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Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent 6ue film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. D 32t 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Epochs of English History KDITED BY THE REV. M. CREIGHTON, M.A. RISE OF THE PEOPLE AND GROWTH OF PARLIAMENT Entered aooording to Act of ParUament of Canada, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, by Aoam Millm 4 Co., in the year 1877. th« -? -,-,--2- >OMlNtON8 of tke EVIN KINGS ouredRed ^ ■ ^, -.61 h S e a .^*> l&3| Jf'««'-'' , "1 a 'S Mxlht & Otc/B €bucationaI SrdejB. EPOCHS OP ENOLISH HISTOET. RISE OF THE PEOPLE AND GROWTH OF PABLIAMENT Fr^thtOMBAT CHARTER to th» ACCESSION <^ HENRY YH. I2IS— 1485. 1¥ JAMES ROWLEY, M.A, mOFBtSOR or UOWKVX BISTORT AMD LITUUTDRg, mnvBRaiTT colliob, brinol. WITH POUR MAPS. Authorized by the J/ misted' of Educatioiu Eiw?WeSep TORONTO : Adam Miller & Co. 1877. DA 2-Z,sr '**^H»U • t I ? CONTENTS. Introd'iction ....... Tabic sliowing Claimants to the Scottish Throne Table showing Edward III.'s claim to the French Throne . Descendants of Edward III. . Descendants of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancastw . I 77 •3 BOOK I. The Growth op Parliament {in^ja^). CHAP. I. Parliament II. The Fight to keep the Great Charter III. The Barons' War IV. Edward I. and Parliament i 6 10 90 BOOK II. Wales and Scotland (1076-1308). I. Wales !L Scotland III. First and Second Conquests of Sootlaad IV. Robert Bruce I "3 37 33 36 vi Contents. { ii CMAP. BOOK III. Thr Hundred Years War (1337-1453). J. ITie Kin^ of England and of France n. First Stage of the Hundred Years' War III. Second Stage of the Hundred Years War IV. Third Stage of the Hundred Years' War BOOKf IV. England »n the Fourteenth Crnturv. I. Pkrlkmentwy Progress . II. Rising of the Commons III. WicUf . . ' • • IV. The Lollards BOOK V. The Wars of the Roses (r4ss-i4»5). I. The House of Lancaster n. Henry VI. . . * * HI. Wars of the Roses and House of York IV. Line of York . . * Chronological Table Genealogical Table of Plantagenit Kingi . ' . ' Index of Persons Index of Places . * ' ' ' LIST OF MAPS. Scotland in the Thirteenth Century . France after the Treaty of 1259 . France after th#» Pm/ 67 70 7a 78 84 87 95 103 Its X09 4V 56 P MOB 44 i RISE OF THE PEOPLE AND GROWTH OF PARLIAMENT. 70 7a 78 84 8/ 95 103 >cs 109 39 56 rNTRODUCTION. In the period of history which this little work deals with the things that are most worthy of notice are these:— ' r. How Parliament grew up into its present shape. 2. How Wales was joined to England ; and how an attempt was made to join Scotland also, but with- out success. 3. How some English kings strove to win the kingdom of France ; and how the English people were thus drawn into a war which lasted for more than a hundred years. 4. How great changes came over the people in social matters ; how Parliament grew stronger, and some men tried to reform the Church. 5. How the barons, towards the end of this period, divided into two parties, and fought for different kings ; and how the land was fiUed with disorder and bloodshed. To show all these things as clearly as possible, a Book has been jriven to each : anH in thJc p^u *u- .^^_„ Of each has been told, apart by itself, as much as could be done. Thus, when the growth of parliament is spoken * Rise of the People. 12,3. of, no notice is taken of the other things which happened at the same time, because it seems better to teU these have not been kept apart, as is done in many histories ; ^d in passing from one Book to another the order of time m which things happened is not followed. It is seldom iTV^ T"^ *^^' ^^^"*" °^ S'^^^ importance start mto being all at once ; the causes that lead to them go on worfang for a long time before ; and to understand the way m which they take place, it is often needful to begin very far back ,ndeed. In this way the chief things that happened under each head have come to be told under their own head But that the learner may be able to see the order m which the kings who reigned in this time came after one another, and the order in which evems y^uT^ t^^^*" ^*' ^^"^ P"^ ^* *^« «nd which tells both these thmgs. BOOK I. Tir£ GROWTH OF PARLIAMENT, 1213-1297. CHAPTER I. PARLIAMENT. resting of the middle ages. It was a century of great men The great thoughts, and great deeds. But to all to^th of English birth or descent its great glory is, that m It the institution which it is England's chief onde to havi» rnim«lA/1 D««i: ^.—^ -r . * •». .u J s /~ ',' "Z — ^-«— * «*«a4iicnt - nrsi grew and was shaped into the form which it stiU keeps. We might I3I3. lappened tell these int kings histories ; r of time i seldom Ke start im go on tand the to beg^n igs that d under le to see lis time I events ch tells tits. Parliament, IT. It inte- tmen, to all ory is, land's Mr and might fi almost think that this century had been set apart for this special purpose ; it had hardly ^••'1! begun when the movement towards the building-up of parliament set in, and a few years before it ended Parliament received its finishing touch from the hands of its most intelligent buUder, Edward I. Parliament is, moreover, the one abiding result of all the seemingly bUnd struggUng and fighting, in the battle-field and elsewhere, of all the fore cast and effort, which made the reigns of John, Henry III and Edward I. among the most stirring in our history. 2. In one sense Pkrliament was no new thing even at the beginning of the thirteenth century. Ah-eady— indeed It might be said from far earlier times— every- Parii«me„t • thing that goes to the making of a perfect whwitu. ' parliament was to be found in England. By a parliament IS meant a national assembly in which all the classes which make up the people of a country are brought together, either in person or by men chosen to represent them. When so met together they talk about, and give a common opinion upon, matters of importance to the whole people. To make this assembly worthy of the name of parliament, no part of the kingdom, and no class of the people whose affairs it deals with, can be shut out from it. Now It is clear that the vast bulk of the people can be present at such an assembly only through their repre- sentatives-men chosen by them, a^id having fiiU power to act for them, and to bind them as completely as if they were themselves presc, . A full parliament is the whole nation gathered together to da the business of the state To Parliament are entrusted all the rights and lawful powers that belong to the nation ; whatever it does the nation does. ^ ~ " — " "^=6" vx jwiiij, iuia earner, iingiand iiad a Great Council of the nation, and had also councils in the shires or counties. At the national councU men from Ba ^ise of the People. ifi ttf|. uunginih. shire-moots, or county courts irroun, nf J »WrtttMh sent from th*» ^^^r. ^"""*» groups of men c«tuiy. "7 " "^°"^ ^"« various parts of the shim fttr pew up by mixing to«,h J ,hl Z^ * '^"«»>~'>« coumy courts. When C ^e'^' .^^ T-""' «<« *e to represent the folk of the sW " r,hl .1 *^' '=°''"°' """I Ions been sent to renre^n't ".^ ^' ""'' " ■»«" 1>i« in the shire c„un.7hen^h^fp;!.P*«» »' *« «« done in the «hineentL — The "en*"r ., 7*"' most to do it were Simon de nSort a^rfT ^. '"'P''* 4. The National Council irr„hnT.- ^ "^ ^''**"* '• « «.. king's biddi„g;n; whitw s:„T?''T' •nuMuionj from the Crown ho.h ^uJ, " directly """^ It was like .r* ~* .'''*'^*" »"d laymen. e«Iy times/onrmi* o^nl^r:'-"^."^ «>>' *'» «•" in kinrs feudal vaLTno't?! m:::jt' .?' ""^ T" *« in the kingdom. But aS^hf L5 T "' *"«*' clUef-as those who h.i/r • '^ f ^^"1 ^ tenants-in- «« callen^dsplf. "*:!','*"''' *■*« *■"■» '"e king the lesser. ^ mater J^ T,??""'' *• 8«»'«' »d VH.ht to do ,:i'siSiX'wSfthX'"''r ? "^ toons held smaller lands, and deaU wfth ^h.^ f through the sheriffs of their counH^r ^ ^'"^ °^1 being made up of the «^te?n "w ^''« «'*»'" ■»«»», t«ies of the Ch^cTSe *e H^""* *//*"=' *'«"'- foU-grown Pariiamet^t The ,*ser"2!? °' '^"'' '■» *« 2Sd,Ttt'^'er^i:^--"--H^^^ knigh. Of . cthoi:';;:; .hrHrt^-co::;:n^ 5- iiut the Shire-moot <»vAn ;. ♦u- * •/%, """"». . peHec. parliamentof the;hi;;r tI ItlZe^ro'^iy'S; UIJ. Parliament. 5 llrelv'rif!:?"r °f *' "•« dencal and lay, bu. a.«, ine reeve from each township. Thev were tar.h,'° T' ">« .''["•f' J"«i« when he came S.V„»,. have .he ~ ^ ^S .rS^'^T; ^rl^H wed as^; 1 Parhamems m the shires which might be used as patterns for making a national parlian.ent. .hn!;. . .T ''f "'^' '«"' "■»' 'he National Council was th^rseTve?'.'^';^""" °'*! «"'«-"<"« "'K- 'o »h7w tnemselves. In Uus year John summoned to Fi„, 'he great council which he caUed at St. Al- ""«d b^rilJ^lr''' "" ':""'P' '»'' '''« barons, Sr*"* Xt^ Ae r^ r """ '*'^'" ""- fro™ "^h town county to ' tT wIkvV ^°": ^'^'*^^^ "^«" ' from each T.XntoT.^l----X1^.- ^c«e m our h.story of a national represenutive tlJ'Jl!\'.""T""' """hy of notice that everythine them was nothmg new. It was onlv L 'Z^ „...-.-, EXi^rfr^ .reirrtte? '^T"f ^"*« ^atiicsi umcs. The national council Rise of the People, 1315. was what the Meeting of the VVi»e became after th. v man conquest ; and the shire m«^f ^^^ ^°*'- oldest institutions of the Z'^^Z^.C"''^}''' ""''' ment' (from the French worS 'parler! oUT^ ^^'^^ and was in use on the ContinenM-^i \ r ^^. " ^°''^'«^'''' in England ; and the parts Z^mT .^^°'' " ^^P^^'^^ together by 'the wly i„Th eh ou^?. ' ""V^'^ ^''^"^^•^ nation. If the Non^r '. '^T ^'"^^^ '"^'^^ ^^e an assembly ]fk^^o^t" . ^^"''' ''^^ "°' '^^^"^ P'^ce, being, but^ItturLrd;Tar ^°'"'-- which we now have. ^''^ ^^"^ *» tbat M CHAPTER II. THE FIGHT TO KEEP THE GREAT CHARTER. I. When the barons parted from King John after m«n him sign the Great Charter in June I2,c7h^ u "^ not even half done tk^ u j ' ^' ^'^^'^ "^^^^ was even nau done. They had won the Great Charter • outagSr ^f P ! • England had to endure two years Great Chart! TouM^;; ta^I^r ^7.^^^^ '^^ false to his word in f7^= • '^°'' J"'"' "" « or said A irl;^; ate'LT' to •"'■■« "' *<» auct of the barons and annul the Chart*.,- • o«^ u . barons would not submit to Ws L j^ .^^ ^ "^^^^ ^^^ cated them Af th! • Judgment he cxcommuni- ^S«n U. Ji ^i.^^^t^^'^**^ *e great archbishon, -P -n «a..6..„, „c„s to Kome to plead before Inni- iais-i6. Fi^ht to keep the Great Charter. 7 cent the naUon's cause and hi, own ; but he wa, for »^/ r^"^^ '" ^'^^'^ •""« ">« '™"'"« were ended The barons, too, acted feebly and began to look to France for help. John was thus able tf work h^ w.cked wiU u^n the country for a season He ,o„k Rochester, and then setting his brother, the Ear of SaUsbury, with a part of his mercenaries, to keep watch on London, whe« the strength of his enemies la^ h* eS to s 00 Wm h'" ''V' """""" """« *« -thing 10 stop him. He went through England, bumine and «™gmg, entered Scotland, whose king had .?kef ^ ,hfl„ , T"''r' Berwick on fire, mercilessly wasted the Lowlands, and turning southwards while it was stiU winter, recovered Colchester, which had been lostYn hU ^nce. London was now the last shelter of E^glHh 3. Soon, however, the tide turned. The barons had been for some time in trealj- with France ; and °n May 1216, the he.r to the French ctowi. Levris ,.'y^' anded in Thanet with a poweX' ^y' fT,?."' Uwis was the husband of Henry 11% 1^1^ r"E^llt"? ^^'^'^^ "' ^''^'^' ^^ "ow came to England to try and win the crown which rt!! Enghsh nobles had offered him as a mers oT^ng from the power of John. John, distrusting his foreigS ^ps now that a prince of their own race co„fron«S him, feU back upon the western shires ; and Lewis led fin', r r "^ 7"' *'" *** ** •««»>» ''"d their aSy Whl ^rT "'""'^ ■""■ » «"=»' ■""■»•««: even hU brother Salisbury passed over to the enemy : and in a few months little of his kingdom remained to'him exiept ^J!'^!:^r!??„"'«' f ^ '.'r-gholds, such as DoZ Ri fthePtopU. iai6. 3. But John was iK.r beaten yet. The barons became mm t fimc suspicious of their a4lv and jealous of French mflueiice the national dislike of foreigners began to work m the minds of the people ; and Lewis was losing ground m England. John was able to march into the midland counties, to drive off the besiegers of Windsor and even to relieve Lincoln. The relief of Lincoln was! ^h of however, his last exploit ; as he was on hi:. ». c • u ^^I ,^ ^* ^^^ ^^"^^ "^^ a serious illness at bwmeshead, and died at Newark (October, 1216) 4. The men who were on John's side at once set up his son Hemy, a lad nine years old, in his place. Pope 2£ri;^- .""°^^"* IW.^^s now dead ; but Pope Hono- ^ nus, who came after him, behaved in the •ame way. His legate, Gualo, crowned the young king at Gloucester, received from him the oath of fealty to his ' master, and threw aU the influence -f the Roman Church Kr.. ?'° ^'^ ^^^^' William Marshall the elder. r!r^ y.A ^^' ^"* °^ Pembroke, an old states- man who had taken part in the troubles of Henry II 's time, was chosen ' ruler of the king and kingdom.' One of his first acts m his new office was to re-issue the Great Charter in a great council at Bristol It was not JJSuc f ^7'^^*^^' q^ite the same charter as that which Great Char- JOhn had granted ; something was added, but y- still more was taken away, the sixty-tlVn? dauses of the original charter being cut down to fen /' two. Most of the points which were left out were of i.aiaii importance ; but two of them were a real loss. These were, (i) that which set bounds to the royal wiU in raisins scutages ,. .rl aids, and (2) that which bound the king to ca^l togetl. *hr national council in a formal manner When he wsl I ro .. .sess other than the lawfuUy fixed scutages or ak= Ihe final ;huse, however, held out a fiopc uiat UicS'. Tu:ght afterwards be restored. ns became of French began to vas losing I into the Windsor, coin was, IS on hi:> us illness 216). :e set up 5. Pope >e Hono- i in the jng king Ity to his I Church le elder, 1 states- nry II.'s 1.' One isue the ivas not, It which ded, but ty-th'T«,^ o fcnv- These raising king to nanner y fixed out a •»'«-.7. Pi^At to keep ,he Great Charter. , more and more « Sf ' L, T "^ '" "* '«>''*<' »» taken up ^ ^J^.ZZZVuy.f^L^'- ''" reason to continue the struerie whh ,h. ' "" "° aircngin lor the decisive stniirele Wfii.n Tk. ♦. was over the main body of the Frfnrh Ji a ! ""'^ Count of Perche and l^UnF^^^trZl^^^^^ Lmcoln castle Whil^f ^ / ! I' *° '*'^ *'«8« 0^ attacked i„ the ^ by PeSt *^"*" *""'^ and utterly routed The r^l, ^ i.^'' W'-fU- was kiUed ; Fi^alter L ™ f*""" "^ ""■ n.nk were '.awl^^td *e tsiLt% ™" f- "*" scattered gathered together about forty' si^Js'^^rn^ T °' "°J"' pons, and pushed after E^Zt^H^ZZ^^^ "m^ 10 Ris^ of the People. iai7. Sandirich, and at once fell upon the French fl«.t p -. ^ng. he entirely overthrew i, (A^^ f-cof I^beth, in which he T„d IS T ,-1' -"•'• c^T-th/r'™" ^~'' -- N*^ had taken a^i„« tkir 1™"" *■" ^^ ^ ^ certain sum,lhicL ts ^fd to^^'^wT/h" '^k'""' " perhaps, really given to g« him .H^ "' *"" *»»' &cond This treaty was f„Il„r^ ^ *"*>' '~»"- «.i»n.of , „ 'reaty was followed soon afterwards bv chIri;T?•rwrnoTt^'^F^^^^^^ another chapter \^ T,^T^ ^^ "^^ ^^ In this the Zu'^L^ t; .h^'Su'c^rf*"' embodied • anr? if /i,c^^ * ^' Chartdr were eommon law of Enrf^^^^^ ^^ ^^^- ""^er the two previous reie;^Rv;v u^ '^'^'*' ^'^^'^^ in the aWe^within\Kres'r tt t^K'.M^ ""T ^'^ be punished so brtitally for ki lin^thl t- ^ ^ ""^ ^°"«^*' had ftirmerly been and w^^^^ lands and do other\hrnt7.w *° Plough their their fahns prod" *'' "'^ "^^^^ ^^^ "^ng CHAPTER III. THE BARONS' WAR. dvitr f„* f„™ear l^r '^"^ '««' - ^o- «.erewasdisordJ,^d I!' -•.-°'''" '""""^ "'"« y«»" -.v„,„cnt on everyside j but from MI7-46. The Barons' War. It I3I7 to 1263 there was peace so far that no class of the people took up arms against injustice in hieh placM U seems indeed to have been a fairly prospeZs and happy tune for the folk who dwelt in the hSSJ fll. country J and it is ceruinly a time of neat imDortance ,« the men of afier^y, , („ ;„ j, padSly^^^^^ forces which created Parliament. '«="«? tnose the ^^1,".*?' p r' ""'""^'" """e* *Wch helped on the growth of Parliament : (i) There was a .i^T^k. . steady advance of the custom of rep^sTnUtfves rf ^- people going tcthe great assembly^fT™ on ^t There grew up for the first time a pmc^ce which be«me veiy common and very usefiil in hter Tsl^*^ !!w '!i^"'T'' '" "" "^"8 '" '«"■> fer his solem^; tZT^r^Z r^liilyTo tr'r ''^ ^ '"T Ti::T': rr '- '» ^^- *- " ""'' 2. (I) The first of these points is seen in the ereater frequency with which the counties were ralT^T, f^ ™:?:,".s^ S,'^ !:,?r ^H chosen to attend the great council Tnl!/! ?* safely said that before Sis period Lij''^ ?'?'.'* of the shire had come to he SS .!^ ' ^'"" '^''" »f every h»wfiU parlia^^e^, "^^,Z^, ?^»"^>- •«« iiament' was first used in iiAf, oc ♦!,- *■«« «»« of T. ^2^ Df fhA <»».. : I • . p^"*""*"***! I 12 ^^» of tfte PeopU, ««2S-3«. Third made in use =.!!j • '■''»«<"•— which wa* Cwit ch». Charter iu final shan. " ™y ,^« Pvmg the ■"• ■"» for the Icing-s^clir^ "• ""' » "«»» contained in the charter ^Iw ^^"""''S 'he liberties fifteenth of their moveaH " C^'*.*^"'" "^ '» been taxed, but as wealtl. tLea^'f , ."^d ""'^ ^ n>'Sht raise money from his wonW. . "?"« '^""S''' he «nt his servants every no^^^H .1^°°^'' " *»"- »<> land to ask the towns, ttders I-'k ""°"8''«»" «he clergy for a share of the rt^r I^f '' """ *^«» «t« ;t was assessed and levied b^^f T* «"*■"«' hm into the treasury. ^ ** """e's officers, and paid n«.nagement of affai^Aenw^""^ ''«''» "">• The H„b« ,. wise, just, and vig^Z^ '° "''^« ^e Burgh, a f."?^.,. ^difficulties and ZZ^^li^ TZ'T' down the wild ««;„-. .t.*^*^.""' ""hen beat had given birth to! ^ l!?!" *f *« »Wfe of ,2,5., ' ■«»« of the armed hirlL« whr f ?' '^"«'''"» *e 4.^ and did much to b^ Ck " J'"",'"!' b'ough, over. He was not popular, however 'h^*"""' °'** >--• fevour of the kin? who ZV ' ** '" "32 he lost the so feu from poww! ^ "o* «^°*» to manhood, ^d andlfe t^XllTnc,''"'^''' "^ "^ ifelf • •ainly ol of the" m^st'u^ts:" l^t"""'' ^« -' •nany good qualities,-*^^^!^ ! *""■ !""«»• He had P'ous; but he was al'so TSfttss t^^' «*°*""«' »"» — '"^ *ing-s chief 'he last clause r — which was as giving the hat in return I the liberties riven him *a nd only had g thought he as well, and oughout the ind even the granted him rs, and paid >les must be 11219. The ie Burgh, a «te of many Hubert beat 0^1215-17 ^ the rem- >ught over, ►f the law. e lost the Jiood, and w» itself; t, yet cer- He had rous, and loutjudg- -too often >ishop of r's chief '^3^-39. TheBarofis' War .. T^, ''^"'*** adnser whatever f«. f'^ia twenty-four years fi2u.i,c» .1, ''" RocIm. <=|;anceBor,we«Ieft S? Sl'T'"*') *« "' cha^cte,, Henry lovedfaturit ani T" • "' '^ ' years he seems to have been livT '1 ■ ''"""8 "««« fo^gnadventu^s. w^oSSed ttLS ?J '^'^ "' P-s^ or the Continen, ^t ^^iS^t^"-^ ^ an outrage «pon C^eTni^'ST -""^-Ooing. •frests of the native English noWlih, i.- J 'omiMn. the rule of the country out of th. ufcwT^i. ^ and at last dr»ve tS Z ^^J^? '" « «■»«. '►as a good son, and was wim^ . '^" '""• """X hatf-brother. /or aCj^t^^J:/™"* '"''^^^'"ig" wedded the Count of La^^^^ "^ '^'» '"beUa once carted her off. and bJS Zv^-S J'"»>«' of her sons came over to p!.T^ j '^ children. Four and honours th« ought in ju^« I'^f "''^ ''"''s lishmen. Henry was also a «^ ^ ^'" «^"' "» ^ng- Icmsmen had to be provided for T„F„ ,? ""''>' of her uncles, Boniface of Savoy be««; another. P.,., -r mode™ U„do„^;S'uir°e:fi !*'"• «^«' I««" ^ third. William Valence 4 amf *' ^"^"y^ '"'1 « ' ^"^'"^ so powerful with the '4 J^ise of the People. "39 5». If others who also pros«S. ^^ '?"'«"*" O"" <>^' •mtU the leading m^rf^n,? '"'"«"• o" 8«>"mK and set about ^"^IS^^^rr^rSr " "°"'"«" 7. Another mischief of a similar S . . "ame end, and is important V.T- . """"^ '» «he p-p..^. Englishes r„ *r"!i^"r«,*'' "^ *' r^-S5.. '^'jy- The Pope daimedlUriS.', n"« onTv -nderthenl'oTSarit'T *« ""^*" ^^ Italian servants by pS"i 1*° "^ P"'*'''"^ «>' his preferments in Enriand I^J^? f""" '" *«'"fi'" and used With so iitt7e"t:.ttatiIS".,Lr;. Te^ "f V' ■clergymen drew every year L™ a """ "»'■»" English Church so/^ m"kl w„«^' ''™""" "^ *« million of pounds now. ' ^ """* *»» half a 8. Added to all thfe th» t!-~ for money, so that eve^dass'T.r "'Tff **"8 H«.^.. their wealth^slSa-avSth * T" "' "•"/of spent a mat H.;i? ^ ^^ *■"»»• Henry at war with Fm^a ^^ "' ""!' ."'» f" a long time the dominions o?h?s fo^feftL".w ? .""' '" "'" ^a* always failed disgr^^X^Z^lil?''!'''''- "' ■ng a great deal of money At 1,« * '^"' ^^ 'P*"* himself he was tempted by th^P^^ ,'" an evil hour for schemeformakin? his Z.rLT J^ '° ^^^ "'"*y '"'o a and soon found wS T ^'^""'"d, king of Sicily, Pope for thisp^rH^''^fel^°P?>''-«« """ *" '^ an aid, but both dmes" Ta r^'* d**S tH""'" '°' barons, believing thatthekin^,m^f I ^''?" *« angry by ordinarv wa« f!I. . "^' '""'™'« ^nW "ot be met courseofafewmrrrtUr?^'"' '"^"^ ">^ '" 'he years to the great e,roi,s' W,r and to th? 1258. The Barons' War, 39 is believed utbreak of the lers drew over It on growing ar it no longer t. vorlcedto the pd to set the 'the national right not only nglish clergy aiding for his enefices and ped right he time Italian nues of the than half a ften asking felt much of 'cm. Henry i own wants I long time to win back dlost. He 'fter spend- il hour for ndly into a »g of Sicily, Jms to the council for the angry lot be met ed in the and to thf «s meeting of the first national assembly that had in it all the elements of a full parliament. It is this which make* the rising of the barons so important. 9. The soul of the movement was Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester. The great earl, known in later times among the common people as Sir Simon the o- Righteous, was himself the child of foreign mS *em. 'o five up the K:,^s^aI?'^;^^'^upon.he foreigner slendered Kenil^orth „d'o*ham ^°" '°>»"y Valences— the kinir'fi hairT *i- ™* ^^^n the De 'hey w». drivir^tJttgrn:""'"'' *' "'"-S were'sIowl*^„f-;;^i,~J2l England. But they H» towards tteTnd 0?,^! 