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ADDRESS BBFOHB THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JXJT^K O, 1877 CONTAINING SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE GEOLOGICAL AGE OF THE WORLD THE APPBARANCn OF ANIMAL LIFE I'PON THE GLOBE, THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN, AND THE AKCH.EOLOGICAL KKMAINS OF EXTINCT KACnS FOUND ON THE ^^^'"^ ^H"^^'^"'" ' WITH VIEWS OF THE ORIGIN AND PRACTICE ..F MI-.DICINE AMONG UNCIVILIZED RACES, MORE ESPECIALLY THB NORTH AMERICAN ; ,', INDIANS ; „ t TO WHICH IS APPENDED A SYNOPSIS OF THE PREVIOUS ADDRESSES AND ALSO BIOGRAPHIES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE^SSOCIATION. ^ BY J. M. TONER. M. D, WASHINGTON, D. C. PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION 1877- , , , AAV 6r)-^H 2. r '.0 FROM THB PRESS OP THE INQflRRR rRINTINO t PUDI.ISHING COMPANY, LANCASIBK, PA. -£ INTRODUCTION. The Rocky Mountain Medical Association had its origin in a desire to perpetuate and keep fresh the friend- ships formed among the physicians who actually crossed the Rocky Mountains to attend the meeting of the Ameri- can Medical Association in San Francisco, California, in May, 1 87 1. On that occasion there were one hundred and twenty-three physicians who traversed the Continent for this purpose, all of whom have been constituted mem- bers of the Association. The ladies of the party and a few non-professional gentlemen who were in the company are recognized as honorary members. The organization is entirely social and memorial in its character. It meets annually at the same time and place as the Amer- ican Medical Association. Immediately after Dr. Toner's address, at Chicago, in 1877, a resolution was passed that it and the accompanying biographical sketches of the members be published by the Society. The committee appointed for that purpose takes pleasure in presenting to the members of the Rocky Mountain Medical Associa- tion this admirable discourse and desirable record in a handsome memorial volume as an appropriate souvenir of friendship. And in collecting and appending an ab- stract of all the proceedings and addresses since this Asso- ciation was instituted, we conceive that we are complying with a very general wish of the members. N. S. DAVIS, M. D., J. MORRIS, M. D. (ill) » * # # Committee on Publication ; — ■w- PRESIDENTS OF TUB ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. W. L. ATLEE, M. D., B. H. CATLIN, M. D., G. W. MEARS, M. D., «. GILLETT, M. D., . J. M. TONER, M. D., N. S. DAVIS, M. D.. . (iv) 1872-1873 1874 . 1875 1S76 . 1877 1878 N\ "873 1874 1875 1S76 1877 1878 CONTENTS. rAOE. Introduction j List of Presidents of the Association a Address at Chicago, liy Dr. Toner 7 History and Transactions of the Association n-i First Meeting, Philadelphia, 1872 jie Second Meeting, St. Louis, 1873 1 1 c Address of President Atlee 1 15 Roll of Meml)ers ny Third Meeting, Detroit, 1874 n^ Address of President Catlin i iq Fourth Meeting, Louisville, 1875 126 Address of President Mears 126 Fifth Meeting, Philadelphia, 1876 130 Address of President Gillett 130 Sixth Meeting, Chicago, 1877 144 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PAOK. Adams, Charles Powell 147 Adrian, James A 150 Agard, Aurelius Homer. ... 152 An- es, Albert Alonzo 154 Ames, Alfred Elisha 155 Armsby, James H 157 Asdale, William James 162 Atkinson, William Biddle. . . 165 Atlee, Washington L 168 Barnett, C. V 175 Barnum, Bolivar 175 Bartlett, John Knowlton. . . . 177 Bellows, Horatio Knight 179 Bibb, George Richard 180 Black, John 182 Brown, Benjamin Stanton.. . 183 BrUhl, Gustav 184 { PAGE- Bruner, Daniel Ireland 186 Buckingham, Richard Green. i87 Castlehun, F. C 189 Catlin, Benjamin Hopkins.. 189 Collins, George Lewis 191 Cotton, David Barnes 193 Crane, Job Symmes 195 Crist, David Levi 195 Cummins, Robert Hazlett. . . 196 Curtis, Edward M 198 Curwen, John 200 Cutter, Ephraim 202 Davis, Nathan Smith 205 Dawson, Benjamin F 223 De Bruler, James P 225 Denig, Robert McClintock. . 226 Donahoe, Henry James 227 V) vi CONTENTS. VAOK. Douglas, George 229 ; l)(>iH>las, Silas Hamilton 230 | Diincan, William Stevens... ajl | KImer, William 233! Eisner, John 235 , Findloy, William Martin 237 j Fisher, Alexander 238 | Frissell, John 240 • Garvin, 1-uciusFayelte Clark. 245 ! Gilcrest, Robert Scott 246 Gilletl, liuckland 248 Goltling, Walter Sidney 2^; 1 Hamilton, Joseph Ormond.. 251 j Harding, Myron Hawley... . 252 Hatlield, Nathan Lewis 253 j Heighway, Arcliihald IC 255; Helm, John Hampton 258 ' Hewitt, George VVashington. 260 Hibbard, James Farquhar. . . 261 Hildreth, Fugenius Augustus. 263 Hill, Nathan U 266 Hilliard, John Frederick .... 268 Holton, Henry Dwight 269 Hovey, Arial Burnhan 270 Hughes, Joseph Clokey 271 Hunt, Khenezer Kingsbury.. 273 Hurlbut, Vincent Lunibard.. 274 Ives, Charles Linnxus 275 Jackson, John Davies 277 Janes, Henry 286 Johnson, John Hates 288 Jones, Andrew Barry 293 Kane, Edward 294 King, George Andrew 295 King, James 296 Knight, Henry Martyn 298 Knox, William Augustus. . . 299 l-r..igdon, Oliver Monroe 300 Long, Alfred Jerome 303 Mason, Darius 305 McArthur, Alonzo Lincoln.. 306 McClanahan, John Porter. . . 308 McDowell, William Jefferson 309 McFarland, John Alexander. 310 Mears, George Washington.. 312 I'AC.I-.. Mendenhall, (leorge 314 Moore, Ivlward iiticknam.. . 319 Moore, Fli Hardman 323 Moore, John S 324 Morris, John 326 Mowry, Robert Bruce 328 North, Alfred 329 ( >'l)onnell, Dominick A. . . . 330 I'arsons, John William 332 I'helps, Jeremiah Wilcox.. . . }3^ I'inkney, Nininn 334 Pollock, Alex. McCanilless. . 339 Kathbone, Joshua Henry.... 341 Roberts, Abel Cummins. . . . 342 Robinson, Matthew Fullerton 344 Ross, James 345 Russell, John Wadhams.... 346 Sayre, David Martin 349 Scribner, James Williams. . . 350 Shively, Joseph Warren 352 Smith, Francis Gurney 353 Stanley, Elwood 355 Stevens, Luman Seely 357 Stille, Alfred 358 Storer, Horatio Robinson. . . 361 .Stormont, David Wasson.. . . 373 Strong, Thomas Davis 374 Sutton, George 375 Sutton, Rhoifes .Stansbury. . . 381 Swett, John Langdon 38a Thomas, Charles Hermon. . . 384 Thomas, William 385 Thompson, George N 386 Thrall, Seneca Brown 386 Toner, Joseph Meredith .... 388 Townsend, Richard H 405 Weatherly, Job Sobieski .... 406 Williamson, Jefferson 408 Winston, Gustavus Slorrs. . . 409 Wise, Theodore Nathaniel.. 410 Wolcott, Samuel Gardner. . . 412 Woodruff, William 413 Vandell, David W 414 Zitzer, J. J 414 1 c n e a c S( o R $ cc I'AC.K, •• 3'4 •• 3'9 •• .Ui ■ ■ 324 • • 326 ■ • 328 •• 329 • 330 •• 33i ■■ 333 ■•• 334 ».• 339 •• 341 ■•• 34a ion 344 ■•• 345 . .. 346 ••• 349 ••• 35" ••• 352 ••• 353 ••• 355 •■• 357 ... 358 ...361 ••• 373 • ■• 374 ■■• 375 '... 3«« ... 382 ... 384 ■••385 .... 386 ... 386 ... 388 ... 405 . . . 406 ... 408 409 410 412 413 414 414 el. ADDRESS. Gentlemen ok the Rocky Mountain Medical Association: It has been our privilege to meet this year in the inland metropolis of the United States, the city of Chicago, one of the greatest marvels presented in his- tory. Located but half a century ago, deep within the western wilds, on the hunting-grounds of the red man, not only in its sudden rise and commercial importance did it -seem more like enchantment than the work of man, but when a mighty conflagration had almost ex- tinguished its early greatness, rising Thcenix-like from its ashes, it has shown even more conclusively in its restoration and increased grandeur the irresistible energy and enterprise of its people,* It is fitting at *The first United States military post was established at Chicago in 1804. Settlers began to locale around the fort shortly after the close of the war of 1 812. The city of Chicago was incorporated in 1837. Its population had reached 298,977 in 1870. The most disastrous conflagration of mod- ern times look place there on the 8th and gih of October, 1871. The fire fiend raged uncontrolled for thirty-six hours, in the heart of the city, and burned over 2,124 "cres, equal to nearly three and one-third square miles— destroying 17.45° buildings, the homes and possession* of 98,500 people. Property to the valueof J! 196,000,000 was destroyed. Relief sent to the sufferers from all parts of the world exceeded $7,000,000, and 3,000 temporary buildings were erected by the relief committee to shelter the homeless, who were supplied with food by the (7) ^'' 8 TONKR S AnORKSS. the bct;innin{j of the sccomi ccnuiry of our national indtpondcncc that this city, so typical of American progress, and at the same time the adopted home of the Father* of the American Medical Association, should be the meetinj^-ijlace of the society which he orij^inated, and which he has watched over with such rare fidelity and judf^nnent, until it has become a beacon that may {;uide and ethically enlijjhten every physician of the country who desires to earn honorable distinc- tion and promote the dignity of the profession. The organization which assembles us this evening is, as you know, an emanation of the heart, and is alone social and memorial in its purpose, and owes its exist- ence to the friendships formed among the physicians residing east of the Rocky Mountains who in 1 871 attended the meeting of the American Medical Asso- ciation in the city of S.in Francisco. We had often read and heard the expression, " from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean," when it was desired to emphasize the extent and resources of our country. On that occasion we realized the import of this expres- sion, but never until then did we comprehend it in its fullness. To most of us, bu.sy, hard-worked physicians, the rest of a month or more from professional duties, with an opportunity for even a casual inspection of some of the more notable topographical features of the United States, such as its great mountain ranges, its water-courses, and particularly its extensive table- autliorities. The city has now entirely recovered, has a larger trade than ever, and many millions more of assessed property than before the fire. *N. S. Davis, M. D. -a>ss«8wawSB ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. g lands, was a circumstance of interest. I'rom tlie At- lantic coast, across tlie Alle^'liany Mountains, until we reached Chica^'o. the eye was cliielly employed in ob- scrvinj,' the improvement in af^ricultural and rural residences, the {growth of villages, and the founding of prosperous towns and cities. From Chicago to the crossing of the Missouri River, at Council Bluffs, the broad prairies, the numerous water-courses, the busy mills, the growing towns, the opening farms and new settlements, commanded our utmost attention. Up the Platte River from Omaha, across the Rocky and tlij Wahsatch Mountains, through the Weber Canon, traversing the valleys of Utah and the Humboldt*, through many tunnels, across numerous bridges, and under miles of snow-sheds, and over the Sierra Nevada range, before entering the valley of the .Sacramento —throughout all this journey the works of man, though considerable, seemed insignificant, when com- pared with the broad expanse of unoccupied country spread out on all sides to a seemingly boundless ex- tent. From the city of Sacramento to San Francisco new settlements were constantly in view, and much of the land was under cultivation. In California, a community but a quarter of a cen- tury old, we met resident brethren of high culture and marked professional ability, and we found medical institutions, which though young, yet, through the talent and energy brought to their support, might well bear comparison with those of similar character in the older States of the Union. There, too, we met confreres from twenty-four States and Territories lying east of the Rocky Mountains, and all were welcomed !llh ^ IQ toner's address. as friends by the warm-hearted and generous physicians of California. . To those who had traveled but Uttle, the extent of unoccupied territory traversed in crossing the conti- nent was truly surprising. Fortunately, the journey was not only performed in luxurious palace-cars, but it was made without interruption or accident, and m the company of cultivated persons, thus giving ample leisure to make observations and to exchange views and reflections. The tcdiousness which ordinarily attends such a journey was in this instance entirely absent, owing to the presence of so many charming ladies, the wives and daughters of physicians. I but express the general sentiment when I acknowledge our great indebtedness to the ladies for much of the pleasure of the trip.* ^ *AU 0^ ladies w^o accompanied physicians to California have been accepted as honorary members of the Rocky Mountain Medical Association. A few gentlemen, not physicians, who traveled m com- pany wilhus were also accepted as honorary members. 'Ihe fo low- ina list contains the names and residences of most, if not all, the ladies. If any have been omitted, it has occurred from inadvertence or want of data. AUman, Mrs. Mary, of Wheeling, W. Va., accompanied by Dr. J. Frissell. .... t\, Atkinson, Mrs., of Philadelphia. Pa., accompanied by her son, Ur. W. B. Atkinson. Atlee, Miss M., of Philadelphia, Pa., accompanied by her father, Ur. W. 1-. Atlee. . J ■ V v..= Brown, Mrs. R., of Bellefontaine, Ohio, accompanied by her hus- band. Dr. B. S. Brown. Catlin, Mrs. A. D., of West Meriden, Conn., accompanied by the husband. Dr. B. H. Catlin. Cooper, Mrs. A. A., accompanied by her father. Dr. J. W. Russell Courtenay, Mrs., and two daughters. Miss Nellie and Miss Emma, of Louisville, Ky., accompanied by Dr. D. W. Yandell. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. It physicians : extent of the conti- 10 journey e-cars, but Mit, and in /ing ample inge views ordinarily ce entirely • charming ms. I but knowledge uch of the California have ntain Medical iveled in com- The follow- if not all, the 1 inadvertence nied by Dr. J. ly her son, Dr. her father, Dr. ;d by her hus- ipanied by the . J. W. Russell id Miss Emma, 11. The meeting of the Medical Association was well attended, and the business brought before it duly con- Crook, Mrs. (ienerni, accompanied by Dr. J. Frissell, Deleplane, Mrs. L. S., and daughter, Miss K., of Wheeling, W. Va., accompanied by Dr. J. Frissell. Denig, Mrs. L. B., of Columbus, Ohio, accompanied by her husband, R. M. Denig. Donohoe, Mrs., of Sandusky, Ohio, accompanied l)y her husband. Dr. II. J. Donohoe. El'iston, Miss Lezinka, of Nashville, Tenn., accompanied by Dr. I). W. Yandell, Epler, Mrs, H. L., of Cleveland, Ohio, accompanied by her father, Dr. A. H. Agard. Frissell, Mrs., of Wheeling, W. Va., accompanied by her husband, Dr. J. Frissell. Golding, Mrs. A. J., of St. Louis, Mo., accompanied by her husband. Dr. W. S. Golding. Grub, Mrs. J., of Wheeling, W. Va., accompanied by Dr. J. Frissell. Helm, Mrs. M.,and daughter, Miss Maud, of Peru, Ind., accompa- nied by her husband, Dr. J. H. Helm. Hibbard, Mrs. E. M., of Richmond, Ind., accompanied by her hus- band. Dr. J. F. Hibbard. Hughes, Mrs. A. T., of Keokuk, Iowa, accompanied by her hus- band, Dr. J. C. Hughes. Ives, Mrs. B. W., of New Haven, Conn., accompanied by her hus- band. Dr. C. L. Ives. Jarvis, Miss Mary, of Louisville, Ky., accompanied by Dr. D. W. Yandell. King, Mrs., of Lancaster, Pa., accompanied by her husband. Dr. George A. King. King, Miss Ann, of Pittsburhg, Pa., accompanied by her father. Dr. J. King. McArthur, Mrs., of Rockford, III., accompanied by her husband. Dr. A. L. McArthur. McMeans, Mrs. A. C, of Sjindusky, Ohio, accompanied by Dr. K. J. Donohoe. Mendenhall, Mrs. E., of Cincinnati, Ohio, accompanied by her husband. Dr. G. Mendenhall. :"i ii iiiifti) j ( i iim 12 TONERS ADDRESS. sidered and disposed of, in the allotted four days. The nienibeis were in the meantime entertained in the most hospitable hianner, both by the profession and by private citizens. The main purpose of our visit to the Moore, Mrs. S. A., of St. Louis, Mo., accompanied by her husband, Dr. J. S. Moore. Moorhead, Miss Jenn-e, of Pittsburgh, Pa., accompanied by Dr. J. King. Morris, Mrs. C. C, of Baltimore, Md., accompanied by her husband, Dr. J. Morris. O'Donnell, Mrs. S. E., of Baltimore, Md., accompanied by her hus. band. Dr. D. A. O'Donnell. Roberts, Mrs., of Fort Mad'son, Iowa, accompanied by her husband. Dr. A. C. Roberts. Rogers, Miss Maggie, of Wheeling, W. Va., accompanied by Dr. J. Frissell. Smith, Miss, of Philadelphia, Pa., accompanied by her father. Dr. V. G. Smith. Stanley, Mrs. L. A., of Sandusky, Ohio, accompanied by her hus- band. Dr. E. Stanley. Stevens, Mrs. L. R., of Three Rivers, Mich., accompanied by her husband. Dr. S. L. Stevens. Stormant, Mrs. Jane Cree, of Topeka, Kans., accompanied by her husband, Dr. D. \V. Stormant. Svvett, Mrs. R., of Newport, N. II., accompanied by her husband, Dr. J. L. Swelt. Thomas, Mrs. F., of Bellefontaine, Ohio, accompanied by her hus- band. Dr. W. Thomas. Thompson, Miss W., of Louisville, Ky., accompanied by Dr. D. W. Yandell. Wise, Mrs. K. B., of Covington, Ky., accompanied by her husband. Dr. T. N. Wise. Yandell, Mrs., of Louisville, Ky., accompanied by her husband. Dr. D. W. Yandell. Hoffman, C. J., Esq., of Philadelphia, Pa. Johnson, James L., son of Dr. J. B Johnson, of St. Louis, Mo. Mendenhall, Lawrence, son of Dr. Geo. Mendenhall, of Cincinnati. Smith, Dr. Joseph A. and wife, of Fort Madison, Iowa. White, J. P., Jr., Esq., of Buffalo, N. Y. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 13 Pacific was thus happily concluded; but, cherishing a lively recollection of the friendships formed on the journey and during our sojourn, the desire was spon- taneous and irresistible among the physicians from the East to take some measure for perpetuating a remem- brance of the occasion as long as any of us, the par- ticipants, might survive. Thus was formed the Rocky Mountain Medical Association.* As the membership is limited to the physicians who actually crossed the Rocky Mountains to attend the National Medical Convention in May, 1871, it is evi- * The Rocky Mountain Medical Association originally consisted of 123 members. Of these 19 are now deceased. The greatest age at- tained by any deceased member was 74 years. The youngest was, at the time of his death, 32. The average age of the 19 deoeaseJ is 58 years. Of those living, the oldest is 76 and the youngest 31 years. Of the 99 living members whose ages have been ascertained, the aver- age is 53 -|- years. Five members have not responded to inquiries. The members represent graduates from 25 American medical col- leges; of whom Jefferson Medical College claims 19; the University of Pennsylvania, 16; the College of Physicians and .Surgeons of New York, 9; theOhio Medical College, 8; University of New York, 7; the Cleveland Medical College, 7 ; Harvard, 6, and the Rush Medical College, 6 ; the other colleges, five or below. The States furnished delegates as follows ; Alabama, I ; Colorado, 3; Connecticut, 7 ; Delaware, I; District of Columbia, i ; Illinois, 9; Indiana, 8; Iowa, 4 : Kansjis, l ; Kentucky, 3 ; Maryland, 2; Massa- chusetts, 4; Michigan, 4; Missouri, 4; Minnesota, 4; Nebraska, I ; New Hampshire, 2; New Jersey, 3; New York, 13; Ohio, 18; Pennsylvania, 21; Rhode Island, 2; Vermont, 2 ; West Virginia, 4 ; Wisconsin, 2. The birthplace of the ii 8 members has been ascertained: Connecti- cut, 8; Georgia, I ; Illinois, 3; Indiana, 2; Kentucky, I ; Maryland, 2; Masstchusetts, 8; North Carolina, 4; New Hampshire, 4; New Jersey, 4; New York, 18; Ohio, 13; Pennsylvania, 30 ; Rhode Isl- and, I ; Tennessee, 3 ; Vermont, 7 ; Virginia, 3 ; South Carolina, l ; Austria, I ; Germany, i ; England, 2 ; Ireland, i. Not learned, 5. /'• ' ■ilirriitini H TONEKS ADDRESS. Ml ' ■ ! ;, ! dent that, in the natural order of things, our numbers must gradually decrease, and ere many years the y\s- sociation will cease to exist, except in history. Already nearly one-seventh of the original number have been translated to another sphere of existence.* * While it is true that a few of our mcmhers are now in the May- day of life, yet the niajority have passed their meridian, and a few are well up in the seventies. I am happy to say, however, that from a recent correspondence with them I am enabled to state that, with l)ut very few exceptions, they are all in the enjoyment of as good health .ind surrounded hy as many of the comforts of this world as could be reasonably expected. In compliance wi'.h the expressed wish of the Association at our las' meeting, I have cr'lected data and prepared biographical sketches of as many of our i:;^ members as I could. Circulars were addressed to all, but some have not responded, possibly because the letters did not reach them, as the address of four is not known. The biographies will follow the address and be arranged in alphabetical order. The following is a list (June 6th, 1877) of the names of our deceased members : Ames, Alfred Klisha, died September 2J, 1874, xt. 60. Armsby, James li., died December 3, 1875, xt. 66. ISibb, George Richard, died June 28, 1874, xl. 32. • Brown, Henj. Stanton, died December 19, 1875, '>■"'■ 73- Collins, G. I,.,* died August 25, 1877, xt. 56. Crist, David Levi, died March 18, 1875, x[. 58. Cummins, Robert Hazlett, died April I2, 1873, ivt. 56. Curtis, Edward M., died May 12, 1874, ;vt. 34. De Bruler, James P., died August 12, 1874, xt. 57. Hill, N. H., died February 5, 1875, xl. 58. Jackson, John Davies, died December 8, 1875, xt. 41. Jones, A. B., died October 15, 1876, xt. 47. Kane, Edward, died January 21, 1875, let. 74. Men.lenhall, George, died June 4, 1874, ret. 60. Moore, E. B., died September 16, 1874, at. 73. O'Donnell, Dominick A., died August 26, 1874, xl. 65. Rob inson, M. F., died July 7, 1874, a:t. 54. • Dr. Collins, it will be observed, died since this address was dt:li>eri:d. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. IS At our last meeting I was chosen your President, an honor which imposed the duty to address you on this occasion. The selection of a subject worthy of your attention has caused me solicitude: and in the choice of a theme, 1 found myself almost involuntarily led to con- sider some of the problems discussed with my com- panions when crossing the great American plams. While we traveled for days through an uninhabited country, the mind was almost compelled to a retro- spection, and to ponder over the existence of these immense interior plateaus and the fact of their being nearly destitute of population, of timber, and in a great degree of birds and animals. Was it always so? Were these vast regions always so poorly supplied with animal life? I think not. The testimony of the scientists who have examined the country is that ample evidence exists that at some remote period it had a numerous flora and fauna, which no longer exists and which possibly included man. With the aid of the imagination and with the light of recent discov- eries, the attempt in fancy to review the great dead past, and by these means to repeople North America with its long-departed inhabitants, was on that occa- sion a most agreeable pastime. I am aware that a scientific discussion of the subject would require me to treat of the animals and plants in the order of their appearance, to be deduced from geo- logical evidences. As plants preceded animals, so ani- Sayer, D. M., died August 3, 1876, net. 69. Thomas, William, died April 2, 1875, a;t. 70. Average age of deceased, 58 years. i6 TONERS ADPKESS. «;: mals preceded man. But possessing neither the ability nor the time for so systematica study, I will commence with the Indian of North America, who to most of us is only known from what we glean of him through a casual perusal of history. An opportunity was now afforded us of .seeing something of this race on its native soil, with habits but little altered by association with the whites, as, dre-ssed in their wild costume, they congregated about the railroad stations, or were en- camped along the streams in view from the train. Naturally enough the inquiry was suggested to us, as it had often been to others, are the Indians a type of a primitive race who, if left to themselves, in time would have developed and become familiar with the arts and appliances which .so di.stinguish, if they do not consti- tute, civilization? Or must we view the Indian as having once belonged to a civilized race which has from some cause degenerated into the savage state in which we find it?* An examination of the data for opinions on this sub- ject shows us that the majority of the tribes and nations of the earth were, in the dawn of history, in a condi- tion of savagery or barbarism. This view accords with the more recent discoveries, and renders it very proba- ble that all races, nations, and peoples were in their be- ginning in a state of savagery, without articulate lan- guage or a knowledge of any of the arts, or even the use of fire.f a a t a s V c s t s I s c e I t ( ( t t *This theory is maintained by Archbishop Whately and those who view the subject from a purely theological and traditionary stand-point. t See the worlds of Morgan, Lyell, Lul)bock, Baldwin, Rau, and others. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEOICAI. ASSOCIATION. •7 : ability imence >t of us ough a IS now -• on its •ciation le, they ere en- ; train. ) us, as pe of a would rts and consti- lian as ch has >tatc in lis sub- nations condi- is with proba- eir be- te lan- en the ose who id-point, lau, and The creation of a language to express ideas and the acquisition of a knowledge of how to make implements and use fire, no doubt required many ages. Although the study of archaeology is comparatively new, it has already done much to dissipate certain doubts and supply links in the evidence of man's condition in the world in prehistoric times. You are aware that one of the most embarrassing obstacles to the proper investigation of the age of the world and the antiquity of man has been the traditional scriptural account of the creation of the world in six terrestrial days, together with a chronology of about six thousand years. This dogmatic, though I believe unauthorized, interpretation has greatly hampered the student, for every conscientious man hesitates to adopt or maintain views, though based on facts, which have even the semblance of a conflict with settled religious beliefs. Many able scientists, by giving a liberal in- terpretation to the Scriptures, understand the periods of time commonly designated "days" to be really eons of indefinite duration. The Christian Church, which has established so many dogmas, has not decided that the day men- tioned in Genesis meant twenty-four hours, nor has it fixed a date when man was created and placed upon the earth.* I might readily cite the names of many learned clergymen, of different denominations, who are greatly interested in the investigation of cosmical laws * Mgr. Mignofi, Bishop of Chalons-sur-Marne, is one of the best in- formed ethnologists and most enthusiastic cultivators of the sciences of ethnology and archaeology in France, and hence it may leadily be in- ferred that such studies do not trench upon orthodox doctrines. .(Figuier, p. 2.) 1 8 tonkr's addkess. which demand a much higher antiquity for tlie world th.an biblical scholars have been assigning to it. In the absence of specific revelation on the subject of the age of the earth, and the time of the first appearance of man on it, such questions are properly within the domain of scientific inquiry, and therefore all discov- ered facts in any wise bearing upon them should be presented to the public and discussed in a philosophic spirit, free from bias or preconceived notions. The geologist in studying the rocks that compose the earth's crust recognizes their component parts and the organic forms embedded in them, and by such facts determines their relative position and their ages. The remains of man and his works found in the rocks, or buried in the earth, must be judged by the same rules as those which apply to the remains of plants or ani- mals. Fossils and implements are the medals of great epochs in the earth's hi.story. When once the consent of theologians to go beyond the traditional chronology of creation becomes general, cosmographers will have less difficulty in tracing the evolution of the globe that we inhabit and calculating the period required to pre- pare it for supporting animal life.* * It may not be amiss to present a few of the reasons which estab- lish in the minds of competent physicists a lielief in the great antiquity of the earth. Sir William Thompson, in the Philosophical Magazine for 1863, has calculated the probable age of the crust of the earth at 98,000,000 years, which only comprehends the geological history of the globe. The astronomer Laplace, in his Nebular Theory of the Cosmogony of the Universe, as presented in an admirable paper by Prof. S. Newcomb before the Philosophical Society of Washington, starts with the hypothesis that there was probably a time when the sun with its atmosphere occupied all the space of the solar system. That in its revolutions, and by the radiation of its heat into space, it ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. J9 ic world } it. In :t of the )earance thin the tliscov- lould be losophic :ompose arts and ich facts s. The ocks, or nc rules or ani- af great consent snology 'ill have obc that to pre- ich estal)- : antiquity Magazine e earth at \\ history Dry of the paper by ishtngion, when the ir system. > space, it No science comprehensive in its scope and capable of progress can reasonably 'hope to escape contests condensed its atmosphere at the surface from nebulous mailer, which ngRregnted first into bands and then into isolated spheres, thus commencing the formation of new revolving suns and planets. It is supposed the earth and all the other planets were in lime thrown ofTfrom the sun's surface into space to revolve as independent bodies in defined orbits. There was in thi.. theory a period when, in the lan^u-iKe of the llible, " the earth was without form and void." In the consider- ation of such a problem we are compelled to estimate measures ol ime or eons stretching so far back into eternity as to be incomprehensible to man. Calculations as to the time recjuired for the condens.ition of the sun's original atmosphere and the radiation of its heat into space, have also been made by Sir William Thompson, showing that it must have required millions upon millions of years. One of these estimates is put down at 500,000,000 years. The hypothesis tl1.1t the earth p.assed in its process of cond.-nsalion froiA a gas to a semi-fluid molten mass, and that it is still liquid toward the center and is gradually cool- ing, is generally accepted. Professor Haughton, in a lecture on geol- ogy, estimates that it recpiircd 350,000,000 yeais for the earth to cool from 2,000° to 200° centigrade ; that the time re(iuiied for cooling from 212° (temperature of boiling w.tter) to 122° Fahrenheit (at which or- ganic life is possible) would require 1,018,000,000 years, and th.it it wouiil require 1,280,000,000 years to cool from 122° F. to 77° 1*. (Pre-(Jlacial Man, by J. S. Moor, p. 7.) As a further illustration of the subject, I present the chemical theory of the formation of our globe out of the sixty-four elements, supposed by Laplace to have been thrown off from the surface of the sun, in a state of vapor, at a high degree of heat. This abstract is arranged from views of Lockyer, Metscherlich, Daubree, and T. Sterry Hunt, but more particularly from the recent able presentation of the subject before the Washington Philosophical Society, by Dr. Thomas Antiseil. It has been estimated that the temperature of the incandescent atmosphere when it left the sun had a heat of at least 22,000° centigrade. A degree of heat such as this was .sulTicient to vapori/.c all the elements composing the earth and keep them in a gaseous state. All molecules and substances of every kind were thus held in a condition of disso- ciation, and no solid could form until the temperature had fallen to or below 2,500°, The time required for the cooling of the primal atmos- /!' m 20 TONEK S ADDKRSS. with olil and cliorishcci views that have actiuircd gen- eral acceptance. Althoiijjh the late discoveries in phere no douht rci|uirecl many centuries. Gravitation would cause the lieavirr molccule.i to sink down to nlower Rtrnta of Ihentmnsphere in whic'li llicy were su' in to 1)0 ;ht prom- rs of Mr. ' to those ions nnd , "Here erica, "of I i)eyon(l I nnd re- 1 World, masters lants and ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL AS'^fKIATION. 23 l^rown old and ', which it is believed may, to some extent, account for the great migratory movements supposed to have taken place in ancient times, and which may have as- sisted in populating the North American continent.* * In connection with the theory that a portion at least of the popu- lation of America existing at the time of the discovery by Columbus was derived from the Old World, and especially from Asia, it is worthy of remark that the several periods of the arrival of the Toltecs, Chichemecas, Acolhuans or Tezcucans, and Aztecs, in the valley of Mexico, and of the Incas in Peru, have a singular correspondence with some prominent epochs in Asiatic history. Wars and political convulsions have been the most frequent cause of great emigrations ; and while we have no positive proof that the revolutions of Asia have had any influences on the population of America, a curious coincidence of dates invites to an inquiry of the possible connection between the two continents in the Pre-Columbian Period. China and Tartary were subjected to great intestine commotions, ex- tending from A. D. 420 to A. D. 618, and resulting, according to the Chinese annals, in great emigrations from the empire. The Toltecs, the first known to us, and apparently the most civilized of all the tribes that occupied the valley of Mexico, made their appearance in that re- gion about A. D. 648. The conquest of Hindustan by Mahmoud of Ghazni, about A. D. 1000, with its accompaniment of religious and political persecution, is known to have caused a great exodus of the Hindu population from their native land and their dispersion over the islands of the Eastern Seas. Not long afterward, about A. D. 1021, appeared near the l^ke of Titicaca, in Peru, Manco Capac, the founder of the dynasty and of the Empire of the Incas, whose religious observances and po- litical institutions bear strong resemblances to those of the Solar Race of Hindustan. Again, the conquest of Northern China by the Mam.chu Tartars (A. D. 1 1 15), and the subversion of that ancient empire by the great Mongolian Chiefs, Genghis Khan and Octal Khan, A, D. 1234- '96, may not have been entirely unconnected with the advent of the Chichemecas (A. D. II 70), the Acolhuans (A. D. 1 2C»), and the Aztecs (A. D. 1325), in the valley of Anahuac. That the Moham- medan and Tartar invasions of Eastern Asia were productive of great commotions in that region is very certain j but it is probably impossible I - M-w^^ ■m-sf^'J^mitii^mimSM 30 TONER S ADOKIiSS. The table-lands in the re^nons East of the Rocky Mountains have yielded to our explorers, and particu- larly to that sajfacious and indefatigable worker in pal- at this Jay to ascertain the extent of ihi rcsuliin^ emigration, or its influence, if any, on the Western World. Recurring to the still earlier perioil of the MoumUBuiiders, and (he i.robahic date to which we arc referred for the time of the con- struction of their great woiks, a thousand years before the Christian era, it is remarkable tliat this was tlie period of greatest riurnician activity, the epoch of Solomon nud the Queen of Sheba, of Gautama or Huddhain Hindustan, and possibly of Zoroaster in Persia. In the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth ccnluiy before Christ, the great movement of the nations, l)eginning with the war of the Lunar Race, for the imperial throne of Hindustan, and marked by the estal)lish- nient of the Fifth Dynasty in Assyria, the Milesian settlement in Spain and Ireland, the contests of the Pclopeds, Dardanians, and Heracleids in Greece and Asia Minor, and the colonization of the Etrurians in Italy, exerted an influence upon the world that has been traced to the most distant regions of the eastern continent; and it would not be surprising to learn that America was embraced within the same in- fluence. If the vague intimations of Phienician and Carthaginian enterpiise in the Atlantic Ocean given us by Plato and other writers have any foundation in fact, and if those daring navigators steered westward from the Straits of Hercules in the track subsequently taken by the great Genoese and coasted the shore near which De Soto led his fear- less band, th'.'y would have reached, as did the latter, the Great Father of Waters, the Mississippi. And if they entered and occupied the country, their forts and habitations would naturally be found scattered along the valley of that river and through the region drained by its tributaries. Now, the traces of the Mound-Builders are found mainly in the Mississippi Valley. They are faint, if indeed they exist at all, on the Atlantic and Pacific slope ; and the inference is very strong, that the mysterious race which preceded the nomadic Indian in the center of our continent must have entered the country from the Gulf of Mexico. In this connection, it may be stated, also, th.it the auriferous region of Ophir, with which Solomon and his Phoenician allies traded, and .M'dff/ffJiM ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 31 3r Its rpiise e any tward by the i fear- Kather ;d the •tiered by its nainly ill, on T, that center iulf of region il, and a;ontoloj;y, ProfL-ssor Marsh, huiulrcds of specimens of fossil tiiaiunials and birds previously unknown. Profes- sor Huxley had an opportunity of exaininin^r this rare collection when in America last summer, and on his return to Great Britain took a public occasion to speak in glowintj terms of "his t^ood friend" the Yale Pro- fesior, and declared that " his achievements had already largely extended the area of knowledge." The Black Hills and the calcareous rocks in that wonderful region between the Colorado and the Rocky Mountains, which was once a shallow sea, contain thousands of fos- sils as perfectly preserved as though they were encased in a bed of plaster-of-Paris. It was in this region that Mr. Marsh found the two splendid specimens of fossil birds, perfectly preserved, with unmistakable teeth. His fortunate and important discoveries have sup- plied the missing links of extinct species of the horse. Already his cabinet contains thirty distinct species of the equine tribe. Other explorers are also reaping a rich harvest in this new field ; Prof E. D. Cope's dis- coveries being scarcely less important to science than those already referred to. This rich deposit of fossils is destined to throw much light upon the stratification as well as the early forms of animal life in North America. As yet it has been but partially explored, and the dis- coveries actually made have not been fully given to the public. If the flint-flakes observed in the gravel-beds of Colorado and Wyoming prove to be true " finds," and the voyage to which, together with the return, occupied three years, is conjectured by some to be identical with our California, or some other gold-bearing region of America ; and the conjecture is as plaus- ible as any other that has been suggested of the location of that region. 