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Un dee symooiea suivants apparaitra sur la damiira image de cheque microfiche, seion le caa: la symbols -«> signifie "A SUIVRE", Is symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". rrata CO pelure, n A 32X Mapa, piataa. charts, etc., may be filmad at different reduction ratioe. Thoaa too large to ba entirely included in one axpoeure ara filmed baginning in tha upper left hand comar, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa required. Tha following diagrama illuatrato tha method: 1 2 3 Laa cartaa. planches, tabieeux. etc. , peuvent 4tre film4e k dee taux de rMuction difftrents. Loisqua la document eat trop grand pour itre raproduit en un saul ciich*. il est film* k partir da i'sngia sup4rieur gauche, de gauche h droite, et da h«ut en baa, an pranant le nombre d'lmages nAcassaira. Lea diagrammea suivants iliustrant ia m^thoda. 1 2 3 4 8 6 I m)iim)mim^mmmMmsMiiiiimM}wm FACTS AGAINST EMIGRATION TO CANADA, WITH A SUMMARY OF THEM, IN A 3LISTT1SR TO THE VERY REV. PRINCIPAL BAIRD. BY JAMES INCHES. PERTH : PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 1836- u had stat( part desc the I Tha foriT frorr las' couri Can; desii such thos Atlfl publ creai I as t( you conv I mi tion Indf TO THE VERY REV. PRINCIPAL BAIRD, OF EDINBURGH. Very Rev. Sir, Upon my arrival lately from North Ameiica, when I had the honour of conversing with you, on the present state and prospects of that part of the world, and more particularly of the British Provinces, I found that my description of Canada was very much at variance with the generally received opinion of the public at home. — That opinion has been formed, of course, upon the in- formation which has been procured, almost altogether, from the many books which have been written, for the las' ten years, upon the subject of Emigration to that country, and which, with very few exceptions, describe Canada as enjoying almost all the blessings which can he desired upon earth, and representing tl»e attainment of such blessings as certain and easily to be procured by those who will make up their mind at once to cross the Atlantic, and escHpe from, what the writers of these publications are pleased to consider, the great and in- creasing miseries of Britain. I was happy to find that, in answo^' to your enquiries as to the state of Education, (the subject upon which you were more particularly interested,) 1 could so easily convince you of the deplorable state of destitution, (as I may almost call it.) in which the agricultural popula- tion of the British Provinces are jilaced in that respect. Indeed, I was aware that I could \ lave little difficulty ia tvth S^l,r."'i"n f''"* .'"""*' '■™'" Vour familiarity w.h the subject of Education in the Higl.lands. I know liad induced ■ n to devote a great part of your onglife to the most philanthropic, and, happily for Sc.thnd h^ Td of'r;f "ti'^r'r'' '" p-^t^.g^^hrEtatilt and ot course, the best interests of a very n-reat norti,., of the inhabitants of our native Islands wlfo7ft,riocal ruZSie""' ""'^'" "'"''''''''' hitherto 'cord re^' tlie means of procuring Education. Many of them SS:' vnf T'' """"""■'«'' "P"'--^'- -'J P- seveiance in visiting the recesses of their distant Islands tiie A^ ant of which is so much felt bv everv class of ^m tiers ,n the forests of the West. ^ The British, and more particularly the Scottish Pml E%r:i;r,f '^•''^ '",'"«'' ---^t-ceral ;' S; «fZ, tLTl ,'" "il"'' '"""■"^^" ^"'•'••"^ ■•"'d bitterness for ever fin'' )"'"' '"''f '"<"^ ''•^ ''"^"'S abandoned t,' ■ themselves and families, the erand and venerab e nstitutions of tleir Native Land,^ the value of winch they never before so fully appreciated as thev in tbIT ^ 1 '"""' '""'' '"«='' "'it'' ""Hvailing regret ifr H e?'''" •■' '^T\ "'"'"• "•'■"•*"'■• ^^"« their mnkTn n ;i hlir'ir;'"' "r '"■r'^* "♦Establishments, which" in ""I then d.,(.„ei.t gradations from the humblest Pa rish School to the College and the Cathedral, hey now icacJi toi It IS altogether impossible that amone such i zi: c-of • -'"P"-" "*■ p-'-pie OF s.;!.:; , a" oK u t'^'i ,1, -^ "'"!' *'" ■■"""""') "^«^ « "'«t extent a trimU' o H? "■": '"'; "*''"' '•" ^""='' "" «'"«lga-ation as to .Kiniit of the introduction, to any extent of «ii,.b ~'-""' :''"'' ""I "'"^ '"' --tain-Id by 1 ;.:,i ty of he wIm' I T'"^ "^ "*"'""• "*' "'<' «h,de, or nelrly the whole inhabitants of a country. ^ go into any particular detail, or proof of the grounds. 1 1 niliarity I know position ionglife ind, the ucation, portion ►m local isidered ut from f them, nd pcr- Islands enefi's, of Set- h Emi- make terness ndoned id and B value as they ire lost regret •ank in which, St Pa- 3V now d their such a ny na- md ir- extent mation f such nity of nearly r as to ounds. ( Upon which, in addition to my own personal experience, during a period of betwixt three and four years in the Provinces, I differ in opinion so much from the great majority of books which have been written upon Canada, but having, however, expressed myself as 1 did, I feel anxious to justify what 1 stated to you upon that subject, and, in order to do so, have now taken the liberty of addressing you, accompanying my letter with statements upon two of the points upon which I «liff'ered so much from the opinion of many who had read upon the sub- ject, but who had not investigated the matter so minutely as a subject of such grave importance required. The first statement gives a Statistical Account of Uppei Canada, according to the latest census, published in 1835, with an official account of the value of the whole individual property of the Province. From this Statement, 1 think, it must appear very evident that the Province, as a whole, is in a state of the most miserable poverty to which it can be supposed any country, almost wholly agricultural, has ever been reduced; and more particularly to have been unlooked for, considering the immense extent to which Emigration was, for some years, carried on, and the great sums, both public and private, wliich have been absorbed in the country. The second is to disprove a Statement made to shew the great facility of making money by farming, in Mr Pickering's Guide to Emigrants, the title of which is " Inquiries of an Emigrant.'* 1 found that this book had been much confided in by many Emigrants, in con- sequence of its having been highly recommended by several Reviewers in this country, i>articularly by the Farmer's Journal, at one time on the first appearance of the liook, and again on the '2lid April, lh34, on its having reached a third editi(ui. It has also been highly spoken of by the Edinburgh Evening Post, which re- commends it to Emigrants as a very proper book to take with them as a Vade Mecum. To show how very littJe dependence can be put upon publications of that nature, is the object I have in view in thus laying my present observatiims before you ; and the proofs contained in that counter-statement, more 4 than justify my assertion that matters in Canada are not at al! g-oin^ on as is represented. I am aware, Reverend Sir, that many of these publications will have very little weight with you, whose mature judgement cannot m any shape be misled by the misrepresentations ot persons who write merely to carry a particular point- and which, if carefully investigated, generally contain certain internal evidence of their having been written as advertisements; or the still more hurtful writings of visionaries, who, in their enthusiasm, reckon as nothing, ditiiculties which are insuperable, and disadvantages of climate which are unalterable. Some of these authors, indeed, have wriUen on the subject without having ever even been a winter in the country; and their publications been aided in their operation by periodical journals, some of which have compromised (assuredly for some very powerful reasons) that duty to the public which they had pledged themselves to abide by. These have been the means of seducing many respectable families from their happy homes in Britain, to encounter diffi- culties as agriculturists, much greater than are ever ex- perienced at home, even by the hard- working labourer who is employed in the first stage of cultivation to pre- pare the stubborn and rcuigh soil for its first seed, ojid draining the