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*- 
 
COMPENDITTM 
 
 OV THB 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA 
 
 ▲NO 07 THB OTHEB 
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES 
 
 rOS THB 
 
 USB OF THE CHRISTIAN BKOTHEES' SCHOOLS 
 
 >:^: 
 
 BT 
 
 ; ■ J. F. N. P. (Brother AOj^'*^^^^^:^* ' 
 
 nmO A fSAKSULTION OF THEIB FBBNCH BDITION, BANCnOKBD BT TUB 
 COUBCIb OF rUBUC IMSTBUCTION, OCIOfiBA 16, 1873. 
 
 ^-^^t-- 
 
 QUEBEC: 
 
 C. DABVEAU, FRDH^EB AND FUBLISHEB, 
 No. 8, Mountain HilL 
 
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 ■B.1 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In his admirable Discourse on Univ<trsal History, Bosstiet 
 Bays : " It would 1)0 Bliainefiil, not only for a prince, but, in gen- 
 eral, for any Vell-1bred person, to 1)0 ignorant about manldnd." 
 In these |wo lines, couched in terms so clear and energetic, th« 
 importance of the study of History, is perhaps better demon- 
 Btrated, than if a long dissertation -were made on the same sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Less particular than the Eagle ofMcaux, and not having the 
 authority of that Bublimo genius, wo shall content ourselves with 
 merely paraphrasing liis language : saying that, as it would be 
 shameful for any Cliristian to ignore the History of the people 
 of God, 80 it is disgraceful for a CanacUan to bo ignorant con- 
 cerning the History of liis own country. 
 
 The study of our Isational History is, as it were, inseparable 
 from that of Sacred History, — the former being tho logical sequel 
 of the latter. Between the Histoi'y of tho I'eoplo of Crod and 
 that of Canada, there exists a striking trait of resemblance : in 
 either of them, there is nothing obscure, ^lor even doubtful ; all 
 the principal facts are therein related with a precision and fidel- 
 ity, which wo might perhaps Bcek in vain in tho history of any 
 other nation. Tho historians of our country have taken their 
 materials from sources tho most certain, having had for gmdes 
 Cartier, Champlain, Charlevoix, and many other authors, most 
 of them contemporaneous with tho events they relate, — ^their 
 works being then clothed with a character both of authority and 
 authenticity. 
 
 In drawing up this Compendium, which we offer to-day to the 
 Canadian public, and which is chiclly destined for pupils of 
 primary schools, wo have had but to fullow Garneau, Ferland, 
 FaiUon, &c., studying merely to shorten tho recital of tho pria- 
 cipal events and even to leave out some of less importance. Cap- 
 tivated by the beauty and multiplicity of the fac+s, wo were de- 
 Birous to omit none ; but tho nature of our plan was formally 
 opposed thereto. Those who have already tried this kind of 
 labor, will easily conceive tho sorrow wo naturally felt at thi$ 
 necessary omission. 
 
4 TUtSfkCS* ' 
 
 Such as it is, wo dare believe that this volume contains all 
 that is most important to know about Canadian History. Wo 
 are also satisfied; that the many questions at the bottom of each 
 page, referring to the number of each paragraph, will singularly 
 aid the memory of the pupils. 
 
 The teachers themselves will find, in the ensuing method, a 
 precious advantage and powerful auxiliary. Not having always 
 leisure to prepare a series of interrogations upon the text to be 
 studied, they will find herein numerous questions, which, if they 
 judge proper, they may easily further develop. 
 
 Finally, we are confident that this Compendium will render 
 some service to pubUo instruction. May it be considered as a 
 sure pledge of tho deep interest wo take in the education of the 
 youth of our beloved country ( 
 
 A,- 
 
 '^■■■■ 
 
 ^-i'fi, iU 
 
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 ^' * ,^' -* 
 
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 t , 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL 
 
 AND 
 
 SYNOPTICAL TABLES 
 
 OP THE 
 
 PBINCIFAL EVENTS RECORDED IN THIS COMPENDIUM 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 if .... . 
 
 Together with the most important Synchronisms of the Sistoriei of 
 
 the great European Powers, the United States of 
 
 America, and the Chnrch. 
 
 V"";'^ 
 
 
 
 QUEBEC: 
 
 ELZfiAR VINCENT, PRINTER 
 
 18 St. John Street, (Without). 
 
 1874, 
 
tf 
 
 cnnoNOLoaiCAL, synoptical 
 
 t» • 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1492 
 
 1493 
 
 1497 
 
 1498 
 1499 
 
 1500 
 
 1518 
 
 1519 
 
 1520 
 
 1524 
 
 1532 
 
 CANAD A.— Introduction. 
 
 1534 
 
 15a5 
 
 1541 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1542 
 
 1543 
 |1544 
 
 1598 
 
 CRBISTOPHEB COLTTMBUS discovers 
 the Island of San Salvtulor, nud, short- 
 ly after, Cuba, and San Doniiii^^o. 
 
 Coliiudms discovers Dominica, Gnada- 
 loupe, Porto Rico, Jaumica, fwid tho 
 Leeward Islands. 
 
 JOHN and SEBASTIAN CABOT discov 
 er Newfoundland and Labrador. 
 
 Columbus discovers South America. 
 
 AMEBIGUS VESFUCITJS explores the 
 northern shores of South America. 
 
 VINCENT PIi^ZON discovers Brazil 
 and the Amazon River. 
 
 Baron DE L£BY ariives at Sable 
 Island. 
 
 FEBNANDO COBTEZ sails for Mexico 
 and conquers that Empire. 
 
 MAOELLAN discovers the strait that 
 bears his name. 
 
 VEBAZZANI takes possession of New- 
 foundland for the crown of France. 
 
 FBANCIS FIZARBO penetrates into 
 Peru, and treacherously obtains pos- 
 session of that Empire. 
 
 CANADA.~FRENCH RULE. 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 JACQUES CABTIEB enters tho Gulf 
 of St. Lawron; c, and discovers the 
 Bale des Chalenrs. 
 
 Cartier's seccmd voyage ; he sails up the 
 St. Lawrence as far as Montreal 
 (Hochelaga), and passes tho winter at 
 St. Chai'les Harbor before Quebec 
 (Stadacona). 
 
 DE ROBERVAT. (De la Roque) is ap- 
 pointed the Kiiig's Liouteuant-Gen- 
 eralin Canada. — Ciirtier's 3rd voyage; 
 he passes the w^inter at Cjipe Rouge. 
 
 De Roberval lauds at Cape Rouge with 
 200 colonists of both sexes. 
 
 De Roberval visits the Saguenay. 
 
 De Roberval returns to FvAUce with 
 the shattered remains of his colony. 
 
 DE LA BOCHE (Marouis), second Lieu- 
 tenant-Genei-al ancl Viceroy of dan- 
 ada, disembarks at Sable Island, 50 
 convicts brought over as colonists. 
 
 14<)2 
 1503 
 
 1506 
 
 Tub Church. 
 
 1513 
 
 1516 
 1517 
 
 1521 
 
 1523 
 1527 
 
 1534 
 
 1545 
 1547 
 1550 
 
 1550 
 1557 
 
 1.559 
 1560 
 
 1563 
 
 1564 
 
 1566 
 
 Alrxandkr VII., Pope. 
 
 Pus III., Poi)e, 27 days.— 
 JiJLiirs II., Pope. 
 
 Construction of St. Peter's: 
 Bramante and Michael 
 Angelo. Architects. 
 
 Leo a., Poi>e ; he gives his 
 name to his age. 
 
 Con(!ordat with Franco. 
 
 Mai'tin Luther, an Au^ns- 
 tinian monk, apostatizes 
 and dogmatizes. 
 
 AnuiAN VI., Pope, seeing! 
 Protestantism triuniph-| 
 ing, dies broken hearted. 
 
 Ci.KMENT VII., I'ope. , 
 
 Sacking of Rome by thoi 
 Imperialists. Constable! 
 of Bourbon, tho traitor,, 
 is slain. i 
 
 Paul III., Pope.— Calvin- 
 commences to preach his! 
 errors in France. — The; 
 Society of Jesus Ibundcdj 
 by St." Ignatius. | 
 
 Convocation of tho Council 
 of Trent. 
 
 Julius III., Pope. — St. 
 Francis Xavier in Japan. 
 
 Bull for resuming the 
 Council of Trent. ! 
 
 ^ Maucellus II., Pope. i 
 
 ) Paul IV., Pope. • 
 
 Paul IV. evec-ts Ireland in 
 to a kingdom. 
 
 Pius IV., Pope. 
 
 Bull for resuming the! 
 Council of Trent. I 
 
 Close of tho Council of 
 Trent. | 
 
 St. Charles Borromco is the 
 first to adopt all the do-: 
 cisions of the Council of 
 Trent. | 
 
 Pius V., Pope. He excom- 
 numicates C^uecn Eliz- 
 abeth. — Pubhcatiou of 
 tho Catechism of the! 
 Council of Trent, thej 
 Roman Breviary, and 
 Missal. 
 1.571 Victory of Lepanto. 
 1572 Gregory XIII., Pope. 
 
AND SYNCHRONICAL TABLES OP HISTORY. 
 
 VII 
 
 A.I>. 
 
 M9ii 
 
 1493 
 
 1495 
 
 1498 
 1504 
 
 150(5 
 1509 
 
 1513 
 1515 
 
 Fkancb. 
 
 C11AKLK8 VIII.,Kii)g 
 
 BUico 1483. 
 
 SHuttlo ofF(.iini(>no, 
 iraiticd by CliarU-H 
 Vlll. 
 
 Louis XTI.. Kiuj;. 
 Ti-ciity of IJlois. 
 { Tlio Statea Geucnil 
 I of Toiu's. 
 
 England. 
 
 TIknky 
 
 vji., 
 
 King MUico 1485. 
 
 I k'l , < 
 
 Spain. 
 
 IsAnEi-LA and 
 Fkudinaxi) V. 
 — C'uHtilc and 
 Arraf/on unit- 
 ed, 1483. 
 
 E.\(U'Uti(»n of 
 Perkiti Warbot-ki 
 and Wavwif li. I 
 
 Battle of Agnadol. 
 
 1516 
 
 1517 
 
 I 
 
 1519 
 1520 
 
 1525 
 ]53i> 
 
 1534 
 
 1544 
 
 1547 
 
 1553 
 
 1556 
 1558 
 
 J 559 
 1560 
 
 |1564 
 11568 
 
 Fuancis I., King.- 
 Battlc of Marignau. 
 
 \ Houry VIIL, 
 
 ( King. 
 
 riJattlos of 
 
 Flowden and i 
 Guitici'ate, ■wonj 
 
 t by Henry Vlll.j 
 
 TlIIMV I., of 
 
 Austria. 
 
 FkkdinadV. 
 , of Arragon. 
 Death of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 C Xinienez ; 
 V ex^)edition 
 (. uguuistOnm 
 
 Henry VIII. re- 
 futes Luther and 
 receives the title 
 of Defender of the 
 Faith. 
 
 Tlie Field of tlio' 
 Cloth of Gold. 
 (Battled of Pavia;! 
 } Franeis I., a pris-j 
 ( oner. i 
 
 Britanny returns to 
 the Crown of France. 
 
 'Battle of Cerisoles, 
 J gained over the Im- 
 1 perialists ; treaty of 
 
 .Crespy. 
 
 HENiiV II., King... 
 
 Capture of Calais. 
 
 Francis II., King. 
 
 Chaules IX., King. 
 — War between Cath- 
 olics and Protestants. 
 
 Peace of Lougju- 
 meau. 
 
 ' On tho Pope's 
 refusal to sanc- 
 tion his divorce, 
 Henry VIII., 
 breaks off with 
 Rome, and 
 throws England 
 
 ^mto a schism. 
 
 Edward VI.,King 
 
 ( Mauy Tudok, 
 \ Queen. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen 
 
 < Captivity of 
 \ Mary Stuart. 
 
 QUKMANY. 
 
 FUEDEUICIII., 
 
 Emperor since 
 1440. 
 
 ( Maximilian 
 1 1., Euiperor. 
 
 Charles I, 
 same as ' 
 ■ Charles V. ! 
 .in Germany. 
 
 IL, 
 
 5 Philip 
 ?King. 
 (Treaty 
 < Cateau- 
 ( Cambrcsis. 
 
 of 
 
 \ Death ' of 
 \ Don Carlos. 
 
 ( Maximilian 
 I. is the ally 
 of Henry 
 VIILatGui- 
 negate. 
 
 (Maximilian 
 
 < delivers 
 
 (. Brescia. 
 
 < Charles V., 
 \ Em.peror. 
 
 ( Tho Teuton- 
 
 < ic f)rder sec- 
 (^ ularized. 
 
 { Charles V. 
 defeats the 
 Protestant 
 at 
 
 klillberg. 
 Siege of 
 Metz. 
 
 Ferdinand 
 I., Emperor. 
 
 5 Maximilian 
 I II., Emp. 
 
VIU 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL, SYNOPTICAL, 
 
 
 CANADA.-FRENCH RULE. 
 
 :i.Sl'i 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1603 
 
 1604 
 
 1608 
 1609 
 1612 
 
 1612 
 1613 
 1615 
 
 1620 
 
 1621 
 
 1622 
 
 1024 
 
 I 
 1627 
 
 1628 
 1629 
 
 1632 
 
 1633 
 1 1635 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1611 
 
 1615 
 
 1618 
 1620 
 
 DE CHATEB nends t)e Pontgi'avd and 
 Samuel de Champlain to Canada ; thoy 
 sail up the St. Lawrenoo as far as the 
 St Louis Ra|)id8. 
 
 DE MONTS BUc'ceeds De Chates, and 
 begins the settlement of Port Royal 
 (Annapolis) m Acaiia (Nova Scotia). 
 
 DE CHAMPLAIN lays the foundation 
 of Quebec (July). 
 
 Champlain joms the Algonquins and Hu- 
 rons to tight against the Iroquois. 
 
 CHARLES DE BOaEBON, Count of 
 Soissons, Lieutenant-General and Vice- 
 ro y of New France. 
 
 HENET DE C0ND£ ^Prince) succeeds 
 Charles de Bourbon in his Viceroyalty. 
 
 Champlain sails up the Ottawa River al- 
 most to its sources. 
 
 Champlain discovers Lakes Ontario, 
 Huron, and Nifiasing, and passes the 
 winter with the Hurons. 
 
 DE MONTMORENCY (Duke) purchases 1621 
 from the Prince of Cond6 the Viceroy- 1 
 alty of New Prance, and appoints 1625 
 Champlain his Lieutenant-Generul in 
 that country. 
 
 De Montmorency forms the Company 
 that bears his name in opposition to the 
 Rouen Company. 
 
 Some Irocjuois attack the French at the 
 St. Louis Rapids, whilst others proceed 
 to Quebec, and attack the establish- 
 ment of the Recollets. 
 
 DE VENTADOUR (Duke) , a priest, buys 
 the Viceroyalty of New France. 
 
 The Company of the One Hundred Asso- 
 ciates oDtams the grant of New France 
 with its dependencies. 
 
 David Kertk captures Port Royal and 
 Tadoussac. 
 
 Champlain is compelled to surrender 
 QueDeo to Louis and Tliomas Kertk, 
 French malcontents and Calvinists. 
 
 Restittition to France of Canada and Aca- 
 dia by the Treaty of St. Germain-en- 
 Laye. 
 
 CHAMFLAIN returns to New France as 
 Governor, for the second time. 
 
 Death of Champlain at Quebec. 
 
 1626 
 
 1629 
 1632 
 
 1635 
 
 16.35 
 
 1637 
 
 Religious Part. 
 
 Fathers Masse and Biart, 
 Jesuits, land at Port 
 Royal. 
 
 Fathers Dennis Jamay, 
 John Dolbeau, Joseph 
 Le Caron, and Bro. Pa- 
 cific Du Plessis, land at 
 Quebec. — A chai»el is 
 erected very near the| 
 site of the presentj 
 Church of Notre Dame 
 des Victoires, in the 
 Lower-Town, in which 
 Father Dolbeau says 
 the first Mass, on the 
 26th of June. 
 
 First Jubilee in Canada. 
 
 The Recollets lay the 
 foundations of their 
 monastery at Quebec 
 (General Hospital). 
 
 The first mamage is eel 
 ebrated in Canada. 
 
 Arrival at Quebec of Fa- 
 thers C. Lalemaut, J. 
 de Brebeuf, and E 
 Ma^sse, Jesuits. 
 
 The Duke of Ventadour 
 
 fives the Jesuits the 
 eignioiy of Our Lady 
 of Angels. 
 
 All the Religious in Can 
 ada return to France. 
 
 De Nolle and Le;j*une, 
 Jesuits, come back to 
 Canada with De Caen. 
 — An English Catholic 
 colony, conducted by 
 Leonard Calvert, Bro- 
 ther of Lord Baltimore, 
 settles in Maryland. 
 
 Fathers De Brebeuf and 
 Masse return to Cana- 
 da with Champlain. 
 
 Father Rohaut lays the 
 foundations of the Jes 
 uits' College at Que- 
 bec. 
 
 Founding of the Algon 
 
 1587 
 
 158£ 
 
 158J 
 
 159( 
 
 159] 
 1595 
 
 159; 
 159 
 159 
 
 16C 
 
 16( 
 
 16 
 16 
 
 16 
 16 
 
 16 
 It 
 U 
 
, -€4 
 
 AND STNC3R0KI0AL TABLES OF BISTORT. 
 
 RT. 
 
 "•J "I 
 thu{ 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1572 
 1,')74 
 
 1576 
 
 1584 
 
 1585 
 
 1587 
 
 1588 
 
 1589 
 
 1590 
 
 1591 
 1592 
 
 1593 
 1598 
 1599 
 
 1603 
 
 1605 
 
 1610 
 
 1612 
 
 1614 
 1618 
 
 1619 
 1621 
 1622 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Qerm. 
 
 ! 
 
 Kod- 
 olph 
 II. £. 
 
 li?., 
 
 I King 
 
 Philip 
 IV. Kg. 
 
 5 Mat- 
 thias 
 Em. 
 
 30.yr«' 
 loarPal 
 
 atine 
 period. 
 
 Fbrd. 
 II. Em. 
 
 England. 
 
 (Death of 
 / Mary 
 (_ Stuart. 
 
 (The In- 
 < vincible 
 (, Armada 
 
 (East In 
 < dia Com- 
 
 House of 
 Stuart. 
 
 James I., 
 ^King. 
 5 Gunpow 
 I der Plot. 
 
 Francb. 
 
 { Massacro of St. 
 ( Bartholomew. 
 Uenby III., King. 
 
 Holy League. 
 
 Death of the Duke 
 
 of Aujou. 
 
 War of the Three 
 , Henrys. 
 
 ^ Battle of Coutras, 
 < gained by Henry 
 
 5 Murder of the 
 ( Duke of Guise. 
 
 House of Bourbon 
 Henry IV. 
 Battle of Ivry.— 
 *"'..'( of Paris. 
 
 Henry IV. abjures 
 Protestantism. 
 ' IVeaty of Vervins. 
 Edict of Nantes. 
 The Minister of 
 State is the cele- 
 brated Sully. Un- 
 der Henry's reign, 
 colonists are sent 
 to Canada and 
 ^Guyane. 
 
 C Assassination of 
 
 < Henry IV. 
 (Louis XIII., King 
 
 < Convocation of 
 I the States Gen. 
 
 TThe Protestant 
 Party, command- 
 ed by De Uohan, 
 threatens to dis- 
 memberPrance. — 
 Siege of Montau- 
 
 .ban. 
 
 Thb Ciiubch. 
 
 ^Elizabeth is stainins 
 the soil of England 
 with the blood of her 
 Catholic subjects. — 
 
 ^ Ireland is not spared. 
 Publication of the 
 Roman Martvrolorj 
 
 ' ISiXTiJB v.. Pope. He 
 institutes the Congre- 
 gations of Cardinals. 
 —Mary Stuart, the 
 Queen of SeotH,a pris- 
 oner of I'lizabetb, 
 writes to the Pope a 
 touching letter, de- 
 claring ner fixed re- 
 solve to live and die a 
 
 , Catholic. 
 
 { Urban VI., Pope. 
 
 I Gregory XIV., Tope. 
 
 Innocent IXy Pope. 
 
 Clement VIII., Fope. 
 
 ( Annexion of the 
 
 } Duchy of Perrara to 
 
 (the Pontifical States. 
 
 ' Leo XI. , Pope.— Pat l 
 V.Pope. — Persecution 
 in Japan. — Chinese 
 Missions.-Father Ric- 
 ci in Pekin.— The Jes 
 uits iu Paraguay. 
 Paul V. approves 
 the following new 
 Institutions : the 
 Ursulines; the Con 
 gregation of Priests 
 of the Oratory, es- 
 tablished by Card. 
 De Borulle; tlie Nuns 
 of the Visitation, ins 
 tituted by St. Francis 
 of Sales. — Foundinp 
 by St. Vincent of 
 Paul, of the Sisters 
 
 . of Charity, in Paris. 
 
 ' Gregory XV., Pope. 
 — Foundation of the 
 Propaganda.-Canoni- 
 zatiou of St. Ignatius 
 of Loyola, St. Frs. 
 Xavier, St. Theresa, 
 
 ^and St. Philip Neri. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL, SYNOPTICAL, 
 
 CANADA.— FRENCH EULE. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1635 
 1636 
 
 1637 
 
 1642 
 
 1644 
 1645 
 
 1648 
 1649 
 
 1651 
 
 1653 
 
 1656 
 1657 
 1658 
 1660 
 
 1661 
 
 1663 
 166:3 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Religious Part. 
 
 DE CHATEAUFORT administers the col- 
 ony ad interim. 
 
 DE MONTMAGNY, a Knight of Malta, Gov- 
 ernor-General. 
 
 The village of Sillery near Quebec is found- 
 ed by Brulart De Sillery, a priest, and an 
 ex-minister of State. 
 
 Founding of Vilie-Marie (Montreal) by De 
 Maisonneuvo. The European population 
 in Canada, is then not more than 200 
 souls. 
 
 The Iroqtiois bum down several Huron 
 villages and butcher the inhabitants. 
 
 The Company of the One Hundred Asso- 
 ciates aoandon to the Colonists the mo- 
 nopoly of the fur trade. 
 
 D'AILLEBOUST succeeds de Montmagny. 
 
 The Iroquois suddenly fall, at three differ- 
 ent places, upon Huron villages, and ei- 
 ther butcher and carry off most of their 
 inhabitants. 
 
 DE LAUZON succeeds D'Ailleboust— .The 
 Iroquois are becoming more and more 
 formidable; they attack Montreal and 
 Three Rivers. 
 
 De Maisonneuve brmgs from France a re- 
 cruitof 100 men, skilled in some trade, and 
 sincere Catholics. 
 
 DE LAUZON-CHARNY governs adinterlm 
 after his father's departm-e for France. 
 
 D'AILLEBOUST governs also ad interim 
 alter de Lauzon-Charny. 
 
 D'ARGENSON (Viscount) succeeds de 
 Lauzon as Governor-General. 
 
 Seventeen brave Frenchmen of Montreal, 
 headed by Dollard, sacrilice themselves 
 for the safety of the Colony. 
 
 D'AVATJGOUR (Baron) succeeds d'Ar 
 gensou. He gets into dUhcuUy with Bish 
 oj) De Laval about the tratho of brandy 
 with the Indians. 
 
 The Colony is visited by one of the most 
 terrific earthqualtes on record in Canada. 
 
 DE MESY succeeds d'Avaugour,~Em'opean 
 population, 2500 ; Quebec alone, 800. — An 
 edict of the King creates at Quebec a 
 Supreme Council composed of the Gov- 
 ernor, the Bishop, the Inteudant, the At 
 
 1637 
 
 1639 
 
 1642 
 
 1646 
 
 1617 
 
 qiiin Mission and of 
 the Hotel-Dieu of 
 Quebec ; the first, by 
 Brulart deSille^, the 
 second, by the Duch- 
 ess d'Aiguillon. 
 
 Tlie convent of the Ur- 
 sulines in Quebec, is 
 founded by Mme de 
 la Peltrie. 
 
 On May 17th, Father 
 Vimont.a Jesuit, says 
 the first Mass at 
 Montreal. The Island 
 is placed under the 
 protection of the M. 
 B. Virgin.— The Hotel 
 Dieu of Moutreal is 
 foimded by Miss 
 Manse and Mrs. De 
 Bullion. 
 
 Father Jo^ues is mas- 
 sacred by the Iro- 
 quois, Oct. 17th. 
 
 Father Lequen discov- 
 ers Lake St. John, in 
 Saguenay. — Father 
 Druillettes reaches 
 the sea through the 
 Chaudifere and Ken- 
 nebec Rivers. 
 
 Fathers Daniel, De Bre- 
 beuf, Lalemant, and 
 Gamier, are either 
 horribly tortured to 
 death, or massacred 
 by the Iroquois, neai" 
 Lake Huron. 
 
 1652 Father Butoux is mas- 
 sacred by the Iro- 
 quois on the St. Mau- 
 rice River. 
 
 1653 Founding of the Con- 
 
 frt'.gation of N. D. at 
 lontreal, by Sister 
 Bourgeois, Sept. 2. 
 
 1654 Mrs. De Champlaindies 
 an Ursuline at 
 Meaux, France. 
 
 1649 
 
AKD STNCHRONIOAL TABLES OP HISTORr. 
 
 XI 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1623 
 1624 
 
 1625 
 1628 
 
 1630 
 
 1635 
 1637 
 1639 
 
 1642 
 1643 
 
 1644 
 
 1645 
 1647 
 1648 
 
 1649 
 
 1650 
 1655 
 
 'l658 
 
 1659 
 1660 
 1661 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Perd. 
 III., E. 
 
 ''Oliv- 
 
 isdis- 
 grao- 
 
 C Siege 
 } of Le- 
 (.rida 
 
 Germ. 
 
 CDan- 
 } ish 
 (War. 
 
 rSwe- 
 < dish 
 (War. 
 
 5 Tr. 
 I War. 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 England. 
 
 { Charles I 
 J King. 
 
 France. 
 
 ' Rising of 
 
 the 
 
 Scotch 
 
 against 
 
 England 
 
 < Battle of 
 ( Keynton 
 
 ( Battle of 
 
 < Newbu 
 (ry. 
 
 { Richelieu, minis- 
 l ter of State. 
 
 Siege of LaRochelle. 
 C Journ6e des Dujpes 
 } Alliance "with 
 ( Sweden, 
 f The French Acad- 
 < emy founded by 
 ( Card. Richelieu. 
 
 5 Foundation of the 
 I Bourse in Paris. 
 
 Death of Richelieu. 
 
 r Charles 1 
 < a prison- 
 (.er 
 
 C Leo- 
 { pold 
 
 (.1- E. 
 
 '^ Charles 1 
 behead- 
 ed. 
 
 O.Crom- 
 well. 
 
 C Ireland 
 
 } is laid 
 
 (_ waste. 
 
 5 R. Crom- 
 JweU. 
 
 Charles 
 II.,K*ng. 
 
 I 
 
 Louis XI v., King. 
 
 — Ann of Austria, 
 
 Regent. — Mazarin 
 
 minister. — Battle 
 
 of Rocrov, gained 
 
 ^by Conde. 
 
 \ \ Battle of Fribourg 
 
 \ gained by Cond6 
 
 ( Battle of Wordlin- 
 
 < gue, gained by 
 
 (Cond6. 
 
 r Battle of Lens, 
 
 \ gained by Cond^. 
 —Treaty of West- 
 
 1 phalia. 
 
 ^Thefronde.— Con- 
 A6 besieges Paris 
 defended by, Tu 
 
 l^renne. 
 
 r Battle of the Du- 
 nes, gained by Tu- 
 reune. 
 Treaty of the Pyr- 
 
 i^enees. 
 
 r Death of Mazarin. 
 < — Colbert suc- 
 (.oeedshim. 
 
 The Church. 
 
 Urban VIII.— This 
 Pope cultivates Lat-, 
 in and Ital. Poetry 
 and conects the litur- 
 
 f;ical hymns. He pub- 
 ishes the Bull Emi- 
 nente condemning 
 Jansenism. — His pon 
 tiflcate sees the found 
 ing of the Congrcga-' 
 tion of St. Lazarus, by 
 St. Vincent of Paul. 
 That of the Seminary 
 of St. Sulpice, by Mr. 
 Olier. — St. FrancisRe- 
 gis. Apostle of Viva- 
 rais, Cevennes, &c. 
 Horrible persecution 
 in Japan against the. 
 ^ Christians. 
 
 f Innocent X., Pope 
 He combats nepotism. 
 — T^e fan atical sect of 
 Puritans, in Scotland, 
 draw up and sign a 
 new Covenant, "seal- 
 ed", do they say, "by 
 Heaven itself ", and 
 take 01. Cromwell for 
 their leader. — Issuing 
 of a Bull condemning 
 ^Jansenism. 
 
 f Alexander VIL, 
 Pope. — He receivfs in 
 the Church Queen 
 Christina of Sweden 
 — The Sorbonne con- 
 demns Jansenism. — 
 Bull confirming ev( ry 
 point of those publish- 
 ed by Urban VIII and 
 Innocent X. for the 
 condemnation of Jan-| 
 senism. — Death of St. 
 Vincent of Paul, aged 
 
 t85. 
 
.xn 
 
 CHRONOLOCHCAL, SYNOPTICAL, 
 
 CANADA.— FRENCH RULE. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1663 
 
 1664 
 
 1665 
 
 1666 
 
 1672 
 
 1673 
 
 I' 
 11' 
 
 1679 
 
 1682 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1685 
 1686 
 
 1687 
 
 1689 
 
 tomey-General, and five Ci. uncillors.— 
 Three courts of justice are established 
 respectively at buebeo, Montreal, and 
 Three Rivers. — ^The Montreal Company 
 grants the Island of Montreal to the Sul- 
 picians. 
 
 The rights of fhe Company of the One 
 Hundred Associates are transferred to 
 the West-India Company. 
 
 DE TRACT (Marquis), Viceroy. 
 
 DE COUBCELLES, Governor.— Talon, In 
 tendant. 
 
 Three forts are built, viz. : at Sorel, Cham 
 bly, and Ste. Thdrfese. — The Viceroy 
 marches against the Iroquois and obliges 
 them t o sue for peace. 
 
 DE FBONTENAC (Louis de Buade, Count) 
 succeeds De Courcelles, as Governor-Gen- 
 eral. 
 
 De Frontenao constructs a fort at Catara- 
 qui (Kingston), and gives it his own name. 
 He has M. Perrot, Governor of Montreal, 
 arrested. — Louis Jolliet of Quebec, and 
 Father Marquette, a Jesuit, discover the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Dela Salle launches on Lakes Erie and 
 Ontario the first vessels that ever plough- 
 ed those waters. 
 
 DE LA BARRE (Le Fdvre) succeeds Count 
 de Frontenac. — De la Salle explores the 
 Mississippi River down to the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and calls the country which it 
 waters, Louisiana, in honor of Louis 
 XIV. 
 
 DEDENOinniLE (Marquis) succeeds De 
 la Barre. 
 
 D'lberville and his brothers (Canadians) 
 take from the English all their posts in 
 Hudson Baj , Fort Nelson excepted. — De 
 Denonville has some Iroquois chiefs un 
 justly arrested. 
 
 De Denonville defeats the Iroquois, bums 
 and destroys a great number of their 
 villages. 
 
 In the night of the 5th of August, the Iro- 
 quois suddenly appear in the Island of 
 Montreal, ana butcher a great maiy of 
 its inhabitants without distinction of age 
 or sex. 
 
 1660 
 
 1663 
 
 1666 
 
 1667 
 
 1668 
 1670 
 
 Religious Part. 
 
 1674 
 1679 
 
 1682 
 
 1684 
 
 
 Db Laval-Montmo- 
 RENCY (FrAucis), 
 Bishop of Petrea, ar* 
 rives at Quebec, as' 
 Vicar-Apostolio ofi 
 New France, June 6. 
 Until then, Canada 
 was under the juiis 
 diction of the Arch- 
 bishop of Rouen. — 
 Founding by De 
 J^ueylus, of the Sem- 
 inary of St. Sulpice, 
 at Montreal. 
 
 Founding of the Semi- 
 nary oi Quebec by Bp. 
 De Laval. Incoroo- 
 ration of the Parishes 
 to the Seminary. 
 
 Dedication of the Que- 
 bec Cathedral to the 
 Immaculate Concep- 
 tion, July 2. 
 
 The tithes, from the 
 13th, are reduced to 
 the 26th part. 
 
 Foundation of the little 
 Seminary of Quebec. 
 
 The Recollet Fathers 
 return to Canada.— 
 Death of the Ven. 
 Jlother of the Incar- 
 nation, first Superior 
 ess of the Ursulines 
 of Quebec. 
 
 Clement X. erects Que 
 bee into a Bishopric. , 
 
 The irremovability of 
 parish priests pro- 
 claimed. 
 
 Bishop De Laval ex- 
 communicates the 
 traffickers in brandy. 
 
 Erec. of a Chapter for 
 the Cathedral of Que- 
 bec. — ^The opposition 
 Bishop De Laval en 
 counters from the 
 Governors and in 
 
 
 I 
 
 A.D. 
 
 166'! 
 
 16K 
 166( 
 166i 
 
 166i 
 
 1671 
 167i 
 
 167 
 
 167 
 
 167 
 
 16; 
 
 16! 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 1( 
 1( 
 1( 
 li 
 
AND SYKCHRONICAL TABLES OF HISTORY. 
 
 Xlfl 
 
 A.I>. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 1664 
 
 1665 
 1666 
 1667 
 
 1668 
 
 1670 
 1672 
 
 1674 
 
 CChs. 
 
 ] II., 
 (Kg. 
 
 1675 . 
 
 1676 
 
 1678 
 
 1681 
 1683 
 
 1685 
 
 1686 
 1688 
 1689 
 1690 
 
 Gekm. 
 
 rsat 
 
 tie of 
 St. 
 Goth 
 ^ard. 
 
 ,.'.r 
 
 England. 
 
 :7.'r,i.- 
 
 C Great 
 } five in 
 C London 
 
 Fbance. 
 
 f* Devolution "War. — 
 Conquest of Flanders 
 uud Franche-Comt6. 
 Con<!6,Turenne, Lou- 
 vois, Vanban, com- 
 
 ^ mand the King's army 
 
 ( Treaty of Aix-la-Clia- 
 I pelle. 
 
 f Siege 
 -I of 
 Vien- 
 na by 
 the 
 LTrks 
 
 rSill of 
 the Ha 
 beas Cor- 
 pus. 
 Whigs 
 and To- 
 ries, 
 test Bill. 
 
 Charles 
 II. ab- 
 juresPro 
 
 teatant- 
 ism and 
 
 dies. 
 JamesII 
 , King. 
 
 ( Mary & 
 
 } WlLL- 
 { lAM III. 
 
 Holland War. 
 \ Battle of Senef 
 \ gained by Cond6. 
 Turenne'is killed by a 
 cannon ball at Salz- 
 bach, after having 
 successively defeated 
 the Imperialists in f 
 battles. 
 C Naval Battle of Mes 
 } sina won by Duques- 
 (.ne. 
 
 f Peace of Nimeguen 
 } Louis XIV. is surnam- 
 ( ed the Great. 
 
 Death of Colbert. 
 
 5 Revocation of the 
 I Edict of Nantes. 
 
 ''Gennany. Spain, Hol- 
 land, SaA'oy, Italy, 
 and Sweden, league 
 against France which 
 remains victorious. 
 
 The Church. 
 
 ( Battle of Fleurus 
 < gained by Luxem- 
 ( bourg. 
 
 r Clement IX. 
 Pope.— ITio Ckm- 
 enthiitPeace, in the 
 attair of Jansen- 
 ism. — Alliance be- 
 tween Jansenism 
 and Gallicanism. 
 — ^I'he celebrated 
 Lettres Pro viu Ha- 
 les; a work, said 
 Voltaire, resting 
 on a false ground. 
 — Capture of Can- 
 dia by the Turcs. 
 
 '^CLEMENTX.,Pope. 
 
 — The Regale, in 
 
 France. — Philoso - 
 
 j)hy of Descartes. 
 
 r Innocent XL, 
 Pope.— Galilean 
 liberties. Difficul- 
 ties between the 
 Pope and Louis 
 XlV. concerning 
 the JSegale.— 
 Founding, in 
 
 France,1681,ofthe 
 Institute oi the 
 Brothers of the 
 Cliristian Schools, 
 by the Ven. J.-B. 
 De La Salle, a 
 priest. — General 
 Assembly of the 
 Clei'ffy of France, 
 1 682. — Innocent 
 XL condemns the 
 " Declaration of 
 the Clergy of 
 France'*, and an- 
 nuls all the acts of 
 this Assembly. — 
 Ho suppresses the 
 Franchises. — Con- 
 demnation of Mol- 
 l^iuos' errors, 1687. 
 
 J Alexakdeb Vlll. 
 I Pope. 
 
XIV 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL, SYNOPTICAL, 
 
 f 
 
 CANADA.— FRENCH RULE. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1689 
 
 1690 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1691 
 
 1692 
 
 1693 
 1694 
 1695 
 
 1696 
 
 1697 
 1698 
 
 1700 
 
 1703 
 1704 
 
 DE FBOirrEXAC, Governor-Gen- 
 eral for the second time. — D'lbcr- 
 ville upholds the honor of the 
 French flag in the neighborhood of i 
 Hudson Bay. 
 
 De Fronteuac invades the English 
 Colonies at three different points at 
 the same time. But these colonies 
 promptly e(juip a fleet the com- 
 mand of which they entrust to Sir 
 William Phipps, who captiu-es 
 nearly all the French possessions 
 in Acadia. Soon after, Phipps, with 
 a second and more powerful arma- 
 ment, apijears befcu-c Quebec; but 
 after a Ibxir days' bombardment^ 
 ho is obliged to abandon the enter- 
 jirise. 
 
 De Calli^res, aided by the brave De 
 Varennes, routs 1000 Iroquois at 
 La Prairie. 
 
 An English sqimdron is obliged to 
 retreat from Piacentia in New- 
 foundland. 
 
 The English capture Fort Ste Anne 
 in Hudson Bay. 
 
 Fort Nelson, in "Hudson-Bay, siu'ren- 
 ders to D'Iberville. 
 
 A band of Iroquois is exterminated, 
 at Boucherville, by Canadian vol- 
 unteers. 
 
 D'Iberville captures FortPemmaquid 
 •wath St. Johns, Newfoundland, and 
 nearly all the trading posts in that 
 Island. 
 
 D'Iberville drives the English out of 
 Hudson Bay. 
 
 DE CALLliiBES, Goveraor of Mont- 
 real, becomes Governor-General. — 
 Settlement of Louisiana, by D'I- 
 berville who is named its Governor. 
 
 Do La Motte Cadillac, with 100 Ca- 
 nadians, lays the foimdation of De- 
 troit — Population of Canada, 20000 ; 
 English colonies, 260000. 
 
 DE VAUDREUIL (Marquis), suc- 
 ceeds de Callibres. 
 
 Fresh hostilities between the French 
 and English colonists. 
 
 1684 
 
 1688 
 
 Religious Part. 
 
 1689 
 1692j 
 
 tendants in the ad- 
 ministration of his 
 diocese, engages 
 him on a journey to 
 France to choose 
 his successor. 
 DE Sr. VALIER 
 (John Baptist Che- 
 vri^re), 2nd Bishop 
 of Quebec, suc<3eed« 
 Bishop De Laval 
 who resigns. 
 
 1694 
 
 1697 
 
 1698 
 
 1700 
 
 1701 
 
 1703 
 1705 
 
 The "HApital G6n6- 
 ral" of Quebec is 
 founded by Bishop 
 de St. Valier. 
 
 Foundation of the 
 "Hfipital-General" 
 of Montreal by Bro. 
 Chakon. 
 
 The Ursulincs at 
 
 Three Rivers foun 
 
 ded by Bishop de 
 
 St. Valier. 
 
 Foundation, by the 
 Seminary ofQuebec, 
 of a Mission in II 
 linois. 
 -"Deatli of Sr. Boiu-- 
 geois, at Montreal, 
 at the age of 80, 
 Jan. 12. Mr. Dollier 
 de Casson, Superior 
 of the Seminary of 
 Montreal, also 80 
 years old, pronoun- 
 ces the funeral ora- 
 tion, 
 r First conflagration 
 
 < of the Seminary ot 
 (. Quebec. 
 
 Second conflagrfttion 
 of the Sominaiy ol 
 Quebec. 
 1708 Bishop De Laval,who 
 
 00 
 
 Pe- 
 ter 
 I. the 
 Gr. 
 
 ^ Czar 
 
 1 
 
 rBatt. 
 of 
 Nar- 
 va, 
 lost 
 
 Potr. 
 I. 
 
 rBatt. 
 of 
 Mit- 
 tau 
 gain- 
 ed 
 
 i)y 
 
 the 
 Swe- 
 des. 
 
 ' Fn. 
 
 dji- 
 
 tion 
 
 ofSt. 
 
 Pe- 
 
 tere 
 
 U>"rg 
 
AND STKCflROKtCAL tABLBS Of HISTORY. 
 
 atv 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 ;3 
 
 Pe- 
 ter 
 .the 
 Gr. 
 Jzar 
 
 Batt. 
 of 
 ^far- 
 va, 
 lost 
 
 Potr. 
 
 I. 
 
 Batt. 
 of 
 Mit- 
 tau 
 gain- 
 ed 
 
 by 
 
 tlie 
 
 Swe^ 
 
 leB. 
 
 Fix. 
 
 da- 
 
 tioii 
 
 •fSt. 
 
 Pe- 
 
 101*8 
 
 •nrg 
 
 1690 
 
 1691 
 1692 
 
 1693 
 1694 
 
 1697 
 
 1700 
 1702 
 
 1703 
 1704 
 
 Thil 
 IP 
 
 v., 
 
 King 
 
 1705 
 1706 
 1707 
 
 1709 
 
 ^Batt. 
 otAl- 
 man- 
 
 ^ za. 
 
 Germ. 
 
 Ha- 
 novo 
 rian 
 elec- 
 tor- 
 ate. 
 
 Vic- 
 tory 
 of 
 Zen- 
 tha 
 won 
 over 
 the 
 l^Trks 
 
 Second 
 
 battle 
 
 ofHoch 
 
 stadt 
 
 gained 
 
 over 
 the Pr. 
 
 Jos. 
 I. Emp. 
 
 England. 
 
 r Battle of 
 the Boy- 
 ne lost 
 
 by 
 James 
 II. 
 
 ^ bound- 
 ing of 
 the Roy 
 al Bank 
 of Lon 
 don. 
 
 C Death of 
 < .lainesll. 
 (. in Prnce. 
 ( Anne 
 ] (Stuart), 
 C Queen. 
 
 . .' ' I 
 
 f Union of 
 England 
 andScot- 
 
 Jand. 
 
 France. 
 
 Battle of Staffarde 
 gained by Catinat. 
 
 vv>-. .*., v.;' ;:•.<''■' 
 
 The Church. 
 
 f Naval Battle of La 
 Hogue, lost by Tour- 
 ville.-Battle of Stein- 
 kerque gained by 
 Luxembourg. 
 Battles of Nerwinde 
 and la Marsaille gai- 
 ned, the Ist bv Lux- 
 embourg, the 2nd by 
 Catinat. y^^^f^in 
 
 Peace of Hyswick. 
 ''War of the Spanish 
 succession. — Austria, 
 England, Holland, 
 Poi-tugal,and Prvissia,- 
 league againstFrance 
 ^ and Spain. 
 
 Battle of Frledlingen 
 gained by Villars. 
 
 '' First battle of Hoohs- 
 tadt gained by Vil- 
 lars. — Revolt of the 
 Protestants in the 
 
 ^Cevennes. 
 
 ''Battle of Raraillies 
 gained by the English 
 under Marlborough. 
 — Defeat of Marsin 
 
 ^new Tuxin. 
 
 'Battle of Malplaquet 
 gained by Prince Eu- 
 gene and Maiibo- 
 
 ,rou^. 
 
 r Louis XIV. re- 
 sumes' the riglit of 
 the Fi'anchises. — 
 Bull of Alexander 
 VIII. condemning 
 the "Declaration 
 of the Clergy ol 
 France". 
 Innocent XIT., 
 Pope. -Bull against 
 nepotism. — Louis 
 XIV. disavows the 
 acts of the Assem- 
 bly of 1682. Letter 
 of the French bish 
 ops to Innocent 
 XII., declaring the 
 decrees of 1682 
 null and void. 
 Submission of 
 Fenclon to the 
 condemnation of 
 his work the Ma- 
 
 ^ximes des Saints. 
 
 ' Clement Xl.Pope 
 He energetically 
 protests against 
 the unjustifiable 
 aggression of Jo- 
 seph I. of Austria, 
 against Italy. Is- 
 suing of the Bull 
 Unigenitus con- 
 demning 101 pro- 
 positions drawn 
 from the Beflex- 
 ions Morales of 
 Quesnel, the Jan 
 senist; it is receiv- 
 ed by the Clergy 
 of Franco, and 
 sup^jorted by 
 Louis XIV. Ques- 
 tions of the C/i J ncse 
 Bites. The Plague 
 in Marseilles, 1720, 
 and Bishoi) De 
 Belzunce. — Clem- 
 ent XI. sends 
 three ship-loads of 
 com to the city of 
 
 ^Marseilles. 
 
^Vl 
 
 -» CHRONOtOGiCAt, SYNOPTICAL, ''^ . 
 
 CANADA.— FRENCH RULE. 
 
 If 
 
 A.D, 
 
 1705 
 
 1710 
 1711 
 
 1713 
 
 1721 
 
 1723 
 1725 
 
 1726 
 1731 
 
 1733 
 
 1737 
 
 1744 
 1745 
 
 1747 
 
 1748 
 1749 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 The English capture the French 
 ship, Seine, on her way to Que- 
 bec, having on board Bishop de 
 St. Valier. 
 
 The English take Port Royal and 
 naiuo it Annapolis. 
 
 The English fail in their new at- 
 tempt of invading Canada. — Du 
 Buisson, commander of Fort 
 Detroit, beats several times the 
 Outa^amis. 
 
 By the Treaty of Utrecht, France 
 cedes to Gi'cat Britain, Acadia, 
 Newfovmdland, Hudson Bay, and 
 the country of the Iroquois. 
 
 European jpopul. of Canada, 25000 : 
 Quebec,7000 ; Montreal, 300 : 5600 
 horses. 
 
 The first building of ships at Que- 
 bec. 
 
 DE LONGUEUIL (Baron), Gover- 
 nor of Montreal, heads the ad- 
 ministration of the colony ad 
 
 DE BEATJHARNAIS (Marquis), 
 Governor-General. 
 
 De Beauhamais erects a Fort at 
 Crown Point on Lake Cham- 
 plain. 
 
 Public attention is turned towards 
 the iron iiiines of St. Maurice. 
 
 Founding of the Grey Nuns, at 
 Montreal, by Mrs. d'Youville. 
 
 European popul. of Canada, 50000. 
 
 The English colonists take Lovus- 
 bourg. 
 
 DE LA OALISSONNlilBE (Count) 
 administers the Colony during 
 the captivity of De la Jonquifere. 
 — De Kamezay repulses the En- 
 glish at Beaubassm. 
 
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelleby which 
 Canada recovers the places lost 
 during the last war, — Louis- 
 bourg, Cape Breton, etc. 
 
 DE LA JOMaUI^BE (Marquis), 
 Governor-General. Under his 
 administration, public men in 
 Canada commence not to bo proof 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1708 
 
 1709 
 
 1711 
 1714 
 
 1716 
 
 1721 
 
 1722 
 1725 
 
 1727 
 
 1728 
 
 Religious Part. 
 
 had resigned since 
 I688j dies in the 
 Seminary of Quebec 
 at the ago of 86. 
 
 tn 
 
 De Moruay, Bishop »» 
 partibus of Eume- 
 nies, is named coad- 
 jutor tOi Bishop Do 
 St. Valier. — Death 
 of Miss Leber, for 
 20 years a recluse. 
 
 fThe HospitaUers of 
 Montreal reckon 
 five missions 
 
 (schools) in the 
 country: they are 
 Pointe - aux - Trem- 
 bles, Boucher ville, 
 Longueuil, Batiscan, 
 and Three Rivers. — 
 Father Charlevoix 
 visits Canada and 
 writes its history.— 
 Father Rasle, the 
 missionary of the 
 Abenaquis, is mas- 
 sacred by the En- 
 
 [^ glish. 
 
 Erection of 82 parishes 
 from Kamouraska 
 to Chateauguay. 
 
 Death of Bishop De 
 St. Valier at the 
 "HOpital-General", 
 Quebec, at the age 
 of 74. — Foundation, 
 atLouisbourg, of an 
 establishment for 
 tbe Sisters of the 
 Congregation of 
 N.-D. 
 DEMORNAY (L. F. 
 Duplessis),3rdBish- 
 
 
 ^ Battle] 
 
 of Pul 
 
 tava 
 
 gained 
 
 by Pen 
 
 ter 1. 
 
 Battle 
 
 of 
 Pruth, 
 lost by 
 LPeterl. 
 
 ''Second 
 voyage 
 of Pe 
 ter I 
 thr'gh 
 out 
 
 ^Europ. 
 
 C Peace 
 <ofNys- 
 (. tadt. 
 
 ( Cathe 
 < rine I., 
 i Emp. 
 
 ("Peter 
 Emp. 
 
 I 
 
 lA.D 
 
 171C 
 1711 
 
 171J 
 171' 
 
 171( 
 
 171{ 
 
 172: 
 
 172 
 
 172' 
 172 
 
 173 
 
 17S 
 
 Us 
 
AND SYNCHBONICAL TABLES OP HISTORY. 
 
 xrtt 
 
 iHiili 
 
 CO 
 
 p 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1710 
 1711 
 
 1713 
 1714 
 
 1715 
 
 1716 
 
 1718 
 
 1721 
 
 1724 
 
 1726 
 1727 
 
 1730 
 1733 
 
 Qebmam. 
 
 { 
 
 CH8. 
 
 VI., 
 Emp. 
 
 ''Battles 
 of Pe- 
 terwar 
 dein 
 andBel 
 Trade 
 dined 
 by Pr. 
 « Lugen. 
 over 
 the 
 t Turks. 
 
 JPasBO- 
 rowitz 
 Peace. 
 
 Ekglakd. 
 
 'House of 
 Bruns- 
 wick, 
 George 
 
 \\. King. 
 
 rThe son 
 
 of James 
 
 II. at- 
 
 temps to 
 
 recover 
 
 the 
 throne. 
 
 ••••■■•■■■• 
 
 «■■■■■•■•■■ 
 
 •:» 
 
 Geobge 
 XL, Kg. 
 
 ••i ^t 
 
 ,:-V;. 
 
 France. 
 
 Spain. The Church. 
 
 (Battle of 
 Villa- vicio- 
 sa gained 
 byVendome 
 
 ''Battle of Denain 
 gained by Villars 
 over Prince Eu- 
 gene. 
 
 Treaty of Utrecht. 
 
 Peace of Rastadt. 
 Death of Louis XIV. — Under his 
 reign, styled the Augustan Age 
 of French literature, flourished 
 in France a constellation of em- 
 inent personages, such as Cond6, 
 Turenne, Luxembourg, Vauban, 
 Villars, Duquesne, Tourville, 
 Colbert, Bossuet, Fenelon, Mas- 
 sillon, Pascal, Descartes, Cor- 
 neille, Racine, &o. — Louis XV., 
 King. — ^The Duke of Orleans, Re- 
 Lgent. ... 
 
 FLDanoial Scheme of Law. 
 
 S The Quad- 
 ruple Al- 
 liance. 
 
 iir ;^'' 
 
 [ 
 
 Ministry 
 of Card. 
 Fleury. 
 
 rWar of 
 the Polish 
 succes- 
 sion. 
 
 
 ,S»1 
 
 (Innocent XIII , Pope.— Pe 
 } ter the Great expels the Jes 
 (, uits from Russia. 
 "^ Benedict XIII., Pope.— He 
 coniirms the Bull Unigenitus 
 in a council assembled at 
 Rome. — Card, de Noailles 
 submits to the Holy See. — 
 The Pope condemns the de- 
 crees 01 the Parliaments of 
 France forbidding the cele- 
 brat. of the feast of St. Greg- 
 ory VII.— The Jauscnists 
 propagate liturgio novelties 
 m many dioceses in France. 
 Clement XII., Pope.— The 
 sdphist Voltaire is entering 
 upon his long career of lit- 
 erary and immoral triumphs 
 by an unequalled hypocrisy, 
 corruption, and infamy. — 
 Clement All. condemns 
 Freemasenary. 
 
 f 
 ■It 
 
 I 
 
 >i if» ii».>«»i 
 
xvni 
 
 CHRONOtOGlCAL, SYNOPTICAt, 
 
 CANADA.— FRENCH RULE. 
 
 A.n. 
 
 1752 
 
 1754 
 
 1755 
 
 L756 
 
 1757 
 1758 
 
 Civil. AND Political P.vrt. 
 
 ngaiust corniption.- 
 
 DUQUESNE DE MENNE- 
 VILLE (Marquis) succeeds 
 De la Jo^lqui^re who was 
 detested for his avarice. 
 
 Do Contreccfiur builds Fort 
 Duijuesno (Pittsburg). — De 
 Vilhers obliges Washington 
 to capitulate at Fort "Ne- 
 cessity. 
 
 DE VATJDREUIL-CAVA- 
 GNAC (Marquis), third son 
 to tho first Governor of 
 that name, succeeds to Mar 
 quis Duquesne. — Battle of 
 the Mouongahcla won by 
 Delieauieu and Dumas on 
 Braddock and Washington. 
 — The English become mas- 
 ter of Acadia. Decoying 
 many of its inhabitants to 
 Grand Prd, they declare 
 them prisoners, embark 
 them pell-mell on their ves 
 sels and disperse them 
 throughout their colonies. — 
 English population in 
 America, l,t200,000; French 
 popul. 80000- 
 
 Fort Bull surrenders to De 
 Lory. — The Marquis de 
 MONTCALM arrives in 
 Canada sis commander-in- 
 chief of the forces. He is 
 accompanied by the Cheva 
 lier de Levis, De Bougain 
 ville, and De Bourlamaque. 
 — Montcalm takes Forts 
 Ontario and Oswego. 
 
 Montcalm takes Fort William- 
 Henry. 
 
 The French lose Louisbourg, 
 Capo Breton, Prince-Kd- 
 ward Island, Forts Front- 
 enao and Duquesne. — Bat- 
 tle of Carillon in which 
 Montcalm, with 3600 men, 
 defeats 16000 English troops 
 commanded bv Abercrom- 
 
 A.D. 
 
 17!i>8 
 
 1730 
 1733 
 
 Religious Part 
 
 op of Quebec. 
 He never came 
 in Canada. 
 M. DOSQUET, 
 Sup. of the 
 Congregation 
 of N.-D., at 
 Montreal, Bish- 
 op in partibus 
 of Samoa, 
 
 coadj. of Bish- 
 op De Momay, 
 and adminis- 
 trator of the 
 diocese of Que 
 bee. 
 
 1739 
 
 1740 
 1741 
 
 DOSQUET (Peter 
 Herman), 4th 
 Bishop of Que- 
 bec, succeeds 
 Bishop De 
 Mornay who 
 had resigned. 
 
 Father Auneau 
 and M. De la 
 Verendrye are 
 massacred by 
 the Sioux. 
 
 DE L'ATJBERI- 
 Vli:RE(F. L. 
 De Pourroy), 
 5th Bishop of 
 Quebec, dies 
 on his arrival 
 in the Port, at 
 the age of 29. 
 He was the 
 successor to 
 Bishop Dos- 
 quet who re- 
 signed for rea- 
 sons of health, 
 and returned 
 to France. 
 
 ''DEPONTBRI- 
 ANT ( Henry 
 
 Mary 
 
 Du 
 
 vx 
 
 s 
 
 P4 
 
 'Anne, 
 daugh- 
 ter of 
 Iwan 
 
 ^ Emp. 
 
 .-! ;■ 
 
 TWAN 
 
 VL, E. 
 
 El.IZA- 
 BETH 
 
 Emp. 
 
 Raised to 
 a King- 
 dom 
 
 (1701). 
 
 Fred- 
 eric I., 
 King.— 
 
 Fred- 
 eric — 
 William 
 I., King. 
 
 (1713.) 
 
 M 
 
 'Fred- 
 
 EHICjI. 
 
 the 
 " Great, 
 I King. 
 
AND SYNCHRONICAL TABLES OP HISTORY. 
 
 XIX 
 
 CO 
 
 OQ 
 
 Pi 
 
 Raised to 
 a King- 
 dom 
 (1701). 
 Pred- 
 
 EBIC I., 
 
 King. — 
 Fred- 
 eric — 
 William 
 I., King. 
 (1713.) 
 
 ''Fred- 
 
 EKICjI. 
 
 tlie 
 Great. 
 I Kii)c 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1735 
 
 1740 
 
 1742 
 
 1743 
 
 1745 
 1746 
 
 1747 
 
 1748 
 1757 
 
 1758 
 1759 
 1760 
 1761 
 
 1763 
 1765 
 1766 
 
 1768 
 
 1769 
 
 German. 
 
 C Maria 
 {Tliero- 
 C 8a. 
 
 C Chs. 
 ( Emp. 
 
 '' Souse 
 of Loi'- 
 raine. 
 Fran- 
 cis 1., 
 
 ^Emp. 
 
 England. . 
 
 France. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 C Supports 
 ^ Maria Tlie- 
 ( resa. 
 ( Fall of 
 I Walpolo 
 I ijrinio Min 
 I ister. 
 r Battle of 
 Dettingcn 
 gained by 
 the Duke 
 ofCiunber- 
 land. 
 (War of the 
 ^ 2n(l pre- 
 t tenucr. 
 ^Battle of 
 Cullodeu 
 gained by 
 Cuinbcr- 
 ^laud. 
 
 5 Jos. 
 \ £1. E. 
 
 < George 
 I III., liing, 
 
 < Treaty of 
 I Vienna. 
 fWar of the 
 } Austrian Suc- 
 C cession. 
 
 ? Sickness of 
 J Lduis XV., at 
 Metz. Ho is 
 siiriiamcd the 
 Beloved, niiilc 
 of which he 
 
 afterwards 
 sliowed him- 
 
 ^ self uuAvorthy 
 Battle of Fon- 
 teuoy gained 
 by iNIarshal of 
 Saxe. 
 
 Battle of Ko- 
 coux gained^ 
 by Marshal of' 
 
 , Saxe. 
 
 {Battle of Law- 
 fcld gained by 
 Marshal of 
 Saxe. 
 5 Treaty of Aix- 
 l la-Chapelle. 
 ( Capitulation 
 } of Clostej'- 
 ( !'>overn. 
 (Ministry of the 
 
 < Duke 01 Choi- 
 (_seul. 
 
 ■ -itrt' ■■' 'A-j -i."' '''' 
 
 (Ministry of 
 I Lord 
 (, Chatham. 
 
 France loses 
 Canada and 
 most of her 
 Colonies. — 
 Family com- 
 jpact Treaty. 
 
 Treaty of Paris. 
 
 ( Reunion of 
 
 < Lorraine to 
 ( Franco. 
 
 ( Reunion of 
 
 < Corsica to 
 ( France. 
 
 ( Birth of Nap, 
 
 < Bonaparte, at 
 (.Ajaocio (Cor.) 
 
 Tub Cuurch. 
 
 Fer- 
 di- 
 nand 
 VL, 
 Ksr. 
 