7k°""' = *"" *hen, give satisfaction. Hen^Io^l,t .?"■'' '" *■* "°' control, but was for a Ume k^„. ^'^ '~»« fr"" their of his son Edward to . Ota hi JL'^h'""** "^ ** ^''^"^ of the council. This' ^dy, ftereforrT^ f *' ^<"« by a quarrel that soran^ „nT? ' *'"'Sh weakened Richa:^ de Clare, f^^ G^ ^.r sturi fn"""" -"» ^e Po^^a^f^fs^fr- r^"*^- ^^-^^ whereu^p>e"^„X'titd^r.r^;Lr *' •-"»"• .^ 0-^ made to settle thrSfspute tk- "^°"' ""' head in 1261 R.^S, j !" ^^ ''^e to a <»*«i,IMssonGabei1^^'^^?.^l*.9»« -» now >'armi; "wwnea Leicester ; and .263-64. The Barons' War, '7 civil w broke out in the west and south. There were marchings of armies, sieges, and takings of towns and castles, but no puched battle. Then an agreement was .^f oft/ T ' "f °i' ^^"""^ '° ^'"^ ^^^>^ of France, son of the Lewis who had come to England in 1216, and who was known in later times by the name of St Lewis because he was a very holy man. Both sides solemnly' undertook to abide by his decision, whatever it mighTSe Lewis came to Amiens, and after hearing the case of each.* gave judgment in January, 1264. 13. His judgment, which was known as the Award of Amiens, was altogether in favour of the king Bv it the provisions of Oxford were annulled, Henry .wJlf was aUowed to keep as many foreigners as he aS!^ hked in his service ; but at the same time the ^T^' »hiH^K .K A^°''!. ^^'^^ '^""'^ ""^^o^s for refusing to abide by the Award ; and war broke out a second time WhUe Hemy was making head in the midland counties, Earl Simon was besieging Rochester. ZV^ ihis was a valuable post; and Henry ''*'*• ' marched to relieve it. Learning, however whilst nn k; Z% T^\^. '°"**™ P''«=. ^hich were on the bar<»ial side. De Montfort foUowed, and came un «h,! h.m at ' ewes. There, in May, ..64, hegler ' '"'* the great victory which made possible the K"* meeting of what is generally called the first "•''■ "«* rn"h!' i^"™*"'' "^ '°'' »'■ *« "^tle is usuaUy said to have been owmg to the blindness of Prince EdSs wrath. He wac furious with the men of LondonZ *e way m which they had insulted his mother s^me time .^'^:^A_ Having broken their division in th" L"™™' Mc tuttsea mem lor miles in his ra^i» an/» «,k^ u ' tack^ound that the battle wt ;:f'"?2et;t?S: iilt l8 III i!i: ^i^e of the People. '26$. fi ">d Edward, in acToSLc. wi,h~"?" """"' P"^°""= ; caHed the Mi« of Uw« It* t* T/'^ ">« foUowcd his father. "' «'"* '"'"«'f "s a ransom for •andinI]fr:at-'^rkr„t^T'''"^°^^"^- ^ Sta«, was thereforVaW:'^;^;,'^ '" "'^ JT""' """ EiS„.. « he pleased, witl,::.^ ^„^^ to t "h'^r ' aside or make am, ^k» -^ " ^'^^ ^ing meming. a par£:n'"Lt ^^rl"" f ^'^ °' government in the hands cftLl- ' ' """^ P"« ">e nine. The year .'eTtas t v '"^ *"'' ^ """cil of mostfruitfJevent wasis ,a,J Tt ""«= •>« "» *ere sent in the king's name 7.^VL December writs and barons; to the sLr^c irl';,^' ''"*'"^»' ««'»- out England, commanding the/o^" '^™"^''' *™"eh. person, the latter three to slnS r ""■'* '° ^n" '" liament that was tH^ held at L^n^^'T' "> » P*'" January. This meeting fook pL^afr" *' '''"'"•''"S Fi»tE«. in due course Th!^ ^ *PP°'"'«d '™e ^nS;- common "ou„ci?^';"/.rt'T"'*^ '^^ ««' •^- '"'• tained ever^S wWch a ^"If ?■"..*« ""- mcnt ought to cont^. f, ^'^ V'^t^-E'^h parlia- summoned : only .3 membe s TLL^Z^" <*'^'^ Wits, whi st 117 members nf.i, V" t^ nobihty rece ved 'o it. It may S» fc^cl ^hatt^'r^ ^"' «""'' as the king was not master of h- ''^'" " '■«» t^ing, may have been not^ir,^rw L^ r^"' " *' '""«• ' had been already coZonl ^^^' '"^ '^ "hat is no doubi that it wTtSe I« "^'^ '''^'- ^^ *ere lorfs spiritual and^em^Lf I "r""« together of the citixens*^and bu^gessls for ti,^'^""' °' *« ^^ire, and whole nation. ^?e7owerclt/'""'^ P"^'*^ °f the IP u . u... ., . "^ '°^®'^ Clergy certainlv y.-.^ . JR ,1 , uui ihe lower clerev thn,VrrU • ' "" ^°^ce Clergy, though in name still a part of i li! ia65>6. The Baron^ War. 19 parliament, in practice have never, except for a short time, been represented in it as a separate estate. 16. The parliament of 1265 sat a good while, and did a good deal to strengthen still further the power of Leices- ter. But shortly after it broke up, his power began to decay. The Earl of Gloucester took offence at the con- duct of his chief, and, like his father, went over to the enemy. Edward, too, escaped from his keepers ; and the royalists, thus encouraged, rose in arms. The carl, though a practised warrior, proved no match in the field for his young and active foe— once his pupil and friend. In August he crossed the Severn from Wales, to join his troops to those of his son Simon, who had brought a force from the south-cast to meet him. Halting for a night at Evesham, he was just gettmg ready to start the next morning when Edward appeared. Edward had surprised and scattered the younger Simon's army at Kenilworth two days before ; and now he came down suddenly to destroy the elder Simon's in overwhelming force. He gained Battle of his object; dc Montfort's army was over- ?''««•»*"». *U_^ J- m, .^ . . . -- ' *" August, War breaks out a third time. IS65. thrown ; de Montfort himself and his son Henry were slain (August 4, 1265). 17. The day of Evesham did not end the war. The remnant of the baronial party, made desperate by the re- fusal of the victors to grant them terms, still held out in KenUworth Castle and elsewhere. vSj **** Edward fought on with his usual earnestness, '^****- and stormed Winchelsea with a cruelty not usual with him • but war stUl lingered. The royal party began to be less' stem ; and towards the end of 1266 they issued the dictum de KenUworth,' in which terms of restoration to ■3LIX1 XlUb U!I- their honours and lands— hard. mH«.*»H k..«^ J —J v«>. _,i»ii iiWfc Uli- reasonablc-werc granted to those o*" the rebels who \vould lay down iheir arms. The dc Montfort family 11! I ^i^f Of tk€ People, i > n 2 -^' oj ,H, People. aione was treated wi^k ^ but some Ii,Ue time pa,,Xfo« 17"" """'"<'"«' ^ ^J.« accepted by all AMa« jlTf ""' '^"y . ■ ^' where the mo« \. ' ■'"'^ '*67. Ely yeldedtotheking.and^°R ''"'"*'« ''"d oul w« in the Utter defeat ^f "he '"T'™""'J«<'.see,;i„d; E"• brought togetherat Acton BumelanoAerbZ tf"^'"' vaueu m mstory a parliament ; but, though r^I °^f' presentatives of the shires and of tUn, An7,ow„L. fa, I «a Rise of the People. ,483-97. it, Ihi^ assembly has no right to the name of narliam-n* b«'»e ZT ""'^ " '^"y '-^ abfe m' r ^ out also the royal summons was sent direrr tn ♦»,• ♦« and no. through .he .heriff, which wo Mh.,e^7'' con,...u.,onaI n,e.hod. 0.herc«n„a] assembhe^fo^:^' bw each was wan.ing some.hing .ha. a la^u^ paH.' men. could no. be without. pania- Hehadin^h'J" "«• K'-K Ed«'"d took .he final ,.ep. He had m .ha. year a French war and a Welsh rebeUion U.JJ, . on h.s hands ; and had, moreover, grave caise i»riun»ni, » be uneasy abou. Scotland. To win •).. hearty goodwill of his own ,ubjec» Z an The"' T'i, '^lr°"""Sly. .owardi he ""d 0" "95. he gathered at Westminster an assembly tha. was m eveor sense a national parliamem. The writs callTne airected. The three es.ates were present : even .he lower clergy were represen.ed. On i.s comng .o«.ier ■tsu-aigh.wayfumued .he sole du.y of a narliJ^n; • have been fuUy aware of .he importance of the sten h, was taking. 1„ .he wri. addressed .o the archbisW t uses Unguage which shows his sense .ha. p^fatn^wa^ o become a necessary part of .he S.a.e in Engird *U .s a mos. just law,' he says, • .ha. what concenifaU should be approved of by all, and .hat common dangle should be me. by measures provided in commo^ Se lowlr clergy ceased .o sit in parliament after a .Le jbm v^th .0 wX°"' 'r "'^ '^-^ national co,^'cir worthy !:r^aMSl.XS""""""™ """"■""''*' -»« ^J'tZ^JX'" !»'" ("9« *«one 'hing stiU wantingto f solemn ^1,"* T"* '° "" """^nK-P of parliament-! pow rT.Llhe n ', ^"' "^ *' "'"« *»« " alone "ad Ho>^ er to lax the nation— was trami»rl tk^ * o . ,4^.-ia ia97. Edward /. and Parliament, 35 war had broken out ; and Edward, in his extreme need of money, acted rather tyrannically. He demanded a large grant from the clergy, and when they confirm.. would not give it, withdrew from them the «i°"of«h« protection of the law. He seized the wool in ZT""' the hands of the merchants-though only as a loan-and did many other things which set at naught the rights of fnd ??°^ r 7^1 ^r "' '"^'"'^ ' '^^ Earls of Norfolk and Hereford refused either to lead an army to Gascony -which, as marshal and constable, Edward thought they were bound to do-or to go with the king to Haiders When Edward went to Flanders they took advanUee of his absence to force on the Government arhomef and Great Charter and the Charter of the Forest) But thi-rl were added seven new clauses, in which the Wng promUeS^ among other things, to take from his peoplf "^ tasks, or pnses but by the common assent of the reim L^n ; 1, ^1 ^^^ ^ ^"" ^'*"' '° parliament of what has been called the power of the purse, which for many yea« simply me^mt that without a vote of parliament the crown ^J'lTl T^^l' '^ "^^'"«^ '^ ^'^ «««^ i«<:ome raised from feudal and other sources. BOOK II. fVAZ£S AND SCOTLAND. CHAPTER I. WALES. I. Foremost among the events that hastened the growth of parliament are the conquest of Wales (i277fi28^ and the attemnt tn ^^ c.f-_ , . \ V"77-I2«3J, lri«^. • ^' ■" *""H»« ^tuuiina ^1290-1328). The king's income was too small to enable him to do morj 24 i III I, Rise of the People. »274-^. ask his people .o Sm ll^' °" ""' ■« '«'«' «<> an easy way of gfw„^™, ThrH."°"y- J^ ^ed of people, or Ae ^i«r^l*:J;*=''"' ''"^' "' *« made the use of the n^rfu ' " **>' *«« oalled, wouM^vebeefiX'^tS'' "^ '»-^«"*-^ only p^' oTt' :o:itr r'-r " "^ ^'•''"'' '• -» On™ o, From the S Hi V "" "°" » =»"*<"• "•B?- had been stla" Vwi^J'^r ^t""""* " constant war which the fI^iT ? °" ** ^ost it. border, wagedtithts pi' * '^^''-T"" °" especially into the southern „ - . ^^ ^'^ Passed In ..77 Wales had sh^T ,C«M " ''"' '«'"' '^'^ former size ; and even Z JeT „f l."""*- **" ""^^ "» for a long time a vassal of t^ip of this region had been him homage when His^lstd^frrhim "^' """""^ '° •"> t.e^elfy::«,errp'r otest^co^' ~r coronaticn and do him I,„L ' f """' "P «o his He was again and a«k t™^' . P"'"^ '''''''ed. either mJegro^LTexcur""""''''"' ™ ™'"- "e conditions «Sich could n^^S' ' *'"'''' <=""•« ""ly on mo.,over, an oM ^irL^^^^'^-^;^ Edward had. helped the baronialDaS, T 1 ' ^'"'^ ^ had Llewellyn did his W^k" ^l"*" °^ ^"' Simon. Hemo-Ttha^oncet^kea^ :,^ 1' TT' •? " "^ cipality, and plunderedThfi I ? ,'"'"'*" "'^his prin- bours/'EdwJ?S^"bo^l*J„^^» ° .his ^"e«sh neigh- could bear it no W H. °Tn S"' ' 'l'" *" "'6 he fords, and told themTuut"ue;Z S dol^Vr "* lords were Llewellvn'c «««. ^ "°"®- These Llewellyn aliUe^a^Sslr'ei ^T '^'V -- oy iaw they ^ ^ POwer-to p^i^^-^-'^n ^'ng made , he had to le need of ses of the we called, felt than it ard I. was so called, onquest it he almost ittled oh i pressed I of them, n half its Siad been md to do mmoned ip to his refused, lin. He only on u-d had, he had Simon, a head, lis prin- neigh- 1276 he s great These iy and li and t on a ia76-82. Wales, 25 brother peer who was charged with having sinned against the king. They gave Edward authority 'to go upon Llewellyn ' ; and the war with Wales began. 4. A single campaign was enough. In the summer of 1277 Wales was assailed at the same time from the south, east,, and north. The king in person led an armv from Chester to Anglesey. The Welsh prince was forced to his knees\ without a battle. Edward was a generous foe ; he was content with getting from Llewellyn a promise to do homage to him at Rhuddlan and at London, to pay a fine of 50,000/., and a yearly rent of 1,000 marks (a mark was the two-thirds of a pound). These sums were about equal in value to r, 000,000/. and 13,000/. of our money. He took back also into his own kingdom some lands east of the Conway which had been lost in an earlier war. The first and last of these conditions he meant to be kept ; the fine and the yearly rent for Anglesey he afterwards gave up. Llewellyn came to London, did homage, and was allowed to marry Eleanor de Montfort, Earl Simon's daughter. She had some time before fallen into English hands when on her way to Llewellyn, to whom she had been betrothed. The Welsh difficulty seemed thus to be fairly ended. 5. It was not so, however. In 1282, Llewellyn's brother, David, who had taken the English side in 1277, and who thought that the broad lands which had been given him in England were a poor reward for Pn'waLr" his services, burst with a body of followers "^'" into Hawarden Castle on Palm Sunday. There he seized Roger Clifford, one of the king's justices, and killed the knights and esquires that were with him. Then the united fom»«4 t i^<..<.ii j '-•■• ""•-» j^ivnr^ii^ji pasacu across tne marches, wasted the lands, burnt the homesteads, and slew the inhabitants, men and women, young and aid tr ii i [^ 1 26 Rise of the People. 1281-4. Anelesev R.,^ ru ,""^*^".,foast, and again entered -riiigiesey. liut Llewellyn still held axw tk« tt it. MIH '"."k"' °"'^ '^^ "'■" 'o W' ™in. He ts em Mo« mer a«d Cfford were leading along the line of the iiSTd Jr.. N«« Builth he was caught unawares Wdsh w„ ft a distance from his own men, and cut down sacrilege. For these crimes he was doomed to be w J« el T" '° ^^^ ^^"°^'' ^^"&«d» disembowelled, cuS 553. f "^, quartered-penalties that were until very lately the legal punishment of treason He was executed accordingly. reason, ne ruJ: nf w ^^ '°°^ ^"^^^ P^'"' ^° ^^«^« ^he future govern- ment of Wales wisely and justly. He passed a whole ye^r Settlement ^ the Country that he might do so. His aim of WaJe.. was to rule Wales in the same wav in whirh hSc I,- A ^^ 't'''^ England, without actually joining it to his kingdom. He gave his eldest son, Edward-caUed l*^.. ■iwpswmw 1284-95- IVa/es. 27 * of Caernarvon,' as having been born there in 1 284— the title of Prince of Wales. He cut up the principality into shires after the English fashion. He set up English law so far as he thought it would suit a folk like the Welsh. But Wales was still kept apart from England. Except on two occasions (1322 and 1327) it had no voice in the national parliament until Henry VIII., himself of Welsh descent, gave it, in 1536, the right of sending up members to the English House of Commons. Edward's way of dealing with Wales was on the whole successful. Of course the Welsh people were not content ; but they made only two serious risings against English rule— one in 129s and one under Owen Glendower in Henry IV.'s reign. This proves how solid and thorough Edward's workmanship was. CHAPTER II SCOTLAND. I. Twelve years later Edward was led, partly by the course of things, partly of his own will, to take in hand the conquest of Scotland. This he did because Attempt to he wished to join together all the parts of confer Britain into a single state. It turned out to be ^SaS. a much harder task to conquer Scotland than to conquer Wales. He worked at it earnestly for the last eleven years of his life ( 1 296-1 307) ; but when he died it was still unfinished. And chiefly because of the feebleness of those who came after him it never was finished. In 1328 Scotland got the ruling power in England to grant thatjt was entirely independent. Afterwards it was only by the weaker nation giving the stronger a king that at last, in 1603, the two kingdoms passed into the hands of the same ruler. 28 Rise of the People. 1286.. J: 1:^ \ i ^ilJ^llTf^ """^ "'^ '"^'P"" '" «Sh.ing against tdward were of the same origin as the English them- ^ '^- fi« r.; " "'^ '-;*'^"-^^ *« --'^ '" ii.h f<». I'« between the Tweed and the Forth was caJled-and the lowlands of AbeXnsWr, that sent forth the most stubborn foes to EdwI^d T " '^oland'ucTtH'T'r""' ^"«'*"<»= for the name as late as the Conqueror's time it meant only that Dart of ".odem Scotland which stretches from the Fo«h Z\t as't'lll "s'o'" ^'""'' '■'' ""'= ^^""-"l '-k in lI an as well. So men came to call themselves Scots who were n^ally as much of English blood as the men of Ken? The,r speech was English ; their form of governmem was hke that of the Enghsh. They had everg^e hr, ugh a kmd of Norman Conquest t for JZ twelfti, century Norman chiefs had gone to ScotllnH ,! sec what they could win for themsXes They had won lands a«d titles there, and had go, on so weUAat iH hundred years most of the chief Scottish nobles were Normaj. by b.rth and habits. But the common fol^ of^Ae lowlands, even of those north of the Forth, werrmosUy Teutonic. These men had become proud of theirTde pendence. and now fought for it They now held them selves aloof from both the highlanders of the ^rth ^d north-west and the men of Galloway on the west-manv of whom even took the English side in the quar" 1- and after keepmg up a seemingly hopeless struggle for y'e^s they won in the end. ^ ' 3. Nor were the English and Scots as yet much divided ucht"fd, 7 "'' T'' They were' far fronT bdng such deadly foes as they afterwards became. Indeed thmgs nad rather gone to bring them to^eth.r l^Tt 200 years had been English barons as well as Scottish I3S6. Scotland. ap kings. Many of their nobles had as great an interest in the English as in the Scottish kingdom, since they owned broad lands in both. The names of Bruce and Baliol are often found in the roll of fighters on one side or the other in the wars of the English barons with their king. For loo years, too, there was unbroken peace between the kindred peoples^ for it was King Alexander's alliance with his brother barons of England that drew upon Scotland the furious foray of 1 216. 4. Some say that a Scottish king of those days was something more than an English baron, that he was a vassal of the English crown for his Scottish The kingdom. We cannot clearly show that this '^^^ was so or was not so. It is true that Scottish Scotland, kings often did homage and service to the English king before as well as after the Norman Conquest. But it is also certain that most, if not all, of these held lands in England ; and it is therefore possible that their homage and service were for their English lands only. Yet many cases of this kind are found — from Malcolm, who 'bowed to' Canute in 1 031, to Alexander III., who became the liege man of Edward I. ' against all nations.' There is, too, much doubt about one or two of these kingly vassals being English barons ; so that it is most likely that some loose feudal tie did bind the northern to the southern king. In any case Edward I. certainly be- lieved himself to have good grounds for claiming some sort of supremacy over Scotland, when he was called upon to judge who had the best right to its throne. S' Scotland was enjoying the blessings of a long peace, and was steadily growing in wealth and prosperity, when its king, Alexander III., the last male descen- Alexander <4an» rxf \X7:ii;om ^k^ T :>^^ r^r <.I V.Ce. III. of Scot. -uiuiit. vx ft ixt toLxxs. ^>J.\, JUiUIl, ICII UVCX lliC CIIIIS I J "j- at Kinghom, and was killed (1286). All his ia86. children had died before him, and the next in succession ! I Ij I r Rise of the People. ,286-91, b»nd Enc, kmg of Norway. The title of this girl who was also called Margaret, was at once admitted b^h^ Scots. Steps were taken to bring her to her kingdom • and guardians of the Scottish realm were name^foTle m the meantime. 6. This state of things lasted until 1290. King Edward does not appear ,0 have thought of interferin|-indeed from .286 to ,289 he was absent from his own kingdom on Gascon and other affairs. But in 1289 he began to take a hvolj mterest in a matter that touched him so nearly. i„ this year Eric of Norway and the guardians of Scotland applied to him for counsel and h«5pTaX managed to settle things in a way which fj^sed 1 Trotyof P"i'e«- 'n "»e summer of 1290 the estates B^>™, of Scotland met at Brigham near the Border and joyfully agreed to the marriage of Mar- garet of Norway with Edward of Caernarvon, on co" dition that Scotland should always remain a separate kmgdom. wjth Its 'rights, laws, and liberties ' unchanged. ".f."^ M * "'°"„"'' '^"'' ** ''*»* "f ">e child, ■"^- , Margaret, at Orkney-where she had landed ScotUndo """ '"'"'' ''"^'"'■"-"■"wthe affairs of Scotland once more into confusion. 7. Many claimants of the Scot'tish throne now came forward ; and ,t would seem that Edward was askedT TheScotdsh J"^S:e Which had the best right. In 1291 he succession, went to Norham, met the Scottish nobles and .c .k\ ^^*^"^'"«"fty on the Border, and demanded, as the first thmg, that he should be recognized by al nohl! " '^^^ '""t 1 ^^"^^"^^- ^^^- --e delay the nobles yielded to this demand ; the Commonalty seem to have made some objection, but no notice was taken of it At last the supremacv of th** P«rri;ei, _ . rj ... , 2 J -- — — '««giiaii \,iuwn over tne Scottish was placed beyond a doubt. Edward then took 4u^. 1291-92. Scotland, 3« in hand the great cause, and he certainly spared no pains to make his judgment a fair and lawful one. He passed a whole year in gathering light on the subject from every quarter and in every way he rould think of. There were thirteen claimants in all ; but of these only three had anything like a reasonable case. These were John Baliol, Robert Bruce, and John Hastings, ^^, and who were respectively the grandson, son, and l^»s»>n««- grandson of the first, second, and third daughters of David, Earl of Huntingdon, younger brother of William the Lion, whose last descendant had just perished in the girl, Margaret of Norway.' According to later notions, the right clearly belonged to John Baliol ; but there was still some doubt whether the rule of succession to the Scottish throne was the same as that to feudal lands. It was even thought possible that the kingdom of Scot- land was a possession that ought to b«» shared equally among the three claimants ; and this was the case made by Hastings. But in 1292 King Edward, after having patiently heard and carefully weighed the arguments of all, gave judgment in favour of John Baliol. Thereupon Baliol did homage to his sovereign at Berwick, and then following Edward into England, again did homage and swore fealty to him at Newcastle. 