fields to make them fit for aration. Even in this country — where all the necessary applian" r that purpose are so much more easily procure* ' they can, under any circumstances, be in detached ments, scattered among interminable forests the expenses of clearing land and preparing it for prop u oration, is seldom repaid during the lifetime of the im- prover. How much greater then must that difficulty be m Canada, where the prices of produce and the quantity produced, in proportion to the extent of surface, is not halt what it is in Britain ; and where the price of labour JS so high in proportion to the price of produce, that the Emigrant who carries out money with him, if he hires others, IS very quickly reduced to the state of the com- mon labourer. Indeed he is much worse off— for the sacrifice** which he has to make, cause him to feel the more and he must labour to earn a hard living, not only «' h-r the sweat of his brow" in summer, but also by constant toil, and many long journeys by day and nigiit in the deep snows of a long and dreary winter, — snifering iu innumerable shapes under a severity of co!d, altogether inconceivable to a person who has never been out of this country, tl»e thermometer being often upwards of 130 ° beU)w Zero, To those who have only to drive about in the middle of the day for pleasure, nuitfled np to the nose in furs, sleighing is indeed very pleasant; but to the agricultu- rist who has to drive his prudnce 60, 60, or bO miles, travelling night and day throngh deep snows, with the same wearied horses ; or if, like the great majority of the Settlers, he has nut been able to keep even one horse, and thus has to drive oxen, the conveying of produce to market is attended with a degree of misery, and a duration of suffering, totally unknown in Britain to any set of men. That is a department of the work of a Canadian fiu- mer which has to be done ait(»gether by himself; for, although, if he has money, he may probably get some kind of labourers to perform other work, yet he never gets any to whom he can either commit the mana(_ ' • ment of "ds business at market, or even intrust such a distance with his cattle. Were a person to raise as much pioduce tor sale, as some late authors assert, he would not be able in tlie course of a whole winter to convey it to market, although he kept his cattle con- stantly on the read, and himself go along with them. But, indeed, they bave little to take — and melancholy is the situation of many a man, who used, at liome, to come to to* n in the market day to receive a large payment for produce delivered in the course of the week by his family or hired-men — when he now has to submit to the setting out a distance of 70 or 80 miles with a sled- load of beef, probably a couple of carcases, for which if he lins sold the whole (as In general Settlers are forced by their necessities to do), he will receive in all about seven pounds sterling, after iiaving fed the cattle, w^ith hay, seven months in the year, for at least three .years; l|d and Sid. cur per lb. is the general price p not in t!ie immediate vicinity of a town, can take their produce to market. It is, indeed, altogether iiiipossible for an agriculturist ever to have any money in Can ida, after the money which I'e lias taken out with him is gone. He is proprietor of the soil indeed — but along with the soil, he inherits all the disadvantages of the country — of circumstaiices— of situation — and of cli- mate. This is all so very unftivourable to the agricul- turist, that it is not possible to make any money. In- deed I have known more money made by the tenant of one of your U[)land farms on the Estate of Forneth, (I refer to Mr ,Iohn Pennycook, afterwards proprietor of Soilerie,) than I have heard of having been made in farming by any ten agriculturists in British America — even among those who {^ot the choice of the best laads on the first ;-'ettlement of the country. All that ai. agriculturist can expect to do in Canada, even although he has a capital to begui with, is to make a living by his labour, — if he attempts to grasp at pro- fits, by extendmg his speculatioi , and thereby involve himself in the necessity of always looking out for, and depending u^>on hired labour, he must lose !»is capital. If that is not very considerable, he must soon get into debt, if he perseveres in his attempt to cultiva' much land ; and if he gets into debt he will soon lose his farm, or hold it merely at the will, and altogether for the be lefit of the Storekeeper. The dreadful state of poverty in which Canada is now placed is, in a considerable ayment ('.viiich, wfth very few exceptions, is in barter, tiie goods at all fmes to be taken at the price which the store-keepers think proper to charge them at) soon make him feel the difference between Canada and his now wished for ' )me. The effects consequent upon that practice of at once laying out the money at com- mand, although well meant, a. ^ ruinous and almost uni- form, the proprietor has to apply to the store-keeper, disappointment in getting adequate returns is almost in- variably the case, the account increases, the store-keeper gets a mortgage on the property, (if the purchaser has got the titles to it) and he is from that moment the proprietor ; indeed the store-keepers, or those to whom they in their turn have had to transfer the mortgages, are in reality the holders of the greater part of all the cleared lands occupied by British Settlers in Canada, and many of these properties, upon which a great deal of money and a great deal of labour have been expend- ed, are now of little more value, as a marketable com- modity, than the original cost of the paper u..on which the mortgages are written, their value is merely nominal Indeed of what value can lands be in a country in which, according to Mr Pickering's own account, as stated in page 67 " three parts (of course three fourths) of the iiouses are empty, the inhabitants having < cleared ouL'" The settlement of Canada with prorit or advantage in any respect to agricultuial Emigrants from Great Britain is not only as yet a mere experiment, but an experiment which every day's better acquaintance with the subject and a more extended knowledge of the true state of the country shows, is by no meansjikely to suc- ceed. The public at large now begin to see the fallacy of the great proportion of the books which have been pub- lished upon Canada, and to know that the great majority of them have been writen mere'y to serve the purposes of the Stoc! Ext!i»nge and the interests of private in- dividuals who by various means have become ownerii of lands in Canada. These publications were so induii- ■ 8 triously and so successfully dissemiuated, and had for a moment such an effect upon the minds of many, that an immense influx of Emigrants rushed into Canada, and immediate advantage was taken of that circumstance by acondiination of the parties who had most influence and controul over the })rices and disposal of the lands, to effect a rise in price for their own immediate benefit. That was effected to a certain extent but it has been very partial, very limited indeed in (tperation audit may be said very transitv»ry ; few actnal sales comparatively speaking- have been made and nnich ftiwer payments; the reduction in tiie emig-raticm has altogether prevent- ed that demand for land which wa^ anticipated, and thousands would gladly dispose of their property if they could get it done, for they have n(»w found that the lay- ing out of their money tliere has been ruinfuis, thatrhey have not only iiad all their prospects of plenty, coujfVnt, and permament success completely blasted*, but that their capital is gone and that the property which they hold is neither productive n>il)|y he rais- ed in Canada? Jt is impossible tinit Upper Canada, completely iscdated and at sncli at an immense distance from the ocean, can ever become ahle to affoid the en- orinous expense of transpcu't. Wheat is almost the oidy arhcle of produce which Canada can expjnt. exceptin lutiJii...