32 TONEKS ADDRESS. the strata correctly named and assigned to its true gcoloj-ical position, the evidence of man's existence upon this continent will be carried back to the Miocene period. And if the di.scovery of the human skull in the Pliocene deposit of Calaveras County, California, is to be credited, it is the earliest human remains yet found, older even than the stone implements of Abbe- ville and Amiens, described by Dr. Falconer, or those furnished by the caves of Belgium and France.* If the hypothesis be correct that all the primitive races of mankind appeared upon the earth without a knowledge of any of the arts, there can be little doubt that before they were acquired man must have had a severe contest for existence vith the elements and the fierce animals which surrounded him. Man's dwelling- places then, doubtless, were in caves or grottoes, and such localities as were easily rendered inaccessible to beasts of prey.f The fact that caves are still * In the drift deposits of San Joaquin Valley, near Sacramento, were discovered a plummet and a stone hatchet. In Jersey County, Illinois was found the innominate bone of a man associated with flint implant and the bones of extinct animals. Also, human remains and imple- ments were noticed in the drift deposits in the valley of the Sacra- mento, the Osage, the valley of the Missouri ; in the last case they were associated with the bones of a mastodon. Human remains have also been found in other places, all pointing to their great antiquity. t As confirmative of this view, it is well known that caves have been discovered in almost every country affording conclusive evidences of their having been occupied as habitations by human beings. In Ethiopia, Upper Egypt, the borders of the Red Sea, Moesia, Mau- ritania, and the northern part of the Caucasus, and throughout the mountainous regions of Arabia, are numerous caves which have been converted into the dwelling-places of the half-savage Bedouins. Ptolemy, the Grecian geographer, described what he called races of ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAI. ASSOCIATION. 33 occupied as dwellings in the mountainous parts of Arabia, Nubia, and Upper Kgypt, and the many traces of such habitations in other parts of the world, fortify the belief that in early times they frequently served as man's abode, the place for the celebration of his religious observances, as well as the spot of his burial. Naturally, then, if we remember the condition of prim- itive man, human remains and implements should be found in these localities as they arc, and associated with the bones of extinct animals. As yet no systematic study has been made of the American caves with a view of ascertaining whether man's early dwelling-place on this continent may not have been similar to what it was in other parts of the world. There is reason to believe that there are such in the United States that will yet furnish valuable data upon this interesting subject. F. VV. Putnam, of Massa- chusetts, and Dr. Joseph Jones, of New Orleans, and a few others, have of late turned their attention to their exploration with encouraging results.* It is probable that a very long period elapsed between the time when the inhabitants of America sheltered themselves in caves and places not constructed by themselves, and the time when they were in some lo- calities, as in Colorado, improved by extending them under clififs and dividing them into apartments, and tenanted by a now forgotten race, which explorers call "Cliff-Dwellers." We must recognize the possibility of distinct races Iroglodyte people, because they lived in caverns. For evidence of this kind of habitations in the United States, see Professor Hayden's and Lieutenant Wheeler's reports for 1875. (See Annual Report Smith- sonian Institution 1874, p. 367.) 34 tonkk's addkkss. li ft! dvvclliiHJ in the same rc^'ioii. at the same time, as well as at subsequeiU periods, and the cl\an^'e which cli- mate and subsistence are capable in time of producing' in th'.' modes of life and intellectual powers must not be lost sight of. Althout^h the cave ruins and those of the mound-builders are not conclusive, they neverthe- Ics.. point out sit^nificantly the former existence upon this continent of two different but now extinct races. Sufficient data are not yet available (thou^'h rapidly accumulating) for a profitable presentation of this the- ory of the (juestion of the former inhabitants of North America. The character of food has doubtless much to do with physical development as well as with courage and mental characteristics.* Observation has fully estab- *lt is probable that the early inhabitants of North America, parlit- ulnrly those tlwelliiiR along the sca-coast and large rivent, derived, for many generations, most of their food from shellfish. This hypoth- esis IS strengthened by the numerous great shell-heaps found all along the Atlantic coast, and freipicntly referred to by the early ex- plorers and settlers. Dr. Brickell, in his Natural History of North Carolina, published 1737, page 289. says; " It \i very strange to see in all the places where they [the Indians] have been formerly settled, or had their towns nt >• the salt waters, what vast (juantities of oyster-shells are to be met wisiion ihe banks of the rivers, in such heaps that it is surprising to behold them. One might reasonably imagine, by such great quantities as are there, that they scarce lived upon anything else, or that they mu.st have been settled many hundred years in one place, which is not common amongst them, being a people always shifting from one place to an- other, as their fancies led them." Vast shell-heaps in the Slate of New York were noticed by Father Isaac Jacques (see his "Description of New Nelheiland," written in i642-'43). Sir Charles Lyell describes the great shell-mounds on St. Simon's Island, near the mouth cf the Alt.imaha River, Georgia. Shell-heaps are also found on the Tennessee River, at the town of isf ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 35 lishcd the fact that people wlio live wholly or chiefly upon a fish diet, as a rule, advance less rapidly, anil are slower to accpiire and apply a knowledge of the arts, and also present a noticeably lower j^rade of in tellijjence than tribes that live by trapping' and by the chase. None rank so hij^di or advance so rapidly in the scale of intelli^ience as those who derive the bulk of their food supply from pastoral and a^;ricultural niotles of life. Purely hunter tribes have but few if any iloniestic animals, and, stran^jely enoufjh, the niilch- cow is amonfj the last added. Only the aj^Micultural and village Indians of the present day keep cows. The milch-cow, so important to civilized man, was no doubt first protected and kept for dairy purposes by pastoral and nomadic races of the Old World, and is frequently alluded to by the early historians.* Snvnnnali, Tenii,, ami al various place:) alonjj its courac. For descrip- tion of them, see .Smiihsonian Report 1870, page 414. For an account of the shell-heaps of California, by I'aul Schumacher, sec Smithso- nian Report 1874, pa>;e 335. .Shell-heaps in Illinois, near New Boston, on the Mississippi, are described in the Smiihsonian Re- port 1S74, page 353. Shell-heaps are also founil in many other .States, as Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, Alr.bania, &c. * Man had advanced toward civilization and passed out of the lower savage state before he commenced to collect and tame what are now recognized as domestic animals. These animals were at first kept as beasts of burden, or to be slaughtered as required for food. It is natural to suppose that certain of them soon attracted attention by the amount of miik they were capable of furnishing, and which could be utilized as food. The Greeks milked goats and sheep as well as cows. History tells us that the miik of the camel, the mare, the ass, and a considerable number of other animals has been used as food. A desire to increase the food supply no doubt led to the making of cheese, which was practiced by pastoral and nomadic races from an early period ; but the art of making butter, such as we use, is a compara- ^%k^ I unl )0 TONKk's ADDRESS. As niit^ljt I)f inft-rnd, tlu; Indians who have livid in a ti'iupii.itc climate; and on productive soil, and hail littli- if any intercourse with predatory huntin}^ bands, beintj thus left to their own resources, would perpetuate family peculiarities and at the same time progress most in the pe.ici-ful arts. Certain tribes dwellin}; in the val- leys and on the plains bordering; on the Rocky Mount- lively tiile inveiilion. Hcroilotus in iliscriliinu the Soylliians allude* to the siilinl.ince called hulter and describes the manner of making it, which leaves the inference that wc ling the round towers or Cuthite remains so numerously found in Ireland. Towers of a similar character are known to exist in Eastern Europe and Asia, in Peru and other parU of the world, and possibly served as temples to a very early civiliza- tion. ■.« ■liE^.,,. 42 toner's address. of the people who built them or the cities whose ruins in Colorado command our admiration, there lived and perished other races of which we have no knowledge and scarcely any remains, because they possessed but few implements and constructed their dwellings of perishable material.* This hypothesis is strengthened by a class of re- mains numerously found throughout the Central and Southern States, which have recently engage . the attention of many able archaeologists, and which point unmistakably to a very early occupation of North America. The race which erected these monuments must have been numerous and industrious, possessing a stable form of government and an acquaintance with some of the arts. The monuments they have left are distributed throughout the valley of the Mississippi, and are perhaps as old and will prove as enduring as the Pyramids of Egypt. The people who built the mounds v/ere, in my opinion, distinct from and lived long anterior to the Indian. We only know of them by their peculiar earth-works, and by common con- sent denominate them " The Mound-Builders." That they combined the pastoral and agricultural with the hunter's life is probable, from the fact that their remains are only found in the midst of the most pro- ductive lands. The extent of these works, and the time required for their construction, show that they must have had an organized, compact population. The mounds may be described as of three classes, namely, for sacrifice or worship, for defense, and for bu r ial . . ♦ Mr. Wirt says that there were two races extinct before the Indian came to occupy the country. (Mayer's Mexico, p. 260.) Th so nil callec descr toten' tiu'ou the c Kenti State and t Mexii Pacifi mystt Strang proge KOCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 43 lan There is also a class of peculiar ruins, though not so numerous as the former, chiefly found in Wisconsin, called "animal mounds," which have been admirably described by Dr. Lapham, and suppo.sed by him to be totemic* The mounds are found from the Lakes throughout the Mississippi Valley, with evidences that the center of the densest population was in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. But they exist in every State froin South Carolina to Florida, from Labrador and the Lakes to the Mississippi River, around the Mexican Gulf, and even in Mexico and across into the Pacific States. All these monuments point to the same my.sterious source. It is difficult to say whether this strange race has become wholly extinct, or was the progenitor of some of the Indians now living.f The *Animalsof one kiiul or anoilier have in every age and in every country been selected to typify and symbolize both national and relig. ious sentiments which it was desirable to have popularized to secure unity among a people. .Symbols are a kind of natural written language with the unlettered ; the practice of using them was much more com- mon in ancient limes than since the invention of an alphabet. We all know how effectively the Christian Church has introduced the figures of the lamb, the lion, the dove, the serpent, the pelican, the fish, the ox, and many others. The figures of animals have also been ijlaced upon the flags and ensigns of nations, some adopting real and other mythical animal figures. China and Japan have their fabulous dragons, other examples will readily occur to every one. I recognize in the animal mounds the germ of the same sentiment which develops the use of symbols by civilized nations. fE. G. Squier, who gave us the first and most systematic work on the mounds and antiquities of the Mississippi Valley, held the view that the Mound-Builders were a distinct race from the Indians. When he MTote his second work, entitled " Aboriginal Monuments of New York," he thought he had sufficient evidence to show that the present race of Indians had erected the mounds in that section. Since then 44 toner's address. probabilities arc in (Ixvor of the former suppos.t.on, for the habits of the hunter Indians ever since the dis- covery of America are entirely opposed to any assump- tion that would attribute to them the labor necessary for the construction of these works. There certainly has been no building of mounds and b.t little mtrus.vc occupation of them since Europeans fust came to America. But the probabilities amount almost to certainty that they have not been generally occupied within the last thousand years. There are found in many parts of our country the remains of large and well-designed fortifications, as well as of walled cities A fine example of the latter was recently discovered in the valley of the Rio Chama. near Abiquiu. N. Mex by Assistant Surgeon M. C. Yarrow, U. S A which is described and figured in Lieut. G. M. Wheeler's Report for 1 87 5 , p^ 145 -"^ ho>^;;;;;:=.ccording7;Mr.BaUlwi.Mr.:in h.s Ancient America (p^ „r Mr Sqnier has reaiT.rmecl hi. first opinion on the suhject of the Mound-Buiiaers, and now holds them to be a distinct race. * It will be remembered that Dr. Hildreth counted over eight hnn- u u-Zt^\ Society of Ohio, dwelt upon the fact that lands ahan- ,he 1 ...onca J°7y°^^',„,,„,K'e growths of scrubby timber. doned are not. ^^^' ^'''^ ^^^^lir^g class that do.ninate all others and „Uen possess,., of^by a pre , g^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^.^ ^^^^, ^^^^ cut W the^e Lests would have required many hun reds of years for 3:e commencement of such forest-growths after the lands were aban- doned by the Mound-Builders. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 45 These earth-works and the archaeological antiquities obtained from tlieni have forniore than a century been attracting the occasional notice of our historians and scientists. Large collections of relics from them have been made by the Smithsonian Institution, by univer- sities, and by individuals. The Smithsonian from the time of its organization has taken special pains to form a cabinet of An.„rican antiquities and to obtain all possible information relating to the abo- riginal races of North America. The first Con- tribution to Knowledge, published under Smithson's munificent bequest, which has been so judiciously ad- ministered by Prof. Joseph Henry, was prepared by Squier and Davis, and entitled "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley."* *The Smithsonian Institution in 1871 published a second quarto vohiitie by Mr, Squier, entitled " The Aboriginal Monuments of the State of New York." It also issued a volume, by Col. Charles Whit- tlesy, entitled "Ancient Works in Ohio;" also a volume by the same author entitled "Ancient Mining in Lake Superior." The seventh volume of Contributions to Knowledge by the Smithsonian Institution contains Dr. Lapham's admir.ible treatise on the Antiquities of Wis- consin. This work is devoted to a delineation of what are denomi- n.ated "animal mounds," which are supposed to have been chiefly totemic or symbols of allied families and tribes of Indians. In a few instances only have liuman rem.iins, utensils, and implements been found in them. These earth-works are so constructed as to very closely resemble particular animals, as the bear, the turtle, eagle, and many others, but of gigantic size. In 1855 there was published in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge a work entitled ''Archa: jlogy of the United States," prepared l)y Simuet F. H:»ven. In 1876 a carefully-written volume appeared in the Contributions to Knowledge, prepared by Dr. Joseph Jones, entitled " Explorations of the Aborig- inal Remains of Tennessee," which region of our country is particu- larly rich in caves, tumuli, and stone mounds containing archreological remains of a prehistoric race. The same year a volume entitled the "Archaeological Collection of the United States National Museum" JMIWWiffi— Wi— i ■Mi 46 TONER S AnnKKSS. The Smithsonian Institution contains a wonderfully rich collection of architolo^ical specimens obtained from the mounds, including; weapons, implements, ami ornaments in stone, pottery, and to somesmall extent of wood and copper, and many articles the use of which is unknown. The specimens which illustrate ancient American arch:eoloj;y have been derived from all parts of the continent and contributed by a host of collectors. Major Powell, Professor Ilayden, Lieuten- ant Wheeler, Mr Dall.and many others, have added largely to the collection which illustrates the habits of the North American Indians. The collection admir- ably exhibits the degree of art possessed by prehistoric as well as existing tribes.* was prepared l)y Charles R.-xu. Tliis work must prove to be of great value to those interested in the anti(iuities of America. In 1866 J.ames C. Swan prepared for tlic Contriliutions to KnowIedRe a volume on the Indians of Cape Flattery, Washington Territory, bringing to light many hilherlo unknown facts in relation to the Indians in the northwestern section of the United States. I will mention only one other of the many valuable Contributions to Knowledge on the suliject of the anlifiuities of North Ameiica, issued by the Smithsonian Insti- tution, a work prep.ired by L. II. Morgan, on " Systems of Consan- guinity and Affinity." Those interested in this study will also find in the miscellaneous publications of the Institution, and particularly in the annual reports, two or three articles each year relating to the antiquities of America. The bibliography of works treating upon this subject is extensive, and is yearly being added to by careful ob- servers and profound thinkers. A series of quarto volumes are now being published by Prof. J. W. IVwell, entitled " Contributions to North American Ethnology," the first volume of which has appeared. * I do but simple justice to state that this collection is open to the public, and every facility afforded investigators to examine and com- pare specimens and to consult the valuable libraries of the institution. All articles are named, and the locality whence obtained, as far as practicable, given. This is also true of the collection in the Army Medical Museum. "■"iP^^"SaHs«5|!?^i^f??Si*->i:^ ROCKV MOINTAIN MKDICAL ASSOCIATION. 47 It was my desire to discuss more "'n detail the evi- dences of the {freat antiquity of the mounds, and to bring together the discoveries and facts warranting this deduction from the implements found in the tu- muh, but time does not permit. I will, however, add that the implements and skeletons of recog- nized Mound-Ruilders that have thus far been col- lected are perhaps, considering the tens of thousands of moimds that exist, fewer than might be supposed. Fragments of implements and utensils of intrusive occupiers, as well as their skeletons, often found in the same mound, complicate the question of race as well as that of the period of first deposit. Dr. G. A. Otis, U. S. A., has made the osteological structure of the prehistoric and Indian races of Amer- ica a special study. His admirable collection of crania and skeletons from the early burial-places of America is a valuable addition to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, and is the finest, if we except that of the later Pofessor Morton, of Philadelphia, so rich in foreign crania, of any in the United States. It contains six complete skeletons and one hundred and sixty four crania, and hundreds of incomplete skeletons of Mound- Builders. From an examination of these, I am inclined to believe they do not represent a race of as large stat- ure as the average Indian of the present day. The fol- lowing points may be presented as pretty well ascer- tained anatomical characteristics .strongly marked in the Mound-Builders, and in most of the lower races. The foramen magnum is farther back toward the occi- put than it is in the white man, and examples of the persistence of the frontal suture in adult life are ^1 Ifr l which fashion, rank, and usn^c now control in all civili/.cd countries, at scarcely ever to excite nn imiuiry as to whether there wis a period in the history of man when he did not wear it. If we accept the theory that the human race has emerjjcd from a slate of savagery, this condition certaiidy existed, and with it a moral sense so feehle as not to rccojjni/e sha~le that drest originated more in a necessity to protect exposed parts from in- jury and annoyance, than from any mental or moral conception of its ])ropriety. It is undoulitedly true that climate as well as the produc- tions of a region md the niclhods ailopled by races for procuring food, may tu some extent determine whether the wharts of the United States at the time this continent was first visited by Europeans, were found to live in nearly a nude state, or to wear little more than an apron. Farther north, tribes depending on game for subsistence wore in cold weather not only moccasins and cultivj in laj' lfgK'"K' suspend also ser great si against would ri Irue iha lor hum motive I reason f An inijui covered lastc for I r ol a people, or And, it should 1 as progress. retrogression in within historical of the Rev. Dr. 's Histoiy of the le Indian war our dress throughout s were laid aside upper part of the lis was a piece of iches broad. This he ends for flaps, belts were some- lidery-wovk. To trings which sup- belt, as was often part of the thighs and in their manner of constructing movable wigwams or comparatively peimanent villages of family lodges, communal houses, and in their modes of life as con- trasted with the purely nomadic habits of hunting and fishing tribes.* and part of the hips were naked. The young warrior, instead of being abashed by this nudity, was proud of his Indi.an-like dress. In some few instances I have seen them go into places of public worship in this dress." ■* It is a fact deserving of remembrance that the world is indebted to Anierici for two of its most important articles of food, maize or Indian corn, and the p Jtato, now commonly called the Irish potato. Corn, beans, peas, melons and many roots were cultivated by the Indians in North America when first visited by Kmopeans. That now jtaple article of commerce and luxury of the world, tobacco, was n"soii!anted and extensively used by the Indians of North America. L?u I'ratz, an accurate observer and a resident of the Lower Missis- sippi for fifteen years, in his history of Louisiana, gives an account of the great quantities of corn grown by the Natchez Iiulians. Me w,vs living .imong them in 1720, and at one time received from them " twenty barrels of maize of one hundred j,;,d fifty pounds tach." He also describes the fruitfulness of the soil, the fine crops of potatoes, (possibly the sweet potato), beans, melons, and other vegetables and grains cultivated by the ludi .ns. Agriculture was also carried on in Virginia and North Carolina to a very considerable extent. Smith, in his History of Virginia, vol. I, p. 131, s?.ys : " Their houses are in the midst of their fields or gardens, which are small plots or ground, some twenty acies, some forty, some one hundred, some two hundred, some more and some less. In some places from two to fifty of their houses are together, or but little separated by groups oftrees." On page 191 in the same volume he tells us that in September, 1608, he received from the Nansamond Indians at one time four hundred baskets full of corn. And when the infant colony was suffering from want of provisions, the Chickahominy Indians furnished him with one hundred bushels. Great heaps of corn, he says, were to be seen in the villages of the Kekoughtan and other tribes. The early colonists had from time to time received corn and other provisions from Powhatan and his subjects along the James River. t ■■\ ilf'J 54 rONER S ADDRESS. ! |i^ r- The most successful attempt at confedcrUion and unity of government among Indian tribes with which we are acquainted, originated witli the Iroquois or Six Nations, hving in the Northern and Middle States of our Union. The Algonkin, a once numerous race or league which occupied the Upper Mississippi Val- ley and the Lake region, parts of New England, and extended as flir south as Pamlico Sound, though .still numerous and warlike at the time the European settle-. ment commenced in Massachusetts, had already begun to decline in power. Other tribes of considerable note in the early history of our country are deserving of mention. It is well known to you that the Indians residing in the southern parts of the Union had also formed tribal compacts and manifested some pre- tensions to nationality.* Of the.se the chief was The Iroquois or Six Nations were also successful agriculturists, and the most powerful Indian confede ration in America. At the begin- ning of the American Revolution they were more advanced in the war- like arts than other tribes. They owed perhaps much of their progress to the French missionaries, and to the early introduction of fire-arms and edge-tools received from the traders who had been for a century and more among them. They became quite provident, too, in laying up stores of grain and provisions for winter's use. This they were en- abled to do by the cultivation of considerable tracts of land in corn, beans, and vegetables, and had orchards of apple trees. The peach plum, and apple were also cultivated in Virginia and North Carolina. The Pueblo Indians of Taos, in New Mexico, disposed of 6,000 bush- els of fine wheat raised by themselves to the United States quarter master in 1875. *The confederacy of the Iroquois consisted at first of five indepen- dent tribes, then of six, and finally of seven. The Powhatan confed- eracy was formed of at least three independent tribes; the Creek con- federacy consisted of six tribes ; the Ottawa of three. The Dacotah league had seven fires and the Moqui confederacy seven pueblas. ration and Aith which jois or Six 2 States of )us race or isippi Val- gland. and ough still ican settle-, ady begun msiderable deserving he Indians 1 had also ome pre- chief was ul ttirisiB, and At tile begin- :tl in tlie war- their progress I of fire-arms for a century , in laying up hey were en- land in corn, The peach rth Carolina, if 6,000 bush- tates quarter five indepen- latan confed- e Creek con- rhe Dacotah .ren pueblas. ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 55 Powhatan, who gave his own name to a confederation wh.ch included the tribes of the Monacans, and Man- nahoacks, and perhaps others, who lived to the west and i)orthcast of the mouth of the James River and among the foot-lulls of tiie Blue Ridge and Alle- ghany Mountains. This Indian potentate, at the time of the first settlement of Jamestown in 1607, was gener- ally recognized by the Indians as a sort of king, and maintained a numerous retinue of hunters and warriors This confederation had made some progress toward civilization, if judged from the point of view of having fixed habitations, peaceful pursuits, and the possession of some of the useful arts, the most important of which was agriculture. The intelligence to provide stores of grain, fish, and othe. a. :les^of subsistence, was the first step to the recogK ■ ^ property, and one essential to civiliza- tion. : ' „d passed out of the condition of .savagery Although some tribes north of the Potomac had ad- vanced so far as to erect dwellings of a more or less permanent character, and even to cultivate certain crops, yet, leaving out the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, none either north or south seem to have at- tained that degree of civilization which erected tem- ples and recognized not only a priest but a priesthood and practiced a fixed system of religious worship ex- cept the Natchez tribe, with its affiliated branches of Indians living on the Lower Mississippi. As religion is °"^ °^ ^he chief elements in unifying a people, it is The New England Pokanoket c^iifedeT^^i^^T^ii^^^;;;;;; several tnbes and a large section of country. Doubtless there were other confederacies of which I have no data. ■h 56 toner's address. probable that among the Mound-Buiklcrs and their successors, the Natchez Indians, there may have ex- isted a sort of primacy or unity of religion throughout the Mississippi Valley. This possibly may have been serpent and sun worship, or some form of religion in which these were figures that symbolized a meaning of which we have no knowledge.* It is an interesting question in ethnology to account for the fact and to as- certain whence came the races of semi-civilized village and communal Indians now occupying the region of our country included within the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and the southern parts of Colorado and Utah. It is believed by many, that within this boundary once existed an old civilization, older even than the Seven Cities of Cibola. The population in this region was once very considerable, particularly along the water- courses of the Gila, the Casas Grandcs, the Del Norte, the Colorado, the head branches of the Arkansas, the Pecos, the San Juan, the Chamas, the Chaco, the Ca- nadian, the Puerco of the West, and other streams throughout the rich adjacent mountain valleys. There are within this re<;ion a number of distinct tribes, speaking different languag es, yet possessing so many "* It is tiuc that in a few caves and in some of the temnles and sac rificial mounds crude picture drawings and symbols of the sun and other planetary bodies, supposed to be associated with sun-worsh.p, have been found. This evidence seems to favor the theory that the Mound-Builders or their immediate successors were sun-worshipers. The Indians of historic times were all more or less superstitious and practiced wizard incantations, which have been erroneously called re- ligious observances. I ^m aware it is claimed that a few tribes in New Mexico and Colorado practice a sort of sun-worship. If so, these facts furnish a foundation for a claim to relationship with the ancient Mound-Builders. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 57 s and their ay have ex- throughout y have been f religion in I meaning of I interesting ct and to as- ilized village region of our 4ew Mexico, Jo and Utah, undary once m the Seven ; rccion wa.s I the water- c Del Norte, irkansas, the aco, the Ca- :her streams lleys. There itinct tribes, ;ing so many emiiles and sac- i of the sun and ith sun-worship, I theory that the : sun-worshipers, superstitious and leously called re- ew tribes in New lip. If so, these with the ancient traits in common that they are all denominated Pue- blos, chiefly because they build large stone or adobe communal houses of from one to six stories high. The best known of the tribes are the Pueblo, the Zuni, the Moqui,the Pima, the Isleta,and the San Ildefonso, all peaceful cultivators of the soil. These Indians are known to have had about the same habits and modes of life since the time of the expedition of Vasques Co- rcnado in i540-'42 when in search of gold he plun- dered their cities. The work giving an account of his expedition was first published in English in 1600.* By means of irrigation these Indians of New Mexico were enabled to cultivate the rich valleys and raise good crops of wheat, corn, cotton, flax, and a variety of vegetables. They had acquired a proficiency in many arts, such as the making of pottery, spinning and weaving, before they were visited by the expedi- tion referred to. These people have had the Gospel preached to them for two hundred years, and yet many of them are said to adhere to a sort of sun-wor- ship, and have houses in which they maintain a per- petual sacrificial fire. If it be a fact that they are sun- worshipers, it would naturally suggest an Asiatic origin or intercourse. Explorers have found in this region a few mounds resembling those of the Missis- * Lieut. Col. W. H. Emory, in Notes of a Military Reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth to San Diego, Cal., page 133, gives the fol- lowing as the existing names of the seven towns most nearly con- forming to the locality of the ancient and marvelously rich seven cities: Cibolleta, Moquino, Pojuto, Covero, Acoma, Laguna, Pobla. con, the last in ruins. toner's adoress. -- sippi Valley. It is possible that the Mound-Builders migrated and disappeared in this direction.* The Iroquois of New York State were village In- dians, building long wooden houses, and lived in a sort of communal way, though they respected the fam- ily by giving to each a .separate fire. They also cul- tivated the soil, growing corn, root vegetables, and fruits, among which is said to have been the apple. The Virginia Indians also lived in villages, around some of which were erected stockade defenses like those of a fort. They were, as already stated, provi- dent in their habits, laying up stores of dried meats, fish, corn, beans, and fruits for future use. Village life and agricuUural pursuits seem to be the path that leads to civilization, and tribes that adopted them have also led in the arts of making pottery, weaving, etc. A number might be named that have advanced toward civilization within historic times. The Cherokees, once a powerful southern Indian tribe, have now nearly the complete civil control of the Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi, to which "capt A. R. Johnston, in his Journal of an Expedition from Santa F6 to Mexico in 1846. p. 598. after describing the ruins of a consid- erable city near the Gila River, notices a mound of which he gives the following detailed description : "About two hundred yards from this building was a mound, in a circle a hundred yards around. The center was hollow, 25 yavds in diameter, with two vamps or slopes going down to its bottom. It was probably a well now partly hlled up. A similar one was seen near Mount Dallas. A few yards farther in the same direction northward was a terrace 100 by 70, about 5 feet high. Upon this was a pyramid about 8 feet high, and 25 yards square at the top. From this, sitting on my horse, 1 could overlook the vast plain lying N. E. and W. on the left bank of the Gila. 1 he ground in view was about 15 miles, all of which, it would seem, had been irrigated by the waters of the Gila." ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 59 id-Builders * village In- lived in a ;ed the fani- ey also cul- L^tables, and lie apple, ges, around efenses like :ated, provi- dried meats, :m to be the :hat adopted ing pottery, ;d that have ric times, hern Indian il control of )pi, to which iiion from Santa ins of a consid- which he gives idred yards from ds around. The vamps or slopes now partly filled few yards farther 3 by 70, aliout S igh, and 25 yards 1 could overlook )f the Gila. The would seem, had they were removed from Georgia in 1838. Many of them are industrious and thrifty agriculturists, and .some are good mechanics. They have invented an alphabet and have a written language and laws. The Creeks, also a southern tribe, now living in the In- dian Territory, are advancing in civilization and peace- ful pursuits. The Choctaws, and also the Chickasaws, were once powerful tribes in the State of Mississippi, but are now in the Indian Territory, and are advanc u?: in civilization and a knowledge of the peaceful arts, and have in existence nearly one hundred schools. The Seminoles, another southern tribe, were removed to the Indian Territory, and are adopting the habits of civilized people. It is a notable fact that Indians showing the greatest capacity for acquiring a knowledge of the arts and methods known to civilization, and at the same time increasing in population, are mostly of a southern origin. But while it is true that, in the few instances given, they have shown a capacity for advancement in the scale of civilization, yet it must be confessed, and with sadness, that as a people the Indian is be- lieved to be disappearing, in consequence of not being able to conform readily to peaceful and civilized habits. On this point, however, Maj. J. C. Powell takes issue with the generally accepted view of their gradual de- crease, and states that the Indians of North America, notwithstanding they are confined to very much nar- rower limits, are as numerous as at any period in the past. As a general fact, the Indians of the United States are but little more advanced than they were when first seen by the Europeans. It is true that. 1.! il iM 60 toner's address. through an association with the whites, the possession of fire-arms and edge-tools, and the re-introduction of the horse, many tribes of Indians are how able to ac- complish feats in war and in hunting which, before Europeans came among '.em, were impossible; but the majority of the fishing and a few of the hunter tribes are still in the stone age. The tribes associated with the whi' 2s, and those referred to in the Indian Territory, have acquired some knowledge of the arts, and to a slight extent work in metals. The Pueblos, as already stated, were village Indians in possession of some of the arts when America was discovered. In studying the past condition of the Indians we should keep in view the state of the domestic arts and comforts common in Europe at the time of the dis- covery of America. The best Indian houses, cabins, or wigwams, at the time European settlements com- menced in America, were, and still are, without floors, chimneys, or windows. We naturally think these very crude dwellings, as they undoubtedly are ; never- theless, it is also true that chimneys and windows were then nowhere in common use, and are of comparatively late introduction into the dwellings of the middle and working classes in Europe.