8. But this was only the beginning of troubles. Though • Table showing the chief claimants to the Scottish Crown. David I., d. 1153. I Henry, d. 1152. »Y' William the Lion. Alexander II. Alexander III. Margaret. tf argaret of Norway David, Earl of Htintiiigdoa. Mari^areC. I)ervo!rs^. John Baliol. Isabel. AdL John Hastii^p, 32 Rise of the People. 1292-96. Ldward had ,n the plainest words renounced all claim to the most valuable rights of a feudal sotreL 'Yt' f-« u ^T ''•" ""'"'"^ *° ''«t«n to appeals 7rom or^scou... theS J, courts of justice ; ''ant ca^e" of the kind soon came before him ir ^ance, in ..,3, „..« Macduff, a ,oJ^l^7JZZ fife, having been worsted in a s„if tfc=. ""=^a"o' certain lands before the Scottish !»,. "^"Z '"^ case before Edward Ts lord ' '^""^'^ •>'» R^ii,,? '^"wara, as lord superior of ScotlanH Baliol was summoned to Westmhist,.t- ,1 ^°"*"'' charge of having denied justice ,oofte„fK''T" ^ He disobeyed a, first ; but-^ on a «cond sumrl'„ ' i!!"'' sent him, he appeared befom the E ,^Hh couTaL^":? u that he dared no. so far humble himl^t t'o a'slt ud™?'f" ™"" ""hout taking the advice of his estares /nlrrfirT^i^f ^'™" ^^^'"'' -""' ^^ - - P-' 9. Now the Scots were a high-spirited rac^ .nH r u keenly the way in which their king lis tre'td Aero J >ngly, when Edward, in I2qc was for^L * ''*'°''^' Fra«^« * ' ^^' ^^^ torced mto a war with France to recover Guienne whirh K-Jn^ dkm ; , from him by a trick the Scm. li ^^ ^'}^ ^^^ ^°^ fMnJ.,; A ^ ^^^^y ^«"«d the oppor- Alliance be- tunity. A Secret alliance was m-.A^ k * iween Scot- QrnHor.^ „ j _ "'*"^*^ *^« "lade between PI"/ p~^::^ed'^rg!;eta*n^^^^^^^^^^ in history h^r^d^ tZ^^^t It^I ^'^^ from time to time for almost th^ihlJ I '''"''""'' was only broken up by t R:ffr,io„""ottT"eemh century. After the treaty was made Lll '""""* foolish enough to cross the^Irder a„d VavL M ,r'* ^^. Upon this the war of S^otrSe^den:; i 1296. Conquests of Scotland. %% CHAPTER III. FIRST AND SECOND CONQUESTS OF SCOTLAND. I. The War of Scottish Independence lasted for thirty- two years — from 1296 till 1328. Early in 1296 King Edward led a powerful force northwards, en- war of tered Scotland and stormed Berwick, putting d*^"ndence most of the townspeople to the sword. By ^%^\yiA. nature Edward was a merciful king ; and it would not be easy to account for his ruthless spirit on this occasion. Halting for a time to see the effect of the blow on Baliol, but receiving only a formal defiance, he led «_ 1 .r or sent his men against Dunbar. Whilst be- Dunbar, sieging this place the English are said to have *'^" been attacked by a host of Scots and to have won a great victory. Dunbar was taken. Edward's next stage was Edinburgh, where the castle gav2 him some trouble, but yielded after a siege of a week. Still pushing northwards, he never paused until he reached Elgin. Every stronghold fell before him ; the gavrison even of Stirling had not the heart to defend their charge, but ran away when Edward approached. At Brechin or Montrose King John delivered himself up, and was sent into England. Wherever Edward went he made all the great landowners do him homage, and took care to keep a formal record of each case. Before summer was past, the conquest of Scotland pim Con- was to all outward appearance complete. Then UJ^^Sd having made Earl Warenne guardian of Scot- ia9«- land, Cressingham treasurer, and Ormsby justiciar, and went back to England. 2. Yet next year Scotland was in arms. E. H, D In the first 'I S4 Rise of the People. „„^ whTII'.h''."^',,^""'™ ^'^''«' "» »o" of a knight who had . .mail cute called Ellerslie, in Ren?*" w"S*" ^'"7 !'""*' '"'" "="°" ^ ■'■' o*" or his %f' ^ll"^'"?^'' «"' '"«**" »" """•d band and began that career which has riven him SL, rS "™'r '""°'^- '"'" 0- " '^o no" lire deeds of danng, he made a dash on Scone cha^d O^sby from the town, and seized the ,«"U Tat lay there. He was then joined by Sir William n^ an o„«.w like him«.f ; a^ the Ive^rZn^rfw' into a national rising. Warenne happened to te in England at this time, but by King Kdward*. orde„ he Te'^eWlioT t e tl"^ '°"? '" """' -«- -o c™^h ^e rebelhoa He had got as far as Stirling Brid e, and h.s men were slowly marching across, when Walhc^ who ?:Llf 1 Zi '"""','•" '■<>"''*«" « Cambuskenneth. SSX"" "'?'*'»"»'' towards the head of the bridge crossed !!'"^. '«'*"<' «^'" '<> P«ces those who hid srtcken Enrf.T".^^'^ ""•. ''""'^ = =»■» *e panic- stS^ flf-f? ? "5° *"* ""' »" *e safe side of the ,h? ™, .Ir """''"• ■^' "rongholds lost so easUy ^ y*f ^f°« *«e re-taken ; and Wallace carried he men wued, burned, and wasted without mercv Reh.m mg to Scotland he took, or was given, the .Tt e of Gua *» and dunng the winter was all the king the cou„rhS In 1298, however, hi, career ended. ForEdwid,h« came himself with a mighty host, and .houghtffle.^t; a time by h.s enemy, who made the country a d«m Ba,,!. of w>*in his grasp at Falkirk. The patriot F-J»v. army fought nobly, but was almost desttoyed. was WaUactrtfl '!! l?.7i° ^^^. '""' *e field years. Hi. workfor Sco;i^d";a;*rne°' """ '" """ 1298-1304- Conquests of Scotland, 35 3. Falkirk was a barren victory. Famine drove Edward back to England ; and for five years no further serious effort was made to conquer Scotland. There Scotland left was certainly some fighting in Galloway, where SS^^JJa- Caerlaverock Castle was besieged and taken ^ifiv ill 1300. It would seem, too, that the English were still masters of the country south of the Forth. But in 1303 ICdward again invaded Scotland. His troops had in February met with a slight reverse near Roslin ; but he pushed boldly on nevertheless. Marching very swiftly, he passed through Edinburgh, crossed the Forth above Stirling, and found no enemy until he came to Brechin, which made a gallant defence until its commander was killed. Stirling Casie alone held out, but was left un- touched as yet. Next year the Scottish nobles made a formal surrender of the country to Edward at Strathorde ; and the siege of Stirling was undertaken, g.^ ^^ Stirling was ne easy place to take; its StfSuig, governor, Oliphant, and the few valiant men *^" who served with him, withstood the whole might of Ed- ward for ninety days. Hunger at last forced Second them to >'ield ; they were sent to England, ^"^uSd "^ and a second time Edward had Scotland iSI- ' in his power. 4. He dealt very gently with it. Taking as his advisers three Scotsmen— one of whom was Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick, soon to be famous— he brought to- _. ., gether a mixed body of Scots and English, setUemeM and with their help drew up a plan for ruling °' Scotland, his conquest that is marked by kindliness as well as wisdom. His hope was that the two peoples would in time become one ; and his scheme of government was designed to hasten this happy issue. But for one man there was now no mercy, whatever there might have been a year earlier. In 1304 Wallace had declined to place ii I 36 Rise of tfte People. «304^. Wms«lf at the king's will ; and when he was taken near Glasgow m ,30s, he was sent up to London, and after a D-uth of "^'^d of trial, was put to death at Tyburn. Wdi-.. with all the dreadful tortures that the L™f fx . *;"«^and now made the punishment of treason (August 1 30s). But as yet Wallace was the only Scotsman who died on the scaffold by Edward's orders. Though many of the nobles and clergy had sworn fealty again and again, and broken their oaths as often, not one paid the penalty of his crime. *^ 1 1 RobcR Bruce •trikes for th* Scottish orown, 1306. CHAPTER IV. ROBERT BRUCE. I. Again there was peace in Scotland ; but it was short- lived. In 1306 Robert Bruce, grandson of the claimant of 1291-92, slipped away from the English court, and having slain the Red Comyn, Baliol's sister's son, at Dumfries, got himself crowned king of Scotland at Scone. Ambition, not patriotism, seems to have been his rulinir motive m taking this step ; but the heroism he afterwards showed throughout his wonderful career goes far to atone for his crime— if crime there were— at the outset. But at first Bruce's attempt was but a bold stroke for a crown No general rising took place, a s in 1 297. For years King Robert was a mere adventurer, with litUe other support than that of his personal followers and friends. Indeed untU 1310 his enterprise wore a very hopeless look. ' 2. In June, Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, Fight of grandson of John's queen by her second hus- M«hv.n. band, and now governor ot Scotland, suddenly burst upon ijrucc at Methven, near Perth, routed hislittle band.and drove him,a homeless vagabond, Ui. 1306-10. Robert Bruce, $7 to seek shelter in the West. On his way thither he was assailed by the highlanders under John of Lorn, and saved himself only by marvellous courage and skill. Then disaster followed disaster ; for by this time Ed- ward had again approached the Border ; and though the hand of death was slowly closing upon him, still from his couch at Lanercost he eagerly watched and, so far as he could, guided the course of events in Scotland. A great change had come over him. He now breathed nothing but vengeance. Nearly every male prisoner of rank who fell mto his hands was sent to the scaffold. Three of Bruce's brothers, and many other of his stoutest partisans thus perished. The Countess of Buchan, who had placed the crown on Bruce's head, was shut up in a cage in Berwick Castle ; but his wife and daughter were honourably treated in England. 3. All this time Bruce was roving about in the Western isles, or landing on the mainland only to be beaten and chased back into his hiding-places by an English force. Once he .vas cheered by a slight success. In May 1307, he withstood and drove back Pembroke at i^^^^ Loudon Hill, in Ayrshire. Yet in a few days Hiij,?307. he was again a fugitive ; but in the following July King Edward died at Burgh-on-Sands, near Car- lisle, and Bruce's enterprise became possible. Se^ jiJiy For Edward's son and successor, Edward IL, *^*'^- was a man of very different mettle from his father's, and Bruce's chances became more encouraging. 4. Yet for the first three years after his sleepless foe's death he made but slow progress. Though he managed to keep the field, he gained no stronghold. Every fortress m Scotland was stiU in English hands. But in 1310 Edward IL ma.t\t^ :> crr^nri inm,^^;^^ ...u:-i. /•. m. 1 . owing to King Robert's resolute policy, the invaders could neither find an enemy nor live in the country. 38 Rise of the People. 1314-27. Bruce then took courage, attempted town after town to such good purpose that in 1314 he was master of every place of strength in his kingdom save Stirling and Berwick ; and in the June of this year his men were pressmg Stirling so hard that its governor engaged to deliver it up if by the following St. John's Day Qune 24) he were not relieved. 5. This roused the spiritless Edward to a great effort ; and on the eve of St. John's Day a huge host of English, Battle of ^cd by their king in person, came in sight of Bajnodc. Stirling. Hitherto King Robert had been ' very careful not to fight ; but he made up his mmd to risk a battle now rather than lose his chance of getting Stirling ; and the great battle of Bannockburn was the result. Bruce chose his ground with sound judgment. The English archers were scattered by a charge of Scottish horse ; and the mounted men-at-arms, huddled together in a narrow space, through which alone the Scots could be reached, were easily discomfited by the Scottish spearmen. Edward and his men fled in wild disorder to Berwick ; and Stirling surrendered the same evening. 6. Scottish independence was now as good as won. At this time the English power was greatly weakened by the quarrels of Edward II. and his barons ; and Bruce was able in 1318 to retake Berwick, and in 1322 to lead his victorious Scots almost to the gates of York. He more- Truce of over forced Edward to make two truces, of '3»3. which the latter, made in 1323, was for thir- teen years, and whilst it refused to give, aUowed Robert to take the royal tide. In 1327, when the worthless Edward was dethroned, and his young son, Edward III was made king in his stead, King Robert brok« the truce, and sent an army into England, which defied aU the efforts of the boy king's counsellors to bring it to a WM 1314-27. town to of every ling and len were gaged to June 24) It effort ; English, sight of ad been e up his tiance of lockburn li sound 5d by a at-arms, ch alone lilted by fled in ired the won. At d by the Lice was iead his e more- uces, of for thir- obert to orthless rd III., ike the tied all it tea 40 * Rise of the People. ,3,8-29. battle This inroad was the last event of the war. In 1328 a peace was made in which England gave up Peace of «) Robert the kingship and independence of Nonh^p- Scotland which he had been so lo'ng figging for. This IS known as the Peace of North- ampton, being so called from the place where the parlia- Bnieedie,. ment met which gave it its sanction. In the ^ following year Robert died, leaving the crown to his son David, a lad but five years old. BOOK III. THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR, CHAPTER I. THE KINGS OF ENGLAND AND OF FRANCE. '^Zr^c.t^ ^m'"' P^ °^ '^^ '^° *^^"^""« and a half land Ind nf ? ^°^"^^"^y (1204-1453) the kings of Eng- land and of France were at war with each other This was chiefly owing to the fact that the English king^sti',! o?Ente ^ large portion of southern France. The keep region called by English writers Guienne. Gu.en„e which Stretched northwards from the Pyrenees almost to the river Charente, still remained in thei possessK,n. Once indeed it seemed likely that they vould have to part with this country also. In 7Z Lewis VIII., the same Lewis who was driven from Eng irms'?nto r. ^°"^"«ring lower Poitou, pushed L arms into Gascony also ; but it was recovered shortly afterwards by William Longsword, Earl of Salisbury. ^ 2. Henry III. made several attempts to get back the rrrf .f 'f' ^'^ ^^^^- ^-^ ^-t ; L it L not umn ^.y w.«. u.e lOng quarrel was set at rest by a treaty of peace. By this treaty, Lewis IX., of his own free will, gave fll^aaijii^&SaMib^^ja^^t^i:^^fif^}^a^g^^^^.,^;^^ «S9-«324. The Kings of England and France. 41 back to Henry III. several of the conquests he had made. Henry agreed to do homage for these and for Gascony, and to give up aU claim to "mT the others which his fatKc^r and himself had lost Thus the kings of England were dukes of Guienne long after they had ceased to be dukes of Normandy and counts of Anjou. 3- This dignity added little to their real strength. The French kings, whose vassals they were, regarded them with great jealousy, and were ever on the watch for an excuse for taking their French lands from them. In 1294 Philip IV., caUed the Fair, actuaUy did get them but m a shamefull: dishonest way. He summoned Ed- ward I. to P^ answer for the conduct of certain Gascons, sub. ^f his, who had given help to the Eng- lish sailors in a strange kind of war that for a time raged between the English and the Norman seafaring folk Edward did not appear, but sent his brother Edmund Earl of Lancaster, in his place. Philip said Edward I ' he was willing to push the matter no farther bricked out if Guienne was put into his hands for forty t^T^^' days, promising to restore it at the end of that time Edmund accepted the offer; and Philip's officers were put in possession of the duchy. But Philip broke his word, and wheft the forty days had passed, stiU kept Guienne ; and Edward was forced to go to war with him. This war was uneventful, but worthy of notice as having been the means of winning from Edward the Confirmation of the Charters. The upshot of it was that Edward go* back Guienne in 1303. 4. Again, in 1324, Charles the Fair, PhUip's son fastened a quarrel of a like nature on Edward II took Guienne into his hands, and only gave it back aaain W« young Edward, Earl of Chester, afterwards Edward III ' was sent over to do homage in his father's place. Alto-' MR 43 Rise oftJie People. i324>28. gether Guienne was a fruitful source of trouble to its duke in England ; but ( the English it was in one way an advantage that thcir kings still kept a footing on French soil. No single cause did so much to strengthen the hands of the newly-created Parliament. So long as he had Guienne to defend, an English king could never be sure of peace ; and when war, or threat of war, arose, he had to ask his Parliament for money. 5- But at no time did the Third Estate, as the Com- mons were called, gain so much power as in the Hundred Years' War. When that war began it was the weakest of the three estates ; when the war ended it was the Diuieofthe Strongest. And it is very likely that the Ye"sS''war ^^'^^^''^^ dears' War would never have taken place if Guienne had not belonged to the king of England ; for the way in which this war between the kings of France and England broke out was the following. 6. Early in 1327 Edward II. was deposed because he was unfit to rule, and his elder son, Edward, then only a Edward lad of fourteen, became king. Until his "Liking, eighteenth year he was under the guidance of »?t7. his mother, Isabella of France, and Roger Mortimer, who had planned and carried out the overthrow of his father. These two had taken on themselves the rule of the nation, paying little respect" to the council of bishops, earls, and barons chosen for the purpose. In 1328 the last of Philip the Fair's sons,* Charles the Fair, * Table showing Edward III.'s claim to the French crown. Philip III. I 1 Philip IV. (the Fair) lulipV. Jane. Charles of Navarre. Cnaries iv. (the Fair) Charles of Valoit. I Philip VI. Isabeiia. Edward I II. of England. ■ 13*8-37. The Kings of England and France. 43 died, leaving no son to succeed him ; and Edward, as the grandson of Philip through Isabella, Philip's daughter, put in a claim for the empty throne. Of this claim no notice seems to have been taken ; and Philip of Valois, the son of Philip the Fair's brother, was accepted as king. Next year Edward did homage to Philip of Valois for Guienne, thus seemingly allowing his future rival's title. 7. In 1330 young Edward shook off the control of his mother and Mortimer— sending Mortimer to the scaffold —and made himself king in fact, as he was already king in name. A few years afterwards fighting began between some of his lords in the north and the regency that held sway in Scotland during the minority of David Bruce ; and in 1333 Edward was easily drawn into „ ^ the war. He won the battle of Halidon Hill, HiudoS retook Berwick, overran Scotland, joined "'"• '333- Lothian to his own kingdom, and set up Edward Baliol, John Baliol's son, as vassal king of Scotland north of the Friths. The Scots fought against his designs with their usual dogged courage ; and he had himself to lead armies more than once into their country. But in the main his work prospered, and there is little doubt that if he had not turned aside from his task Scotland would have been conquered at last. But at this point PhiUp of France stepped in, and, taking the part of David Bruce, so annoyed Edward that he revived his half-forgotten claim to the French throne, and began a war that proved one of the longest and saddest in history. Philip thought he might make such a use of Edward's war in the north as to win Guienne for himself. Accordingly phiUp of he sheltered Bruce, who had been driven from '''*°ce aids Scotland, sent mi>n ar.H c^^iVe ♦« «;j n ._ ^*'?***f -, ^ -j.t.jjj nj a.i.\x. JUXU^C'5 £>QgUUiu. party, threatened to invade England, and sent troops agamst Guienne. Edward had to make his choice— asi 44 Rise of the People, 1337- either to go to war with France or to lose Guienne. He chose to go to war ; and wishing to gain support for hist EdwMd cause, took the title and, a little later, the aims the'FreS of a French king. His claim, though skilfully crown. put, was an utterly groundless one. It had come to be regarded as a law in France, that not only no woman, but also no man who traced his descent from the blood royal through a woman only, could wear the crown of the country. This was called the Salic law ; and by it Edward, whose link of connexion with French royalty /as his mother Isabella, had plainly not a shadow of right. But Edward took another view of the Salic law ; he said that it kept from the French throne women only,' but not their sons if these were otherwise the nearest of blood. In this way he, as grandson of Philip IV. (the Fair) would have had a beitertitle than Philip VI. (o» Valois), -ho was only a son of Philip the Fair's younger brother. In 1337, however, there was a boy, Charles of Navarre, who, by Edward's own way of putting the law, stood before him in nearness to the throne. But there is reason to think that Edward was only half in earne«"t in making and pushing on his claim. More than onct during the war his conduct would seem to show that he used the title of king of France to enable him to drive a more gainful bargain with the enemy when peace shoiJd be made. It was an unlucky step, however, as it greatly embittered the quarrel, and made a lasting peace ne::t to impossible. CHAPTER II. FIRST STAGE OF THE HUNDRED YEARS* WAR. I. The Hundred Years' War mav Ha A\yf\At^A ;«♦« *i,-^« parts. The first stretches from 1337 to the Great Peace ■ " 1337- 1337-40. The Hundred Years' War. " 45 of 1360 ; the second from 1369, when the war broke out again, to the Great; Truce of 1396 ; the third Th« from the breaking of this truce in 141 5 to the S^^'^fSj final loss of Bordeaux by Henry VI. in 1453. 