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THE 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 
 
 FOREST TREES OF CANADA. 
 
 EGBERT BELL, M.D., F.G.S., C.B., 
 
 Assistant Director of the Gbological Survey of (Janada. 
 
 {FROM THE REPORT OF THE SURVEF FOR iSSo.) 
 
 1883. 
 
 MONTREAL; 
 PUINTED BY THE GAZETTE PlllNTINU COMPANY. 
 
 1882. 
 
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THE 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 
 
 FOREST TREES OF CANADA. 
 
 MY 
 
 KOBKKT BELL. M.D., F.(i.S.. C.Iv, 
 
 Assistant Diiikctoh ok tiih Gehi.ouicai. Siuvkv ok Canada. 
 
 {FKOM TJIE REJ'OKT OF THE SVliVKV FOK iSS(j.) 
 
 1H8'2. 
 
 MONTREAL: 
 FTJNTHD 15Y TlIK (lAZKTTE PltINTIN(i COMPANY. 
 
 188H, 
 
f THE NORTHERN LLMITS O].' THE PRINCH'AL 1 ORKSI' TREES 
 j OF CANADA. EAST 01' TIH', R()CK\- .MOl'NTAEXS. 
 
 (Riprcsciitid on tlw. tUcOiiipa/iyi/ii; Map. ) 
 
 On tliL' accompaiiviii;;' iiiaj) tin- ^riu'i-il noillici'ii limits of ihr piinri- 
 pal toiTst tivi's of Canada, cast of thu k'oc|<y .Moinitains, arc wyvK'- 
 M'nted. The lines have Ik'i'u laid down .•liicHy from olisci'valions made ..\utl,..iiii(;- id- 
 by the wrilci- diirin-- tiu- lasi Iwcnly-fivi' yctii's. extcndinu' from Nt'W- 
 foinidland nearly to tlie l\oel<v .Moiuitaiiis, and from tlu- northern 
 
 trti'-iiiic.' 
 
 United Slates to the ea>iern and western sliores of II 
 
 nelson's |ja\-. 'J' 
 
 limitiiii'- lines of the sju'cies which extend into tlio far North-west are Far \ortli-we.-t 
 drawn from information reeeivt'd from various officers ol' the lludsons 
 Bay (;om])any. anil from the data fiirnishod hy the accounts and maps 
 of the ditlerent scientitie travellers who have ])eiietiated these regions. 
 Ill the more soiithei'ii ren'ions. many details have hecn olitained from 
 lunihermcn and holanist- which have hel])ed to determine the lines 
 with great ai'curacy in certain localities. Amonn- the hoianists may he l^'.iiiiiisi.. 
 mentioned Mr. A. 'J'. Drummond. the late J)i-. John liell. Professors 
 Lawson, l^ailey, .Maeonn and N. II. Winchell. also the older hotanists 
 who have written on our flora. Thaidcs are due to my colleagues on 
 the Geologieal Survey. .Mosrs. JJichaidson and Wehster. lo;- some facts (iculcKist... 
 on the distribution of trees in the Provinee of (Quebec, and to Messi's. 
 Fleteher, Klls and Broad, for others as to the Maritime Pri.vinees. 
 while Ml'. A. S. Cochrane has made earefiil notes on this subject diirinii' 
 our explorations in the North-west territories. To Captain William 
 Kennedy, tlu' Arctic exploi'er, now residing in Manitoba, thanks ai'e c'ai.t. ivL..iitMiy. 
 due tor valuable inlormation as to tlu' trees of the ])eninsula of Labra- 
 dor, in (litrerent ])arts of which he spent a number of years in the 
 service of the Hudson's Bay Company. The Hon. J). A. Smith. Mr. 
 Robert Crawtoi'd. and others who have resided in the Labrador coiiii- Lahradu,-. 
 try, have also given notes (m the timber, which have greatly t'aeililated 
 the a])proximate det<N'minatioii of the limits of the sjxcies found in 
 that large ])eninsula. Nearly all the reports of the (leological Survev. 
 fr(uu 1S57 to IS7l>. contain more or le.ss information on the (iistribulion 
 of timbei- trees, but previous to the former year the writer had studied 
 the toresls of soiilhern Ontario and the Ottawa valley. In a paper on 
 the -Trees and Shrubs of Lake Superior," published in the Transac- Lak. .superior 
 tions of the Botanh'al Society of Canada in lS(il, he jxnntcd out a 
 number onUcl.s in regard lo the geographical ditstribution ol' trees in 
 
that region, wliicii had not hocii jn'cvioiisly uIi^ci'vcmI. in 1873, the 
 northern limits of our principal tiinficr ti'ces in the provinces of 
 Ontarif), Qiiol)ec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were laid down in 
 
 Orijfiimi map. coloi'cd lines on a larg-e sheet, to illustrate a lecuii'c bet'oi'c the Natural 
 History Society of Montreal, hy ^Mj-. A. T. Druniiaond, on the disti'ihu- 
 tion of plants in Canada. This sheet was loaned to the J)e])ai'tmcnt of 
 the Interior, Ottawa, and some of the lines were transferred fi'om it to 
 the lai'^e ma]) e.KhiMted hy the .l)ej)artment at the I'aris International 
 E.xhibition of 1878. A reduction of the same sheet was ]>ublislied 
 in 187lt, to accompany a papi'r by Mr. J)ruinmond in the report of the 
 Montreal Horticultural Society and Fj'uit-(i rowers' Association. Jn the 
 portion of the pi'esent map which includes the four provinces retenvd 
 to, the tree-lines arc all carefullv I'evised and converted. The northern 
 
 Thirty spceiei! limits of thirty of the principal species of our I'orest trees are outlined 
 
 shewn on uuip. ": i 
 
 on this map, being as large u number as can be conveniently repre- 
 Forty other seated on so small a scale. About Ibrty other species, however, besides 
 
 «riecu?ii east of .1.1 
 
 the Rocky Alts, shrubs, occur within the limits of the Dominioji east of the liockj 
 Mountuins. A list of these, with notes on their geographical distribu- 
 tion, is added to that of the species mentioned on the map. 
 
 One of the principal uses oi' this map is to indicate the area within 
 the Dominion throughout which each kind of limber exists. The 
 abundance and quality of each kind varies much, of course, within 
 
 Occasional these boundaries. Occasional or chance trees and depauperated I'epre- 
 
 occurrence ... n , .1 ■ 1 
 
 beyond limits, sentativcs ot somo 01 llie species shown on the map are known to occur 
 beyond the limits laid down, but as these lines aiv intended to repre- 
 sent the general boundaries, they could not fairly be extended so as^o 
 include such cases. More or less extensive outliers or eok)nies of some 
 trees occur in situations entirely separated from the main areas oecu- 
 
 Pouthern pted bv the species to which thev belong. The southern boundaries of 
 
 bounilane?. x ^ jr ./ r> 
 
 some of the more northern species, such as the white spruce, Banksian 
 pine and balsam poplar, might be nearly included witJiin the maj), but 
 to avoid confusion it is considered best to show only the northern 
 limits. Most of our forest trees extend far to the south of the confines 
 of Canada, so that at any point which we choose to select within the 
 Dominion we are apt to tind in the l()rest nearly all the species whose 
 
 Prof, Sargent, northern limits lie to the north of it. Professor C'harles S. Sargent, of 
 Harvard College, a special commissioner in connection with the tenth 
 census of the United States, is preparing maps illustrative of the dis- 
 tribution of the woods, prtiii-ies and barren grounds of North Amei-ica, 
 and at his request the writer has had much pleasure in assisting him 
 in this work as far as Canada is concerned. 
 
 Other practical A knowledge of the limits of our ditlerent forest trees is also valuable 
 
 value of tliis .,..,,,. , ,. , .n 1 ,. i 1 
 
 information, us indic-utivc oi clmuite. Some 01 these will be lound to correspond 
 
with lliu nortlioni limits of the Hucoossriil ciilliviitioii of particular 
 ci'ops. Cei'taiii trees eease to exist when they conie to regions siihjeet 
 to scvei-e spi-ing or suininer frosts, or where early autumn frosts pre- 
 vent them from maturing their fruits. Locally, the presence of ji par- 
 ticular ;ifroup of trees is servi(H'al>l(! as a guide to the quality of the 
 soil, hut owing to ditferenoes in the character of the climate and other 
 circumstances, it is obvious that such a test, although quite reliable 
 within a limited area, may not be at all applicable to another I'cgion. 
 
 Some species apju-ar to find theii- aj)propriate conditions in ditferent Situatiim Hnd 
 latitudes by a change in their habitat: for example, the larch, balsam 
 tir and white birch, which in the north grow freely on dry or hilly 
 ground, t(»wai'ds the southern limits seek tlie cold ground in swamps. 
 The white codai- anil white pine in some })laces manifest the same 
 tendency. 
 
 The appropriate temperature for the growth of a number of species Effect of 
 . , _ , ,.,.,. 1 , ,• 1 1 ,, 1 .mountains. 
 
 IS earned tar to the soutli ot meir normal latitudes, along the elevated 
 
 parts of the continent, especially the AUeghanies and the Rocky 
 
 Mountains. 
 