* » Our ancestors four centuries ago had different views of domestic and personal comfort from those that prevail at the present time. The chimney for carrying off the smoke of a house is of modern in- vention. It was not introduced into England before the twelfth, and into Italy in the thirteenth century. Even in the seventeenth century throughout EngUind the houses of ihe well-to-do yeomen were without chimneys. This was true of houses generally throughout Europe. The introduction of glass into windows of dwelling-houses is a still more modern invention and luxury. ill ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 6l possession duct ion of ble to ac- ich, before sible; but the hunter associated he Indian of the arts, c Pueblos, psession of :red. ndians we :ic arts and of the dis- i, cabins, or lents com- iiout floors, liink these ire ; never- ndows were ■nparatively middle and vs of domestic ent time. The of modern in- le twelfth, and iteenth century n were without ghout Europe, louses is a still The state of the arts and commerce among the dif- ferent nations of Indians has been well described by Mr. C. Rau.'ina paper on "Ancient Aboriginal Trade in North America," published in the Smithsonian Re- port for 1872. lie shows that their commerce must have been considerable by way of exchange among tribes living widely apart. The ar'-'iaiological remains of North America point uni . .ably to the existence of one or more races upon this continent anterior to the appearance of the Indians. The evidence of this rests upon re- mains and implements found, and the material of which they are made. Much may be inferred from the local- ity as well as position from which they are recovered, as from caves, mounds, gravel-banks, mines, and earth deposits, which point to their remoteness, and bear evidence of a sequence in time of occupation by an antecedent and subsequent people of the same locality, as well as their degree of development, to be inferred from the implements themselves. Shells from the Pacific obsidians and flints from Mexico have frequently been found in the mounds of the Mississippi Valley. Their skill in the arts is shown by their implements of war and of the cha.se, fishing, agriculture, domestic utensils, and by their more elaborate carving in stone and on shells, and their work in pottery of various forms, burnt and glazed. Some of the figures modeled in clay or cut in stone are fanciful enough, but many resemble ani- mals they admired or dreaded, and, although rude, are readily recognized. In a few localities polished stone implements have been found, and some attempts :|1: ti! 63 toner's addkess. if) m£ seem to have been made to liaminer the native copper into ornaments and weapons. A few tribes manufactured stone pipes of tiifferent colors, which they carved elaborately and ornamented with peculiar figures, pjrhaps totemic in their ch.iractcr. As intimated heretofore, the Indians that have {^ivcn the greatest evidence of improvement all cultivated the soil and had comparatively fixed habitations. Tribes as they grew powerful elected their chiefs with more care, and respected those in a.ithority, decorated their bodies with more art, and their ceremonies became more comprehensive and imi)rcssive. Their villages gradually acquired greater permanence and their dwellings were constructed with a view to more com- fort, and greater solicitude was manifested to provide variety and abundance of subsistence. Iwcn this meager development was a positive advance along the road that leads to civilization, and naturally demanded a division of labor. As it is quite impossible to follow out in detail the habits and usages peculiar to the different tribes of North American Indians, and particularly those which mark the line of progress toward civilization, I will therefore confine my remaining remarks to some points in the practice of medicine among them.* I wish, * The names applied by Indians ihemseives to their physicians are curious, .iiid I think of sufficient interest to present those I have col- lected in a list. The following ..ave been used by different tribes, and no doubt many other appellations might be found : To desisttale t/ie physician, who is often also a prophet: Jossakeed, Schoolcraft. Wabanos, Medas, tic native few tribes )rs, which h pecuHar lavc jjivcn tivatcd the s. Tribes with more rated their es became :\r villages and their more corn- to provide I'Lvcn this : along the ' demanded n detail the it tribes of hose which tion, T will some points .* 1 wish, physicians are ose I have col- lifTerent tribes, chuulcraft. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MKOICAL ASSOCIATION. 63 however, to premise that my investigation of the subject is by no means exhaustive. Hut, contrary to Schoolcraft, Miiskeke Wincnci Waiikaon man ler'» lodge. KOvl'bandilmOwe'n, jugglers in regard to sickness. Moda', an Indian Algonkiu who is a memlier of the secret semi- religious order of the "grand medicine." This name has its root in words which signify to (•'/ta, grass-roots, herbs, medicines of all kinds. ra'zho-h'J'ia Wetchft'sta, a medicine man, a physician. Wa'ia'n, adj., spiritu.\l, sacrei, consecrated, wonderful, incom- prehensible, preternatural. Waka'n-atcho'n, to do tricks of jugglery. WilUa'nda, to reckon as holy or sacred ; lo worship. VVakan'-watchc'pc, the sacred dance or grand meievcre tri.ils by fasting and [irivalimi. I .im nf opinion from what I have observed that the principal poweis by which these doctors obtain such influence 4mong the tribes arc those of menmer- ism ; and the stronger the physical energies to exert the magiii'ic de- vclopnient, the greater is the person possessing them considered." (Schoolcraft, vol. vi, p. 63J.) * The dress of the medicine-men varied greatly in its minutlip among the dilfercnt tribes, but all bore to each oilier a general scm- blancc of care and pretension. The cosliime in some cases was ex- tremely ludicrous, in others horrible, and always calculated to inspl-.' awe and terror. It was generally the skin of some wild beast, with many trinkets and a medicine bag, including the skins of some rare animal, bird, or insect attached. The horns of animals were occa- sionally fixed upon the head, and thus arrayed, with rattle or drum to accompany the medicine-song, the physician appeared before his patient. G. n. I.oskiel described an Indian doctor who made his profes- sional visits attired in a large bear-skin, so that his arms were covered with the skin of the fore legs, his feet and legs with that of the hind legs, and his head concealed in the skin of the niiinial's head, in which pieces of mica or some bright substance were set to repre- sent eyes. In his hand he held a " cal.ibash" or rattle, and was accompanied by a great crowd of people who were singing and (lancing. John W. De Forest, in his History of the Indians of Connecticut, says the Indian doctor attired himself so as to resemble a wild beast or some nondescript monster. Francois Coreal, in his Voyages aui Indes Occidentales, i666-'97, vol. i, pp. 39-41, speaking of the Florida Indians, says: "The yaoiitias were clothed in long robes made of skins of various animals cut into bands. Girdles of deer-skin were used to fasten these robes, and from these were suspended pouches containing herbs. Over all these the physicians wore, after the fashion of a cloak, the :.(',. )r some wild animal. The feet and arms are bare, but they w^ on their heads caps or helmets of skins, terminating in a point." m I' i' 66 TONERS ADDRESS. I am aware that thus to assign a greater antiquity to the office and functions of the physician than to the Respecling the medicine-men of the Indians of Virginia, Haviot, in his work, " A Uriefe and True Report of the New-found-land of Vir- ginia," 1590, observed that they shave all of the hair from the head ex- cept the crown, and fasten above one of theif ears the stuffed skin of a blackbird as the ensign of office. The physicians, according to this account, wore simply an apron made of the skin of some animal and a medicine-bag suspended from a girdle. According to John Lawson.speaking of the Indians of North Caro- lina, p. 347: "As soon as the doctor comes into the cabin the sick per- son is placed upon a mat or skin upon his back and almost entirely uncovered. The conjurer or doctor appears then with the king of the nation, who attends him with a rattle made of the gourd, contain- ing loose peas or Indian corn, which he presents to the doctor, while some one brings a bowl of water." He further remarks (p. 37) that the chief doctor who came with the king of the Santee Nation to visit him was " clad in a match-coat made of turkey-feathers, resem- bling a garment of silk shag." They usually carried their medicines or drugs suspended from the neck in the form of a necklace, con- sisting of roots, barks, berries, nuts, etc. George Cailin, in his History of North American Indians, vol. ii, p. 40, describes an Indian doctor, whom he saw making a professional visit, dressed in the skin of a yellow bear ; the head served as a mask, the huge claws dangling at hii wrists and ankles. He shook furiously a rattle with one hand, and with the other brandished his medicine- spear or magic wand. " The dress," says Catlin, " in all its parts is one of the greatest curiosities of the whole collection of Indian manu- factures which I have yet obtained in the Indian country. It is the strangest medley and mixture perhaps of the mysteries of the animal and vegetable kingdom that ever was seen. Besides the skin of the yellow bear, which, being almost an anomaly in that country, is out of the regular order of nature, and, of course, ' great medicine ' and converted to medical use, there were attached to it the skins of many animals which are also anomalies or deformities, which render them in their estimation medicine mystery. To this outfit there were also attached the skins of snakes and frogs and bats, beaks and tails and toes of birds, hoofs of deer, goats, and antelopes, and in fact the ' odds and ends' and fag ends and tails and tips of almost everything that swims or flies or runs in this part of the wide world." ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 67 r antiquity than to the inia, Ilaiiot, in id-land of Vir- )ni the head ex- : stuffed skin of :cording to this >me animal and of North Caro- )in the sick per- alniost entirely ith the king of gourd, contain- e doctor, while •emarks (p. 37) lantee Nation to feathers, resem- their medicines a necklace, con- idians, vol. ii, p. g a professional erved as a mask, ; shook furiously d his medicine- in all its parts is of Indian manu- untry. It is the !s of the animal ;s the skin of the It country, is out It medicine ' and le skins of many hich render them t there were also »ks and tails and in fact the ' odds it everything that priest is in contravention of the view which has gen- erally been. held upon this subject. Yet I think a lit- tle reflection will show that such is the fact, at least among savages. It is well known that the services of some one representing the physician are often a matter of the first necessity for the preservation of life, even among the lowest in the scale of intelligence, and for the relief of sickness or accidents to which the .savage is equally liable with civilized man, and it is more than an hypothesis, it is almost a certainty, that savagery was the original state of man. In present- ing this hypothesis of the origin of medicine and the medical professiosi I do not wish to be understood as denying that a religious .sentiment is natural to man. But i believe that it, like other capabilities of our race, remains during the savage, and even the barba- rous, stages of society so nearly dormant as to exer- cise no appreciable influence over human action. The religious faculty, like that for language, letters, mathematics, music, the arts, and the usage of social life, depends upon development and education. In the study of the history of the human race we are constantly reminded that man is an animal. He has, by some authors, been aptly designated "a fighting animal," possessing originally but few aims or desires beyond those of feeding, fighting, and sleeping. From what is known of the condition and habits of primitive and savage races, and from general reasoning, the following may be assumed as the probable de- velopment of human wants and the origin and line of advancement in medicine and medical practice. Instinct is the first teacher. In some races of savages m TONERS ADDRESS. the intellect is so little developed that it can hardly be distinguished from whiit we call instinct in animals. Either faculty suggests repose in a recumbent position in sickness, and the non-use of diseased and injured parts, for relief as well as for cure. It is evident, therefore, that to secure rest and administer to the few natural wants of a disabled or suffering fellow-being makes but a slight demand upon human intelligence and sympathy. Among the earliest remedies or methods of treatment or cure, and almost universally practiced by all the lower savage races, were those of sucking with the mouth, licking with the tongue, and breathing or blowing upon the diseased or painful part. Instinct leads children and many animals to do practically the same thing. There are many ex- amples of animals eating herbs, clay, etc., when sick, which they do not when well; and it is reasonable to presume that they do so for their remedial effects. After making a distinction between the suggestions of a depraved appetite and the craving for some un- usual though really suitable article of food or drink originating with the patient, which might benefit indi- vidual cases, the fact is undeniable that observation had led primitive physicians to administer and apply remedies for the cure of disease, showing a capacity to acquire medical knowledge, as well as an ability to observe and reason from cause to effect. Following close upon this advancement in medical practice, spec- culation as to the cause of disease seems to have next engaged attention and influenced popular feeling, and modified or controlled the notions and practices of ^jliysicians. ROCKY MOUMAi'.-; MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 69 1 hardly be in animals, nt position nd injured is evident, r to the few illow-being ntelligence jmedies or universally re those of ongue, and or painful animals to : many ex- when sick, asonable to iial effects, suggestions >r some un- id or drink benefit indi- observation • and apply capacity to 1 ability to Following ictice, spec- o have next feeling, and practices of The earliest views the Indian has on the cause of death and of internal and obscure diseases are based on the idea that evil spirits and personal enemies cause them by conjuration and by secret or occult prac- tices. When this belief becomes common, it de- develops among the race an element of fear of the unseen powers of the universe, and gradually intro- duces a new class of remedies, and almost a new order of physicians, who set themselves up as learned in all mysteries and capable of holding communion with the powers of earth and air. The medicines of this class are always associated with ceremonies and fetish practices, generally denominated Shamanism, and consist largely in the use of charms, amulets, spells, am' incantations. It would, I imagine, require but a slight degree of intelligence and briv-f experience on the part of even primitive physicians to be able to observe and to in- fer that a particular class of symptoms would be fol- lowed by almost uniform results ; and, further, that certain symptoms were grave, and almost always led to death, while others were followed by a speedy re- covery. It is almost certain that they were close ob- servers of the attitude and heat of the body, the dry- ness, moisture, and complexionof the skin, rapid, slow, or painful breathing, chills, fevers, palpitations, and coughs. These and other equally significant and prom- inent symptoms would offer data upon which to prognosticate results with such a degree of success as to seem to ignorant savages to possess the wisdom of a prophet. The physician thus naturally became the 70 TONERS ADDRESS. prognosticator in disease, and his success in this led to his attempting to foretell coming events. Here the practice of magic begins, and seems a natural outgrowth from physic, and even antedates the development of religious ideas and observances. Fear is older than gratitude, and impulse is a more primitive faculty than reflection and judgment. It will readily be perceived that a people in the condition from which I draw this picture have not their mental powers sufficiently developed to fully appreciate laws either moral or physical. The perceptive faculties in such are as yet feeble and untrained ; the imagination and emo- tional part of their nature is much too obtuse to spec- ulate on a future state, or practice self-denial with a view to merit an eternal life. A belief in magic, therefore, probably represents the first recognition by man of the existence of some occult powers in nature above and not subject to himself As health and security from enemies were of the first importance in a barbarous state of society, these were the particular conditions which the magicians as- sumed to control and secure to their patrons. The Magi of the East, and other similar early orders of seers and priests, probably had their origin in this primitive condition of society.* *The origin of magic must be placed far back in history, if not at the very dawn of human society. The art in some form has been found among all uncivilized r.nces ; and lingering traces of it may be seen occasionally at the present day. In every age and country there are credulous persons who fall easy victims to the professors of the magical art. Among all primitive nations there have been fonnd classes of persons laying special claim to the possession of divining power, and thereby exercising great control and influence over their contemporaries. Even the most powerful and civilized nations of ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 7' in this led to and seems a :n antedates observances. 5e is a more incnt. It will sndition from lental powers : laws cither ;s in such are ion and emo- )tuse to spec- lenial with a ef in magic, cognition by /ers in nature 5 were of the society, these magicians as- latrons. The rly orders of rigin in this history, if not at e form has been ices of it may be ind country there professors of the lave been fonnd ssion of divining luence over their 'ilized nations of It is in this stage of development and human knowl- edge, corresponding closely to that stage of mental I ^ antifjuity were in a great measure governed iiy the pretense of super- natural influence arrogated to themselves by persons whom we desig- nate magicians. Such were the Vaidhyas of India, the Magi of Persia and Rabylon, the Priesthood of Egypt, the Druids of Gaul and Britain, and probably the /K^clapiadx of Grtece; and such also, to some ex- tent, are the l.amas of Thibet and 'I'arlary, and some of the present Brahmins ol . idustan. They have, 'n fact, existed in all pagan nations, Chris, lity alone has persistently and unequivocally op- posed .ind comt)a, ;d the practice and the professors of magic. Alchemy, which was the original form of chemistry, was almost synonymous with magic in early times ; or it might perhaps be more properly considered a branch of the art of magic. Hoth words, "alchemy" and "chemistry," are derived from Chemi, the primitive name of Egypt ; and in that land of mystery and of wonders the prac- tice of magic reached its greatest perfection. History, both sacred and profane, is full of the juggleries of the priests of the Nile; and the reader will readily recall the remarkable and for a time apparently doubtful contest which, by means of their mysterious and magical arts, the Pharaonic priesthood waged with the representatives of Israel. The magic of Jannes and Jambres was almost a match for the miracles of Moses and Aaron. But the word " magic " is itself of Eastern origin, and derived from the famous priesthoo 1, or priest-philosophers, of Media and Chaldea the Magi, sometimes lown as the Wise Men of the East. The Magi were the priests of Babylon and Persia, and are supposed to have been of Median or Chaldean origin ; but their origin, as well as their history, and the position they held in the politico-religious economy of the As- syro-Babylonian monarchy and the Medo-Persian empire is very ob- scure. Neither is it definitely ascertained what their relation was to the Zoroastrian system of religion, or whether they were originally the enemies or the promoters of that remarkable scheme. But it is certain that they engrossed most of the wisdom and learning of Southern Asia; and that, by their possession, almost exclusively, of all the knowledge of the time, they were enabled to sway the minds of their more il 'lorant contemporaries under the pretense of the possession of super- na. iral powers. They became so proficient in the wonder-working art that, to the Greeks, they gave their name to that art; which yfi ■% K~^«^j(=^'7«ST9T»W«w™»^-' rP, TONERS AUUkESS. f i¥. >■ i. i growth and culture denominated by Morgan in his Ancient Society as barbarism, that the cadiest sense of a reward or punishment after death is no- ticed, and some practices begin which may be re- ferred to ideas awakening to moral responsibility to an overruling Providence. It is in this stage of devel- nanie has thus become perpetuated to all time, though it is very prob. ai>le that the Magi themselves were merely the pupils in this art, as in other matters, of the subtle Brahmins of Hindustan. At this mo- ment, the jugglers of India and Thibet are far in advance of those of the rest of the world. One of the principal pretensions of magic art at all times has been the cure of the sick ; and for this purpose its professors, while pre- tending to exercise supernatural powers and disguising their action with mysterious and meaningless movements, most frequently effected their object, as the physician now does, by their superior or exclusive knowledge of the great secrets of chemistry and the laws of physics. In the hands of unscrupulous men, this magical power was capable of the most fraudulent excesses ; and hence even many ancient phi- losophers denounced the magicians or pretended sorcerers in the severest terms. Pliny's remarks on this subject are appropriate. I quote from the quaint translation by Dr. P. Holland, folio edition, London, 1601, vol. ii, p. 371 : " That notwithstanding it be of all arts fullest of fraud, deceit, and cousenage, yet never was there any throughout the whole world either with like credit professed, or so long time upheld and maintained. Now, if a man consider the thing well, no marvaile it is that it hath continued thus in so great request and authoriiie; for it is the only science which seemeth to comprise in itself three professions besides, which have the command and rule of man's mind above any other whatsoever. For to begin wi'hall, no man doubtest but that magicke tooke root first, and proceeded from Physicke, under the pretence of maintaining, curing and preventing diseases : things plausible to the world, crept ana insinuated farther into the heart of man, with a deepe conceit of some high and divine matter therein more than ordinarie, and in comparison whereof, all other Physicke was but basely ac- counted." KOCKV MOUNTAIN MEOICAL ASSOCIATION. /J Morgan in the earliest leath is no- nay be re- onsibility to ige of devel- it is very prob. s in this art, as . At this ino- nce of those of times has been ars, while pre- ing their action [uently effected ior or exclusive aws of physics, sr was capable ny ancient phi- trcerers in the ppropriate. I I, folio edition, ud, deceit, and jle world either id maintained, t is that it hath )r it is the only ;ssions besides, bove any other It that magicke the pretence of plausible to the .n, with a deepe than ordinarie, but basely ac- opmcnt, too, I believe, that the priestly functions are first observed. As a class, the priest-physicians are ex- tremely self-reliant, and aspire to exercise the authority of prophets and lawgiversand to rule supreme. They a.ssume also many of the functions of the physician, and at times wholly absorb his office, and are often successful in their efforts to gain control in the affairs of government. VVc find that the dual quality of priest and physician has prevailed in all stages of civilization and under every form of government, and has even continued down to our own time. However, there seem to have been at all times among barbarous tribes physicians who inade no pre- tensions to priestly prerogatives or mysterious prac- tices, but who relied upon the use of remedial agents for the cure of disease. Medical science has already made much progress among a people whose physicians are able to determine something of the cause of disease and the organs of the body involved, and to select and administer remedies internally which are capable of giving relief or effecting cures. This period I shall denominate the third stage of medicine, and has its beginnings in agricultural and semi-civilized races, but in most cases antedates written records. It is evident to every reflecting person that the exhibition of a proper internal remedy for a disease requires a much more complicated process of reasoning, and a more accurate knowledge of the various organs of the body and the effects of medicines, than does the application of external remedies,* *As corroborative of the views presented of the origin and antiquity of medicine, I will make a few brief references to its history among I 1 74 TONEK S ADDRESS. Time wjll not permit me to dwell further upon this subject, but the few facts presented will, I trust, rcii- ihe ancieiil natinns whose inylholn^ry hears tcstimi>iiy td the very c:\rly appearance of the physician, as well as lo the general and hijjh esleem in which (heart of physic was licM. The hahits and mental peculiar- ities of uncivilized races liein^ considered, it is pmhalile tliat the prom- inent mythological ilivinities of remote antiipiity had their origin from individuals who, liy the possession of genius, hecnme leaders nmon>;lhe people. Success not only makes hut crowns the hero, and the eminent service that wins applause may soon command obeisance from the mul- titude. The hero of one generation easily becomes the divinity of an- other. Frequently the early history of mankind attributes to the same exalted character many special ipialities, and sometimes divine powers. Hence it is that a number of the great names honored as divinities by the early IIind>os, K^yptians, i'hccnicians, and Greeks, were noted for their skill in physic. It is a fact worthy of remark that nearly every nation has referred the source of its medical knowledge to the gods. The Egyptian god of medicine was Hermes, the Mercury or Hermes Trismegistus of the Greeks. He is ])erhaps the oldest ))hysician on record. By the Egyptians his name is variously designated, as Thcth or Thuli ; and Taaut. To him is attributed the invention of medicine and the sciences, and also letters anrl a written language, and he is denomi- nated the adviser and sccrelnry of Osiris. In a word, he is repre- sented as possessed of such a wide scope of knowledge as to have been invested in the eyes of the peojile and his contemporaries with almost superhuman qualities. Of course no certain period can be fixed as the time when he lived, but probably 3,000 years before the cominencement of the Christian era would not be early enough. Mr. Ebcrs, the German archaeologist, in the winter of 1872, obtained, in the vicinity of Thebes, a roll of papyrus over fio feet in length and 1 1 inches broad, closely written in unknown characters, relating to med- icine. The date of this document has since been determined to be 1552 B. C. It is in good condition, and has been photolithographed. A few pages have since been deciphered and the whole published. In time scholars will master the record, and should it prove to be genuine it will be the oldest work on medicine extant, and possibly prove to be one of the six books attributed to Hermes. A copy of the work may be seen in the library of the Surgeon-General, at Washington, D. C. I ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 75 upon this trust, reti- lic very early I hinh esteem ital iieculi&r- lal the prom- r otiyiii from ;rs nmnnj'the 1 the eminent rom the mul- livinily of an- s to the same ivine powers, divinities by , were noted n has referred Egyptian jjod rismegistus of xord. By the or Thuli ; and icine and the he is denomi- l1, he is repre- Ige as to have mporarie? with period can be ears before the 1 enough. Mr. '2, obtained, in I length and 1 1 elating to med- iinedtobei552 raphed. A few shed. In lime be genuine it it)ly prove to be f the work may shington, D. C. cicr it probable, if not conclusive to most minds, that the physician must have held a most conspicuous and The medical precepts of tlie Egyptian god of medicine, it is stated, were collected after his death and emlmdied in a volume under the title of " Kmlire," which possibly einlnactd the six llermctical books. For centuries this work constituted the code of medical practice for the oracles and jiriest-physicians of Egypt. Following Mermes and almost e(|ually celebrated in the medical annals of I'^gypt were Apis and Serapis, who after their deaths also received divine honors. It is surmised that the (ireeks ad.ipled, under slightly varied names, many Hindoo, I'hienician, and Egyptian deities. And indeed it is possible that Isis and Osiris are only appellations of particular ages, or of special localities, for the more ancient Egyptian deity Hermes. The Hellenic deities Apollo, Pa-an, Orpheus, Mercury, .'Esculapius, Melampus, Hercules, and Castor, may each have had their prototype in, or may have been adopted from, the older civilizations of Hindus- tan, Phienicia, or Egypt. This hypothesis will at least account for the god Taaut or Hermes of Egypt becoming the Mercury of Greece. From the Hellenic character given to Mercury as dressed in winged sandals and cap, he was the recognized messenger of the gods, and brought the art of medicine down from heaven. In such veneration was he held that the early astronomers honored his name by giving it to the planet nearest the sun, and because it makes its circuit in less time than any other. His caduceus or stalT has at the head two wings, and is entwined liy two serpents. This scepter is the ensign of peace; and mythology claims that it was obtained from Apollo. Nearly the same emblem is represented as the staff oi' /Ivsculapius. Medicine was specially honored in Greek and Roman mythology and the antiquity of the ait of the physician is indicated by the fact that there are in the figures of the Zodiac two stars named alter physicians, Chiron and /Esculapius. These figurative characters had doubtless prototypes in real personages, who had won, by their skill, great distinction among their contemporaries, who were led in their ad- miration to consider them not only heroes, but gods. The esteem in which the art of medicine was wont to be held in those early times may be inferred from the testimony borne by that passage in the i1 tacy of the medical profession. A careful study might enable us Id point out the origin and setpience of the variiiu-i |>rofcssions, which have arisen, one after the other, to meet the increasing wants of a developing civiliziticm. We find that in r'^ypt medicine and all of the pliysical sciences, particularly h) - draulics, geometry, surveying, etc., as well as law-making and the administration of civil governnient, were all early assumeartments, but surrounded all their operations with such ceremonials and secrecy as to strike terror into the mind't ot the un- initiated. There fortunately grew up in the different departments of this theocratic government a desire for original investigations and a system of records of tiie facts observed, which were preserved in the temples, so that a sort of common law was evolved for the benefit of every department of the government, and a code of principles or law, for the guidance of human desires and inda.stries. In this way, too, were collected the earliest observ.-itions of disease, and a record of them preserved, with the means found most effective in their cure. Those wishing to prosecute the study into the origin of medicine will do well to consult Herodotus and Sirabo. The former of these authors tells us that in Egypt the faculty was learned and divided into specialties. And Pliny informs us that the physicians of Egypt made post-mortem examinations to discover the hidden causes of diseas?. From Homer's Odyssey we learn that the physicians studied the nature and properties of drugs, that Egypt contained many that were salutary and others that were pernicious, and that her physicians were pos- sessed of knowledge exceeding that of other men. ! ! If* m •S ToNKK's ADDKlCSa. his rcmcdi'ciH and modes of practice, arc mentioned, but no allusion is made to the priest. And (piitc often the declaration is distinctly made by travelers, that particular peoples and tribes had n«^^y '''iv'" "<> i-X" tcrior t^estures which mi^jht convince us they had the least esteem for a deity ; neither teniple, priest, sacri- fice, nor any other mark of reli^jion is to be met with amouR them." "A man must not ^;o to America, that has a mind to become a martyr for his faith. These savatjes never murder anybody on that score; they leave every one at liberty to believe what he pleases." It is proper to remark, however, that the Indian races no lontjer represent man in a low state of savat,'ery. All the North American Indians use the bow and are acquainted with the use of fire, and have probably not been cannibals, with rare exccjjtions, for centuries be- fore the discovery of this continent by Columbus. Of the habits of man in a primitive .state we have no knowledge, except what can be gathered by inference from isolated savage tribes. The Indians of to-day must be regarded as having passed out of a state of savagery, though they represent a stage of barbarism.* It is well known that nearly all American races have acquired some of the arts, such as the making of imple- ments, pottery, dwellings, clothing, etc. With this pro- gress their early customs and habits have changed. But all tribes have not moved forward with the same regularity and rapidity; climate and food probably de- termine this to some extent. However, by drawing ex- * For a comprehensive ilislinclion lietween the condition of savagery and that of barbaiism, see Lewis II. Morgan's Ancient Socie'y. 1:1 So TONER S ADDRESS. P amples from those but little advanced we will find facts sufficient for the present purpose. The Indian is patient in suffering, courageous in visible danger, but apprehensive of the unknown and occult powers of nature which environ us, but which are so much more of a mystery to him than to civilized man, as often to transform the hero into a coward. It is unquestionably true that the uncivilized as well as the semi-civilized Inoians have many unmean- ing practices and superstitions; chiefly because they know nothing of remote or secondary causes. Like all unlettered races, they are fond of ceremonies and spectacular exhibitions, and the person among them who becomes the most expert in these and acquires the most comprehensive knowledge of the laws of nature is at once elevated to the rank of "a medicine-man" or physician. Poorly qualified as are their physicians, they have among them pretenders to medical Imowl- edge, mere jugglers, who practice by incantations, the exhibition of charms, and other fetish measures which appeal almost exclusively to ignorance and ciedulity.* * Every physician and reflecting person can recall dozens of charms made use of, or worn, even by intelligent people, which are purely fet- ish in character and without influence. Some of these proceedings and " cures" are handed iown from generation to generation, and can be traced far back into the early ages. I will only record a few = As a strap of eel;skin worn around a limb to strengthen a joint and to prevent or cure a sprain. The carrying of a buckeye-nut in the pocket to prevent or cure the piles. The carrying of a raw Irish potato in the pocket to cure or ward off rheumatism. The wearing of a black ribbon around a child's neck to prevent croup. The wearing the rattles of a rattle-snake about the head to prevent headache. To remove warts, the lying of a string or thread over the wart and then ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. ■Si ,1 find facts ■ageous in unknown 3n us, but im than to ero into a icivilizedas y unmean- cause they ises. Like nonies and nong them icquires the s of nature licine-man" physicians, ical knowl- tations, the ures which cieduHty.