1337" 453^' But in no one of these parts did the fighting go on con- tinuously from year to year. In each of them truces of greater or less length kept the foes apart now and then ; and in one (the third) the great prize seemed to have been really won by a treaty made at Troyes between the rival kings, Henry V. and Charles VI., in 1420. 2. At first King Edward III. tried to assail Philip VI. from Flanders. He had made allies there among the wealthy self-governed cities, and had an es- Edward pecially trusty friend in James Van Artevelde J."- •" —* the brewer of Ghent,' as his enemies called 1.^4^' him— and among the ^-udal princes and nobles jealous of France. He had won to his cause even the Emperor of the day, Lewis of Bavaria. He spent much treasure, and plunged himself into debt, in making war on this side, but gained nothing— only a little glory. Twice (in 1339 and f 340) he led huge armies southwards, both times met his rival, yet failed to draw him into a battle, and had to fall back baffled. He could not rely on his allies. His only success was the naval victory of Sluys— won in June 1340, over a French fleet that sought to bar his way Battle of as he was going to Flanders to start on one of siuyi, X34* his marches towards France. It was a strange kind of sea ■ battle. Both sides merely used their ships as platforms to fight from. After a desperate struggle, which lasted till nighti'au, the English men-at-arms and archers over- powered the French, who were almost all killed or drowned. The defeat was a crushing one, and is said to lordship uvcr tae narrow seas which England even then claimed and kept until ^e present century. But when Edward came back to 4i Rise of the People. »340-4«. England in November, he was sunk in debt, and au far from his object as ever. 3. After this the war shifted to Britanny, where a dis- pute about the succession to the duchy between John de War in Montfort, the half-brother of the late duke, Briuumy, and Charles of Blois, who had manried the late *'*** duke's niece Jane, gave Edward a chance of winning friends on French soil. Charles was the nephew of King Philip, and his claim was therefore supported by France ; whilst de Montfort sought help from Edward, offering to do homage to him as king of France in return. Edward accepted the offer, and sent aid, going himself over to Britanny in 1342 with 12,000 mer, The great event of this stage of the war was the heroic defence of Hennebon by Jane of Flanders, wife of de Montfort, who had been taken prisoner. Jane kept the enemy at bay for some months, hoping against hope, and was at last relieved by an English force led by Sir Walter Manny, a knight of Hainault, who became very famous during this part of the war. The Breton quarrel was not finally settled until the next reign. The cause of de Montfort won in the end. 4. In 1346 was fought ^^he g^eat battle of Cressy— won- derful in many ways, but especially so as showing the . height thai. English daring and force in war ofCKssy, had already reached. In July King Edward landed in Normandy with 30,000 men, and >346. went along the left bank of the Seine towards Paris. His purpose is not very clear : perhaps he wished to cross the river and join his Flemish allies. But every bridge had been broken down, and he found no means of getting across until he came to Poissy, not far from Paris. After some delav he managed to reach the rio'ht bank at Poissv. and at once headed northwards. King Philip, who had l)een lying with a large army in the neighbourhood of i^ 134*. The Hundred Years* War. 47 After Paris, went in pursuit ; and for a time it seemed as if his daring foes could not escape him. At the Somme their position was almost desperate ; after much searching and > dangerous delay, Edward had found a lord at Blanche- tache, but a full tide kept his army motionless on the southern bank for many hours. Had Philip come up then, as he might easily have done, it is thought that the English would have been cut off to a man. But he loitered at Abbeville ; the tide fell ; the French force that lined the opposite bank was routed, and Edward crossed. But on reaching Cressy (Cr^cy), in Ponthieu, he halted •his army, and waited for the oncoming of the French, On Saturday, August 26, the French army, said to have been 100,000 strong, came in sight ; and late in the day the battle began. 5. The English were drawn up in three divisions upon the slope of a hill crowned by a windmill, near which King Edward himself stood. His eldest son. Battle of Edward, Prince of Wales, a youth of sixteen, J^JJfgi a6, and still renowned as the Black Prince, led ly^ the first of these divisions ; the Earls of Northampton and Arundel the second ; the king himself held the third in reserve. The onset came from the French side, and was made first by the Genoese crossbowmen. But these were met and speedily thrown into confusion by the English archers, who were far superior to them in swift- ness and in sureness of aim. The discomfiture of the Genoese made it difficult for the French men-at-arms, who were next in order, to come on ; but at last these swept the bewildered crossbowmen from their path, and with the Count of Alen^on, King Philip's brother, at their head, fell upon the Prince's division. This was the most awful shock of the fight. At one time young Edward and his men were in great peril, and an earnest prayer Cor succour was sent to the king. But Edward would I ill 4* Rise of the PiopU. 1346-57. have hit child 'win his spurt' unaided, that the honour of the day might be his alone. In the end this onset 'was beaten back also. Alen9on made one more effort to pierce to the English centre, but was kiUed. His men fled ; the French army scattered in all directions ; and the French king galloped off the field When the fog that covered the ground until late in the following day (Sunday) cleared away, the most sickening scene of car- nage was disclosed. On the French side alone more than 30,000 had fallen ; the loss of the English is unknown. 6. But Edward, instead of leading the victors to Paris, which it is thought he might easily have done, marched SiM«of °" ^"d *aid siege to Calais. This town he CjWj.^ was bent on having ; and after a close block- ade, lasting for eleven months, he took it in August 1347. He drove out all the inhabitants who would not swear allegiance to him, planted English in their place, gave to these valuable privileges, and girt the city round with such strong defences as to show that he wanted to make and keep it purely English. In time it came to be looked on as a part of the kingdom 01 Eng- land. Henry VIII. even granted it the right to send members to parliament. 7. Seven weeks after the fight of Cressy, and while Edward was lying before Calais, a great success feU to the Fightof English on their own soil. In the autumn, cS,?ito- ^*v»<* 8"»ce, who had now come back to Scot- be' «346- land, fell upon the North of England with a large force. He was working great mischief to the country, when Henry Percy and Ralph Neville encountered him at a place near Durham, known as Neville's Cross. The Scots were thoroughly beaten, and Kmg David was him- self taken prisoner. He was a captive in England for eleven years, but was, in 1357, ransomed upon a truce. The mutual hatred of the nations made a lasting peace i I \ I i i «346-i35S. TAg Hufuind Years War. 49 impossible. Indeed, no treaty o' peace was made be- tween England and Scotland until rtenry VII.'s reign. 8. For eight years after the taking of Calais the war almost ceased. In 1348-9 a more fatal scourge even than war came upon England— the great Plague, called the Black Death, which in one year from war. carried off little, if anything, less than half '^^^*- the population. While it was fresh in men's minds, they •rrEEEANEAX SEA France after thb Treaty op 1359. (The dotted line encloses the lands held by the King of England.) — —'&=:•- v« w«ivi uiuigs viioii iigiiiing wiin r ranee ; and the truce ab-eady in force was renewed from time to time. But in 1355 the work of destruction began again. S.H. ^ so Ris€ of the People. 1356-60. In 1356 another great victory-that of Poitiers - was ymed bv the ^Inglish and Gascons. King Philip had died in tixc meantime, and his son John was now king tJ^^^^ I ' ^^'^ '^' ^^"^^^ ^""^«' ^ho ^a» then Uving at bordeaux as governor of Gascony, went north- Zn thr % P^"f ?""S ^^'d- On his way back he came posted themselves across his path, at Maupertuis, near ?:&/ ^°"^*^"- "'s f«rc« was small-barely 12,000: ScMtmber XCt when he found that John would hear of 'M* nothing but a fuU surrender, he drew up his men on a nsmg ground girt round with vineyards, and offered battle. A narrow lane was the only way by which ?fTT T^t '"^f '^^"^ '^^^ ^^^g« °" «ach side of this he Imed with archers ; and when the mounted men-at-arms of the French tried to force a passage they fell thick and fast before the deadly hail of arrows. When the archers had done their part, Edward issued from his position at the head of his cavalry, and after a stiff bit of fighting, routed and chased the enemy to the gates of Poitiers. Several thousands were slain ; the king, his son. and m^y nobles were made prisoners. Next spring the B.ack Prince sailed with his royal captives to England Three years later peace came. The terms that John first agreed to were rejected by the French States-general Pe«»of as dishonourable ; and King Edward, furious Sj'l^fc. ^\ "*>' getting what he thought himself sure *K V : * "^^ ^™^y '" a destroying march Pan-^^ TJ^'^'^ ^'T^ ^"^ Burgundy, even threatening ^ans. At Bretigny, however, he accepted a treaty that left him master of Poitou, and of all the country that spreads from Poitou to the Pyrenees, as well as of Calais and Ponthieu, in as full sovereignty as that by which he i3«7-7o. The Ilutidnd Years* War. SI CHAPTER III. SeCOND STAGE OF THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR. I. The peace that foUowed the Treaty of Bretigny lasted for but nine years. In 1367 the Black Prince was foolkh enough to march an army across the Pyrenees, Black to put back on the throne of C :'i,tac the king f^* _ who had been driven out, infaaous as Pedro UU^iSt?** the Cruel Though he added :o Js gU ies the victory of Najera, won over Pedro's half-bi rr,^,- ,,.d rival, Henry of Trastamare, he was forced by il.e faithlessness of his ally to return to Bordeaux, broken in health and bur- dened with debt. In his need he laid a hearth-tax on the Gascons ; but some of these would not pay it, and appealed against the tax to the king of France, as if he were stiU their supreme lord. By this time John was dead, and his son, Charles V., was on the French throne. Despite the Treaty of Bretigny, Charles Pe.cof listened to the complaints of the Gascons, and B«t««ny called upon Prince Edward to appear before ^e.^^ him at Paris. Edward sent a haughty answer ; and the war broke out again. 2. Few events of striking interest mark this stage. The Enghsh had not abated one jot of their skiU and daring, and m the field were as superior to the foe as ever. But Charles was wiser than his father "HSm^d, or grandfather, and, carefully avoiding battles, '^ left the English to waste their strength on profiUess marchings hither and thither. The Black Prince, too, was already m the grasp of the disease which „ killed him in 1376, and after wreaking a ifuSSi.. bloody vengeance on the men of Limoges who ^^^ had gone over to the enemy soon after the renewal of the nr«i, wiiiidrew to tngiand in 1371. 3. His brother, John, Duke of Lancaster, to whom 52 Rise of the People, 1370-1415. he left his post, was not a great leader in war. The war, therefore, now went altogether in favour of the French, who year after year attacked Guienne and Poitou. Though the English disputed the ground inch by inch, the French had before King Edward's death not only won back Poitou, but also made themselves masters of all Guienne save Bordeaux and Bayonne and some strong places on the river Dordogne. In 1377 Edward III. died, and the Black Prince's son, Richard of Bordeaux, came to the throne. Still the war went on, but on no settled plan. There were French descents on the English coast, English expeditions to France, fighting in Britanny, threatened French invasions of England, and a truce now Troeeof and then. Yet in 1396, when Richard made ^'.. u * *^^® ^^^ ^^ y®*" ^^* Charles VI., the English position was little changed from what it had beei m 1377. Edward III. diet. »377- CHAPTER IV. THIRD STAGE OF THE HUNDRED YEARS* WAR. I. Whin the war entered upon its third stage, the crown of England had passed to another line of kings. In »399 the people had risen in arms against Richard II., had taken the crown from him, and give.i it to his cousin. Henry Bohngbroke, son of John, Duke of Lanca..ter. Henry IV reigned until his death in 1413, and then his son, Henry V., became king. Henry V. was a man of vast ambition and great ability, and in 1415 !ie sailed Waragain ^™"* Southam^^ton to Normandy with a large renewed. army. Charies VI. of France was subject to fits of madne.3, and his kingdom was rent asunder bv the sfrifi* nf o/«»«««^: r...- „. -. Wished to take advantage of ti.eir disunion to force thj MIS- The Hundred Years' War. 53 French, by constant warflve, to admit his title to their crown. Yet he had not the shadow of a claim, not even Kmg Edward's ; for being a descendant only of Ed- ward's fourth son, he was not Edward's heir so long as any member of the Mortimer family, descendants of Edward's third son, Uonel, survived.* Nor h d he Edward's excuse for going to war. France was too busy tearing itself to pieces to have time to work mis- chief to its neighbours. 2. Henry's first attempt, though it ended in faitMre, was marked by the great victory of Agincourt On landing in Normandy he spent a long time in taking Harfleur, and then led his force, greatly ^JSS?" thmned by disease, towards Calais. He '*»5- made his way in the face of many difficulties to the Somme, and it was only after a long and tedious march up the left bank of this river that he was able to get across. But on coming near Agincourt (Azincourt) he found in front of him a huge French army, which he must either beat, or give up all hope of ever getting to Calais. Accordingly, on St. Crispin's day (October 25) the battle of Agincourt was fought 3. Again the odds were fearfully against the English. They were a mere handful— but 9,000 in all—ragged, half-starved, and wayworn ; whilst the enemy are said to have been 60,000. The fight differed, however, in one point from the fights of Cressy and Poitiers— the Engh'sh gave the onset. But the result was the same. The first line of the French was thrown into disorder by the shower of arrows that Uie archers poured in upon them, and was then broken in pieces by the men-at-arms; the second was routed after a two hours' con- ^^^, test bv the men-at-arms alnnA • fin/l «k* Oct tAxc' third, dispirited by the fate of the other t Se«T«lile, p. 77. gave way at 54 Rise of the People, 1415-33. the first shock. Three dukes, about a thousand of the inferior nobility, and of the common folk a countless number, were slain, arid there were two dukes among the prisoners. The English loss was small in comparison. 4. Two years afterwards (1417) Henry returned with a force of 16,000 men-at-arms and 16,000 archers, and at Conquest of °^^® ^^^ ^^°"' Conquering Normandy. Un. Neraundy. like Edward III., he wrought in deadly earnest at the task he had put his hand to. «4«7-«8- He was fully bent on making himself king of France, and threw his whole force into the work. Partly for this reason, and partly because the f jrious strife of French parties left him without an enemy in the field, he went much nearer gaining his object than Edward— indeed in a sense he did gain it. In two campaigns he mastered Nonnandy, with its strongholds, cities, towns, and seaports. It cost him an endless line of sieges, of which the siege of Rouen in 1418 was the one that taxed his powers most. But he took the place notwithstanding its stubborn re- sistance. 5. Next year (1419) he took Pontoise, and threatened Paris. And just as the two French parties seemed about to combme against him, John, Duke of Burgundy, the leader of one, was treacherously murdered by the friends Titatyof of .the other. Upon this. Burgundy's son, Troytt, Philip, joined Henry, and the French authori- '^ ties had to give ay. A treaty was made at Troyes by which Henry was to give up calling himself kmg of France so long as Charles VI. lived, but was to rule the country with full royal power under the title of Regent and Heir of France, and was to wed Charies's daughter Catherine. Henry survived this seeming fulfil- Henry V. nient of all his hopes for only two years. He die. 14-. ^je^ ^jj -Qg i^gj ^^y ^j- August 1422. His son Henry, a child ten months old, succeeded to his kingdom. S^Ss^S^ft^i^ i42a-3o. The Hundred Years' War, 55 John, Duke of Bedford, his elder living brother, took his pjace at Paris. 6. The war did not end with the Treaty of Troves. Charles, the French king's son, still fought for his rights as heir-and upon his father dying, shortly after Henry, asking. A large part of France upheld his cause. But Bedford was a wise ruler and skilful general ; t i. tv ,. and the English power went on spreading ofBSifSd:' until, by 1428, it had covered almost the whole of the country north of the Loire. 7. Next year the tide tamed. Whilst an English army was besieging Orleans, a young peasant girl, bom at Domremy m Champagne, known in history as Jeanne d'Arc, or the Maid, who believed i5G?' that she had heard heavenly voices bidding *4»9-3«. her go forth and deliver France, made her way with a handfiU of men into the city, and in a few days forced the Enghsh to raise the siege. She foUowed them, stormed Jargeau, and took their leader, the Earl of Suffolk prisoner. She then pushed on along the road to Paris' met Talbot-then thought to be the greatest »,,„ , hving soldier-at Patay, and beat and took Smy.^U captive him also. There was a general feeUng that the Unseen Powers were fighting on the side of the Maid, and the hearts of the English sank within them, while the courage of the French rose. When, therefore, Jeanne started on the second part of her divine mission, which was to bring Charles to Rheims to be crowned, she made her way to that place ahnost with ease, though the coun- toy through which she had to pass was in the hands of the enemy. This, the purely successful part of the Maid's career, lasted for less than three months (April 29— July vj, 1429). She now wished to go back to h^r hnm- k„* better for all if he had. Next year (1430) she was takeiX 56 Ris^ of the People. M3I. at Compi^gne, brought, after a long delay, to Rouen, was te%.,. [^«''!.<^*^arged with heresy and witchcraft before f"™»' M3r. the Court of the Bishop of Beauvais~who was. however, pushed on to the work by Bedford-found guilty and burnt (1431). She was treated basely by aU Bur- .MEmTEHRANEAPf F«AHC« AFTER THE PeaCE OF BrETIGNY. (Th« dotted lines enclose the Dominions of the King of England.) ttn^'p'^'/rP' T^^ her prisoner, sold her to Bedford ; Bedford sent her to the stake ; and Charle,, did not make the slightest effort to save her. «. rhe English power in France never recovered the shock she gave it. Bedford's wisdom and Charles's I'SE^'-^JM i» '43' -Sj. The Hundred Years' War. 57 slotli prevented the end coming as soon as it might have done; but the end was sure. Even the crowning of the lad Henry, at Paris, in If^Jl 143 1, faiied to check the downward course ^"^' ^'♦j'- of English affairs ; and when, in 1435, Burgundy and Charles made up their quarrel at Arras, and Bedford died another serious blow was dealt to the English. In 1436 Pans was lost For a time fate was kept at bay by the valour of Richard, Duke .f York, the future claimant of the crown of England, and old John Talbot, the former of whoni succeeded Bedford as regent. Indeed, English rule m France died hard ; in spite of all the efforts of both Charles and Burgundy, in 1444 the strangers still held Normandy, Maine, and Guienne. But in 1448 Mame was given up in accordance with a pledge that Henry had made when married to Margaret of Anjou three years before. In 1449 Charles led an army into Normandy, and never rested until he had re- Nomandv conquered the whole duchy. This done he "^covered went straight upon Guienne , and ere the sum- mC?o."' nier of 1451 was over Guienne to its last fortress was also his. Next year (1452) old Talbot and his son landed near Bordeaux with 4,000 men. They were asked to come by the inhabitants of Guienne, who disliked their new masters. They gained some successes at first ; but in HS3, both father and son were killed, and their army routed, at Castillon. In a few calHf,".! months Bordeaux yielded, and the Hundred ^453- ' Years' War was over. Calais alone remained to fie J^ngush. KS^---*' w 'W IP J. - 58 jR^'se ofth£ People. » 295-131 1. BOOK IV. ENGLAND IN THE FOURTEEN! H CENTURY. CHAPTER L PARLIAMENTARY PROGRESS. 1. DUKING the fourteen} h century and greater part of the Growth of fifteenth, Parliament grew steadily in pov^^r Pariuunent. and in.:H)rtanr:e. From the time when it hrst came mto being until th reign of Edward IV. (1295- 1461) it met with but cr.