 The range of any species is evidently not governed entirely by theCnusos 
 mean annual temperature. T'he exti-emes of heat and cold in the west, range of 
 as compared with the milder winters and cooler summei-s in the east, ®^'°°"'-" 
 with about the same mean temperature for the yeai", appears to be the 
 chief cause of the marked difference in the character of the woods in 
 the two regions, since there is not a sutficient disparity in the amount 
 of the annual precipitation to account for it. A great ditfei-ence in the 
 moisture of the aii* in two i-egions, otherwise resembling each othei- in 
 climatic conditions, lias also a powerful effect upon the growth of 
 forests ; and the dryness of the air in the western praii-ie and ai'id 
 regions is, no doubt, the chief cause of the absence of timbei-. The 
 proximity of the sea, especially where fogs or cold winds are of fre- 
 quent occurrence, has a gi'cat influence upon the kinds and the size of 
 the timber, and, in the north, upon the very existence of trees near 
 the coast. Differences in the composition of the soil appear to have 
 only a local effect upon the distribution of forest trees. 
 
 The study of the geographical distribution of the various forest trees (icoioKicnl 
 of North America possesses a certain interest to the geologist as bear- 
 ing upon questions in regard to the condition of the continent in later 
 geological times. The outlines of the areas occupied by the different 
 species, and other circumstances connected with their character and 
 distribution, may throw some light on their dispersion from certain 
 centres or lines, or possibly, in some cases, their contraction from 
 wider limits ; or we may find that some of them have still a tendency 
 to advance or retire. 
 
n 
 
 (ivc.'it 11 roils 
 (ii'ciipicil l).v 
 imrlhcni 
 .-|ii.-i'ie.-<. 
 
 Ciiiisos. 
 
 (irciitv.iriot.vdt Tlic conliiKMil ill' Xoi'lli AtiuM'ica |)Ossi'ss«.'.s :i t;r(>a1 vjiricly ol' rorcst 
 AnuMirii'"!''''^'' ''••■''■^- AIm)u1 :M0 (litU-iTiit s|u"cics ocelli' williiii \\w I'liilcil Scilos. 
 All llic kinils wliicli \vr Ikivc in ('jiiiailii. ainoimliiii;- Ik alioiil niiu-ly, 
 iiicliuliii^' tliiiM' (iT llir i'acitic slii|i(', arc also met willi in that country. 
 Sonic species ari' not only \vvy widely (litliised. Imt arc also jii-rsistenl 
 over o-fcal ari'as, licinn' t<»"ii<l almost cverywiiere witliin tlu' limits of 
 llicir ilistriljulioii, whili' others. aitlioiiii,h having' an extensive niiigo, 
 are nowhere very common, and are sometimes ahsent Ibr considerable 
 intervals. Ollicrs, anain. arc eontincd to coniiiaratively small tracts. 
 As a lii'iieral rule, the more nortlu'i'ii species oeeii[)y the ^'reatest 
 e.xti'iit of count r_\'. while tin- soiUherii ones arc jiroi^ressivclv more and 
 more reslriclcd, even in a more rapid ratio than would he implied l)y 
 the narrowing- of the conlinenl from north to south. This is owiiii;' to 
 theiii'cat dill\'rt'iiccs experienced in climatic conditions in going from 
 (MnI to we>t III the more southern latitudes. Along tlu' northei'n boi- 
 ders of the Ibrcsts of the continent the cK'Vation of the land above the 
 sea is comjiari'.lively slight and regular, ami the other physical condi- 
 tions are tolerably uniform. As a coiise([iience, we tind the most 
 northern groiij) (if trees extending from ^s'ewliiundland into Alaska, :i 
 distance of about 4,000 miles. 
 
 An inspection of the accompanying maji will show some interesting 
 features as t(j tlie general distriimtion of our forc.^t trees, as well as 
 regartling almost every individual s])ecies of timber. For example, it 
 will be observetl that there is no material change in the woods through- 
 out the great triangular area embracing aliout 000,000 square miles, of 
 which the national boundary line between the l{o<d<y Mountains and 
 Lake Superior Ibrms the base, and the liocky Mountains and Lauren- 
 tian hills rcs|)ectivcly the west and east sides, the apex being at the 
 mouth of the Mackenzie Iliver. in the southern jiart oi' this area, a 
 number of sjiecies are added to the kinds which everywhere thi'ough- 
 oiit it make up the bulk of the forests, and again, few trees of any kind 
 are found to the south of the North Saskatchewan ; still, making allow- 
 ance for local peculiarities of condition, there is a remarkable uniformity 
 in tlu^ timber of this enormous area. It includes, however, only a few 
 s])ecies, of which the aspen, balsam poplar and willows are more 
 abundant towards the western, and the spruces, larch, balsam tir and 
 Banksian pine towards the eastern side of the awn. 
 Limitinc linos |t will be observed that the lines mai'king the northern limits of 
 
 turn siiiitliwiira . ^- 
 
 towiiriis Red about a (lo/cn species turn southward and become their western limits 
 
 I'ooiilimilii 
 
 Kivor. 
 
 on reaching the eastern side of the valley of Lake Winnipeg and the 
 Eed River; while the boundai'ies of the sjjocies occurring next to the 
 soutli of these also manifest a tendency to turn southward in approach- 
 ing the prairies of the west. The species above luiferred to are the 
 
eed I. 
 
 wliitc cfdiir, Mack ash, white jtitu-, ml ])iii(', sii^ar iiiapK', yollow 
 liirch. rcil oak. white ash. iK'Hiloek, heocli, iroiiwixMl, re(l eedai- (arhor- 
 eseent variety) and white oak. Tliey arc to a great extent, i-eplaced 
 liy otiier speeies hel'oi-e tiie i-eirjon of open ])huns is reaehod. Had tl't'ije,]. , 
 ^'i-eat tbrests originally exteiuh'd further west, and heen destroyed hy "'^:^'^!"^' 
 tire or other causes, in compai'atively recent times, we should have 
 found the noi'thern limits of these species continuing theii' general 
 coiM'se to the jirairie region, and ending ahruptly there, instc.id of 
 which they all curve gradually round, in a more or less «'oncenti'ic 
 fashion, and other ti'ees occupy the intervening ground. Tiiese well- 
 marked features of torcst distributi(m show that the present divisions 
 of prairie and woodland are of very ancient date. The evideiu'e of the 
 smaller j)lants, and also of certain supei-ticial geological conditions, all 
 point to the same conclusion. 
 
 The state of Minnesota is situated in a very interesting region in 
 regard to ti)rest distrihution. Here we tind the northern limit of thcp^^^^t 
 group to which the most southern trees of (Jntai'io helono- such as the','!"""''""'"" '" 
 
 III 1 i 1 II 1 1 1 • 1 ' i>lll"lt'!*lltil. 
 
 iiiaciv walnut, slieil-bark hickoiy, hackherry and Kentucky coti'ee tree; 
 the north-western limit of the commoner trees of tiie noi-thern states 
 and of Quebec and Ontario, such as the wliite oak, red cedar (abor- 
 escent variety), ironwood, beech, hemlock, white asli, rock elm, j-ed 
 oak, yellow and black bii'ch, sugar Tuaiile, red nuiple, wild plum, iS:c. ; 
 the western boundaries of some of the trees whose noi'thern limits jias.s 
 through nortlicrn Ontario, such as (lie white cedar, black ash, white 
 pine and red pine; the southern limits of the most northei-n gi'oup, 
 including the white spruce, the larch, Banksian pine, balsam tir, balsam 
 ])Oplar and canoe birch; and the general eas1ei-n limits of some of the 
 western species, such as the ash-leaved maple, green ash, bui- oak and 
 Cottonwood. 
 
 It will be observed that in the Labrador peninsula the tree-lines Trend of tree 
 trend northward mid-vva.\ between the eastei'ii and western shoi-es. Vj;!*;". 
 Tliis is due partly to the unlavorable influence of the seu on either side, 
 and partly to the beneticiul ert'ect of the central depressions in which 
 the rivers run northward into Ungava Bay. From Mingan to Lake 
 Superior, the height of land, north of the St. Lawrence, is rudely Height „. ,.,., 
 parallel to the general course of the lines marking the noilhern boun- lines.'"' "''''^*' 
 daries of the trees, and it may have had some effect in limiting the 
 north wai-d range of a number of species. A southward curve in the 
 watershed about the longitude of Ottawa is marked by a cori-esponding 
 curve in the tree-lines, Again, where a great depression occurs in this p;g.gpt ^f 
 dividing plateau, some of the trees, which in such places may be '''"'''^''^"'"'"■'• 
 approaching their northern boundaries, are found to extend, in tlie 
 lower levels, beyond their general outline on either side. As examples 
 
 I 111 
 
 Ijiibrailcir- 
 
 r land 
 
ol'tliis. tlic TiiiUo Tomisoaming and Altittibi dislrict, and the valley of 
 llic Kciioiiaini, or princiiial south hi-anch of the Albany, may be mon- 
 
 Modsc Unci. ii,,in.,|_ On the .Missiiiail)i, ur west branch ol" tho Moose River, the 
 whitt' elm reappears lliO miles north of its general lx)iindary on 
 descending to a siilHcienlly low elevation above the sea. Tho Saguo- 
 nay. ti>r aliout 1(M» miles from the St. Lawrence, is really a narrow arm 
 
 Liike Sf. .r.iiin. ,,,■ ji^^, ^^.^^ .^^^^ ^j^^, countiy in the vicinity of Tiake St. John, at tho head 
 
 ol' the river, is only slightly elevated above its level, and has a fertile 
 soil, although suri'ounde<l by a mountainous region. Hero wo find an 
 isolated colony of liass-wood, sugar maple, and other trees, considerably 
 removed froM\ the rest of their species. On the north side of Lake 
 llui'on and to tiie north of the city of (Quebec, the land rises somewhat 
 rapidly, and ill both instances th(^ tree-lines near these latitudes are 
 tnore closely crowded together than elsewhere. 
 
 im'ri'lu'rn li'mit?. Soiue kinds of trees, in approaching their northern limits, show a 
 tendency to diminish gi'adually in size, and to become more and more 
 scattered, rendering it diilicult to draw any detinite boundary of the 
 spe 'ies. while otheis vanish abruptly. The latter habit is more charac- 
 leristie of soiithei-n than northern species, as fai- as the Dominion is 
 concerned. The various species appear to die out more gradually as 
 they range northward in the western than in the eastern regions. 
 