^. ..f [i..:_ tish AnuM-ica. Until the year \k)h the greater part b«>th of the flour and wheat exported was the produce of the I United States, but the prices of these articles have been higher in the States since spring 1835, and of course there has not been much States flour sold in Canada, but wheat imported from the Continent of Europe to Britain, and then taken out of bond i'ree of duty, is sent out to Low- er Canada and converted into flour, and then imported into Britain duty free, as if Canadian flour; and wheat from Archangel is sold cheaper in the markets of Lower Canada, than the growers in Canada can supply it at. Canada, as a whole, indeed, labours under so many dis- advantages, that although every publication which is sent abroad, with the view of alluring Farmers to Emigrate, jnentio!is pork among the articles which may be fed and exported to other countries witli great advantages, yet Canada cannot even supply itself, and not only is there much pork imported from the States, both live and salted, but great quantities even of Irish provisions are constantly required throughout, nearly, the whole extent of the British North American Provinces, without which the irdiabitants could not exist, — and as soon as any con- siderable alteration takes place in the timber duties, at least to such an extent as to check the timber trade, the Canadas will have nothing to pay for imports, being al- together shut out from any participation in the profits of the Fisheries, and also, in a great ns« asure, from the general commerce of the world, in consequence of the river St. Lawraruu; being shut up for one half of the year, and its P(uts being situated at such an immense distance from the ocean. Indeed the profits of the Fish- eries, and of General Trade, can only be enjoyed by those parts of Nova Scotia and New Hrunswick, which are accessible at ail seascms, and more particularly the City of St John, which alone has, (from the noble river which there falls into the Bay of Fundy,) an almost inexhaustible supply of timber for the demandsof Europe andthe United States. Onthe Atlantic that citycarrieson an extensive trade with Africa, the West Indies and Can- ada, and, within these few years, has entered pretty deeply iniu the South Sea Whale Fishery. 1 am, with the utmost r«»«poct, Very Rov. S\v, Yuur must ob»"it, servt., JAMES INCHES. STATEMENT I. STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF UPPER CANADA, FOR THE YEAR 1834. PUBLISHK]) BY AUTHORITY IN IM4. I Having^ adverted to the general poverty of the great inajcu-ity of the Si'tilers in CaiKuhi, I will liere ifisert several extracts from official docunients, which will, I thirds, show in a very striking |)<»i\it of view, how very little pro^'ress is making in the increase of capital in Upper Canada ; or rather will prove that all the capital which has heen employed in the cnltivation of the soil, has been actually lost, or very nearlv so. In the third rejxn-t on l^lmigiation, ordered hy the House inson, who sujiei intended the emigiati«m and settlement of ::>(JL>1 emigrants fnmi Ireland t(» Upper Canada in i&25, gives the following accoimt of the expense : — lie estimates {^So 3(i()fi), « tliat the Endgrants of 182o cost, after deducting pr(»visi(ms (h-livered to . om- missary at Quebec, £20 per head, r<'ckn to one man and woman, who received rations from date of shii>ment in May U>5^5, to i4th ^ov. Ib2(j." 'Ihe articles with f II 4 which Emigrants require to be furnished as indispensa- bly necessary, appear (No. 3617) to be, 1 Cow, 1 Axe, 1 Ajger, 1 Handsaw, 1 Pickaxe, 1 Spade, 2 Gimbiets, 100 Nails, 1 Hammer, 1 Iron Wedge, 3 Hoes, 1 Kettle, 1 Frying-pan, 1 Pot, 5 Bushels, seed potatoes, 8 Quarts, Indian Corn. Mr Felton and Mr Buchanan (No. 3610) estimate each ftimily of 5 persons at £iiO sterling-, from period of leaving the mother country to terminati u of receiving assistance in Colonies, say 15 months after arrival. Mr Buchanan, page 512, estimates the expense of transpo t and settlement of a man, woman, and three children from the United Kingdom to location, if not exceeding 50 miles from Quebec, at £11, lis. 6d. ; but, if taken to the Ottawa, Kingston or York (Toronto), £3 or £4, additional each fami y. BVom these official documents, it will be seen what is the expense to the old country of settling Emigrants, even ot the lowest grade, in Canada, without taking into acc0i8 356 65 100 42 563 270 140 75 80 360 60* 60 40 10 One Year's Farm produce, . Ditto Kxpenses, Surplus, dollars, 1045 563 482 * Five bushels of Indian Corn or Peas will fallen n frosh store Hog, or keep one through the winter ; they get their living in the woods or pastures during summer, also diu-ing the winter when nuts are plentiful which generally happens three years out of five B 3 18 With tlie Beef and Vegetables allowed above, 282 d..llar.
    e the quantity of crop to be raiseu uj-u.. - .«.- Carried Forward, 660 10 Brought Forward, ..... of such extent, and to carry the produce to market, without a cart ; and it will be seen that a cart was actually in use (page 166) ; it is, therefore, very extraordinary, that while the author did not forget a " light Jersey waggon" for pleasure and profit, and aiso a riding saddle, he forgot the cart for the general purposes of the farm. Sled — For travelling on the snow, Utensils and Tools indispensably neces- sary ALTOGETHER OMITTED. SpadcS, shovols, dung forks, hay forks, plough chains, implements for cleaning grain when thrashed, even without fanners, bags, horse cloth, ropes for carts id for fastening horses, &c., auger, hand-saw, adze, pick- axe, hammer, shingle axe, nails, g'.mblets, iron wedges, bill hooks for underbrusshing, grindstone, file, scythes, stones, sickles, sneds, wheelbarrow, roller, and many other little articles, required in common use, ....••. In the description of the farm given in page 163, he states the building to be " a good log house, or small frame hoiise, or barn," that is, one building; now, although the former occupant may have been satisfied with this building, yet, when ^o much stock has to be accommodated, another building is immediately wanted as stable and cow-houss, and barn for hay and grain. It cannot be ascertained from the Author's book, what the cost of such other building may be; but, on referring to Mr Fergusson's " notes during a second visit to Canada, in 1833," it will be f<.und (page 37) that a log house or barn, for a farm of the same extent as this (200), will cost 60 dols. currency, Total, . . . 2Mb, 660 50 12 45 200 967 6G0 20 SECOND ACCOUNT OF CHARGES, BEING ONB VEAr's OUTGOINGS AND EXPENSES. This Account of Charges is that which includes the Outlay for all necessary labour to be done in the course of the year, and that year the First Year. The Author like nnost other writers on this subject takes a very summary way of managing his Farm. He does it by Contract,*or rather by Calculation. He stands by looking on for a few months in the fine season, until the forest disappears and he has only to drive the golden grain to market in the <• Light Jersey Waggon, with a Spring Seat," which in the account of purchases he has been so careful to provide for " pleasure or profit," or at a late period of the season when the roads have be- come really practicable by the falling of snow, he will have the pleasure of driving the grain and his thirty barrels of Pork to market along with his Butter, Cheese, Poultry, Wool, Feathers, &c. in this, as he says, in page 77 «' the most lively part of the year, when sleighing is universal for business or pleasure from one end of the province to the other. When (as he says in the same page) with warm clothing, a fur cap, and a bear or buflFaloe's skin over the back and feet, it is a very pleas- ant and very sy way of travellintr, enlivened by the numerous Sleighs, artd the jingling of bells which the horses are required to wear. In this season many of the Canadians have quite a military appearance." This is what our author like many other writers on Canada, seems to dream of, and delight to dwell upon, • Mr Pickering, in the preamble to his statement, calls it " hir- ing" but as his whole narrative proves that people cvnnot be got to hire at the time particularly wanted, a regular contract must be supposed to be entered into, and I have applied this word as it has been made use of by others who have made similar statements, and who,— in oi'dtr at once to convert wild forest land into cultivated fields, grasp at imaginary crops and malte short statements of cost and proceeds,— have assumed that all these operations may be per- formed in the almost uninhabited Uoserts, with as much exactness as if the Employer was surrounded by competitors for the job, in a densely peopled district of Scotland. 