl homesteacb into inconveniently long, narrow slips, as the families increase t( occupy them. Kai-h family eoiuinues to draw a scanty suppl\ from an already exhausted -oil, uiUil many sections of th«'ir di>- triet become abiuidoned, and 'M'ow nothing but weeds. A lary part of the old scttlemejits in Quebec ami Nova Scotia have beei greatly exhausted in eonscfpu'nce of the exhaustiuii: system e croppiui; withort supi)lving the soil with sulbcicnt (piautities n fertilizing tnatter, or liivinv it even time to rest, bv lettinii: it lit fallow. The old marsh lands, so extensive in Xova Scotia and Nev Hrunswick, some of which have been producing large crops <': hay without mam r<'. for uiore than a centurv, and of which ai va ia> Pr, T arf by in ing wa pr« I rip Ih. M mu 19 sides ol" llif an recrions ol \vlieat wa- du which (ii> and exported X' importer ol ping, wilhou' withdrawn, ;i . Seotia, ami neexhaiisteil: larue portion ecoiiie i^reatly ration, whicK lit) has made the eniigrant- rienUiire, and s, which thc\ en followed 1>.\ ;i\-ir the barn- cap bec-ame >' ized the heap, ol the prodii«-b raised on new and cnstoins old settled di^ old homestead- lies increase l* I scanty suppl} IS of their di> ot'ds. A lari^' cotia have beei ^Uuii system o U (|nantities •' by letting it li' rotia and New ig large crops «' d of which ai account is given in these pages, aiv now failing to j)rodnce as ibriiierly, for want of being irrigated hy the muddy waters of the Bay of Fiuidy, which was the original source of their fertility, but which are now prevented front (nertlowinir llieiu by means of artificial dykes and soa walls. Intuldition to extensive limestone and gypsum districts scattered ov( r the face (»f tlies(^ Provinces in various localities, which are and have long bven sourci's of fertilization, the c-ounliy is everywhere iniersjx'rsed with swamps, which consist of a crimibling black vegetable mould, familiarly called black niuek, of great use to liie farmer, and hii^hly valued for the pn^paralion of fertilizing composts. These swamp cnrllis, unlike the jjcal bogsofCircat Britain, are well calculated to fact of the inha])itants liavini!; divided their tim(.> ])etween farming, lumber- ing, fishing, shijvbuilding, and other pursuits, along with a general want of system in til linir the soil, agriculture lias made but slow progress. Over the greater part of the Dominion, the melon and tomato ripen in th(> open air; pumj)kins and scpiashes attain a very large size, the neighbourhood of Toronto seeming to be best adapted to their growth. Indian corn, ho))s and tobacco are common crops I 20 l\\m •? ! Hi ;iml vicid lair n'tiirn<. II oi" die rural district-. And as the low ii populalioii i- increa>iini; taster than that ol' lh(> country, the ncc-ssity for ;r increased cultivation of the soil beconies app.ii'cn'. Science \\ i! have to be hrouii:hl to bear upon the culture oi' llie old v.'orn out I'ani! Ijordering the Hiver St. 1-avrcnce, as well as tim-e ot" the Lowr Provinces : and new huid (the Ibrest) will have to be jienctraii by roads, and made lo yield lo the wants ol' a rapidly growin. ])eoj)le. Powerful Miean> lor advancing l!ie cause lA' a^rieidturo no\ exist in the Dominion. There is a Hoar - implements and uiachinery, more and more perfect, products an niarmfactures of grea; variety and excellence, and cattle of iie\ and superior breeds. The cuttle breeders of Canada do not he> late to compete with those of the United Slates, and occasional I carry off the highe; t prizes from their American rivals. No oth< country in the world can bring together so remarkable a coil of ii (T {hi ^lll'!' I ;i'ii()!is pi I'ltv st iis Montn:. j)|)los, pimii- all sorts qni- (lira district o those of a?) 'J,000 |Vi-.'lr l)V the iiihali: population i- •:'ssily lor :i' Scieuc' v. i' A'orrioiit farm ' of the LoNVi b(; ])enetrai( pidly i^ro'A'ii!: riciiltnre ;io Vi^ricultun- i; intario, duriii. ^!' of lect'iirr^ he elements i odncalion ;ii of Ai^Ticnitiii jlavships, '.vi' leriodieal \\'.z\ atlainment i ual eheniisln The institiilio; aetoiy residh 1th displays « , products ail cattle of m-\ :1a do not \\L'> d occasjonall als. No oth' able a coilci tion ofcaltlc ol'lhc hcst breeds. The time iiiiiy no! he far distant •when the fiiriiiers of the Dominion, incited by a spirit of patriotic emnlation, -will jk complish residls as brilliant ;i< those wilmssed at the shows (•! !li<> Uoyal Ai4"ri('nltur;il S(K-i(>iy of ilic Mother Conntry. \V M I.Al . Oiitiin'o. — The (••Mimics in iIun spcllon of ll. c,);^!!)^' rinsing- the largest ([uaiititit's t»l' wliea;, are fluvon, l,7(it,()|l» bnsliids ; York, 1,;]97,7S{) ; \Vcitt\V(.rll!, 1,3;VJ,()2:'; ; I'crlh, l,'2.i(),.S(J0 : and Middlesex-, I,123,a78. The tot il amoiml of wheat ruiscd in Oatwrio, taken at the cen>Hs in bsGI, \\ii<, ol'f;dl wheat, 7,537,(551 : ol' spring wheat, 17,0S2,77I. (Quebec. — The iuo>I productive wheat counties in this s(M-tion of tile country ;• re I'ontiac, 121,800 : Iberville, 108,451 ; Kainou- raska, 102,!) 13 ; Ilouvilh', 101, 22f) ; liagot, ioO,G90 ; Chateau- "guay, 94,065 ; Soidanges, 87,98'J ; Charlevoix, 84,949, and Bcauharnois, 82,502 niinots. (The minot contains about one eiiri'th uu-re than a !)ii. I'all wheat, 05,030 ; sj)rini:, 2,588,724 minots. Xtwa Scotio. — That ))art of the Province of Xova Scotia border- ing on the Strait of Northumberland, would ])r()duce large ([uan- litie-: of wheat if cultivation was ))roperly attended to. The whole t^xtciit oi' it is about 500 uules iji length, by only one or two in breadth, forming ;i very narrow belt. The soil is composed of u inixtm-e of rod and gray sandstone drift ; in some parts it is as red as that (tf Prince Edward Island, and equally as pro- ductive. This :-ie(iio}i is free from fogs. The land, however, is exhausted, and rerpiires manures before it can be brought to the state of perfection it assumed 25 years ago. The County of Pictou is now the largest wheat j)roducing county in Xova Scotia, raising 83,407 ; Ciunberland, 53,412 ; Sydney, 43,865 ; Hants, 22,217 ; Kings, 25,024 bushels. The total amount of wheat .raised in Nova Scotia, by the last reliable estimate, was, (spring,) 312.081 busjiels. (t > AV/r Hruiistcic/i'. — Wli:il li;is Itccii s;ii(l dl' flic hcsl ilistric lor the ciiltivution ol w liciit in Novii Scotia, is cqnnlly a|)|)lical»I(' to this Province, tlic best sections are lior 9GU,0()(> bushels. Making an average total of 21,220,87-1. Quehei'. — The best counties for this croj> are B(.'rlhier, Jolieltc. I'ortneui, IMti-kinonge, [.'Assumption, Nicolet, Montciilm, Riche- lieu, Two Mountains and Verchercs, whicii yield in the asfgregati' 4,t)ll,'14G minots, other counties 12,039,850. Making a total yield of 17,551,290 minots. Nova Scotia. — In this province Pictou and Inverness rank lore- most for '\'Us ; the former raising 382,713 and the latter 258,00(i bushel.;, other counties 1,337,418. .Making a total of 1,978,137 bushels. Neio Brunsii-irl,-. — The coimties of Carlton, Kings, Westmor- land and York are in advance? for the cultivation of oats. Total amount raised in ,he province 2,056,883 bushels. ISIaking a total, as far as can be iscertained, of the oat crop of the Dominion. 43,407,190, or in round numbers 45,000,000 bushels. BAKLEY. Ontario. — This < ereal is grown almost universally, and from the demand for dor lestic purposes in the breweries and distil- leries, and from the large demand for it in the United States, ;t lit 11 I)(^st dislric is equally Icriii^ on tlir iC'ivIand nnd mnlies, tlici-i il in llio Pr• raivd here. The average anK)unt 94,679 bushels. U V K. This grain has always Ibund a ready market amon^ the distil- lers, and the Hour is used a great deal l)y the Krenefi population. Tlie amount grown averaged in — Ontario 973, bsi bushels (^uebee S44,192 .Vova Seotia .-)9,70r. ' New Hrunswick hi ^')i) I "■ IMUAX CORN". iil OnlarU). — The largest corn growing county is Essex, producinG 366,086 bushels, Kent 304,554, Welland 151,020 bushels. By far the l)est adapted section for the ripening and maturity of corn i< the soiUh-west peninsula of ()nt;uio between Lakes Huron and Eri<'. Total average product, 2.256,290 bushels. Queber. — The eastern townships afford the best corn harvest ; Missisr|Uoi raising 67,252, lirome 44,390, Huntingdon 28,466, ShelTord 18,282 anti Argenteuil 12,630 minots. In conseijuence of the disparity oi' climate between Quebec and Ontario, and the early frosts of autumn which visit this province, corn raising is an uncertainty; for should the spring be late and tlie snnnner wei, the ears cannot sufiiciently ripen before the September frosts cut the leaves and destroy the ears before they have reached maturity ; it is, however, grown on almost every farm for feeding liogs and poultry. Average crop 331,861 minots. I 2i Moi'd Scotia. — NearJy all llie ccini raised here is produced by iwo counties : Annapolis S,25(), and Kiiiijs 4,530 bushels. Average crop, 15,592 bushels. Mew Bninsit'icJx. — The (piamity raised in each county is .small. Average j)ro<.lu(t 17,120 bushels. The averaije anioimr ol ihe ollK.'r cereals and farm j)roducts in the dili'erent provinces will be i'ound in the annexed table, com- piled i'roni the cen>^M^ of ISOl, tii(> la>t reliable anlhorily : Fa// niirat. Ontario, l)5,G3U ( ,.).^ 7,(151 ova Scotia. \r\v Brunsw irk Spriiii:!; lllicni. /mshe/.s. 2,588,721 17,082,771 .]12,081 270,7 iO Hnric}/. (^ifbcc 2,2bl,()74 Ontario 2,821,962 21)9, 57S !M,(;79 Ri/c I ova Scotia Xew linnisw ick 814,192 973,181 59,700 57,504 rras. Oaf.^ (-Quebec Ontario \o\a Scotia. 2,048,777 17,551,290 ,001,390 21,220,874 21.333 1,978,137 I (' w H rnns\vi(l( )0,( ) I I Jhir/,u'/n(il. J ltd if in ( 'orn. (Quebec. 1,2.M),025 .. Ontario 12,418,037 .. Nova Scotia I95,34(» . . \<-\v BrimswicU .... 90 1,32 1 l^ola/ois. (^iKbec 12,770,171 .. Ontario 15,325,!»20 18,200,959 2,050,8,S^ 334,80 1 2,256,290 15,592 17,420 I ttnu M.S. 892,434 X ova Scotia lirunr 3,824,804 K'W W IC IV ... 4.041 O.}'. Carrol." ec (^ueb Ontario \ova Scotia Mansold Wartzv/. N'W Urunswick 293,007 1 905,598 87,727 43,505 554,318 034,304 207,250 540,97 1 1,040 tin { )nt| No| \ 25 Beanfi. J)uslie/s {^uobeo 2 1,38 1 Ontario 10.11.3 Nova Scotia New Bnmswielv- 5,228 Ilai/. tons. Qnebee GS9,977 Ontari(^ 861,841 "*ll LAM'S dl" MiVA S( uTI \ \Nli MIU' lUM.N S\V1( K. The iTJursli Jands in tlu' wcslern ])ar! of \ova St'olia and llie rastern ))arts of New Brunswiclv' are entirely coniposed of alluvial deposit, and prodiiee abundant crops! of natural hay, though, as stated iireviously, from the fad of the dykes which have been made, to rcflaini more land from the sea, the irriiratiuir properties of the tides arc htst, and thus what has been ijaincil in one way may lie said to be lost in another. The following description of these lands may be interesting to many of oar readers : The tide wave that swee])s along the Atlantic coast, becomes compressed on entering the lunnel-like Hay of Fundy, and ri»e- in Ct)bequid and Cliignecio Mays to between (lO and 70 feet. At low tide wide liats oj' hrowii iiuid are seen to extend for miles, as if the sea had altogetlu'r lelt its bed. At the eonnnencmenl ol tlood-tide a flight ripple is first se(>n to lireak over the edije of the Hats ; this rushes swiftly forward, tlie iimd Mats are -;oon covered, and appear as if ihey were being dissolved in the turbid waters. The rising tide in its proi^ress sweeps away the tine material I'rom every exjtosed bank and cliff, and becomes loaded with imid and exiremely line sand vxhicli, as it stagnates ut high water, it deposits in a thin layer on the surface of the Hats. 'J'his layer which varies in thick- ness, is far coarser and thicki^r at the outer edge of the flats than near the shore, and hence these Hats, as W(dl as the marshes are usually higher nearer the channels than at their inner edge. 'J'he falliuir tide has iitlle elfect on these deposits, and hence the gradual growth of the flats until they reach snch a height that they can be over/lowed only al the high sj)ring tides. 'I'hey then be- come natural or salt marsh, coven'd with the coarse grasses and cartces peculiar to such jlaces. So far the process is carried on bv the hand of nature, and before lli(> eoloni/ation of \ova Scotia there were large facts of this ujrassy alluvium to excite the wonder and delight oi' the first settlers on the shores of the Hav of \ Fun and a so aire or cam bar( 27 Fundy. Msr.i, liowcvcr, cnrries the land makiiii,' process fiirllicr, find by diking and draining excludes the sea water, and produces a soil capable of yielding the most valuable crops. There an- alreadv in Nova Scotia more than 40,000 ac-res of diked marsh. or " dike " as it is more shortly called, llie average value of which cannot be estimated at less than )?80 ])er acre. The undiked llats bare at low tide are of immensely greater extent. The diii'erence of the deposits in diHercnt parts of the Hals pro- duces an important dillcrence in the character of the marsh soil>. Ill the higher parts of the marshes, near the channels, tne soil is red and comparativ(>ly friable. In the lower ])arts and especially near the edg(> of the upland, it pr.sscs into a gray or bluish clay. (iontaininir many vegetable remains and fibres. These two varie- ties of marsh differ very materially in their agricultural value The red marsh is the l)est soil in the province, and compares ver\ favourably with the most celebrated alluvial soil of the old world. The lower or inner marsh is less valuable than the red. It con- tains much more vegetable matter, and it is this soil which pro- duces in its natural state the large crops of liay which surround the head waters of the Bay of Fundy. Wlum, however, these; Hat- of "blue dike " are broken up, they become (piite unproductive. w*ith the sole exc(>ption that rank cro[)s of oats can sometimes be obtained from them. The superiority of marsh over upland pasture is shewn as hal- lows: The County of Pictou, with ov<'r 1;3,000 cows, only pro- duced an average of 35 lbs. of butter per cow, while Cuml)erlaniJ with 7,074 cows produced an average of 51 lbs. from each cow. eiiKKsr: factokiks. The attention of farmers in various parts of the Dominion, where the pasturing and dairy occupations are carried on to un\ extent, has of late years been tmned to the most advantageou - methods of preparing their cheese for market; and it has heen at length settled that where i)roper apparatus can l:e used, and large sized cheeses manufactured, the (juality is superior and brings a higher [)rice in the uiarkcMs. For this purpose, com- 2H I > [^;uiie> have bct'ii luniicd in various pliK-cs, and fsuilablc l)ui!(lin protlnees cheeses equal in si/e and very nearly approaching in ([ualitv the celebrated Cheshire and Gloucester of England. The following des('ri])tion of a cheese i'actory near Cayuga, in Ontario, giv(>s a xevy good insight into the operation. Tlie I'actcM'y st;;nds lipon a liill side, tiie Itaseuieiil story being inq)letely o'pen on oni' side, while on the oilier the entrance ))ens on die lirst lioor. A nice spring oi pure cold water on the lull above snp])li('-- all thai is required intlie factory. The cheese J- mamifaclnred in the haseuient, the rest of the building which consists of three story •^, bedng devoted to curing and storiuLr. It i< expected to run the factory eiirht months in ihi? year, turning ■Mii from 22 to :]() chet^ses daily, making an aggregate in the period mentioned of (5,000 to 7,000 cheeses. The storage capacity of the buildinii: i-^ J, 000 cheeses, and they are cured and ready l.ii- market in from ;30 to 50 days. The chei ses, when cured, average from <)0 to tio ])ounds each in weii^ht. The cheeses are pressed in bandages, and j)acked in boxes a(iaj)ied to their size. The date a! which the ciieese is taken from the press is stamped upon each on(>, and tli(> name of the dairy is plainly lettered upo" 'he ])o.\( s. 'I'he milk is received from the waggons and poured into cans. received night and morning. That which is receivi'd at night is emptied into the vats, where it is kepi perfectly cool by the cold spring water, which t!o\\ s in a constant stream through the metallic chamlKM- imder and around the milk. The temperature <•( this water as ii comes from the spring, is aboui I.S to 5S . In the morning after the milk is all enii)lietl in, a lire is kindled in die furnace beneath the vats, and the Icmjxa-atmc of the water is raised to Irom K) tti 85 . The rennet is then put in, and the milk is allowid to siand lorty minutes. It is by tlii:- lime hardened, and is ciii u|) by an ingenious instrument lor the purpose. It is then allowed tu .stand for 10 or 15 unnutes, while the whev rises, ■■ini\ m'-a!itim" the temperature is raised lo iXi. 'I'he whey is ij then drawn oH" by means of a syphon, and while the curd i- being sealded, it is constantly stirred. The ciiid is then allowed lo setth,', and is dipped into the eooli'i', which is a sort oi car rimning into the [)ress-rooni. In the cooler the cjird is thoronghly (!Ooled, washed, drained and salted, at the rate of 2 7-lOtlis to .'J \b>. salt to every 1,000 lbs. of niilU. The cooler !•< then ran into the press-room, and the cnrd is put into ihe ho(»ps. The pressun; is made l)y means ol' a screw. Alter standing iii tin; press al)out half an hour, the cheeses are taken out and turned. They are then j)laced in the press again, and stand Jor twenty hours, wheii ihey are removed and conveyed l)y n duinniy to the drying nml curing room above. Mere they arc <(nist;inlly lubbed and turned The o^reat essential in cheese-mnkinir — cleanliness — is easi!\ attained by the abundance of pure spring wiitcr. Its low teu!per;i- lurc also serves to cool the building, and keep thi> milk and curd- fresh and sweet. The whey is nil drawn oil through j)ij)es intw ;i vat in the rear of the building, when' it is dii)ped up and carried oil' by the fiirmers. Kverythiiig is done by machinery, and all heavy lifting and hand-labour is a\()ideil. 1'lic niiik is su])plied by the farmers in tlie vicinity, some o( whom bring their milk a distance of several miles. The milk v>licii received, is tested ibr its purity, and weighed. Jf found to be impure, or that the cream has been removed, it is rejected, if ail riiilit, the WM'ight i> credited. At the close of the season when lie cheese has bcMi all sold, ciich pat -n receives a share ol the profits in ])ro[)ortion to the amount of millc furnished by Jiiu), ir if Ik; prefers i*. receives cash payment for his milk wccl^ly. I'hough lookeil upon with disfavour at lirsl, the dairy is now very popular witl; the farmers of the vicinity. The above is a specimen of perliMps ihc boi regulated estati- lislnnont of the kind, though numerous others are in oj)eriition in Ontario, and in the Eastern Townships of (Quebec. in New iirunswick, a larije factory has lately been oi)cned ai. Sussex, whii'h is in full operation, and others will doubtless soon I'ollow, In this one, the milk is purchased at about two cents a poiuid. Though that })rice was thought very low by the farmers at first, they now regard it as fairly reuuuierative. If the product- of this establishment give satisfaction, it will lend greatly to the 30 ••\('lii.>?i()ii of Amcriran ciiocsc. The inacliinory, hnilding, &c., ■ I kI 'j(3,000, and its erection lias already bt'i^un lo stimnlato the iU'ndiielion ol'niilii in that section oCllie Province. i'l.AX \.\i> ITS cri,Ti i!i;. i 1 'I'lie importance oi' the cultivation ot' lliis valuable plant in the dillierent Pro\inc!'s ol' the Mew Dominion, has of late years occnpied an increasinii- share of attention. \VI)en it is considered that the fibre of lla\ can he converted .into a hundred diflernnt kinds of iiKf^t useful descn'iplions of goods in eoni'.non use in the luntry, and of wliieh we are largt; consumers, such as coarse nen. brown hollands, bed-tidi, linen drills, shoe threads, shoj) IV. ines, whip-cord, ploui^h lines, bedcorjs, ropes, twines, in fact eordaire of every kind on which a duty of 20 per cent, has to be paid when imported, — ar'' that this is one of the fniest countries in the world for the iin-wth of the m;itm'ial from which these articles can be manidactured, it nuist satisfy the most incredulous ihat the culture of ii shonid be uriretl oji every farmer throughout the Dominion. In addition to the articles just mentioned, the -I'cd also nuist be taken into consideration, both for the oil it i)roduces— three oil mills being in operation in Ontario, and two in QvK'bec — as well us for its value in stall feeding cattle in the -iiape of oil cake after it has be;>n pressed, ruid the oil extracted; a species of i\-(H\ little u!i in Ontario; ol" wha! is brinij^ done in (iuelx'c, Xova Scotia, and Xew lirunswiclv, no salisfartorv sialislit-s can be ol)1ainc(], li onifli the growth ol'liax on a more oxtfndcd scale than Iiillicrto, i- now attractin-; altcnlioa there. The last census returns shows thai 14,057 lbs. wore raised in Xew IJrunswick ; the i^roafest portion in die Counties of Westmoreland, \'icU)ria and Kent. 'I'oo nnicli praise cannot i»c liiven 1o Mr. Donaldson for the lively interest he has taken in the proj)agalion, culture, and maiudacturc rf this valuable stajjle ))roducl ; the writer is indel)ted to hiin for most ol' the infonuatioii contained in this article, and he pcrleclly "oin- cides with him in consideriiiii- this '"new and \aluablc branch ol' Canadian industry, will in a short lime be(•om^ a i^roat source of wealth to the X'cw Dominion.''' Specimens of it iti varioits con- ditions exhibited al iIh^ Paris Exhibition, attracted much atten- tion, and bore away, where cverythinu: was iA' the l)est, honorable mention. The factory of .Messrs. J^ymans, Clare & Co., in Montn-'ai, for jnanufaclurinij Jinseed oil produced, in 18G5, ;djout 50,000 irallons of oil, and in l.^GG about 90,000 gallons, with from 900 to 1000 tons of linseed i*ai Si. Lawrence and the great lakes, many of the choic(.'r sorts of apples, pears, and plums, can be successfully raised, and even the peach can be ))roduced in favourable localities, of a superior qualllv. The south-western peninsula of Ontario is the most suitable both in climate and soil for this latter fruit. \ova Scotia last year raised 186,484 ])ushels of apples. Pears and plums also grow there luxuriantly. In New Brunswick apple culture is now taking a r 3.3 oil III , ;iii(l Olltrll !|(>\\- lllllt irtioii :tnicli P r pl.K t; uiiion*^' llic iniiuslrial |)iirsiiil>. Il is ii>sLMl('(l Uy compcieiit MiitJioritios, incii \\ Iid have ruiuU; ol' 1^M' fmil hirger. A cfop of apples is not yooil, however nniiUTous thev may bo on the tree, unless the IViiit is line. In Canada this is the rule — in England it is the exception. In the I'rovince ot Quebec the Island ot" Montf(>al seems speciall\ suilable lor this IVuit, the Faiiieasc andthe St. Law renee being two well known productions of that locality. The fiabitan.s^ however, as a rule, have never given any attention to this branch of industry, and many a home- ste'ad in Quebec might be emliosoined in a smiling orchard whose products would add considerably to the comlorts, to say notliing oi" the revenues ol' the farm, which now stands bare of trees of any description, and without a garden, tmh'ss the pateli ol'eab- bage at the door can be styled by that name. The culture ol" grapes has, ol" late years, been rapidly e\tendinir, especially in Ontaiio, and experience has already decided thai both our soil and climate are well adaj)1ed to the growth ol' this luxurious fruit in great perfection. IndtM'd, lacts at present seem to indicate that (.'luiada is destineil to become a wine producing country. The recent report of the jurors on the samples of wine sent to the Paris Exhibition by the proprietors of the Clair House Vineyards, is of a very encouraging character, A description of these grounds of the '■'• Emit Growers Association," will be found very interesting. Although Canada lies within the natural region ol the vine, its culture out of doors, and vine dressini? as a science have onlv 7 •. within the last live or six years become practical facts. We are told that when .Jacques Cartier first asc(;nded tin; St. Lawrence, lie came on the 5th September, 1535, to what is now the Island of Orleans, six miles below Quebec, and Irom the abundance of wild grapes seen there, he named it the island of Bacchus. Little attention, however, has been paid to the fact of its having been a native fruit, except in a few instances where it was grown for ornament, or with special care trained against a house, till a few years ago Mr. Cooke, of Cooksville, Ontario, in conjunction with M. dc Courtenay undertook to plant a vineyard in his c .•}l i;nuiiul> ol' Clair Mouse, and pay s|)(,'cial atictitiKU Id llu-ir gi'owlh and dressinu:, wliit-li lias Inscn attended with tlio jnost satisfactory results. Norlli of Clair House, eornnieneiiiij at three or four hundred yards, is :i risini; bank, on the southern slopo of Avhieh the vineyards are planted, and on what seems to be a luirrcn sandy Hat below ; l)ut underneath the sand lies a £^ood sub-soil. On the higher levcd north of tlii> ridge, the soil is calcareous loam limestone rock underlying: it. The latitude of the>e vineyard-, in a direct line with Toronto city, is the same with that of Florence and Genoa in Italy. The suniun>r climate is lht> -ame. The jmre air, unclouded sun, continuous summer heal and brilliancy, are lhe same. Cloiidv davs are rare at anv time, .and wIkmi wind and <*londs do come they are violent but of slK)rt duralion, like s'ornis on the Apennines, where i!:rapes yieldiuij the best wines of Italy are cultivated. The viiu; dresser'^ «miploved :;t Clair House are natives of the Apennines. The coldness of Winter and lateness ol' Spiin:^- do not uU'eci tiie out door culturi' of vines as many would snppos(\ The clim:it4' here, is that which i>ives the larijest quantities of heal and intensity of lijjfht within the limiied mf.'asun; of time rc([ui site for the bloom- ing of the vine, gnnv'lh of its branches, and lipcnlng of its fruit. Some of the i)est vintages recorded in Kurope occurred in the years when vines had a late S|)ring. Liebig gives chemical reasons \\ hy the grea'est amoiuil of light and heat within the shortest time is or should be prt)ductive of tin; best grapes foi- wine, and also reeonniiends pruning at mid-summer. But JM. de Courtenay's Italian •.'xperienee leads him to prune in the SprinL;. VV'ilh his experience he j)ronounces why it is, that the vineyards of Ohio and Indiana have failed lo vield the lii<;h class '\\'ines which the pro[)riet(n's expected. The; vineyards in Ohio riud Indiana, in latitude ;J9 degrees, hav(^ been treali-d by Swiss and (lerman drtssers who came from a more northern climate, in a similar ct)nc ition of oversight English and Scotch cardencrs, in this country, have nil proceeded on the erroneous assumption that grapes in this atuu)sphere can only ripen in hot houses, because they themselves came from a country nine lo thirteen degrees further north. Acting on these principles, M. de Courtenay lias succeeded in bringing the cultivation of the vine and its yield to as \ T nui Ik 35 •i US liigli ii Nliindiird ii.< il" Cliiir liou^'C was located tm ihc Ajn-n- iiincs, instead of on tlu' shores ot" L.uke Ontario. The [jroperty at Cookesvillc! comprises 170 acres, of wi)ieh ;»j acres are now phmted with vines, and Ijctore winter sets in, (IS(]7,) 35 acres more will be planted. The vine most largely preferred !> tlie "Clinton," cullivaled from a Canada wild speeie?^ ; smaller quan- tities of other grapes are pres(Mit. " Isabella" and '^ Prolific;" they are also obtained from native varieties. The vint s gcmerally arr- set out in t<;n acre Jots ; in one of these lliey are in the row, with rows 2 1 feet aj)art. In anotluT section with similar rows, thev are S ItM't and 2 1 feet apart alternately. 'I'ln- i lelJisscs on which they are trained rise, vertically 7 or S feet, with cross polos at rii'^hl. .angles, forming an umbrageous roof, thvongit which th.c snn peui-- trates in huntlreds of forms of varvin'^' bcautv, and iVoui wlnn*!' clusters of grape.*? d(^pend in beaiitifid lii.Miriiuice. The vintage of IStJC was about thirty thousand gallons. The ([uanlity of wine exported in 1^(!7 is at lea>! sixty ihonsaiid tr;;i- lons. 'i'he grapes ;u*e gathered in Octt)bei', and carried to ihe several large vats which stand within aichc-< in the cellar, springing from the top «)f other archways t)Vt ciuming cheiui^ls have faih.'d 1o imitate. They h!r\<' produced a ' bon([uet ' at ilr.-T resembling ihv, rich and rare essence of iiuliuc, but if is -oon dis.sipated, the chemicals re{|uisite lo pvodiice ii becoining fa'al to the wine. Th(^ while wine is obtaiiK.'d by jiressing, after ll." riidi red hny- voluntarily trickled away. !>olh are skilfully waited upon and watched after admission to lh(! casks v\ithin the recesses of the c(dlars. Here the atmosphere tuusl have no taint. In winter, as the moon waxes towards the full, the temperature of the cellars is gradually rai.