* tens of charms are purely fet- se proceedings ration, and can record a few • en a joint and sye-nut in the of a raw Irish rie wearing of a The wearing lieadache. To wart and then The Indian, in common with all branches of the human race, has faith in panaceas, and this belief with him, in the absence of a knowledge of physical laws, renders him the ready victim of those who profess to operate through the arts of magic and appeal to supernatural agencies. But while this is true, we may with justice ask, what profession, science, or art in any age, country, or stage of civilization has ever been free from super- stitions and impostors ? And, while condemning follies in the Indian, we must, I think, recognize the fact that all culture, civilization, and religion in the most en- lightened nations are the result of forced training; or, in other words, conditions not natural to man. Reason and knowledge are therefore neither stable in quality nor uniform in quantity in a nation. The people that desires to riiaintain them at a high standard of excel- lence must be on a constant strain. To pause in the support of them will be to retrograde. And it is quite as important to recognize the fact that errors and false principles are also the result of education, or a sentiment, and dominate judgment and incite to burying it. There are many other charms for removing warts. The wearing of a thread of gray woolen yarn around the leg to prevent cramps. To prevent nightn^are, by the placing of a pair of scissors, or some cutting instrument, under the pillow. To cure toothache, pick the tooth with a nail taken from a decayed coffin. To cure or prevent whooping cough, the wearing of a leather string around a child's throat. The rubbing of a "mad-stone" on the wound for the cure of a bite of a mad dog. Bags of sulphur, camphor, assafetida, etc., worn to prevent contracting contagious disease. Nailing of a horseshoe over the door of houses and stables for good luck. It would be an easy matter to greatly extend this list. 82 toner's /ddress. J' 'i action just as strongly as does the truth. There are more martyrs to false theories than to true principles. What is Truth? seems as difficult to answer now. as when the Roman Governor of Judea propounded this momentous question. Toleration, or rather mental liberty and emancipation from dog- mati m, is a rare and heavenly virtue born of the Saviour, but has neither apostles nor disciples. It has no saints, no shrines, and few true worshipers. That Indians are controlled in their conduct through life by a different philosophy from that which governs educated Christians is very evident. It is par- ticularly noticeable in their treatment of the sick, but less so in their surgical practices. Most of their reme- dies are administered or accompanied by some incanta- tion and cerernonip.l jugglery. However, from the testimony of reliable persons who have lived for years among them, as well as from written history, they have alwayt had practitioners, taught by experience how to administer medicines with more or less judgment. With some tribes the physician is held to a responsi- bility that is equivalent to an obligation or contract to cure, not merely to treat his patient according to the best of his ability. This is to be inferred from the fact that some of them held the physician accountable for the recovery of those intrusted to his care; and when death instead of recovery took place, the disap- pointed friends had, and occasionally exercised, the right to take the life of the doctor. This cruel treat- ment is no doubt in part based on the prevalent belief that the physician has the power to inflict disease as well as to cure it. But we know enough of human «■>%? ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 83 There 1 to true ifficult to • of Judea "oleration, from dog- irn of the :iples. It hipers. r conduct that which It is par- e sick, but their reme- ne incanta- , from the :d for years ', they have :nce how to judgment. a responsi- or contract ccording to ed from the accountable s care ; and ;, the disap- ercised, the cruel treat- valent belie f ct disease as h of human nature to s.ee that this is but an exaggeration of a nat- ural feeling, excited by disappointment, which culture and civilization have subdued or controlled. Henry, in his Travels in Canada, gives an account of an Indian physician he saw put to death by the in- furiated friends of a deceased patient. Many other authors corroborate the existence of this custom.* Father Hennepin says that in case of failure on the part of the Indian physicians, jugglers, and priests, to cure a patient, it is ten to one that the parents or friends of the decea.sed will kill the physician on the spot without any formality. Alexander Ross, in his Adventures on the Oregon River, p. 304, records what he observed of the treatment of medical men when they fail to cure, by the Flathead Indians, and .says : " On whomsoever (physician) their imagination fixes, be he far or near, he is secretly hunted out, waylaid, and put to death ; and this is generally the fate of all of them:" In the published account of Captain Wilkes's exploring expedition (vol. iv., pp. 368-9) it is stated that the Indians of the Willamette Valley fre- quently kill their medical men when they fail to cure. They even apply this rule to white physicians or others who take the risk of prescribing for the sick. Captain Wilkes records the instance of the killing' of Mr. Black, who was not a physician, bui wi.o hnd *Fallier Charlevoix's Travels in Canada, p. 271 ; .\'.?y. Kenry's Travels in Canada, p. 124; Rev. Samuel Parker's Jour..;!! if a Tour beyond the Rocky Mountains, p. 245 ; C. C. Jones's Aniioi-i.'esof the Southern Indians, p. 33 ; Hunter's Narrative, p. 352; Keni epin'f Ct.T- tinuation of Discoveries in America, p. 59 ; Wilkes's Lvplorili^ ."Ex- pedition, vol. iv., p. 368. f »|! 1 ■ 84 toner's address. lived for many years among these Indians, and of whom they were very fond. Out of sympathy for one who was suffering, he prescribed medicine. The patient not recovering, the friends of the Indian shot Mr. Black. This gentleman had published some valuable accounts of the geography and products of this region, and was a great loss to the early traders and settlers in Oregon. General Alvord, of the United States Army, observed this barbarous conduct among the Indians of Oregon.* Father Charlevoix, p. 188, says: "The Indian sorcerer is safe nowhere, and condemned to the punishment of prisoners of war. Those who arc least culpable are knocked on the head before they are burned." The physician is usually paid his fee or receives a present as soon as he enters the cabin. In some cases stipulation is made for payment in advance (this, however, is not the general custom), and occasionally fees are returned should the patient die. The Indian physician receives almost any article proffered, as arms, skins, robes, moccasin ornaments, or food, a dog, a horse, etc. It is a notable fact, and particularly in the East, that the physician among early races, whose origin is referable to Semitic stock, is frequently the head of the family or tribe. Indeed all rank and tribal author- ity in races having this descent seem to be patterned after the patriarchal form, where the head of the family ~ * General Alvord has given an interesting account of this cruel practice among the Oregon Indians in a paper which he read. January 20, 1877, before the Literary Society in Washington, and which I trust will soon be published. He contributed similar facts to Mr. Schoolcraft, which are published ii. the fifth volume of his wo-U, p. 652. Mr. Schoolcraft, on p. 271, refers to this practice among various tribes. :-:.i:iSK;?;'^?-^j.:. . ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 85 IIS, and of ipathy for medicine, the Indian ished some 1 products irly traders d, of the us conduct Charlevoix, "e nowhere, lers of war. ced on the hysician is as soon as ipulation is r, is not the -e returned ian receives kins, robes, ie, etc. 1 the East, se origin is he head of ibal author- e patterned )f the family t of this cruel e read, January n, and which I lar facts to Mr. lis wck, p. 652. jT various tribes. or tribe constitutes himself the ruler, physician, and priest. The reverse of this usage or system obtains among the North American Indians and most uncivil- ized races, not of Semitic origin. The chief among the Indians is chosen for his recognized bravery or other personal qualifications. To some extent age is respected, and particularly when associated with rank; but there is no hereditary descent of office or position. While the priestly function may be associated with that of the physician, the chief or king rarely, or per- haps never, combines either with his tribal or rather martial office. The professions seem to be open to the fullest competition, even females aspiring to the honors. Captain Wilkes (vol. iv., p. 399, of his Expe- dition) describes the practice of a female physician among the Walla Walla Indians of Oregon. To appreciate the Indian physician at his real worth he must be judged of from a standard of proficiency that will take into account his actual knowledge, en- vironments, and the wants of, as well as the degree of intelligence possessed by, the tribe to which he be- longs, and not measured by the exaction': which civilization and Christianity have established for the nineteenth century. As it is my desire to discuss Indian medicine as it existe ' when this continent was dis- covered, or at least before its system was modified by contact v/ith the whites, it is but proner, in compar- ing it with che best practice of to-day, thaL we should remember the progress the science of medicine has everywhere made within this period. I will not take up your time w'th an account of their extreme ignorance of physiology and their absurd and foolish methods 1: 86 TONERS ADDRESS. j^^i of cure through magic. I seek rather to present them fairly, if not at their best. With this explanation of the standard by which to estimate the skill of the Indian physician in the treatment of the ills common to their condition and modes of life, it presents, in the main, no mean degree of success. It is nevertheless true that their strange and ridiculous maneuvers and jug- glery offend the common sense of the present day, and were doubtless often carried to an extent that lost sight of the essential points in the treatment of the sick.* The theory of disease held hy the Indian was so entirely different from that of the educated physician of the present age, that it is proper his practice: should be viewed in connection with it. It was believed that disease was produced by evil spirits, and that the medicine-men h.td power to hold close communion with the unsee"., and thus dis. over the secret causes of all disorders and by incantation insure their expul- sion. Notwithstanding this absurd notion, they were not entirely ignorant of the functions of some of the *Cal!in says that all tribes h.ive their physicians, who are also medicine ov mystery men. "These professional men are worthies of the highest order in all tribes. They are regularly called and paid as physicians to prescribe Cor their sick, and many of them acquire great skill in the medical world and gain much celebrity in the nati-- i. Their first prescriptions are roots and herbs, of which they have a great variety of species, and where these have all failed, the last resort is to ' medicine' or mystery." The fact is mentioned by many authors that the physician is always dre.sed with elaborate care. Drawings of the physicians' costumes nny be seen in Catlin's History of North American Indians, vol. i., p. 40. The doctor's dress is graphically descril)ed in Lawson's History of North Carolina, p. 37, and in Los- kid's Missi( u '4 the United Brethren, p. III. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. «7 sent them :ion of the he Indian in to their the main, eless true I and jug- it day, and : that lost ent of the an was so physician ticfr should lieved that I that the ommunion c;ret causes heir expul- they were )me of the who are also ire worthies of ed and paid as \ acquire great in the nati'i. h they have a , the last resort y many authors re. Drawings story of North is graphically 57, and in Los- more important organs of the human body.* These they learned by the analogy the organs in man bore to those of the animals which they were accustomed to kill and cut up for food. They were cognizant of the fact that the lungs are the organs of respiration, that the heart is necessary for the circulation of the blood, and that a suppression of the action of the kid- neys would be fatal to life.f The more urgent de- mand for the skill of the physician would be condi- tions growing out of accidents, more or less .severe, such as fracture, luxations, and incised wounds. In the treatment of these the red man's physician occa- sionally displays much common sen.se, mingled with mystery. Every warrior is expected to have some knowledge of the healing properties of plants and roots, in order that he may intelligently treat such dis- eases and accidents as are likely to occur when on the war-path or on a hunting expedition. Their necessi- ties taught them efficient modes of transporting those who became disabled on the march. Dr. Pitcher describes the litters tliey constructed, of two poles * Dr. Zina Pitcher, in Schoolcraft's History of the Indians of the United States, p. 505. t Dr. Brickell, a physician who lived for many years among the Indians of North Carolina, says; " I never olwerved any of them to practice anatomy; neither ilo I believe they have any knowledge therein, unless they make a study of the skeletons of their kings and great men's bones." (Brickell's History of North Carolina, p. 339.) Schoolcraft, vol. v., p. 501, says the Indians have "distinct names for the heart, lungs, liver, gall, spleen, windpipe, and other functional parts." In the same volume Dr. Pitcher relates an anecdote to show how the experienced Indian hunter, from an examination of the ovaries of the heaver, will predict from the scars found the number of young she has had, and therefore the number he may expect to trap. 88 TONERS AUDKESS. lashed to cross-pieces by means of bark and then woven or filled in with strips of bark to form a web or mat upon which the wounded are placed and carried by four persons. A method somewhat similar for carrying the disabled is mentioned by Father Jacob Bacgcrt as resorted to by the Southern California In- dians. " They placed," he says, " their sick or wounded on a rude litter made of crooked pieces of wood, which would constitute a rack to any but Indian bones;" but adds, "the carriers were in the habit of running with their charge."* An incident recorded by Alexander Henry evinces the ability of the hunter to arrest hemorrhage from an artery by compression. An Indian on his wintering ground trapping beaver, when at a distance from his lodge slipped on the ice and, falling on his hatchet, nearly severed his hand at the wrist. Taking off his shirt, he tore it into strips and bound it tightly around the arm above the wound, thus stopping the flow of blood, and walked three miles to his cabin. The hand was then de- tached, thus completing the amputation, and the stump dressed, which healed rapidly.f When necessary to cleanse deep wounds Indian phy- sicians made use of expedients, some of which are worthy of mention. For instance, they constructed a ♦Smithsonian Repoit, 1874, p. 387. The same or nearly similar methods are mentioned by Schoolcraft, vol. I, p. 254, and by other authors. See also Surgeon G. A. Oiis's report on the removal or the transportation of sick and wounded by pack-animals to the Surgeon- General, U. S. A., 1877. f Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territory, by Alex. Henry, pp. 122, 123. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MKIMCAF. ASSOCrATlON. 8y and then 1 a web or ncl carried iniilar for her Jacob ifornia In- ■ sick or d pieces of but Indian he habit of L-corded by ; hunter to mpression. ng beaver, on the ice liis hand at into strips above the ind walked l3 then de- I, and the ndian phy- which are nstructed a nearly similar , and by other removal or the I the Surgeon- n Territory, by syringe made of a bladder with a quill inserted in it for a nozzle, through which they forced water or any decoction they wished to use for this purpose* Suction both by the mouth and through tubes is re- sorted to for removing foreign bodies from vvounds, as they wished to avoid enlarging them, and looked upon a practice that did so with disfavor. Tubes made of stone and other substances seem to have been much used, and are frequently found in Indian graves. These tubes also served as a sort of cupping instrument and for blowing through to cool inflamed parts, to remove foreign bodies, and for conveying water forced from the mouth in washing out cavities and wounds not readily reached. Their surgeons took special care to remove all foreign bodies from wounds as soon after an accident as possible, which they accomplished with care and much dexterity.f Numerous instances are recorded of their applying dressings of cold water, and also poultices of Indian meal, slippery-elm bark, and a variety of roots, herbs, and other substances. Dr. Pitcher states that they coap- tate and hold in position incised or other wounds by means of sutures made of the tendons from the leg of the deer. These they introduced with a needle made of bone. A slender fiber from the center of the tamarack, and also the inner bark of the bass-wood, were used as threads for sewing up wounds. The rule was not to remove the sutures until after the sixth day. And * Charlevoix, Pitcher, and others. fLoskiel's Mission of the United Brethren, p. ii2; Captain Jona- than Carver, p. 257 ; and Father Charlevoix, p. 268. 90 TONKK S ADUKhSS. while tlicy were averse to cnlargin-^ wounds, never- theless they were aware of the advantage of having them heal from the bottom. To insun: tiiis,, they in- serted tents of slippery elm bark in deep wounds to keep them open.* According to lirickell, from the manner in which the Intliansuf North Carolina treated the prisoners taken in war, and whom they desired to keep as slaves, it is evident they knew that in amputa- tion it was important to preserve a tlapof skin to cover the end of the bone. The method they adopted for preventing the slave from running away was to maim him by cutting off one-half of each foot. " They flayed the skin from the setting in of the toes to the middle of the foot, cut off one-half of his feet, wrapping the skin over the wounds and then healing them."t Lawson, in his History of North Carolina, testifies to the same practice, and to their skill in arrest- ing hemorrhage. Alexander Henry, before re- ferred to, records the case of a man wounded by an axe penetrating the lung, which was followed by profuse hemorrhage. Air escaped from the lung through the opening, yet this was so succe.ssfully treated the Indian was alive twenty years afterward.^ Loskiel says a hunter accidentally dislocated his *The practice of introducing slippery- elm tents into deep wounds IS described by Pitcher. Hunter, already referred to, alludes to the same practice, and to the use of the pulverized bark in poultices, p. J58. fUr. John Brickell, in his Natural History of North Carolina, pub- lished in Dublin, 1737, pp. 321 and 399 ; John Lawson, in his History of North Carolina, pp. 322, 323, records the same fact and in nearly identical language, so that there is not much doubt but the flap oper- ation in amputation was practiced as early as 1700 in North Carolina. X Henry's Travels, already cited, pp. 124, 125. ds, ncvcr- of having i, they in- ivounds to , from the iia treated desired to n aiiiputa- in to cover Jopted for > to maim t. " They oes to the .wrapping ig theni."t a, testifies in arrest- before re- •undcd by illowed by the lung uccessfully iiftcrward.I ocated his deep wounds alludes to the ultices, p. J58. Carolina, pub- in his History and in nearly the flap oper- Forth Carolina. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MKDICAr. ASSOCIATION. 9 1 tlii',di wlien alone in the woods, and rc|)Iac.-d it by fasti-ning one ^mi of a straf) to the nearest tree and il.c oHierto his dislocated limb, and then forcing him- self away from the tree by the uninjured leg in such a manner as to make traction and replace the dislocated joint. The Indian physicians were aware of the assistance gained by securing muscular relaxation in replacing dislocated limbs.* Fractures, according to the state- ments of Dr. Zina Pitcher, Father Charlevoix, and I.oskiel. were treated by placing the injured 'imb in .splints made of birch or other bark, careful!^ d to the part, and fastened by bark bandages, so a , u) keep the bones in their position. Ross Cox, in his Adven- tures on the Colorado River, page 125. says the Flatheatl Indians treat fractures by " bandages and pieces of wood like staves placed longitudinally around the part, to which they are secured by leather thongs." I find no mention of arty means used by them for exten- sion or counter-extension in fractures. Of course, shortening of limbs must have occurred in certain cases for want of such treatment. The testimony is general that but few deformed or crippled Indians were to be seen. These Indians cure rheumatism by cold baths, which they use in con- junction with the steam-bath, often breaking the ice to plunge into the cold water. Bancroft st'Jites that the Haidah Indians of the Pacific Coast, to arrest hemorrhagesjrom bites or wounds, use eagle-down to * Loskiel, p. 112. Hunter, p. 397, s.iys they were acquainted with the advantage of relaxing the muscles in dislocations, and gave medi- cine to produce nausea for this purpose. i^ 92 TONKU S ADDKI'.SS. thrust into the wound or bind upon it. Pitcher states they usi;d the ordinary pulTball for arresting,' liciiior- rlia^je, anil in ipistaxis phi^tiid the nostrils with it anil with pulverized charcoal. Smith, in his History of Virj^inia, sjieaks of the inveterate character of ulcers, and Dr. Zina I'itcher remarks that those of an indolent character were sometimes treated with a salve made of fresh ashes and tallow or powdered calamus, and adds that the actual cautery was at times used in these cases. The Indians treated boils and phlegmonous ulcera- tion by scarification and lancing, and by poultices of Indian meal, sUppery-elm bark, wild onions, etc. The Indians of Cape Flattery (see Smithsonian Report for 1870, p. 79) used a poultice of oy.sters and fresh fish. Tliey made use of the actual c 1 itery and a mu.xa made into a cone from the dried in: er bark of the white pine. The part of the body selected for the moxa is prepared by moistening, the cone is then placed in position and ignited, which burning leaves a deep sore. This is kept open by removing the scab until relief is oL/lained. It is ;. Civorite practice among these In- dians to ;;sri ten. cautery for all internal diseases, on the th •-'•> that it serves the double purpose of blisterir ' "'d bleeding. Beveri> (History of Virginia, second edition, 1722, p ijes 186, 187), says that when pain is seated in a limb or joint the general cure is by burning. Their method of doing this he informs us " is by little .sticks of lighted wood, the coal of which will burn like a hot iron ; the sharp point of this they run into the flesh, and having made a sore keep it running till the humor be drawn off." They also use the punk or touchwood I' ' r .'iSii, /j?J<,£tyitt;Wii«>sA£%i£i.wei>eii4M>aE»suuia».'.i»uit^^ •Ju ^ (^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) <^ 1.0 ^1^ US 1.1 1."^ H^ 18 L25 iu ii.6 !. % '^ ^'^*' > Hiotographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716)a72-4503 k CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques mmme a ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 93 made into canes and used as a moxa, burning it over the seat of pain, so as to form a sore. Charlevoix re- marks that they possessed several cauterants, promi- nent among which was rotten wood, probably punk. Pitcher says that for hernia they used bandages with pads, but when strangulation ensued they were unable to afford relief. By some historians the toothache is stated to have been comparatively common among the Indians. Loskiel states that they used in this affection an ap- plication of the bark of the white walnut to the cheek, and when relief was not obtained by such remedies, Brickell tells us the tooth was punched out, by placing a piece of cane against it, which was then struck in such a manner as to drive the tooth out, which is done without injury to the bone. The same author speaks of the success of the Indian physicians in their treat- ment of burns. Similar testimony is given by Loskiel, who says they made applications of a decoction of beech-leaves in such cases. A long list of the medi- cines used by the Indians may be seen in Hunter's Narrative, in Schoolcraft, and in a recent report by Major Powell. Loskiel, in referring to long confine- ments which produce bed-sores, states that they adopt the following method for the comfort and relief of the patient. They make a soft bed of straw, and under the part where the buttock rests they make an aper- ture to relieve pressure and through which the natural evacuations may take place. Bleeding was a common and popular practice among nearly all tribes. Henry, in his travels, says it was held in such general favor that even those in good 94 toner's address. health resorted to it, and states that on one occasion he bled a dozen women as they were seated on a fallen tree, commencing with the first and opening a ve.n then the second, and so on. three or four bleedmg at one time This operation is performed with a sharp flint in the arm. and sometimes in the foot. Next to that of bleeding, cupping was a popular remedy, • and performed in the following manner: Over the seat of pain or part to be cupped they would scarify, and then place over this a gourd cut off near the end, which served as a cup. They half-filled this with com • bustible matter, which, burning rapidly, exhausted the air forming a vacuum in the gourd, which when placed on the part, made an admirable up^ Another mode of cupping, related by J. C. Beltrami, Dr. Pitcher, and others, was as follows : After lacerating the skin with a sharpened bone or flint, the large end of a bufl-alo-horn was applied over the incisions. Exhaus- tion in this case was produced with the mouth applied to the small end of the horn, which was perforated. The blood by this method is discharged through the mouth of the operator. Carver states that they sharp- ened flint-flakes by grinding or whetting them on a stone so as to be quite efficient as a cutting instru- ment 'for scarification. Brickell states that for scari- fying the North Carolina Indians used the teeth ot the rattlesnake from which the poison had been ex- tracted "Scarification was frequently resorted to, savs Father Hennepin, "for the relief of pain and swelling, even where cupping was not practiced. According to Father Charlevoix, Henry, and others, the gout, stone, and apoplexy are unknown among ic occasion I on a fallen ing a vein, bleeding at irith a sharp oot. Next lar remedy, : Over the ould scarify, lear the end, lis with com- xhausted the which, when ip. Another i,Dr. ritcher, ting the skin rgc end of a ns. Exhaus- nouth applied as perforated, d through the at they sharp- ie them on a cutting instru- that for scari- \ the teeth o\ \ had been ex- resorted to," f of pain and lot practiced." iry, and others, i§2a^ft>M£.I;Sa^5S t In 1 ii Mi. i. ■^3iwmmm 96 TONER S ADDRESS. fe fountain water ; if they perceive a white matter or pus to rise, they let the patient move at large, and pres- ently cure him." C. C. Jones says the physicians occasionally re- quired their patients to lie upon their stomachs with their heads over pans in which medicinal plants were being boiled, so that they might inhale the medical properties. The sweat-bath was an institution in every village or camp, and used not only in health, but for nearly every ill from which they suffered. Charlevoix, Brickcll, Furman, and Pitcher give an account of a mode of administering an earth sweat-bath, which was to open a dry sand bank, or the earth where wood had been burned and before the ground had become cold, sufficiently deep for a man to lie down in, wrapped in a blanket. The patient is then covered over with the earth excepting his head, and left for hours. Carver, Charlevoi.K, and Pitcher mention the fre- quency of pleurisy among the IndLms, which was treated by poultices and other external applications, some of which were of a rubefacient character. They also bled in these diseases. Consumption is mentioned by the same authors. Heckewelder claims that con- sumption had become more frequent among the In- dians after the introduction of alcoholic liquors. Los- kiel tells us that in consumption the flesh of the rattle- snake is made into broth and administered with good results. De Forest, in his History of the Indians of Connecticut, mentions the existence of quinsy, which was treated by sweat-baths. As might be expected, rheumatism, both in the acute and chronic form, was a common disease among the Indians, old and young. atter or pus ;, and prcs- sionally re- imachs with plants were the medical :ion in every alth, but for Charlevoix, account of a h, which was ;re wood had become cold, , wrapped in 5ver with the irs. ^ion the fre- which was applications, acter. They is mentioned nis that con- mong the In- iquors. Los- of the rattle- ed with good le Indians of uinsy, which be expected, c form, was a d and young. KOCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 97 It was treated, says Loskiel, both by scarification, cup- ping, anointing with oil, rubefacients, and also by poul- tices of a plant called jalap, the bark of the white wal- nut, etc. Brickell, in his History of North Carolina, p. 398, states: "They have a kind of rheumatism which generally afflicts their legs with grievous pains and violent heats ; while thus tortured, they employ the young people continually to pour cold water upon the part aggrieved until such time as the pains are abated and they become perfectly easy, using no other method for this kind of disorder." Thus it will be seen that the American Indians early discovered the advantage of reducing high temperature by the appli- cation of cold water. Typhus fever was probably unknown to them, but the malarial and bilious fevers were common through- out the tide-water region and southern low lands. These were treated by decoctions of herbs and cold lotions, but the names of the ingredients have not been preserved. Father Hennepin, in speaking of the fevers, says that to cure the tertian or quartan fevers and agues they used a " decoction of the bark of a tree." Many tribes of Indians in the beginning of fevers used emetics, which they prepared from a variety of sources, as "the spurge, thorough-wort, etc." As purgatives they used the euphorbium and horse-chest- nut, white walnut, etc. Much reliance in breaking a fever was placed on the hot and cold baths combined, a powerful reaction being produced by the transition from a profuse sweat to a plunge or douche of cold water. The want of knowledge of the true nature of exanthematous diseases, which were treated by the 1 '! m 98 TONERS ADDRESS. same methods employed in other complaints, no doubt occasioned many deaths. Dysentery and diarrluea arc mentioned by a num- ber of authors as existing among tlie northern and western tribes. Father Charlevoix, I.oskiel, and Dr. Pitcher state that tliese di.sea.ses were both treated by a decoction of the root of the low blackberry, the juice from the cedar-tree, etc. Paralysis is mentioned by Brickell, Lawson, Pitcher, Carver, and Charlevoix, who allude to it as a rare dis- ease. The latter mentions the fact of an Indian suf- fering from epilep.sy being cured by a bolus adminis- tered by an Indian woman, but has not informed us of what the bolus was composed. Lewis and Clarke, in their journal of an expedition to the Pacific, mention the frequency of sore eyes among the Indian tribes of the plains. lirickell, in alluding to skin-diseases, states that they are readily cured by plants collected by the Indians, and that scald-head was invariably cured by the application of an oil made from acorns. The testimony is almost universal that Indian women suffered but slightly in childbirth. The little aid rendered them was generally by females. Lawson, however, in his history of North Carolina, states that no disadvantage was suffered for want of "midwives, for these, as well as doctors, are well skilled in the practice and render labor less difficult." His language gives the impression that males as well as females rendered .service in these cases.* A singular proceeding, in a difficult and protracted labor, calculated to bring on partial suffocation in the * Schoolcraft, vol. I, p. 225 ; 2, p. 65. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. plaints, no by a num- thcrn and cl, and Dr. treated by y, the juice Dn, Pitcher, ; a rare dis- Indian suf- 4s adminis- jrmed us of 1 Clarke, in ic, mention an tribes of eases, states Cted by the y cured by lat Indian The Httle Lavvson, states that |"midwives, jlled in the |is language as females protracted ktion in the parturicnL woman, is related by Carver, p. 260. He (iLscribes a rase where the surgeon, midwife, and friends despaired of the life of the patient, but who was promptly relieved by an Indian woman, who "took a handkerchief and bound it tightly over the nose and mouth of the parturient woman. This immediately brought on a suffocation, and from the struggles that consequently ensued she was in a few seconds deliv- ered." The insensibility and relaxation produced by this treatment may have relaxed the muscles, and in some respects resemble a state of anscsthesia. The question of the origin of syphilis is one that, since shortly after the discovery of America, has caused much discussion in the medical profession.* * Tho writer who first asserted the American origin of syphilis was I.ennhard Schmauss, a German physician, who wrote in J518, twenty- live years after the disease appeared or was recognized as existing in Italy. He was followed by Ulrich Van Ilulten, Oviedo, and others, who reiterated the same view, and in fifty years the statement was ac- cepied as a fact. These authors say that the sailors attached to the fleet of Columbus brought it on his first or second return home in 1493 and 1496. Dr. Good says this is an error, for, on his reaching Seville, in the ensuing month of April, in order to join the Spanish army, syphilis then existed in Auvergne, Lombardy, and various parts of Italy, and in the course of the summer was in Saxony, Branden- burg, Brunswick, Mecklenburg, and especially Strasburg and at Cracow in Poland. Fracastorio, a physician of high repute for his skill in the treatment of this di.sease, and who resided at the spot where it was thought to have appeared in Spain, asserts that previous to the date hore assigned to the diseaseit existed in Asia and Africa, as well as in some parts of Europe. Fulgori and others state that it was in upper Italy in 1492 and 1493 ; and at Massa, Cataneo, Pinetor, Burchardi, Capreoli, and at Rome in 1494. Therefore Oviedo's state- ment that it was carried to Italy by Gonzalvo is an error, as that gen- eral only arrived at Calabria May, 1495. Oviedo, although a writer of note, was charged and convicted of falsehoods, contradictions, and 100 toner's addrrss. To assume, as many authors have done, that this disease was unknown until after the discovery of inaccracies l.y contemporary writers, sm:h a, A . I lerrera, De la Cnw I'er.l,nan °' Chepewyan Indians. Smithsonian Report, 1866, pp. 316, 325. Gookin's Historical Collection, p. 8. Islan^r' •^""''' ^- °- ^'''"'^ °^ Kamtschatka and the Ku.ibski islands, pp. 92, 141. 217. Grossmann. Ciptain F. E. Pima Indians of Arizona. Smith- sonian Report. 1871, p. 407. P. ti( Et '«4e4RS(gSBB« raversed the pressed with 365. '"'•I. P- ass- erica. Vol. I, . p. 264. h Carolina, pp. • Vol. I, pp. -126. innecticut, pp. '. 199. d the World, ryan Indians. the Kuribski 3na. Smith- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. I09 its vastness. Nor can we contemplate its grandeur without having presented to the mental vision con- Ilariot, T. A Hrjefe and True Report of the New-fou^d-land of Virginia, 1590. Harris, T. M. Tours in the Northwest. Harvey, Gideon. Venus Unmasked. A more Exact Discovery of the Venerea! Disease or French Evil. Heckewelder, John. History of the Indian Nations, pp. 222-^- 8-9. •', Hennepin, Father L. A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America. Part II, p. 73, etc. Henry, Alex. Travels in Canada and Indian Territories pn u? 118,122-3-4-^.148. '"■ " Humboldt, Alex. von. Political Essay on New Spain. Vol I pp. 117, 118; Vol. IV, pp. 135-137. ■ ' Hunter, John D. Manners and Customs of .Several Indian Tribes, pp. 142, 350, 395, 401. Indians of Cape Flattery. Smithsonian Report, 1870, pp. 78-80. ul. Jones, C. C. Antiquities of Southern Indians, pp. 28-34, 51-53, Jones, Joseph, M. D. Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee, pp. 66-7- 8-9.89,98,107. .PFw>-7 Kane's North American Indians, p. 272. Lawson, John. History of North Carolina, pp. 26, 36-30. 2,, 2 '3. 308, 323. 347. 3S7. 363. 365. Lewis and Clarke's Expedition. Vol I, pp. 164, 297, 416; Vol. II, Loskiel, G. H. Mission of the United Brethren, pp. 108, 117 Lubbock, Sir John. Origin of Civilization and Primitive Condi- tion of Man. Lubbock, Sir John. Prehistoric Times, p. 256. Massachusetts Hist. Collections. Vol. Ill, p. 236, etc. Neill's History of Minnesota, pp. 61, 68. New American Cyclopedia. Vol. IX, p. 490. Observations on the Creek and Cherokee Indians. (Trans, of Ethnological Society, Vol. Ill, Part I, p. 45. Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo Fernandez de. in St 110 toner's address. v.ncmg evidences of its great age. as well as of the very remote antiquity of mm upon it. VViio can estimate the centuries that have passed since this globe has been in a conditioft to support animal life and especially man? And how inconceivable to u.s ^'^ .*''_^."i''''°"' °^ ''""'■'^" •^'-^'"gs that have been 24or24T' '*''■ '^■"""''"'" ^°"'" ■''^""'^ """ ^"'^y Mountains, pp. Pitcher. Dr. Zina. Schoolcraft's History of Indians of United States. PaitIV, pp. 505-530. Robertson, Wm. History of America. Vol. H, p 85 Ross, Alexander. Adventi.res on Oregon or Columbia River n 302. ' ' • Rush. Benj. Medicine among the Indians. Medical Observation and Lnquiries. Vol. I. p. 55. Schoolcraft, H. R. History of Indians United Sl,.tes. Vol. I p jso; V01.11.P.6S. Vol. iH. pp. 286. 497; Vol. IV. pp..„..;3'; Vol. V. pp. 270. 4,5-455. so,, 65, , Vol. VI. pp. 632. 648 Schoolcraft. H. R. Thirty Years among the Indian Tribes, pp. Servando.Dr.,M. D. Munroe's Observ.-.lio„s on the Different Kinds of .