21 in writing an account of his travels, taking care however to devote a portion of the Journal for Game, Shooting, l*ishing, and getting up a comfortable House, to keep off the rigours of a Canadian winter, in a »• Frolic," in the course of a forenoon, at the expense of a i'ew Vai- lons of whisky. With these subjects it is a very easy mattei t » fill up any number of pages and too often the unsuspicious and uncautious reader is excited by the seductive descriptions to wish to join in such a joyous and hospitable party, who seem to drive so pleasantly to happiness and wealth, mid to step so very easily into the possession of an Estate, — for that has now become the word in universal use in these publicati«ms as applied to everv purchase of land in Canada, wliether the purchaser is a' capitalist, or whatever may be his circumstances, down to that of the poor Irish labourer who goes (»ut ahnost without clothes to cover his nakedness, but who may by some means easily attain a piece of Forest land, upon which to raise Potatoes for his starving family, and furnish fuel to keep them from perishing from *^\ dreadful severity of the winter. However copious the author may be in giving an ac- count of the many instances in which he met with ease, plenty, and bright prospects, yet when he comes to speak of the clearing of the Forest and making a cultivated farm, with snug houses and barns, he takes a short, easy, and expeditous way of doing it. He does it by Con- tract. He conceives himself to be all powerful from the circumstance of his having a little money in his pocket to begin with, and that merely by his making his appearance in this new ch..racter, he is to arrive very easily at the desired object, his procuring a great qmin- tity of disposable Produce to take to market, and as he is frightened at the roughness of the concern himself he hires Contractors to do the work, calculates what it may be done for, and now gives, in this statement the result of his lucub-ations, — he "ourchases a partially cleared Farm in a wilderness, bays Stock, for labour and to make money by the sale of their produce, raises a valu- able Crop, sells Pork, Lambs, aud Fat Oxen, in ghorl m 22 an immense quantity of Produce of all kinds, improves his Farm, lives well, as he himself states in page 166, and has enriched himself to the extent of 200 hard dol- lars, which he has in his pocket after paying all expenses of outlay, and all this besides the value of his improve- ments at the expiry even of the first year. This is indeed excellent, but to any person who really has an interest in the subject, it is necessary to investi- gate the matter more closely, and to examine whether, or not, it is really so, and whether, by this easy method of making Contracts, all this money may be made so quickly in Canada. In a highly cultivated and densely peopled country, where a complete establishment of men and horses, and of every implement ot husbandry is kept, or, if not kept, is to be procured for hire, with a facility of r^rocuring upon a few hours notice, assistance to any extent requir- ed however; short the time may be for which that assist- ance is wanted, and at the very season in which additional work has to be done, where any number can be got of Agricultural Labourers, trained, from their infancy, to every operation which has to be performed on a Farm, from the first breaking up of the land, to the sending off of the various produce— prepared, in the most complete state, for a distant market— where the services of ex- cellent tradesmen are to be had, in the immediate neigh- hourhood, for making, repairing, and keeping in proper working order, the many implements required, and for shoeing the cattle employed, and where the finest roads that can possibly be made, at any expense, are kept in a complete state of repair for facilitating the transport of produce to market,— hu>bandry is reduced to sucli a com- plete system, that a very near approximation may be made to the amount of expenses of the common opera- tions of ploughing, harrowing, reaping, thrashing, and carrying to market, which is generally within a few miles of the farm. But in such a case as tliat now under con- sideration, the absurdity of Hpfnying such cnlculaiions and estimates, will appear evident, to any person, who will reflect for a moment on the different circumstances under which tho British Agriculturist is placed, when 23 he leaves his long cultivated and smooth fields of home to "make a Farm" in the wilderness of Canada. He IS, at once not o.ily deprived of all those assistants and resources wh ch he had at home, and to which from uno^ !ll "■"•""' T- ''." *""' '«'*■■" ••«««"«t"'»ed to apply upon all occasions, but he is among strange neoole of many nations, without whose assistfnce, an^d e'^Xithf out whose direct.on, he is altogether unable to perform operations so different from what he bad ever feen aS customed to before. If In a thinly inhabited part of the country, be finds himself completelv in a desert-in a wilderness which, for a wliile'; striLs bin. with awe! What IS ca led a Farm is in such a state of roughrss that to make the fields fit even for receiving thf "eed seems almost hopeless.-be must, however, sft to work but even this he cannot do without observing how othera get such work do„e,_he must ask of his neighbour^ lie must procure their assistance— he must, in a great measure, conform to their habits, and he must repay that assistance with his own labour, at such time as called for or at whatever distance, a payment which is lightly spoken ot as anoibcr " frolic," but which is ruinou? to Ws own ariangemetits. Upon every Farm, whether it is what h called a cleared Ki.m or not, an operation which has to oe performed at all seasons, and which occupies all the time vvh.ch can be sparec f'ro,n the more urgent matters, h tUe ck»arnig away of nninense trees. Many personsVhen they read, at home, in the publica- tions or rather advertisements ahout Canada, (in which this operation is always glossed over as a very lijrht inatter,) c.msider it to be very easily done. They say, Oh I It IS vi(le Utv the wants of the labcmrer ^u;i« hi, works. The owner, therefore, has to keep up the same establishment of stock, and supplies oi pro- ▼isions, as if lie had really liired men by the month or ideoxen to drag the trunks by the year, lie nmst provide oxen lo ui ag uie n ini-vs to the heaps, which have to be made up very carefully 25 for unless they are carefully made there will not be a sufficient heat to consuiiu^ the thick lo^s, many of them bein^ from 8 to 4 feet in gether it is a work, although of daily practice, yet very lalxuiims aiiject of the Autlnu's making the supposition, that his work, in every diliVfcnt jlcpartment, may begot done at a certain specilicd rale, as it' in- were at lumie in Britain. His own wiitmgs furnish sufficient proof of the fallacy of such a calculation, and to it J will refer. In page (>(), ()f his •' Jiupiii ies,'' he says, "it lias heeu saiei llOO IJiishels wheat in u year, but fe\k haiid.s bt tv I 26 their own families, Indeed they are not to to he procured as nohodif in the country works out much; tliey nearly all have land of their own." Having triven, then, three extracts from his own writ- ings, ! sliall say no more on the suhject, as I presume that these, being made in reference to the very part of the country in which he then was, will be considered sufficient to prove that the work of the farms, I mean as to the regular cultivation of them, and management of the produce, so far as extra labour has to be procured, must be dime by people hired by the month or year, and under such circumstances as to make it impossible to make any calculatimi of the expense of any particular operation founded on the basis of the rate at which that part of the labour could be done at home. The con- sideration, therefore, in making an estimate of the probable expense to which a perscm will be subjected in getting a Farm cultivated, and the ditferent (^perati ns