 (Chs. 
 \ IIL, 
 (King 
 
 Benedict XIV 
 Pope. — Scandalous 
 conduct of the Par- 
 liament of Paris in 
 ecclesiastical affairs.] 
 Brief requiring res- 
 pect and submission] 
 to the Bull Unigeni-^ 
 <«s.-lH8uiug of briefs] 
 for the regulation of 
 tlio various iurisdic- 
 tious of Maronitc, 
 Coptic and Melcbite 
 Christians, as also; 
 for the Catholics of 
 ^Albania and Servia. 
 'Cr^EMENT XIII., 
 
 Pope. —Conspiracy 
 of the Philosojdiy of 
 tlie 18th century 
 against the Churcli, 
 headed by Voltaire. 
 — Condemnation of, 
 the Emilo of J. J: 
 Rousseau and other 
 most immoral and] 
 impious books; 
 
 spread in profusion; 
 by the anti-Christian 
 Philosophy of that 
 time. The learned, 
 pious, and ven. So- 
 ciety of Jesus is lam- 
 entably persecuted! 
 and finally expelled 
 from Portugal, Spain, 
 France, Naples, Par- 
 ma and Malta. Clem- 
 ent XIII. annuls the 
 decree of the Parlia- 
 ment of Paris sup- 
 pressing the Soc. 
 ^ of Jesus. 
 
 r Clement XIV 
 
 Pope.— The Catho- 
 lic States of Euro])e, 
 all then under the 
 influence of Freema- 
 sonry, obtain a brief 
 for the suppression 
 
 ■ of tlie Society of 
 
 I. Jesus. 
 
XX 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL, SYNOPTICAL, ^ir> 
 
 m 
 
 CANADA.— ENGLISH RULE. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1758 
 
 1759 
 
 1760 
 
 1763 
 
 1764 
 1766 
 
 1774 
 
 Civil ako Political Fabt. 
 
 bie : the French lost 377 men, in- 
 cluding 37 officers ; and the Eng- 
 lish loss is said to have been from 4 
 to 5000 men. 
 The English forces in America are 
 now 40000 regular troops and 
 20000 reserve; the French, only 
 5600 regular troops and 1500 mi- 
 litiamen, from 16 to 60 years of 
 age.— The English before Quebec ; 
 Wolfe disembarks on Orleans Is- 
 land, and is soon after repulsed 
 from Montmorency with a loss of 
 600men. — FortNiawara capitulates, 
 and Bourlamaque is compelled to 
 blow up Forts Carillon and St. 
 Frederic— Battle of the Plains of 
 Abraham, Sent. 13, in which Mont- 
 calm and Wolfe arc mortally 
 wounded: Quebec surrenders to 
 the English. 
 
 Paht Second. 
 
 ENGLISH RULE. 
 
 GEN. MURRAY, Governor of Que- 
 bec. — Popul. of Canada, 75000 
 French, and 8000 Indians. — Battle 
 of Ste Foye won by De Levis on 
 Murray, April 28.— ^The English es- 
 tablish martial law. — General 
 capitulation signed at Montreal, 
 Sept. 8. 
 
 Treaty of Paris by which Canada 
 is ceded to England.-Gen. Murray 
 is appointed Governor-General. — 
 1200 persons of distinction, either 
 return to France, or sail for San 
 Domingo. 
 
 Exclusion of the Canadians from 
 the Government offices. 
 
 GEN. ART ETON succeeds Gen, 
 Mun*ay.— The Test Oath is sus 
 pendei. 
 
 Promulgation of the Quebec Act 
 conflraiing the rights guaranteed 
 to Catholics by the capitulation of 
 Montreal. — First Legislative Couu- 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1753 
 
 1755 
 
 1759 
 
 1760 
 
 1761 
 
 1762 
 1764 
 
 1766 
 
 RoLioious Part. 
 
 breuil), 6th Bish- 
 op of Quebec. — 
 Bishop De Mor- 
 nay dies at Paris, 
 
 i. at the ago of 78. 
 
 Founding by Mrs. 
 DE YOUVlLLE 
 of the Grey Sis- 
 ters of Montreal 
 (H0pital-G<in6ral) 
 
 Conflagration of 
 the HOtel-Dieu, 
 Quebec ; one of 
 tlio Religious per- 
 ishes ia the fla- 
 mes. 
 
 A flag taken from 
 Phipps, in 1690, 
 had remained un- 
 til then hung up 
 at the vault of 
 the Cathed'"al of 
 Quebec. 
 
 Death of Bishop 
 Do Pontbriand, 
 at Montreal 
 
 (June 8), at the 
 age of 51. 
 
 The English Gov- 
 ernment refuses 
 to recognize the 
 Catholic Bishop 
 of Quebec. 
 
 The chapter of the 
 Cathedral of Que- 
 bec chooses Mr. 
 Briand, one of its 
 members, to be 
 Bishop of Que- 
 bec, M. Montgol- 
 fler having been 
 refused by the 
 government. 
 
 BRIAND (John 
 Olivei;), 7th Bish- 
 op of Quebec, the 
 see having re- 
 mained vacant 
 
 g 
 
 f Peter 
 IIL, 
 Emp— 
 Catha 
 
 RINE 
 
 IL, 
 
 Emp. 
 The 
 latter 
 takes 
 a pro- 
 minent 
 part in 
 the ne- 
 farious 
 dis- 
 mem- 
 ber- 
 ments 
 of Po- 
 land, 
 and re- 
 ceives 
 hei'self 
 nearly 
 tlietwo 
 tliirds 
 of it; 
 she, be 
 sides, 
 adds to 
 her 
 states, 
 by con- 
 quest, 
 theCri- 
 mea, 
 Lithu- 
 ania, 
 Cour- 
 laud, 
 etc. 
 
AND STNCHRONICAL TABLES OP HISTORY. 
 
 XXI 
 
 fPETEB 
 III., 
 
 Emp— 
 Catha 
 
 RINB 
 II., 
 
 Emp. 
 The 
 latter 
 takes 
 a pi'o- 
 ininent 
 part in I 
 the ne- 
 farious 
 dis- 
 mom- 
 ber- 
 ments 
 of Po- 
 land, 
 and re- 
 ceives i 
 licrselfj 
 nearly ! 
 thetwoj 
 tliirds I 
 of it; 
 she, be-j 
 sides, 
 adds to 
 
 her 
 states,: 
 i>y con 
 Tuest, 
 JieCri- 
 moa, 
 ■l<ithii- 
 ania, 
 Cour- 
 and, 
 etc. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1772 
 
 1774 
 
 1775 
 1776 
 
 1781 
 
 1783 
 1786 
 
 1788 
 1789 
 
 Spain. 
 
 1790 
 1791 
 
 1792 
 
 1793 
 
 England. 
 
 CChs. 
 ] IV.. 
 (King 
 
 ^ Revolt 
 of her 
 Ameri- 
 can col- 
 onies. 
 
 Gen. 
 Comwal- 
 
 lis is 
 
 beaten 
 
 byWash- 
 
 ington 
 at xork- 
 
 town. 
 
 France. 
 
 ^Loma XVI., 
 King. — Count 
 of Maurej^ias, 
 
 Prime 
 ,ter. 
 
 Minis- 
 
 'Ministry of 
 Necker, a pro- 
 testant bank- 
 er. Two years 
 later Louis 
 XVI. espouses 
 the cause of 
 the American 
 
 ^ Colonies. 
 
 < Treaty of Ver- 
 ( sailles. 
 
 { 2nd Ministi^ 
 
 l of Necker. 
 
 r Reunion of the 
 
 ■ States Gen- 
 eral. — Nation- 
 al Assembly. 
 — Constituent 
 
 ^ Assembly. 
 
 " Civil Consti- 
 tution of the 
 Clergy. 
 Legislative 
 Assembly. 
 
 r Battles of Val- 
 my and Jem- 
 mapes, gained 
 byDumouriez. 
 — National 
 Convention. 
 — Republic. 
 Louis XVI. 
 and Mary An- 
 toinette be- 
 headed.— The 
 Reign of Ter- 
 ror. — Ist Coa- 
 lition. — Vcn- 
 deanWar.-Ls. 
 XVII.-Taking 
 of Toulon. 
 
 Germ. 
 
 Lea- 
 gue 
 lor 
 the 
 1st 
 
 parti- 
 tion 
 
 of Po- 
 land, 
 
 Re- 
 volt 
 of 
 Bel- 
 l^gium. 
 
 1 
 
 ['Leo- 
 
 POLD 
 1 "• 
 
 t.Emp. 
 
 CFrs. 
 ] XL, 
 (Emp. 
 
 C Lea- 
 gue 
 for 
 the 
 2nd 
 parti- 
 tion 
 of Po- 
 land. 
 
 Prussia. 
 
 Lea- 
 gue for 
 the Ist 
 
 parti- 
 tion of 
 Poland 
 
 ^Fred 
 
 ERIC — 
 WlL- 
 LIAM 
 
 I King. 
 
 r Publi- 
 cation 
 of the 
 Decla- 
 ration 
 of Pil- 
 nite. 
 
 The 
 Duke 
 
 of 
 Bruns- 
 wick 
 is de- 
 feated 
 by Du- 
 mou- 
 riez 
 and 
 Keller- 
 l^mann. 
 
 The Church. 
 
 rPius VL, 
 
 Pope.— The 
 •Tesuits are 
 received in 
 Prussia and 
 Russia. — The 
 Pope con- 
 demns the 
 
 Jansenistic 
 Synod of Pis- 
 toja held by 
 Bishop Ricci. 
 — Condemna- 
 tion of the 
 Civil Consti- 
 tution of the 
 Clergy in 
 Franco, and 
 
 courageous J 
 bearing of 
 most of the 
 French cler- 
 gy. — Pius VI. 
 addresses the 
 Cardinals in a 
 consistory.on 
 the occasion 
 of the execu- 
 tion of Louis 
 
 XVI.— The 
 French Con- 
 vention pros- 
 cribesCathol- 
 icism and 
 its ministers 
 
 throughout 
 FrancBj and 
 
 establishes 
 the Worship 
 of Reason. — 
 The prisons 
 are soon filled 
 with faithful 
 priests, and 
 thousands of 
 these die on 
 the scaflFold. 
 Many remain 
 in conceal- 
 ment, whilst 
 an immense 
 
 number 
 , choose exile. 
 
XXII 
 
 CnnONOLOOIC'AL, SYNOrilCAL, 
 
 CANADA.— ENGLISH RULE. 
 
 \.D. 
 
 1774 
 
 1775 
 
 li-t i 
 
 1776 
 
 Civil anj> Political Taht. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1777 
 1778 
 
 1783 
 1784 
 
 1785 
 1786 
 
 1791 
 
 cil of 2;J mcmliers, of -wliicli ono 
 third siro ('atlu>lir«. — Eisiiig of the 
 Anieiioiin Eiijilish ooloDists ngninst 
 their JMct.(»i»oliH. Ciciicval Con- 
 gress nt rijiliulclphiii : ooniiiion- 
 t'cment of hostilities. — Tho Ca- 
 nadians reject the proposals of the 
 revolutionary party. 
 
 Tho Anieneans cnptnro Forts Caril- 
 lon, St. Frodeno, Chanibly, and 
 St. John. Thoy give the eonimand 
 of their armies to Gen. Washing- 
 ton. — Gen. Montgomery & Artiolcl 
 invado Canada, they oeciipy Sorel, 
 Three Rivers, Montreal, aiul mareh 
 on Quebec, whicli phico tliey be- 
 siege. On Dec. 30, Gen. Montgo- 
 mery and several other oilicers 
 iiiW in attempting to carry tho 
 city by stoiou. 
 
 Tho Americans raise tlio siego of 
 Qnebec and withdraw, march. — 
 llrigadicr Fraser beats at Three 
 Rivers tho American General 
 Thomi)Son. — On July 4, the Amer- 
 icans declare thomeelvcs inde- 
 pendent. 
 
 Gen. Burgoyne is completely beaten 
 by Gen. Arnold, at Saratoga. 
 
 OEN. HALDIMAND succeeds 
 Cai'leton and governs witli despot- 
 ism and terror. Ho imi>rison8 ar- 
 bitrarily hrmdreds of cii- '.ens. 
 
 Great Britain recognizes tho inde- 
 pendence of the United-States. 
 
 HENRY HAMILTON, Lieutenant- 
 Governor. — Introduction of the 
 Jlubefis Coiyvs Act. — Popul. of the 
 Province of Quebec, 113,012. 
 
 COL. HOPE, Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 DORCHESTER (Carlcton,Lord),Gov- 
 crnor-Gencral for the 2nd time. — 
 Tlie French Canadians are bestir- 
 ing themselves to obtain the re- 
 form of their political institutions. 
 
 Constitutional Act, establishing a 
 representative government, and 
 dividing the country into two 
 Provinces, Upper, and Lower Can- 
 
 1766 
 
 1768 
 
 1772 
 
 1773 
 1775 
 
 1776 
 
 1777 
 1784 
 
 1786 
 
 1788 
 
 1789 
 
 Religious Paiit. 
 
 1794 
 
 since tho demise of Bishop 
 Do Pontbriand.— Transhv 
 tion of Sr. Bourgeois' re- 
 mains from the Parish 
 chiireli, to the Chapel of 
 the Congregation of N. D. 
 
 G()V(!mor Carleton forbids 
 Religious Communities for 
 women to receive postu- 
 lants before tho age of 30, 
 and to admit any to the 
 Religious profession 
 
 without his permission ; 
 tliis prohibition is repealed 
 only two years later. 
 
 D'Esgly, Bishop in parfihvn 
 of Dorylee, coadj. to Bish- 
 op Briand. 
 
 Last Assembly of the Quebec 
 Chapter. 
 
 Fruitless Mission of Dr. 
 Carroll, since let Bisliop 
 of Baltimore, to rally the 
 Canad ians to the American 
 Revolntion. 
 
 The College of tho Jesuits, 
 in Quebec, is converted 
 into a Barrack. 
 
 Bishop Dosquet dies at 
 Paris, at the age of 86. 
 
 D'ESGLY (L. P. Mariau- 
 chcau), 8th Bishop of Que- 
 bec, succeeds to Bishop 
 Briand who had just re- 
 signed. 
 
 J. F. Hubert, Bishop m par- 
 tibus of Almyre, Coadj. to 
 Bishop D'Esgly. 
 
 iHUBERT (John Francis), 
 9th Bishop of Quebec, suc- 
 ceeds to Bishop d'Esgly 
 who had just died. 
 
 BAILLY DE MESSEIN 
 (ch. F.), Bishop in parti- 
 Inis of Capse, and Coac\ju- 
 tor to Bishop Hubert, dies 
 in the General Hospital 
 aged 53. 
 
 Bishop Briand dies in the 
 
RT. 
 
 AND STNCHRONICAL TABLES OF HISTORY. 
 
 xxin 
 
 (f Bishop 
 -Transla- 
 [Tcois' re- 
 ) Parish 
 'hapel of 
 of N. 1). 
 I forbids 
 nitics for 
 e postu 
 ngo of 30, 
 ly to the 
 irofessiou 
 nnission ; 
 i repealed 
 iter. 
 
 I parfibnit 
 , to Bish- 
 
 lie Quebec 
 
 of Dr. 
 
 st Bishop 
 
 rally the 
 
 American 
 
 Jesuits, 
 converted 
 
 dies at 
 of 86. 
 
 Mariau- 
 p of Oue- 
 ;o Bishop 
 
 just re- 
 
 Ui par- 
 oadj. to 
 
 iFraacis), 
 Bbec, suc- 
 d'Esgly 
 
 [ESSEIN 
 
 [in parti- 
 
 Coadju 
 
 jert, dies 
 
 Hospital 
 
 in the 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Oerm. 
 
 Prusb. 
 
 RUBSIA 
 
 Fraxce. 
 
 Engl. 
 
 Church. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r Pius 
 
 
 fMin- 
 
 
 
 
 r Battle of FleuruB 
 
 fLord 
 • How 
 
 VI. ia 
 
 1794 
 
 ■T 
 
 
 
 
 { gained by Jourdan. 
 — FaU of liobes- 
 
 barbar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 de- 
 
 ously 
 
 
 Man- 
 
 fLast 
 
 Last 
 
 fLast 
 
 1 nierro. 
 Holland invaded — 
 
 feats 
 
 remov- 
 
 
 ual 
 
 parti 
 
 parti 
 
 parti 
 
 the 
 
 ed 
 
 
 Go- 
 
 tion 
 
 tion 
 
 tion- 
 
 Death of Louis 
 
 Fr. 
 
 from 
 
 1795 
 
 . dol. 
 
 . ofPo- 
 
 ofPo- 
 
 . ofPo 
 band. 
 
 XVII.— Disaster 
 
 .fleet. 
 
 Rome in 
 
 
 
 lland. 
 
 land. 
 
 of Quiberon. — 
 
 
 asickly 
 
 
 
 
 Alli- 
 
 
 Victory of the Con- 
 
 
 state bv 
 
 
 
 
 ance 
 
 
 vention ; Gen. Nap. 
 
 
 order of 
 
 
 
 
 with 
 
 
 Bonaparte.— The 
 
 
 the 
 
 
 
 
 the 
 
 
 ^Directory. 
 
 
 French 
 
 
 
 
 Frch. 
 
 
 'Campaign i umt 
 
 
 Directo- 
 
 
 
 
 Rep- 
 
 
 Italy condut id by 
 
 
 ry and 
 
 
 
 
 .ubho. 
 
 
 Gen. Bonaparte 
 
 
 brought 
 to Val- 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Paul 
 
 ■who is victorious 
 
 
 1796 
 
 
 
 
 ] I., 
 (.Emp. 
 
 ■ at Montenotte, 
 Deco, Mondovi, 
 
 f Nel- 
 son 
 
 ence, in 
 Franco, 
 
 ( Jerv 
 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 Fre- 
 
 
 Lodi, Mantua, Cas- 
 
 isvic- 
 
 where 
 
 
 and 
 
 fPea- 
 
 de- 
 
 
 tiglione, Arcole. 
 
 to- 
 
 he dies 
 
 
 Nel- 
 
 CO of 
 
 ric. 
 
 
 Battle of Rivoli 
 
 rious 
 
 of ill- 
 
 1797 
 
 ' son 
 
 < Cam- 
 
 Wil- 
 
 
 ■ won by Gen. Bon- 
 
 over 
 
 treat- 
 
 
 de- 
 
 po- 
 For- 
 
 liam 
 
 
 aparte.— Treaty 
 
 the 
 
 ment 
 
 
 feat 
 
 Un. 
 
 
 of Canipo-Forraio. 
 ' Gen. Bonaparte's 
 
 Frch. 
 
 (1799). 
 Pius VI. 
 
 
 her 
 
 \,mio. 
 
 
 
 fleet 
 
 
 .fleet. 
 
 
 
 
 expedition against 
 
 at 
 
 was- 
 
 1798 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ Egypt. Ho gains 
 the battles of the 
 
 • Abou 
 
 ■ styled 
 by the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kir. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pyramids and 
 Aooukir. 
 
 — 
 
 Romans 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Irish 
 
 the 
 
 
 
 
 / * 
 
 • 
 
 'Another coalition 
 
 in stir 
 
 "Father 
 
 
 
 ' ' ' ... 
 
 ■ 1.' 
 
 : ,-f:. 
 
 against France. — 
 Gen. Bnmne de- 
 
 rec- 
 
 of the 
 
 
 
 
 ,./ .■.\ 
 
 »-r ■■■' 
 
 tion 
 
 Poor." 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 feats the English at 
 Bergen, and Gen. 
 
 sup- 
 
 f Pius 
 
 
 
 CWar 
 
 
 rWar 
 
 port- 
 
 VIL, 
 
 1799 
 
 
 ^with 
 
 
 <with 
 
 ■ Massena, the Rus- 
 
 ed 
 
 Pope. 
 
 
 
 ( Ft. 
 
 
 ( Ft. 
 
 sians, at Zurich — 
 
 the 
 
 His elec- 
 
 
 '. k ■ ■■ ■ ' ■ 
 
 
 
 
 Consulate, with 
 
 tion 
 
 
 -• , ' J * 
 
 
 
 
 Napoleon Bona- 
 
 Fr. 
 
 takes 
 
 
 .. - ;.; ; !>' 
 
 .'ii'r- >■•'■■■: 
 
 
 
 parte as 1st. Con- 
 sul. 
 
 Rep- 
 .ubhc. 
 
 place at 
 Venice. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2nd Campaign 
 against Italy.— 
 Battles of Monte- 
 
 ' Ire- 
 land 
 18 in- 
 
 Unbe- 
 lief, 
 Schism, 
 
 1800 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ hello and Marengo 
 gained by Napo- 
 leon. — Battle of 
 
 • cor- 
 porat 
 
 ■ andHer- 
 esy are 
 
 » . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ed to 
 
 much 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hohenlinden gain- 
 
 Eng- 
 Jand. 
 
 disap- 
 
 L 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 l^ed by Moreau. 
 
 . pointed. 
 
rt 
 
 gSXl 
 
 CHROKOLOGIOAL, SYKOPTICAL, 
 
 t 
 
 
 CANADA.— ENGLISH RULE. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 J 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 adawith an elective House 
 of Assembly for each one. 
 
 1792 Popul. of Canada, 135000, in- 
 cluding 15000 Anglo-Cana- 
 dians, of whom 10000 be- 
 long to Upper Canada. — In 
 Lower Canaaa,out of 50 mem- 
 bers returned by the Cana- 
 dians for the Legislative 
 Assembly, 16 ai'e English. 
 P. A. Panet is elected Speak- 
 er by 28 votes against 18.— 
 Attempt to abolish the 
 use of the French Language. 
 
 1793 The Upper Canadian Assem- 
 bly abolishes slavery. — Lord 
 Dorchester foi-ms a new Ex- 
 ecutive Council of 9 mem- 
 bers,2 only being Canadians, 
 
 1795 Settlement of the t^uestion re- 
 lating to seigniorial reve- 
 nues. — Specification of the 
 currency, and rate of ex- 
 change for sterling money. 
 
 1796 GEN. PKESCOTT succeeds 
 Lord Dorchester. 
 
 1797 Mr. Panet is re-elected Speaker 
 of the House of Assembly. 
 Several defections are notic- 
 ed in the Canadian ranks ; 
 for instance, De Bonne and 
 De Lanaudiere. 
 
 1799 MILNES (Sir R. Shore), suc- 
 ceeds Gen. Prescotc as Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor. Death of 
 Washington. 
 
 1804 DUNN (Hon. Thos.) succeeds 
 Miliifs. 
 
 1805 Apparition of the Mercury. 
 iilOul Apparitioa cf the Ganadien. 
 
 ITie publication of this paper 
 marks the era of the lioerty 
 of the press in Canada. 
 
 1807 CRAIO (Sir James), Governor- 
 General. He ie a despotic 
 administrator, and strongly 
 }jrcjudioed against the Cana- 
 dians and their religion. 
 
 1808 Thci names of the leading 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1795 
 
 1796 
 
 1797 
 1800 
 
 1801 
 
 1804 
 
 1806 
 1806 
 
 1807 
 
 Religious Part. 
 
 Seminary of Quebec, 
 at the age of 79. 
 
 DENAUT (Hen-e), 
 Bishop in partibus 
 of Canathe,andCoad- 
 iutorto Bishop Hu- 
 Dcrt. 
 
 Death of the last canon 
 of the Quebec Chap- 
 ter. — Newfoimland 
 becomes a Vicariate 
 Apostolic. 
 
 ^DENATJT (Pierre), 
 10th Bishop of 9ue 
 bee. — Death of Bish' 
 op Hubert in the 
 
 * General Hospital, at 
 [the age of 58. 
 
 Death, in Quebec, of 
 Father J. Cazot, the 
 last Canadian Jesuit, 
 and of Felix De 
 Berry, the last Rec- 
 oUet Father in 
 Canada. The Eng 
 lish Crown takes 
 possession of the Jes- 
 uits' properties. 
 
 PLESSIS (Jos. 0.), 
 Bishop in partibus of 
 Canatae, and Coad- 
 jutor to Bishop De- 
 naut. 
 
 Pounding of the Sem 
 inary of Nicolet by 
 Mr. J. M. Brassard, 
 curate of this place. 
 
 Death of Bishop De- 
 naut, in Longueuil, 
 at the age of 62. 
 
 PLESSIS(Jos. Octave), 
 11th Bishop of Que- 
 bec. — Sollioitor Gen- 
 eral Sewell attempts 
 to give the Catholic 
 parishes to Protest- 
 ants. 
 
 PANET (B. C), cu- 
 rate of Riviere- 
 
 I 
 
 Declara- 
 tion of in- 
 dependence 
 
 (1776). 
 
 The indep- 
 endence rec- 
 ognized 
 (1783). 
 
 G. Wash- 
 ington, let 
 President 
 (1789). 
 
 Vermont 
 becomes i 
 state (1791). 
 
 Kentucky 
 becomes 
 state (1792). 
 
 a 
 
 John Adams 
 
 President 
 
 (1797). 
 
 Death of 
 
 Washington 
 
 (1799). 
 
 Jefferson, 
 President 
 (1801). 
 
 Abolition oft 
 the slave 
 trade (1808). 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 forbids 
 
 French and] 
 
 American 
 
 vessels tol 
 
 enter into 
 
 American 
 
 poxt« (1809). 
 
Declara- 
 tion of in- 
 dependence 
 
 (1776). 
 
 The indep 
 endence rec- 
 ognized 
 (1783). 
 
 G. Wash 
 
 INGTON, iBt 
 
 President 
 (1789). 
 
 Vermont 
 becomes a 
 state (1791). 
 
 Kentucky 
 becomes a 
 state (1792). 
 
 JoHK Adams 
 
 President 
 
 (1797). 
 
 Death of 
 Washington 
 (1799). 
 
 Jeffbbsok, 
 President 
 (1801). 
 
 Abolition of 
 the slave 
 larade (1808). 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 forbids 
 French and 
 American 
 essels to 
 inter into 
 
 American 
 >ort8 (1809). 
 
 AND SYNCHRONICAL TABLES OF HISTOBT. 
 
 XXV 
 
 1801 
 
 1802 
 
 1803 
 
 1804 
 1805 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1806 
 
 1807 
 1808 
 
 1809 
 1811 
 
 1812 
 
 Germ. 
 
 C Aus- 
 tria. 
 Fran 
 
 CIS, 
 
 .Emp 
 
 -^ Forc- 
 ed 
 
 abdi- 
 ca- 
 ption. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 / 
 
 Alex 
 
 AND- 
 I £R I., 
 
 |.Emp. 
 
 1 ■: V ;. 
 
 ''Loss 
 of the 
 Batt. 
 
 of 
 Fried 
 land. 
 
 ^ Trea 
 ty of 
 Fried 
 richs 
 
 ^hemu 
 
 France. 
 
 
 £XGLAm> 
 
 Quadruple alliance of 
 the Northern States 
 against France. — 
 
 [ Peace of Luneville. 
 Peace of Amiens. — 
 Napoleon is Consul 
 for Life. — Foimding 
 of the Legion of hon- 
 or. — Murder of the 
 
 ^Duke of Enghien. 
 Expedition against 
 St. Domingo. 
 The first Consul be- 
 comes Emperor imder 
 the name of Napo- 
 leon I. 
 
 Napoleon, King of 
 Italy. — Third coa- 
 lition. — Capitulation 
 of Ulm.— Battle of 
 Austerlitz. — Peace of 
 
 ^Presburg. 
 
 /'Confederation of the 
 Shine. — Fourth coali- 
 tion, — Battle of lena 
 gained over Prussia. 
 — The Continental 
 blockade. 
 
 {Napoleon is victo- 
 rious at Eylau and 
 Friedland.— Treaty of 
 Tilsitt. — Invasion of 
 Portugal. 
 C Joseph Bonaparte, 
 \ Kiug of Spain. 
 Siege of Saragossa. — 
 Fifth coalition. — Bat- 
 tles of Essling and 
 Wagram gained by 
 Napoleon.— Treaty of 
 • Vienna, 
 r Birth of a son to Na- 
 \ poleon ; he receives 
 I the toame of King of 
 
 ' Campaign of Moscow 
 — ^Taking of Smolensk, 
 Battle of Moskowa. 
 Entry Nap. to Moscow 
 and his retreat from 
 Russia with the rem-' 
 
 ^nauts of his Or. Arm. 
 
 Insur- 
 rection 
 in Ire- 
 land 
 under 
 
 the 
 leader- 
 ship of 
 Robert 
 Em- 
 mett. 
 'Nelson 
 de- 
 stroys 
 
 the 
 French 
 and 
 Span- 
 ish fleet 
 atTraf- 
 algar. 
 Death 
 ofW. 
 Pitt. 
 The 
 Fox 
 Min- 
 istry. 
 Copen- 
 hagen 
 is bom- 
 ^barded. 
 
 Con- 
 quest 
 of the 
 Ionian 
 Islands 
 
 Wel- 
 lington 
 beats 
 Mai'- 
 mont 
 and 
 takes 
 posses- 
 sion of 
 ^Madrid 
 
 ThEiCburch. 
 
 Concordat with 
 France (1801).— 
 Schism of the "Little 
 Churchj/'— The chur- 
 ches are''reopened in 
 France.— Pius VII. 
 protests against the 
 Organic Articles 
 (1802). He goes to 
 Paris to anomt Na- 
 poleon Emperor of] 
 the French (1804). 
 He refuses to annul 
 the marriage of Jer- 
 ome Bonaparte 
 with Miss Patterson 
 (^1805). Napoleon, 
 displeased, orders 
 the occupation of 
 several places in the 
 Ponftfical States, 
 and, finally, of Rome 
 herself.-Card. Pacca 
 prime minister to 
 the Holy see (1808). 
 Napoleon is excom- 
 municated (1809). 
 Pius VII. is rudely 
 taken from Rome 
 and led to captiv- 
 ity (1809). -Napo- 
 leon, of his own au- 
 thority, divorces 
 with Josephine, and 
 marriesArchduchess 
 Marie Louise. — First 
 sessions of the Coun- 
 cil of Paris (1811) : 
 the faithful Bishops 
 are thrown into pris- 
 ons by Napoleon's 
 order and their sees 
 are filled by intrud- 
 ed inapedalists.— 
 Second Period of the! 
 Council of Paris.- 
 The Pope revokesll 
 the Concordat lately [ 
 wrung from him by 
 violence. 
 
XXVI 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL, SYNOPTICAL, 
 
 CANADA.— ENGLISH RULE. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1809 
 
 1810 
 
 1811 
 
 isia 
 
 m 
 
 1813 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 members of the Legislative 
 Assembly, sucli as Panet, 
 Beflaifl, T.iscbcreau, etc., are 
 cancelled from tbe list of tbe 
 militia officers. 
 
 The Governor dissolves Par- 
 liament for having insisted 
 on the liberty of discussion. 
 — The first steamboat on the 
 St. Lawrence, called the 
 Accommodation. 
 
 The new Parliament energeti- 
 cally protests against the of- 
 fensive language used hy 
 Sir J. Craig in proroguing 
 the last Parliament. — The 
 House declares, by a three- 
 fourth majority, the seat of 
 Judge de iioniie vacant. The 
 Governor dissolves the Par- 
 liament, seizes the presses of 
 the Ganadien,iiiid has its pro- 
 
 EL'ietor together Avith Messrs. 
 edard, Taschereau, Papi- 
 ueau, etc., arrested on charge 
 of high treason. 
 
 PREVOST (Sir George) suc- 
 ceeds Sir J. Craig. He wins 
 the sympathy and support of 
 the people. 
 
 War with the United States. — 
 Taking of Fort jMichilimaki- 
 nac by tlio English, and sur- 
 render of the American ar- 
 mies of the West and of the 
 Centre. — Retreat ol the 
 Northern American army 
 under Gen. Dearborn. Tlie 
 Americans are more success- 
 ful on sen.. The Constitution 
 and the United States cap-j 
 ture soverftl English frigat(!s. 
 
 The Americans defeat Gen. I 
 Proctor at Moravian Town. 
 Commodore Perry captures 
 the British llotilla on Lake 
 Erie. The American Gen. 
 Dearborn takes Toronto and 
 Fort George. The British 
 
 180!) 
 1812 
 
 1817 
 1818 
 
 1811) 
 
 1820 
 1821 
 
 1822 
 
 182-1 
 
 1825 
 
 Religious Part. 
 
 Quelle, becomes 
 Bishop in partihus of 
 Sardcs, and Coad^ju- 
 tor to I3ishop Plessis. 
 
 f Foimdingof St. Hya- 
 
 < cinthe College by M. 
 ( Girouard. 
 
 i AVicariate Apostolic 
 
 < is established in 
 (_ Nova Scotia. 
 Messrs. Provenchcr 
 
 and Dumoulin start 
 for the Red-River 
 Mission. 
 
 'Bishop Plessis starts 
 for Rome. — Quebec 
 is erected into an 
 
 Archbishopric. — 
 Frightful darkness 
 and hurricane at 
 
 Montreal. — Mr. 
 McDonald is ap- 
 pointed to the see of 
 Kingston, and Mr. 
 McEachern, to that 
 of Rose, for New 
 Brunswick and the 
 Magdalen Islands, 
 both as suffragants 
 
 ^ of Quebec. 
 
 jMr. Lartignes is con- 
 secrated first Bishop 
 of Montreal and be- 
 comes suflfragant of 
 Quebec. 
 
 Consecration of Bish- 
 op Provenchcr, a a 
 sufi'ragant of Quebjc 
 for Red-River 
 
 C Founding of the Col- 
 
 l lego of Ste. Th^rfese 
 
 (.by Mr. Ducharme. 
 Death of Archbishop 
 Plessis in the Gen- 
 
 1 eral Hospital, aged 
 
 l62. ,. , 
 
 CfD 
 
 H 
 CO 
 
 { 
 
 Madison, 
 
 President. 
 
 War 
 
 against 
 
 Gr. Brit. 
 
 ^ Monroe, 
 I President. 
 
 Commer- 
 cial Treaty 
 with Greatj 
 Britain. 
 
 ' Acquisi- 
 tioil ofl 
 Florida. 
 First 
 steamship 
 ■; sailing for 
 [Europe. 
 
 Populat. 
 9.625.734. 
 In 1810, it 
 was 
 
 7.239.903. 
 
 C Lafayette 
 < visits the 
 ( country. 
 
 (John 
 Quinoy 
 Adams, 
 President. 
 
AljD SYNCHRONICAL TABLES OF HISTORY. 
 
 XXVlt 
 
 iflison, 
 ;sideut. 
 War 
 sainst 
 Brit.! 
 
 [onrce, 
 esident. 
 
 immer- 
 Treaty 
 Great! | 
 eiin. 
 
 cquisi- ,, 
 jil of I 
 'lorida. 
 First ^ 
 Bamsliip 
 ing lor 
 arope. 
 
 op\ilat. 
 525.734. 
 
 1810, it 
 
 was 
 239.903. 
 
 afayette 
 sits tlie 
 )untry. 
 
 John 
 
 Quinoy 
 
 ^dams, 
 
 esident. 
 
 A.D. AUSTE. 
 
 1813 
 
 1814 
 
 1815 
 
 1816 
 
 1817 
 
 1818 
 
 1819 
 
 1820 
 
 1821 
 
 r Trea- 
 ty of 
 Vien 
 na. 
 
 Na- 
 pol 
 eon's 
 son 
 nam- 
 ed 
 Duke 
 
 of 
 Reicli 
 stadt. 
 Se- 
 cret 
 asso- 
 cia- 
 tions 
 amg. 
 tlie 
 stu- 
 dents 
 ' Con- 
 gress 
 
 of 
 Trop 
 . pau. 
 
 Edssia. 
 
 France. 
 
 Re- 
 build 
 ing of 
 Mos- 
 cow. 
 
 Sixth Coalition. — Na- 
 poleon gains the 
 Dattles of Lutzen, 
 Bautzen, and Dresden; 
 but he is completely 
 defeated at Leipsick. 
 — The allies invade 
 
 . France. 
 
 r Battle of Paris.— Na- 
 poleon is forced to 
 abdicate. — 1st Hesto- 
 ration. — LouisXVIII. 
 — Treaty of Paris. 
 Return of Napoleon. 
 The " mmdreddays". 
 — Seventh Coalition. — 
 Napoleon is defeated 
 at Waterloo ; he ab- 
 dicates for the 2nd 
 
 < time. — Second Resto- 
 ration. — LouisXVIII 
 
 ^ Captivity of Napoleon 
 5 Reorganization of the 
 I Frencli Institute. 
 
 (Great famine during 
 the winter. — A new 
 Concordat with the 
 Holy See. 
 TThe army of occupa- 
 
 < tion quits tlie French 
 territory. — First gas- 
 
 l lighting in Paris. 
 
 Political troubles and 
 
 condemnations. — 
 Recall from exile, of 
 all political offenders, 
 the regicides excepted. 
 Assassination by Lou- 
 vel of the Duke of 
 Berri, son of the Count 
 of Artois, since Char- 
 les X. — Birth of Count 
 of Chambord, sou to 
 the Duke of Berri. — 
 Death of M. DeMon- 
 
 f Death of Napoleon I. 
 at St. Helena. — Cham- 
 pollion deciphers the 
 Egyptian Hyero- 
 
 gliphics. 
 
 England 
 
 Cele- 
 brated 
 battle 
 of Wa- 
 terloo 
 gained 
 byWel- 
 Jington 
 
 'Suspen 
 eion of 
 the Ha- 
 < heas 
 
 [_ Corj)us. 
 
 The Church. 
 
 ^ Death 
 ofWatt 
 the in- 
 ventor 
 
 of 
 steam- 
 engine. 
 
 ( George 
 ] IV., 
 ( Kmg. 
 
 RetumofPiusVII 
 to Rome. The xen. 
 Pontiff makes his 
 solemn entrance 
 into the eternal 
 City having at his 
 side. Card. Pacca, 
 the faithful com 
 panion of his exile. 
 —The Bull Sollici 
 tuclo officially res- 
 tores the Society 
 of Jesus, and the 
 decree is hailed 
 with joy by all the 
 true friends of the 
 Church and of 
 ^religion. 
 ' DiAane Providence 
 punishes in the 
 prisoner of St. He 
 lena, the persecu 
 tor of Pius VII. 
 
 C Concordats con-i 
 
 < eluded withFrance 
 (. and Bavaria. 
 
 < Concordat with 
 I the Two Sicilies. 
 
 fA Brief to all the 
 Bishops of France, 
 puts an end to the 
 difficulties caused 
 by the Concordat 
 
 t of 1817. 
 
 A Bull stamped 
 with a truly Apos- 
 tolic energy, is 
 l.inuched against 
 the secret society 
 of the Cnrbonari 
 — Forgetting all 
 Napoleon's wrong 
 Pius VII. remem- 
 bers only his ben- 
 efits, and prays for 
 , his persecutor. 
 
XXVIII 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAt, STNOPTIOAt, 
 
 II 
 
 ! 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1814 
 
 CANADA.— ENGLISH EULE. 
 
 1815 
 1816 
 
 1818 
 
 1819 
 
 1819 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 sui-prise the American army, 
 near Burlington, and make Gen. 
 Chandler and Winder prison- 
 ners. — Commodore Channcey, on 
 Lake Ontario, is victorious over 
 the British Commander, Sir J. 
 Yeo. — Defeat of the American 
 General Wilkinson at Christler's 
 Farm. — De Salaberry, with 300 
 Canadians, routs, near Cliateau- 
 guay, the American Gen. Hamp- 
 ton who commands 7000 men. 
 
 Ineflfectual attack of the Americans 
 on LacoUe Mill. — The British 
 Gen. Drummond burns Oswego. 
 — ^The Americans are victorious 
 at Chippewa, and defeated at 
 Lundy's lane. — The British re- 
 treat from Fort Erie with consid- 
 erable loss. — Their flotilla on 
 Lake Champlain is defeated by 
 Commodore MoDonough. — Gen. 
 Ross repulses the Americans at 
 Bladensburg, takes Washington 
 and burns the Capitol, but is 
 soon obliged to re-embark his 
 troops.— At New Orleans, Geu. 
 Jackson defeats the British, in- 
 flicting on them a heavy loss. — 
 Peace is concluded at Ghent 
 (Dec. 24th). 
 
 GEN. DRUMMOND succeeds 
 Sir G. Prevost with the title of 
 Administrator. 
 
 Drummond dissolves the Legisla- 
 tive Assembly, »ut the people 
 re-elect nearly all ihe same mem- 
 bers. 
 
 SHEKBROOKE (Sir John C), 
 Governor-General, shows him- 
 self a clever and prudent admin- 
 istrator. — The Imperial Gov- 
 ernment recognizes the title of 
 the Catholic Bishop of Quebec. 
 
 BICHMOND (Duke of) succeeds 
 to Sir J. Sherbrooke ; like Craig, 
 he has recourse to extreme meas- 
 ures and prorogues the House. 
 
 MONK (Hon. James) and MAIT- 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1825 
 
 1827 
 
 1829 
 
 1830 
 1832 
 
 1833 
 
 1833 
 
 1834 
 
 Religious Part. 
 
 FANET (Bernard- 
 Claude), 2nd 
 Archbishop of 
 Quebec. 
 
 SIGNAY (Joseph), 
 Curate of Que- 
 bec, becomes 
 Bishop in parti- 
 bus of Fussala, 
 and Coadjutor 
 to Archbishop 
 Panet.— Pound- 
 ing of Ste Anne 
 Lapocatifere Col- 
 lege, by Mr. 
 Painchaud. 
 
 C Erection of the 
 Bishopric of 
 
 Charlottetown, 
 Prince Edward 
 ^ Island. 
 
 1836 
 
 Founding of As- 
 sumption Col- 
 lege. 
 
 Death of Archbish- 
 op Panet, in the 
 Hotel-Dieu, aged 
 80. 
 
 SIGNAY (Joseph), 
 3rd Archbishop 
 of Quebec. — 
 Bishop Gaulin is 
 made Coadjutor 
 to Bp. McDonald 
 of Kingston. 
 
 TURGEON (P. F.) 
 of the Quebec 
 Seminary, Bp. 
 in partibua of 
 Sydime, and 
 Coadjutor to 
 ArchDishop Si- 
 gnay. 
 
 The Work of the 
 Propagation of 
 the Faith estab' 
 lished in Can- 
 ada. 
 
 I 
 
 OS 
 
 t 
 
 P 
 
 Death of 
 the Ex-Pre- 
 sidents, 
 John Adams 
 and Thomas 
 Jeflferson 
 (1826). 
 
 C Andrew 
 Jackson, 
 President 
 , (1829). 
 
 Popul. 
 12.850.240. 
 
 Jackson 
 vetoes the 
 Bill passed] 
 for re-char- 
 tering the 
 Bank of tlte^ 
 
 United 
 
 States 
 
 (1832). 
 
A.ND StNCHRONlCAt TABLES OP HISTORV. 
 
 XXlX 
 
 09 
 
 jathi of 
 Ex-Pre- 
 
 dents, 
 
 1 Adams 
 Thomas 
 
 fferson 
 
 1826). 
 
 Andrew 
 
 raokson, 
 
 resident 
 
 (1829). 
 
 Popul. 
 2.850.240. 
 
 ackson 
 es the 
 passed 
 re-char- 
 ng the 
 nk of tJwi 
 United 
 States 
 (1832). 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1822 
 
 1823 
 
 1824 
 1825 
 
 AUSTR. 
 
 BHB! 
 
 Russia 
 
 1828 
 
 1829 
 
 1830 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 
 
 1833 
 1834 
 
 1835 
 
 rDth. 
 of the 
 Duke 
 
 of 
 Reich 
 stadt 
 (Na- 
 
 leon 
 
 L n.) 
 
 CFerd. 
 
 ] I., 
 (Emp. 
 
 fNich- 
 < olas, 
 (Emp. 
 ^War 
 with 
 Tur- 
 key. 
 T'dk- 
 ingof 
 Var- 
 na. 
 ^Trea 
 ty of 
 Adria 
 . nople 
 'Insur 
 rec- 
 tion 
 in Po- 
 land. 
 Po- 
 land 
 loses 
 her 
 natio 
 nali- 
 
 ty. 
 
 France. 
 
 'Progress of the 
 secret Societies 
 and particularly 
 of Carbonarism. 
 Spanish expedi 
 tion commanded 
 by the Lake of 
 
 , Aiigouleme. 
 Charles X., King. 
 
 'The Mgrtimao or 
 semi-liberal Min 
 i stry.— Ordinances 
 forbidding tho 
 Bishops to employ 
 religious in their 
 
 ecclesiastical 
 schools, and to 
 receive pupils 
 beyond a limited 
 number. 
 
 { The Polignac Min- 
 ( istry. 
 
 {Conquest of Al- 
 giers. — Revolution 
 — Louis Philippe 
 L, King. ^, 
 ' Sacking, by the 
 Mob, in Paris, of 
 the Archiepiscopal 
 palace, — Insurrec- 
 tion in Lyons. The 
 French armv ex- 
 pels the Holland- 
 ^ ers from Bel<j;ium. 
 (The, cholera rava- 
 ges the whole couu- 
 tiy. — The Duchess 
 of Beri'i ill La Ven- 
 due. — Republican 
 insurrection. — 
 Taking of thecita- 
 ^del of Antwerp. 
 
 < Republican insur- 
 
 I rection. 
 Fieschi's attempt 
 on the King's lire 
 — Abd-el-Kader in 
 Algiers struggles 
 against the 
 
 ^ irench Dominat 
 
 England 
 
 fTroub- 
 < les in 
 ( Ireland 
 
 The Church. 
 
 { 
 
 Tho 
 Cathol. 
 Eman- 
 cipa- 
 tion 
 due to 
 the ef 
 forts of 
 
 Dan. 
 O'Con- 
 nell. 
 
 Wil- 
 liam 
 IV.,Kg. 
 
 ''O'Con- 
 nell 
 contin- 
 ues 
 fight- 
 ing for 
 
 Ire- 
 land's 
 .rights. 
 
 ^Leo XII., Pope.— A 
 new ennemy, the so- 
 called liberalism, an 
 offshoot of the spirit 
 of revolution, is now 
 threatening Christian 
 Europe and the 
 Church.— Two illus- 
 trious names, Jos. De 
 Maisti'e and De Bo 
 nald, now show forth, 
 in full splendor, the 
 great apologetic glO' 
 ries of Catholicism.— 
 Some members of the 
 French clergy tr^ to 
 ressuscitato Gallican- 
 
 ism. — Concordat 
 with HauoTcr. 
 r Pius VIIL, Pope. By 
 lus Encyclical letter, 
 he gives warning of 
 approaching danger, 
 and points out to the 
 reprobation of the 
 world, among many 
 evils,that of the secret 
 Societies already con- 
 demned by Popes 
 Clement XIII., Ben-| 
 edict XIV., Plus VII., 
 and Leo XII. 
 'Gregoiy XIV., Pope 
 With the help of Aus- 
 tria, he puts aoMn the 
 symptoms of revolt 
 in the Pontifio«l 
 States. He brings into 
 the Sacred College the 
 finished scholar An 
 gelo Mai, and the phi- 
 lologist Mezzofanti. — ! 
 Condemnation of de 
 Lamennais' doctrine. 
 — Prussia and Swit- 
 zerland persecute the 
 church. — Founding, 
 in France, of the ad- 
 mirable Work of the 
 Propagation of the 
 Faith.— The clergy of 
 France wins the ad- 
 miration of the world 
 
 1 1 
 
 i.' 
 'I 
 
XXX 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL, SfNOPTlCAt, ' 
 
 CANADA.— ENGLISH RULE. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1820 
 1822 
 
 1826 
 
 1827 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 1828 
 1830 
 
 1832 
 1833 
 
 1834 
 
 1835 
 1835 
 
 1838 
 
 LAND (Sir P.) govern successively ad 
 interim ; the first dissolves Parliament. 
 
 DAJHOUSIE (Earl of), Governor-General. 
 
 Papineau and Nelson are deputed to Lon- 
 don to oppose the Union of the two Cauad 
 
 The Governor dissolves tlie Legislative As 
 sembly to_the great dissatisfactiou of the 
 people. 
 
 Dalhousie refuses to confirm the election of 
 Papineau as Speaker, and, usin" offen- 
 sive language like Craig and Richmond, 
 prorogues the Assembly. Nelson, Viger 
 and Cuvillier are deputed to Eugland by 
 the people. _ 
 
 succeeds to the Earl 
 Pai^ineau is recognized 
 
 KEMPT (Sir James) 
 of Dalhousie. Mr. 
 as Speaker. 
 
 AYLMER (Lord), a 
 lect replaces Sir J, 
 tive Assembly is 
 
 man of limited intel 
 Kempt. The Legisla- 
 tlien composed of 60 
 Canadians unci 24 English men. 
 
 First apparition of cholera in Canada ; 
 death of 3300 persons iu Quebec. 
 
 Seeing that Mr. Papineau is going too far 
 in his opposition to the government, 
 Messrs. Nelson, Cuvillier, Duval, etc. 
 separate from him. 
 
 Poimding of the Society of St. John Bap- 
 tist, at Montreal, by L. Duvernay. — A 
 series of 92 resolutions embodying the 
 principal grievances of the Canadians 
 against the government are adopted by 
 the Assembly. — Second apparition of 
 Cholera ; it carries off 20000 persons in 
 Cauada. 
 
 GOSPORD (Lord) succeeds Lord Aylmer. 
 
 The Governor prorogiu^s the House after a 
 session of six days, and dismisses Papi- 
 neau and several militia officers. — The 
 Clergy tries, but in vain, to cool the popu- 
 
 a.d. 
 
 B 
 
 lar excitement. Tb 
 defeated at Charc' 
 at St. Charles, "' 
 surgents to sun 
 lage. Soon after, : V ''^" '^ 
 at St. Eustacbe and 
 insurgents, and burns these \ li 
 COLBORNE (Sir John) administers the 
 country ad intanm. — The Constitution of 
 
 troops are 
 :e'xi8 ; but, 
 
 rLy of in- 
 ii the vil- 
 
 •' sperses, 
 
 • ict, 2000 
 
 tkges 
 
 1837 
 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 
 1841 
 
 1842 
 
 Religious Pabt. 
 
 C/3 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 
 Bishop Bourget, 
 Coadjutor to 
 Bp. Lartigue. 
 — Arrival, at 
 Montreal, of! 
 the Brothers 
 of the Chris- 
 tian Schools. 
 
 Messrs. Blanchet 
 and Demers 
 commence the 
 
 Columbian 
 Mission. 
 
 De Forbin-Jan- 
 son, Bp. of 
 Nancy, gives 
 Missions 
 throughout 
 Canada. 
 
 Arrival of the 
 Oblates of Ma- 
 ry at Montreal. 
 
 Retui'n of the 
 Jesuit Fathers 
 anil arrival of 
 the Ladies of 
 the Sacred 
 Heart iu Can- 
 ada.— Erection 
 of the Bishop- 
 rics of St. John, 
 N. B., imd Hal- 
 ifax.— Arrival 
 of the Brothers 
 of the Chris- 
 tian Schools 
 at Quebec. 
 
 Bp. Phelan, ad- 
 hiinistrator of 
 the Bishopric 
 of Kingston. 
 
 Most Rev. F. N. 
 Blanchet, Abp. 
 of Oregou- 
 City.-Rt. Rev. 
 Power, 1st. 
 Bp. of Toron- 
 to. — Rt. Rev. 
 Frasei", 1st. 
 
 Van- 
 Buren 
 Presi- 
 dent 
 (1837). 
 
 W. H. 
 
 Har- 
 rison, 
 Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 — Jn. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Vice*- • 
 Presi- j 
 dent, I 
 beco- 1 
 mes I 
 Presi- 1 
 dent, i 
 (1841).| 
 
 (Jas. 
 
 K. 
 Polk, 
 Presi- 
 dent 
 (1845). 
 Gen 
 Jack- 
 sou 
 
 dies 
 (1845). 
 
 .;w 
 
QQ 
 
 le 
 a- 
 il. 
 
 le 
 
 of 
 of 
 d 
 liv 
 u 
 )- 
 
 m, 
 1- 
 
 Van 
 Buren 
 Presi- 
 dent 
 (1837) 
 
 1-8 
 
 S- 
 
 Is 
 
 1- 
 [)f 
 
 ic 
 
 ^. 
 ). 
 
 V. 
 
 W. H. 
 
 Har- 
 rison, 
 Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 — Jn, 
 (1841). 
 Tylov 
 
 Vic(y 
 Presi- 1 
 
 dent, ! 
 
 beco- j 
 
 raes I 
 
 Presi- i 
 
 dent, j 
 
 (1841).! 
 
 (Jas. 
 K. 
 Polk, 
 Presi- 
 dent 
 (1845) 
 —Gen 
 Jack- 
 sou 
 dies 
 (1845). 
 
 AND S'KNCUKONICAL TABLES OF HISTORY. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1836 
 1837 
 1840 
 
 AUSTK. 
 
 1841 
 1842 
 
 1844 
 
 1846 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 Spain. 
 
 France. 
 
 C Louis Nap.'s first at- 
 < tempt to seize the 
 ( power, .at Strasburg. 
 5 Civil ! { Taking of Constiin- 
 l War I I tine by Gen. Valine. 
 'Treaty witb England, 
 Rn.ssiu, Austria, auil 
 Prussia. — Paris forti- 
 licnl. — Jiecond attempt 
 of Louis-Nap. at Bou- 
 logne, against Louis- 
 Philippe's govern- 
 ment. — Translation of 
 Napoleon I.'s remains 
 to the Invalide'i. 
 
 Es- 
 
 par- 
 
 tero 
 
 re- 
 
 I gent. 
 
 Trou-, 
 
 bles 
 
 in 
 
 Gal- 
 
 ^licia. 
 
 ''Eovo 
 Int. 
 at 
 Vien- 
 na, 
 liis- 
 ingof 
 Hun- 
 Lgary 
 
 r Hun- 
 ga- 
 rian 
 War. 
 -Kos 
 ^suth 
 
 Tragical end of the 
 Duke of Orleans. 
 
 Battle of Isly gained 
 by Bugeaud. 
 
 f Ls. -Napoleon makes 
 his escape from the 
 fort of Ham. Le 
 Verrier discovers the 
 
 . new planet, JYcphme. 
 
 C Abd-el-Kader sur- 
 
 ^ render.! to Gcn.Lamo- 
 
 (^ ricifere. 
 Fall of Louis-Philip- 
 pe. — Pi'oclantation of 
 the l{ex)ublic. — Cona- 
 tituaut Assembly 
 elected by universal 
 suftrage. — Insurrec- 
 tion in Paris, in Mar ; 
 2nd and more formi- 
 dable Insurrectiou, in 
 June. — The Archb. of 
 Paris is assassinated 
 on a barricade. — Gen. 
 Cavaignac, named 
 chief of the Executive 
 Power, crushes the 
 Insurrection. — Louis- 
 Napoleon Bonaparte 
 President of the Rep. 
 
 C Siege and taking of 
 
 l Home by the French 
 
 England 
 
 S 
 
 Victo- 
 ria. 
 Queen. 
 
 ( Capitu- 
 lation 
 of Can 
 ton. 
 
 Z'^ 1 
 
 The Church. 
 
 by their learning, 
 zeal, and piety- 
 Tho pulpit of No- 
 tre-Damo, in Par- 
 is, is then filled 
 by those two prin- 
 ces of sacred ora 
 tory. Fathers de 
 Pavignan and La- 
 cordairc. The 
 
 Catholic tribune 
 has the illustrious 
 Count de Moutal- 
 
 embert. — The 
 Science of history 
 is beginning to do 
 justice to the 
 names of St. Greg- 
 orj- VII. of Inno- 
 centllI.,andot '1. 
 Pius V. i-'o.u 
 Gregoiy XVL's 
 wisdom, firmness, 
 and constancy, 
 have won him an 
 immortal name in 
 historv. 
 Pius IX.", Pope. 
 
 Encyclical letter 
 on the contempo- 
 
 ■l rary errors. — En- 
 cyclical letter to 
 
 ^ Religious. 
 A lictter, to the 
 Catholic and 
 
 Schismatic East- 
 ern Christians. — 
 Troubles in Rome. 
 — Assassination of 
 Count Rossi. — 
 Flight of thb Pope 
 to Gaeta. 
 
 'A Repxiblic is pro- 
 claimed in Rome. 
 —Protestation of 
 Pius IX. — Rome is 
 taken by tlie 
 French, and the 
 authority of the 
 Pope is re-estab 
 lishcd. 
 
 I 
 
OHSONOLOGICALi STNOPTIOAL, 
 
 I 
 
 A..D. 
 
 ."--% 
 
 CANADA.— ENGLISH RULE. 
 
 1838 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 1840 
 1841 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 1847 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 1852 
 1854 
 
 Civil and Political Pabt. 
 
 1791 is suspended. 
 
 DVBHAM (Lord) suooeeds Lord Gosford 
 as Governor-General. — A general am- 
 nesty is proclaimed. 
 
 OOLBOBNE (Sir John) succeeds Lord 
 Durham. — He suppresses partial insiir- 
 reotioDS with fire and sword. Many of 
 the insurgents are sentenced to capital 
 punishment, others, to banishment, and 
 all their goods confiscated. 
 
 THOMPSON (Hon. C. P.) since Lord 
 STBENHAM, Governor-General. 
 
 The Bill for the Union of the two Canadas, 
 receives the royal sanction. 
 
 The first Parliament of the United Prov- 
 inces is held at Kingston. — Laws are 
 passed relative to Municipal Systems and 
 Public Education. — Dr. MeiUeur is ap- 
 pointed Superntendeut of Education of 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 BAGOT (Sir Charles) succeeds Lord Syd- 
 enham. — Inauguration of the Constitu- 
 tional government. The Torieg and the 
 Meformers. — ^The Lafontaine-Baldwin 
 Ministry. ^ 
 
 METCALFE (Sir Charles) replaces Sir C. 
 Bagot.— The " Ashburton Treaty" rela- 
 tive to boimdary line between Canada 
 and the U. S.— Resignation of the La- 
 fontaine-Baldwin Ministry, and dissolu- 
 tion of the Parliament. — The seat of 
 government is removed from Kingston 
 to Montreal. 
 
 CATHCART (Lord) administers the gov- 
 ernment ad interim. 
 
 ELGIN (Lord), Governor-General.— The 
 tvphus carries oflF, on the banks of the 
 St. Lawrence, thousands of Irish emi- 
 grants. 
 
 Riots at Montreal ; the Parliament build- 
 ings are set on fire. — Reappearance of 
 Cholera. — Riots at Toronto {uid other 
 places. 
 
 Parliament seats at Toronto. 
 
 Great fire in Montreal. ' 
 
 The Seigniorial tenure is abolished; the 
 reserves of the Protestant _clergy, secu- 
 larized ; an ' *" ■ 
 
 Reciprocity Treaty : 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1845 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 1849 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 Religious Part. 
 
 Bp. of Ariohat. 
 
 Rt. Rev. Prince, Coad 
 jutor to the Bp. of 
 Montreal. 
 
 Society of St. Vincent 
 of Paul established at 
 Quebec. — Rt. Rev. A 
 M. Blanohet, Bp. of 
 WaUarWalla. 
 
 Rt. Rev. Demers, Ist 
 Bp. of Vancouver. — 
 Rt. Rev. Fleming, 1st 
 Bp. ofSt. Johns, New 
 foundland. — Rt. Rev. 
 Provencher, Ist. Bp, 
 of St. Boniface. — Rt 
 Rev. Guigues, 1st. 
 Bp. of By town, since 
 Ottawa.— The Bro- 
 thers of Holy Cross 
 at St. Laurent. 
 
 Founding of the Jes- 
 uits' College at Mont- 
 real. 
 
 Establishment of the 
 Sisters of Charity at 
 Quebec. 
 
 TTJRGEON (Peter 
 
 Flavian), 4th Abp. of 
 
 guebec— Rt. Rev. De 
 harbonnel is conse- 
 crated by Pius IX., 
 2nd Bishop of Toronto 
 
 Eight Provmoial Coun- 
 cil of Quebec. 
 
 BAILLARGEON (C 
 F.) is consecrated at 
 Rome Bp. inpartibus 
 of Tioa, andr named 
 Coadjutor to Abp 
 Turgeon. 
 