«ed from its natural level of cold, to ai)out SO . Then the wine fcn-menls. When the moon wanes, the temperature is lowered, and fermentation ceases. This is repeated four or live moons. In the succeeding spring, say !\Iarch and April, though the cellar atmosphere remains cold, the wine begins a 30 trrmrntalion iiiilunil Ui llio . of nalivr silk rxliihited at llie Provineial Fair. The patriotism of lliosc ladies was derided for believing that silk eonld be iisefidly j)rodiieed in Canada. Vet in Hamilton city, wiiere llie show w as then li(>l(l, native mulberry trees give name to a slre(>t, and one ot ilie trees still survives the woodman's axe. Hamilton is on the same line of latitnde with St. Catharines, and iioth with .MontpelifM- and Marseilles in the South ()f France. Lombardy atid \'eni(<' lie tarther north than Lake Ontario, and Lyons ill l-'ranee is two decrees north of Toronto and Hamilton, vet silk, mteilv nei,dected. and wine all but neijleeted until the present lime, in llii- sn])er!) crnuate of Canada, are richly remune- i:iii\-e pro(liiel> ill I.oiiiba.rdy and N'eniee, and in the country around Lyons. Paris, in Canada, i29 nules west of Hamilton, singularly well sitiialeil on its \ ariely of sloj)es, with its calcareous soil, and abundani native iiypsum for vines and mnlberry trees, (line wines and precious silks, w iih the (Jrand llivcvr and Smith's Creek lor its silk milU.) lies asleep and unconscious of its latent wealth, on a liiK; of latiinde i\\v native \ ines, manujiuinred there by Mr. Kitchen, the pro- priett)r, li'wv ji!stly acquired a provinc-ial re))Utalion. Tin; product !if lS(i() er;,;!'ied him to throw into llie market some 20,000 gallons of wine, and to olI(>r lor sale 100,000 choice grape vines. But Mr. Kitchen has added another important enteri)rise tollial already carried on l)v him, and one which is certain to become a most va liable soiirc(; of profit to the fruit-growers of the \iagara and oth'r fruit-growing districts of Ontario, and an exceedingly valii- al)le branch of native indiistrv : this is the erection of a larsre fruit canninu establishment, wliere peaches, plums, clicivies, strawberries, raspberries, tomatoes, green corn, green peas, &c., are put! frcsli inj busines] grower;- herctofd will thl AmericI profit \\\ they hal Il • n arc put uj) in licnnolically t^caliul cans, an J w airanicil to keej) iVcsli in any clirnalo lor years. In order lo siill IihiIkm- rvtcnd the business, lie is orgaiii/liii( a joint-sloek conijKinv, so iliat fniii i^rowers, instead of selling llieir produce to the preservers, a- heretofore, may have an interest in the hnsincws. Canadian^ will thus be relieved from the iieeessity ol' depending upon American and other markets for their luxuries, while a sa. of the vast resources of the Forest, to cnmnerale the most nseful trees found ill the Province, [)l)lied. li a lort description, and the uses to which liev are a Th e prmeipal resinous evergreens are the wlnte anc d ri'd PJ ne u-ually called hy j)re-emin(mee. Pine ; the vSpruce — Ilendi»ck — IJalsam or Fir — Landi or Tamarack — and Cedar. The:;e trees are found all through the J)ominion, but where they gre- in j)r()- fi.sion, the land is generally ))oor and sandy. Where lue soil is well adapted for agricultural pursuits, hard-wood abounds, and in . iicli sections of the country the Pine tribe art; only met with to iiny exK^nt growing in bells or hills commonly known as 0!) IS ^ " Pine-ridges," with llie exception of the Cedar, ^vhich delights in swamps, and is scattered universally throughout the whole coniinent. Of these trees, the Pine is the most valuable, as ironi the ease or smoothness with which it is worlied, added to its large size and straight growth, it is in great request for sawing into boards. The white j)ine occasionally reaches 200 feet in height, will make s(juarc timber of 20 inches, and GO feet long. The spruce is the most valuable after the Pine, for which it is in some degree a substitute, though spruce boards do not possess the good qualities of pine in the same degree. It is much used ill f)uilding, and, together w\\\\ the* jiinc, is sawn into (h.;als for exportation, as well as being in great demand for ship-building. The Hemlock though a majestic tree in the forest, is but of little use ; and as it grows on the jjoorest and most swampy land, it is generally regarded as an encumbrance, not worth the labom' of felling ; yet it is sometimes sawn into planks and l)oards ; the latter, though rough-grained, answer for the under- covering of roofs and for fencing ; the former from their solidity, are Vvell enough adapted for the flooring of barns. It is not:, however, nruch sought after, and is often burnt on the land when cut down, after having been first stripped of its bark, which is bougiit at a good jirice by the tanners, as it possesses powerful astringent qualities. The appearance of a young hemlock i.-< quite dill'erent from that of an old one. The young tree has a fealiiery and graceful lightness, bendiiiij: to the slightest breeze, but when old it 'las beome sturdy, the bark rough and deeply furrowed, full of g'"arled snags and broken limbs, the top generally blighted and d( .d, and the foliage almost deprived of that pencilled grace which gave such a charm to its youthful days. The Fir or Balficnn is the most elegant of the Pine family ; it risually grows very straiirht ; the branches project all at the same angle, and grow to a lengdi which diminishes with great regu- larity as they approach the top, giving to the tree the form of a slender but very rcguTu' cone. The foliage is dense, and of a greener tint than ili.it of the others, which gives it additional beauty, and t!)e hnxk is very smooth. Its surf ice is covered with bladders full of a ihiid resin, which hardens by long exposure; this is the Cai'a lian Balsam of the Apothecary, giving the tree its 40 spccitic iiaiiu'. Tlic wood ol tins tree ir> not ol'lcn used lor sawinij, ris it does ik)1 maUo i2:ood hoards; the tiiubor, liowcncr, isvaluabl(> lor staves ol" <'asks and buckets, and tlic IrunU is iisixl l\)r masts and scart(ild-j)oles. The Larch or Tamarack, lliouiirli mentioned among tla^ ever- greens, from its belonging to the same I'amily, is regally deeidaoiis, shedding its leaves in October, and resuming ihem in May. Its wood is princii)!dly used lor railway sleepers, and in siiip-build- ing, or applied to the more trivial pur))oses inl)uilding ; it is close- grained and hard when seasoned. The Cedar has a lii:rous and stringy bark, and notwithstanding its general resemblance to thc^ ))ines, iudongs to another genus. It chiefly grows in swamps, antl so densely as to render tliem almost impcne1ral)le. The great value ol T, ; - wood is its dura- bility, almost incorruptibility, lor it m ly b. vposn! to every vicissitude of weather w^ithout manifesiing ai;y symptom oi' decay for years. It sjjlits readily, and being w^^i'd greatly lor fence-rails and posts, a cedar swamp is a valuable addition to a Canadian i'arm. It is used in the manufacture of pails and tubs, and oilier domestic articles, where lightness is required. It is also largely manufactured into shingles, used for the covering of houses, from the great facility with which it splits in layers. The principal deciduous trees which are of commen-ial value, either for domestic use or for exportation, are the tbilov. i'lg : The Maple, a very close-grained hard-wt)od, the leafci.'' widish has long been the eml)lem of Canada, as the rose is of K.-.;latid,, ponds up a straight trunk, disfigured with hard ruid gnarled ; r<-)!'h(:runccs, •^hooting out its branches nearly at right angles, whicii -re b'lit and contorted in every possible ilirectioii. Its filiage is particu- larly luxuriant, and when touched by the frosts o!' autumn, is preeminently brilliaDt. it grows on the best land, and is indica- tive of a rich soil. It is a verv hard and close-irrained wood, highly ornamental and esteemed for the beauty of its iibre, and is much used for ^( d i''.>i' lirewooil, as it tl irow> out 41 '1 is I u groat heat, and from llic s;ip of Iwo viuielics, iir is mad.. which will be Iiereafler described. The Beech has a straight Irtmk, remarkably smootli, i.f a 1)hii>ii yrey ; its branches are larger and straigliter, and come lo a Ihii-r ])oint than the maple;. It is used prineij)ally lor aiifrieidlina! implements and (irewood, and is very seUlom exportcnl in any (piantity. It is used also oeeasionally in the fitiin^- up ol' >liii»-"' cabins and railway ear.s. The Birch is easily known by its bark which, \\ lien young, lias :i satiny glossiness that is always retained oi; ilic limi)s ; ^\•he7^ old the bark becomes ragged, and peels olf in rolls like |)aj)cr. The wood is excellent for cabinet work, agricultural implement-. ship-building, &e., and the bark is \\^q<\ by the Indians for cov'-i'- ing their canoes and wiu:wams. The Kim, when growing in the (»pL'n clearing w ith a ful! ■supply of light and air, is one (if the handsomest ot the trees c-l Canada, for it then divides near the bottom into several leading l)ranches, which continue to grow upward to a grep.t length, dividing and sididividini,' into manv ramiliealions, liraduallv spreading t)Utwards, which gives the tree a broad and some \hai llattened top ; this all the other trees are conical or rounded. !i-. the forest or '•'bush," tlu' elm is the juost lofty ol trees, wit ii a remarkably straight round trunlc, deeply furro'^i'd, withoui ;.-. branch till the top ; ihi s small for the height M\d >i/e of liic tree, and is much contorted. The wood is used only for domestic purposes, by wheelwrigins, &c., and its bark is used among llie country people for chair bottoms and baskets. The Black Walnut is a very graceful tree, but is not abun- dantly met with in the Dominion. The section of c-ountry when it most abounds, and comes to the higli(>st perfection i>- in th^ peninsula of the Priivinct? of Ontario lying bet'.veen Lakes lJurn!i and Erie. There it attains a vast size, and tli" '• Waliuit (iroves •" being usually I'ree from underbrush alfonl a pleasant ct.ntra-t ti' the generalily of bush scenery. The wood is close-grained ami highly ornamental, of a dark hue — hence its name — and i- unequalled for beauty on the American continent, being used tm cabinet work, furniture, and the iiner branches of the jcMner's ;ui. Akin fo it, though not so durable, is the Ijutfcninf, w liich can 12 with (lillicLilly Ix' disliiiguished iVoni llic white ash, Irom the similarity oi' its loliago. It is in i^reat re([nest among cabinet •nakcrs, though it oc'cuj)ios a s(>cond rate place compared with the walimt. The IJickori/ is iisfil only lor implements of hii.sbandry and iishing rods. The Oah\, though inlerior to its British cougener. abounds in Canaihi, especially ihe white oak ; it is much used in ship-build- in£. lor })uncheor.s and barrel sta\es. It cuts to ;djoiit 18 inches square, and aboui 50 leet long. There arc about 20 varieties ot '..lak in Canada, each nsel'ul, if not for more material ])urposes, at least on the farm. The Poplar, of wiiich there are several s[)ecies, is remarkable (or the colour of its bark, a smooth greenish white, which comes otF on being touched, as if it v/ere whitewaslied. The wood is of itilc value, is very light when seasoned, and is used in the manu- taL-Mive of sleighs and other vehicles. The Cherri/j some kinds of which j)roduce a fair edible fruil, attains a considerable size, and allords a durable and highly orna- mental wood, used by cai)inet and furniture makers. The bark i< also used medicinrdly. The Ash is an elegant tre-e, its bianclu s diverging from the (•( iural stem like the branches of a chandelier, diminishing in length with great regularity as they proceed upwards. The twigs end abruptly. The wood is white, very elastic, and is used for cabinet work, farming im|)lemen1s, axe-handles, &c, : the white ash is used for making oars, and occasionally in ornamental work'. The Basfiivood is much like the maple in growth, but the trunk i- more pillar like, anrl free from the knots which characterize the I'attcr. It is i)erhaps the most worthless of the Canadian \W "".s ; ii is light and durable, and is used in the manufacture of sleighs and carriages, for lucifer matches, and bandboxes, and lately a coarse k'ud of paper li:is been made from its shavings. It is very •oiigli. The foregoing woods are found in almost all parts of the wood- hnid sections of the \(.'\\ Dominion, ex(!epl ihe walnut and the 43 s: M'V DLik, v/hicli arc more especially the produce ol" the wesjleni section dt" Ontario, while maple and pine are more especially that ot' Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Not less than fifty dl" the diflerent kinds of woods, grow to l)e lari^'c forest trees, av('rac:inji: in size from one loot in diameter at llic trunk to the i,a-eat pines of Quebec and New Brunswick. The most important and extensive timber territories oC the New l^ominion are, first, the country drained by the Oltawa, compris- ing an area of 87,761 square miles, from which the ash, and while and red pine arc chiefly obtained ; secondly, tin; St. Maurice and tributaries, drainincf an area of 22,000 square miles, rich in wliite, yellovv and yd ]">ine, spruce, birch, maple and chii ; third, the Saguenay country, area 21,000 scpiare miles, affording white and red pine, spruce, birch and tinnarae ; fourtli. the uiU'lh shore oi' l.ake Huron; fifth. New Brunswick and the Casp6 peninsula, in the former of which ;3,000 scpiare uules arc licensed by govern- ment for lumbering purposes ; sixth, the western jicninsula of Ontario, containing oak, w.alnut, chesnut, hickory, and all the finer liard-woods used for ornamental ])nrposes ; seventli, the countr\ north of Lake Ontario, and the vaMey of the 'I'reiii, containing large (juantities of while pine, elm, maple, &:c. Government works called slides, have been conslrucled on the sides of the falls on the great rivers, down which the lumber is floated from the interit)r. Settlers have foUowi-d the liimlx-rcr far beyond the IVontiers of civilixation, in order to su|)|)Iy tluMU \\ ith *)als, peas, potatoes and hay. ]nlersi)ersetl v. ilii th(> sterile pine lands, there are tracts of hard-wood soil a\"c11 adapted lor the selller, and it is such tracts which the ujajoiity of settlers or squattcM's place under cullivMiion. Lumbering piomoles settle- ment in manv wavs. Settlers aie i>;enerallv vciv pooi- and not able to make roads for ihemscdM's. In the viciiuiy of lumb(n'ing operations they get llie advantage of all the roads and hriilges used in laddn:^- olf the timbj'r, and manv live for vears in the old lumber sh.anties. Were it net for lliese advanlaiics the pioneer settlers would lie shut \\\> in tli(> Itiisli and isolated entirely from ail markets ; whereas the jumlieier, almost at his door, provides a market I'or everything h'.' can raise, and furnishes prolifabl(> <'mi)lovinenl in winter foi- himselland faudlv. Iti manv cases the It lUinlxM-cr advant'os seed Id the new settler, and assists liini Id jjul it in, by lending iiim eattlc and iniplenienls. A stranger gazing for the first time on the unbroken I'orcst is |)eculiarly struek with admiration at the sinprisiiig, and to him novel seenery it jiri^sents. In sonic parts ol" th<' eonntry it lias a iharaeter of magnifieenee jieenliarly its own. A wide expanse of unknown extent eanopied above by the dark mass of spreading foliage ; the eounlless eolumns of trunks, whieh far as the ey<- can reach in every direction, miK' after mile, rise tall and erect, sup- porting that living roof, and the long drawn vistas through which the eye seeks in vain to penetrate the depths of the forest solitude. But it is w hen the lirst frost has touched the trees, and the change of colour in ihe leaves has set in, that the forests put on their greatest beautv. Each kind of tree has its own hue — above alK the maple — and every hue is lovely. The solemn pines and cedars, and tamaracs set off the charms of their gaver brethren, bv their sober green, -which, viewed at a distance, looks almost black. The leaf of the maple, the iirst to colour, remains throughout, the most beautiful in its golden yellow and crimson. Lofty trees and humble imdergrowth, and clim])ing creepers all fdik<,' deck the landsctajx' \vi\\\ every tint that can be 'oorrowed i'roin the light, till ]he whole looks like the scenery of a fairy tale, and presenis a spectaeh' unknown to the resident ol the old world. The pine forests wliich furnish so remarkabh^ a feature iji the physical geography of the New Dominion, occupy a large cvte'ut of territory, extend ing from the Rivers St. Lawreiu-c and St. John on the south to the Arctic Ocean in the north. Not thai this immense tract is one unbroken forest, but that it is the favoured location of the j)eeuliar and useful deserij)tion of timiier which enters so extensively into domestic use, and contributes so largely to commerce. Its value as an article of commerce may be ascer- tained from the i'act, that the yearly jiroduction of matm-ial equals seveufy lo cis^/tti/ millions of cubic feet of partially manufactured timber exported, and the operations consequent ther(>on involve an enormous outlay. Tli{> term partial manidacture is used because it only really embraces the (;perations necessary to prepare the timber for shipment, which is nc', strictly s|)eaking, manufactured at all. It i^ 'im iply juialogous to pig iron or ( rud e (Ml, or otiier th ^H snn- niineral prodnclionsscpjirjiled IVdiu llicir carlliy particles, previous io transporlalion. Thus timljra' •<(|uarL'(J, sawn, planed, tongued, and groovctl, cannot be said to l)e iiiaunraeliired, because it is not actually made into the particular shape in which it (toidd enter domestic service, except in very 'ougli and ordinary eases, but only ^utTlcient of the useh'ss material has been removed to render it available lor the bands of the skiUed workman, and prevent use- jess expenditure ol' Ireight. The princi))al part ol" the forest lands bcUxig.^ to the (.'row ii ; in otiier words ihey are public properly, and aie adtuinistered lor the benefit oC the peoj)U'. The art^a y the Crow n Lanis Department. F2ach limit is theoretically 10 miles s([uare, con- taining 100 square miles or 04,000 acrc?« ; but owing to the typo- graphical i'eatures of the country, the limits are ot" all sixes and shapes from 24 S(]uar(> miles and upwards. 'J'he .iinil holder becomes a yearh" tenant to tlie Crown at the fixed i^round rent bid, and pays besitles, a ^d per cubic foot of scpiared timlier, or ."id per piece on each standard log (12 leet long by 21 inches in diameter.) in New Hrunswick, luml)erers pay nothinij- to the ('rown, save license money for timber berths. They apply for the territory they recpiire, which is surveyed and sold by aui-tion aftci' public advertisement. The upset price is «,4 per scpiare mile, and more than that is seldom realized, the (lOvtMument desiriui; to encourage the production of lumber, and so recei\(' a revenue from the export duties. In Nova Scotia thcr<' are no rules under which timber licenses can be issued. To procure the right to the lumber, the land itself must be purchased from iIk; Crown. The timber exported from that province is principally spruce. About twenty-five per cent of the standing pine throughoul the Donunion is available for squared timber ; forty :.-r c-ent lor saw- logs ; the remaining 35 j)er cent is undergrowth, useless or damaged. The average? (juantity of timber annually got out in (Quebec and Ontario is estimated by the Hon. JMr. Skead at over one million and three quarter tons. The government lias made a large outlay for tin* timber interests, in the shape of slides and booms; the first, built to avoid the ■to ilamiii,'(' tiiiihcr olherwisc sailers jm guini,' ever wulcrialliv aiui rapids, lo navigable waters ; the seeinjd at the mouths ot" streams to prevent the logs iVoni /loatiiij.^ away. There is one station on the Sagnenay, eh-veii oti the Ottawa, one oii the (iatineaii, tliirteeii on the Madawaska, one on the < 'oiiloiigf, thirlvoii the Petewaw a. one on the DiiMoine, fourteen oi) the T rent, and live on tiie St. Maiiriee. On the latter riv<'r alone '$;3()0,00() h;is been expended on booms and slides. In addititm to this, all the operations ol private individuals or firms eonneeted with this trade aro costly. Streams have lo l)e eleared out and injproved, and converted into lloatable channels, — roads and bridge^ to b(i ct)nslriicted necessary to transport the maimfactured ti ruber or the saw-logs to the nearest water-course, and shanties and stables have to be built lor the ac<-onimodaiion ol'lhe men and teams employed. The scjuared timber nuist be selected with great care, nearly perfectly straight, and entirely fri'e from knots, shakes, or other blemishes. It must be hew(Ml perfectly square, and must carry the same thickness ihroiighout, a very slight taper indeed being- allowable; it must l)e over thirty feet in length, and should square at least lifteen inches. Th(i loss in tlie manufacture of squared timber is very great, especially wdicn it is (>f large growth, and will square over eighteen inches. Often splendid jjieces of timber are left on tlif ground, because they will not square evenly throughoiU. When th'' whole tpumtity has !)( en hauled out, which is generally ac<-onq)lished by tin; middle (;f March, it is (loated as soon as the ice l)reaks up down to the main river, and Ibrmed into ciii.'s, each twenty-fovu- I'ci-t in width, by* string pieces, traverses, and withes, care being trdcen to avoid injuring the timber by any altachment. Sevcmty, eighty, or a hundred oi' these cribs form a raft, which usually contains 100,000 cubic feel. Each crib consists of 2G to 3G pieces, and contains from 800 to 1,000 cid)ic feel. The raft dc'seends the various falls on tlie rivers by inclined planes, called slides, erected expressly for this purpose. A singl(- crib is passed at a time, so that when all aro over, the raft must be banded u[) again, or re-made. This occurs as often as slides are to be passed. Towing by steaiu is resorted to in the navigabl<> reaches of the riv(>rs. 47 It is tlius squared limber ruaclics Qiu'hoc and Si. .loiiii, v. liJl( saw-logs descend lln^ falls singly witlioiit a slide, are iiioulineiuil or er.closed bv booms, and lowed cu masse to llie head ol'llie next Tails. The operations connected with ~;a\v-!<)irch, 18,253 ton-;. in New Brunswick almost ail the fi\u' while pijie within reacii of th(! tributaries of the St. John, has be(>n cut, and v(My littlr' remains, excepting on the streams which How into it fromMaini . The lumberers have therefore turned their attention more lo the coarser pin(^ still to \n) had in large (juantitios, out of which sugar box shooks arc juade, and to the black s))ruce, which in Nc\\ Brunswick attains considerabU> dev(>lopmenl. Almost all tl)- birch, pine and spruce export(Ml from this Province goes to Eng- land, the shooks being consmned by tlie \Vesl in(li(>s and Cuba. In Nova Scotia the: timber exported is ehielly spiuc(! ; the iniai valu(; of exj)orts ol liunbcr from this Province lor 18(»5, Mas $776,034. Several mills in New Brunswick are nov. ''ngagod in iin- manufacture of box shooks. As comi)arcd with the State of jNIaine. it is more favourable to New Bnmswick for supplying Cuba a\ iili them, and even as compared with Quebec, where the lumber i^ cheaper, St. John has certain advantages over riiat locality, IiaxJnu cheaper freight, short(n" voyage, less insurance, and an opcTi harbour during the whole shipping seasoj). The numlicr o\ shooks exported from this Province in 18GG, was 5G0,232. Tho month of September is the usual time for commencing to cui shooks, and those cut before that, are not so saleable in Cuba, ;!s those cut aftiU" that time, as they become too dry, and are t)bipi - lionable on that account to the planters. Large quantities of staves for sugar and collce hogsheads un- exported from Quebec to the West Indies, and Nova Scotia alst; exports a considerable (piantity, though they arc not so valuable 48 ':s iliosc liitiri Que])et'. Tlic wood iiiorst suitable for making llicm ix 10(1 oak. This wood being scarce in New Brunswick, ha> hitherto prevented a largo trade being carried on Irorn thence, but I lie attention ol' several leading linns of that Province! is now I'fing turned to the subject, with the view of ascertaining whether -oine of the woods more abunchint there, couhl not be profitably ouverted into hogshead slaves. A prejudice exists in the West Indies against beech, i)ircli and ash, which will not command -dod prices, though it is supposed i)y practical i)arties that they :iiiglit be made to answer the piu-pose equally as well as oak. I' would b(! ol great iinpurtaiice to New Brunswick if it could -iieceed in i)roducing such an arti(de as would suit the West India markets, the demand being very great, except in Cuba, where boxes are chie/ly used. In the other islands probably S(JO,000 hogsheads are annually required, ahhougli many of those [i^ri\ are second-hand, being made from staves of okl hogsheads lakeii apart, and sent out there in bundles from the United States ;fi(l other places. [jittle is knowji of the labour expended on a common deal br'If, but lo llic propriclor or sii]){.'rint{Mul('nt ol' llu; slmnlifs. Thof >h!inlios arc iiulely built loir-cabins, Avitli bunks or sleupiniz i)la(;c> raiigful around, similar to those in an emigrant, >h\p^ with a huge raised hcarlli in the centre, tiiat thro\\ s out an immense heat I'rom the logs that roar and crackle in it, and whose smoke escapes, as i! did in the homos of our Sasoii forefathers, through an opening in the roof, and the various crevices and chinks between the logs of the building. These hunks when filled with clean hav, oi what is still better, hemlock boughs, allbrd a by Jio uiean< despicable couch to the wearied inmate, who rolls himself in his blankets on them, be h<; lmrd)erer or hunter who seeks shelter for the night. The I'ollowing description of ;i Xcw Brunswick >lianty at night, from the pen of Lanman, gives a fair insight into forest life : " Vou enter the cabin, and lo ! a band of noble men, -ome lying on a l)ull"alo robe, and some seated on a log, while ilic huge fire befoie them reveals every l<'ature and wrinkle ot" their countenances, and makes a pielru'e of th(> richest colouring. \ow the call is for a song, after which an old pioneer clears his throat for a hunting legend of th(; times of old ; now the cunning jest is heard, and ])eals of hearty laughter shake the building. The hi'C-j)lace is again rcjilenished, till the howling of the storm outside is defied, when with a happy and contented mind, eacli woodman retires to hi> couch to sleep, and to dream perchance oi hi< wife and children, or the buxom damsel whom he loves." The number of logs which these men cut in a single winter is almost incredible, and the business of conveying them to the nearest lake; or river giv(\s employment to numbers of additional men and oxen. By hauling the pine logs over cliffs and dragging ilicm down ravines, the it •berers, l)efore the thaw sets in, coiled along the banks of the various Iribut.aries of the ])rincipal rivers, millions of cubic feet of tiiuber ; and when the ice-bound streams are free once more, their more anluous and dangerous laliour eommences, for then a new feature of the logging business ct)nies into operation, called rafting. lioosely joined together in huge uncouth rough rafts, the logs are set adri*"', and with a few poles and mishapen oars to guide them, the lumberer goes in charge down currents and rapids of deep rivers, swollen and flowing I) .■>() Hi; -•'. * ''- t' ,1 I licrcoly with tlu.' waters from tlio incltint,'' snow. A large rait in New Brunswiclc contains al)out 18,000 loii^s, and covers a space oisome ten acre's. As loni; as llie logs lioltl togetiicr, ail is well ; hut hnrriecl and tumbled over rapids ijiey often break np, and woe betide the !Uiliai)py lumberers who are on them wiien the great logs come rolling in fierce confusion one on the other, and go smashing down the rapids froi U to rock, till they are ca>i adrift in some open rcMcli. When . ncli accidents occ'ur, as they frequently do, it sometimes lia])pens that the lota's get so wtnlged and bound together on the brow of some strong rapid, that ihey remain immovable, and all the miles of logs which are following them are stopp<'d at once. It th(>n becomes necessary to «'Ul tin- obstruct ing logs or "limber jam*" as it is i-alled, with .i.\es. Only the bravest, cocdest ;md most experienced of the lumberers can attempt this iho.n! dangerous of all their tasks, for when once the logs which i)ar the j)assage are half ciU through, ihe might of the ])ress behind breaks them like straws, and some 10,000 trunks of trees come ])liu!ging down with a rush, and coid'usion that i)Ut too often renders all the eoollle^ 'id activity of those who arc trying to esca])e the avalanche, o.' vail. During the summer the shanties and the hdvcs become a pcn-fect solitude, for the ' log-chopper ' has become a Mog-driver,' and the toiling oxen are |)ermitted to enjoy their summer rest on ihe I'arms of llu'ir masters. In the ProvijK.H'.