perform, d in the season, is to examine carefully with how i\\\v hands it is possible to get the work done. Mr Pickering does not say at what time he proposes entering upon his farm, but, as he supposes a case in which he has to perform the whole labour of tiie farm, as to ploughing, &c., and also to take the crop to market (which can oidy be done in the winter), the entry must 1)0 as early as possible ; and the only period by entering at which it will be possible for him to get all this ac- complished, is to suppose it to be tiie iirst of March, so as to admit of his taking possession and getting stock, and every thing upon the place, in time to l)«^ ready for the first of the season, He has staled in his bo(»k, page (56, as 1 iiave before quoted, " if ycm want any thing done, yon nuist do it ycuirself"— it will, therefore, be iiecessiii y to go about, purchase, and carry iiome, the household furniture, implements, lScc. ; and as it appears by the Statement, that nnnth live stock has been pur- rhased, and will be recpfin'd froni the first starting, it will be ni'cessarv at once to proviiU; foo/l ior iiuMii as parly as possible, in cuder t(» guard against the incon- venience of being interrupted after the pluughing has commenced, as the season is so very short. It is no i ■|' I 27 easy matter in the spring to procure Imy, as all which was intended to be sold has been sent off during the good going— it, however, must be got — and, according to the cusitom of the country, you must go to purchase it, and carry it home. By the Statement made, there have been purchased four working cattle,:one horse, and six j(fug!iing, sowing, hrirrowing, and j)lanting, liio whole of the land which is to he in crop; and taking his account of the crop, under head, " One year's outgoings and expenses," as the basis upon wiiich the calculation hug c2 28 to be made, I will take the different proportions of crop a^. therein stated, with one exception, that is the 10 jicres which he proposes to have jrinlied ; my reasons for wliich, I will state in the remarks whicii I have to make when the acconnt of the value of the proceeds has to be taken under consideration. Hy referrinsr to the acconnt of one year's outgoings, there will 1 e found, exclusive of the 10 acres to have been girdled, 10 acres wheat; 6 r'M-es corn, ist plonghing; 6 acres ccnn, 2d plonghing ; 10 acres for peas ; 4 acres for oats; 2 acres potatoes, &c. 1st plonghing; 2 acres potatoes, &c. 2d ploughing ; 40 acres of phnighlng, supposing the 10 acres of wheat and the 10 acres of pease, get only one furrow, although they wcndd recpiiie two. There are then 40 acres to be i)longheil betwixt 8th April and 5th .fnne (less than two months), besides all tin* other operaticnis, consecpient \\\nm sowing and plant- ing ; and the whole W(n king cattle may be said to be the one pair of oxen, and the one i)air of steers, fcr the low priced horse benight for the waggon and ridmg, will have encnigh to do otheiwise. Now supposing that it has been possihle betwixt the term of entry, <>n the 1st Maicli, and the beginning of field labour, on the J^th April, to get the family, furni- ture, provemler for catlle, utensils, ^c, lenmved to the farm, so as to admit of the farm work going (ui without interrnpli acres of Indian Corn and 2 acres of (^reen Crop, in all S acres, in a country where 1H> utrsnen of :i5iy age ever w-.'sk in the fields, and in which no hired labour, for a few days, is to be had, ex- cepting in such cases, in whicli you get the assistance of a neighbour. 'Ihis is never a whole day's woik, from i i 29 the time lost in comitjja^ and going- from and to his home, probably a considerable distance, although it occupies your time a whole fhiy to repay it, and is the most ex- pensive of all labour. Before you have got yonr green crop sufficiency cleaned and dressed your hay is ready for mowing. By Mr Pickering's account, pno^e 86, they were busy at it at Col. Talbot's in .Tune, v thin a fortnight of the plant- ing of Potatoes— the VVIieat is stated at page 89 to have begun on the 22d July, by which time without considerable strength of men and cattle, it is not possi- ble to have had the hay all secured aiid the peas and oats, succee^d very (piickly ; at page 99, he states that on the I6th September they were at the Indian Corn cutting, and at page 102, taking up potatoes on the 8th October. Tlins^ in 5 months from first breaking ground the whole field operations for the whtde year have to be be- gun and ended and the whole of the crop secured against the effects of a Canadian winter with the frost sometimes at UKM-e than 30° below zero. This it is which makes farming to any extent hiiprac- table in Canada, and altogether inipossible without being suhjected to the risk (very often very ruinous) of losing a great propoition of the crop from not being able to get it secured in time, for the great heat of the summer bring.s it so very rapidly to maturity, indeed to over ripeness, unless taken at once^ that a great deal of the grain is lost, and the hay rendered worthless. Besides all the above work winch has to be done, and inust be attended to very promptly, you have to attend (in this case) to a considerable stock of Cattle, Sheep, and Swine in a country in which, however little cattle and sheep may get in the woods, they will at all times be wandering juid very often going astray. You have a great extent of fencing to keep up, and to keep it most substantially laid, as it is very (Ufticult indeed to keep out cattle, particularly oxen, and unless the ieni:r:3 arc what is termed " legal feiices." that is 5 feet high and very securely fastened, no redress can bo had for tie^^pass, ncn- would it be {possible to keep out your own cattle or pigs, — the fences therefore require tu 30 be a great deal stronger in Canada than they are erer seen in Britain. Yon have also to attend Militia Drill, and to perform H certain number of day's work on tlie public nmds. — And to both tiiese duties every man, wliether freeholder or hired labourer has to submit, or pay a very heavy penalty. In cases where working cattle are kept they also are employed, and both musters and road work oc- cur within the short period of the crop season. All this time fuel and fence poles have had to be provided from the forest, and the quantity of each is very great. It must therefore appear evident, that from the whole work of the field having to be perf(n-med within 5, or even 6 months, for which the farmer in Britain has generally 11, and often 1'2 months, the power to be applied must be proportionally greater. Indeed from the roughness of the surface from stumps and one interruption or another, and the want of lloads, the power would for the time require to be at least double. Nor is there much cessation from the labour of men or cattle, there being (with so few exceptions as not to be worth taking notice of) no assistance to be got from machinery in thrashing, {»n(< indeed very little in clean- ing the grain. Much of the time of the men is occupied in thrashing and cleaning, — the quantity of fuel jequired is almost incredihle, .