*>mall-pox. p. 7. Sloane, Sir Hans. History of Jamaica and other West India Islands. Smith, Capt. John. Travels, Observations, etc. Vol I do ,2j 124, ,37. • > H- '-5J. Smithsonian Reports. Various. Stow's Survey of London. Vol. II, p. 7. Transactions and Collections of the' American Antiquarian Society. Vol. I, pp. 283, 406 to 412. ' Webster. Noah. History of Epidemic and Pestilential Diseases. Vol. I, pp. 176-7. White, John. North American Pioneer. Vol. I, p. 39 Wilmer. L. Life, Travels, and Adventures of Hernando de Soto. Wilkes's Exploring Expedition. Vol. IV, pp. 47-8, 368-9. 399. Wood Rev. J. G. Uncivilised Races, or Natural IlUto'y „f Man. Vol. II, pp. 610, 676, 681. ■ ^ ^^^^aateKW^aiMtea »ii*vt^i>s»*it»ttiim0fim -•11 as of the Who can I since this animal life, ivable to u.s have been Mountains, pp. ans of United niijia River, p. al Observation es. Vol. I, p. pp. 211-213; 548. n Tribes, pp. the Different r West India ol. I, pp. 123. lartan Society. ;ial Disea«es. 39- ando de Soto. 368-9, 399. il History of ROCKY MOUNT.\IN MEDICAL A.SSOCIATION. HI bom, lived and died upon it before the discovery of Columbus! All must grant there was a first family. Race may have succeeded race and nation succeeded unto nation, and yet have left few traces of their exist- ence. And although none of these people may have possessed the intellectual development and arts known to those of ancient history, nevertheless they were human, endowed with human hearts and human .sym- pathies, and in a degree susceptible to most of the joys and sorrows, as well as to the bodily ills, in- herited by man in all conditions of life. You may consider the problem of the cosmogony of the universe and the genesis of man according to your several predilections, or as you have studied the ques- tion. I have simply attempted in a popular manner to outline the subject as it has presented itself to my mind. As physicians you can speculate as to the possible origin of medicine among savage and uncultured peo- ple. You can picture to yourselves a world of but a few thousand years old or one of immense antiquity, and a sparse or a considerable population. That the early races in North America were subject to sick- ness, accidents, and death, is beyond question. That human sympathy attempted to relieve them by some means I believe all will concede. What degree of skill we .should accord to these primitive physicians and surgeons is uncertain. That efforts were actually made by recognized physicians to the end of obtain- ing relief and cure cannot be doubted. This study re- mains but deserves to be made. The meager outline of Indian medical practice which I have presented, I am conscious falls far short of doing justice to the race. • :i S 112 toner's address. In conclusion, gentlemen, though I have many apologies to offer for the manner in which I have treated this subject. I hope I need make but few for the theme of my remarks. The physician, from the duties and requirements of his office, is prone to in- duction and to the discovery of new facts, to com- pare them with old theories, and by comparison arrive a correct conclusions. Naturally, the physician is attracted to the master-works of the Creator, of which man ,s the crowning part. Therefore, an investiga- tion of his early history and habits on this globe and particularly those of the prehistoric man of our own continent, seemed not inappropriate for this occa- sion. Many deductions may be drawn from the facts 1 have endeavored to present. I shall, however, make but one. which is connected with our profession- Everywhere and in every age. among all tribes and peoples whether the most savage or the most highly cmlued. may be traced the presence of the physician He was ever deemed a necessity, and his standing and mfluence have everywhere been commensurate with his high and honorable office, which won for him in the Apostolic age the appellation of the "Beloved rhysician." ■■aBSIIMgKiKiBawua Iiave many lich I have but few for in, from the prone to in- ts, to com- rison arrive physician is 3r, of which 1 investiga- this globe, nan of our r this occa- m the facts 'ever, make profession : tribes and lost highly physician, s standing imensurate on for him : "Beloved THE Rocky Bfountain Medical Associatioi), i'l i iitlMn.iHjVii i m,i,n , HISTORY AND TRANSACTIONS oi- riiK KOCKY MOUNTAIX MHDICAL ASSOCIATION WITH A SVNOI-,ls OF rilR AI>I>HFSSKS OF IIIH llAHI.y IHKSIUEMS. This Association was formed at Horticultural Hall I'hiladclphia. in May, 1872. the earliest practicable mo- ment after the meeting in California. It is composed of the medical gentlemen who crossed the Rocky Moun- tains in 1 87 1 to attend the meeting of the American Medical Association in San Francisco, and was organ- ized in rd pcipctuam mcmoriaiH. Dr. Washington L. Atlec, of Philadelphia, was elected President, and Dr. John Morris, of Baltimore, Secretary and Treasurer. The ladies and a few gentlemen who accompanied the party were chosen honorary members. It was then re- solved to have an annual reunion at each recurring meeting of the American Medical Association, on which occasion an address should be delivered by the presiding officer. SECOND MEETING, 1873, IN ST. LOUIS. The Rocky Mountain Medical Association met in the afternoon at the Masonic Temple, Dr. VV. L. Atlee, of Philadelphia, the President, in the chair. Dr. John Morris, Secretary, read the minutes of the last meeting, which were approved. The President then delivered the following interesting address : ("S) ijf- if; ii6 TKANSACTIONS op rUK MK, ATLKF.'S AODHK-SS. Ccntlemcn and hello:.. Mcmhcn of the Rocky Moun- tan, .hmuUion: Two years atjo vvc traversal the American continent to the ^joMen shores of th.- I'aci- fie m (,rcler to fjrecl our brethren of the extreme West unci to plant th. standard of the American Me.lieal As ' socat.on. and with it American medicine, beyond the boundaries of the Rocky Mountains. No member has ever ref^^retted that visit, but on the contrary we look back upon it with feelintr.s of extreme delight Profes- sionally, it may be consiilered a success. New enerLry was mfused into the medical men on the Parific slope order and organization have arisen out of disorder and' contention, and a spirit of professional harmony and good-will now pervades the whole profession, which no {Treat mountain boundary can ever more impair On that occasion the Hast presented the West with an able presiding officer.* who watched over our delibera- .ons at the Golden Gate; now, our brethren of the West return the compliment by bringing one of their distinguished ment to occupy the same position in this beautiful central city of our great country. Ihese two events are worthy of record, as bringing together the East and the West, the North and the South-as a union of strength in building up the great Temple of American Medical Science Growing out of the California meeting of the Amer- ican Medical Association, another society has been formed^hich, though informal and as yet not bound * Alfred Slill6, M. D., of Philadelphia.~Pa.~ "~ tT. M. Logan, M. D., of Sacramento, Cal. ^oc^-y Moun- avcrsc'cl the of tilt; Paci- trcMiiL- West, Medical As- beyoncl the iicinbcr lias »ry we look tilt. Profcs- NJew enerjjy ucific .slope; isorcler and rniony and sion, which ore impair. ^\st with an ir delibcra- iren of the ne of their position in : country. s bringing h and the ig up the the Amer- has been lot bound ROCKV MOUNTAIN MKr>l(;,\l. ASSOCIATION. II7 by any written constitution or laws, is likely t(i '.e fol- lowed by the most ploa.saiir results. It is the ''Rocky Mountain Medical Association, md compused only, of gentlemen who crossed the Rocky Mountains on that occasion from the ICast to the West .It ,s intended that .so long a.s any members may be living they shall as- senibl.- annually at the time and place selected for the meeting of the American M-jtlical Association, and continue to do so until Time shall blot the organiza- tion from the page of history. The following i.s the roll, which I hope may be called at every session: Altiluuiui.—]. S. Wtntherly. Onneetuut.-V.. K. Hunt; J. VV. I'hel,,,; Wm. UWirnff; Henry M. KniKht; Charles \.. Ives U. II. CiUlin; Alfre.l Norih. Jiiiiiiit 0/ Co/iimlii,t.—]oseyt\\ M. Toner. Itlinoh.-K. Fisher; V. L. Hurlln.ti W. A. Knox; D. L. Crist- N. S Davis; J.O. Ilamil.on; U. VV. HewiUj J. P. Mcl.analun ; a! L. McArihur. /W/„m,.-Jame, A. A.Irian; M. H. Ilnr.ling; J. H. lUh,,, CeorKe Suiton; Georjie W. Me.irs ; Jas. F. Hibbird IouHu~K. C Roberts ; S. H. Thrall ; J. Williamson ; J. C. Hujjhe,. Co/ora,to.-},Am lUsner; K. G. Huckinyhan. ; Corg^ R. Dibb A,uisas.—l). \V. .Stormont. A-^,,/u,fy.—Jahn D.Jackson; T. N. Wise; D. W Yandell M.rj;t.,„,/.-]ohn Morris; D. A. O'Donnell ; Ninian Pinkney. .1/,m«,/,«.,//.._George N. Thoinpson ; Fphraim Cutler; 1 1 R Storer ; h. U. Moore. " ' J//V%„«.-Uolivar Barnum; Loman S. Stevens; S. H. Douglass; Edviard Kane. *" ' Mssouri.-J. S. Moore; J. B. Johnson; F. C. Castlehun; W. S. Golding. Amt"-'7^'''~^' ''"'^'" ^''"""' '^"'"' ^'°"'" *'^'""' ^"'^'^ *''"'>'' jVrtt; //am/sAire— John W. Parsons; J. L. Swett. iV«^ ^r^o-. -William Elmer; J. S. Crane : D. M. Sayre. Arw yori.-J^H. II. Armsby; J. H. Rathbone; T. D. Strong- C *-'»m^tmes'».. n8 TRANSACTIONS OF TIIK V. Ikrnett; H. K. IJellows; A. I I oiur • r c w . Douglas. ' "■ ^- ^''^^°"' E. M. Curtis: George 0/,/._A. K. Heighway; Klwood Stanley- Geo Mendenh.ll n S. Hrown; Rol,. S. Gilchrist; J„o. W Russe 1 • t vv ' , "" ' "• Thcnas; D. 1, Cotton ; W. J.' ^Doll, A .', o ly ' 'T^,:;'"- land; R.M.Denig; Gustavus Bruhl ; AH A Jrd H t" n . " A. B. Jones ; O. M. Langdon. ^ ' " J' ^^°"'»»'°<^; A-«„,j./tw„/„._W. J. Asdale; Jas. Ki„p. R n v, I'olloci<; R.S. Sutton; Wm. M Fi, d ey k H T '', ""• ''• Zitzer ; Jno. Curwen ; W. S. Dune ^ T's P De ,?T"""f ' J' J' Hilliard; D. J. Bruner; Geo. A. KinL. m" f R . "' ''"'" '' N. L. Hatfield; Washington L. Atlee F G si^ '"Tl/ {' ''°" ' «.0i..eu; Ch.H.Tho.L; VV.. bA.I-hS; •'"""" ^"^' •'^""^' A-/}<.,/f /r/,„„/._Geo. L. Collins- I F r f • ,r ^ ,, V.U111I15, !_,. p_ L Garvin. f"»V^.-Robert H. Cummins; E. A Il.ldreth ■ P „ Moore; Jno. Frissell. '"Iclreth ; E. II msconsm.—J. K. Bartlett ; D. Mason. In this roll-call of 123 names of members of the Rocky Med.cal Mountain Association," norespo e ^made to that of Robert H. Cummins of Wh eli . West V,rg,n,a. On our trip to and through Caiifo n.! aU who remember how he won our a Jtions ^ s' gentleness, h,s genial and unassuming n.anner an^ dehgh ted .. witi, his rare intelligence^iH grieve as biographies of all our nun^er^" earT l^^^^^^^^ JcaUrder „. another part of this volume, it is omitted ris'lVtr"""" "' ""'■ ^"^^'^ ^^^--. Dr. Mor- rniuailvtr";^^"' ^'^**^^ ^-->-t-n -eet Medic r As or- T °^^^--t-g of the American Medical Assocaton, and that a dinner and oration '•■t^imfsmtim fBf;»|-- Vinston; Sam'l G. M. Curtis : George ). Meiidenhall ; li. W. Shively ; Will. >vey ; J. A. McFar- i;H. J. Donahoe; 'i. Mo wry; A. M. Townsend ; J. j. Hriiler; John K. Iiinson ; J. Ross ; li; Alfred Stille; Tildreth ; E. II mbers of the no response of Wheel insr, gh California, ctions by his manner, and ■vill grieve to th the dead, h of the Hfc imniins: but in alphabet- it is omitted ss, Dr. Mor- ciation meet le American md oration ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. i,y form part of the proceedings of each meetin- Dr Moms was authorized to make arrangements for such dinner. The Secretary was also directed to have cards of membership prepared. Cards of honorary member- ship for the ladies who accompanied members on the journey to the Pacific were also ordered to be printed and delivered to those entitled to them. Dr B. H. Catlin. of Connecticut, was then elected ProsKlent, and Dr. John Morris re-elected Secretary and Treasurer. The meeting then adjourned to meet in Detroit m 1874. THIRD MEETING, 1874, IN DETROIT The Rocky Mountain Medical Association held its annual meeting in the large parlor of the Russell House, on Wednesday evening, the 3d of May The chair was occupied by the President, Dr. Catlin of Connecticut. The proceedings of the last meeting held in St. Louis, were read by the Secretary, Dr. John Morns, of Baltimore, and approved. The President hen delivered the annual address, which was listened to with marked attention. DR. CATLIN's address. Ladies affd Gentlemen .—Som^ time during the ses- sion of the American Medical Association at Philadel- phia, ,n I872,a number of the delegates who attended the meeting in San Francisco the year previous met and formed the Rocky Mountain Medical Association The pleasure of attending this preliminary meeting was not accorded me. though I was in the city at the time The next anniversary of this Association was held in St. Louis, where we had the pleasure of listening to an .• li .j.i • 120 TRANSACTIONS OF THE excel ent address from our worthy President. Dr W L. Atlee. of Philadelphia. The number present bein. «imill, ,t was decided to make an effort to create more interest >n our annual meetings. Our Secretary was requested to make provision for a dinner, to issue cards of mv.tation to the members, their wives and daughters, const.tuting the latter honorarv members VVe congratulate you upon the success of the effort' and we welcome you most cordially to this festive board. Accordmg to the custom of the inhabitants of many nations, hospitality is never complete till host and hostess have sat down at the same table and eaten their bread together. One object of the American Medical Association is to promote social intercourse between the members of the medical profession residing in the various parts of our Wide-extended country. This, though a subordi- nate motive, ,s one of considerable importance, and it has proved in some measure successful; but the time appropriated to this purpose at each meeting of our Association has been so extremely limited that those who only occasionally attend derive little pleasure or improvement from this source. Those who attend every year greatly extend their acquaintance with the members of the profession, and are much profited by the social intercourse thus enjoyed. You will not expect me on this interesting occasion to give you a scientific address, or one relating to the practical part of our profession. You would doubtless desire somethmgwitty and humorous.asbetteradapted to a social and friendly gathering. Unfortunately, your President has neither wit nor humor. The only reason ROCKV MOUNTAIN !.EDICAL ASSOCIATION. 121 dent, Dr. W. iresent being create more :cretary was ler, to issue r wives and TV members, jf the effort, I this festive nhabitants of lete till host ble and eaten issociation is ; members of ious parts of jh a subordi- tance, and it but the time eting of our 1 that those pleasure or who attend ace with the profited by ng occasion ating to the Id doubtless [tter adapted lnately,your lonly reason (as he understood) given for his selection to this honor- able position was that he was the oldest of those who crossed the Rocky Mountains to attend the meeting in San Francisco. Age is honorable (or should be), but it is not promotive of wit or humor. You will have, then, at this time, to listen to a few plain remarks from a plain, matter-of-fact man, and select for your next President one who is better qualified to address you on an occasion like the present. It is perfectly apparent to all my medical brethren that the daily life and pursuits of an active practitioner of medicine and surgery afford few opportunities for social enjoyment or for the cultivation of his conversa- tional powers. A physician who makes from fifteen to thirty or sixty visits a day has barely time to ask a few questions necessary for the investigation of his cases, and give directions for their treatment. He has hardly time to pass the compliments of the day, much less to enter into conversation upon the passing events of the period. Even those of us who have a less num- ber of patients have little time for any object except the bare routine of our daily toil. We have abundant opportunities for the exercise of our sympathies, but little for the cultivation of those talents that would make us ornaments and leaders in society. We have occasionally heard of some and known other physi- cians who were eminent for their wit and ability to entertain an audience by their interesting conversa- tions. Dr. Jared Potter, who lived six miles from my present residence, and practised medicine and surgery in Wallingford (Meriden then being a part of the same town) from 1772 till his death in 1810, was very emi- :.i Ji' 122 TRANSACTIONS OF THE nent for his extensive reading and great conversational powers. He was in his day the most illustrious phy- sician and surgeon in Connecticut, and had an exten- sive consultation practice. For many years he kept a medical school, in which several of the mo.st eminent physicians of Connecticut were educated. Dr. Lemuel Hopkins, who settled in Hartford, Connecticut, and became the most able practitioner in his county and State, was his first pupil. He was (.says his biographer) "a star of the first magnitude in the constellation of poets and political writers who were distinguished about the time of the Revolution and after that event. He was associated with Governor John Trumbull, Joel Barlow, Gen. David Humphrey, and other distin- guished men of Connecticut, and out of the State they were generally known by the appellation of the Hart- ford wits." One of the poems of Dr. Hopkins was "An elegy on the victim of a cancer quack," which, as it is a brief article, I will take the liberty to read. (The poem was recited with effect, but it is omitted in this publication as it may be readily seen in a volume en- titled "American Poems." Dr. Catlin continued :) The late Professor William Tully, who died a few years since in Springfield, Mass., was distinguished for his conversational powers. The speaker has lis- tened to him on many occasions for hours with great pleasure and profit. He was a very learned man, but like some others of our profession his practice was not extensive. These old doctors took life more quietly than those of the present day. One of my predecessors, and for a few years a contemporary, the late Dr. Hough, of ■'MRSiS*SK!IWSS5S!WWS* iivcrsational itrious phy- id an exton- rs he kept a ost eminent Dr. Lemuel ecticut, and county and biographer) istellation of listinguished r that event, umbull, Joel ther distin- le State they of the Hart- :ins was "An hich, as it is read. (The litted in this , volume en- itinued :) > died a few istinguished ker has lis- s with great ed man, but tice was not than those |ors, and for Hough, of KOCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 123 Mcriden, related many amusing facts about these old doctors, with whofn he was well acquinted. He said that Dr. Potter and Dr. Anderson, of Wallingford, when called to visit a patient in an adjoining town, only six miles di.stant, never thought of returning the same day. They not only had long consultations with the attending physician, Dr. Andrew Sheving, but en- tered into extended conversation with the friends of the sick. The few brief opportunities for social enjoyment we have had at the annual meetings of our Medical Asso- ciation have been deficient in one important element — few of our wives and daughters have been present. Medical men differ in regard to the propriety of ad- mitting women to an active participation in our con- ventions, and many of us have had serious doubts of their being constitutionally and mentally adapted to the study and general practice of medicine and surgery. If they are thoroughly educated in the profession, they may be eminently useful in the prac- tice of some special diseases of their own sex. What- ever may be our individual views on these points, all will most cheerfully welcome them on all social occa- sions like the present. We believe that the prevailing custom of organizing clubs or societies composed only of men is pernicions in its influence. They take men from their families at times when they should be with them, and their tendency is to barbarism. Small societies or circles composed of both sexes, similar to those that have been held in Boston, for conversation, discussion and improvement, would be altogether more profitable. Woman, by the quickness of her \i'' n| i\i^ ii u;^ 124 TRANSACTIONS OF THE apprehension and the brilliancy of her intellect, is eminently qualified to be a leader in conversational and intellectual unions. According to the records, one hundred and twenty- three delegates (not counting seven members of the army and navy whose residences arc not given) crossed the Rocky Mountains to attend the meeting in San Francisco. Of these, as far as we are informed, only one has died, Dr. Cummins, of West Virginia, an obituary notice of whom was read to us last year by our President. Our journey, my dear friends, over the Rocky Mountains, was an important event in our lives, the remembrance of which is a constant source of enjoyment, and will continue to be such while life and memory last. The great length of our journey, extending across the continent, even if it had been a monotonous one, would have interested us; but those vast plains extending west from the Missouri river, apparently so level, yet ascending so that at Sherman we reached the height of 8,240 feet above the ocean ; the snow-capped mountains; the situation and peculiar civilization of Salt Lake City; and more than these, the wild and romantic Sierra Nevada, the rocky canon, the de.sert of the great western slope of our continent, the view of the eastern shore of the vast Pacific Ocean, the cities and towns of this, to us, new and strange part of our country, were each extremely in- teresting to us. Even those dreary alkaline deserts had their lessons. Those journeys to the Big Trees, the famous Yosemite, and other places of interest, gave us great pleasure at tiie time, and a life-long re- membrance of them will be a constant source of en- '■"ymmr.swri^'r^' intellect, is •nvcrsational and twenty- nbcrs of tlic not given) the meeting re informed, Virginia, an last year by riends, over :vent in our stant source h while life •ur journey, had been a ■>; but those isouri river, at Sherman the ocean ; md peculiar than these, )cky canon, r continent, 'ast Pacific s, new and tremely in- ine deserts Big Trees, of interest, ife-long re- tiree of en- ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 125 joyinent lo all those who were so fortunate as to participate in them. Those who went in parties had rare opportunities for forming new acquaintances, for social intercourse and the study of character. The traits of character which we observed in different indi- viduals are still fresh in our memories. Those of our party will remember that evening ride from Hutchins' to Hodson's ; that cheery inquiry that passed along the line: "How is my lady love?" the bridal cham- ber and the magnificent entertainment at Hodson's ; the legend of Old Culver, who. stepping into the river, was carried by the force of the current down the stream, and was shot out a rod or two from the end of the water-spout. Who does not remember Rob, with his umbrella, and the eccentric widow that ac- companied him ? Our observations were, of course, limited to a few localities and our traveling parties.' If those of us who are present on this interesting oc- casion could take palace cars, go over our journey in company, visiting all places of interest, what a splendid opportunity we should have for the study of character and for the cultivation of our social and conversational talent ! But as this cannot be, let us improve the opportunity these yearly gatherings af- ford us in living over the experiences that were so conducive to our happiness at that time. At the conclusion of the address, on motion of Dr. Atlee, of Philadelphia, a vote of thanks was unani- mously tendered to the President for his entertaining address. On motion of Dr. Bartlett, of Milwaukee, the Sec- retary was requested to make arrangements through 4> 126 TRANSACTIONS OF THE Dr. Yanilcll for a dinner at the next meeting, in Louisville, in 1875. Dr. G. W. Mears, of Indiana, wa.s then elected Pre.s- ident, and Dr. John Morris, of Baltimore, re-elected Secretary and Treasurer. FOURTH MKE'riNC, 1875, LOUISVILLE, KY. The Rocky Mountain Medical A.ssociation met in the lar^je parlor at the Gait House, Wedne.sday even- ing, May 5th, 1875, and was called to order by the President, Dr. Mears, of Indiana. Proceedings of the last meeting were read by Dr. Morris, the Secretary. The President then delivered the annual address. DR. MEARS' ADDRlvS.S. It is a sad thought, ladies and gentlemen of the A.ssociation, that we must again this year mar the festivity of the occasion by allusion to the inroads which death is making upon our small band ; never- theless it seems proper that the archives of the Society should be supplied with suitable memorials from year to year, of those missing members who participated in that remakablc excursion across the continent, the anniversary of which we are here to celebrate. It is a trite remark that death is " no respecter of persons." Assuredly, in his dealings with the Rocky Mountain Medical Association during the past year, the adage has been fully verified, since three of our esteemed members have been selected to swell the obituary list. The first of these was the late Professor George Mendenhall, M. D., of Cincinnati ; the second, the late Professor James P. De Bruler, of Evansville, Indiana- the third, Dr. D. A. O'Donnell, of Baltimore, Md' meeting, ill elected Pres- e, rc-electcd LE, KY. tion met in esday even- der by the dings of the J Secretary, ddress. nen of the ir mar the he inroads nd ; never- the Society I from year (articipated itinent, the ate. It is f persons." Mountain the adage esteemed ituary list. )r George id, the late ;, Indiana; iiore, Md. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 12/ (Dr. Mears read carefully-prepared sketches of the lives of these three physicians, but they are omitted here for the reason that they appear in another part of this volume.) Assuming the ground, ladies and gentlemen, that the object of the present meeting is more a social than a professional reunion, designed chiefly to promote and maintain pleasant persona! relations rather than scientific objects, it occurs to me as more germane to the purposes of the Association that we should, for the time being at least, ignore all odor of the shop, and devote a few moments to some reminiscences of our memorable expedition to California. There is, as judged from my standpoint, no feature in the ever varied and attractive scenery of our coun- try, whether natural or artificial, which so much chal- lenges the wonder and admiration of the western trav- eler, as that element of which no language expresses an adequate idea but the term magnitnde. It appears to characterize all classes of objects, and seems singu- larly cumulative in development as we proceed west- ward. As a starting point we may take the Alleghany Mountains in their rugged height, precipitous defiles and deep gorges, as a very creditable illustration of our position. Passing hence over the great Valley of the Ohio, no less distinguished for the variety and beauty of its landscape than for its vast extent, we reach Chicago, which stands as a monument of man's successful effort to produce everything connected with it on the largest possible scale. Its railroad system, its water works, its system of sewerage, its parks, its drives, its hotels, its public buildings, its elevators, its i 128 X K A NS ACTIONS OF THE k'ra.n trade its lumber business, surely all these are cvK ences of n.agnitucle. I fere too we find ourselvc! at tl,e very door of the "Grand I'rairie." appropriately -mod as designating its ahnostlinmlessdini:;^: bv s tu^ r,^'^'""^"-;'' '''^' Mississippi, which, joined by .ts turb.d affluent, winds its wide, deep and tortuous Waters, by which ,t .s ordinarily distinguished, quite sumcently characterizes its claims to a'place iiX category. West of and near to the Missouri River tlie longest stream in the world, we enter upon that' vast expanse of territory recognized as "The Plains " which, in their extent and solitary grandeur, a,, with- out a rival, unless, peradventurc. it may be fa.nd in Uiose and. illimitable and desolate steppes of Russia. Weaned with the sameness of these uninteresting wastes, the traveler finds the long-looked-for relief by d.scovenng in the dim. distant horizon some peaks of o'u d °i ''"V '" ^"^^ ^'^ P^'"*^^ «««'««t the Clouds. Anon climbing unconsciously, albeit ascend- ng constantly and positively, the iron horse, "defying the mountain's deep decline," u.,es us aloft untiLe find ourselves perched upon the summit of that marvel of picturesque grandeur,the Rocky Mountain.s. There m their rugged wildness. cavernous depths, barren bount?"' T""^ """'^'^^ peaks, nature in its bounty seems to have created on the very largest pos- sible scale-a scale, indeed, of surpassing magnitude. If I have seemed in the least degree to exaggerate ^rlrrV °' *'^ '''"''''' '■" q-stion in my gravels thus far what may be said of a truthful picture of Cahfornia-beautiful. luxuriant California ! Here m I these arc I ourselves |)roj)riately limensions. licli, joined It! tortuous Father of shed, quite ice in this )uri River, upon that lie Plains," ■, aic with- ; f'».md in of Russia, interesting r relief by i peaks of gainst the ascend- "defying until we at marvel There barren ure in its :est pos- agnitude. :aggerate in my picture Here ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. I 29 uc find a land which .spreads out its inconi[Kirab!e l.indscape from the highest peaks of the Sierra moun- tains on the cast, to the largest, deepest, and grandest of oceans, oh the west ; and which produces every- thing in nature, from the strawberry to its famous big trees, from the dark and deep cafions of its coa.st, ranges to the renowned Yoscmite Valley, of the most ^'igantic pattern. Keeling myself wholly inadecjuate to the task of a faithtul portraiture of such a country, I propo.se, in conclusion, to leave to other writers, who doubtless receive their inspirations from tho.se marvelous surroundings, to tell the .story of its great- ness; albeit a few grains of allowance should occasion- ally be made in accepting even their descriptions, as due probably to poetic license. It will certainly, for instance, require the experience of one's having been treated to a coach-and-six drive over those gentle de- clivitie.'!, down which i'» route to the Gey.sers poor Mr. Greeley was so unmercifully jolted a few years since, to appreciate fully the following story of Bret Harte's. (The amusing poem of the " Stage Drive" was well rendered by Dr. Mears. It may be seen in the work of the poet referred to and is, therefore, omitted here.) At the conclusion of Dr. Mears' address, a vote of thanks was tendered him by the Association. Dr. B. Gillett, of Franklin, Pennsylvania, was elected Presi- dent, and Dr. John Morris Secretary and Treasurer. The following resolutions were unanimously adopted : Resolvtd, That this As.sociation learns with profound regret of the illness of our friend and fellow-member, Dr. John D. Jackson, of Danville, Kentucky, a gentleman who has endeared himself to us by his gentleness, refinement and culture; and we beg leave to tender liim our earnest sympathy in his sufTerings, and our sincere wishes for his speedy recovery. ..J tjo TRANflACTrONS OK Till'. JTT"'' 1^^\ "" ^'"""'^ '" '""'"'''•'' '» '""mit to Dr. J.ck. son a copy of thii resolution. ^ * The Association then .uljoumcd to meet in Phfla 'lelphia. June 7th, 1876. J<>HN MoKKi.s, Starfary. HITII MK|.:riNf;r.876,VHII,.\I)KI,l»inA. The Rocky Mountain Medical Association n.ct at No. ,400 Pine St.. Philadelphia. June 9th. 1876. the President. Dr. Gilk-tt. in the chair. ^ * ^ ' In the absence ( f the rcRular Secretary, Dr L S Stevens, of Three Rivers. Michigan, was appointed io act in his place. After the reading of the minutes of the last meet- ing, the President delivered the annual address. IlK. (ill.I.KTTS ADDKKSS. Ge,i//,„u,i Of the Rocky Mountain Medical Associa- A^//.— Ihe annual reunion of our unique Society again occurs. Its aspect being mainly .social and reminiscent, we meet to review the pleasant remem- brances and friendships originating in an overland journey of several thou.sand miles, through the vast area owned and occu,,ied as our common country to plant the standard of American medical science and vvave It with all the prestige of the American Medical Association, on the spot where the flag of our country "opens to sunset the gateway of gold." " Hall ! land of the mountain and land of the lake. Whose streams ever roll with magnificent tide ; Where the souls of her herois from slumber awake, And hallow the soil for whose freedom they died." This Centennial occasion may justify recurrence to youthful enthusiasm. Our devotion to a noble profes- H mit lo Dr. Jack- Jet in Phila Sfarfiiry. PHIA. ition nic-t at li, i«;6, the y. Dr. I.. S. ippointcci to last niect- Ircss. vi/ Associa- uc Society social and mt remem- II overland h the vast country, to cience, and an Medical ur country ke, ed." urrcnce to ble profes- KOCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. I3I sion needs no apolotjies, save as wc Ciij to come up to a pr<)|)er comprehension of its almost inconceivable ma^'nitiidc. Our Association from its very nature and cli.iracter admit not of increase. The march of time in its inevitable order makes our decrease absolutely certain. We look around with eyes of ea{,'er recogni- tion; and while we ^'ratefully rest on the familiar countenance; of esteemeil and cherished friends in our Association, yet wc sorrowfully look with lin^jeriny KMze on the vacant places of those well l:nown and loved among us who have laid off their well-burnis'ied armor, never tarnished by a dishonorable stain, and leaving us in sorrow behind, have triumphantly passed over and joined the throng of the immortals. It be- comes my painful duty to add the names of Dr. Wni. Thomas, Hellefontaine, Ohio; Dr. ICilward Kane. De- troit, Michigan; Dr. K. M. Curtts, Oneida, New York; Dr. J. D. Jackson, Danville, Kentucky; Prof. Armsby,' Albany, New York, and Drs. Ames and Hill of Min- neapolis, Minnesota, to the list of vacancies in our ranks during the past year, which unavoidably stir our tenderest sensibilities, who have passed on before us to their well-earned rest. They are not to be mourned over as those without hope. They have been gathered home to the bosom of God.each "as a. shock of corn in its season fully ripe." Peace to their ashes: their memory is green. May we each in his season be worthy to join them, with our individual escutcheon as untarnished as theirs. In the list of vacancies we may be permitted to mention more particularly the name of Dr. Cummins. of Wheeling, W.Va.. who has in his manly prime and usefulness met the summons and ! '! 13: TRANSACTIONS OF THE i passed over. The only wonder is tliat more of us do not pass sooner those portals whence none return There ,s no profession on this planet which exacts of its members so high a standard of qualification and self-abnegation as does ours. Though other profes- s.ons have their times of rest and relaxation, ours never has. We are liable at any moment, night or day. to be called upon for the highest and best exercise of our skill and scientific knowledge. Is it any wonder hat our brightest, most sensitive, and most enthusias- tic spirits so soon wear out and burn out in this ever- lasting draft on our vital capabilities? The premature decease of Dr. Cummins will long be mourned by those of us who had the privilege of knowing him per- sonally and thus learning his worth, and also by those who only knowing him by his general repute, yet have the honor and progress of the profe.ssion at heart He was an ornament to our ranks; and if length of years had been added, would without doubt have proved a shming light among us. But while we truly mourn the departed from our thinning numbers, it must not deprive us of the pleas- ure and pnde we may justly feel in the personal and professional association with us of those honorable niembers whose skill and success in ovarian, rhino- plastic and general operative surgery have given them a world-wide reputation, and made them the peers of he most noted of earth's surgeons; and in the scien- tific and skillful grappling with disease in all the pro- tean forms in which it assails humanity. we do not feel like lowering the standard of this Association before the proudest claims that can be set up by the older ■ ^ T "i' :^,£&!ii^'Sf^-if^QSSf nore of us do none return, lich exacts of ilification and other profes- axation, ours lent, night or best exercise it any wonder )st enthusias- : in this ever- lie premature mourned by 'ing him per- also by those >ute,yet have it heart. He igth of years ve proved a ;d from our of the pleas- ersonal and ■ honorable irian, rhino- given them he peers of 1 the scien- all the pro- do not feel tion before r the older ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. !33 civilizations and science of the Old World. We do not wish, or intend, any disparagement to the oldei organizations, on either continent. We simply wish to express the feeling that we have the material and .'ijjirit to equal their highest advance in medical science and skill; and we hope we may be permitted to say without undue boasting, that let the rest of the scien- tific medical world mount as high as they may, we have the ambition to try to carry our standard to still grander heights, and then we will depute our youngest, bright- est and bravest spirits to write on its lofty folds — Excelsior! As our time is necessarily limited, it is only possible to take a passing glimpse at a very few of the multitu- dinous influences encountered by our profession, which go largely to make up the sum-total of medical con- sideration, influence and usefulness. In the first place we must say, that no foundation can endure, for per- manent reputation and usefulness in our profession, that is not well laid up in solid blocks of granite sci- ence, cemented well by truth, honor, and the highest consequent personal integrity. We, however, sometimes learn from the humblest sources items of practical value. I know a doctor who, early in his practice, encountering a case of gastritis, accompanied with moat obstinate vomiting of all his most approved remedies, .saw a motherly old Irish woman take a cloth, dip it in ice-water, and apply it to the throat of the patient. The effect was almost magical. The sudden impression of cold over the pneumogastric revealed to the young doc- tor, nearly one-third of a century since, an important I &»Mi'^5«ai '34 TRANSACTIONS OF THE therapeutic agency which he had not before learned b^^. of wh,ch he has never lost sight since that t."' No a word was said on either side. The act was performed with no thought or wish but to do go" The observation was made in the same spirit and seemg the relief so well and quickly accomp i'shed he act has been utilized in his practice ever since taud t T?' '° '" '""^'^'S^' ^-" P-'iously taught, so ,t was a revelation or discovery to the young doctor at any rate. Another observation twenty or twenty-five years s.nce, of a mother trying to nur.se her infa^it thatTad its nasal passages obstructed. The infant would rock ir Thi 'V'T' '-' ^^' ^p-^ ^-^ -d ,,' r I ■ , '^"' '^'"^PP"^ ^he child on its back head lower than the body, and poured from a tea breast and ,t swallowed without difficulty. The thought suggested itself to the observer, thafif cede ma and dryness of the nasal passajjes wJs on u relieved by the moisture, wl^ w^d^t hl^ of moisture m vapor or steam relieve the stridulous breathing of croup ? An opportunity soon presented and he made the experiment to test L value and be J so well satisfied with the result, and in f 1 beh f of Its almost universal efficacy in this disease, when not accompanied with diphtheria or eruptive feCeThe has used the vapor in practice ever since' At thetime of the discovery it was a revelation to the observer Our profession brings us to the extreme of pionee^ hfe and high civilization. I knew a young and poor doctor whose practice approximated and oftfn incluTd v;»^?