 I'.iiirwn.iii.s. Forest tree-' east of the Rocky Mountains may be divided into four 
 
 gi'oups, as regards their geographical distribution within the Dominion : 
 (1) A itoi'theru group, including the white and black epruces, larch, 
 Banksian pine, balsam tir, aspen, balsam poplar, canoe birch, willows 
 anil alder. These cover the vast territory down to alx)Ut the line of 
 the white pine. (2) A ccnti-al group of about forty species, occupying 
 the belt of country from tho white pine line to that of the button-wood; 
 C.i) a southei'n group, embracing the button-wocxl, black walnut, the 
 hickories, chestnut, tulip-tree, j)rickly ash, sour-gum, sassafras and 
 ilowering (.log-wood, which are found only in a small area in tho south- 
 ern part of Ontario ; (4) A western group, consisting of the ash-leaved 
 maple, bur oak, cotton-wood and green ash, which are scattered sparing- 
 ly over the pi-airie and wooded regions west of Eetl liiver and Lake 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Hi.hnoss in In the western peninsula of Ontario the forests present a remarkable 
 
 richness iii the number oi species to bo loiind growing t^igother. In 
 some localities as many as fifty different kinds may bo counted on a 
 single iiirm lot. A more varied mixture is probably not to bo met with 
 ill any other jiart of the continent, or perhaps in tho world. 
 
 In tracing tho troe-liiios across the continent in tho comi)rohensivo 
 manner shown on tho map, it will bo found that most of thom afford 
 iiiteiestiiig peculiarities for study. A few facts will now be given in 
 
regard to i\w goographical (listril)utioii oi' (lio thirty spocit's whoscThirty sppoieM 
 
 1 !• •. -ji • ,1 i\ • • 1 ii fill eimiiitTiited in 
 
 northern linuts, within the J)oniinion, are shown upon the niai). 1 hey their i.nier 
 will be noticed in the order of their oceiirrcnee troni north to south, and su'm'h" " 
 the lines traced iroin east to west. The common names usctl an^ ihose 
 by which they are known in (Janada. 
 
 1. Whitk Spiu'ce, .Sin(JLE Si-RfCE, Ska .Si'iurcf:— Pine of the Hud- white spruce, 
 son's Bay Conipanj-'s people, — (Alhies alba, Michx.) — This and the next 
 
 aro the most nortliern trees of North America. Almnilant and of good 
 
 size in Newfoundland and the ^Maritime Provinces, where it is sawn i'il'>^v'^,v\\'".es. 
 
 deals. The Indians of these provinces call it "sea spruce" to<listiiiguish 
 
 it from the next. Captain Kennedy informs me that south of the limit 
 
 shown on the map it is common in valleys and sheltered places through- lin'iinior 
 
 out the Labrador ])eninsiila. It nowhere i-eaches the Atlantic coast, 
 
 receding further and fui-thor in going north. On the south side of 
 
 Ungava Bay it is lound at the mouths of Whale, (u'orgc's and Ungava 
 
 Kivor.s, largo enough for IxiildiTig boats, but the trunks aro short anil apt 
 
 to be knotty. In going uj) the east coast of Hudson's JJay it vanishes IludsunVs Bay. 
 
 about latitude 57°, or a i'cw miles above Richmond (lulf, but it is said 
 
 to extend further north at a distance inland. On the west coast of the 
 
 bay it extends to Seal liivor, in latitude 59°, from which the northwai-d 
 
 limit runs apparently almost directly north-west to near the mouth of Mncken/ic 
 
 the Mackenzie lliver, or about latitude (j8°. According to both Hearne 
 
 and Sir John Bichardson, it is found on the Coppermine Rivei- to within 
 
 twenty or thirty miles of the sea. Around James' liixy, and between 
 
 this bay and Lakes Huron, Superior and Winnipeg, it attains a good 
 
 size for luml)er, and even on the Hayes and Nelson Bivors 1 have seen 
 
 good, sound logs cut upwards of two feet in diameter, and showing from 
 
 100 to 140 lines of growth. Common throughout Quebec and Northern 
 
 Ontario, but rare in the southern parts of the latter province. In the 
 
 prairie country I have not soon it further south-west than Pine Creek, 
 
 about 100 miles west of Winnipeg. 
 
 la. Black Spruce, Double Spruce (Abies nigra, Poir.) — Pi-ofessor liinck spruce. 
 Gray regards the white and black spruce as probably only varieties of one 
 species, and there certainly appears to bo every gradation between the 
 two. The white spruce grows on rldi intervale grounds, or near the Differences, 
 shores of lakes and rivers ; it becomes a modei'ately large tree, while 
 the black spruce is found on hills and in cold swamps, and is a smaller 
 tree than the other. The bark of the white s])ruce, when young, is 
 smooth and gi'oy, while that of the black spruce is brownish, and is 
 always covered with small, loose scales, oven when the trees are young. 
 The two kinds have the same geographical range northward, 
 
 2. American Larch, Tamarac, Bei» Spruce, Jumper (/>an.c Jwim-Amerinan 
 cana, Michx.) — All the way from Newfoundland to near the mouth (»f 
 
lUiiiimuM^r 
 
 10 
 
 tlio Miickonzie River, tlio nortluM'ii limit (il'lliis lioo is only a little to 
 the soiitliWiii'd ol' that of the spruce. Il is Iniiixl aloiii;' with this tree 
 on the shoi'es of rnLi;ava Hay. !ii XcwIoiiiKllaiKl. .New Hrunswiek and 
 the (iasp(5 ]K>ninsiila it attains a uood size, and is a valiiahie tinihei'-tree 
 on all the northern hranehes of the St. liawrenee and throun'hout the 
 
 li'urtoc'l.*^'' Ottawa valley, troni which iar,i;'e (|uantities have heen ex[)orted il:)r 
 
 shi])-huildinn-, kv. It has an e(|Mall\' thrifty j;-i'owth in the eouidiy to 
 the south of .lames' Hay. and westward towai'ds Lake Winnipeg'. In 
 this great region it attains its greatest perfection on the dry uplands 
 and in good .soil near the rivers, hut sniallei' trees, with small iilaek 
 spruces, grow everywhere on the level or swampy gronmls. South of 
 the Ottawa it grows j)rincipally on low and k'Vel land. 
 
 Bulsiim nopli.r. ;{ I>,ai,s.\M I'oI'[..\K. H.M.M ol- (IlI.K.AD. IJoK ;M-R\RK KD PoPr-.VK. 
 
 t'OTToN TuKK, WiiiTK-AVoon, kc. {Pojnilus Ixihaiiii/tnt, L.) — Ahundant 
 eveiywhere ai'ound tiie (iulf of St. Lawrence an<l tiiroughout a great 
 ])ai'( of the liahrador peninsula. liUxuriaiil. hut not of large size, along 
 
 HuiImiii's li.iy. ;ill (In- rivei's of .Ian\es" Bay anil of the southwest side of Hudson's 
 Hay, disappearing ahout Fort Churchill, from which its noi'thern limit 
 runs to ahout latitude (55° on the Macki'uzie. On the east side of the 
 hay small trees were seen as far north as Richmond (Julf. it is a very 
 
 Mnolten/.ie common I ree, and of large size in the vaile\df the .Ma(d<enzie, espe- 
 cially on the K'iviei'e aii.x Liards. ll attains a considei-alile size around 
 Lakes Ilui'on and Su|)eri()r. where the thick hai'k of old trees is used by 
 the tishermen as a suhsiiute for eoi'k in nuU\ing net-flotits. 
 
 A-'pen. 4. Asi>E\, CoM.MON Pol'I.AH, Tl(EMHIJN(i-TiK.\VEl) Pol'r..M{ (Populus 
 
 tremuloides, Miehx.) A i-alher more southern tree tlian the last; 
 veiy common thi'oughoiit the whole region from the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence to near the mouth of the Maidvenzie Rivei-. It extends 
 
 Labrador. over the southern half of the Labrador peninsula, and around 
 James' Bay. On the south-wc-t side ot Hudson's Bay it keeps 
 some distance ha(dc from the coast. It is the commonest tree in 
 
 Nnrtli-West ''i*' jirairie ami half-wooded parts of the North-West territories. 
 
 territories. Tlii'oughout (he Hudson's Hay Territory it is tlie principal fuel used by 
 Indians and for open tires at tlu' (V)m|)any's j)os(s, as it does not throw 
 out sparks like the s])i'uce and lai'ch. In tiu' Ivistern Townships and 
 elsewlu're it is used foi- the manutiictui'e of papei'. Althougii (he most 
 
 Mist wiilcl.v widely ilitfuse(l (ree of Xorth America, it is relatively most abundant in 
 
 ilill'iiscil tree of, 1 , , ., ,. tx k i' • 4 /( !•/• 
 
 North Auiorieii' he West, where it ranges trom (he Arcde regions (o ( idilornia. 
 
