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m^-G^=^'

THE SOLUTION

'■^

-OK THE-

GREM'MYSTBfiY;

OR,

An Explanation of the Cause which Brought

a Flood Over the Whole Face of the

Terrestrial Globe in one Year.

An Explanation of the way the Coal Fields

became covered with various sorts of

Deposits, including Material for

Shale, Sand Rock, &c.

PROF, J, WESLEY GEOUTEE.

PRICE, 2,5 CENTS.

T/iis new scientific dogma is not a hypothetical theory. The conclusions
stated in the work are based on absolutely true principles.

IL'oubon, (0nt. :

KrKE I'RKSS I'RINTINC, Co. ,

1889.

w-^

-•-G — ^ w

■

THE SOLUTION

OK TIIR

GREAT MYSTERY:

OR,

AN liXPLANATION OF THE CAUSE WHICH HROUCiHT A FLOOD OVER THK. WHOI.K
FACE OF THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE I\ ONE YEAR.

ALSO,

AN ENTI'RELY NEW EXPLANATION OF THE.
FORMATION OF COAL FIELDS.

This explanation is not only altogether different from the accepted theories of the present
age, l)Ut the scientific gentlemen who have lieard my new theory have admitted that it was the
most reasonable one they ever considered. Captain John Smith, H. H. H., ofiicer, a gentleman
of superior attainments and abilities, who built the first steamer that sailed on the great
McKenzie River, saifl he would not have missed hearing my lecture, which treated on the sub-
ject, for $20. Many other gentlemen have expressed very favorable opinions of the lectures.

The scientific truths and facts adduced in this work to substantiate the idea of a Deluge, and the

Formation of Coal Fields, the principal portion f of which were deposited at the time of

it, are honestly admissible by tvery scientist. It is the idea, that there was a

general Deluge (instead of a partial Deluge, as taught by Modern

Graduates of Colleges), which is new, and tiot the facts

used to prove it.

If this work had been set in the same size of type and page as Prof. Dawson's work on the
" Origin of the World," it would have made 90 pages. Dawson's work comprises 434 pages ;
hence, it does not contain five times as much matter as " The .Solution of the Great Mystery.'"
The price of Dawson's work was $2 in Montreal. At the same rate, the price of " The
Solution of the (ireat Mystery" ought to be 40 cents, but the price is only

TWENTY-FIVE CENTS.

This price has been fixed for this work in conformity with the custom of charging a higher

price for scientific works than for novels of etjual size of book. This work, which

gives a demonstrated explanation of a scientific cpiestion, is worth more than

another work which gives merely a hypothetical explanation, the

truth of which is not absolutely certain.

Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty^
nine, by John Wesley Croi.ter, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.

One of the objects I had in view in writing this work was to commemorate the memory-
of my noble-hearted Father. Abraham Crouter, and my beautiful and affectionate Mother,
Maria Crouter. whose spirits, I l>elieve, are now in heaven, and whose worthy example an.l

tender care I did not fully appreciate when I was young.

J. Wesley Croutrr.

Winnipeg, Man., Feb., 1889.

I'r/i"}

ty-

SOLUTION OF THE GREAT MYSTERY.

lory
tier,
and

The following (|iK)tations from the Kev. Dr.
Talinage's sermon are made from memory.
Those who read the sermon will rememlwr
them. I have endeavored to re-state the sub-
stance of his remarks. Kev. T. De Witt
Talmage, D. I)., stated in a "Sermon on the
Deluge," that " he believed " in the Biljle ac-
count of a general flood, but he said " he could
not explain the physical cause that produced
it." He said "that the Deluge may have
been caused by the tail of a comet, or by
changing the atmosphere into water."

It need not be surprising that this great
theologian is not a great physicist. The
usual college course of education, which is
regarded as necessary to fit a student for the
ministry, does not include a thorough scientific
course of study ; nor should it be considered
surprising to the scientist, that the Rev. Dr.
Talmage could stand up before a Brooklyn
audience and make the statement he did, as to
the cause of the Noachcan flood, without
lowering himself in the estimation of his vast
congregation, for, perhaps, not over three in
a hundred of his audience understand physi-
cal science better than he does.

Now any manager of a metropolitan news-
pai)er, understands that it would not l)e
business for him to allow an adverse criticism
of anything that Dr. Talmage has said to
appear in the colunms of his paper. Whereas,
it would be safe for any editor to take up a
cudgel, in the form of a penholder, and, with
a pen thereunto attached, chastise the author
of this essay in a vigorous manner for his
presumptiousness in criticising Dr. Talmage,
for he would be countenanced not only by
the readers of the paper, but by college profes-
sors also, '^ince the author has undertaken to
demonsti ■ that some of the popular theories
taught by them are founded on hyixjthesis
only.

Before criticising the opinions as to the
cau.se of the Deluge referred to, it will be fair
to the Rev. Dr. Talmage, for me to state that
I regard hijn as the greatest religious and
ethical teacher of the age. I have reatl quite
a few of the .sermons delivered by Dr. Talmage.
I always become deeply interested in them.
His sermons are so full of ethics, pithily ex-
pressed in his own original, unique and elo-
quent manner, that I seldom t)ecome weary in
reading them, which is more than 1 can .say of
the sermons of some other noted divines. It

I is no dislike to Dr. Talmage, or his method of
sernumi/ing, that I have thought fit to criti-
cise a couple of his remarks, and the Doctor
is not specially to blame for giving them. He
might have searched all the books, and he
could not have found a better solution of the
cause which produced a general deluge than
those instance<l l)y h ni.

I feel somewhat reluctant to begin my i riti-
cism, for, when I get started, I go he.idlong ;
wherefore, some who do not know me might
think that I am churlish ; whereas, those who
know me best, hold the opinion that I am
good natured in disposition.

The idea that a comet might have caused
the drift was given by Ignatius Donnelly, in his
work entitled " Ragnarok." I read the greater
part of this work several years ago. I searched
it in order to see if he held the same idea as to
the cause of a Noachean flood that I did, but
I failed to find even a clue in it as to the cause
which produced a general or even a partial
deluge. Dr. Tr.lmage may have thought that
if a comet caused the drift, that it could have
quite as easily caused a flood. Now, when it
is known that comets are so diaphanous that
the faintest stars can \>e seen through the
tails of them, it is doubtful, even if comets are
formed of a(|ueous vapor, if one of them .should
leave the whole of its tail on the earth, whether
such an adiiition to the water of the earth
would make a general flood. One astronomer
said, that the materials composing the tail of a
comet are so thin that they could be conden.sed
and drawn through a finger-ring. .Surely, such
an amount of matter composing the tail of a
comet coulil not make such an increase in the
volume of water on the earth, so as to cover
all the mountains, for there would have to be
a vertical increase of water from the surface of
the oceans upwards to the extent of five miles.
Water seeks its level, and some of the moun-
tains are five miles high. It was this difficulty,
viz., the height of some of the mountains,
which doubtless led some of the theologians
to accept the hy|X)thesis of a partial deluge,
and then to explain the words " flood on the
earth," not to mean the whole face of the
terrestrial globe, but a valley where the
descendants of Adam and Eve lived, and that
the mountains sjxiken of in the Bible, simply
meant some hill-like elevations of land which
the then existing people called mountains.
The ministers of a hundred years ago were

quite as well versed in Hebrew as those who ]
preach at tlic i)rcsent tiint-. The ininistcrs of
the eij^hieciith cciilury iindcrslood the rcadiiijj
of the 7th chapter of (icncsis to ineati tlu'
flooding of the whole earth. The idea, thai
only a small area of the earth was populated
before the Noachean delude, is not scientihc.

From the creati(<n to the flood, accordinjj
to Jewish Chronolojjy, there was a laj^se of
over sixteen centuries, 1655 years. It has
been estimated by statisticians that the human
race will double their numbers every thirty
years. This estimate will not hold true in
over-populated centres, or those coi.. :ries
from which there is a lar^je emigration an-
nually. Hut in the antedihivcan era, the
human race was long-lived and robust, ai 1
the bible informs us that they begat sons and
daughters ; thus, if the births which followed
each other were at tlie same rate as among the
robust families of the Western States, there
would be a birthon an average every two years.
What, then, must have lieen the number of
children that some of the ancient antediluvean
patriarchs had I

Doubtless, in the lirst centuries after Adam,
the human race doubled in number every
Iwenty-five years, but, assuming that the
human race before the (lood only doubled in
number every fifty years. In a thousand years
the geometrical increase would be over a
million. yVnd in six hundred years more, the
one million would become four thousand and
ninety-six millions, or two thousand seven
hundred and sixteen milliims — more inhabi-
tants than there are on the earth to-day. Either,
then, the scientific idea formulated by statisti-
cians is incorrect, or the whole earth would have
been populated before the flood. It will nt)t
do for scientific theologians to argue that the
antediluveans were a sickly people, and thei^e-
fore not prolific ; but they have Scripture
grounds for stating that the earth was filled
with violence. It is quite reasf)nable to con-
clude that in the thickly settled places the people
wrangled for food. They would fight for the
jMjssession of new territory, and in this way
many thousands would be destroyed. Did
cannabalisir exist then ? The affirmative
answer is supposable. If such was the case,
over-population in some portions of the earth
might have been prevented by the people
eating each other, as the native inhabitants of
Africa, and some islands did not a century
ago, until they were taught more humane
means of getting a living.

As the time since the flood is over twice as
great as the time from Adam to Noah, and as
vast p<.)rtions of the earth are sparsely inhabited
at the present time, it seems reasonable that
the antediluvean population — though scattered

over the earth — was far lets than the present
population.

It is snp|iosable that in the time of Noah,
that for a little food, he cf)id<l have secured
the performance of a large amount of labor, so
necessary in the construction of the ark, while
these same laborers may have derided him for
building a huge vessel whi'.h he would not be
able to launch. Again, t)n the hypothesis
that the liun>an race must have vastly multi-
plied in numbers, they would migrate far
beyond the vicinity of the Ark, the hunters
would widen the bounds of their hunting
groundsover every part <>f the earth itiey could
reach by their means of traveling. According
to this scientific fact, there was time eno\igh
froni Adam to Noah to j)eople the whole earth
with hinnan beings.

Hut there must have been an increase of
animals also, and it is known that these crea-
tures multiply in a greater ratio than human
beings ; anil the increase of the numl)er of
animals is limited by the .supply of food. It
is reasonable that before the flood, that each
kind of animal would spread over every part
<jf the earth where there was suitable foods for
them. Now, would it not seem a needless thing
for Noah to construct a huge ark to keep
animals alive, if they could exist during a local
flooil in those parts of the earth which were
not submerged.

('ol. Bob Ingersol animadverts on the char-
acter of God for bringing a flood on the earth
to drown the jieople He made. Col. Bob
Ingersol gave his voice in sup}X)rt of the
American war. Had Bob Ingersol done
valiant lighting, he would have boasted of that
in his elo(juent style of speeches. According
to Bob Ingersol, the .Southern peojjle rebelled,
and they owned slaves: because of these acts,
though the war cost thousands of lives, and
hundreds of thousands of woundeil and suffer-
ing persons, he vindicated it. liefore the
flood the earth was filled with wickedness.
The hearts of the people were bad, and the
children would inherit the evil propensities of
their parents, whereby the number of evil-
doers would be increased. Death by drown-
ing is painless, and the destruction of the
inhabitants of the eartii in this way was not
so cruel as the American war. \'et, to win
popularity among the skeptical Americans,
Bob Ingersol eulogised the war, and con-
demned the action of (lod in l)ringing a flood
on the earth to rid it of its cruel inhabitants.
O Consistency, thou art a jewel I

But to return to the hypothesis that a floo<i
was caused by a comet, which left its tail,
composed of aqueous vapor, on the earth, so
as to cover all the mountains. The next
difficulty, founded on such an imaginary hypo-

thesis is, the finding a muse sufficient to remove
the surplus water from the earth.

Those visi(jnary men who read in order to
know, and who are prone to imagine solutions
to «lifficult <|uestions, might conjecture that
another comet without a tail might have come
near the earth, and then, to put words into the
mouth ot an inanimate thing -we read of
comets having a head, and this one imder con-
sideration is su|>|)osed to he without a tail — this
comet in sid tones might havesaid, " () earth,
you have a superfluity of water, and I have no
tail. \'ou could spare a portion of your a(|ueous
covering, and I again could he adorned with
a tail, wiierehy I will cease to provoke the
humorous remarks of other comets, which
have such magnificent caudal appendages.
You will become more useful l»y your loss,
for Noah and his oflspring, and the living
creauiros with him in the ark, will rejoice in
the fact that they are again living on the dry
earth. "

This visionary hypothesis may interest
those who have a penchant for imagining
speculative explanations, hut it cannot he
accepted by sound scientists. There is a

f)hysical law which would render it impossible
or the eaitii to pait willi a portion of its
water by means of a passing comet cominp
near enough to the earth to exert an attractivi
force sufficient to draw aw: v any of the water
of it. A body separated from the earth, and
near enough to exert an attractive influence
on the earth, would be mutually attracted by
the earth ; so that the two bodies > ould be
drawn together, and gravity would prevent
their separation.

This work contains an ex.ianation of a
cause sufficient to produce a general flood.
The explanation is founded on fact ; hence the
fantastical idea that a general flood was caused
by a comet may be discarded.

Rev. T3r. Talmage, in the same sermon on
the Deluge, said that the flood might have
been caused by changing the atmosphere into
water.

Now, every chemist knows that water is a
compound o( Hydrogen and Oxygen, and that
air is a compound of Nitrogen and Oxygen ;
and every chemist and every graduate doctor
of medicine knowf that by no known chemi-
cal lasv can nitrogen and oxygen, the ele-
ments of which air is composed, '>e
changed into water. But, even if it were
possible to change air into water, there is not
enough of it to make water sufficient to sub-
merge the mountains. Water changed into
hydrogen and oxygen increases in volume a
l,ooo times ; hence, a column of this gas one
mile square and fifty miles high, would make
a volume of water one mile sc|uare and a

twentieth of a mile deep. The air is supposcif
to extend to the height of forty-five miles from
the earth. Now, such an amount of gaseous
substances, which .'nvelopes the earth, could
not make water enough to cover the hills ris-
ing seventeen rods above the level of the
ocean.

Notwithstanding this scientific principle.
Dr. Talmage could risk his reputati<m as a
preacher, by stating to his congregation, and
through the press to tiK christian world, that
a flood sufficient to submerge the earth and all
mountains thereof, might have been caused
by turning the atn\osphero into water.
CONSIUERATION Ol-' IHF. I'RIN<I I'l.KS ON

vviit( n IS haski) iiik TiiK(iRV oi-

A i;KNt:RAI. IiI'.I.tlCK.

The centrifugal force is caused by the
revolution of bodies. The following common
observation illustrates ami proves this: —
When water is poured on a rapidly revolving
grindstone a portion of the water is thrown off
in an obli(|ue direction from it. Thr ccitii-
fugal force which makes the water fly away
from the stone was caused by the rotary
motion of the body. A boy fastens a ball to
a string, then, taking hold of the string, he
makes the ball revolve around his hand in an
orbit. If, now, he lets goof the string, the ball
will fly away. The centrifugal force, which
made the ball fly away in this instance, was
cRused by the revolution of the ball in an
orbit.