|@^ "ore learned, 2 that time, riie act was to do good. spirit; and complished, ever .since. previou.sIy 'ery to the '-five years 't that had ivould rock- back and n its back, om a tea- ' it to the Ity. The at if cede- so quickly inhalation stridulous ^resented, 2, and be- full belief ise, when fever, he : the time observer. r pioneer ind poor included ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 35 both. One evening he was called on to see and prescribe for the only son of one of the richest and most aristocratic families of the country. He was lodged in a palatial room, and slept on a carved ma- hogany bedstead, with grand pillows so nicely ruffled that he thought it wrong to waste so much labor for so little. So he laid the ornamental pillows aside, and found ample support for his weary head on the corpulent bolster. His next night's rest was in a log cabin in a distant lumber region. The beams of the cabin were so low that he had to stoop in moving about, to obviate unpleasant collision of his head with the beams of what was by courtesy called "the loft" —he was slightly tall. When tired nature imperi- ously demanded repose after his arduous ride, his only possible chance appeared to be the cradle, where the family baby had reposed, and left its fragrance — not of the rose. Trying thus in vain to find sleep, his practical sagacity discovered an old round top trunk, with cover of raw skins with the hair on. He appro- priated this, drew it against the logs of the cabin wall on the leeward side, placed one chair for his head, another for his feet, and shivered it out until morning, with the thermometer below zero. Notwithstanding all this, and much more, he ".still lives," and has an exalted opinion, perhaps the most exalted of living men, of his profession. In the consideration of extremes, I will briefly al- lude to an incident that many of us will vividly re- member. When riding in palace cars, 850 miles west of the Missouri River, at a station we saw a man sit- ting on the platform who had been brought there on 136 TRANSACTIONS OF THE a rude stretcher, to be placed on board of the cars to be transported to the nearest mihtary hospital, vvhe e efficient treatment could be obtained. This „ an l,ad a courage which few could equal. Having no "gt. outlet, he very naturally became a Nimrod or as ''Z zzr'^jT'' ''''"' '"'■^^^^ ^-"*- b^^- tJie Lord. In th.s capacity he invaded the private anctum of a she grizzly-bear, wh.h resented the n^ rus.on mtensely ; a conflict ensued, ending i„ a mor- tal struggle as to which was the "fittest to survive" The bear was huge and powerful on destructive mus- nn!; , '"^" """*' ^■""^^ °" P^"«"^' ^'^'■•'. courage and ready resource. The result, after a running fight of aTd" a "b di T' '': ^"^ ^"^°""*^^' ^'^^ ^ dead^L ; and a badly-hurt Aowo. But the logical sequence even out m the savage wilds, is " brains forever " Our profession has been noted for centuries. 'in fact since Its earliest known history, for the number and accuracy of ,ts careful, patient, and faithful observers Among the subjects of observation, one of the most constantly urgent and pressing in its claim for indi- vidual attention, is that of epidemics. In truth we know but very little concerning epidemics, except their manifestation and progress. Sydenham, the father of English medicine, writing on this subject two hundred years ago, attributes them " to the differ- ent constitutions of the air." But neither he nor any one since has been able to crown his brow with the wreath of victory, by telling us. or demonstrating to us, what these mysterious constitutions are We have witnessed epidemics of crime, epidemics of re- ligion, epidemics of temperance, epidemics political r the cars to ispital, where 'his man liad ig no higher 'd, or as "the unter before the private tited the in- ig in a mor- to survive." uctive mus- ill, courage, ling fight of ead grizzly, I sequence, ever." ries, in fact umber and observers. r the most 1 for indi- truth, we cs, except iham, the lis subject the differ- le nor any ' with the trating to ire. We ics of re- poh'tical ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 37 .ind social. The most recent we have observed is the crusading epidemic, which burst on the social vision in full-developed eruptive stage at once. All violent epidemics seem to be short-lived, as witness the very rapid fading of the brilliant crusading coruscations. We have a glimmering, hazy remembrance of politi- cal epidemics, in which a regular witches' cauldron of incongruous elements obscurely bubbles up in memo- ry. It is quite regular now with us in its quadrennial manifestations. But its particular type is very liable to change with each quadrennial manifestation. As we may be taken up sharply here, we will not pro- ceed further in this direction than merely to remark, that from our present standpoint we feel unable, in a brief analysis, with any degree of satisfaction to de- termine which is most destructive and disorgan- izing at present— the cholera, the epizootic, or our quadrennial political epidemic eruption. In our per- plexity, if we. could muster faith as a mustard seed, we would be inclined to put up the petition, " from all these, good Lord, deliver us." We have those who are curious to observe, collate and diagnose the Centennial symptoms, civil and political. As our planet is careering through infinite space on its annual journey around its superior the sun, at the rate so inconceivable of 68,000 miles per hour, and as the sun itself with all its attending broods of worlds and moons, appears to obey the same inscrutable law of calculable yet really incomprehensibly rapid mo- tion in space; and as the universe is a //<-;/«;//, who can tell what epidemic influences for good or ill may fall in our way and impart strange and startling "con- iif ti; I > ns TRANSACTIONS OF THE stiut.ons to our aerial ocean? Who has yet been able to learn and toach us the origin of any of our specfic diseases ? Their origin is veiled in the. as yet in,penetrable obscurity which envelop man in the pre-h,stor.c ages. Whether they come from any peculiar combination of mundane agencies, combin- .ng only m periods too remote for any existing his- tonc records, or whether originating in some ntlign influence swooped from infinite space in our incessant revolution through its vast depths, and this mixed in and w.th our aerial envelope, our vital breath, too often alas! our mortal demit from "life's fitful fever " who among the wise of this planet ... ,.//, Conc;rning all th.s, as yet. who of our profession has been able to do much more than indulge in careering efforts of the |magmatu.n, not much unlike the fabled celestial char- ioteer who undertook one day to drive the winged coursers of the chariot of the sun ? " Another question is steadily growing in importance m the c.v.l.zed world, and is quietly, yet with inexor- able urgency, saddling itself on our profession and de- mandmg solution at our hands. Almost the entire jud.c.ary of the world seem to be simultaneously and .nvoluntanly lookmg to us for light to disclose the scentific way out of the hazy labyrinths of criminal jurisprudence. This question of questions is. "The relation of crime to disease." We do not pret;nd to be able satisfactory and conclusively to answer this momentous question, involving as it seems to do some of the pillars on which the jurisprudence, and civil and even theological, structures of the world have' long rested. But we hope we may be permitted mod! s yet been any of our the, as yet, an in the from any !s, conibin- :isting his- ne malign r incessant mixed in I, too often iver," who ■oncerning en able to )rts of the stial char- ie winged nportance :h incxor- n and de- he entire 3usly and close the criminal is, "The ■etend to iwer this do some ind civil, rid have ed mod- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 139 cstly to indicate the road in which our feeble steps have led us, without giving offence to any ; as surely none is intended. We only seek the truth— the Bea- trice of Dante, the Philosopher's Stone, the universal solvent of the Alchemist, the guerdon for which all true souls are in quest. " It is admitted that what- ever is physiologically right is morally right, and whatever is physiologically wrong is morally wrong : we have no right to do ourselves harm." What is health ? In what " highest state of balanced power, physical, intellectual and moral," does it consist ? The simple reply will readily occur to you all, and perhaps even provoke a smile by its very simplicity. It con- sists in being in conformity to the laws of the uni- verse, intelligent and voluntary or involuntary. There cannot be health and well being in any violation or want of conformity to these laws. Then disease is clearly the opposite of health, and comes from ignor- ant and involuntary violation or willful want of con- formity to the universal laws. Sin, as it is called theologically, or crime, as it is called in criminal juris- prudence, is violation or want of conformity to uni- versal beneficent law. All crime therefore is disease, and is amenable to proper treatment. We would not, however, intimate that the external application of the outer fibre of our Cannabis Ameri- cana would not be a very salutary remedy for some forms of disease, although it might be classed as heroic treatment of a suspensory character. All our treat- ment is not of this kind. I will relate how a doctor of medicine treated a case of religious despair. He found an old grandmother, who had been left a widow ■ I I40 TRANSACTIONS or THE ^i on the frontier with a family of small children on her hands, to feed, clothe, and educate. She shouldered her burden, and carried it nobly and well, until the last child was settled in life; then her weary spirit sought the long-anticipated rest, of a home with her children and freedom from care. Having been good all her life, without going through any formula to become so, and always having a strong sense of duty, she began in her sea.son of rest to attend protracted meetings. She listened attentively, again and again, and feeling it impossible to go through the prescribed form, she gave it up in despair, and came to the deplorable con- clusion that she had "sinned away her day of grace." In this condition the doctor of medicine was called to prescribe. He found the old mother, who had fought life's battle so bravely and well, in agony, walking her room night and day, wringing her hands, wasted to a skeleton by the intense mental torture. He gave the needful restoratives for her exhausted body, and went at her notion that a frail mortal, ill-begotten perhaps, and unfortunately and unfavorably placed, can by any possibility sin away its day of grace. Says he, "Grand- ma, you have a son, your youngest (he was her Ben- jamin, a little wild); how badly would he have to be- have, and how long, until you would forget you were his mother; and not only that, but when he was poor and in want, and sick, you would beat and abuse and torture him, and deprive him of any chance for com- fort and health ?" The eyes of the old lady began to glitter with an ominous and dangerous light, and the doctor moved in his seat, ready to jump out of the way, as she vociferat^id, " Why »ever, doctor, never! '^ "-' iiffl KOCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 141 liow tlarc you talk to me in that way?" Tlic doctor settled back in his chair, well assured of the situation, and that victory would crown his efforts. Giving time for the patient to nurse her wrath over his unnatural su^jgestions, he returned again with the questioning remark: "Oh, you wouldn't, then, if he were ever such a sinner?" The response was like the growl of a bear that fears the robbery of her cubs. " Well, then, grandma, as God is our Father, and we are all His children, don't you think He is almo.st as good as we are? If we frail erring mortals cannot be made so de- moniacal as to torture our sinful children for a short time in this fleeting existence, can we for a moment suppose the God of Infinite Love can torture His err- ing sinful children to all eternity?" The argument to the maternal heart was conclusive. The despair gave way, a new and joyous light began to light up her weary eyes, and looking at the poor doctor, clasping both hands over a tumultuously beating heart, she ex- claimed, "Oh, doctor, this must be true!" There was thence a new departure, and plain sailing into the haven of healthy peace. This interesting and most distressing phase of human experience had to be solved without delay, or reason would have been de- throned, and health ruined for life. The emergency was met by the doctor as an experienced mariner en- counters a storm, seizing the helm firmly with both hands, holding the ship's bow across the breakers, guiding by his instincts till all danger is past; then he has time to take his bearings, find his position and direct her course. The good mother recovered, and has ever since gone happily on her way ; and the poor TO" ii 'ip "A *'■!:!■■ [4: TRANSACTIONS OK TUF, doctor has jronc limpinjr on his course, well satisfied with the result. In conchision, Rcntlemen of the Rocky Mountain Medical Association, after so many trivialities, which are not intended to offend the most aesthetic taste but are simply the stray culls and wild fruits and flow- ers of our scientific frontier, permit me to say a few words of the greater demand and paramount need of our profession to humanity over that of all others on earth. Our profession stands among others like " Saul the son of Kish" among the Israelites, "head and slioulders above them all." It stands like Cerberus at the portals of human progress, and zealously hunts out and shuts out all shams. Nothing that has not the mipress of trur value can find abiding shelter with us. although shams may dangle around us for awhile like ignesfatni, but they soon die out for the want of necessary fuel. We take into our range as practition- ers of the healing art, all the causes which operate on the human organization for good or ill. from the low- est and most trivial to the highest of which humanity IS capable. We protect, regulate, and guide the or- ganizations of the afflicted in accordance with the laws of their structure, development, and conserva- tion, with as much assurance of better results as the engineer who guides his train with vigilance and care IS assured of the train reaching its destination with satety. and does it all in harmony with the laws of its combination, and of steam, wood, and water. In every phase of human society the demand for our knowledge is of first necessity, in order to protect communities from the ravages of disease, epidemics 211 satisfied ■ Mountain itics, which hctic taste, s and flow- ) say a few nt need of others on like "Saul. head and Cerberus usly hunts t has not lelter with For awhile e want of iractition- perate on the low- lumanity : the or- with the :onserva- s as the ind care ion with ivs of its :er. In for our protect ideniics, KOCKV MOUNTAIN MKOICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 43 pestilence, and death. All the attainments of the mind and possessions of the earth are only valuable as we have life and health to enjoy their nianif(.Id benefits. Without life all is lost, and without health there is only fitness for the enjoyments of life in pro- portion to the measure of its possession ; hence the greater necessity for our profession to bring order out of disorder, and relieve all the disturbances of mind or body as essential to the happiness of mankind. And nearly a half-century of hard labor and earnest devotion to the practice of our art, with all the conse- quent self-abnegation and suffering endured, yet it af- fords me that satisfaction in the evening of life, that if I had mine to live over again I would be a physician, only I would aim to be a revi.sed edition. The rem- iniscences of the past are so full of pleasant pictures of lives .saved, of sufferings relieved, and comforts re- stored, that I hope to be excused for the allusion to this self-gratification. We will not forget, in brief, to acknov ledge the feeling of a just pride in the progress of our profession in every department of its work for the last century, and I feel well assured it will be car- ried forward to still higher achievements and nobler re- sults, and continue to merit the gratitude of mankind. At the conclusion of the address, on motion of Dr. Harding, of Lawrcnceburg. Ind.. the thanks of the Association were tendered to Dr. Gillett and a copy requested for publication. Dr. J. M. Toner, of Washington, was then elected President, and Dr. John Morris, of Baltimore, re- elected Secretary and Treasurer. A motion was then passed requesting all the mem- Dl '■^iiMi '44 TKANSACTIONS. I>crs to furnish data for a sho.l hi.,,rranhy to be in cor,..,ralccl in the next address ^ " c-.lh!'1'^.«T''"""". "''■" ^"'J'"'^""'' ^'^ "^'^^■t '-^t Chi. "IK of the Aniencan Medical Association. I- S. Stk vkns. M . D, Sccntaryprotcn. SIXTH MKF/nxf;, ,877, CHICAOO. he Rocky Mountain Medical Association n,et in Pen ,^\'-^"^ry''''" ^•^^•"-■"K. June 6th. ,877. The I rcMdent. Jos. M. Toner, M. I)., in the chair 1 he proceedings of the last meeting, held in Phila dclph.a, were read and approved A.ii^';e;:;:::d^i'r:: "^';' "' '"^'^-^^ -'• -- He also submitted short sketches of the lives of was tende.rc-d Dr. Toner,, and a committee of three consisting of Drs N ^ D-.,,:. r 1 », ' M T«„ '^^'^' J°''" Morris and los M. Toner, appointed to have the address published" well as the proceedings of former meetings so as' to embrace a full history of the Association. de.^"a!n n 't- P'""' °^ ^'"^'-^S^' ^^^^ '-^'^^t^'d Presi- dent and Dr. John Morris, of Baltimore, Secretary. 5th d.vTr'"'^ '''? ''^■°"''"'^ ^° '"'-"^•^ ^* Buffalo, the 5tn day of June, 1878. John Morris. M. D., Secretary. y to be i in et at Chi. lUU 1 meet- pro tiiii. 0. Dn met in ic Palmer 77- The in Pijila- and care- cts of an tcr, which f and ap- h'ves of dead, 'f thanks of three, and Jos. Jbhshed, nbers, as so as to d Presi- etary. falo, the ctary. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES op THE MEMBERS ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, arra: c;ed alphabetically. ADAMS. CHARLES POWELL, M. D., of Hast- ings, Minn., was born in Rainsburgh, Bedford Co., Pa., March 3. 1 83 1. His grandfather on his father's side was a soldier in the Revolution from Virginia, and died at the age of ninety-eight yea--. His ancestors came from England and settled at Jamestown, Va., about 1645. The subject of this sketch received a lib- era! education at the public schools, and then at West ]3edford Academy, in Coshocton County. Ohio. When eighteen years of age he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. W. R. Waddell, in the town of West Bedford, with whom he remained for one year, and then became a student of Drs. Crumley and Pierce, in Amity, Knox Co., Ohio. Attending the usual course of lectures, he graduated at the Ohio Medical College in 1851. In 1852 he commenced the practice of his profession in Waymansville, Bartholomew Co., Ind., and in February, 1852, was united in marriage to Maty Horence, daughter of Rev. Alvin Buxton, of that town (•47) ;1 f- 148 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. trom overwork and owing to a malarial climate, his health began to fail in 1854, so that he removed to Hastings, Minn., where he has ever since resided en- gaged m the duties of his profe.ssion. In 1856 he'was e ected a member of the Territorial Legislature, and although but twenty-five years of age was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Incorporations The railroad interests then looming up. and the Govern- ment grants of land being disposed of by the Legisla- ture, made it a most important committee. In addition to his professional duties, he assumed the editorship of the "Hastings Democrat" in 1859, ivhich he con- tinued to conduct until the firing on Fort Sumter, April 14, 1861, when he at once enrolled as a private soldier, but in the choice of officers was elected Captain of Company H, First Regiment Minnesota Volunteers and mustered -nto service on the 29th of the same month. He wa.s in every battle from the first Bull Run to that of Gettysburg, and was a number of times wounded: slightly, in the arm, at Bull Run. July 21 1861 ; severely, in the left groin, at Malvern Hills, July I, 1862; at Antietam. September i;, 1862, severely, in the left shoulder; at Gettysburg. July 2, 1863, in five different places-through left cheek and lung, in the left groin, breaking femur near the trochanter major in the left thigh about the lower third, and in the right side of the abdomen. Was left for dead on the field but. fortunately, found and cared for by his comrades.' Was first taken to the hospital at Littlestown.and then to Baltimore. Was compelled to use a crutch for eighteen months. Has two balls and one buck-shot still m his body. Major-General Hancock, in his re- al climate, his le removed to :e resided, cii- ti 1856 he was -gislature, and was appointed •rations. The I the Govern- y the Legisla- ;. In addition :he editorship I'hich he con- Fort Sumter, d as a private ected Captain a Volunteers, of the same the first Bull nber of times ^un, July 21, ^n Hills, July J, severely, in , 1863, in five lung, in the Iter major, in in the right on the field, is comrades, wn.and then I crutch for e buck-shot ;k, in his re- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 149 port of the battle of Getty,sburg, mentions the gallant conduct of Lieutenant Colonel Adams in terms of high praise. He held during the war the following com- missions: Captain, Major. Lieutenant-Colonel Col- onel, and Brevet Brigadier-General. The doctor was retained m service and placed in command of the Third J^ub-district of Minnesota, with headquarters at Fort Abcrcrombie, in Dakota Territory. In January, 1866 .10 commanded a corps of cavalry and artillery that was sent against the hostile Sioux Indians A deep snow covered the ground at the time, with the ther- momcter from 30° to 45° below zero. Although the connnand suffered severely from frost, the expedition was a success, and proved the practicability of a winter campaign. The Doctor (now Brigadier-General) was niu- i.-< out of service July 16, 1866. He at once return. .is home at Hastings, and resumed his practK .which he has been fully occupied ever since In April, 1872. he was elected Mayor of Hast- ings, but after one year s service declined a re-election in KS59-70, be was an active associate of Dr Willey and others in organizing the Minnesota State Medical Society, and has been honored with nearly all the offices withm its gift. He has twice represented the Society m the American Medical Association, one of he occasions being the meeting at San Francisco, in S: .^"^ .'s also a member of the Dakota Countv Med cal Society, the Minnesota State Medical Societ/ and honorary member of the California State Medical' Society. Dr A. lost his first wife in October. 1858 by whom he liad two children, a son and a daughter In November. 1873. he was united in marriage to Mary i-HI- :i^ ISO BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Sophia Pettybone, of Vermillion, Minn. He is a man of great and untiring energy and unswerving devotion to his profession, and, notwithstanding all he has suf- fered, is in the enjoyment of reasonable health, and gives promise of a long life of usefulness in the profes- sion. %: i; if ADRIAN, JAMES A., M. D., of Logansport, Ind., was born at Ogdensburgh, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., January 12, 1829. His parents removed to the city of Pittsburgh, Pa., when the subject of this sketch was but three years of age, and where they both shortly after died. His childhood was passed with but few educational advantages, so chat when he had attained the age of eleven years he was unable to read or write. Removing to the town of Roscoe, Coshoc- ton Co., O., by an arrangement of working morning and evening, he obtained schooling, and rapidly acquired the rudiments of a good English education. In time he became competent to instruct, and was appointed teacher at a village school for one year, and at the same tin: e prosecuted his own studies. With the scanty means there obtained, he went to a high school at Oxford, Pa., where he p.epared for entering the Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, Pa., but from which institution he was obliged to retire on account of poor health, and at the suggestion of friends went South. In October, 1845, he sailed from Baltimore for Mobile, Ala., where he obtained an engagement as a tutor in a private family for one year. He was induced to accept an engagement as tutor for another year, during which time he had access to Professor J. He is a man :rving devotion all he has suf- ile health, and s in the profcs- gansport, Ind., ce Co., N. Y., ed to the city 3f this sketch ;re they both 5 passed with when he had inable to read scoe, Coshoc- king morning and rapidly sh education, ruct, and was one year, and adies. With nt to a high i for entering Pa., but from e on account friends went >m Baltimore engagement ar. He was r for another > Professor J. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL AS.SOCIATION. I51 C. Nott's fine hbrary. Returning to Roscoe, O., he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. M. John- son of that place ; attended his first course of lectures at the Starling Medical College, Columbus, O., 1848-- 49, and the next year commenced to practice in Crawford Co., O., where he continued to reside until the spring of 1 85 1, when he removed to Lewisburg Cass Co, Ind. In 1853-54. He attended a course of lec- tures at the Medical College at Cleveland, O., where he graduated, and returned to his practice in Lewis- burg, where he was soon very actively engaged in professional duties. In 1866, he went to Bellevue Medical College, New York, and attended a course of lectures, from which institution he received the degree of M. D. Again, in 1868-69, he returned to New York, and made a special course of study on the diseases of the eye and ear. For a number of years the Doctor has resided in the city of Logans- port, and enjoys to the fullest extent the confidence and esteem of both the profession and the public In 1873. he assisted in organizing the Cass County Med- ical Society, and was elected its first President He read before the society a paper on Cholera and another on Spinal Meningitis, which were well con- sidered and attracted much attention from his profes- sional brethren. In 187 1, he was a Delegate from the Indiana State Medical Society to the American Medi- cal Association, which met at San Francisco, Cal He ,s a member of the Indiana State Medical Society of the Cass County Medical Society, and of the American Medical Association, and was elected an honorary member of the California State Medical mm 152 BIOGRAPmcAL SKF.TCHES. Society. In 1 875, he was a Delegate from the Amer lean Medical Association to the International Medical Congress, which assembled at Brussels, Belgium before which he read a paper and took an active%art in the discussions. Dr. Adrian is a good public speaker. He was a personal friend and a political adm.rer of Stephen A. Douglas, and made tellin. campaign speeches for him in i860. He served as one of the Tilden and Hendricks electors in 1876, and dunng the campaign attracted attention by his' fine oratorial and argumentative powers. At the a^e of twenty-one he became a Mason, and has been hon- ored with many official positions, and is now one of the officers of the Grand Lodge of the State. From his well-known reputation as a speaker, he is frequentiv called upon to deliver public addresses, and on his rJ- turn fro.n Europe his friends in Logan.sport gave him a public welcome. Judge Dykeman making the address m behalf of the citizens. The Doctor responded in the happiest manner, giving a full and most inter- esting account of his travels, and graphically describ- ing such places and matters as had particularly inter- ested him on his trip to the old world. AGARD. AURELIUS HOMER. M. D., formerly of Sandusky, Ohio, but now of Oakland. Cal was born at Wadsworth, Medina Co.. O., October 10 18^2 His parents were of New England Puritan stock and pioneers to Ohio. He received a good preparatory education at John McGregor's Academy, and also attended the Western Star Seminary, where he ac- quired a fair knowledge of the classics. His medical om tlie Amcr- tional Medical «t-'Is, Belgium, an active part good public md a political made tcllini: He served as s in 1 876, and n by his fine ^t the age of as been hon- ow one of the -. From his is frequently nd on his rc- >ort gave iiim g the address responded in 1 most inter- :ally describ- cularly inter- D., formerh- id, Cal , was ber 10, 1822. m stock and preparator)' y, and also here he ac- His medical ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 153 Studies were commenced under Dr. Alexander Fisher who m 1846 practiced at Western Star. Summit Co ' Ohio. Afterwards he attended two courses of lectures at the Cleveland Medical College, and graduated, after another course, at the Jefferson Medical College Phila .io. She died in 1 853, leaving om- child. Hattie L.. who accompanied her father to Califor- nia in 1S71. In June, 185C, he married May R. More, of Sharon, Medina Co.. Ohio, by whom he has had four children— two sons and two daughters. A conclusive evidence that the Doctor enjoyed his trip to California is that he has since that time taken up his residence in that State. AMES, ALHKRT ALONZO. M. D., of Minne- apolis. Minn., was born at Amesville. Hoone Co., 111., Jan 18, 1842. He is the .son of the late Dr. Alfred V and Martha (Pratt) Ames, of Minneapolis, received a good English education, and then read medicine with his father and with Dr. Daniel lirainard. and graduated m medicine at the Rush Medical College, Chicago, 111., in 1862. In August, after obtaining his degree, he wa.s appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventh Minnesota Infant.y; was promoted to Surgeon in 1 864, and served to the clo.se of the war. Returning to Minneapolis, he engaged in practice, and was elected to the Minnesota Legislature in 1866-67. In 1868 he went to California and from there to Portland, Ore., and thence to San Diego, Cal. For a brief period he engaged in the news- paper business in San FrancLsco, and was for a time Managing Editor of the A/fa. Returning to Minne- sota, he became a resident of Minneapolis, and formed a partnership in practice with Dr. A. H. Salisbury, meeting in .the Doctor tlcst claugli- active.' prac- Icavinfj one :rto Cali for- ay R. More, as liati four L conclusive o California residence in of Minnc- ne Co., III., r. Alfred E. , received a dicine with I graduated licago. 111., rec, he was Minnesota and served eapolis, he Minnesota California, ICC to San I the ncw.s- for a time to Minne- nd formed Salisbury, ROCKV MOUNTAIN MKDICAL A.SSOCIATK.N. I55 and was in 1 876-77 Mayor of the city. I le i.s a mem- ber of the Minnesota State Medical Society and was a Delegate from it to the American Medical Association at San iMancisco, in l87i,and is an honorary member of the California State Medical Society, lie is ono of the incorporators of the "MinneaimlisSchool of Medi- cine," the faculty of which has not yet been fully or- ganizc<' --he doctor i.s married and has three children. AMES. ALFRED ELISMA. M. D.. of Minneap- olis, Mmn., was born in Colchester, Vt, December 14 1 8 14. and died of a cancerous disease at his home in Minneapolis, September 23, 1874. At the age of seventeen years he was taken to Orwell. Ashtabula Lo., Ohio. His preliminary and academic education was obtained in his native place and in his new home in Ohio. When sufficiently advanced he became a teacher, during the winter, in the common or public schools. In September, 1836, he married Martha Iratt, of Geneva. Ohio, who with four sons survive h.m. Two of the Doctor's sons are now practicing physicians. In October, 1836, he removed with his bride to the then recently laid out City of Chica-o when Its population was but about three thousand' Ihe following year he settled on a claim at Bloiden III., but a few years after removed to Vandalia, where he served as Deputy Secretary of State and as Private Secretary of Governor Thomas Curtin. At the time the capital was removed to Springfield, he re- • moved thither, and acted as Clerk of the House of Representatives for some years. Even prior to this he had thought much of applying himself to the study 156 ninnRAriitcAr. ski-tchrs. of medicine, and liad in a quiet way made some pro- Rress in its preliminary stiulies. In 1840 ho attended his first course of lectures at the Rush Medical Coiletrc, where he eventually t,'raduatril in 1845. His name is borne upon the roll of the fust class of graduates from this now well established institution, From 1840 to 1851 he resided at Helvidere and Ros^ coe, III. From these districts he served twice in each as a member of the LetrJslature, and was also Judge of the Probate Court, anil Postmaster at Roscoe. In 185 1 he cmit^ratcd to Minnesota, and took up his res- idence at the present site of the city of Minneapolis, where he formed a copartnership in practice with Dr J. H. Murphy. The Doctor soon acquired a t'ood business, and was fully employed up to the time of his death. In 1861-62 he delivered a course of lectures on anatomy and hygiene to the class at the Minneap- olis High School. He made his demonstration from the cadaver before the class. For many years lie was President of the Hennepin County Medical Society, and was exceedingly popular with his brethren as well as with the public. Pie was a member of the State Medical Society, and of the American Medical Asso- ciation ; was President of the Alumni A-ssociation of Rush Medical College, and honorary member of the California State Medical Society. Besides these he belonged to a number of benevolent societies, among them the Masons and Knights of Pythias. He was a close observer and kept notes of much of his practice, some of which have been published in the medical journals. He was a good public speaker and a forcible writer. It is understood that he was in the habit of some pro- c attended \\ Medical in 1845. rst class o( nstitutiun, and Ros- cc in each Iso Jud{^c iscoe. In ip his rcs- iineapolis, -• vvitli Dr. d a good imcof his f lectures Minneap- tion from rs he was 1 Society, m as well the State cal Asso- ciation of ler of the these he :s, among He was a practice, medical 1 forcible habit of ROCKV MOUNTAIN MI-DICAF. ASSOCtATION. 157 keeping notes of all his iniportant cases and has left valuable records of his large obstetric practice. He was a man uf pleasant and genial manners, well in- formed and (juite a good conversationalist. We were occupants of the same car from San I-Vancisco to Omaha, on our return from California, ami the whole company was charmed with the intelligence and genial pleasant manners of the Doctor. ARMSHV. JAMKS FI.. M. D. of Albany. N. Y.. born in the town of Sutton, Worcester Co.. Mass De- cember 31. 1809, died suddenly of congestion of the lungs complicated with angina pectoris, at his resi- dence, in Albany, 1 )ecember 3, 1 875. He was the only son among six children. 