^ of Ojitario and Quelx'c, the greater ))arl of liic logs are transformed at the saw-mills near the mouth of the rivc!> on which thev have been cut into sawed lumber, deals and planks. It is these mills in fact whicli have develo])ed tiic country for miles around them, and opened up the heart of the wilderness into fruitful lands and settlements. To give an idea of the vastncss of thest; lumbering establislnnenls to those unac- quainted ndtli that branch of industry, the following description of one of the largest on the Ottawa River is given, for the descrip- tion of one answers for all others in its 2;eneral outline. At llawkesbury, on the Ottawa River, is the lumbering establishment of the Honble. John Hamilton & Bro. Their mills, whicli are tliree in number, manufacture on an average 27,000,000 feet board measure per annum. The greatest care is paid to secure 51 rait in I spwcc s \vcll ; ip, and hen the nr, and ire ca^^t as llicy \V(Hlg('d lit liicy »lU)\viiii;' ) cut till' h axi's. labt'vers en ()n<'<- might ol trunk > that but who arc summer for lhc ng oxen of 1 heir irt of li)'' lie rivci>- 'als and |)cd tiic irt of the an idea ^se unai"- jsoription descrip- line. At lishment hich arc loOO feet to secure ihe <'omft)rts of the pcoph' under their control, ami the whole village bears signs of oj)ulcnce and order. The doeic is capable of containini; lO.OOO saw loj;s, the uiilU (-ontai r>' » in n met V -two f vertical saws, nineteen circular saws, fourteen butting saws, driven by sixty-threes wlnnds ; fifteen hundred saw-logs are manu- facturiHl in twenty-four hours, and one hundred and sixty-five men and boys arc employed in and about tin' udlls. These are divided into day and night watches, alternately working iov twelve hours each, so that diu'ing the suu.i^ier months the mills never cease running. Of agricidtural produce there are expended 750 tons of hay, 25,000 bnshels of oats, 5,000 bushels of turnips, 11,000 bushcds of potatoes, 1,000 barrels of pork, 0,000 barrels of Hour, and 2,000 barrels of oatmeal, in the woods. So that 2,000 tons of agricultural jiroduce is consumed by this linn alone. This in itself shews what an important branch iiithe indus1ri;il cconomv of the Province the lumber business is, and what va-i resources are y(!l to be (hnelopcnl and a|)plied. One more example of the magnitude of the lumbering entcrj)rise worthy of notice, is the firm of W'm. Price & Sons, of Que Ixt;. All the saw-mills on the Sagnenay and the Lower St. Lawrence, were established by the late ]Mr. Price, and conducted at ]\\^ expense, giving employmtmt to several thousand men, and send- ing to England annually over 100 shiploads of lumber, in the shape of deals. This iirm is jirobrd)ly more extensively engaged in that line of l)usiness than any other single individuals. Man\ of the ships alluded to ascend th(; Sagnenay to obtain lumber as far as Chicoutimi, and it seems at iirst sight paradoxical to find ships whose " legitimate home would seem to be the broad ocean " \,'inding up that river. .UrNOR PHomCTS OF TirK FORKST. In the early days of the settlement of the country, and clearance of the land, a greater part of the wood felled was burned upon the s^^ot, and from the residue of the tires was manufactured pot and pcarlash. But since wood has become more valuable, as it decreased in quantity, potash works in the forest have been for 52 ilio mo.st part ubandoiieil, and the hnsinesis is now confined, ijonerally speaking, to factories for its especial inanufaclure. Turpentine, v.'liich constitutes one of the chief products of the pine forests of the Southern Stales, has never been obtained in any considerabh^ i|uantity liere, though there is no reason wliy luiv pine forests should not furnish us with a large quantity annually, if proper measures were takeii to produ(!e and procun; i!. In \ortli Carolina and Florida, where it is principally obtained, the bark ol' the tree is cut and gashed in the early spring, and twice a week or oltener. the trees thus treated are \isited and scraped with a blunt hoe, which gathers, into a receiving vessel, the sap which has exuded as turpcMiline. During ihe late civil war in the United Stales, the price of turj)entin(,' rose to three times its previous value, and was scarcely procurable, shewing how neticssary it is that there should be more than one >ourc(* of supply on this continent for such a needful article. Attention has lately Ix'cn directeil to the manufacture of ITem- lock bark c\lrac1 for tanning purposes, c>specially in the Eastern Townships of Quebi'C, where there arc large Hemlock forests. This branch of pecidiarly Canadian industry, is gradually extend- ing through the Provinces, as it has been fomid iar better to inanufaclure the bark into a merchantable article of current value, at the j)lace of grow th, ihan to send il, as lias hitlun'to been done, in the rough to Boston, and oilier American markets. There is an increasing tratle springing up in ihe minor products of the forest, such as Canada balsam, lurpenline, pilch, spruce gum, oil of iieudock and heudock bark, maple sugar, bark for •anning purposes, sassafras ior medicinal use, and siuuach for dyeing, itc. A large business is being inaugurated in tiie Eastern Townships, chielly in heudock bark, and considerable trade in the extract with Euro])c is now lioiny: on. Large quan- tities of the bark are shipped to N'ermonl. This has caused the <-nlling dov n of great nuudjers ot heudock trees for stripping, leaving tlu' 'iml)er ready for manufacture. But tlie latest disco- very of all, i'nd ccutainly not the least surprising, is the fact thai paper of excellent tjuality is produced from poplar woocl^ the meanest and hitherto the most useless of all woods. At Windsor, (Ontario, a large manufactory has been established, w hich, il is ^ 53 cstimutcd, will Inrn out :i. thousand tons of piipcr ycnrly, iVom poplar pulp. The prodncc; of the forests was formerly ihc inosl important of our exports, but of late years agriculture has taken the lead. It is estimated that the Provinces -^f Quebec and Ontario together export annually 30,000,000 cubic feel of rough timber, and 100,000,000 feet superficial measure of sawn lumber, and New Erunswick 40,000,000 tons of rough timber, and 2()0,000,000 feet sawn lumber, exclusive of ship knees, laths, spars, masts, railroad sleepers, &('. In Nova Scotia the products of the forest are u^ed up in ship-building. Indigenous fruit of almost every variety is abundant in ilie forests and ibrest glades or (dearings. Of th(^ nuts, hickory, i)ntternut, hazel and beech, are the principal ; almost all the sandy and rocky hills where the soil is inferior, abound in blue- berries ; strawberries literally cover the pastiu'c licdds durini; early stmnmer, and raspb(M*ries and l)lackb(MTies abound in sandy soil, on the edije of the forest, or where the fire ha< gone through. \n the maritime provinces, cranberries, of which there are two kinds, the high-bush, and the trailing or swamp eranlierry, a most useful product, are very abundiuit, and command a good price in the markfMs. ucts uce c for for the >d)l(> ua li- the "•ig, sco- ihat the sor, t is MAI'I.K SItlAI!. Although a sullicient (|uanlily of maple sugar has never been manufactured in this country to rank it among our articles of exportation, it has for many years ])een almost the only sugar used by a large number of peoj)le, especially those inhabiting th*' back settlements, as w(dl as the farming population of (^uel)cc and New Urunswick. In the opinion of all who manufacture the article it is held in high estimation, both as a luxury and on. account of its nutritive (jualities, in which it is said to be sup(M-ior to all other sugars. The sugar is mamifactured from the sap of the tree known by the several names of Rock Maple, Sugar Maple, and Hard Maple. The sugar making season commences early in April, seldom lasting Jiiore than four weeks. The sudden transi- tion of the temperatun^ from winter to spring is essential lo its mmm 54 production, lor in lliat ^.easou only does the vital j)rincij)Ie ol" the nee pass in large (piantities from the roots to the branches. It is while making this passage that the sap has to l)e obtained, which is accomplished by making an incision in the tree some three feet from the ground, and receiving the liquid in a vessel prepared for the purpose. The general method is to bore a hole with an augur in the trunk about an inch deep ; some cut an oblitjue notch with an axe, l)ut this wounds the tree unnecessarily, and causes pre- mature decay. Bejiealh the hole or notch a semi-circular incision is made with a large iron gouge called a tapping iron, into which a spout made of a })icce > '" wood guttered down the centre, is driven to catch the sap a^ . flows from the hole al)ove, and con- duct it to the vessel beneath. These receiving vessels are gene- rally troughs, rudely cut out of a log of ash or other soft wood ; but a much handier way t)f catching the sap is, by driving a nail into the tree jusl below the spout, on which is hung the bucket by a hole in one of tlu; siuves ; the atlvantage of this method is, that a u u"'- shorter spoui serves, ;mtl the saj) cannot be overturned by hogs or ^tray cattle, a-- frvMiuently happens when it is left standing on the ground. When a frosty night is followed by a warm bright sunny day, the siij) ilows abundantly, at which time three or four gal- lons arc obtained from a single tree in twenty-four hours. It seldom runs ;il niirht. A young tree, provided it has attained a growth ol altout a loot in diamet(>r, yields better than an old one, and one growing on a clearing, that has been raised there, better than a forest tree. It 1;d ;]()() trees are as many as can be conve- niently attended to ;it one l)()iling|)lace orcanip. When little or no snow lies on the ground jiiore business ean he done than in deep snow, owing to the greater facility of carrying the sap to the camp ; but generally from the shelter of the Ibrest, the snow continues unmelted there much later than in the fields or roads. As soon oo It ire vo- no cp p; BIOS ;is iIjc trees Inivc ix-cii 1aj)p('d and the juicr Ijcgins to run into tlic \vooden veisscl.s beneath, the men of the party build the necessary iircs and suspend over them every varietyof ))ots, pans and kct^'es, and from one; end of the camp to another is presented an animated and romantic sc-eiu^, wliieh eontinncs without intermission da\' and night. As lias been before mentioned, tli(! sui^ar season is dej)endent upon tlu' weather ; but even when it is jirolonged to four weeks, it continues from beginning to (Uid to be cmc of hilarity and ffladness. When the men are not enijfa^ed in earrvini; tlu^ sap or boiling, they are generally engaged in 'oiling trees and cut- ling and splitting tiieiii up for lirewoori, lo be used in boiling c, 9,325 , 1471i ^s ; Province of Ontario, 6,970,6051 bs ; Piovint-e of Nova Scotia. 249,5491bs ; Province of New Hrnnswielv, 237,57 libs. Of cours.- a great deal more was made in small qnanlities of which n»> record was taken. Sllir-ISIILIM.NC. This branch ol industry which may b<' embraced under iiit products of the Forest, has lonijf been a leading feature in tiu- commerce of the country, more es})ccially in the Maritime Pro- vinces. Owing principally to the abundance and excellence of timber, but partially lo other causes, ships can be built here mucfi more cheaply than in Europe, and forty per cent, cheaper than even in the United States. There is scarcely a jjort on the J^akes or St. Lawrence where vessels ol some description hav(; not been built ; in the Province of Ontario, Port Dalhousie takes rank as the chief ship-building place, while as is well known the port of Quebec holds the pre- eminence in Quebec. There is, however, this diil'erence, thai all the vessels built on the Lakes are for Canadian owners ; tiiose built at Quebec are almost exclusively sent to F.urope for sale. Until of late th(! English market was the only one open lo the Quebec ship-builder: but several ships have recently been sold to France. In New lJrunswicl< the shipping interest is its backbone and marrow. In 1866 a dullness pervaded that branch of trade, the number of vessels built being 118, measuring 45,922 tons, aguin>i 148 vessels, measuring 65,474 tons in 1865. This was caused j)robably by large productions in j)revious years, and the great increase in the number of large wooden vessels, such as are made <'hieily on the Clyde, and of iron ships. Of the whole number of vessels built in 1866, only three were steamers, and the ship- builders of this Province, if they want to keep uj) with the times, jnust turn their attention more to the building of steamers. Hut it is jn'obable, notwithstanding the depression in ship-building, that the people of this Province will continue to iniild for their 58 •v>\vn use spiuco vessels ranging in size Irom 100 to COO tons, suitable for the American and West India trades, as they can successfully compete with their neighbours in the United Slates in tJiis particular branch of business, and their vessels can ho. procured so nuich cheaper there than in the States. About one half of the tonnage built in New Brunswick is sold annually in the English market. The remainder is held in the Province. The system which prevails so extensively in Quebec, under which Merchants and Bankers make advances on vessels during their building, and thus derive more profit out of the industy than the ship-builders themselves, no longer obtains to any extent at St. John. Vessels sent home for sale are now almost always placed in the carrying trade on their owners' account, if they do not meet v/itli ready sales at limits. Since the establishment of a system of surveying by Lloyds' surveyors, the quality of ships built in \ew Brunswick has very much improved. What is here said of this branch in New Brunswick, applies also to Nova Scotia. The number of vessels built there in 1865, was 294, or a total of 5G,768 tons register ; they w^ere chiefly vessels of small tonnage, only six ships of any size having been turned out ; the remainder, consisting of barques, brigs and schooners. Not more than 40 per cent, of the vessels built there are sent abroad for sale. Nova Scotia has doubled its tonnage within the last eight years ! The average tonnage of the vessels c^wned in the New Dominion, may be stated as follows : Ontario I(i4 Quebec , 128 New Brunswick 304 Nova Scotia 104 T le opening of a large increased trade with the West Indies, which m; y be attributed to the labours of the West India Commission that visited those islands in 186G, will doubtless give an impetus to this branch of industry. There is a good field there for a Jarge and profitable trade in ice, farm products and manufactures, which, when the Intercolonial Railroad is completed, will require an increase of shipping for its conveyance. 1 59 If is satisfactory to find that tliougli the registciod tonnage has (Jecreased in the last year, the quantity of shipping owned in the Province is steadily increasing. The ({uantity on the Registry hooks, 31st December, 18GG, was 983 vessels, measuring 233,945 tons. Assuming 200,000 tons as a fair estimate of the existing shipping owned by the people of New Brunswick, it would represent at £5 sterling per ton, which would be about a correct vahie, the sum of £1,000,000 as the money invested by the people of that Province in that description of property. ruoDrcTs of tiiI': menks. The miiioml rcsonrcrs of tlic Dominion of Caiiiida avo especially valuable, and are being now ra|)i(lly developed, and within the hist few years sueh important deposits of eeonomic minerals liave been diseovcred, whilst others are continuallv beuna; mad(.* known, to such an extent and of sueh varied and useful cljaracter, as to j)lace it beyond doubt that tlie mineral wealth of the new country will eventually make it rank as one of the first niinini!; districts of the world. Before entering into a detailed account of the dillerent minerals the Dominion yields, it will be necessary to give a 1)rief geological sketch of the country, or outline of its diflerent g(>ologieal areas. The first area embraces the Provinces of Quebec, \ew" Jiruns- wick, Nova Scotia and the Island of Antieosli. This extensive section may be described as part of a great sedimcMitary trough, resting upon granite and primary rocks, tlie centre of which is occupied by an inmiense coal-field, covering one-third of New Ikuns wick, and a considerable part of Nova Scotia, while a large portion of it is lost beneath the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Within this caiboniferous area, some of the coal fields of Nova Scotia, aiid tlu Albertite coal of New Brunswick, are of great value. The Atlantic frontier of Nova Scotia is metamorphic, consisting of altered rocks, such as gneiss, clay, mica, slate and quart/ rocks, the latter bt ing very hard, and yielding slowly to abrasion, or tlie action of tht elements. It is in this metamorphic district that the discoveries of gold have l)e(>n made. The next great geological area same species as those now inhabiting the (Jnlf of St. f.awrenee, have now been found, Tht^ third geological area lies north of T.akes Huron and Supe- rior, and the lliver Ottawa. This section, though not yet fully ^•xplored, is found to contain many usclul minerals, such u^ copper, lead and j)lumbago, magnetic and specidar oxides of iron, marbles, limestone and porcelain clays in great abundance. This is The Laurent ian A)rmation, and according to geologists, the ohlest formation on the continent. The northern iceberg drift scattered boulders over the surface of a certain ])ortion of the con- tinent of America, at a time of which history cannot "ive a record, l»ut the Laurentian rocks, although subnutted to igneous action, remain admittedly, thi; oldest known rocks of this continent. 'J'hat valuable deposits of minerals exist in this lormation, cannot be doubted. Madoc, Lake, Tudor and Klxevir townships, have produced gold in decomposed quartz, gold in dolomite, gold in (putrtz ; silver is found associated with galena, and plumbago from Grenville to Ottawa in large quantities. These discoveries were accidental, and a system of scientific exploration and analysis will soon unfold the hidden wealth of this comparatively unknown area. The great drawback hitherto to the develo|)ment ol the miiunal riches of the country, has lain in the fact that thev have noi yet V>2 had Miliicicnt capiial applied lo liii-r;; to make liiciii |>rod(ii!i\r, and to \\h) general ))nblie llie minerals of Canada are bill Ji mytli. Most ol" the alleinpls hilherlo made in eoniK.'cliou with luining^ operations, have been ol" a specnlalive ciiarachM'. Afininij^ shares were niannraetnrcMl on ihe j)rineiple of the ra/.oriiian, viiose instrnments were made " not to shave but to sell." Our Hanks arc numerous and wealthy ; but ihey generally lind sufTieienl employment tor their means in the ordinary lrad<; ot'llie country, and the l)iisiness of thi^ mannfactnres already in existence : besides the mining interest is in bail reputation with them, wliieh is not to be wondered at, considering its past record. Foreign attention is now i>eing drawn to ctTtain sections of tlu^ country, such as the Eastern Townships of Quebec, Madoc in Ontario, and the gold fields in Nova Scotia, to say nothing of the (extensive copper works on Lakes Superior and Huron. One Company in the Province of (Quebec (the DeLery), have proved their good faith by embarking their own money in the concern, and liave shown their wisdom by inducing foreign capitalists to aid thent from their larger means. Their example it is to be hoped will 1)0 followed. In the Dominion we have coal, iron, copper, lead, plumbago, &c.. en()ugh to enrich ourselves and those from abroad who may join with us in disintcr-ing them. By developing the minerid resources, the aiiricultural cai?;djililics of the country will in due conrs<' be bix)ught out, manufactures and commerce will spring up, so that what is now l)ut an inconceivable vast wildcM-- ness, will in time becomt? the scene of busy industry, and the home of a numerous and thriving population. liOl.It. There is a large auriferous tract of country in the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, though, in the opinion of Sir William Logan, " it will not l)e found in suflicient quantities to repay any but skilled labourers." To a country possessed of many natural advantages, and so many elements of material jirosperity, it is no'.; in the opinion of judicious men, desirable that gold should be found in such quantities as to create a rush to the diggings, and G;J )r()cl(i(lnc, )iif a iiiytli. ilh ininiiiy^ linij;' shares ail, whose )nr Jianks sulTk'iiMit lu country, cxislfmc'c : cm, which Foreiyf) ic country, ill Ontario, B (ixtensivc ompany in Ihcir i?oo(l and have o aid then I ped will be ippcr, lead. rom abroad -doping th:> ountry will nncrce will 'ast wihlcr- y, and the 'rovinces ol am Logan, ay any bnt ny natural ty, it is not should be s. and 'S^^g thus intcrfero with llic pursuits of legitimate ind>istry, and ll,< development of the loss attractive but perhajjs more permancntlv enduring sources of wealth. Tnder i!ie mining laws- of these two provinces, for the precious metals, three gold mining districts have been erected; — theChaudiore division, south of Quebec, tlie St. Francis division, near Sherbrooke, and tiie Belleville or Quinie division including the new discoveries at Madoc, Tudor, &e. No person is allowed to mine without a license, cither a (.'rowii r.ands gold licence for unsohl Crown lands, fee %2 ])er inontli. or a private land gold license for private lands, fee >«,| per month, the miner first ojjtaining the consent of the proj)rietor. Under the Crown l/uids license, claims mny be worketi as follow : Allftvial Blines^ on ;i river or large creek, 20 feel front by 50 lect from the water's edge ; on a small creek, IC by 50 feel from the centre of the stream ; in a gully, ()0 feet aloni; the same, and from hill to hill : on surface or hill-side 60 feet scpiare. In case of tunnelling, the inspector may grant a larger claim, or determine the size and place of claims in beds of rivers. Quartz Mines^ — to each miner 100 feet along the lead, by lOd lect on (uich side ; for companies 25 feet additional idong the lead lor every additional miner, but not to (>xceed 500 feet altogether. (^uartz-cntsliing Machines must be licensed; imf^t kcej) books and furnish rctiu-ns ; license fee $5 ])er month. The principal regulations are, that all licensees shall make returns of their prn- c^eedings, and that the discoverer of a gold fiehl is entitled to ;i free license for one your. The operations in gold mining in the Province of Quebec have hitherto bei'U princi|jally carried on in the Chaudiere division, in alluvial diggings on the river Gilbert, jn the seigniory of Uigaud-\'audreuil (Dcl.cry.) Quartz mining, however, is now attracting attention there, and a number of coii> ])anies have been formed for ])rosecuting that branch of mining. Mr. Michel says in his report (1866) to the Geological Survey, " the search after alluvial gold has been abandoned during the past year, while the discovery and the jiros|)ective woriving o! veins of auriferous quart/ now engage the attention of tiiose interested in the Chaudiere region." The greatest quantity (A alluvial gold, and the largest mas.ses of the metal are found l)o!li at the rich deposit on the Gilbert, and in the Chaudiere at the 64 (oiiii known ;is ilic J)cvil'.s rii|)i(l<. The vivur Guillauiiie oi- Do.- Chiiitcs, has iilsio nt dHlcrciit .'.inrs yielded golil lliongh most of the workings liavc been ahantloned. The disliiel drained by the waters of die Famint; an»l DiiF.oiii), with its tributaries, Iiold the [ueeioiis uieials, though lew imporlant mining operations have as \('t l)een undertake*! there. In the St. Fraiu'is (Ii\ isioii, although the alluvial dei)osits are aariternus, ilic prcM-ioiis niL'tal in theni is in loo small a quantity In warrant workiuiif. Kxceplionally rich deposits, which are Ii'UihI in all alluvial gold regiiais, may, however, of eourso be met >.vitli. KemarkabU* results ar*' said to have been obtained from the Ascot (Jold jNIines, belonging to an American Co. A notice in the Slierl)rooke d'azrllc iA' November 18th, 18()6, asserts that, ironi October 2(>tli to November J4th there w(M'e extracted from This mine by a5.j hoiu's of labour an amount of gold equal to . >ff09G — corresponding to*)l.iSI per hour for eac-h labourer. Tiie "■|)or1 of another American gold mining comjjany, known as the •• liolconda," as>erts that the (iiuu'tz and slates fomid on their lots in Ascot, traversed by (iiass Island Hrook, contain, according to |)ublished assays, an average of $153 in gold, and f^H .53 in silver U) the ton. In the townshij) ol Wobnrn, county of Beauee, on the .\rnold river, specimens of free gold have been found. Mr. Pope, "f Lingwick, has been (piietly working for several years on this i;v(>i, panning, sluicing and getting out ore to be tested. In a vein 'tf gold he iias recently struck, specimens taken out ten feet below the surface, have assayed at the rate of !ff,::200 silver and «.SG of gold to the ton. Mr. Michel closes his report on the ;iliuvial diggings of this district by saying, " that the present tendency tc» neglect and depreciate them, while attention is turned to lie search for mines of gold-1 'urin., jUart/, seems most unwise. The working of alluvial "■< 1 '^ecu'ssitates the employment of much less capital, is m(n-e e; .d less lui' rtain than quartz mining, ■ aid consequently in a. <'spec' best adapted to the means of Canadian companies." In i)oth the Chandiere and St. Francis distri ,s, gold-bearing quart/ veins have been discovered of snOicient richness to pay a .cry handsome profit uj)on the cost of crushing and separating ^!iem ; for which purpose a number of mills have been erected ■ i ! i a o d t! O ;iii(l Others iirr now in pRu-oss of coiisU'iiction. The principal bant.U <»r veins of «|U!irlz arc mol with near Sherhrooke, St. Giles, Vau- (Irenil, J/niiere, Orford, ice. In Vandreuil an a>say of <|nari/C taken upon lot H.J of ran-j^c I, at a depth of 1(» ieet gave at the rate of f|37 of gold to the ton. This assay svas made in Boston, hui another made on the spot l)y a Mr. Colvin, gave <,\iHi to the ton. Another vein running through lot 21 of the concx'ssion of S:. Charles yielded in an assay made at Toronto $13G, and in one on the 8pol by Mr. Colvin ^54 to the ton ; while the ccrtilied ass;a\ made by Dr. llayes, of Boston, gave !^77.5G in gold and $2.55 o! silver to the ton. This was from specimens taken at 18 feet doeji. The British American Land Company hold lots in the township of Orford, in the basin of the St. Francis, which furnish froiii numerous assays made of their quartz and taleose slates, a mean result of $15.j of gold to the ton. In the report of the Parlianu'i;- tary Commission on the Canadian (iold Fields for 1805, the ])io- duetion in the Cliaudien; division is given as :t^ll(i,Ot)0 which 1> estimated to yichl four dollars per j-l^y, as the wages of every man employed. The hirgesil nugg<'ts found have bten woith aboni $300. The l)eL(.'rv Cold Mining Company c()n>i>is of a nnmijer <■( stockholders of the highest res{)cctability, in Cainida and ihc United States, witli a large realized capital and a board of J3ir<'(- tors in the cities of Quebec and New York respectively. Tlicy have made considerabhi ))rogrt^ss in working the vahiable auri- ferous lands owned by th.em with, as they declare, every |)rospect of success. Their chief reliance is on rock crushing, and they have erected an extensive mill, having thai object in view. On this head their report states : "On the 1st day of June, 18G7, at 7 o'clock in tlie morning, tin- whistle of the quartz mill sounded, and the stam))S commenceii work, which has been regularly continued 1o the present time. "During that month it was my constant ellort to procure a> many practical tests as jiossible by working mill process, of the character of quartz rock. Some half dozen lots, from three li» twenty tons (nieh, from ditlerent ledges, were crushed, and amal- gamated by the simplest j)rocess ; in every case yi(^]ding more oi' less amalgam (which I have dej)0sited in tjie Quel^ec oiiice) ami K !:' M 6G i I in sevenil instances giving evidence oi" decided value. As this IOC ic, with one exception, was taiicn from the surface, I regard tiie results as remarkable and more eneoru'aging than we had any right to expect from a trial of this nature. By this severe process (!xercised on raw material — unselected and generally intractable from the presence of sulphur, arsenic and iron in large quantities — the actual result is necessarily made as unfavora])le as })0ssible. After crushing such rocks monihs of time, and the action of the (iloments on the mass, are absolutely essential to the mechanical separation of the gold from its base associations, in the proof that we did not extract from the rocjk treated nearly all the jirecious metals it contained, one sample of the concentrated tailings, sen! to Professor A. A. Hayes of Boston, yielded gold at the rate ol d by the means j)reseribed by science and approved by prai-- tiee, for the various ))osilions in which it exists, the amount of gold ])i{)cure(l by mill process will Ix^ largely increased. In proof of this, the later assays of Professor Mayes, of rock taken out from difiereni depths on the same vein, show greatly increased richness.