The centrifugal force acts on matter in
pro|iortion to density. Illustrative jirotjf: —
Let a number of balls of ecjual size, part of
them maile of wood having d.flerent densities,
and a part of them of metal ; let these balls
be attached to the rim of a wheel by short
India rubber strings. Now, if the wheel is
made to revolve rapidly, it will be seen that
the heaviest balls will be forced farthest from
the rim of the wheel, and the lightest ones the
least distance, while the other balls will be
forced to intermediate distances from the wheel.
A sphere is a solid Ixxly, the single surface of
which is every way eriually distant from the
centre. A sphere is round, in the shape of a
ball. A spheroid is a body, not a perfect
sjihere, but approaching to the form of one.
A prolate spheroid is a body shaped some-
what like an egg. An oblate spheroid is a
body shaped ijuite like an orange. The earth
is in the form of an oblate spheroid. Spheroid-,
ness means a body in the state or form of a
spheroid. The spheroidness of the earth is
due to the centrifugal force producd by its
rotary motion. The earth rotates daily. The
surface of the earth nt the etjuator moves at
the rate of 1041 miles an hour. This rotary
motion caused a force sufficient not only to

n])heavc iiuumtnins, Iml li» luilpc the eai.h out
at the eiiuator, so as lo iiiakf the ci|uati)rial
diameter twenty-six miles greater than the
polar diameter. The uniform rotary motion
of ihe earth i)rescrves the s|)herf)id form of it,
just as the uniform motion of an engine keeps
the governor halls rev. iving at a distance
from their axis. The following experiment
can be used to illustrate the principle of the
centrifugal force which produced the spheroid
nessoflhe earth: Let a hollow sphere, ol
alK)ut ten inches in diameter, Iw made of
India rubber to represent the earth. Let the
letters N. ]'., signifying tlie North I'ole, be
l)laced ou it, and the letters S. I'., signifying
the South Tole, be placed on the opposite
side of the ball at ecpial distance from
N. V. ; then let a white line be drawn around
the ball an ei)ual distance fnmi N. I', and
.S. 1'. to represent the eipiator ; then mark
two points on the etjuator oi)posite each other,
with the letters A. and C, signifying Anti-
podes and Cispodes, respectively; then nuike
holes in the ball at the iioints marked, so that
a spindle can move freely in them. Now
make a spindle with a fork -like attachment
near one end of it ; then ai Id a crank to that
end. Now thrust the spindle through the
ball from N. 1'. to .S. !'. until the fork pierces
the ball ; then mount the ball so that it may
l)e turned. Now, while the ball is in rapid
motion, it will be observed that the diameter
of the e<|uator of the ball is increased, and the
])olar diameter is diiuinished, the sphere
having become an oblate spheroid ; and it will
remain so if the uniforn^ motion of the ball is
continued. Now, if llie s]iindle is removed
from the ball, and then thrust through it from
C. to. A., and then remounted and again
causetl to revolve rajjidly, then the |)oints (.".
and A. will become flattened, and the points
N. P. and S. P., with the rest of the new
ecjuator, will be bulged out. Now withdraw
the spindle ; then let outlines, to rei)resent
islands and continents, l)e drawn on the
sjihere, and then let the islands and con-
tinents W faced with pieces of lead of various
thicknesses, the thicker pieces to represent
ranges of mountains, and pieces somewhat thin-
ner than these to represent cej-tain elevations of
land, such as ranges of hills and elevated
plateaus, and the thinnest pieces to represent
the lower levels of land. Now let the s])here
again l)e made to revolve rajjidly, then as the
centrifugal force acts on matter at the surface
of a rotary body in pro|X)rtion to weight,
whereby the heavier and heaviest jiarts are
forced further and furthest outwanl, the sur-
face of the sphere will appriiximate the
external configuration oi the earth.

It has been demonstrated by a numlxjr of

ingenious calculationit, that the ecpiatorinl
diameter of the earth is twenty-six miles
greatei than the polar diameter. That the
e<|uatorial diameter of the earth exceeds the
jxilar diameter is inferable, from the fact that
the earth rotates daily, whereby a centrifugal
force, sufficient to bulge out the earth at the
eijuator, is produce<l. Inferenlially, the
materialsundeilyingthe oceans are lighter than
the materials underlying the continents.
Doubtless sulphur is one of the substances
which exist underneath the rocky bed of the
oceans. The heavier metals are forced into
the mountains, save where they are carried
along with the detritus of the nK)untains by
streams to the valleys. If the interior portion
of the gold and silver-boaring mountains were
laid o|)en, it is reasonable to conclude that an
amount of gold and silver would be ex|K)se(l
to view, whidi would make miners" heads swim
with ecstasy at the sight of it. According to
this law, following the height of land between
Huilsons Hay and the great lakes eastward to
Labrador, there will be found numerous and
rich deix)sils of gold, silver, copper, iron, &c.
Not only was the magnitude of the .solid parts
of the earth upheaved by the centrifugal
force, but the water of the oceans was bulged
out at the equator, so that the .surface of the
water at the ecjuator is thirteen miles further
from the centre of the earth than it is at the
poles.

If rotary motion of the earth should cease,
the water would recede from the ecjuator to
t".ie extent of six and a-half miles <leep, and to
a le.ss and less extent, radiating to the rational
horizon, and it would accumulate at the poles
to the same extent, and gradually less outward
from these ])oints to the rational horizon from
each of them, until the earth became a sphere.
Expoun'le's of natural phenomena suppose that
the upheaval of the continents was caused by
volcanic agency, or the cooling of the crust
of the earth. Ikit volcanoes would not cause
the water of the oceans to stand out further
from the centre of the earth than the waters
in the polar regions? The conclusion is
inevitable, that the centrifugal force produced
by the rotary motion of the earth bulged out the
earth at the eipialor, and to a grariually less
degree to the rational horizon north and .south
of It ; and the same force acting on the matter
of the earth within a certain nund)er of miles
of the surface of it, having the greater density,
upheaved the continents with their ranges
of mountains and hills. Does any scientist
doubt that, if the rotary motion of the earth
should cease, gravity, acting alone, would
pull matter in proportion to density towards
the centre of the earth ? .Surely, then, as
matter below the crust of the earth is incan-

^ jr* ;-,irM ■-• ^■•. ■

ilesccnt, and of a yicldini; nature, gravity
acting alone wouM |)ull cmwn the heavier
matter C()niiK)sing the continents, Ih-'Iow the
level of the sea ; hence it is inferalile that if
the rotary motion of the earth should cease
for a few months, the whole earth would l>e
deluged ; but it cannot he tienionstrated that
the rotary motion of the earth ever ceased, or
even diminished in velocity ; hence it cannot
be demonstrated that a general flood was
caused by the stoppage of the earth's rotary
motion.

I^t a jxjint on the e(|uator in South Amer-
ica be marked with the letter (', and another
p)int marked A on the ecjuator at the antipo-
des of it. Then, if the earth should make a
quarter revolution from south to north an<l
from north to south so as to bring the south
pole to the point that was occu|jied by A,
the north pole would then be brought to the
p<jinl C. Then the [xiinfs marked A and C
would become a new north and south pole
res|3ectively. The new north |K)le would be
underneath the north star, and the former
points Tailed the jioles would occupy the same
position towards the sun that the points
marked A and C did. Such a partial revolu-
tion of the earth which would cause the arc-
tic region to become a portion of the torrid
zone, and the antarctic regions to liecome a
portion of the torrid zone at the antipodes to
It, v.'ould cause a deluge over the whole face
of the terrestrial globe.

It is evident that with such a partial revo-
lution of the earth from south to north the
equator would not be of the same form that it
is now. Two points of it would l)e e.ich de-
pressed thirteen miles ; then, as the distance
radiating from these points outwaril towards
the raHonal horizon increased, the depression
would be graduaMv less. At half of the dis-
tance from eilhei of the said points to the
rational horizon, from them the depression
would be six and a-half miles ; and at three-
(juarters of the distance the ilepression would l)e
three and a quarter miles. The same depression
would exist on the opposite side of the earth.
Then the two new poles would be each of
them thirteen miles too far out from the cen-
tre of the earth, anil the elevation 45'
south of the new north ix)le, would be six and
a-half miles higher than it is now, and the
south pole and antarctic regions would be
similarly elevated beyond the present height
estimated from the centre of the earth. This
form of the earth could not continue, for
gravity acting alone, as it does, at the poles,
would pull the earth down so as to make it
in harmony with the form of the earth as it
existed before such a partial revolution from
the south to the north took place. It has

l>«en shown that when gravity acts indepen-
dently of the centrikigal force, it pulls the heav-
iest matter lowest, so that all the earth now
covered with waier, after it wa.> matle to
occui)y that part of the earth within twenty
degrees of the poles, would l)e drawn under-
neath the water.

It is supposed that there is an open sea at
the |H)les of the earth. This sujjposilion is
founded on several observations. The natives
of the arctic regi<ms say that at a certain dis-
tance northward in their country, when winter
sets in, wild water fowls are observe<l (lying
north, just as at a certain distance to the south
of such j)oints the fowls Hy southward ;
though these observations <lo not absolutely
prove an open sea at the north pole, the con-
jecture seems to l>e in harmony with the
hy|iothesis. It may be that the wild fowls
which nave been observed Hying northward
simply take a short cut across the Arctic zone
to the temperate regiims, in the eastern hemis-
phere. It is hardly reasonable that wild fowls
would remain in a latitude where, lor four
months of the year during winter the sun
does not shine.

The l>est \noof of the hypothesis that the
region near the north pole is covered with
water, is the scientific principle that gravity
prejKinderates over the centrifugal force
there. Doubtless, the north jiole is t"ir-
rounded with a vast sea, extending a(x>ut
twenty degrees in every direction from the
pr)le, so that were it not for the ice there, a
vessel might sail from the Atlantic Ocean t.>
the north pole, and then southward through
the Pacific (3cean. The breadth of such a sea
from west to east would be vast, for the spread
of the body of water extends from east to
west, over twenty-five degrees, making the
exjianse of such a body 3474 miles from east to
west. The expanse of the Ixidy of water at
the south pole is fully as wide and long. The
existence of .Arctic and Antarctic oceans sur-
rounding the poles is evidence that gravity has
drawn all the solid matter underneath the sur-
face of the water there. At the ^loles there is
no centrifugal power to lessen the force of
gravity. At a distance of four miles from
either pole the circle of the earth is twenty-
four miles ; at a distance of four miles from the
pole the surface motion of the earth is one
mile an hour, for the earth rotates daily ; at
a distance of forty miles from the poles the
rotary motion is ten miles an hour. Such a
slow motion produces only a slight centrifugal
tendency, and hence would only interfere but
slightly with the law of gravity existing within
a few degrees of the poles of the earth.
The centrifugal force gradually increases
in power from the jxiles towards the equator,

where it is greatest, since at the ecjua-
;cr the rotary motion at the surface of the
earth is 1041 miles an hour. A partial revo-
lution of the earth, which would carry the
centre of one of the antediluvian continents t<i
the north pole, and the center of the other
continent io the south pole, whereby one of
the continents would occupy the same place
that the antediluvian arctic regions did, and
the other continent would occupy the same
ixjsition that the antarctic regions did, would
cause the submergence of lx)th of them. For
the centre of each of them would be drawn
downwards to the extent of thirteen miles, and
the sinkage would be gradually less, radiating
from such a jwint outwartl to the rational
horizon. Would any scientist doubt, that if the
centre of that spread of land which constitutes
Asia and Europe, should sink thirteen miles,
and that the sinkage should be gradually less
towards the rational horizon, that the whole
vast expanse of land would not be drawn
under water, especially when it is conside: L-d
that the tidal waves, which would be 'he re-
sult of such a partial revolution of th" earth,
would be vast enough to sweep over the con-
tinents. If it had been the oceanic portions
of the earth which had turned north and south
to occupy positions in the former frigid zones,
then not only would there have been a sinkage
of the parts to the extent described, but the
surplus water would, with a mighty tide, rush
to the new equator, there to be bulged out
just as it is now bulged out, to a height of
thirteen miles further from the center of the
earth than are the waters of the Polar Seas.
The ra[)id motion of such a vast amount of
water meeting the lunar ti(les, would create
tides that would rush over all the antediluvian
continents. But if the continents were mo/ed
to the p'.les, then as gravity acts in projx)rtion
to density, the continents in proportion to
bulk being heavier than water, would be drawn
down lowest ; they would sink below the level
of the sea, and therefore 1^ submerged.

I will now demonstrate, on the ba^is of
absolute facts, that the earth in some past
time, made a partial revolution from south to
north, and the points which previously consti-
tuted the po'es were moved not only to the
old e<|uator, but past it, and they continued to
oscillate until they reached a settled point, one
in about 45" of north latitude, and the other
in 45° of south latitude, on the opposite
side of the earth. Such a demonstration will

Erove what scientists, having great names,
ave hitherto denied, viz., that a deluge, cover-
ing the whole face of the ttrrestrial globe at
one time, ever occurred.

THE CLACIER THEORY.

It has been supposed by some geologists
that the arctic and temperate zones were con-
temporaneously covere(l with ice. This sup-
|)osition was founded on the fact that the sur-
face of many series of rocks in one-half of the
north temperate zone are grooved in a manner
] similar to the way rocks are grooved on the sides
I of mountains by descending glaciers. These
I geologists hold t!ie hypothesis, which is simply
a guess, that the earth has been cooling off for
I some hundreds of millions of years. At one
! time, they say, the greater part of the North
} American continent was covered with ice.

Now, in order that this ice coidd have
moved over the level portions of the continents,
j a great body of water must have existed under-
I neath it ; l)esides, the climate must have been
intensely cold in order to form icel)ergs of
mountainous size, so that while they were
moving they would grate on the rrjcks and
groove them. Now, every seaman who has
been accustjmed to navigate the seas in
far northern latituiics, has observed that those
portions of the earth which are covered with
large bodies of water, are wari.ier in winter
than the interior of continents in the same
degree of latitude. Even the Behring Sea,
which is 20° north of the southern limit, of the
ice-grooved rocks, is ojien in winter. Now, if
there exists a tendency in the earth to cool off,
what reversed the tendency so as to cause e
temjjerate climate in 45" north latitude in
the centrf. of North America ? Any novice in
science could easily understand that the
amount of water and coldness necessary to
form the ice which wov .d groove the rocks in
the centre of North America, would require a
climate as cold as that which exists to-day in
the Arctic regions. It is evident from obser-
vation that the upheaval of a continent does
not increa.se the warmth of its temperature in
the winter. The climate of Ohio is not arctic
even in winter; besides, it must be remembered
that the elevated plateaus of both North and
South America are cooler than the lands at
the coast line ; hence it is evident that the ten-
dency of the earth to cool off must have been
reversed, so as to produce a temperate climate
where an arctic climate existed, or the hy-
pothesis that an ice period in the arctic regions,
and what is now the temperate regions, exist-
ing simultaneously, is without foundation.

It has been noticed that glaciers of great
thickness and miles in length and width, move
steadily down the sides of lofty mountains.
The loAcr parts of glaciers melt away every
summer. The weight of these great masses of
ice, moving on the rocks underneath then),

Booves the rocks in straight lines. Professor
itchcock thinks that through the lapse of

time, the iletritus of the mountains, produc-
ed by the action of glaciers, air, etc., was
carried by the water to the lower levels, and
in this way high mountains were reduced in
some places nearly to a level country.

Glaciers do not form on mountains less
than 3000 feet high, especially in semi-
tropical countries. In some cases, mountains
arc covered to their tops with trees. The
snows that fall on them melt away
gradually, and the water runs away in clear
streams. It is ditlicul' to imagine how such
mountains could be leveled by glacial actio:
when no glaciers form on them, and it is
conse(iuently difficult u> imagine how the
iletritus from mountains could foim the soil
which covers the vast pampas of Buenos Ayres,
when some of them have an altitude of the
height of some mountains.

It is known thjit there are striated rocks
over a large portion of North America and
Northern Kuro]ie. If these rocks were
grooved by mountain glaciers, the whole vast
extent of country where these grooved rocks
are formed must have been covered with
mountains, except the valleys between them.
The leveling of these mountains by detrition
would cover the valleys to the dejith of thou-
sands of feet. Observation shows that most
of the grooved rocks are near the surface of
the earth. It is observable that glaciers do
not form on mountains less than two or three
miles above the level of the sea ; still, the rocks
on the sides of many of these mountains are
grooved. It was noticed that there was no
known atmospheric condition which would
cause the earth to cool off, so as to cau.se an ice
period in one age, and a reversed condition
which would warm up the country in the same
latitude, so as to make the climate there a
temperate one in a subse<iuent age ; hence the
glacial hypothesis, as taught by geologists, is
without foundation, and was only guessed -t
to explain the cau.«e of a phenomenon
which they did not understand.

now tup: rocks hecame striated.