^ serious check in its progres-^ - the short-lived despot? ,iu of Richard II. before his fell m 1399. It would not be easy to tell with exactness what rights and what duties it had at first. It was suppose.; ' to have a voice in the making of laws ; yet the king made laws now and then without asking its assent. The king vould seem to have often asked its advice, yet it cannot be proved that he was bound to do so, or to take its advice when given. Though it was now and then <;^ed upon to sanction the king's acts, there is little doubt that most of his acts would have held good without its ap- proval. *^ 2. But two things about Parliament stand out in a very marked way, even in the first fifty years of its existence : Powers of (0 When it was thought needful to do any- Pariiament. thing in a specially solemn way, it was done in Parhament ; (2) Parliament alone had the lawful power of binding the estates of the kingdom to the payment of a tax. Let us take some instances of the first of these powers. Edward II. was a worthless king and wasted his substance. His nobles thought it right to try a»r put a stop to this, and in r. i ^ drew up a number c' dmances for the purpose. -Tow, not only were ^ ^i#|. ordinances accepted by Edward in Parhament, hut • LU- 295-13". rm irt A ihc n pover sn it hrst \ (1295- ogresr; — is fall in 5SS what upposei \% made 'he king t cannot take its n (;^Ued ubtthat t its ap- n a very stence : do any- done in >ower of )f atax. f these wasted try zxifi buf i> •3aa-6». Parliamentary Progress. 59 ParUament also were they revoked, when in ,322, Edward b»«jr.e a free agent once more. And the trea^ wT* W^ '" T^ ^"^ '""«'=<' '" Parliament. t may have been only a way of letting the nation know S nearly concerned itself, or the presence of the assLblert k.Utes may have been thought to make thfngTm«e solemn. Agam, the sole power of Parliament "ode"^ taxes was notquitesurelyfixed. ForatimethekLwaVabk Li f^l °(f '"^ '"PP"*' °''°«">«y now and ther mesne. Then, too, he sometimes brought together ,Z ^^'t^Le'Z^: ^""''T'^' upoftheTf^Ll^ Xr .^S. rf ^u ''^'^'' ^^^^ ones-from wool and other articles which they sent abroad. Both of th^e were, however, got rid of in Edward Ill's reilf 1340 the king pledged himself in the t o^gesfwords henceforth to levy no 'charge or aid' but bv the comZ" assent of the estates 'anH fi,,^ • °7 ^^ ^^^^ common tMc csiaies, and that m parliament • ' anH .*« U62 he agreed to a law abolishin| the^AeV custom: h.,?;K°." ** """o'e *e reign of Edward III. was a verv healthy time for Parliament. Earlv in it .hi T- ? ^ t<«.t body into two houses ioo^ce tS """"" °' blights of the shire united themselves with i^f to TonnTh! '"'''°P\^<' abbots joined with the lay peers to Jorm the upper house. In Edward in ., • . the practice be^me usual of mSS' ™„"T' '''°' only in return for a promise L"e1^fs Sn/es^^d' l^e ablet™.'™* *" *' -certaifr^S be'g pprove ot what he was doing, asked their advice 6o Rise of the People, 1376./^), I f about the war. At first they answered that they were too simple to deal with such high matters ; but they were afterwards bold enough to give an opinion in favour of peace. In this way they came to have a real right to talk about all questions of state and give their views about them. After a time, too, the Commons got an im- portant voice in law-making; laws were now made by the king * by the assent,' or ' assent and prayer,' of the great men and Commons of his kingdom. 4. One other great privilege the lower house gained in this reign — that of impeaching— \\i2X is, of bringing to trial before the upper house the servants of the crown who seemed to them to have done wrong. The assembly ^^ , ^ that first used this power is known as the parliament,' ' good parliament,' which sat in 1376. There '37^- was for the last few years of Edward III.'s life a very angry feeling throughout the country. The king, grown old in mind before his time, had fallen into evil hands. There were people about him who were making themselves rich out of the national purse. The Black Prince was dying ; and his brother, John of Gaunt, was suspected of plotting against the rights of his son, Richard of Bordeaux. A bad woman, Alice Ferrers, ruled in the king's palace. Many men in power stopped at no wickedness in trying to gain their evil ends. So from all these things gfrave mischiet was being wrought to the nation. Under the guidance of one Peter de la Mare — the first who held the office of Speaker, though he was not called by that name — the Commons at once picked- out for punishment the worst of the transgressors, Lord Latimer, the chamberlain, and a certain Richard Lyons. These they charged with having bought up the king's debts at a low price, and then got payment in full from the royal revenue; with taking bribes from the king's enemies, and with seizing for their own use sums that 1376. were too hey were favour of right to ;ir views ot an im- made by -/ of the ;e gained inging to own who assembly 1 as the ». There ird III.'s ry. The illen into rho were se. The 3f Gaunt, his son, Ferrers, ' stopped nds. So : wrought ter de la hough he ce picked- ors. Lord :d Lyons, he king's full from he king's ums that 1376. Parliamentary Progress. (5i ought by right to have been paid into the king's treasury The rage against them was so great that their patron, ^John of Gaunt, was powerless to check it. They were •thrown into prison ; and when the crimes laid to their charge had been proved, the Lords sentenced Latimer to be imprisoned and fined as the king should think fit, and to lose his office, and Lyons to be stripped of his wealth and sent to the Tower. Alice Ferrers, too, was to forfeit her property and be banished. There can hardlybe a doubt ' r «r J^^^""^ ^""^^ ^^^ ^^"^^'^"^ °f Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, who had once been chancellor, heartily for- warded these doings of the Commons. Indeed it is very hkely that they planned and set them in motion. In any case the Commons had cleariy a very strong affection for the Prince's family, for on his dying (Trinity Sunday, 1376) when Fariiament was still sit- Ke die, ting, they prayed that his son, Richard, should '376. be brought before them as heir-apparent, which prayer the king granted. Finally, as a means of guarding the nation from such men as Latimer and Lyons for the future, they entreated the king to take into his council a body of lords on whom they believed that they could rely. This prayer also was granted ; and after a session of two months~the longest yet known-the ' good parliament ' went its ways. 5. After aU, it had done very little good. It had hardiv gone when John of Gaunt became all-powerful in the state once more ; Alice Ferrers returned to t k r Court, and Utimer was restored to favour; &?' de la^Mare was sent to prison ; and Wykeham, charged with having when chanceUor, misused the moneys in his hands, lost his income as bishop, and was forbidden to come within twenfvT.i(*»c of fu^ /^«.,_. * , _ . ' - -*— v.* inw v-udii. /ina, worst oi aii ITS; "^^IT "■ ''I'' P^"^"^ent was called which undid aU that had been done against Latimer and Lyons, and fi ! m ik 62 Rise of the Pf-^le. 1376 77. '''% was quite as willing to ««^r*/e th'» uius of John of Gaunt as the 'good parliamei^c' iiad been to serve the ends of the Black Prince ; for it seems to have been then possible for men in power to get members chosen for the lower house who would act as they wished- *- " v, a par- liament, in fact. One lasting benefit, nowever, followed from the work of the 'good parliament ; ' the right that it was the first to use, of impeaching the king's ministers was not forgot t a in later times, and became a very ready way of frighter ing men who were willing to help a tyran- nical king. 6. A few months later King Edward died (1377) ; and again all was changed. John of Gaunt lost his power. Richard II. He was shut out even from the council which '377-99. the great men appointed to ."ule during the minority of Richard, who was then but eleven years old. A parliament that was soon afterwards called by the new king was s() far from helping Lancaster's plans that the Commons again chose Peter de la Mare for their speaker. First pariia- Indeed this parliament acted very boldly, "he Sard II. Commons asked that eirht raembers should be »377- added to the council, that the freat officers of state should be chosen by .rlian-unt so ng as the king was under age, and that the grant of money— a very large one— which they had made to the king should be paid into the hatids of two ^jersoi^s who should see that it was rightly used. And all these demands the king agreed to. This body, moreover, is a fair type of all t parliaments of the first twelve years of Richard's ign. These were generally very firm in their dealings ih le king, very stiff in upholdiiig their own rights, a..d oucn used great plainner of speech in their addresses and petitions. During these twelve years the power of the Commons was ever growing. '1' f s» j.% 1349. t^ising of the Commons, ^^ CHAPTER II. RISING OF THE COMMONS. I. The latter half of the fourteenth century was a stirring time for the English working classes. Owing to many ca.tses— at some of which we can only guess —an angry and fretful spirit hjd got the theX'e?^ mastery over them. They felt themselves to '''''"'''• be deeply wronged by the owner of lands, wh ) were reaping the fruits of their industry, and yet wanted to keep thtvn in bondage or to bring them back to a bondage from which they had almost escaped. A great change which was going on added to the hardships of their lot, and to their wrath in consequence. 2. n earlier days .nost of the rustic folk, of the men who ti i the soil, belonged to the class called villeins, who were Njund to toil with their hands on the fanns of their ' 1, and could not leave his service as they chose, f )r the- vere in a certain sense his property quite as much his horses and dogs. But a villein had his rights ; the cottage and patch of vaicin ground th it his lord allowed him in payment "«*»*»• of his labour or for his support, became in couise of time his property, which his 1 id could not touch s long as the services to which the villein was bound were duly rendered. After a time many lords agreed to take money in place of villein services ; others set their villeins free. The spirit of the law and the influence of the Church worked together to lessen the evils of viiienage and the number ot villeins. So it came about that the rustics tliroughout the country were much better off than before. Most of them were as goot as free ; manv of them were itogether so. 3. This happy state of things was rudely shaken by the f^ "Pf?" 'T I if I - »j,»- 64 Rise of the People, <34^3. Great Plague of 1349. Jn this almost, if not quite, one- half of the labouring population was cut off. There were The Black no longer labouicrs enough to till the soil. eat . 1349- Wagcs rose suddenly to an unheard-of height ; and the great lords were at their wits' end to know how Suture of ^^ S®^ their farms cultivated. In their distress Labourer., they go^ a law passed, called the Statute of Labourers, by .which all men trained to labour were bound under penalties to work for the same wages as had been customary in 1347. This law failed in its object ; it was followed by others of a similar kind, which were alike of no effect. Many of the great landowners then began to cut up their huge farms, which had been hitherto managed by bailiffs, into smaller ones, and to let these out on short leases. Indeed, this is said to be the beginning of the practice of letting now in use. Others, however, tried to fall back on the custom of viUein ser- vice, which had so greatly fallen out of use. Many were claimed as villeins who had never had a doubt of their freedom. And it is supposed that an attempt was made at the same time by those who had taken to the custom of letting their farms, to return to the older way of farming by bailiffs. 4. About this time, also, the movement set on foot by Wiclif began to find its way down into the mass of the Wiciifitism people- One of his peculiar doctrines— that a^o°K the it was unlawful for the clergy to hold property peopc. __^^g turned into a belief that all property was unlawful ; and many of the lower orders thought that all men should be brought to one common level. The spokesman of this doctrine was John Ball, who asked— When Adam delved and Ev^ span. Who was then a gentleman ? wicic iiiigiii nut nave been any rising of the kind but for a measure that parliament was forced to the ■'^f,t S\ 1 377-8 ». Rising of the Commons, 65 ! straits they were brought into regarding the means of raising money for the king. The last parliament of Edward III. had voted a poll-tax of four pence a head, which was to be paid by everyone in the Thapoll-tax land. Again, in 1 379, a similar grant was ^^ »379. made, which, however, differed from that of 1377 in the fact that each man was rated according to his rank, a duke paying 6/. 13^. 4//.; an ordinary labourer, four pence. In 1380 Parliament enacted that for xhepoll-ta* every person above the age of 15 there should °f '380- be paid to the crown a sum not less than twelve pence, and not more than twenty shillings. It was this tax that did the mischief ; in the June of the next year the com- mons of almost every county sprang suddenly to arms. 6. The outbreak must have been planned beforehand, for it took place in counties far apart from each other almost at the same time. Many of the classes Rising of which took part in it had little in common. t*»ecom. n 1 /• »» mons, June Between the men of Kent, where villenage 1381. had never been known, and the men of Essex, who clamoured to be freed from villenage, there could be little sympathy. But it would seem that all who had wrongs to complain of agreed to act together to avenge or to redress them. The men of Kent rose under Wat Tyler, and, moving on London, burnt the Savoy, the palace of John of Gaunt, whom they specially disliked. At the same time the men of Essex and the men of Hertford- shire also made for the capital in separate bodies. In a few days there was hardly a shire that was not in arms. There was great destruction of legal documents, the poor rustics hoping that thus might perish every record of their past or present bondage. King Richard, who was then in the Tower, rode out to Mile End, where the men of u-ssex were, and heard their demands. These were that bondage and tolls at markets should utterly cease, a fixed E. H. Y •■'•''^iiKmmmiiimsm^smmx h.- 66 Rise of the People, !■ I38I. rent be paid for land in place of viUein services, and a general pardon be granted to those who had ticen up D^^d, arms. All these the king promised to grant : SSSon.. ^^^\ "»«" of Essex went home. But whUe K 1, • . ^"^^^ ^""^ ^* ^"« End the Kentish men S mt^"n? '^'7r" ' ^""'^ '^^^^^ °"^> --^ «^- 1363. Wzc/if. 67 CHAPTER III. WICI,IF. At this time the minds of many people were in a lestless state on rehgious matters also. Both the authority of the pope and the influence of the clergy had been „ e • 1 Decay of for some time on the wane m England. The Church pope had made himself unpopular by the *"*^°"*y- claim he made to raise whomsoever of his Italian ser- vants he pleased to preferments in* the English Church, and many laws had been passed, called statutes of Pro- visors or of Praemunire, to put an end to the evil. More- over, in 1307 the seat of the papacy was shifted from Rome to Avignon, a place on the French border. So for seventy years every pope was a Frenchman, and was believed to be working in the interests of France. During the greater part of this time France and England were the bitterest of enemies. England was not likely to stand in much awe of a French pope. Accordingly in 1366 she told him that she would never again pay the tribute of 1,000 marks that John had promised for him- self and his heirs, which had already not been paid for tkirty-three years. And even the English clergy had sunk in the respect of the people since Becket's time. Such a crime, for instance, as the murder of Simon of Sudbury, would in the twelfth century have provoked a cry of horror from all parts ; in the fourteenth century the actual murderers were beheaded, and that was all. For this decay of respect for them the clergy were them- selves much to biame. The higher members woridiintss of them did not as a rule do their duties as of Se '"*"" they ought. The great Churchmen loved to *'*""^' add benefice to benefice, sought preferment in the state, and largely forgot their spiritual in their worldly duties. i a • . I* "V'^"^ '#,, 4V«- I I IHHI III '>M.,.,. iM/a?f3^ii 1 1 1 1 ^ i ! .#1. ■ 15 • 68 Rise of the People, »3«»3. Many persons took orders only that they might get what IS known as the * benefit of clergy,' and so not get such heavy punishments for their misdoings. Even the triars, whose appearance in England a century before had brought about a great religious revival, had become as selfish and as worldly as the others. One little fact would seem to show that the laity were beginning to be Sir Robert js learned as the clergy. In the reign of Bourch.er Edward III. the office of chancellor was held chancellor, for the first time by a layman, one Sir Robert Bourchier, I^ho was raised to the post in i xxo And we meet with many other lay chancellors after Sir Kobert. A movement which had as its aim the reform of the Lhurch on these and other points was begun about 1363. John In this John Wiclif led the way. Wiclif was n^K. f Yorkshireman who had first gained wide fame for his learning. As a teacher at Oxford where- he passed the most active part of his life, he had the means of spreading his views. About 1363 he came forward as an assailant of the wealth and worldly great- ness of the clergy. To the begging friars he had a special dislike. He charged them with cunning, greed and worldliness. After a time he became largely mixed up with the political strife of the day, being an ally of John of Gaunt, who had no real care for reforming the Church, as Wiclif had, but who thought Wiclif would be useful m helping on his own ends. As yet the Reformer had not made known— perhaps had not formed— those opinions on many of the doctrines of the Church for which he was afterwards called a heretic. He was severe upon the general conduct of the clergy, declared that the property in their hands was held by them only in - -.--. .--x ■.-.■.•^ puui i a.iu tnai ii tney betrayed their trust, the State might take it from them ; and he wished '363-84. Wzclif. 69 spiritual men to keep themselves to their spiritual duties. He also became known as an earnest foe of the power of the pope in England, and was on that account sent in 1374 to Bruges to try and arrange some settlement of the papal claims with the pope's envoys there. The higher clerg>' soon came to look on Wiclif as a dangerous man, and more than once sought to crush him. In 1377 Courtenay, the high-born bishop of London, summoned him before an assembly of bishops vvidif at at St. Paul's ; but John of Gaunt and Lord St! Paul's. Percy went with him to his trial. High words '^^^' passed between Percy and Courtenay, and the meeting broke up in confusion. A second attempt was. made against him next year at Lambeth; but it also failed, because the Princess of Wales, King Richard's mother, took Wiclifs part, and the Londoners broke into the assembly. These things show that Wiclif had a power- ful party at his back. But when, a few years later, he began to utter strange words about one or two of the cherished doctrines of the Church, John of Gaunt and his party shook him off ; and when Courtenay renewed the attack upon him in 1382, the Reformer was advised bv his once steadfast friend to yield. He did not do so without a struggle ; indeed we cannot be quite sure that he did so at all. Many of his opinions were condemned by a Church synod which Courtenay, now pri- mate, called at the Blackfriars ; and a crusade ISd^riU was begun by the same prelate against Wiclifs '^®'" friends at Oxford. There was a stiff contest at the L.,tcr place, where Wiclif was very powerful ; but the Primate won in the end. Wiclif explained— some say, recanted— the utterances that had given offence, and withdrew to his ^ — ; .--'-i r^-m:, r.iicic i;w suruicr noiice was iaken of him. He died shortly afterwards (December 31, 1384). He left behind him one great work, the whole Bible 'W: "'" ■III ijii iiiSli i;3^a 70 Rise of the People, 1384-98. done into English from the Latin text called the Vulgate, which was the only one then in use. It was done partly by himself and partly by men of learning among his followers. CHAPTER IV. THE LOLLARDS. r. But Wiclif's death did not abate the activity of his party. Under the name of LoJIards, they began to make The themselves very busy in the affairs both of Church and State, doing their best to spread Lollards. among the people new notions— some of them very wild, such as would be likely to unsettle the minds of simple men. Theirfavouritebelief was, that without personal grace no ij^an,king or priest, could have any lawful authority over others. They also declared that such trades as minister to pride and self-indulgence were sinful. They, more- over, were bitter against many of the doctrines and practices of the Church, such as transubstantiation, hnage- worship, and pilgrimages. Their enemies charged them with being sowers of sedition ; and certainly they seera to have helped to keep alive the general feeling of rest- lessness throughout the country. One fact about the Lollards is worthy of notice. Though they were found chiefly among the common people, they had many friends among the higher classes, and even at Richard's court. Indeed, Richard's first wife, Anne of Bohemia, is said to have favoured them. And it is strange that those cour- tiers whose names appear among the LoUard partisans were the earnest upholders of royal power against those that wanted to keep it within bounds, while the higher — -^'a.- z>'--'~'-'^-j -iwcw wiui uiuoc wno wim?tood the king. In 1398, when Richard struck a great blow for absolute 1384-^8. 5 Vulgate, ne partly mong his 1390-1401. The Lollards, 71 ty of his I to make s both of o spread ^ery wild, )f simple nal grace 3rityover minister syV more- nes and 1, hnage- ed them ey seem : of rest- bout the :e found y friends I's court. > said to se cour- tartisans St those e higher he king, absolute power, the primate Arundel was driven into exile ; two years later John Montague, earl of Salisbury, a violent Lollard, was beheaded for having risen in arms to restore Richard to the throne. 