-' Of the existence of gold in Xew Brunswick, or of the localities \vlier(^ it does exist, very little is known. It has been icmnd in small quantities on tl;o Tobi(pie jliver, a northern tributary of th(> St, John. It is highly probable that the gold fields of the Province of Quebec, that is, the quart/ veins before alluded to, extend across the central part of Xew Brunswick, in the dir(>ction of the HayofFundy. The mining industry, however, of New Bruns- wick, is yet in its infancy, and under a new stimulus will pro- i)ably soon have greater facilities for develoj)ment than hitherto. ; (i(ilil) lli:i.l»S dl' N(»\\ SCdTIA. The gold mines of Nova Scotia are now one ol the chief sourec> of the w(!alth of v!iat Province. The earliest discovery of gold there, made known to the public, was in I8G0, near Tangier Harbour. In April, I8(i I, the Government formally look posses- i 67 sionoftlio district, and commenced laying oil mining lots, of which about 100 were soon leased. A gold commissioner was then appointed, and annual reports began to l)e issued in 1862. In ail lots a rovalty upon the gross amount of gold mined, is to be paid to the government. The Statute of Nova Scotia of" Mines and Minerals," provides that quartz (gold) mines shall be laid oH' in areas of 150 I'eet along a cpiartz lode by 250 feet across, in rectangular and xceeding 100 acres, and I'ost fiftv cents per acre, for the first ten, and twenty-five cents per acre lor ihe remainder. Bonds nuist be entered into to recompense ))rivate owners for damage done to their lands ; also, to employ at leasl one man a day iri developing the area. Quartz mills must he licensed, and keep ' oks open to Government insp(?ction, and must reserve lor Government a royalty of three per cent, of the produce of gold. From this fact, unlike other countries, reliablt information can be obtained of the Nova Seotian gold workings. The Commissioner of Mines publishes his quarterly and annual reports under the authority of Goverimient. This olficial supervi- >ion removes one of the greatest objections to the investment of capital in gold mining. It affords a solid basis on which to form a calculation as to results, and thus changes such investments from the catalogue of spec-ulations, to that of legitimate enterpri.xe. Tlie metiimorphie district of Nova Scotia, the most rugged uid uninviting portion of its surface, has become, hy Ihe discovery of its hidden treasures, one of its richest sections. All along the Eastern coast line for 250 miles, and for a space of some 30 mih's inland, gold-bearing quart/ has been found. These bands, five or six in number, run nearly parallel to the Atlantic seaboard. Kach l)and consists of numerous veins, or in gold mining parlance "leads," which vary iu thickness from a fraction of an inch to ^^everal feet — of various degrees of harilness anil riehnesN, anti at various depths from the surfiice. It is only in a very lew places that the auriferous drift and decomposed rock afford alluvinl diggings ; arcl what few there are, so far as known, are not of 68 sufficient extent or richness to warrant any extensive operations. Quartz mining is the only method of making the gold fic^kls of this Province remunerative, [t is needless ior those of small means to undertake or attempt it ; but by the skilful application of means, gold in large quantities may be obtained. Situated as the gold mines ot Nova Scotia are, with excellent roads, grov/ing towns and settlements and navigable waters near them, tiieir importance cannot be too highly estimated. The princij)al mining districts for the jjrccioiis metal in this Provinc-e, are the Wavcrlcy, Stormont or Isaacs Harbour, Wine flarbour, Slicrbrooke, Tangier, Montagu, Oldham, Renfrew, Laurencetown and Luncnbnrg, though it has l)ecn discovered at sixty or seventy dilierent places in the Province ; the above? mentioned, however, are the most productive. The returns from the dill'erent mining districts, however, cannot l)e belter exom- j)lified than from the following statements ; the JlaUfax Reporter^ a reliable paper, under dale of September, 18G7, snys : '• W(? noticed a short time ago an ingot of gold l)r()Ught from the Palmerston mine, Slicrbrooke, weighing G05 oz., the ))roduct^of 32 days' labour of 23 men. We have since been shown in tji(> ojlice of Messrs. Fliise and Lowell, another ingot iVom the >ame mine, which weighs 247 oz. dwts. () grs., llio product of 30 men's labour for days. This ingot is worth about $,7,000, or an average of 'f(,22 per man for each day's work. At this ratelhe Slicrbrooke mine-; will soon rank among the most remuncralivi of the iToId jiroduchii!; (listrirfs of the irorld, rirallino- tho.)ie of California and Ansfnilia. The agent of another mine lora'ed half a uule from the "Palmerston," collected 203 oz. from the p.'ocecds of one week's crushing.'' Nothing is sn elo(iiieiit or conclusive as ligm-es, and the foiiow- ing matter clipped from a carefully compiled statistical chart ol the yield from 1SG2 to 18GG, ascertained from official recortls, gives a comprehensive view of the wealth and importance of this most important branch of industry. Let us first glance at the i)rodtiction and operations of the mine or mines of the Wine Ilarbonr district. In 18G2 it had two steam and one water mill, which betv^cen them cnislied 5,G41 lbs. of o : G9 <{uartz a day. The highest yield rame to 2 number of stamping mills engaged in (uerlayiiig Nova Scotia with a coaling of the yellow metal has steadily increased since 1862. There were then eighteen steam and twelve water mills in operation. Now 1 here are from forty to forty-live of both descrip- tions, some of which have been litted with the latest scientific improvements, and can now extracl a profit from iiiaterial hereto- fore looked uoon as profitless. Some of the mines have undoub- tedly been abandoned. Kour years ago there were 80 in opera- tion. In 1865 this number fell to 67, and last year lo 60 ; )>ul i i \ 1 I those stiJl iinclc'rllie miners' drill andj)ick havi" ijiven tin; sieadiest yield and promise to hold out for a long time to come. After this rough, and, perhaps, rather extensive (lorely quoted il to show that although Nova Scotia and I lie Canadian gold hearing group have not the world-wide reputation of New South Wales, tliey at least approach it. But on the other hand, — m draw another comparison, what does Professor Sii.mmax say : lie recently gave a deserij)tion of a visit he j)aid lo the Grass Valley mining district in California, "■ the most prosperous auriferous locality ill that State," and even there the yield only aimmnted to an average of «,;30 a ton — quart/ being, of course, the matrix alluded to The veins in some places are encased in a hard motamorphic rock, and very narrow, involving an expense of from $20 to $26 a ton ; and, nevertheless, these mines, although from ten to fifty per cent. ')f gold is lost in the working, are said, on Sim.iman's authority, lo be enormously profitable to tlieir owners. The Nova Scotia average for the four years w(; liave ([uoteil is about '^16 a ton, and when the high rale of wages and material prevalent in California is considered, it compares favou- rably with the yield from the best anriferous locality of the ••' Cold en State." The cost of raising and cnishing the (juart/ varies under the particular circumstances of each mine, but does not certainly exceed £2. 12.0 per ton, whih; the average yield last year was JJiS.S.O. Many mines however yielded considerably al)ove this average. All the operations both of mining and crushing liave lieen carried on hitherto without dillieullv throughout the witiler. r *H 7'^ The ^maJl gilt pyrainitl and llie tow, ihoui^li rich .-specimens c'.' auriforous quartz sent to tlie Paris Exhibition, atlracic;! consider- able attention 1o the capabilities of Nova Scotia as a gold producing country. Gdi.I) IMHMiS oK >r \l»nC. In tlic Pi'()\Jiico of Ontario, hir^e aiii'iferous deposits have within ihe last two y(>ars liecn discovered at IMadoc near IJelleville, in 1 hi- County of HasiiL'gs, ;ind tiiouii;h (as for some time after tlie rc[)orted discovery, v(My little was done in the way of extracting the precious metal) the gold liclds of Madoc w^cre reasonably miough looked upon as asaare and trap to the unwary, yetenougli has now been ascertained respecting their probable yield, when proper appliances are brought to bear, to establish tlieir reputation. At the llrsl intf^liigcnce of gold discovery in Madoc tliere was a rush oj' miners. >.) called, who expected to aiuass colossal fortunes at alluvial diijgings. Kveiy little, creek was lillcd with gold liiuiters, eaiiTTiy wa>liing for invisi])le gold, but without success, and it is nov. apparent that the only way in which the mineral ean be i;iadc to pay in this district is by inining and crushing. Embryo towns have sprung up in anticipation of the future, and the uvo new villages at the mines rejoicing respectively in the names of lj)per and Lower EI(iovach», are thriving rapidly. Tlie Richardson iuine was the <\)i)\ \\-|i"re die gold in this section was first discov- <'re(l ; l)ni from a hiw suit ^\■hi(dl the purchasers of it became involved in, it remain. ^1 in sfnlu (//lo for some time. It is now, howeverj beiii^' worked ; the shall is about 15 feet deep, and specks of gold in the solid rock at that depth are plainly visible. An assay ()l([nart/: from this mine yi(dded an average of $138 to tlic^ ion. This is a prodigious yield and there is probably no mine in Australia ut)w yiidding a! this rate. The Eldorado mine? which joins d;e K'chiir.lson yi(dd(Ml an assay ol" ,'4,53.88 per ton. From su'di results as diis at a commenctnuent the mind can scarce^.y realize the inmuMise wealth to l)e obtained when the works L'o into full operation. The crushing mill erected l)y the owners of the Richardsoi none is a structure of stone, three stories hiarli. ( .J incini'' irc('!v sitnatod at llic bottom oi the iiill on wliicti the shall issunlv. It is said to 1)0 able at its utmost capacity to crush 50 tons of stone ore in a day. Suppose each ton to yield $50 oi'gold, we see a profit of $2500 per day, — and if the product were but half that amount, the profits would then be enormous. Adjoining the Richardson mine there are nine shafts all ina row, containing a great variety of ([uartz and sulphates. The Old Moore shaft presents a curious specimen, in the shape of large masses of glittering bisulphate of iron, red cinders and burnt quartz, looking as if it had come out of a furnace within the last few vears, instead of the earth's hiboratorv thousands of years a^^o. The Kotainiev luines, on liic same ridge, have had some rock letted, whicli resuhed in a yield of $12.50 (gold and silver) per ton. TheMadoc CJold Mining Com- pan\ of Toron1(^, have had a (piantily of rock tested which yieldrMJ S12.G6 per ton. The Royal Canadian, Excelsior, Brantford, Gode- rich and Wilcox mines, all allonl about the same show. The BcIIe- Aiile Company are sinking a sliaft a short distance from the Richardson Mine, where on(> nngijet lias been found worth ($16, and from one pan r of sand from a pocket recently discovered, three ounces of gold Axcre obtained. One ton of ore from the Toronto Madoc Company's Mine, located in the same vicinity, yielded, bv same i^roccss, $22 gold per ton of 2,000 lbs. One ton of ore from Marble Mine, located S. E. of Madoc Vil- lage, yielded $6.-10 gold per Ion. The actual yield of this ore was. doubtl(!Ss, lessened by subjecting the ore (broken np in I'ragments) to a stivere roasting process for leu hours, thus relieving the entire suriace of a large amount of the auriferous sulphurets. A more satisfactory lest of this ore is to be made, when the ore will be manipulated as il comes from the mine. One ton of ore from the Emjure Mine, located immediately in rear of Madt)e Flouring Mills, yielded f,34.76 gold |)er ton ot 2,000 lbs. In addition to the exircMiie richness of this ore for gold, it is hitrhlv cupriferous, and will vield iiandsoiue results in CO ppei ipri The "old extracted from lliis ore by Mi-ssrs. Daniel:- Scott ami Taylor, exceeds the average ol' nmnerous difli^rcnit fire assays, showing that nearly SO per cent of the precious metal has been secured. A portion of tin' tailings of this ore was taken from w 11 71 the liniil .sluice pit aiul rodiiced to fire assay. Tlie rosnlt inerelv showed a perceptible trace ot" gold remainiiii;, and that is doubl- l(\ss chemically combined Avilli the copper sniphurets, and docs not exist in a metallic state. The opening results must be surely satisfactory to the cnter- prizing public as presenting a line field for investment, and all that is necessary for tin; securing ol' remunerative returns for risk of investment is the exercise of caution and judgment. The Cariboo and Ballarat mines both promise well ; in the latter about 15 feet from the surface is a natural crevice or tunnel, which has been explored 150 feet without finding any terminus. Various eminent geologists who have visited the diflerent mines, have all pro- nounced in favour of the prosecution of crushing, and Dr. Otway, who has visited the leading mines of California and Australia, and whose authority is of no small weight in the mining world, expresses himself with saying that "the; capital expended upon its development will bo amply repaid." Messrs. Tavlor and Scott, have erected works in Eldorado vii- lage for the i)ur!)ose of crushing and amalgamation, and are about applying a remedy which they have discovered for neutralizing the effect of the sulphur on the mercury us' d in tlie process, which in this section of the country especially, from the accompanying formation, has been a greater drawback than in the other gold fields of this continent. As a general rule, :>;ilver is found in much larger (juantities than gold, but a (piartz crushing macliinc which was in operation at Lower Eldorado, only succeed* d in extracting some of the gold and none of the silver. This, how- ever, w-ill now b(^ altered, antlarrangemetits are being made for the erection of other crushing mills at different shafts. There are now no less than 270 shafts in Madoc Township alone, and over 500 in the mining district. Ca])ital is much needed among the miners, and with, ordinary caution rniffht be laid out to advantage. The Americans with tlH'ir usual alacrity, are doing much n)ore than the Canadians towards opening uj) this Held Ol" speculation, and there is ii vjist field before them, of which in a lev year s, M; idoc will only be a suud »<'c1ion. Tl ic search for gold in the district — by no means the most oayins mi ';il to doe.- to work — is already leading to many valuiibl*' discoveries, >.iicli a> iron — copjjer, — plumbago, — soapstone, — and argentlferons galena. The Madoc gold fields are easy of access, and persons wishing to become interested can easily satisfy themselves by a personal visit to the mining regions, and observe the operations of the dil- fercni crushers in operation. Many perstins have visited JNIador with the view of securing the minciral lands for speculative pur- jjoses ; fai'' ig in this, they have ultempted by misrepresentation?' to denoui '• ' gold fields as a humbug; but hanpily all tlios'' attempts intended for the ()bstrnetit)n of the enterprise are now |)ractically disproved. Others of exalted scientific attainments and high standing, have contributed opinions adverse to the suc- cess of gold mining ; they nuist also retract, although in stroui^ opposition to established theories. The following extract from the Belleville Intelligencer, speaks for itself on this head : '• A letter has been I'Ot'eived liy the jiiKpiii'tois of the Kinpire Mine Irom T. Storry Ilimt. the; well-known ,i:eolouiii the ettlirts ol' those capitalists to whosi; t<'l foi what developments hav(> alnnidy been matle. and it is gratityini: m know that li'- at length has been convinced that gold and >ilver does abound in tlie [Madi^K- region. The result of his assay is in the liighest degrc^i' >alisfaetoi'y. and will have the etiect of .stimnlating enterprise in the Muiing !)istriet ,0()(l lbs. (iold, 4;t oz •!^'M\ 41) Silver. ."iT l-Ct o/ T-! 74 8170 L'O '' By Crtishing and washing .'i.l poiiu'ls of an aviM'age samjile. ilieicweir ol)tjiined lo per cent of rich ore, still hnlding oiie-f 7(.' .T^; It'll' :io •'This, it should b(^ undi'rstood, lefcis to the ton <)f only can unfold its hidden wealth. a It m W Ul.VMI!. But lillle has been done liithertoiii the discovery of silver in any part of the l)omini<3n. The Northern shore of J^ake Superior is said to ])e rich in silver in certain localities, particularly the island of St. Ignace, Black Bay., Thunder Cajie, Pic Islands, and the vicinity of Princes Bay. In the interior of Michipicoten island silver veins have been found, it is said of great value at the British and North Am'.'rican Company's works, in the ([uartz, althougli ilie veins arc as yet but partially opened. The vein in which sil- ver exists at Thunder Bay, is composed principally of quartz and / / a kind oi" black ^latc, richly iinj)roilre;r and galena It is 24 feet wide, and has been found already cxtcndinj; over four miles. A large niimln^r of Cornish miner;* are employed by Mes Creek on the bay, and a stami)ing mill with all the necessary ma- chinery for reducing the ore on the spot will go into oi)erat ion very shortly. As a proof that the Americans are fully alive to the value of these ores, there is not a mining interest on the south shore o] the Lake, but \\ liat has its representative looking out for locatiini- in this district. There is also a peicenlage of silv(;r obtained or at least obtain- able from the difierent copper and lead mines; little attention however has been paid to the yield of "Iver, and no satisfactory statement can be made with regard to its quantity. Recently :-■ valuable and well-defined silver vein was struck at a depth oi 135 feet on the Suflield Gold and Copper .Alining Company's jjio- perty in the Eastern Townships of Quebec, running close to tlie side of the co])per vein. Small amounts of native silver as wi.-H as ffold had been found from the commencement of the sinking o( the shaft. Assays of the ore from the vein discovered, were made at the U. S. Assay OHice by Professor Torrey, and also by Pro- fessor Brush of Yale College, giving from average samples of on: (not picked) a result of from §,7.3 to «slGO per ton of silver. Picked samples yielded at the rate of *,8000 of silver to the ton of ore ! Drifts are already driven, and vigorously worked on both sides of the veins. The ore is of a very peculiar kind. Snlphurets o' iron and copper, copper pyrites, together with sulphuret of silver with frequent threads and leaves of native silver beautifully cr;. >- lallized in albite, are intimately mingled together, forming an or until now only known to exist in Mexico. Argentiferous galcn:) has been discovered in the search for gold in Madoc, Ontario, ex- tending north into the townships of Galway and Denbigh, and tln' galena of Buckingham is ascertained to be argentiferous, thougl: to what extent, is not stated. I fS (■(•PlMlli. T If ' Copper unclouhtudly con^ititiitt's oncolllie most important ol the niinoral treasures of the New Dominion, anti is tiestined tc) occupy a very important ranU among its resources. The ores ot eoppcr are distributed over vast tracts of eoiiritry on tlie north "horcs of Lakes Superior and Huron', in Central Canachi, and in i!ie Eastern Townships of Quel)i'e. In \ova Scotia the works of Tlie "' Cheticamp and Annapolis" (Copper Companies were carried i»n in a smaU way in ISG.j, hut the Commissioner of Mines says the workings have not proved productive, nor have any good work- able h)des of Copj);'r ore been discovered in other plac(>s. It has been found in some six or seven dill'erent localities in the County (»f Pietou, l)ut not suliiciently rich to remunerate lal)ourand costs. In Xew Hrunswick traces of copper have been found, but as to its yielding remunerative results, is yet a matter I'or enquiry. The richest copper producing si-ction of the Province of Ontario, is that embraced by the Northern shores of Lakes Superior and Huron. Tlie north shore of Lake Superior especially is very rich in mineral wealth. The " Montreal Mining Company" have a mine worked to a limited extent at Mamainse Point, aliording gray sulphurct of copj)er of a rich (piruiiy. The " Quebec and Lake Suj>erior Mining Association " <'Ounnenced operations at Mica Bay, driving an adit !200 feet, sinking three shafts, on a vein said to be rich in gray sulphuret of copper, and after spend- ing ^30,000 if was discovered that the ndnes were unproduc'tive, and the works were abandoned. A number of localities have been explored and worked on jNrichipicoten Island, and the mainland northward, though they have been mostly abandon<'(l. The North- west shore up to where the bovmdary line strikes the lake, and in particular the island of St. Ignace, HIack Bay, Thunder (^aj)e. Pic, island, and vicinity of Princes Bay are all rich in copper. The many failures and subsequent abandonment of the works may be attributed to ilie want of capital, and an injudicious outlay. It has been asserted that this region c-on1ains the most extensive copper mines in the known world ; and as an example of its 1 ichness mention need only be made of the nativ«> copper 's: ■J lioiil'Jor, (liscovrri'd in ilic IxmI oI the Oiitoniiiioii Kivcr, w ci^iiiiiii .'},800 ll)s. ; — oliiiiiJiss loiiih' ii<';ir ("opjit'r ll;irl)()ur w riijfliinj^ 1,200 ll>s., ;md a boulder loiuid al Kiii^dc \{\\cy in 181(1 wcii^luni; 1,700 ll)s. Both the C.-inndiiiii and Ainciioan sidt-s of ihc f.akc iccm with ore ; and it sefMii>< as if nature iicini,' debarred, bv Company's operations are reported to be highly renuuierative. The •' Montreal Mining Company " have a number of claims in this ilistrict, foremost amongst which rank the liruce Mines \'il- lage. riere the copper (*r(! after being crushed by powerful ma- chini'rv propelled by steam is put into puddling troughs and wa>lied by water, so as to obtain abom twenty per cent of pur" copper. In this state, it is shipped to the I'nited States and Knglaiid, bringing about |,80 j)er ton. It then has to go through an extensive .snadting process in order to obtain the j)ure metal. There are ten openings or shafts in the iimuediate vicinity of the village, from which the ore is obtained in its crude state, florse power is mostly used to elevate the ore ; this mine gives employment to about 300 men. Closf? by is the Wellington mine, owned I)y the same Company, though leased and worked by an English C<^ 'ipany. This is said to be more productive than the Bruce mines, yifdding annually from 2,500 to o,000 tons of copper. The following descrijition of the Bruce Mines is takiMi iVom the Lalce Superior Journal. Ten years ago this none was opened, and large sums (ixpended for machinery, vyhich ])roved useless, but it is now under new management and promises to yield profitably. Twelve- shafts liav(.' been opened, one of which has been carried down some 330 ieet. Some of the ores are very b<'autiful to the eye, resembliny line gold. After being taken out of the shaft, they are taixcn npou a rail-track to the crushing house where they are passed between 80 i;irg(3 iron rollers, unci silted till only u line powder icmaiiis ; from liienee to tl;" "jigger Avorks,"' where ilicy ;ire sliakon in water til' much ( f the e.^rthy matter is washed awny, alter which it is piled in the yard ready for shipment, liaving rni)re the appearance ol mild than of copper. It is mostly shipped lo Swansea in Wales, for smelting. A few y.Mrs airii;i;\ ruwNsiii I's. The coj^per mines of the Ka first discovery of the mines in that section, a great rash w.'s m;ide for mining rights, companie- wer(^ formed, the majority of which undoubtedly sank a great deal more money than they could vvw make, and not being pos- sessed of sullicient ca))ital to carry on il; ; mining business pro- perly, had to yield to the j)resd by over-sanguiiK capitnlists who have embarked in such undertakings, suflicient has been develojX'd to j)rove that in several districts in this part of the country, cop|)er mining may he carried on succes^^fullv on a large scnle. The Acton Mine, in liagoi County, w here the facilifi.s for transj)ortiilion wi're excellent, and whose yielil was valued at •jjjljO per ton w ilh a v.-ry Uioderate expenditure oi" capital, is now < taken away from the country to he smelted, but a new piiase has arisen in connection with this ii tcresi, and al)out six miles from I>ennoxville near the Massa- w'pjii Hiver, the Hartford INIining and Smelting Company have 81 rfccled a s|)aciou.-5 'oiiildingfor sincltiniz, with foi.i ;'!':iMai.-;':<. About 50 rods above their works an adit is being drive!) on a baiul ol' slate conluir.iiig iron pyrites, (the miners' so-eall! d nuindie) well A' the best deve- same land. The work in this none is very finely carried i>n and the outsidi' woiks, dressing, iice., descM've equal j)raise. 'Vhi' ore is of the first (juality. It is being concentrated into 40 percent iiiatts, ;it the North American CompiuiyV smelting works, iee.aled at the base of the mountain. The slag hen-, it is estimated would yield bv j)r()per treatment aboiU -10 per cent of iron in addition. The Allien mine tqjon the same veins as the (.'ap(d affords an e(jually ])romising appearance. The Huntingdon mine is even richer, yielding aboiU t<'n tons of U^ per cc^it ore per fithoni. In New Hrunswick no important copper w*)rkings are nv)W go- ing on, but the Conuuissioner of mines says Xhv-r leads have not 82 })r()V('d prodiiciisv', nor li;ive any ijood \vt)rIvaljU' lodes of Cojvpcr ore been tli^eovercd. ri.i \ii; \i,'". cuApiUTi: m: I'.i, U'k i.i-; \\>. Altlioviirli noi ;t iiielal, plumhai^o possesses and imparts a bri^liT metallic Inslre, and lias derived its name trom its apparent reserahlaiiee to lead (plonii)). Mixed w itli oil, as a. l)!a(dv j>:iiiit. it exerts an extraordinary preservative inlluenv'^e on holli wodd^ and metals, ireii vessels in the United Slates .Vavy, alter beini; covered \vit!i tliis paint, l:ave sailed round tiie \\()rld withou; any corrosi'.jn ol'ilie iron b\ tiie salt water taking place ; whih; wnod covered with it becomes nearly ;ts dru'ablc as^ iron. Founders use plumbago dust to lace the inside of their Miordds bid'ore cast- ing, and as a eonscciiience, their work comes out i)cautiruliy sniDotl: and bright, in^lcail of retpdring the i'ormer chipping and scraping. One manui"actur<"r ol' car Avheels c'liiriatcs his saving by using the plumbago lacing at lil'ty cents dte v'ar wdieeL It is used largely to counteract friction in the mo\eme!i!s ol" machinery. Experience Inis proved thai where the ordiniuy oils have lieen insnllicient to ))rev(Mit heating from the motion ofshariing or other inachinery, the additi(Mi of powdered i)lmiibagc) will infalli(>ly accomplish the object. Hut of all its use< tin; chief rank mii^t be iriven to the manufacture of crucil)les. At the diflerent mi!;!s in which the gold and silver coinage of the world is made, i e jire- cious metals are liised in crucibles wdiich v, itii-tand a he;:' ^-o iierce thai th(> gold and silver exposed to it are mcdted ILUe tri-r.ow. A remarki'.bh^ ))roperty of these crucibles is thai thcv aay be taken at a white heal, plunged into c:old watcn', and inmi^'dialclx heated again without cracking or undergoing any cliangtv The Uoyal arsenals, the great railway aiul other workshops, vwwi l)r*»-* and copper foundries all use them, and, as a con!?eipierw»f , tljrir inrinufactm'e is assuudng both in Fjigland and th<' I'nri^fl ^nte-N imuKMise proportions. The Haitersea Crncdbic Company, l>inilon, whoH' consmiiptiou of plumbago last y<'ar reached the ^-m/yrmou- anioi nt of four thousand Ions, have just comj)lcted ad^liTiotial work.., doubling their productive power, in the United ^^iit****, in addition to the largo e^'tablishnlcl]1s previously at work , ««^;#«ii 83 now ones liavc l;ecn ()])rneil (lurii)u- the last twelve monllis. 'llic (jiiestion iiiitviraiiy arises, where docs all the pliim[)ago eoiiie lit)ni .' llillierto the principal supplies have been obtained in the Island of (Jeyloii. From thence in ISlJt no less than 2(),(K)0 tons were exported to I'inr{»pe and the I'nited Stales. Next in rank stands Germany, iVom whence most oi" the aniorjjhous or Jion- cryslalline ])linn!)ai^o is (l(M-i\ed, tliouiih of a \ery interior quality. Th(! celebrated ("uiiibei-laiid mine, I'oriiierly almost th(> only source of supply, after havinij been worked for more than 110 yeru's, is now nearly exhausted The L'jiited Slates have durintence throughout an imniens(! extent of the Laurentian Rocks, is coutdnsivcly estab- lished. In souK^ ))laces it is found pure in vi-ins and ma^"ses- -at others disseminated through tli( rocks. Iti th'' county of Ottawa, !