If an observing scientist should go to the
arctic regions, he would find evidences there
that the process of grfi aing rocks by ice is
still going on. Arctic explorers have stated
that there are /ast fields of ice in these regions
which move sttatlily in straight lines uniformly
month after month. They state that icebergs
move in the channels, and that they generally
follow i.ie s?me course. It is known that
icebergs reach a depth under the water to
eight times their height above it, so that an
iceberg, having a height of 300 feet above
the water, would reach to the depth of 2400
feet below the surface of the water. Such
icebergs would groove the rocks at the bottom

of the channel, and the grooving of the meta-
morphic rocks woidd be deepest. .Some of
the icebergs in a particular year would move
in an oblicpie direction to those of the previous
years, and hence would make groovings in the
rocks that would cross those previously made
in a similar obli(|ue direction. During the
lapse of time some of these groovings would
be covered with depos its from the oceans, and
one layer of grooved rocks would be covered
by another.

If the bottom of the great bodies of water
in the arctic regicms, where the water is shallow
enough to i)ermit the icebergs to grate on the
rocks, could be examined, it would be found
to be striated or gro(jved. Now, all that
would be necessary to bring these striated
rocks within the reach of human observation,
would be a partial revolution of the earth
from norti to .south, so as to bring the arctic
circle to a point similar to that now occu]>ied
'•y 35" <^f north latitude, and the upheaving
of the solid jjortions of such a |)ortion of the
arctic regions above the level of the sea.
Now, let it be granted, that at some past period
the earth made such a partial revolution
from north to south, and a reasonable explana-
tion of the cause of the grooving in the rocks,
can be given.

WHAl CAUSED IHE EARTH TO MAKE A
PARTIAL REVOLUTION.

It is not enough for rpiibblers to have
proof enough given them to demonstrate that
the earth maile a partial revolution horn
south to north in one hemisphere, and from
north to south in the opposite hemisphere, but
they must know what caused the earth to
make such a partial revolution. They are
like the men who mifht not accept the state-
ment that the Pacific is broader than the
Atlantic, unless it also was shown them what
made the Pacific ocean broader.

I suppose that any scientist would be willing
to admit that, if the ice in the antarctic
regions should he .so increased in bulk and
weight as to over-counterprjise the bulk and
weight of that part of the torrid zone which is
bulged out by the centrifugal force to the
rational horizon from a certain point, and the
weight of the ice in the arctic regions greatly
lessened ; that the centrifugal force, caused by
the orbital motion of the earth, would cause
the antarctic regions to swing around, so as
to face the sun similarly to what that part of
the torrid zone previously did.

On the hypothesis that before the deluge
the great continents of the earth were located
south of the equator, just as the larger portion
of the continents are now located north of the
equator, and the spread of the oceans north
of the equator was co-ecjual to what they are

now south of the etjuator, it is inferential
that the declination of the south pole would
be 47° greater from the sun than it is now,
and in that case the north pole would incline
47' nearer the sun than it does now. This
will he evident by considering both the
northern and southern hemispheres of equal
weight. In such a case neither pole would
incline from the sun. Now, the south pole
inclii.es to the sun 23^", a ! the north pole
declires 23/^". This declinaiion of the north
pole from the sun is in consequence of the
greater weight of the northern hemisjjhere. It
has been shown that the centrifugal force acts
in proportion to weight. A segment of the
earth, delimited from the centre of the earth
outward, and bounded by the margin of a
continent having its upper limits at the tops
of the mountains, is certainly heavier than an
equal segment of the earth, delimited from the
centre of the earth, of the same configuration,
save that its upper limit is at the surface of
the ocean. .Surely, rocks are heavier man
water. The greater portion of the continents
are in the northern hemisphere. The centri-
fugal force, caused by the orbital motion of the
earth, acts on the greater weight of matter in
the northern hemisphere, and hence, throws
it 23'/^' farther from the sun than a right
angle ; hence, the declination of the north
pole is due to the centrifugal force produced
by the orbital motion of the earth.

If the configuration of the antediluvian con-
tinents, and the position of them was such that
no currents from theeciuator flowed tothesouth
pole or north pole, then the accumulations
of ice in these regions would be more exten-
sive in area and altitude than at the present
frigid regions. It is well known that the rains
which fall in certain seasons of the year are
not followed by rainbows. The atmospheric
conditions of the earth prior to the Noachean
deluge may have been such that no rainbows
were produced. Now, if in a particular year
the thermal condition of the earth should be
such that a portion o( the icebergs of the
previous north pole shoultl move south to a
point near the tropics, and the snow and ice
in the south frigid zone should accumulate to
a vast extent, the south pole would so verge
from its former position as to swing around
further towards the equator. This condition
of the earth would cause the red-hot matter
underneath the crust of the earth in the
northern hemisphere to surge against it so as
to force the crust upward, and thus upheave
it above the surface of the ocean, >vhereby
the weight of the northern hemisphere would
be increased, and this condition would give
the North Pole a continual declination of
23^° from the sun.

Ice is lighter in proportion to bulk than
water, yet the centrifugal force i)roduced by
the ori)ital motion of the earth, as it moves in
a great circle, at the rate of a thousand
miles a minute, would act on this matter in
projwrtion to weight all the same. .Such a
vast accumulation of ice and snow in the
antarctic regions, which would over-counter-
poise that amount of matter at that portion of
the ecpiator which makes it more than a
sphere there, and which should be estimated
from a point at the equator outward to the
rational horizon, and then, in a particular
nu>nth, the removal of a great jiortion of the
ice fr(.)m the arctic regions, would be sufficient
to make a condition which would cause a
partial revolution of the earth from south to
north, and from north to south. A cataclysm
would follow such a partial revolution of the
earth sufficient to cause the whole earth to be
submerged.

(Geologists say th?'. cracks occurring in the
crust of the earth cause not only earth(juakes,
but also tida! waves. The reflow of some of
these waves have carried great ships inland to
considerable distances, and left them stranded
hundreds of feet above sea level. Scientists
love to mention these instances. Now, I
would like to ask them what would be the
etTect on the oceanic waters, if the crust of
the earth should be rent in a million places,
so thai the fountains of the deep, which run
in great rivers Ijetween the fissures of the
rocks, should be broken up? Would not a
succession of tiilal waves be caused thereby
which would overflow the continents ? That
there has been a sudden and vast bending of
the crust of the earth is proven by the frac-
tured rocks. The layers are split in a vertical
direction. In some instances the rents are
spread apart, and the rocks are rent below the
the frost line. It is not easy to imagine how
these layers of rocks could be rent in the
manner in which they are found to be rent,
except (m the hypothesis that the matter
underneath the crust of the earth surged
against the crust of the earth, and made it
undulate like great rolling t^iilows. It has
been shown that a partial revolution of the
earth from north to south would change the
line of action of the centrifugal force, and
thereby cause such a surging of the internal
matter against the crust of the earth. It wa;^
shown that an accumulation of ice in the
antarctic regions would cause such a partial
revolution of the earth.

I have faith enough to believe that (Jod
could cause such an accumulation of ice in the
antarctic regions. I know an Atheist does
not believe that there is a Ciod, who, in a
special way, directs the forces of nature. But

every Atheist must \ye a TarUheist, although
he may not worship Pan Theos, the deity of
the Pantheists.

Some of the Atheists believe that there is an
inexplicable force which formed everything
which exists. It ought to strike ti.ese Atheists
thai that must l)e an intelligent force. This
has not only made the lily of the valley, and
the eye of man to behold it, and the mind to
be delighted with its beauty, bui all the varie-
ties of plants and animals — the latter class io
exhale carlionic acid, after utilizing the
elements of which it is composed, for the
production of animal heat, and the former
class to absorb it from the atmosphere for
their nourishment and growth — a force that
Christians call Almighty, who i)espangled the
arch of heaven with myriads of stars, who set
in motion the planet Jupiter, which is esti-
mated to l)e 80,000 miles in diameter. Now,
when it is considered that tliis planet moves
at the rate of nearly a mile a minute as it
revolves in a vast circle of 3,110,000,000
(three billions one huntlred and ten millions)
of miles,- -when it is considered that such a
rapid motion is nearly four times faster than a
cannon ball can be maile to move i)y any
agency employed by man, is it any wonder
that the greatest minds are willing to acknowl-
edge this force as the Omniscient and
Omnipotent Clod.

It is not overstretching a scientific exegesis
to state that Ciod so directed the elements
that the evaporation of water at the torrid and
temperate zones should be commensurate with
the means necessary to effect the fulfilment
of an ultimate purpose, and that He so
directed the wind currents that the vajwrs
from the temperate and torrid zones were
carried to the antarctic regions and pre-
cipitated there, so that in a particular month,
and day of a month, there would be such an
overpoise of this region, which, through the
centrifugal force, would cause it to swing
around so as to make it occupy a position at
the equator, and by these means bring a flood
over the earth.

The present arctic circle is at 67° north lati-
tude, but in the time previous to the general
flood the limit of the ice regions iloubtiess ex-
tended many degrees beyond that line. The
diameter of the present arctic circle is 3191
miles. The circumference of the ice regions be-
fore the flood must have been larger. The ice-
grooved rocks extend from the central parts t)f
America to the Ural mountains in Europe, so
that even if the crust of the earth which forms
the basin of the Atlantic Ocean, was split in
different places and spread apart, yet the
width of a circle embracing the ice regions
must have exceeded the present limit of them.

It is a well-known fact that a body set in
motion acquires a certain momentum. A
jjcndulum is made to swing, but at a certain
point it stops, and the force of gravity brings
It liack. If a continued force is not applied, it
will oscillate till it stops. The centrifugal
force which caused the prepondering mass at
the antarctic regions to move northward
wouUl continue to act im it until the force was
lessened, which woul<l be the case past the
equator. The momentum acquired by the
moving mass wouM cea.se, and then there
would V)e a retrograde n )vement. The
motion of the mass south to north, and from
north to south, would ultimately cease, and
the central point of the mass would acquire a
fixed position on the earth, from the fact
that the striated rocks are not found in the
present equator. From the fact that their
southern limit is in the temperate zone, it is
inferable that the previous North Pole stopped
at 45"^ north latitude. I know how difficult it
is for the mind of men to conceive a new idea.
This is the reason why I have made many
repv.titions, in order to familiarize the mind of
the reader with the i<iea that the point of the
earth, which was the previous north pole
before the flood, move*! south to the eijuator ;
and I have just noticed that, through the
momentum accjuired, it must have moved past
the point that was the former equator, and
then back again. It was neces.sary that the
earth should rt'volve in this way to this extent,
in order that the centrifugal force should act
suddenly, and with sufficient force to upheave
the continents.

Ignatius Donnelly, who wrote a lx)ok, in
which his theory of the drift, which, as he
says, was caused by a comet striking the
earth, says that there are no stri.iied rocks
in Asia. I have searched geological works,
and I cannot find any account of them except
in Europe and .\merica. Doubtless there
are striated rocks on the sides of lofty
mountains in Asia. Eor it is inferable that
the rocks of these mountains are grooved by
descending glaciers, but in the vast plateaus
of Asia there are no traces of ice-grooved rocks ;
and this fact is evidence enough of the truth
of my theory, that the north pole in some
past year moved southward, and contem-
poraneously the south pole moved northward ;
and then, as a matter of course, a jwrtion of
the tropical zone moved northward, carrying
a certain iK)rtion of the eastern continent,
which was south of the ecjuator, northward,
so as to make it occu])y a position north of the
equator ; and then, as a consequence, the tropi-
cal land which was north of the equator would
be shifted, so as to make it occupy a jx)sition
underneath the north star. With such a

movement tn)pical animals and plants would
be carried to the new arctic zone, and frozen
and imbedded into greai masses of ice, while
ihe solid parts of tlie conliticnt would l)e drawn
by the force of gravity l)elow the surface of
a new antic sea.

After the earth was made, and before it
began to rotate, it must have been a sphere,
since it is the 'tendency of gravity to draw
matter composing a detached body when it is
soft enough to yield to the force of gravity
towards a common center. In conformity with
this law, little detached and prepared masses
of lead which fall through a sieve near the top
of a shot tower, are drawn by the force
of giivity into little spheres while they are
descending to the oil-tank, placed at the bot-
tom <if the tower to receive them, if, at any
time while they are soft, any portion of a
little mass is more elevated than the surround-
ing parts, the force of gravity will preponder-
ate there, and will pull it down to an evenness
with the rest of the surface of the body,
whereliy it is made round. After the earth
was made, the materials of the outer porticm of
the earth were not as unyielding as the rocks
forming the crust is now. After the earth
began to rotate, the centrifugal force would
give the matter an impulsion towards the
ecjuator, but as the rotary motion is from west
to east, the matter from both sides of the
etpiator would be impelled in an oblique and
easterly direction towards it, making a ridge
of land more or less broad, following the
equator. According to this idea, the ante-
diluvian continents would extend further from
east to west than from north to south, rather
than from N.W. to S. E. , as America does
now. With the exception of islands, the
continents would partly encircle the globe.
.Still, doubtless, there would be an eastern and
western continent, for then, as now, there
must have been a difference in the weight of
ditilerent portions of the mass of the earth at
its surface, for if there had been no diflerence
in the weight of the mass, the centrifugal force
would not have upheaved continents. The
water then would have covered the earth to
the depth of three miles, although the earth
would have been a spheroid. Any scientist can
understand this: if there had been no inecjuality
in the weight of the semi-solid matter at the
surface, the centrifugal force would have
acted evenly on it, making the earth a
spheroid, while the liquid water would be
evenly spread over the surface.

Holy writ informs us that the progenitors
of the human race were naked ; inferentially
they lived near the equator. But according to
the theory expounded in this work, the frigid
regions extended further south and north than

they do now, thereby rendering the climate
near the eciuator pleasant and salubrious.
The northern jX)rtion, the shores of which were
washed by the ocean bree/es, would be the most
pleasant part of the antediluvian continents. It
has been noticed in another part i f this work,
that the greatest spread of waters liefore the
flood, was in the northern hemisphere. There
is nothing any more unscientific in the state-
ment that (lod planted the garden of Kden
with fruit trees, than the statement that the
laws of nature which Clod made, plants groves
of fruit and nut-bearing trees in the present
era. I suppose that any educated clergyman
will admit that many words use i in the Bible
are typical. The word serjient is synonymous
with the spirit of evil. A sword synd)olizes
the idea of destruction. (Carbonic acid will
destroy animal life. In Java there is a valley
where there is a large accunudr^tion of car-
I bonic acid ; neither human beings nor beasts
i can live in it, though [slants thrive there. I
: do not suppose that this place was the site of
i the garden of ICden, but carbonic acid typified
. by a sword would guard the tree of life, so
i that neither .-\dam nor his ]>osterity could
; re-enter the garden to eat of the fruit thereof.
I I need not tell the scientific reader that car-
bonic acid nourishes jilants, and the inhalation
of it by animals will kill them.

The early inhabitants widened the limits of
their habitations around Eden, and doubtless,
; to the east and west of it in the former Asia.
i Now when this portion of the earth was
moved, so as to become the arctic regions,
the garden of Eden would be carried north-
ward from its general and equatorial position
and buried beneath the Arctic Sea, and all
the inhabitants of the earth would be drowned
and their remains destroyed. All the old
continents were buried beneath the V)road
expanse of oceanic waters. New continents
were upheaved, so that no traces of the ante-
diluvian inhabitants can be found in the rocks.
The existence in the sides of mountains of
fossilized mollusks of a kind which grow only
in the sea, is evidence enough that the con-
tinents were upheaved. In order that the
centrifugal force could act on the depressed
portions which for ages were covered with
water, it was necessary that these depressed
parts should be placed where the centrifugal
force was greatest, viz., at or near the ecjuator.
Then as new continents were upheaved, the
old ones must have sunken. The u])heaving
of new continents implies displacement of
matter, and no void space could exist near the
surface of the earth of the size of continents,
as they exist at the present time above the sea
level, hence the old continents must have sunk
and new ones appeared. There was room for

such a sinkage of fhe old rontinents Ijelow the
water in the immense spread of the oceans,
for they cover three-fifths of the surface of the
globe. The centrifugal forcj gives an impul-
sion to matter, so as to make it follow a line
partially in the direction of the rotary motion
of the revolving body. In harmony with this
law the impulsive force of the yieUling matter
under the crust of the earth would cause it to
.surge against the crust in an easterly direction ;
then as a continent began to form, a partial
obstruction would be formed at the western
side of the continent, and there the greatest
ranges of mountains would be upheaved. A
few years ago an article was inserted in the
general press referring to sulimerged conti-
nents. In this article it was clainietl that the
-signs of a submerged continent could be traced
from the American coast to Asia, and from
Europe to America. I ditl not borrow my
original idea of the cause of a general deluge
from this source, for I began to think on this
subject and the idea of creation over twenty
years ago.