 Erection of the eccle 
 siastical Province of 
 Halifax ; — Most Rev 
 W.Walsh, 1st. Abp 
 
 Archbishop Bedini, 
 Apostolic Nuncio, vi 
 sits Canada. — Rt. 
 Rev. Prince, 1st Bp. 
 
 mmStmmmmmSmmmim 
 
AND STNCHR0NIOA.L TABLES OP HISTORY. 
 
 xxxni 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Russia 
 
 &.RT. 
 
 , Coad- 
 
 Bp. of I 
 
 Vincent 
 isbed at) | 
 Kev. A.| 
 
 Bp. of I 
 
 jrs, Istj 
 auver. — i 
 ling, Istjl 
 
 Rt. Rev.l 
 lat. Bp. 
 ice. — ^Rt.j 
 lea, Ist. 
 rn, since 
 e Bro- 1 
 ily Cross 
 it. 
 
 ihe Jes- 
 at Mont- 1 
 
 of the I 
 larity at 
 
 (Peter 
 
 Abp. ofj] 
 
 Rev. Dc 
 
 is conse-l 
 
 'ius IX., 
 
 Toronto | 
 
 ial Coun- 
 
 DN (C. 
 ated at|| 
 partibus 
 named 
 to Abp. 
 
 16 ©<5cle-j| 
 
 »vin.ce oiil 
 
 ost Rev. 
 
 Bt. Abp. 
 
 Bedini, 
 
 incio, vi- 
 
 da.— Rt. 
 
 iBt Bp. 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 ^War 
 agst. 
 Tur- 
 key. 
 The 
 Turk 
 ish 
 fleet 
 is de- 
 stroy 
 ed at 
 Sino- 
 pe. 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 Al- 
 
 EX- 
 AN- 
 DES 
 
 LEmp. 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 Fbancb. 
 
 Louis-Napoleon 
 Bona{)ai)te'8 Oottj) 
 d':Stat of Dec, 2. lie 
 is selected President 
 ^for ten years. 
 
 I" Louis-Napoleon Bon- 
 
 •< aparte is proclaimed 
 
 Emperor under the 
 
 name of NapolboN" 
 
 The Eastern War.— 
 Alliance of France 
 with Eng^land against 
 Russia, in bel^If of 
 Turkey. — Victory of 
 Alma, in Crimea, 
 won by Marshall St. 
 Amaud. — Gen. Oan- 
 robert succeeds St. 
 Amaud. — Siege of Se- 
 bastopol. — Battles of 
 BalaJdavaand Inker 
 mann. 
 
 'Gen. Canrobert is re 
 placed by Gen. Pelis 
 sier before Sebasto- 
 
 Sol. — ^Taking of Fort 
 [alakofif by Gen. 
 Bosquet and Mac- 
 Mahon.— Fall of Se- 
 bastopol. — Pelissier is 
 created Marshall of 
 France and Duke of 
 Malakoff. — Universal 
 
 ^ Exposition in Paris. 
 Birth of the Imperial 
 Prince. — Congress of 
 of Paris. — Great inun- 
 dations in the Rhone 
 
 , and Loire basins. 
 Assassination of the 
 Abp. of Paris. — Con- 
 quest of the great 
 
 ^fiabylie. 
 
 England 
 
 Uni- 
 versal 
 exposi- 
 tion in 
 
 the 
 Crystal 
 
 l^patoce. 
 
 r Allian- 
 ce with 
 France 
 against 
 
 ^Russia. 
 
 ( Indian 
 < insur- 
 {reotion. 
 
 The Church. 
 
 ( Re-establishment 
 
 < of the Catholic 
 Hierarchy in En- 
 
 l gland. 
 
 '^Anti-Catholio pol- 
 icy of Sardinia. — 
 Question of the 
 Classics: Bp. Du- 
 
 Sanloup, abb^ 
 raume. — Councils 
 o:C Amiens, and 
 Baltimore. — Per- 
 secution in New 
 Granada. 
 ^ Re-establishment 
 of the Catholic 
 \ Hierarchy in Hol- 
 land. — Persecu- 
 tion in the Grand- 
 , Duchy of Baden. 
 
 'Encyclical letter 
 to the Catholic 
 Armenians of 
 Constantinople. — 
 Definition and 
 proclamation of 
 the dogma of the 
 Immaculate Con- 
 
 .ception. 
 
 r Persecution in 
 Spain. — Piedmont 
 
 f persecutes the Re- 
 igious. — Marriage 
 question in Swit- 
 zerland. — Concor- 
 ,dat with Austria. 
 
 ''Persecution 
 Mexico and 
 
 in 
 in 
 Piedmont.— The 
 Feast of the Sacred 
 Heart of Jesus be- 
 comes obligatory 
 for the universal 
 ^ Church. 
 
 'Triumphal jour- 
 ney ot Pius IX. 
 through his States. 
 — ^The martyrs of 
 the extreme East 
 
 U.-Sts. 
 
 An- 
 nexa- 
 tion of 
 Texas 
 (1845). 
 Mex- 
 ican 
 V/ar 
 (1846). 
 Trea- 
 ty with 
 Mexico 
 yield- 
 ing to 
 the U.- 
 States, 
 New 
 Mexico 
 andUp- 
 
 Eer Ca- 
 fomia 
 (18^). 
 Gen. 
 Taylor, 
 Presi- 
 dent 
 (1849). 
 Mil- 
 lard 
 Fill- 
 more, 
 Vice- 
 Presi- 
 dent 
 be- 
 comes 
 Presi- 
 dent 
 (1850). 
 
 P. 
 
 Pierce, 
 Presi- 
 dent 
 
 (1853). 
 
 James 
 Bucha- 
 nan, 
 Presi- 
 dent 
 (1857). 
 
XXXIV 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL, SYNOPTICAL, 
 
 ^*_ ■■* ■ 
 
 A.D. 
 
 CANADA.— ENGLISH RULE. 
 
 1854 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 1860 
 
 1861 
 1865 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 eluded with the United States. 
 
 HEAD (Sir Edmund) succeeds 
 Lord Elgin. 
 
 Arrival of the French corvet 
 Capriciexiae, in Canadian 
 ■waters. 
 
 The Legislative Council is ren- 
 dered elective. 
 
 Three Normal Schools are estab- 
 lished, — Hon. P. O. Chauveau, 
 Superintendent of Education 
 for Lower Canada. 
 
 The city of Ottawa is selected by 
 the ^ueen for tlie seat of the 
 Provincial Government. — 
 
 Adoption of the Monetary-Dec- 
 imal System in Canada. — 
 Atlantic Cable laid. 
 
 The Prince of Wales visits Can- 
 ada and the other British North 
 American Provinces. He then 
 inaugurates the Victoria tubu- 
 lar bridge at Montreal, and 
 lays the lirst stoue of the Par- 
 liament buildings at Ottawa. 
 
 M0X4CK (Lord Viscount) suc- 
 ceeds Sir E. Head. 
 
 Delegates from the British North 
 American Provinces assemble 
 at Quebec to devise a new sys- 
 tem of government. The bases 
 of a Federal Constitution are 
 drawn up. 
 
 The British regulars, aided by the 
 Canadian Militia, repel the 
 Fenian raids. 
 
 Tlie Confederation, or Dominion 
 of Canada, is sanctionned by 
 royal proclamation, May 23ra, 
 and inaugurated on the 1st of 
 the following Julv.— The Con- 
 federation is divided into four 
 Provinces: Upper Canada or 
 Ontario; Lower Canada, or 
 Province of Quebec ; New- 
 Brunswick ; and Nova Scotia. 
 
 YOUNG (Su* J.) succeeds Lord 
 Monek as Governor-General 
 of the Dominion. 
 
 1854 
 
 Religious Part. 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 1858 
 1859 
 
 1860 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 1866 
 1867 
 
 1867 
 
 of St. Hyacinthe.— Rt. Rov 
 Cook, Ist Bp. of Three Rivers. 
 —lit. Rev. Tach^, 2ud Bp. of 
 St. Boniface, Red River. — Ga- 
 vazzi, an apostate Italian 
 Monk, pi'cachos in Canada. 
 
 Second Provincial Council of 
 Quebec. — Inauguration of the 
 
 LAVAL UNIVEESITY, founded 
 by the Seminary of Quebec 
 — Rt. Rev. Baillargeon, admin 
 istratorof the Archdiocese ot 
 Quebec. 
 
 Rt. Rev. Farrell, 1st Bp. of Ham- 
 ilton; Rt. Rev. Pinsonnault, 
 1st Bp. of Sandwich. 
 
 Death of Bps. GauliuandPhelan, 
 of Kingston. 
 
 Rt. Rev. E. J. Horan, 4th Bp. of 
 Kingston. 
 
 Rt. Rev. Grandin, Coadjutor to 
 Bp. Tach6.— Mt. Rev. T. L. 
 Connolly, 2nd Abp. of Halifax 
 
 Rt. R<?v. J. Laroque, 2nd. Bp. of 
 St. Hyaciuthe.— Rt. Rev. J 
 Lynch, 3rd Bp. of Toronto.— 
 Rt. Rev. J. Sweeney, 3rd Bp. 
 of St. John, N. B.— Rt. Rev. J. 
 Rogers, Ist Bp. of Chatham, 
 N. B.— Rt. Rev. P. Mclntyre, 
 3rd Bp. of Charlottetown. 
 
 Thiid Provincial Council of Que- 
 bec. — Rt. Rev. H. Faraud, Vicar 
 Apostolic of Arthabaska. 
 
 Rt. Rev. D'Hergomez, Vic. Apost 
 of the British Columbia. 
 
 Rt. Rev. C. Laroque, 3rd, Bp. 
 of St. Hyacinthe. 
 
 Rt. Rev. Laflfeche, Coaijjutor to 
 the Bp. of Three Rivers. — Rt. 
 Rev. J. P. F. L. Langevin, 1st 
 Bp. of St. Germain of Rimouski. 
 Rt. Rev. J. VSTalsh, 2nd Bp. of 
 Sandwich. — Rt. Rev. Glut, 
 Coai\jutor to the Vic. Apost. of 
 Arthabaska. 
 
 BAILLARGEON(MostRev. C.F.), 
 5th Abp. of Quebec. , -, 
 
 ia^MBi 
 
 A. I 
 
 18£ 
 
 1185 
 
 1861 
 
 186; 
 
 1865 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
AND SYNCHRONICAL TABLES OF HISTORY 
 
 XXXV 
 
 ;t. Rev. 
 5 Rivers, 
 d Bp. of 
 var. — Ga- 
 Italian 
 lada. 
 )uiicil otj 
 a of the 
 founded 
 ' Quebec 
 1, admin^ 
 iocese ot 
 
 I. of Ham 
 sounault, 
 
 idPlielan, 
 
 ih. Bp. of 
 
 djutor to 
 v! T. L. 
 F Halifax, 
 d. Bp. of 
 
 Rev. J 
 'oronto. — 
 , 3rd Bp. 
 ;. Rev. J. 
 Chatham, 
 Mclntyre, 
 )wn. 
 
 il of Que 
 iud, Vicar 
 jka. 
 
 ic. Apost 
 )ia. 
 
 3rd. Bp. 
 
 idjutor to 
 vers. — Rt. 
 evin, Ist 
 
 Rimouski 
 id Bp. of 
 V. Glut, 
 Apost. of 
 
 lev. C.P.), 
 
 A.L). United-States. 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 1860 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 Francb. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, 
 President. 
 
 ^ Civil War.— The 
 Southern States se- 
 cede. — Battles of 
 Great Bethel and 
 
 ^Manassas. 
 
 ^Battles of Shiloh, 
 Seven Pines, Beav- 
 er's Dam, Gaines' 
 Mill, Savage Station, 
 Frazer's Hill, Mal- 
 vern Hill, Ball's 
 Bluff, Manassas 
 (2nd), Antietam, 
 
 Fredericksburg, 
 Murfreesboro. 
 
 Battles of Chan- 
 cellorsville and 
 Gettysburg. — Sur- 
 render of Wicks- 
 burg and Port Hud- 
 ^son to the Federals. 
 
 fGen. Sherman cap- 
 tures Atlanta and 
 Savannah. — A. Lin- 
 coln is re-elected 
 
 . President. 
 
 'Attempt against the 
 
 life of Napoleon IH. 
 
 — Expedition in Co- 
 
 ^chiu China. 
 
 ' Campaign of Italy. 
 
 The Austrians are 
 
 defeated at Monte 
 
 bello, Magenta, and 
 
 Solferino. — Treaty of 
 
 ^Zurich. 
 
 ' Free exchange 
 Treaty be 
 tween Prance 
 and England 
 — Annexation 
 of Savoy and 
 Nice to France. 
 
 — Englo- 
 French expe 
 dition against 
 China. Victory 
 of Pel-Ho and 
 captuie of Pe- 
 . kin. 
 
 I Joint expedi 
 ■| tion of the 
 I French, 
 English, and 
 
 Spanish 
 ^ against Mexico 
 
 Expedition 
 against Cochin 
 China. The 
 Emperor of 
 Annam recog- 
 nizes the free 
 exercise of 
 Christianity in 
 his realms, 
 cedes three 
 Provinces to 
 France, and 
 opens three 
 sea-ports to 
 
 European 
 trade in Ton- 
 
 Tub Cuubch. 
 
 C Perpetual adoruition in Par 
 
 < is. — Protestant intolerance 
 
 ( in Sweden. 
 Encyclical letter of Pius IX 
 on tne revolt of Romagna. - 
 Consistorial allocution of the 
 Holy Father against those 
 who usurp and take what be 
 longs to the Church. — Beat 
 ification of the Ven. Bene 
 diet Joseph Labre. — Alarms 
 of the French Episcopacy. — 
 The French Government for- 
 bids the reproduction in 
 newspapers of the Episcopal 
 Circulai-s and treats with 
 
 ^ rigor the religious press. 
 Bull of excommunication 
 against the invaders and 
 usurpers of the States of the 
 Church, March 26. — Gari 
 baldi invades the Two Sic 
 ilies with the support of Pied 
 mont. — Piedmont invades' 
 the Pontifical States andl 
 crushes or rather assassin-j 
 ates the Pontifical volunteers 
 at Castelfidardo. — Conver- 
 sion of the Bulgarians. 
 
 'Solemn canonization, at St 
 Peter's, by Pius IX., of ai 
 reat number of Martyrs in 
 sia. 
 
 ''Concordat concluded with 
 Nicaragua. — Encyclical let- 
 ter accompanied by a Sylla- 
 bus or Sestimd, including the 
 principal errors of the time. 
 — Apostolic letters prescrib- 
 ing a universal Jubilee for 
 1865. 
 
 
XXXVI 
 
 CIIT^ONOLOGTCAI., STNOrTICAL, 
 
 CANADA.— ENfiLlSII RULE. 
 
 yV.n, 
 
 !! I 
 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 Civil and Political Part. 
 
 Extension of tlio Dominion by the 
 af'<iniHition of the North-Wcst 
 Territory, iind tlio Proviiu'O of 
 Mnnitoba. — Tlu^ Fodcral luilitia 
 repels a Fenian raid. 
 
 Tlic Province of IJritiali Colura- 
 biii is received in the Dominion. 
 
 DUFFEKIN (Lord), Covornor- 
 General, wlio shows himself, at 
 the beginning of his adminis- 
 tration, a great Patron of good 
 and solid Edncation. 
 
 The MacDonald Ministry, •which 
 existed since the ostabliHhmont 
 of the Confederation, is defeat- 
 ed by the party styled '* liberal" 
 headed by the Hon. McKenzie 
 who becomes the chief of a new 
 Ministry. . 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1868 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 1873 
 
 Religious Paut. 
 
 Fonrth Provincial Council of 
 Quebec. 
 
 Erection of the Ecclesiastical Pro- 
 vince of Toronto: — Most Rev. 
 Lynch, Ist Abp. — Rt. Rev. J 
 Cameron, Coadjutor to the Bp. 
 of Arichat.— Rt. Rev. T. J. 
 Power, Up. of St. Johns, N. F. 
 — Rt. Rev. H. Carfagnini, Bp 
 of Harbor Grace. 
 
 TASCHEREAU (Elzear Alexan 
 der), Gth Abp. of Quebec. 
 
 Rt. Rev. E. C. Fabre, Coadjutor 
 to the Bp. of Montreal.— Fifth 
 Provincial Council of (Quebec 
 — Erection of the Ecclesiastical 
 Province of St. Boniface : — Most 
 Rev. Tach6, Ist Abp. 
 
AND SYNCnnONIOAL TABLES OP niSTORY, 
 
 XXXVII 
 
 icil of 
 
 'S; 
 
 cnl Pro- 
 Bt liov. 
 Hev. J. 
 the Bi 
 
 T. 
 1, N. V. 
 ini, Bp. 
 
 Aloxan- 
 
 c. 
 
 )adjutor| 
 
 .— tMltb 
 
 (Quebec. 
 
 siafiticul 
 
 : — Most 
 
 t 
 
 ,\.D. 
 
 1805 
 
 18G(? 
 
 1807 
 
 :8G8 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 187a 
 
 Tub Ciiuitcii. 
 
 General Assembly of the Gennan Catholics at 
 TricTH. — I'ontillcal allocution on Free-Masonry. 
 — HnsHJa iMTSccutcs the Catholics in Poland. 
 Martyrdom, in Corca, of Bp. DavcUiy and his 
 companions. — St. Catharine of Sienna is declared 
 the Patroness of Rome. — Farewell of Pius IX. to 
 the orticcrs of tlie Frencli army of Rome. — Per- 
 secution in Russia. 
 
 Celebration of the 18tb centenary anniversary of 
 St. Peter. 44 Cardinals, I'atriarcbs, and Pri- 
 mates, 400 Bishops., and 10000 Priests thronged 
 around tlio venerated Pius IX. — Garibalcuan 
 bands attack the little Pontitlcal army ; the 
 latter, aided by French troops, sweep them off 
 completely at Mentana. 
 
 Bull for the convocation of the (Ecumenical 
 CoTincil oCthe Vatican. — Arrival in Rome of the 
 ftrst detachment of the Canadian Pontifical 
 Zouaves. 
 
 I 
 
 The Golden Wedding of 
 Pius IX., April (b.~ 
 Opening of the Vatican 
 Council, Dec. 8. 
 The do";matio infallibili- 
 ty of the Pope, freely 
 teaching a truth of faith, 
 ex cathedra, in matter of 
 faith, is proclaimed in 
 the (Ecumenical Council 
 of tbe Vatican. — Victor 
 Emmanuars government 
 takes possession of Rome, 
 Sept. yO, in direct viola- 
 tion of the pledged faith, 
 and solemn obligations of 
 International Treaties. 
 The Pope is captive in 
 the Vatican. 
 Pius IX. attains the years 
 of St. Peter's Roman 
 Pontificate, Aug. 23. 
 
 France. 
 
 r Louis Napoleon grants a new 
 } Constitution witu a respons- 
 ( ible Ministry. 
 
 Louis Napoleon declares war 
 against Prussia. Soon after, 
 irance is invaded, and Napoleon 
 with his army taken jnnsoners 
 at Sedan. — A Revolution breaks 
 out in Paris : the Emperor is 
 deposed and a Republic pro- 
 claimed. — Strasburg and Metz 
 ^sux'render to the Prussians. 
 
 After a siege of four months, 
 Paris surrenders to the Prus- 
 sians, Jan. i28. — Terms of Peace 
 are ratified on the 1st of March. 
 France cedes to Prussia, Al- 
 sace, one fifth of Lorraine, in- 
 cluding Metz, and pays her 
 ^£209,000,000 indemnity. 
 
 U.-ST8. 
 
 Gen. 
 Grant 
 Pi'csi- 
 ^deut. 
 
 1 
 
 Gen. 
 Grant 
 is re- 
 elect- 
 ed 
 Presi- 
 ^dent. 
 

 ■>;.^ii '§-';• 
 
 • ■«,■*.,>;>.<.. ~y,*:t 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 rf 
 
 '■■ ff f , . . 
 
 .5- '> ■,. } 
 
 
 r 
 
 5? 
 
 ?.J -H;,v . 
 
 

 
 'X ::m-^^v 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 or THE 
 
 ■'J- 
 
 ■' '':J/r--i:-;.,;f/ 
 
 ■■;i 
 
 
 COMPENDIUM 
 
 
 OF THE 
 
 i" . - f 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 M« ; 
 
 J" 
 
 
 Introductio-^.— Early voyages, principal discoveries ancl 
 
 conquests in America 9 
 
 ; ^ ^ 'FRENCH KULE., 
 
 r ' ■ FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 Chapter 
 
 .■'.I 
 
 L— From the arrival of Jacques Cartier ' in 
 Canada, 1534, to the nomination of De 
 Koberval, 1541 17 
 
 Chapter II^From De Koberval, 1541, to the Marquis 
 
 de la Eoche, the second Viceroy, 1578. 22 
 
 Chapter III.— From the Marquis do la Roche, 1578, to 
 
 the foundation of Quelbcc; 1G08. . .^ . . . g.5 
 
m^ 
 
 CnAPTES L— ! 
 
 Chapter IL— 
 
 Chapter III. — 
 
 Chapter IVr- 
 
 Chapter V^ 
 
 •' ^ ^ :.' - 
 
 ■.■■'' 
 
 Chapter. L- 
 
 Chapter II^ 
 
 Chapter IIL— 
 
 Chapter IV. — 
 
 Chapter V.- 
 
 Chapter VI.- 
 
 Contents. 
 
 ' "'' """" ' »■ '.'-■'■■ ' ■ .V ''*'' -■': '■■ 
 
 SECOND PERIOD. t,j-.> r.,. 
 
 From tliG foundation of Quebec, 1608, fo 
 the formation of the Montmorency Com- 
 pany, 1021 29. 
 
 From the formation of the Montmorency 
 Company, 1G21, to the restitution of 
 Canada and Acadia to France, 1C32.. 3G 
 
 From the restitution of Canada and Aca- 
 dia to Franco, 1G32, to the formation of 
 the Montreal Company, ICAO 41 
 
 ■From the formation of the ^.lontreal Com- 
 pany, lG-10, to the administration of De 
 '< Lauzon, 1050 45 
 
 From the administration of Do Lauzon, ;.>. 
 1050, to tliG fin-mation of the Supremo 
 Council, 1603 49 
 
 ' A third period. ' C^ fS T O T Xi 
 
 -'"- "■■-..' X 'w I x'l '■ 
 
 -From the formation of the Supreme Coiiu- * •• 
 cil, 1003, to the first administration of 
 De Frontenac, 1072 54 . 
 
 -From the first administration of Do Fron- 
 tenac, 1072, to that of Do Denonvillc, 
 1685 59^^ 
 
 From the administration of Do Dcnonville, 
 1085, to the second admhiistration of 
 De Frontenac, 1039. 62 ' ' 
 
 From the second administration of Po 
 Frontenac, 1069, to the peace of Kvs- 
 wiclc, 1097 ;. . Oi 
 
 From the peace of Ivj'swick, 1097, to that 
 of Utrecht, 1713 Ob 
 
 From the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, to that 
 of Aix-la-ChapeUe, 1748 71 
 
29 
 
 3G 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 54 
 
 59 
 
 62 
 
 CONTENTS. . f 
 
 CHAPTElt VIL— From the Treaty of Aix-ia-Chapello, 1748, 
 
 to tliG udiniuistration of De Vaiidrcnil 
 1^^^ - 7G 
 
 Chapter Vin.-~From the administration of DeVaudrenil, . .. 
 
 11^-,^ f to the capitulation of Montreal, 
 
 :.-'-■ ': ;, 1'<jo. ; ^g 
 
 ENGLISH KULE. 
 
 FIRST PERIOD. " ' - 
 
 Chafeer- I,--Frani the capitiiLuion of Montreal, 1700, 
 
 to the Quebec Act, 1774 8G 
 
 . ChAPTER.^ . JL^From the Quebec Act, 1774, to the Con- 
 .^ ^ , stiiutional Act, 1701 39 
 
 SECOND PERIOD* - . .-i 
 
 Chapter I.—From the Constitutional Act, 1791, to tlio 
 
 . ai'i'ivalof Sir George Provost, 1811... 94 
 
 Chapter II.— From the arrival of Sir George Prevost, 
 
 1811, to his departure, 18 15. . . '. 97 
 
 Chapter IIL— From the departure of Sir Geoi-i^o Pre- 
 vost, 1815, to iho arrival of tlie Koyal 
 Conunisyiuucr, lf>35 l()o 
 
 Chapter IV.— From iho arrival of the Poyal Commis- . 
 
 siouer, 1.835, to the Union of the two 
 Canadas, 1841 107 
 
 ■],-•■ ■ ■' _ , 
 
 ' ' ' TIIIUD PKinOD. 
 
 Chapter I.— From the Union, 1841, to the Rrrival of 
 
 Lord Elgin, 1817 m 
 
 CThapter IL— From tlie arrival of Lcrd Elgin, 1847, to 
 
 the Conlbdcration, 18l>7 ,», 413 
 
 fi -• 
 

 :.-■-::■ [.^/-K'-.Mr NOVA SCOTIA. ■:^ ^_#,£'iV '' 
 
 From the fiill of Fort Royal, 1710, to the present ^y« ,•* ilf 
 
 ., :j:j.::;.;.a;,.:;; NEW BEUNSWICK. y 
 
 Prom-its separation from Nova Scotia, 1784, to the present 
 
 day 120 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND. * 
 
 From.its separation from New Franco, 1758, to the present 
 
 day ; 122 
 
 ' NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 From its separation from Nova Scotia, 1718, to the present 
 
 day 124 
 
 THE NORTH-WEST TEIIRITORY. "; 
 
 From the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, to tiie present day.-^*- 126 
 
 VANCOUVER'S ISLAND AND BRITISH 
 
 COLUMBIA 127> 
 
 Constitution of the Donmnion of Canada. . ..-••—»• 128^ 
 
: 
 
 »/i f 1 1 i 
 
 if 
 
 ,,:.:,..,. ^ INTRODUCTION 
 
 ^L .* . ■; ... ,- /'. TO TUB 
 
 ■ 1 v- 1 
 
 * ih^ t i •• 
 
 
 *r-i 
 
 COMPENDIUM 
 
 % ' 
 
 OP THB 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 vTfll'" ^.-4 -^J y^' 
 
 
 EARLY V0YA6ES, PRINCIPAL DISCOVERIES, AND CONQUESTS M 
 
 AMEiiicjA (1492-1534). 
 
 ;i ( 
 
 ..ifj 
 
 l.-CliristopherColwmbua.-^. Object of liia voyages.-3. Hia first efforts. 
 ■-4..13. Ilis disc()vorio3.~l.{. VoyiiKes of JoUu and Sebastian Ca- 
 bot.-Jb. A.i.encu.-, Vespucius.-16. Discoveries of Piiuoti and Cor- 
 tereal— 18..20. Fenuuulo Coriez and Mexico. -21. IVIajjellan— .22 
 ye.razx.ani.-23..2S. Pizarro aud Peru.--U..31. Qrigiu of the North 
 AmericMU Indiana. , .,..., 
 
 
 o^ I. Chrlslopiser ColJim!>««.-~-Araencawasdi8covere^^^^ 
 by Chnstophor CoJu.nl.as, a n^itive of Oenoa. This skilful nav- 
 , igator was le.l, by reading ancient works on Cosinop-raphy, to 
 , cuuiecturo the existence of undiscovered land in the westera 
 ocean and also a passage to India by the north-west. He sub- 
 :.anitted his theory to Paul., Toscanelli, one of the leading mathe- 
 jinuticmns of the day, who told him that India could bo reached 
 •by a westerly course ; that, by sailing four thousand miles in a 
 4nTct hue from Lisbon, he would arrive on the coast of Mangi, 
 . near tlie Cathay (China) of which we have such romantic de- 
 ««nptions by Marco Polo; linally, that he should meet at the 
 distance of SIX hundred and seventy-five miles from each other, 
 the f ew famous islands of Autilla au d Cipango (Japan). 
 
 1. By whom was America discovered T To whom did CQlumbna anh 
 mithi8thpoi7? What was ToficaueUJ'* au8werf ^oi«»bu« aub- 
 
10 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 [1492 
 
 i 
 
 2. Nothing more was required to change into a firm conviction 
 the conjectures of Coliiinhiis, and to khicllo within his breast the 
 twofold enthusiasm of science and of faith. Cohimbus was a man 
 not only of extensive acquirements hut also of genuine piety. It 
 is said that he was in the habit of conversing with certain monka 
 whoso garb he sometimes assumed. The principal motive by 
 which lie was swayed in his groat enterprise, was a desire of sav- 
 ing a multitude of benighted souls, coupled with the hope of find- 
 ing mineral treasures suilicientto defray the expenses of another 
 attempt towards the deliverance of the holy Sepulchre, and the 
 destruction of Mahometanism. 
 
 3. Wishing liis native country to have the honor of his discov- 
 eries, he laid his plans before the government of Genoa; but, in- 
 stead of meeting with encouragement, lie was treated as a vision- 
 ary, and coldly dismissed. He then applied to Portu al., England, 
 and Franco, but without receiving any substai i:?^ ;'-. , He finally 
 had recourse to Spain, and, after eight years of solicitation, ob- 
 tained from Ferdinand and Isabella, .'i litil squadron of three 
 vessels with the title of Admiral of all the sea^ he it ght ijxplore, 
 and Viceroy of all the lands he might discover. 
 
 4. On the 3rd of August, 1492, Columbus set sail from Palos, 
 a sea-port town in Andalusia. Delaying a month at tho Cana- 
 ries to refit, ho started thence, on the (ith of September, over un- 
 known seas. His crew soon began to iuterpose their timid fears, 
 and, when these Averc unavailing, t(; express their open discon- 
 tent ; but, equally disrcgardful of both, Columbus bore steadily 
 westward ; himself, however, not without misgivings as to what 
 the variation in the needle (not before discovered) portented. On 
 tho 12th of October, his perseverance was rewarded mth the 
 eight of land, which proved to be one of the Bahama Islands. 
 As soon as he landed, he cast lijniself on his knees to thank 
 God for the happy termination of his voyage, and, in memory 
 of the dangers he had escaped, gave tho island the name of San 
 Salvador. He then erected a cross, and, in presence of the na- 
 tives, took possession of the country in the name of Ferdinand, 
 and Isabella. 
 
 5. The natives came in great numbers to see the Spaniards 
 whose hands, faces, and beards they eagerly examined, being in 
 their turn no less subjects of curiosity for their new visitors. ^' To 
 induce them to be friendly towards us," said Columbus, " and con- 
 
 2. What was the effocfc of this answer? What prompted Columbus to 
 this enterprise 1—3. Of what countries did Columbua solicit aid ?— 4. 
 When ana from where did he Bet sail ? What was the first land dis- 
 covered 1—5. How were tho Spaniards received by the uatiyOB of SoQ 
 Salvador ? What did Columbus distribute among them f 
 
1493] 
 
 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
 11 
 
 vinced that to reclaim them from idolatry, the best means were 
 mildness and persuasion rather tlian violence and terror, I gave 
 Bomo pf them colored caps and glass beads, which they strung 
 around their necks ; I also distributed othqr trifles which greatly 
 pleased them and secured us their friendship. They were quite 
 unarmed, and seemed to ignoro the use of weapons. When I 
 ehowed them a sword, they seized it by the edge, and thus un- 
 wittingly cut themselves." 
 
 6. Puttingagaintosea, Columbus discovered Cuba, and shortly 
 after, the Island of San Domingo. These islands -were called the 
 Indies, from the belief entertained by Columbus that he had 
 reached the western shores of India. The natives received in 
 consequence tho appellation of Indians — a namo under which 
 they have been known to tho present day. After building a fort 
 on the Island of San Domiugo, Columbus sailed for Spain } and, 
 on the 15th of March, 1493, re-entered Palos whence ho had 
 started seven months before. 
 
 7. During this homeward voyage, the little craft was assailed 
 by a furious tempest which, during fifteen days, threatened Co- 
 lumbus and his crew with destruction. In order to preserve, if 
 possible, tho memory of his great discovery, he hastily wrote a 
 short account ; and, ^Tapping it in waxed doth, enclosed the 
 whole in a cask which he committed to the sea, hoping that 
 some good fortune miglit wash it ashore. 
 
 8. The citizens of Palos received Columbus with transports of 
 joy. The bcUs pealed forth ; tho shops were closed j and the 
 people vied with one another in doing honor to the man who, 
 some mouths before, they had treated as visionary. 
 
 9. The King and Queen, then at Barcelona, granted Columbus 
 a public audience ; and, filled with admiration, bade him sit down 
 and relate the details of his marvellous expedition, — it seeming, 
 Bays Las Casas, as though they enjoyed at that moment the de- 
 lights of Paradise. They ennobled his family, confirmed his title 
 of Admiral, and authorized him to emblazon on his anns the 
 motto : *'To ^astile and Leon, Columbus gave a new world." 
 
 10. Columbus made three other voyages to the New World, 
 during which ho visited tho group of islands since called the An- 
 tilles. In his second voyage, in 1493, he discovered Domipica, 
 GuadaJoupe, Porto liico, Jamaica, and tlie Leeward Islands. 
 
 6. What large Jslaiid did ColnnibuH now discover'? By wiidt name are 
 the Jiativet- of;' these IhIuikI.s Ifuowii? Whiit did Cohimbna after taking 
 possession of 8au Domiiifjo?— 7, What happened during his homewara 
 voyage?— 8. How was ho received at Pah)3'J— 9. How was he received 
 by the Kiug and Qneeu of Spain ?— 10. Uow many voya^'ea did Columbus 
 Btill make to the Kcw World 'i What was the ehiof discovery made in 
 liia thii'd vorage f What place did lie visit in his fwiu^th voyage Y 
 
f"" ;' 
 
 
 |l 
 
 - 
 
 il. 
 
 
 ml' 
 
 m 
 
 12. 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 J 
 
 [149G 
 
 On iuB tSrd, iiT 1498, ho cruised along the shores of South 
 America from the mouth of the Orinoco to Caraccas ; and, in 
 his fourth, in 1502, ho visited the Grulf of Darien. 
 i 11. Columbus was several times obliged to exert his authority 
 to quell the mutinous excesses of Ids crew ; and he had much 
 to suffer from jealous rivals. On liis return from his first voyage, 
 he was unjustly accused by those whom ho had been obliged to 
 punish in order to enforce discipline, but he easily cleared him- 
 self of their accusations. In his third expedition, however, he 
 fell a victim to an atrocious calumny, and was in consequence 
 deprived of his command and replaced by Bovadilla, who sent 
 him back to Spain in chains. And this great man was thus 
 compelled to cross that ocean, whoso liitherto impassable barriers 
 he had swept away, a prisoner bound with ignominious fetters. 
 The captain of the vessel, moved with respect for his illustrious 
 captive, wished to set him at liberty ; but, animated with the 
 lofty heroism which a genuine piety inspire^s, Columbus replied : 
 " No ; I wear those chains by order of their Majesties, the 
 Sovereigns of Spain. I will wear them until they shiill order 
 them to bo taken off, and I will preserve them afterwards as 
 relics and memorials of the gratitude of princes." 
 
 12. When Columbus arrived in Spain, public indignation rose 
 to such a pitch, especially at the siglit of the irons with which he 
 was loaded, that Ferdinand and Isabella, not only restored him to 
 liberty, but received him with great demonstrations of sympathy, 
 and recalled BovadiUa. Notwithstanding such seeming protesta- 
 tions, Columbus was never reinstated in his offices of emolument 
 and honor. Ho could never blot from his mind the remembrance 
 of the cruel treatment he had received. We are told that during 
 the rest of his life, he hung up the chains in his cabinet, and re- 
 quested that they should bo laid beside liim in the grave. On his 
 return to Spain, in November 1504, froma fourth expedition, dur- 
 ing which he had to suffer much from famine and hardship, ho lay 
 sick some months, and recovered only to have his claims for re- 
 dress finally rejected by the King, Queen Isabella being now dead. 
 
 13. Columbus, now 70 years old, overwhelmed by chagrin and 
 infirmity, died at Valladolid, in 150G. His last moments were 
 devoted to prayer and the reception of the rites of the religion 
 which he had cherished and practised all his lifetime. His last 
 words were those of the Royal Prophet : Into Thy hands, Lord, 
 
 ". il. What had Cohimbas to suffer duriiifj this third voyage 1 llow did he 
 bear the treatment of hia envious rivals ?— 12. What were the feelings of 
 the Spaniards at seeiug Columbus in chains ? How was he received by 
 Ferdinand and Isabella Y What did he do with hia chaius ?— 13. When 
 did Columbus die ? 
 
1500] 
 
 CABOTS. 
 
 It 
 
 iord, 
 
 I commend my spirit. In 1513, his remains \yere removed to 
 Seville, whence they were transferred, in 153G, to San Domingo, 
 from which place they were conveyed with great pomp to 
 Havana, on the 15th of January, 1796. 
 
 14. John and Sebastian Cabot. — The first naviga- 
 tors who followed in the wake of Columbus, were John Cabot 
 and his son Sebastian. Henry VII., King of England, having 
 been convinced by them of the importance of the discovery of a 
 north-west passage, titted out an expedition for that purpose, 
 and placed it under their command. They sailed from Bristol, 
 in 1496 ; and, in the course of their voyage, discovered New- 
 foundland and Labrador, about a year before Columbus had 
 reached the mainland. 
 
 15. Americas Tespuclus — Though Columbus had 
 every right to give his name to the New World, yet he has been 
 deprived of that honor by a seeming freak of fortune. In 
 
 1499, Americus Vespucius, a native of Florence, and a clever 
 cosmographer, sailed for the New World in a little Spanish 
 fleet commanded by Alonzo of Ojeda, one of the companions of 
 Columbus. He distinguished himself in this expedition by the 
 active part he took in every enterprise. It was during this 
 voyage, that he explored the northern shores of South America. 
 Vespucius, says the learned Abb^ Ferland, dedicated to the 
 Duke of Lorraine an exaggerated account of his voyages, which, 
 falling into the hands of Martin Hylacomylus, a printer of St. 
 Di€, was there published in 1507. Hylacomylus, by error, 
 placed the first voyage of Vespucius in 1497 ; and, concluding 
 that he had thus preceded Columbus in the discovery of terra 
 firma, proposed to call the new continent America. Tliis publi- 
 cation, in a place so far from Spain, remained unknown even to 
 Vespucius himself. The name proposed by the obscure printer 
 of St. Di<5, was adopted by contemporary cosmographers, and, 
 shortly afterwards, came into general use. It is customary to 
 treat Vespucius with a certain amount of severity on this score ; 
 but, if the above vwsion is true, it is unjust to charge Vespu- 
 cius with an error in which ho had no share whatever. 
 
 16. Tincent Pinzou ; Gaspard Cortereal In 
 
 1500, Vincent Pinzon of Palos discovered Brazil and the Ama- 
 zon River, and sailed along 400 miles of sea-coast. The Amazon 
 is said to derive its name fi'om the impression of its first navi- 
 gators, who fancied they saw bands of female warriors on its 
 
 14. What navigators followed iu the wake of Colambns ? What dis- 
 coveriea did the Cabots make ? — 15. After whom ia the New World 
 called ?— 16. What discoveries were made iu 1500 I 
 
mmmm 
 
 mmm 
 
 itt 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 [1524 
 
 shores. In tlio eamo yew, Gaspard Cortereal;- a Portuguese 
 navigator, first entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 17. It soeins very probable that the first -who visited New- 
 foundland, were Basques and Bretons. Some of thcni were to bo 
 Been there as early as 1504. They were attracted to this bleak 
 region by the immense profits realized by the cod-fishery. 
 
 18. Baron de IL.ery — The first European, who attempt- 
 ed a settlement in North America, was the Banni do Lery. Ifo 
 Icl't France for this purpose, in 1518 ; and steering a northerly 
 course, arrived at Sablo Island. Finding the soil but little adapt- 
 ed to agricultural pursuits, ho abandoned his project and return- 
 ed to France. 
 
 ^ 19._ Fernando Cortcz.— In Nov. 1518, F. Cortez, a 
 Spanish officer, commanding a fleet of 11 vessels, ciirrying COO 
 men, 16 horses, and 10 brass guns, sailed for Mexico, which, after 
 incredible hardships, he succeeded in conquering. This country, 
 fonning a vast empire, was, then, under the sway of Montezuma. 
 
 20. As Cortez approached the shores, he saw a great number 
 of canoes filled with Indians, who, by their hostile demonstra- 
 tions, gave him to understand that they meant to dispute his 
 landing ; but a closer view of the ships, and, above all, the 
 roaring of the artillery, struck them with such terror, that they 
 instantly fled to avoid certain destruc' Ion. 
 
 21. Mexico was the richest country of North America. It 
 teemed with fruits and odoriferous floAvers ; there were immense 
 plantations of lemon and orange-trees j and the whole face of 
 natui'O was covered with a luxuriant vegetation. The forests 
 were tenanted with birds of brilliant plumage ; and the air itself 
 was impregnated with the sweet perfume that rose from the 
 groves and prairies. Besides these alluring advantages, tlio 
 country abounded in rich mines of gold and silver. 
 
 22. Magellan — In 1520, Magellan, a Portuguese naviga- 
 tor then in the service of Spain, discovered the Strait that bears 
 his name, and was the first to sail on the waters of the Pacific. 
 
 23. Verazzanl — About the year 1523, Francis I. des- 
 patched to the New World, Verazzani, a Florentine navigator, 
 who, in 1.524, visited the eastern shores of North America, from 
 the 30th degree of North latitude to Newibundland, of which 
 tract of country he took possession for the crown of France. 
 
 17. Who were tho first navigators that visited the banks of Newfound- 
 land ? — 18. WJio was tlio first European that attempted a settlement in 
 North America?— 19. What did Fernando Cortezdo, in 1518 ? What did 
 Mexico then form 1 — 20. How were tho Mexicans impressed by the as- 
 pect of the ships and the voarsofthe Spanish artilleiy f— 21. Describe 
 Mexico.— 22. What did Magellan do, in 1520 ?— 23. What was the first 
 voyage of discovery undertaken for the French cro ttu i 
 
1533] 
 
 CORTEZ AKD ri7.AllR0. 
 
 
 ]<2;a- 
 
 24. Framcls I»2zarro.— Shortly after tlio conquest of 
 IMoxico, a tiiniilar atter. pt ■svns matlo on tlio rich and powerful 
 Empire of I'cru, l)y Francis Pizarro. Tliis adventurer embarked 
 at Panama in November .1524, and commenced an exploration 
 of the shores of the Pacific. Having at last found the country 
 he was in quest of, he retunicd to Spain. 
 
 25. Pizarro obtained from Charles V. the titloof Governor and 
 Captain-General of the country ho had discovered, and some troops 
 to enable him to efl'cct its subjugation. Following up his first 
 success, ho penetrated into the very heart of Peru, then a vast 
 empire governed by sovereigns called Tncas. Fortunately for the 
 adventurer, the country was split into two parties headed by Hu- 
 ascar and Atahualpa, sons of the late monarch. Atahualpa 
 defeated his brother and took him prisoner. 
 
 26. Pizarro sent an embassy to the successful prince ; and, not 
 scrupling to sacrifice good faith to self-interest, he profited by the 
 interview granted his envoys to put himself at the head of a res- 
 olute band, and attack the unsuspecting monarch, whom he made 
 prisoner, 1532. It was in this treacherous way, that perfidy and 
 audacity ol^tained possession of a powerful empire, — ^the advent- 
 urer's available force consisting only of 160 men and 3 guns. 
 Four thousand Peruvian troops were slaughtered in this alray, 
 while the Spaniards did not lose a single man. 
 
 27. Informed of the ofier that his brother Huascar had made 
 to Pizarro's ambassadors, Atahualpa gave orders to have him 
 strangled. Perceiving then that the ruling passion of his captors 
 was a thirst for gold, he offered, as the price of his ransom, to fill 
 with that precious metal, as high as he could reach, the room he 
 was in, which was 22 feet by 16 ; but, being accused of treacher- 
 ous machinations and of the murder of his brother, he was put 
 to death. The Peruvian Monarchy thus overthrown, was re- 
 duced to a Spanish Province, 1533. ' r .. " 
 
 28. The lucky adventurers could not amicably share their 
 booty, and great contentions ensued. Almagro, the rival of Pi- 
 zaiTO, was condemned and executed ; and, shortly afterwards, 
 Pizarro himself fell by tho blade of the assassin. 
 
 29. Tlie Mexican and Peruvian Empires* — The 
 Empires of Mexico and Peru, at the time of the Spanish invasion, 
 had some tincture of civilization. Their pyramids, palaces, and 
 
 24. Wlif'.fc expedition wa~ nndertaken Bhortly nftei' the conquest of 
 Mexico ?— 25. Wliut did Pizarro obtain from Charlea V. t— 26. flow did 
 Pizarro conquer the Peruvian Monarchy ?— 27. What wa8 the fate of 
 Atahualpa V— 28. How did the rivals divide the spoils 1—29. Describe the 
 state of the Mexican and Peruvian Empires, at the time of the Spanish in- 
 vasion. 
 
:li' 
 
 16 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 [1533 
 
 magnificont temples, eliowcd a foir knowlodgo of tho principles 
 of architecture. They were acqiuiiutcd witli Bculpturo, and un- 
 derstood tho art of working mines and tho precious inotals. Agri- 
 culture was in a flourishing state. Tlicy had a regular system 
 of government and a code of civil and rolioious laws. Tlicy 
 worshipped tho sun as their principal divinity. The ^-cligion of 
 tho Peruviana was, howovei', less cruel and sanguinary than 
 that of tho Mexicans, who were in tho habit of sacriiiciug hu- 
 man victims. ,: V , 
 
 30. Nortli American Indians — The ahorigines of 
 North America were tall, straight, and well proportioned. Their 
 complexion was copper-color ; their eyes wcro black ; their 
 hair long, black, and coarse. They were quiclc of apprehension 
 and not destitute of genius. When irritated, they became sul- 
 len ; and once determined upon revenge, neither absence nor ob- 
 stacles could cool their resentment. Tlicy had no written lan- 
 guage save a few rude hieroglyphics. 
 
 31. Education, among the Indians, was limited to the arts of 
 war, hunting, and fishing. Tlioir language was rudo but sono- 
 rous and metaphorical. It does not appear that they had any 
 particular form of government. Their chiefs owed their author- 
 ity in great part to their eloquence. Though they might some- 
 times advise with their counsellors, their decision was per- 
 emptory. The religion of the Indians, was a mixture of ob- 
 scure traditions and superstitious pnystices. Like the Hindoos 
 and sonio other ancient nations, they bi Tiovcd in tho exist- 
 ence of two spirits, tlio one good and tho other evil. Tho 
 fonner, called the Great Spirit, was invested with superior at- 
 tributes. They worshipped both ; and, fashioning mieouth 
 statues, paid them religious homage. Tliey liad some confused 
 notions of future rewards and punishments. Tlio principal of 
 their religious ceremonies consisted in singing and dancing around 
 a large fire ; to this, they added prayer, and sometimes, they 
 offered in sacrifice, blood, tobacco, and a sort of fragrant powder. 
 
 32. Tho origin of the Indians has long been a subject of m- 
 vestigation, but without any decisive result. The most probable 
 opinion is, that in some remote ago, tlicy crossed over from tlie 
 Korth of Asia. Bchring's Strait, which separates the two conti- 
 nents, is only 40 miles wide, and, frequently frozen over in win- 
 ter. Storms, shipwrecks, and earlier voyages of discovery may 
 have cast on tho shores of America peoi)lo from Gaul, Scandi- 
 navia, and other countries of Northern Europe. Writers are in- 
 clined to this conclusion from tho great difference in point of 
 civilization between the natives of IMexico and Peru, and those 
 of the other parts of the New World, 
 

 COMPENDIUM 
 
 OF TUB 
 
 HISTORY OF CylNADA. 
 
 ■f'i 
 
 :part first, 
 FRENCH RULE. 
 
 
 FIRST PERIOD. ^- 
 
 '1 
 
 PROM THE. ARRIVAL OF JACQUES C ARTIER IN CANADA, 1534, 
 TO THE FOUNDATION OF QUEBEC, 1G08. 
 
 CHAPTER I. ^^:- .,/: '^::'-:0ri' 
 
 From tJie arrival of Jacques Cartier in Canada, 1534, to the 
 V : iiomination of Le jRoberval, 154:1. 
 
 1. Canada.— 2. .6. Jacques Cartier chosen to command an expedition to 
 the New World.— 6. Cartier in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.— 6. Baie 
 des Chaleurs.—T. Cross erected at Gaspe.~3. Return to Prance.— 
 19. Cartier's second voyage.— 13. Origin of the name of the River 
 St. Lawrence.~-14..17. Cartier and Donnacona.— 18. Stadacona.— 
 19. .21. Cartier at llochelaga.— 22.. 25. Mount Roy ai.— 26.. 27. Car- 
 tier returns to France. 
 
 1. Canada comprises an extensive region in the North-East of 
 North America. At the time of its discovery, it was inhabited by 
 many tribes since known by the general appellation of Indians. 
 
 2. Jaeqiecs Cartier — Jacques Cartier, a distinguished 
 navigator of St. Malo, in France, was the first to explore this 
 large tract of country. As we have already seen, Canada was 
 
 1. Where is Canada situated ? l)y whom was it inhabited at the time 
 of its discovery ? Who was the first to penetrate into the interior of the 
 country ? Had Canada been unknown up to that time ? 
 
"«1 
 
 '•1 :i 
 
 ^lllt 
 
 1i 
 
 s 
 
 18 
 
 mSTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 «< 
 
 1534] 
 
 not unknown to tlio Frencli, — Newfoundland, Priuco Edward 
 Island, Labrador, and tlic Gulf of St. Lawrence having been 
 successively discovered by the Cabots, Cortcreal, and Verazzani. 
 . 3. Franco was prevented from following up the discoveries of 
 Verazzani on account of her war \vith Spain. When Francis I. 
 heard of tho success of the Spanisli and Portuguese in the New 
 World, ho resolved to send colonics thither. In a moment of good 
 humor, he was heard to exclaim : '' AVhat ! they quietly share 
 the New World between themselves ; I should liko to sec tho 
 clause in Adam's will which bequeaths America to them." 
 
 4. Francis I. fitted out an expedition, and authorized Jacques 
 Cartier to take jjossession of all tlie lands he might discover, in 
 order to carry thither tho light of tho Gospel and tho blessings of 
 Christian civilization. 
 
 5. Cm-tier sailed from St. Malo, the chief ceaport of Britany, 
 on the 20th of April, 1534. He had bul two vessels of 60 tons 
 each, with a crew of CI men. 
 
 • 6. On the 9th of June, Cartier entered the gulf which was 
 afterwards called tho Gulf of St. Lawrence. Taking a southerly 
 course, h*^ "ailed into a bay which, on account of the intense heat 
 he ther ered, ho called Baie des Chaleiirs. Ho thence con- 
 tinued hi^ .xploration, but was soon obliged, by the violence of 
 sweeping gales, to take shelter in the Bay of Gaspd. 
 
 7. As soon as his ships appeared in the bay, great numbers 
 of the natives iiockjd to see them. As they made no show of 
 hostile intentions, Cartier erected a wooden cross tliirty feet 
 high, to which ho attached the royal arms, with the motto : 
 LONG LIVE THE KING OF FEANCE ! The crew knelt 
 before the croo3, and, respectfully saluting it, pointed towards 
 Heaven as if to tell the astonished spectators that tliis was tho 
 sign of salvation. 
 
 8. Fearing lest the winds which began to blow, should compel 
 him to take up winter-quarters in Canada, Cartier gave imme- 
 diate orders to prepare for departure. After assisting at Mass, 
 on the IStli of August, he set sail, and re-entered tho Port of St. 
 Malo, on the 5th of Scjptember. Ho brought back with him two 
 Indians, Taignoagny and Domagaya, sons of a Gasp6 chief. . . 
 
 3. Why did not Franco follow up the discoveries commence i by Ve- 
 razzani 1 What did Francis I. eay on boariiiij of llie snccesa of the Spnn- 
 iarda and Portuguese in tho New World ? — 4, Whal; navigator did Fran- 
 cis I. Bend to the New World ? — 5. From what rorli did Ca/tier sail for 
 America ? — C. When did Cartier enter the Guljf snbsecjuently called St. 
 Lawrence ? — 7. What did Cartier encouraged by the friendly demonstra- 
 tions of the natives ?--8. What did Cartierao,feariu§1.^8tthe winds might 
 compel him to pass the wiuter iu Canada ? When did he set sail ? 
 
1534] 
 
 Edward 
 ing been 
 3razzani. 
 'vories of 
 i'ancis I. 
 tlio New 
 t of good 
 Lly share 
 ' see tho 
 n." 
 
 Jacques 
 jover, iu 
 ssings of 
 
 Britaiiy, 
 ' 60 tons 
 
 ich was 
 3utherly 
 use heat 
 ice con- 
 lence of 
 
 lumbers 
 show of 
 rty feet 
 motto : 
 vv knelt 
 towards 
 vas tho 
 
 compel 
 imme- 
 t MasS; 
 rtofSt. 
 lim two 
 lief. 
 
 by Ve- 
 
 le Span- 
 id Fran- 
 sail for 
 iilledSt. 
 nonstra- 
 is might 
 1 
 
 15S5] 
 
 JACQUES CARTIER. 
 
 19 
 
 9. Th« King was so pleased with the result of this expedi- 
 tion, that, on the following year, 1535, he invested Cartier with 
 ampler powers, and funiialied him with a more considerable ar- 
 mament. 
 
 10. The new squadron consisted of three vessels : the Grande 
 Hermine, cftrryiug 120 tons , the Petite Hermine, 60 ; and the 
 Mmerillon, 40. 
 
 11. Cartier tells us that, before leaving St. Malo, he and his 
 companions, several of whom were noblemen's sons, having 
 confessed, received Holy Comnir.nioa in the cathedral of that city, 
 on Pentecost day, the l()th of May ; and that, to draw down 
 the benediction of God upon their enterprise, tliey also wished 
 to receive the episcopal blessing. As iu iiis preceding voyage, 
 Cartier had taken with him a certain number of priests ; h© now 
 provided hinifielf witii many objects of piety to distribute among 
 tha Indians, as also a statue of the Most Blessed Virgin for his 
 own and his crew's u.se. 
 
 12. The little lleet set sail on tho 19th of May, l.>j5. After 
 having been separated IJy furious sipialii?, the tlneo vessels met 
 again on the ^Oth of -July, l!io roudi^/i-vous being Bhmc-Sablon, 
 at the mouth of the rivnrthcu calleil the Great liiver of Cana.''.:i, ' 
 
 I'i. On the 1st of August, ho was (.bli.!;-ad to take shelter in a 
 port on tho north bank of the river. Having erected a cross, ho 
 called the place the Haven of St. Nicholas. On the 10th of Au- 
 gust, Feast of St. Lawrence, he outerei^ a narrow bay to which 
 lie gave tho name of that martyr. This name was subse- 
 quently extended to the whole river, whilst the inlet received 
 that of St. Genevieve. On tho 15th of August, he sighted Au- • 
 ticosti, which, inhonor of the day's solemnity, he called the Island 
 of the Assumption. 
 
 14. Cartier then ascended the river, and stopped at an island 
 which he calleii IsU'ruLC-Condres, because of its great quantity 
 of hazel-nut trees ; further up, ho met a far larger island (Orleans) 
 which he named Isle of BacvJius, ou aoctuiut of its many wild 
 grapes. He noted that, at l\lh^ phioe, the country began to bear 
 tiia name of Canada*. Cartier's intention in sailing up the river, 
 
 * The opinion that tliis nuiuo is ilcrivi'il IVom the Ii'oquois word ; Kanata, which 
 signifies a gfithoriuf? of iiut.s or a villain, ri|'|)oars to \m woU founded ; for the Hu- 
 rous, who ai'e suid to liave fonnoiiy inhubitt'd tliis 0(>nntry, ofton use the sound of 
 D when the Iroquois use that oi' T, so ihiit tlie woiil tranata of the Iroquois, 
 would be equivalent to that of Canada in the Huron lan5:iiaiyB, to signify a village. 
 
 9, Flow was the Kiiif^r of France impressed by Cartier's account ?— 10. ■ 
 How many ships composed the new expedition I — 11. VViiat did Cartior 
 do before leaving port ? — 12. When did tho little Heet set sail J — 13. What 
 happened to Cartier in the Ist of Augnat V Why was t!ieGiilfof St. 
 Lawrence 80 called ?— 14. Whence come the names of Isle-aux-Condrea 
 Hud I$k of Bacchus f What was Cartier's object in sailing up the river t 
 
pi 
 
 i 
 
 20 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1535 
 
 was to reconnoitre the country, and especially, to visit Hochelaga, 
 80 much spoken of by Taignoagny and Domagaya, as these 
 ■were now ahlo to speak French, and could be semceable to him 
 as interpreters to the Indians. 
 
 15. Having found, at the extremity of the Island of Orleans, a 
 small river, which seemed to offer good harborage for his vessels, 
 he called it, from the feast of the day, Ste. Croix f which name it 
 has since exchanged for that of 8t. Charles. 
 
 IG. On the foliowing day, Cartier was visited by Donnacona, 
 the chief of a neighboring village called Stadacona. This chief^ 
 who bore the title oi A gouhanna, which, in the Huron language, 
 signifies head of a tribo, ^^'as accompanied by more than 500 fol- 
 lowers. Stadacona was situated on the eminence on which the 
 Upper Town of Quebec now stands. 
 
 17. Donnacona repeated his visits, and conversed with Cartier 
 by ineaus of the two Indians of AVhoni wo have already spoken. 
 As Cartier was anxious to proceed to Hochelaga, he anchored 
 liis two larger vessels in tho River Ste. Croix, and started on 
 board the Emerillon with all the gentlemen of his suite, fifty 
 sailors, and two small boats. 
 
 18. On reaching that part of the river since called Lake St. 
 Peter, he was forced, through shallowness of water, to leave there 
 the Emerillon, — having apparently taken the northern instead of 
 the southern channel. He armed his two shallops j and storing 
 tliem with provisions, continued his route. As he proceeded, he 
 saw on each bank many rudely fashioned huts put up by those 
 of tho natives then occupied in fisliing. These exchanged their 
 fish with the French for objects of triiling value. 
 
 19. The little expedition arrived at Hochelaga on the 2nd of 
 October. Tlie inhabitants came out to the number of a thousand 
 to meet their visitors, received them kindly, and made them co- 
 pious presents of lish and Indian corn. Moved l)y such friendly 
 dispositions, Cartier went ashore ; and, having disposed tho 
 women on ono side, and the men on the other, he distributed 
 little trinkets among tliem. 
 
 20. On tho following day, which was Sunday, having left eight 
 men to guard the boats, he started with tho rest for the village. 
 Tliey crossed a fine forest of oak-trees, and emerged into a beau- 
 tiful open country, very fertile and thickly planted witlt maize, 
 in tlie centre of which stood the huts of Ilochelas^a. 
 
 15, What did Cartier find at the extremity of tlio Island of Orleana ?— 
 16. By •\vhoiu was ho visited at St. Croix 1—17. How did the Indian 
 chief hold interconrae witli Cartiev ?— 18. When did Cartier leave Stadac- 
 ona? AVhat was lie obliged to do on arriving at Lake St. Peter? — 19. 
 When did Cartier reacli HocheU ga '<— 20. What did he do on the follow- 
 ing day i 
 
1536] 
 
 JACQUES OARTIER. 
 
 u 
 
 21 . This village, says Cartier, was surrounded with three cir- 
 cular palisades, about two lances in height. It enclosed 50 huts, 
 each about 50 paces long l>y 12 or 15 wide, — all built of wood, 
 and roofed with large pieces of bark somewhat artistically strung 
 together. Each hut was divided into several apartments, the 
 lott heing used for the storage of the corn reserved for bread. 
 
 22. Cartier and his suite wore received in a public square with 
 great demonstrations of joy. Accompanied by several of the in- 
 habitants, they went to the neighboring mountain from whose 
 top they had an extensive view of the surrounding country. Cartier 
 called t' ' mountain Mount Royal, whence is derived the name 
 Montrci. , now applied to that city, as well as to the whole Island. 
 