 Prof'esHoi- Sargent renuirks tliiit if has "not yet been seen on the 
 
 high peaks of (ho soutliern Alleghany Mountains, to which it might 
 
 na(ui'allvext(ui(l." 
 Canoobirnii. ''• Canoe Biiicu, WiiiTK Biuoii (liefula Papj/racea, Ai(.) — A very 
 
 common tree tilong the northi'rn lrii)U(aries of (he »S(. Lawrence, and 
 
11 
 
 I'.ingiiia; ivs fat- Jiorlli in the Labrador peninsula as Lai\e Xaskopio, and I'libniddr. 
 
 to within 2')0 miles, ;m' pei-jiaps h^ss, of Un,i;'ava Bay, on the rivei" of tlie 
 
 same name. It att.iiris its i;Teatest iierfetiion ai'ound (lie (riilf of St. <iroaic<t 
 
 ',.,.,,,, . iierlVcticin. 
 
 Lawrence and m llie Ottawa valley, and is also tonnd ot laruesizi' neai' 
 
 Lakes iliiron and Superior. In T/ihrador, on hoth sides of .lames' Bay 
 and norlh-wo>t\vard to the .Maeki'n/.ie Rivei'. it affords sutliciently large 
 sheets of hark for eanoe-huildinii'. From .lames" l^ay to the .Maeken/.ie, CanoebuililinK. 
 whieh it strikes hcyond the Aretic ("ircie. ils noi'lhward lioundarv keeps 
 near that of the aspen, hcinu,' sonu-times on one side of it and some- 
 times on tiie other. In the most soiuhern parts of Ontario it is rare, of 
 small size, and toiiml only in swamps. In the lie<l |{iver re<i,'ion it 
 ranges as far south as tlie United States" lioundarv, and is Ibuml along 
 the Assinihoine valley as far west as the (^u'A])pelle lakes. 
 
 ♦J. E.ANKsiAN Pine, Sckth Pi.nk. J.vck Pine, C'ypress ( Pinus Ban!;siaM, Biinksinii pine. 
 Lamk.) — This tree has not been noticed in Xewibiindland.on the north 
 shore of the (Jiilf of St. Lawrence, nor in the interior of Jiabrador be- 
 vond Lake Mistassini, although it may possibly have a somewhat more 
 northern range in tliis peninsula than represented on the nia]» It 
 occurs tiirougliout Nova Scotia and New iiriinswiek. Starling from 
 the head of the Bay of Chaleur, itsnorthwanl limit appears to ci'oss the \..iiii..rii limit. 
 other tree lines to the lake just named, from wliicli it runs west to the 
 Moose liiver, keeping about KlO miles south of .lames" Bay. Fr(jm 
 Moose Eiver it runs north-west to the Mackenzie, which it erijs.ses about 
 the Arctic Circle. It does not touch either James' or Hudson's Bay. 
 Southward it is common on the north shore of Lake Huron and 
 around both shores of Lake Superior, whence it is met with all through 
 the country to Lake Winnipeg. The ai-ea over which it is distributed Aren of ilistrl- 
 a])pears to be m the torm ol a belt, with a breadth eipial to hve or si.\ 
 degrees of latitude, running across the continent. Although a small and 
 scrubby tree in the southern and eastern parts of its range, in the 
 central ])art (both as regards latitude and longitude) it attains much 
 greater ])erlectioii. On the southern brandies of the Albany 1 have 
 seen large gr(»ves of these trees about seventy feet in lieight, and two 
 feet in diameter at the butt, witli straight trunks nearly free from 
 branches Ibi' the first twenty or thirty feet, 
 
 7. B.\i,s.\M KiK, Fill, Vau, Sii.VK.ii Fine, Blister Pine — "Palm" in jj„|„„„ c^ 
 Cajie Breb)n — {Ahics balsainra, Marshall.) — T"'lie Maritime Provinces, 
 Xewfbundlaiid and the southern half of the Jjabrador jieninsula, its 
 nortliern limits in this region being on Naskopie Lake and the Ungava 
 River. It flourishes best in the tiaspe peninsula, where I have seen (jiispC. 
 many ti'ees I'rom twenty inches to two feet in diameter with trunks 
 tall (inough to afford one good sawlog — about fifteen feet, it occurs 
 aroiin<l James" Bay, but its northern limit keeps to the south-west of 
 
Xelsiiii River- 
 
 Cedftr alisoiit. 
 
 12 
 
 Hudson's J)iiy, where it passes between Fort Severn and Trout Lake, 
 and reaclii's tlie iieighbom-hood of tlio junction of the 8hainmattawa 
 and Stoel Jiivers, which fonn tlie Hayes' liiver. From this point it 
 turns soutii-west, and crosses tlic Nelson Hivor at the outlet of Sipi- 
 weslc Lalv'e, from whicli it runs noi-th-west to the Mackenzie River, 
 crossint!,- it al>out hititude 05°. South-west of Hudson's Bay it growa 
 only in the warmest and hest soils, and is entirely wanting in the cold, 
 " "''"^' swamjiy ti'acts. In Ontario, whcic it is cultivat(Ml as an ornamental 
 
 tree, 1 have not observed it growing luiturally south of the latitude of 
 Toronto. In the Xorlh-West teri'ilories it apjtears to he alwent to the 
 south and west of Jjake Wiiniipegosis. 
 
 wiiituceaHr. j^ WniTK CfcOAR, Cedau, Akhor Vit.*: {Thuya occidentalis, L.)— The 
 gcogi'aphical distribution of this species presents some veiy interesting 
 features. In the (iulf of St. Ivawrence I'egion its boundary runs south- 
 east from Anticosti to the Jiay of Fundy, directly aeros sail the inter- 
 vening tree-lines. It is absent from Newfoundland, Cajto Breton, Nova 
 Scotia, and the eastern !>alf of Prince Edward Island, but is unusually 
 large and tine in New Brunswick and the (<asj)(5 peninsula, in which 
 the clinude, soil, ka., are the same as in the adjacent regions, where 
 not a t race of the species is to be found. From Anticosti the limit runs 
 south-westward to a jioint about 2t)0 miles north of Montreal. Thence 
 
 JiinuM' Bnjv j( t„|.,,s north-west and reaches Eupert's House, on James' Bay. From 
 the ncighlH)urhood of Moose Factoiy the line crosses the Albany liiver 
 ut some distance from the sea, and continues westward to a point about 
 seventy-tive miles south-west of Trout Lake, whore it tiu-ns south-west 
 
 {'».'"'". and i-eaches the southern extremity of Lake Winnipeg; thence it turns 
 
 southward to the United States boundary, keeping to the east of the 
 
 Outlier. Ued River all the way. There is a remarkable outlier of white cedar 
 
 brushwood around Cedar Lake, on the lower part of the Saskatchewan 
 River, at a distance of 190 miles to the north-west of the nearest point 
 of the main area covered by the species, and a few cedar trees are said 
 to occur on Lake Winnipeg, not far from the mouth of the Saskatche- 
 wan. Captain Kennedy informs me that he believes the white cedar 
 
 LnbraJor. (K'l'urs in Ijabrador west of the head of Hamilton Inlet. If so, this 
 outlier woukl occupy a position with regard to the nortn-east promon- 
 tory of the cedar-line whit-h would coiM-espond to that of the Cedar 
 
 Suppo-sed Lake one to its noi-th-western nronumtory. We mitiht account for the 
 cause- I J ^ 
 
 singular fact that the white cedar has not yet extended itself eastward 
 into Newfoundland and Nova Scotia by supposing that, in compara- 
 tively late geological times, when the land was lower or the sea higher, 
 the Arctic cui-rent, which now tlows through the Straits of Belloisle into 
 the Gulf, ])assed on over the isthmus separating Nova Scotia 
 from Ni'w Hrunswicis, and (lowed through the Bay of Fundy. This 
 
f>teafly cuiTont of Arctic water, which would itself cany no seeds ot 
 trees, nii<i;ht pi-cvciit those of the ccdai- fi-oni crossin;^; to the islands 
 hcyond it. But on this hypothesis it would he ditticult to understand Diiliulty. 
 why the white pine, yellow liirch and other tives, whicli are even 
 more southern in theii- general liahit than the species in (|iicstii)n. 
 
 I slioukl he found in these ])rovinces. 
 
 I *J. Black Ash, Swami' Ash (Friuinus smnbucifulld, l.um.) — In Auti-Biaok a.-h. 
 
 I costi and southei'ii Newfoundland. From the neighliouriiood of Seven 
 
 I Islands the northern limit nuis west (curvini;- slightly to the southwai'd) 
 to Lake "Winnipeg. It is common, hut of small size, along the ditferent 
 branches of the Moose liiver. especially towards the height of land, ^^l,,,,^,^ mver. 
 St. Peter's portage, on the Missinaihi hiaiich is the most noi'thcrn 
 point at which I have seen it in this region. 1 havi' lound small trees 
 around the southern part of Ijake Winnipeg, hut have lu-ver noticed it 
 further west. 
 