It is not an unusual thing for a portion of a
community who migrate to a new country to
name the new place after the one they had
left. Doubtlcs; , the descendants of Noah did
this. The old Asia, the principal portion of
which was south of the equator, was sunk, and
a new Asia, the principal portion of which is
north of the equator, was upheaved. The old
America was sunk underneath the sea level,
and a new America upheaved to the eastward
of it. Then the spaces between the continents
was made, and the boundaries of the great
oceans were tixed. It is easy to imagine that
if that portion of the antediluvian Asia, the
northern limit of which extended to theTro])ic
of Cancer, should be moved 65' north, that it
would be moved to a point near the north
pole, and if moved further in the same direc-
tion it would be moved past the pole; then, as
a matter of course, the tropical animals which
lived in such a section of country, would be
carried along with it. The land would sink
by the force of gravity, and the inimals would
float or swim at a certain distance below the
surface, where they would be frozen in great
masses of ice and thus become incased, and
hence would be preserved for thousands of
years. It is well known that fish in a frozen
state will not rot. On no other hypothesis
can the existence of elephants preserved in ice
in the Asiatic arctic regions be accounted for.
Elephants have been found incased in great
masses of ice, such as are formed there every
winter, as fresh and well preserved as that of
an animal which has been kept frozen for
several months from the day it was slaughtered.
Nov , if the earth gradually turned from south

to north, elephants that died in a northern
latitude would l)e either eaten by carnivorous
animals, or they would be destroyed by the
maggots or flies in the following summer ;
but if these huge animals were suddenly car-
ried by a partial revolution of the earth from
south to north, and frozen in the intense cold
of an arctic winter, and thus l)ecome incased in
great masses of ice, they woulii remain pre-
served as long as the ice masses remained
intact. Further to the south, where ice melts
every sunnner, the bones of tropical animals
would be foumi, as they are found in great
quantities ; for the flesh of their carcasses was
destroyed by just the same means by which
animals that die in those countries are des-
troyed at the pre.sent period.

TROI'H AI. ANIMALS OK PLANTS COlII.r) NOT

GROW WHKRE TIIICKE IS THRKE MONTHS*

ABSENCE OF SUNI.KiHT IN THE

YEAR.

The tropical jilants and trees found in the
arctic regions in northern Siberia seemed to
be fosilized by great age. Their existence
there is evidence that they grew in a tropical
climate. There are a number of imaginary
theorists who have advanced the hypothesis
that the surface of the earth during a past age,
was incandescent, and that in process of time
the arctic and antarctic regions cooled off,
so that plants similar to those which grew in
tropical countries grew there, but their theory
has not the shadow of j.lausible foundation in
it. It would seem inferential, if their theory
was true, that the section of the earth at the
equator not red hot now, was red hot then,
like a vast mass of red hot iron. .Surely, that
portion of the earth where the sun does not
shine for three or four months in the year, and
where the cold is greatest, should have
cooled off first, and then after it had cooled
off a soil would be formed and plants
begin to grow. Then, as these theorists sup-
pose, some of the plants became highly organ-
ized, like sensitive plants. Then, by a gradual
evolution, or rather a change in their organical
structure, a change inexplicable io then, they
l)elieve, or attect to believe, that some of the
highly organized plants changed into animals.
Of course these plants had to reverse their
mode of getting nourishment, though it is
ditlicult to imagine what special force caused
such a change in their organical nature. It is
known that animals exhale carbonic acid after
it has been utilized in them for the production
of animal heat. No animal can live in car-
bonic acid. Animals cannot utilize this sub-
stance either for nourishinent or for resjiira-
lion ; but plants have an opj-K«ite nature. The
leaves of plants are. organized .so as to fit theni

for absorhinj; carbonic acid, and ihrouKli the
action of the siinli^jht, of separating the car-
l)on (which is one of the comjmnent parts of
the acid) from the oxygen (which is the other
part) the plant retaining tlie carlion for its
nourisliment, and eliminating the oxygen,
which is again utilized by the animals ; so
that i)lants may be known from animals by
this dirt'erence in their way of getting nourish-
ment. For all that, these imaginary theorists
believe that in process of many millions of
years, plants were changed into animals,
and that the larger animals were evolved from
these. They teach the idea that the arctic
and antarctic regions l)ecame colder, and the
zone further south cooled off, so as to become
only of tropical heat. Inferentially, the beasts
adapted to live only in a tropical climate,
must have migrated southward, just as wild
geese do every winter to the more genial
southern climate ; and some of the elephants,
l)eing heedless of the approaching winter, might
have remained, according to their fantastical
hypothesis, and become frozen. I can imagine
that these visionary theorists could account for
the existence of elephants in the arctic regions
on this sort of a guess, hut a novice in scien-
tific criticism, with a little reflection, could
easily see the absurdity of such a theory.
Surely, if the cooling of the earth was so
gradual that it re(|uired the lapse >'f centuries
to make a perceptible change in the tempera-
ture of the arctic region, no animal would
remain intact after it was dead until it
became frozen. Now, elephants are found
where the temperature of the climate varies
but little all the year round. It is r'ifficult to
imagine how such huge beasts could get the
food they require in a section of the world
where in winter the sun does not shine for
three months in the year, as is the case in the
interior of the arctic regions, and this was the
case from the time animals first existed on the
earth.

REKERENCn TO NKW THEORY OF CREATION.
In my essay on Creation I have shown that
the earth was formed so as to be red hot from
the center to the crust, and that the crust was
added, so that no cooling off process was neces-
sary for the growth and existence of animals or
flants, or the existence of men on the earth,
have shown that the cooling off process of
the earth and sun is nothing but a pet hobby
of those who reasoned from analogy, and that
it has no other foundation to rest on than the
fancy of those who promulgated or endorsed it.
Would t not seem unreasonable for a man to
state in one breath, that there was a gradual
cooling of the earth, so that it required hun-
dreds of millions of years to reduce the tem-
perature of the earth so *hat animals could

hve on it ; and then in the next breath, state
that there was a sudden cooling of the country
having a tropical climate, whereby such huge
beasts as elephants became frozen in great
masses of ic«.

Learned men get into the learning groove.
Learning does not seem to re(|uire the use
of the inventive faculties. Through desue-
tude these faculties become too weak to
originate new ideas. It is no greater wonder to
me that professors of colleges have been
unable to explain a cause sufficient to produce
even a partial deluge, than that men who have
not learned a trade invent things that they
cannot make themselves, but which require
the skill of a master mechanic to construct.
It no more a wonder to me that learned men
have failed to fmd an explanation of the
original cause of the light of the stars and the
sun, than that thousands of skilled electricians
failed to invent a practical electric light until
Edison invented it. My essay on the cause of
the light of the sun, showing that it is repro-
ductive, is a sufficient explanation of the way
that the stars are rendered luminous.

WHY PHtl-OSOPHERS AND INVENTORS ARE
APT TO HE r{X)R.

Nearly all the greatest inventions of the
nineteenth century were made by men who
for the greater part of thnr lives, lived in
poverty and obscurity. The reason why men
possessing the greatest power to invent or to
originate new philosophical ideas are apt to
be poor, is that the quality of mind which fits
one to invent, unfits him to devote that amount
of attentionto wealth-making or the attainment
of popularity necessary to secure either. In-
ferentially, the philosopher who fails to gain
wealth is not so happy as most other healthy
men. His organization is fine ; he is sensi-
tive; he must deny himself the comforts of life,
while he thinks that the new ideas he promul-
gates ought to secure him a comfortable living;
and because he fails in this he is apt to rail
at the selfishness of mankind, whereas man-
kind has a large element of generosity ; but
men of lesser intellectual abilities fail to see
any reason why they should help those who
have the greater intellectual powers, except in
the usual business way. Unfortunately for the
original philosopher, there are too few who
care for philosophical works. Ninety-nine
per cent, of the readers of modern books are
readers of fiction, and the reading taste of the
people in previous centuries was no better.
This ought to be regretted by a generous
people, for biographical history records many
instances of men who lived and died i.i poverty,
yet whose works made the world wiser. The
children of the men who lived contemporane-
ously with those philosophers were benefited.

Init they could not re|)ay the l>cnelit, for the
philosophers were dearl. The |H.'ople arc gener-
ous ii) the patronage they bestow on the man
who writes fictitious stories, in which the
stronger passions of man arc vividly portrayed ;
and they would be co-e<iually generous in their
patronage of a philosophical author, if they had
a co-e(|ual taste for nhilosophy.

One reason why the invention of machinery
has made such immense strides, is because the
invention becomes the direct means of wealth-
making ; whereas the spread of philosophical
thoughts improves the mind and indirectly
increases its capacity to invent. A knowledge
of hydrodynamics aids a man in the invention
of water wheels. The study of the philosophy
of the laws of motion, the balance and lever,
aids a man in the invention of machines.

The inventor of machines not (Jtily has a
better chance to make money than the original
thinker who invents an explanation of some
principle in jihysics or ethics, Init he is not ajit
to be ignored or bitterly opposed through
jealou.sy, or from the fact that the explanation
is different from the one taught by the pro-
fessors of colleges, wherel)y the poor jjhiloso-
pher must fail in achieving either wealth or
fame. The reason t)f this is easy to under-
stand. A professor has been in the habit of
giving a certain ex]ilanatit)n. Now, it can
hardly be expected that he would like to come
before his class and acknowledge that he was
mistaken with regard to that particular expla;
nation. It is against a man's ordinary nature
to do this; his class may have had an o]ipor-
tunity to study the new idea, and they may
lie convinced of the accuracy of it. In lime
the old professor will die, and the student
will become the jirofcssor, and as he is un-
trammeled, when he takes his chair, by the
exprcs.sion of any opinion, he will be at liberty
to teach the new explanation without embar-
ras.sment. Then the new explanation of a ques-
tion in physics will become popular, while,
perhaps, the author of it would Ix? dead, as
well as the professor who opposed him.

For a number of generations of doctors and
teachers of physiology, the idea was taught
that the arteries conveyed air to the various
parts of the Ixidy, for the reason as they
taught, to cool the blood. Dr. Harvey, one
man against the learned world, demonstrated
that the arteries were for the means of c(mvey-
ing blood from the heart to the extremities of
the arteries to be returned to the heart by the
veins. It is not surprising to me that one
man .should make the discovery, for the inven-
tive power, especially as manifested in original
thoughts in physical .science, is very rare.
Hence, it is no wonder to me that thousand.s of
professors, during the lapse of centuries,

had studied Acoustics, without inventing the
telephone or phonograph, and neither of these
inventions were mailc by a college i)rofes.sor.
For the reason the profes.sors gel into the
learning gro<.ve, and they stay there.

I The unreflecting class are apt to wonder
1 why any man should profess to be able to
I explain anything a college professor does not
know. I do not mean by the use of these
words, an idiot, or a man v ho docs not know
anything, but a man who .seems to l)e devoid
of the power to reflect in a rational way. It
is easy for a man endowed with the powers lor
rational thought to be able to see that every
advancement in knowledge must go l)eyond
that which has been learned ; so that a man
may be great as a learner, and inferior in p<iwer
to add to the great stock of knowledge that
Kuropc and America possess to-day, a slock
of knfiwlcilgc which makes either of these
continents surpass Africa in all the luxuries of
civilization anil the means of enjoyment, viz.,
comfortable and elegant dwellings, fine cloth-
ing, railroads, telegraphs, tcle|)honcs, etc.
A jwrtion of the native born jicople of Africa
have these things, because they have a share
in the general diffusion of know ledge.

After a consideration of the foregoing re-
marks, it ought not to be considered surprising
that college professors have hitherto failed to
hit on the idea that a ])artial revolution of the
earth in one year, from north to south, ami
from south to north on the opposite side, so as
to carry a jjortion of the tropical regions north-
ward to the position previously occupii'd by
the arctic circle, would be the very means
necessary to carry the tropical animals and
plants there, so that they would Ix; found in
that place on the earth which we call the
PVigid Zone. The objectors to this theory
are those whose lofty sujierciliousness and
innate skepticism makes them regard Moses as
a fanatic, who borrowed most of his ideas
from the ancient Egyptian mythology, and
who had no authentic tradition of a general
deluge. These skeptical objectors hate to
admit that there was such a partial revolution
of the earth which carried the previous poles
of the earth to certain positions at a new eijua-
tor, because such an admission carries with it
proofs of a general deluge.

THE SERMON OK THE ROCKS.

It has been stated that high up on the
mountain sides are rocks which contain fossils
of mollusks, of a kind which grow only in the
sea. If mountains were formed by volcanic
eruptions, these shells would not be found in
the rocks. It can hardly be imagined that
any geologist would lie so foolish as to state
that mollusks, such as oysters and sea clams

the waltTh. If the centre of the North
American continent was sunk six and nhaif
miles, anil radiatiii); from such n |Miint the
w.iole continent should sink accordHij; m the
alxjve ratio clear to the const, would it not be
certain that a flood from the oceans would
flow over the whole continent, just as islamis,
which have been known to sink, are then
covered with watef.

I'ROOKS THAT THE I'OSITION OK TlIK I'Ot.F.S

WAS SHIKTEI), VVHKRKHY A DEI.HC.K

WAS CAUSKl).

The existence of striated rocks in one-half
of the northern hemisphere - rocks which must
have been grotived by ice formed in an arctic
climate- -rocks which must have been covered
with water for many centuries, — this fact tfiken
in connection with the fact of the existence of
animals and plants which oidy jjrow in a tro])i-
cal country, remains of which are found in the
arctic regions in the opposite half of the
northern hemisphere, is proof sutHcient that
the earth at some past year made a partial
revoluti(m from north to south, and from south
to north on the opp<3site side, whereby the
old continents were sunk beneath the surface
of oceans. The peculiarities of the drift
prove a general deluge. Not only the arrange-
ment of the drift, with its dejiosit of clay in
one place, but of what was submerged sand-
bars in another, and their extensive and level
deposits of gravel, covered in places with clay,
and in others with sand while in others the
dejX)sits of gravel were accumulated into hills,
and these hills in places covered with clay or
sand.

The existence of logs, at from scores to hun-
dreds of feel below the surface of the ground.
The existence of the bones of mastodons deep
below the surface, are evidences that there
was a sudden and great change in the drift of
the earth. These and many other )ihenomena
are proof that a deluge covered the whole earth,
and that new continents wert- upheaved.

COAl, I'lELUS I'ORMEI) DURINC; THE DEI.UC.E.

There is one more fact which, in itself, is
.sufficient to prove the 'lypothesis of a general
deluge. On no other reasonable hypothesis
can the formation of coal-fields l)e explained.
A preacher, whose name I have forgotten,
who had read a number of works on geology,
held the idea that the coal-fields were formed
of leaves of trees which fell into the streams,
and which were carried down the streams to
their mouths, where they accumulated, and
subsequently were changed into l)eds of coal.
He did not believe in a general deluge,
because he had read the works of men who
were professors in colleges, and who had
endeavored to controvert the idea that it was

jM)ssibl«' for a deluge to fxist over the whole
lace of the terrestrial globe at the same time.
■Surely, if the said preacher had reflected a
little for himself, instead of accepting the
unproved hypotheses of great names, he could
have seen how unreasonable, how wanting in
harmony with observation the hypothesis in,
that the leaves which floated down the streams
in past ages could have formed the coalfields
as they exist to-day.