1 1 is boyhood was passed on his father's farm and in attending the common school.s of the neighborhood, where he acquired his prelimi- nary education, after which he spent some years at the Worcester anil Monson Academies. Being of a studious disposition, he made more than ordinarily rapid progress. He had free use of the public library in his native town, of which he was one of the officers and fo.mders. But a few years since, retain- ing a pleasant recollection of the advantages he had derived from this library, he presented it with several hundred volumes from his own collection. In 1830. he commenced the study of medicine in Albany with his brother-in-law. Dr. Alden March, who was then engaged in active practice, and at the same time a lecturer in the Academy of Medicine, at Castleton. Vt. While studying medicine he also perfected him- self m a knowledge of the classics. i;8 moORAI'IIICAL SKETCIIKS. I he Doctor was a laborious and enthusiastic stu- dent, and rapi.lly acquired an accurate knowledge ol anatomy ;x,u\ physiolojry, making many neat dissec- tions and injections ol the soft tissues. His fre„i„s and proficiency in this direction led to tlie foundin.' of the Anatomical Museum at Albany. These quali- ties and his ability as an anatomist .soon jx.inted him out as the Chi. f Assistant to IVofcssor March, whose phicc he occasionally occupied in the lecture-room. In 1832, he was appointed Resident Physician in the Cholera Hospital in Albany, which position he filled witli ability, making' many post mortems of cholera patients. I Ic graduated in medicine at Castleton, Vt., in 1833, and was cho.sen valedictorian to the class.' His thesis was read by direction of the faculty at the commencement, as an expression of their appreciation of Its worth. He returned the nest lecture-term as Profe.s.sor of Anatomy and Physiology in this college and continued to lecture for six years in these branches' One of his first public enterpri.ses in Albany was his effort to establish a college in that city. In 1833, in co-operation with his preceptor, Dr. March, he opened a private medical school, known as the March and Armsby School of Anatomy and Surgery, which was successfully conducted until superseded, in 183S. by the organization of the Albany Medical College, in which he was appointed to the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology and Dean of the Faculty. While con- nected with the Vermont school, he gave more than forty lectures in Troy, N. Y., alone, which were at- tended by the physicians and leading citizens of the city. Jsiastic stu- lowlcdjje of icat clisscc- U'\H fJCMlillS foiiiulin^; hcsc quali- ointcd liim ircli, whose -•tuiv-rooni. cian in the n he filled of cholera itietoii, Vt, the class, ulty at the l)I)rociation ire- term as lis collej^e, - branches, ly was his n 1833, in he opened larch and ,vhich was 1838, by I!ollegc, in itomy and Hiile con- nore than were at- ;ns of the KOIKV MOUNTAtN MKr>rCAL ASSOCIATION. 1 59 Ills popularity and proficiency at th^ thn«> vMl«M> pcci.iliy manifested |,y the fact of his havinfj been solicited to fleliver lectures in Albany, IJtica, Schenec- tady, and other cities, which he occasionally did for sonic years, and until his professional duties become so laborious and e.x.actin-,' as to demand all his time. Ills lectures were, I believe, the first illustrated by actual dissections of the human body ever delivered before a ixomiscuous audience in our country. This course was really the be^n„,ii„^, of the All)a!i)' Meilical Colle^je, and did much to overcome prejudices aj^jainst dissections of the human body. Through his effm is $10,000 was raised and the medical institution fully or^Muized. In 1839 he visited luirope to study the medical institutions of the (JId World, and he brcui^dit with him on his return experience, ami a complete outfit for the lecture-room. He was a great encour- a-or of young artists, and did much to .secure the founiling of the Albany AcaiJemy of Arts. In 1841 he was united in marriage to Anna L. 1 lawley, who died in 1846, leaving him a .son and a daughter. ' The son is now an honored member of our profession, but the daughter died in infancy. In 1845 he madJ his second visit to ICurope for the further purpose of im- provement, and acquainting himself with medical in- stitutions and appliances. As early as 1 830 the Doctor had advocated the establishment of a hospital in Al- bany. He continued his efforts to forward this pro- ject, which were eventually crowned with success in 1848. This was the first hospital in Albany having amphitheatre and facilities for clinical in.st"'ji n. This and the college were his pet institution.s, and re- i5o BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. ii.' aikji.. ' ^ ce.ved from him the most earnest and untiring efforts for then- usefulness. He was also an early advocate for the OS ab hsh-nent of a university of learning i„ Albany, which he had the satisfaction of seeing fully organized in 1852, when a law school and an observa tory were founded. These were in ,873. by an act ot the Legislature, incorporated with the Union Col- lege of Schenectady as departments of Union Univer- sity In 1 86 1 he was appointed United States Consul at Naples. Italy, and repaired to his post of duty at once. On his return to Albany he resumed his busy round of practice, and his former position in the col- lege as teacher. During the late war he was ap- po.nted by the United States Government Surgeon in Charge of the Ira Harris United States Military Hos pital, Its inmates often numbering two thousand He performed many capital operations and made numer- ous cast, and photographs of cases, as his contribution o he Medical and Surgical History of the War can testify. On the demise of Professor March, in i86g he was appointed Professor of Surgery in the college a position which he continued to fill most ably and acceptably to the close of his life. On the death of Dr. James McNaughton, which occurred June 11 1874. he was elected President of the Faculty In 1852 he was married to his second wife. Sarah Winne who survives him. ' Dr A. received honor ny degrees from quite a num- ber of mstitutions. That of A. M. was conferred on h.m by the Rochester University, and by Rutgers College. New Jersey, in 1841. He was elected to honorary membership in the Natural History Society tiring efforts irly advocate learning in seeing fully 1 an observa- 3. by an act : Union Col- lion Univer- tates Consul t of duty at ed his busy n in the col- he was ap- Surgeon in ilitary Hos usand. He ade numer- :ontribution le War can :h, in 1869, the college, 3t ably and le death of I June II, iculty. In rah Winne, lite a nuni- nferred on y Rutgers elected to ry Society ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. l6l of Yale College and in the Natural History Society of New Orleans. He was a member of the Albany City and County Medical Society, of the New York State Medical Society, of the American Medical Associa- tion, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. He was President of the Staff of Lhe hospital. Chief Surgeon and Trustee of the Dud- Ie>' Observatory, and trustee of the Female Academy and of Union College. He devised a new and orig- inal instrument (for the radical cure of hernia), which involved principles not at that time recognized by the profession. The Doctor had traveled much and was a close observer of men and things, and his trip to California was, therefore, to him and to those in his company one of great pleasure. He was quite mag- netic in his manner and agreeable in conversation, al- ways delighting those who enjoyed acquaintance with him. By a long life devoted to medical science and public good, he has left an imperishable monument in the institution he assisted in founding in Albany and the lustre he has added to the profession. As a teacher and a surgeon he stood in the very front rank of American physicians. He had a most thorough familiarity with the anatomy of the human body, and his dexterity, courage, and coolness in an operation were perfect. Although his pathological specimens fill a cabinet, no list of his operations has been made. He was no less happy and successful as a lecturer be- fore the medical class than in presence of a public as- . sembly. But when it is remembered that he delivered over fifty courses of lectures, this is not to be won- dered at. The Doctor has written but little, though 1 62 mOGRAPIIICAL SKETCIIF.S. he was a ready and perspicuous author. The transac- tions of the New York State Medical Society, and tlie current journals contain his additions to medical liter- ature. It is to be regretted that he did not write more. Albany has been fa\'ored with many eminent medical men, but none have lived or died in that city who have done so much for medicine or whose fame will prove more enduring than that of Dr. AuMsiiy. ASDALE, WILLIAM JAMES, M. D., of Pitts- burgh, Pa., was born in Clinton, Allegheny Co Pa August 25, 1842. He is the eldest of five children of Alexander and Nancy (Connell) A.sdale, natives of Londonderry Co., Ireland. His father died in i860; his mother is living, and resides with him. Dr. Asdale attended the public schobls until sixteen years of age; he then began teaching, and for five years taught, during the winter-term of each year in the schools of Independence and Hanover, Beaver Co Pa.; meanwhile- pursuing his .studies, a pupil, dunng the intervals, at Mansfield Academy, near Pittsburgh Having obtained a good preliminary education in i860, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr John Pollock, of Clinton. Subsequently, removing to Pittsburgh, he entered the office of Dr. A. M. Pol- lock, of that city, under whose tuition he enjoyed the advantages of being Resident Student in Mercy Hos- pital, .serving m that institution as interne during the years 1863 and 1864. He attended medical lectures at the University of Michigan in 1864-65. and after- ward at the Rush Medical College, in Chicago. Ills where he graduated in 1866. ROCKY MOU. TA!:, MEDICAL ASSOCIATFON. 163 The transac- iety, and the nodical litei- t write more, lent medical lat city who se fame will :Msuv. D., of Pitts- -•ny Co., Pa., ive children e, natives of ed in i860; until sixteen and for five ach year, in Beaver Co., upil, during Pittsburgh. lucation, in le with Dr. , removing A. M. Pol- njoyed the ercy Ho.s- during the al lectures and after- cago, Ills., In Ajjril of the latter year he commenced practice in Pittsburgh, where he has continued to reside, and has acquired a good and remunerative patronage. Klcctcd in 1872 as one of the Staff Physicians of the Western Pennsylvania Hospital, he has served regu- larly ever since. Formerly associated with the Church Guild Dispensary of Pittsburgh (now extinct), he has been, since its organization, one of the physicians of the Pittsburgh Free Dispensary, and is at present one of the board of managers of this in.stitution as well as one of the consulting .staff. His politics are of the strongly-marked Democratic order. Notwithstanding, he was twice the successful candidate in a district where the opposition were usually largely in majority, Iv. representing the Twelfth Ward, Pittsburgh, in Select Council of that city in the years 1 87 1 and 1872. Ho has been a member of the O'Hara School Board of Directors from 1871 to the present time. In 1875, he was elected a member of the Pittsburgh Board of Health, and is its present Secretary. To his talents and industry the increased efficiency of this depart- ment in the city of Pittsburgh is largely due. He has constantly and assiduously labored in the interests of his profession and for the public welfare, and is recog- nized in the community where he resides as one of the most active in endeavoring to secure enactments such as shall best serve to promote the standard of medical education and protect the public against the evils of ignorance and incompetency. His efforts to secure the establishment of sanitary survey, and registration of vital statistics in his state, deserve special mention, as he was one of the earliest to recommend such ac- 164 BIOfiKAPHICAI. SKETCHES. ll.t I; tmn and urge ,ts importance upon the Legislature and the people, and nothing daunted by repeated faihires •st.ll perseveres. The Doctor has made a number of interesting contributions to medical h'terature pre sented before the various societies of which he is a member; among these, in 1871, was a paper on "Em- bolism of tile Pophtea! Artery." read before the Alle- gheny County Medical Society; also, in 1874. a paper on Leucocytha^nnia," and one on "Perityphlitis" In 187s he contributed to the Mott Medical Societva paper on " Puerperal Fever." and another on " Fever and Its Treatment ;" in 1 876, he presented to the same society a paper on "Conservative Medicine;" also in the same year one on " Scarlet Fever," read before Ihe Pittsburgh Academy of Medicine, and one on "Vacci- nat,on..mv« Small-Pox;" the latter was published by order of the Board of Health. He is an active and influ- ential member of the Allegheny Co., Medical Society and was its Vice-President in ,875 ; also a men.ber of he Mott Medical Society, of Pittsburgh; member of the I ittsburgh Academy of Medicine and School of Anatomy, being its Vice-President in 1876. and its pre- sent Corresponding Secretary; member of the Society of Natural Sciences of Western Pennsylvania; member of the State Medical Society of Pennsylvania; mem- ber of the American Public Health Association; member of the American Medical Association, and an honorary member of the California State Medical bocety. He was married October 12th. 1876, to Miss Rachel daughterof Joseph Wallace, of Beaver county Pennsylvania. ^' legislature and seated failures, e a number of iterature, pre- which he is a )aper on " Km- :fore the Allc- 1 874, a paper Peri typhlitis." iical Society a ler on " Fever d to the same ine ;" also, in ;ad before the tic on "Vacci- pubhshcd by :ive and influ- Jical Society. a member of ; member of d School of i, and its pre- f the Society lia; member 'ania ; mem- \ssociation ; tion, and an ite Medical ^76, to Miss iver county, ROCKY MOUNTAIN' MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 65 ATKINSON, WILLIAM BIDDLE, M. D., of Philadelphia, Pa., was born at Haverford, Delaware Co., Pa., June 21, 1832. He is the son of Isaac S. At- kinson, of New Jersey, and Mary (Biddic) Atkinson, of Pennsylvania. Mis education was obtained at the Philadelphia public schools, and the Philadelphia Central ^—h School, from the latter he received the degree A. i in 1850, and that of A. M., in 1855. He comment d the study of Medicine in 1850, and attended three full courses of lectures at the Jefferson Medical College, where he graduated M. D., in 1853. While studying medicine he also applied himself to the .study and acquired a knowledge of French and German languages. In March, 1853, he opened an office at 215 Spruce street, Philadelphia, but which in 1867 he removed to his present residence, 1400 Pine .street. By close attention to business he has ac- quired a good remunerative practice, and has at the same time done a very large amount of labor as sec- retary of various medical organizations and of editor- ial work for joui ils and other medical publications. He performed the duties of editor in the department assigned to obstetrics and the diseases of women and children, in the Medico- Chinirgical Review, published in Philadelphia, by S. D. Gross, from 1858 to i860, and was at one time co-editor of the Medical and Surgical Reporter. On the change of regulations of the American Medical Association, in 1864, providing for a Perma- nc >t Secretary, Dr. Atkinson was elected to that office, whieh he still fills, and upon him falls the chief labor of superintending the editing of its annual volume of Transactions. is 1 66 niOGRAPIIICAL SKETCHES. ri,e Doctor .s extensively and favorably known to the profe.s.s,on throughout the United States T , , dcvofon to US interests, and is personally acqu.in w.tT.thc leading medical ..en/fron. hisV^i:'.;" Permanent Secretary of the American Medical Asso c.at.on and has made a favorable impression through h.s contnbut,ons to medical literature. His work en- ftled Hmts ,n Obstetric Procedure." has had a c- servedly large sale. In i8;s he edited the /7«W./;,/«', M.uual Rc^^sicr and Directory. He has now in prep! aration a biographical dictionary of the leading med •cal men of the United States, which doubtless will ZIZT"''^." circulation, and prove a valuable work to the profession. In March. 1877. he was in pomtcd to fill the chair of Diseases of C^i^ld e^ e Jcfterson Med.cal College. He is a member of th Northern Med.cal Association, and has been it^ Sec- retary and Vice-President and its President in'i868 Anactivemember of the Philadelphia County anH r,>v Med.cal Soc.cty. from ,857 to 1869 he was its Secre'- tary; also .served as Vice-Pre.sident and was its Pres.dent .n , 873. He was elected Permanent Secre- tary to the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylva- nia .n 1863, a position which he still holds. The Ph.laddph,a Obstetrical Society. Corresponding mem- ber of the Gynaecological Society of Boston, Honorary Member of the California State Medical Society the Alumn. Associatiou of Jefferson Medical College 'and Tr^M '1 'T"''r '^'""""^^ ^'"^^ ^'^ organiza'tion. In March. 1877. by appointment, he delive.ed the Annual Address before this body on "Medical Or- ganizations and their Value." published by the associ- My known to States for his 'ly acquai.nterj is position as Medical Asso •ssion through His work en- las had a de- e Philadelphia now in prep- leading nied- Joubtless will 'e a valuable % he was ap- ^ildren in the ;mber of the been it? Sec- ient in 1868. JntyanH Titv i^as its Secre- ind was its lanent Secre- •f Pennsylva- holds. The )nding mem- n, Honorary Society, the College, and )rganization. iliveied the VIedital Or- ' the associ- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 167 ation. In 1874, by appointment, he delivered the Annual Address in Obstetrics before the Medical So- ciety of the State of Pennsylvania, published in Trans- actions for that year, and also in pamphlet form. Since 1S63, he has been Physician to the Department of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the Howard Hospital of Philadelphia. His first course of lectures on Obstetrics was de- livered in 1858. In i860, he was appointed as- sistant to the Chair of Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women and Children in Pennsylvania Medical College and Chief of the Gyn.xcological Clinic, which he held till this school was closed in 1 861, In addition to his lectures at Jefferson Medical Col- lege, he gives instruction to private classes on ob- stetrics. In 1857 Dr. Atkinson was married to Jennie Reed Peterson. She died April 15, 187 1, leaving an infant sonv William Patterson, aged two years. Hi.^ visit to California was made under very painful circumstances— owing to the recent death of his wife. While there he visited the Yosemite Valley, the Gey- sers, and other places of interest on the Pacific Slope. His contributions to literature in addition to those mentioned, have been reports and papers, among which are: " Evidences of Life in the Newly Delivered Child" {JMidical and Surgical Reporter, 1873), re-pub- lished in full in the Dublin Hospital Gazette and in the Obstetrical Journal of Great Biitain, American re- print; "Chloral in Obstetrics" {Medical and Surgi- cal Reporter, 1875), and other articles devoted to his specialty. li \ \ 1 68 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. pha la. was bom at Lancaster. Pa.. February - 1808. lie wa.s the younj^est of six children of W.lham P.tt Atlee. Plsc,.. of Lancaster. Kis patcnn gn.nc.^ter. lion. Wi.iian, Augustus Atiee.'^^ a tyeUh,,. dunng the Revolutionary war. and on of the jud,.es of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvan a from ,;;; until his death in 1793. His n4ern grandfather. Maj. John Light, was an officer in the Revolut.onary Army. At the age of seven hi.s fa her died, after wh.ch he was under the care of h.s grandparents. At fourteen jx-ars of age. after completing t e ordinary routine of Knglislf studie afforded by the schools of Lancaster, he was placed an a dry goods and grocery store. Beco.ning dissatisfied at the end of fifteen months, he left that and unmediately engaged as a medical stuc'ent u„der the preceptorship and in the family of his oldest brother Dr. John Light Atlee. of Lancaster, who is st.ll (January. 1878,) living and in active practice. Reeling the great need of a classic.! education, he devoted a large portion of his time during the first wo years to the study of languages under private tutors, and also engaged in the study of the natural sciences, and philosophy. Duiing the last three years of his medical pupilage, he spent much of his time m the Lancaster County Hospital, and in prac- tice among the poor of the city, and as an evidence of the extent of his clinical advantages it may be stated that before l,e had finished his medical edu- cation he had attended forty cases of obstetrics He was very fond of practical anatomy, and gave much ■ Ifr , of Philaclel- Fcbruary 22, chiklien of If is paternal Ult-e, was an war, and one Pennsylvania tis maternal 'fficer in the ' seven his the care of 'f age. after ;lish studies was placed Becoiiiing he left that ic'pn'c under his oldest iter, who is •^e practice, ication, he ig the first ler private he natural last three uch of his d in prac- i evidence t may be dical edu- trics. He ivo much KOCKV MOUNTAIN MKDIC.M. ASMKIATION. ,69 attention to the dissection of animal an.l human bodies the latter being always procurable at this hospital He attended two full courses of lectures it thn I, fr ,, ,. , f- w • . '^<-niies ai tiie Jefferson Medical College, m the winter of 1826-2; and 1828- 29. and graduated in the spring of 1829. His thesis was on '-Parotitis Gangrenosa." a title of his own and a suf,ect furnished in his own experience. While ir. I liil.ulelphia attending the sessions of the collet he was by invitation a private pupil of George McClellan. D I rofessor o Surgery. During the summer of 827-2S he actively pursued the practical study of botany, and was a correspondent of Dr. William P C 13arton. then Profe.ssor of Materia Medica and Hotany ■n Jefferson Medical College. He collected about fou^ hundred spec,n,en.s of Lancaster county plants into the form of an herbarium, accompanied with a written description of each plant. His collection vvas subsequently presented to the Linnean Society of Penn.sylvama College at Gettysburg. Pa. Soon after graduation he located in Mount Joy. a smill village in his native county, twelve miles from Lancaster. While here he originated a temperance society, and a lyceum ; delivered a lecture on tem- perance which was published; also lectures on the great display of falling stars. November, ,8^r a course of lectures on botany, and read several miscel- aneous papers before the lyceum. April 15 18^0 he was married to Miss Ann Eliza Hoff, daughter of John Hoff. Esq.. of Lancaster. The is,ue of this mar- ' r.age was ten children the youngest having been born n the fan of ,844. Six of them survive-Kate, wife of David Burpee, M. D.; Mary, wife of Thomas M i;o mOGRAPIIICAL SKETCHES. Drysdale, M. D.; l-lliza, wife of John Shcaff, Ksq.; Mar^Mixt n. Atlcr ; VVasliiiiK'ton I.. Atlcc. M. D.; and Cliailc's I,. Alice, Ksq. In the autumn of 1834 In- removed to Lancaster, his native place. I Ic was soon elected to the staff of ],aii- caster County Hospital, and in 1837 was appointed Ireasurer to the Comtni.ssioners of Lancaster County. For several successive years he delivered regular courses of lectures on clicmistry to private classes, and one public course to the Mechanics' Institute of Lancaster. He was also active in orij^inatinj; an asso- ciation called "The Lancaster Conservatory of Arts and Sciences," before which he gave a course of lec- tures on hygiene, brsides other scientific and miscel- laneous lectures. At the time of the execution of the murderer Moselman, he made out a programme of experiments to be performed upon his body, which was carried out with eminent success. lie also aided actively in establishing the Lancaster County Medical Society. Having received an invitation in 1844 to fill the chair of Medical Chemistry in the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College at Philadelphia, lie made a temporary arrange- ment to lecture during the ensuing session. Af- terwards accepting the position permanently, he removed his family to Philadelphia in the fall of 1845, and continued his connection with the Col- lege until the spring of 1852. During this period the practice of his profession grew so much upon him that he found the joint labors too great. He therefore resigned his professorship, and has ever since devoted himself actively and solely to the !.»i^¥* Slicaff, I'-Sq.; :, M. D.; and .ancastcr, Ins staff of I.aii- IS appointed ster County, jrcd regular vatc classes, Institute of ting an asso- ory of Arts lurso of lec- and niiscel- ution of the jgranime of >ody, which He also iter County 1 invitation icmistry in lia College { arrange- 'ssion. Af- inently, he the fall of li the Col- this period iiuch upon freat. He I has ever :ly to the KOCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAI. ASSOCIATION. pmctlce of medicine and surgery, In 1853, at a m. .^ing of the American Medical Associaion' held in tlie city of New York, he competed for one of the prizes. Twelve essays were presented to the Com- mittee on Volunteer Communications contesting for this honor, and his paper was one of two to which it was awarded. He assisted in the organization of the riiiladelphia County Medical Society, of the Medical .Society of the State of Pennsylvania, and of the American Medical Association, and still retains his nicn.bership in each. He has always been a general practitioner, but latterly has been forced to relinquish obstetrics, and is fully occupied in the treatment of the diseases of females. He is perhaps best known to the profession for his operations of ovariotomy. At this time (January, j«;8) it is believed that the number of his operations exceeds that of any other surgeon in this country, and with one exception in the world. They amount to three hundred and sev- enty-eight. The following schedule embraces a list of most of his papers and lectures: " f>.i the Ergot of Wheat," published in Columbia Spy 1830 •■On certain Cavities in Quart/," American Journal of Science and Arts. 1837. •' Case of Hydrophobia," American Medical Intelligencer iSjo- also.n the Transactions of American Medical Association 1856 • also in pamphlet form , with comments on Stoy's Cure. See oam- phlet. *^ "Case of Small-pox, contagion apparently conveyed by letter" American Journal Medical Science, 1840. "Report on a series of experiments (instituted by Washington L Atlee. M. D.), made by the Medical Faculty of Lancaster, Pa., on the body of Henry Cobler Moselman, executed in the jail yard of Lancaster county. Pa., on the 20th of December, 1839." I7a mOGKAPiiicAI. sKETCi.; " Meleorological Kc|«.ri " f„r 18J9, 1840. 1841. 184J. 1S4J, •• A review ..f Shfr«„.,,i', Tl.cry „f Tcrrctinl Magncli.m/ |-u|,. lie I.f(lj{cr, t)f l'hila(l«-l|.hin, 1841. " A cane of 0.n«cniial Tunu.r cum|...,eansactioni of he upper jaw- n, 1850. ROCKV MOUNTAIN MKDICAf. ASSOCIATION. I73 •• A lal.le of all th« known operation* of Ovariotomy from 1701 to 1S51." Compn,JnB two hundred and Iwenly-tw.. t ,i,cs and givini/ a nynnpiical liislory of each case. "A Memoir of William K. Crnnt, M. I)., I'rof. of Anat.imy .d the Medicil |).-|Mriment of IV-nnnylvania College, with a notice of \m Ihc.ry ol |„.t.il Circulali.m." Transaction* of College of Phyii'ia"'. I'hilftdelphia, 185$. AUo pamjddet. 'M»i. the T.eatment of certain Fibroi.l rum.irs of the UteruH. l,cielor,.re con-idered heyond the re»ouice. of art." (Hemi; the ticatine for which the pri^e for the year 1855 was awarded l.y the American Medical A«oci.»tion.) Tra.„acti..n. American Medical Association, i8s,{. Alio in pamphlet. "<-..u.s .,f irritation of the JJIa.lder, aiUing from vaiiou, cau.ts n. whuh MydiaoKea Arl.orcscen, wa, employed as a remedy" (and supplement). New Jersey Medical Reporter, V,d. vii. " C:ast of lar^e pleuritic effusion cured by Paracentesis Thoracis and suhseipieut injections of lo.lme into the cavity of the I'leura." Ar.erican Journal of Medical .Science, 1858. "Ol. I'lacentn lYievia." The Medical and Surgical Reporter, I'.uladelphia, 1858. ".\<.»e of Vesicovaginal Fistula." American Journal of Medi- cal Science, i860. Also pamphlet. "On Hernia." The Medical and Surjjical Reporter. I'hiladel- pliia, 1860. " A case )f Acute puerperal Tetanus." /,;;/,/., ,860. ' A new cause of Vesico Vaginal Ki„„la." Reply to Prof. "nckell. Maryland and Virginia Medical Journal. 1861 " A C.TSC of (^,uadruple Uirth." Medical and Surgical Reporter. 1 liiladelphi.a, i860. "Arsenic in Cancer." Transactions American .Medical Associa- ii<*n| I ooo, "(Correspondence with Prof. White in relation to a Uterine Ki. l;ro.d." U.ffalo Medical and Surgical Journal, 1869. ' -Numerous cases of Ovariotomy," published in the American .loi-rnal of Medical Science, and in the Medical Times of Philadel- phia. "A new clamp in Ovariotomy." American Journal of Medical Science, 1871. " I'he Uterine Dilator." /A,V., 1871. "ll'e use of ihe speculum in the diagnosis and tre.itment of ■-.Sffl 174 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. diseases of the Uterus," being the address in obstetrics before the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania. Transactions of Medical Association of Pennsylvania for 1872. "General and differential diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors with spe- cial reference to the oper.ition of Ovariotomy." i Vol, Published by J. B. Lippinrott &Co. Philadelphia, 1873. "A Retrospect of the struggles and triumphs of Ovariotomy in Philadelphia," being the annual address before the Philadelphia County Medical Society, by the retiring President, in 1875. Also pamphlet. " Old Physic and Young P'lysic." Being the annual address be- fore the Medical Society ot the State of Pennsylvania, by the Presi- dent in 1875. Transactions Medical Society of the State of Penn- sylvania, 1875. Also pamphlet. "A female with double organs of generation." Transactions of Medical Society of Pennsylvania, 1873. Also pamphlet. " Reminiscences of the earliest days of Jefferson Medical College. An address delivered before the Alumni Association of the Jeffer- son Medical College, of Philadelphia, at its third anniversary, March nth, 1873. Also pamphlet. LECTURES, ETC. A paper on " The Treatment of Fibroids of the Uterus." Read before the " International Medical Congress," September, iS-^o. Trans- actions of International Medical Congress, Philadelphia. A paper on " Sarcoma of the Ovaries." Read before " The Ameri- can Gynaecological Society," Boston, 1S77. Transactions of Ameri- can Gynaecological Society. "An address on Temperance, before the Mount Joy Temperance Society," 1831, published by the society. " An address on Temperance before the Lancaster City Temper- ance Society," 1841. Publi-;hed by the society. " On the relation of Chemistry to Medicine." Introductory ad- dress before the Medical Class of Pennsylvania Medical College. Philadelphia, 1844. Pamphlet. " On the chemical relations of the human body with surrounding objects." Introductory Address before class of 1845. Published by the class. Pamphlet. " Rules for the formation of a good physician." Valedictory be- fore the graduates of Jefferson Medical College, 1847. Pamphlet. stetrics before the Transactions of umors with spe- Vol. Published ' Ovariotomy in the Philadelphia t, in 1875. Also nual address l>e- nin, by the Presi- le State ofPenn- Transactions of iphlet. ledical College. i85i-'52 inclusive. "A Lecture on Placenta Prnevia," before Philadelphia county Medical Society, 1858. " Three Lectures on the Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors." before the Philadelphia county Medical Society, 1859, i860, 1861. BARNETT. C. V., M. D., Cosackie, Green Co N. Y. :h surrounding 45- Published ^'^ledictory be- 7. Pamphlet. BARNUM BOLIVAR, M. D., of Schoolcraft, Mich., was born near Auburn, Cayuga Co., N. Y., April 22, 1826. His parents, with their children, re- moved in 1836, to Van Buren County, in the so'uth- .*i4i'I 1/6 lUOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. western part of Michigan, and engaged in agriculture Advantages for education were at that time very I.nmed. Tlie public sciiools were few and open only ,n winter months. The subject of this sketch was required during tlie summer to labor on the farm vv.th h.s father. At the age of nineteen he had so far advanced in his education as to justify his teach- J during the winter one of the public schools 'Which he continued to do for some years. In 1849 he began a systematic academic course at the Albion Seminary at Albion. Mich. He commenced the study of medicine in 185 1, with Dr. Josiah Andrews of i-aw law. Afich.. and after attending two courses of lectures at the Medical Department of Michigan Uni- versity, graduated M. D. in 1854. In April of the same year he opened .., office at Schoolcraft, and in a s^iort time found his time fully employed in practice. On the breaking out of the late war between the States, he was commissioned Surgeon of the Twenty- fifth Regiment of Michigan Volunteer Infantry and served to the close of the war. In July, 1873. he' was appointed Surgeon of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, and changed his location to Jackson, where he also engaged in private practice with much encour- agement. In 1875 he returned to Schoolcraft, his favor- ite place of residence, where he enjoys a large and responsible business. His experience as a surgeon brings to him much of that kind of practice in his sec- tion of the State. Me operated for ovariotomy as early as March, 1859. perhaps the first time it was performed m Michigan He used the metallic ligature in tying the anterior tibial artery in i86o. In all profession^ agriculture. time very ' and open this sketch on the farm he had so V his tcach- ic schools, s. In 1849 the Albion J the study ndrews, of courses of higan Uni- pril of the ft, and in a 11 practice. :t\veen the c Twenty- iintry, and 73, he was 1 Railroad ion, where :h encour- his favor- large and I surgeon n his sec- y as early )erformed -■ in tying )fessional ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 77 matters he keeps himself fully abreast of the latest discoveries and improvements in medical and surgical l)racticc. Dr. Barnum is a member of the St. Joseph Valley Medical Association, the Michigan State Med- ical Society, and has been pretty constant in his at- tendance at their meetings; also a member of the American Medical Association since 1856, and an honorary member of the California State Medical So- ciety. Tlie Doctor is united in marriage to Mary Lucy Reed. They have two children, both daughters, Lucy R. and Ada B. While in California, Dr. b! visited the various places of interest on the Pacific coast and stopped a day at Salt Lake City cu route. Me IS a man who absorbs information rapidly, has correct ideas of men and things, and is most agreeable and entertaining in conversation. BARTLETT, JOHN KNOWLTON, M. D., of Milwaukee, Wis., was born February 28, 1 8 16, at Ports- mouth, N. H. He is a descendant of Richard Bart- ictt, who came from England and settled in Newbury, Mass., in 1635. (The name in England was spelled Barttelot, and is so written by the present representa- tiveof the family. Col. Walter R. Barttelot, ofStopLim, England, where the records in the church are coa.plcr- from John Barttelot, who was born ear!/ in 7?r;j. The family here, from the early colonial times, luv.; furnished quite a number of able phy (V.iai and patriots. The subject of the present sketrii orepared for college at Philips' Academy, Ando.-r, .^Jiss,; graduated at Yale College in 1838 ; studied medicine under the direction of Dr. Charles Hooker, and re- ^^"f i;8 niOGRAPIIICAL SKETCHES. ccived his medical degree from the New Haven Med- ical College, in 1841, at which time he was made the orator of his class. In the spring of the same year he settled in Milwaukee, which then contained 1,800 in- habitants, and has resided there until the present time being now (with one exception) the oldest resident physician in the city. He is still in general practice, though for the past eight or ten years he has some- what restricted his business, and given especial atten- tion to diseases of women. He has been a member of the American Medical Association since 1854, and was one of its Vice-Presi- dents in 1872. He has been President of the Mil- waukee Medical Society for many years; a member of the State Medical Society, and its President in 1 876. He is an honorary member of the California State Medical Society, and was a member and Vice-Presi- dent of the International Medical Congress in 1876. He has published nothing except some articles in the Transactions of the State Medical Society and a few papers in medical journals. At the commencement of the late civil war he was appointed a Brigade Surgeon by the Governor of Wisconsin, but under the pressure brought to bear by his patients, was constrained to resign. He was married in 1838 to Mary E. Elliot, of New Haven, Conn., who died in December, 1874! They had one child, a daughter. In 1877 he was united in marriage to Harriet N. Keeler, of Milwaukee. The Doctor is a man of superior education, refine- ment, and cultivated tastes ; has twice visited Europe, and has traveled extensively through our own country. In medical organizations he is a most efficient worker laven Med- s made the me year he id 1, 800 in- resent time, St resident ral practice, : has some- ecial atten- m Medical Vice-Presi- f the Mil- member of lit in 1 876. •rnia State /ice-Presi- 33 in 1876. cles in the and a few icement of e Surgeon e pressure trained to E. Elliot, ber, 1874. 