2. Yet, though Lollardism was stronger among King Richard's friends and the lowest class than in the House of Commons, the House of Commons did not forget its quarrel with the pope, who still went on defying the statutes of Provisors and of Prsmunire, appointing his servants to preferments in England just as he thought fit. After making, in 1390, a useless effort to check him by passing again the eariier laws on the subject with more severe penalties, in 1393 Pariiament at ^ kst enacted the famous law of Praemunire. &mu„l. By this law anyone directly or indirectly con- '393- cerned in bringing into the kingdom decrees of the pope or Bulls, as they were called, or who made himself an agent m any way of the power claimed by the pope in England, was to be put out of the king's protection and forfeit his lands and goods. This was the last important measure of the kind. 3. But if Parliament could set a bound to papal power, It could also be stem-indeed cruel— in its dealings with the Lollards. Whether it was, as some think, that Richard largely owed his fall, and Henry IV. his crown, to the alarm of the clergy at the spread of Lollardism, Henry, soon after his election to the throne allowed a law of frightful severity to be passed hS^r'"" for suppressing heresy. This law, passed in '*°'- 1401, gave the bishops w^vx to arrest and try persons suspected of heresy ; and :.f tu..v fomid them guilty, to hand them over to the sheriff, : ,yor, or bailiff, who was bound to nave them burned hpfnrA fK« r%««».i« a u • . • - i'v-i^ic. ^-L iicrcuc, How- ever, might £;«^.r save himself by recanting; but there was no mercy for those who fell back into heresy again. ■i-t. \ ' ^1' ■ 1 • i i ! 1 .^1^ . r 72 Rise of the People, 1401-17. The first to suffer under this law was one William Sawtree, William a priest. It was not finally done away with Sawtree. u^fji ^j^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ Elizabeth's reign. 4. Lollardism lived on for some time longer. In 141 3 it boasted that it had 100,000 followers. But in this year it made its last effort to do something great, and failed Sir John utterly. Henry V. was hardly crowned, when Oidcastie, Sir John Oldcastle, the leader of the Lollard* at the time, being a man of great earnestness and zeal in the cause, was brought before the Church authorities on a charge of having designs against the peace of both Church and State. He was condemned, but managed to escape from his prison in the Tower. A strange affair followed, the facts of which are not fully known. The king told his Parliament afterwards that the party had planned a general rising against society. If this was ever thought of, Henry crushed it by suddenly seizing the walls of London on the night fixed for the attempt, and then appearing with an armed band in St Giles's fields, where the Lollard muster was to take place. He found about a hundred gathered there, and arrested Executed, niost of them, many of whom were after- '^'7. wards hanged. Oldcastle got off safe to Wales, but in 1417 was retaken, hanged, and burnt. .!»• BOOK V. THE WARS OF THE ROSES, CHAPTER I. THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER. I. The W^arsofthe Roses began in 1455 and ended in 1485; but many of the causes from which they sprang belong to a much earlier time. Side by side with the steady M55- The House of Lancaster. 73 torTht?' T" °' P'^'«'»ent, kingship was growing Tk Tt^f^^ "°"°"' *'""" * ■''"& «'''i<=h had satis* fied Alfred and even WiUiam, gave place to much loftier ones, which looked upon the king Ph^-So^or no longer as merely the first man among the ^^^v- people, but as having something in his character that lifted him far above other folk and gave him a sort of sacredness. This change marked itself in several ways. Richard I. t^f^tll^TfJ ''i";"' '^"' '" '"^ charters, John took If th^F , 1!"^ of England,' instead of the older 'king in ,t . ^ ' ' ^l ■' *" "*■■" °™^^ "f ^^^y acre of soU Ws tnT,"'^- /°"'' ^^^^ ='f'" "•« d«^"> of Henry III. ' his son Edward was accepted as full king, though the prac.ce had hitherto been to date the begin^ning7a nt a^^ theT r '?' t^ "' ""'■' ^"™"'<'"- At 'ast the« arose the custom of allowing only a single day to divide a new reign from the one before it. Men had come to believe that the throne of England was the proper^of a family, and that on a king's death his place kZI must needs pass to his lawful heir. There was '-"Si's henceforth no form of election to the crown Sh'S,„.„. m ordinary cases. Some one person was supposed to have what was called a right to the crown, and that perso^ come when the reigning king had not the supposed right ™Un. 'J h " "''"" '"='" ""= '"='" *'° had, m^ch quaneUing perhaps even civil war, might be expected. 2 Now this was exactly the stateof things in 1455 : but iT^r . ^°^ '' '" ^^™ ^•'O"'- '^'^ ""^t go back ,0 a much earher time. From the reign of John there was a po,verfuI party among the barons who kipt w^^ on the ■ king and would not let him have his own way in all things. After the rise of Parliament 7t.....^ -:..:.= Dai ons usually made the two houses. >»"''• especiaUy the lower, their place of action. This party i. nmmumimimmm I i Hi 1 1!- I 74 Rise of the People. 1296-1361^ sometimes called the Lancastrian party, because the Lan- castrian family now and then gave it a leader. 3. The half-royal, and at last altogether royal, House ol Lancaster sprang from Edmund, younger son of Henry ^ „ III., who had at the same time the earldoms of * °"" of Lancaster and Leicester. To these his son Lancaster. jhomas added three more— Lincoln, Derby, and Salisbury ; and in the reign of his cousin, Edward 1 1., overshadowed the throne itself by the greatness of his Thomas, power and influence. He led, but with little Sster dt^d wisdom or public spirit, the baronial party in ^322. ' their quarrels with Edward II. and his favour- ites, Gaveston and the Despensers ; but getting beaten and taken prisoner at Boroughbridge in 1322, he was lieheaded. He left no children, but his brother Henry nfterwards received the earldom of Leicester. Roger Mortimer then became the head of the Lancastrian party ; and as such overthrew, in 1327, Edward II., and got Henry Edward III. raised to the throne. The fall of cvioflan- Edward II. restored Henry to three more ot t 45. ' his brother's earldoms, and gave him the first )i ace both in the council that was entrusted with the rule o England in the minority of the new king, and among t) e nobility. It was, however, in the person of his son, a' so a Henr)^ that his house reached its greatest splen- „. .^,, dour before it became royal. For this Henry r» 1 and won high renown in the French wars, gaining, I^nc^^ter, as carl of Derby, the wonderful victory of djsd 1361. Auberoche, in 1345, over fearful odds. In 1 35 1 he was made first duke of Lancaster. He had no fohn of ^^^ » ^^* ^^^ second daughter, Blanche, mar- Gaunt, ried John of Gaunt, and brought her husband, L^^after. upon her father's and elder sister's death, tne neiiuaaip. — 1 i~-.^. duchy. Duke John left— at least, for a time—the path mA-*9- The Mouse r>f Lancaster. ft and 381 he was the champion of the evil deeds and "t:;ur ^'"^' ""^ ■«»°<>P"'-ent. had in vain 4. His son Henry Bolingbroke, did not foUow in his fo*fe*errH^' "'T' '° '"* "^^^ »f "- -'h^'^' lorelathers. „ He was, when still very young, found m the front ranks of those who were SS?'" tryingto make head against King Richard 11 's "s" M.* Eari'nrn'"^ 'T"^"""''=- '" '386. being then called Earl of Derby, he jomed with his uncle, the Duke o( Gloucester, Edward III.'s youngest son, i,^ driving f™m Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, and other favourites of the kmg, and forcing Richard to take as adviser men more agreeable to the Commons. De la Pole was "m peached, found guilty of various crimes, and senteTce^To' lose almost all he had, and .to be imprisoned , and RKhard had to submit to a council of regency with all his might to throw off the yoke. But '^^ his plans failed. His friends were charged with treason iree his master from restraint by force was defeated at Radcot Bridge; and Gloucester, ^^1 Derby, and the rest made Richard call a par' ■* hament. In 1388 this pariiament met, and dealt Mnder that It go the name of the 'merciless parliament 'M^^ ! put to death ; others it banished ; all wC^e vImI Its reach it punished in some way. "^"° '^^"e ""hm .h. '■ ^,°^ V*^"" '°"8«'' I*'<:''ard was king only in name • the reality of power was in the h,nH. „<■ v:. Ll^ ' m 1389 he recovered his power" by a^'boidroke a"nd for eight years ruled with mildness and iu./mt' ' He •»**!<»S"-' 1 i i ^ 1^ 76 Rise of the People. 1389-99 called many parliaments, seemed eager to please them, took no vengeance on the men who had sent his friends Richard II. *° ^^® gallows or the block and made a slave asaconsti- of himsclf, and gave office to men trusted kingr* by the nation. During these years the Com- «389-97. mens were as meek and ready to please the king as they had before been stern and desirous to curb him ; and the current of affairs went smoothly on. 6. In 1397 Richard entered on a new course. The year before he had gone to France to marry the French Richard II ^i^g's daughter, Isabella. It is thought that ss a despot, he was SO taken with the charms of absolute i 397-99- power as seen at the French court that he resolved to try and set it up in England. In any case most of his former enemies were suddenly seized and thrown into prison 1) his orders, Gloucester being sent to Calais. Before ; rliament called for the purpose the earls of ArUitdjf:! .lad Warwick were charged with treason ; the former v/.^s beheaded, and the latter doomed to imprisonment for life. Gloucester died, perhaps by violence, at Calais ; and the primate Arundel, brother of the earl, was impeached and banished. To crown all, next year the same parliament laid the liberties of the nation at the kingf's feet. It voted him a tax on wool, woolfells, and leather for life, and handed over its powers to a body of twelve peers and six commoners, all friends of the king. Richard was now master of England. 7. Henry, earl of Derby, had taken the king's side in this affair, and was created duke of Hereford for his ser- Banishment viccs. Soon after, having accused Mowbray, of Henry duke of Norfolk, of speaking treasonable broke, 1398. words against the king, he was challenged by Mowbray to mortal coiabat. But just as the two were about to close, they were called before the king, who was present, ^nd banished the kingdom — Mowbray for life, Henry for ten years. This was in 1398; and in 1399 77 omes back '399- 1399. the House of Lancaster, John of Gaunt died. Richard at once took the Lancaster estates to himself, though he had given a soiemn promise to his cousin to leave them untouched. He then went to Ireland. During his absence Henry Bolmgbroke landed with a few followers af Ravenspurg, and being joined by the Perci "'"'^• and the Nevilles, easily overthrew the men whom Richard had entrusted his kingdom. The king com mg back from Ireland, was made captive in North Wales ' and after being forced to issue from Chester writs for a new parhament, was carried to London. Richard then resigned the crown. Next day (September 30, ,399) the parliament met, and, after listening to Cethmn thirty-three charges against Richard, declared him deposed. Thereupon Henry of Lancaster claimed the now vacant throne in a set speech 'as being descended in the right line of ->>• descent from Henry Ill.'-words that seemingly accepted as rue a foolish tale that Edmund of Lancaster had reaUy been the elder son of Henry III., but had been set aside because he was humpbackeu-a notion that his admitted, and he became king. But at that time what- ever nght descent could give to the vacant throne clearly belonged to the young earl of March, great-grandson of Lionel, duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III 1 ment of Richard, and election of Henry, Sept. 30, «399- Table showing descendants of Edward IH. Edward III. r Liond, 3rd Mn ; Philippa. logcr Mortimer. Henry V. John^of Gaunt. 4th son ; Edmund, sth soo Henry IV. I I Henry VI. Richard, dukeof Yorl?. ,.*^a. IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 1.4 1.6 w Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 i/.. 5, . I " Rise of the People, 1399-1431. 8. Henry IV. reigned for fourteen years,and had many troubles therein. The friends of Richard rose in ^s'! •Henry IV. The Percies again and again rebeUed ; and W1413. W^^«s, under Owen Glendower, defied Henry's power for several years. But Richard's friends were destroyed. Richard himself died an unknown death in prison. Harry Hotspur, one leader of the Percies, was beaten and killed at Shrewsbury in i4oq Hotspur's father, the earl of Northumberland, met the same fate at Bramham Moor in 1408; and Owen Glendower was overcome at last by Henry's valiant son, Henry of Monmouth. • ' 9. In 1413 Henry of Monmouth himself became king as Henry V. His reign is almost entirely taken up with the H«ry V. «^ents of the great French war into which he ISI^W *»"-ewhimselfwithhiswholeforce. Yetevenhe was once called on to deal with a plot against his crown and hfe. In 14x5, while he was at Southampton making ready to start for France, he learned that his cousin Richard, earl of Cambridge, grandson of Edward III., through that king's fifth son, Edmund, duke of York was conspiring with other men of rank to make the Earl of March king. Richard and the other conspirators wei-e tried, found guilty, and put to death ; but the affair showed that there were still sleeping forces in England that might some time be roused by events into fearful activity. . ".'^•1 CHAPTER II. HENRY VI. I. Henry of Windsor succeeded his father in 1422. His reign of thirty-nine years was little more than a minority from beirinnincr to end: af fircf hJc ««..*i, _& j_ . . gentleness of character or weakness of inteUcct, m^ae 1483-47. ffenry VI. 79 him unfit for his post. The State thus became a battle- field fcr rivul nobles, each of whom strove for the mastery, meiely from love of power or a desire to see „ , his enemies humbled. England, in fact, was ki„T * clearly on her way to some great struggle such '******• as the Wars of the Roses-a grand fight, not for principles but for men, m which the whole question would be who should rule England, not how England should be ruled 2. Henry's reign was a time when great families had more of then- way in English state affairs than they had ever had before. The king was helpless in The ™t the hands of his uncle, Humphrey, duke of famiiST Gloucester, the Beauforts, the De la Poles, the Staffords. the NeviUes, and the family of Richard, duke of York. H^ "7P»^^^y ^^« V^« youngest son of Hu^ph.^. Henry IV., and as the nearest of kin dukcof^' in England to the young king while his "S^ttS: brother Bedford was absent in France, as he gene- faUy was he thought the first place in the govern- lU*!! i!"" *'f„"^^"''^»y his due. Parliament, too, had made h.m Protector of the Realm and Church of Eng- land -a title which he took very unwillingly, for he longed to be regent-and gave him a council of nineteen to con- b-ol his actions. But in using even this scanty measure of power he found himself thwarted by Henry Beaufort bishop of Winchester, then chan- SiS. ceuor and afterwards cardinal. Beaufort was ^'^^' '<^'' Swinford, all of whom were bom before wedlock, but were in Richard II.'s reign.» His eldest brother, ti,.h John, was created earl of Somerset, his ^B^fe. youngest, Thomas, duk** nf Fv«f«^ u t, - - U.MS a pcwcriu. co„„e,-io„: -6i;uces.;;;:;7h7::,':^ ' See p. 93. • * <• rt^ji' ' ii'i!" rival in every he council with ike of Orleans— of Agincourt — If. In 1444 he France, and in tf Anjou even I447-I45O. Henry VI. 81 4. Two years later (1447) both Gloucester and Beaufort passed away within two months of each other, and left their places to others. The nobility now split into two factions— that of Queen Margaret, of which William de De la Pole, duke of Suffolk, and Edmund la'pot" Beaufort, duke of Somerset, were the leading tSmv, men, and that of Richard Plantagenet, duke ^'''*' *<5o. of York, whose fast friends were Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury, and his son, Richard Neville, earl of Warwick. These three Richards were bound together by the very strongest family ties, for Cicely, the sister of the elder and aunt of the younger of the Nevilles, was the wife of Plantagenet. 5. The appearance of this prince marks the near ap- proach oi the Wars of the Roses. He was the son of the earl of Cambridge who died by the axe j,. . . in 141 5, and, more important still, of Anne Pi'iitagenet Mortimer, sister of the youth who in 1399 Vork.dkd. stood next to the throne after Richard II. ^^^•' As this youth and his only brothe; were now dead with- out issue, Richard of York inherited whatever right to the crown the being tirst in lineal descent from Edward III. could give; for his ancestor, Lionel, was Edward III.'s third son, while Henry VI.'s ancest >r, John of Gaunt, was Edward III.'s fourth sen. Yet if the usage of earlier times were to settle the question, the lawful right was clearly on Henry's side. His grandfather had been chosen king by parliament, and more than one Act had settled the crown in his family, which had now been the kingly line for more than half a century. The whole Enghsh nobility had sworn Tealty to him. But in the middle of the fifteenth century the usage of earlier times could not settle such a question when such a king as Henry VI. sat on the throne of Edward I. 6. At first York does not seem to have thought of claim- **«^* S2 ll'li U I I i L . !i ! i ^i^e of the People. t^Sc in the hand, of Sufl-otkn'd" wl^r "]f! f j~j»« " » the Nevilles, watched the cours~en^/ !"" '"' *"''^ chance of crushing the men wh™, T ,: '*«*"■ '° 8et a and Somerset had become veT! "'"^''^««d. Suffolk cause he was the en^ X ^TdeT tn'r?' "^^ Anjou and Maine, Somerset ber^nc. ^ ^ '° ^'^ "P when Normandy ;as tost „ .«o , ""' ? "■""»"« .brew Suffolk, wL wasThen'i:Xi;"St".S,' T:; Suffolk at sea when he was on his rav,o«,^ *''!'* "»rd««i« Continent. yorkwas»,.Kf-^ •"'*"" "« <^uy>. ,., . : ,**'a"ms time in Ireland a« ng in Kent. London. They ire .^"i * ^^^"^ "P°" «4so. - . , , * "^X are said to hav*» k««« .0 punish sX^le^mrrKn'!*"'--'"-^^ that had waylaid Suffoirt/ ^^f "'*''*"« the ships unlucky nol^emantl^^dkl "b dv H ^*"'' '"" *« ashore on the coast of Kent Th! ^ ^"^ ^'" "^""^ fete of such enterprises aL^^:^' "^'"^ '""' *« "'"al at Sevenoaks, in which ktaffnrH ZT '""«««. a victory Cade, was killed.rshort 4; i ' Snl"""^"'"'' ''S*"^ sional visit to London th? leh!?**' ^"^ ="* °<=ca ParUy persuaded to g°vc. up, Wrttr- """^ ''^'"'>''- to escape, but was^oveXI^ '"d^"!!- '^^'»* ««» others were put to death n^?,., """' *"<' « <«» after the afrJir was 0^*' ^'" *^^« '^^= Me blood shed , 8. Somerset now took Riiffxiir',. i / years (,450-53) kept^^^h t^qV^^^^^^ ^^^^ ' power in his own hands He h^nT.*^ ^' '^* '■*^"* *^ i durine th,« t;n,« T. , "l>.^ J'«le peace, however. ^ " - '- In .450 York camQ back froi?, I^e: «4S<>-<453- Henry VI. 83 hnd, entered London at the head of 4,000 men, and making his way mto Henry's presence, com- ^, " plained of many wrongs and slights done to bSIS. Jum. Henry answered mildly, and promised ^^,±, to call a parliament. He kept his promise. S'JSs. •The commons ranged themselves on the s-de of York • .1?« vTt'^t mI'*::' '° P"^°"- J' «as even moved diild had been as yet bom to the king. Yet in k short tune Somerset was released, and was as high in the kiS fevour as ever, whilst York withdrew to his casUe of Ludlow. In ,452 York was persuaded ,0 vi "t the Wng «nd then was made prisoner. But Somerset was afraid to go any farther against one so powerful, and having forced "Ztt^.: """"'^ "^'^-^ of hisloyalty.ilS 9- Next year (1453) the queen gave birth to a son, and Plantagenet's hopes of a peaceful succession p J to the throne came to an end ; for between Edward of .447 and 1453, Henry had been the only ^'^Sr living descendant of Henry IV., on whose heirs the crown had been settled by act of parliamentTn ,40^ temoT^ th " "*°'" '""^' ^o^" ^™"^ "<« have tefn tept out of the succession. It is possible that York's dis- like of Somerset may have arisen from a suspic on ,ha^ te, as next in descent from John . f Gaunt afte? '^^ king *' b^ Z T '° "^ T™- """ '- "onths be "fe the birth of his son, the king fell ill, and lost his wits • Z toTrr *" '"r '™'" P"""- The council m' him to the Tower, and empowered York to open Parlii ment as the king's lieutenant. Henry's Intel Lords (as yet the Commons were not allowed »"s '"53. v-Td "/"""" "'J '""-" " "iiestion as the Regency) made York Protector of the realm. He did not enj„v the Office i'memmm-mnm^mmm'^:- lUl 84 Hise of the People, HW long. In 1455 the king's reason suddenly came back to him. York ceased to be Protector ; and Margaret and Somerset returned to power. York lost even his govern- ment of Calais ; and his friends v/ere driven from office. Such treatment he felt to be unbearable ; and accordingly he marched with the earls of Salisbury and Warwick on"'' London, and began the Wars of the Roses. ni \ I ! -■"'IF CHAPTER III. WARS OF THE ROSES AND HOUSE OF YORK. I. The Wars of the Roses were so called from the York- ists having taken a white, the Lancastrians a red rose as their badge. The first battle of the war was fought in 1455, at St. Albans, the last in 1485, near Bosworth. Between General these two events as many as ten other battles thJwlwSf ^^ok place. They were different in many- the Roses. ways from other wars. They were wars of noble houses. The mass of the people took no great part in them ; and thus, though more blood was shed by them on the field and on the scaffold than at any other time in England, the nation did not suflfer very much from them. No institutions were endangered by them. The life of the country went on as usual Every English- man dwelt secure under the shelter of the laws. But they made great destruction among the noble houses. The ranks of these were abready thinned by the troubles of the days of Edward II. and Richard II. In the Wars of the Roses they well-nigh perished altogether, for in these wars little mercy was shown by either party. The men of rank who fell into the hands of their foes after a defeat were sent straight to the scaffold. In this respect they are a great contrast both to the wars of the thirtc^tb 1455 1 '^«-i459. Wars of the Roses, OF YORK. f the thirteenth 85 «nd to those of the seventeenth centuiy. One nnh.Dnv r««. followed from ,hen,,-,he king's ^wer bec^^^S' m awe of the noble class, who had often curbed hi. ^thorny, he was able for a time to work his wi^^fho:! 