Observation shows that but few of the leaves
which fall into streams ever reach the mouth»
of them intact. Scarcely any traces of leaves
which fall into streams are found m the
following suunner. They are so subject to
decay that they rot in less than a year. Hut it
is supposable that some of the leaves are
carried by the fli>wing streams to their conflu-
ences with other streams, or to lakes where
they emjity. Net how could coal fields Ik."
formed ol the thickness in which they are
known to e.xist, with such a little pro|Kirtion
of sand and clay, as is found in co.d ? And
then it is difficult to imagine how a dejiosil
of leaves sufficient to make a seam of coal, five
or six feet thick, and a score of miles in length,
and miles in breadth, could lie formed at the
mouths of rivers having a width of less than a
quarter of a mile, and then covered with hun-
dreds of feet of different kinils of rocks ; and
then after another lapse of time there could lie
another deposit of leaves, and another deposit
of rock. Is it not strange that men who have
made great books on geology, did not lake into
considerati(m the fact that but few great rivers
enter the sea having rapids or waterfalls at
their mout , iind still fewer streams having
falls at thtii confluences? Vet a little reflec-
tion would convince an ordinary thinker that
a deposit of leaves sufficient when pressed
into coal to make a seam six or ten feet thick,
and then afterwards covered up with a deposit
of sand several hundreds of feet thick, would
make a dam which would deflect any river
from its course, so that no second dejxisit
could be formed on the top of a first one.
But in the coal measures as many as twenty-
three different layers of coal are found situated
al)ove each other, though separated by strata
of difTerent kinds of rock. Then, again, it is
difficult to imagine how the detritus, which is
carried by drainage in the streams, and which
forms the alluvial dei.X)sits, should be very
different from time to time, so as to furnish
materials for the formation of shale at one
time, an<l indurated rock at another time ; then
sand rock, which covers the beds of coal in
some places to hundreds of feet, and in others
to the thickness of thousands of feet. Then,
again, it is difficult to imagine how the source
of the detritus on a particular stream should
lie changed, so as to yield sand at one time

and liny »t anotlicr. Tlic (|uantity iiii(;lit l>i-
increaiicil in caHc of n (NmhI, liut the detritus
ihat would Ik; washed into a certain stream at
one lime woulrj Ik." similar to the detritus thai
would l>e washed into it un a previous time ;
hence it is impossible, according tu any
known o* tervaliuns, lo conceive how any
deposit of leaves that mi({ht |X)ssilily accumu-
late at the mouths of streams could be
covered, as coal tields are "iiiown to l)e covered,
with diflcrent layers of rocks. Hut there is
still another fact in opiHisition to the theory,
that ci)al lields were formed by the accumula-
tion ot leaves in the streams or at the mouths of
them ; and this fact is, that heat is necessary to
transform vegetable fibre into coal. I'he
tenjperaturi- at the mouths of the streams
which would permit trees to i;row, would not
Ije sufiicient to transform trees and leaves into
solid blocks of coal.

According to some other geologists, who
have a great deal more of fanciful imagination
than ability for ])hilosojihical thought, have
advanced the idea that peat, through the
lapse of many ages, has been changed into
coal beds. These geol sts reason from
analogy, and not from deductions Com-
parisons may l)e used for illustration, but
the conclusions drawn from tliem are fre-
<|uently incorrect. For centuries the peat
from the bogs in Ireland and other countries
has l)een u> 'd for fuel. A great observer and
analogical reasoner is asked to explain the
origin of coal fields. He begins to reason
from his observations analogically in this
way : — Peat burns with a slow, steady flame.
Soft coal and charcoal burn in a similar way.
Charcoal is made of wood. All these suli-
stances contain nearly the same elements.
Peat bogs have the constituent elements of
vegetables. They arc scattered here and
there over the earth. The coal measures are
similarly distributed, liiferevce .-The coal
measures were originally i)eat bogs. This
inference seems plausible enough. But the
theory of the formation of coal measures,
through the conversion of peat into anthracite
and bituminous coal, has no grounds except
pure imagination. True, it is an explana-
tion, though it is just such an explanation
that a boy who has a knowledge of sc'jnce
might fancy. Hugh Miller, who it seems
was more of an observer than a deduc-
tive philosopher, gives descriptions of the
flora which formed the coal measures. I
mention the name of Hugh Miller with
pleasure, for he was one of the self-made
men who, enriched the world with the books
he made. This remarkable man gave the
most minute descriptions of various sorts of
leaves and trees found in blocks of coal.

.Surely the outlines of iIm* leaves of plai.ts
found in the (lakes of coal he examined must
have lieen somewhat distinct, or he could not
have descriU'd them. Now, as but few or no
traces of the outline of distinct and intact
leaves can l>e fou^d in peat, and .as the
accumulations could not, from natural causes,
Iwcome covered with v,\rious formations of
stratiticil rocks, even if it could not In-
shown that on no other hypothesis coal fields
coidd be formed, it is not evident that coal
fiehls were formed by the c«)nversion of peal
into coal.

Peat bogs are formed at the surface of the
earth, while coal beds are buried underneath
thick layers of rocks. The (I'lestion is perti
nent to the consideration of the theory of coal
formations : How did the great layers of sand
rock, in some places a thousand feet thick,
become deposited on |)eat bogs? Peat bogs
do not an|>ear lo have been formed by rivers
running into them. There are ten of these
peat bogs, or muskegs, as they are termed in
the North-West , to a single streamlet in this
country, and then muskegs are found near the
heights of land. It is as difficult to imagine
how sand cotdd be carried up grade by streams
to cover said l)ogs, as to imagine how in the
northern part of the north temperate zone
there would be heat enough to change such
l)eat into coal, after the country had become
cool enough for plants to grow.

Hut the geologists say that the earth was
once red hot throughout, and it had to cool
off; and after it cooled ofT, then the plants
grew. Surely these geologists ought to know
that plants grow above ground, their roots,
not their leaves, ])enetrating beneath it. Now,
if as they might suppose the trees and plants
grew most luxuriantly, it is inferential that the
leaves of deciduous trees, n;id the trunks of
dead trees, would fiill to the ground ; but it
is known that insects bore holes in dead trees,
by means of which their destruction is hast-
ened. Kre an amount of vegetable matter
could form, through the falling of leaves and
trees, to form a layer of coal an inch thick, all
the trees and leaves would rot and be con-
verted into vegetable mould. It is certainly
very evident that coal tields could not l)e
formed in this way, besides it would puzzle
the ablest geologist in the world to show how
this vegetable matter could be covered up in
such a country as England to the depth the
coal tields there are known to be covered.

THE WAY THE COAl, MEASURES WERE

FORMED.

It has 1)een shown in this work that a

general flood was caused through the sinkage

of the continents and islands which composed

„

the earth prcviouH to it, niul thai new cun-
tineiUs were uphfaved, and thnt thJH cataclysm
was caiisfd liy a change in the position of
the |V)ints ol (he tarth which wt-rr the previous
poles, so that they ln-canie (le|iresse(l points at
the e(|ualor, and that llii- cer\trifugal force
then acted on the depressed parts, which were
covered with water, and upheaved them.
.Such a cataclysm would result from this
wjpression and upheaval of continents, and
would cause the uprooting of nearly all the
trees which, at that time, Ciivcre<l the greater
part of the earth. The rushinj; of the waters
northward, meelinfj currents movin^j south-
ward, wouhl cause the trees to jam an<,l inter-
lace. The coal fields jjive e\ idence of a vast
accumulation of ferns, some of jjreat size.
Ferns of similar si/e (^row in the |>resent n^e
in some of the tropical parts of the earth. The
coal fields contain the fossils of many other
kinds of leaves. Heavy kinds of wood, such
as lifjnum-vitiv, mahogany, &c., would sink
to a jjreat depth. Other kinds of hardwood,
.such as oak, maple, i^vc, would swim at a
less distance below the surface ; and the lighter
kind.s of wood, such as pine, cedar, &c.,
would swim for a time at the surface of the
water. Ohservalion proves that even these
kinds of wotxl will sink after they become
water-soaked.

It is thought that the pressure of the water
obove a certain point on the water l)elow it,
will render tlie latter so dense, that certain
substances a little heavier t in water, at the
surface, will not sink to the Imttom where the
water is over eight miles deep ; hence, it is in-
ferable that the heavier kinds of trees which
were at the time of the flood swimming in the
ocean, did not .sink to the bottom where the
water was over ten miles deep. Then, again,
the heaviest trees would have to become water-
soakeil before they sank to the lowest point
possible for them tosink. It has been stated that
these trees would accumulate in great jams,
through the action of the counter currents,
and it is reasonable to conclude that some of
these jams would Ix; many miles long, and
broad, and of great thickness. The leaves
swimming in the flood would be drawn through
interstices in the jams, and fill them. These
leaves would be arranged in every possible
angle, just as they are found in coal. A little
sand and day would be intermixed with the
leaves, and the whole would become an im-
pactetl mass which would move to and fro
according to the flowage of the undercurrents.

The number and magnitude of these accum-
ulations of leaves and trees must have l>een in
proportion to the forest growth of the ante-
diluvian era and the sparseness of the popula-
tion. The observations of geologists show

that the growth of the flora in primitive agei
was on a .scale immensely greater than the
growth of the lh)ra of the tem|K'rate regions of
the present era, and nearly all of this luxuriant
vegetation was gathcre<l in vast masses, to lie
converted substtjuently into coal ; for the
wh<jle earlli was deluged. "The fountains
of the great »lcep were broken up " ; the
waters rushed to and fro with a force an
irresistible as that exerted by a cyclone, or
even the most tem|)estuous waves of the sea.
I have heard sailors state that waves have
struck ships with such force as to rij> portions
of the gunwale front their ti.rtmg fastenings.
The force of the currents would drive the
swinnning trees so as to bring the trunks of
trees close together, making tiers of frees, so
that thousands would be piled on each other.
The tops of trees would interlace, their limlis
bent and twisted into inextricable masses like
tangled nets, and the leaves ci trees would
fdl all the spaces. The flood lasted nearly a
year, so there was time enough for all the
trees and a vast proportion of the leaves to l>e
gathered in immense masses. It is the ten-
dency if water to flow to the lower levels,
and as water would carry with it the huge
masses of impacted trees, they would sink into
various dej)ressi(ms ; but most of these de-
pressions ultimately became elevated al)ove
the level of the sea.

It may not seem i)r4)per to speak of all the
water which formed the general flood as a
number of waters, but the jilural form of the
word is in harmony with my idea. A lake or
certain current of water contains the idea of a
single body of water. At the time of the
flood, the various bodies of water were merged
into one vast lK)dy which surrounded the
whole earth, yet it consisted of vast numbers
of distinct currents.

It has been .shown that when the previous
poles and surrounding parts were swung
around, so as to occupy positions at what
became a new ecpiator, that two points on said
e(|uator would l>e each of them depressed
thirteen miles, and that the depressions would
\k' gradually less from each of the .said i)oints
outward to the rational horizon from them.
Then, as watei seeks the lower level, it would
rush to these depressed points from the north,
south, east and west. The flowage to thes»
parts would continue until the equatorial di-
ameter of the earth again became equal, or
nearly so, all around it. Water is a liquid,
and it readily and easily yields to the force
exerted on it. The centrifugal force would
give the waters a great imjndsion to the de-
pressed parts. The flowage would l)e very
rapid, and it would carry the debris and
detritus along with it. But new continents

must l)e upheaved extending from ihe e<iuator
north and, south of it, and, because of the
partial solidity of the earth, this upheaval
vvoultl rcfjuire a much longer time than the
movement of the water necessary to reform
the earth into a spheroid, having the bulged-
out portion at the equator.

THT STRIATKIt ROCKS WERK ONCK COVERED
U^ IHE ARCTIC OCEAN, HUT
THEY WERE Ul'HEAVEl).
From the fact that tlie striated rocks are
formed in Western Europe and Kastern
America ; from the fact that the coal mea-
sures are found widely scattered, not only in
the cor tinentaJ portions of the eastern and
western hemispheres, and principally in the
northern portion of ;nem, the inference is
reasonai)le that it was the princijial ix>rtions of
the depressed parts thai were upheaved. It
has been slated that the tendency of water is
to flow toward the lower level ; then the
water from the surrounding parts would flow
towards the (lepresso<i parts, and as a setjuence
it woul'.i carry in its currents the immense
masses of im|)acted trees and leaves. Ai the
time of the flood there were iwo points at the
equator, each of which was depressed thirteen
miles, though the depression was gradually
less and less radiating from said points. The
water which rushed towards these depressed
points carried with them the material for the
coal formations, which has l)een described,
contemporaneously with the flowage of the
waters to the depressed parts. The centri-
fugal force began to act on the solid matter
below the water so as to upheave it gradually.
DEPTH OK THE WATF.R IN SOME PLACES
Af THE I'LOOI).
Previous to the deluge, doulitless, the depth
of the arctic and antarctic ocean was from
three to five miles at certain distances from
the shores. When these regions were shifted
in positi(m so a:, to be once every day directly
under the sun, the surrounding wp*..;rs would
suddenly rush to these places and round up
the waters there so as to bring the sh;q)e of
the earth in harmony with the previous etpia-
tor. Now although the matter below the
crust of the earth is red hot and yielding, yet
compression would render it so dense that a
certain amount of time would be necessary to
upheave a continent above the level of the
.sea, but the centrifugal force acting on matter
in proportion to density would upheave the
new earth. It ought to be evident to the
reflective reader that a force which in the first
instance cau.sed the sjiheroidness of the earth
would i^ a second instance, when acting in a
similar way, upheave new continents ;
but l)efore they were raised al>ove the surface
of the ocean, there was a time at the flood

when the water was from fifteen ti; eighteen
miles deep over them. This is not difficult to
understand. When the poles were shifted
they were depressed thirteen miles, more than
I two other i)oints midway Ixttween them.
Water cjuickly rushed to the dej>res.sed parts
and filled them up so that the water there
would be eighteen miles deep in places.
Doubtless some of the heaviest kinds of weeds
would sink nearly to the boftom of these great
depths. Water in the ocean like air above it
l)ecomes almost quiet; then, anon, when acted
on by certain causes, it moves with violence.
Precipitation in water takes place when the
water is in a con.jiarative state of rest, then
fine sand and clay will sink to the Ijotlom.
If the water contains infusoria, these would
descend along with the sand uP i clay. The
force necessary to upheave the continents
would produce a great heat, sufficient to
transform the vegetable materials into coal,
but this heat would be developed i^radually
as the upheaving was gradui:l. The infusoria
entrapped with the precipitation of argillaceous
materials would work their way upwards and
form films before the argillaceous materials
hardened. The rapidity with which the
materials for the formation of shale accumu-
lated, might be inferred from the precipi-
tation of snow on a calm day, when a
foot in dejnh is precipitated, and twice that
cpiantity is precipitated in some instances.
In the case of the deposit of clay and sand,
the precipitation would be several times
greater than the precipitation of snow, for the
swift flowing currents, betbre they came to a
state of rest, would uplift from what was the
previous earth, all the clay and sand which
covered the rocks, so that the waters of the
ocean would be turbid with these substances,
(ieological wi iters have staled that clay and
sand has been carrie<l thousands of miles by
oceanic currents. Then what must have l)een
the case when the waters swept over the sink-
ing continents with a velocity producing a
force equaling that of a cyclone ; and then the
waters must have swayed and twirled as they
rushed through the antediluvian mountains,
tearing trees from their ground-holds, as well
as the friable earth from its lodgment.

A consideration of the slate of the waters at
the general flotxl will make it easy to under-
stand how the coal fiekis were covered with
various dejxjsits. First was a deposit of clay,
then a great mass of trees forme<l lodgment
on the surface of the rising continent, which
would not be apt to lake place unless the
water was quiet, for if the water was in motion
the mass of trees being aiKuit the density of
water, would l)e carried along with the current.
Rut the mass of trees impacted with leAves,
having become placed on the surface cf the

< 1

rising coniinenl, a procipitaiion of materials
for shale would take place. For days, perhaps,
in the vast (|uiet deep, the shower of clay and
sand would continue. Now the uph( avin^;
•earth causes a change of currents, the deposit of
materials for shale ceases, and water contain
ing sjind Hows over the mound made by the
placement of the mass of trees and deixjsit of
shale.

Whenever an obstruction exists in a current,
the water is made to swirl around it, and if
the current carries sand, it will be deposited in
mounds on each side, and the end of the mound
opposite the directi(jn of the current. These
mounds would be more or less elevated, and
hence they would deflect the current flowing
towards them, so that in time the mass of trees,
lodged as descrilied, would be surrounded by
great mounds of sand until a depression would
be formed above the coal formaticm, which
would then draw the current downward and
impede it. Then the mass of trees, which
will be termed coal formations, would receive
a deposit of sand to the <lepth of hundreds of
feet m some instances, and a score of feet in
others. I have read of water-spouts which
have burst in |X)rlions of the Western States,
which made floods which have covere<l the
Helds through which the flooded stream ran,
to the depth of two and three feet. Now, let
the reader fancy an ocean current carrying ten
times more .sand than was in the stream made
liy the water-spout, and lasting for a week, and
•during that i!<"e not only making i contin-
uous deposit adjacent to the coal foimation,
but also above it. Then a partial conception
can be made of the quantity of sand that
would be precipitated around and alK)ve the
coal formation.