 23. Fearing lest somo mishaps might befall the Emerillon 
 at Lake St. Peter, the expeditionists re-embarked the same even- 
 ing, and reached their vessel on the foUowing day, tho 4th of 
 October. Finding all on board safo and sound, they immediately 
 sailed down the river as far as Throe Rivers. There, Cartier 
 had a cross erected on tho foremost of the islands in the mouth 
 of the St. Maurice, after which he continued downwards, and 
 arrived at Ste. Croix Harbor on the lltli of October. 
 
 24. During this expedition of Cartier, tho men left behind for 
 the safe-keeping of tho ships, erected a kind of fort, mounted 
 with a few pieces of artillery, so as to protect themselves agains* 
 all attacks from tho Indians. 
 
 25. In tho ensuint^ winter, the French suffered much, not only 
 from the intensity ot the cold, to wiiich they were quite unac- 
 customed, but also from the scurvy Avhich bocauio epidemic. 
 Twenty-hve died, and tho rest were reduced to such a state of 
 prostration, as almost to have lost all hopes of again returning to 
 France. They M'^cre suddenly relieved from this state of de- 
 spondency by an Indian, who gave them a remedy which re- 
 stored them to health in a few days. 
 
 26. In tho following spring, 153(j, Cartier sailed for France 
 with two vessels, abandoning the third for want of hands to man 
 her. He reached St. ]Malo about tho middle of July. Shortly 
 before his departure, on tlie festival of the Finding of the Cross, 
 he erected in his little f )rt a cross 25 feet high, and placed on its 
 centre the armorial bearings of tho royal family, with tho inotto : 
 Francis I., by the grace of God, KiNa of the French, 
 REIGNS. Informed of tho hostile dispositions of the Stadacona 
 
 21. Descvibo tho village of IToclielaga. — 'J2. How waa Cartier received * 
 23. — What did Cartier and hia Biiite do after their visit to llochehiga ?— 
 When did they re-enter tho Harbor of Ste. Croix ? — 25. How were Cartier 
 and his companious tried during the foUowiug winter ?— 5i6. What did 
 Cartier do iu the spriug of 1DU6 i 
 
22 
 
 PISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1541 
 
 Indians, Cartier seized their chief, Donnacoua, with tho prin- 
 cipal, leaders, and brought them to France. 
 
 ^7. On his anival, Cartier found Franco involved in a war 
 with Spain, the immediate consequence of which was, that more 
 than four years-elapsed before another expedition waa-£.tted out 
 &)v Canada. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 :^n 
 
 : ■;. !'1 
 
 FroniXe Eobervalrl54iLto tlie 3Im'quisdelaIloc7ie, the^econd 
 
 Viceroy, 1578. 
 
 1. M.-do Robenml. — 9. .3. Cartier is appointed Captain-General and Pi- 
 lot-Master; his arrival at Ste. Croix. — 4. Charlesbourg Royal. — 5.. 6 
 Cartier is again at Ilocliclaga ; his return to Charlesbourg Royal.— 
 '_' ■, 7- -8. lie sets sail for France and meets De Roberval at Newfouud- 
 ' t laud.— 9.. 11. Do Roberval at Charlesbourg Royal ; he-explorea the 
 Saguenay. — 13. Cartier returns to Canada to bring back De Roberval 
 to Franco. — 13. Portrait of Curlier. — 14..15.. Canada when discov- 
 • ered ; the tribes inhabiting it. 
 
 1. Dc Roberval — .Hostilities having ceased between 
 France and Spain, Francis I. organized a new expedition for 
 Canada, and appointed John Francis do la Roque, Sieur do 
 Roberval, his Lieutenant in that country. • , ^ 
 
 2. The command of tho expedition Was gh'cn to Jacques 
 Cartier with the title of Captain- General and Pilot-Master of 
 the vessels. TJio flotilla, consisting of five ships, awaited in 
 tho port of St. Malo tho signal to Aveigh anchor ; but, as Do 
 Roberval saw that the military stores would occasion more de- 
 lay, ho reviewed the crows, and ordered Cartier to take the head. 
 The fleet had provisions for two years. 
 
 3. Cartier sailed on tho 23rd of May, 1.541, and arrived at 
 Ste. Croix on the 23rd of August. The neighboring tribes has- 
 tened to visit him ; and, among the most eager, was tho succes- 
 sor of Donnacona. When told that the latter was no more, he 
 appeared but littlo grieved by the tidings. ,^; 
 
 4. Wishing to find a safer place for his ships than the Harbor 
 of Ste. Croix, Cartier went up the river to Cape Rouge, which 
 
 27. In what state did Cartier find France ? 
 
 1. "When peaco was restored, what did F .ncia I. do? — 2. To whom 
 was the command of ihe new expedition v^iitrusted ? — 3. When did 
 Cartier set sail ? When did ho reach Ste. Croix ?— 4. What did Cartier 
 do, wiflhing to put his eliips in safer anchoa-age than at^te. Croi«. 
 
[1541 
 
 the prin- 
 
 in a war 
 that more 
 -fitted out 
 
 the^econd 
 
 ral and Pi- 
 
 )yal. — 5,. 6 
 g Royal. — 
 Newfound- 
 cplorea the 
 9 Eoberval 
 len discov- 
 
 between 
 
 iition for 
 
 Sieur Jo 
 
 Jacques 
 blaster of 
 waited in 
 It, as Do 
 more de- 
 ;ho head. 
 
 rrived at 
 ibes has- 
 succes- 
 more, he 
 
 Harbor 
 0, which 
 
 To whom 
 Vhen did 
 d Cartier 
 
 1512] 
 
 JACQUES CAllTIER. 
 
 23 
 
 with tlic desired lul vantages, oflfored a better site for a settlement. 
 Three of his ships anchored mider cover of the guns of a fort, 
 which ho there built and called Charleshourg Moyal. On the 
 2nd of Septcuiboi\ he sent the other two vessels back to France, 
 to acquaint the King v/itli what had been done and to inform 
 him of Do lloberval's delay. 
 
 5. After the departure of the vessels, Cartier sailed up to 
 Hochelagrt, to examine more carefully the rapids, so as to be 
 able to proceed further in tJio ensuing spring. The care of the 
 forts and the general admiuietration of affairs, he entrusted to 
 the Viscount do Beaupre. 
 
 6. Returning to Chailosbourg Koyal, and perceiving that the 
 Indians were preparing for hostilities, he put the forts in a state 
 of defence, and ordered every one to be on the alert. 
 
 7. The molestations of the Indians and the prolonged delay 
 of De Robbrval, exei'ted such a dispiriting influence on the colo- 
 nists, as to determire Cartier, upon the reopening of navigation, 
 to embark with them all for France, 1542. 
 
 8. On reaching Newfoundland, Cartier met De Roberval, who 
 was bringing on board of three large ships, 200 colonists of both 
 sexes, among whom were a few noblemen. He told De Rober- 
 val that he could no longer oppose the incursions of the Indians. 
 iTh© Lieutenant- General remonstrated"; but Cartier was not to 
 ■be prevailed upon changing his determination of returning to 
 •Prance ; and, in order to prevent any open ruptwre, he secretly 
 weighed anchor the following ni^lit. 
 
 T 9. De Roberval reiiched Cliavfcsbourg Royal in tho month of 
 July. H« at once coinmenceii tho buildings necessary to lodge 
 and defend the colonists. Ho erected a fort enclosing a tower, 
 a well, a bakery, two houses, and mills. On the 14th of Sep- 
 ,tember, he sent two ships to France, to inform the King of the 
 issue of the voyage, and to bring back provisions and articles 
 of furniture. 
 
 f 10. The little colony was soon snbjocted to a very severe trial. 
 Either for wautof proper food or through tho rigyr oftlie season, 
 tlie scurvy broke out with sueli violence, that fifty persons were 
 carried off. It must be julmittcd, tliat these colonists were but 
 little qualified to form a model society worthy the French uame, 
 as many of them had tenanted tho prisons of France. De Rober- 
 val, therefore, M'as but little sanguine of a brilliant future. 
 
 5. What did Cartier do after the departure oltlio sliipa /— G. What 
 precautionary measures did he take on his return to Charlesbourg Royal 1 
 —7. What determiuation did he take on ihe reopening oi' navigation i — 
 s$. By whom was ho met at Newfoundland ?— 1>. When did De Boberval 
 furrive at Chaa'lesbourg Royal ' — 10. To what severe trial was the uc\v 
 coloQjT subjected ' 
 
u 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1543 
 
 11. In tlie beginning of June, 1543, De Roberval started with 
 eight small boats and seventy men to visit the Sao;uonay, leav- 
 ing behind thirty men under the command of Do l?'>yozo to do- 
 fend the fort. 
 
 12. Francis I., being unable to send to Do Robcrval the re- 
 quired supplies, ordered Cartier to uudertaUe a fourth voyage to 
 Canada for the purpose of briuging him and the shattered renmins 
 of his colony home. The King, moreover, tlien at war against 
 Charles V., judged that De Roberval would be of some sorvioe 
 to him. For the honor of France and of Canada, this aitenjpt 
 at colonization by means of such wretches, completely failed. 
 After Do Eoberval's departure, Canada was for many years 
 visited only by vessels engaged in the fisheries and the fur trade. 
 
 13. The discoveries of Jacques Cartier, as well as his pci'sonal 
 accomplishments, entitle him to be ranked among the most dis- 
 tinguished men ui his age. The learned Abbd Faiilon says, that 
 in thro^\dng open to Apostolic men the great highway to lands 
 hitherto unknown, he deserves to be classed Avith those who 
 have most contributed to the diffusion of the Catholic Kcligion. 
 The zeal displayed by Francis I. for the conversion of the In- 
 dians, well merited to be seconded by a man as intrepid, per- 
 severing, prudent, and, above all, as religious as was Jacques 
 Cartier. If ho was the first pioneer to explore those distant 
 lands, if he so resolutely braved the fury of the waves, if he faced 
 thj cruelty and perfidy of so many savage tribes with whom he 
 spent two winters ; if he endured so many discomforts, hardsliips 
 and privations, it was because he found in his lively and ardent 
 faith, the magnanimity, the firmness of purpose, and the holy 
 audacity that make the Christian hero. 
 
 I 14. When the French discovered Canada, they found it every 
 where covered with dense forests. The climate was very severe 
 in winter ; the air was salubrious, but the transition of temper- 
 ature sometimes very sudden. The forests abounded with game, 
 and the lakes and rivers aftbrded a plentiful supply of fish of all 
 kinds. 
 
 15. The Aborigciies of Canada.— The tribes that 
 inhabited this vast extent of country, diflbred but little from one 
 another in the principal traits of character, manners, and cus- 
 toms. They belonged to one of the three principal races : the 
 Esquimaux, the Algonquins, and the Abenakis. The first, a 
 weak tribe resembling in some respects the Laplanders, occu- 
 
 1 1. What did De Roberval do in the beginning' of June, 15J3 ?— 12. Whut. 
 commission did Cartier receive shortly after hia return to France ? — 13.' 
 What does Abbe Faiilon ssty of Cartier?— 14. Describe Canada as it was 
 when discovered by the FreiicU i —15. What tribes iuhabit'jd the couutry ? 
 
 
[1543 
 
 1598J 
 
 DE LA ROCHE. 
 
 
 pied Labrador, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay Territory. 
 The second, more numerous than the other two, may ho sub- 
 divided as follows : 1. The Micmacs or Souriquois, in Acadia. 
 2. The Abenakis, the Caunibas, and the Malecites, in New 
 Brunswick, and the present state of Maine. S. The Betsiamites, 
 on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, a little to the east of 
 the mouth of the Saguenay. 4. Tlio Montagnais, in the valleys 
 of the Saguenay and Lake St. John. 5. The Algonquins, prop- 
 erly so called, who occupied the tract of country from the cast 
 of Stadacona (Quebec), to the west of Ilochelaga (Montreal). 
 G. The Attikamegues and Ball-Heads, on the banks of the St- 
 Mauricc. 7. The Ottawas, near the river of that name. 8. The 
 Nipissings, around the lake of that name. 9. The Mistassins, 
 who lived in the neighborhood of the large Lake Mistassini. 
 
 The Hurons, wlio inhabited the peninsula situated between 
 Lake Simcoe and Nataouasague Bay in Lake Huron, were 
 divided into three distinct branches, viz : those of +he Bear, 
 those of the Rock, and those of tlie Tortoise. ,;,.,» ,. 
 
 South of tlie St. Lawrence and Lakes Ontario and Erie, 
 lived the Iroquois or Huron -Iroquois, so called on account of 
 their supposed descent from the Hurons. They were divided 
 into five tribes, which together formed a powerful confedera- 
 tion. Their names were : the Agnicr, the Onnontague, the 
 Groyogouin,4.he Onneyouth, and the Tsonnonthouan. 
 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 From the Marquis de la Boche, 1578, to the Foundation of 
 
 Quebec, 1G08. 
 
 1, The Marquis (le laRoclie.— 4. Chiiuviii — 5. De Cbates.— 6..9. Poiit- 
 \'-- grav6 and Charaplaiu. — 10. De Monts.— U. First settlements in 
 Acadia — 12..1o. Revocut'on of De Monts' Conimission. 
 
 1. De la Roche. — The second Lieutenant- General and 
 Viceroy of Canada was the jMarquis de la Roche, a lord of Brit- 
 tany, who received his title from Henry III., in 1578, and which 
 Henry IV. confirmed, in 1598. This nobleman, a most fervent 
 Catholic, " fired, says Champlain, with a noble zeal to raise the 
 standard of Christ in those remote regions," wished before equip- 
 ping a fleet, to get himself thoroughly acquainted with the 
 geograpliy and customs of the country. This he did in the 
 spring of 1598. He left France with a single ship, which, be- 
 
 1. Who was the second Lientenani-General and Viceroy of Canada 1 
 
 111 
 
 » \\ 
 
fill 
 
 26 
 
 \ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [l()02 
 
 *fi 
 
 J-,-I!> 
 
 sides the crew, carried fifty individuals who, for some misdo- 
 ineanor or other, were ainenahle to the rigors of the law, but 
 whose sentence had been commuted in favor of their expatria- 
 tion. He was obliged to accept these, as no other persons 
 would join the expedition, owing to the unfavorable inipressit)n 
 entertained of Canada by the French people throughout the 
 Kingdom. 
 
 2. At Sable Island, De la Roche disembarked his fifty colo- 
 nists, left them goods and provisions, and promised to come for 
 them as soon as he should have found on the continent a place 
 suitable for a settlement. With this intention, he sailed towards 
 Acadia; but, on returning for them, he was assailed by such 
 violent squalls, that, in less than twelve days, he was driven 
 on the coasts of France. The agitated state of the Kingdom 
 compelled him to remain at home, and even to abandon his 
 plans for America. 
 
 3. After an interval of five years, the King, hearing of the 
 forlorn condition of the poor wretches at Sable Island, ordered 
 Chetodel, a French pilot bound for Newfoundland, to take them 
 on board as he passed. The latter found only twelve survivors : 
 these wore shaggy beards and long dishevelled hair j their only 
 protection against the rigors of the climate being seal-skins. 
 
 4. Pierre Cliauvin — The commission of De la Roche 
 was given to Pierre Chauvin, captain of a vessel, who, at the 
 same time, obtained the monopoly of the fur trade, — the condi- 
 tions being that he would found a colony and establish the 
 Catholic Religion. As Chauvin was both a merchant and a 
 protestant, he gave himself but little concern about the last two 
 clauses. He made two voyages to Canada, the first, in 1599, 
 and the second, in 1600. He died in J 601, while making prep- 
 arations for a third voyage. 
 
 5. We Cliate§ — The successor of Chauvin was De Chates, 
 Governor of Dieppe, a man of eminence and merit. Though 
 advanced in age, he was anxious to devote his declining years to 
 the service of God and of his country. He formed a Conipany of 
 noblemen and merchants, entrusting the ships to De Pontgrave, 
 a navigp/ior of St. Malo, who was commissioned by the King to 
 continu' the exploration of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 6. D'. Chates sent out, with Pontgrave, Samuel de Champlain, 
 a nobleman of high attainments, born at J3rouage in Saintonge. 
 
 2. What did De la Roche do at Sable Island ?— 3. What comuiisaion did 
 Chetodel receive from the Kiue a few years later ?— 4. To whom was 
 the Commission of De la RocTie given ?— 5. By whom was Clianviu 
 succeeded'/ What means did De Chates take to found a colony in Can- 
 ada ? To whom did he give the command of the vessels f— 6. VV'hom did 
 De Chates associate wiin Pontgrave? 
 
 ! I 
 
16051 
 
 DE MONTS. 
 
 27 
 
 Champlain had served two years and sonid months as a naval 
 officer in the West Indies, and, afterwards; in the south of France, 
 against the Spaniards. 
 
 7. The expedition left Honfieur on the 15th of March, 1603, 
 and safely reached its destination. Leaving the fleet at Tadous- 
 Bac, the intended centre of the fur trade, Pontgravd and Cham- 
 plain sailed up the St. Lawrence in small boats as far as the St. 
 Louis Kapids, which presented an impassable barrier to their fur- 
 ther progi-ess. They descended the river to Tadoussac, carefully 
 studying the topography of the various districts, and collecting 
 information about the more remote parts of the country. They 
 were particularly pleased with the beautiful haven into which 
 juts out the promontory then known by the name of Kebec. 
 
 8. In the account of this voyage, Champlain relates that, hav- 
 ing put several questions to the Indians about their religion, ho 
 found that their notions of God were confused and ridiculous j 
 he then availed himself of this opportunity to explain to them 
 the principles of the Cathohc Faith, without omitting the wor- 
 ship of the Saints, a point then controverted by the Haguenots. 
 
 9. On their return to Honfleur, in 1603, Pontgrave and Cham- 
 plain heard of the decease of Le Chates. The demise of that 
 sagacious and influential man was a serious loss to Canada, and 
 a grievous disappointment to Pontgrav^ and Champlain. 
 
 10. De moiits. — Do Chates was succeeded by Do Monts, 
 a calvinist nobleman. Henry IV. conferred upon him, besides 
 the title of Lieutenant- General, that of Vice- Admiral. He also 
 allowed him and his followers the free exercise of their religion, 
 on the usual conditions of establishing a colony, and planting 
 the Catholic Faith. 
 
 11. Do Monts preserved and even augmented the Company 
 formed by his predecessor. He freighted four ships and sailed 
 from Havre on the 7tli of March, 1604, accompanied by Cham- 
 plain and Poutrincourt, several noblemen, Catholic priests, Prot- 
 estant ministers, and 120 soldiers and artisans. On the 0th of 
 May, they came in sight of Lahave in Acadia. There they 
 commenced a settlement on a small island at the mouth of tho 
 Etchemins, now the Ste. Croix River ; but the scurvy, brought 
 on by a want of fresh water, carried off 3G of their number ; tho 
 rest, in tho spring of 1605, proceeded to Port Hoyal, now tho 
 
 7. What haven attracted the special notice of Pontgrav6 and Cham- 
 
 Slain ?— 8. What does Champlain remark about tho religion of the In- 
 ians 1—9. What now8 did Pontgrav6 and Champlain hear on their arri- 
 val at Honfleur ?— 10. Who succeeded De Chates?— 11. By whom was 
 De Monts accojnpaiu^d out tQ^Capada? Where was the new colony 
 establiehed? ;;;;•; >v:V'-'^/ ''■ . 
 
^\ 
 
 28 mSTORY OF CANADA. (1(307 
 
 Aunapoli^, N. S. This was the first permanent settlement made 
 by tlio French in North America j and, after St. Augustine, in 
 Florida, it is the oldest in this section of the Now World. 
 
 12. In the autumn of 1605, Do Monts left the command to 
 Pontgrav6 and sailed for France, because his monopoly of tho 
 iiw trade had been revoked on account of tho repeated complaints 
 of the Breton, Basque and Norman fishermen. He did not how- 
 ever abandon his colonizing projects j ho entered into fresh ne- 
 gociations with Pomtrincourt, who agreed to take charge of a new 
 expedition in tho spring of IGOG. 
 
 13. Not seeing any relief forthcoming, tho scanty colony of 
 Port Royal believed tlieraselves abandoned j they 6o urgently 
 pressed Do Pontgrav^ that ho acquiesced to their demand, and 
 decided upon returning to France, leaving beliind two men only 
 to defend the fort. Pontgravo had scarcely left the bay, when 
 he was met by a small boat which brought him tho glad, tidings 
 of PoutrincoLirt's arrival. Encouraged by this timely assistance, 
 lie returned to Port Royal. 
 
 14. His stay was not, however, of long duration; for, Pou- 
 trincourt, hearing of the many obstacles Do Monts had to contend 
 with, and seeing himself thus disappointed in his hope of succor, 
 determined to abandon, until better times, tho settlement of Port 
 Royal, 1607. Champlain was of the number of tho homeward 
 bound pa^ongers. Tho rndo dwellings of the colonists were 
 entrusted to the caro of tlio Indians. 
 
 15. At tho King's request, Poutrincourt again put to sea on 
 the 25th of February, 1610, with a small number of honest ar- 
 tisans. After a long voyage, they arrived at Port Royal, and 
 wore most wclcomod by tho Indians. Though three years had 
 nearly elapsed since Poutgi-avo's departure, lie found every thing 
 in a comparatively good state. 
 
 12. What did De Monto in the autuinu of 1005 ?— 13. What did the new 
 tolony despairing of relief ? — 11. What decision did Poutriucourt tako 
 when ho heard of tho difficulties Do Monts had to contend t.gainst ? — 15. 
 What time elapsed between tho departure of the Freuch Jfrom Port ItOTal 
 and their return thereto ? ..-...■ , , - ' 
 
 '. r 
 
1008] 
 
 DE MONTS — CIIAMPLAIN. 
 
 29 
 
 m 
 
 SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 FROH TUB FOITNR.'tTJ.ON OF QUEBEC, IGO?, TO TUB ESTAB- 
 LISHMENT OP TUB StrpREME COUNCIL, 
 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 From thafoundaiion of Quebec^ 1G93, to the formation of the 
 .^' ■ 3Iontm^it-nc 1/ ComjKin}/, lG:li. 
 
 1. I>o Honta un'.lavtaltcs a Bcttfc:TWUt in C:t«.^.r;; Chiimplain ia Gent 
 thither.— 2.. 1. (^uchee founded. — 5..C. Cht^MipsctiM nticoiiipoHka Iho 
 Iluroiw mid Al^ourinina in their c:cpeultion ii^ainst the Irofiuois.— 
 7.. 8. Saila for France. — 7.. 8. Rcturaa to Canada. — IL ThoJestiiU 
 in Aeadia.— 12. Chaiiinlaiu iu France. — 13. At Ouebce. — 11. At St. 
 Louia Kapids. — 15. Kst-ania to France. — 1G..20. Trinco of CondcJ, 
 Viceroy.— 21 ..22. Cham>)Uun ceih for Cftna':ia ; arrival of tho Escol- 
 let Fathera — 24.-25. Expedition against tho Iroquois.— 2G.. 31. 
 Champlaiu'a voyajjca to Fi-ance. — 35. Tlie Duke of Montmorency, 
 Viceroy.— 'JG. Champlain at Quebec. 
 
 1. In coHi^lianco with ClKaaplftla's ailvico^ Ilonry IV. again 
 gratiteil Do Monts tho monopoly of the far trado ibr one year, 
 dating from tho "bcgiiiaing of January, 1608. Wishing to nuiko 
 another attempt at colonization^ ho despatdicd from llonileur, on 
 tho 13th of April, 1008, two vessels yvhich pafcly amvetl at Ta- 
 doHSsac on the 3rd of June. Ono of tho Bhi]^>3 was commanded 
 by Pont.grav«!3, and tliQ other, by Cliamplain. Tho former stopped 
 at Tadoussac io superintend tho fur trade, whilst the latter Bailed 
 up to Quebec which ho j'eached, on,tho 3rd of July. 
 
 2. After having carefully cxaiiiiaed tho vicinity with a view 
 to Be Monts' settlement; Champlain scloct-cd as best suitc-d for 
 that purpose, tho projecting piece of land called by tho Indians 
 Kebec. Indeed, ho could ii,ot have chosen a sito better adapted 
 to his desif^n of founding a Ncav Franco in tho New World. — An 
 extensive liarbor in whicli several fleets am anchor with safety ; 
 banks cappod mth rocks or covered with forests; two picturesque 
 
 1. What Gonesssion did Do Monts obt^m from Henry IV. at the Bug- 
 gestiou of Cliamplain ? Who commanded tho two ships sent out to Ca- 
 nada by Do Moata ?— ij, What place did Champlain select lor the new 
 colony ? 
 
■I 
 
 m 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [um 
 
 i 
 
 
 promontories (Levis ami Capo Diamoml), and the Falls of Mont- 
 morency, one of the most romarkable in the world, fully justify 
 the clioico, and give to Quebec an imposing and magnilic<mt as- 
 pect. 
 
 3. Cliamplain immediately set his men to work. Some felled 
 trees ; others yawed planks, dug ditches, or otherwise made 
 themselves useful. With characteristic prudence, Champlaiu 
 began by constructing a palisading, in the centre of which he 
 erected a magazine, and tiiree other buildings two stories liigh ; 
 the whole was sc^irrouuded by a ditch six feet deep by lifleeu 
 broad. 
 
 4. The colonists were not to be knitted to the soil without un- 
 dergoing severe trials. They were decimated by epidemics, 
 molested by the Jiidians, and attacdccd by their neighbors of New 
 England. For a long time, they were on tlie verge of destruc- 
 tion ; but, with the aid of Heaven, they repaired their losses, and 
 became ultimately reconciled to tlieh* situation. 
 
 5. In the spring of IGOD, Champlain, who was anxious of be- 
 coming thorougldy acquainted with tlic country, accompanied a 
 band of llurous and Algonquinf;, who were going to attacli tlie 
 Iroquois. The expedition consisted of GO men, including Cham- 
 plaiu and his two companions. The two parties met on tlio 
 29th of July, at about ten in the evening, on the waters of tlio 
 lake to which Champlain gave hi:j name. Tlie Iroquois coasted 
 the shore whilst the allied stood out in the middle of the lalic. 
 At daybreak, the allies landed, and took great care to conceal 
 the three Frenchmen in their centre, as they intended to surprise 
 the enemy. Tlio Iroqu(/i3, 200 strong, were commanded by 
 three of their chiefs. When the contending forces were drav;n 
 up in front of each other, the allies opened their ranks, ;iud 
 Champlain advanced a few steps, holding to his shoulders an 
 arquebuso loaded with fuur bullets. Firing, he killed a cliief 
 and one of his companions, vrhilst a third Iroquois fell mortally 
 wounded. The allies then fihouted for joy, and made a general 
 discharge of their arrows without nmcli elfect. One of the otlier 
 two Frenchmen, from a place of concealment behind a tree, shot 
 down a few more of t' lQ enemy, vrlio, seeing that their bucklers 
 were not proof against b.ullets, fled with precipitation. Besides 
 the slain, the Iroquois lost 10 or 12 men who were taken pris- 
 oners, and reserved for a still more horrible death than that 
 which awaited them on the battle-field. 
 
 >! 
 
 3. What did Champlain to protect his little colony? — 4. To v.liat vnde 
 trials was this colony subjected i — 5. What did Champlain in the spring 
 of 1G09, impelled by the desire of acquiring some knowledge about the 
 country ? 
 
 1 
 
inio] 
 
 DR CIHAMPLATN. 
 
 31 
 
 This Httuck of the FrcMich on oiio of tlu* tliive great, iiatioius of 
 Canada, was tho bctfinning and tlio prohahlo canse of the hoistili- 
 ties which the Iroquois relentlesnly carried on against the settlers 
 of Cana(hi. 
 
 6. Whilst Chajnphiin was busy in estahlishing a colony at 
 Quebec, the commission t)f De Monts, wh(> had remained at Paris, 
 for a second time was revok<'d, in consequence of the com|)hiints 
 lodged against him by the Hrcton, Basque, and Norman lishermen. 
 
 7. When the news of tliis transaction reached (Miamplain, ho 
 and Pontgrav6 returned to France in order to ascertain to whom 
 belonged the colony of Quebec, whi(di had been founded at the 
 expense of De Monts and liis associates. The general command 
 was in tin; meantime entrusted to Pierre Chauvin. 
 
 8. Champlain was very well received by Henry IV., wlio 
 listened witli pleasure to the recital of his expe<litit)ns, and the 
 details relative to tlie state of affairs in New France. Cham- 
 plain presented him a belt curiously wrought with porcupine 
 quills. 
 
 9. Unwilling to abandon the new colony, De Mtmts' Company 
 fitted out two shi[)s and gave the command to Pontgrave and 
 Champlain, who anchored at Tadoussac (m the 2tJth of May, 
 1610. Pontgrave was charged with the superintendence of tiie 
 fur trade, and Champlain, with the government and exploration 
 of the countrv. 
 
 10. Champlain found his little colony at Quebec in good con- 
 dition. He was liere received, as at Tadoussac, by a deputation 
 of Indians, w4io invited him to accompany them on another ex- 
 pedition against the Iroquois. He accepted, and set out on the 
 14th of June. At Three Rivers, he met the Montaguais with 
 whom he jMrrived, on the lUth, at an island near the mouth of 
 the Iroquois Kiver (Richelieu). 
 
 The Algonquins and Montaguais took the lead, and attack(;d 
 the outposts of the Iroquois before the aiTival of the French. 
 Being rather warmly received, they were on the,point of retreat- 
 ing, when Champlain and his four followers appeared. The 
 attack "'!•'< resumed, and met with a vigorous resistance. Cham- 
 pi un was woui.ded by an arrow. As the powder now began to 
 ,ui, the intronchments were stormed. The timely arrival ofDcs 
 Prairies at other Frenchmen who brought some ammunition, 
 
 f> While Cliiinnilaiii was eiignued in esiahlisliiu*;' tliei-olony at Quebec 
 ■w! nt did De Mont? at Paris do '. — 7. Wliat did Champlain do o'li hearing of 
 tile revocation of Dt- iVIonts' comniis<sion ?— 8. How was Champlain 
 received by Henry IV '—9. What did De Monts' Company (io not 
 wisliing to abandon \ m colony of Quebec] — 10. In wliui stale did 
 Champlain find his little colony ]' 
 
 
 m 
 
 >«i.. 
 
fl^ 
 
 ■« 
 
 T 
 
 32 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1524 
 
 completed the defeat of the Iroquois. They were almost all 
 slain or taken priaonera. 
 
 11. On the 12th of June, IGll, the Jeauit Fathera Masae and 
 Biart landed at Port Royal, and applied themaelvea at once to 
 learn the dialecta of the natives, so aa to be able to preach them 
 the Gospel. 
 
 J 2. When Chaniplain heard of the tragic death, of Henry IV., 
 which occurred in 1610, he started foy France without delay, 
 leaving Duparc in command. 
 
 13. In the spriiig of 1011, De Monts and his asaociatea, wiah- 
 iug to make another effort to maintain thei'' privxiege, fitted out 
 two more vessels, and entrusted them to Cliamplain and Pont- 
 gravo. 
 
 14. On his return to Quebec, Champlain conceived the design 
 of coiistructmg a fort near the St. Louis Rapids, in order to se- 
 cure Ilia discoveries and protect the traders. With this intention, 
 ho left Quebec on the 20th of May. The site selected, which he 
 called 2^?«ce Boy ale, was the very spot Ayhereon, thirty years 
 later, the first hov^ea of Montreal were built. 
 
 15. Champlain then rejoined Pontgrave at Tadoussac, whence 
 ho sailed on the 11th of August for LaRochellc, wliich he reached 
 on the J 0th of September, IGll. Without loss of time, ho sought 
 the patronage of some influential nobleman, to defend the iutcrests 
 of the colony at court. 
 
 16. Cllaairies dc tSonrboii. — As De Monts was now 
 Governor of the little city of Pons, having lost the infiiienco lie 
 enjoyed under tho late King, Chaniplain had recourse to Cliarled 
 do Bourbon, Count of Soissons, who, through zeal for religion, ^ 
 acquiesced to his demand. This Prince obtained from the Queen 
 Regent, Marj of Medicis, lettera which invested him with tho 
 authority necessary for the maintenance of the settlement at 
 Quebec, and, in consequence, he empowered Chamx)laii^ to act 
 as his Lieutona^H in the colony by a commissioa dated October 
 loth, 1G12. 
 
 17. Priiic« II. d« Cond^. — Cliiu-itsdcBomboJ, dying 
 a few weekfj after his official nomination, his nephew, Prince 
 Henry do Coudd, willingly accepted his place. lie waa named 
 "V iceivjy of New l^'rance, and tho first act of his administration 
 was to contiuuo Cliamplain in his lieutenancy. Tlie latter, tailing 
 to form a new association, and being unwilling to lose the produce 
 
 II. la what yoav did tho Jesuitfj arrive in Acadial — 12. What did 
 Ch.'impla'!' do on hearing of the tragic death of Henry IV. ?— 13. What 
 did Vo Monts and liid afesociatea do in the spring of iGlI ?— 11. What pro- 
 ject, did Champlain conceive on his retuni to (^uebec ? — 15. Where did 
 
 ■'■]■ 
 
 - ■ ;. 
 
 t ■ 
 
 A 
 
 C'haniphiiu then goV AVhat did he do wJien '".France? — 16. To whom 
 Iiad Chaiuphiiu recourse ? — 17. Who succeeded Ciuules do Hourbou t 
 
 § 
 
"T 
 
 1G15] 
 
 DE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 33 
 
 of the fur trade for that year, sailed for Canada v/itli a simple 
 passport from the Prince for four vessels, on condition that ho 
 would be furnished with the men necessary, either to assist him 
 in his intended exploration, or to enable him to redeem the prom- 
 ise he had made to tho Hurons and Algonquins, in 1611, of 
 helping them against their enemies. 
 
 18. Champlain arrived at Quebec in 1G13, after an absence of 
 nearly two years. He found every one in the enjoyment of ex- 
 cellent health. After a short delay, ho went up totho St. Louis 
 Ila}>ids, Avliere he expected to meet tho Western Indians. 
 
 19. Wishing to explore the districts of tho West, Champlain 
 sailed up tho Ottawa River almost to its sources. Returning to 
 the St. Louis Rnpids, ho perceived that nothing further could be 
 done in Canada during winter. He therefore resolved to go back 
 to France, where >iis presence might serve to promote the inter- 
 ests of tho colony ; and, on the 26th. of August, he embarked at 
 Tadoussac for St. Malo. 
 
 20. Champlain proceeded to Fontainebleau, to meet the King 
 and the Prince of Condo, He gave them an account of his voy- 
 age, and succeeded to iiiake them accept liis project of forming a 
 rich and powerful Conipany, whose resources might enable him 
 to continue the enterprises already commenced. After surmount- 
 ing many difficulties, tho Rouen Company was at last organized 
 and constituted for eleven years, and received the approbation of 
 Conde, as well as the sanction of the King. 
 
 21. Champlain now endeavored te realize a plan which ho 
 had long cherished, viz : to bring out missionaries to revive tho 
 faith of the colonists, and preach the Gospel to the Indians. 
 
 22. lie left Ilonileur for New France on the 25tli of Aiiril, 
 1()15, bringing out with him four Recollet Fatners. On tho 
 25th of May, hereachod Tadoussac, and, shortly after, landed at 
 Queljec. TIio names of tho Recollets were : Fathers Dennis 
 Jamay, John Dolbeau, Joseph Lo Caron, and Brother Pacific 
 Du Plessis. They were to bo furnished by tho Company with 
 all the necessaries for their mi;?sion. 
 
 23. Father Dolbeau stopped at (Quebec. Ho and Champlain 
 took measures for the erection of a chapel and a house for tho 
 Fathers. The site choc-en was very near that of ^ho present 
 Church of ?^otro Damo dcs Victoircs, in the Lc' jr rown of 
 Quebec. Father Dolbeau said tho first Mass in the chapel, on 
 
 1 8. When did Chfimplain ixrrivo jvt Quebec ? — 19. What did ho do wisli- 
 hig to explore tho West ?— What did lio do on his return to the St. Lonia 
 RapidM ?— 20. What did Champlain do in France ?— 21. What plan did he 
 now endeavor to realise ?— 22. When did he re-embavk for New France ? 
 —23. Which of the Fatliers remained at Quebec, and where did the 
 others go 1 
 
34 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [1617 
 
 $ ! 
 
 tho SGtli of Juno 1G15 — it being also tho first said in that locality 
 fiiiico tho voyages of Cartier. Impatient to cxcrciso their zeal; 
 Fathers Jamay and Lo Caron started for tho St. Louis Kapids. 
 
 24. Shortly after liis arrival at Q-uchec, in 1615, Champlain 
 went up to tho St. Louis llapids, whero ho met tho Hurong who 
 induced him to join in another expedition against tho Iroquois. 
 Having l>een dangerously wounded, lio was compelled to spend 
 tho winter with tho Ilurons. Ho turned this misfortune to ac- 
 count by applying himself to learn their languago and customs. 
 IIo also discovered tho Lakes Ontario, Huron, and Nipissing. 
 
 25. At tho reopening of navigation, ho returned to Quebec, 
 whero ho arrived on tho 13 th of July, 1610, accompanied by 
 Father Lo Caron and a party of Indians. Tho colonists who had 
 despaired of over seeing him again, recei ved him with tha greatest 
 transports of joy. 
 
 20. On tho 20th of July, Champlain started for Tadoussac, 
 whence ho sailed with Poutgravo and the Fathers Jamay and Lo 
 Caron for Honileur, whero lio arrived on tho 10th of September, 
 1010. Ho fomid tho colonial interests in a very sad and pre- 
 carious state ; for, tho Princo of CondcS had just been aiTested 
 and sent to tho BastillG for having taken up arms against his 
 Sovereign. 
 
 27. Tho t^TO Rccollets who had consented to accompany 
 Champlain mainly to second and further his views, wero cha- 
 grined at tho unfavorable recoptioa they met with, and, after a 
 while, wrote to him, in Normandy, about thofruitlessness of their 
 endeavors. Father Jamay remained in Franco in tho liopo of 
 finding somo occasion, cither at court or elsewhere, to promote 
 tho w^elfiiro of tjio colony. Ho was replaced in Canada by 
 Father Lo Caron vrho brought out \\ith liku another missiouai^ 
 of his Order, Father Huet. 
 
 23. In tho Bpring of 1017, while tho associates were yet at 
 variance, Chami)lain set out again for Canada, bringing out with 
 liiin a very precious acquisition for tho colony, in tho person of 
 Louis Ilebcrt witli his family, who intended to devote himself 
 to tho jmrsuits of agriculture. Tho voyago wa^ very perilous; 
 the Port being reached only M'hen tho provisions wero beginning 
 to fail ; and the future looked very dark and gloomy, as famiuo 
 was then desolating Quebec. 
 
 2-}. What d!(l Cliamplain BliorOy nftor lii;; nvvival nt Quebec 1 What 
 was tho is'iuo of lliat expedition ?- 25. ^^Iiat did Champlain at tho open- 
 ing of navigation?— 20, Did ho i-eniainlonKat Queheo?— 27. What did 
 tho two Kc'conot Fathcr.s who ivccouipanied him to France ? — 28. When 
 did Champlain start for Canada ? 
 
1G18] 
 
 DE CnAJIPLAIN. 
 
 85 
 
 29. EVC17 year, says ALLo Feiiaiid, tlio pame (lifficulties beset 
 the steps of the founder of Qiieljcc. la France, embarrassments, 
 narrow-mindedness, and delays 011 tlio part cftho Company j 
 jealousies, law-suits, and cncroaclimenta on tlio part of eomo 
 mercliauts; tho.iudiffercncG of tlio Court wliicli neither would nor 
 could protect its distant possessions : 011 sea, long, tedious and 
 sometimes dangerous voyages : in Canada, famino and sickness 
 among the colonists, and the treachery and fickleness of the na- 
 tives, — such were vsomo of Iho ever growing difficulties Cham- 
 plain had to contend against in tho execution of his iiohlo mis- 
 sion. Nevertheless, his faith in tho ultimate success of his un- 
 dertaking was so firm, his dcsiro of establishing in tho wilds of 
 America a new French empire, and of bringing all the nomado 
 tribes under tho inliuencc of Christian civilization, was so ardent 
 and persevering, that nothing could cither cool his devotedness 
 or Avcaken his trust in divine Providence. 
 
 30. In tho fall of 1G17, ho retunied to France with Father 
 Dolbeau, to dissipate certain prejudices imbibed by some of tho 
 principal members of tho Company, and also to make them sen- 
 sible of tho true nature of their interests. 
 
 31. During the winter of this year, tho little colony was again 
 on tho brink of destruction. Tho allied Indians, protending to 
 have been wronged by some Frenchmen, swore to exterminate 
 them all. They began by discharging their fury on two of tho 
 bitter whom they killed with their tomahawks. The murder 
 having been discovered, through fear of a dreadful retaliation, they 
 lied to Three Kivers, and there, numbering 600, they held a 
 great Council in which it v/as resolved t;) surprise the colonists 
 and cut their throats. But, one of them called Laforiere, through 
 sympathy for tlie Eccollets, advised Du Plcssis cf the plot, tho 
 latter hastened to despatch tlio alarming intelligence to the 
 French, then intrenched within their wooden fort at Quebec. 
 Seeing themselves thus prematurely discovered, tho Indians 
 thought it better to adopt a conciliatory policy. They sent de- 
 puties to Quebec, to state th.at tho murder was .a isolated deed 
 perpetrated without their knowledge. This excuse was accepted, 
 as tho weak state of tho French did not permit them to avenge 
 their fallen brethren ', however, hostage;-^ were requii'cd and 
 obtained. 
 
 32. In the meantime, Champlain and his friends used all their 
 influence to induce the Company to send ampler provisions to 
 
 i2!', What does Abbo Ferland s-av abovit (.'baniplahi'y trials?— 30. What 
 did Champlain in tho epri.isjf of tlv raviuj year {—31. By what wass tho 
 colony mc'uaccd in the 77intci'.'— 32. Vv'bat was Cliuinphuii doing in 
 Fraucc ? 
 
 ;' -1 *, 
 
3G 
 
 HISTORY- or CANADA. 
 
 [1G21 
 
 
 the colony. For many years, he had crossed and recrossed the 
 Ocean for succors, which always fell short of his demands. r'J;' 
 ( 33. Finding in Champlain a plain-spoken censor, the Com- 
 pany determined to deprive him of his command ; for, frank, 
 honest, and loyal, he rarely failed to brand the niggardliness of 
 their proceedings ; it is not therefore astonishing, that they 
 sou5:ht some one more pliant and tractable. 
 
 34. In the spring of 16'Z3, the Rccollets laid the foundation of 
 their convent of Notre Dame des Anges. 
 
 35. Do ]noiitaiioreii«!y.— In the same year, the Prince 
 of Cond(5 relinquished his Viceroyalty in fevor of the Duke de 
 Montmorency, wlio appointed Champlain his Lieutenant-Gen- 
 eral in New France. The now Viceroy advised the latter to pro- 
 ceed without delay to Quebec, and put that place in a good 
 state of defence. 
 
 36. Champlain arrived at Quohec in July, 1G20. Believing 
 that better days had come at last, ho had brought with him his 
 wife and several other persons. He repaired the houses of the 
 colonists, and built the Fort and Castlo of St. Louis ; — a nice 
 precaution, as the residing population would not have been able 
 to repel any serious attack, siuce, in the winter of 1620-21, there 
 were only 60 persons, including the Fathers, the women, and 
 children. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 From the Formation of the Montmorency Company , 1621, to the 
 Restitution of Canada and Acadia to France, 1632. 
 
 1..2. A now Comp;U)y formed by Moutmorency ; discussions between 
 tha two Coaipnuies.— lJ..r>. Their union.— 6. .8. A band ef Iroquois 
 attacks the lioa«e of the Kecolleta. — 9. Champlain brings his family 
 back to France.— JO. The Di.ike of Ventatlonr, Viceroy. — 11. The 
 Jcsnitg in Canada. — 12.. 13. Champlain returns to Quebec. — 14. The 
 Company of One Iluntlred Associates. — J5..16. Its privileges and 
 obligation?.- 17. The English iit out an expedition against Quebec. 
 — 18. .19. Kertk takes Tadousaac. — '^*0..'J2. Capture of Quebec. 
 
 1 . r?Io3slaiiorc3icy Conipan y — Owing to repeated com- 
 plaints against the Rouen Company, De Montmorency establish- 
 
 33. ITow did the Company treat Champlain ?— 34. What did theRecol- 
 lets of Quebec do in the spring of IG20?— 3.5. What did the Prince of Cond6 
 do in IH-JO V— 3(>. When did Champlain return to Canada ?— 1. What did 
 the Duke of Montmorency do in 1G-.21, receiving new complaints against 
 the Rouen Company ? 
 
16-32] 
 
 MONTMORENCY COMPANY. 
 
 M 
 
 ed another, in 1621, hoping that the sew one would adhore inme 
 fiiithfully to the purpose for which it was organized. The 
 appointed directors were Guiilaume de Caen and his ncphevN'^, 
 Emery de Caen. 
 
 2. The provisions of the charter granted to the Rouen Com- 
 pany, were : to keep in ornod repair the houses and the Fort of 
 Quehec ; to construct other forts when required ; to provide 
 necessaries for the missionaries ; to send out to the colony culti- 
 vators, lahorers^ and artisans, and to maintain officers and soldiers 
 in nwr.bers sufficient to defend both the French and the allied 
 Indians ; hut these conditions had been sadly neglected. 
 
 S. The rivalry between the two Companies was but of short 
 duration ; for, there soon emanated from the State Council a deci- 
 sion which composed their ditlerences. This mutual good under- 
 standing was but of little benefit to the colony ; and Champlaiu 
 easily perceived that the difficulties of old would again bosct his 
 plans, both to attract new colonists, and to insure their safety. 
 
 4. Having grounds of complaint against both Companies, he 
 resolved to lay them before the King. As his presence w-as 
 necessary at Quebec, he chose for this important mission Father 
 Le Baillif, a Recollet who had come out in J 620. This Father 
 was well suited for this delicate negotiation, on account of his 
 high birth, personal qualities, and influence witli Louis XIII. 
 Amongst other favors, he obtained of the State Council a decree 
 which united the two Companies into one, and granted the mono- 
 poly of the trade to the Montmorency Company. In the s})ring 
 of 1622, these discussions tenninated, and friendly relations were 
 re-established between the rival Companies. 
 
 5. In the autumn of 1621, Champlain sent two ftimilies back 
 to France, because, ihough they had been u-pwards of two years 
 in the country, yet they had done nothing for the cultivation of 
 their lands. Whilst he thus dismissed those who, by their idle- 
 ness or disorderly conduct, might he a burden to the colony, ho 
 took care to protect the interests of the others by nice regulations. 
 For this purpose, he published a proclamation on the 12th of 
 September, 1621, calculated to keep in due respect thoc'e who 
 might bo tempted to infringe good order. 
 
 6. During the winter of 1621-22, Cliamplaiu formed new al- 
 liances with some Indian tribes. When this news reached the 
 Iroquois, they at once took the field. Some attackt^d the I'renoh 
 
 
 2, Name some of the principal obligations of the Ro len Couinaiiy. 
 DiJ the disagreement of the two Companiea last long? — 4. Whar, 
 Champlain do, having grounds of complaint against both Companies '—.">. 
 What iuea.<ure did he take in the autumn of 1621 f — (3. What did ho do 
 lu Lhi; winter of 1621-22? What did the Iroqaoia do cr hcarins; Ihia'J 
 
33 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1625 
 
 at the St. Louis Rapids, whilst others proceeded to Qaehec, and 
 attacked the establishment of the Recollets on the banks of the 
 St. Charles where a small fort had been erected. These were 
 repulsed with the loss of seven or eight men, by a handful of 
 Frenchmen assisted by some of the allied Indians. 
 
 7. In 1623, Father Nicholas Viel, and Brother Gabriel Sagard, 
 the earliest historian of the Huron missions, arrived at Quebec. 
 They were both sent out to the Hurous, under the guidance of 
 Father Le Caron. 
 
 8. The year 1624 is rendered memorable in the history of Can- 
 ada by a religious ceremony, which took place in fullihnent of 
 a vow made in honor of St. Joseph, who, on this occasion, was 
 chosen the first Patron of the country. 
 
 ' i). As the Company became ever more neglectful of the inter- 
 ests of the colony — leaving it badly provisioned and but little 
 protected against the incursions of its enemies — Champlaiu de- 
 termined to bring his wife back to France. He left Quebec on 
 the 15tii of August, 1624, afier urgently recommending to pro- 
 ceed with the construction of Fort St. Louis and the buildings 
 necessary for the proper housing of the inhabitants. Hii left the 
 cummauil to Emery de Caen, the chief clerk of the colony. 
 
 10. Be Vc'MtiidoMJ-.— Wearied with the continued dis- 
 sensions of tlie two branches of the Company, the Duke of Mont- 
 moreijcy gave up his Viceroyalty <o lieary de Levis, Duke of 
 Yentadour, his nephew, who had withdrawn from Court, and had 
 received holy Orders. He undertook the administration of New 
 France solely with the view to promoting the conversion of the 
 Indians. He accordingly welcomed the project of sending Jesuits 
 to help the Recollets, who had been the first to offer the proposal. 
 
 11. The first Jesuits who came to Canada were Fathers 
 Charles Lalenuint, John de Brebeuf, Edmond Masse, and two 
 lay brothers. These pioneers, accompanied by the Recollct 
 F.ither, Joseph de la Hoche-Daillon, arrived at Quebec in 162.). 
 They soon perceived however that some ill-minded persons had 
 excited strong prejudices against them. De Caen strove to ia- 
 dace them to go back to France, but, to prevent this, the Re- 
 collets generously offered them hospitality until they should have 
 erected buildings for themselves. 
 
 12. When Chaniplain, who was detained in France by family 
 
 7. What new uiissioiuuieg arrived at Quebec iu IG'^S? — 8. By what 
 event was the year lb- 1 reiulered uiPinorable?— 9. What detenuiiuition 
 did Champhiin take, as the Coiiipauy neglected the coh)ny? Who com- 
 manded in his abdenL-e ?— 10. Wluvl did De Montmorency do, wearied with 
 the dissensions between the two Companies? — 11. AVho where the first 
 Jesuits that caaie to Canada 1—1 ii. VVhat did Champlaiu do, when he 
 beard of tlie aibitrary couduct of Do C.h«u1 
 
IG27] 
 
 DE CnAilPLAIN. 
 
 3D 
 
 and colonial afilurg, hcartl that De Caen carried hia voxatioiia 
 policy towards tlio Catholics, so far as to compel tlicm to assist 
 at tho Huguenot service, he complained to tho King. De Caeii 
 was in consequence recalled, and Do la Ealdo, appointed in Iiis 
 place. 
 
 13. When Champlain returned to Quebec, in 162G, ho found 
 the works of tho colony in tho samo condition as ho had Icfi 
 tliem two years before. ' Ho gave immediate orders for tho com- 
 pletion of the riagazinc; and, as tho fort was too small to rc- 
 cei^-^ tho inhabitants in caso of an attack, ho determined not- 
 withstanding tho opposition of the Company, to demolish it, and 
 to construct in its place a more spacious onv 
 
 14. Louis Xill. and his mbiister, Cardinal do Eicheheu, 
 having been apynrised of the neghgence of tho Company to fidfil 
 its engagements, resolved to supersede it by another that would 
 lay the fomidation of a French Catholic Colony, agreeably to tho 
 intentions of Francis I^. This plan was carried out on tho 29 th 
 of April 1027, when tho new Company of tho One Hundred As- 
 sociates was lonned. Its principal members wcro : Cardinal do 
 Eiehclicu, Marshal d'Effiat, Do Koquemont, Do Chamjjlain, and 
 Cammandcr Easilly. 
 
 15. Among other articles, it was stipulated that tho Company 
 should annually send out from 200 to 300 men to New Franco, 
 so that at tho end oi; fifteen years tho colony might number 4000 
 French Catholics. They further engaged themselves to houso 
 and maintain tho colonists during tln:eo years, to givo them 
 cleared lands and supply them with various seeds for tho first 
 crop, and finally, to provide for the missionaries during fifteen 
 vears. 
 
 16. The King gave tho Company tho grant of Canad-i and 
 Florida together with their dependencies, reserving to himself 
 sovereign tomage with the presentation, at each succession of king, 
 of a gold crown weighing eight marcs, and tho nomination of the 
 higher functionaries of the Supreme Court. Ho authorised them 
 to manufacture fire-nrms, to fortify tho most important places, 
 and to distribute the lands as they thought best. Ho also granted 
 tliem the monopoly, not only of the fur trade, but also of every 
 kind of commerce by land or sea, with tho exception cf tho cod 
 and whale fisheries, which were to be free to all Frenchmen. 
 
 17. Soon after the formation of this Company, wliich promised 
 
 13. In -whatcoudiMon did Champlain lind tho colony on hid return to 
 Quebec 1 What did Jio do then ?— 14. What did Louia XllI and Cardinal 
 de Richeliert resolve ? When was the Company of tho Ono Iliuulred Asso- 
 ciates formed ? — 15. To what was the new Company Jjound ?— IG. What 
 
 did the 
 formation 
 
 King prant the Company 1 — 17. What Lappeued soon 
 on Oi thia Company T Wnai was the result of this war ? 
 
 after the 
 
pr 
 
 40 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1029] 
 
 80 ftiirly for llio future of tlio colony, war broke out between 
 Franco and England. An English fleet of eigliteen pail was at 
 onco sent out to Canada under tlio command of David Kerllc, a 
 Frencli Calvinist. It is quite certain that David Kertlc and his 
 two brothers, Louis and Thomas, as well as the otlier loaders of 
 the expedition, were French malcontents, who Bold themselves 
 into the English service in order to fight against their own 
 country. 
 
 18. Kertk captured Port Royal and Tadoussac, after which 
 lie sent a messenger to Quebec, July 10th, 1G28, demanding the 
 surrender of the place. Champlain's reply was toned with dig- 
 nity and firmness. " As we have yet," said he, '' some provi- 
 sions of grain, Indian com, pease and beans, without enumerating 
 the produce of the country, with wliich our soldiers are as well 
 satislied as if they had the best Hour of the world ; and, knowing 
 well that to give up the fort in our present condition, would 
 render us unworthy of ever appearing in the presence of our 
 
 King, I feel persuaded that you will more highly prize our 
 
 courago in resolutely awaiting the approach of your forces, than 
 if we cowardly abandoned a place which is so dear to us, without 
 
 first seeing the effect of your giTiis, approaches We shall 
 
 await your arrival from hour to hour, to finl, if we can, your 
 pretensions to this place." Tlie eflcct of this noble refusal was, 
 to induce the enemy to abandon for the present their scheme of 
 dislodging the French. Had they, however, at that moment 
 attacked Quebec, it must have fallen an easy prey to them, as 
 there was a scarcity of provisions, and no more than 50 lbs. of 
 powder left to defend the fort. 
 
 19. Kertk now went out in search of the little fleet which the 
 Company had laden with supplies for Quebec. Do Roquemont 
 offered a vigorous resistance during six hours, but was finally 
 obliged to strike his colors. Tliis loss was productive of very 
 disastrous effects in the colony. 
 
 ■ 20. In 1G29, an Enghsh squadron under the Kertk brothers, 
 anchored before Quebec. Champlain having received no succor 
 from Franco was compelled to surrender. When he first heard 
 of the approach of the enemy, he summoned together the prin- 
 cipal colonists, to deliberate as to what should bo done. The 
 council agreed that, as they were unable to defend themselves 
 with any prospect of success, they should capitulate at once, 
 hoping thereby to obtain more favorable terms. In tliis they 
 were not disappointed. The inhabitants were permitted to leave 
 
 18. What was the first place captured by Kertk t What did he after- 
 wards do 'i—lO, What was the result of this refi^isal ?— 20. What happened 
 inl62i)'? 
 
IG32] 
 
 DE CIIAMrLAIX. 
 
 with tlioir clothes^ tlicir arms, and tlic furs belonging to tlirm. 
 Tho soldiers also ■\vero allowed to take their clothes and a beaver 
 wrapper, and tho Fathers, their cassocks and books. All wcro 
 to take passage for England, and thenco for France. 
 
 21. On the 20th of July, tho day following tho capitulation, 
 Lonis Kertk took possession of tho place. Ho treated Cham- 
 plain with much consideration, and oliered protection and full 
 liberty to a few French fainili<>3 in caso tliey should consent to 
 remain in tho country. Louis Kertk, vrho was a Frenchman by 
 birth, was of a kind and allablo disposition. Champlain and tho 
 Jesuits sailed with Thomas Kertk ibr Tadoussac, where they 
 preferred to await tho departure of the ileet for Europe. David 
 Kertk received Champlaiu with marked distinction. 
 
 22. On his arrival in England, Oct. 20th, 1G2D, Champlain 
 heard tliat penco liad been concluded with England two months 
 previous to tho fall of Quebec. Ho proceeded to the French am- 
 bassador, to v^'hom ho presented a memorial of what liad taken 
 place, together with tho original of tho capitulation of Quebec. 
 But, two years had to elapso before , tho final scttloment of tho 
 
 difiiculty. 
 
 ,■,,.■, 
 
 CHAPTER m. 
 
 From4hc resUtitiion of Canada and A-cadia io France^ .1G32, to 
 the formation of the Montreal Company, 1G40. 
 
 1. 
 
 .3, Caiiaclu rostored to France. — 4. Cliamplain appointed Governor. — 
 4. Three liivcva. — 5.-7, College of tlio Jesuitic. — 8.-9. Deatli cf 
 Champlain.— 10- -11. De Montina<rny.— 10..13. Billcry.— 14.-15. Tlie 
 
 Champlain. — 10- -11. I)e Montinacriiy. 
 IIotel-Dieu, the Ursuliues.— 10. ^I'lae 
 and AlgoiKiuius. 
 
 Iro(|uoifc) attack the Iluvons 
 
 1. Shortly after Champlain's arrival at Paris, in lG2r>, tho 
 French Govcnnnent despatched an envoy to England, to demand 
 tho restitution of Canada and Acadia. This led to a treaty be- 
 tween the two countries wliich was concluded on tho 21)th of 
 March, 1G32, at St. Germain ?n-Laye, and by wiiich tho King 
 of England restored to tho French Crown all the places occupied 
 by tho English in New France. 
 
 2. The Comi^any being reinstated in all their rights, thought 
 of sending out Champlain to take possession of tho country ; 
 
 21. What Avas done on tho 20th of July'?— 22. What did Champlain 
 hear on arriving ia England ? Whither did he go 9 1. What was done 
 by the French government, shortly after Champlain'ii) arrival ni Paris? 
 What was the result ? — 2. AVliom did the Company scut to retake possoa- 
 bIou of Canada ? • 
 
?! 
 
 42 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [1635 
 
 i:i 
 
 ;:; 
 
 but, as tliey had neither funds nor vessels, they entrusted the 
 Cotnniission to Guillaume de Caon, a man equally remarkable 
 for his wealth and moderation. Moreover, he had greatly suf- 
 fered by the capture of Quebec, it was but just to afford him 
 this opportunity to repair his losses. Accordingly, the King 
 granted him the onjoyment of the revenue of the country for ono 
 year, after which Cham plain was to resume his former office. 
 Do Caeti was thus invested with the command not only of the 
 fleet, but also of the colony. 
 
 3. Quobjc was restored to the French after a lapse of nearly 
 three years, on the 13th of July, 1032. The French inhabitants, 
 who had remained, welcomed the day of their deliverance from a 
 foreign yoke, and burst out into acclamations of joy when they 
 saw the white flag once more Hoating over their rude settlement. 
 From the time of Champlain's departure, they had been depriv- 
 ed of all spiritual .succor, and had even been ill treated by those 
 of their Protestant couutryuicu who had entered the English 
 i^ervice. • ' ■ 
 
 4. DeCliiiBiiplaiii. — Fully appreciating the zeal and expe- 
 rir- '.ce of Champlain, the Company again entrusted to him the 
 government of Now France, with ampler powers than before. 
 lie sailed from Dieppe on the 23rd of March, 1G33, with up- 
 wards of 2U0 persons including the sailors. Among the pas- 
 sengers, were Fathers De Brebeuf and Masse. Champlain was 
 heartily welcomed by the colonists, who all knew and admired 
 his untiring zeal and noble character. 
 