 10. White Ki,m, Swamp Kf.m. (iuKV Kr.M. Amkkican Im.m (67/i(/.s whHc elm. 
 Americana, Willd.) — With the exception of the northern gi'oup. this 
 species hufl the wi«lest range of any tive in Canada. It (>xlcnds \'yo\\\ 
 
 I the Houthern pai't of Nowlburulland to the base of the I^)cky Mountains. 
 It occurs at the head waters of all the yii'incipal hi'anches of the Moose 
 River, and on one of them, the Missinaihi, I found an oulliei' within l-"()„jij,,^ 
 I niilcH of James' Bay. On tlie Kenogami it extends to a point about 
 f half-way from Long Lake to the Albany. The nortliei'n limit intersects ji„j,j „y,.(l,p,iy 
 I the east sliore of Laki; Winiu])cg, and gains its highest lalitiide (about™"'"'*'' 
 t 54^°) on the nuiin Saskatchewan, where Mr. A. S. Cochrane last sum- 
 ^ mer observed some good-sized trees not fai- from (Cumberland House. 
 Professor Macoun says he has " found it on Tail Creek, Avluch discharges 
 Butt'ak) Lake into Red Deer River, a bi-anch of Bow Rivei'."' In the n„w iiiver- 
 plain country, near the United States boundaiy liiu', the writer met j,, ti^ ,,|,,i|, 
 with fair-sized trees in valleys in the AVood Mountains, and in ditferent '^'"""''"^' 
 valleys to tlie northward of them. The trees in such sitiuitions aiv not 
 visible from the table-lands until the brink of tlie valley is reached, and 
 are locally known as " sly-woods." It grows to a large size along the 
 Red and Assiniboine Rivei's. 
 
 11. Ash-Lkavep 3L\i>le, Box I'Ildku, Rki> K'ivku .Mai'i.e {NcijhiuIo \A\-U'm\>h\ 
 acem<Z<!S, M(ench.) — Doesnotajtpear to have bei'ii t'ound native in (|>uebec ' '' 
 or Ontario, although occurring in the eastei'ii slati's. Young trees 
 raised at Montreal I'rom seeds brought from Manitoba ai'c growing very Mimtroiil. 
 rapidly, and hearing seeds in the eighth year from .sowing, in the 
 North-West, Professor Winchell gives it as i-caching the western 
 extremity of Lake Superior, it is abundant in tlu- Red Uiver valley, j^.,!;,, supcrioi'. 
 atul extends north to the Dog's Head on Lake Winnipeg, iicnond which 
 the writer ban not found it in that direction. It uccuis along the main 
 
14 
 
 Biiffali) Lake. 
 
 (irccu iish. 
 Saskatchewan. 
 
 Owen Sduiid. 
 Bur oak. 
 
 Dakota. 
 
 WinnJpcK 
 River. 
 
 N. anil W. 
 limit.<. 
 
 White pine. 
 
 Area of pine. 
 
 Lowest and 
 hiphcst lati- 
 tuduij. 
 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 Saskutclu'WiiM and llic M)!itli lu'aiicli. Tlu' inosl wt'stci'ly locality 
 known is Tail Civi-U, wliicli (lisoliaru;rs UulValo JjaUc, wIu'IT it was 
 found by Pfolcssor Mafoiin. aloiiijf witii tlu' while dm. It isdifticMilL 
 to draw tiic i^-oogi-tiphical lioimdary ol' any ti-i'i' in tlu^ pi'tiiric country, 
 whort! linihei" ot ail kinds is so sctiirt'. tmd lliercroi'c llic lines on the 
 ma]) in lliis iTn'ion aiv suliject (o con-eetion. 
 
 \2. (JitKKN .\sii. Wkstkhn Asm ( Frdiinm cirulis, Mich.x.) — ("oni- 
 nion aloiii:,- the l!ei| jjivei' in .Maniloha. an<l extends noi'th-weslwai'd as 
 tarastlu^ Saskatchewan, in llu' iiein'hhofhood of ( 'nmliei'laml House. 
 .Ml'. -\. S. Cociirane writes that he found it ahundant. hu! of snuill size, 
 iit liic Hii'ch portage, in this vicinity. I have met with it at the elljow 
 of the South Saskiitchewan, and I'rofessoi' .Macouii says ho hits not 
 seen it wi'st of the Cypiess Hills, liut lliat it extends t'ast as till' as 
 Owen Souml, on tlie (leoi'^ian Hay. Itoccui'son the hake of the Woods 
 and along the I{ainy llivei". 
 
 1:5. Hiu Oak {Quereus inairocurpa, .Michx.j — The limit of this species 
 in Canada extends from tiie internationtil lioundary on litike Superior 
 north-westward to the north end of Lake Winnipeyosis, from which it 
 dro]>s south to the J)akota line, in the vicinity of the Soiii'is Kivcr. 
 i'rolessor Winchell wi'ites thiit it is scattered all over the state of 
 Minnesota. It attains a good size on the IJainy K'ivei- and in the 
 district between haki'ofthc Woods and Winnipeg Kivei' and the Ketl 
 JJiver ; also along the lied and Assinihoine IJivei's. On the Knglisli 
 Jviver it wtis first observed about half-way Irom iionely Lake to tho 
 Winnipeg Jiiver. It e.xtends northwiird on Jjake Winnipeg tis a treo 
 to the Loon Straits, and as a bush to Herens River. Smtill trees occur 
 iilong the Swiin JJivcr and north brtmch of tlie Assinihoine. I*rofes8or 
 Macoun has not noticed it west of Spy Jlill, near the (^ii'A]»pelle River. 
 
 14. WiiiTK Pi.NK— •• Yellow Pine"' of the British markets — (Plum 
 strobus, L.) — Tliis an<l the next sj)ecies hiive so nearly the same limit 
 throughout tln' gi-eater part of their northwtird riiiige, that they uro 
 represented on the ma]» both by one line. The red pine, howevei", 
 does not e.xtenil so tiir east as the white, so that in tiiis direction tho 
 line represents oidy the boundary of the hitter. Contrary to popuhir 
 belief, the white j)ine is confined to a ci)mpariitively small part of the 
 J)oniinit)n, iis will be observed by an inspection of the map. ItsiKn'lli- 
 ern limit in Caiia<la extends c^asl tis tar as _Ming;iii, while to the west it 
 does not retich Jiake Winnipeg, or JJed Jiiver. It reaches its lowest 
 latitude opiK)site to Ottawa City, iibout 48^°, and its highest, tiboiit 52°, 
 in the lioncly J^ake region. It occurs in favorable situations through- 
 out the gre.iter i)art of .Newfoiindhind, but it is of best <iuality and 
 most aiiundant tilong tho (iandor tmd Lx]»loil Jiivors on tiie north, ;ind 
 tho Jlumbor on the west siclo ol' Iho island. On tho last named .stream, 
 
I 
 
 Ai 
 
 15 
 
 r liiivc cut into iIk- cciilri's oT srxci'Jil n'ooil-sizcd ircc-. ami t'ouiiil the 
 I wood ot'cxci'lli'Ml (luiiiity. In llu' coiiiitiy imiiirdialcly iiMPtli ol' Lake 
 f St. Joliii. llic Mc'ssi's. I'ri<H' liavc cut lar^'f (|iiaiitilics of tiiu- wiiilc |>iiu' Lake St. John. 
 j; tinilx'i' li>r rxpurt. When coiiiinn- tVoni Lalsc Mi.-lassiiii lo()tla\\a. liy 
 "': way ol' tlu' (iatiiuaii IJivcr. Mr. IJicliardxni. (if tlic (!i'(i|(»o'i(.;il Siii'vcv, ';'."'"«"" 
 ■;■ rirst iiu't this spciics at 'I'.W iiiili-s north of thai city, ll orciirs of fair 
 
 (si/A' on the head waters of all the |trinci)ial lii-aneiie-> uf the Moose Mmisc River. 
 ,;• Hiver, and in tornier times is said to have extended eonsiderahly turtiu'r 
 ) north aloni;" these streams; Imt liaxini;' lieen entirely desti'oyed hy 
 ti cxtonsive lorest fii'es, it lias heen replaced l»y other ti'ei's. Owinu,' lo 
 ,^ these tii'es it is now very searif in most of the i-ei;-ion north of iiaUe 
 ;' Sii]i(.'i'ior. hut small n'roves of it have heen ohserved as far north as Lako .Su|veriur. 
 
 i'e|iiTsented. it is sealU-i'i'd over the eoimti'v hetween liake Sii|iei'ior 
 j an<i the Wiiniipei;' IJiver and aiound Lonidy Lake, hut it is of rather 
 
 small size, in a|(|iroaehini;' iiake Winnipeg' the limitinii,- lim- of this 
 
 tree eiirvi's sonth-westwai'd. and crosses tlu' W i n n i | ieii' i>i\er ahont Kivcr. 
 
 fifteen miles ahove I'oi't .\lexandei-. and iheii runs soiilh to the I'nitiMl 
 ■ States lioiinilar\' at some distanie east of IJed i'iver. 
 
 I 15. IJkii i'lNK, Noinv.w Pink { Pini(.'< rcsinoad. Ah.) — .\s ahove siati'd. He.i pine. 
 