But the current changes, and another flows
over the coal formation, and with it another
mass of imi)acted trees. As there is another
basin aliove the frost formation, the second
coal formation is drawn alwve the first and
lodged on it, and why? Why, simply, one
end of the impacted trees strikes a great sand
mound that had been formed as described, and
is thus stopped. Not only by the rising of the
bottom of the ocean to form a new continent,
liut because the mass of trees now stopped
would have a tendency to sink. The second
coal formation would l)e lodged above the
other.

Feathers and dust are heavier than air, but
when the air is put in rapid motion these
substances are carried along and do not sink
to the earth until the air becomes (,uiet. At
the ti.ne of the Hood, as now, the water in
places would be in a com|iarative state of rest.
In any part of the rajjitily moving water, masses
of trees and leaves slightly heavier than water,
would not sink, nor would the very fine par-

ticles of clay and sand sink, but when the
water in which they existed l)ecame some^
what quiet, they would sink to the l)ottom.
In onsequence of the greater weight of the
larger jiartides of sand, i|uite a strong current
of water is necessary to make it move from
place to place.

I have seen a bay which was made turbid
by tumultuous waves rushing into it, which
stirred up the muddy clay mould which had
lain on the bottom. I have noticed that a
day, or even more of still weather, was neces
sary to permit the mud to sink to the Ixittom.
A consideration of these facts will make it easy
to understand why the materials for shale were
deposited at one time, and sand at another,
and the materials for indurated rock at
another time. Again, jf twt) currents moving
in opjxisite ilirections meet, they will sud-
denly deposit the sand carried in the currents
suflicient to form a layer. All that would be
necessary to make a separation iietween such
a layer and a subsecjuenl one would be a
precipitation of clay. The ebb and flow of the
tides twice a -lay for a month would make
sixty of such layers, provided that when the
tide ebbed 'a counter current should cause a
precipitati(m of sand. No scientist need Ix-
told that the tides continued to ebb and flow
during the general flood, or the earth con-
tinued to rotate, and the moon to exert her
attractive influence. Krom the fact that the
primordial rocks are coniposed mainly of sand,
it is inferential that the i)uantity of particles of
sand swimming in iiie waters of the floo<l was
greater than all other materials in the water.

There was lime enough during the Noachean
deluge for all the deposits found above th'
coal measures.

At the time of the flood, the sand which
now constitutes the solid sand rocks, doubt-
less was softer than it is now. Some of
the sand rocks which are quarried in the
present era are quite soft until they are
exposetl for some time to the action of the air.
In the centuries following just after the flood
some of the limestone formations may have
been as sfift as chalk, which is a carbonate of
lime, so that great rivers would cut extensive
and deep channels through them in a few
centuries, whereby those who do not hesitate
to wrest the Scripture from its true meaning,
in order to make it harmonize with their dog-
mas, have been led to conclude that it re(|uired
the lapse of hundreds of thousands of years
for some rivers to cut the channels through
which they run.

I have before olwerved that the present
continents were the depressed parts of the
solid parts of the earth before they were
upheavetl, and that the depressions were dished
from th I outer edges of them, or rather from

the centre of each of them out to the rational
horizon, so that the first dcjxjsit of the coal
formation would l)e in the <lepresscd parts ;
and it has just been sliown that after a lodg-
ment of a coal formation, it would be
surroimded by vast deiK)sits of saml.

On the coasi of some bodies of water there
are sand hills and sand beaches high alnne
the level of the bodies of water. In some
instances the sand hills are high above the
adjacent country. On this ilala it is easy to
see how, that a coal formation, causing a
deflected current of water, carrying a vast
amount of sand, would form a <leposit all
around such a coal formation, whereby the
location of the coal formation would be dished.
Now, such a de|)ression in the bottom of the
rising continent woulii cause a suction of the
water flowing over it, wl)erel>y another mass
of trees swimming over it woidd be drawn to
the place and lodged there, to be covered in
the same way, and with the same kind of
materials which covered the first deposit,
though a change of currents might make the
arrangement of detritus dilVerent. .Again, the
accumulation of trees wouhi be greater in one
part of the flood than in another, but they
would be found in both hemispheres, because
the waters flowed to both of the ilepressed
parts which were upheaved. During the
dei)osit of the drifts and coal formati(ms the
continents would be slowly rising at the rate
of fronj one to two miles a month, for some
portions of the continent would have to be
upheaved twenty-three miles, and other parts
to a less itistance. It was shown that the
most depressed portion was about eighteen
miles deep, and some of the mountains are
five miles high ; and eighteen plus five are
twenty-three ; but the upheavir.g would be at
a certain ratio, according to depression and
the weight of the matter to be upneaved.

It has been shown that the centrifugal force
upheaves matter according to density, there-
fore it tloes not follow that the highest part of
a continent should be in the centre of it. It
is necessary also to consider, not only, that
the nmtinents were upheaved, hut also the
lx)ttom of the ocean in each hemisphere, and
the water in the <Kean must have been bulgetl
out to a certain degree. This idea has l^'en
repeatedly explainetl in previous pages. «.>ne
of the depressed parts upheaved lieing in the
eastern hemisphere, and the other in the
western hemisphere ; but both parts were
upheaved into continents.

On the hypothesis that there is a difference
in the density of water at various depths, it is
reasonable that the lighter kinds of wood,
such as pine and cedar, would not sink so «leep
as oak or maple. The heaviest kinds of wood,
such as mahogunyor lignum-vitne, would sink

to the greatest (lejiths, and these sorts of wood
would form the deep layers of anthracite coal,
the combustion of which is so pleasing to-
aristocratic persons while it is Wing con-
sumed in the artistic base-burning stoves.

As the pressure on these lower formations
would l)e greatest, the heat formed by the grad-
ual concU'isation of the mass an(l its closer
proximity to the heated matter under the crust
would convert the mass of trees and leaves
into pul|i. The enormous pressure that would
>c exerted on flie mass to upheave it would
convert it into a compact solid. The lighter
kinds of wood which swam at a less depth
than the harder kinds of wood would not lind
lodgment until the continent was upheaved, so
that the waters above it would not be over
four or five miles deeji. Clay sinks last in
agitated waters. Some of the higher di |iosits
of coal would be covered only with argillace-
ous substances, but these coals would be
quite soft, and the shale which might cover
them would be filled with the remains of
infusoria, and very minute mollusks, so that
after the hardened shale was ex|)oscil to the
action of air it would crumble to dust ;
just as the bones of animals are known to da
after they have been buried for many years.

Doubtless, there were pitch-pine trees in the
antediluvean ages, just as there are pine trees in
the postdiluvean time. The leaves of these
trees are not deciduous P'ish love to gather
around islands where the water is not deep ;
but at the time of the flood there were no
islands, so, inferentially, various sorts of fish
gathered into the recesses of the masses of
jiitch-pine trees, which swam to a slight dis-
tance below the surface, l)eft)re the interstices
of thein became filled with other leaves.

Last summer, at a place called Kurnt River,
Ont., I was watching lumbermen driving pine
logs in the stream, or rather an artificial chan-
nel, from the lake to the saw-mill. Every
now and then some one of the men would
s|iear a c?og fish with his pike. It seemed
that these fish in large numlx-rs had taken a
liking to the cover which these logs had made.
I was doubly pleased to see the men kill these
lish, for two reasons. First, it pleased me to
see the men pleased. I had found that the
men who worked at this mill wore not only
the most intelligent mill-men I hail met with,
but they were a jolly set of good-natured fel-
lows as well ; and then the fish they killed
were not only regarded a.s unfit for food, but
they preyed on edible sorts of fish.

Doubtless, eels in vastnumliers found resting-
place in the pitch-pine recesses of trees, which
they would do for this reason, viz., to eat
the little fish that would seek the protection
that the linibs of the trees afforded them. Now,
it is not difficult to imagine, that a mass of

pitch-pine trees, the interslir«'s of which were
to a great extent filletl with oily fish, would l)e
the very thinjj \Nhen incased l)etwcen two
layers of rocks and lieated so as to reduce the
whole mass to a pulp, an<l then pressed so as
to make the tar and oil to pass further on in
the fissure or to another fissure to make a
reservoir of bituminous oil. Then, again, a
certain amoimt of heat in another formation
would change the substance into gas, and the
gas would either escaj* or rise into fissures
that were air-light, there to remain until the
fissure was pierced with a drill.

I could write a large volume in further
exemplification of this theory, but I think I
have sufficiently explained it so that the
scfiolar will get a clear conception of my
explanation of the Ibrmation of the coal mea-
sures, and the formation of coal oil. Now let
the scientific reader compare it with the ex-
planations of the formation of coal fields
given by geologists. Some of these worthies
write books filled with (Jr^-ek words angli-
cised, and which the ordinar)' reader
does not understand, though they help to im-
press the mind of the unscientific reatier with
what he thinks is evidence of their great in-
sight into things. According to these geolo-
gists, the coal measures were originally
peat bogs, and became changed into coal.
The deeper and older bogs became anthracite
coal, and the newer and less deep ones be-
came bituminous coal ; just as though there
was any difference in the age of the world at
the surface and the age of it at a depth of one
thousand feet. Now, it is as difficult to
imagine why a ' had any more effect in mak-
ing a differenf e in coal than it is to imagine
how peat, — Juch contains but little or no traces
of leaves, could be changed into coal, having
the appearance of intact leaves, though changed
into coal.

My theory of the ft)rmation of the coal
measures carries with it sufficient evidence in
itself of the general flood which covered the
whole face of the terrestrial glol)e.

In a previous part of this work it was ex-
|)lained that the southern hemisphere was
heavier than the northern hemisphere, and
that in a particular year it was rendered still
heavier, and in that year a great [xjrtion of ice
in the arctic regions was loost led and floated
southward. Then it was shown that the
centrifugal force acting on the antarctic
regions m an inverse ratio, would cause them
to swing around to the e()uator. It was also
shown that the force which wc;uld cause the
poles to swing around to the equator, would
also cause an oscillating motion of them.
Then it was shown that the incandescent
matter under ihe crust of the earth, would
surge agaioNt that i>orli(jn which now com-

lM)ses the northern hemis|)hcre, and would up-
heave it, so that the larger continents arc now-
found in it. Now, as a secpience, the northern
hemisphere became the heivier ; then the
centrifugal force, caused by the orbital motion
of the earth, would force the new north pole
further away from the sun, so as to make it
stand at an angle of 23^° from the sun. It
was shown that as the striated or groovetl
rocks are found in the eastern and northern
part of North America, and in Europe from
43' north latitude, northward, that the ante-
diluvean point of the earth, which was then
the north pd' moved south and settled
at a ]xiint in tlic North Atlantic ocean. And
it was also shown that the upheaval of the
continents must have caused the crust of the
earth to sjilit and spread in places from east to
west, because the surging of the internal mat-
ter against the crust of the earth, would give
the matter an imindsion in that direction. It
was shown that it was reasonable to conclude
that the basin which now forms the l)ottoni of
the .\tlanfic ocean was spread, since the dis-
tance frciii the eastern limit of the striated
rocks in Kurope to the western limit of them
in .America, was further than the limit of the
antediluvean frigid zone. It was shown that
the continent up to the tops of the mountains
contains the fossil remains of sea moUusks and
fish, and that the drift of the continents con-
tains in it at various depths ; le bones of huge
and smrdler land animals, timber and sand,
and giAvel beaches ; and these facts were
evidences that these continents were covered
with water for long ages. And it was also
shown that the upheaval of these continents
must have been contemporaneous with the
sinkage of land of co-e(jual elevation. It was
shown that the coal fields must have been
formed during a flood, and that this florxl
was caused by the partial revolution of the
earth from south to north on one side, and
from north to south on the other side. It was
shown that this partial revolution was not
g.adual, since the remains f)f tropical animals
are found intact in immense icebergs north of
.Siberia Nor woulil a gradual turning of the
earth from south to north account for the im-
mense Ixmlders that seem to have been car-
ried by ice to high elevations and de sited
there, for if the turning of the nortli pole
southwards had been gradual, the icebergs
(which are known to carry immense boulders)
would have struck against the coasts, and
would have melted there. Then, again,
that neither the eocene, miocene, or plio-
cene strata of rocks contain the fossil re-
mains of human beings, for the sufficient reason
that these beings mainly subsist on land, as
doubtless the great majority of them did in the
antediluvean eras ; but fish and shells lived in

ihc M-a aiul Ijicixiiu' ciilrappcil in iho inaiorial.s
/or iheformalioixil llic ilineront siiala of rocks,
ami ihesc rorks were upheaved, arnl the old or
aniedihivcan rorks and continenis were sunk
under certain jMirlions of the spread of water
which even now covers thiee-tiflhs of the
surface of the enrtli.

This chain of evirien'X's of a general flood i:;
unbroken, hence the conclusion is inevitable,
that a Hood, oorrespondinjj with the account
given in the 7th chapter of Cienesis, covered
the whole earth.

Herbert S|>encor says, "that it is ini-
possilile for man to think of the whole earth
at the same tim*." Let the reader try to think
of several places at once, and he will have
some idea of the difticult task the author of
this essay has hatl. if some critical grani-
mariaii finds a misplaced word, let him reflect
how dithcult the task of writing the explana-
tions given in this work are, and grammatical
ai uracy in com|K)sition at the same time.
Didy a moiety of the work was copied ; ai)il
even in that portion I have ha<l to think more
of the subject than the grammar.

The author of this work does not wish to
animadvert u|xm tlu)se clergymen who have
accepted the theory of a partial deluge. It
ought not to be surprising to any one that
students should accept the ideas taught by
their professors in the colleges they attended ;
yet, to my mind, the i<lea of a partial deluge
seems unreasonable. Surely, a flood which
would l)e sufficient to cover any chain of
mountains, would have to be high enough to
cover all the various chains of mountains, for
water nu\st approximate to a level. The idea ol
a |)artial deluge doubtless arose from the fact
that the air could not contain water enough,
when precipitated by forty days' rain,
to make a general flood ; but the IJible
account not only mentions the rain, but also
the breaking up of the fountains of the deep,
which, doubtless, was caused by the sinkage of
the old continents, and the upheaval of new
continents, whereby the strata of rocks were
fractureil in /.igrag, yet nearly i)eri)endicular
lines. Another objection to the idea of a
general deluge is the supposition that the ark
was not large enough to hold a pair of every
kind of carnivorous animals, and seven jiairs
of graminivorous ones ; but diil these objectors
ever stop to think that the varieties of animals
l>efore the floixl might not have been as
numerous as they are in the present era ?

It may not Ix? pi>ssible for a s|H?cies to pro-
<luce a mixed breed with another s|)ecies ; but
observation proves that a s|)ecies can. through
a change of climate, food, &c. , become a
nunil>er of varieties. The varieties of dogs
are almost indescriljable ; yet it is probable
that the canine varieties had '.heir origin in the

genus ( (.v/A, or wild wolf. Ilic l)o\ infs)K'cie»
has numy varieties, but all oi llicni may have
had their origin in the bovine genus Hos
I'hIhiIus. 'I'he genus C'gfTits has many varieties,
such as the fallow-deer, whapite moose ; but
they may have had their origin in one or two
species. The same law may hold true with
the different varieties of the feline siH-'cies. A
species may, through clintalic changes and
other causes, become several varieties ; but
birds cannot 'hange into monkeys, an<l then
monkeys into men.