-^nd the lalKUir of chopping thick trees into short lengths and then splitting then) up is very great, for it has all to be done with the axe. On a farm of any extent too, the ((uantity of fence rails wanted every year is great ami above all things the clearing out of stumps, ami the cutting down nnu'e trees every year to get the benefit of m'w burned land, is upon every farm, excepting a ivw fine pots in the vicinity of Montreal, an unceasing labour, at ail times and at all seasons Jndei'd there is no such thing as the work ever' hi'AU^ Jt/iis/ied^ it is always in every case behind. The distunce too, to which in general Jiny spare produce' has ^\ b'-» drawn to a Market, and the small (piuntity whieh can betaken at a time, is a very gri^at diawback to the reirnlar work, and all that part of the management muse I tl 2S0 trips hiiugelf. be done by 'b^ i 31 \ however distant the market may be, or however small the quantity. As an instance of the difficulties to which tlie agriculturist is exposed in Canada, in matters on which there is generally very litile ^ ouble in Britain, Mr Pickering, beginning at page 1J9, gives an ac- count of a journey in which he accompanied a Farmer (a Squire, that is a Justice of the Peace) in a voyage along the Canada Coast of Lake Erie, to dispose of his butter and cheese, consisting of seven or eight hundred wt , and after calling at several intermediate ports for six days, in course of which tiiey had to go a distance of 130 miles, they were unable to dispose of it, and had to begin their journey back again, and leave it to be sold on commission. I mention this to shew how much the Owner of a Farm is under the necessity of going him- self great distances from home, and therefore the incon- venience of encreasing a Farm in Canada, even to what would be considered a Small Farm in Britain. I have extended these retnarks so far that 1 must now bring them to a close, and state what ninnber of men will, in my opinion, be necessary to hire for getting through with the work of the Farm, purchased and stocked, ac- cording to JMr Pickering's estimate, and will take the most favorably view, possible, of the circumstances in which the Piirchaser may be placed as to his family. Mr Pickering, at page 166, seems to consider the family to be ccimposeM of 4 or 3 persons. I will sup- pose it to consist of the father, mother, son, (loo, ^ years of age,) and (me or two children all healthy „. a accustomed to lalxmr, the family being thus in a much more favourable state for Settling than most New Set- tlers are. Allow the father to be constantly employed in super- intending nnr saving and honsiisg of the crop, doing iVu the business which requires his going from the place (very often 12 or 15 miles to a blacksmith or cartwright,) I 32 providing provisions, seed stock, marketing of all kinds, going" to the mill, &c. The son to have the charge of the cattle dieep, pigs, &c., (no easy matter, where so many are to be kept,) keeping the fences in order, and working with the hired labonrers in the absence of the father, (without which nothing, literally nothing, will be done, "^s the regular working, and very valuable. Agricultural Lal)Ourers of Britain, are not to be had there, in one instance, among five hundred,) and at all times in which he can be want- ed there, employed among tlie green crops. Two hired men to be kept, to work the two pair of oxen generally, mow, reap, and work at every other department from the 1st March to the 1st November; and one during the winter, as it is absolutely necessary to keep an experienced man during the winter to provide fuel for next summer, and fence jxdes, which are always wanted, and must be hauled in the course of the winter. AlsKj,, unless the owner has a daughter able to assist the mother in cooking, washing, and mending, for so many people, milking the cows, attending the pigs, poultry, (*v.c., a hired girl must be kept. I will allow the father and son, out of the account of funds only the common wages of hired labourers, and suppose that out of their wages, the mother and young children are supported, in the same way as the families of labourers are in ge^^iil^ that is reducing the family in point of expense to the state of the common hired labourer, and requiring out of the proceeds of the farm only board and common wages to provide them in clothes, shoes, and other necessaries, which is particularly requi- site in this case, as it is su[>posed by Mr Pickering, that every thing is sold, to make up money, even the very wool of the sheep, every fleece being sold, without having anytlting even for stockings or mits. By this arrangement the whole work of the farm is supposed to be done without hiring any additional help in hay or grain h.arvesf-. I shall calculate the wages at the medium rate ascer- tained, as stated by Mr Pickering pstge 202, or indeed lower, as I will charge the man, employed for b months »i (J 33 of the year, only at the same rate as would have been the case, although he haJ been kept all winter. By dmrgiii^ the wages in this way they will come much less than if acldtional hands were* to be employed during harvest only, besides the advantag-e of having them at command at all times, as will be seen by a reference to Mr Pickering's book, where he says in page 202, that 6s 3d. per day, besides provisions, is sometimes given to harvest men. In UKiking up the account of one year's o-itgoings, no extra charg<> will be madef<.r ploughing, oranyotiuu'opera- tion, an dollars per month with lodging and fuel. In making the present calcula- tion, J allow only the lowest sum paid for mere subsist- ence, and allow no mcue for the owner and son. It may appca*- that the amount for board is very great,; but it nmst be taken into con^^ideration that in almost every case, on changing the country, there is also a complete change of diet. This is generally the case, even\yith Old-country people living there by themselves; but whether tliat is the ca^^e or not, while by themselves,' there must, of necessity, be a complete change, when- ever a hired man or man working on the place in any way is received in the house—there must be animal food twice a day, or the labourer will immediately take himself off. Oatmeal is very rarely tasted, and the baking of Hour bread and cooking of pcnk. must go on regularly; and although VIr Tickering calculates upon sellnig .SGO dollars worth < '' p(uk the tirst year there is not one in a hundred that lias not to go to the store- keeper for pork from the Mat*»K for sonse years. As to the beef, it is generally carrion, and will n<>t do for salting. This purchasing of provisions is one of the greatest banes of Canada. I 34 The account for outgoings, not already charged in former account, will therefore stand thus, ACCOUNT OF FIRST YEARS OUTGOINGS, AS AFFECTING THIS year's crop ONLY. Dollars. 9 15 3 1 2 30 Seed for 10 acres of wheat, after peas. Seed for 10 acres of peas, .... Seed for 4 acres of oats, . . . • Seed for 6 acres of Indian corn. Seed for 2 acres potatoes, turnips, cahbages, &c. 16^ Hay, as stated before, V2 tons at 10 dols. per ton 120 Corn, for cattle, liorse, pigs, cows, at calving, &c. 40 bushels at J dol. per bushel. Where there is so much " rough work" (as Mr Pickering, page 83, very properly says of plough- ing among roots), there is unavoidably much tear and wear of utensils ; and, as lie seems, from the prices at win* h he has charged the ploughs, and every thing el e, to have his articles, like the Jer- sey waggcni, half worn — the expenses will be found a very serious matter. I will, however, put in the whole, so low as £6, 15s., including iron and every thing, • Salt.— Much salt is given to cattle and sheep, it will be seen, page 75, tliat it is " used universal- ly" the price, as there stated, is 5 dols. per barrel. bay in the whole year 2 barrels, Wages —One man for whole year at medium rate of wMges, as per page '20'i, £2G, lOs. One man, for 8 months, at same rate, One girl, for a year, at 3 dols. Owners' wages," same as common labourer, Son, or other lad, at G dols. per month, . Board —Three men at 7s.cur.per week, for a year, 219 One man, 8 months, at 7s. . . • 48 Young woman, at 1 dol. per week, . . 52 Interest ors 700 dols. of purcb.ase money, not paid, at 6 per cent, 30 10 114 76 36 114 72 Total, 1007 35 30 10 114 76 36 114 72 219 48 52 42 I THIRD ACCOUNT, By Mr. PICKERING. PRODUCE OP SEVEJNTY ACRES. The principal difference betwixt Mr Pickering's State- nient and the one noxy made in opposition to it, is under tins head and I shall take each item by itself, as It occurs m h,s Statement inserting at length the Articles which comiK)se his very large amount of produce-make my observations on each article separately, and carry out, into the money column, the value of the produce which he can possibly have to be taken to market: First — Twenty acres of wheat, at 18 bushels, per acre, (sometimes 30) at | dols. (3s. 9d. curr.) per bushel. 