 " the northward raHii'e (if this species and the while pine eorrespoii<l so 
 nearly, except lowai'ds the east, that tin- the present their limit is I'cpre- 
 senti'd liy a sin^'le line. It is not mi common a tree in Canada as tlie 
 
 ' wiiite pine, and is usually fouml in rather >mall u'rovi's. althoUi;-h in tiic^ 
 Ottawa valley they are soincliini's pretty extensivi'. 'i'lie white pine, 
 
 « oil the othei' hand, mav lie found nuxed with all othei- kinds of trei's. 
 
 1.1- ,1- .• .1 .1 . ■• .1 ■• .1 .V'Tth-castward 
 
 It licifins to disappear Irom the northern parts ol the rcifion ol tiienuiKe. 
 
 white pine east of the lonuitiide of (^>iiehec. and is ahseiit from .\nticosti 
 
 and Newfoundland. I havi' ohsi'i'ved it in the i'rovince of (^iiehec on 
 
 tlie ii))[>cr part of the i'atapedia iviver, in tiie tiaspe ]ieiiinsiila. and Mr. 
 
 KUs iiilorms iiie that it is tinind on tiie 'I'oliicpu' Iiivi'r and on tlii^ New 
 
 . Eniiiswi(d< and Canada railway tifty miles from St. Andrew's, 
 
 IH, Vkm.ow Uuuu (Bctttia excelsa. Ait.) — The -HUli parallel forms YtlloMbirch. 
 [. tlu' average northern limit of this species Irom .XewlimiKlland to tlie 
 J IJed iviver valhy, in wliitdi it curves roiiiul and runs southward, it 
 
 j ;^ro\vs to a n'ood si/e in Xewfouiidland and the .Maritiiiu- i'rovineeH, NcwibuiKlIand. 
 [ wliore it is used in siiip-liiiildinn'. Solium of the trees whose nortliern 
 I l)oiiii(laries are near tliat of the yclhnv liirch in the east, y-ain much 
 iii,u;lier latitudes in the west. it raiii;-cs north of the lieinht of land at 
 Lake Ahittilii. imt is not Hiimd on the north shore of i.ake Superior i^ikc Superior. 
 1 from .Micliipicotcn to the Inited States hoiinilary. and only small trees 
 [ are loiiiid on the Canailian side of the line from tiiis point to tlie I'ainy 
 River, 
 
 I 
 
Ifi 
 
 (iilfpl?. 
 
 Lake Sui'erior, 
 
 l:iki' ol the 
 AVdods. 
 
 Keil oiik. 
 
 SiiKar mapio. 17. SitiAH .Mai'I,k. JIaki) .Maim.k, K'drK Mapi.e {Aier sarcharimm, 
 Wnw'j;.) — This troo, wliicli was iuloptod as I'lnhk-matic <»t' Canada, is 
 coiitiiK'd to tlio soutli-castiTM liordt-rs of the I)oiihiuoii. It is rather 
 moro soiithoni in its tnidoiiry than the yi-ilmv hircli. Sonic small 
 ti'oi's liavc iK'cn iiott'd ut the head of Bay St. (Jforuc. Xi'wfoinidland. 
 It is Ibiind in sin'lterod ]ihict's on the north siiK- of thi- (iaspe ])oninsula, 
 and is ronunon in its southern jiarts. thi'ivcs \v<'ll on the fertile lime- 
 stone land of Lake St. .lohn, and reaches fiake Temiscamany" on the 
 Ottawa; is aliuiulant, hut of a dwarfed desei-ijition, on Miehipieoten 
 Islk.nd and the hills on the east side of Lake Sujiei-ior. (ioiny; north in 
 this reifioii, the last trees were seen south of the Loni;- [jortai^'e, on the 
 Miehipicote'i iJiver. it isahsent from the nortlu-rn jiarts of the shores of 
 Lake Supei'ior and nortliward. On the west side of the lake it re-appearn 
 on the south side of the lower pai't of the valley of the Kaministiquia 
 I{iver, and thenee the limit keeps westward, a little to the north of the 
 houndary litu', as far as Lake of the Woods, where it turntt south. Sir 
 .lohn LMehardson nienlions this ti-ee as oceuri'ini!,' in the .Suskateliewan 
 region, hut this is prohalily an error. 
 
 IS. Kku Oak {Qi(ereus rubra, L.) — Nova Scotia, New Urunswick 
 south of the F>ay of Chaleur. Province of (^uehec south of the city of tJie 
 same name, and in Ontario to latitutle -Mi°. On the north side of .Lake 
 Huron it is l()und for only a short distance inland. South shore of 
 Lake Supcrioi- and at the eastei-n and western extremities. It has been 
 .said by one writer to occur on .Michi])icotcii Island, but others familiar 
 with the island have not obsei'ved it. 
 
 I'.i. IIk.mi.ock, IlKMi.ocK-Si'RfeK (Allies Canadensis, Michx.) — EjiHt- 
 ward the northern lindt of this species is at the Hay of Chaleur, but it in 
 scarce near the casti'i-n sea coast of New Hi'unswick. Very aitundant in 
 the northern ])art of Xova Scotia, it crosses the St. Tiawrenee a short 
 diHtance below (Quebec, cxtendiny fui'ther down on the north than on 
 the south side. Thence it reaches the noilh end of LakeTeiniseaming 
 and the eastern cxtri'mity of Tiake Superior at Agawa, south of the 
 Michipicoten River. On the south shori' of Lake Su])erior it does not 
 reach the westci-n i-xtrcndty. turnint;; southwai'd in the neiifhborhood 
 of Ashland. 1 am infoi-mcd. however, that there is an outlying j^rovc 
 of hendock at Tlxjuipson, aliout Iwenty-tive miles west of Duluth. 
 This tree maintains a u;ood size to the verge ol' its range, and always 
 aj)pears to terniiiuite abrui)tly. Sir .lohn Kichardson states that il 
 grows on the Kaministi(iuia Kiver. This, however, a]»pears to be an 
 error. 1 have ncvei- seen it or heard of its occurrence near this 
 locality. 
 
 Ua.<swooii. "*^- li-^'^^wjoi), LiMiK.N, WiiiTK Wool) (7V//a Americana, L.j — Coni- 
 
 mou in Nova Scotia and New liriiuswick, exeejA the uoillieru part, not 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 Miirifirao 
 I'roviiiccs. 
 
 ■I 
 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 I 
 
 ^t 
 
 u 
 
f 17 
 
 lijiviny txM'n iioticcl hoyoiid tlic sdiitlierii hi-anclics nt'tho Rostiu'Diiclic. ,5„|f „f ^, 
 Till' noi-tln'rii limit sci'iiis to I'cacli tlic (JuHsoillli (if.Mlscou. I'miii \\lii(.h l^nwrence. ' 
 it I'uns west to near <,»iiflit'c. aiid thciici' in a pri'tty (lii'cd coui-so to the 
 eastt'i'ii slior.- of Lak.- Siiiicrior. It is waiitiiit;, aroiiiid llio iiorthoni 
 parts of tins lakt-, Imt it appears just south of Thunder Hay. from which 
 it lu'ariy fi)llo\v> the iiileniational lionndai-y to Lake of the Woods. 
 Here it iieiid-. iioit h-w e^t, and aliiio-t ujain-- the southern ex1i-eniit\ of 
 
 ,: Lake Wiiinipei;'. the ia>t Iri'es seen in that diieetion heinjj,' at Kast 
 Selkirk, on the K'ed IJiver. w iiere they are vei'y sinall. Westward it is U^d Kiver. 
 tbund alonu' the Assinihoine to a short distance aho\-e Fort Kllice. 
 
 L'l. IkKcii { Fdi/iis I'l'.rnujiiii'ii. .Ait. !— Throuodiout .Nova Scotia and in Ryg,.^ 
 
 |Xew Brunswick to the Bay of Chaleur, except on the coast of the Hay 
 
 |t)f F'undy. 'i'he northern houndary crosses the St, l.awi'ence a shoi't Buy „f Fundy. 
 
 ?Ulistaiice lielow (^»uehec. and thence runs west to Lake Xipissini;' and 
 
 the outlet of Lake Superior. ( »n the south shoiv of this lake it occui-suite .Superior. 
 
 I as far west as (I rand I>land. Imt it seems to disaiij)eai- from the imme- 
 
 Idiate neijrhhorhood of the lake hcl^re re;i(diin,!j,- L'Anse. Sir John 
 
 Riehai'dson says this tree occur~i'n K'ed IJiver of Lake Winnipeg. If 
 
 so, it must lie south of the ( 'aiiadiaii line. 
 
 22. WniTK Ann ( Frd.rinug Aii(er>ranit. L. ) — Found throuuhout Nova in* 
 
 ^ ~ \> iiite USD, 
 
 ^ Seotia and in Xew Brunswick, except the northern part ; also in the 
 j southern parts of Quehec atid Ontario, its northward range eorre.spond- 
 iing nearly with that of the beech. It occurs along the southern, hut 
 "not on the northern side of Lake Siijjerior. 
 