 5. To prevent the western Indians from trafficking with the 
 English, Champlain established a trading post at Richelieu. 
 This was on an islet a httle above the rapids of the same name, 
 and midway between Montreal and Three Rivers, at which 
 latter place, he sent La Violette to establish a second trading 
 post, in 1G34. 
 
 G. It WHS towards the end of the year 1635, that the Jesuits 
 founded their college at Quebec. Father Charlevoix remarks, 
 that in less than tiftecH years after the restitution of Canada, 
 there were fifteen Jesuits in the country. These missionaries 
 every where distinguished themselves by their learning, piety, 
 and zeal for the salvation of souls. 
 
 7. The founding of a collegiate institution at Quebec, induced 
 several distinguished French families to emigrate to Canada, 
 
 3. When was Quebec restored to the F'rench ?— 4. What did the Com- 
 pany do, appreciating the zeal of Champlain? When did he sail for Quebec 1 
 — 5. What waa done to prevent the western Indians from trafficking with 
 the Euglisk? What did Champlain do the folllowlng year 1—6. What 
 favor was granted the colony, iu 1C35?— 7. What waa the effect produced 
 by the erection of a college I 
 
 •* . 
 
163G] 
 
 DE MONTMAGNY. f 
 
 where their chihhen could receive a Christian education, and bo 
 instructed in all the branches necessary to their state. Even tho 
 Indians, spurred witli a similar desire, came from distant re- 
 gi4>ns to settle in the vicinity of Quebec. 
 
 8. lUit a dejdorable event, now threw the colonists into mourn- 
 ing ; the death of Chaniplain. This great man, who had braved 
 so many dangers, and endured so many privations, yielded at last 
 to the elFects of paralysis, which, after two and a half years' suf- 
 fering, led him to the grave. lie died on Christmas day, 1C35, 
 after having received tlie hist rites of the Church. 
 
 9. Cliamjdaiu was regretted by all, for lie had won universal 
 respect and admiration. The most conspicuous traits of his 
 character were : liis activity, constancy in enterprise, firmness and 
 courage in tho midst of danger, disinterested devotedncsj to tho 
 interests of his country, a tender andcompassionat(^ heart, and a 
 great stock of honor and charity. These (qualities were enhanced 
 by his truly Christian spirit, and ardent zeal for religion eiudtho 
 Eervice of God. 
 
 10. De ITIonttna^iiy. — Tho successor of Cliamjtlain was 
 De Montmaguy, a Knight of Malta, who united in his person a 
 genuine i)iety with a rare zeal and firumess. lie lauded at 
 Quebec on the Utli of June, IG3(], and \\'as most welcomed by 
 the inhabitants, who proceeded to tho Church where a Te Deiim 
 was sung in testimony of their joy and gratitude. De Chateau- 
 fort had been appointed to admiuister tlie aiiairs of the colony 
 ad interim. 
 
 11. In the beginning of 1G3G, tho Iroquois attaclced the ITu- 
 rons, but were defeated by tho hitter, being assisted by a few 
 Frenchmen. 
 
 12. To protect the Indians wlio had embraced the Christian 
 Iveligion, as well as those who were pre{)aring to do so, from tho 
 insults of the Iroquois and the rigors of the winter, the little vil- 
 lage of Sillery near Quebec was founded. The promoter of this 
 national and reliii-ious undertaking: was the illustrious Ivniiiht- 
 Commander of Malta, Noel IJrulart de Sillery, an ex-minister of 
 State, who, having embraced tlio ecclesiastical life, devoted him- 
 self entirely to W'orks of benevolence. 
 
 13. The dwellings of Sillery were at first tenanted by twelve 
 large Christian families, and these Avero soon after imitated by 
 many others. These Indians gradually adopted the manners and 
 
 8. What event produced moiirniiig into the colony 'I — 9. What reputa- 
 tion did Cliamj)hiin leave behind?— JO. Wlio was tlie succeaaoi- of Cliam- 
 piain ? When did De Mont tiiaj^ny arrive at Quebec? — 11. What was done 
 by the Iroquois iu the beyinuiug of 1G3GJ — 1'2. What was doue to pro- 
 tect the Indians who had euibraced the Ciiristian Religion ? — 13. J5y 
 whom were the dwellings of Sillerv at iirst tenanted ? Wliat did theae 
 judiaus gradually adopt '\ 
 
iV 
 
 44 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1G40] 
 
 
 customs most in hannony with llio mild Bplrit of Christianity. 
 Tho proximity of Qucbrc exerted a favoral)h3 rather than a pre- 
 judicial influence over them ; for, tho inhabitanta of this newly 
 founded town, leading in general a regular Hfe, coujd hut iuHpiro 
 tho neophytes of Sillery with respect and esteem for their religion. 
 
 14. About this time, tho Jesuits turned their attention tt>wards 
 founding in Quebec a hospital to nurso tho bIcIc, and a Bcliool 
 for the education of tho girls. In these undertakings, they were 
 
 freatly assisted by Madamo d'AiguilLm who founded tho ilotel- 
 )leu, and Jtladamo do la I'eltrie, who dt^votcd herself and her 
 resources to tho cstablislmient of tho TJrsulines. 
 
 15. Six religious ladies camo from Franco to tako tho direction 
 of theso two institutions : thrco Augustinian Nuns, also called 
 Hospitallers, for tho IIotel-Dieu j and three Ursuliues, who wero 
 accompanied by Madamo do la Peltric, for tho school. They 
 embarked at Dieppe, on tho 4t]i of May, IGoD, and landed at 
 Quebec on tho 1st of August. They wero received in tlio midst 
 of extraordiu;iry demonstrations of joy ; tho governor was at tho 
 head of tho troops, and salvos of artillery wero lired. They wero 
 conducted to tho Church, where a Te Beiim v/as sung in thauks- 
 giviug for their safe arrival. 
 
 1(5. In lG-10, tho Iroquois Buddouly aesailcd a distant tribo of 
 Indians, and massacred a largo number of them. They wero so 
 exasperated against tho Ilurous and Algonquius, tluit they made 
 proposals of pcaco to tho French on tho Bolo condition that tho 
 allies should bo excluded. Whilst a council was being hold at 
 Three Rivers for tliis purpose, tho Iroquois Buddeuly interrupted 
 it, to go and j)lunder several Huron antl Algonquin canoes which 
 had just aiTivcd laden with furs. Such an act showed what 
 little trust could bo placed in their words j and, accordingly, ne- 
 gociations wero at onco broken off. Tho colony Avas on tho evo 
 of its des I met ion; nothing but prompt and powerful aid could 
 eavo it. Yet in tliis emergency, tho Company refused, and the 
 King was unable to send tho required succor. Providence, ever 
 watcliful over the interests of tho colony, iuteiTcued and averted 
 the impending danger. 
 
 14. To what did tho Jesuits turn their attention nbont thia time ? By 
 ■whom were they gi-eutly assisted in their project?— 15, To whom was 
 coulided the direction of these two institutions ? When and how were 
 they received at Quebec '?— IC. What was done by the Iror^uois iu 1G40? 
 
 
1G40] 
 
 1642] 
 
 DE MONTMAQNY. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 From the Formation of the Montreal Compamj, 1G40, to the 
 Adminintration of De Lauzon, IGoO. 
 
 1. The Montreal Company. —2. Do MniHonuonre.— 3. Ville- Marie, or 
 Moutreal.— ■!. Fort Richelieu.— 5. Fathers Jogues and Breasani 
 taken by the Froqaois.— 6. Peace of Three Rivera — 7. Treaty be- 
 tween the Company of the One Hnndred Ausociatea and the colo- 
 nidts.— 8. Father Jogues put to death by the Iroquois ; death of 
 Fathers Masse and De NouiJ.— 9. The Iroquois resume hostilities.— 
 10. D'Ailleboust.— Qualities of De Montuiagny.—ll. Colonial Couu-' 
 cil. — 12. Destruction of the village of Sf. Joseph ; martyrdom 
 of Father Daniel— 13. Destruction of St. Ignatius and St. Louis; 
 martyrdom of Father De Brebeuf and Lalemant. — 14. Diaperaion of 
 the Hurons.— 15..16. The village of St. John burned; death of 
 Fathers Granier and Chabanel 
 
 1. Tilie Montreal Company.— In 1040, several per- 
 sons, l)otli lay and ecclesiastical, formed thomselves into an as- 
 sociation under the name of the Montreal Company, for the 
 maintenance and propagation of the Catholic Faith in Canada. 
 The first project of the Society was to found in the Island of 
 Montreal a strongly fortified French village, in which the indi- 
 gent should be received and enabled to subsist by their own 
 labor. But to insure the success of this enterprise, n man of 
 ability was required ; and the Company found such a man in the 
 person of De Maisouneuve, a nobleman of Champagne, and one 
 of the associates. 
 
 2. De Maisonneuve arrived at Quebec in September, 1641, 
 with several French families. As the season was rather ad- 
 vanced, he delayeil the execution of his project until the follow- 
 ing spring. He had been appointed Governor of the future 
 colony by the Montreal Company, iu virtue of the power con- 
 ferred upon them by the King. 
 
 3. In the spring of 1642, De Maisonneuve sailed for the Island 
 of Montreal, which he reac.od on the 17th of May. The little 
 colony landed at the place since called Pointe-Callieres, in pres- 
 ence of De Montmagny and the Rector of the Jesuits, who cele- 
 brated Mass on thespot. The whole Island was then placed 
 under the protection of the Most Blessed Virgin. New colonists 
 
 1. What association was formed in Hj40?— IJ. To whom was the gov- 
 ernment of the new colony entrusted ?— 3. What did De Maiaonneavedo 
 ill the spriuit of 1G12 ? Wnat name was given to the new town 1 
 
-S— -! 
 
 ^BB 
 
 ■VSHRMNM 
 
 f 
 
 4G 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 fl643 
 
 ■p. I 
 l( i 
 
 V I 
 
 ! I 
 
 Hli 
 
 m I ^ 
 
 avrivcJ sliortly after, and others again in the fi^Ilowiiig year. 
 The village was surroundod with a j,ialisado, aud called Villo- 
 Mario. 
 
 4. To prevent the inroads of tlio Iroquoi?, the Grovcrnor-Gon- 
 cral ordered Fort ivichelieu to bo erected iit the D.outh oftlie 
 Sorcl liivcr. This ^^-ork vras rapidly carried on notwithstand- 
 ing tlio molestations of tlio Iroquois, who, on one occasion, 
 banded together to tho number of 700 aud attacked the v/ork- 
 nien, but were driven back with heavy loss. 
 
 Tho Iroquois were encouraged in their predatory excursions 
 by tlic Dutch, settled at Manhattan (New Yorlc), who were sup- 
 plying them with arms and annnunition, and buying from Lhcm 
 the furs which they had. taken away from the .allies of the French. 
 
 5. It was not long before tho Iroquois received intelligence of 
 tho settlement at Ville-Mario. Instigated by some pci-fidious 
 lluron-^, thny set out to attack it. In the affray which ensued, 
 throe Frcnchnnu were killed aud three olhois taken prisoners ; 
 but De Maisouncuve slew with his own hand the enemy's chief. 
 
 About this time, these savages buj-ncd down several Huron 
 villages and butchered tho inhabitantL'. leathers Jognes and 
 Eressani fell into their hands aud vrere most cruelly. treated. 
 
 (3. Shortly after this sad event, De Champllour, Governor of 
 Three Rivers, despatdicd o messenger to Do Maisonueuve, to 
 inform him that the Hurous had just brought in three Iroquois 
 prls'aicr:''. Proiiting (;f tho circumsiance, Do Maisonneuvo pro- 
 ceeded to Three Itivers, and there invited tlie Harons, Iroqu.oi-3 
 and Algoaquhis to a general ass^cmbly f ir the purpose of putting 
 an end to hostilities. His proposals were ace ?pted and peace 
 concluded. In the ensuing winter, the Iroquo:,;, the Hurous, 
 and AlgonquiiiiS hunted tv)gether as though they all belonged to 
 the fiame tribe. Tho missionaries profited of this momeut of 
 tranquil iv to labor with new ardor for the conversion of tho 
 Indians ; but unfortunately, peace was not destined to be of long 
 duration. 
 
 7. The differences that had arisen between tho Company of 
 the One Hundred Associates and the colonists, were linaily set- 
 tled by a treaty, M'hich received the royal sanction in JG45. Tho 
 Company agreed to abandon their clahns to the monopoly of tho 
 
 4. What nientiures did tljo Governor tako to prevent tlio iuciirf^iona of 
 tlie Iroquois i By wl'.om woro iho Iroquoid aided i.i tlicir aip'os'^ivo c.xpc- 
 ditiona (—o. What did tho Iroquoiis wnen informed of tho erstahliit'hinent 
 of Ville-Marie ■? What happened to Fathers Jogues and Bresaani 'i How 
 wcro the Huron villagetj treated by tho Iroquois J— o. Who waa Do 
 Champllour and what news did ho Bend De Monduaffiiy i What was Iho 
 rcBuk of tho apserably < — 7. How were the dilUcultieg Getwoen tho Com- 
 pany of the Ono Hiu'idred Associates and the colonists settled ? 
 
f 
 
 1G48; 
 
 L"> AILLEBOUST. 
 
 47 
 
 'S 
 
 fm trade or. conaition: 1. That \v.c cclouists would provide for 
 tlio derg-y and public oflleori? includiuijtbo Governor, and defray 
 all the expenses of the administration. 2. That they would 
 ftiKil all the oldiijations ('entrr.eied hy t];e a.st:ociation towards 
 the ineuihers of reli,aious c<:)ngre,iiatious, and would bring out at 
 lea.^t twenty ]K'rsons every yer.r from France. 3. That they 
 would annually pay 1000 jxnmd^: weight of assorted beaver 
 shins. 
 
 8. On the 17 [h of October, IGIG, a? Father Jogues entered a 
 Ilun..; wigM'an^., au Iroquoit;, who had concealed hini.self within, 
 dealt hiui a blow on the l;(\ad, which felled him to the ground. 
 A yf ung Frenciiui.in, named rjahmdo, wlior.ccompaniedthe Jes- 
 uit missionary, sliareil tiie same fi.te. This loss was all the 
 more dee])ly felt, as the colony had lost in the preceding year 
 Fatliers Masse and Do None. The former died at SLllery; tho 
 latter \va> found frozen on tlie St. Ltiwieuei^, a fe'.v uiiles from 
 F(trt KicherKMi. 
 
 I).- In l<)-!7, the Troquoi^i again toolc tho field. Tliey burned 
 down Fort Kichelien, which the Frencli hail a])andoned tho 
 prece ling year, and hastened to surprise tlu* Aluon(|uins who, 
 relying on tho treaty of })eace, had left 'J'lu'ec Ivivers and gone 
 a hunting. 
 
 10. I>'ADlBcbonr,t — In the month of August, 10-18, Louis 
 D'AIllelxaist, the coimnander at Three Hivers, succ(>eded Do 
 Montmagny. The new Governor was a most upright man, 
 equally distinguished for his zeal in promoting the sjiiritual and 
 tem})oral interests of the colony. He had held tho command in 
 tho Island of ^Montreal, while Do Maisonneuve was absent in 
 France. I)e Montmaguy was gifted with an energy that never 
 failed in tho midst of tho dillicullies that thickened round his 
 ])ath " lie was deeply regretted by the colony, *' says Father 
 Lalemant, ''and he left behind him an eutluring reputation for 
 wisdom and prudence. " 
 
 11. D'Ailleboust brought "with him a royal edict of the Stii 
 of jMarcli, 1(348, which providc<l : 1. Tliat in future, the Govern- 
 or-General's term of otlice should bo extended to threo yeari 
 only. 2. That a Council should be formed, consisting of tho 
 Governor of tho colony, the IJector of tho Jesuits (until a IVishop 
 should bo app<.inted), tho last Governor, and two colonists 
 elected for threo years by tho members of tho Council and by tho 
 syndics of Quebec, Montreal, and Threo Kivers. 
 
 8. Kelnte the cii-eumstances attending the death of Fatlier Joifiioa.— 9. 
 What did tlio Iroquois do in 1<)I7 ?~I0. Who succeeded l)e iMonMiiagny ? 
 — 11. What did D'Ailleboust bring with him '? State the pnuci}>al ai-ticleg 
 of the royal edict. 
 
 nil 
 
^nmxmmmmm 
 
 I ; 
 
 [iii 
 
 43 
 
 HISTOKY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1G49 
 
 12. Oil tlio 4th of July, 1G43, tlic Iroquois ciuldf-nly fell iipoa 
 the Huron village of St. Joseph; coiisi:>tiiig of 400 famiiica, nud 
 cither hutclicred or carried oif 700 of the iDhabitants. During 
 the mat'.sacro of his dear neopiiytcs, Father Dtmicl 1>aptized a 
 great number of catechuuicns by a^^persion ; and hardly had he 
 nniahcd the touching ceremony, when ho himself waa Bhiiu and 
 his body cast into the flamea. 
 
 13. On the 16th of Marcli, 1G40, these blood-thirsty Indians, 
 numbering nearly one thousand, armed for the most part ^vith 
 arquebuses euppiied by the Dutch, made .a descent upon the 
 nourishing little viliago of St. Ignatius; and, without losing more 
 than ten men, either killed or tool: prisoners all the Huron inha- 
 bitants, after which, they attacked and burned the village of 
 St. Louis. Wliilo 5C0 Ilurons sought to save themselves by hight. 
 Fathers De Brebeuf and Lalemant bravely remained behind to 
 baptize or absolv<> thoFc who remained in the village. Tlrcy 
 were both taken by the enemy and most horribly tortured to 
 death. 
 
 The hatred these barbarians mai .ested to\Tard.s the mission- 
 ai'ies, was ul'amrttely directed against their religion. Hearing 
 these two Fathers pronounce the holy Name of Jesus in the 
 midst of their tortures, they wished to prevent tliem from thus 
 invoking Plim for whom they were suiTeriug, and f*)r this foil 
 purpose, they several times put re 1-hot coals into the mouths of 
 these heroic martyrs. Father Do Brebeuf expired on the IGth of 
 March, 1G49, and Father Lalemant, on tho following day. 
 
 14. On hearing of t^^ese repeated disasters, the Ilurons of 
 fifteen villages resolved to set fire to their wigwams, and to seek 
 the protection of other tribes, or to betake themselves to tho 
 forests. 
 
 The Jesuits in charge of this mission abandoned their resi- 
 dence of St. Mary, to follow three hundred Huron families vrho 
 too^t refuge into the Island of St. Joseph. 
 
 15. OrT tho 7th December, 1649, all the inhabitants of St. 
 John's village, consistmg almost entirely of fugitive Hnrons, 
 Averc either massacred or taken prisoners. Father Gamier was 
 slain in tho midst of his neophytes while exercising liis lioly 
 ministry. Father Chabanel died about this time, lulled, it h 
 said, by an apostato Huron. 
 
 12. What didtho Iroquoiri on the 4th of July 1(348 'J What did FiUhcl• 
 Dl^niel do ia thia trying circumetiince '? — I'J. Whut was the fate of iho 
 village of Sf'. Ignatina? What was the fate of Fathers De Breheuf aud 
 LaUemaiit?— !4. What determination did tho HuronB of fifteen vilkigea 
 take on hearing of thetx! repeated diaastora ? Wliat did the Jesuiio of this 
 niiaaion decide upon, May 15th, 1G49?~15. What was the faic oi'th.3 
 villiigo oi^t, John? 
 
1651] 
 
 DE LAUZON. 
 
 40 
 
 16. The exicrniination of the Huruns, the faithful allies of the 
 French, sent a shrill of horror throughout the eoluuy, auJ in- 
 spired much anxiety for the future. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Father 
 of iho 
 
 uf tiud 
 illivg'ea 
 <;flhia 
 of tho 
 
 From the Administration of De Lauzon. JOSO, to the Formation 
 of th'e Supreme Council, 1663, 
 
 I.. 2. De Lauzon, Govewior. — 3. The Iroquois attack Montreal and 
 Three Rivers.— 4. Death of FatJier Butteux.— 5. The Iroquois sue 
 for peace.— 6.. 7. The garrison of >H)titreal reinforced.— 8. De Lauzon 
 retui-us to France. — 9. ViscounJt d'Argenson, the new Governor. — 
 1 0. The Sulpicians at Montreal. — 1 1 . . V2. Vigorous measures of d'Ar- 
 gensou - i:'. Arrival of Bisliop de Laval. — 11. The Seminary of 
 Montreal founded. — 1.5. .16. IIeroi>rm of Dollard and hiscompaniona. 
 17. Massacres perpetrated by the Iroquois. — 18.. 19. D'Avaugour, — 
 20. Differences between the Bishop and the Governor.— 21. Bij'hop 
 de Laval lays his complaiuts before the King. — '-2-}..23. Great earth- 
 quake 
 
 1. lie f^air:'.:>:^ —At the end of the year IG50— so disas- 
 trous by the d).^j on of the Hiii'ons — D'Aillchoust was suc- 
 ceeded by De Lauzou, who, acconipauied by two of his sons, 
 arrived at Quebec on the 14th of October, IGol. He found the 
 
 • colony in a weal< state of defence, and cnndly liara^.^eu by its 
 enemies, so emboldened as they were by their lute success over 
 the Hurons. 
 
 2. On the 16th of June, 1651, a numerous band of Iroquois, 
 having attacked a few Frenchmen at St. Charles near Montreal, 
 De Maisonneuve at once despatched to their assistance a small 
 force under the command of diaries Le M<>iue. In the cu- 
 gagement that ensued, twenty-five or thirty Iroquois were slain, 
 whilst tbe loss of the colonists did not exceed five who were 
 slightly wounded. 
 
 3. On the 2Gth of the following July, the restless Iroquois 
 laid siege to the hospital of Ville-Marie. Major Lambert Closse, 
 the commanding officer, with ]6 men, bravely defended it from si.'c 
 in the m'"-ning till six in the evening against 200 of the enemy, 
 Avhowerc finally compelled to abandon their undertaking. 
 
 IG. V hat 8on.-:;ation was felt throughout the colony at the news of the 
 destruction of the Hurous ? 
 
 I. By whom was D'Ailleboust succeeded ?— 2. What did a numerous 
 band of Iroquois do on the 18th of Juue, ICJl ?— 3. What did they do on 
 the 2(Jth of ine following July ? 
 
 I: 
 
 I" 
 
 li 
 
 
 ?m 
 

 -HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1685 
 
 ;i I 
 
 h ; 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 ■.1 
 
 4. lu the year 1052, the colony sustained a great loss by the 
 death of Da Plessis Bochart, Governor of Three llivefs, who 
 was killed, together witli fifteen others of his party, in an en- 
 gagement with a band of Iroquois marauders. This was the most 
 disastrous encounter the French had as yet sustained against the 
 Iroquois. 
 
 About this time, Father Buteux, who was going up the St. 
 ^laurice to the mission of the Attikamogues, Avas massacred with 
 his guides by the Iroquois. He was the seventh of his Order 
 who suffered for the Faith in Canada. 
 
 5. Towards the end of August, IG53, 500 Agniei-s surrounded 
 Three Rivers and kept the place blockailed for some time. On the 
 Gth of November, they made proposals fo peace, which were ac- 
 cepted. 
 
 0. De Maisonneuve, who had sailed for Franco in order to 
 demand some reinforcements, returned to Canada on the 27th of 
 September, 1053, with 100 men, recruited for the most part from 
 Anjou, Maine, Poitou, and Brittany. He wisely determined 
 upon bringing out only strong and couraQ;eous young men, able 
 to bear arms, and skilled in sojnc trade, either necessary or useful 
 to the colony, and above all, who were sincere Catholics. Ho 
 further required satisfactory testimonials as to their character, 
 not wishing to contaminate the otlnn's by vicious examples, and 
 in this, it is said, he entirely succeeded. 
 
 7. Ville-Marie now assumed the aspect of a colony. The 
 arrival of the new recruits was the beginning of a permanent 
 settlement. Previously, it had been meridy. a military post, tho 
 I'urt being the usual resilience o[' all its inhabitants. 
 
 8. In the summer of lOoG, De Lauijon seeing that his ad- 
 vanced age unfitted him for the circumstances of the times, de- 
 termined up(ui retP'uung to France. He appointed his son. Do 
 Lauzt)n-Chavny, to administer the affairs until the arrival (tfa 
 successor. But shortly after, the latter himself started to rejoin 
 his father, leaving the couunand ad interim to ex -Governor 
 D'Ailleboust. 
 
 0. D'Ar^ciisoai. — De Lauzon's successor was the Viscount 
 d'Argenson, who v. as nominated on the 26th of January, 1657, 
 but did not arrive at Quebec before the ^ Uh of July, 1658. He 
 was received with all the honors befit' his rank, ])y D'xVille- 
 boust, who then retired to Montreal, vn'. /e he died in 1660. 
 
 4. What loss did the colony snstiun in 1652? Wtmt hapf icd to Father 
 Butenx in sailing up tlie 8t. l\Iani'ice ? — 5. Wliatdid the Agiiiers do towards 
 the Olid of August, lt;r)o? Did they continue their aggressiou? — (i. When 
 did De Maisonneuve return to Canada? — 7. Wlien did Ville-Marie as- 
 sume tlie aspect of a colony ?— 8. What did Do Lauzou do being now ad- 
 vanced in ajfe '.'— AN'ho wad D,? Liuuou'a huccossov? 
 
 inh 
 
 I ; |li 
 
1G59] 
 
 d'argenson. 
 
 51 
 
 acl- 
 1, de- 
 
 De 
 
 of a 
 •ojohi 
 
 •!ior 
 
 >nnt 
 lb,)/, 
 He 
 jlle- 
 
 'atber 
 Kvards 
 \Vheii 
 
 I'ie as- 
 
 ad- 
 
 10. About this time, four coclesiastlca wcro sent over to the 
 mission of VilloMario by tlio Vencrablo Mr. Olier, founder of tlio 
 Seminary of St. Sulpico, Paris. Do Qneylas, tlieir leader, was 
 invested by tlio Arclibidhop of Rouen with tho powers of Viciir- 
 General. After having installed his companions at ViUo-Mario, 
 he choso tho capital of tho colony for his residence. 
 
 Before tho dei)arturo of Do Queylus, tho Montreal Company 
 had coded tho wholo Island of Montreal to tho Seminiry of St. 
 Sulpico ; but tho grant v;a3 not formally made before lG(i3. 
 
 Tho colonists were delighted to sco a learned and zealous 
 
 body taking 
 
 charge of clearing 
 
 and settling? an island which 
 
 till then had failed; in point of prosperity, to answer tho general 
 expectation. 
 
 11. On tho day following Ills arrival, D'iirgeuson heard 
 that the Irocp.ois had masoacrcd somo Algonqiiins witiiin reach 
 of tho guna of Quebec. Putting himself immediately at tho head 
 of tvv-enty-fivo men, ho pursued tho assassins who, being fleeter 
 of foot, escaped tho vengcanco due to their treacherous deed. 
 
 13. Shortly afterwards, tho Iroquois appeared in tho neigh- 
 borhood of Tlireo Rivers. Their" intention was to surprise that 
 place 'f \yat Do la Pothcrio, tho commanding officer, arrested tho 
 eight deputies they were bold enough to f end under prete:rt of 
 a parley, ilokcpt one of them, and sent tho other Beven to tho 
 Governor-General, whj treated them as they deserved. Tliis 
 vigorous nieasuvo procured tho cohmy a littlo respite. 
 
 13. Tho colonists were roused from the gloom occasioned by 
 their repeated disasters, by tho arrival cf tho Riglit Rev. Fran- 
 cis do Laval-Moutmorency, who had boon consecrated Bishop 
 of Petrca, <.:i tho t>lh of December, 1658, and appointed Vicar- 
 Apostolio cf New France. IIo was accompanied by Father Je- 
 rome Lalemant wlio, after tho dispersion of tho llurons. liad-gono 
 to Franco in order to inform tho Company of tlio Ono Hundred 
 Associates of tho"wants of tho country. IIo Wiis also Rt'--'om- 
 panicd by ecvcral priests who wero put in jiossossion of tho cu- 
 racies held until then by tho Jesuits, who werotho only priests in 
 tho colony, with tho exception of tho SuTpicians of Montn^il, — 
 tho Recoliets ii :»t having yet returned, since tho capture of Que- 
 bec by tho Kertks. 
 
 14. ThoScminaiy of St. Sulpico, at Montreal, was founded by 
 Dc Qucylus, in 1G5D. This grvat work nu't the cucourageinLut 
 
 did 
 
 10. What precious acquisition <.li>l tho colony now mal<o '?— 11. What 
 „id D'Argensou Jiear on tlio day foUowin.'jj his urn val i \Vhat docisiou did 
 ho take T— 12. What did tho Iroquois elu)rtly tiftor^— 113. What cousola- 
 tion did the mlonin! ^ receive i:i J ho michsb of their tlisasters 1 — 14, Wliea 
 did tho Sulpiciaua touud thcii' Jstsiuiniuy at Montreal i 
 
 i 
 
 j. ^.1* 
 
 
T^ 
 
 mm 
 
 52 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [JGGl 
 
 ! I 
 
 it iloscrved ; it M'as soon followed by the rounding of an hos})ital 
 by De la Dauversiero and Madame de Ijullion. 
 
 15. In tlio spring of ]():)(), the colony was again on tlie brink 
 of destruction. Not receiving any succor from France, it .seemed 
 to be preserved only by a sort of miracle ; for, tiie settlers could 
 not go any distance from the fort, wifh;)ut exj)osing themselves 
 to be either carried olf or massacred by the prowling enemy. 
 
 16. The danger, hcnvever, was partly averted by tlie heroism 
 of seventeen Frenchmen of Montreal, who sacrificed themselves 
 for the safety of their bretln-en. Before starting on their perih)us 
 expediti(ni, tliese brave men, iioaded by D.>lhird, made their last 
 will, received absolution and llt)ly Commuuinn, and pledged 
 themselves before the altar faithfully to stand by one another 
 and never ask for quarter. By the fii'st of May, they had reached 
 Chaudiere Falls on the Ottawa llivor. Here they found a small 
 Avooden fort in a rather ruinous condition, and here they deter- 
 mined to await the enemy. They had not long to wait, before 
 700 Irofpiois made their ajipearance. Tlie contest lasted ten 
 days, during wliicli the greater ])art of the eneni}'- were eitlier 
 shot down or unlitted for further action. Exas])erated at the 
 stubborn opposition tln^y met with, the Iro(piois piled up their 
 slain close U) the palisades, and took the ])lace by storm. The 
 victors might well have been astonished at the ])r(jlonged resist- 
 ance offered by these seventeen Frenchmen, shut up in a dilap- 
 idated fort without water, without provisions, and without a 
 moment's resjnte ! Weakened by their severe losses, they judged 
 it l)etter to postpone their attack on (Quebec. 
 
 17. In tlie following spring, the Iroquois reapi")cared at sev- 
 eral places, and committed great depredations. A priest of the 
 Seminary of Montreal was killed as he returned from saying Mass 
 in the country. De Lauzon, sou of the former Governor and 
 Seneschal of New France, together with several other p'ersons 
 of distinction, shared the same fate. In a word, from Tadoussac 
 to Montreal, the path of these barbarians was stained with blood. 
 
 About the same tinn^, the colony was atUicted with a sort of 
 distemper which spread indistinctly among the French and Ind- 
 ians, and particularly among children. 
 
 18. flJ>'Ai'aiigotaa*. — D'Argensoa was succeeded by Baron 
 d'Avaugour, who arrived at Quebec ontheJJlst of August, 1G61. 
 The trilling succor that d'Argenson was receiving from the Com- 
 pany o-f the One Hundred xlssociates, his declining health as well 
 aa some private vexations, induced him to relin<piish his otFice. 
 
 !.">. In wliut aUvtt^ was lliecolouy in die si)i-iiig of l(il3() ? — IG. By whom 
 was the colony saved I — 17. What did i,he Iroiinois do in tlie following 
 spriufi; ? By wliat acourge was the colony now visited ? — 18. IJ^ whom 
 was d" A i-'-ou.soa succeeded ? 
 
 i!tl' 
 
1GG2] 
 
 D AVAUGOUR. 
 
 53 
 
 19. The first step of the new Governor was to hisppct all the 
 posts of tlio coh)iiy, after wliichhci decided ujxtn asking the Kin,<^ 
 fV)r the troops and mihtary stores that a}>peared to liiin necessary 
 to defend the country against the inroads (if its enemies. The 
 lolloAA'ing year, lie ''eceived a reiufi)rceinont of 400 men and 
 several oliicers. Th's timely succor revived tlie hopes of the 
 col^Uilsts. 
 
 20. Thes^> hopes, 'lowever, -were soon dimmed hy the dilfer- 
 cnces which arose 1 etween the Govern(n* and the Bishop ahout 
 the traffic of hranc^y witii tlie Indians. It had always heeu rigor- 
 ously forhidden to sell intoxicating liquors to the Indians, and 
 the Baron D'Avtingour himself had renewed this prohihitiou 
 adding severe penalties for oll'enders. 
 
 IVishop do Laval had fuhainnted a general excommunication 
 against all who should trade in that article witli tlie Indians. 
 A woman of Quehec having committed hers<'lf in that respect, 
 was lodc:ed in prison. Througli cliarity, Father Jerome Lale- 
 mant wished to intercede for iier with the Governor. The latter, 
 contrary to his own i)roclamation3, answered, that ifthetraliio 
 were not punishable in this case, it sh.onld not he so in any other 
 for the future. Obstinate and inllexibh-, D'Avaugour refused to 
 reconsider his indiscreet decision. It soon readied the puhlic ear, 
 and the shocking disorders that lollowed led the Bishop to renew 
 the excommunication. The colony, which until then had prom- 
 ised so fairly, fell into a deplorable state of confusion and demor- 
 alization. The voice of the Bishop, the threats of preachei's, 
 and the injunctions of confessors were alilce unheeded. 
 
 21. Seeing that all efforts to stem the torrent were unavail- 
 ing, Bishop de Laval resolved to go and lay his (Complaints be- 
 fore the King. Accordingly, he set sail on the V^'.th of August, 
 l(j62, leaving many well-meaning jieojjle Avavering betweea 
 hope and fear. 
 
 22. Almost hnmediately after the departure of the Bishop, the 
 colony was visited by one of the most terrific eartliquakes ou 
 record. These cimvulsions of natui'e told more cflectually on the 
 consciences of the people, than the thunderbolts of the Church 
 and the threats of preachers. The earthquake was accompanied 
 by three circumstances well adapted to force the conviction on 
 the most obdurate, that this scourge was designed by God for 
 their conversion. These circumstances were : the length of time 
 
 19. Wlijit was the lirat care of D'Avaugour after his arrival ? What 
 decision <iid he take afti-r that visit 1 Was his demand granted ? — 20. By 
 what wei-e these hopes soon dimmed ? — 21. What did IJisliop de Laval 
 do seeing that all his etlbrts to stem the torrent of evil were useless?— 22. 
 Describe the great earthc^uake of 16G3. 
 
 'i 
 
 > ' 1 
 f \ 1 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 k.^^' 
 

 
 54 
 
 IIISTORV OP CANADA. 
 
 1003 
 
 it la?tC'{l ; the distance to which it extended ; and the visible pro- 
 tectit.'n (5t' God on the French and Indians in the midst of these 
 dire disasters. 
 
 The earthquake lasted from the 5th of February, 1063, till 
 about the middle o\' Mareli, and extended over a tract (»f country 
 (jO(» mik'S in length by S\H) in breath. No lives vver(3 lost, uot- 
 .witiistandiug tlie unheard of vii>lence of the shocks. The most 
 unexpect«.'d conversions took place, and, for awhile, tlie odious 
 tratlic of liquors completely ceased. 
 
 2l{. Hishop de Laval so successfully pleaded his cause before 
 Louis XIV., that he obtained full powers for the proper regula- 
 tion of the li<]uor trade. His intluenco was even such as to in- 
 duce the King to recall the Governor. 
 
 
 t' 
 
 
 i -^ 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 Mil 
 
 1 P^ 
 
 ''■'1 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 : 
 
 i 
 
 i i ,1 
 
 1 ; 
 
 THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 PKOM THK ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUPRE3IE COUNCIL, lfiG3, 
 TO THE ENGLISH CONQUEST, 17()0. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 From the Formation of the Supreme Council, 1003, to tlie first 
 Administration of De Frontenac, 17()0. 
 
 1. The Coinpany of the Oiie-nniidred Associates reliuqnish their grant to 
 the King.— 2. Supreme Comicil foiiiKted. — 3. Court of Justice. — 4. De 
 Mesy, Governor. — 0. Ketiiru of Bishop de Laval. — 7. Death of De 
 Mesy.— 8. Arrival of De Tracy. —8. His reception.— 9. Arrival of the 
 Carignaii reginieut.— 9. De Courcollea, Governor. — 10. Works car- 
 riiil on l)y De Tracy. — 11. Expedition against the Iroquois.— 12. The 
 West-India Company. — 13. Tithes. — 11. Injpediments to the convei'- 
 sion of the Indians. — Hi. The Seminary of Quebec. — 17, Firmness of 
 De Courcelles. — 18. Erection of tlie liishopric of Quebec. — 19. Ari-i- 
 val of loar Recollet Fathers. — 19. Changes effected in the goveru- 
 luent of 3Iontreal. 
 
 1. The beginning of the year IGG'i, was rendered remarkable 
 by the dissolution of the Coujpany of the One Hundred Asso- 
 
 23. Did Bishop de Laval succeed in his mission? 
 
 I. What took place iu the beginning of the year 1663? ' ; 
 
1G()3 
 
 1665] 
 
 DE MEST. 
 
 55 
 
 ciates, who remitted to the King, on the 24tli of FuLruary, tlieir 
 territorial grant, together with tlieir \v' "'ogcs. 
 
 2. Supreme Council — By a . alict dated April, 1GG3, 
 the King created a Supremo C(»uncii for the administration of 
 justice, the superintendence of local trade, and the settlement of 
 all matters pertaining to tlio niaintenanco of order. Thus, in 
 passing from the Company \o tlio King, ho colony made a great 
 step in the path C)f progress. New Franco hocauie a province: 
 and Quehec, a cily, with royal comta of judicature. 
 
 The Council con.si.-^tod (»f the Governor, the Uislio}), the Inten- 
 dant, who was tlie (ilHcial l*ro.^ident, the Attorney-General, the 
 chief Cleric, and four Councillors nominated liy the Governor, 
 the Bishop, and the Intendant. 
 
 8. Three courts of justice were estahlislied rofipectively at 
 Quohec, Montreal, and 'J'liree Rivers. Their decisions, which 
 were to he given in accordance vvitli the cur-itom of Paris and 
 the ordinances of the Kingdom, form a considcrahle part of the 
 laws which, until the present day, have directed the civil courts 
 of Canada. 
 
 4, B>e r^lesy — D'Avaug(Uir \v:is replaced hy Do Mesy, who 
 arrived at Quohec ahout the middle of Se])teuiher, IGfJiJ, with 
 Bishop de Laval and several ollicers of justice and of the army, 
 as also a reinforcement of troops and ahout one hundred families. 
 
 5. ft was in the year IGCul, that the ^Montreal Company for- 
 mally granted tlie Island of^ the same name to the Sulpicians, 
 who had heen there estahlished upwards of six years. 
 
 G. Although Do Mesy was indehted to Bishoj) de Laval for 
 his office, he had no sooner assumed command, than he allowed 
 himself to he du^ied hy those who had imposed upon his prede- 
 cessor. Becoming more and more at variance Avith the Bishop, 
 he fell into faults which were all the more deplorahle, as he 
 wielded so extensive a power and authority. 
 
 7. De Mesy died at Quohec on the .5tli of May, 1GG5, after 
 heing reconciled with all, and receiving the last rites of the 
 Church with great sentiments of piety. It was his misfortune 
 to have heen misled hy a few plotting and turhulent men, who 
 sought a fortune in sowing and fomenting dissension. Once in 
 the wrong patli, he was hurried away hy his natural impetuosity, 
 and ho carried things so fur a^ to (jhligo the King to recall 
 him. 
 
 2. What was created by the royal edict of April, l(i63'J Of wliom waa 
 the Council compofied ? — -i. JIow many courts of justice wei-e tiien estah- 
 lished? — 4. By whom was d'Avaugciiii- Hiu'ceeded ^ — 5. What did the 
 Montreal Company do during the year J()G3?— G. How did De Mesy act 1 
 —7, When did De Mesy die, and what was his character ? 
 
 ^1 
 
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5(1 
 
 HISTORY OFCANADA. 
 
 ! :i 
 
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 [1665 
 
 8. De Trary.— About this time, the Maniuis de Tracy, 
 LieiUeuinit-G»Micral of iho royal forces, was ?erit out to New 
 France in quality of Viceroy. His mission was tt> re-establish 
 order and cuib tlio Iroqutjis. He arrived at Quebec on the '30111 
 of June, li)V>7), with a few coiripaiiies of the Carignan re,::iiiient. 
 De Tracy was received in the midst of rapturous acelaujations 
 by all the iuhal>ituuts, who conducted him to the Cathedral, 
 whcrt' Hishitp d(; fjaval; in puntitical robes, awaited liiui with 
 all hi.s clergy. 
 
 After oti'eriug holy water and presenting him the Cross, the 
 BisliMp conduricid liim to a kneeling <losk, wliieh had been pre- 
 pareil for hiui near the sanctuary. There, notwithstanding his 
 gri'at debility, tin* Maripiis UnoU down on the pavement, not 
 wisliiug to avail himself of the cushion which had been otlered 
 him. The Te Deam was then sung, after which tlio BisliDp ac-- 
 compauied tlu; iumv Viceroy to the Cathedral door with the same 
 honor as when he entered. 
 
 The Marquis was always preceded hy four pages and twenty- 
 ft)ur guards carrying the royal colors. He was f<dlowed by six 
 tootnieu, and gciK^rally attended by several ollicers. 
 
 1). ft>c i'oiii'C4;3lt><« — Sh(u-tly after De Tracy's arrival, the 
 squadnm anchored in the Harbor of Quebec. It brought the 
 rest of the Carignan regiment with its Colonel, De Sallieres ; De 
 Courc(dles, the new Governor; Mr. Talon, the Intendaut; a 
 great number of familii^s and artisans; several horses, the hrst 
 seea in the country ; and lastly, many head (jf cattle. 
 
 De Courcelles and Mr. Talon had orders to inquire, in con- 
 junction with D(>, Tracy, into the conduct of De Mesy ; but, 
 Proviihmce having otherwise ordained, they turned their attention 
 towards repairiuij the faults commited by that Governor in the 
 administratimi (d' the colony. 
 
 *' De Tracy, De Courcelles, anil Mr. Talon," say the annals of 
 the Hotel-Dieu, "were endowed with all the (pialities one could 
 desire. To an engaging exterior, they unite<l great talents, mild- 
 ness, and prudence; and their perfect agroenuuit was well fitted 
 to give a bigli idea of royal power and majesty. Tlioy sought 
 out the hest means to cause the country to prosper, and labored 
 with assiduity to carry them into eflect. Under their wise di- 
 rection, the colony took wonderful development and promised 
 fairly for the future." 
 
 10. The tirst act of the Viceroy, after receiving the expected 
 
 8. Who was sent over to New Franco an Viceroy? What was De 
 Tracy's mipsion ? When did he arrive at, Quehecl How was he received? 
 —1). What succor did the colony receive shortly after the arrival of the 
 Marquis De Tracy ? — 10. What did the Viceroy do as ooouas he bad receiv- 
 ed the succor he awaited? What meana did he take? 
 
]CUi8] 
 
 DK TRACY — COUHCELLES. 
 
 57 
 
 succor, was to protect tlic colony against the incursions of the 
 lr(»i|tiois. For this purpose, three forts were iinniediately liuilt 
 at Sold, Cliiuiibly, and Ste. Therese. These constructions, which 
 werr rapitlly carried on, intiuiichited the enemy for a time, and 
 tdo^cd up their usual entrance into the cohuiy ; but the latter, 
 fulled ill tiiis direction, were n(jt 8h)W in finding out others. 
 
 1 1. In the hdhtwin^- s{)ring, determined to show the Iroquois 
 that ilu' time had at last couk) to j)unish them for their cruelty 
 and j'cilidy, the Viceroy mandicd against them with (JDO of the 
 Catign in regiment, as many Canadians, and about lOU Indiana. 
 Terror-slri(du3u at the ap[)roach of this form.idable army, the 
 ]r<»<pi(iis hastily aban(h)neil their viUages, and Hed into hiding- 
 places whitlier it was imp.racticable to pursue them. 
 
 \2. The last otHcial act of Do Tra(u', was to transfer all the 
 rights of the Company of the One Hundred Associates to the 
 new West-India Company. Tiiis organization, whiidi lasted tea 
 years, ]>aid no more attention to the interests of lliO colony tliaii 
 the one it sui)erseded. 
 
 I.'}. In September, \{]i')7, the Supremo Council decreed that 
 the tithes should hcmceforward be reduced to the 2()th })art pay- 
 abh^ ill grain. About tiie same time, four Je.-uit Eathers, Gar- 
 nier, JJruyas, Millet, and Carheil went out as missionaries to the 
 In.xjuois districts ; whilst Fathers Dablon, Marquette, Allouez, 
 and, others visited savages tribes till then unknown : the Poiite- 
 oiintamis, the JJia>nis, the Oaiagamii^, the Sciki'<, the Illinois, 
 etc. Tliese opened missions at St. Mary's Kapids, and ou the 
 shores of Lak(^s Micliigan and Superior. 
 
 14. The brandy traliic was always the principal obstacle to 
 the conversion of tiie Indians ; it paralyzed the labors of the 
 missionaries ; and yet the Irotjuois carried it on unmolested with 
 the Dutch and English. 
 
 15. The King having ordered back the Carignan regiment, 
 four companies (d)tained permission to remain in Canada ; later 
 on, they settled in the country, principally on tlie banks of the 
 Richelieu River. Several of the oHiciers being of noble extraction, 
 received seigniorial grants. 
 
 J(>. In 1(!G8, Bishop de Laval established at Quebec the little 
 Seminary ; he had founded the great Seminary live years pre- 
 viously. 
 
 11. How diit the Viceroy show the lioqnois that the time for chastise- 
 ment had come? What dfd tiiey, hearin-j; of the approacti of the French 
 army'?— 1'2. Wliat was the last *act of lie Tracy's admiiiislruliou ? — 13, 
 VVliat did the Superior Coiuicil decree in September, Kili?*— 11. Wliat 
 was the ciiief obstacle to t!ie couveision of the Indians '/~J5. What be- 
 came of the Carignan regiment'^— l(i. What establishment was founded 
 by Bishop de Laval in 1GG8? 
 
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 mSTORY OP CANADA, 
 
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 17. In this same year, tlireo French soldiers, who were con* 
 "victcd of having intoxicated and afterwards killed an Iroquoia 
 chief, were shot hy order of the Governor in presence of the Iro- 
 quois who had lodged the complaint. 
 
 Do Courcelles knew hy his firmness, how to maintain amicable 
 relations between the French and Indians, and to have the latter 
 keep peace among themselves. 
 
 18. About this time, Mr. Talon obtained for sanitary reasons 
 perlnissiou to return to France. His wise and active adminis^ 
 tration had greatly contributed to increase the prosperity of the 
 country. " Mr. Talon leaves us," wrote the venerable Mother o^ 
 the Incarnatif)n, " and returns to France regretted by all. In 
 him, Canada loses very much ; for, during his tenure of office, 
 affairs have made more progress than during all the time that 
 e]a]>sed from the fi •r.t landing of the French." He carefully 
 studied both tlie wants and resoiu'ces of the country. By his 
 direction, the n(U'th and west had been explored ; the iron mines in 
 the vicinity of the Bay of St. Paul, examined ; inducements, held 
 out to parties M'i?hing to work those of the St. Maurice ; and do- 
 tailed memoirs, addressed to the Minister of the Navy. 
 
 The small-pox broke out about this time in the north of 
 Canada, and completely depopulated those vast regions. 
 
 19. ^Ir. Talon returned to Canada in August, 1(370, with 
 Father Alhird, a Kecollet, and four other members of the same 
 Order. Several fiimilios and couisidorable sup{)lies sent by the 
 King, arrived by the same vessel. Mr. Talou was also accom- 
 panied by Mr. l*errot, the new Governor of Montreftl — De Mai- 
 sonneuve having petitioned the King to allow him to retire. 
 Mr. Perrot was [>rovided with royal letters in which it was for- 
 mally stated that they were granted in the name of De Breton- 
 villiers, Superior-General of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris. 
 The right of the Suli)icians to appoint the Governor of their 
 Island, was thus solemnly recognized. 
 
 20. " The Island of Montreal," says Father Charlevoix, 
 " resembled a religious community, because, from the beginning, 
 none but people of ex(Mii]ilary conduct were allowed to settle 
 there. Besides this, they wei'o continually exposed to the pred- 
 atory inroads of the Ii-oqiK.'is ; and, like the Iraelites on their 
 return from their Babylonian captivity, they were obliged, while 
 building their rude struclures and clearing their lands, almost 
 
 17. How did the Governor t.refit llirce French eohliers convicted of 
 bftving killed an Iroquois chief 'J— 18. What is wvid of Mr. Talon's sidinin- 
 istration? What distemper ravHL'ed the north of Cniad.i, '/— 19. Wlio 
 arrived at Quebec in August, 1070? By -wliom were tliey accompanied? 
 ~20. How does Charlevoix describe the inhabitants of Moulreul V 
 
1672] 
 
 tm FRONTENAC 1^ 
 
 59 
 
 constantly to have their tools in one hanu, and their weapons in 
 the other, to defend themselves against an enemy that waged 
 war only by surprise." 
 
 21. In order to oppose a new hariier to the Iroquois, De Cour- 
 celles projected to build a fort at Cataraqui ; but lie had scarcely 
 drawn up the plans, when he was called to Quebec, where his 
 successor awaited him. 
 
 De Courcelles had solicited l)is return to France on account of 
 his failing healtli. He was sincerely regretted ; his tirmnosa 
 and sagacity had won him the esteem of the French and the 
 respect of the Indians. 
 
 CHAPTEIl II. 
 
 From the first Administmtion of T)e Frontenac, 1(572, to that of 
 
 De Denonville. 
 
 1. De Frontenac, Governor ; his chanicter ; Fort Catiiraqm'.— y. Dif- 
 luiillies created by De Froutenau's inflexibility. — 3. Louis Jolliot 
 nnil Fatlier jMarqnelte explore the Mirtsissippi. — •!. Erection of the 
 Bishopric of Quebec — 5. .6. Do la Salle completes the exploration of 
 the Mit^aissippi. — 7. De Frontenac and Duchesnau recalled; De la 
 IJarre, (Tuvernor.^3. Do la Barre heada an expedition against the 
 Iroquois. 
 
 1. Dc Frosite^mr. — Do Courcelles was succeeded by 
 Louis do Buade, Couutdo Frontenac, L'tatcnant-General of the 
 royal forces, lie arrived at Quebec in the beginning of the fall 
 of 1G72. 
 
 De Frontenac constructed iu the following year the fort 
 which had been projected by his i)redocessor at Catarar[ui, and 
 gave it his own name. It occupied the present site of the city 
 of Kingston. 
 
 2. Count de Frontenac, receiving information that, not- 
 withstanding stringent prolnl)itions, some royal officers were 
 engaged in trading, sent Lieutenant Bizard to arrest theui ; but 
 Mr. Perrot, Governor (tf Montreal, who was secretly associated 
 with one of tliein, refused to give him int<i custody. Summoned 
 before tlie Govenior-GenGval to expUiin his conduct, Mr. Perrot 
 sent a peremptory refusal, and was, iu consequence, imprisoned 
 in the Castle of »Sl. Louis, Quebec. 
 
 21. What did De Courccllos do in order to oppoae a new barrier to the 
 depredations of the Iruonuiy ? 
 1. By 
 
 DeF 
 
 By whom was De Courcelles replaced ? When and where did 
 'routenac build a fort ? — 2. How did Do Frontenac govern the colony ? 
 
i; '« 
 
 60 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [1G74 
 
 1 
 
 
 If) 
 I 
 
 Unfoituuatcly, De Frontcnac was not satisfied with this vig- 
 orous .act for tlio observance of the laws, his natural impetuosity 
 hurried him into several extreme measures. Mr. Perrot had a 
 friend at Montreal, the Abbe de Salignac Fenelon, wlio was far 
 from approving all the proceedings of the Governor-General. 
 Suspicion singled him out as an enemy, and he was imprisoned 
 under pretext of having said something in one of his soriuons 
 against the Count. Do Fronteuac next embroiled himself with 
 the Intend.int Duchesncau ; after which, he banished of his own 
 authority the Attorney-General and two Councillors. Such arbi- 
 trary measures compelled the King to recall Do FroutenaC; and 
 peace was again restored to the colony. 
 
 '' Count de Frontonac," says Father Charlevoix, '' was 
 gifted witli a sharp, inventive, firm, and polish(>(l mind. He was 
 susceptible of the most unjust prejudices, and caj)ablc ofcarrying 
 them to great lengtlis. His talents were equalled by his personal 
 bravery. No one better knew how to gain tliat ascendancy, 
 which is necessary to restrain the peo[)le within the limits of 
 duty and respect. 
 
 3. In \C)7'), M. Talon commissioned Louis Jolliot of Quebec, 
 and tlie Jesuit, Father Marquette, to ascertain whether the great 
 river spokcMi of by the western Indians, Howed into tlio Gulf of 
 Mexico, or into the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 These intrepid discoverers started Tor the shoi'es of Lake Mi- 
 chigan, sailed up Fox lliver and thou down tlie Wisconsin to 
 its UK •nth. Following thence the great watercourse of which 
 the AVisconsin is but a small tributary, they passed the' conflu- 
 ences of the Missouri and of the Arkansas. They stopped at 
 this latter place, fully convinced that they had reached the river 
 called by the Indians Micliisipi, that is, " Father of waters/' and 
 that it tlowed into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 They now retraced their course. Father Marquette remained 
 with Some western tribes until his death, which took place two 
 years afterwards. Jolliet finally arrived at Quebec after en- 
 countering many dangers, and losing near the St. Louis Rapids 
 the mauusciipt occouut of his voyage. 
 
 4. In 1G74, Quebec was raised to the rank of a Bishopric. 
 Bishop de Laval, who, until then, had been Bishop in partibus 
 of Petrea and Vicar-Apostolic of Canada, was its first titular 
 occupant. Louis XIV. agreed, after some negotiations, that it 
 
 3. What commission was given to Jolliet and Father Marquette iu 
 1C73 ? Give a brief account of the expedition of Jolliet and Fatlier Mar- 
 quette. — 4. In what year waa Quebec raised to tbo rank of a Bishopric 1 
 Who waa the tirst Bishop ? 
 
1684] 
 
 DE LA BARKK. 
 
 61 
 
 should depend immediately upon tbo Holy See, without however 
 ceasing to be united to the Cnurch of Prance. 
 
 5. During his government, De Frontenac sent out an explor- 
 ing party to the interior of the new continent. Cavelier do la 
 Salle was at the head of this hazardous entcrprif,e. He was an 
 active and clever man, spurred by tlie tw^ofold desire of acquiring 
 wealth and notoriety. Ho was accompanied by the Chevalier de 
 Tonti and tliirty men, all lately arrived from Fraiice for the purpose 
 of completing the exploration of the Mississippi, already com- 
 menced by Jolliet and Father Marquette. 
 
 6. In 1G78, Do la Salle set out for Cataraqui, the seigniory 
 of which had been granted him on condition that ho would 
 rebuild Fort Frontenac in stone. He then proceeded to Niagara 
 where he established a trading post. On the shores of Lakes 
 Erie and Ontario, he constta<ited the first vessels that ever 
 ploughed those waters, built Fort St. Louis on the west bank of 
 the Mississippi, and sailed down that river to the Gulf of Mexico 
 which he reached in August, 1632. He took possession of all 
 the country watered by the Mississippi, and called it Louisiana 
 in honor of his Sovereign, Louis XIV. He then returned to 
 Quebec, and thence started for France. 
 
 7. Oe la Burre. — As De Frontenac and Duchesncau could 
 not live peacefully together, they were both recalled. Le Fevre 
 de la Burre, an old officer of the navy, was appointed to succeed 
 Do Frontenac. He arrived at Quebec in the summer of 1682. 
 
 8. In 1684, De la Barre marched against the Iroquois at the 
 head of 130 regular troops, 700 militia, and 200 Indians, as far 
 as Lake Ontario. This expedition did not tarn to the credit of 
 the new Governor, who showed too much weakness in framing 
 the treaty with the Iroquois. 
 
 5. What exploring party was sent out by De Frontenac ? — 6. Describe 
 the route of De la Salle. — 7. \Yliat dk] the King decide, seeing that Dc 
 Frontenac and Dnchesneau could not amicably live together? — 8. What 
 did De la liarrc iu 1(331 i What wiu the result oi' that cxpeditiou ) 
 
 "•? 
 
'■r 
 
 BISTORT OF OAKADA. 
 
 CHAPTER ni. 
 
 1687J 
 
 From the adminisiration of Be DenonviUe, 1685, to the second 
 administration of De Frontenac, 1089. 
 
 1. De Denonville> Govwnor ; ho vigorously carries on tlie war.— 2. Ex- 
 pedition to Hudson Bay. —3. Several Iroquois chiefs unjustly arrested. 
 — 4. De Denonville's expedition.— 5. Fort Niagara.— 7. Massacre at 
 Lachine.— 8. Ileturn of I5ishop do Laval to Canada ; Bishop de St. 
 Valier, his euccessor. — 9. Trojectcd invaaioja, of lUa Engli-sli colonies. 
 — 10, French population of Canada. 
 
 1. Do laBarro was siice&ededj^y the jMarqiiis do Denonville, 
 a colonel of dragoons, who had oj« several occasions shown great 
 Bldll and valor, and whoso vigor and firmness were deemed equal 
 to any emergency. His first caro was to inform himself exactly 
 of tho state of affairs with tho Iroquois. Ho was soon convinced 
 that those tribes would never live long on amicable terms with 
 tho French, and that tho best line of policy to bo pursued; would 
 bo to coerce them either to eubmissiou or ueutrahty. 
 
 2. Wliilo silently preparing to carry on tho war against tho 
 Iroquois, Do Denonvillo sent out, in 1G80, a (letachment of 90 
 men, to retake the trading forts which had been surprised by tho 
 English in tho vicinity of Hudson Bay. Tho chiefs of this little 
 band were tho three eons of Charles iLe Moyne, D'TberviUe, Do 
 Ste.-Helene, and De Maricourt, all bravo officers aivl well skilled 
 in Indian warfare. During this campaign, the English lost aU 
 their positions, Fort Nelson alone excepted. 
 
 3. Do Denonvillo drew the principal Iroquois chiefs, under 
 various pretexts, to Cataraqui. There they were Beized by his 
 orders, put in chains and brought to Quct)ec, whence they were 
 Bent to Franco to work in the galleys. The most deplorable 
 part of this nefarious transaction, was the implication of the two 
 missionary fathers, Lambcrsulle and Milet. De DcnonviUo did 
 not consider that, by so doing, ho not only exposed those two 
 priests to tho tomahawks of the Iroquois, but also, discredited, 
 perhaps for ever, the Christian religion in the eyes of the Indians. 
 
 4. Having received, in 1G87, the reinforcements ho was await- 
 
 1. By whona was Do la Barre succeeded ? What wns tho first object of 
 the new Governors attention ? — 2. What did De Denonville, whilst si- 
 lently preparing an expedition against the Iroquois ? — 3. Wliat act of 
 Sevfidy ditl Do Denonvillo commit towards tho IrocLuois chiefs ? — 4. What 
 id tho Governor in the beginning of 1687 ? Who commanded the expe- 
 dition 1 Of howHiany mea did it consist ? What happened on entering a 
 narrow defile ? 
 