According to the hyphothesis that a six-'cies
may become divide<l into a number of varieties,
the Noachean ark was large enough to hold
all the animals that could not live outside of
it during the flood. Again, some atheists
object to my theory of a general deluge, on
the ground that every living creature that
breathed would Ih.- destroyed, and the .saving
of animals by means of an Ark is unscientific.
Hut, surely, if animals could Ik- evolved from
plants before the HikkI, they could be evolved
in the same way after the tliMxl. Others say
that the flood could not have l)een general,
beca\ise there are some animals in Australia
not found in other countries. Hut did these
cavilers never read about certain kinds of
animals that lii.ve become extinct. How th)
they know that no kangaroos ever existed in
F.uro|x.' or America? Oh, says the learned
geologist, we have not found the bones of the
kangaroo in the drift of America. Now, it is
known that there are moose, and what are
termeil elk in America, and they sh< their
horns annually ; yet it is rarely that a | r of
horns of these beasts are found. It is said that
mice eat them. Now, would it not be quite
possible that the Ixmes of the kangaroo
might be entirely destroyed, so that no traces
of them could l)e found in America. (jcoIo-
gists speak eloquently about the connection of
continents by strips of lanil that jwssibly
existed between them in past diluviiin ages.
But the moment anyone hints that po.ssibly
both beasts and creeping things, and even
human l)eings, may have used these isthmuses
for the |)urpose of migration, their eyes
brighten with indignation, as they scout the
iilea. They fear that the admission of such
an idea might endanger some of their ytet
theories.

Just before the continents emerged from the
waters which covered the whole face of the
earth there must have been an unusual quiet-
ness of the air. F^very meteorologist knows
that winils are .set in motion through uneven
temperatures of the atmosphere. In the vast
exfxinse of the continents the air becomes
unusually heated. In extensive valleys fac-
ing the sun, such as the Mississippi Valley,
the air on certain days becomes unusually

9r.

wnrin, and this condition is increased during
several days of cloudless an<l calm weather.
The rays of the sun striking the land evolves
heat which, when not carried away hori-
zontally, is continually increased. The heated
and rare air rises towards the mountains until
a i-old strata of air is reached, and this air,
iH'ing of greater pressure, forces its way to
th ■ s])ace occupied by the air lielow. Every
oarsman has noticed the little whirlixwls
which follow the displaced water made by a
stroke of his blade. When a lighter volume
of air gives way to a heavier current, there is a
<lisplacement, not of the whole volume of air,
but part of it. The rushing of the cold air
towards the highly-heated and rare air of the
valley may take a circular motion, and thence
form a whirlwind ; and this motion may
<ievelop a current of electricity which will
accelerate it. The cyclone will shoot through
the valley like an arrow, though it may be
<leflected in some instances l)y certain eleva-
tions, but the general course will Ik: in the
line of the air made rare by heat or displace-
ment. I have made meteorology a stutly for
several years. These remarks on the subject
are too brief to give a clear idea of the cause
of winds, cold and mild seasons, &c. If this
work meets the sale which I hope it will, I
will write an essay on the subject, and ]niblish
it, so that the people may be able to form a
forecast of the weather, anti thus be on their
guard.

Although it is somewhat aside from the
main subject of this essay to refer to the cause
of wind currents, yet I have done so, in order to
show that, just prior to the emergence of the
continents above the level of the waters
which formed the deluge, there was an un-
usual calm over the earth, then enveloped
with water. A little reflection will convince
a man of gooil understanding that, after the
flood hafi been on the earth, the temperature
of the air would be more uniform than the
temperature of the air of the Pacific ocean.
There would be a gradual variation in the
temperature of the air from the etjuator north-
ward and southward to the poles, but it
would be so gradual that less wind currents
wouhl disturb the surface of the waters than
the wind currents which dislurii the vast
spread of the placid Pacific ocean.

When the ice from the north frigid /.one
moved south, followed by what was the arctic
regions, and the antarctic regions moved
north, so as to occupy a position over which
the sun would be vertical once a day, there
would be such an unevenness of the tempera-
ture of the water that there would l)e wind
currents. There would be fogs, or the ascen-
sion of vapor, and an unusual fall of rain, but
there would be no wind storms like those

formed by the change of pre.ssun.s through
the heating of air on the continents. Hut
gra<lually the ice would melt, and the waters
would mix and become more uniform in tem-
perature. The variation from the ec]uatcr
would hardly l)e pt'rceptible. Evaporations
would cease. The .sun wouUl shine over the
watery waste in undimmed splendor. The
surface of the water would apfx;ar like a sea
of smooth glass. An impressive stillness
would reign everywhere, not like the still-
ness which impresses a man when he is alone
on a lake in a dense forest, when there is not
a breath of wind .sufficient to stir an aspen
leaf", so that the lake l)ecomes a mirror to
reflect the trees near the water's edge, but a
similar stillness of water, where nought could
be seen Ix'yond the ark which floated on the
waters of the flood. How often have
passengers in the broad I'acific ocean stood on
deck and gazed on the vast expanse of waters
which seemed to be inclosed in a circle,
where the sky touched the visible horizon ;
but they felt that the ship was staunch, and
that by sailing two or three thousands of
miles beyond they would reach l^nd. But as
yet for the ark there was no harlx)r. Still,
Noah had faith in ( jod, for when He command-
ed him to take animals into the ark, to keepseed
alive until the flood abated, he obeyed. Now
that the ark had cease to roll, how reasonable
that Noah might think that the waters had
abated, .so he sent forth a raven, but it did
not return. It would seem that it had found
a floating carcass of some huge lieast which
had floated to a point where the raven could
reach it. As the animals were carried to the
new arctic regions, it would first freeze l)efore
it floated south, to become a resting-place, and
fo<xl for the raven. Next he sent forth a
dove, but the waters .still covered the earth,
and she returned to him, and he put forth his
hand and took her in. After seven days
more, he again sent forth a dove, and it
returned with an olive leaf plucked ofl^. Then
he knew that the waters were abated.

When the ark had rested on the moun-
tains of Ar..rat, the centrifugal force was
slowly yet surely upheaving the new con-
tinent. It must attain a certain height before
there would be an even balance between the
force of gravity and the centrifugal force. It
has Ix'en shown that the centrifugal force uplifts
the governor IkiIIs of a steam engine to a certain
height, and, if the motion which produces the
centrifugal force is uniform, they will remain
at that height, but if the motion is lessened,
they will fall a certain degree, according to
the ratio of the lessened motion. Now, it is
known that the rotary motion of the earth is
uniform, so that after the continents attained a
certain height, they would remain at that

height. According to this law, not only had
the mountains of Ararat previously risen, so
that the ark rested on them, hut they con-
tinued to rise afterwards above the surface of
the water. Following the first appearance of
the steep sides of the mountains, were the
broader and more expansive valleys, where
olive and other trees had sunken. It is not
reasonable that the olive leaf plucked had
budded and grown in seven days ; but it is
rea.sonabl'^ that a few of the olive trees had
not been jjathered into impacted masses for
the formation of coal. But in fourteen days the
grasses would spring from the ground, and
grow to a size that graminiverous animals could
live (m them. Then there would be dead
animals not yet decayed, and Hsh in the jk)o1s,
just after the Hood had abated, which would
furnish food for the carnivorous animals. And,
doubtless, Noah had still a store of food to
furnish himself and family until the earth
could protiuce it. After the mountains had
risen to a stationary height, the tem|)erature
at their tops would become too cold for man
or beast. Then both the human race and
animals would descend to the valleys below,
and spread over the earth.

The ark would crumble to dust, and its
tletritus would be scattered over the
plains, so that no trace of it can l)e found.
Not only the names of some countries, but
the names of the ranges of mountains are
changed through provincial usage, so it would
be futile to look for the identical mountain on
which the ark rested. The compo-sition of
the rocks forms enduring evidence that a
flood covered the whole earth.

According to the command which God
gave, and in conformity with the natural law
He made to secure the fulfilment of it, human
beings and all the beasts and other creatures
that were in the ark began to multiply in
numbers. Animals suited to live in a tropical
climate migrated to the warmer parts of the
new Asia, and utilizing the then existing
isthmuses, certain animals migrated to the
adjacent islands. .Some of the genus Cennis
prefer a cold climate. These would migrate
east and west in the north temperate zone in
Asia, and in summer some of them would
penetrate the arctic zone. They would ex-
tend their migrations to northeastern Siberia.
Doubtless the Behring Straits was .so narrow
then, that it would freeze over. Then the hare
and <ieer would cross over into northwestern
America. Carnivorous animals suited to a
northern climate would follow after them.

After the human race began to multiply,
there would be among them men who had a
marked penchant for hunting. Such men
would follow the migration of animals. It is
reasonable that hunters only would follow the

animals to America via the Behring Straits,
and liecause of the game that ha<J prece<led
them hundreds of years before, and which had
multiplied without molestation, save from the
carnivorous kinds of l)easts, they would likely
leave Asia forever and thereby become a dis-
tinct race of people. Kveryone versed in
ethnology knows that when America wa.*
discovered, it was sparsely populated. In-
ferentially, it was not peojiled as long as Asia.
Had the American Indians been cannibals,
the sparseness of ixipulation could beaccountetl
for. Their mode of living was precarious,
hence many would die of famine in particular
years. Their wars, also, hindered the rapid
increase of |M)pidation. .Still, if the country
had been settled as long as Asia, it is reason-
able to conclude that the jxipulation of
America five hundred years ago would have
been greater than it was when it was dis-
covered by Columbus. Some Europeans take
pet animals with them when they emigrate.
It is quite reasonable that the Hrst settlers
from Asia brought pet monkeys and birds with
them. And it has been noticed, in another part
of this work, that some animals thrive in a
new country, and other kinds liecome extinct.
There is a disease which is contagious, and
which affects sheep in Australia. If there
was no human remedy for this disease, doubt-
less sheep would become extinct in this great
island. But rabbits thrive there, and if there
was no human means of checking their geo-
metrical increase in numbers, they would
denude the country oi grass, and then they
would all die.

It is no proof that no general flood covered
the earth in one year because some kinds of
animals are found in America which are not
found in Europe. The l^ear, or genus Ursus, is
found in Europe, Asia, and America, but like
the fox and grouse, it is white in the arctic
regions and brown further south. In other
parts, where there is plenty of frugiverous foods
for it to eat, the color of the bear is black.
This proves that climate and foods affect the
color of animals. The color of the African has
long been a puzzle to the ethnologists, but
until they can explain why a flock of white
sheep may have one or more black lambs ,they
will continue to be puzzled, just as hitherto
they have been puzzled, to find a cause for
even a partial deluge sufficient to destroy the
human race in the time of Noah.

I am not such an egotist as to suppose that
no one knows anything but myself. I think
I am as ready to admit a scientific truth as
anyone. Science teaches that hydrogen is a
.simple element. The able chemist Caven-
dish first described it. I bow to such men as
Cavendish, because they enrich science with
new facts. The mental powers which enable

' <

one to learn words and to compute numl)er.s,
to measure angles, circles and spheres, and to
observe things and to remember their qualities
and actions, enable the possessor of these
powers to become educated. Education does
not seem to call into action the deductive
reasoning powers. This accounts for the ob-
servation often matle that there are learned
fools. A man may have only a moderate
education, and yet he may have a large de-
velopment of the deductive reasoning powers :
he then possesses the gift of common sense.
Let an (observer of character go into a new
country, and he will see many illustrations of
this idea. If he devotes special attention to
the study of traits of character, he will find
hundreds of persons who are the sons of
wealthy gentlemen. These men are generally
well educated ; some of them will show in
their managenient good, common sense. They
need no special teaching to enable them to
succeed in the pursuit of wealth, happiness,
and respectability. The blunders of the others,
especially when they persist in carrying out
their own ideas, make them a laughing-stock.
This sort of persons are more reaily to listen
to the opinions of men who are like them-
selves, than to men having good, common
sense. " Birds of a feather flock together."
NEW IHKORY OK CRKA'IION.
Science teaches that water is a compound
of hydrogen and oxygen, and also that
combustion will cause hydrogen and oxygen
gas to unite and form the liciuid water. I did
not discover this scientific fact, but I have
used it in a train of deductive reasoning to
explain the cause of light on the day of crea-
tion, independent of incandescent metals, the
light of the nebula stars, or even the light of
the sun, which was placed in the firmament on
the fourth day of creation.

In my essay on Creation, I have endeavored
to show that the earth was created in the time
stated by Moses, counting the day only
twenty-four hours in length. The following
is a brief synopsis of the work :

Water, changed into the original gases of
which it is composed, expands a thousand
times, /. t'., a cubic mile of water would make
a thousand cubic miles of hydrogen and oxygen
gas, having a density equal to that of air at
the surface of the earth, but these gases are
very elastic according to experiments made by
Mr. Boil. These gases are very expansive.
The Hon. Mr. Boil found that air at
first expanded nine times ; then in another
experiment, it dilated thirty-one times ; again
into sixty, and then into 1 50 times its previous
volume. Afterwards it was brought to ex-
pand to 13,679 times the space it originally
occupieel, and all this was effected by its own

expansive force without the aid of heat. (.See
Dr. Thomas Dick's works on the Atmosphere.)
Hence, if all the water in the earth waa
changed into hydrogen and oxygen and ex-
panded to the extent they are known to
expand, the earth would In; surrounded with
a gaseous envelope that would reach from
the surface of the earth to at least five hun-
dred thousand miles. If the solid ma-
terials of the earth, which are conif^iosed of
sui)stances more or less resolvable into gas,
were changed also into gases and eliminated,
they would add to the volume or ilensity of
such a gaseous body surrounding the earth.
Now, if the non-gaseous matter of the earth
was reduced to exceedingly fine particles of
dust and difTu.sed throughout such a gaseous
expanse, like dust in the air of a room just
swept, and the i)lace where the earth existed
was left void, the earth, according to my own
theory, would be in the condition that it wa&
in the beginning of creation. There woulil be
chlorine gas and some metalliferous substance*
in the form of du.st which would ignite in it.
The diffusion of nietaUif rous substances, such
as sulphur, copjjcr, inc, throughout such a
gaseous Imdy when charged with a certain
amount of heat, would produce electric sy>arks,
and electric sparks will ignite hydrogen, and
hydrogen when supjioried by oxygen will
burn with a flame, and steam will l)e the
result from the union. ('arUm and lime was
present in the gases, for they are in the earth.
Carlxjn and lime in a flame produced by
burning hy.lrogen produces the most brilliant
light. But the flame produced by burning
hydrogen is intensely hot ; all the metallic
particles of the unformed earth existing in
such flame would be rendered reil hot or
incandescent, and then if conglomerated in
this condition would make a red hot earth of
nearly eight thousand miles in diameter.
Much of the non-gaseous substances would
combine with the steam and lx)th would have
to cool off before they condensed to vapor, so
that drops of water could be formed. These
drops would unite geometrically, anil then
drawn by gravity to the earth would cover up
the red hot earth with non-healed materials,
so that men and beasts could walk on it un-
harmed as soon as the dry land was made to
appear. In my essay on Creation, I have
shown that the whole earth was covered with
water before it began to rotate. I have also
explained the cause of its rotary motion, but
I trace all causes back to the first great cause
of all things, the Creator of the heavens and
the earth, and all that is in them.

A collection of facts relating to earthquake&
and volcanoes would form a branch of science.
At present more is known of the phenomena
of earthquakes and volcanoes than the cause

of them. DouhtlcHs, volcanoes have iheir
incipient cauKe in inlcrnnl fires. Ashes are
emitted from the craters of volcanoes. Ashes
are formed hy the burning of graphite and
coal, and other substances. It seems un-
reasonable that the internal matter under
the crust of the earth could be concentrated in
a particular locality, so as to cause a volcano
in that locality ; but the combustion of
graphite, or very solid coal, existing at a
depth of a mile below the surface of the
earth, would in time form a superheated
cavern There are fissures which convey
water from the deep l)elow the surface of the
earth to elevatetl points. Some of the fissures
convey boiling water high up in the mountain
losses. It is reasonable that through certain
causes, and in certain instances, the water has
ceased to How through some of the fissures ;
then, being open alwive, atmospheric pressure
would force air down through them. Now,
all that would be necessary to cause a com-
bustion of a deep formation of carbon or
sulphur, would be a current of electricity,
which would be intercejifefl by the graphite
or sulphur, and, thus, igniting the coal or sul-
phur. The supply of air, in conjunction with
the current of electricity, would cause the com-
bustion of the graphite or sulphur. Then a
superheated cavern would be formed. In process
of time a fissure with water would be broache<l.
Water would flow into the heated cavern, then
steam would l)e formed on an immense scale.
Either a volcanic eruption or earthcpiake
would follow. The steam would cause the
Howage of the water in the tissure carrying it
to be reversed. The rocks between the fis-
sure would be heaved. They woulil undulate
like waves, and the commotion would extend
to the length of the fissure, and in a lateral
direction to the width o{ it, which in some
instances reaches hundreds of miles. Then
the steam would be condensed, and water
would flow again in the heated cavern, and
another earthtjuake would follow ; but perhajis
of less violence, since the internal fire would
be partly ijuenched by the water which first
flowed into the cavern. A third or fourth
inflowage would put the tire out, and the
quaking if the earth would cease.