*r(j\ini-e of (^i;cbcc, graphite' occurs iu a great luimber of localilies, especiaily in the townsliij>s of FiOchabcr, Bf^diinghaui and Templeton. In the lir>1 of the>c die l^ochabcr I'Inmbago Company, who lia\i' xu-med the uuiiiii:,'^ rights over several localities, ha\(' erected a mill, driven by water [)owerontlie l)!ai;'lii', for the purpo-^e of eru-hing the ore, and sep:"aling the graphit ' Irom impurities, 'I'lie mill is supplie(' wi fi 'iglit stamp heads, ;md four circular bu(ldle> ; additional cru-'img power and more I )udd I c-^ are now being put in. The crude ore 1-* iMainped line in wat<'r, and then put lhrout>li the buddh's. by wdii' h the graphitt^ and the uiincrals as>ociated witli it are H««»^>ara!ed iVom one another according to their specilie gra\ itics, in rini,'s around the centre of the buddies. 'I'he graphite being ifie lightest of the luinernls, gradually reaches the outer ring, w Idle the heavier stonv matter remains in lli<' centre. Meing thus partially cU.'aned, it is then sub)ecteil to other processes, one of which is iitj* exhibited to the public, anil the mineral is ultimat(dy coUecled T 84 ill liiK^ scales in a condition of groal purity. The operations of ilic company arc conducted undiTtlic skilful management of tlicir agent, Mr. S.T. Pcarce, and the process of purifying the graphite appears to be a complete succ(!ss. In the township of Bucking- ham a large mill has nu\\c recently \)vvu erected i)y the Canada Plumbago Company, under the superintendence of the same agent, oil a tine water {)ovver of another stream called the Little J5lanche, connecting Donaklson r.nd Twin Lakes. This mill contains sixteen stamp hc^ads and six circular buddies, and is calculated to imn out two and a half loiis of manufactured graphite per day. A valuable v(^in of this mineral is :dso being worked by the Canadian Graphite Company, of which iIk; Messrs. Pcnnock of Ottawa are the agents, a lew miles jrom the viihige of Bucking- liam, near a sheet of water known as Devine's Lake, when^ a mill is shortly to bo erected. These gentlemen, assisted by Pro- fessor Hurd, selected in the summer of 18G(» twelve hundred and fifty acres in the 7th, 8th, and 0th ranges of IJuckingham, west of IJie River du Lievre ; since Avhich time they have; expended upwards of ten thousand dollars in opening out and testing the various veins existing there, and in exposing a large lot of disse- minated ore oti their property. One vein of pure plumbago in the 7th range, ai)out8 inches in width, traceable 30 feet on the surface, i:ave after i)lastingthe most astoiiisliii'g results. It is now exj)()sed L">0 feel on the stn'facc, and a shaft sunk iO feet down has given an in(;reased width to the vein of .'I inches, and apparentlv wid( ning rapidly as the shaft proceeds. Situated on high ground, aliout i 10 feet above the plain Ie\ej, it admits of being worked without any inconvenicnc(> fiom water, giving also evciy facility for drainage* il re(piisili\ Shonid the xcin conliinu* to \\ id(Mi, a depth of a lew more I'eet will allow ia k in^junt ilie pure plumbago without tb.e displacement of adjacent rock, ihus considerably lessening the eost ol working. I'our other veins ol the pure mineral, all in near ])roximity to the hist one, are also opem'd and wil be worked forthwith. From tliest' indications it is impossible t(»(stiinate thi' unbounded wealth contained in llie bowels of the itun main in which they occur. From assaN s made in London and Glasgow !K] lo 0,^) per cs, where a year ago was, comparatively speakin::, the primitivi' forest, 'J'li(> whole range ol this Itranch oltlie Lan- rentiiuis, from Grenxille westwards, aboimd> with plumbago, and will probably ere loni; be the most produeti\e section in the world, ot this mineral. (Jraphite occurs also in \V'(Mitwortii. in Clarendon, Loughborough, the Kastein Towiisliips, and iias been found associated with magnetie iron in Hull. It oeeurs also in New Bi'imswick, though these localilics have yet scarcely been tested. Sir ^Vm. Logan says in the Report of the Geological survey for LSGG, that '■'• ttie veins of this miiuTal hitherto found in " rock's of this ('(juiitry, alihough allbrdinii^ a very pure material. *' appear It) i)e too limited and too irregular to be exclusively relied " on ibr mining piu'poses, which should I'atlier be directed to '' making available tiie large (juantities of graphite which are " disseminated in certain beils."" The maimfaciured article is worth %\0i) per ton in Kngland, and nearly iwice that auiount in the United Slates cm-rencv. COAL. That Coal docs no! oceiu' in any of ih" settled orcxploied parts of Ontario or (Quebec, may be regarded as a lully established fact ; l)ut the^e two Provinces are favourably situated in their proxi- piiiaii 8G inlly at all points to the carboniferous regions of the United Stales, \ova vScotia and New liriinswiek, and in {ho. iUcililv of con- veyanee allorded by tlie vast hdlves, go far to com- ))ensate lor the want of Coal. Nova Scotia however in the extent of her coal measures makes up for the deficiency under which -all the Western I*rovinees of the Dominion labour. Tlie Carbonif(>rous or Coal bearini; district (•om|)rises a larqe part of the eomUies of Cmnberland, Colchester, Hants, Pictou, Sydney, Guysborouiiii and the Island of Cape I5reton. The nam(!s of the principal mines or j)its are as follows : AVjw:i, mines, Pictou, Si/dtici/ mines, C. B •,J(>fj,-^ins, Cumberland ; Lifi'j^an, C. B., Li/lh' Bras cPOr ; Great Bras il'Or ; Union mines ; (lliiC!' Bail, Big Glare Bay, Schooner Pond^ Coi'' Bay, False Bay, Lift/c liii-cr, Sea Coal Bay, North Si/dneii, Hirer llc/ierf, Jlaccan, Frastr mines, Piclou, &.e., &c. The \c'rtical thickness of the l^ie1t)U coid is ;]() feet ; l^ingan 1) feet ; Joii'irins I feet. The coal field of Sydney covers an area of JoO S(iuarc miles, and cacli s(piare mile of J t vertical f(>et of coal will yield 23,()0t),00() tons on an avei*a2:(\ — 'I'lie facilities of shipment iVom all these mines is excellent. Uespeclin:; et)al miniui^- in this Province, the Chiel' Connnis- sloncr remarks in his Hcj)orl ''that iis ij;eneral results jiave been '' no less satisfactory than thos(> of i;old minini>.'" There were at the d lie of his last report 80 collieii(>s in opeiation, some only jusl opened, l)Ul \\ iih one or two (^xcepticMis, all \\\\\\ the best of prospects. In addiiioi; to the terriloiy of the (Jenrral Miniiiii: .V--sociation, there were ;»l square miles of countrv under coal mining leases, and l,nj() stpiare mile^- under license to explore. The total amoiuit ol tons ot ct)al raiseil in 1S(!5, \\ as (15 1 .'i.'iO, which ti'kiuy the valiK- o| (•o;d at the pit*- Juonlh to l)e onl\ 'fiiJjdO per toil would make- ili<' product o\ that year represeiU a \alue of \\r irly ^2,00U,()()tL Doubtless when the IiUercolonial llailroad shall have; b(>eji con pleted, lh(.> demand lor i',oal from this source of supply A\ill be more than doubled, l)oih for manufacturing and for railway i Sv j')Hrposes ; and it was sngge.slt'd as onr of llic pi-iiicij)al inducc- iiifiits l\)i' (ircai I5ii:;iia. not lo sever llic conucclioii willi any of ilicst^ Provinces aixi more especially Nova, Seolia, before the consuraraalion ol Confederalion, llial if the liiii(> siiould ever (•OUK5 when, from llie increase of Eni>lisj) nianuI'LU'tnre and the consumption conr^tHpient on it, the British coal lields should become exhausted, ihcre might not be wanting an art'a of inex- hau-tible extent to iall hack upon on British soil. Snpj)osing in the course of human cvcnfs such an occurrence !o lake phice, Nova Scotia from lier maritime position, and the richness of her eiKiI veins, would usurj) liie manufacluring murkcN of the world. It is j)robal)]e tliwt \o\a Scotia, in ])roporlion io its exlenl, stands unrivalled in the productive^ cai)abilities of iis eoai Jiekls ; indeed the coal lields of Caj)e lireton would aj)|)enr to Ijc almost inexhaustible, rmd nature ailbrdt: every I'acility ibr working them U) advantaije. These d(M)osits c-an scarcely f;e loo hii^^hlv esti- mated when considered in connection wiih increasing steam trafllc — transatianlii- and cc/l(;nial. There i< a suliiciency in \o\ a Scotia to supply the whole steam navy ot Briiain Ibr many ■centuries to come, as well as to supply the deniands of die Brilish North American Colonic.^. It is a most ini])or1ant m;!]tor for Great Britain to hold on either side of Ikm' possessions in X(,nl!i America, I'oimtries pos>essing diis valuable mineral on die eoe.st ; and wh»'n the Overland Bailroad from IJalifix to I'ligeis Sound is carried out, — for carried out il must be evi UiNally, — of what material assislanc(^ ii v:\\\ be to have ai eillier termiiuis of thai mightv line of trallie. vast beds of coal in .Nt)va Scotia and A an- <'im\er's island. The importance of this will be tuor" plainly seen by glancinij at the map and drawin!j; a stri;ig!;t line from Knirhnul direei, the lead of coal deposits, ihroi;i:;li N()\;i Seolia \o \ aiieouNcrV Ubind. From the Orkneys to t!ie Cape of (lood Hope in the Kasiern IIendspher(>, England is tli-- oidy country possessing extensive coal lields adjacent to the sea loard. In the ^Vestcrn Hemisphere from the Arctii- cir<'ie lo Cape iiorn, Nova Scotia, strckddng out into the Athmtic like a huge wharf is the only country j)roducing coal on the coast, and Vancouver's Island on the Pacific shore stands out alone in her future great- n( 's^ from the sam<' cause. 'Jd;at the fvastern and WCslern portals 88 of Bvitisili Aincric.ii >>Iiould hr so favoured l)v nature, .'ui^jins wclf for the New Dominion whic'li, possessing a vast li-.u't of magni- ficent agricultural country between these extreme limits, only requires an energetic, self-reliant people to raise it to a high posi- tion among nations. Every barrel of ilour used in the West [ndies should come from Western (,'anada to Nova Scotia, llie Canadian ship returning from thence with a cargo of coal and West Indian produce, while the ilour covdd be iorwarded from Halifax with other articles to its destination, the Halifax mercliant procuring West Indian produce* in return. 'Hiis is a natural and prolila])le elinnnel of trade, which if developed and opimcd up., must become an important outlet for our respeclive staples. That the coal trade of Mova Scotia will b(' \r\'y hirge unless it is paraly;^ed by for<>igu legislation and domestic diirerenceg, is perfectly clear, in a few years not less than 2,000,000 tons will bij lequired lor (lo!;iesiic purposes alone in British America, for even in t!ie mild climate of Britain, a ton per head is consumed for hoiiselu)l(l ])nrposes, and our long winters will render at lea^l three times as much necessary. Evt.'U in Toronto, wood is becoming so scarce that coal is used for household purposes. At presiuit the mines of Nova Seotia are gradu.ally passing into he hands of il!(* Americans, there being mor(> Nova Scotia coal stock owned in New ^'ork and l:?oston, than in the whole Pro- vince itx'ir. English ea])il;disls willgo to Mexico, South America, &c., to iisk their money in mines that at the best are but a lottery, while a Province, ihe nearest part of America to England, Mith excellent harbours, a healthy climate, and unlimited mines of of co;d is h^fl neglected to become the proj^aly of American capitalists I hi a material ])oint of \ iew it matters iittie whence capital comes, so long as the mines are opened up. BiU as the- Americans are daily becoming the ov^ners of llic coal lields, the political etl'ect must in time be appait^nt. Then* an* mines in the Pictou coal mc^asuves, one in j^articnlny called the Eraser mine, where " oil coal" in lound — a hitnmiaoiis mulereiay, aflordin;? (f.) gallons of crude oil per ton. \i\ tb.e l^rovince of New Brunswick' coal is known to exi?t in up vards of iifty places, but little lias be(}n done in the mining ol it, the ]")rincipal itart oi'the coal used in the cormlry being, strange 80 I to s;iy, importod iVoiu Nova Si-olin, so ilial ill-,' coiiiniercial valii" of the Now Brunswick coal iicld i^ hut parlially Ivnowii as yet . It is supposed 1o cover over one third of the area of the Province. Ill Albert eorinlv lliere is a deposit of hiirhly bitimiiiioiis eoa! said to be the most valiial)l(> on this CoiitiiKMit. This mine is situated in the parisii of riillsl)or<)nirh, Albert County. There lia- l)een considerable diJliTence of opinion anioni^ scirntilic men as to wheth(n- the material raised from this seam or vein is a iruf* coal, t)r an asj)halt or solidilied oil. For commereiiil men, t!ie term " Asphaltic Conl," ai)|)licd to it shortly alter its discovery, appears to have mon' sit;niiieation than the term •■• Albertil' ." 'Axon it bv st;ientilie men, as it is apiilii'd in tli" same mannei as coal for lilt; jmrpose of i;as and oil lual^ln-, v«liil(^ it has none ot the properties of the asphalt of comnjcrcc, to make it a siil)st;tn'i for that mitieral. it \vas iirsi discovered IMi), and \va- worked with iiut little success !or six or seven y<'ars. owini,^ to u Ion" and exnensive la\v-siiil connected w itli it, the want ot min;n>;. experience brouiiht to bear o\i il, and the value ot tiie material not bcini^suliiciently nnderstood. Since iSoT the mine has hi'cu doing a irood business, vieldini-: from lo,t)iU) to ^(MWO tons annually. The price of the coal lor st^veral years was slT) per ton, delivered at the shipj)ini>- wharl' ; but. lor the last two or three years it hrr-. rani^ed only from !f;})io|ll per ton. The dividends when the price of coal was liiirh, w(M-e 11.') per ceul ; in ]^i'>') al»oiil .Jl ]>er c(>nt. The gas made fnmi this coal is of the most i)riuiuur description. It produces about ? j,0(lO feel to the ton. 'J'lie oil made i'rom it is the best of all coal oils, and it yields about lUO gallons of crude, or 70 rectified oil per ton. The searo or vein lies about 25 or .']() degrees oil' the ix-rpemllcuhir ; tiie depth nov-, sunk is about 800 feet, and the avcraLn* thicknes-, whieii i- very irregular, is a!)out G feel. The Comi)any have three x'-r- powerful cngini^s for raising the coal, and keeping the ndnes iree iVom water. Several other Companies have been tormed, and shafts sunk in llu^ immediaU> vicinity of the iain(s, for isie purpose of (inding this coal, but ;io scaio-- of sudicient tirK-kne- (itlicr cxcrjjiions, the coal lii'ld oilliis Proviiit'i' I-- nol, so lar as tested, ol i^rcatccononiic value : the measures ;>ein^ generally tliiu and ol' an impure ((iiality. The tnines of (irantl Lake liave been worked lor thirty or forty years ; the coal is bituminous, anU most of il liiii;hly charged with sulphur. It is ■iiielly used lor blacksmith purposes. Il is found near the surface in siMins of about 20 inches thick, atid while several shafts have been sunk to a considerable de])lli, no working seams iiave as yet been found. Jl is valiieil a1 from !i|, 1 to '^5 per ton. New dep<^sits are fre(piently being discovered ; S())ne t)f which arc; far superjoi' Ml ([uality, and greater in magnilmle than those (irst worked. i,i: \i> oi; i;.\i,];\ A. The worKimi ol lead mines has not been cariied on hitherto to ;in\ extent in any pari of the New Dominion. In the county of Hastings, in the Province of Ontario, the townships of Tudor and Ivakc, says the Geological lte[)ort (ISGti), are I'ully entitled to the name of u lead-bearing region, it is only within the last four or live years that the iirst explorations for il were made by a resident (if Stirling, since whieh time it appears to have occupied more or less the lUtention ol'llie settlcM's. In Lake one lode hasbeenfound containing galena about 10 inches thick. In Tudor 12 lodes varying iVom hall an inch to live inches wich;. On one vein in this township a shaft has been sunk 37 feet, aiul some sloping done, from which ten tons ol'ii:alenaare siiidto have been extracted. Bui whether lead mining in this country will ])ay or olherwise is a mailer of uncertainty ; lar^^^e areas of th(> lode may contain no u' dena at all ; and the only way to di^esl any mining e)i1erj)ris(! of its uncertainly, in the ca-^eof an apparently good lode, is fo have ihe shafts, levels and other exploratory workings always carried fu suliiciently lar in advance ol those for the extraction of ore. In ih( Provin(re of (Quebec gidena is found in the Grenvillc band of the Ijaurentian mountains, especially in the township of Hucking- huu , where liuK^stonc* j)roducing it is intersected by veins of (>pa( ue white sidphate of barytes, a material largely used in ;ui\ing with while lead, and also in the manufacture of Dutch wlii;''. It lias also been loiiiid ia llic lowii.-liij) (»!' Ilnll. A shaft li;is hcA'n sunk on tlic \cin in JiurK'irii,diaiii, but as the whole \v«»rkings there arc in the enihryo, it is impossibh* to say wiiat the vield will be. In Nova Scotia and New Bninswick only smnll (juantities of ihis mineral ha\e been i'oiind, and there are no work in:;-- in o])era- lion. IlinN. <) I:; t(eneral terms il may if elated dialiioii tn'v i> ioiiud in great abundance and variety all tiiroii;^!! the New Dondnion ; in the Laurentian formation it occurs in such a ([iiantity .is may be con- ■libie. The ore consi>t of the magne- tic and the specular oxide, the former yielding from GO to 70 per cent ol'j)ure iron. It i> the same species, occurring in tiie same g(>oiogical forma.tion, as ilic ore ol' Swi'dcri and Norway, Irom which the celebrated Swedish iyou is ii!anul'acturct ol the localities where important di-coveiies of iron lia\cbcen made in On- tario and (-)u(d)ec are fortuiialcly situat( d on or near the banks ol navigable rivers antt canals, and the oic generally ociairs imrne- dialely at the surlace. In New Bru;;s\\ i(dc ilie prin(d|)al mining [U'tations for this metal are located on or near die St. J(jim, and in Nova Scotia ?ioo '"C v^ ^ (/. 1.0 I.I 11.25 *- IM 1112.2 1^ Ki 3m 2£ !.8 U 1 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation as WfST MAIN SVRIET WEBSTER, N.Y. I4S80 (716) 873-4S0J 92 li; ill 7< quickly devrlope iron mines cqnully as roiiiunorativc as t::i>>c on the American sliorc The (v? ionnd is principally specular, interbecUlod wilh jasper, which is so plentiful that it becomes a matter of dilliculty Id «il)tain a piece of perrcctly pure ore of a moderate size. The iron luin-'s of Manuoni and the surroundini? district have i^one through various llnctuations, and considerable experience has bc!en irained in the metallurgical trealuienl of die iron ore of those townships, especially in the smelling, which finally wa> abandoned, and ofwhieh an account will be found interesting. Some cai)ilali>ts from Clcvelan;!, United Stales, have now tak'Ui a large interest in the mines, aiiJ having amalgamated with the Cobonrg and Pcterhorou.'j;h R;iil\vav, access to the mines is now made easy. The Company arc getting out ore at from 100 to 150 tons daily. The first ai;eni|)ts ;»t smelting made at Marmora wen- so long ago, and under such diiTereiit managers, that it is a dilli- cult m;itter to obiai?i relia!)le iiilonnation regarding themr The last blast made at llie Marmora furnace, b( fore the present Com- pany look it .Ji hand, producetl (Ixc tons of iron a day, realizing a profit of about «> 1.50 per ton on pii>iron. The furnace was working: wrdl, and the yield c )ns ;mlly iicreasing, when fmuls ran t)ut and the works slopped. .\n experiment made at the iurnace in Madoc Village by M\. Seymour, i'sta!)lished the fact that smelting conkl be ejlected Vviih woo(' e(|ua!ly as w(di as idiareoal ((herel)y saving the expense aHendaut on the manufactiu'c of the latter) if a furnace were built snllieie!iil\ Iiii2h, as to allow the materials liflv hours to pe, shipped to Canada, and laid down a1 Hull, for the same cost that Avould aftciid the manul'acture of it there. In Sweden and Norway the ores ;u'(! irenera.Uy magnetic, tiie bud charcoal, the motive power water, the m(,'ans of transit and connuunication imperfect ; labour is certainly ( heaper, but th«' ores sue less ri(di. The sanu* comlitions as to on.', fuel, kc obtain in \ew York, where the smelting of iron seems to be \ery successful ; and if care betaken 93 I lo ( mploy llio saiijo !awrenee or Moisie iron, was simj)ly rolled from blooms without having been piled, and that, hatl it been rciined to tlu^ extent of the other specimens, it would j)robabIyhav(^ stood 20,000 pt)unds julditional, or 100,000 jiounds pressure to the s([uare inch. This product has been converted into beautiful spe- cimens of steel, unequalled in any country, by Messrs. Sweet, Harnes & Co., of Syracuse, New York. The company own four and a half miles inextjmt along the river, embracing many millions of tons of th(! ore. Aside from warehouses, forge, machinery, and l)oiler houses tiiey have eight fires, twn hammers of 15,000 pounds each, eaj):d)le of hammering for 8 fires, 1 trip liammer, 2 engines hi:.di pressure, J leet siioke, 3 tubular boilers, 18 feet long 4 feet diameter, and 72 tubes, G kilns holding II) cords of wood, capable of turning out over 8,000 bushels of charcoal every 15 or 20 days, also hotel, 23 tenement houses, &e. The charcoal being made of birch and resinous wood, is superior for the Juanufaelure of the i>est iron, and costs only l\\ cts. ])er bushel, and the manufacture of each ton of iron ol 2,2 U) |)ounds consumes from 200 to 250 bushels. A <'ord of wood costs, delivered, !jf)1.25 and yields 50 bushels of coal. It is the general opinion of the practical men that the mall(Nibl(! inm made from the magnetic sand ore istoovalable for ordinary pur|)oses, and that it will be brought largely int<» fcvjuisilion by mamdaeturersof the lincst steel and boiler-jjlate, and for edge tools and agricultmal ijuplernents. Messrs. Frothingham 94 ■t • & VVorkmnn, llio well Known nmniil"actnror.s of Montreal, ii;iv( made excei'dingly beaiitilal aui^cis, scythes, ax<'s, horse nails, &p., from thi-i iron. A ready iiiarl«'t should exist for it in Englamii and the United States amon2^ consiiniers who use the highest grades of iron in their mannfaelin-cs. 'J'h(.' ■Nloisie iron is worth from 70 to 75 doUars, gold, pvr ton at Quebec, and ihe duty on importation in the I nited States about oJie cent specie, per l)ound. The j)rincij)al iron mines of Quebec liowevcr arc a< Hull, n'-ai Ottawa City, wheic a j)o\verfnl joint stock company establislu'd luining and smelting worlcs, causing quite a village to spring up at once wliielj was appropriately named " Ironsides, '■ At tlie Si. Maurice Forges, near the city of Three Rivers, great (piantities of bog iron are iound, of a singvd-.irly excellent quality. These forges or foundries turn out excellent railway car wheels, and are cele- l)rated for their l)ox-stov(»s ; one of tluMU has been in 0|y.'ration over one hundred years. They were eslablishcd by the French in 1737 ; at the conciucst of the Province the right of tlu; French Kinu devolved on Ilis liritannie Majesty, and these forges have been let to private parties who have worked them very successfnlly. Radnor and L'isjet ;ire tlu; other formdries, at th(^ form(Tof wliicb ijjreat numb(>rs ol' railway wheels have be<*n cast for the Grand Trunk Railway. In \ova Scotia, iron ore is very plentiful and of g(X)d quality. It is ft)und at CJreat Village, Colchester; Moose River and Nictaux in Annapolis, and Fast River, Pictou. The varieties of iron ore arc specular, magnetic, and brown hematite. There are two or threi* foundries in An!iai)olis county : and in Londonderry on the south- ern slope of th(! Cobcfjuid moiuilains are situated the " Aeadiaii Iron and Steel (.'ompany's" works. The vein of ore here is 120 feet in breadth, producing GO per cent of the best (juality of iron. The Xictaux vein is six led thick, and of good quality. Bog iron is very abundant throughout the Province, but littli! use is made of it at present. In X(;w Brunswick, iron om of excellent quality is very abun- dant at VV^oodstoek, wliert; smelting is carried on, and where mining has been successfully carried on for a number of years. There are also many places on the River St. John, and in Uw I \ i 95 ii;iV( n.'iils, •gland igln'sl , .'var ishcd Connti(>s ol' U«'sli<^oiii-lic, \'iftovJii, and parts of Carlclon an(j >forlhniulK'rIaii(l, where iron ore ol" i^ootl (lualhy exists. TIk \v«*alth lliat ini-j^lit accrne lo \e\v JJriinswiek Ironj this a«< well a~. its other minerals is litlle <'vcn dreamed dl"; and we may Ik n quote the \vord-< of Lanman, as very appropriate : '■'■ to parlieidarize the nndevehiped wealth of this norlliern lanIt <«»AL <>[),. 'riic areas within which natural oil springs have been observed iu Ontario, besides the one found on Manitoulin Island, are four in number. Two of these arc Enniskillcu, a third in the Town- ships of Mosa and Oxford on the Thames, and a fourth on the Big Otter Creek, near Tilsonbnrg. Wells havt; been sunk in all these places, in the two former witli great success. The oil springs of Enniskillcu and on th(^ banks of th(? Thames, were known to the Itulians from a very early period, and the oil under the name of :ycNeca Oil,, was eonsitlered to j)osscss great medicinal properties, (.'itain it is, that in cases of inllamtnatory rheumatism, great relief is found from the apj)lication of coal oil. The districts yielding oil were made known ))y small quan- "ilies of petrolcmu being found lloaling upon the surface of the water, or as in Enni>killen, forming by its drying up, beds of tarrv bitumen. On sinking throuifh the clav at the latter i)lace, a bed «)r gravel isgetievally met with, from which considerable sup- j)lies of pi'troleum are obtained. These constitute what are called surface welU ; but they are h;ss productive than those which arc bored into the rock beneath, and which are denomina- led rock wells ; in some of these, wlicn first opened the petroleum has risen above the surface of tin; earth, constituting what are i;illed llowing wells. One, sunk to a depth of about 200 feet, is ^aid to have yielded when first opened, not less than 2000 barrels 97 in twenty-four honr.s, and several others gave very large quanti- ties. In many cases both oil and water (low into these wells, and the water in the deeper ones is saline. The oil wells of Ennis- killen continued to yield large supplies during the first eighteen months of their working ; but about the commencement of 1863, it was announced that the discharge from the /lowing wells had become intermittent, and finally ceased entirely ; although there arc many wells which have continued to furnish considerable quantities of oil by pumping. Some of these wells have however, it is said resumed their ilow again at intervals ; liut the experience of the oil region of Pennsylvania has shown that the supply from these flowing wells eventually fails. Contiguous wells frequently affect one another's supply. It was found that when one of the most abundant wells in Enniskillen was allowed to flow for some time, the oil disappeared from several of ihe adjoining wells. It is evident that the exhaustion of these reservoirs, is but a question of time : though it is not improbable that with the in. creased demand further supplies of this material may be found in other sections of the country. In Gaspe, oil occurs in several localities ; at one place. Silver Brook, the petroleum oozes from the sandstone, and collects in pools along the edge of the stream. Near Gasp»e Basin, it is found lloating on the wiiter, and a thick layer of petroleum is found at the depth of a foot below the surface. At Haldimandtown it oozes up through the mud on the shore, and another spring is found at Tar Point, w'hich takes its name from the abundance of petroleum, that has here hardened to the consistency of pitch. Further to the westward, it is met with at Douglastown ; yet in none of these localities do the springs yield any large quantities of oil, nor have the borings been successful. The petroleum of Western Canada has to go through a [)rocess of refinery by distillation, by which means, the denser portion is separated and employed for the purpose of lubricating machinery, (uther alone or mingled with fat, while the more volatile portion is employed for burning in lamps. The volatile oils which abound in the Enniskillen petroleum are used as a substitute for oil of turpentine, and are known commercially under \lw name of benzole, though they are really a kind of naptha. Benzole proper, G 98 is a rt'jsnlt of llio dislillalion of coal, such as is jjioduced in New Brunswick : but as petroleum and its products wore introduced as a substitute for the oils extracted from coal, \vc see how the term benzol came to be misapplied, as well as the common name coal-oil. The purification of distilled petroleum is eH'ected by treatment with strong sulphuric acid, followed by a solution of caustic soda. The process is successfully practised iu several places in Ontario, and in one or two refineries in Montreal. Tlie acid and alkalis recpiired an^ imported from England, though they might be manufactured at a cheaper rate in the Dominion. Oil IS also ohiained by distillation from a bituminous shale found in both Ontario and Quebec. In the former, near Colling- wood, a rich layer is met with, yielding oil lilted for burning, lubricating purposes, and a portion of paraline. In 1859, works were estal)lished there for obtaining the oil ; 21 cast iron retorts were set in two ranges and heated with wood ; the shale broken into small fragments, was heated for two or three hours, from S to 10 chaiges being distilled a day. In this w..y, from 30 to S6 tons of shale were distilled daily, yielding 250 gallons of crude oil. The shale ready broken costs twenty cents a ton, and the oil was stated by the manufactunTs to be worth on '.he spot 11 cents a gallon. When rectifi(?d it gave from 40 to 50 per cent of burning oil, and 20 per cent of pitch, the remainder being a heavy oil, fit for machinery. The works were several times destroyed by fire, but succeeded (!ventual!y in obtaining a ready market for their oils. They were then abandoned, on account of the competition of the petroleum of Enniskillen which was brought intothe market at a very low price, though since the reduction of the yield there, they have again gone into oj)eration. Data are wanting to show whether they are now suincicntly remunerative ; but from the ae- ces.