 HI 
 
 ill 
 
 :,'^L 
 
IGSD] 
 
 DB DENONVILLB. 
 
 63 
 
 ing from France, Do Denonville took the field against the Iro- 
 quois. His army consisted of 2000 men ^nchiding 800 Indians. 
 He sailed from tiio Island of Ste. lleleue, on the 13th of June, 
 in 200 barges and as many canoes. Near Sable Kiver, he threw 
 up an intrenchment in a commanding position, and left there 
 400 ni'.'ii to cover his retreat in case of any ill success. On en- 
 tering a narrow defile, he was vigorously attacked by 800 Iro- 
 quois, who were finally repulsed with a loss of (30 men. De De- 
 uonville pursued the fugitives as far as Tsononthouan, which ho 
 found completely deserted. During ten days, lie scoured the 
 country, burning or destroying every village he met with, to- 
 gether with a vast quantity of Indian corn and swine. 
 
 5. To insure the success of his victory, De Denonville built 
 Fort Niagara, and garrisoned it with 100 men under the com- 
 mand of De Troyf^s ; but the commander and the garrison 
 eh(»nly afterwards fell victims to a distemper, caused by the 
 want of wholesome food. 
 
 (». The G()vernov had no sooner returned to Quebec, than the 
 Iroqu(»is resumed the war track. They overran the country, but 
 were repelled from Fort Chambly. It was soon discovered, that 
 these hostile movements vvere encouraged by the New England 
 settlers, who were not overscrupulous in their observance of the 
 treaty of neutrality. The Iroquois finally made proposals of 
 pea''e, which vvere accepted. 
 
 7. Instead, however, of coming to conclude the treaty as was 
 expected, 1500 of them, instigated by a Huron chief, suddenly 
 appeared in the Island of Montreal ; and, in the night of the 5th 
 of August, 1089, butchered the inhabitants without distinction 
 of age or sex, and carried oft* to their villages, from Lachiue 
 alone, nearly 200 prisoners, whom they condemned to the stake. 
 
 8. The colonists were somewhat consoled in their difficulties, 
 by the arrival of Bishop de Laval, who returned to Canada to 
 end his days in the midst of his Hock. The virtues of this emi- 
 nent prelate, his long and arduous labors in New France, and 
 his sincere love for her children, endeared him to all the Cana- 
 dians. He was succeeded by the Eight Rev. Bishop de St. 
 Valier, 
 
 i). The English settlement of New York was an eyesore to 
 the Governor, who saw therein a constant source of danger to 
 the colony. In consequence, ho despatched De Callieres, Gov- 
 
 5. Wli;»t. did De Denonville to iusure his victory over the Iroquoia ?— 
 R, What did the Iroquois do as soon as the Governor had returned to Que- 
 bec ?— 7. Was the peace demanded by the Iroquois concluded ?— 8. Where 
 did Bishop de Laval die and by whom was he succeeded?— 9. IIow did 
 the Governor consider the settfemeot of New York 1 
 

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 64 
 
 HISTCRY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1C3 
 
 ernor of Montreal, to Franco, to lay boforo the Kincr a plan for 
 tho conquest of Now England. Louis XIV. approved the jdun, 
 and entrusted its execution to Count do Frouteuac; De De- 
 nonvillo being recalled to Franco. 
 
 10. In iGSS, there were upwards of 12000 Frouoli inhabitants 
 in Canada and Acadia. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 From the second Administration of De Frontenac, 1G89, to tlie 
 
 Treaty of liyswick, \(j\)7. 
 
 1. Do Fronteimo at Quebec— 2. Fort Froiiteiinc is razed.--3. The Aben- 
 iikis ill New Enjwfland ; D'Ibeiville at Iliidaon Bay.— 4. Exuoditions 
 against New York and New England.— 5. .6. Pliipps besieges Que- 
 bec— <>. The attack on Montreal fails.— 7. Inroads of the Iroquois. 
 —8. De Conrt.emanclie's mission.— 9. Battle of La Prairie.— 10. At- 
 tack on Fort PlaLsance.— II. Fort Ste. Anne taken by the English.— 
 12. .13. Capture of Fort N!3l8on.— J5. De Frontenac's expedition 
 against the Iroquois,— IG.. 17. .18. D'Iberville's exploits.— 19.. 20. 
 Treaty of liyswick. 
 
 1. Oe Frontenac 2°— The Marquis De Denonvillo was 
 sncceoiled by Count de Frontenac, who arrived at Quebec on the 
 12th of October, lOSD. On the 27lli of tho same month, lie 
 paid a visit to Montreal, whicli had just been ravaged by the 
 Iroquois. 
 
 2. Having heard that De Denonvillo had given orders to raze 
 Fort Frontenac, the new Governor hastened to send counter- 
 orders to the Commandant Do Varennes ; but the envoys had 
 hardly left Lachine, when tho garrison came in sight. They had 
 blown up the fort, after having destroyed the provisions and am- 
 munition. De Frontenac was much chagrined, as the hopes he 
 had founded on this fort, were thus wantonly blasted. 
 
 3. The campaign of 1689 was not altogether unsuccessful ; 
 the Abenakis defeated the English in Acadia, whilst D'Iberville 
 upheld the honor of the French flag in the neighborhood of 
 Hudson Bay. 
 
 The Abenakis took fourteen rude forts and considerable booty, 
 slaying over 200 persons. 
 
 10. What was the French population of Canada in 1688 1 
 1. Who was the successor of the Marquis De Denonville 1 What place 
 did De Frontenac visit on the 27th of ilie same month ?— What did the 
 Governor do on hearing that his predecessor had given orders to raze Fort 
 Frontenac ?— 3. Was the campaign of 1689 altogether ansucceaafui ? 
 
1G90] 
 
 DE FRONTEXAC 2® 
 
 65 
 
 D'Ibcrvillo ca})tnretl two vossola with tlicir cargoes, ono of 
 wliich lie brouglit to Quebec, leivvini; llie other to Do Marlcourt, 
 hi.s brother, to whom ho also entrusted the ports ou the south 
 side of the Bay. 
 
 4. In the winter of IG30-90, De Frontenac uiadc his first at- 
 tempt at carrying out his predecessor's jdan ot" invasion. Three 
 divisions were equij)ped and sent out to attack the English at 
 three ditlerent points. 
 
 The first division consisting of 200 Canadians and Indians, 
 commanded by Lemoyne de iSte. 11 clene, and D'Ailieboust de 
 Mantel, marched towards New Yitrk. On the 18Ui of February, 
 at about eleven o'clock in the night, they arrived at the Dutch 
 village of Corlear (Schenectady). The attack was to be made 
 at about two in the morning, but the intensity of the ccdd made 
 them anticipate that hour. They silently stole into tlie village, 
 surrounded every house, and, at a preconcerted signal, assailed 
 the inhal)itants who ottered but a very weak resistance. During 
 the struggle which lasted two hours, sixty persons perished, a 
 few house were burned, and a good number of prisoners taken. 
 
 The second division was organized at Three Kivers. It con- 
 sisted of 28 Canadians and 24 Indians, commanded by the brave 
 Hertel. After a tedious mid- winter march of two months, 
 Hertel reached Salmon Falls, wltich he took by storm. This 
 place was defended by 84 men, 30 of whom were slain, and the 
 rest taken prisoners. The victors lost only one man, a Cana- 
 dian. On the evening of this successful day, they were apprised 
 of the approach of a body of 200 English troops. Hertel hastily 
 drew up his scanty forces on the banks of a river, close by a 
 bridge — the only one that spanned the stream. His men fought 
 bravely, and succeeiled in repelling the enemy. 
 
 The tliird division was sent out from Quebec under the com- 
 mand uf De Portneuf. It consisted of Canadians, a company of 
 regular troops from Acadia, and a small number of Abenakis. 
 It was despatched to Casco Bay, at the mouth of the Kennebec 
 Eiver, where it arrived at the end of May. Portneuf was suc- 
 cessful iu his operations against this strongly fortified place, the 
 principal fort of which was well provisioned and defended by 
 eight pieces of artillery. The fortifications were razed aud. all 
 the houses burned to the ground. 
 
 5. These hostilities did not, however, inthnidate the English 
 settlers, but rather roused them to the Importance of prompt and 
 united action. They equipped a fleet of seven vessels and en- 
 
 4. What did De Frontenac do in the winter of 1689-90 1 How was the 
 expedition divided ? What was the Issue t— 5. Did these incursions inti- 
 midate the English eettiers ? 
 
60 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1C91 
 
 ! 
 
 5 1 
 
 t ■ 
 
 1 \ 
 J 
 
 ■1 ■ _ 
 
 trusted the command to Sir William Phipps, who captured 
 nearly all the French possessions iu Acadia, in May, IGDO. 
 
 6. Emboldened by this success, llin New Englauder^i fitted 
 tmt a second and more powerful armament, and »«n\ it ai>ainat 
 Quebec. This expedition was likewise commanded by Su* Will- 
 iam Phipps, and consisted of 35 sail carrying 2(KK> troops des- 
 thied to cooperate on land. The Heet reached Quebec on the 
 16th of Octobor, J690. The Admiral summoned De Fronienao 
 to surrender; but, receiving a bold and detianl answer, ho opened 
 a tire on the works, which was si> briskly replied t<», as to induce 
 the Admiral, after a four days' bombardment, t(» abandon the 
 enterprise. He lost GOO men, JO ships, several guns, and a largo 
 quantity of ammunition. To complete the disaster, must of his 
 vessels wore wrecked in sailing down the river. 
 
 In the meantime, General Winthrop had been despatched 
 against Montreal at the head of 30t)0 British and Iroquois ; but 
 sickness breakinq; out in his army, ho was compelled to return 
 without having effected any thing. 
 
 7. In the summer of this year, the Iroquois made several in- 
 cursions into the colony, and massacred many ofth« inhabi- 
 tants, soldiers, and several officers of distinction. De Frontenao 
 did his best to check them, but the means at his disposal did not 
 allow him to carry on a vigorous warfare agiiiust this irrepres- 
 sible enemy. 
 
 8. After the defeat of the English before Quebec, De Courte- 
 manche was sent with the news to the Hurous and Ottawas, in 
 order to reanimate their bellicose dispositions. He pissed through 
 the territory of the Iroquois, attended by no more tliau 10 men, 
 showing by this feat, an admirable skill and cuuraa«. 
 
 9. In the beginning of May, 1691, a thonsaud Iroquois pitched 
 their camp at the mouth of the Ottawa River, whence they ex- 
 tended their ravages to the Island of Montreal. De Calli^ros 
 mustered seven or eight hundred Indians who, with a mere 
 handful of French troops, fought a desperate battle at La 
 Prairie, and finally succeeded in routing the enemy. De Var- 
 ennes won great distinction in this engagement. 
 
 Other bands of Iroquois, aided by stiuie Englanders, ravaged 
 the country from Repentigny to Lake St. Peter, inflicting great 
 tortures on the hapless French who fell into their hands. 
 
 6. What did the New Eticlandera do 5u the same year 1690'f When did 
 the fleet appear before Quebec ? How was Phipps received ?— 7. What 
 did the Iroquoisdoin the summer of 1690?— 8. WhatmidBion waseutruut- 
 ed to De Courtemanche after the defeat of the Eu^lish fleet?— 9. What 
 took place in the beginuiag of May, 1691 ? What did De Callidrea, Gov* 
 ernor of Bloatreal do T 
 
[1091 
 
 1G97] 
 
 but 
 
 in 
 
 DB FRONTJ&NAC 2^ M^ 
 
 10. In September, 1()92, an English squadron of five vessola- 
 appeared before Placciitia in Newftiuudlaud. The fort which 
 was very ilI-conditi«>U(ul, was ganisoned by 51) men who had 
 consumed mostly all their supplies. The English kept up a 
 brisk lire during iivo hoars ; but, seeing that tli< ir cauuouade 
 produced but little eH'oct, tliey abandoned the undertaking. 
 
 11. in the spring of 1(393, three Ell,^Ii^^h vi-s.-si-Ls captured Fort 
 Ste. Anne in Hudson Hay, which was defended by live ujcn only, 
 wlio had to ('(uitcnd against 40 Ihilish f(Mit. 
 
 12. The Governor left the Canadian militia scarcely a mo- 
 ment's res}i'*n, numerous companies being seatteied (jver the 
 country, cai'rying on a sturdy warfare against th(! English. 
 
 13. In KJ'.M, Fort Nelson in Hudscm l]ay sunentU'red to D'l- 
 berville, who was accompanied by his two brothers, Serigny and 
 Chateauguay, and assisted by 1*20 Canadians. 
 
 14. In the following year, the Iiorjuois made another iiTup- 
 tion into the colony. One of their marauding |»artio8 was almost 
 exterminated at Boucherville by Canadian vidunteers, and a few 
 French tro(»ps commanded by I)e la Durantaye. 
 
 15. Anxious to put a sto]) to tliese continual inroads, De 
 Fnaitenac, in the spring of 1(19(5, set out against the Iroquois, 
 at the head of a formidable army. At iiis approach, they fled 
 to the woods. De F^'ontenac, by way of n'taliation, burned the 
 fort and all the villages of the canton of Onneyout, and delivered 
 thirty prisoners, after which he return(id to Canada. 
 
 ](». Whilst De Fronteuac was scouring tlie Iroipntis districts, 
 D'Iberville captured a vessel of 24 guns, wiihout losing a single 
 man, and reduced Fort Pemmaquid by cajtitulation. 
 
 17. From Acadia, D'Iberville proceeded ti) Newfoundland, 
 where, towards the end of November, he took the Fort and City 
 of St. Johns, and nearly all the trading posts in tlie Island, tak- 
 ing, with a handful of brave Canadians, six or seven hundred 
 prisoners. 
 
 18. From Newfoundland, D'Iberville was sent to Hudson Bay, 
 where he arrived in the beginning of Augiist, 1()97. On tlie 5th 
 of September, a sharp naval action took place, in which the ad- 
 vantage remained to D'Iberville. He had but one v(issel of 50 
 
 JO. By wliom was Placentia attacked hi S'^ptember, Iftvi? — II. What 
 success attended the British arms near Hudson Bay '?— 1'2. What is said 
 of the Canadian militia? — 13. What advantages were jijaiiied by the 
 French near Undson Bay, in 169-1 ?— M. What, did the Inoqnois do the 
 f )llowin^ year ?— 15. What did De Frontenac do in (he sprinj? of 101^6 T 
 What did the Iroqnois do at the approach of the French ?— l(i. What took 
 
 {dace in the other parts of New France, whilst De Frontenac was sconr- 
 ng the Iroquois territories 1—17. What success attended D'Iberville's 
 operations against Newfoundland 1—18. Where did D'Iberville now go? 
 
e» 
 
 HISTOBT OF CANADA. 
 
 
 Pi ' 
 
 [1698 
 
 ffuns to contend against three of the enemy, one of which was 
 larger than his, the Oiher two were frigates of 32 guns. The 
 larger ship was sunlc, and one of the frigates being captured, the 
 third was compelled to take flight. 
 
 19. About this time, the King of France sent out a plan for 
 another invasion of the English colonies ; but the project com- 
 pletely failed. 
 
 20. The Treaty of Ryswick, concluded at the end of 1697 be- 
 tween the European powers, put an end at length to the hostil- 
 ities waged between the rival colonies of New France and New 
 England. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 From the Treaty o/ByswicJc, 1697, to tJiat of Utrecht, 1713. 
 
 1, Death of De Frontenac. — 2. De Calli^res, Governor.— 3. Treaty of 
 1701—5. Death of De Calli^rea.— 0. The Marquia de Vaudreuil, 
 Governor.— 6 Hemaintainspeace with the Iroquois.— 7. TheEugUah 
 at Port Royal— 8. Capture of the Seine ; Bishop do St.. Valier brought 
 to England. — 9. Secoudfailureof the English at Port Royal. — 10. De 
 St. Ovide retakes St. Johns. — 11. Port Royal capitulates.— 12. New 
 expedition against Canada. — 13. Treaty of Utrecht. 
 
 1. In November, 1698, the colony sustained a great Toss by 
 the death of the Governor-General. The brave and energetic 
 De Frontenac died at Quebec, in his 78th year. 
 
 *' Do Frontenac," says Charlevoix, " was a man of deep re- 
 ligious convictions ; but it was not an easy task to reconcile his 
 piety with his severity towards those against whom he had im- 
 bibed any prejudice. The acrimony of his splenetic humor, 
 detracted somewhat from the nobleness and elevation of his 
 character." 
 
 2. De Calli^res. — De Frontenac was succeeded by De 
 Callieres, Governor of Montreal. The new Governor was the 
 right man for the difficult circumstances of the times. By his firm- 
 ness, prudence, and sagacity, he kept the Iroquois in check, and, 
 at last, effected a reconciliation among them, the French, and 
 the other tribes. 
 
 19. What plan did De Frontenac now receive 1 — 20. What put aaend 
 to hostilities with New England ? 
 
 1. What loss was sustained by the colony in November, 1698 ? What 
 does Charlevoix say of De Frontenac 1 — 2. By whom was De Fronteaao 
 succeeded ] When and by whom waa Detroit founded t 
 
 
iroa] 
 
 DE VAUDUEUIL. 
 
 GO 
 
 The 5«ottloinpnt of Detroit wiis bogiin in Juno, 1700, l)y Do la 
 Motlic Cadillac, ussistod by u missionary priest and lUO Caua- 
 dians. 
 
 3. Tlie year 1701 is famous in the annals of the colony, l)y a 
 treaty «»f peace sim'ued at Montreal by the dcjMUics of all the 
 Indian tribes. The meeting was held in an open plain outside 
 the town. The deputies, numbering J.SOO, wcro orderly disposed 
 within a guarded enclosure I'^O feet by 7ti. The Governor-tJcm- 
 eral was surrounded by the ])rinc.ipal (dlict.'rs, and jdaced in 
 an elevated position from which he might easily bu seen and 
 heard by all. 
 
 4. This jnuch desired peace was not, however, of long contiu- 
 uanco ; for, in J/OJJ, France and England were involved iu iho 
 war of the Spanish Succession, and their American colonies also 
 picked up the (piarrel. 
 
 5. This same year, the ccdony liad to mo.' :< the loss of De 
 Callieri's, who died at Quebec on the2()th of >i y. I)e Callieres 
 was a skilful general, an upright man, and ;. true friend of tlie 
 country iu which he had spent the great/ ■ part of his V.t^. 
 
 G. I>e Vau«lreull.— The neW ''roveruor Gccral was tlie 
 Ma. I . de Vaudreuil, Governor (dTdontieah Dh; first act of 
 hi? adminislrati>)U was to coniirm and t^iu-uthen the treaty 
 with the Iroquois, who were now tlu'eatened with hostile vidi- 
 tations from their English neighbors. 
 
 7. Ii: 1704, an English fleet appeared .ll'the coast of Acad-T. 
 It consisted of 10 vessels, the largest carrying (»0 guns, and 
 the smallest, 12. It had sailed from IJoston, and ancho!X'(^ 
 before Port lloyal, there landing 15(10 men. Some lively skir- 
 mishes ensued, in one of which the English lust thei; command- 
 ing olficer. Meeting every where with a spirited resistance, 
 they abandoned the expedition. 
 
 8. In the year 1705, the English captured a valuable prize, 
 the Seine, which had sailed for Quebec with Bishop ile Si. Valier, 
 the successor of Bishop de Laval, several ecclesiastics, and a 
 cargo valued at 1000000 livres tournois- Bishop) de St. Valier 
 was brought to England. He was treated with distiuciiou, but 
 however detained five years. 
 
 The disaster turned eventually to the advantge of the coun- 
 try. Hitherto, the growth of hax had been eniiiely neglected, 
 
 ',\. Pjr what was ♦he year 1701 remaikal)Ie '{—I. Was Uiis peace of lon^ 
 coniiiiuance?— .0. When did Dc Calli^resdie, and what was his character? 
 — <j. Who succeeded DeCallic-real What \va3 llie first act of De Van- 
 drenil's administration ?— 7. WMiat attempt did (lie Kn^iif.! luake in 1804 1 
 
 Of — — ■ ■ ' •• 
 
 621 
 
 run 3 Hdmiiimiraiion t — /. v> nai aiieni|ii uui iiic [i.iijj;ii:<.i lunai.- m lov-i r 
 f how many vessels did their tieet consist 1 What was the result of lliia 
 [pediljou 1—8. What prize was taken by tlie Kuglish, in tlie year 17051 
 
70 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [1711 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 fi- ; 
 
 w 
 
 yu 5 
 
 
 m 
 '■ mi 
 
 
 4. 
 
 ■ :% 
 
 Mi'" 
 
 
 .Ft 
 
 m 
 
 w-.A 
 
 (1 'f 
 
 but the loss of the iSlemg with her supplies of this commodity^ 
 impressed thr necessity of raising it in the colony. Accordingly, 
 largo quantities of flax and hemp were sown and the most san- 
 guine expectations were soon realized. 
 
 9. In 1707, another fleet of 25 sail, carrying 3000 men, was 
 despatched against Port Royal. It likewise proved unsuccessful, 
 owing principally to the timely arrival of a reinforcement of GO 
 Canadians. 
 
 10. Flushed with these successes, the French resumed the of- 
 fonsive in 1709, and sent De St. Ovide against Newfoundland. 
 His party consisted of IGO men— soldiers, sailors, militia, and 
 Indians, — and, with this motley force, he took by storm ihe tuwn 
 of St. Johns, which was defended by 900 men, 50 guns, and 
 three forts. '.'..'"" 
 
 11. Intent upon obtaining possession of Acadia, the English 
 fitted out another fleet in 1710. It consisted of .54 sail, and car- 
 ried 3500 men under the command of General Nicholson. The 
 fleet anchored before Port Royal on the lOtli of Octoljcr. De 
 Subercase, the French Commandant, having only 300 men to 
 oppose such an overwhelming force, at flrstuuule a bravo resist- 
 ance ; but was finally obliged to capitulate. Port Royal was 
 henceforth called Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. 
 
 12. Encouraged by this success, the English extended their 
 plans for the conquest ol'Canada ; but the fleet they sent against 
 Quebec was partly wrecked near the Seven Islands, in the St. 
 Lawrence, on the 22nd uf August, 1711 ; several of the largest 
 ships were driven upon the rocks, and upwards of 3000 men 
 perished. Th.e fleet was commanded by Admiral Walker and 
 carried 6500 troops, seven regiments of which had seen glorious 
 service under Marlborough. 
 
 At the news of this disaster, Nicholson who was* advancing 
 on Montreal with an army of 4000 British and 000 Iroquoii*, 
 hastened to efi"ect his retreat. 
 
 13. In the meantime, a new enemy appeared in the West, the 
 Outagamis or Foxes, a warlike and very savage tribe. During 
 twenty-flve years, their neighbors carried on a ceaseless war 
 against them, without being able to effect their subjugation. 
 I'he Enghsh secured their friendship, and entered into a treaty 
 of alliance with them. 
 
 9. What did tho English uudertako in 1707 ?— 10. What did tho French 
 do flashed with thoao piiccesses? What was the result of their expedition? 
 — 11. Wliatforcodidthoji^nghsl) send against Acadia, iul710?— Ji2. "What 
 did tho p]ntflish do, encouraged by tiieii' puccess in Acadia ? Wliat wa^ tlie 
 result"? WhafcdidNicholaon''do, Avhen]ioheardot'thoIo33oftlioileet f— 13, 
 Wlio were tho Outagamie? What was the result of tho expedition against 
 them? 
 
[1711 
 
 1713] 
 
 DE VAUDREUTL, 
 
 71 
 
 InfiDrmed of their hostile intentions, Du Buisson, commander 
 of Fort Detroit, gave immediate warning of tljo cominsf danger 
 to the confederate tribes, vi'ho hastened to gather ro nid him. 
 Tho campaign which followed greatly weakened the Outagamis, 
 their losa Bmounting to 2000, wliilst that of the Allies did nut 
 exceed GO men. 
 
 This campaign prevented the English from carrying out their 
 Fchemo of forming a settlement at Detroit, and thus possessing 
 themselves with t!ic trade of tho West. 
 
 1-1. In 1712, tho Governors of Canada and New England, 
 received, from their Tcspectivo sovereigns, orders to put an did 
 to hostilities. 
 
 15. By tho treaty of Utrecht, 1713, concluded between Louid 
 XIV. and Queen Anne, Franco ceded to Great Britain, Acadia, 
 Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay, retaining only Capo Breton, 
 tho Island cf St. Jolin (Prince-Edward's Island),. iind tho-ncish- 
 
 horiug Islands. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 From Jhe treaty of Utrecht, J.713, to that ofAix^a- 
 Cha_peUe, 1748. 
 
 1,..2. Loiiisliourg founded. — 3. Progress of tho colony.— 4. The Engliyh 
 attack the Abenakis. — 4. Death of Father Easle. — 5. Wreck of the 
 Chameau.—G. Dcathof Do Vaudreuil. — 7. De Ceauharnais, Governor. 
 8. Death of Bishop do St. Valier.— S. Bishop Dosquet, coadjutor to 
 Bishop Moruay. — 9. .10. Expedition against the Outagarais.— 11..13. 
 Fort Crown Point.— 14, Do Pontbriand, Bishop of Quebec. — 15. Ca- 
 pitulation of Louisbourg.-^lG..18. Dispersion of the French fleet un- 
 der the Duke of Auville. — 19. Tho Marquis do la Jonquicro taken by 
 the English. — 19.. 20. Do la Galisaonniere, Governor ad interim.— ■'iii ^ 
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapeile. 
 
 1. The cession of Acadia induced tho French to make a settle- 
 ment in tho Island of Capo Jireton, then called Islo lloyalc, and 
 to found, in a favorable position, a strongly fortified city. This 
 was tho beginning of Louisbourg. 
 • 2. Tlio Marquis do Vaudreuil, in conjunction with tho Intcn- 
 
 14. WHiat dh'cctiona did tho Governor3 of Canada and New England 
 receive from their respective Hoveroigns, in 1712 ?— '15. What did Franco 
 cede to England by the treaty of Utrecht t 
 
 1. Wliat did the cession of Acadia indnco tho French to do? What 
 namowas given to tho new town? — 2. What did the Marquia do Vau- 
 dreuil, iu 1714 ? 
 
T^ 
 
 73 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 1725] 
 
 
 
 
 1* 
 
 
 ■^1 
 
 
 <i i. 
 
 
 »f.^ 
 
 
 H - 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .:, 1 
 
 ^■) II! ,' 
 
 I-: 
 
 dant Begon, made all endeavors to fortify the colony and to in- 
 crease its population. In J 71 4, they wrote to the French Min- 
 ister, demanding a reinforcement of troops and the Bupplies 
 necessary to augment the population of the country. They stated 
 that, as there were in the colony but 4484 persons from IG years 
 to 50 able to bear arms, whilst their neighbors of New England 
 could muster 60000, they had no doubt but at the fjist rujjturo, 
 the latter would make strenuous efforts to reduce the whole 
 c'ountry. 
 
 3. The peace, which the country now enjoyed, enabled the 
 Governor to extend the fortifications of Quebec. In 1720, this 
 city contained 7000 inhabitants, and Montreal, 8000. In 1723, 
 two men-of-war and six merchantmen were built at Quebec ; 
 the latter Bailed for France, freighted with the procUico of the 
 country, viz. staves, furs, tar, tobacco, flour, pease, and salt pork. 
 This commerce of exportation, flourishing for the time, was due 
 to the peaco then enjoyed in Canada. 
 
 4. In August, 1728, a party of 280 New Englandcrs and a 
 band of Iroquois, Burprised one of the Abcnakis villages, and 
 butchered the inhabitants. Alarmed by the unusual noise, Fa- 
 ther J^aslo hastened out of tho chapel; and, BeciDg his dear 
 neophytes cnga.-^cd in an unequal contest, boldly advanced tow- 
 ards the assailants with the hope of diverting tlicir attention from 
 the women and children, who wero endeavoring to effect their 
 escape. He was received with a shower of bullets, and fell at 
 tho toot of a cross which ho had erected. Seven Indians, AA'ho 
 rushed to his assistance, fell by his Bide. 
 
 *' Tho Indians," says Charlevoix, " found Father Raslo scalped 
 and pierced with bullets, his skull fractured, his mouth and eyes 
 fiDed with mire, and all his body mutilated. Such was tho man- 
 ner in which a priest was treated in his ovrn mission, and at tho 
 foot of a cross, by men Avho wero ever loud in their outcries 
 against the pretended inhumanities of tho couvertcHl Indians, 
 who were Jiever known to perpetrate such atrocities en their 
 fallen enrmies. " 
 
 6. In 1725, the Chamemi, a French vessel bound for Quebec, 
 was wrecked on the 'coast of Isle Koyal (Capo IJrcton). near 
 Louisbourg. The passengers, 250 in number, and all the crew 
 wero lost. Among the former, thcro wero ecvcral colonial offi- 
 cers, secular priests, Jesuits, and llecollcts. On tho morning 
 following tho wreck, tho Bhores wero covered with bodies and 
 fragments of tho vessel. 
 
 3. IIow did tlii3 peace contribute to tho prosperity of the country ? — 1. 
 What did tho jLn.ylish in August, 1724? liclate tho circuuistaueea nt- 
 temling the death oi' FiJitlier Kasle.— 5. What was the late of tlie Chamcaio i 
 
 iiii i XJiia i 
 
1733] 
 
 DB BEAUHARNAIS. 
 
 73 
 
 6. This year, the colony lost its able Grovernor, the Marquis 
 do Vaudreuil, who died at Quebec, on the lOth of October, after 
 governing the country 21 years. Do Longueuil, Governor of 
 Montreal, headed the administration ad interim. 
 
 7. De Beaubarnais.— The Marquis do Vaudreuil was 
 succeeded by the Marquis do Beauharnais, who aiTived at 
 Quebec at the end of August, 1726, with the new Intendant, Mr. 
 Dupuy, a man of distinguished ability and great familiarity with 
 the general routine of business, who came to replace Mr. Begon. 
 
 8. At the end of December, J 727, Canada had to mourn the 
 loss of its second Bishop, De St. Valier, who died in the Gen- 
 eral Hospital of Quebec. Ho was succeeded by the Right llcv. 
 Bishop do Mornay, his coadjutor, \A-ho was thou detained in 
 France by infirmity. The new Bishop obtained for his coad- 
 jutor the Kev. Mr. Dosquct, who was consecrated Bishop of 
 Samos ; and who, four years later, became Bishop of Quebec 
 by the resignation of Bisliop de Mornay. 
 
 9. Shortly after his arrival, the Governor- General renewed 
 the war with the Outagamis or Foxes, who were continually 
 molesting the allied tribes. His army numbered 1200 men — 
 French, Canadians, Hurons, Iroquois, Ottawas, and Nipissiugs. 
 Commanded by Do Ligneris, they embarked in canoes at Mont- 
 real, on the 5th of Juno, 1728; and, after sailing up the Ottawa 
 Eiver, Lake Nipissing, and French liivcr, thoy entered Lake 
 Huron, crossed Lalic Michigan, and finally reached the territory 
 of the Sakis, the allies of the Outagamis. 
 
 10. They found the villages deserted, for the enemy had lied 
 at their approach. After having burned the wigwams and razed 
 the fort, the army returned to Canada. 
 
 11. In 1731, a new fort was erected at Crown Point, on Lake 
 Champlain. This fort was intended as an outpost to watch the 
 English settlements on the Hudson and Connecticut rivers. 
 
 12. In the years 1732 and 1733, the colony was visited with 
 floods, earthquakes, and the small-pox. This dreadful dis- 
 temper against which no preservative was then known, swept 
 away whole families, both among the French and Indians. 
 
 13. Nothing of importance took place during the twelve fol- 
 lowing years. This peace and tranquillity greatly contributed to 
 
 G. What loss dill llio colony sustain this same year?— 7, Wlio was the 
 Buccessor of De Vanrlrenil ? — 8. When did the dcnnse cf Bishop do St. 
 Valier take ]ilacc ? 15y whom was he succeeded ? Who Avas IJishop l)oa- 
 quot ?— 9. Wliat did the Marquis de Beauharnais do shortly after Ins arri- 
 val? — 10. In what state did the army iind the vilhiges ?— 11 What did the 
 ]\Iarqui3 de IJeauharnais do in 1731 1 — 12. What took place in the years 
 173^ and 1733? — 13. lielate the principal occnrreucea from 1733 to*l745. 
 
»;r 
 
 74 
 
 HISTORY OP CAKADA. 
 
 [1740 
 
 r 
 
 <•) 
 
 i! 
 
 ' ''lli 
 
 the prosperity of the country. In 1721, the total population was 
 25000, whilst in 1744, it reached 50000. 
 
 In the meantime, the colony made some progress concerning 
 industry. In 1733, public attention was turned towards the iron 
 mines of St. Maurice ; and, in 1739, these mines fully realized 
 the expectations of the company formed to work them. 
 
 14. On the 20th of August, 1740, Bishop do I'Auberivi^ro 
 arrived at Quebec as successor to Bishop Dosquet, who had 
 resigned the previous year. Tlie new Bishop survived his aiTJval 
 but eight days, having contracted on board a pestilential fever 
 while attending the sick. Ho was succeeded by the Right Rev. 
 Henri-Marie de Poutbriaud, who arrived at Quebec on the OOth 
 of August, 1741. 
 
 1.5. Louisbourg was a constant subject of uneasiness to the 
 inhabitants of New England. Accordingly, on the 5th of Feb- 
 ruary, 1745, the General Assonibly of Massachusetts defhived it 
 expedient to fit out an annaiuont against that stronghold, in 
 order to deprive the French of tlio easy means of aggression it 
 aftbrded them. This armainont consisted oflDUsail and 4(M)0 
 men under the command of Coiiiiiiodoio Warren. On the 3!)th 
 of April, it anchored before Louisbourg, which capitiihitod after 
 a siege of 4}> days. The garrison marched out with the honors 
 of M'ar, and were sent back to France at thi! expinisc of the P^ii- 
 glish government. The loss of Louisbourg proihnnM.l a groat 
 sensation not only in Canada, but ])articularly in France. 
 
 1(3, An expedition was iuunediatoly sent out from France, 
 under the command of the Duke ofAnville, to retake Louis- 
 bourg. It consisted of 41 men-of-war and carried 3000 troops. 
 It sailed from Rochefort on the 22ud of June, I74(», The shores 
 of France had scarcely disa])peared, when tiie Hoot was assailed 
 by a furious squall, which so dispersed tht; vessels, that the 
 Duke reached Chebucto (Halifax) at the end of three mouths 
 only, and with no more than seven ships. 
 
 m 17. The Duke died a few days after his arrival at Chebucto, 
 and was succeeded in the command by d'Estourmel, vvho, in a 
 moment of delirium brought on by his irritatiou'^itthe rejection, 
 by the council of war, of his proposal to abandon further opera- 
 tions, stabbed himself Avitli his sword. De la Jouquiere, vvho 
 had been appointed to succeed De Beauharnais, took the C(»m- 
 
 14. Who waa the successor of Bishop Dosquet '( By whom was 13i;?hop 
 de I'Auberiviere succeeded ? — 1.5. What was the chiof event ot llie year 
 1745? What force was despatched against LouisboinK V— 1(5. What did 
 the French government do on hearlngof tlie captureof LouisbonrgV What 
 was the fate of that expedition '1—17. Who took the command of ilie fleet, 
 after the death of the Duke of Anville 1 What did De la Jouquiore do '} 
 
1748] 
 
 DE LA JONQUIERE. 
 
 75 
 
 ramp, 
 
 l'()(i|)d. 
 shores 
 waileil 
 at t.ho 
 
 cl>iU',to, 
 K», in a 
 ec-tion, 
 u|)(;ra- 
 I'O, wliu 
 10 <.'(»U\- 
 
 tlio year 
 Vluit, tlid 
 
 ir't VVhilt. 
 
 tlio fleet, 
 I lore do I 
 
 mand of what remameJ of the shattered fleet. The new com- 
 mander had resolved upon attacking Annapolis ; but, hearing 
 that an English squadron had sailed K>r America, he hastened to 
 abandon the enterprise. Near Cape Sable, he encountered a 
 severe storm whicli dispersed his vessels, and compelled him to 
 return to France. 
 
 18. The English profited by these disasters to make an aj;- ' 
 tempt on Boaubassin, eonnnanded by Do Ramezay ; but, on the 
 11th of February, 1747, they were defeated by a much inferior 
 force of Canadians and Indians. 
 
 19. The French were not discouraged by the ill success of their 
 first expedition ; they knew that Louisbourg was the key to 
 Acadia, and therefuro, thoy resolved to make another vigorous 
 effort to retake it. A finot, consisting of 30 transports and (5 
 ships of the line, Avas equipped and placed under the command 
 of De la Jonquiere. It met the English fleet, consisting of 17 
 sliijt^ of the line, off' the coast of Galicia (Spain). De la Jon- 
 qiuiere iought bravely ; but was compelled, owing to the great 
 do?parity of forces, to strike his colors. 
 
 20. IlJe la OaBlsisoiBnB^i'e During the captivity of 
 
 De hi Jonquiere, the administration was entrusted to Count de 
 la Galissonniere. The same vessel that brought the Count, on 
 the lOtb of September, 1747, sailed with the Marquis de Beau- 
 harnais, on the 4th of the following October. 
 
 21. As soon as De la Galissonniere had taken into hands the 
 reins of government, he diligently applied himself to procure ex- 
 act information about the country. Like a clever, skilful, and 
 enterprising man, he studied the nature of the soil, its produc- 
 tions, the clnnate, population, trade, and resources. He reor- 
 ganized the militia and raised it to 12000 men. Ho also fixed 
 upon the Alleghanies as the boundary of Canada. 
 
 22. The most important event of 1748, was the treaty of Aix- 
 la-Chapclle, by which France recovered the places she had lost 
 during the war, — Louisbourg, Cape Breton, etc. 
 
 18. What did the English do after the disaster which happened to the 
 French tleet ?— 19. Were the French discouraged by the failure of their 
 first expedition against Louisbourg? Who cotnma'uded the new fleet 1 
 What result was aciiieved by this expedition ?— 20. By whom was the 
 adminisuation attended to during the captivity of De la Jontjui^re 1—21. 
 What did Ue la Galissonniere do on assuming the reiua of goverumeut /— 
 22. Wliat was the moat important event of the year 1748 ? ; , 
 
^r^ 
 
 ,r]i -| 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 76 
 
 r 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 [1752 
 
 From the Treaty of Aix-la-ChapeUc, 1743, to the Administration 
 
 of De Vaudreuil 1755. 
 
 1. The Marquis de la Jonquiore, Governor, — 2. Complaints against the 
 colonial government.— 2. Death of the Marquia de la Jouquidre.— 
 3. .4. The Marquia Duqueane de Menneville, Governor. — 5. .7, 
 Washington commissioned to dislodge the French from Oliio. — 8. 
 Death of De Jumonville. — 9. De Villiera avenges his brother. — 10. 
 
 ;, Capture of the yi/cjtZe and the Lys. — 11. Plans for the reduction of 
 Canada. — 12^.15. Expedition of Monckton, Braddock, Johnson, and 
 Shirley. 
 
 1. Dc la Jonqill^rc— Shortly after the treaty of Aix- 
 la-Chapclle, Canada was governed by Do la Jonqiiiorc, who, 
 having been restored to liberty, took possession of liis govern- 
 ment i/a the 2nd of September, 1749. 
 
 2. It was not long before there arose complaints against the 
 new administration. Hitherto the Canadians had no grounds of 
 suspecting tlie probity of their Governors ; but it appears that, 
 about this time, public men were not proof against peculation. 
 The Court, being informed of the state of aflairs, severely re- 
 proached the ^larquis, who was so nettled that ho insisted upon 
 his recall ; but, before this could be effected, ho died at Quebec, 
 May 17th, 1752, aged 67 years. Charles Le Moyne, second 
 Baron of Longueuil, directed the administration until the arrival 
 of the new Governor. 
 
 3. Ouqucsiie de Menneville^ — De la Jonquiere was 
 succeeded by the Marquis Duquesne de Menneville with the title 
 of Governor- General of Canada, Louisiana, Capo Breton, and 
 the Island of St. John, together with their dependencies. Ho 
 arrived at Quebec two months after the demise of his predecessor. 
 
 4. The new Governor, foreseeing that peace could not bo of 
 long duration, sought to prepare for coming contingencies, by 
 enforcing a more rigid discipline among the troops and militia. 
 
 5., About this time, tho English claimed the valley of the Ohio 
 as forming an integral part of Virginia. Ready to support their 
 claims by an appeal to tho sword, they sent out a young officer 
 
 J . By Avhom was Canada governed after the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ? 
 — 2. What complaints were lodged agaiustthe new Governor-General ? 
 Who succeeded him ad interim f — 3. By whom was De la Joaquidre 
 succeeded ?— 4. To what did the new Governor devote his attention ? — 
 5. What did the English claim aboutthis time ? Who was George Wash- 
 ington and what commission did ho receive ? 
 
^754] 
 
 DUQUESNE DE -MENNEVILLE 
 
 ■0^ 
 
 to demand the evacuation of the territory in question. This 
 young man was George Washington, a major in the Virginian 
 militia, then in his twenty-first year. lie had already rendered 
 himself remarkable by the ardor of his patriotism and the firm- 
 ness of his character. 
 
 0. In the meantime, the French were building a fort at the 
 confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, and called 
 it, in honor of their Governor, Fort Duquesno. It stood near 
 the site of the city of Pittsburg. 
 
 7. I'eceiviug a punctilious but evasive-answer from the French 
 commandant, the Governor of Virginia raised a regiment, and 
 appointed Washington Lieutenant-Colonel. Washington started 
 in the month of April, 1754, with two companies to-occupy the 
 disputed territory. 
 
 6. Informed of his approach, DoContrecoBur, the commander 
 of Fort Duquesno, despatched Do Jumonville to request him to 
 retire. The French envoy was escorted by 34 men, nearly all 
 Canadians. Early on the morning of the 28th of May, this little 
 detachment was surrounded by the English troops, which imme- 
 diately opened fire, though the former carried a flag of truce. 
 De Jumonville and nine of his party fell, the rest were taken 
 prisoners, with the exception of one who effected his - escape, 
 and brought the sorrowful news to the fort. 
 
 This deplorable affair excited great indignation in French 
 quarters ; but it is however just to say, that Washington's 
 noble character does not appear compromised. Being still 
 young, and having some uneasiness about Fort Necessity, it is 
 likely that Waslungton had not sufficient resolution to hold 
 back his undisciplined troops. 
 
 9. At the news of Do Jumonville's death, De Villiers, his 
 t)rother, was despatched with 600 Canadians and 100 Indians, 
 to avenge the outrage and repel the enemy. Fort Necessity, 
 ■which had been previously thrown up, though defended by 500 
 men and nine guns, capitulated after a resistance of ten hours. 
 The loss of the besieged was 90 in killed and wounded ; that 
 of the besiegers, 2 killed and 70 wounded. 
 
 10. In the spring of 1754, an English and a French squadron 
 arrived almost at the same time off the hanks of Newfoundland. 
 Two French vessels, the Aldde and the Lys which, in a fog, 
 had separated from the rest of the fleet, yielded to a superior force 
 
 6. What did the French do in the meantime ? — 7. What sort of answer 
 did the Governor of Virginia receive, and what did he do in consequence 7 
 —8. What did De ContrecoBur do, informed of his approach ? — 9. What did 
 he do at the news of De Jnmonville's death 7 — 10. What did the French and 
 Ent^lish governments do in the spring of 1754? What was the fate of the 
 Awide and the Lytf 
 
T 
 
 78 
 
 iiTSTonv or can ad a. 
 
 [1755 
 
 
 1 5? S < 
 
 ; ^i' 
 
 after a spirited resistanco. Count Rostaing was killed on board 
 tlio Alcide. Kii^aud do Vaudrenil, several olficers, and oiglit 
 coin])anic3 of roifrnlar troops, were taken prisoners. 
 
 11. General liraddoek arrived in Viri^inia in February, 1755. 
 lie at onco assembled all tlic colonial governors to draw up the 
 plan of tho ensuing campaign. Tlio assembly concerted four 
 expeditions : the first, under General Braddock, against Fort 
 Durpiesno ; tlio second, under Shirley, against Niagara ', tbo 
 third, under Jidmson, against Fort St. Frederic ; and the fourth, 
 under Monckton, to rednce Acadia. 
 
 12. Monckton, with oOOO men, made himself master of Acadia. 
 Ilis conduct during this campaign was such as to leave an indel- 
 ible stain on his memory, llaving decoyed many of the inhab- 
 itants to Grand Pre, lie declared them prisoners, embarked them 
 pell-mell on his vessels and dispersed them throughout the Brit- 
 ish colonies, from IVIassachusetts to South Carolina, thas casting 
 them on a foreign land without l)r(>ad nor protection. By this 
 unworthy treatment, the English wished as it were to punish 
 the Acadians both for their attachment to France, their mother- 
 country, and for their inviolable iidelity to the Catholic religion. 
 
 13. Braddock loft Virginia at the head of 2200 troops tore- 
 take Fort Nec^'ssity. Having rather incautiously entered a ra- 
 vine, he was surprised and defeated after a desperate struggle, 
 by De ^"^eaujeu who had under his orders 14G Canadian militia, 
 72 marine soldiers, and G50 Indians. In the heat of the en- 
 gagement, Braddock was mortally wounded. More than 1300 
 of his men, among whom were several distinguished officers, 
 remained on the field or were drowned in the Monongahela. Do 
 Beaujeu was killed in the beginning of the action ; the command 
 then devolved upon IMr. Dumas, who displayed great vigor and 
 activity. The shattered remains of Braddock's army safely 
 eflected their retreat under the command of Colonel Washing- 
 ton, who evinced, on this trying occasion, the high military 
 talents which marked his subsequent career. Braddock's artil- 
 lery, stores, and baggage, as well as his plans and instructions, 
 fell into the hands of the French, who lost in tliis action 40 
 men only, including their Commander De Beaujeu. 
 
 14. At the news of Johnson's advance Avith 5000 men, Die- 
 skau, who was at Fort St. Frederic with 3000 men, marched out 
 with half the garrison to meet him. lie soon met and routed a 
 detachment of 800 British ; and, following up this advantage, 
 
 11. WImt plan was adopted on tho nvrival of General IJraddock in Vir- 
 ginia ? — 1:2. Describe tho progress of Gen. Monckton in Acadia. Wiiaf, ia 
 eaid of his conduct during this campaign ? —13. What, did Gen. Brad- 
 dock do ? — 14. What was the issue of Johnson's campaign ? r,^ ^^m^_ 
 
 <** 
 
[1755 
 
 1756] 
 
 DE VAUDREUIL. 
 
 1755. 
 
 ho pursued the fugitives who hastily fell back on their rudely 
 intrenched camp near Lake George, Dieskau was hero defeated 
 with a loss of 800 men, being himself in the number of the 
 wounded prisonera. 
 
 15. General Shirley, having been detained at Chouaguen 
 (Oswego) until the season was far advanced, postponed his at- 
 tack on Fort Niagara to the following year. 
 
 / - CHAPTER VIII. • • 
 
 ruggle, 
 
 From the-Administration of Be Vaudreuil, 17oOftat7i6~Capitit- 
 
 lation of Montreal, 1760. 
 
 1. The Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagtiac, Govcnior.—O. Capture of Fort 
 Bull. — 3. Arrival of tho Blarquia do Montcalm, Cliovalier de Levis, 
 De Bougainville..aiid Do Bourlamaque.— l . .5. Capture of Forts Onta- 
 rio, Oswege, and William-IIenry.—G. Military strength of.the colony 
 in 1758. — 7. Louisbourgand Fort Fronteuac capitulate ; evacuation of 
 FortDuquesne.— 8. Battleof Carillon.— 9.. 10. Planof the campaign 
 , . of 1759.— Wolfe before Quebec— 11. Strength of the French army. 
 12. .13. Battle of Montmorency. — 14. Demolition of Forts St. Fred- 
 eric and Carillon.— 15. Wolfe ascends the Heights of Abraham. — 
 .': 17. Battle ofthe Plains of Abraham.— 16.. 17. Heroic dealh of Wolfe 
 . • and Montcalm. — IS. De Levis takes command of tho araiy. — 18. Ca- 
 ) pitulatiou of Quebec— 20.. 21. Battle of Stc. Foyc.— 22. De Levis 
 • invests Quebec— 21. Tho Engli«h at Montreal.— 25. Capitulation of 
 •. this city. — 26. Chief articles of capitulation. 
 
 1. De Vaiidrciiil-Cavasiiac — ThoM:irquisDiiqucsno 
 was succeeded as Governor-General of Canada by tho Marquis 
 de Vaudreuil do Cavagnae, the Governor of Louisiana. Tho 
 letters ofthe latter, dated January 1st, 1755, were registered at 
 Quebec, on tho 13th of tho following July. 
 
 The Canadians were highly gratified by this nomination, for, 
 De Vaudreuil was a nativo of this province, and had spent hero 
 the greater part of his youth. 
 
 2. In ^larch, 17oG, De Lory was sent with a small forco 
 against Fort Bull, which surrendered after a resistance of an 
 hour and a half. In tho meantime, tho Governor fortilied Fort 
 Carillon, in order the better to protect tho approaches to Fort 
 St. Frederic. 
 
 15. What did Gen. Shirley do ? 
 
 1. Who was the successor ofthe Marquis Duquesne ?— 2. What did De 
 Vaudreuil do in March, 1756 1 .; , ,- • 5^ . /■ •. » /.' 1 ^ :• v' 
 
80 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [1758 
 
 
 3. In tlio spring of 175C, tho ^larquis do Montcalm arrived 
 from Franco as commander- in-cbiof of tho forces. Ho was ac- 
 companied by Chevalier do Levis, afterwards Duko of Levis 
 and Marshal of Franco, Do Jiongainvillo, and Do Bourlamaquo. 
 Ho brought with him two battalions of tho regiments of tho 
 Sarro and Koyal-ltoussillon. 
 
 4. On August 15th, 1750, ]Montcalm took Forts Ontario and 
 Oswego with IGOO prisoners, 1I.'J guns, 5 men-of-war, and a 
 largo quantity of annnunition. Tho English lost 150 men in 
 killed and wounded, and tho French, iM). 
 
 Weakened by famine and maladministraticni, Canada could 
 not long hold out against tlic supplies t>f men and money sent 
 over to New England. In 3757, Canada received in reintbrco- 
 ment 1500 men only, whilst the American colonies received 
 10000 from England. . 
 
 5. In tho same year, 1757, Montcalm took Fort William- 
 Ilcnry, near Lake Ucorge. I'ho garrison defended themselves 
 bravely during six days, at the end of which time, losing all 
 hope of succor and seeing their ammunition lailing, they sur- 
 rendered. Unable to provide for his 2300 prisoner.?, Montcalm 
 dismissed them, on condition that they would not take up arms 
 against tho French before the end of eighteen months. 
 
 This victory was mifortunately tarnished by tho cruelties per- 
 petrated by tho Indian allies of tho French, who plundered and 
 killed great numbers of tho prisoners. Tho inconsiderate hasto 
 of tho latter in setting out before tho arrival of tho escort des- 
 tined to protect them, must bo reckoned among tho immediate 
 causes of tho massacre. Nor must wo overlook tho insatiable 
 ferocity of the Indians, their independent spirit, and their intense 
 hatred of tho English. Besides this, their passions were stimu- 
 lated by the intoxicating drinks which tho English had tho im- 
 prudence to give them, notwithstanding the remonstrances of 
 tho French oliicers. 
 
 0. In the spring of 1753, Montcalm had only 6000 troops to 
 oppose tho 40000 of General Abercromby, who could moreover 
 reckon on a reserve of 20000 militia. 
 
 7. The French lost this same year Louisbourg, Cape Breton, 
 Prince-Edward Island, Forts Froutcnao and Duquesno. 
 
 Tho gari'isou of Louisbourg, consisting of G500 men, held out 
 for two months against a beleaguering force of 12000 soldiers 
 
 » ■ I !■ II ■ . ■ .I.I »^. -—— — — ,.- ,. .. I I ■ ■ I II.. .. » ■ ,1 _. .. _ I. - - .— 
 
 2. What succor did tlio colony receive from France, in 175G ?— 4. Re- 
 late tlio euccesa of Montcalm in August, 17oG. — 5. Wliat pl.icea did 
 Montcalm take in 1757 ? — 6. Wliiit force had Montcalm to oppose tlio 
 Anglish, ill ITOSf— 7, What places did the French lose in 17oS } How 
 did the garrison of Louisbourg defend the place ? ^V"'ho took Forfc Fron- 
 teuac and what did tho French do with Fort Duq^uesne ? 
 
1750] 
 
 DE VAUrrRKUTL — MONTCAXlf. 
 
 %i 
 
 and inariiics, luvJcr Gen. Airiliorst-riU!] Admiral Boscrtwcn ; and 
 it was only on t]io ove of the day fixed for the assault, that Do 
 Drucouit detcnnincd to Kurrendcr, 
 
 I'ort rrontenaf , defended by 70 men only, was taken, after a 
 resistance of two days, by Col. r>radstroet with a foico f)f 3000 
 men. Do Ligneris, who was at J'^)rt Dnqnesne, sceiug himself 
 threatened by Gon. Torbes and CVd. Washington with a force of 
 COpO men, set fire to the phico and withdrew to Fort Machault. 
 
 0. Tliis series oi' reverses was however interrupted by tho 
 brilhant victory cf Carillon. Tho English, under General Abcr- 
 cromby, lunnbered IGOOO men, — 7000 regular troops and DOOO 
 provincials. Slontcalm defended tho place with 3G00. Tho 
 iJritish marched against tho iiitrenchments with all tho conli- 
 donco that superior numbers could inspire. Tiio French guns 
 thundered from tho parapets ; yet, notwithstanding tho galling 
 fire, tho British long maintained (heir ground, but were finally 
 obhgcd to retreat. They lost 5000 men ; and tlio French, 377, 
 iiickiding 37 officers. Tho Canadians, divided into fou'- detach- 
 ments won great credit to themselves on this memorable day. 
 
 Such was the glorious battle of Carillon, where 3G00 men stood 
 victoriously against IGOOO bravo soldiers. This momentary 
 check, far from dispiriting tho British, made them more ardent 
 an(,l earnest in their design of reducing tho whole country. 
 
 9. The campaign of 1759 is tho most remarkable in tho mil- 
 itary annals of Canada. Great Britain had long set a covetous 
 eye on tho country, yet it was only after more than half a cent- 
 ury of warfare, that she finally got possession of it. Three 
 army corps were organized to carry on operations simultaneously 
 at three dill'ercnt points. WoUb was to sail from Louisbourg 
 for Quebec, witli 20 sliips of tho line, 13 frigates, and 18 other 
 vessels, carrying 18000 marines and 10000 troops j Gen. Am- 
 herst, who replaced Abercromby, was to cross Lake Champlaiu 
 with 12000 men, descend tho St. Lawrence and unite with Wolfo ; 
 \yhilst Gen. X-*rideaux, witli an army of provincials and Indians, 
 should marcli towards tho Lakes, and cut off all commuuicatiuu 
 with Louisiana. 
 
 10. To oppose 40000 British -troops and 20000 reserves, tho 
 French had only 5G00 regular troops, their militia, and a- few 
 bands of Indians. According to tho census of that year, the 
 colony could furnish no more lliau 15229 militiamen, from IGto 
 60 years of ago. 
 
 8. Uv wliat was ibis series of reverses interrupted ? Describe the 
 battle of Carillon.— 9. What plan Avas adopted by tlie Englisii^.iu i759-? 
 10. Whatforco had Canada ta«ppofie4ho Engllah ? 
 
w 
 
 ll.l 
 
 fi'r ' 
 
 11 
 
 Mi 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 IltSTORY OP-CANAIX\. 
 
 [1759 
 
 11. Tho En^lisli licet appeared before Quebec on tbo 27th of 
 June, 1759. Tlio Froacli aruiy was intrenched, on tho heiglits of 
 IJeauport, from tho 8t. Claries to Montmorency Falls; it consisted 
 of 120U() men : 3500 regular troops, and tho rest, miliameu and 
 Indians. Tho town was garrisoned by G50 men drawn <3ut of 
 its} inhabitants. 
 
 12. AVolfo disembiirked on tho upper extremity of Orleans 
 Island. lie sent a detachment to bombard tho city from tiio 
 heights of l\)int Levis, whilst other small parties wore <lctaclicd 
 to pcour tho country. 
 
 jl3. As Wolfo saw that his attempts to draw tho French out 
 of their intrcnchments were iueflfectual, and that Amherst was 
 long delaying, ho resolved to begin tho attack. Tho main body 
 of his army now occupied the heights of Angc-Oardien, where 
 batteries were erected. ()n tho 31st of July, ho attacked with 
 8000 men ]\Iontcalm's left wing, posted at tho Falls. The rapid 
 volleys of tho French greatly told on tlio English ranks, which 
 wero soon thrown into such disoidor, that all tho eflforts of their 
 generals failed to rally them. Wolfe lost 000 men in this action. 
 
 14. In tho meantime, Amherst v/8s steadily advancing. IIo 
 compelled Bourlamaque to blow up Forts Carillon and St. Fred- 
 eric, and to intrench himself on Isle-aux-Noix. All the fortified 
 positions on tho great lakes wero successfully abandoned, the 
 garrison falling buck on Fort Niagara, which was finally obliged 
 to capitulate. 
 
 J5. As the season was now rapidly advancing, Wolfe resolved 
 to hasten the decisive blow. For this purpose, ho sailed up tho 
 river to Capo Rouge, and, on the night of tho 12th of September, 
 outwitting the vigilance of tho sentries, ho dexterously lauded his 
 troops at Wolfe's Cove, climbed the shelving steep, and, on 
 ttio morning of tho 13th, had his army in order of battle on tho 
 Plains of Abraham. 
 
 It is said that Wolfe received apian of tho weakest part of 
 tho fortifications from Daniel Stobo, a prisoner taken at Fort 
 Necessity, who liad been allowed to circulate freely in the town. 
 
 IG. At the news of this unexpected movement, Montcalm 
 hastened from Bcauport with 4500 men ; and, impelled by a 
 
 11. When did tho British fleet appear before Quebec 1 Where w.tstho 
 French army intrenclieil and what forco waa lel't to garrison the town 1 
 —12. Wlicru did Wolfe land his troops i What did ho do during the bom- 
 bardment oftlio town ? — 13. What did Wolfo do seeing that his nttcmpta 
 to draw the French out of their iutrenchments were ineffectual ? Describe 
 the battle of Jlontmorency.— 14. What was taking place in the mean- 
 time on the lakes ?— 15, What resolution did Wolfo take seeing that the 
 season was rapidly advancing? Where did he land 1—16. What did 
 Montcalm do when apprised of Wolfe^a movement? 
 
 nM 
 
mo] 
 
 DB VAUDBEUIL— MONTCALM. 
 
 fatal impetuosity, moved on to the attack contrary to the advice 
 ffivon him. The British, 8000 stron/r, remained masters of tlio 
 field. In the heat of tho action, both generals were mortally 
 wounded. Wolfo expired heforo tho end of tlio hatth>, and Mont- 
 calm, on tho morning following, with all tho sentiments of a 
 Christian hero. 
 
 Tho French lost, in this decisive engagement, about 1000 
 men including S.IO prisoners ; tho English. 700 men, among 
 whom were several of their chief officers. 
 
 17. After tho battle of tho llaius of Abraham, tho defeated 
 army passed through tho town, crossed tlio St. Charles, and re- 
 entered their camp at Beauport. Do Vaudreuil assemblod a 
 council of war, in which it was decided to remove to tho Kiver 
 Jacques Cartier. A courier was despatched to Do Rame2ay, 
 wlio still heM tho city, to tell him that tho French army was 
 marching to his succor. 
 