270 dols. To this T object, first, that he supposes 10 acres to have been girdled, cleared of the small trees and under- brushed-prepared for the seed, and sown during the spring, at which he takes possession of his I arm. ^ 1 his is altogether impossible. I have already stated m my remarks, as to the quantity of work which was to be done to make even the cleared land available for this years crop—reasons, from which, I trust, it will be plainly seen that it would be altogether absurd to attempt any thing else, with such slender means, while it is not probable that the cattle can perform even that. But the plan he. hereby, pn^poscs to put into execution to swell up the amount of produce, it is altogether impossible to put into execution. ^ At this season of the year, as will be seen by Mr Pickerings book, page 129, under date 23 February «' the sugar harvest now begins, ' that is the sap is now flowing tre-ly lu the wood. Even although the time necessary for chopping down and collecting the small tiee^ and underbrush, was really to be expended, at a season o the year when other more important matters mil h^v the exertion of all hands, (at present particular- ly scarce from their being, as yet, no newly arrived E- migrants to be got,) yet the heaps could not possibly be burnt, 1 hey are not only newly cut down, and of course 36 unfit for burning at any season, but they are cut down when full of sap. Even on the supposition that they could, as if by magic, he got off the ground, (Hlled, as it is with cradle he;ips, and as he nientions himself* in j>;ige 83, very rough,) it has to he pl<»ughed twice with two yokes of strong oxen, hefcne it can rect(iv«»ihe seed, and requires a very great deal of lahour and time to ameliorate, as where the large trees are not cut down the great collectimi of fresh a)id (l(»cayed (hut wet) vegetable matter, which has lain for ages, cannot he got C(nisumed easily unless there is a good " hum." Indeed the appiicaticni of ail the power employed upon tin? farm would mtt enable hini to get this lU acres into a fit state for re«-eiving the seed. J^ven were the surface cleared, it would he impossible to get tlie land ploughed for frost. He states at page \'2\), uudw date 25th March, " Ice off the Lake, tVost (Uit of tiie gi piodnce of 10 acres ut which was never even said to have been sown, for ho merely supposes it. Such suppositions are worse than absurd, in a matter of so much importance ; and give another proof of his desire to " gather where lie has not strawed." Carried Forward, 9U \-% 91i I 91i 39 Brought forward, • . , , Third — Six acres of Indian corn. I shall take this as he states it, remarking only, that It IS very unlikely that such a farm would have so mucli land prepared for Indian corn the year before; and, if not prepared before, there Will be much attention required and much labour throughout the season. If the land has not been newly burnt, it will have to be manured ; now, ^upposing there is manure on the farm, it is not to be expected that so much as 6 acres could be ma- naged in one season. Fourth.— Thirty store pigs for fattening next season. I admit that the two sows may, in the course of the whole year, have 30 pigs, reckoning both the litters of both sows ; but, as the sows were bought in at 13s. 6d.each, in the spring, it is barely possi- We that they can have so many pigs the next «pnng ; and, if so, the greater part of them must be nevvly farrowed. Taking it forgranted, however, that they have had that number, they cannot be sold oft the form, but must be kept for store piffs throughout the next winter, and therefore lio money has to be given credit for. FiFTH.-Thirty fat pigs, " weighing at least 200 lbs., ' or one barrel; 30 barrels at 12 dollars per barrel. He has here, as in the case of the wheat from the land to have been girdled in the spring, been a year too soon in driving his hogs to market, rhey were only young pigs at a dollar each in the begmnmg of summer, and in the fall or winter they were, although so young, sprung up so as to have l)Pcome at once laro-w hofr*. fif fV»t. K0.....J1: ^ least 200 lbs. each. "" Dols. 9li 75 D2 Carried forward, lli6i 40 Brought Forward, . . He states in a note, page 165, that " 3 bushels of intlian corn or peas will fatten a fresh store hog or keep one through the winter — they get their living in the woods and pastures during the sum- mer, also during tlie winter when nuts are plenti- ful, which generjilly happens 3 years out of 5." Now this chance of something extra is all very good, but if stock is kept for profit certainfood must be provided, or a loss must ensue instead of a profit. These 30 hogs which were bought at a dollar in the beginning of summer, must be kept as Store Pigs only the first winter, to prepare them for fat- tening next fall, and will after that, only be fit for killing for barrelling. Some of them may in the course of the winter have been made fat for kill- ing in the spring for household use, but for barrell- ing pork none, more particularly as all the indian corn is considered as soldjind if the peas have been well got, ordy a part of the crop even of them is to 1)0 got for any of the stock, except the sheep ; us it is recommended, pjige 164, that if the peas are " well got they should be Ughtlg thrashed^ and given to the sheep." Indeed he has allowed no food to fatten with. To show how little dependence can be had upon f<^eding [)igs without prepared food, an instance may be had from himself, page 72, where he says, " Cut the corn about the 20th Sept., which was much eaten hy the Racoons and black Squirrels, wliich are extraordinarily numerous, troublesome, an^tatea himself^ in page 165, to be intended "chiefly for the liouse." Carried forvrard, . . Dot», 166i I c i\ € a Pi 1664 Boh, 166i \ 106^ 41 Brought forward, .... It will be seen, page 71, under date 16th Aug., that Col. Talbot's fattening for the season, was 42 hogs, filling 35 barrels, or 166 lb each hog, fed off early in the season, (and, therefore, of course, kept over the last winter as Store pigs,) and yet he sup- poses that his, which were bought after he purchas- ed his Farm at 5s. have increased to, at least, 2001b. Colonel Talbot's Stock, page 71, consisted of 111 head of cattle, 4 horses, and 150 sheep. He has a great Farm, and would, of course, have his pig stock in proportion. His produce, on such an extensive Farm, (with last year's crop of course,) would be consumed as far as required by his Stock, and his fattening of pork is 35 Barrels. M r Picker- ing the first year, off his Farm, without having any food provided until he has raised it off the ground in the fall, and merely by purchasing, (same year,) 30 sucking pigs, supposes he can take to market 30 barrels of fat pork. Again, the medium price of pork, as stated by himself, page 186, is 4f cents per lb., therefore 9^ dollars for 200. Ye le takes credit for his pork at 12 dollars, not making any allowance, whatever, for salt, barrel, or anything else. The supposition of a sale of barrelled pork to the amount of 360 dollars, is not only absurd, it is grossly false. Sixth. — Six cows, butter, and cheese for sum- mer, Seventh.-~A yoke of fat oxen 60 dollars, be- sides a cow or two killed for the use of the House. I object to this altogether. The oxen are no produce of the Farm, they were bought as the - --in. = s!g i-jittic in lac i-iirm uuriiig trie C'urreilt year, and the cost charged as such. They have been Dols. 1661 60 Carried forward, 42 1 ( Doh Brought forward, .... 226^ hard worked all year, and are still required for every day use. How is the work of the F.arin to be got done if they are sold ? Even had the steers been able to re- place them, (which is impossible,) yet there is no- thing to replace the steers and the work must stand. If the cows are killed what is to replace them ? Is it the Calves and heifers which were bought, dur- ing the year, at 22s. 6d ? what was there to fatten tlu! oxen and cows? The oxen are hard wrought, afid the cows milked all year, and now although the corn which should have been given to them is sold, they must be considered to be fat, and the <»xen which cost 45 dollars, are now to be sold as produce at 60 dollars! Eighth.— Twenty lambs, 20 dollars, 20 fleeces at a dollar, — allow the whole, ... 40 Ninth. — Geese, feathers, eggs, fowls, &c. 10 Produce, 27(.i THE ACCOUNT WILL NOW STAND TIILS. i\mormt of first, or permanent, outlay for Farm and Stocking, . . . Dols. 967 Amount of one year's outgoings and ex- panses, 1007 Total outlay, . Dols. 1974 Amount of produce sold, 276^ Expenditure iibove income, Dols. 1 497^ From this excess of expeudiiure, above sales of produce Dols. 1497|- r^'duct Capital of £200 Sterling, with TT utvii j -v/it it;4T fc ir:i:v: sS3 irtl as SL 'ST ViiHi 1:1;, om?