-ible position of Collingwood and the ready means of tr.ansport aflbrded both by railway and lake, they ouglu lo be in a very favorable position. (IVPSl.M. This mineral known as sulphate of lime and under the teruj plaster, or p aster of Paris, is a production of no small account, no n New roduced low tin* m name ctod by 111 ion of PC vera I Id. The tliongli ominioii. lis shale CoUhiiif- burning, >9, works m retorts le broken from S to ro 3G Ions n'ude oil. le oil was 11 cents a »f burning avy oil, fit ed bv fire, t for tiieir ^mpetitiou the market ield there, -iiX to show om the ae- )l' transport in a vcrv and year hy year, the neecissity for il as a manure, and the value ol' its application to land, especially on wheat growing farms cropped year after vear, is being l)ctter undcM'slood among the larming popu- lation. Plaster, or gypsum, is eorujioscd di -16 parts oi sulplmri(t acid, 23 parts of lime, and 21 parts of v\ ale r, :uid farnishrs a mi'dium by which ammonia is conveyed to plains. Ii is cxlcn^sivcly distri- buted over the earth's surface, and is ihoui'lit by geologists )■) owe its existence lo the decomposition of the srdphurel of iinu in contact udth limestone, or the a-jftMicy of sul[)hureous vapor upon the roid\s. The precise action (if gyp>uiii has Jiot been (icier- mined, but il doubtless unites \n dox' :!ljinily tlie a1iiiospi;i're ;ui(i vegetable kingdom, taking iij) t!;(' nitrogrn and ammoina ;.ri(| other substances from the air, and ihe variety of salts and ac:id> held in solution, by the rain and snow. It doubtless also draw s largely from electricity and decayingvegetable and animal matter. Many question the action of plaster from the fact that, whih* wheal, rye antl oats require the larg(!st amount t)f nllrogenous liianures, gypsum has the least cHect upon thes(^ cereals, while its results have been ia\ more appreciable, and its application more freciueni on crops retpiiring less nitrogenous matter. They forget that the ;d)ov«^ mention 'd cereals draw iVom and flourish upon vegelal>le moulds to such an extent as to need l)ut li'l'e of tlu; const ituenis ol •.rypsum. It is a well establisht>d i';;ct liial on fdi lands where carbonate of lime abounds, the fiulher applicitiou ofgypsiuiiis without perceptible advantage lo the groulh of crops. Many ii"M that the principal stimul;uil alforded to plants by gypsum is •■.)n- tained in its sulphur; that uniloubledly fiuiiishes on;' of tiu' mineral elements essenlial lo animal and vegetable gr;»v\ tli. Tliis (dement is not conveyjul lo plants thnMigh the atmosjihere, \,iv. )m the soil, and ani: Is tie they derive it Iron which thev feed. A soil which contains sulphur in excess woi i< 1 er the term U account, not be benefited by gypsum, whde tne ajiplieation ol hme wouu! increase its feitility. The j)rincii)al place wdiere it is found in Ontario, is rari- County of Brant. The gypsum is there found in the valley of the Grand Kiver, and is reached by means of subterranean galleries, in which the miners, mostly Cornish men — work. To strike the s of •>-vi)sum is often a costly midertaking, for the excava- seami '; 'I )-t m ■< ■? I(X) lions required mriy oflcn be vovy cxloiir-ive, and yv\ prove nnfruit fill in their results. The ([iiality ol" plnstcr found there i?j very superior, and interspersed with it iire hitumimms shales, lithogra- phic stone, and petrifying springs. Several mills are employed in grinding e.tid preparing it for market ; it is first ealcined and then reduced to powiler. In the Province of Quebec it is not mei with to any extent. In \e\v Brunswick, however, and Nova Scotia, it is very abundant. In ilie former, the Albert Manufac- turing Company, of Hillsborough, was estul)lish<'d about 18-19, for the purpose o(" mining and manufacturing this material, which they did to a large <'xtent until the war in tlie United States, pre- vented any being sent to the South where the consumption was greatest. In 18(J5, the Company shipped to the United Slates, 1,900 tons rock gypsum, 170 tons and 480 barrels ground gypsum, and 2,7-18 barrels plaster of Paris. Total value $9,581, showing this to be a valuable article of commerce. The quantity of it es- pecially in New Hrunswiek is almost inexhaustible, and the quality of the best description. The total value of gypsum raised from Nova Scotia, in the year 1862, was !p30,425. n.\Tn liiticKs. In the county of Hruce, Ontario, about two years ago, a peculiar kind of clay was discovi-red in Kincardine and taken to Stratford. It was pronounced by an cxi)ericnced person there to be bath- brick clay, and he ])ractically ilcnionsl rated it to be so by manu- facturing a brick. A pat unsurpassed for boauly and durability, commanding a high price in the markets of the United States. The amount shipped in 18G5 was valued at $41,185. Limestone is generally in use for building jMirposes in Monlreal, and through the greater part of the Provinc«; of Quebec, imparting a substantial appearance to l)uildings con- structed out of it. Coimnon lime is largely found, as well as a material aj)plieable to the making of hydraulic lime. In the Western part of ihe Province of Ontario, wiierc building stone is not so easily obtainable, as for instance in Toronto, clay for the manufacture of l)ricks and common pottery is abmidant. Those made in Toronto especially, being of a while or cream colour, give an air of graceful elegance to the structures in which they are used. Quarries of roofing slate have been opened and are in active operation at Melbourne, Ivingsey and S!ii|)ton, in the Kastern Townships of Quebec. The slate from the ?»relbournt' works is said to bo equal to any Welsh production, and is coming into extensive use, it being easy of access by railway to]Monlreal. Slate quarries arc also working at Halifax and Framptoii, in the sauK^ district ; but this is eotnparativcly a new branch of trade, what few roofing slate have been used hitherto, having been im- ported. Flagstones are found in plentiful abundance. Sand- stones suitable^ for grindstones, though not of the v(>ry best (quality, are found among the Potsdam sandstones, and in some portion of Gaspe. At Shediac, a c onsiderable business is done in grind- stones, 42,47G having been made there in 183G. Materials appli- (^able for tlie making of whetstones and hones are freely found, and material adapted for millstones is to be found among the gra- nitic boulders met with here and there throughout the countrv. Marble of various qualities is found in many localities and of varied characters, white, black, brown, gray, motlcd, variegated, spotted, green and verd anticiue. The white marble of Marmora, in Ontario, is said to be eipial to that of Carrara, in Italy. Enor- mous rocks of while marble form 'he base of the mountains on t!u^ Upper Ottawa after passing Arnprior. Serpentine suitable lor ornamental purposes, is found running through the Eastern Town- ships and in Leeds. Lithographic stone of good quality is found in Marmora and Rama, in Ontario. ^Materials for glass making 1(2 ;ire found, viz., while (juavtz and silicioiis sandstone, and basalt for black glass. Iron oclin; Tor the manufacture of yellow ochn* and Spanish brown, and laleosc^ slate adaptt^l %> the making of French while, are found in various localities. On the shores of F/ikcs Superior, Huron, and Simcoe, agates, jaspers, amethysts and o'du'r stones adapted for jewelry are abundant. I'KAT. It seems to have hct'n :i M'isc provision of naliue, that in a eoiujtry constituded \\\uld Iw iibundant, of an excellent (padity for fuel, and accessible lo existing routes of transportation; and ihat the peal eontaini'd in thesr (!xtensiv(^ de- posits can be reduced in hulk, increased in liensity, and put into good merchantible form, available for transportation and for use as fuel, either for domestic oi manufacturing purposes, is now an established fact. Peat is a natural accimmlatioii of vegetable matter varying in age from last years growth to that which was formed several thou- sand years ago. It is forming in all marshes by the annual decay of aquatic vegetation, and is (.'ucroaching upon shallow lakes by a similar j)roeess. litMng light ..ad spongy lully half its bulk is composed of water, and this retentive quality enables a rank ve- getation to (lourisli wherever peat is found. Mr. .Tames Hodges of Montreal, the (uninent English engineer. Id whos(^ ability ;md skill the world is indebted for the Victoria liridge which spans the St. Lawrence, has done more than any other man to develop liie v/ealth of t!ie Dominion Iving buried and I *• ivy n>eless in the swamps, 'riic rapiil advance in the cost of i'uel, and the annually diminishi'iij: supply having created an ahum in the iiiinds of Railroad uica. he conceived the idea of a peat manufac- tory, and machinery for excavating, ]>ulping, condensing and par- tially drying the material, till it couhl be handled and carried tea store house where the curing could be finished r(>ady for market. 103 fisalt chrr ig of 'S ol" Xuinorous ox|)('riments liiive been innde willi this piopurcd peal, as a fuel for hKomotivcs on the (irand Trunk Kailway, and with signal suc'(!('ss. Thf (tonsmnption of pi'at t'Dnlaining 2') per cent of AvaUir was found Id b^' aboU 70 lbs p(!r mile with heavy fn-ighl trains, and with ii^liter passenger trains It lbs. per inih', or more than 60 miles lor a Ion of peat; whii<' the average distance with a <-ord of mixed wood weighing nearly two tons was determined by a year's working, but 10 miless. During the expi-riment fuel was put on in smal' (piantities, nt> smoke issued from the staek, a steady brillian. white (ire was kept np, and steam generated with great rapidity. .NOt an atom of ash or cinder was left in the smoke- l)OX, ash-pan, or upon tin? w ire gaii/e of the sparkeatchcr, thus removing all danger of firt; from fallin; -])arks during the drought of summer through dry pine busii or prairie meatlow. For a dis- tance of many miles duringthis e eriirii nt, th" pressure of steam (Vul not vary. It was estimated by the ('xperimenters that with this fuel the erst of oat. At one end of the scow is placed a pair of large screw augers, eleven feet in diameter, which are j)rovided with shafting and gearing, the machinery being run by a twenty-five horscvpower engine. The screw-augers bore out the peat and bring it into the barge, and the scow being madc^ to move onwards as the boring proceeds, a canal 19 feet wide and from 4 to G feet decj) is formed in which the scow floats, the water from the adjacent peat «lrainintr lOG into il and filling tliu canal as last as it is made; llie usual speed of the scow is 15 leet an hour. The peat wdien cut out or exca- vated by the serews is delivered into a hopper by means of an (levator, two men taking from llu; elevator as it moves along, the larger roots which are broiiglit up from the bed of the bog. It then passes tlnongli machinery Avhich removes all the smaller sticks und rcwts, and reduces the peat to soft pulp. It then Hows into a long spout, which extends from the side of the scow, and the action of the scow j)ropeller forces the pulp through this spout, water being added if its consistency is of insuflicient thinness to allow it to drop from the holes in the spout upon the meadow land bMicatli. The land upon which it drops recpiircs but little prepara- tion, the natural growth when cut with a scythe forming a soft bed of moss which aids in the drainage of the liquid pc>at. As it falls the jmlp is spread out by men into slabs nine inches in thicdvness, and if the weather is favourable in a couple of days il can be marked out with knives six inchc' apart, and a lew more days enable a man with the aid of Ixiards, to walk upon il and mark it with cuts 18 inches apart ; so when the crop is ready it is sepa- rated with a broad spad" and piled up in bricks 18 inches long by () inches wide. These arc piled up and when dry enough are r.'ady for market. 'I'he time re(|uired for the drying of the jx^at bricks depend nmeh upon the weather ; but if the pulp bed when airst spread out, has a thickness of no more than J) inches, which if should never exceed, two weeks will be suliicicnt to harden it (or the process o( J'oothii^. This is done by one man and three l)oys working tog'ther — the men using a suitable tool, separates the l)ricks, which the \mys f'oof, or place in groups of live, — four on their ends, inclining to each other, the fifth balanced horizontally over thiMU. A man and three boys will foot 1,000 bricks a day. After thes(> bricks liav(* been «'\posed to the weather for a few days, they should be rcfooied or turned ; two boys handling 4,000 as a day's work. Nothing then remains but to wheelthe bricks when sulliciently dry into barges, and convey them to the store-house, ihought it is not absolutely necessary that the fuel, when well liarvested should be pu' under cover. It may be stacked, for the weather has but little influence on it when once dry. It absorbs water again very slowly, blocks of 4 or 5lbs. weight, gaining but 107 .J or 4 per cent l>y immersion ior Iwo hours in water. Frost however if it attaeks the brieks in the j)rocoss of dryini^, canses* them to relnrn tiicir moisture. A favourable or an unfavourable season of course all'ects tlie result of this enterprise, but there is no doubt that ultimately in the hands of the present energetic mana- i^ers, this branch of industry will rank among one of the most important in the New^ Dominion. In its nianufaclured form, as above mentioned, its excellence and superiority for many purposes, is beginning to be freely acknowledged, yd its full value antl merit are really compre- hended as yet ])y only ;i lew ; but those who have become sicquainted with its use snid |)rop('r management, give testimony concerning it which will hinvlly be credited, though a little j)ru- in Canada to lind brines for salt making, and waters have been obtained iVom which sail has actually been manufactured. In many parts c)f the world the d.eposits of salt are so pure and com- pact, that they are mined, and tlie salt is removed in a solid state. Frecpicntly, however, it is so disseminated through the rocks, that it is extracted in the form of brines, which are attained by sinking \vells, from which the solution of salt, formed by waters from the surface passing through the saliferous strata, is ol)taine(l by ])umping. In the vicinity of Gt)derich, Ontario, the formation in which salt (ucurs, has rec^ in importance those of central New York. The results of numerous borings made in seach of p(>troleum through- tiut Western (Canada, show that ii accjuires a thickness as great as in New Vork. Alxmt a mile from the town of Goderich, a well, in search of (h1, was begun in 186G, on the bank of the Maitland River, at a depth of 90 1 feet from the surface, rock salt •■■\ 108 was met with, ill layors of a foot or more in lliicUiifss, interstra- tified with blue clay. The whole volume of the salt-bearing mass was 41 feet, of which the salt itself formed about 30 feet. Below this the boring was carried five feet, making a total depth of 1,010 feet. This brine is remarkable for its purity, the solid matters from its evaporation containing over 90 per cent, of salt. There is as yet but a single well at Godcrich in operation ; this furnishes from 500 to 700 gallons of saturated brine per hour, (?qual to about' 5G0 bushels of salt in twenty-four hours. A build- ing has been erected with fifty-two boilers, wliich produce sixty barrels of salt daily. It is said that the quality of the brin*^ remains constant, even after several hours of pumping. A num- ber of other wells are being sunk, one on Mr. VValtead's pro- perty, one on Mr. Maekill's property, one on the railway track, one near Piatt's grist-mill on the Hats, and still another in Mait- landvilie. mim:i;.\i. si'kimjs. In many parts of the Dominion, mineral .-prings have been dis- covered — springs whose watL-rs are possesfsed of medicinal pro- perties, and consequently sought after by invalids, and those who are unable to obtain the more exhilarating ])r()perties of sea-batli- ing and sea air. Although the chief springs have not yet obtained a notoriety like Harrogate and Cheltenham in England, or present a fashionable attraction like Saratoija, nevertheless thev are held in no small repute, and present a pliice of resort which will doubtless be in vogue before many years are over. Chief among them are St. Catherines and Caledonia Springs, IMantagenet, and Gloucester in Ontario, — and Lanoraic, St. Ours, Varennes, St. Leon and (3hambly in Qu 'bee. The mineral springs at h't. Catherines have been brought before^ the public by the indefatigalle exertions of the late Mr. Stephenson. The waters which are raised from an artesian w
st Indies for cured fish, and with the great valley of the Mississippi for fresh salt water l^'sh j)acked in ice, and for oysters and lobster-^, with other shell fis!i, which, by the construction by tlie Inter- coloniiil Railway, conn(^cting the Hay of Chalenr, l*ayofFundv. and Atlantic fishing grounds, with tjie Grand 'fnuik Railway, (^an hv brought within easy reach of the cities of the Western States. There; can he no doubt that under a weII-oryani;c<'d system v)f conducting the Fisheries Departnienl of ihc \ev/ Doujinion. the day will ere long arrive when thc^ hitherto desolate shores of Lahrador, north, west and cast, will possess a resident popula- tion, all interested in and connected with this branch of trade, capable of contributing largely to the comfort and prosperity of more favoured countries, instead of the migratory crews who only now visit it in the summer months. The shoals of herring, cod and mackerel, which ajiproach this coast for pmposes connected with the reproduction of their species, arc immense and inex- haustible. In November, innumerable herds of seals enter l!;e Gulf of St. Lawrence, by the Straits of Helle Isle, and the rivers emptying into it t(?em widi salmon, shad, alewMves, trout ruid otlu r fish. The fish most useful in commerce may hr. enumerated as fol- lows : L The Cod family, comprising the cod, the haddock, the hake, the pollock and the tomcod. Of these the uK-.-t important is the common cod, wdiich is found all along the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where they make their first appearance between the 10th May and the lOlli June. In these waters it has fivoriie spawning and feeding places. 2. The Herring family, comprising the common herring and ilie gaspereaux or alewife. The herring is very ainmdant along the coast. In winter, however, it disappears, returning as soon as the ice leaves in th© spring, in immense shoals, especially at the Bay of Chalenr, Magdalen Islands, Straits of Canso, and oil' New- foundland. Gaspereaux or alcwives enter many of the rivers of the Northumberland Strait, as far north as Miramichi, in immense 113 shoals. In liV.' Bay of Fundy llicy are abimdant, and of a better (juality than those of the Strait. 3. The Sahnon family, comprising the salmon, trout, shad, smelt, {•apelin, and \vliite fish. Of this family the salmon is the most important. It is producecd in the rivers, where it passes about three quarters of the year. As soon as the icxliaustii)le, it is not possibN? to })ro- ducc any ellcHt on the qii:inlity by any known method oi'calohin^' the fish. The same iiolds good in the case of our own sea fislieries. DoubUess great improvements will bo made in the fisheries under the new Government, and specnkilion as to tiie ultimalo v(>^idt be- fore Jong, would be idk^ — Appended is ilie total vaUie of th<> Canadian Fisheries for ISGG. Total value of the prodnet of the Deep Sea or Cirna! Fisherio • on the Coast of the Gulf and Lower St. f/rwrenee : — Sealfishery ^10,031 :>!) Herring fishery 87, 102 50 Sardine fishery U,7G0 00 Mackerel fishery 2G,3G0 00 Tunny fishery 60 00 Cod fishery.*. GG1,52G 70 Haddock fishery • ^'3^^ i 00 Hake fishery . .". <5;39 00 Halil3Ut fishery ^',^35 00 Whale fishery'. 12,177 00 Black porjioise fishery 3-0 00 Caplin, herring, plaice, smelt and stickle- back for manure 3,350 50 ■■ii,S00,9SG 20 Total value of the river or small Fisheries : Salmon fishery $31 ,328 GO Trout fishery ^•'>09 00 Eel fishery ^100 00 $.31,027 00 Difference in lavor of the ser. fisheries |800,9S6 20 Number of fishing boats engaged in the Canadian fisheries 3,395 Number of flat bottomed, &c 2,989 Number of fishermen • G,919 Number of shoremen ^?^" ' Number of sailors '^'^* H* !.*» m 116 Total number of nioii employed in llie Cunu- dlan Fisheries 11,933 Number of nety used in the Canadian Fish- erics : — Herring nets 5,989 Mackerel nets G39 Cod nets 1 Salmon nets 37,856 fath. Trout nets 365 Seal nets 10,010 Xumber of seines used in the Canadian Fish- cries : — Herring seines 98 Cod Seines 18 Caplin seines 375 Mackerel seines 16 Number of brush fisheries 123 Number of eel fisheries 123 Value of produce of the fisheries, both for export and local consumption for 1866 : Nova Scotia |,3,478,000 New Brunswick 867,000 Quebec 1,017,000 ( )ntario 901 ,000 Total for the Dominion $6,263,000 The amount collected from fishing licenses and liaes in 18G6, was $9,267 IISIIEKIKS. FISH OF THK UPPER FLAKES. .1 ^ i The numbers, varieties and excellent quality of the Lake fish, demand a special notice. It is believed that no fresh waters known can, in any respect, bear comparison. Those found in Lake Superior, and the Straits of St. Mary, (Sault Ste. Marie) are 117 fath. of llic hot quality, o\vin£» probably to the coolor fomperatnro of the water. Their quantities are surprisinijf and apparently so inex- haustible, as to warrant the belief, that were ji population of mil- lions to inhabit the Lake shore, an aniph; supply of this article of food would be furnished without any sc nsiblediminution. There are several kinds found in Lake Superior, and some of the most delicious quality, that are not found in the Fiakes l)elow, as the siskowit or eiseowet and muekwaw ; the former, a fish of the trout family, is very richly flavoured, beini,' at certain seasons of the year almost too fat to l)e palatable. It is decidedly the frreat- •;st delicacy in the way of lish in that rei^ion. The salmon and some others are found in Ontario, but not above the Falls of Niasrara. 'i'lie following is a list of a few of the jiromiiient varieties : the white fish, maekinaw and salmon trout, sturii^eon, maskinoni^e, eiseowet, picdiend, pike, ))erch, herring, white, black and rock bass, cat-fish, eel-pout, bull-head, roach, sun-fish, dace, sucker, carp, null let, bill fish, sw<)rd fish, bull fish, ling, gar, &e. The Irun- prey-eel is found in all waters, and is v(;ry destructive to other lisli, by adhering firudy to their siiles ; and from the circular formation of its mouth in whicdi the tongue acts like the piston of a pump, the softer portions of its prey are drawn into the mouth and swallowed by this [)arasite. The ct)nnnon eel however is not found in Lake Superior. The wh and trout: — ten fish frequently fill a barrel — 20 as a irene val rule ; the n(^fs avf' five and a half to seven inch mesh, Tv^'o men in livr weeks have been known to till 173 barrels, and as many as 30 barrcds of wliite fish have been taken at one haul of a seine near Fort William. Many of tlie lishermen are furnished with salt and barrels by the merchants at Sault Ste. j\i.:rie, and receive from foiu' to live dollars for them when returned full. A lleet o!' about 1V\-o iuindred boats is employed in Superior and ihe northern }iarls of Huron ; eaih boat will average one barrel of lish per bay during the fishing season. A ready market is found for a portion of Ihe ii- Ii a1 the mining slations. Tlie vs'hite fish of i.;!k(> Superior deserve a speeial notice. They are uf the shad geaus, :ind wilh regard to llavour are second only lo them ill ea'ing. They are taken at all seasons (»f the year' wilh gill nels and liie seine, in ;he deep waters of \\\c Lake ; al ihe Sault Ste. .?»Iarie, liowever, llic Iiulians have a peculiar method of eatehing them. Tvro men jump into a canoe above the rapids and while one uavii>;,t(^s it among the roeksand through the foam- ini: v.aieis, the other Hands on the looic-out and with the speed of li;.':i(!iii:g wi;ii a >e()o;) i^et jiicks out ihe fish while working their wiy up the stream. '\ his fishinj; rec,iiires great courage, immense strength, and a steads nerve. A \vx\ slight mistake on the part of the steersiuaii, (;• a false movement of the net man will cause li;e eanoe to be sv. aii:|)e(l, v.'hen thi' inmates have to struggle with t!ie ibam till ihey ie;ieh the still water, and then strike out for shore, there to be laughed at by their rude brethren of tlie wilder- no-, while Ih.e passing stranger will wonder that they should 119 lid the Lmeri- em- mcn The lenso limber •atlempt such chingorous sport. But accidents of this kind seldom happen, and when they do the Indians anticipate no dani>er, from the fact that they arc all such expert swimmers. Lanman in his " WanderinsfS in the wilds of America" i^ives a description of the tront taken in these waters, which conveys at once an idea of their size to those who have never been eye-wit- nesses to the great size to which they attain. lie says: " When the Detroit aiid Chicasfo steamer runs into the little crescent har- bor of the island (Mackinaw) for the purpose of landing the travel- ler, and he discovers among tin; j)cople on the chu-k some liaU dozen whe(dbarrows hiden with iish four feet long and weighing fifty or sixty pouiuls, he must not be alarmed at liiiding those fish to be mackinaw trout and not sturgi^m, as he miirht at first hav(^ imagined. The truth is, the very size ol" these fish is an objection to them, for as they have to be taken in deep water, and with :i large cord, there is far more of manual labour than s))ort in taking them," The mackinaw trout however is far inferior to the com- mon trout as an artich^ of food, and to the \\hite fish almost infinitely so. Immense quantities of fish are taken in the waters of \ottawa- saga Bay, an indentation of Georgian Bay, whence they are con- •\eyed prinoi|)ally to the Toronto market. The whole north shore •.)f the Georgian Bay aboiuids in white fish, sahnon trout, and other fish ol'fine quality, aflording profitable employment to both Canadians and Indians. Some idea ol tiie value and <'Xtent of the fishing operations promiscuously pursued in Nottawasaga Bay may i)e formed from the knowledge tiiat the average daily take exceeds one thousand fish, weighing from one poinid t«) forty. At this rate, the annual vahu^ of the catch would not fnll short ol £40,000. At the mouth of the Nottawasaga river the white fish are netted in perfect shoals throughout the spawning season. Most of the larger kind of trout spawn about the islands npon beds of calcareous rock, over which a shifting drift of sand or gravel passes by the action of the waves where the water is shal- low, and from being exposed to the sun, the temi)erature of the Lake is warmer at tliese localities than elsewhere. Thither the fishermen resort and net the fish, vapid and fhiccid as they are. 120 y.AKH .SUPEllIOK TUOL T K1SJI1,N<; IX WINTER. '' '3 it I Angling through the ice to a depth of tliiity fathoms of water is !i novel mode of fishing peculiar to the Superior regions. Not that fishing through the ice is an unusual method, but the depth requisite to meet with success is greater than in any other fishing ground. The large and splendid salmon trout of these waters have no peace ; in the summer they are enticed into the deceitful meshes of the gill net, and in the winter, wiien they hide them- selves in tho deep caverns of the lakes, with fifty fathoms of water above their heads, and a defence of ice two or three feet in thiekneps on tlic top of that, they are temjitcd to destruction by the fatal hook. Large numbers of these trout arc caught every winter in this way on Lake Superior ; the Indian always skilled in the fishins: business, knows exactly where to find them and how to kill them. The Whites make excursions out on the lake in pleasant weather to enjoy this sport. There is a favorite resort for both fish and fishermen near Gros Cap, at the entrance of Lake Superior, through the Kocky Gattnvay, between Gros Cap and Point Iroquois, about 18 miles above the Sauh, and many a large trout at this point is pulled up from its warm bed at the bottom of the lake, in winter, and made to bite the cold ice in this upper world. To see one; of these fine fish, four or five feet in length, floundering on ihi; snow and ice, weltering and freezing to death in its own blood, oftentimes moves the heart of the fishermen to expressions of pity. The modus operandi is as follows — a hole is made through t!ie ice sm{H)th and round, md the fisherman drops down his hook baited with a small hciring, piece of pork, or other meat, and when he has ascertained the right depth, he waits with fisher- man's luck, some time for a i)ile, which in this case is a pull altogether, for the fisherman (he can scarcely be called sportsman) throws the line over his shoulder and walks away from the lioh' at the top of his speed till the fish bounds out upon the ice. Ins- tances have been known of as many as fifty of these splendid trout caught in this way by a single fisherman in a single day. 121 The Indian adopts 'i somewhat dirterent method. AAercuttiiii^ a hole in the ice he r rects a wigwam over it, in which he scat.