 18. "^'' 'u Do Levis lieard of tho issue of tho battle, ho 
 started a. onco for Jacques Cartier, and there took cominaud of 
 tlio army, on September 17tli. Ilo roprcseuted to tho Govern- 
 or that cither tho city should bo l)urneil, or, by a prompt vic- 
 tory, saved from falling into the hands of the enemy. lie c(.un- 
 termanded tho retreat to Three liivcrs ; and, just as his van 
 bad crossed tho St. Charles, he received tho sad intelligence of 
 tiio euiTcnder of Quebec. 
 
 Do Kamezay had capitulated the previous evening, though 
 assured of speedy relief, and even before tho English had put 
 a battery in position. Greatly depressed by the course of events, 
 ho had hoisted tho white Hag — much to the astonishment of tho 
 enemy. Only ono officer opposed this measure in the council 
 of war. Tho brave Do Levis could not restrain his indignation 
 at this precipitancy, which defeated all his projects. Tho main 
 body of the army withdrew to Jacques Cartier, where a fort was 
 thrown up and well garrisoned ; the rest of the troops marched 
 to Montreal, to devise means for wiping out the shame of tho 
 late events. 
 
 Among tho articles of capitulation, it was stipulated that tho 
 garrison should march out with tho honors of war, and bo em- 
 barked for Franco as conveniently as possible ; that the inhab- 
 itants should not bo dispersed as had been the Acadians ; that 
 they should retain their property, and enjoy the free exercise of 
 their religion. 
 
 17. Describo tho retreat of the defeated army. Wliat did Do Van- 
 drenil do iti this critical (onjiuictiiro ? — 18. Wliatdid do Levis do Avhen he 
 lieard of tho result of the battle of tho Plains? What did he represent to 
 the Governor ? What news was brought him as his van was crossing 
 the St. Churlea? * > 
 
*!Tv 
 
 ■ ■ ■^ 11 
 
 
 In 
 IB 
 
 
 P^l 
 
 ir'' 
 
 3M 
 It' ^B 
 
 |i||| 
 
 'I 
 
 m 
 
 i I 
 
 II 
 
 51 S! 
 
 84 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [1760 
 
 19. Tho English aririy, 9000 strong, wintered at Quebec un- 
 der Gen. Murray, who was appointed Governor. 
 
 20. In tho spring of 17C0, Do Vaudreuil collected GOOO troops 
 — the remains of his shattered army — and gavo tho command to 
 Do Levis, whose gallant spirit led him to make a vigorous cflbrt 
 to retake Quebec. 
 
 ; • 21. At Sto. Foye, near the Plains of Abraham, Do Levis was 
 met by IMurray with an equal force, April 27th, 17 GO. Tho 
 battle was contested, botli parties displaying equal valor ; 
 the advantage, however, remaiuod to Do Levis who lost 800 
 men, whilst jNIurray's loss amounted to 1500. 
 
 22. Flushed by this success, tho victorious army advanced 
 imder the very walls of the city, and erected batteries with the 
 design of beginning a regular siege. These opened fire on the 
 lOtli of May, and for five days, bombarded the town witliout 
 any result. On the 15th of ]May, Ds Levis, hearing of the 
 approach of tw^o English vessels, and despairing of receiving 
 any succor, raised the siege and withdnnv to jMontreal. 
 
 23. After the fall of Quebec, Do Vaudreuil had established 
 his head-quarters at JMontreal, which ho now fortified and de- 
 fended witli his collected forces. 
 
 24. On the 8th of September, Montreal was invested by three 
 Bi'itish corps, forming an efiective force of 20000 men with 
 several park.s of artillery. 
 
 25. To meet this overwhelming force. Do Vaudreuil had no 
 more than 3500 men. In consequence of this great disparity, 
 he held a council of war in which it was decided, that tho safest 
 policy was to secure fiivorablo terms by an immediate capituhi- 
 tion. Gen. Amherst granted all, Avith the exception of tho 
 honors of war claimed for tho garrison. 
 
 Do Levis, indignant at this refusal, was determined to f?oek a 
 glorious death on t]io battle-field, ratlier than submit to sucli a 
 humiliation ; but, on a formal (Mxler from th(3 Governor, ho liiid 
 down his arms after burning his colors, and protesting in his 
 own name and in tliat of his army. 
 
 20. Lithe capitukition of Montreal, it Avas stipulated : 1. That 
 the Canadians should bo aUoAA'cd tho free exercise of their 
 
 li). Whiit was the strengtli of tho En.^lish army left iii Quebec, and who 
 was appointed Governor of tlio ])lace ^ — 'JO. What did l>o Vaudreuil do 
 ill tho enring of 17lJ'J ? — 21. Wliat victory did Do Lovia gain near 
 Quebec 'MViiat is eaid oi that battle i'—^i. Wiiat did t!io French army 
 do after the battle of Ste. Foye ?— '03. "Wlicro did Do Vaudreuil establish 
 hia head-quarters after the capitulatiou of Q!iel)cc ?— iil. ^Vhat was the 
 strength of she English nnny iiivesl nig Jlont real?— 2.3. Wliat forccHiad 
 Do Vaudreuil? WJiat decision did ho take in consequence? — 2G. What 
 were the chief articles of the capitulation of Montreal ( 
 
 
1760] 
 
 DE VAUDEEUIL. 
 
 85 
 
 religion, should be governed by their own laws, and not be dis- 
 possessed of their property. 2. That all places occupied by the 
 French should be evacuated without delay, and given over to 
 the troops of His Britannic Majesty. 3. That the French troops, 
 after pledging themselves not to servo again in the war, should 
 be conveyed to France. 4. That the Governor, the Intendant, 
 and government officers, should likewise be sent to France at 
 the expense of the British Government. 
 
 27. Franco thus lost, after a century and a half of possession, 
 a country as vast as the continent of Europe j and that, by the 
 neglect of the metropolis to send timely succor. 
 
 In tho late struggle, the colonists had to contend against a 
 force quadruple their own ; and well may we bo astonished, that 
 they held out so long. The Marquis De Vaudreuil, in a letter 
 to the minister of Louis XV., gives out tho solution of tho case 
 in these remarkable words ; With this vast and beautiful 
 country, France loses about 70000 souls of the rarest kind, as 
 no other people have ever been more brave, docile, and firmly 
 attached to their sovereign. Tho vexatious they have undergone 
 for several years past, especially, during tho five years preceding 
 the capitulation of Quebec, without murmuring, nor attempting 
 to lay their just complaints before the King, prove forcibly their 
 noble conduct and admirable docility. " 
 
 27. How Jong had the colony been estabished, mid what ia said of its 
 extent 1 
 
 . v- !■.'.. 
 
 ' . I 
 
 .-T'\ *■. . -^ 
 
' 
 
 ifW 
 
 1»ART SECOND. 
 
 ENGLISH RULE. 
 
 •t'VJ««;»W^ 
 
 •'^fj .'■ 
 
 ..^J- 
 
 FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 ..•■:;:■. fit--'-. 
 
 lUl J 
 
 . j»i-i: 
 
 FBOM THIK3APITULATI0N OP MONTREAL^^76(V-TOTHE 
 \;^ ii ; ; .- CONSTITUTIONAL ACT, ]791. '^ - : 
 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 •■<!■+■ 
 
 From the Capitulationrof Montreal, 1760^40 the-Quehec Act, 1774. 
 
 1 ..2. The-country under military government.— 3. .5. State of the coun. 
 Iry. — 6. Census. — 7. The laws are modified. — 8.- Murray fon a 
 Conncil. — 9. Difficulties of his position. — 10. .11. He isrecalk.. - 
 12. Bishop Briand. — 13. Carletou, Governor. — 15. Menacing attitude 
 of the British colonies. 
 
 r^i. •' 
 
 iJ 
 
 ' 
 
 12? 
 i'" 
 
 ' 
 
 1. Gen. Hurray. — Havingacquiredjtossession of Canada 
 by force of arms, the British established a military government 
 which lasted until 1764. Gen. Murray, Gen. Gage, and Col. 
 Burton were appointed Governors of Quebec, Montreal and 
 Three Rivers. Gen. Amlierst, the Governor-General, remained 
 at New York. 
 
 2. The Canadians considered this military government a vio- 
 lation of the articles of capitulation, which guaranteed them the 
 rights of British subjects, in virtue of which, they could not bo 
 removed from the ordinary judges without their own consent. 
 
 3. After the cessation of hostilities, a profound peace reigned 
 throughout the counliy. The inhabitants, ruined and decimated, 
 now turned their attention to the reparation of their losses and 
 to agricultural pursuits. 
 
 4. At the time of the English conquest, the population of 
 Canada was 75000 French inhabitants and 8000 Indians, nearly 
 all Catholics. • 
 
 ]. What lorm of government did tlio English establish in Canada?— 
 2. How did the C.uiadians consider tills military governinont? — ^. W^'at 
 was the aspect of the country after the cessation of hoslilities? — 1. What 
 was the population of Canada when it passed under English rule? , 
 
1703] 
 
 MtTRRAr. 
 
 b. Tlio cession of Canada -was confinned on the 10th of Feb- 
 ruary, 1703, by the Treaty of Paris. This event turned the tide 
 of emigration ; for upwards of 1200 persons of distinction cither 
 returned to France^ or sailed for San Dorningo, after having either 
 sold or abandoned tlieir property. But the clergy generously 
 remained in the midst of their Hocks, to console, encourage; and 
 maintain them in the Catholic Faith. By their firmness and 
 prudence, they have always been the champions of the rights 
 and liberties of the people, thus greatly contributing to preserve 
 and consolidate the Franco-Canadian nation. 
 
 0. After the Treaty of Paris. Great Britain proceeded to reor- 
 ganize the colonial governments. Labrador, Anticosti, and the 
 Magdalen Islands, were annexed to Newfoundland ; Prince-Ed- 
 ward Island and Cape Breton, to Nova Scotia ; and the territories 
 bordering on the great lakes, to the neighboring colonies. New 
 lirunswick, shortly afterwards, received a separate, government. 
 What remained of Canada was called the Province of Quebec. 
 
 7. This partition of the country was followed by the imposi- 
 tion of new laws. By proclamations of the 7th of October, and 
 the 17th of December, J 703, George III. abohshed of his own 
 authority, and v/ithout the sanction of Parliament, all French 
 laws, substituting in their place those of Great Britain. 
 
 8. Gen. Murray was now appointed Governor- General of 
 Canada. Pursuant to instructions received from England, ho 
 formed a Council, invested, conjointly with himself, Avith execu- 
 tive, legislative, and judiciary powers. This Council consisted 
 of thirteen members, one only — an obscure and uniniluentiul 
 man — being a native of the country. 
 
 9. These unfair measures seemed to forebode no good to the 
 Canadians. Their discontent at first spoke in low murmurs, 
 but it soon broke forth in loud complaints from all classes. To 
 allay this imtation, INIurray alloAved the use of French laws in 
 cases relative to moveable property ; and, in compliance with 
 another part of his instructions, he convoked an Assembly of the 
 representatives of the people ; but, as these refused to take the 
 Test Oath, * no session was ever held. 
 
 * All persons hoklincr offloo were obliged to take tliis Oath, by -uiiicli they ab- 
 jured the doctrines ot'tninsubstanliation in the Sacrlflce of the Mass, and the invo- 
 cation of the Blessed Viigin and the Saints. It was abolished in 1828. 
 
 5. When was the conquest of Ctintidii confirmed ?— G, What did Great 
 Britain do after the Treaty of Pariti? What name wad given to the ro- 
 maiuiug portion of Canada 1—7. By, what waa this ])artiiion followed 1 
 8. Who was now appointed Governor-General of Canada? What did 
 Murray do pursuant to his iiiatructiona?— 9. How were these measures 
 considered hy the Canadians? What did Murray do in oi'dor to allay thia 
 irritation? .» . • 
 
Hi 
 
 lii r 
 
 ii^4'| 
 
 8d 
 
 ttisTORTf oi^<;anada. 
 
 [1706 
 
 10. As the -Governor defeated the hopes of the English mal- 
 contents, who aimed at monopolizing the administration, their 
 vexation rose to such a pitch that they accused the Governor of 
 favoring the Catholics, and ultimately succeeded in having him 
 recalled. 
 
 11. ISIurray's administration was troubled by the revolt of the 
 Western Indians under Pontiac, a distinguished Ottawa chief. 
 The British at first lost many of their fortified posts near the 
 great lakes ; but the Indians having been defeated at Bushy 
 Run near Pittsburg and at other places, sued for peace wliich 
 was accordingly granted them at Chouaguen, in 1766. 
 
 12. The year 1766 was rendered remarltablo by the an'ival of 
 the Right Rev. John Oliver Briand, the now Bishop of Quebec. 
 The primatial see of Canada had been left vacant from the death 
 of Bishop de Pontbriand, in 1760. 
 
 13. Gen. Carletoii. — Gen. Murray-was succeeded in the 
 government of Canada by Gen. Cr.rleton, in 1766. On his arri- 
 val in London, Gen. Alurray presented to the ministers the 
 census which he had taken in 1765, to show them the flagrant 
 injustice of excluding an overwhelming Catholic majority — J50 
 Catholics to 1 Protestant — from sharing in the government of 
 tlie country. The commissioners appointed to carry on the 
 investigation, acquitted the General. of all the charges brought 
 against him; but this acquittal, however, did not procure liia 
 reinstatement into office. 
 
 14. Shortly after Gen. Carleton's arrival. Great Britain adopted 
 a more just and liberal policy towards Canada. The royal man- 
 dates for the banishment of all who should refuse to take the 
 Test Oath were suspended. Their enforcement would ultimately 
 have led to the depopulation of the country. 
 
 15. The adoption of this conciliatory policy by Great Britain, 
 was principally due to the well-grounded fear with which the 
 menacing attitude of the other colonies inspired her, of losing all 
 her possessions in North America. The American colonies as- 
 sumed this attitude in consequence of the passing of the Stamp 
 Act, and the imposition of taxes on them, without their having 
 any parliamentary representation. 
 
 10. What did the malcontents do? — 11. By what was Murray's admiuifl' 
 tration troubled ? What was the result -of this revolt!— 12. What took 
 
 S lace hi the year 1766? — 13. By whom was Murray succeeded? What 
 id he do on his arrival in London?— 14. What policy did Great Britain 
 adopt shoflly affeix Caiieton's-arriwil?— 15, What was the cause of this 
 change? 
 
 'y.r 
 
1774] 
 
 CARLETON. . 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 From the-Quebec Act, 1774, to the Constitutional Act, 1791. 
 
 1.^4. The Quebec -Act.— 5. 'J'he Canadians reject the proposals of the 
 revolutionary party. — 6. Commencement of hostilities. — G..7. Cap- 
 ture of Forts (Jarillon, St. Frederic, Chambly, and St. John.— 8. 
 Montgomery advances on Montreal.— 8, Carleton abandons the 
 place.— 9.. 10. Surrenderof Montreal.— 11-. 12. Montgomery besieges 
 <Juebec. — 13. Retreat of the American army. — 14. General Burgoyne 
 15.. 16. Defeat of Gen. Thompson.— 17. Naval fight on Lake Cham- 
 i)lain.— 18. Burgoyne's expedition.— 19. Carleton's administration. 
 ^0..21. Ilaldimand's despotism.— 25. Treaty of 1783.— 28. Arrival 
 9f Lord Dorchester*- 30. Constitution of 1791.-31. Population of 
 Canada. - j 
 
 1. Quebec Act.-^At the news of the American rebellion, 
 the British Parliament passed a law, in 1774, entitled the Quebec 
 Act, for the reorganisation of the Provincial Government of 
 Quebec. This new law extended the frontiers of the Province,, 
 confirmed the rif^hts guaranteed to Catholics by the capitulation 
 pf Montreal, and exempted them from the Test Oath. It reintro- 
 duced the former civil laws and sanctioned the use of English law 
 in criminal courts ; finally, it established a Legislative Council to 
 bo composed of not less than 17, nor moro than 23 members, 
 cither Protestants or Catholics. 
 
 2* After the promulgation of this Act, the Protestants in 
 Canada demanded its repeal ; but their petition was refected by 
 Parliament. The neighboring English colonies testified their 
 dissatisfaction of the late proceedings of the British Parliament, 
 in a Congress held at Philadelx)hia, September 4th, 1774. 
 
 3. The Quebec Act, by conciliating the Canadians, greatly 
 contributed to strengthen their allegiance to the British Crown. 
 
 4. While the Congress of Pliiladelphia set forth the grievances 
 of the colonists, Gen. Carleton inaugurated the new Constitution 
 in the city of Quebec. lie wisely thought that the critical cir- 
 cumstances of^the times, required him to win and increase the 
 attachment of the Canadians by acts of favor and justice. Of 
 the 23 members of the Legislative Council, one-tliird were Cath- 
 olics. Besides this, several Canadians were appointed to oflElces 
 
 1. What law was passed in the British Parliament at the news of the 
 American rebellion ? — 2. What did the Protestants dp after the promulga- 
 tion of the Quebec Act? IIow did the other colonies testify their dissatis- 
 faction ?— 3. What eflTect did the Act produce on the Canadians 1 — 4. What 
 did Gen. Carleton do whilst the Congress of Philadelphia set forth the 
 grievances of the colonies 1^ 
 
 i 
 
90 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [J 775 
 
 
 of cmolmncnt. lutlccd, no time was to bo lost; the American 
 Congress liad already issiujd an address, soliciting the Canadians 
 to unite with the colonies, in the defense of their rights and 
 liberty. ' . ;.., ., , ■ * ;. r 
 
 5. The address of the American Congress caused considerable 
 seusatiou, cspeciully among the English fraction of the popula- 
 tion, who, liaviugnow lost all hopes ofswaylng the government, 
 were ready to join tlio revolutionary party. Carleton's situation 
 was becoming more and more critical ; but the gentry and clergy, 
 who were afraid of cxposiug their religion and nationality, in 
 becoming an integral part of the contemplated Republic, main- 
 tained the people in neutrality. 
 
 6. Failing to secure the cooperation of the Canadians, the 
 American Congress resolved to commence hostiliticsl In the 
 early part of May, 1775, Forts Carillon, St. Frederic, Chambly, 
 and St. John, were captured. General Washington now took 
 the command of the army. 
 
 7. After this first success, the Congress caused a second ad- 
 dress to bo circulated throughout Canada, without enlisting 
 more sympathizers than before. " - t • .»■' 
 
 8. After taking St. John, Ceneral Montgomery sent detach- 
 ments to occupy Sorel and Tlireo Ilivcrs, whilst he himself 
 marched on Montreal. Deeming it impossible to defend this 
 city, Carloton withdrew to Quebec. 
 
 9. Here the Governor found the inhabitants divided h\ their 
 sympathy. The moment was very trying ; for, had the Canadians 
 gone over to the insurgents, Canada, and most probably all 
 North America, would have been irretrievably lost to the British 
 Crown. 
 
 JO. While the Governor fled in disguise to Quebec, jMontreal 
 surrendered to Montgomery, who immediately directed his march 
 on Quebec. Early in December, he appeared witli about 1200 
 men before this stronghold, having been rejoined by General 
 Arnold, who came through the valleys of the Kennebec and 
 Chaudi5re rivers. 
 
 11. Daring the night of the 30th of December, the Americans 
 attempted to take the city by storm ; but they were so hotly ' 
 received, that they had to retire, after having lost their General ' 
 
 and several other officers. 
 
 -— >. 
 
 5. How was the address of the Amei'iciui Congrcsa receivo<l? — C. Wluit 
 did the American Congress do failing to secure the cooperation of t lie Can- 
 adians? — 7. What did Congress do after the first successes won by the 
 troops? — 5. What did Gen. Montgomery do after capturing Fort Sf.. .John l 
 —9. In wliat state did the Governor liud the city of Quebec 1 — 10. What - 
 took place at Montreal while the Governor lied* ia ditiguiso? — 11. What '^> 
 was attempted in the night of December 30th ? 
 
[J 775 
 
 lerican 
 adians 
 s and 
 
 orable 
 
 opula- 
 
 ineiit, 
 
 uatiou 
 
 in 
 maiu- 
 
 1777] 
 
 • AO' 
 
 CARLETON. 
 
 *{. 
 
 12. On the death of Montgomery, the command devolved 
 upon Gen. Arnold, who drew off his forces to a short distance,, 
 awaiting the arrival of the reinforcements which he had demand- 
 ed of Congress. Gen. Thomas' corps having arrived, the siege was 
 resumed in March, 1776, but the fire of the American batteries 
 took no effect. 
 
 13. The news of the approach of an English fleet, compelled 
 the American General to abandon the siege. Profiting by the 
 disorder attending the retreat, the Governor made a sortie, and 
 captured all the artillery, stores, and baggage of the enemy. 
 
 The siege of Quebec cost the Americaiis 42G prisoners, and 
 -100 in killed and wounded including six officers. 
 
 14. Wishing to quell the rebellion of her colonies. Great 
 Britain sent over 8000 veterans under the command of General 
 Burgoyne, who arrived at Quebec in May, 177G. The General's 
 plan was to effect a junction with Sir William Howe at New 
 York, in order to cut oft" the Southern from the Eastern States. 
 
 J5. On the 8tli of Juno, the American General Thompson, 
 who was in full march on Three Elvers, was met by Brigadier 
 Fraser. A bloody conflict ensued, in which Gen. Thompson 
 was taken prisoner, together with Colonel Irwin and 200 of his 
 men. The rest saved themselves by flight. 
 
 10. Gen, Burgoyne reached Sorel, and thence continued in 
 pursuit of the fugitives, who, having burned Forts Chambly and 
 St. John, fell back on St. Frederic and Carillon. 
 
 17. On the 1.3th of October, an engagement took place on 
 Lake Champlain, between the English and American fleets. 
 Four American ships escaped by flight, a fifth struck her colors, 
 the remaining eleven were stranded and burned by orders of 
 Gen. Arnold, who blew up Fort St. Frederic, and shut himself 
 up within Fort Carillon. 
 
 18. In the spring of 1777, General Burgoyne entered the State 
 of New York at the head of 9000 men. lie was successful in 
 some slight encounters near Lake Champlain, but he was signally 
 defeated at Bennington, and again, in the vicinity of Albany. He 
 thence retreated to the Saratoga heights, where he was soon hem- 
 med in by superior forces and compelled to surrender. This took 
 
 12. On whom (lid the commaud of the Americiiu army devolve after 
 the death of General iMontgomery ? What did the Americana do after re- 
 ceiving SI i-einforcement from Congress ? —13. Wliat did the Americans do 
 on iiearjng of the approach of an English fleet? — 11. What did Great 
 Britain do, wishing to qnell the rebellion i — 15. How was the attempt of 
 the Americana ou Three Rivera defeated ?— 16. Describe the ronte of 
 General Burgoyne.— 17. Describe the engagement on Lake Champlain. 
 — 18. Wliat dill Gen. Burgoyne do in the spring of 1777 1 Where did he 
 retreat to aud what was the result ? 
 
92 
 
 HISTORY OP CANAL .V 
 
 [1783 
 
 
 placo-on the 17th of October, 1777, — 5800 men laying down 
 their arms. In this inglorious manner, was terminated the ex- 
 pedition of Gen. Burgoyne, on which the British had founded 
 the most brilliant hopes. 
 
 19. Meanwhile, Grovernor Carleton convened the Legislative 
 Council, which had been prevented from assembling the pre- 
 
 ' ceding year. The more important measures of the session 
 related to the militia and judicial administration. The militia 
 regulations beiug of a tyrannical nature, excited great outbursts 
 of popular discontent. 
 
 20. Gen. Ilaldiinand.— :Mortified by the preference 
 shoAvn to Gen. Burgoyne, Carleton tendered his resignation to 
 the Government. Gen. llaldimand, a Swiss by birth, replaced 
 
 ' him in July, 1778. 
 
 k 21. Ilaldimand's instruments of government were despotism 
 
 and terror. Attributing to revolutionary motives, the com- 
 , plaints made against his arbitrary administration, he imprisoned 
 
 hundreds of citizens, without distinguishing between the inno- 
 ■- cent and the guilty. Such despotic rigor soon rendered him 
 
 very unpopular. 
 
 22. Aided by France, the American Congress successfully 
 carried on the AVar of Independence. 
 
 23. The campaign of 1778 was signalized by advantages won 
 by both parties ; but that of the following year was more in 
 favor of the Americans. •' \" ' 
 
 About this time, Ireland assumed a 
 
 threatening attitude. 
 
 Spain recognized the American belligerents, Avliilit France sent 
 to their assistance over GOOO troops under the command of Count 
 ; of Ilochambeau. 
 
 24. In 1781, the British were defeated at Cowpens, Guildford, 
 and Eutaw Springs. After this last battle. Lord Cgrnwallis 
 collected all his forces at Yorktown, having in view to make a 
 vigorous stand. Hero he was besieged by the army of Gen. 
 
 , Washington, and a French corps under the Marquis do Lafayette ; 
 he was finally obliged to surrender, October l{)th, 1781. This 
 victory virtually ended the war and assured the independence of 
 the United States. . ' ;; 
 
 25. While Canada was moaning under the despotic rule of 
 
 19. What did Governor Civrloton do in tho meautiine? What meiisure9 
 ^ were adopted by the Legishitive Council 1 — 20. What did General Car- 
 - leton do mortiiied by the preference shown to Gen. Burgoyne ? — ~l. How 
 {did Haldimand govern Canada ?—~2. By whom were the Americana 
 i abetted ? — 23. What was tlio result of the campaigns of 1778 and 171 9? 
 '. — 24. Where were the Britisli defeated in 1781 '/— 25. What did England 
 
 do while Canada was groaning under the despotic rule of Ilaldimaud and 
 
 his Council ? 
 
 
 
[1783 
 
 down 
 ho cx- 
 Duuded 
 
 1791] 
 
 LORD DORCHESTER. 
 
 the Governor and liis Council, England, by the Treaty of 1783, 
 despoiled the Province of some portions of its territory in favor 
 of the Americans. By this treaty, Great Britain recognized the 
 independence of her revolted colonies. 
 
 ^0. Tho population of the Province of Quebec, in 1784, was 
 about 113012. 
 
 27. Gen. Ilaldimand was succeeded in 1785, by Henry Ham- 
 ilton, who was superseded in the following year by Colonel 
 Hope. 
 
 It was during Hamilton's administration that the Habeas 
 Corpus Act * was introduced into tho country. 
 
 38. L-ord fi>oi*c.Biestci* — General Carleton was reap- 
 pointed Governor-General of all tho Provinces of Jkitish North 
 America. Ho had been raised to tho peerage under tho title of 
 Lord Dorchester. He arrived at Quebec on tho 21st of October, 
 178G. 
 
 29. Tho Franco-Canadian population now bestirred them- 
 selves to obtain from tho Imperial Parliament tho reform of their 
 political institutions. Lord Dorchester commissioned tho Legis- 
 lative Council to enquire into the judicial administration, tho 
 militia, trade, police, and education. 
 
 30. In 1791, tho Imperial Parliament took into consideration 
 the petitions of tho partisans for represcutatrre government. 
 Tho Act establishing that form of government, divided tho 
 country into two Provinces, Upper and Lower Canada, each 
 section to bo governed by a Legislative Council and a House of 
 Assembly. Tho Lower Canadian Legislative Council consisted 
 of 15 members nominated by tho Crown; and tho Legislative 
 Assembly, of 50 members elected by tho people. 
 
 Four governments had now succeeded one another suice 17G0 ; 
 viz : martial law, from 1760 to 17G4 ; military government, from 
 1704 to 1 774 ; civil and absolute government, from 1774 to 1791 ; 
 and finally, representative government, from the last date. 
 
 31. Tho population of Canada, in 1791, was about 135000 
 including 15000 Anglo-Canadians, of whom 10000 belonged to 
 Upper Canada. 
 
 * In virtue of this law, a prisoner has the right, in certain cases, to get his liberty 
 by giving bail. 
 
 26. What was the population of the Province in 1781?— 27. To whom 
 was tho administration entrusted after tlie recall of General Ilaldimand? 
 28. Who succeeded Colonel Hope?— 29. For what purpose did the Cana- 
 dian population now bestir thomselvea What did Lord Dorchester do ? 
 —30. What did tho Imperial Parliament do iu 1701 ?— 31. What was the 
 population of Canada, iu 1791. 
 
94 
 
 BISI'ORV 01* CAKADA. 
 
 SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 [1792 
 
 ^ROM THES- CONSTITUTIONAL ACT, 1791, TO-THB UNION OF 
 THE TWO PROVINCES, 1840. 
 
 if- 
 
 
 .1:1 
 
 ?S i 
 
 i 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 From4ht-ConstitutionalAct, 1791 to the ~ Arrival of Sir 
 :■ , ,, . ; George Prevost, 1811. 
 
 I. Inaugurationof the Constitution of 1691,— 2. Pivrliamentaiy debates 
 
 - — 2. The Educational question. — 3. .5. The Upper Canadian House. 
 
 — 7. .8. Return of Lord Dorchester; new Executive Council.— C. 10. 
 
 . Governor Prescott. — 11. First champions of the liberty of tlie Press. 
 
 — 12. Arrival of Governor Craig. — 13. l^Iinistorial responsibility.— 
 
 14. .16. Political persecution. — 17. Firmness of Bishop Plessis. 
 
 (i 
 
 1. Constitutional Act. — The new Constitution was 
 inaugurated on tlio 2otli of December, 1791. The elections in 
 Lower Canada took place in June, 1792. Out of 50 members 
 returned by the Canadians, they elected 16 English, showing, 
 by this act of confidence, their lively desire to see all sections of 
 the community cordially united together. 
 
 2. Notwithstanding this conciliatory act, all the English mem- 
 bers, at the beginning of the session of 1792, proposed the nom- 
 ination of a Speaker from their own ranks, and voted even tho 
 abolition of tho French language. In both these, however, they 
 failed, — Mr. Panet being elected Speaker, and the procoeding.'S 
 of tho House being published in both languages. A part of this 
 first session was devoted to the in portant question of cdiication. 
 
 3. Tho Upper Canadian Parliament assembled at Niagara, 
 September 17th, 1792. It was opened by Lieutenant-Crovcrnor 
 Simcoe. Tho Legislative Council consisted of seven members, 
 and the Legislative Assembly of sixteen. In its first session, 
 the Assembly adopted trial by jury, and the ai:)plication of English 
 law to all matters relating to property and civil law. 
 
 1. When was tho new Constitntiou inaugurated i When did tho elec- 
 tions take place's— 2. Wliat did tho Eiiglisii incmbors, at tl>o beginninjj 
 of tho session of 1792? How did thev succeed V To Avluit did tlio Uoucie 
 devote attention? — 3. Whore did the Upper Canadian Chambers iis- 
 semble ? Of how many membei's did they consist, and what matters did 
 they consider ? 
 
[1792 
 
 1805] 
 
 OEN. PRESCOTT. 
 
 95 
 
 ON OP 
 
 tr 
 
 4. In the session of 1793, the Upper Canadian Assembly 
 abolished slavery. 
 
 5. In 179G, the seat of government in Upper Canada, was 
 transferred by Governor Simcoo from Niagara to Toronto. 
 
 6. The Lower Canadian Legislative Assembly, in its sessions 
 of 1792 and 1795, imposed a duty on liquors and groceries, in 
 order to keep, as far as possible, on a par, the provincial reve- 
 nue and the public debt. The revenue varied from £7000 to 
 £8000, whilst the outlay amounted to £25000. 
 
 7. In 1793, Lord Dorchester took the reins of government 
 for the third time. Ho was provided with ample instructions, 
 whicli authorized him to form a new Executive Council of nine 
 members, two only being Canadians, and to fiivor the diffusion 
 and perpetuity of seminaries and religious institutions. 
 
 8. The session of 1795 settled the question relating to seign- 
 iorial revenues, specified the currency to bo adopted in the Prov- 
 ince, and the rate of exchange for sterling money. 
 
 9. Ocn. Pi'cseott. — Lord Dorchester was succeeded in 
 the summer of 179J by General Prescott, who opened the 
 second Provincial Parliament on the 24th of January, 1797. 
 Mr. Panet was ro-electcd Speaker. 
 
 During Gen. Pro3cott's administration, a treaty of amity, com- 
 merce, and navigation, Avas concluded witli the United States. 
 
 On the occasion of ]\Ir. Panet's re-election, several defections 
 were noticed in the Canadian ranks, Messrs. De Bonne and Do 
 Lanaudicrc, for instance, voted with the Englisli party. It is 
 just to say, however, that the people, iu the preceding ck^ctions, 
 endeavored to overrule the return of those members, who had 
 shown themselves disi)Osed to proscribe the use of the French 
 language. 
 
 ](). General Prescott was replaced iu July, 1709, by Robert 
 Shore Milncs as Lieutenant-Governor. It was during his ad- 
 ministration in 1800, that, despite the energetic remonstrances 
 of tho Assembly, the property of the Jesuits was confiscated to 
 the Crown, liobcrt Shore Milncs was succeeded by Thomas 
 Dunn, president of tho Executive Council. 
 
 11. In 1805, the Mercury was established at Quebec. Its 
 
 A. Whatdidtho UppcrCaiiadian Assembly abolish iu 1793? — 5 When 
 was tho Seat of Goveinment transferred from Niagara to Toronto ?— G. 
 What did the Lower Canadian Assembly do iu its sessions of I7'J:iandl~i).'3< 
 What was tho provincial levenuoV— 7. Who assumed th-^ reins of gov- 
 ernment in 1793?— 8. State the principal labors of the session of 1795 ? — 
 9. liy Avhom was Lord Dorchester eueceeded ? When was Parliamen t 
 opened 'J What was tho chiefcvent of General Prescott'ssidmiuistratiou? 
 —10. What was there noticed on tho occasion of Jlr. Panet's re-election? 
 — 11. What newspapers were founded at Quebec, in 1805 and 1806? 
 What took place iu Montreal in consequence of the euforcemeut of the 
 j"oad laws ? What was the fate of McLaue ? 
 
1-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 9G 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1810 
 
 
 chief lino of policy touclod to show that it w:i3 high timo for 
 Cauada to bo anclicizod. In tlio following year, tlio Canadians 
 bnmglit out tho Canadien, to defend tlieir languago and institu- 
 tions. Tlio publication of thi3 paper marks tlio era of tho liberty 
 of tho press in Cauada. 
 
 In tho district of Montreal, some dissatisfaction was rifo in 
 couscquonco of tho enforccnieut of certain clauses of tho road 
 laws. In tlio meantime, i\Ir. Adet, the French ambassador to 
 tho United States, made an .appeal to tho Canadians inviting 
 them to join tho American Confederation ; but their discontent 
 did not degenerato into open liostllitifs ; and, accordingly, tliero 
 was nothing to justify tho fjovero r(;[)ressivo liieasures to which 
 the Governor had recourse on tlii-i occasion. 
 
 An /Vmerican enthusiast, named iMcLano, attracted to Quebec 
 by a sliip-carpenter, named lilack, was accused of revolutionary 
 intentions; for this imaginary crime, ho was condemned to death. 
 His execution, attended M'ithagreat military display, took place 
 on an elevated part of tho town, from M'hich it might bo seen at 
 a considerable distance. This was intended, no doubt, to strike 
 terror into tho breasts of tho people. 
 
 12. Sir J. Ci-alg. — On tho 21st of October, 1807, Sir 
 James Craig arrived at Quebec. Tlio new G-overmn- was a 
 General ofsonio reputation, but a despotic administrator, and 
 strongly prejudiced against tho Canadians and their religion. 
 
 l;j. in tlio following year, th.o Assembly, having, by a major- 
 ity of 22 against 2, carried a bill disfpialifyiiig judges as candi- 
 dates for tho Leti'islativo Assemblv, had tho mortification of 
 seeing this measure thrown aside by tho Council. Shortly after- 
 wards, tho names of tho leading members were cancelled from 
 th : list of tho militia olKcers. During tho next session, tho 
 QovH'rnor dissolved Parliament for having insisted on tlio liberty 
 of discussion and tho necessity of a responsible ministry. 
 
 11. Tho liew Parliament was convoked at tho end of January, 
 1810- An energetic protest was i.Amediately drawn up against 
 tho oiTensivo language nsed by Si;. James Craig in proroguing 
 the last Parliament. Tho C')^. ull having proposed an amend- 
 ment to tho jLJill for the excluoi^^n of judges, tho House declared, 
 by a throe-fourth majority, tho seat of Judge do IJonno vacant. 
 
 lo. Tho Governor, "unable to control his irritation, dissolved 
 tho new Parliament, seized tho presses of the CanacUerif and 
 arrested its proprietor on a charge of high treason. A few days 
 
 1*3. What new Governor arrived at Quebec, in October 1807? — 13. 
 Wluib occurred iu tho following year? — 11. When did tho now Parlia- 
 ment meet;? llow did ittreiit the amendment of the-CouncilV — 15. What 
 did the Goveruor do on thja occasion ? 
 
 ■fa 
 
 : J, 
 
[1810 
 
 and 
 
 isnj 
 
 SIR GEORGE PREVOST. 
 
 V 
 
 later, the Council, composed of Judge Sewoll, the Anglican 
 Bishop, Messru. Dunn, IJaby, Williams, Irvine, and Young, 
 issued orders to aiTcst Messrs. B(^dard, Taschereau, Blanchot; 
 Papiuean, Laforce, with several other leading citizens. 
 
 IG. Notwithstanding these violent procedings, the same mem- 
 bers were re-elected. Tn his account of these troubles to the 
 ministry, Craig proposed as the most elTicacious remedy : 1 . To 
 change or susi)end the Coustitution. 2. To render the govern- 
 ment independent of the people, by using the revenues of the 
 Jesuits and Sulpicians to pay oil' the public expenses. 3. To 
 res'n'vo to the King all appointments to vacant curacies. 
 
 17. When the government sought to encroach upon the rights 
 of the Church, the llight Kcv. Plessis, Bishop of Quebec, showed 
 such an unflinching firmness, tliat the Governor deemed it pru- 
 dent not to tamper with the religious affairs of the country ; but, 
 what greatly contributed to shape the policy of the colonial gov- 
 ernment, was the hostile attitude of tlio United States. 
 
 18. The citizens imprisoned by the Governor, were restored 
 to liberty without undergoing any trial. The Bill for the exclu- 
 sion of the judges, received the royal sanction ; and finally, Craig 
 started for Europe on the 11th of Juno, 1611, leaving the ad- 
 ministration to Thomas Dunn, ex-Presidout of the Council. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 . From the- Arrival of Sir Georpe PrevostySdllytoJus 
 
 Departure, 1815. 
 
 1. Sir George Prevost, Governor. — 2. TIioGovernor witli tlieclererv.— 
 ' " Meiisnrea adopted at the comnienceineiit of the war,— G.. 22. 
 
 3..5 
 
 Campaign8 of 1812, 1813, 1814.— 23. Treaty of Gheut.-24. 
 last (lays of Prevosl's administrat ion. 
 
 Th, 
 
 1. Sir G. Prevost.— Sir James Craig was PAicceedcd by 
 Sir George Prevost, Governor of Nova Scotia. The latter arri- 
 ved at Quebec in September, 1811, and found the cotmtry dis- 
 tracted by internal dissensions, while it was externally threatened 
 
 IG. What 
 
 propose 
 
 'hat was the result of the following elections 1 >\ hat did Cnug 
 prui,o«« in his account of the late troubles /-17. lloxv did IJishop PIcshib 
 meet Craig's encroaclunents in the rights ot the Church ? \V hat conti.b- 
 tited to sliape tlie policy of the colonial government?— 18. W hathccarae 
 of the Bill for the exclusion of the judges ? In wliat year was Craig re- 
 
 11 1 '^ 
 
 *'^l.^By .Tvhora was Craig Bucceeded 1 lu what atute-did Sir George liud 
 Canada 1 Wluit policy did he pursue ? . . • . v 
 
 i 
 
I'l 
 
 II 
 
 )!;:,* 
 
 ! I 
 
 I i 
 
 I i 
 
 98 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 [1812 
 
 by the United States. He ardently get to work to reconcile 
 parties, and to conciliate the Canadians hy nssm'mg tl\oni of his 
 entire confidence in their fidelity. In this manner, he gained 
 the sympathy and support of the people. 
 
 2. Believing the clergy to have hecn estranged from the gov- 
 ernment by the vexatious policy of his predecessor, Sir Goorge 
 Prevost endeavored to re-estahlish amicable relations ; and, for 
 this purpose, ho had several interviews with Biolu)]^ Plessis* 
 This prelate profited by these friendly dispositions of the G-ovcrnor, 
 to have the Catholic Church in Canada legally recognized. 
 
 3. In the month of June, 18J2, the United States declared 
 war against Great Britain. During her war with France, Eng- 
 land had arrogated to herself the right of searching foreign ves- 
 sels, under pretext of ascertaining whether they concealed any 
 of her deserters ; she even pretended to prevent American vessels 
 from entering the ports of the north of Franco and of the Low 
 Countries, which she held in a state of blocadc. Unable to sub- 
 mit any longer to such a humiliation, the Americans took up 
 arms to maintain their rights, after having, however, endured 
 these molestations for upwards of live years. 
 
 , 4. Though the Parliament of Lower Canada had held its 
 regular session in the preceding winter, it was again convoked 
 by Sir George Prevost, Avho readily obtained whatever was uec- 
 e£:sary for the defence of the Province. 
 
 5. The Legislature of Upper Canada also voted the measures 
 that Avere deemed necessary to meet tlie emergency. Tlio popu- 
 lation of Lower Canada was estimated at 200000 ; that of Upper 
 Canada, at 80000. 
 
 (3. The first blow of the campaign of 1812, was struck by the 
 ■Rritish. On the IGtli of Julv, a company of regulars assisted 
 by IGO Canadian volunteers and a few Indians, toolc F )rt Wichi- 
 limakinac; and, on the 25th of the same month. General Hull, 
 the American Commandant at Fort Detroit, surrendered with his 
 army, called the army of the West. 
 
 Shortly afterwards, the American central army under Van 
 Ranselaer, was thrown into disorder by General Sheafle, and 
 forced to surrender at Queenstown. General Brock, the ofiicer 
 in command at this place, being mortally wounded at the begin- 
 
 2. How did Sir George Prevosttreatthoclerpry ?— 3. What did the United 
 States lu June 1812? VVliat were the causes of this war ?— 4. WJiut uwas- 
 nres did Sir George Prevost immediately take ?— 5. What did the Log- 
 islatnre d' Upper Canada do at the same lime ? What was the populut ion 
 of the two provinces?— G. By whom was the first blow of the ciimpai-n 
 Oi 1812 struck? Describe the military operations of the campaign. ° 
 
[1812 
 
 () roconcile 
 
 :l\CMii of his 
 
 lie gained 
 
 111 the gov- 
 Sir Goorge 
 ; and, for 
 op Plcssis* 
 ) Governor, 
 nized. 
 OS declared 
 imce, Eng- 
 oreign vos- 
 ccaled any 
 ican vessels 
 f tlio Low 
 iblc to siib- 
 Lus took up 
 er, endured 
 
 id lield its 
 ti convoked 
 2r was uec- 
 
 measures 
 
 Tlie popu- 
 
 it of Upper 
 
 ruck l)y tlie 
 \rs assisted 
 )rt Michi- 
 icral Hull, 
 I'ed with liis 
 
 under Van 
 
 JheafTe, and 
 
 the officer 
 
 , the begln- 
 
 lid the United 
 Wliiitmcaa- 
 clid the Log- 
 ic popnliUiou 
 ihe c'lnnpaiga 
 paign. 
 
 1S13] 
 
 SIR GEORGE PREVOST. 
 
 99 
 
 lung of the battle, the honors of the day were won by his suc- 
 cessor, General SheafFe. 
 
 The American army of the North, numbering 10000 men 
 under General Dearborn, was despatched against "Montreal. 
 Hearing tliat Major Do Salaberry had intrenched himself at 
 Lacolle, Dearborn detached 1400 men to drive in his outposts ; 
 but, in the darkness of the night, the two divisions mistook each 
 other for the enemy, and discovered their mistake only after a 
 sharp firing. Tliis determined the retreat of the American array. 
 
 7. The Americans were more successful on sea. The Con- 
 stitution and the United States captured several English frigates 
 after severe conflicts. 
 
 8. In the spring of 1813, the Americans determined to carry 
 on the war with renewed vigor ; and, accordingly, they divided 
 their forces into three armies. 
 
 9. After some slight advantages over the American General, 
 Harrison, General Proctor was defeated on the 5th of October, 
 at IMoravian Town. This victory restored to the Americans the 
 territory they had lost in the preceding campaign, deprived the 
 British of the valuable services of Tecumseh, who was killed in 
 the battle, and ruined the military reputation of Proctor. 
 
 10. The American ilag was also triumphant on Lake Erie. 
 Commodore Perry with 9 sail and 54 guns, captured, after a 
 fight of four hours, an English flotilla consisting of 6 sail and 
 CU guns. 
 
 11. The English arms were likewise unsuccessful on Lake 
 Ontario. On the 27th of April, General Dearborn landed acar 
 Toronto with 1/00 men, repulsed Gen. Sheafie and took that 
 important place. Dearborn thence directed his march on Fort 
 George, compelling General Vincent to evacuate that stronghold, 
 and pursuing hiin to the heights of Burlington. Here on the 
 niglit of the .5th of Juno, the Americans were surprised by Col- 
 onel Harvey, and driven from their position with the loss of Gen- 
 erals Chandler and Winder, who were taken prisoners. 
 
 12. Sir George Prevost, who was then at the eastern extrem- 
 ity of the lake, profiting of the absence of the American licet, 
 made an abortive attempt on Sackett's Harbor. 
 
 Commodore Chaunccy ended the Ontario campaign by a brilr 
 iant victory over the British Commander, Sir James Yeo. 
 
 7. IIov; did the Americans fare on pp?. ? — 8, What did they in tho 
 spring of 1813 ?— 1). What was the rcoalt of General Proctor's campaign ? 
 — lO.'^Wliat other Buccess did the Americana obtain 'i — 11. What took 
 place on Lake Ontario ?— 12, What did Govemor Prevost, who was 
 then at the eastern extremity of the lake ? Who ended the Outaxio 
 campaign ? 
 
rn- 
 
 ^ km 
 
 I 
 
 I! 
 
 1 '1 %s 
 
 i 
 
 1 i ' 
 
 1k 
 
 1 
 
 ^r'M 
 
 u 
 
 il 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ;,.j 
 
 
 i> i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ;;'' 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 i I 
 
 if '^ 
 
 100 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1814 
 
 13. The Americans now concentrated tlieir northern and cen- 
 tral armies on Montreal. 
 
 General Wilkinson, who commanded the central army, was 
 defeated at Christler's Farm, on the 11th of November, by Col. 
 Morrison, whose forces were greatly inferior to those of his ad- 
 versary. 
 
 14. General Hampton, who commanded the northern araiy of 
 7000 strong, had begun his march to join Wilkinson, when he 
 heard that Col. De Salaberry had been sent out to retard his 
 progress. De Salaberry intrenched his Spartan troop of 300 
 Canadians near Chateauguay. and was hero attacked by General 
 Hampton, who was routed with severe loss. These 300 brave 
 men gained this glorious victory in the space of four hours. The 
 Governor praised the military talents of Col. De Salaberry, and 
 complimented the Canadians on their bravery, fidelity, and pa- 
 triotism. The Canadian militia were subsequently presented 
 with flags, and about twenty years ago, commemorative medals 
 were struck and distributed to the surviving heroes of that mem- 
 orable day. 
 
 15. The battles of Christler's Farm and Chateauguay not only 
 impeded the progress of the American armies, now 1 GOOO strong, 
 but decided tlieir retreat. Thus ended the most skilfully planned, 
 and the most formidable attempt hitherto made by the American 
 Republic, for the subjugation of Canada. 
 
 16. As soon as the Americans had evacuated Upper Canada, 
 Col. Murray, with GOO men surprised Fort Niagara, took 300 
 prisoners, and a large quantity of ammunition. 
 
 17. Hostilities were resumed in the spring of 1814. On the 
 30th of March, General Wilkinson made an attack on Lacolle 
 Mill, with 5000 men ; but, after an ineffectual cannonade of two 
 hours and a half, he retired to Plattsburg. 
 
 18. This Jheck induced the Americans to direct their whole 
 operations against Upper Canada. 
 
 19. On the 6th of May, the British General Drmnmond sur- 
 prised and burned Oswego, one of the chief emporiums of the 
 Americans. At Chippewa, the British were defeated on the 5th 
 of July, with considerable loss, but were victorious at Lundy's 
 Lane, in a well contested battle fought on the J24th of July. 
 Shortly afterwards, the operations against Fort Erie were aban- 
 
 13. What did the Americans now do 1 And with what result ? — 14. 
 What ia said of the battle of Chateauguay ?— 15. What was the result of 
 the battles of Christler's Farm and Chateauguay 1 — 16. What did the 
 British troops in Upper Canada after the retreat of the Americans 1—17. 
 What did the Americans in the spring of 1814 1 — 13. What did this 
 check indnce the Americans to do Y— 19. What is said of the victories 
 and defeats of the Americans 1 
 
 m\' 
 
[1814 
 
 1815] 
 
 sin GEORaE PREVOST. 
 
 101 
 
 and cen- 
 
 iny, was 
 , by Col. 
 if bis ad- 
 
 araiy of 
 when he 
 3tard his 
 p of 300 
 r General 
 00 brave 
 urs. The 
 erry, and 
 
 and pa- 
 iresented 
 e medals 
 lat mem- 
 
 not only 
 strong, 
 planned, 
 A.merican 
 
 Canada, 
 took 300 
 
 On the 
 n Lacolle 
 do of two 
 
 eir whole 
 
 aond sur- 
 ms of the 
 n the 5th 
 i Lundy's 
 I of July. 
 Bre aban- 
 
 lult ? —14. 
 le result of 
 it did the 
 lans ■?— 17. 
 it did this 
 e victories 
 
 doned in consequence cf a panic which cost the English 1000 
 men, whilst tho Americans lost only 80. 
 
 20. In July and August, General Prevost received a reinforce- 
 ment of 14000 veterans from England, with orders to invado 
 tho United States by way of Lalio Champlain. lie concentrated 
 his forces at Laprairio and Chambly, and theuco marched to 
 Plattsburg, which ho reached on tho Gth of September; but tho 
 flotilla which should have cooperated with tho land forces, was 
 defeated by Commodore McDonough. This reverse obliged 
 Prevost to abandon his plan of invasion. 
 
 21. About tho same time, tho Americans were repulsed at 
 Bladensburg on tho Potomac ; Washington was taken, and tho 
 Capitol and several others of tho principal buildings were set on 
 fire. A few weeks later, tho troops reimbarked, and tho British 
 fleet sailed down tho Chesapeake after an unsuccessful! attempt 
 to reduce Fort McIIenry. 
 
 . 22. In December, GOOO Americans, commanded by General 
 Jackson, defeated 12000 British near New Orleans, inflicting 
 tho heavy loss of 1700 men. 
 
 23. Peace was finally concluded between the United States 
 and Great Britain at Ghent, December 24th, 1814. By tliis 
 treaty, all tho conquests made during the war were to be resjject- 
 ively restored. 
 
 24. Hostilities having ceased, Sir George Prevost issued orders 
 for tho meeting of Parliament, in January, 1815. The political 
 discussions which had been forgotten during tho war, now re- 
 commenced. Louis Joseph Papineau, a young man in liis 26 th 
 year, was elected Speaker of tho House of Assembly in lieu of 
 Mr. Panet, who was transferred to the Legislative Council. Tho 
 father of Papineau had made himself conspicuous by liis ardor 
 in parliamentary debate, and in this respect, ho was not only 
 emulated, but surpassed by his son. Tho Assembly passed a 
 resolution declaring that, during tho lato crisis. Sir George Pre- 
 vost had distinguished himself by his energy, skill, and wisdom. 
 This pubUc recognition was accompanied by the presentation of 
 a handsome table-service, valued at £500. 
 
 25. Sir George sailed for England towards the end of 1815, in 
 order to refute the charges brought against him by Sir James 
 
 20, What was the issne of Prevost'a expedition against Plattsburg ?— 
 21. What victory did tho British gain on tlio rotomaoand what were its 
 consequences 1 What fort was attacked by tho Englisli fleet ?— 22. What 
 took place in December 'i — 23. When and whero was peace signed be- 
 tween England and tho United States ?— 24. What did Sir George 
 Prevost as soon as peace was concluded 1 Who was elected President of 
 the House 9 What resolution was thenpassed by tho Assembly 1—25. 
 Why did Sir George Prevost return to England, at the end of 1815 ? 
 
102 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [1541 
 
 L. Yeo, Commander of the fleet in Canada ; "but liedied shortly 
 after his arrival, from the fatigues of the voyage. Sir George 
 Prevost Avas regretted by all, especially by the Canadians. 
 
 ''■> 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Fro))h the Departure of Sir George Prevost, 1815^ the^rrival 
 /^^ of the JRoyal Commissioner, 1&35. j -» ., is. 
 
 1^.2. Drummond'a adminiatration. — 3, Su* J. C. Sherbrooke, Governor- 
 General, — 4.. 5. The subsidies — 6. Arrival of the Duke of Richmond. 
 
 / 7. Earl of Dalhousie, Governor-General, — 8, Quebec, a metropolitan 
 see.— 9.. 10, Division between the two branches of the Legislature, 
 on the question of the civil list, — 11. First project of union. — 12. . 14. 
 Unpopularity of Dalhousie. — 15. Agitation in Upper Canada — 
 16.. 17. Kempt, Governor. — 18. Lord Aylmer, Governor. — 10. The 
 Cholera.— 20. The 92 Resolutions.— 21.. 22. Dissolution of Parlia- 
 ment ; Aylmer recalled. 
 
 1. Sir Grcorge Prevost vras succeeded in the government of 
 Canada by General Drummond with the title of Administrator. 
 He soon discovered that great abuses had crept into the admin- 
 istration of the land and postal departments. In the twenty- 
 two years intervening between 1793 and 1 815, more than 3000000 
 acres of land had been distributed to favorites. 
 
 2. In the beginning of the session of 1816, the Assembly being 
 informed of the accusations made against Judges Sewell and 
 Monk, were about to vote an address to the Prince Eegent, when 
 the Governor came to the House, and, after a discourse full of in- 
 vectives, dissolved it. The people were not daunted by this sweep- 
 ing measure, for they re-elected nearly all the same members. 
 
 3. Sir J. C. Sberbrooke. — Meanwhile, Drummond was 
 replaced by Sir John C. Sherbrooke, a much cleverer and more 
 prudent administrator. The new Governor inaugurkited his ad- 
 vent by acts of justice and generosity. Among other equitable 
 measures, he suggested to the Imperial Governeraent the expe- 
 diency of officially recognizing the title of the Catholic Bishop 
 of Quebec. 
 
 4. The people were now greatly excited by the financial de- 
 
 ' ■ J , 
 
 1. By whom was Sir George Prevost succeeded 1 — 2, What occurred 
 in the beginning of the session of 1816 ? — 3. By whom was Drummond 
 replaced? How did the new Governor inaugurate his administratiou 1 
 —4. What couitribnted to excite the popular mind 1 
 
[1541 
 
 1819] 
 
 EARL OF DALHOUSIE. 
 
 103 
 
 bates. The Legislative Assembly claimed the right of intro- 
 ducing all questions relating to the public moneys. The Parlia- 
 ment of Upper Canada was likewise engaged in discussing this 
 vexed question. 
 
 5. Shortly after the session of 181G, Sir John Sherbrooke, 
 despairing of reconciling parties, tendered his resignation. 
 
 C. Duke of Riclimond — Sir John Sherbrooke was suc- 
 ceeded by one of the first noblemen of Great Britain, the Duke of 
 Richmond, Avho had previously been the Governor of Ireland, 
 and had extravagantly squandered his fortune. He arrived at 
 Quebec on July 29th, 1818, accompanied by his son-in-law. Sir 
 Peregrine Maitland, who was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Upper Canada. Tlie administration of the Duke of Eichmond 
 
 for the maintenance of the Royal household, ho had recourse to 
 extreme measures and prorogued the House. Ho openly blamed 
 the Assembly, whilst he approved the proceedings of the Legis- 
 lative Council. As he returned from Upper Canada with his 
 secretary, Mr. Ready, in the month August, 18 J 9, ho M'as sud- 
 denly taken ill and died in the midst of excruciating torments. 
 Some say he had an attack of hydrophobia occasioned by the 
 bite of a fox, while others maintain that ho was poisoned. 
 
 7. Earl of £>al8iowsie — After the demise of the Duko 
 of Richmond, the reins of government passed successively to the 
 Hon. James Monk, who dissolved Parliament and ordered new 
 elections ; then to Sir P. IMaitland ; and, finally, to the Earl of 
 Dalhousie, who arrived at Qaebec, on the 18th of June, 1820, 
 in quality of Governor- General of the British Colonies of North 
 America. 
 
 8. Convinced though somewhat tardily of the impossibility of 
 converting the Canadians to the Protestaiit Creed, Great Britain 
 adopted the wise policy of allowing them to follow the rehgion 
 of their fathers. 
 
 On the 12th of Jan. 1810, the see of Quebec was raised to the 
 rank of metropolitan, and the title of Archbishop was conferred 
 upon Bishop Plessis. Rev. Mr. McDonald was appointed to the 
 see of Regiopolis (Kingston) ; and Rev. McEachern, to that of 
 Rose, for New Brunswick and the Magdalen Islands. 
 
 b. Wliat (lid Sir Joiiii Slierbroolce, Bhortly after the eession of 181G ? — 
 6. IJy -whom was lio encceJed ? What is said of the Duke of liichuiond's 
 nduiiuistnition f — 7. Wlio assumed tiie reins oi" government after the de- 
 mise of the Dulcc of lliclimond ?— 8. Wliat wiae policy did Great Britain 
 adopt about tliis time? Wlieu was the see of Quebec miaed to the rank 
 of metropolitan? 
 
S»f 
 
 mm 
 
 mmmm 
 
 fl" 
 
 104 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [J 826 
 
 4 
 
 «' 
 
 m ' 
 
 I )■■■ 
 
 ■ (i: 
 
 si 
 
 n 
 
 i'^' 
 
 
 ?[. 
 
 
 
 rill 
 
 
 ■;, 
 
 
 
 m'- 
 
 1 
 
 9. Tlio Earl of Dalliousio convolved llio new Parliament on 
 the 14tli (jf December, 1820. The Assembly drew up a bill 
 for the regulation of the public expenditure, which was rejected 
 by the Council, — much to the vexation of the deputies of the 
 people. From this moment, discord and chicanery reigned 
 between the two branches of the Legislature. The Governor, 
 who sided with tlio Council, maintaiued the nullity of the bill 
 unless sanctioned by that body. 'J'o counteract the opposition 
 of the French Canadians, ho now devised the scheme of reuniting 
 the two Cauadas. For this iiurpose, after visiting Upper Canada, 
 ho again convoked the Parliament ; but his financial scheme met 
 with as little support as before — 5 votes only being in his favor in 
 the Assembly. 
 
 10. The debates occasioned by the expenditure question, were 
 conducted witli rare talent and great political science by Messrs. 
 Papiiioa. K' a, and Cuvillier. 
 
 11. Ill i'6,.t'J.;, a bill for the union of the Provinces of Upper 
 and Lower Canada, was presented to the Imperial Parliament, 
 but was rojo '"d a' '':t sccoi\d reading, thanks to the generous 
 intervention oi Macliitosh, Burdett and other influential mem- 
 bers. This bill emanated from tho English party, ever hostile 
 to the interests of the Canadians. It provided more representa- 
 tives for Upper than for Lower Canada, proscribed the use of 
 tho French language, restrained tho liberty of worship, and the 
 rights of tho members over the public moneys. 
 
 12. When the articles of the bill transpired among the people, 
 they energetically protested against a measure so diametrically 
 opposed to their interests. Committees were every where formed 
 to draw up i:)etitions ; Upper Canada even showed itself unfa- 
 vorable to the union. Papiucau and Nelson were delegated to 
 London to lay the petitions before Parliament. 
 