 'SA. 1ho.\-wooo, Hoi> Hornbe.'V.m— Lever- wood of the Kastern Town- 
 I ships ( 0,sf /•//(( l7/Y///i/V(^ Willd.)— Nova Scotia and the gi'eatei- pai't of 
 I New Brunswick, the northern limit heiii;^- on the Ha\' of ('lialeur, from 
 ; whitdi it runs to neai' ihe city of t^ueliec. and I'cacln's Lake liin'on at 
 .|the mouth of the French Hiver. it has Ikhmi seen on the .Manitotilin 
 I Islands, hut iiot to the norlii of Lake ILiron, Sir .lohn l^iidiardson men- 
 ^tions it as occui'ring on the Winni];iegand keil Ri\ei's,:tnd I havenoticed 
 iit on Lake of the Woods and the lower part of the .Assinihoine River. 
 I 2t. Bi.TK BKbicn, A.MKinc.A.N lloUNHK.v.M (( 'arp/'iiiis At)ter''(((na, M\vU\ ). 
 
 3 'IM • n . 1 .. ■ , '''"« Ijeech. 
 
 |- I ills small tree doe- not range (piite so tar iKU'th as the last, it has 
 
 >iiot lieeii notii'cd on the north side of Lake Hui'on, nor anywhere 
 
 iiiduiid Lake Superior, 
 
 :.'">, Wiiiri-; (),\k {(,'uernis (iII>,(. !-.)- In the southern parts of \o\ii 
 Scotia an<l New Brunswick, in hoth of which it is rare. .More I'onimon 
 ill the southern distl■ict.■^ of (^ucIk'c and Ontario. A very valuahle 
 limber tree in the Ottawa valley, below the .Mattawa, and throughout 
 buiith-wes:eni Ontario, from both of which regions large quantities 
 have hitherto been exijorted to t()reign mai'kets. 
 
 Iroiiwiiod. 
 
18 
 
 lied oe.iMr. -<!. \'v.\> Ckdak {./u))i'iicnis 17/Y//»/(Ou/, Ti.)— Tilt' arhorcsct'iil form ni pu 
 
 this s](tM'it's i". fniiiiil in none ol' the |in>viiicc> cxcci)! Oiitarin. It^ •^i 
 
 iiiprllit'iii limit lifL^iiis till ilic All:mlif cua-^t alioiit the (■astt'ni ];art o! 
 
 thf statf <>{' .Maiiu'. ami i-uiin u (•.•-t m-ai- IIh- pafallrl i>t' lafitinlc -15'' b|i 
 
 ci'dssiii^- tin' St. l.awi't'iirc aliiiiit mill way lictwcfii .Moiilrc!!! and Laki' un 
 
 F-rmerahiin- Oiilarin. ami n'Mcliiiiii,' Lake llmoii at I'aiiy Smnwl. In lli<' cailN' (la\ - Yr 
 
 Kii'iK^tm" nflht' srltlfinrnt of [' \>\h'\- Canada laiuv .pianlilirs u|' this wood w.'iv G( 
 
 (lit in till' m'iulil"itluii>d of Kim;>.t(in and tin' I'.a^ on^iiinlr, and slii|i|)ci! 
 
 I'npstiiite ,„i( oi'iln' r(iiinti'\. Tlu' |»ii»t rate \aiit'l\ ( ./. Iiiiiii/li.^. Ilnok.). is Hmni! I)i 
 
 variety. • , . . ' . . . . • i • , i 
 
 in all tlif |ii'<ivinc('s. and is comniiMi in --aiidy and gfavcily soil in IIh 
 
 Noi'tli west (iraiiic country. It also occurs in dry and rocky placr th 
 
 aloiii.;' rivers and laki's in llic wciodcd rci^ions uf I ht' IIiuIskii s i»ay tcri'i lat 
 
 torics, as far north as the moiiih ol'lhc .N'clsnn IJivi'r. 
 
 Butternut. 'JT. BlTTEKMT (./(/^/(//(S '//(('/'('i'. L. ) -Said to lie lolllld in .N'ova Scot n t ' 
 
 on the east side ot the IJay o|' I'lmdy. Occurs in the soiitiierii eountie- ff'i 
 of New Brunswick, especially K ini:,'.--. and alon^ ihc Si. .loliii Rivei 
 jiliove Woodstock; ahseiit from the coast and northern part of ihi- ru 
 province-, in tlu' St. Lawrence valley, nearly as far down as the eil\ Sii 
 of Qiiehec. and alomi,- the Ottawa up to the .Madawaska, from which tin pa 
 northern boundary I'uns to the (ieornian Bay. I.ariie trees are ibuiii 
 in a few places in the count}- of CireV; mit tar from IIiIh Bay. 
 
 Bitter hickory. 28. BiXTER UifKuRY (Cart/it dmniiu Xtitt.)— Kaiio'e': over a mud. ex- 
 larger area in Canada than the shell bark hickory, l^iing tbund arouuc 
 Montreal, in the Eastern Township.s and along the lowei- part of tht tii 
 Ottawa valley, and thence westward throughout the snut hern part o' Vf^^ 
 Ontario to Lake Htiron. 
 mark wHlnut. ■-■"• Blacic W.ai.m t (Jit'/lans ni<jn(, 1>. )— This tree is eontined to thi an 
 tract Iving- south of a line drawn from the head of Lake Ontario to neai tl 
 
 the outlet of Lake Huroi 
 
 Til 
 
 Ctiestnut. 3(1. ('he.stnut (Castauea cidgaris. Lam., var. Americana, A. DC.) — li Sh 
 
 the district along the north side (d' Lake Krie. and north-eantward t «>.;. 
 the north shore of the head of Lake Ontario. h:' 
 
 I' 
 The Geogravhicai. Distribttion of Trkks Occurring in Canadj | 
 
 PAT Nor KePRESKNTED I I'ON THE AcCO.AIPANYINO MaP. l^" ' 
 
 {. Til IP Tree ( Lirludendroii tulipifera. L. — At Xiaji,ara Falls and ii 
 some localities westward near Lakt' Krie. Y), 
 
 ■J. Silver ^Lvpi.e, White iMapi.e i Acer da&ijcarpum, Ehrh.) — EaHten jj. 
 Townships and province of Ontario south of latitude 45°. Generall' J; 
 eontbunded with the red or soft maj)le. 
 
 3. Striped Maple {Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) — This small tret »n 
 although (sverywhcre Hcarce, han much the same range in Canada as th ti' 
 
 lii 
 
 an 
 
i 
 
 lit 
 
 eua-ar mapio, boin;^: toniid from riaspo to the outlet of Lake Superior ; also 
 ■V^'itli the ■'Uiiar nia|>lf at l/akc St. .lohii. 
 
 a 4. Moi NTAiN .M.\Pi,K, [ Afrr spicdtuii). i;ani.) — The iii<»t northern 
 Species i)\' maple. l>anL';e^ I'i'om Ncwtuuii'llaml to .lamt•.^ Hay. ami 
 Bnrth-w(><-tvvar(l to Islaml Lake dh the water;- which I'cach tlic --ea at 
 Yoi-k Factory. The la -t lncalit\- at which it wa;. seen in this ilii-ection i?; 
 Geoi'^'e's I>lan'i, in Lake W inni|ie!;-. 
 
 'i. Bi,AeK MaI'I.k, (var. Arer iiiijrum. Michx.) — Iih^ititied hv the late 
 pv. .lohn Bell as oecnrrimi; at (irt>iiville. on the Ottawa. 
 -* tl. Soft Maim.k, K'kh Maim.k ( Ar'fr ruhnon, 1-.— A common tree 
 throiiohmii the Maritime i'lnvinces, and in<i>uebee and ( )nlario south ot' 
 latitude 4'.' '; has a sli.nhtly more northern ranu'e than the siie;;ir maple. 
 
 7. Ki;.\TnKY CofrKK Tkkk ((iijiiinodailuA ('aiKii/eiws. I>am.)— Said 
 to occur in southei-n Onlaiio. Professdr Win* hell intbrins tne that it i.s 
 friund in the southern part nt' Minnesota. 
 
 H. Wii.ii Pi.tM ( Pnmns Aiiiirirnnd. Maj'shall. )-— The northom limit 
 runs from near the city of <^,hiehec to tlie eanteni extremity of Lake 
 Superior. It oceurs on the Kaiiiy and the Ked luver and the lower 
 part of the Afsinihoine, and at the south end ot' Lake Manitoba. 
 
 0. PioF.oN Cni-.RRY, Smai-l Kki> ('fikkhv I Pnnnis Fennsylrmvca, L.) 
 — Very widely ditliised ; has a liij^h noithern ran/.c»\ small examples 
 extending in most re.uions nearly to the ver,;re of the timber. 
 ( 1(1. Ki,AeK CuK.itHV i Prmiux Krroti'nd. Hhrh. ) — Formerly a valuable 
 limber tree in the lower Ottawa region and louth western ()ntario; 
 i(frv tine in the comity ot' Hruc(^ , now nearly.exhausted. 
 