^ You are now in debt to the Storekeeper, (the only banker you can have,) Dols. 609 Dots 40 10 7(.i 43 Having now brought the Account to a close, it may be proper to take a review of the situation in wliich the purchaser is now placed, and it will be found he is in very different circumstances, indeed, from what he was a year ago when he had his £200 sterling in his pocket. He has not only incurred a debt of 609 dollars, in a strange country where he will find no friend, but he has a stock of cattle, swine, &c., on hand, not in a ate for taking to market without an enormous loss. Haying- sold all his wheat and all his Tndian corn, he has nothing- either for the necessary food of his own family, or for lis working cattle and the enormous stock of pigs which He iias on hand. Jn any country it is ruinous to be with- out food for cattle, but in Canada it is particularly so If a man wants provisions for himself, and cannot s t them otherwise, he can go to work for another where he can always procure food. Not so with stock; for that there is neither assistance nor compassion. The person who sold him the land comes to demand the one hundred dollars, due at the expiry of the year, along with the interest which is stated in the account as paid. The puschaser has only one means of relief, he must sell off his stock (at whatever price it will bring,) for cash to pre- vent an execution from being put on the house. Sup- posing he does so, and has got over the demand made by the Seller, he has still to go to the Storekeeper for supplies. The answer then is ready, " No, you cannot give me a mortgage on your property, because you have not got a deed of it, you have had to sell your stock at a ruinous season — you can have no more supplies, and if I am not immediately paid I must sue you," this is the situation in which the man inevitably would be placed and instead of having 200 dollars in his pocket of profit,' the Seller of the Farm would quickly have possession of it again, as is the case in thousands of instances, which every day occur. Indeed many Proprietors, by getting unwary Emigrants to purchase in that way, iiave ^ot payments in part half a dozen times over, — got the poor Emigrant to improve more of it, and when he could squeeze no more money out of him, purchase the mort- gage, and oust him without a shilling. It may be said I 44 surely this is not the case with every Emigrant who purchases land in this way. I would answer, that a very great proportion of* those who purchase, at once, with- out being well acquainted with the country, are, at once, reduced to a very helpless state. Indeed, instead of an Emigrant benefiting by following the plan proposed, by Mr Pickering, in this case in question, I must say the following up of it must inevitably be attended with ruin. In the first place, £200 is by far too small a sum to attempt such an undertaking with; and in the next place, the attempt here made to grasp at a great amount of produce to take to market the first year, is doubly ruin- ous. In this case, it is, indeed, easy to see the absurdity of the calculations made, because, in order to make up a large value of produce, Mr Pickering supposes the seed for crops profitable to him, has by chance been sown before h. ^iurchased the land, although he acknow- ledges that that was not even alledged; and his own writings affords proof that it is not to be expected. A stranger to the country might, by being over credulous, be led to believe that the land might be prepared even in the spring to have a crop of grain growing, where a iGw weeks before it \vcis thickly covered with trees; but if at all acquainted with the feeding of stock, he will be startled at the idea of selling 360 dols. worth of fat pork off a farm of 70 imperial acres, a great part of which IS in grass ; and, particularly so, when he sees that the Indian corn (the food with which stock is generallv fat- tened) has been sold off; and that the only thing left for such a stock of all kinds is a parcel ot half-thrashed peas to scramble about. Still more will he wonder when he sees that the very oxen out of the plough are sold to make up a bill of sales— the cows eaten before there are any young ones to replace them— the whole of the lambs sold off, without leaving any to keep up the stock— and the wool sold without leaving so much as worsted to mend stockings for the family. These absurdities may open the eves of anv nerson who will, for a moment* reflect on the Statement. APPENDIX. As another proof of the necessity there is for making use of the greatest possible caution in giving any credit whatever to books which are written upon Emigration, so riany of which are for the express purpose of in- veighng emigrants, I insert an extract from another publication on Canada, which, as well as Mr Pickering's, has reached a third edition ; but, M-hich, although writ- ten with much ingenuity, contains througliout the most glanng contradictions, and the most palpable evidence, ot Its Iiavmg been written for the express purpose of entrapping the unwary. EXTRACT FROM STATISTICAL STATEMENTS OF UPPER CANADA, By a BACKWOODSMAN, 3d Edition. Speaking of the Huron Tract belonging to the Canada Company, he says ^page 25\ '' it has been objected by seme that this tract of country is out of the world; but no place can be consi- dered in that light to which a steam boat can come; and, on this Continent, if you find a tract of good land and open it for sale, the world will very soon come to you. Sixteen years ago, the town of Rochester consisted of a tavern and blnpb-tfmit-Vi'L. islw.iA \*- \^ ^.. „ 4. ^ . • ' "-" ^^ "xiui.-, It 13 nun u luvvn coiiiam- iiig upwards of 16,000 inhabitants. The first time the Huron Tract was ever trod by the foot of a white man, as in the summer of 1827 I '■ i I 46 next summer a road was commenced, and that Tvinter, and in the ensuing spring of 1829, a few individuals made a lodgment ; now, it contains upwards of 600 in- habitants, with taverns, shops, grist, and saw mills, and every kind of convenience that a new settler can require; and, if the tide of emigration continues to set in as strongly as it has done, in ten years from this date it may be as thickly settled as ani/ part of America; for Goderich has water powers quite equal to Rochester, and the sur- rounding country possesses much superior soil." Now, as this book is brought forth as a Statistical Ac- count of Upper Canada for the information of strangers, unacquainted with the country, who would doubt that the very thriving state of Rochester must be a proof of the rapid march of improvement in Canada ? The unwary emigrant who has allowed him.self to be entrapped in this snare will however be sadly dissappoint- ed when (if he has taken this gentleman's advice where he says in the beginning of the book " to come a' the- gether") he finds on his arrival in Canada, — what he can- not discover from the " Backwoodsman's" book, — that Bochester is not in Canada at alL Instead of its being like Goderich with which the author compares it, the large commercial Town of Rochester, is in the United States — in the State of New York — the most thickly inhabited — the richest and most commercial State m the wiiole Union. Rochester is indeed the principal place of Trade on the northern boundary of the States, not only from its fine water powers, but its other local advantages for trade, and at the same time a link in the chain of com- munication, by canal betwi^^t the City of New York and the great western productive states in the basin of the Mississipi, — a depot for the immense trade betwixt that London of America and the whole Western States, and also for the produce of these States in its trans- port to the cities on the sl',ores of the Atlantic. Goderich, on the other liand, is the extreme point in British America (at least in Canada) to which emigration has been attempted to be forced by the Land Company, in their endeavours to bring their wild lands to appear 47 to be a marketable article; and the whole vah.e of the ettlement, admitting that the six hundred inhabitants ad the same proportion of property as the ave^-Le of the province, would not amount' to the vaL of tSck tz::z'::::TJ:. 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