 13. In tho session of 1826, tho Legislative Assembly voted 
 the subsidies in the same form as in the preceding year, in con- 
 sequence of which, it was prorogued on the following day. 
 Shortly afterwards, the Earl appealed to tho people by a general 
 election. Tho dissolution of tho Assembly caused great dissatis- 
 faction, and this was increased by tho publication of an address to 
 the electors, engaging them to return tho members of the majority 
 
 9. When did the Earl of Dalhousie convoke tho new Chambers J What 
 wao done durhig this session and tho next? — 10. By whom were the 11- 
 iiancial debates conducted?— 11. What bill was presented to the Imperial 
 Parliament in 1822? I3y whom was it presented, and what w o its chief 
 articles?— 12. What did the people do when acquainted with t'.ie nature of 
 the bill? — 13. What did the Lower Canadian Legislative Assembly do, in 
 the session of 182CJ What did the Earl of Dalhousie do in this conjunc- 
 ture? What effect did tho dissolution produce? . ^ -t f- ,; ^ j) . n. 
 
 IS. 
 
 iiiMil 
 
[J 826 
 
 nent on 
 
 ip a bill 
 
 rejected 
 
 ?s of tlie 
 
 reigned 
 
 ovcrnor, 
 
 the hill 
 
 position 
 
 cuniting 
 
 Canada, 
 
 cmo met 
 
 favor in 
 
 m, were 
 Messrs. 
 
 ' Upper 
 liament, 
 generous 
 il meni- 
 hostile 
 resen ta- 
 le use of 
 and the 
 
 t people, 
 otrically 
 ) formed 
 3lf unfa- 
 gated to 
 
 ly voted 
 in con- 
 Qg day. 
 general 
 ilissatis- 
 idress to 
 lajority 
 
 •sf What 
 re the ii- 
 Imperial 
 its chief 
 lature of 
 )ly do, ill 
 conjuuc- 
 
 1830] 
 
 SIR JAMES KEMPT. 
 
 105 
 
 14. At the meeting of the new Assembly, in 1827, the Gov- 
 ernor refused to^coniirm tlie election of Papineau as Speaker ; 
 and, on the f(dlowing d;iy, ho prorogued the Assembly. These 
 arbitrary proceedings filled up the measure of the Governor's 
 unpoy)ularity ; and, accordingly, petitions, signed by more than 
 800G0 persona demanding hig recall, were sent to England with 
 Messrs. Nelson, Viger, and Cuvillier. 
 
 15. While Lower Canada was thus a prey to dissensions and 
 party strife, Upper Canada was also agitated by violent debates 
 bearing on the same cause. 
 
 1(3. Sir JaifiK'S Kcsnpt — To facilitate there-establish- 
 ment of peace and concord, the Earl of Dalhousie was removed 
 to India, and Sir James Kempt, Lieutenant-Governor of Nova 
 Scotia, appointed in his place. The new Governor endeavored 
 to steer a neutral course between the Council and the Assembly ; 
 ho recognized Mr. l*a];)ineau as Speaker, and permitted the As- 
 sembly to dispose of all moneys granted by the Imperial Parlia- 
 ment, with the exception of the salary of the judges and 
 Governor. 
 
 17. The instructions given to Sir James Kempt by the Coh)- 
 nial Minister, were not calculated to aflbrd full satisfaction to 
 the members of the Asseml)ly. llowever, as they did not wish 
 to retard tlic progress of tiie country by their oi>position, tliey 
 voted £200000 to be applied to ameliorations of all kinds. In 
 the next session, £20000 were apportioned to build a prison at 
 Montreal; £12000, to found a marine hospital at Quebec; 
 £38000, to improve roads and highways ; and £8000, to pro- 
 mote i)ublic instruction. 
 
 Amongst tlie most important improvements, were : the ame- 
 lioration of the port of Montreal, the introduction of steam nav- 
 igation between Quebec and llalifiix, the establishment of a 
 custom-house at Quebec, and the erection of several light-houses. 
 In a word, the representatives of the people showed that, if 
 they wished to control the public expenditure, they were im- 
 pelled by an ardent desire to advance more the interests of the 
 country, than had hitherto done the time-serving creatures uf 
 the Governors. 
 
 18. Lord AylHier — Sir James Kempt was replaced by 
 Lord Aylmcr, who arrived at Quebec in October, 1830. Lord 
 Aylmer, in the beginning, sought to heal the wound caused by 
 
 11, What, took place at the meeting of the new Parlianient, in 18-7 ? — 
 Jo. Wliat Avaa the 8tu. J of Upper Canada?— IC). Wliat did the laiiioiial 
 Govei'ninent, in order to facilitate the re-establishment of concord ? What 
 policy did ISii James Kempt pursue? — 17. What sum of money did the 
 iVsacinhly .vote's —18. By whom was Sir James Kempt succeeded? What 
 did Lord Ayhner cudeaver to do, in the begiuuing of his udminicitrution ? 
 
p^r 
 
 *!■ 
 
 lOG 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [1835 
 
 party strife ; but the past misgovcrnment had rendered these in- 
 veterate. The long and stormy debates that aroso out of the finan- 
 cial question, had left behind a hatred and an acrimony of feeling 
 difficult to temper. Having embraced the cause of constitutional 
 rights, the members did but their duty in contending so ardently 
 for one of their most important privileges ; but, perhaps it would 
 have been better for them, had they adapted themselves more 
 to the circumstances, and had they clung less tenaciously to the 
 immediate and complete enjoyment of that privilege. Their ob- 
 stinacy prevented the possibility of any compromise between 
 the Governor and the Assembly, and thus, at last, caused those 
 difficulties Avhich degenerated into open rebellion against the 
 established authority. 
 
 19. Serious disturbances occurred in Montreal, on the occa- 
 sion of the election of a member on the 21st of May, 1832, dur- 
 ing which three Canadians Avero slain by the English troops. 
 
 Shortly after this event, the country was first visited by the 
 cholera, which raged with great violence, especially in Quebec, 
 where it decimated the population. This dreadful epidemic re- 
 appeared in 1834, when it made again numerous victims. 
 
 "0. In the session of 1834, the Legislative Assembly drew 
 up, after a violent and protracted debate, a series of ninety-two 
 resolutions embodying their principal grievances. Inspired by 
 Mr. Papineau and worded by Mr. Morin, they were presented 
 by Mr. Bedard and adopted by the Assembly, notwithstanding 
 the opposition of several influential members, among whom were 
 Messrs. Nelson, Quesnel, and Cuvillier. 
 
 In the meantime, a part of the inhabitants of Upper Canada 
 testified their adhesion to the policy of the Legislative Assembly 
 of Lower Canada. 
 
 After several warm debates, the Imperial Parliament left the 
 solution of all these questions to the Colonial Department. 
 
 ^1. In October, 1884, the Canadian Parliament was dissolved. 
 The new elections were attended with great disorders, despite 
 tlie cff'orts of the constitutional associations formed in many 
 toAvns for the maintenance of the laws. 
 
 22. liOrd €lo§ford.— In the session of February, 1835, the 
 new Parliament protested against the discourse delivered by 
 Lord Aylmer at the close of the preceding session, and renewed 
 
 19. What disturbances took place in Montreal, during the election of a 
 member? By what was the country visited shortly after tliis event? — 20. 
 What did the Legislative Assembly do in its session of l&M? What was 
 the attitude of Upper Canada?— 21. What occurred in October, 1831 ?— 22. 
 What did the new Parliament do in the session of February, 1835? What 
 took place after the prorogation of Parliament ? 
 
 ■''^""^^f^mm 
 
[1835 
 
 1837] 
 
 LORD OOSFORD.' 
 
 107 
 
 all thoir demands ; but tlio Governor, incensed at tlieir proceed- 
 ings, prorogued at once the Parliament. Lord Aylmer was now 
 recalled and succeeded by Lord Gosford, who arrived at Quebec 
 in August, 1835. 
 
 CHAPTER ly. 
 
 From the ^Arrival of the Moyal Commissioner, 1835, to the Union 
 of the two Canadas, 18411. 
 
 1..2. Lord Gosford. — 3. New government 8 in tlio other Provinces. — 1 
 Popular disturbances. — 5. Insurrection of 1837.— C. 7, Troubles in 
 Upper Canada. — 8. .9. Lord Gosford succeeded by Loid Durliani. 
 10. .11. Lord Sydenham, Governor.— 12.. 13. The Union Bill; its 
 object. — 14. Canada at the time of the Union. 
 
 1. Lord Gosford was accompanied by Sir Charles Gray and 
 Sir James Gipps. Being aj^pointed Iloyal Commissioner to in- 
 quire into the state ofaflairs, lie, in consequence, Avrote a detailed 
 account remarkable for its hostility to the Canadians, Avhicli, 
 however, was approved by the British ministry and the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 2. Shortly after his arrival, the new Governor convoked the 
 Assembly for the 27th of the following October. This Parlia- 
 ment refused to recognize the commission sent out by the Impe- 
 rial Government. However, the members voted a civil list for six 
 months, in return for the readiness with which Lord Gosfoi'd had 
 granted the moneys necessary to defray the current cxjienses. 
 
 3. Upper Canada, which had at iirst solicited political reforms, 
 now returned a majority in favor of the government. New- 
 Brunswick and Nova Scotia accepted the proposals made by 
 England, and thus Lower Canada was left isolated. 
 
 4. Lord Gosford convened the Assembly on the 18th of Au- 
 gust, 18I.-$7 ; but, as the majority protested against the hostile 
 resolutions of the Imperial Parliament, the House was prorogued 
 after a session of six days. Lord Gosford then dismissed Papi- 
 neau and several militia officers, but the people paid them tri- 
 umphal honors. 
 
 After the prorogation of Parliament, the leaders of the 
 
 5. 
 
 1. With what powers \vas Lord Gosford invested ? — 2. What did the 
 new Governor do sliortly after lils arrival? Wliat attitude did this Parlia- 
 ment asrmine ?— 3. What is said of the other Provinces at this lime ? — 4. 
 When did Lord Gosford convene the Legislative Assembly? How long 
 did this session last?— 5. What took place after the prorogation of Parlia- 
 ment ? Describe the events that followed. 
 
 I 
 
 Hi 
 
108 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 1838 
 
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 popular party scattered themselves over the country, delivering 
 inllainmatory harangues and organizing secret associations. The 
 Kight llev. Lartigue, Bishop of Montreal, issued a pastoral letter 
 in which ho warned his ilock against *M)eiug misled by persona 
 seeking to engage them in rebellion against the established au- 
 thority. " The Governor, alarmed at the approacliing; crisis, 
 dismissed several magistrates and militia officers, called for the 
 troops from New Brunswick, and ordered the English to take up 
 arms. 
 
 The insurrection broke out at Montreal on the 7th of No- 
 vember. The troops met with a stout resistance. The cavalry suf- 
 fered a humiliating defeat at Chambly, and Colonel Gore was 
 repulsed by Dr. Nelson, at St. Denis, after a combat of six hours. 
 At St. Charles, the insurgents, though inferior in point of num- 
 bers, made a desperate stand, many preferring to die on the field 
 rather than submit to the victors. The Canadians, commanded 
 by T. S. Brown, were abandoned by their leader, at the begin- 
 nmg of the action and though fighting like desperadoes, they 
 were obliged to surrender to Witheral, who had 300 infantry, 
 some cavalry, and two cannons. 
 
 Martial law was now proclaimed in the district of Montreal. 
 Sir John Colborno marched on St. Eustache with 2000 men, 
 disfsrsed the insurgents, who, to the number or 250, had fortified 
 themselves in the Church and Convent. Dr. Chenier, their 
 commander, was found among the slain. 
 
 6. About this time, Mr. McKenzie, who headed the rebellion 
 in Upper Canada, was defeated at Toronto, and obliged to take 
 refuge in the United States. i 
 
 7. The rebellion of 1837 caused a sensation not only in Eng- 
 land, but also in the United States and in France. The Imperial 
 Government took stringent measures for its suppression. Lord 
 John Russel introduced a bill in 1833 to suspend the Constitution 
 of 1791, which passed with a small majority. Sir John Colbome 
 who had temporarily replaced Lord Gosford, was ordered to carry 
 out the provisions of this bill, and to form a special council for 
 the despatch of the most urgent affairs. 
 
 8. Liord Dnrlismi — Lord Gosford was succeeded as Gov- 
 ernor-General by Lord Durham, who arrived at Quebec on the 
 27tli of May, 1838. The most remarkable act of Lord Durham's 
 administration, was the amnesty he granted to those who had 
 
 5. What took pluco in the meaiitimo in Upper Canada '—6. What 
 was the effect of iho rebellion of 1837 < By ■whom was Lord Gosford 
 temporarily replaced ? How did Sir J. Colborno treat the disaffected dis- 
 tricts? — 8. Who succeeded Lord Gosford as Governor-General? What 
 was the most remarkable event of Lord Durham's administration? What 
 did be afterwards do ? 
 
 
1841] 
 
 HON. C. p. THOMPSON. 
 
 109 
 
 l)ccn imprisoned for political offences during the lato troubles ; 
 but the Imperial Parliament shortly after vetoing this act, Lord 
 Durham was so offended that ho gave in his resignation, and 
 sailed for England with his family, on the 1st of November, 1838. 
 
 9. Sir John Colborne now took the reins of government. After 
 the departure of Lord Durham, the political refugees in the 
 United States, enccmraged by some Americans, fomented a re- 
 bellion in both Canadas ; but the partial insurrections that broke 
 out at Ijeauharnais, Nai)ierville, and Chambly, were soon sup- 
 pressed by Sir John Colborne, who, at the head of nearly 8000 
 men, marched through the disaffected districts with fire and sword, 
 leaving but ruins and ashes wherever lie passed. All prisoners 
 taken during the insurrection were tried by court martial ; 89 
 were sentenced to capital punishment, 47 to banishment, and all 
 their goods confiscated. 
 
 The Upper Canadian insurgents abetted by American sym- 
 pathizers, attacked, 'in the spring of J 838, Prescott, Detroit, 
 Windsor, and other places ; but they were almost everywliero 
 repulsed. 
 
 10. Hon. C P. Tlioinpi^oii. — Sir John Colborne was 
 succeeded by the Hon. Charles Poulett Thompson, President of 
 the Board of Trade. lie took the oath of office as Governor- 
 General of the British North American Provinces, on October 
 13th, 1839. In the following year, he was created Baron of 
 Sydenham. 
 
 11. On Lord Durham's return to England, he suggested to 
 the ministry the expediency of uniting both Canadas. The bill 
 for the union of the two Provinces was soon carried through bot!i 
 Houses of Parliament, despite the protestations of Lord Gosford, 
 the Duke of Wellington, and the petitions of the clergy and the 
 Canadians. This bill, which was introduced into the Commons 
 in 1839, received the royal sanction on the 23rd of July, 1840 ; 
 but it was not enforced until the lOlh of February, 1841. 
 
 12. The Union Bill provided : that English should bo the 
 only official language ', that £45000 should bo permanently set 
 apart for the salary of the Governm- and judges ; tha+, £30000 
 more should be voted in each reign for the minister;:' ^ i :- certain 
 other public officers ; that each Province should return 42 mem- 
 bers ; and that a vote of two-thirds of the Legislative Assem- 
 
 9. To whom did Lord Durham leave the government ? What broke 
 out after Lord Durham's departure? What was tiie fate of the partial 
 insurrections that broke out at several pUices ? How were the i>risoners 
 treated ?— 10. By whom was Sir Jolni Colborne succeeded ?— 11. Wliat 
 did Lord Durham on hia arrival in England ? When did the Union Bill 
 receive the royal sanction ?— 12. What were the chief articles of this 
 Bill? 
 

 llil 
 
 110 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [1844 
 
 Lly would bo uoccssary to legalize a change in the electoral 
 division of the Province, or in the number ot representatives. 
 
 13. This Bill scetns to have been suggested by the same 
 policy, which jtroduced the Constitution of 1791 ; namely : a de- 
 sire to anglicify the French Canadians, and to annihilate the 
 Catholic religion. 
 
 The Constitution of 1791 had been voted by the British Par- 
 liament, in order to withdraw the English population of Upper 
 Canada, from the overpowering majority of the French Cana- 
 dians of Lower Canada ; whereas, its revocation appears to have 
 had no other purpose, than to subject the same French Cana- 
 dians to the domination of the now greater English population. 
 ■ 14. At the moment when this flagrant act of injustice was 
 consummated, the population, trade, agriculture, and manufact- 
 ures had taken great development. Lower Canada, which had 
 succeeded in paying off nearly all its debt, was obliged to share in 
 that of Upper Canada, which amounted to more than $1000000. 
 
 The population of Lower Canada, which was 125000 in 1791, 
 had now incr(3ased five-fold. In 1844, there were in Lov/er 
 Canada 524000 French Canadians with i 5G000 English and for- 
 eigners, — in all G9J000 inhabitants, of whom 573000 were 
 Roman Catholics. There were 76000 property-holders and 
 1 13000 houses ; this shows that almost every family held property. 
 
 13. VVlial, policy was introduced by tho Union Bill ?— 14. What was 
 the state of Canada at tho time of the Union ? 
 
 y ;:<; 
 
 r , .: J 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 
1841] 
 
 )ral 
 
 IiORI> SYDENHAM. 
 
 THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 Ill 
 
 FROat-^'UE IINION; 1841; TO THE CONFEMir.iJIOJV ] 867. 
 
 .i'Tl.' ,■■■),. 
 
 j..;.v- CHAPTER r. . 
 
 From the Union, .1811, to theJLiTlval of Lord Elgin^ 1847. 
 
 1..3. The Union Bill— 4. Session of 1811.— 6. .8. Lord Sydenham enc- 
 ceeded by Sir Charles Ragot. — 9. Sir Charles Metcalfe, Governor. — 
 9. Seat of government transferred to Montreal. — 10. Great fires in 
 Quebec. — 11. Lord Elgin, Governor. 
 
 1. The Union ol( the two Canadas. — Tlio Act, of 
 Union introduced into tlio Constitution of the country : 1. A 
 rosponsiblo government, that is to say, one composed of men 
 selected from the Legislature and accountable to the Assembly 
 for their official acts, and for the advice given the Governor in 
 their capacity as ministers. 2. It reco-^^nized the right for the 
 deputies of the people to control the public revenue and expen- 
 diture. 
 
 This was granting, rather at a late hour, the claims which we 
 had acquired on becoming Englisli subjects, and for the obtaining 
 of which, many of our countrymen had struggled hard in the 
 former House of Assembly, and others had shed their blood on 
 the field of battle. 
 
 2. JLord Sydennam. — The inauguration of the new 
 Constitution was entrusted to Lord Sydenham, wlio had been 
 ono of the most ardent promoters of the Union of the Provinces. 
 
 3. The special Council of Lower Canada, composed for the 
 greater part of venal men, gave their adhesion to the Union Bill 
 afte: a brief interview with the Governor. The Upper Canadian 
 House of Assembly followed in the same wake after a few days' 
 discussion. 
 
 4. The first Parliament of the United Provinces was held at 
 Kingston, June 13th, 1841. In its very first session, there was 
 laid the foundations of the most important of our civil institutions : 
 the municipal system, popular education, currency, custom- 
 
 1. What dit the Union Bill introduce into the Conatrtution ?— 2. Who 
 ■was chosen to inaugnvate the new Constitution 1 — 3. Did the Legislatures 
 of Upper and Lower Canada readily accept the Union Bill ?— 4. Where 
 was tho first Parliament held 1 What occuired in the first session ? How 
 did it terminate Y 
 
 -f-". 
 
 . t : •■ . : 
 

 112 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1844 
 
 
 
 !1 
 
 ft 
 
 p* 
 
 3 ■• . 
 
 1- 
 
 
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 II ' 
 
 
 duties, &e. Tho labors of this memorable session, wero terini- 
 uatccl amidst universal regrets caused by tho loss of Lord Syden- 
 ham, who died i'rom the eflVjcts of a fall from his horse, September 
 17th, 1841. 
 
 5. To establish the Board of Public Works, and to consolidate 
 tho debt of Canada, £ 1500000 were raised in England and trans- 
 ferred to the credit of tliis Province. 
 
 G. Sir Cbarles Bag'ot — Lord Sydenham was succeeded 
 by Sir Charles Bagot, who arrived at Kingston, the new Capital, 
 in January, 1842. It was under Sir Charles Bagot that tho 
 Constitutional government was inaugurated. 
 
 7. New dissensions now arose, and divided the Parliament into 
 two parties : the tories, wlio sought more to flatter tho men in 
 power, than to promote tho interests of the country ; the reform- 
 ers, who insisted upon tho application of the Constitution in its 
 integrity, complete responsible government, and tho Avell-being 
 of all classes. Parliament was again the scene of stormy debates, 
 which bade fair to recall tho bitter jjarty strife of former years. 
 
 8. Tho Governor showed great prudence in gathering round 
 liim the leaders of the reform party, which had tho advantage of 
 numbers, talents, andprinrdples. Two members, equally distin- 
 guished for their ability, energy, and political knowledge, wero 
 chosen to form the cabinet ; they were Robert Baldwin and L. 
 H. Lafontaiue. 
 
 9. SirCajarlesIWetcalfe — Sir Charles Bagot's health 
 failing, ho was replaced by Sir Charles Metcalfe, who arrived at 
 Kingston on tho 25th of March, 1843. Tho chief events of his 
 administration, were : tho resignation of tho Lafontaine-Baldwin 
 Ministry, tho dissolution of Parliament, tho general elections in 
 the fall of 1844, the formation of a new cabinet, and tho removal 
 of tho seat of government from Kingston to Montreal the same 
 year. 
 
 The Lafontaine-Baldwin jNIinistry resigned because tho Gov- 
 ernor had refused to sanction some of their plans, and had also 
 nominated several public officers without the consent of his 
 councillors. 
 
 10. Tho new elections gave a majority favorable to the Gov- 
 ernor's policy. However, one of tho chief leaders of tho rebellion 
 of 1837, Dr. Wolfred "Nelson, was returned by a great majority. 
 
 5. What Bttm was raised in England and pnt to the credit of tho conn- 
 trv?— 6, Who was the successor of Lord Sydenham } For what waj Sir 
 Cuarles Bagot's administration ;noted /— 7. llow was tho I'arliumeut now 
 divided ?— 8. How did the Governor deal with the two parties 1—9. Who 
 ■was sent ont to replace Sir Charles Bagot? What wero tho chief events 
 of Sir Charles Metcalfe's administration ? Why did tho Lafontaine-Bald- 
 wiu Cabinet resign?— 10. What was the result of llio new elections? 
 
 
1849] 
 
 LORD ELGIN. 
 
 113 
 
 In 1845, two great conflagrations occuiTcd in Quebec ; the 
 first, on the 28th of May, in St. Roch's suburb, consuming more 
 than ] 200 houses ; the second, on the 28th of June, in St. John's 
 suburb, destroying nearly the same amount of property. 
 
 11. Lord Metcalfe's health obliging him to return to England, 
 he was succeeded by Lord Cathcart, commander of the forces. 
 Lord Cathcart administered the government until the arrival 
 of Lord Elgin, in January, 1847. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 From the Arrival of Lord Elgin, 1847, to the^onfedcration, 18G7. 
 
 1. The typhus. — 2.-3. Bunuiig of the Parliament buildmgs at iMontreul 
 — 4. .5. First ecclesiastical Council of (Canada. — 6. Destructive fires 
 iu IMoutreal. — 8. Lord Elgin's administration- — 8. Sir Edmund Head 
 Governor.— 9. Events of 1855.— 10. The Council elective.— 12.. 13. 
 Ottawa, the capital. — 14.. 15. Lord Monck succeeds Sir Edmund 
 Head. — 16. .17. Tlie Confederation. — 20. Sir J. Young, Governor, — 
 21. Manitoba and British Columbia. — 22. Lord Duil'erin, Governor. 
 
 i\ 
 
 1. liOrd Eflgfin. — In the beginning of Lord Elgin's ad- 
 ministration, the general elections returned a decided prepon- 
 derance in favor of the reform party. The Governor entrusted 
 the formation of a cabinet to the leaders of that party ; and, 
 under his skilful direction, the Lafontaine-Baldwin Ministry 
 framed several laws of great importance. 
 
 The year 1847 was sadly made remarkable by the appearance of 
 a terrible scourge, the typhus, which, after desolating Ireland and 
 Scotland, cast on the banks of the St. Lawrence 70000 emigrants, 
 exhausted by hunger, and prostrated with the contagion. 
 
 2. In the session of 1849^ the Legislature passed a law, to in- 
 demnify the Lower Canadians for the losses they had sustained 
 during the troubles of 1837-38. This law was modelled on that 
 which had previously been framed in favor of the Upper Cana- 
 dians. The enemies of the government were"so exasperated at 
 this act of justice, that they inotigated the people to riotous ex- 
 cesses, insulted the Governor in the streets of Montreal, set fire 
 to the Parliament buildings, which were almost totally des- 
 
 11. By whom was Lord Metcalfe st^'c^dded ? 
 
 1. What measures did Lord Elgin take iu the beginning of his admin- 
 istratiou ? How did he form hia ministry ?— 2. What law did the Legis- 
 lature pass, and what did the enemies of the government do in couae- 
 quence ? 
 
m. 
 
 »; 
 
 •;.; t 
 
 
 IF. ' 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 1J4 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [1854 
 
 stroyed with their two valuable libraries^. iiud plundered-sevoral 
 of the principal edifices of that city. 
 
 3. After such disgraceful proceedings, it was decided that the 
 Parliament sliould sit alternately at Toronto and Quebec. .. 
 
 During the summer of 1849, the Asiatic cholera made many 
 victims in Quebec and Montreal. However, it was not so violent 
 as in 1832 and 1834. 
 
 4. On the 15th of August, 1851, the first Provincial Council 
 of Canada was convened and presided by His Gr race, P. F. Tur- 
 geon, Archbishop of Quebec. The decrees of this Council settled 
 several questions which greatly needed a solution. 
 
 5. In 1851, the five-cent postage was introduced. 
 
 G. In 1852, the city of Montreal suffered greatly l >m fires, 
 the most disastrous of which occurred in the month of July. 
 During two days, the flames raged with ungovernable fury, con- 
 suming 1400 houses in St. Lawrence, St. Louis, and St. Mary's 
 suburbs. 
 
 In the same year, the Catholics of Canada had an opportu- 
 nity of testifying, in the person of Bishop Bedini, Apostolic 
 Nuncio, the unbounded respect and filial devotedness they ever 
 cherish for the Holy See. 
 
 About the same time, the violent declamations of Gavazzi 
 against Catholicism excited universal indignation. On one oc- 
 casion, his ranting was followed bysuch disorders, that the 
 troops had to be called out ; several persons were killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 The Laval University was founded in 1852, by the directors 
 of the Seminary of Quebec ; and Lord Elgin, who had obtained 
 a liberal Charter from Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, presided at 
 its inauguration, in 1854. 
 
 7. In 1853, the number of members for the Legislative As- 
 sembly was raised from 84 to 130 — 65 for each Province. 
 
 8. Sir Edmund Head — Lord Elgiu was succeeded by 
 Sir Edmund Head, in December, 1854. During his admin- 
 istration, Lord Elgin gave many evidences of statesmanlike 
 qualities. Few Governors have identified themselves more in- 
 timfitely vvith the interests of the country than he. 
 
 Among the Legislative acts sanctioned by Lord Elgin, and 
 which greatly contributed to the prosperity of the country, were : 
 
 3. What was decided after the disgraceful excesses that took place in 
 Montreal ?— 4. What took place at Quebecj in August 1851 1—D. What 
 was introduced in 1851 ?— 6. From what did the city of Montreal suffer 
 iu 1852 1 How was the Papal Nuncio received ? \Yhat was the eftect of 
 Qc^vazzi's violent declamations? — 7. How was the Legislative Assembly 
 modified in 1833 ?— By whom was Lord Elgin succeeded { . , „^ , 
 
 f 
 
18611 
 
 LORD MONCK. 
 
 115 
 
 those which abolished the seigniorial tenure, secularized the 
 reserves of the Protestant clergy, and assisted the Grand Trunk 
 Company in covering the Province with several railways. Ho 
 also concluded a Keciprocity Treaty with the United States, in 
 July, 1854. 
 
 9. Three remarkable events occurred in the year 1855 : 1. The 
 arrival of the French corvet Cajpriciense in Canadian waters. 
 The presence of this sloop-of-war awoke in the minds of tho 
 Canadians tho remembrance of tho country of their fathers. Tho 
 ovation with which they received Mr. do Belveze, showed that 
 they still looked on Franco as a fond mother, from which they 
 had been separated by violent events. 
 
 2. Tho celebrating, with great pomp, of the 8th of December, 
 by the Catholics of every city and town throughout the country, 
 in honor of tho promulgation of tho .Jogma of the Immaculate 
 Conception of tho Most Blessed yirgin Mary. 
 
 3. Great public rejoicings on the occasion of tho fall ofSebas-' 
 topol. 
 
 10. In 185G, tho Legislative Council M^as rendered elective. 
 The former members were appointed councillors for life ; but all 
 others were to bo returned by oue of the 48 new electoral dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 11. Three Normal Schools were established in 1857, — one at 
 Quebec, and tho other two at Montreal. Tho Hon. P. O. Chau- 
 veau. Superintendent of Education, greatly contributed to tho 
 organization and prosperity of these Institutions. 
 
 12. In 1858, the city of Ottawa was selected by tho Queen for 
 the seat of tho Provincial Government. 
 
 13. In 18G0, Canada and the other British North American 
 Provinces wcro honored by tho visit of the Prince of Wales. 
 The Prince inaugurated the Victoria tubular bridge at Mont- 
 real, and laid the first stone of tho Parliament buildings at 
 Ottawa. He every where received enthusiastic testimonies of 
 the loyalty of tho Canadian people. 
 
 14. JLord Mouck. — Sir lildmund Head was succeeded by 
 Lord Viscount Mouck, in 18G1. 
 
 15. Towards the end of 18Gl, the country was almost involved 
 in war with tho United States, iii consequence of the latter having 
 arrested on board tho English steamer Trent, Messrs. Mason 
 
 9. Wliat occurred in the year 1 855 '?— 10. Wlnit importiint modilicatiou 
 did tho fj^ovomment undergo in 185S ? — 11. Wluit cstublishmeuta wcro 
 founded ill 1857 ? — \2. What Avas the chiefcventa of tho year 1853 ?— 13, 
 Wliat took place ill 18G0?— M. Wliowaatho successor of Sir Edmund 
 Head '? — 15. How waa Canada nearly involved in war with tho United 
 Slates ? What effoct was produced by the prospect of a war with the 
 United States ? . . 
 
l^^Ff 
 
 116 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [1872 
 
 ■1.!' 
 
 M 
 
 aud Slidell, who had been sent by the Confederate States as am- 
 bassadors to Europe. The prospect of a war created an intense 
 excitement, which resulted in the prompt organization of a vol- 
 imteer force, which, a few years later, 1866, 1870, rendered 
 great service to the country by repelling the Fenian raids. 
 
 16. In 1864, the spirit of antagonism between Upper and 
 Lower Canada reached its culminating point, ari the crisis 
 wliicli followed, put the whole government machinery out of 
 gear. It was then evident that the Union did not produce all 
 the beneficial results that had been anticipated. 
 
 17. A now system of government was divised, which left to 
 each Province the management of its own affairs, and secured 
 to all the advantages arising from the union offerees. The 
 following wei'e the Provinces invited to form the projected Con- 
 federation : both Canadas, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince 
 Edward Island, and Newfoundland. The last two, however, 
 preferring entire self-government, declined the invitation. 
 
 ] 8. The bases of the new Federal Constitution were drawn up 
 in 1865, at Quebec, where tho principal delegates assembled. 
 
 19. The Confederation, or Dominion of Canada, was sanc- 
 tioned by royal proclamation. May 23rd, 1867, and inaugurated 
 on tlio 1st of tho following July. The Confederation was divided 
 into four Provinces : Upper Canada, or Ontario ; Lower Canada, 
 or Province of Quebec j New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. 
 
 20. Sir J. IToting:- — Lord Mouck was succeeded, as Gov- 
 ernor-General of tho Dominion, by Sir John Young, in 1808. 
 
 21. The Douiinion has since been extended by the acquisition 
 of tho Nortii- West Territory, July 1st, 1870 j the Province of 
 Manitoba, July 1st, 1870; and British Columbia, July 20th, 1871. 
 
 22. I^ord &uirerin — At tho end of Juno, 1872 ; Lord 
 DufFeriu arrived at Quebec, as Governor-General of the Domin- 
 ion, in lieu of Sir John Young, since raised to tho peerage 
 under tho title of Lord Lisgar. 
 
 IG. What occurrecliii 1SG4 1—17. What now Bystem of government wiis 
 divided ? ^V]lilt I'rovinces were invited to form tho Confederation ?— 18. 
 Wliero were 1 ho ])ase3 of tlio new Federal Constitution drawn up?— 19. 
 Yv'heudid tho Dominion of Canada, receive tho royal Banctiou ? How was 
 It composed V— 20. By \>i.'om Waa Lord Monck succeeded? — 21. When 
 did iho North-West join the Confederation 1— When Manitoba? When 
 Brri J.1 Coliuubia ?— :i2. By whom waa Sir JohnYoun^ succeeded 1 
 
 fP^^ 
 
 mm. 
 
 
*: 6£' 
 
 C-.!.<.. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 • From the fall of Port JRoyalj 1710^ to the present day. 
 
 l^Fall of Port Royal.— 2.-3. Treaty of Utrecht.— 4. American expedi- 
 tion against Louisbourg.— 5. Failure of the French .expedition against 
 
 • Louisbourg.— 6. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.— 7..8. Colonization of 
 . Aeadia. — 9. .11. Lord Comwallis, Governor; he is succeeded by 
 
 Ilobson. — 12, Eecapture of Louisbourg. — 13. New Government.— 
 14. Treaty of 1763.— 15. Prince Edward's Island.- 17. New Bruns- 
 wick.— 18. The Confederation. 
 
 1. Nova Scotia, or Acadia, fell into tlie hands of tho British, 
 by tho surrender of Port Royal (Annapolis) to General Nichol- 
 son, in ]710. 
 
 2. Weakened by continual wars, France was obliged, in 1713, 
 to sign tho Treaty of Utrecht, by which she ceded to Groat Britain 
 Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay Territory. She retained 
 only Capo Breton Island. 
 
 3. After tho loss of Acadia, the French fortified Louisbourg, 
 in order to protect their possessions in Capo Breton. This Island 
 rapidly grew into impori,ance ; its geograpliical position being 
 very favorable to tho fisheries. 
 
 4. An insurrection breaking out in the garrison of Louisbourg, 
 tho American colonies profited of the circumstance to fit out an 
 armament against that fortress. Tlio command of tho expedition 
 was given to General PepperelT, who sailed from Boston, and 
 arrived on the 5th of April, 1745, at Canso, where ho was joined 
 by Commodore Warren. Shortly afterwards, he appeared l3cfaro 
 Louisbourg, which capitulated on the IGth of June, after a siege 
 of 40 days. The whole Island shared tho fate of Louisbourg, 
 its bulwark. 
 
 5. Alarmed at the loss of that stronghold, the government of 
 Canada solicited aid from France to retake it. A formidable 
 
 1. When did Nova Scotia pas3 into tho hands of tho English ?'— What 
 did Franco cedo to England by tho Treaty of Utrecht ?— 3. What did tlio 
 Frenoli after losing Acadia? Ilow did Capo Breton grow into importance ? 
 — 4. What did tho American colonies on hearing of tho insurrection of 
 the garrison of Lonisbourg? From- what port did Gen. Peppcrell sail '? — 
 6, What did the Governor of Canada, alarmed at tho loss of tUat etrong- 
 liold? ^Vhat was achieved by tl.at expedition / 
 
■ 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 IF 
 
 113 
 
 mSTORY 
 
 [1755 
 
 force was in consequence sent out the following year under tlie 
 Duke of Anvillo ; but it acliieved nothing, tho greater part of the 
 vessels having been dispersed in a violent gale. 
 
 6. In 1748, Cape Breton was restored to France by the Treaty 
 of Aix-la-ChapcUe. The boundaries between the English and 
 French possessions not being explicitly determined by that treaty, 
 there arose from time to timo disputes and differences between 
 the colonists, which occasionally led to open hostilities. 
 
 7. In order to prevent any encroachment on tho disputed ter- 
 ritory, tho French government induced 3000 Acadians to remove 
 to tho north bank'of Fuudy Bay and to the Island of St. John, 
 since called Prince Edward's. 
 
 8. To colonize this vast tract of country, Great Britain sent 
 out emigrants at her own expense, and oftercd to soldiers con- 
 senting to settle there, a free grant of lands, and even arms and 
 rations for ono year. Taking advantage of such liberal offers, 
 4000 soldiers, who had just been disbanded, sailed with their 
 familieafor tlie port of Chehucto, where they arrived in June, 1749. 
 In recognition of tho Bcrvices of Lord Halifax, President of the 
 Board of Trade, they called their new settlement Halifax. 
 
 9. The first Governor of tho new colony was Lord Cornwallis. 
 He established a Council of six members, to aid in tho adminis- 
 tration. Lord Cornwallis was succeeded, in 1752, by Thomas 
 Hobson. 
 
 In 1752, 1500 German emigrants settled in the county of 
 
 Lunenburg. 
 
 the English 
 
 10. Meanwhile, tho boundary disputes continuctl, 
 were claiming the lands south of the St. Lawrence, including tho 
 Gaspo Peninsula. Shortly afterwards, tho Seven Year's War, 
 1756-1763, began, which ended in the cession of Canada to 
 Great Britain. 
 
 11. In 1755, an expedition from Boston, commanded by Ge- 
 neral Winslow assisted by Captain Mouckton, took Fort 13eau- 
 eejour, on the north bank of Fuudy Bay. 
 
 This same year witnessed a very sorrowful event, the expul- 
 sion of tho Acadians. Tho Enghsh colonial authorities assembled 
 tho AcadiiuiS at diflercnt places under pretext of conferring with 
 them, embarked them pell-mell on several vessels, and then dis- 
 
 G. Wlien was Capo Drctoii restored to France ? Vihat .iroso nftev the 
 treaty of Aix-la-Cbapello?— 7. What did llie French jroveinment in 
 order to avoid any fcucruacliniont ou tho disputed tervicury'^ — S. Wlnit 
 didKngtandin order to colonize tho country V— 9. Who Avas tho lirst 
 Governor of tliat colony 1 Byr Avliom Avaa he Biicceeded 1 Wiiat cniij^ranta 
 arrived in 1752? — 10. VVhatis eaidoftlie boundary disputes '? What did 
 the Eu,c!:lish claim? — 11. What took place iu 1755 ? 'What very eorrowful 
 event also took place iu that year ? .. ,, ,^,^, , , . ..^ ,-\:..,., .w,-.vt',.hM ,' -■;,•■•:-•' 
 
 I «' 
 
 ■ii 
 
 A 
 
1787] 
 
 OP NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 119 
 
 persed them tlirougbcrat their colonies, from Boston to the Caro- 
 liuas. About 7000 of these unfortunate people were thus vio- 
 lently torn from their homes, and sent adrift without protection, 
 and even -svithout tho necessaries of life. 
 
 12. Tho most remarkablo event of 1758, was the fall of Louis- 
 bourg. This important fortress surrendered to a force of 40003 
 men, commanded by G-enerals Amherst, Wolfe, and Admiral, 
 Boscawen. The fortifications were razed, and the inhabitants 
 sent to Franco. »St. Jolm's Island (Princo Edward's) was taken 
 about tho same time and annexed to Nova Scotia. 
 
 13. Nova Scotia received a.Constltutionin 1758; and on tho 
 27th of October, tho first Provincial Parliament assembled under 
 the auspiceg of Governor Lawrence. Tho new government con- 
 sisted of a Legislative Assembly of 22 members elected by the 
 people, and of an Executive combined with a Legislative Council 
 of 12 members nominated l>y tho Crown. From, the year 1719, 
 the Governor and his council had attended to t];o aiUninistration 
 of public affairs. 
 
 14. In 1703, a treaty of peace was concluded with tho Indians. 
 From this moment, the colony made rapid progress. Capo 
 Breton was then, annexed to Nova Scotia ; and two yt-ars later, 
 this Island formed a distinct county. 
 
 After tho treaty of 1703, several of the Acadian exiles returned 
 to their homesteads. 
 
 15. In 1770, Prince Edward's Island was detached from Nova 
 Scotia, and formed into a separate government. A few years 
 later, 1755-5(1, tho inhabitants of several parts of Nova Scotia, 
 having openly expressed their sympathy for the principles of tho 
 American lievolution, were deprived of their representation in tho 
 Legislative Assembly. 
 
 IG. Towards Iho end of the American Revolution, 20000 roy- 
 alists left tho revolted States, and settled in Nova Scotia. 
 
 17. In 1784, that part of Nova Scotia lying north of Fundy 
 Bay, "".vas formed into a separate colony under the name of New 
 Brunswick. Capo Breton was also constituted into an indepen- 
 dent government, vdth Sydney for its capital. 
 
 18. Tho events that occurred between 17S4 and 13G7, were of 
 a pacific nature, and related chieHy to the development and ])rog- 
 ress of tho l^rovincc. Tliey are : Tho visit to Ifahiax of Princo 
 William Ilcnry, afterwards William IV., in 1787 ; tho opening 
 
 12. What, was the chief event of 175S?— 13. ^Y]\at did Nova Sfotia 
 receive in 1758? OfAvluit did tho now government consist/? — 14. Whrifc 
 was tho roHulfc of tho treaty of 17G3?— 15. What did Princo Edward's 
 Island heconie in 1770 '—IG. \\nio Bettled in Nova Scotia toward.^ tho end " 
 of tho American Eevol'.ition?— 17. Wliat modification was introduced in 
 1784 ?— 18. Nanio tho chief events that occurred from 1781 to 1 8G7, 
 
120 rasTORT ' " r [1803 
 
 of tho Pictou highway, in 1792 ; tho formation of the militia, in 
 180G ; tho opening of a Btago line between Halifax and Windsor, 
 iu 181G; the reunion of Capo Breton with Nova Scotia, in 1820 j 
 tho admission of tho Catholics to tho enjoyment of tho eamo civil 
 rights with the Protestants, in 1823; the dissolution of tho Execu- 
 tive Legislative Council, and the nomination by the Crown of 
 an Executive Council of nine, and a Legislative Council of nine- 
 teen members, in 1838; the introduction of responsible govern- 
 ment, in 1848 ; the revision of the pubhc statutes, in 1857 ; tho 
 visit of tho Prince of Wales, in 1860. In 18G4, Nova Scotia 
 united with the other Provinces to consider the plan of Confe- 
 deration. In 186G, the delegates from Nova Scotia, New Bruns- 
 wiclc, and Canada, met at London ; and, on the 28th of IMarch, 
 1867, the Bill for the Confederation of tho Provinces, received 
 the Koval sanction. 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 From Us separation from Nova Scotia, 1781, to tJiexiresent daij, 
 
 1. A separate Province. — 2. Legislative Assembly. — 2. Fredericton. — 
 2 . .4. TJio lumber trade. — 5 . . 6. Great lires in the forests of Miramiclii, 
 and the town of St. John. — 7. The Ashburton Treaty. — 8. Principal 
 events. 
 
 »!. f 
 
 1. At tho time of its separation from Nova Scotia, the popu- 
 lation of New Brunswick was 11457. Thomas Carleton was the 
 first Governor. 
 
 2. In the month of January, VH^Q, the first Legislative As- 
 sembly was held at St. John. Two years later, Fredericton was 
 chosen for tho seat of government, and has since remained the 
 capital. This town consisted only of irregularly built huts ; and 
 St. John, now a flourishing city, was then not more considerable. 
 
 Carleton M'as recalled in 1803, after governing tho Province 
 for nearly twenty years. The administration now passed into 
 
 1. What was the popuLition of New Brunswick at the time of its sep- 
 aration from Nova Scotia 1 Who was appointed first Governor? — '2. 
 • Wliat was the principal event of the year 1786? What took phico two 
 years later? When was Carleton recalled? How was the coimtay gov- 
 erned after the deptu'ttu'o of Carleton ? . 
 
 m^. 
 
 A 
 
1866] 
 
 OP NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 121 
 
 tho hands of officers called Presidents. In 1809, tao British 
 Parliament laid a tax on lumber imported from tho Baltic, whilst 
 those of her American colonics were exempted from all duties. 
 This trade becoming yearly more profitable, attention was soon 
 turned to ship-building in this Province. 
 
 3. In 1815, New Brunswick received a considerable number 
 of military colonists, who had retired from tlio British service in 
 America. 
 
 4. Governor Carleton was succeeded in 1817, by Major Gen- 
 eral G. fS. Smith, who was replaced in 1824, by Major General 
 Sir Howard Douglas. Tho population of Now Brunswick was 
 now estimated at 7417G inhabitants. 
 
 5. In the following year, a great fii'e dovastatf'd tlio ontiro 
 coast of Miramichi, extending over a surficc of GOOO Sfjuaro miles. 
 About 500 lives were lost, and $1000003 worth of property was 
 •destroyed. 
 
 G. Sir II. Douglas was succeeded, in J 832, by Sir Archibald 
 CamBbell. Five years later, a disastrous firo broke out iu the 
 town of St. John, destroying 115 houses, and damaging property 
 to the amount of $1000000. 
 
 7. In ] 842, the boundary line between IMaine and New Bruns- 
 wiclv was finally settled by a treaty between Great Britain and 
 the United States, negociated by Lord Ashburton. 
 
 8. The chief events that occurred from tho Ashburton Treaty 
 to 1867, were : the survey of a route for an intercolonial railway, 
 from Halifax through New Brunswick to Quebec, iu 1845 ; the 
 introduction of a government modelled on that of Quebec, in 
 1848; the visit, in 18G0, of tho Prince of Wales, who every- 
 where met with a cordial reception ; a delegation sent to the 
 Conference of Quebec, in 1865; and finally, the admission of New 
 Brunswick into the Confederation, in 18G6. 
 
 3. Was not the population increased in 1815. — 4. By whom waa Car- 
 leton succeeded us Governor? Wliat was llio populalipu iu ISJ-H— 5- 
 What took place iu 1825?— G. Who succeeded Sir Howard Douglas? WHiat 
 occurred iu 18^7 ?— 7. What was tho most remarkable event of 185:2 Y — 
 8. Name the diief -events that occuiTed from the AshUui'ton Treaty to 
 18G6. 
 
 •i ■ . ---1 ■-. 
 
 '1 ■ . 
 
 -I - . -V 
 
 
I 
 
 Si.'- 
 
 7, 1^ 
 
 123 msTOBT [1836 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 i| - 
 i- 
 
 
 JF^ii 07» **s-5cpomfi(Mi /»•on^ NevyFrancCr 175SyJo-the.jpresent^«iy* 
 
 1. Treaty of 17G3.— 2. Separate government. — 2. A-coustitutioixgranted. 
 ^..-5. Charlottetown pUmdoi-ed by American cruiaers. — 6. Justice 
 done to Catholics. — 7.. 8. Modificationa of the Constitution. — 9. Chief 
 Gveuta from 1850 to 1873. 
 
 1. Princo Edward Island was finally coded with Capo Bret- 
 on to England, by the Treaty of 1763, and annexed to tho gov- 
 ernment of Nova Scotia. 
 
 2. In 1770, tho Imperial Parliament granted the Island a sep- 
 arate government, and Walter Patterson was appointed tho first 
 Governor. In ] 773, it received a Constitution framed after those 
 of tho other Provinces of North America, Canada excepted. The 
 governincut consisted of a Lieutenant-Governor, assisted by both 
 Executive and Legislative Councils combined, and a House of 
 Assembly composed of 18 members. This ""Constitution was 
 modified iu 1851. 
 
 3. In 1775, two American cruisers finding tho Island defence- 
 less, attacked and plundered Charlottetown, taking the Governor 
 and several other officers prisoners. :■: 
 
 4. Patterson was succeeded, iu 1786, by General E. Fanning, 
 A\'ho was replaced, in 1805, by Colonel J. P. W. Desbarres. 
 
 jltv/asintho year 1800, that the Island was called Princo 
 Edward iu honor of the Duk o of Kent, father to Queen Victoria. 
 
 h. Desbarres'was succeeded by Charles D. Smith, iu 1813. 
 Tho despotic j)roccediugs of tho latter caused such agitation iu 
 the colony, as to oblige tho Imperial Government to recall liim 
 iu 1824. 
 
 6. Daring the administration of Colonel J. Eeady, tho successor 
 of Charles D. Smith, tho Catholics were placed on an equal 
 looting M'ith tho Protestants. Ready was succeeded, in 183 J, by 
 Sir A. W. Young, who was replaced by Sir John Larvey, in 
 1836. 
 
 1. When was tlio Island ceded to England ?— 2. What was granted in 
 1770 ? Wliatsort of a Constitution didjt receive inl773? Ofwhatdidthe 
 govenmiout consist ? — 3. What occurred in 1775 ? When did this Island 
 iccei vo ha ])reseut name 1—4. Who was tho successor of Walter Patter- 
 Kou ?— 5. Wliat Ja said of Charles D. Smith f — 6. Whattook.placo during 
 tho administration of Colonel J. Eeady ? 
 
1873J 
 
 OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 123 
 
 7. Under Sir^^harles Fitzroy, tho successor of Sir John Har- 
 vey, in 1837, the Executive and Legislative Councils became two 
 distinct bodies. Sir Charles Fitzroy was succeeded by Sir H. V. 
 Huntley, in 1841. 
 
 8. In 1844, the Colonial Building was commenced ; and, in 
 1846, a geological survey of the Island was made. Sir Donald 
 Campbell replaced Sir II. V. Huntley, in 1847, and was himself 
 succeeded, in 1850, by Sir A. Bannerman. 
 
 9. The chief events from 1850 to 1873, wore : tho introduction 
 of a responsible government, in 1851 ; the free education Act, in 
 1852 ; the universal suffrage Act, in 1853 ', tho administration of 
 Sir Dominick Daly, and the increase of six members to tho Leg- 
 islative Assembly, in 1854; the arrival of Governor Dundas, 
 in 1859 ; the increase of the Legislative Council of five members, 
 ancj the visit of the Prince of Wales, in 1860 ; the meeting at 
 Charlottetown, in 1864, of the delegates of the British Provinces, 
 to consider the expediency of forming a Confederation ; and in 
 1873; the admission of this Province into the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 7. What took place under Sir Charles Fitzrov ? — 8. What occurred in 
 1844 and 1846 1 Who succeeded Sir H, V. Huntley 1—9, Name the chief 
 events from 1850 down to 1873. 
 
 - <* 
 
 
 \» . 
 
 :\ 
 
 :i;'^' 
 
 '. ''- 
 
 
 -.' ?U 
 
 i; ■ I a-' :- 
 
 
 MV^^y'/'^'-: 
 
 
i 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 124 
 
 mSTOllY 
 
 [1803 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 1 
 
 
 1. 
 
 Frotn-itS'Se^aratioiiJronir'Nova ^cotiafl7l3f'to iUcpresent-day, 
 
 1,. A separate Pro-viuce*— 2. Division oftho laland.— 2. Annexation of 
 Labrador. — 3. Great disasters. —4.. 5. Courts of justice. — 6. .8. Prog- 
 ress of events, from 1803 to 1817.— 9. Justice done to Catliolics.— 
 10.. 11. Chief events from 1832 to 18C6. 
 
 If 
 
 1. NcwfouncUancl was constituted a distinct Province, in 1728, 
 Captain Henry Osborne was nominated Govonior, and invested 
 with ample powers to appoint magistrates and organize a gov- 
 enmient. Ho divided the Island into districts, and introduced 
 several salutary reforms in tho legal administration. 
 
 2. In 17G2, a French fleet captured St. Johns, which was re- 
 taken shortly afterwards l>y Lord Colville. Tho claim of Great 
 Britain to tho Island was confirmed by tho Treaty of Paris, in 
 17G3. Tho French, however, retained tho privilege of fishing 
 along the coasts, which privilege had been granted them by tho 
 Treaty of Utrecht. In 1763, Labrador waS annexed to New- 
 foundland, and Captain Cook surveyed tho coasts of tho Island. 
 Tho population of Newfoundland was then about 13000. 
 
 3. In 1 775, a furious storm broke over Newfoundland. Tho 
 sea rose twenty feet, hundreds of vessels were driven on tho 
 coasts, and more than 300 lives were lost. 
 
 4. In 1789, a Supremo Court and several courts of justice 
 were established. 
 
 5. In 179G, England and France being again involved in war, 
 Newfoundland suffered much from the hostile attacks of French 
 vessels. The small town called tlie Bay of Bulls was taken and 
 destroyed. 
 
 0. In 1803, schools were opened in several localities, . nd ^hj- 
 nevoleiit societies formed for tho relief of tho poor. ' o, a 
 post-olfico was established in St. Johns. In 1808, th ,t vol- 
 unteer militia corps were enrolled at St. Johns, and ibradov 
 was reannexed to Newfoundland. 
 
 1. In wliat year was Newfoundland formed into a separate Province 1 
 Who was the first Governor ? How did the Governor divide the Island 1 
 —2. What took place iu 17621 What was confirmed by the Treaty of 
 Paris ? What was then the population of Newfoundland ? — 3. What took 
 
 {lace in 1775 1—4. What was established in 1789 ?— 5. To what was the 
 slaud exposed in 1796 ?— 6. What occurred iu 1803, 1805, and 1808 1 
 
1866] 
 
 OP NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 125 
 
 7. During the war of 1812-13, the Island had much *? *^®^ 
 from the Bcarcity of provisions. Flour sold at $30 ana J. , 
 barrel ; pork from $38 to $50 a barrel, and all other a ^wciw 
 in proportion. J* 
 
 8. In 1817, two fires broke out in St. Johns, which destroyed 
 200 houses and a vast quantity of provisions. The population 
 
 . of Newfoundland then reached 80000. 
 
 9. Vigorous efforts were made in 1826, to ameliorate the con- 
 dition of the Province. The judicial system was revised ; public 
 roads were opened ; grants of lands were made, and attention 
 turned to agriculturcS pursuits. Four years later, the Catholics 
 were admitted to enjoy equal rights with the dissenting sects. 
 
 10. In 1832, a House of Assembly, consisting of 15 members, 
 was granted the colony. Nine members formed the Legislative 
 Council. • V '■% r ;. 
 
 11. Tb^ most remarkable events that took place between 
 1832 and 1866, were : in 1838, the geological survey of the Island ; 
 in )843, the union of the two branches of the Legislature, forming 
 a Chamber of 25 members; in 1854, the separation of the Execu- 
 tive and Legislative CouncUs, and the establishment of a respon- 
 sible government, with a Legislative Assembly of 30 members ; 
 in 1860, the visit of the Prince of Wales ; in 1865, the sending 
 of two deputies to the Conference of Quebec, but the question of 
 the Confederation was afterwards adjourned by the Legislature j 
 and in the summer of 1866, the connection of the Island with 
 Ireland by a telegraph cable, which was successfully laid down 
 across the Atlantic by the Great Eastern. 
 
 7. What had the Island to suffer during the war of 1812 ?— 8. What oc- 
 curred in St. Johns in 1817? What was then the population of the Island? 
 —9. What were made in 1826? What was the chief event of 1830 ?— 10. 
 What occurred ln,1832 ? — 11. State the principal events that occurred from 
 .1832 to 1866, ,., , . 
 
 ^1 
 
 rii 
 
 
 
 •^, 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 V, . - \*.-t . .,» II ^^''r** 
 

 126 HISTORY OP THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. [1870 
 
 
 .V (!/ 
 
 iti 
 
 n. 
 
 iuTHE JMORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 V.-.; i i,:.,i ?■ s;-!* j- 
 
 ilJl 
 
 <i- 
 
 
 Jv /• 
 
 l^rom *^ Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, to thejaresent day, - 
 
 1. The North-Wefi/ Company.— 2. Explorations.— 3. Colony of Lord 
 ,' •? Selkirk — .4. The rival Companies. — 5. Territorial divisions. — 6. The 
 ■. . 1 Confederation.^ ..< . ... .=,;.., ,,:*.: , . ■ 
 
 1. The Company of tLe North-West was formed in 1784, for 
 the purpose of carrying on trade with the North- West territories, 
 via Lake Superior, towards the Pacific Ocean and the CglumHa 
 River. The vessels of this Company even doubled Cape Horn. 
 
 2. The North- West Company sent out several exploring par- 
 tics. In 1793, Sir Alexander Mackenzie undertook a journey 
 through Canada to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific. He 
 discovered Fraser River and explored the one which bears his- 
 name. In 1801, the astronomer Thompson discovered the prin- 
 cipal branches of the Columbia River, wh-ioh he sailed down to 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 3. In the same year, Lord Selkirk bought from the Hudson 
 Bay Company a section of country situated between Lake Win- 
 nipeg and the United States boundary. In 1821-, he sent out 
 some Scotch colonists ; and two years later, several French Can- 
 adians commenced an establishment there, called Red River. 
 
 4. About this time, ^he two rival Companies of Hudson Bay 
 and the North- West were united into one. 
 
 5. The Hudson Bay Territory was divided into several dis- 
 tricts, comprising altogether, four emporiums and 112 trading 
 posts. 
 
 6. The North-West Territory wa«9 admitted into the Confed- 
 eration, in July, 1870. The Red .»-Mver Section was then de- 
 tached and formed into a new Province, under the name of Man- 
 itoba. 
 
 I. What took place in the year 1784 ? — 2. What explorations were 
 earned on bv the North-West Company 1 — 3. What colony was founded 
 by Lord Selkirk ?— 4. How did the differences between the two rival 
 companies terminate 'f — 5. How was Hudson Bay Territory divided i 
 — 6. When was the North-West admitted into tne ConfederatioDi and 
 when was tho Province of Manitoba formed 1 
 
 
■K.'; 
 
 1871] HISTORY OF YANCOUYER'S ISLAND. 
 
 VANCOUVER'S ISLAND 
 
 127 
 
 ■■'\ ■>■>;': ' 
 
 ^KJ> BKITISm COLXJ3XJBIA. 
 
 
 1. Vancouver's Island was discovered, in 1792, by Captain 
 Vancouver of tlio British navy. It is 300 miles in length, and 
 from 30 to 50 in breadth. It derives its importance not only from 
 its natural resources, but also from its geographical position, 
 which, from a mihtary point of view, gives it the command of 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 2. In 1771, John Ileam, in the service of the Hudson Bay 
 Company, explored the west of the continent towards the Arctic 
 Ocean. Sir Alexander Macljenzie in his first expedition, dis- 
 covered the great River Mackenzie which flows into the Arctic 
 Ocean. In 1806, Simon Fraser explored the interior of the coun- 
 try from Lake Athahaskaj he crossed the Rocky Mountains, 
 and cstabhshed a trading post at the lake which bears his name. 
 
 8. Vancouver's Island was first occupied by the Hudson Bay 
 Company, in 1843, when Victoria, the capital, was founded. 
 James Douglas was appointed Governor by the Company. 
 
 4. In 1859, Vancouvei's Island and Briiish Colmnbia, two 
 separate colonies, were united under one government, James 
 Douglas being appointed first Governor. 
 
 5. In 1863, the two colonies received separate governments, 
 and New Westminster, the capital of British Columbia, was 
 founded. The now government, for each, consisted of an Exec- 
 utive and Legislative Councils, with a House of Assembly. 
 Vancouver's Island and British Columbia were divided into 
 electoral districts. 
 
 6. Vancouver's Island aaJ British Columbia were admitted 
 into the Confederation, July 20th, 1871, under the name of the 
 Province of British Columbia. 
 
 1. When was Vancouver's Island discovered 1 From what does it de- 
 rive its importance? — 2' What discoveries did Fraser and Mackenzie 
 make ? — 3. By whom was Vancouver's Island first occupied 1 Who was 
 the lirst Governoi- ?— 4. WJiat did the English government in 1852? Who 
 was appointed Governor of both colonies? — 5. When did the two colonies 
 receive separate governments ? Of what did each government consist ? — 
 6. When aid Vancouvei's Island aad British Columbia joia the Confed- 
 eration 1