- himself for action. Attaching a piece of meat to a cord, which he lowers and pulls up for the purpose of attracting the trout to the top of the hole, he ])icks it out on its appearance with a spear. An Indian has been known to catch a thousand weight m una day in this manner. But as the ice on Lake Superior is not over sale. on account of the frequent storms, it sometimes happens that those solitary fishermen are borne away from the shore and perisli in the water. SALMON IMSIIKUIKS OF TIIK LOWKU ST. LAU ItKNCE. The coasts, rivers, and Lakes of Canada, which nature had stocked with a rich provision of wholesome food, requiring neither expense to maintain nor labour to cultivate, became within the last few years, from the greed of the wliite man, tlie iiuprovidenec of the Indians, and the indillerence of the government, entirely barren, until the efforts of tlie P^xecutivc to rescue these lisheries I'rom the state of depression they were reduced to, were attended with much benefit in promoting th(i increase of sahnon in many of the rivers of the Lower St. Lawrence. Tlie svstem of leasin<2 salmon fishing stations and fishing rights, has successfully con- tributed towards promoting an increase of these valuable fish. It is vumecessary to magnify tht; importance of this fish as an^ economi':* production, or as an article of commerce. As food it i> beyond comparison the most valuable of fr<'sli water fish, both on account of the delicacy of its fiavour, and the numbers in which it can be supplied. By a little exertion and a very small expense, it may not only be naidered cheap and accessibU^ to ahnost every family in Canada, but also an article of no small commercial im- portance as an export to the United States, in which country, by pursuing the course which Canada has hitherto imitated, this noble fish has been almost (exterminated. Twenty-five or thirty years ago every stream, tributary t(» the St. Lawrence from Niagara to Labrador, abounded with sahnon. At the present moment, with the exception of a few from artificial breeding, 122 ' * i i ■ liierc is not one tt» he Ibnnd in any river between the Falls of \iagura and tlu; cily of Quebec. The incredible rapidity with wliieli the young salmon increases in development and gains flesh has been recently ascertained with great aeeuracy, twenty months sullieingfrom the deposition of the ^'vato produce* marketable lish ; and each fortnight of their stay j.n jthe saltwater, after their first descent of their native river, adds « ver a pound to their weight. The advantages resulting from the artificial [)ropagation of salmon oven* the natural way are remark- tble, for it is estimated that not more than one ovum in a thousand naturally depositfHJ in a river becomes a marketable fish, while more than half ofeju-h hundred placed in a lialeliing box become ti perfect salmon. in the district on !lie north side of the Lower St. Lawrence, ' xtcnding IVom Anse an Sablon to the Saguenay, are the foUow- ■ ng rivers, on several of which are the Hudson Bay Fishery Sta- tions : The Esquimaux, Natashquan, Mingan, St. .Tohns, Trout, Moisie, St. Margari-t, Peut-cGst, Trinity, Godbont, Manitoo, St. \ustin, Manacouagan, Ontardes, Papinaehois, Betsiamites, Blanche, Portueuf, Kscoumins, Grande and Petite Bcrgeronne, Niislssi([uinak, St. Pancras and many smaller rivers where sal- mon are taken. Let us >uppose that within thisvast district there arc but 400 breeding lish, which, escaping the net and spear, dejHi^it tlicii- ^pawn in safety in the sands of these rivers; which \vould average about IT) to 20 lish for each river, and which is a very low calculation fc^r the breeding lish in this locality. It has rteen proved thai the smallest of the breeding fish deposit 10,000 ova each, Ninc-icntlis, let us suppose are given to destruction, • :aus(;d by iVeshets, and en(Mnii's of th(Mr own kind, consequently 1000 are sa^cd from each fish ; during their migration U), and con- ijnuance in nt. ; thus decreasing the number to 300,000 ; and as few per- sons would object to |)aying 2s. Cd. for a fine salmon, the value of ".he fish within the district of Anse au Sablon and the Saguenay [40 Falls of icrcascvs led with )n of the leir stay 'cr, adds rom the rcmark- lousand h, while become iwrence, ! follow- lery Sta- s, Trout, litoo, St. siamites, geronne, lierc sal- lict there d spear, ; which hich is a It has it 10,00() truetlon, squently and con- ost, con- district iction in , 25 per few pcr- vahic of aguenay vippears to bo from the oalt:ulation llius made £37,jU(V And ihir^ is a very low csliinatf. Based on the same scale the seven tribularies of the Saguenay alone, giving us each 20 spawning fisli equal 140, the young fry saved from each being 1000, gives us 110,000 young salmon; migration lessens the nuinl)er to 105,000, giving at thi' same esti- mate £13,125 as the value of the Sagiienay and its tributaries. These calculations with care would soon be muhiplied ad injini- tum^ and the returns could ])c reli(Hl on with as nuicli surely, and even mon; than cau he ))Ia('ecl on any agricultural production, r^et us hope that a lew ycais may sec the salmon in-cjuenting again its old haunts, aiul a trade spring up in that article of com- merce to the States, the West Indies, and even lo Europe, which I'or many years we have allowed lo lie dormant and almost to elude our grasp. If, as has been the case, Americans can come, and after making the necessary jjreparalions, ])ay dnty for the apparatus and material in wliieh to place the fish ; cook, prepare, and hermetically seal some, jKU-k in ice olhers, and even then make large prolits, surely a native tratlic will arise and increase; with the development of the iJominioii, that will contribute largely to the resources of the country, and 10 the I)enefil of those who jviay cit'^.y^i'. in it. I'isn i!i!!;i:i)i nc 01; im.-ci-i i.timk. Pisciculture is a scienc-t^ to which consi(h'rable attention has been paid in Fr;mce and other European Countries, and which of late has been brought prominently before the people of the Domi- nion by Sanuu'l VVilmot, Es(j., who has been the first to imicticaily introduce tlie artificial breeding of fish into this country with considera])Ie success, at Newc-astie, Ontario. The science may be ])riefly described as the act of artificially imjiregnatingand hatching iish eggs, and of nursing the young fry alterwards till they are of an age \n take care of themselves. The development of fish cidture in a country like Canada ])0ssessing such innumeral)le rivers, streams and lakes, is of great j'ommercia! im))ortance; for it is an evident fact that shoidd as m U correspond lug u fuliing-ofl" in the numbers of our most valuable fish take plaee in the next quarter of a century, as has taken place hitherto, we shall have to lament the extinction of this article of food in luany localities. In the natural process of prt>- pagation, ])erluips not more than one in 5,000 ova are hatched, or come to matnrity. Hy the artificial method however, nearly all the ova can be rentlenul available. Mr. Wilmot has succeeded in hatching at h^ast 80 per cent of the eggs produced. The following descrij)tion of the process of artificial i)ropagation will elucidate matter : A female Salmon of ten pounds weight, bearing within her GOOO CLi^gs^ after entering a stream lor the jnirpose of depositing her ova is taken aliv(>, at the time when her eggs arc properly matured ; a male iish is also seemed when his milt is in a simi- larly avanctid state. 'I'lu; female is held gently yet securely in a perpendicular position t)ver a tnlj (U* pail partly filled with pure clean water taken from the stream, the vent being kept submerged, when by a gentle pressure from the throat downwards, the ova if ripe, will ilow from her in a continuous stream till all are extruded — the operation lasting abosii a mimUe. The parent fish is then returned to the stream, when in most instiUKa's shi; will dart away as lively as possible. The eggs must next be w^ashed by pouring fresh water gently into the tub, care l)eing taken to keep a sullicient supply of water to j)revent them from coming in contact with the air. A malt; fish pn^viously secured is then taken and operated upon i)recisely in the same way as lh(; female, allowing the milt to fall upon the eggs iti the tub, a few pressures suflicing to obtain the neeessarv amount of lluid, after Avhich he is allowed to go his way. The ova in the water must then be stirred about gently with the hands, till it becomes of a milky colour, whein after being allowed to remain a few minutes, the foul water can be poured oil , and fresh added, repeating this until the eggs become- clean and the water clear. The impregnated eggs will be of a bright salmon colour, while the barren ones will turn of an opaque while and can be removed. The former must then be placed as carefully as possible upon gravel prepared for them in the hatching trough, with a continuous (low of pure clean water of one and a half to two inches in depth. A trough \2 feet long, 8 inches wide 125 valuable s taken of this of pro- filed, or Jarly all ;eded in iovvin" ucidate tliiii lier 5ositiiiij )ioperIy a simi- ly in a li pure nergod, e ova il" xtnidod is thoji ill dart »hed by to kcej> contact en and lowinij: iflicinir: IJowed I about when icr can ecome- e of n »paque ced as tchin£»; and a 5 widr will hold 6000 ci^gs. Light should then l)e excluded, and if the temperatures of the water is from 40*^ to 45° decrees, the eirirs will hatch out in from 45 to 60di>ys. Should the temperature however not exceed 33 to 40 , and lluctuate with the weather, 100 or 120 days may pass before the eggs will hatch. For about eight weeks after hatching or,i tlioy recpiire no food, having during that time an umbilical sac attacheu to them answer- ing the same piu'pose as the yolk of an cminion by Mr. Wilmot, and there can be no reason adduced, why the process should not be applied to all kinds of game fish, at a comparatively small ex[)ens(\ If in addition to the natural in- crease, thousand of young salmon, shad, white lisli, &:c.,were turned ont annually into the lakes, rivers and streams of this coiuitry, the benefits that result would be not onlv in the larij:er takeof iish ;uid increased quantity of food for the people, but in the end would so tell upon our fisheries, as to give a largely increased revenue to the country. SEAL IMSIII'.IIV AM) TIIK IMSl[KJMi:S <»1' l.oWKK ST. I, A W It KXCK. Of the fish thai liourish in this portion of the lireat river, cod are taken to a i»reat extent and constitute an important article of com- merce. Herring and Mackerel are abundant, also the halibut and sardine. Sluid ans also taken, but not in sullieient ([uantity to export. The lobster, iloundcM', and oyster are also found al)un- (lantly. The salmon and trout are found abundantly in all \\w streams and tributaries of the St. Lawrence, below Quehec, a species of the latter, the salmon trout, reaching from five to fifteen pounds. Those of the Sagiienay are the largest, most abundant, and of the rarest (juality. Almost every bay or cove in that river is crowded with trout, affording perhaps t!ie finest siport the angler 12C mi t ts '?• I I n It call cxporionoo anywlicrc, and jxi.sscssini^ a (tliarin :?('ldom experi- enced elsowlicre, wliicli consists in tlu^ uncertainty as to the character ol" the prize hooked, for il iii:iy be a common salmon irout, or a regular built salmon. The seal and ihi; whit(,' porpoise im-o also found lier(^ in great abundance, and their capture aHords employment to a great num- ber of fishermen. 'J'liere are several varieties found in the;*e waters, varying in size from four to eight feet. The usual market price for the oil and skin is five dollars. The Indians use the skin for many purposes and light tlieir cabins with tin; oil. They live uj)on fish, and resemble in luitiy of ihoir hal)its the t)tler. The seal seems to delight in lVe([uenlijig iIk; deepest water and most turbulent whirlpools. They are generally harpoon(Ml from a canoe, a long line with a float or buoy being attached lo tlu; harpoon. Another method of capturing them is to find a sand iiank ou which they congregate to bask themselves. Having here made a hole or other place of concealmi^nt, the skilful hunter imitates ihc cry of the seal, by means of which, in a short lime, a large number are con- gregated in the neighborhood ; the timi^ clios(>n is at the ebb tide. and when the animals are left at a considerable distance from the water by the retiring tide, the hunters rush out and cutting off the animal's retreat, it being a slow land traveller, despalcli a number of them with a few blows on the snout, which is their most vulne- rable part. They are sometimes also caught in nets ; but the most ])rofitable s(^al fisheries arc those carried on by large schooners and brigs solidly built, and having their bows plated with iron, to prevent being cut tluough by the ice. They carry crews of from fifteen to twenty men, and from six to ten boats, which the men drag over the icr when in search for s<'als. This is a very dangerous and laborious occupation, but when successi'ul is highly remunerative. Though several sealing vessels are annually fitted out in Novi Scotia, yet the prinei|)al houses engaged in the busi- ness are in Newfoundland. The wiiite porpoise, in in shape similar to tlu' whale;, and about 15 feet long. It is extremely fat, yielding an oil of the best qua- lity, while the skin is capable of being turned into durable leather. The fins and tail when pickled, are <'stecmed a great delicacy, and the flesh iscxtensively used among the residents of the Lower St. OXptTi- to the t^almon in great ell nuni- waters, et j)ricc kin lor loy Jive The ul most I oanoc, arpooii. which hole or ry of I lie are con- bb tide, Vom the ?o[Fthe number t vulne- lie morst hooners d Willi '■ ore Ms lich the 1 a very I highly y fitted iG busi- J about St qua- eathcr. licacy, Lower 127 St. Lawrence a.-^ an ailiele of food. Their value is about .s25 :• piece. For taking this lish there are two nicihods. The first is- to use a boat with a white; bottom, Ix'hind which the iishennaii tows a .small wooden j)orpoise, painted a dark slate ct)lonr, in ir.iila- tion of the young of this s^peeitjs. With tlies;' lures the porpoise is often brought into the immediate vicinity of the harpoon, which is thrown with fatal precision. Another method for takinir tiie> creatures is bv fenciiiii: them in. This fish has a habit of waude - ing over the sand bars at high water for the purpose of feeding Profiting by this knowledge, liie fishermen enclose one of ih' sandy reefs with poles set about fil'ty I'ect ap li't, ami sonietimi'-H covering a square mile. They leave an approj)riate opening it'! the porpoises which are sure to enter at high waters, antl owing to their timidity, they are kept confined by the slender barriers until the tide ebbs, when they are destroyed in great numbers with wry little trouble. The principal establishment for the manulaetory of oil and leather of a very superior (juality from lh(> blubber and hide of the porpoise, is situated ar. the mouth of the River OucJl(>, th.e proprietors of which are the Messrs. Tetu. 1!.\V nV CMAIJUIIS. AND f.'ASl'i: FISKIIUIKS. The aboriginal name of this arm of the sea Ecketam Nonaachi or the sea of fish, was not given to it without just cause. Its entire length is about 80 miles, and its width from 20 to 30. A wild rugged and picturesque mountain land, known only to hunters and lumbermen, bounds it on the north ; while on the south side the interior of the country is as little known though the immediate shore is somewhat sparsely settled. There are scx^eral islands in the Bay, the largest of which are Shippegan and Miseou, in the immediate vicinity of which are the most productive fisheries of the bay. The houses designating the localitit.'s where the fish are taken arc called rooms, and the business don(> by a fewcomj)anies is very extensive. One of them located on the south shore, has been engaged in the business for over fifty years, and 1)esides employing a thousand men, has been in the habit of annually building a ship to send to Europe, as a kind of memento of its 128 siicocsRi. As curly as the year 1635 there was established at i\w mouth of the bay the " Royal Company of Miscou " at the head of which was the King of Franco. It was intended lo carry on the fur trade and fisheries, but the principal animal it captured was tlu! walrus — then very abundant but now extinct — which was valuable on account of its oil, skin and ivory tusks. It is said that some of the finest palaces in France were built with funds realized from the capture of this animal by the early French fishermen ; the remains of the building erected l)y this company may still be seen on the island of Miscou. The harvest time for the fishermen of the Bay of Chaleurs is from March to September, and the great majority of those who fish in these waters are of course birds of passage, so that the fleets of ships and brigantines which come wath the opening spring', are certain to disappear l)efore the blasts of autumn. A number of vessels come hither iiimually from Jersey and Guernsey, many of the firms carrying on the fisheries, being natives of those islands, or represented there by a resident agent. To give an idea of the wealth of this Bay, it may be mentioned that the black whale, white porpoise, black seal, the salmon, cod, sea trout, haddock, herring, halibut, shad, bass, mackerel, caplin, ling, smelt and lobster are all found here in immense quantities. But while some of these treasures of the sea are seldom or never captured, others are only occasio- nally taken to be used, while those which chiefly support the several fisheries are not rendered one twentieth part as profitable as they might be. The varieties which monopolize the present })usiness are the herring, cod, mackerel and salmon ; and the three principal markets to which they are sent are Ireland, the Italian States, and Brazil. The proverbial dryness of the atmos- phere an(' the absence of fogs, are particularly favourable to the <*uring of lish in the best manner for distant voyages. The vessels employed in fishing for mackerel range in burden from 20 to 35 tons, and the whole voyage occupies from four to six weeks, according to the weather. They are fitted out upon shares. The, merchant furnishes the schooner, the salt, provisions and fishing apparatus, for which he receives half the catch, and the crew divide the other half equally among them. The certainty of finding the fish, and the celerity with which they are taken, are U!) d at lh(! head of ' on the ed was ich was is said th funds French oinpany time for ember, 5 are of ^amines isappear e hither carrying resented 1 of this )orpoisc, halibut, ill found reasures occasio- port the rofitable presenl and the and, the atmos- e to the burden ir to six shares, ns and and the irtainty ten, are such, that ;in exporicnced fisheniuui has bni liilic ii({v:'.ntni(o cvit an active landsman, and an a])ie liodicd yoiiiii^ man conuiionlv earns at ibis work from five to nine pounds j)( r inonlli. The >:kipj)cr is always provided Avilii a l)arrcl ol" old picMcd herring, or ciihcr fresh or stale mackerel for bait, Avhich is cut iij) in small pieces, and thrown overboard for the ])i!iii(i'e lo the surface, and somelimcs he scalters a small (inantity (tl'^ali upon the water, which has a similar clii'cl. In ihis seems lo consist the i^reat secret of mackerel fishing'. As soon as this food is thrown iij)on the waters, alllioiigli llipio l;i' no iish visible, iiiyriads rise up and surround the vessel. As the cntting of ihe bait into minute particles is a work ol lime and lahour, Ainerieati ingenuity has inventtMl a machine for that purpose, wyy similar in shape, and construction to a hand organ. It consists of a small box through the centre of which passes a c-ircular wooden bar, covered with the blades of knives, and turned by means of a small handle. When this is put into motion, the l)ail is at one en! iij). As soon as Xho. mackerel rise to the surface, tlie tishermen lay the. vessel to, under the mainsail, and stowaway the (-llier sails ; ihey then bait their hooks Avith a piece of iVesh mackerel or shark, and when thev bit(; IVeelv, fisli with the lines intheir hands a.nd at oilier times w'ith rods. While the iish bite eagerly, tli" v.hole crew is busily employed in catching ihcm, but as sotui as there is any intermission they remove them out of the inlliience of the sun, and commence the operation of splitting and salting. .Vlthongh the mackerel are generally packed at sea, a dillcrenl practice som»e- times prevails, and it is found that they will keep, if well sailed. for three weeks in L'/nchcs, or separate ai)artmenls made alliwail the hold of tin; vessel, but the iish thus cured are isot considered equal to those preserved in barrels. Tiie iish taken in the autumiu are always fatter and better than those caught earlier in th;^ season. The codiish is taken in from 16 to UO fathoms water, and the hook and line arc the only implements used in taking it, a crab being by far the best bait. Gaspe is essentially a fishing district, and its population scattered along the coast presents all those social features Avliich elsewhere mark those wdio earn their siisbsistence from the sea. l.OO Ono hrancli the prlneipal and most valuable, though not very frequent. The great rorqual or " fmner " is also sometimes killed, but it yields less oil, and is much more dangerous than the black whale. Another kind, or pcrhaj)s variety, is called the sulphur Avhale, from its yellow belly, and is said to attain a length of 70 feet. Another whale often taken is the humpback. Besides these the grampus and the blaeklish arc not uncommon. The white porjK)is(? and the common porj)oise do not aj)pear to be among the sj)eeies to wiiich the (iaspe whalers trust for their ] troll ts. L'.nge quan'iilies of lobsters ;ue taken in all parts of th(! Gidf of St. Lawrenee, Bay of Chaleurs and Bay of Fundy, which find a re'ady market in all the cities of the Dominion and in the United States ; oysters also of an excellent kind are obtained, but as yet very little attention has been paid to the planting of oyster beds, and their ])ropagation ; the kinds best known are the Caraquct and the Sbediae, which th')Uj]i from want of proper cultivation, do not come uj) to the siandatJ of the American luxury, yet with proi)er care might be n:fj5 per ton, which with insurance, loss in weight, &c., niak'cs the co^t on delivery about *$T per ton. The only expense in ex})orling ice is the labour of cutting, transput ing, and shipping it. It would, liow<'ver, not be a safe speculation to send it to any of the islands unless it was j)reviou?ily contracted for, as the |)ropriet(,rs of ice houses there, make their arrangements with their agents in the States, wlK'ne(! they are mostly supplied, for such ([uantitics tmly as they can accommodate. At nearlv all the ice establishments in the West Indies, the fresh provision business is intimately connected with th(^ ice-trade, and if ever our people intend successfully to compete with our Ameri- 132 can lU'iii^hbours in liiis iinpovlaiit l>viiiicli ol" busijioss, lliey mnsr niako arraiigeincnls for sliij)j)in£? a supply of IVesli provisions alonij: with the ice, \\\v foiiner being packed with the latter, and thus kept perfect I V fresh till their arrival in the West Indies. The usual selection of such provisions consists of choice cuts of fresh beef, rounds and cuts of beef slightly corned, legs of mutton and lamb, geese, turkeys, ducks, ])arlridges, fresh lish, oysters in shell and kegs, fresh butter, celery, carrols, turnips, parsnips, beets and cabbages. The annual value of ice shipped from the United States to the West Indies, amoiuits to $137,113. On the comple- tion of the lDtercoK)nial Railroad connecting the western part of the Dominion with the sea-board, a better opportunity will be. afforded of engaging in this l)usiness, as tlit; fresh provisions of the west can then be j)rocurcd in the winter time to export with the ice of the maritime provinces, but until then we will scarcely be in as favt)urable a })osition as our neighbours, to export such assorted cargoes of ice and fresh provisions. TMlODrCTS OF TilK CIlASi:. Canada which ibr many years was celebrated as one of the chief fur producing countries of the world, has since the clearance and settlement of so vast a tract of its wild lands, sunlv into comparative insignificance in the quantity and value of furs now- obtained from it directly; but seeing that the Hudson Bay Com- pany bring into it and shi}) from it, si great ])art of their annual accumulations, it still maintains a high position in the markets of tlie world. The riudkin bringing in England from 25 to 30 guineas, hut they are very scarce. The silver fox ranks next, most t)f which skins ;ne pur- d largely to the Coiitlnent. Th'* skin of the umskrat or mus(|uasli, somewhat resembles that of the beaver, iis the animal itself does in its habits, but is very inferior; it is not unfreciuently dyed by the furrier and sold as something else ; it is used greatly bv tin; farmers and habitans of Canadii, as being so cusily procurablt? on their own land, and mad'^ up at their homes into caj)s anti mils for winter uso. About 1,000. '(00 skills are annually fccnt to England. The Jarge supply ofoUer sivins used by the Russians ;md Chinese, is nioslly deriv(Hl al;->o from this som'ce. The (piality of the fur is very fine, the \merican otter b(Mng imu-h larger than the European, 'I'lie i'i;r of the M'olverine or glutton is generally of a dark brown, passing in the depth of winter ar.iK si into black ; it is used cineliy in (iermany and other northern countries (or cloak linings, for which purpose large c is long, soft and of a greyish colour ; a change of fashion lias for some years discarded this animal's skin in England, but it is dyed, prepared and (^\p()rted in considerable quantities for the American market. It is generally used for cloak>, linings anr! facings, for which purposes it is very apprt)- j)riate, being exceedingly soft and light. TJie seal skin (the ca})- ture of which animal has been described under the products of the sea,) is to liie hal)itan of the Lower St. Lawrence, and the farmer and fisherman of New liinnswick and Nova Scotia, wuv] the muskrat is elsewhere in the Dominion ; his cap, his nuts, and not unfrequenlly his boots being made of it, the latter with the hair outwards : and in snow they allbrd an excellent protection to the feet, superior to the deer skin mocassin — the oil furnishes them with light, and the llesh is considered no mean artich' of food. Most of tiie above animals with the exception of the seal are caught in steel or wooden traps, the latter called downfalls : while the deer, bullalo, &<•., are run down, shot, and snared in various Avays. After the furs are tjollcclcid in spring at the dillerenl out-posts, they are packed in i-onvenicntly sized bales, and forwarded to the cinef depots for transportation to England. A short description of trapping will doubtle-^s be inleriace where it was set. The track in the snow enables tlx^ huntin* to fmd his trap again. It is generally set so that the jaws when spread out Hat, are exactly on a level with the snow. The chain and weight are both hid, and a thin layer