 1!. MorNTAi.x .\sii, K'oWAN I Pi/nis AmeririOKi. Ih' ('.)-Ahnnrhnt 
 and ot /rood si/,e ill all the Maritime Province.;, Anticosti and'ia.spi^; 
 tlienre it extends wcslward, the northern limit toin hiii;'; .lames' Bay. 
 rnrther west i( i- loinid of -mall -i/.e a- far west as Island I-alce. on the 
 Shamatlaw.i. and to White .Mud l-'alh-. ou the .\(-lsoii i;i\'er. sexenty or 
 «i,uhty miles below Lake Winnipe;;-. This tree, which isota northern 
 baliit, proUihlv attains iir. .greatest pert'cctioii around llic (iiilf of St. 
 Law I ciii e anil Lakes Huron and .Superior.- 
 
 IL'. Sr. \H(, KT I'Hrii'KO TiioHx (;0'(</''r/f/.- ^ ocrnnd. ],.) — Common in the 
 Boutiicrn and central latiludesof t^Mndtcc and <>nt;irio but its noiihern 
 limits have not lu'i'n aeeiirately ascertained. Beiween Lake Siifierioi- 
 and Manitoba thorn luishes grow as tar north as the intt^rnational 
 boundary, but not miieh beyond it. Thorn bushes, apparently beluug- 
 iiig to this species, wei'e tbiuid by .Mr. ( 'ochrane on the (Irassberry 
 Iliver. twenty or thirty miU's norlh-wesl of Tine Island Lake. 
 
 i:i. CocKsi'ii! TiKUiN (Ci-(Ui(yus cruti-(/<dli, L.) — ()ntario, exeeiit the 
 anore noi'lh(>rn parts. In Manilolia a thorn whieh ajipears to be iden- 
 tical with thiB Hjieeie.H in abundant. 
 
20 
 
 14. Ri.AfK TiiiiKN (Crat(('</us /'nii<)it<i~i(. \,.} — In the ..iiinlicni parts of 
 Qiiobrc iin<l ( >nt;iriM. 
 
 15. Ki,<i\\ KKiM. \hii; \\itn\) [Cinnis ll(Jiii/ii. \,. \ I II --niii liciii ()iil;niii 
 only. .Most (■(tniiiinji ;ip|t;ii'<'iilly III .\iii!j,iii'ii I'all--. iiml w c^lw ;ir(| |o iho 
 viillfv lii'twcrn liiiinliis iiinl ,\iii;i>lt'i', lnil rtiicr mi ilir lii^hcr "jfinnnils. 
 
 Ui. Siir I! r,i M { Xi/s.'^ft iiiiiltifhirti. Wjiiiv:. I hr, II iii'lluil iiiliirtii.s mo 
 thfit ttii>- Ii'fc MTdw. ill ■.uiiic pai'ls (if '.(lilt liciii nntaiin. ImiI I lia\«' not 
 olispi'Vfil it iiivx'lt. 
 
 IT. SAss.\Ki{A.>i (.Sfl,s,v(7^>v»,s' npii'iniili'. \('r>.) Kruiii tlic Niauaia FJivor 
 (o Ancii^tt'i'. near llic licail of Laki' <)iilario, ami |tiiilialily ullicr ]iarts 
 of Koutlicrn ( )nlai'itt. 
 
 IS. Si.ii'i'Kin Kl,\i { f'hniis Jiilrd. .Miclix.) ScmiI In in |iail. nf <^>iiflioc. 
 Akm^' tlic Ottawa liixcr tlir 2(MI niilfs. aliovc .Moiil ital : Miiall aiiil 
 r.'itlior s( iu'( <'. In Onlaiio as far north as (Icoii^ian Hay. 
 
 r.f K'ocK l-]i..M ( (Jliiiiisriict>iio.<ii.'\'\\t>ii\ns. ) -I'laslcin Townshij);., Lower 
 Ottawa viilley Miui ju-oNincc o| Ontario mhiiIi of lalitiulr 4fi". Formerly 
 oomnion. Imt nio;.1 of the tinest tie'c.-. in ail tlicsf rc^'ions have Ixmmi cut 
 for oxpoi't. 
 
 20. Hr-TToNwo(iM, A.MF.HK^N l'r..\ .NK- lUKK ( PliitiDius orrideutalis. L.) — 
 Aroiinil the liciifl of Lake <)iitariii anil in llir W{'^t^rn |MMiinsiila, espe- 
 cially alonu' rivers such as the tiiaml. 'riianics ami Saiiiiccn. 
 
 21. Shkij^-rakk IIkkouv (Cii/i/n ,ilha. \iitt.) — In the southern part 
 of Ontai'ir): rather iDniinon in sonic localitic:-. The hrown hickory 
 (C. jiorcina) and the white-heart hickory ('\ t^meiifosd) ai'e also 
 believed to occur in the -ainc re!j,ion. 
 
 22. Swamp WiiirK Oak iQiiercu.^ l>i(yjlor. \\ illii. i — The white oak of 
 the low lands in the »)ttawa valley and southern Ontai'io appeai'K to 
 heionfi' to this specie;'. .Near iMnidas I have al-o seen what I took to 
 he the hlack oak (Q. tirn'toria. Harti-am.) 
 
 2,'-i. Wiirrv; P)iH( ii tUifn/ii <illi,i. I., i- Tliis species, which is often 
 mistaken for the (aiioe hin h, occur.-- in the Maritime l'id\incc>, and in 
 Quehec as far west as .Montreal, and proitahly fui'ther. 
 
 24. Black Binrn (Hrlu/a hnttt. L. ) - Oticn contoiindi'd with the 
 yellow hiich. ()ccuis in hoth Nova Scoiia and New Brunswick. Iden- 
 tified in <iaspc and otlu'i- places in the I'roxince ot' •^•uehec, and in 
 Ontario as tar west as the .Manitoulin Islands. 
 
 25. Black Ai.dkr i, Alnns inc>tna. Wiild.) — Abundant alonu: streams 
 everywhere frmn XewloundIau<l to the Saskatchewan, and as far north 
 aw the forests (■xlend, Imt not in the -oiithern parts ot Oiitai'io. In the 
 Hudson's Bay territories it is oftt'ii i'allc(l ■ black wdllow." The f!;i'een 
 alder {A. ciridis) has also been noticed, althoiii^h not so common as the 
 black, from Newfoundland to Lake Winnipeg, and nt)rthward to the 
 verge of the forests around Hudson's Bay. 
 
21 
 
 2H. Wii.i.ows.— Thp willows hiiv»- net boon idoutitiod with snfficiont 
 spocitic :i.-.iir!i( y in ilic various ivyiotis in which tho nl.oiTsccnt lornis 
 o.tiir 1o m:i|. ihc !:;.'o.Lrr:i|.hiciil ran,!,'*' ollhc dil1cr.Mil spcMcs. 
 
 •J7. 1,au.;k I TMKi. roPi.AH ( Av'/c.- <ir<iifh'l,nh(hi. Mi.lix.) < >r a 
 
 .outhcn. halul .■oiMi'Mivd will, II, r as,,rn. Us 1,0,1 !, ward rai,,uv if^ 
 .,oi„cwl,civ hrtucr,, ll,a1 ol' the sii-ar luaplc and ll,c white pino. 
 Almn.lant in N.'W Hi,inMviri< an.l <ias|,r. It dor, n-.t cMcn-l west a^ 
 
 ta," as Manitoha. 
 
 lis. Cotton w..oi. ( rujnihis mniiil>jrni. Ail. )-Lar.u<- trees oeeiir alon.u" 
 
 the Assinihoiiie h'ivei'. 
 
 •_'!>. /'m«,s' eontorl:! ( l)oii,i;l.) Wi'siern pari of the North Wi'si Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 ;;(». I'lTcll riNK(/'. rn/i.l<'. Mill.) In "H"' places in ihc Ottawa 
 vallev. and at the Thousand Islands on the M. Lawrence. 
 
 ■A]'. Iv\.;ki,.m.\.\ns Si'UtcK { M'ic^ EmjclnHiimt. I'aiTV. ) -This trer, 
 which ,s Isnown t.. extend as far east as the lllack Hills of Dakota, is 
 .aid to occiu' also on the tipper waters of tlie South Saskatchewan. 
 
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 WHITE CEDAR. 
 
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 115" 
 
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 WHITE CEDAR. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
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 SPRUCE. 
 
 AMER/CAN LARCR. __ 
 BALSAM POPLAR. 
 
 AS PEA/. ,wv -i-vA. -vw 
 CANOE B/RCR .. ^ _ 
 
 BANKS/AhL P/NE. -^ 
 
 BALSAM F/R. _ a __ a 
 
 M^yy/TT CEDAR. 
 
 '^%llAC/( ASH. 
 
 yVVl^ •Vti^ •PH- vH*V ^f 
 
 ■x- — X X- — X- — X- 
 
 A A A-_A A 
 
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 i\J ASR ^AVEO MAPLE A^—^\^ — a^-- ^. 
 
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 iV/Z/EE P/ALE. 
 
 RED PINE , 
 
 YELLOW BIRCH 
 
 SI/GAR MAPLE. 
 
 RED <?>»/r._ + _ + _ + „+_^._ + __+._ + ._4. 
 
 NEMLOCn. — X — X — X — x-^x — X — X — X — y 
 
 BASSWOOD.-o— o-o—o-o — o-o— a— o 
 
 AMERICAN BEECH. 
 
 WHITE ASH. ^-'^-^-^-rr^-^-^- 
 IROH WOOD. _ .X. — X — x- — >c. — X. — x. — x. 
 BLUE BEECH. — xxx — xxx — xxx — xxx — xxx 
 
 WHITE OAK...^ - ^.. 
 
 BED CEDAR. -y,.r,- 
 BUTTERHUT .y,— 
 BITTER HICKORY. 
 BLACK WALAIUT^^^^o^^^ 
 CHESTNUT .... 
 
 -x-x 
 
 X 
 
 •X X'X X-X X'X — x- 
 
 OKo — oxo — OXO— oxo — 
 
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