I have given this short synopsis of my
explanation of one of the causes of earth-
quakes and volcanoes. If I were a president
of a great college, all I would have to say in
order to end the con.sideration of this subject,
would be to say that it is wy opinion that the
islands and continents were not upheaved by
volcanic agency.

This work will be extensively circulated in
the towns where I will lecture. It will excite
discussion. Men of ordinary learning in the

I towns and cities will .xsk the professional
gentlemen of their ac(|uainlance their opinion
of the new .scientific dogma. Men who have
achieved popularity, and whose income
depends on tliat popularity, are very careful
not to jeopardize their pijpularity ; hence, they
are wary m the expressiim of opinions. Their
first answer may Ik; : -I have not read the
work. Then perhap:. they will be urged to
read it. If they have expresse<l the opinion
that the deluge s|K)ken of in the l)ible was
only partial, they will not oidy find that itlea
refuted, but a demonstration that the deluge
recorded in the 7th chapter of C'lene.sis was
just what the bible sai<l it was — a flfMul that
covered all the mountains and hills — so that
" .Ml in whose nostrils was the breath of life,
of ail that was in the dry land, died."

If they have expressed the opinion that at
first the whole earth was red hot, .inrl that
millions of years had to elapse l)efore the
earth was til for human beings to live on it,
iMid that there was subsequently an ice age
which was followed by a mild era, they will
not only find it explained how the earth was
made so, that the surface was never red hot,
but a complete refutation of the modern con-
ception of a glacial age.

If they have taught that the coal fields
were formed from peat bogs, they will not
only find this theory refuted, but a rational
explanation of the way the coal fields were
formed. Now, if one of them .accepts the
explanation, and if his love of candor exceeds
his pride, he will bodly and publicly state that
those professors who have taught that the
earth was at first a vaporous bo<ly, requir-
ing millions of years to cool to a semi-red hot,
solid condition, and millions of years more to
form a cool crust, so that man could live on
it ; that there was an ice age followed by a
temperate climate ; and that the flcxwl spoken
of in the Bible as general, was only partial, —
were .simply mistaken. Then he will expre.ss
his regrets that he was led by the high po.si-
lion held by said professors to teach ideas
that were not in harmony with the spirit and
letter of the Word of ( iod. Methinks it would
he no more mortifying for a man to acknow-
ledge that he was mistaken on this jioint, than
to acknowledge by counter-teaching that his
forefathers were mistaken in their idea as to
the extent of the deluge.

Rut another professional gentleman may not
be willing to make a confession in harmony with
his convictions, but he is expected to say some-
thing, however little that may l)e. I can fancy
the manner in which he will express his little
opinion. With a slight shrug of his shoulder
and a di.sdainful toss of his head, he may .saly
that he does not agree with the author of the
work, and he may think that such an expres-

sinn ns (|uite sufficienl in cnn\\ncv his friend
that the lonclusiuns in the work are nut sound.
Kxpression of such an opinion may satisfy a
man who accepts with childlike faith the
opinions of his monitor, Imt it will not satisfy
an intelligent man who is capahle of forininj;
an imlepcndcnt opinion. If a professional
jjentleman can (jive no iMitter reason why he
(ioes not hclieve a scientific opinion than the
simple statement that he does nf)t a^ree with
it, and Injcause it <locs not accord with previ-
ous teaching, it may be taken as evidence that
he can give no reason for the rejection of the
scientific ideas exjx)unded in this essay.

I have no fear that this work will suffer in
the estimation of the reading pul)lic through
an exhaustive criticism of it hy any professc^r
of a college, |)ul)li«,ly given alK)ve his own
name, even though lie should animadvert on
the line of argument and the (.onclusions
given in it with the same unsparing hand
that I have criticised the theories which some
of them have adopted. The most that I
might fear from any of them is the disparag-
ing remark, that the work was not worthy of
their attention ; though the subject is w»)rthy
of the attention of the most learned gentle-
man. Even Boh Ingcrsol attacked the truth
and inspiration of the Mosaic account of the
Deluge. He made liglit of it in his lectures,
because, as he says, the idea is not in con-
formity with .science. 1 will send ("ol. Robert
(j. Ir.gersol a cojiy of this work, and if he is
the genius that many jiersons think he is, he
will reply to it. But he too, like other popular
persons, may say that he does not think the
work worth replying to. I would have reasin
to think in regard to those learned and jxjpular
men who might use that remark about any of my
writings, that the works were too far above, in-
stead of beneath, their notice. I take it as evi
dence that the arguments I have given are un-
answerable by them. Surely, wh"n such very
distinguished noblemen as the Karl of Duf-
fcrin, the Marquis of Lome, and the Mar{|uis of
Lansdowne, have been please<l to honor the
author of this work with letters containing
expressions of thanks for his writings, it
would seem hardly in keeping with the idea
that the author has no merit ns a writer. But
some are apt to think that these expressions of
• hanks from Governors are given merely as
acts of courtesy. Surely, no one should sup-
pose that a Governor would thank an author
for a work that was not worth the attention
of any ieartied gentleman. But the following
extracts of letters imply more than an act (jf
courtesy merely. Surely, the most capable
finance minister who ever managed the finances
of Canada, the present Lieut. -( iovernor of New
Brunswick, .Sir Leonard Tilley, ought to be

capable of jurlging whether a thing has merit
or not.

The following is an extract from a letter
from this distinguished statesman :

[rojiy.J Ottawa, 2nd Feb., 1880.

Dkar .Sir : - Many thanks for your interest-
ing letter of the 24th Jan. I shall lake an
early opfx>rtunity to read it again, etc.

S. L. TILLEY.
To J, fV. Crouter, Esq.

.Surely, a letter worthy of re-perusal, i»
worthy of attention.

The letter of which the following is a copy
ought to be con.sidered as more than an
expression of an act of courtesy :
[Copy.] Ottawa, 26th March, 1888.

Dkar Sir:— I am directed by Sir John
Macdonald to acknowledge the receipt of your
letter of 22nd March, 1888, on the subject of
the Inland Fisheries of the Dominion, and to
say that he has transferred the same to the
Minister oi Marine and Fisheries, with the
recjuest that he will give your remarks his best
consideration.

I cm, dear sir, yours truly.

JOSKl'll I'Ol'E.
To J. IV, Crouler, Esq.

Surely, remarks which the most capable
statesman in Canada deemet" worthy of the
consideration of another cabinet minister,
should be considered worthy of the attention
of a college professor.

It is not fnmi a spirit of ostentation that I
have had the letters from statesmen inserted
in this pami)hlet, but for the following reason:
During the last five years I have claimed that
I had new theories on Crc.ition and the Deluge,
which are in harmony with the literal reading
of the Bible account. I have stated to many
persons that I had these new scientific theories.
I havi fre<piently been asked if I had sub-
mitted my views un these subjects to a pro-
fessor of a college. I have answered that I
had sent pamphlets containing some of my
new scientific ideas to different professors, but
they did not seem to pay any attention to
them. Then these parties would sting me
with these words, viz., that jX-'rhaps the pro-
fessors did not think my work was worthy of
their notice. They did not conclude, as I did,
that the said pnjfessors could not controvert the
new scientific tiogma.

It would be an unseemly thing for any
theological professor to state that there was
nothing new in this work. If the theologians
knew that, on scientific principles, a deluge
lasting less than a year covered the whole
earth, and then to cater to the opinions of
popular scientists have accepted and taught
that the Noachean deluge was a })nrtial one,
which submerged a limited portion of , the

parth where the then humnn race was su|>-

ixmcd to dwell, and did not cover the whole
ace of the terrestrial earth or giotw, they
ought to lose the high esteem in which they
are helil. No, no ; I cannot think that any
theological profess<jr would be so hold as to
state that the scientific theory of a general
deluge, as explained in this work, was ever
taught in print before. I intend to send
a copy of this work t(» each professor ii\
every Canadian college, in order to give iheni
n fair oppv)rluinty to controvert it. I do not
intend to have reiK-ated additi«)ns of the work
printed, if it is not sound in its principles.

If, contrary to my ex|K'ctalions, several of
the leading professors of Canadian colleges
recommend the work, so thai 'the public can
learn the fact, then the trustees of the churches
in the towns I may visit, will feel justified in
granting me the use of the ciiurches under
their charge, in ortler to repeat my lecture on
Creation.

This will encourage me to publish my com-

i^lete scientific exegesis in the defence of the
Hible, which will do more to undermine the
foundation of modern skepticism than all the
works liitherto published on the subject.

It is well known by publishers and librarians
that about 99 ]ier cent, of the books read by
the people are other than scientific works;
hence, it ought to be evident to a man of
good understanding that to draw attention to
such works through the press would cost more
than the receipts from the sale of the works.
This is the reason why such w<irks are rarely
advertised. The clergy are the (mly ones
who can, without loss, teach the true scientific
principles which prove the inspiration of the
Bible ; hence my desire to jilace a copy of
my works in the hands of every clergyman in
the world.

A theory or scientific idea, founded on a
hypothesis, may be true. In time someone
having a peculiar adaptation for philosophical
research and the acfjuisition of facts ilemon-
strates the truth or falseness of the theory ;
but when a theory has been demonstrated to
l)e true on the basis of absolute farts, it can
never be successfully controverted. The theory
will remain forever a scientific trutli.

The Kev. Josejih Cook, or Hoston, gets
$250 a night for lecturing on " The Harmony
of Modern ( Jeological Theories ;" and yet the
Ex-Mayor of Vancouver, B. C, who heard the
reverend gentleman lecture in Ottawa, said
to a reix)rter for the press, that in his opinion
the Rev. Joseph Cook signally failed to show
any harmony lietween modern science and the
Bible account. My lecture is in harmony
with the literal account of Creation as given
in the first chapter of Genesis ; therefore,
according to the fitness of the two discourses,

my lecture should Ik; given the preference.
The press does not care to insert lengthy scien-
tific subjects. Kvery publisher knows that the
expense necessary to advertise this work
^ throughout Can.ula, would be greater than the
profits on the sale of the work. Hence, in
order that the tr\ie idea of a general deluge
may be extensively taught, a single copy of
this work should be sent to each of the minis
ters in Canada. I intend to ex|iend the
tenth port of the receipts arising from my
lecture <m Crealicm, to gi%e a free copy to
every minister in Canada. And shouM I
visit the United .States this summer and re-
ceive an invitation to lecture while there, I
will apply a tenth part of the receipts to send
free copies of this work to American ministers.

It may be inferred from the eulogistic re-
mark I have made with reference to Sir John,
that I am a Tory of the most ]>ronounce<l
type. I think I can express a fair opinion,
even if I am neutral as a political jiartisan.

J know from observation having traveled
in the .States —that the common scliool
system of Canada is superior to that of
the district school system in the United Slates,
inasmuch as the common schools of the greater
part of Canada are continued throughout the
year, save a six-weeks' vacation during the hot
summer season, while the United .States dis-
trict or rural schools have two terms of four
months each in a year- -one a summer term,
which continues right on through the hot
summer months, while they are clo.sed during
the mild autumn weather ; then a winter
term, even in such a country as Dakota,
where in one instance the children ami
teacher froze to death iluring the continuance
of a blizzard.

It used to be the custom in the .States to
change the teachers with every change of
term, viz , twice a year. Hence, it is not
surprising that young men who could not get
a certificate to teach school in Ontario, could
go over to Michigan and get a second-class
certificate to teach in that .State ; for the
reascMi that the school system of the .States i.s
not giKxl enough to enable the school authori-
ties to grade up their teachers to a high stan-
dard. It is admitted that the graduates of
theology, law, and medicine in Canada, are
more thoroughly educated than the same class
in the States.

Not only in the matter of education but also
in the governmental system of ('anada and of
the neighboring States, Canaila can boast of the
best. The provincial governments of Canada,
which are analogous to the state governments,
receive disbursements from the consolidated
revenue of the Dominion government, which
enables the provincial governments of Canada
to do more public works, in proportion to the

.')!

population, than the state gnverninenlxilo, ami
that, t(xi, without a direct tax, while the state
governments must levy a direct tax for every-
thing, not only to pay themselves for their
services, hut for every other expenditure they
make.

The constitution of the United States pro-
hibits the expenditure of money on nearly all
public works, sa.e works connected with the
mails and navigation. Congress expends no
money on railways. If the Dominion gov-
ernment should not s])end any more money on
public works than the I'nited States does,
according tf) population, the lK)nded debt of
t'aiiaiia could lie paid in twenty-tive years.
The debt of Canada, incurred mainly for the
construction of public works, is less per capita
than the debt of the United States at the
close of the war ; and the United Stales still
owe over a thousaHd millions of dollars,
notwithstanding their customs duties and
other taxes are higher than they are in
Canada.

It is admitted that the administration of
justice is more efficient in Canada than in the
.States. Canada needs no secret organization
to enforce law.

When the superiority of the Canadian
government over the government of our
southern neighVK)rs is considered, methinks
that any man, no matter what may \h: his
partisan leanings, might in perfect fairness
say that the Right Honorable Sir John Mac-
doflald is the greatest statesman in America,
since he has been the leader of the Canadian
government for nearly Hfty years. Hut it
may be asked, if Canada has such a good
government, why is it that the United States
can boast of twelve times greater population ?
The answer to this tjuestion is easy and
reasonable. It is mainly the climatic rliflfer-
ences of the two countries which is more
favorable in the .Southern and Middle States.
If ICO years ago the climate of the adjoin-
ing countries could have Ijeen reversed, so
that the climate of Canada, from her southern
boundary northward, would have lx;en similar
to the climate of the United States, from their
northern boundary southward, to the Gulf of
Mexico, and the climate of the United .States
had been similar to the climate bordering on
the Hudson's Hay and arctic ocean, then
Canada wovdd have had sixty millions of
people. With this difference : they would

have l)een more noble ami intelligent, for the
superior educational facilities enjoyed by
Canadians develop intelligence of mind an<i
nobleness of heart. Canada, with such
climatic conditions, would have had a greater
mileage of railways than exists now m the
States, for Canada with five millions of |H;ople
has constructed a railway that spans the con-
tinent. The States had nearly forty millions of
people l)efore the citizens living in Atlaruic
cities could reach a city on the Tacitic coast
by railway.

Canada would have outstripped the world
in her merchant marine, just as sh ; now does
exceed the United States, according to jHjpu-
lation, in this res])crt. .She would have out-
rivaled the world in manufactured prtnlucts,
just as her sons in the Slates excel all others
in inventions.

For climatic reasons, the jx)|)ulation of
Canada is mainly located along her southern
border, but a love of good government fosters
the loyal spirit which makes the [people cling
to their native land ; so that now with the ai<i
government can give to railw.iys, the jwople
are stretching their settlements far to the
north and northwest. Not without ho|x; of
prosperity, which is as.surefl by abundant crops
from rich soil, and the best horses and cattle and
sheep, which is proved by the preference given
to the sale of these animals in foreign markets.
Settlers find that they can gain wealth in
Canada from these sources; but there aie rich
mines of gf)ld, silver, copjier, iron and coal,
etc., etc., in addition.

I have no antipathy to the people of the
United States. My grand- parents, U. E. L.,
were born in what is now the .State of New
York. If the .\niericans could lay aside a
large degree o( |)rejudice and consider the
matter fairly, and then accept an impartial
(jovernor or Viceroy, instead of a parlizan
President— one who only represents the opinion
of a moiety of the people — then the people of
the .Slates could have the co-operation of the
lx;st statesmen in the world in the making of
their laws. Then the fear of anarchy would
not trouble any of them either awake or in
their dreams while sleeping, — but in a few
years the English speaking [leople from the
arctic circle to the (uilf of Mexico would feel
proud that they formed j^art of the greatest,
grandest and best empire on the face of the
globe.