3. Onfe^hing St. Albans,York found that the kineand Somerset were lying with a force inside the o«^ After a hort pause he attacked them, and by the somerset and three other lords were killed ■«'• a?;'cr.oo^1hr '-°"'°"' '="'^'"S '"' "'"e ^i* him, and at once took the management of affairs to himself Late, stietr thXr " "^ '""= '"^■"°^' -- '" *' factfon'UTatcZg-^St' a^r^I^^e ^'^ "^ Vorkists. In ,458 .L tw'^pLf"; madX ft ^l*! m ^^hre"vr k.tstTe1t ""\'" ''- -^orhe'r all ever. At last the storm burst. How it ratn« J^er a victory at^ eT^hr h, SaSrSd'^"'" "">- his troops to tjiose of York and Warwick • B{f''h°' k of the king's army at Ludford, near Ludlow But ^ghtened at a part of their force going over rHenrv the leaders suddenly fled, and sought shelter t ^' Calais of which place the latter was governor 1?,? "' A parliament, held the sam^ y^ar - ^^.--^ '"' - them all traitors ' "' - wciury, prociaimed '"PJ,"* ^'WiJV''*' i . f -f I li W Rise of the People. i4«o-i46i. 4. In the following summer (1460) there was another sudden change. Warwick and Salisbury landed at Sand- wich, and marched upon London, gathering troops as they went. Finding the king gone, they followed on his Fight of ^''ack, and overtook him at Northampton. tonTiS "^'^ "^^'^ ^'-^s another battle ; Henry was beaten and taken prisoner, while the duke of Buckmgham, three other peers, and three hundred knights and gentlemen fell on the Lancastrian side. A meeting of parliament at Westminster followed, at which Richard of York claims ^^"^^ ^^'^^ before the lords a formal statement ihccrown. of his claim to the crown. The lords were very unwilling to take up the question ; but on bemg pressed for an answer they said that York's claim was well founded, but advised that Henry should be allowed to keep the crown during his life. This was agreed to : Henry was to remain king, and York was to succeed on Henry's death. But Margaret, who had fled to Scotland after the battle of Norlhampton, crossed the border and began to make head in the north. York and Salisbury marcheii to crush her, but venturing into the wfkifiew . ^^^"^ "^'^^ ^ ''^'■y ^""^^ ^°^^®' ^«^e them:,elves York slain,' Crushed at Wakefield on December 30, 1460. u t" . . ^^^^ ^^^ ^"^°"S *^® slain ; Salisbury was beheaded by the victors the next day. 5. The quarrel was now taken up by York's eldest son, Edward, earl of March, who on hearing of his father's death, gathered round him the wild spirits of the Welsh Marches, always loyal to his house, and moved upon Fights of London. When on his way he had to fight KS'' ^' Mortimer's Cross to free his army from the St^ Albans, Lancastrian force, led by Jasper Tudor, which ** '• kept following him. He beat Tudor, and pushed on to London. Whilst these things were going on, Margaret and her partisans were also on their way to 4^0-1461. i another 1 at Sand- :roops as d on his lampton. enry was duke of i knights leeting of ichard of tatement rds were ion ; but t York's hould be rhis was : was to tiad fled ssed the ork and into the rniselves o, 1460. jry was 1461-1463. Line of York. 97 3r, and 5 going way to _ London, and before Edward came up had fought with and overcome Warwick at <;» aik, j lougni wiin king's person n^VA ^ *"'' *"'^ recovered the wjVk u! . "* Edward was able to join his men Ih^felThLt u'"^ '"°"^^ '° ^"^^k this new force. in ^ulh T^T'^^ ' ^"^^^'^ *^^" «"»ered London m tnumph, and was hailed as king (March 1461). CHAPTER IV. LINE OF YORK. monroTwh";;"^^^^^^^^ Vo'^'^ ^'^^'-4«3) ; for five kingdom T?i fi * ' however, an exile from his ^^M A- ^""J"'^^ «vcnt of his reign was nval forces met at Towton, in southern York- K^' MUre. The slaughter that ensued surnassed ■<»■• t:^7:' '"'. """ "•^' "^^ '-' 'akeTp r^in E„„„„, yS u "' '""'^ '° have fallen or >e field The l^SoZTTt'""''^' "^"S"'" 'heir son ^'^ Ts^'SeT ' ^coti* d thTleti^ '-'r °' '"^ «^ AMin f),«ro ^co^and, while Edward entered York — '.. ". "™«e- He had one sleenles. f^ m— "'"• ^"^ ^'"«'« ="«" i» Scotland and in Frailce. IbJ ^i^'- Rise of the People. 1464-1469. twice led an armed force into northern England. She was beaten in both attempts ; and in the second— which Margaret'. ^*^ "^^^« '" ' 464— her friends were twice over- fiStd °^ *^''°^" ^y J°''" Neville, marquis of Monta- gue, a brother of Warwick's. In 1465 the hapless Henry, who had lain in hiding for some time, was found in Yorkshire and brought to London. 3. Indeed, Edward's throne would have been quite secure had he not driven Warwick into the ranks of his foes. How the deadly quarrel between the king and his too powerful subject came about cannot be certainly Warwick known ; but it was, in all likelihood, a result of andj:dward Edward's marriage with Elizabeth WoodviUe widow of Sir John Grey, whom he had met by accident, and secretly wedded, in 1464. The lady had many kinsfolk— children, father, brothers, sisters. These gathered round Edward's throne, rose high in royal favour and seemed to have thrust aside those who had stood by the Yorkist cause in its darkest hour, and won the king his crown. A coldness sprang up between Edward and Warwick. The king was jealous of a subject whose influence was greater than his own, and who was popu- larly called ' the king-maker.' The subject was in a rage with the king on account of real or fancied wrongs. The cloud that had risen between the cousins grew blacker and blacker. Moreover, Warwick had given offence to Edward on a point on which he felt very strongly. He had, in 1469, married Isabella, theeldest of his daughters (he had no male children), to the king's eldest living brother, George, duke of Clarence, who was as yet the next male heir to the throne. The breach went on widening, until at last we find Warwick and Clarence exiles in France, and making a^ alliance with Margaret to restore Henry to the throne. 4* Accordinelv. Warwick, hrinorino- hU cnn-;«_io«r ..^*k 64-1469. id. She — which ice over- Monta- [465 the ime, was zn quite :s of his and his :ertainly result Of Jodville, lad met ady had These I favour, d stood (^on the Edward t whose s popu- 1 a rage s. The blacker ence to ly. He ughters : living yet the ^ent on larence argaret .^r|j|i^' «47o-i478. LifuofYork, ^ tk:iT^:z:i,^ t ""^^ ^^^-^ ^^-^ -<» fighting men tor "anda^d^'v^^hrhefrr^ ^"' ^' rf gone thither to put down a risinJ ""'Wi. 'o King's llr and tifnT "7*^" '° W"«''^'=' ««<« He sought Trrfu" ,^.h rh'","'' T'^ '° """^"rt- Burgundy, who was^'the husb?nd ^f h " "°'''' """^ "^ Thus the Red Rose riun;"h.H ' '"'" M^'g^et. drawn from the W and tf """ "'°"- "'""r "^ did not enjoy it long for in iT'" "" ""'' "'™"'- "» appea«d,havingTa^deda R. '^'""""""'^ Edward re- marching soutl.lards ^ Lal^'r^J-g ^f -" ■47.).- fickle Clarence, and soon fouid" hlZlMn^To^"' Thence .ssuing, he engaged WarwTck . Bamet on Easter Sundav ,„^ "arwicK at B,i,i„„f Warwick and his btth^ "M^tlr '™- "--"•"" killed. Another victory, wo" t^r e '^fet ra^'atT T a single person to fei^fl,t,. 'IT''""''^ ""hout at Tewkesbury. Hen^v' L > '^? ^^""^'^ '"^^ '''^m mysterious de«h usual with d°^' "'^r"^"' "'='' ">« a"d Ma-garet was a ploner ""'"■''"^^ '" ^"^'^-l. .omake the pelce oV" ^1 u^r^^' w" "' ''"' ""'^ XI.. in which Lewis agreed 10^,^"™ J"/^ "-" <>f then that Lewis ransomed Marsaret of a , «.«^redi:;:hrthe°^:;er""andr^ °' ''^"^»"' ^"^ 1 ower , and between 1480 and 1483 90 Rise of the People, 1483. there was a war with Scotland in which the king's youngest brother, Richard, duke of Gloucester, recovered Edward IV. Berwick from the Scots (it had been lost in diet. 1483. 1461) for the last time. In April 1483, King Edward died. 6. He left behind him. two sons, Edward and Richard, the one twelve, the other ten years old. Richard of Edward v., Gloucester was their only surviving uncle, *^3. and therefore their natural guardian. Richard was an able man, but crafty and unprincipled ; and there Ri hard ^* \\i\\'^ doubt that soon after his brother's duke of ' death he thought of seizing the crown for him- Glouc««ter. ^^^^ In any case the history of the so-called reign of Edward V. — which lasted for only two months and a half— is a mere record of the bold strokes Richard made to clear his path to the throne and his stealthy approaches along it. When Edward IV. died, Gloucester was in the north, and young Edwarci at Ludlow, in the keeping of Earl Rivers, his mother's brother, and Sir Richard Grey, her son. On hearing of the king's death, both Richard and Edward set out, each with his friends, for London. They met on the way ; and Richard had Rivers and Grey arrested and sent northwards.. On reaching London he placed the lad in the Tower, to be kept there until the day fixed for his coronation, and was himself named Protector of the kingdom. The queen's kinsmen had been greatly disliked by the old nobility, who looked on them as upstarts ; and though Richard's doings with regard to them had no colour of law or justice, no one spoke against them. Next, Lord Hastings, a man not likely to be shaken in his loyalty to the children of his late master. King Edward, was one day beheaded within the Tow^r grounds on Richard's mere order. At the same time Morton, bishop of Ely, and Lord Stanley were Lord Has- tings mur^ dei«d. '•a i{- Line of York. 91 92 Rise of the People. 1483. it,' W laid hold of and kept in prison. The queen dowager, who had fled for refuge to a holy place, was persuaded to give up her son, York ; and he was at once sent ta join his brother in the Tower. Rivers, Grey, and their friends were put to death in the north ; and armed men from Yorkshire began to muster in London. Then one Dr. Shaw was put up at St Paul's Cross to tell the people that King Edward had never been really married to Dame Elizabeth Grey, as he had before been contracted to a Lady Eleanor Butler ; and that his children were there- fore not his lawful heirs. At last the duke of Bucking- ham, himself a descendant of Edward IIL through that duke of Gloucester who died at Calais in 1397, went to the Guildhall and made before the mayor and citizens there assembled a full statement of Richard's title. It met with some show of approval ; and next day Richard was asked to take the crown by a body of men acting on behalf of what they called * the three Estates of the Reahn of England ; ' and after a little display of coyness, he accepted. A parliament had been called for that day ; and it is likely that many of those who offered the crown were members of the Lords or Com- mons. The petition stated that King Edward's children were 'bastards,' Clarence's attainted, and that Richard was therefore the undoubted heir of Richard, duke of York. 7. Richard IIL reigned for little more than two years. One of his first actr. was to have his nephews murdered RichMd Thetruth of the story, that they were smotheitd III., X483. in the Tower by Miles Forest and John *^ ^" Dighton, leaves little to be explained in the history of the day ; its falsehood would leave a good deaL He was next called on to deal with a plot and rising in which his former friend, Buckingham, took an active part The rising failed ; and Buckingham was taken and \ ■ If i?.,>'>. I4«3. M83-i4«5. Line of York, 03 beheaded. But the plan that Buckingham had tried to carry out lived on, and led before long to Richard's de-. struction. There was then living in exile in Britanny one Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, who, owing to the havoc that war and murder had made of the Lancastrian family, had become its foremost member of English birth. He was the son of Margaret Beaufort and Henry Edmund Tudor, and inherited, through his ^udor. mother, the headship of the House of Beaufort, sprung from John of Gaunt and Catherine Swinford.» Richard's crimes had lost him the love of many of the old friends of his house ; and an alliance was now made between Aese and the remaining friends of the Lancastrian cause. It was agreed between them that their long feud should be healed by the marriage of Henry Tudor with Elizabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV. ; and that at the same time Richard should be assailed by an invasion from abroad and a rising in England. The first Battle of attempt came to nothing; but the second f<»wortl>. succeeded. In the summer of 1485, Henry ilST' landed at Milford Haven in South Wales, and after a somewhat roundabout march, engaged Richard at Bos- worth on August 22. Richard fell on the field, and with him the Plantagenet Hne of kings ended. #- i^ _j * T«W« •bowing the royal descent of tlie Tudors. John of Gaunt (by Catherine SiHnfonl). John Beaufort, earl of Somerset. John, dolce of Somerset Kiigaret, m. Edmund Tudor. Henry Beaufort Thomas, d. of Exeler. (cardmal). I 1^ Henry Heni^ Tudor. e«l of Rich^S^*^ '**♦>' Edmund, duke of Somerset (kiUed I I4SS). Edmund (beheaded 1471). 94 i?w of the PeopU. We have now got to the end of a very stirring time Many things were done in it which we must disapprove of; but one good thing was gained by the Enghsh people Summary. *^"""^ **' "^^^^ ^^^ the winning of the liberties which we now enjoy. It is true that the kin^ was quite as strong at the end of this time as he had been at the beginning. So many noble families were swept away in the Wars of the Roses that the king was no longer afraid of the nv )ility and was able to do almost anything he liked. But the work done by Simon de Montfort and Edward I., like aU true work, did not die. Parliament still lived ; snd though for a long time it was well content to let the king have his way in most thijjgs, yet it still kept all its powers. Without its consent no money could be lawfully taken from the people and no laws could be made. The wars with France and Scotland had a good deal to do with making Parliament so strong. In themselves these wars were barren of everything but evil; but indi- rectly they did much good. For from Parliament only could the king get the means of carrying them on. Par- liament had therefore to be called very often; and thus the power of the Commons became great So it came abou. that the one abiding result of these two hundred and seventy years was that the people had found out the way of governing themselves. ;tj ■ 1 r ^^B? ?H H* — B i It, ^Bi^ i ^^ ' ^bE ..-,. 3 R' t fe."' Wv i fel> CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. .% t Th*evtHts are here given, notin theorderin lohich thevar* A...V in the booh, tut in the order in v>huh they happened ^^ \ ZSX5. Xflz6. xai6. xai7. laip. aas. 133a. 1336. 1338. 1339. 1343. 1946. The Great Charter is granted Lewis of France comes to England King John dies . . * * Henry hi., 1216-1273. The Great Charter is shortened and confirmed . The French are beaten at Lincoln and at Sandwich, The Treaty of Lambeth is made . William MarshaU dies . The Great Charter is given its final shape Gascony is won back from the French by WilUain Longsword . . ' " Hubert de Buigh falls from power . ' , * Simon de Montfort comes to England King Henry marries Eleanor of Prt)vence Simon de Montfort marries Eleanor, King Henry's sister . . _ . Edward, afterwards Edward I., is bom . King Henry tries to win back Poitou. but is beaten bv Lewis TY a* TW//-* The word • Parliament ' ^ fint used in England 6 7 V 8 "'% 8 9 ^ ^ to « '\ la ^? za 1 40 V- la »S - IS X5 40 It 96 MS4. .ias8. 1263. 1264. 1261;. t266. X267. 1270. 1272. 127a. ^^. 1274. 1277. If: - 1282. 1283. 1284. 1286. 1290. 1291. 1292. 1294. »a9S. Chronological Table, '^o/q,","*? ^^^^^ ^'■°™ "^^ P°P« ^e kingdom ofSlcily for his son Edmund . . Knights of the shire are called to Parliament filaments meet at London and Oxford Provisions of Oxford are drawn up . The Barons take the Royal power to themse'lves ihe Barons war begins . Lewis of France issues the Award of Amiens bimon de Montfort beats Henry at Lewes The towns and boroughs send representatives' to Parliament . Simon de Montfort is beaten and killed at 'Evtsluim Kmg Henry grants the Dictum de Ken:lw «4 III XI iiR • n ly| 16 " '^V 16 ^^Wf ■ 16 ' B ' / I'/ ' ml ' 17 ■ W / 18 . "1^' 19 i 19 90 ao ao ■'■ az, 26 87 • 29 30 30 ■•■*■■ 30 i -■- 3« 40 ^^:^iiii '*/ :aMMHHri ^^^^H aa J^^^^H il-VV*^ '4 X( »S i6 i6 i6 -J ! M9S- X996. ia97. •f xa98. .'303. »304- X306. X307. ■ s X307. X308. X309. X3X0. >a 13x3. X3»4- il X3X8. »3i9. 1382. d W '3^3. mi Mi >3a4. S./f, Chronological Table, Scotland and France make an alliance against Edward . . The War of Scottish Independence begins . Battle of Dunbar is fought ; and Scotland is con- quered by Edward The Scots rise in arms under William Wallace * Edward crosses to Flanders to make war on Philip of France The English are beaten at Caw^»j;6^««^M . The Confirmation of the Charters is granted King Edward again invades Scotland. Wallace IS beaten at Falkirk The war with France ends King Edward invades Scotland tbr the third time Scotland is again conquered Stirling is besieged and taken by Edward . Robert Brace takes up arms in Scotland Robert Bruce isiieaten at Methven . ^ward I. dies , Edward II.. 1307-1227. Edward II. leaves the war with Bruce . Piers Gaveston, Edward's favourite, makes himself* ■hateful to the barons, and is banished Gaveston is allowed to come back Edward consents to the appointment of thi Lords Ordamers ' • Edward leads an army into Scotland without succesi Gaveston is put to death by the Earl of Lancaster and other barons . Robert Bruce overthrows EJdward's army at Bannock- bum ... Berwick is won back to Sr ^nd by Robert BruM A truce for two years is made with Brace . The Lancastrian party is beaten at Boroughbridgi Thomas, Eari of Lancaster, is put to death Edward invades ScoUand. Brace invades England A trace for thirteen vears is maH- «,;♦»' ©«»,—. » Troubles anse between Edward and Charles of France about Guienne • • - H 97 . "-r^^^^l rAGK "^^1 ^ "H 3a ft^^^l 33 '"^1^1 33 a 34 ^s T'w 34 ^1 34 •'fl 23 34 '•*fl 41 •^1 3S ' -'M 35 v'S 35 \^^ 36 -'''^1 36 ^fl 37 f ^l^^^l 37 ~-M .^^^H 74 !'^w^^^ 74 E>^^^H v^^^H 58 ^•^^B 37 "^fy ^^^^^1 74 :.^B • ''''^^H 38 '■'^m 38 J ^ 38 .1 f ^^^^1 '^1 74 / '^1 74/ "-^H ^J '^J^B^^^H ■mmm A\ Is •^-■■>|.T*|e' -^••-wa|iti.i.ti! '. .'.rt.' ; 98 ^.*=> 4. ■ Y ' .'*• J'4|^ '1,.' 1327. I3a8r 1329. 1330. 1332- 1333- «337- 1340. «34a- 1346. ■ fi? '^■' «347. 1349- 1356. X3S7- 136a 1361. 1364. X366. 1367. 1369. W^ ' • X370. E' ' X37a-3 1376 Chronological Table, 1335. Queen Isabella plots with Roger Mortimer for Edward's overthrow .... 4a 1306. Isabella and Mortimer land in England 43 X3S7. Edward II. is dethroned and his son Edward stt up in his place • .... 74 Edward III., 1327-1377. The Scots break the truce and invade England Edward II. is murdered in Berkeley Castle Peace is made with Scotland at Northampton Robert Bruce dies .... Roger Mortimer is overthrown and hanged War breaks out in Scotland again The Scots are beaten by Edward at Halidon Hill and Berwick is again taken by the English . The Hundred Years' War begins . King Edward wins the naval battle of Sluys Jane of Flanders is besi^ed in Hennebon, but is relieved by the English imder Sir Walter Manny King Edward and his son, the Bhick Prince, win a great victory at Cressy .... The Scots are beaten at Neville's Cross . King Edward takes Calais from the French The Great Plague sweeps over England . 49, The Black Prince wins the fight of Poitiers John, King of France, is brought a prisoner to England The Great Peace is made at Bretigny The Great Plague comes back to England King John of France dies in England Edward refuses to pay tribute to the Pope The Black Prince invades Castile ; and overthrows Henry of Trastamare at iViz/Vra . The Hundred Years' War breaks out afresh The Black Prince orders the massacre of the men of Limoges ..... The English lose ground in France The Good Parliament tries to reform the government The Black Prince dies .... 38 40 40 43 43 43 44 45 % 47 48 4»iS «4 . 9* *i 4^ 5« 67 5« 52 1 SI 60 J \ 60 ;_,■!< JZ%-^-^:^ 6x m W^. Chronological Table, 4« 43 74 38 w 40 f 40 43 M 43 "» r- 43 * 44 \' 45 "-^ ■ % 46 ■ i'i 47 ■'■*■ 4« .> 48 >.64 .J> SO "a' SO 50 i 49 i. SI ■'«" 67 1 SI 1 Sa 11 «377. 138a 1381. 1382. 1384. 1386. «387- 1388. 1389. 1393. 1394- 1397. 1398. 1399. A poll-tax is laid on the people Edward III. dies 99 PAoa 1401. 1403. 1403- 1405. Richard II., 1377-2399. Another poll-lax is laid on the people The Commons rise under Wat l>ler and other leaders The first law against heresy is passed John Wiclif dies .... The Duke of Gloucester forms a party against the King. The royal powers are given to a Council of Regency ..... Richard tries to regain his power. His friends are scattered at Radcot Bridge The Wonderful, or Merciless, Parliament puts many of Richard's friends to death King Richard takes back the power into his own hands . • . . t • The Law of Praemunire is passed . King Richard leads an army to Ireland . The Lollards becon^e troublesome . King Richard takes vengeance on his enemies, and makes himself a despot Henry Bolingbroke and the Duke of Norfolk quarrel and are banished ..... Henry Bolingbroke comes back to England. Ridwrd is dethroned, and Henry is chosen king THE LANCASTRIAN KINGS, Henky IV., 1399-1413. A law is passed for burning heretics. William Sawtree is btimt . • • • Owen Glendower takes up arms in Wales The Percies beat the Douglas at Homildon Hill . The Percies rebel against King Henry, but are beaten at Shrewsbury .. Scropc, Archbishop of York, is beheaded by the order of King Henry H 9 <5S 71 69 ^ ^ ' 75 75 1 75 ^1, 76 ^ 7« .1 7t 70 1 76 1 76 J 77 s J 71 78 78 78 r, F 'Hi,- E* 100 1408. 