of snow spread on t't- top of the It^ 1 '^\ iii of [he. ite polar lade into ur of the nable in of dress. I change skin ill iderable iscd fi)r appro - tlie cap- ducts of md tlie a, what lits, and 'ith the efion to rnisliosi nlch of eal aro 'nfali.s : 'di'cd m t-posis, I to tlic ting to ary rat stituii! tached sotliat where lid his id out .'ei.ifht of the trap. The bait, consisting of chips of a frozen rabbit, partridge ur lish, is then scattered round in every direction, and witii the exec])- lion of this nothing distinguishes the spot. Tlic animals are caught, in this way, sometimes l)y a fore, sometimes by a hind leg, and occasionally by the nose. When foxes are caught by one leg, they ofteu cat it oft' close to the trap, and escape. When caught, by the nose they are almost sure to escape, unless taken out of the trap very soon after being caught, as their snouts are so sharp or wedge-like, that they can pull them from tlie jaws of the trap without much (iillievdty In some parts of the Dominion, deer are very niim(T0Us, but beyond su[)pl\iiig such settlers as live on the verge of the backwoods, VN'ith the greater part of their winter food, and the markets of the e.ities witli tlu.'ir haunches, they arc little sought after: though during t!ic last few years large ([uantities of the liind quarters have been sent to the marivcts of the United Stattv. The method of packing them is curious ; the fore part of the animal being comparatively of little account, the skin is stripjied of it as lar as the loins, when tlu> earcase is cut in half, tlie Iiide being h'ft on the hind (piarters, around which the already s!rip[)ed slun is rolled, and being secured with leather thongs, or strijvs of the bark of tlu; moose wood, v.'hieh is itself as tongh as leather, and a '\apital substitute for it, tlu^y arc; ready for transit, and on arriving :<.t their destination, the skin is thus turned inio n""Miey as well us its eontenls. These skins make (jxeellcnt nioc.ssins, mittens, ;;n^. leggings, and after being cured in a partieular ^vay are sofl, finable, and dry after being wet, v/itiiout hardnt'ss. The diller- "At. ki'ids of deer met wi'h aro the moose, the stag, th.e eari'.ioo or rei\deer, of which tlien; are two kinds, and the eonnnon ileer. Partridge, quail, ducks, sni[)e, woodcock and plovtT, are aljun- dant, and always command a ready local ^alc ; laU the trade carried on in them is eonfined lo the towns, and the domestic con- sumption does not allow of exjioil in any qmuitity to tin; United Stales. A prolltable trade might fie earrietl on in tlic skins of ihr grebe or diver, which are very muuerons in most of the smalhn* lakes, and for which the demand in Kuropea.n niarki'ts has hitlierto been mostly supplied from Norway and Sweden. As stated above the monopoly of the fur trade is in ihc hands of 13G ilie Hudson Bay Company, and iho profits derived from il must be immense. Wo read in hislory that though this company, between 1662 and 1668, lost in consequence of the war with France, £118,000 sterling, it was yet ablejn 1684 to pay a divi- dend to the shareholders of 50 per cent, ft is asserted that the American fur trade, which centres at St. Paul's, ]Minn,, on tbv. Mississippi, is worth about iffSOOjOOO per annum. The BnfTalo skins which come into the hands of the Company, are mostly brought from the Red River District, and it is estimated by an American writer, that ^300,000 are annually taken from the American hunting; grounds bv the Indians and others, and sold to the Company .MAXriWCTir.HS. The manufactures oi the New Dominion, which are many, and comprise most of the articles of ordinary domestic want, may be said to be yet, comparatively speaking, in their infancy, though since the repeal of l^eciprocity, a vast impulse Imis heen given to this branch of trade, and new Companies are contiiuially being ("ormcd, whicli must necessarily enlarge operations to a much greater extent, than when an e:>il;il)lishment is c-oiulucted by one; individual or llrm, from the inereas(> of capital employed. With the enormous water pt)\ver possessed hy most sections of the Do- luinion, and the facilities Jillorded for steam mills in the coal pro- ducing districts of the Miiritime Proviiu;es, there is no reason why, hy the judicious oulbiy of capital, every article of coimnercc could not ]h\ maiuiffictured here as well, iiiul — from the facility with wlilcli many ;irti les (if home })ro(luc(> ft)r manufacturing purposes cHti lie obtained--as clie:ipiy as those now iniported, leaving a sm'[)lus for ( xpor atioii to the West Indies and Central and South Americfi. 'i'he i rineipal mannfaelories eomj)rise cotton and \\ ooUen goods, agrienliiiral implements, boilers, boots and shoes, tanneries, furniture, bimveries, foundrie-*, engines and machinery, edge-tools, saw, nail and file factories, paper, safes, sewing ma- chines, wooden ware, sugjir refineries, and numerous minor ones, an\iliarv to tli osc; juentioned. 137 1 it must ompany, ivar wifli y a divi- that I ho , on th(! BiifTalo mostly d by an mm tho sold to ny, and may b(; ihotigli n why, c con Id (y with irposos iving a Sonth ri and shoes, linorv, ig ma- 1" ones, It would l)c snporlliions to go into ddiiils icspecling oach and all of these ; and therefore only tho loading l)ranclii^s will bo des- cribed in addition to what has already boon onnnierated inidorthe headings of tho j>rodnots 1o whioh ihey bolonir. i!i;i;\vi;in!;>. Within the lasl ton or ilfloon years, i>re;il inii)r()\('nu'iit has manifested itself in tho manufaotnre of luah liquor, and in the <|nality of llu^ article jirodneed. Formerly Kingston stood un- rivalled in the i)rt)(lnetion of ;i lirst ohc-'s ale ; but with a oonlinu- ally increasing English poprdtition in the west, the domiuid for a. superior artitde bee:uno so great, that l)re\\ ing has l)eon largely entered into in all the cities of the Douiinion, the plaees whoso tiles are most nototi, being Kingston, 'i'oronto, Montreal, Qneboe, Hamilton, Lomlon and Prosoot!. The increased consumption has consequently created a great demand lor barley and l)oj)s ; and tho old pernicious system of mixing drugs to supply the : description of llie brewery of J. K. Hoswell, Escj., at Quebec, will give some idea of the manner in which a first class brewery is conducted. At this establishment xJ70,00() gallons are browi^d in a year, of which laig(! quantities ar(! shipped to Xewfoundland, the West Indies, and the neighbouring Eastern States: The buildings form thu^o sidesof a s(piaro. 'J'bo miMm 138 i .t fiisl pluco thni is seen ontoriiig iVoin llic olTice is the Uiii room, in which there is u lar^o fermenting square vessel for porter, with two rows of cooling ])ip(>s all around, and a press vat for hops. In the fermenting room art; four tuns of a large size. In the cool, ins: room is a cooler having two horizontal fanners on the Edin- Imrgh principle, |)ropcile(l by the steam Jtiacliinery of the estal)- lishment with twenty-eight windows or openings, steam cases in the roof, and a iire pipe to wiii(;h is attached 220 feet of hose. In the Brewery room is a large mash tub, with patent mash ma- chinery, having fjur row s of steam pipes, and four arms to stir n)» and equalize the mass, a patent copper sparger having long arms ■{>reforatcd with holes to sprinkle in iVcsh liquor when needed. Oft' this room is a pair ot" malt rollers lor cru>liing the dried malt, an elevator for carrying it to the hopper over head, a vertical engine of five Ii'>rse power, and a large worl copper. Next comes the hop room, screen antl clevjilors, dry room, kiln, and two malt lloors, each 01 'bet long, having their floor ot Roman cement made from the native rock. Kelow all are capacious fu'c proof vaults capable of holding 1200 liogsheails. Such is a cursory glance at one of the many hivge brt^werics of Quebec, which is but a counterpart ol' other> in the west. The ))riee of ale in Ontario and Quebec ranges from 18 to 25 cents per gallon. In New Brunswick, strange lo sny, there are no brewi"rii'> outside the city of St. .lohn in operation ; the quantity ot ale manufactured in that citv annuallv is 300,000 gallons, and 20.000 gallons of ))()rter, ranging from 20 to 31) cents per gallon, accord- ing to quality. In Nova Scotia tlie amount o!' ale and porter iiianufactur-.'d is estimated at I59,0(JO gallons ])er annum. When we take into consideration the relative price of barley and ho|)s in England and in the Dominion, — barley averaging in the latter 75 cent? per bush(d, and hops (JO cents j)er lb., whih^ in England the loruK r average i'rom '^X to %\ 10, and the latter GO to 90 cents., a wide margin is open lor iIk^ maiud'acture on a largo scale for comp(!lilion in the exportation of a ^,^)o^\ article, to the West Intlies, Central and South America. Distilleries for tlu; manulaeture of hi^hwines and whiskey are jn operation everywhere throughout the Dominion ; the maleiials 139 )Oiri, in r, \vifh r hops. cooL Edin- estah- iiscs in •so. In h ma- stir lij) g arms ceded. I mail, ertical lo used for distillation are corn, barley, oats, potaloes, ijcc. The bte-t l)rands of produce are Morton's Proof, (Kini^ston,) Dows & Mol" sons, (Montreal,) Coodevliavn, Worts & Co., (Toronto,! and llalli- days & Co., (Maitland.) WOODEN \\\i;i;. Matches. — Foremost amoniji: the Iticilcr mak-h manulaetorio ,stands that of Mr. E. 15. Eddy, of Iluli, near Ottawa. His saw mil' is capable of tnrnini^ out 100,0(10 feet of lumlxT jx-rday, the roiigii logs bf'ing sawn into planks, ami lUe |)lanlv carefully dried or seasoned, when it is taken into the machine room and eiil U) the proper length lor matches. Tlie lenjjths are placed in the mai '. operative coopers having more work oli'ered than they could exe- cute well, the bad cHects of which mistakes are yet present in ih" European markets, to the detriment of Canada. Barrels in which it is intended to export petroleum, provisions, or Hour, should I": 140 ^h»> bosl wliicli can I>o I'lirnishcd ; this has given an impetus to barrel iiiaking by machinery. One oflhi; largest of these manufactories is that of Messrs. II. VV. & A. Burrows, at London, Ontario. In the yard adjoining their works are piles of timber cut the length of slaves, but >plit in thirds, fourths, or si xlh parts of logs. The oak logs are ciil to lengths of ;i 4 inches, and split to get the grain of the timber, then cut by the mill saws to widths for staves. Next? in a stave making machine they are formed concave on the inner side, (;oavex on the outer side. They are then placed in kilns, to he steamed twelve days, after which they are laid out to be wea- Ther-dried for tiu-ec weeks. N<\\t they pass through the stave drcssinir machine which shaves them smooth on the concave and convex sides with tools of adapted form. The edges are next fashioned to the level re<|uisite, and then jointed on the sides by a sharply shaving steel planing iron. The staves are then set up in truss lioops, and taken to the cressets, or upright cylindrical stoves heated nearlv red-hoi, alter this a groove is (ut in which the thin edge of the head is to rest, and th(^ level made which tapers ofl' ihe margin of the stave v\\{\ri. Three knives curiously inserted in v)ne tool operate al one*; ; tiie l)arrcl being placed on a pedestal v,diich gives it a circular motion in opposition to th(; crozing tool, fn making thi" heads, the pieces are cut by saws to lengths and split to thicki!i>ss, and ihen passed through surface dressing ma- chines, which jilani! the sides and joint the edges. The hoop iron for oil barrels is imported from England via Montreal, also the rivets. First a ))iece is cut off of requisit(^ length, and rivet holes punched in it by a machine; it is then rol- 'ed through ano'her machine in which heavy pressure bevels it to iiT the obli(|ue line of the barrel's longitudinal surface; it is then rivctted in the machine, and put on the !)arrel by hand. In the •case of provision oarrels, wooden hoops arc used. To pass Mon- 'al inspection th ise are nuulc either of young oak, ash, or hick- orv, dressed and fcrmed bv hand. This firm having exhausted the liiuber where their saw mills with staves, &c. A manufactory has reeenliy been establishetl at Fetilcodiae in New Brunswick, for l!ie purpose of inaking and expovling bobbin- and spools to llic United Kingdom. It lias only recently however commenced operations, and some time may elapse before llii> amount and success of its manulactures e;in be aseertained. It'll succeeds, it is probable that a number of olber deseri|)ti()n': of wooden ware, used for similar purpose^, will be j)rodueetl in !li;i' Province. .MACIIINKitV, There is scarcely a city or large town in any part of the Doia.- nion that does not boast of machinery, engine, or boil(!r work^ on a larger or smaller scale. Prominent among them stands ihf Canadian Engine and IMachinory Company, with an aulhorizcJ capital of $800,000. This Company eommencM'd business at Kingston, Ontario, in 18G5, having purchased the fonndrv and machine shops formerly occuj^icd by JMcs>«rs. Morton ii: Co. The premises have been enlarged and imj)roved in various ways, and a siding connecting the works with the Grand 'I'rnnk llailway ha- been laid down. JNluch new and valuable machinery has beff added, and the estul)Iishment is on<' of th(^ most llourishini^ in Canada. When in full operation about 200 men art^ employed. «ind upwards of $135,000 has already been disbursed in wages alone. Possessing as they do facilitie>s for biulding cheaply and cxpediously every description of Railway plants for which Canada has hitherto been to a great extent dcj)endent upon Great Jjritain and the States, the Company have been able to compete success- fully with foreign manufacturers in every department of the busi- ness. In addition to building the steel-plated steamer " Corin- thian," one of the fastest and most elegant boalson the Lakes, and a large number of machines of various descriptions, they have turned out in little more than two years over 30 locomotive engines. now running upon all the principal Railways in the Dominion 142 TlicTo is no doubl thai lliis bnincli of industry is yt-l in its infancy, :ind that it will be iari,'ely extended in the future. W OOLLI-: N .M A N L" YM'T I IIKS. I. The woollen fabrics of Canada have been gradually improving uiqualiiy year by year, till now they can compare well for durability und excellence in tweeds and flannels with much of the imported ^>tGok, the former especially being in almost greater demand liian ihe supply. The history of these manufactures in their rise and progress is tlK; same in all the dilferent mills, coarse cloths at the beginning, and finei cloths and fancy elegancies as population increases and wealth accumulates. The principal manufactories are in the Province of Ontario, and among them the extensive works of the Messrs. Barber, Bros & Co., at Streetsville, where o^er 100 hands are employed, and the mills of Mr. Hespeler, who has given a name to the locale of his establishment, rank the foremost. The enterprise that carries them on deserves the highest credit. The mills at Hespeler contain ilifFerent rooms for carding and dyeing, spinning, weaving, and dressing cloth; The water privilege is excellent, 1 1 turbine cen- tral discharge wheels being employed, giving an aggregate of 250 liorsc power. There is also a steam engine representing 30 horse power. The spindles at work arc 2,800, and six sets of cards. The wool used is 12001bs. per day. The cloth produced averages 1,000 yds. a day. Steam conveyed in pipes, gives heat to a drying macliinc, which dries the cloth after the fulling process, and avoids The selvages and tho torn holes unavoidable where drvini? is done by stretching on ten .ler hooks. The buildings form two sides of a s^quare respectively 2G0 and 220 feet in length, and 120 feet wide. The goods manufactured are now sold to the retail trade, thus avoiding the expense of commission which formerly was charged bv-^vholesale merchants, and consequently reducing the price of the fabrics. Should the taritl" of Customs not be made adverse to the interests of manufacturers, there is little doubt of the continuance and growth of this branch of industry. So comple- tely have Canadian Blankets, Flannels, Tweeds, Friezes, Knitted Infancy, 143 Sliirts .'ind Driwcrs lukcii pos-^cssion ol' ilic luiirkel, lli;i1 ilic imported arlicic li;is Ixconic iihnost uiisalfiihic. T!ic lusl IJcixtrt of the Minister of Asriniltuic sUiU's that " tlic imjiulso to Woollen factiH'ics is mainly owin^tollic Iiii^li protoclivc duty imposed by ilic Amciicaii Lci^islainn^ on Canadian Wool in its raw state." 'i'lic home market for this article cannot fail to fvirnisli a larijc increase of (.'mj)loyment, l)Otli on the farm and in the factory, tlins prodneing labour for the operative! and the ai>ri- eultural workman. With the many advanta.'j[es which we have in tliis country for the manufactm-e of woollen gotuls, jjaving the raw Jttaterial at our doors, and ))erhaps the best wnd cheapest water power in the world, with a markei which although comparatively small, lakes a larger s. [■ is gratifying to had (.'anadiaii grey cottons sueccssfidly com- jK'ting with the Englis'i made goods. Those manufactured at Dundas and Thorold i-onunand the readiest sale. It is howevi-r rather cm-ions to find American ]Nia)ndacturers and Merchants sending larije qiianlities of cotton warp into diis market, and even underselling the Canadian Manufaetiu'cr in his ovn ii market. (II.ASS .MAM !" ach'ki;. Hitherto the glassware of domestic use in the great(!st reqni>i- lion, such as lamp chimneys, ^robli'ts and phials, has been imported from Europe and the l.'nited States. Hut to obviate this a large establishment named the St. Eawrence (ilass Works has been established and brought into snccesslul operation by Mr. A. McK. (.'oehrane, of Montreal, under the management of an experienced snjX'rinU'ndciit. Tlio v;ni(in<< processes' aro cairird on in ronr Iari,'c brick l)ull(liiii.'s, foriniiiij: a (|iia(lraiii?I<\ As llii.«< is a new hraiidi «)l' industry in llio DominioM, llic lollowiiiii' (IcscrijHinn will prov(> in1(! resting : The sand to l)e used in its uianul'acUu'C must he the purest whiti" sand tiiat can \h'. obtained ; tliis is brouiflit from IJerksiiire, Mass., and underi,'oes iirst a proeess ol" couiplele dryiui?, al'tc ^''h it is mixed with refuied pearhish and otiier iui^redients in tertain pro- portions ; it is tiieu lilled into pots slandinij; around an intensely hot rurnaee inside ol a wide circular chinjney. These pots have ea(!li an aperture a1 the top eorres[)ondinij; with another in the wall of the chimney. Here tlu; pots, to he described hererdU'r, arc; speedily brought to a white heat, and their contents melted to a partially iluid consistency. At each pot a glass blower is stationed, form- ing one of a number of workmen engaged in completing the same article. This grouj) is called " r/ s//f>/)," and it is seen af. the end of each day how much each shop has actomj)lished. In making lamp chimneys, the glass blower lakes ^ut a sufU- cient quantity of molten glass from his pot on the ei his loni^ blow-pipe, and blows g''ntly into it. This distends .ae mass a very little, he then hangs it down and swings it twice to make i) elongate by the combined j)()wer of gravitation and a gentle cen- trifugal force, after which he blows again sulliciently to swell the lower part into the shape of a lamp chimney. It is then hard enougli to refain its shaj)e, and the blow-pipe with the chimney adhering is carritnl oil" by a boy to the iinisher, who rolls the pipe us if on a turning lathe, whilst he performs the operation of cutting off the bottom, and moitlding the edge round it, both operations being performed by a long pair of compasses. He applies a cir- cular measure o ascertain that the bottom of the chimney is the right guage, an I afun- tht^ neck is detachtHl at the proper distance by a clean cut, tlu^ glass is carried away on a vodto ihc glory-Iiole, an a])erture in another very hot furnace, where after it has been heated, it is brought back to be finished. A "s/top" for tlie manufacture of lamp chimneys consists of a blower, a finisher, and two boys, and the average daily amount turned out by each ' shop ' is from sixty to seventy-five dozen according to size. In the manufacture of phials, a different process i& used. Tht. 115 II r lar^'( hraiu'li ill prove •st \v'ni1<' , Mass., 'f^h it is tain pro- nsc'ly lic)r ive t';H',\i all of tlio speedily partially cd, form- ating the is seen at! ihed. ut a siilii- ' his loiii? te mass ai make it Ljntle cen- swcll the hen hard chimney ? the pipe of cuttiuiT )pe rations ies a cir- ley is tiH> • distance lory-hole^ has been ' for tlie 1 finisher, t by each ize. cd. Thi blower takes out enonf a ton. The third and second stoiies are rolling rooms, that is for making the rolls or plugs as they are called alter being pressed. These rooms con- tain 100 tables, each having room for five persons. The first story is used as a pressing room, where are nine large hydraulic pres^ses for the shapes and finisihers, the pumps of which are driven by .steam power, and twenty-five heavy iron compress-boxes or "finishers.*'' One of the hydraulic presses was made sufficiently large to admit hogsheads, and for the express purpose of pressing hat has yet to substitute 'Uvidend of id son on tht egraph insu- meers of this followed by of consu rap- led by almost omestic use, grown. po operation idency of all > tlie smaller nch of indus- lovernment in o New Domi- ;al. It is five f and ilavour- iorting room^«, cOj of which »n. The third iiij the rolls or se rooms con- rhc first story iraulic prei^es are driven by ress-boxes or [Ic sufficiently se of pressing 147 them. In the cellars arc two large fire-proof sweating rooms, arranged to hold 500 boxes at a time. Tlie outlay for machinery and utensils alone, on the premises, was nearly !^40,000. There is accommodation ^^ullicicnt ft)r th..' mannlactiire with ease of one hundred boxes of tol)!iCco, weighing from 105 to 110 lbs. each, in an ordinary day. This firm was established in 1858, and has been brought to its pn^scnt state of efficiency by grcnl indnstrv and perseverance.'. The (piantity o( nnmuniifaciured tobacco imported into the Dominion, in 18GG, was 2,250,030 lbs. MILL AM) r.ULX i».stom;s. Although the French buhv-stone is pi-efcrred to all other materials for the constrnctiou (if mills for grinding gialu, yet a stone much resembling it, is used in some parts of the Dominion in lieu of it. In the Sagnenay district, in some jjiuts of the Eastern Townships, and at Murray B;)y, in Quebec, good millstones have been made from stone met with in lht)sc localities. The v.av in whicli mill- stones are constructed at the works of Mr jMcDou'i^all, in Montreal, is as follows: The buhr-slone of France, one of tlie haniest stones known, is remarkable for its C(>llul:;r structure and roueh surface, iiowever worn and levelled, — these btMug the requisites of a stone for grinding. Tlie stone is imported in rough blocks, generally from on«i to two feet across the surface, antle.t the usual thickness. These blocks arlace and I'ol. v. on for agri- neccssarilv Hiufactiires mplements, ^vith a fair L mount now anufactories , , in various i\Y in these there being eel required iree Rolling 1 and boys. n the Domi- t. Paul, near ■Id's Exhibi- I'the highest n exhibited. les, some of . In a Jiew ry that will »ily, and no It in the ma- ' carried on 149 in Europe on the farm by Jiand. American ingenuity wliich long ago developed itself to a great extent in this branch of industry, has spread to Canada. Numerous American firms have estab- lished brandies of their establisiiments in various parts of the Do- minion, and the implements shown at the Annual Provincial and County Exhibitions, as well as those that were sent to Paris, show that Canada can rely upon her own manufactures, if the enter- prise is only carried out on a large enough scale. Amongst the implements of most general use may be enumerated reaping machines, mowing machines, straw cutters, cultivators, threshing machines, slump extractors, fanning mills, grain drills, &c. At the large agricultural works at Osliaw a, Ontario, a branch of a Rochester House established in 1828, are manufactured the latest j)atents, sucli as Hrinkeriioof's self-raking reaper, Cayuga-chief combined reajjer and mower, iJall's Ohio reaper and mower, and many other implements o( the newest pattern. The value of threshing, n •M)ing and mowing machines imported into tlie country, in 18GG ^\ as |$10,1.'39, all of w hicli might have; been pro- fitably expended in I he country, il' the proper manufactories had been in existence. Tliis branch of business has been for some time steadily on the increase, and now forms one of the most important of all the ma- nufactories in the Dominion. Great quantities of this stock are now b(;ing made by machinery ; this system is comparatively new, but bids fair to nn-olutionize the old channels of trade ; a boot now being stitched, fittc'd and pegged by machinery all in the space of two minutes. Montreal seems to have Ix'come the centre of this branch of industry, and is, to the Dominion, what Lynn is to the United States. Tlui value of boots and shoes ma- nufactured annually iu Montreal, is rather over -fji^.TjOO,!)')!! per annum. Large ((uantities of this article arc made iu the Ivingston Penitentiary. The goods how(;ver cannot compare with those of English manufacture, for durability or wear — this j)robably is owing in a great measure to the inferiority of ilie leather, which 150 does not receive the same attention in tlie tanning or preparation as it does in England. The value of boots and shoes imported for the year ending June 30th 18G7, into Ontario and Quebec, was ^61,685, and into New Brll^s^,vick $59,272. This includes India Rubber over-shoes. From Nova Scotia there are no reliable data. The use of hemlock bark extract for tanning ))urposes has been alluded to under the Products of the Forest. I'i;rMlN(^ AND riUMKi?? MATi;iUA],S. Printing in the Dominion has been steadily on the increase during the last twenty years, and has im])roved to a wonderful extent, the j)rogress of literature demanding a better style, and neater workmanship than was looked for by the earlier residents of the colony. The extraordinary increase of newspa})ers, maga- zines and serials, the continual issue of new books, many of which denote a higher standard of literature, has called for the use of the best printing presses a".d types that can hv procured, and the work turned out from somt^ of the establishments, compares very favorably with, if not equal to, that of the leading printing houses in the United States. The finest work is produced at the establishments of Messrs. Lovell, iilackburn, Hunter & Rose, the MonlreiJ Gazette, Toronto Globe and Quoi-nV Printing Ollice Ottawa, each of which do a very large business in f':hoice work ; but it would be almost invidious tv) sav that there are others whose productiojisdo not rank as high. The type made at the Montreal Type Foundry is now pro- nounced equal to any that can be imported, the only drawback being that the demand is greater than the suj)ply. The literature of a country keeps pace with its intellectual pro- gress, and the increasing encouragemenl nu t with by writers of genuine merit, argues well for the future. Paper of a very suj)e- rior quali'y is manufactured largely in certain sections of the country, though there is auiph' room for the establishment of nu- merous additional paper mills to those now in existence. The j)ress — the fourth estate — is ellicient and its influence ex- tensive. In nearly every town of over 2,000 inhabitants, a weekly 151 irationas paper is published ; and in each of the lari,an- cities and towns .'d for the theie are many daily — tri-weekly — and semi-weekly. The Que- $61,685, bee Gazette published in 1761, was the first paper established in Rubber Canada. The first paper published in Nova Scotia was in 1769. Ua. The The Courier of New Brunswick was published in 1811. A eopy- h alluded ""'ght law is in force for the interest of authors. JJANK NOTE EN(inAVIX(i. incroasp \'onderful 107 Mineral Springs 108 15G PAGE. Products of the Se.\. and Lakes 110 Fisheries. — Fish of the Upper Lakes 116 Lake Superior Troul Fishini,' in Winter , 120 Salmon F'isheries of th(! Lower St, Lawrence 121 Fish Breeding or Piscic ultiirc 123 Seal Fishery and the Fisheries of Lower St. Lawrence. 125 Bay of Chaleiirs, and Gaspe Fisheries 127 Ice 131 Products of the Cliase 132 Manufactures 136 Breweries 137 Wooden Ware 139 Machinery Ml Woollen Manufactures 142 Cotton Goods 143 Glairs ^Manufacture 143 Tobacco Manufactory 146 Mill and Grindstones 147 Edge-Tools, Nails and Ironwork 1 48 Agricultural Implements 148 Boots and Shoes 149 Printing and Printers Materials 150 Bank Note Engraving , 151 Wall Paper... 151 Miscellaneous Articles 152 m ,M Y D U M ! N : h- "'Ll^- :^^ '-fWg* i4*^- Awh ' "^'> *' ''^^* "*'*' '** '^ '''**'''**'*''''^**'" 1 .. 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