1413. 1414- «4«S- 14x7. 14x8. 1419. 1430. 1431. Z4aa. Chronological Table, Ptecy. Eari of Northumberland, is killed at Bram- ham Moor Henry IV. dies . ' . * 'AM 7« 78 Henry V.. 1413-1432. King Henry attacks the LoUards. Their leader. Sir John Oldcastle, escapes King Henry makes war on France, takei Harfliur ^ and wins the fight of ^^/«f^«r/ . * King Henry again invades France, and begins the conquest of Normandy . , Rouen is besieged by King Heniy . Sir John OldcasUe falls into the hands of his'enemies. and is put to dea;h King Henry finishes his conquest of Normandy John, Duke of Burgundy, is murdered ; andiiis son.' Phihp, Joins the English Henry and Charles VI. of France make the Peaieof Troyes . . . ^ The English are beaten by the Frendi at Beaugt Henry V. dies>^ ... * 54 54 7a 54 54 54 55 I4aa. 1434. «4a5. 1439. H- 1430. X43X. MBS- ^^^^^^^H^^HE^i' „ T^nA 1 1 «444. Henry VI., X4aa-X46i. Charles VI. of France dies The English beat the French at Vemeull. The • Parliament of Bats ' tries to recondle Beaufort and Gloucester Orleans is besieged by the Earl of Salisbury Jeanne D'Arc drives the English from before Ox- leans ; takes Jargeau ; beats the English at Patay and conducts CharlesVII. to Rheims to be crowned Jeanne faUs into the hands of the Burgundians Jeanne is burnt at Rouen Henry VI. is crowned at Paris . . * * . A General Congress is held at Arras. Philip of Byi^ gundy and Charies VII. become friends Duke of Bedford dies * lie iiugHsa lose Fans ... A true mad vith France 55 8g 5jr 55 5S56 56 Si S7 57 57 5» -wi T., t \ «447- M49-SO '490. '451. '453. '454- '455- '458. '459- 1460. X461. Chronological Table, King Heniy marries Margaret of Anjou . The Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort ie TJe French w.n back Normandy from the English The Duke of Suffolk is banished, but is murS^ on his way to the ConUnent The men of Kent rise in arms under John Cade ' The rrench wm Guienne from the English . cZl^^ of Shrewsbury, is beaten and kiUed al King Henry loses his wits "^dom"^'"^ York is made'protcctorof the kingl King Henry recovers The first battle of St. Aliami, fought, and the War. of the Roses begin . The Yorkists and Lancastrians make a' public pro- fession of friendship . ^ The Yoricist leaders flee from England The Yorkist leaders come back and drive the Qtleoi and her fnends from the kingdom The Duke of York is killed at Wakefield The batues of Mortimer's Cross and Second i?A Albans are fought Edward. Earl of March, becomes King. * . ' 101 FAGB 57.80 81 57 8a 8a 57 57 83 84 84 85 85 85 86 86 86 87 I THE YORKIST KINGS. Edward IV., 1461-1483. 146'. King Edward win, the battle of Tawton and ch«» the Lancastrian leaders from England The Lancastrians make head in the North, but ai^ beaten at Hedgeley Moor and Hexham King Edward marries Dame Elizabeth Grey Henry VI is taken and brought to London . ' n«r f r ?^,°"' ^^'^ ^'"« Edward in several par.'s of England . ";^hn7^ ^7"'''^'^^*'" ''''*^'"*°«^« Lancastrians, chases Edward from England, and plac^ Henry VI. upon the throne . 1464. Z466. 1469. 1470. 87 88 88 88 8g 88,89 * Chronological ! l€. Edw«nJ comes tack to England and b«atf the Lan- castraai.i /»» Garnet and Tewkesbury Henry Vi. dw* i< > the Tower King Edward raises benevolences King Edward invades France, but makes peace at Pecquigny . P«cc at George. Duke of Clarence, is put to dea'th . ' War breaks out with Scotland . Richard. Duke of Gloucester, takes Berwick Edward IV. dies Edward V.. April to July 1483. ^^A ""^"S^- Earl Rivers, and other friends of Edward v., are put to death. The crown is offered to Richavd. Duke of Gloucester . 90 9a 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 Richard III.. 1483-X48S. Edward V. and his brother are murdered Henry Tudor Earl of Richmond, agrees to many Elizabeth of York . . ^ Buckingham rises in arms, but is taken and bihelded ^ *'arUament makes many good laws and killed near ^ojwivM . • 99 W '■;?' *Mt * I i l I l, h ! 103 TffS PLANTAGENET KINGS OF ENGLAND. M Hbnry II. (Spnuog botk from Willuun the Conqueror and from Edmund Inmsidt.) Xicibin//. (1189-1199) y«AM (1199-1216) Eleanor, oil K. of Cutilc Blanche, m. Lewis of Fiaooe Henry III. (1316-1373) f Richard, king of Germany. Edward I. (1373-1307) ~( I Edmund, E. of Lancaster. Henry, E. of Lancaster. Henry, D. of Lancaster. Edward II. (1307-1337) Edward III. (1337-1377) , D. of Clarence. John Edward (Black Princa Lione •f 1376. Rkkmd II. (1377-139 PhUippa. Roger Mortimer. Anne Mortimer. Richard, D. of York. whom. Blanche Edward IV. (1461-1483). BliiJbeth Edward V. (14B3). of York, who married Henry Tudor. of Gaunt, Henry IV. (1399-14S3X Henry V. 1413-Z4MX Henry VI. (i499-z45tX Edward (killed at TewkesburyX RiekmrdlU, 1483-1485^ It Ik ,'. fl' ..;:'-l^ 105 J / INDEX OF PERSONS ALE A J .' S»" of, 47 Anindel, Earl ofj 76 •A«u»dd, Primate, 71, 76 g2«vaii. Bishop of, s6 Bourchier, SirRoUrt.eS Burgh, Hubert de. 7, 9, „ Butrer.LadyEl«i,oV,92 ^e, John, 8a Canute, King, ao ^Uterine. Queen, 54 *;M»iei of Navarr^ 44 aurIe»th«Bold,S CI»«k«th«Faii;4f,4. EUS Charlea V„ 5, Charles VI., 45, ca. J. CharIe.Vlf.,Tsf;:'* Care. Gilbert ae,V6, ,9 Care,Richanlde, x6 cfcT&Js^"'""^'-'''' Comyn,theRed,3 Cornwall, Earl of, x8 Courtenay, Archbishop, 60 CresRingham. 33, 34 *^' ^ DAre, Jeanne, 55, 56 David, Earl of Huntingdon « David of Wales, 25, ;^«'«*°' 3' De^l«Pole,Wiliiai,8i DightOTTjihn.oa''* Douglas, Sir Wiluan^ 3^ Edrnwid, Eari of Lancaster. ,4, 4, E*™^ bU Princ, 47, 4^5,. «^ Eleanor of ftovence, 13 ^liiaacia Of York, 03 Eliabeth Woodvi'lii; Que«. 88 oe lo6 Index of Persons, ' i"" i'-^ ii FIT Piuwalter. Robert, o Forrest, Miles, ga Frankton, Adam, a6 Gaveston, Piers, 74 Gifford, 26 Glendower, Owen, 27, 78 G oucester. Thomas, Duke of, 75-6. 03 GJoucwter Humphrey, Duke of, 79^81 Grey, Sir John, 88 Grey, Sir Richard, 90, ga Gualo, Papal Legate, 8, 9 Hales, Sir Robert, 66 Hastings, Lord, 90 Hastines, John, 31 Henry II., King, 8 Henry IIL, Kmg, 3, 8, 12-18, 20, 40, „4i. 73.74, 77 ^ • '"*^' ^''' **' 7'' 75-7, 79, ^*™V7" ^'"^' *7. 52. 71, 75, 76. 77. 79, °3 Henry A^L, King, 45, 54-7, 78-81,83, "S Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 74 Henry, Earl of Lancaster, 74 Henry of Trastamare, sx Hereford, Earl of, 23 Honorius, Pope, 8 Hotspur, Harry, 78 Innocent III., Pope,6, 7, 8 Isabella of AngoulSme, 13 Isabella, Queen of Edward II., 43. 44 Isabella, Queen of Richard II., 76 PBR , ane of Brittany, 46 Jane of Flanders, 46 • °!j"' Pp''* of Burgundy, 54, 56 iohn, King, 3 5-9, ja-j^ 33 ohn. King of France, 50 ohnofGaunt, 51, 52, 60, 62 ohn of Lorn, 37 Lancaster Thomas, Earl of. 74 Langton, Stephen, 6 Latimer, Lord, 6o-6a Lewis. EmDerop ak ' }^*,« yj^^V? of Fi^ce, 7-,o. 40 Lewis IX., Saint. 17, 41 ^ Lewis XL, 89 Lionel, Duke of Clarence, «. Llewellyn, 21, 24-26 Lollards, The, 70. 72 Longsword, William, 40 Lyons, Richard, 60, 63 Macduff of Fife, 32 Malcolm, King of Scots, 39 Manny, Sir visiter, 46 Marche, Count of La, 13 Margaret, Duchess, 89 Margaret of Anjou, 57, 80, 81, 84, U- °9 Marearet of Norway, 30, 31 Marihall, William, 8, « Montfort, Eleanor de, 25 Montfort, Henry de, 19 Montfort, Simon de, ^, 15, 30 Montfort, Simon de, the younger, la Mortimer, Anne, 77, 8i . Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of M;.rch.»7 Mortimer, Edmund, 36 Mortimer, Roger, 42, 43, 74 " Morton, John, 90 Neville, Cicely, 8z Neville, Isabella, 88 '^evi'le, John, Marquis of Montapu, 88-89 Neville, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland. ^,48, 17 Neville, Richard, Earl of Salisbury. 81, 84-86 ' Neville, Richard, Earl of Warwick, »/, 84-89 Norfolk, Earl of, 23 Norfolk, Duke of, 76 Northampton, Earl of, 47 Ojdcastle, Sir John, 7a Ohphant, William, 35 Orleans, Duke of, 80 Ormsbv, Justiciar, 33, 34 Oxford, Earl of, 75 Pedro, the Cruel, 51 Perche, Count of, 9 Percy, Earl of Northumberiand, 78 •rcrcy, Kerry, 43 Percy, Lord, 69 P«rrer«, Alice, 60, 6t f /.■ s .'M l\ \i ^)i ,./. Index of Persons. PBT {JterdeUMare, 60.6a Philip the FiS?3U'4^"»^'** Richard I., Kine, 73 Rochft^ Peter de; la SslisbuTr Earl of, n li^fsudbunr.66.67 S«««wl, •uhe of fiickugham, ga 107 WIL Stanley, Lord. 00 Suffolk, Earl of, 55 Swiaford, Cathenne, 79. 93 Tyler, Wat, 65, 66 Valence, Aymer de, 36 Valence, William, 13 Wales, Princess of, 69 Wallace, William, 34:3, Walworth. William, 66" Warenne, Earl, 33. 34 Wiclif. John e^f % WjUumof^kehain/6i WiU«mtheCiique«;r.7, William th« Li. 8a Auberocne, 74 Avignon, 67 Ayxihure,37 Buwockbum, 38 Bamet, 89 Bayonne, 5a BSS.iii:^''*'''''"^''^ BUnchetfiche, 47 Bloreheath, 85 Bosworth, 84, 93 Brainham Moor, 78 Brechin. 33, 35 Bmigny, so, 51 Bntanny;46, 53, 93 Bruges, fo ~uilth, a6 B Bufgh^m-Sands, 37 Borgundy, 50 ^laverock. Castle. 35 QunbuskennistK/ 34* ^rii«le,37 oai CastiUon,S7 Charente, Tlie, 40 Chester, 35, 77 Colchester, 7 Compiigne, 56 " Conway, 35 Coventry, 85 Cressy, 46-48, 53 Dartmouth, 89 Donmmy, « Dordogne, TTie, 53 Dover, 7, 9 Dumfries, 36 Dunbar, 33 Durham, 48 Edinboii^, 33, 35 Ejlershe, 34 Ely, ao Essex, 65, 66 aveshaiD^ 19 Falkirk, 34 Flanders, 33, 45 6^'SJ;,'''''^''*'^^^** Forth. The, 38. 35 Galloway. 38, 35 §*»cony. 15. 83. 40, 41, so uncnt, 45 GlasgOMr, 36 Gloucester, 8 Guteone, 3h 40. 4«. 4a. 43. 44 A*l no r^'- Index of Places, IIAl Hainault, 4(f HaltdonHiIl, 4) Ilarfleur, 53 Hawarden Castle. 95 H«nn«bon, 46 Hertfordshire, 65 HoU«nd.8o Holy Land, 15 IrdMid, 18. 83, 85 raf|Mii,s5 Kenilworth. 16, 10, ao Kent, .8. 65. 66, 8a Kutghom, 89 Kiiig't Lynn, 89 SWI «-« Lambeth, le, 69 Lanerco8t,37 Leicester, 80 Lewes. 17, 18 Limoges, 51 Lincoln, 8, 9 Loire. The, 55 London, 7, 10. 13, 15, 17, 18, 95. 36, 65, 66, 7a, 80, 8 I^thian, 7, a8, 43 «5..66, 7a, 80, 83. 89 «thian, 7, a8, \ Loudon Hill, 37 Ludford, 85 Ludlow Castle. 83, 85, qo Lutterworth, 69 Mame, 57, 89 Maupertuu, 50 Menai Straits, 36 Methven. 36 Mile End, 65, 66 Milford Haven, 93 Montrose, 33 Mortimer s Cross, 86 Najera, 50 Neville's Cross, 48 Newark, 8 Newcastle, 31 i-somsun, 30 NoTmandy, 4q, 4*, 5a, 53, 57 Nortliampton. ai, 40, 86 Northumberland, 33 Odiham. 16 Orkney, 30 Orleans, 55 Oxford, 5, IS. iC, !7, 68, 69 Pans, 41, 46-49, sok ss-57 PaUy, 55 Pecquigny, 89 Perth, S6 Poissy, 46 Poitiers, 49, 53 Poitou, 13, 40, so, S9 Ponthieu, 47, 50 Pontoise, 54 Provence, 13 Pyrenees, 40, 50 Radcot Bridge, 75 Ravenspurp, 77, 89 Renfrewshire, 34 Rheims, 55 Rhxiddlan, 35 Rochester. 7, 17 Rome, 6, 67 Roslin, 35 Rouen, 54, 56 Runnymede, 6 St Albans, J, 84, 85, 8* St Giles's Fields. 73 St Paul's, 69, 91 Sandwich, 10, 86 Savoy, 13, 65 Scone, 34, 36 Scotland, X, 7, aa, 33, 37-40, 41, ^ *, 49. 59, 87, 90 Seme, The, 46 Sevenoaks, 83 Shrewsbtuy, 36, 78 Sluys, 45 Smithfield, 66 Somme, The, 47, 53 Southampton, 53, 78 Spey, The, 38 Stirling, 33, 35, 38 Strathoixie, 35 Swineshead, I S. f Mttiii^lE Indix of Places, III TIW IWkMbunr. 89 Th«net,7 Tower, The, 86, 7a, 83, 89, 99 Towten, 87 Tweed, The, a8 Tyburn, 36 WakditUI,66 1 • • ^ v^ ■ YOR Wales, I, aj-a;, 7a Westminster, aa, 3a, 86 Wir,chelsea, 19 Winchester, la Windsor, 8 Wye, The, 36 York. •1,38, 83, 8487 ■31 ■*■ •••-.» ti' . I % :\ »■ i a^ • 1., i' H HOW TO READ; A DRILL BOOK FOR CORRECT AND EXPRESSIVE READING ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 6y Richard Lewis, Teacher of Elocution, Author of "Domln. Ion Elocutionist," do. PRIOB 7 6 CENTS. J. M. Pi-iTT, M.D., P. S. iMpector, Plcton, Ont *— .*! ; J I*wi"' ''^°'' *<* Read," ii one of the finest Uttle booki TmJUH^T^ ^*° °."' Canadian Schools. No efflcient t2She?!ui UH to have his senior classes supplied with the work at onoeT^ J. MORRISON. M.A, M.D., H. M. High School, Newnurket. Such a book was wanted and I am glad that the want has bMn «i». piled by an Elocutionist of some note. *I UvrioptS "t f w ouTJuSK JOHN SHAW, Head Master High School, Omemee. ^T\\^i «iU»if*"K'®"^u*'**** L*..»°<* •'"^' certainly introduce It at the SS2«Tp«Ju2ike:''' P"'"^"*^° ^^* »»"* »>• Profltabl. *; R. N. RODOERS, Inspector of P. Schools, Colllngwood. , . • • ; , ^8 hoP« this book will be brought to everv teachsr uitl **'^r f^^i' *^*° *° learning the simple principles It lay" down and E. M. BIGO, M.A. ... I wish It could be Introduced Into erery sehool W 80 mrCH WBTOID W OUR 8CU00L8 AS SUCH A WORK. NofHUia JOHN MACOUN, llA H.^ Master of Albert College Grammar School, Prof, of Botany, &c. ~««™»r V 1 • • J." .^,™.*''* unhesitatingly recommend Liwn' How to Rkad ti% be Iminediately introduced into all our schools and that tSwh ws wmuS S?ReVeVd»y.*^ classes to obtain it. and lurtrucrtff l"tKS J. MILLER, B.A., H. M. High Sehool, St thomat. eel.; mori at" SSiS^**** «^*" *"*^ »" * ~N««t that should r^ ■SfM H W^ ~ Tr ENGLISH GRAMMAR BY C. P. MASON, B.A., F.C.P.. Fellow of University College, London Wiw Examination Papers by W. Houston, M.A. PRICE 76 CENTS. ALEX. SIM. M.A.. H. M., H. 8., OakvIUa. ♦u ??''"'*'! **' ^^^^^ y«»" *»o I asked a OTammar sshool Infoeetor In A. p. KNIGHT, M.A.TH.M., Klngiton CoUefdate InsUtuto. ^i.iS?^?^!*'*'^ ^.® '^■* *«''* ^ook for the senior olaMes of our biah •chooto that has yet been offered to the Canadian pubUa ^ J. KINO, M.A., LL.D., Principal, Caledonia, H. 8. «-«i!S^'^***?^?" .J^" "^ '<>""d a most valuable claM-booka m Sr??A?'^i ' T *°"*'T«tion of advanced claiises in English^e^hStoJ ior? fiM^^^nn' difficult sentences is of itself .undent to pfflS JSbllo! ^ *"^ °*'**'* srrwnmar hitherto before the CauuUiia RICHARD LEWIS, H. M., Duflerin School Toronto. •, JSn*tSilM"**J *J*^"f1 *** discussion of doubtful point! and te excellent methods and definitions cannot fail to ffivo it a^iffh i^ h. s: ssr,s°°T? ?° ^'M8^ of such wStkJitCsihiJ'ass s: Sv^T Z'. Ju*'!S,f*^''*^ * twenty-fiwt edition in EnglandiSd 1 pKJiJSj. * '^^ "*** "^^^ *^^ "^« "«*» apprecuffiii ttlJ JOHN SHAW, H. M., H. S., Omemee. I.*— 'u* 1* ¥**"*'".^"™°""'**J"s*8ucl»abookasmanyt6adheralia*« tSS, t?* «^h£«^ introduced into our schools. it?SfthT fitoTt! 2uhn.?t!^*'^f ' ^J explanation, definition and abundant iUu^biSlwe without stereotyped rufea thereby maUng the study even attwcSJS^ D. 0. MaoHENRY, B.A., H. M. Coboui^ CoL Institute. terch^'^dSSlXiS!**"'' ''''''' " ""^ '^ '^^^ ^^^ JOHN JOHNSTON, P. S. L, Belleville and South^Hastlnsfc Of aU the grammars that I have seen, I consider Mason's the bert. J. MORRISON, M.A.. M.D., Head Master. High School, Newmarket. Ihave ordered it to be used in th!« «.h««i t ^^.tA..- i* v_ --_ -.._ J n * .-c BEATTY & CLARE'S BOOK-KEEPING; A Triatui ok S»olb akd Docbui Ektkt BooK-Kitruiff, FOR USE IN HIGH AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS, By 8. G. Bkatty, Principal Outario Commercial College, Belle- • viUe, and SAMUEt Clabk, Book Keeping and Writing Master, Normal School, Toronto. PRICE 70 CENTS. T. 0. STEEL, Inspector, P. 8, Co., Preucott. ... I consider " Beatty & Clare's Book-keeping" plain and Mnipla, yet Hjfficiently comprehensive for all practical purpoaea. and (wpeclally fitted (or a school text book. WM. TA8SEE, LL.D., H. M., Gait Col. Institute. . . . Simple, clear, devoid •( confuainir deflnitiooa and rnry practical throughout J. W CONNOR, B.A., H. M , H. S.. Berlin. ... I consider it the best elementary work on the subject tha* I have yet Kccn. D. C, Mchenry, M.A., Principal Cobourg Collegiate Institute. f consider Beatty Sl Clare's Book-keeping an excellent text book. A. YOUNG, Principal of Berlin, 0. S. The work on Book-keeping by Beatty & Clare is the beat that I eyer saw. JOHN WILSON, Math. Master, Port Hope H. S. ... 1 feel safe In recommending the work to my follow iMchers throughout the Province, as one well adapted to ensure thoroughness In the art of Book-keeping. HUGH J. STRANG, B.A,, H. M., H. S., Goderich. ... Its elucidation of the subject being clear and adequate, the work wh*»e been Teijmuch pleased by the Introduction of " S»rInton'i Unguage Leason'a," into the list of Canadian School Books. U |I mnple, comprehensive, and reliable; and shows very clearly how eaail* the study of grammar may be made to go hand in hand with the pne- S?.k/ ^S"Po»'"on. }^\ P-eat end for which grammar ought tb b« T^h I We havo at J-st an elemenUry text book which may beeu' £S«r iSf b* to* bi^° "**'* *"**P«'*«°«^ teacher without any JOHN JOHNSTON, P. S. I., South HaiUngs. J *>»▼• carefully examined '• Swinton's Language Lessons." and an convinced from what I have seen of it, and from what I have heai^from •ome of my most experienced teachers, that it is by far the bait Elementary text book on the subject that has yet been placed within r^ of our Canadian children. The simultaneoua exeroisei in com- poittiop are an admirable feature. I shall recommend the book for um fn all the schools in my district. J. M. PLATT, M.D., P. S. Inspector, Picton. , I »m greatly plea-ied with this little work. Our best and most m> p«n«nced teachers teach grammar to Junior classes orally, after tb« Mme fashion. Young and inexperienced teachers can do as well with Language Lessons " as the oldest and best can do without it. JV)i pnplle Just entering upon this important branch, this litUe book in question has no superior iu the market. W. 8. CLENDENINO, Inspector East Bruce, Walkerlon, . . With its valuable aid the teacher will find it no difBoult • to make the study of language agreeable to even Junior pupils. ] em It so highly that I will use my influence to get it into the hands WmwSml ^^^^^ "• ™^ district, and, if authorised, into eveiy lohoof ROBERT MATHESON, M.A., H. M. High School, Walkerton. • • • Language Lessons will assuredly prove a boon to teaehan of composition. I find that for teaching English Grammar it is superior to the usual treaHseb, as it treats of Grammar in a practical manner. C. MOSES, P. S. I., County Haldimand, Caledonia. I bav« carefuliy examined Swinton's Language LiCSMns for Junior " ■ M M and consider it one of the best yet published, being admirably MUptod for use in our publio ichoola. ^ iii«iiiii'niaii.i ■BMHMMWHa EXAMINATION PAPERS s. ton'i It ia >no* > b« I an* Ian rom bMt thin ioni« 'UM tb« rltb Fot : Id BUlt ] ndf lOOl tan riot bl7 ARITHMETIC^ '^m* '^v^*'^"'^^? I
  • .» Inspector High Schools, and THOi. KiRKLAND, Sf.A., Science Td aster, hTormal Sch5;>L Toronto. Skcond Editioh. PRICE 11.00. Prom the OUELPH MERCURT. n«i4.: u .1^ ''*"1f ^ divided Into M^« i^' " - ■'■—■'■'^'tik-m ^ t .Mris^ t h^Jn . -. i . ii pi „ i, I' . ( MUltK •& (S^/iS (Sbttratbtml Series. HAMBLIN SMITH'S MATHEMATICAL WORKS, ARB TBED ALMOST UCIiUBITlLT In the Normal and Model Schools, Toronto ; Upper Canada College ; Hamilton and Brantford CoUegriate Institutes ; Bow- manville, Berlin, Belleville, and a larfire number of leading High Schools in the Province. HAMBLIN SMITH'S ALGEBRA, With Appendix, by Alfred Baker, B.A., Mathematical Tutor, Unirer rity CoII^e, Toronto. Price, 90 centa. THOMAS KIREL\ND, M.A., Science Master, Normal School. " It is the text-book on Algrebra for candidates for aeoond>e]asi ceitificatee, and for the Intermediate Elxamination. Not tJte leaf* valuable part of it is the Appendix by Mr. Baker." GEO. DICKSON, RA., Head Master, CoUegriate Institute, Hamilton. "Arrangement of subjects (?ood ; explanations and proofs exhaus- tive, concise and clear ; examples, for the most part from Uniwnrity and College Examinadon Papers, are numerous, easy and progreMir*. There is no better Algebra in use in our High Schools ana Collselate InMUtutes." WM. R. RIDDELL, B.A., B.So., Mathematical Ifarter, Normal School, Ottawa. *' The Algebn is admirable, and well adapted as a general teckt- book." 4 ^ ' It ' » m i ,.- m f. K ^l ■ tf W. B. TILLET, B.A., Mathematical Master, BowmanTille High Sckool. " I look on the Algebra as decidedly th^best Elementanr Work on the subject we have. The examples are excellent and well amingwl. fbe explauations are easily tmderstood. R. DAWSON, B.A., T.O.D., Head Master, High School, BelleriUe. *« 'ttil^ «> w. ooMiing kit to be desired. We have now a lirst-class book, \Mdl Mlaniea in an respeots to the yants of pupils of all jgrades, from IIm .iSMBiMr in oar Public Sohools to ih9 most advuicea st'ident tai our p>H«flM« Institutes and High Sdiook Its publieation is a gntl buosi fotM OTUMrork«d mathematical teachers of the rrovlnc«. M" ELEMENTARY STATICS, n THOMAS KIRKLAND, M.A., Solenoe Master* Normal Sohool, Toronto* PRIOC ^.OO. If. B. Rdsbu., B.A., B.Sa, Mathematioal MatUr, Ottawa Formal School. " From a careful examination of it I think it wiR be of great uw to flhose preparing for the examinations of the Central Board. Oao. BAPm, M. A., M.B., Science Mast$r, Ottawa Nonnai Sdtool. " It lupplies a great want felt by those prepartog for Teachen* Oertiflcatet. This— did it possess no other merits— should make it ■ great sucoesi. It is by far the best text book on the subject for tlM edioola of Ontario I have seen." Om. H. Robiksok, H.A., Btad Mait$r, Whitby High SehooL *'It Is the work of one of the meet sucoesrfnl teachers In tli* Dominion, and evenr page bears evidence that it is no hasty oonmUa- tloD, but the fruit of matured thought and experience" 0. J. If AoeuooK, M.A., Principal High School, Stratford. " In the Statics, the treatment of the lubjeet is at once elementary, and rigid enough to l»y the foundation of accuracy In the further prosecution of the science" h. 0. MoHnfRT. B.A., ColUgiato ImtittUe, Cobourg. ' ' Among the valuable text books you have recently published, none is more timely than your ' Elementary Statics.' A work of the kind was greatly needed, especially by High School Teachers ; and it is likdy to meet with very genera) favotir." J. W. Oomroit, H.A., High School, Berlin. obligfttlons by publishing his excellent little work. The arranfement and ekeamess of the * Book work,' and the admirable seleotion of pn>- Vlema, would of themselves plaoe the book in the first rank of eletaen- lary treatisei ; but, above aU,