7 he was [ilwaukee. an, refine- d Europe, n country, nt worker ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 79 and faithful in attendance, and is always placed upon important committees, the duties of which he dis- charges with judgment, promptness and fidelity. BELLOWS, HORATIO KNIGHT, M. D., of Norwich, N. Y., was born at New Berlin, Chenango Co., N. Y.. November 5, 1823. His father, Daniel Bellows, was a physician in active practice and an in- fluential citizen of Chenango Co. The subject of this sketch received a good academic education at the Hamilton Academy at Hamilton, N. Y., and at Gil- bertsville Academy. His medical studies were pur- sued under his father, who often took his son with him to see interesting cases. After completing a care- ful course of reading he attended lectures at the Medi- cal Department of the New York University— and graduated M. D. in 1847. The same year he opened an office and commenced to practice in Norwich, N. Y., where he still resides, having been actively engaged in a large and responsible general practice of medicine and surgery. He was united in marriage in August, 1852, to Margaret S. Bockee, by whom he had four daughters, three now living. His first wife having died, he married in November, 1875, Charl .tte A. Bradner, by whom he has c ne child ; the Doctor is a hard- working physician, and rarely relaxes from his arduous duties, seldom finds time to write ou*^ accounts of even interesiiiig cases, his leisure hours being spent in care- ful study and research ; yet the call of the poor and suffering is never unheeded, and many times where the Christian pastor could not gain admittance the Christian physician speaks words of comfort and cheers w ^^1 180 mOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. the afflicted family. In 187 1 he was sent as delegate from the New York State Medical Society to the meeting of the American Medical Association at San Francisco. He is a man of close and original obser- vations, and v.as most interesting and agreeable to his companions. He has always taken an interest in medical organizations, and is a member, and was for SIX years President of the Chenango Co. Medical So- ciety. He is also a member of the New York State Medical Society, the American Medical Association and an honorary member of the California State Medi- cal Society. BII3B, GEORGE RICHARD, M. D.. was born in Jacksonville. III.. June ,8, 1842; died of phthisis pulmonalis. ,n .same place. June 18, 1874. He was tlie son of Ric!,ard Bibb, of Virginia, and Martha lodd DaviK, of Kentucky, who removed to Illinois prior to t^,c birth of the subject of this .sketch. His childhood and youth, and nearly the whole of his life was spent in Jacksonville. He was a pupil of the 11 mois Codege, where he received his academic education. He studied medicine and surgery with Ur. D.u-id Pnnce, of Jacksonville, and obtained his medical degree at the Rush Medical College. Chicac^o m ibo4. After graduating he was associated in prac' t.ce for a time with Dr. Prince, his preceptor, and afterward with Dr. A. O. Gillman; most of the time he however had an office by himself Early in the war he enlisted in Company B, Tenth Illinois Volun- teers, and was promoted to a surgeoncy, remaining witli his regiment during the entire term of service. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. I8l as delegate iety to the ition at San jinal obser- eable to his in):erest in ind was for Tedical So- Vork' State ssociation, )tate Medi- as born in )f phthisis He was d Martlia to Illinois ;tch. His of his life pil of the academic gcry with :ained his , Chicat^o, d in prac- ptor, and the time ■ly in the is Volun- emaining f service. He was afterward commissioned by Governor Yates as Captain of Company C, in the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, and ac- quitted himself as a brave and efficient officer. In 1869 he was commissioned by Governor Palmer as one uf the Trustees of the Illinois Hospital for the Insane, a position which he filled with ability, mani- festing an intelligent and deep interest in the pros- perity of the institution, until declining health com- pelled his resignation. Although but a young man, he had accomplished much. From early life he was an industrious student, and zealously pursued a widening range of study until but a short time before his death. Dr. Bibb was never married; his father dying when he was quite young, he seemed to accept it as a duty to become the guardian and protector of his widowed mother, two sisters, and a younger brother, who all confided in him. The practice of medicine and surgery was his chosen profession, and to it he was earnestly devoted, and acquired a rich fund of knowledge far beyond what could reasonably have been expected of one so young. But his talent, energy and skill all were forced to yield to that "fell destroyer," phthisis, which began to manifest itselt very soon after he entered upon professional life. With the view of improving his health, and the hope of arresting the progress of the disease, he removed to California, taking up his abode in San Diego, where he remained but a short time, having, as he thought, improved so as to justify him in returning to his home in Illinois. The amelioration obtained, however, did not prove permanent, and the disease 1 82 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. soon showed manifest signs of fatal progress He was then induced to try the chmate of Colorado but deriving no benefit from the change, he again returned to California, locating this time in the beau- tiful c.ty of Oakland, where he expected to pursue his profession, and to make it his permanent home- but the disease showing no signs of arrest, he turned his footsteps again eastward, that he might once more look upon the faces of cherished friends, and die among his kindred. At the time of his death he was a mem- ber of the Illinois State Medical Society, the American Medical Association, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society; also a useful and respected member of the Morgan County (Illinois) Medical Socicty-the county in which he was born and brought up. Of Dr. Bibb it can truly be said, that he was a "Christian gentleman" and a "Beloved Physi- cian," whose generous nature continually abounded in noble charities and acts of kindness and love towards those whom misfortune and disease visited, BLACK, JOHN, M. D., of Plattsmouth, Neb. was born at Whittingham, Northumberland Co., England November 14, 1821. His parents emigrated to America in 1838, and settled in Knox County, Ohio but removed to Missouri in 1852, where they died.' The Doctor received a good academic education at the Fredericktown Select School. His medical studies were begun under the supervision of Dr. Lewis Dyer, of the same place, in 1843. In the spring of 184s he removed to Cleveland, Ohio, where he continued his studies under the late foi ogress. He i Colorado, ;e, he again in the beaii- 1 to pursue nent home; t, he turned t once more i die among ivas a mem- e American nber of the useful and y (Illinois) is born and lid, that he ved Physi- )ounded in /e towards Neb., was England, grated to ity, Ohio, they died, ication at medical 1 of Dr. In the d, Ohio, the late ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL A.SSOCIATION. 1 83 IVofessor H. A. Ackley. After attending the usual courses of lectures, he graduated at the Cleveland Medical College, in 1847. In April of the same year he commenced practice in Claridon, Marion County, Oliio. He removed to Maysville, Mo., in June, 1854, where he remained engaged in practice until April, 1863, when he removed to Nebraska Territory, where he resides at the present time. He is no longer en- fjagcd in active practice, but has been so successful in a business point of view, as to have turned broker. However, the Doctor retains an active mtercst in and love for the profession, and is a member of all the medical organizations of the State. He is a member of the Nebraska State Medical Society; was Vice- President in 1873, and President in 1875, and a Delegate from it to the meeting of the American Med- ical Association, which was held in San Francisco, Ca!., in 1871. He was highly gratified with his trip to California and the hospitable manner in which the people of the Pacific Slope received their brethren from the Eastern States. He was likewise a Delegate to the American Medical Association in 1876, and to the International Medical Congress that convened in Philadelphia, in September of that year. Circum- stances beyond his control prevented him from reaching Philadelphia in time to participate in the transactions of either meeting. The Doctor is a Del- egate to the American Medical Association which is to convene in Buffalo, in June, 1878. He is married and has had seven children, six of whom are now living. BROWN, BENJAMIN STANTON, M. D.,of Belle- fontaine, Ohio, was born at Brownsville, Pa., July 13, 1S4 'uncKArMiicAr. sKETcnEa. uSoo; (iic.l in Hclkfontainc, December 19. ,87, I|i parents were me.nbcrs of the Society of Frien.Is and rc-moved to ti.e vicinity of Mount I'leasant. Ohio/from North Carol.na. in .8,8. b„t subseo :ently to Lo.an Co.. OlMo The subject of th..s sketch was a first cousin to Hon. K. M. .Stanton, the great War Secretary He received a good English education, and thoudi he never had collegiate advantages was a man of nu'e than orchnary mental vigor and acquirements After attammg h.s majority, poor health induced him to co South, were he sp.nt a few years. On his return he commenced the study of medicine with Dr Crew of Zanesville After attending lectures at the Mc-dical Colege of Oh.o. he received the degree of M. D. i„ 1828. He opened an office the same year in Belle ontau,e. where he was actively engaged in practice for over th.rtyfive years. Ho was a man of very general mformation. sound judgment, and a good phys,c,an. He contributed a few articles of interest o med.cal periodicals. He was a member of it StafrV r"T f ''■■"' ^°'^'^^^>'' -^ '^'- the Ohio State Med.cal Society, and its President in i866- member of t e American Medical Association since 1857, and an honorary member of the California State Med.cal Society. His wife accompanied him to Cali- forma m i8;i. and survives him; but has no children. BRUHL. GUSTA V. M. D., of Cincinnati. Ohio, was born May 31. 1826. in Herdorf. a village in Rhenish Pruss.a, Germany. H,s father was interested in iron- mmes and m smelting-furnaces. and being himself a man of culture, secured for his son a classical educa- ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. iH: 3.1873. His '■Viends, .ind t. Ohio, tVoiii ly to Lo<,Mii was a first ar Secretary, and though "an of more cuts. After 1 him to go is return he >r. Crew, of lie Mcfh'cal of M. D. in ar in Belle- in practice an of very id a good of interest ber of the the Ohio : in 1866; tion since )rnia State in to Cali- 3 children. Ohio, was Rhenish d in iron- himself a al educa- tion at the high school of Liegen, and at the gymna- sia (college) of Miinstcrfel and Treves. His medical studies were pursued at Munich, Halle. Herlin, and I'ragiic. Having completed his professional studies, he came to the United States in 1848, and settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he still resides, and is engaged in the practice of his profession. He was Physician to St. Mary's Hospital for four years during the period when the late Dr. Ulackiiian was Surgeon. He gave lectures for a short time on laryngoscopy and diseases of the throat in the Miami Medical College. He has not written much for the medical press, bui used his pen industriously in scientific direct: md in contributions to encyclopeilias, literary journals, maga- zines, etc. Part of his poems, written under the '//o/u dc plume of " Kara Giorg," have been collected ami pub- lished under the title of" Poesien des Urwaldes" (Songs of the Primeval Forrest). Dr. Zimmerman, in his Manual of German Literature, ranks him among the three most eminent German American poets. The Doc- tor has now in press, a work entitled "Culturvolker Alt Americas" (Civilized tribes of Ancient America"); the nrst part appeared about a year since and the second is passing through the press. From 1869 to 1871 he edited "The German Pioneer," a monthly his- torical magazine. He was for two years one of the Board of Directors of the University of Cincinnati and for six years on the Po.ard of Examiners for the Public Schools. He is one of the Curators of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. He is also a member of the Archsological Society of Ohio of the Social Science Society, the American Association ite> i86 niOdRAnilCAI, SKETCIins. of Antliropolo^y, tlic Natural History Society of Cin- cinnati, and of a niuubcr of benevolent institutions, and the various local medical organizations of Cincinnati; as well as the American Medical Associ.ition, the mectintj of which he attenilcd in San l''raneisco, in 1S71. He is also an honorary member of the Cali- fornia State Medical Society. He [)ublished in the Vvlks I'fcuHti 7\ series oi letters descriptive of the trip to California, and his observations while en route and on the Pacific coast. Dr. HkCiii. is a man of j^re.it men- tal activity, which, with the adniirable scientific train- inti he has had, enables him with case to keep a front position amonj; the scientists of our country. BRUNER, DANna. H^KLAND, M. D., of Co- lumbia, Pa,, was born la Caernarvon Township, Herks Co., Fa., June 22, 1807. His parcnta^^e was of Ger- man and French origin. His education was received at the Academy at West Chester, Chester Co., Pa. His pr.ceptor in medicine was Dr. Isaac liruner, of Leacock Township, Lancaster Co., Pa., with whom he studied two vears — 1827 to 1829 — and then as private stud; T W'' 1 !)r. Thomas Harris. He graduated in mc»'' .. • ; al (he University of Pennsylvania, in 1830, hi*.' Liit'sis being on asthma. He settled in May of the sa.'i»(: year at Morgantown, Berks Co., Pa. In 1850 he removed to Columbia, Pa., where he now resides, and is still engaged in practice. He is the Examining Surgeon for the United States Pension Office, at Columbia. He is now a widower, and has four living children : Ellen \V., Edward D., Anna F., and William S. The last-named, is a practicing physician at Dun- w r ^cicty ofCin- titiitions, and f (-"incinnati ; I'ciation, tlic Francisco, in of the Cili- lisiicd in the 'c of the trip route and on f fircat mcn- icntific train- k'ocp a front try. [. D., of Co- nship, Hcrks was of Gcr- was received ter Co., Pa. c Bruner, of tlj whom lie in as private graduated in nia, in 1830, I May of the 'a. In 1850 now resides, Examining 1 Office, at 5 four living ind William :ian at Dun- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) //^.*^!^ 1.0 I.I ■50 *^^ MMH 1^ 1^ 12.2 1.8 L25 iu 11,6 i V ^j" > Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 ^. ^"^ '^ l^iiij^^. .,„.. .,-..^,v.i^^. ,y^y;^.,^,^y^^3g;jt^g^ ^^.,,. ,I ^S,l^,^ ■■■Mr L^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/iCIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques & ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 8/ cansville, Blair Co., Pa. Dr. Bruner believes himself to be the first American physician who successfully used large doses of digitalis in the treatment of delirium tremens. He attended the meeting of the American Medical Association at San Francisco in 1871 as a Delegate from the I^incaster County Med- ical Society. He is a member of the State Medical Society of Pennsylvania, of the American Medical As- sociation, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. He expressed much satisfac- tion with his trip across the continent, and gratifica- tion with the hospitalityand courtesy shown by the profession and citizens of California to their visitors. BUCKINGHAM, RICHARD GREEN, M. D.. of Denver, Col., was born at Troy, Rensselaer Co., N Y., September 14, 1816. His maternal grandfather was Captain Florence Crowley, of the Revolutionary Army. His great uncle (mother's side) was Philip Milldoler, President of Rutgers College, New Bruns- wick, N. J. His father and mother were upright citi- zens and exemplary Christians, and lived to the ripe age of eighty-three and eighty five respectively. The Doctor received his education at the Troy High School and the Rensselaer Institute, now the Poly- technic School. His medical studies were begun under Dr. Thomas W. Blatchford, of Troy. He attended his first course of lectures at Pittsfield, Mass., in 1834, second at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and graduated after another or third course at Pitts- field, in the fall of 1836. He spent the following winter in the old Broadway Hospital, New York. l88 UIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Commenced practice in July, 1838, at Montevallo, Shelby Co., Ala. In 1841 he removed to St. Louis, Mo., and had charge of the Marine Hospital, the Sisters of Charity having the domestic management of the institution. Removed to Lexington, Lafayette Co., Mo., in 1842, where he engaged in practice till 1 863, when he removed to his present residence in Denver, Col. He was one of the originators of the Denver (County) Medical Association, and represented it in the meeting of the American Medical Association at San Francisco, Cal.. in 1871. The Doctor had spent so much of his life in the West, and so many years in sight of the snow-capped peaks of the Rocky Moun- tains, that the impression en route to California was to him less novel than to most of the other physicians. His familiarity with the native Indians and great moun- tains and canons made him quite entertaining to his fellow-passengers. He has been too much engaged in the bustle of life for the past few years to commit his observations to writing. In his earlier profes- sional life he contributed frequently to the current medical literature of the day. He was President of the Denver Medical Association, and also of the Col- orado Medical Society. He was an influential mem- ber of the Colorado Territorial Senate in 1874. Is now, and has been for several years, an active member of the medical fraternity, having filled most of the offices within the gift of the profession, and assisted in the organization of the first medical society formed in Colorado. He has been President to the Board of Trustees of the Institute for the Education of Mutes of the Territory of Colorado, for the past three years, ■ i-Tn » i ««i H ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 189 Montevallo, :. Louis, Mo., , the Sisters ment of the afayette Co., ce till 1863, e in Denver, the Denver nted it in the iation at San had spent so lany years in ocky Moun- fornia was to :r physicians. 1 great nioun- lining to his uch engaged rs to commit irlier profes- the current President of 3 of the Col- uential mem- in 1874. Is ctive member most of the , and assisted ociety formed the Board of ion of Mutes 5t three years, and took an active part in its organization and man- agement, and has been re-appointed by the Governor of Coloiado a Trustee under its new organization as an institution of the State, and is still acting as Presi- dent of the new board. He is at the present time Mayor of the city of Denver, elected April, 1876, for a term of two years. In November, 1839, he was united in marriage to Caroline M. De Forest. They have three children, daughters, all married, and nine- teen grandchildren. CASTLEHUN, F. C, M. D., St. Louis, Mo. CATLIN, BENJAMIN HOPKINS, M, D., of West Meridan, Conn., was born in Harwinton, Litch- field Co., Conn., August loth, 1801. His first Ameri- can ancestor was Thomas Catlin, who settled at Hart- ford, early in the seventeenth century. His ancestry in New England have given a long line of respectable practitioners in medicine and surgery. The subject of this notice in youth assisted his father on the farm, and attended the public schools of his native place, and then for four winters at the Harwinton Academy, and part of a year in the special studies of the classics, under Rev. Luther Hart, in Plymouth, Conn. His medical studies were commenced under Dr. Roswell Abernethy, in his native town, and were continued un- der Dr. Lyman Catlin, of Plymouth, and subsequently with Dr. E. C. Peat, of New Marlborough, Mass. In the early years of his studies he was obliged to inter- rupt them in winter to teach school in order to obtain funds to assist him in completing his medical studies. He attended lectures at Yale College in the winter of . i -jniiwy,!!.., 190 DIOGUAPinCAl. SKETCHES. 1824, and graduated in the spring of 1825. Com- menced practice at Hadden, July 13, 1825, and occu- pied the place made vacant by the death of Dr. Andrew Warner, where he soon acquired a fair practice. On the death of Dr. W. Woodruf, of Meriden, in 1842, he was invited to move thither, which he did, at a time when the place had but 2,ooo inhabitants, but is now a city of 16,000. He has resided there ever since and has had, to the fullest extent, the confidence of the community, and enjoyed a very large practice. In the last few years, however, he has confined his labors to consultation, office, and village practice. Dr. Catlin married Amelia Deborah Spencer. They have but one son now living, William II. His oldest son, Benjamin Spencer, studied medicine, and served with distinction as a Surgeon during the war, and settled to practice at Troy, New York. He died in Februar>', 1871, at his brother's in Missouri, where he had gone for his health. The Doctor was accompanied by his wife on his trip to the meeting of the American Medi- cal Association in California. They extended their visit to the Yosemite Valley, Big Trees, and other places of interest, and greatly enjoyed the grand scenery and wonders of the Pacific Coast. Doctor Catlin is a member of the New Haven District Medi- cal Society, the American Medical Association, and the Connecticut State Medical Society. He was President of the latter in 1856-57, and made an ad- mirable address. In 1865 he made a report to the American Medical Association on Typhus Synochia, or spotted fever, which is printed in the Transactions for that year. He was President of the Connecticut ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. I9I 525. Com- ;, and occii- Dr. Andrew actice. On in 1842, he I, at a time but is now .■r since and ence of the :ice. In the lis labors to Dr. Catlin :y have but oldest son, served with lid settled to 1 Februarj', lie had gone mied by his ^rican Medi- tended their s, and other the grand ist. Doctor istrict Medi- jciation, and r. He was made an ad- sport to the us Synochia, Transactions Connecticut 1!" State Medical Society for two years, from May, 1856, to May, 1858; Vice-President of the American Medi- cal Association, in 1873; and President of the Rocky Mountain Medical Association in 1874, when he read an interesting address. He received the honorary de- gree of M. D. from Yale College in 1840, and is an honorary member of the California State Medical Society, and of the New York State Medical Society. COLLINS, GP:0RGE LEWIS, M. D., of Provi- dence, R. L, was born at Hopkinton, Washington Co., R. L, December 31, 1820; died of paralysis, at .same place, August 21, 1877. His father was a Friend, a farmer, descended from an ancient family which emigrated from Stepney, in iMigland, in 1635. The estate on which he was born has been owned by the family since 1715. The subject of this .sketch at- tended district and .select schools during his youth, and then entered the Friends' New England Yearly Meeting School, where he continued from 1838 to 1842. In June, 1843. he became a student of medi- cine in the office of Dr. Henry W. Rivers, of Provi- dence. He attended two full courses of lectures at the University of New York, where he graduatetl in 1846, and in April of the same year opened an office in Providence. Here he continued to reside, and by his superior ability and devotion to his profession ac- quired and enjoyed a large and responsible practice. The Doctor was a clo.se and, in a degree, an original observer, and contributed many articles of value to the Boston Medical Journal, and also to the Transactions of the State Medical Society. In earlier years surgery m 192 niOORAPHICAL SKETCHES. was his favorite branch, but hitcr on lie was chiefly engaged in general practice. Throughout his life his profession was held as claiming his first and constant attention, and although he held many places of trust and honor, they all had relation to or were associated with education, the care of the sick, or public health measures. He was City Physician, and attended the city hospital and Dexter Asylum from 1847 to 1866; Physician to the Providence Reform School from 1850 to 1870; Attending Physician to the Rhode Island Hospital from 1868 to 1 872, and after that Consulting Physician. To this institution he gave a part of his library. He was also Consulting Physician to the Butler Asylum. He was President of the Providence Medical Association from 1870 to 1872, and President of the Rhode Island Medical Society for several years, and held the same office for many years in the Provi- dence P>anklin Society; a Trustee of Brown Univer- sity; member of the Rhode Island Historical Society, the Providence Medical Association, member and one of the Vice-Presidents of the International Medical Congress in 1876. He also served as a delegate to the International Medical Congress which assembled in Paris in 1867. Of late years he felt the necessity of occasional relaxation from business, and had traveled extensively throughout our own country, visiting the South several times. He made three several visits to Europe, in 1867, in 1873, and in 1877. From this last trip he had but recently returned, and in what his friends hoped vigorous health. He was a careful and extensive reader and a most industrious practi- tioner, keeping him.self well posted with all improve- IvjeMMMaMSlSJtiaMM ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 193 was chiefly t his life his ind constant ices of trust e associated lublic health ittended the 147 to 1 866 ; olfrom 1850 hode Island t Consulting I part of his cian to the i Providence nd President leveral years, in the Provi- 3wn Univer- rical Society, iber and one )nal Medical a delegate to :h assembled ; necessity of had traveled , visiting the ^eral visits to From this and in what was a careful trious practi- all improve- H tli WMwhaiArMdn i iiuM i ments and advances in diagnosis and practice, and was a frequent attendant and participant in the discussions of the American Medical Association, of which he was a valued member since 1849. lie loved his profes- sion and did all he could to elevate and advance its interests. He enjoyed his trip to the Pacific in 1 87 1, as a delegate to the meeting of this society, and after adjournment made a trip to the Yosemite Valley and other places of interest in California, and stopped a day en route at Salt Lake City. The Doctor was united in marriage, October 27, 1 848, to Laura South- wick Capron, of Worcester, Mass. Three of their children are living — one son and two daughters. The former has commenced the study of medicine, and promises to be a worthy successor to his father's genius and reputation. The sudden death of Dr. Col- lins from cerebral hemorrhage was an unexpected shock to his many friends and patients, among whom he had been mingling in friendly and professional in- tercourse but thirty-six hours before they were called " upon to mourn his demise. He had lived a most use- ful and exemplary Christian life, and was favorably known by almost every resident of Providence and the State, and widely known to the profession throughout the United States He remained attached to the So- ciety of Friends .j the last. His remains are depos- ited in Swan Point v.;emetery. COTTON, DAVID BARNES, M. D., of Ports- mouth, O., was born at Marietta, Washington Co., O., April 5th, 1 834. He was one of three brothers, physi- cians, sons of Dr. John Cotton, who graduated from h 194 niOCiRAPMICAI. SKETCHES. P , Harvard College in 1814, and in 1815 removed to Marietta, where he practiced his profession until his death in 1H47. lie was a lineal descendant on the male side of the ^^reat and justly celebrated preacher, Cotton Mather, who came to Massachusetts as early as 1633. The subject of this sketch has two brothers who studied medicine, also two sisters who married physi- cians. He was educated at the Marietta College, where he graduated in 1853, during the time of Prof Henry Smith and Prof John Kendrich ; IC. VV. and K. H. An- drc\v s were teachers. His medical studies were begun under his brother, Dr. J. D. Cotton, of Marietta, and Drs. Mothershead and Hallard, of Indianapolis, Ind. He afterward attended a course of lectures at the Starling Medical College, 1854-55, and then a course at the Jefferson College, 1855-56, where he graduated M. D. In May, of this year, he commenced practice at Lyons, Clinton Co., Iowa, where he remained one year, and then, May i ith, 1857, settled at Portsmouth, where he has ever since resided. He is a member of the Sciota County Medical Society, from which he was a delegate to the meeting of the American Medical Association in 1871 (with which body he has been connected since 1859); of the Ohio State Medical Society, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. Zf« rot/W he visited Salt Lake City, and while on the Pacific coast made excursions to all the places of interest in California. He was united in marriage to Mary C. Slocombe, of Marietta, Ohio, November 21st, 1 861, and has four children, all girls^ Grace Gaylord, Mary Hannah, Kate Ballard, and Ethel Hamilton. removed to ion imtil his ul.int on the ted preacher, tts as early as brothers who irricd pliysi- ge, where he Prof. Henry lul !<:. H. An- s were beyiin Marietta, and mapohs, Ind. til res at the hen a course lie graduated iced practice sniained one Portsmouth, s a member )m which he lean Medical he has been :ate Medical le California :d Salt Lake excursions to e was united irietta, Ohio, jn, all girls — Ballard, and ROCKY MOUNTAIK MFDICAT, ASSOCIATION. IQS CRANK. JOH SYMMi:S, M. D.. of Klizabeth, N. J., vva.s born in Klizabeth, Union County, N. J,, April vl. 1825. He obtained his early education at the High School in his native place, and at the age of fifteen entered Princeton College, where he graduated in 1843. His office studies in medicine were begun under the direction of Dr. George R. Chetewood, in l':iizabeth. After attending the usual course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1849. Immediately after, he opened an office in IClizabeth. where he has continued to reside. He soon acquired a good practice, which he .still en- joys. Dr. Crane attended the meeting of the Ameri- can Medical Association in California, in 1871. as a delegate from the New Jersey State Medical Society. He is also a member of the District Medical Society, and an honorary member of the California State Medi- cal Society. The trip to California was to him a source of much pleasure, and a needed relief to a fliliguing practice, which he .scarcely ever intermits. He is united in marriage to Helen Watkins. They have four children. Agnes O., P'annie W., Dewitt, and Helen B. CRIST, DAVID LKVI,M.D.,ofBloomington, Ills., was born at Thornville, Perry Co., O., May, nth, 1817, and died at his residence at Bloomington, March 18th, 1875. Having received a good PInglish education, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Robert Turner, of Thornville, Ohio, in 1 839. After attending one course of lectures he entered upon the practice Itiirl" li'l'W warn ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 201 • devoted. He I organizations oceedings. As uable paper on : Medical Asso- as published in so in pamphlet aper before the 1 "Why do we 3 of Medical ilet.) The fol- nia State Med- ia potatorum." 1873 he read :led " How we nd also pam- le Sacramento 3apcr on "The " {See Pacific Iso pamphlet.) hthalmological Central New edical Society; he Sacramento I the American sburg, Pa., was o., Pa., Septem- blic schools of t Rev. Samuel ''. From there he went to Yale College, where he graduated in 1841. In September of the same year he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. William Harris, of Phila- delphia, and graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania in 1844. He wrote his thesis on "Scrofulous Ophthalmia," and was from July, 1843, to June 3, 1844, ^ student in Will's Hospital. At this date he entered as an Assistant Physician the Department for the Insane in Pennsylvania Hospital, where he remained until October i, 1849, when he resigned, spending his time in general practice and attending the hospitals until February 6, 1 851, when he was elected Superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital at Harrisburg. Here he has built up, and still con- ducts, a large State hospital for the treatment of the insane. In 1850 he published a small work entitled " Manual for attendants of hospitals for the Insane." Besides the annual reports of his institution, he has contributed valuable papers on the treatment of the insane, to the American Medical Association, to the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, and to the Society of the Superintendents of Hospitals for the Insane. He also wrote papers advocating the estab- lishment of a hospital by the State at Danville and Warren, for the insane of Pennsylvania, with other memorials, to advance the cause of the proper care of the insane. He was President of the State Medical Society of Pennsylvania in 1 868, on which occasion he read an admirable address, mainly devoted to his specialty. In 1871 the Doctor visited California to attend the meeting of the American Medical Associa- tion, as a Delegate from the Dauphin County Medical \\:\ If 202 niOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Society. He visited the hospitals for the insane and other pubHc charities of Cahfornia, and expresses him- self highly gratified with their condition. Taking a few weeks' recreation, he also visited Sonora, Napa and Yosemite Valleys ; also Stockton, and the Calaveras big trees. He left with the impression that a visit to the Pacific coast well repays for the labor, and that California is a delightful place of residence. Dr. Curwen is a member of the Dauphin County Medical Society, Pennsylvania State Medical Society, American Medical Association, and of the Association of Medical Superintendents of Institutions for the Insane, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. In 1862 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Jefferson College. He is also a corresponding and honorary member of a number of learned societies. . Dr. C. has given his whole professional life to the specialty of caring for the insane, and has long occupied a de.servedly eminent position in the profession. In 1873 he lost by death his wife. He has one child, a daughter, living. CUTTER, EPHRAIM, M. D., of Cambridge, Mass., was born at Woburn, Middlesex Co., Mass., September 1st, 1832. He is the son of the late Dr. Benjamin Cutter, who honored his profession in Woburn for nearly, forty years. His mother was a woman of energy, cul- ture and intelligence. His maternal grandfather was Amos Whittemore, the celebrated inventor of the card machine of the last century. Dr. Cutter was educated at the Warren Academy in his native town, and gradu- ated at Yale College, A. B. in 1852, and A. M. in ^tv w .y iPiwty vi r' y r -f ' !i» *■ - 1 1' lm i inH M e insane and cprcsses him- 1. Taking a ionora, Napa in, and the ipression that for the labor, of residence, phin County dical Society, e Association :ions for the the California jrce of LL. D. College. He member of a las given hi.s caring for the /edly eminent lost by death bridge, Mass., ss., September njamin Cutter, rn for nearly, jf energy, cul- andfather was tor of the card r was educated vn, and gradu- and A. M. in ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 203 1855. His medical degrees were received at Harvard College in 1856 and at the University of Pennsylvania in 1857. He commenced practice in 1856, in Woburn, where he labored for nineteen years with success and reputation. In 1865, he opened an office in Boston for the special treatment of diseases of the throat and lungs. This he still attends a portion of the week. In 1875 he removed to Cambridge. In his new loca- tion he has confined his practice to his specialties. For years he has been making a careful study of con- sumption, as well as the causes and nature of chronic diseases. In the course of his investigations he has been able to make micro-photographs of the dis- eased appearances of the blood in phthisis and syph- ilis, which have been pronounced by good judges to be admirable. He and his associate were among the first to use objectives as high as the 1-50 inch and 1-75 inch in micro-photography. He has made modifica- tions of the methods so that they have become quite simple and practicable to other workers. The Doctor is an ardent lover of his profession, and a prolific writer, having contributed over eighty papers and arti- cles to medical literature. He was a member of the committee for a revision of the United States Pharma- copoeia in the convention of i860. In 1862 he visited Europe and was influential in introducing the veratrum viride as an arterial sedative. In this visit he came in contact with most of the leading medical men in Great Britain and Austria. In 1861 he was appointed a member of the Citizens' Committee of One Hundred Massachusetts Soldiers' fund, embracing the most emi- nent civilians in the state. Dr. C. is united in marriage mi..." i-l i ^aJ»«; A ',^ . 1h■Viift^fflfcji 206 lUOfiKAPllICAI. SKETCHES. Hudson, in New York, and lived to be over ninety years of age. His mother died at the age of forty-five, when the Doctor was but seven years old. His edu- cation was acquired in the common district school, which was taught only during the winter; the re- mainder of the year, until the age of sixteen, he spent in working on the farm with his father and brothers. He was from childhood of spare habit, and of a very active nervous temperament. An outdoor life doubt- less assisted much in the development of a healthy physical organization, which under less favorable cir- cumstances might have succumbed or entailed a feeble constitution. Habits of industry, too, were thus ac- quired and .self-reliance inculcated. An inherent love of study, with great facility in ac- quiring knowledge, had already placed him in advance of the subjects taught in the common schools. His father discerning the strong bent of his mind, though with but scant means, did what he could to procure for him a better education than the district school af- forded. With this view, in his sixteenth year, he was sent to Cazenovia Seminary, in Madison County, where he studied chemistry, natural philosophy, his- tory, algebra, Latin, etc. Although he did not remain long at the seminary, he nevertheless was confirmed in his taste for higher studies and a determination to acquire a profession. Nature had endowed him with strong perceptive faculties, which, with his industry, were then laying the foundation in the acquisition of knowledge and correct habits, which has led on to his eminent success in life. In April, 1834, he commenced the study of medi- L ii n i iniiiu i ii i . i L i . ii n.j i j- .— umHWiMW I wmm AvAfe ovcr ninety of forty-five, J. His cdu- itrict school, Iter; the re- cen, he spent mcl brothers, md of a very or life doubt- of a healthy favorable cir- taileda feeble i^ere thus ac- facility in ac- m in advance ichools. His mind, though Id to procure ct school af- ycar, he was ison County, ilosophy, his- id not remain 'as confirmed ermination to tved him with his industry, acquisition of led on to his udy of medi- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MKOICAL ASSOCIATION. 207 cine in the office of Dr. Daniel Clark, of Sniithville Flats, Chenantjo Co., N. Y. lie boarded with his preceptor, in consideration of which he rendered some service. In October of this year he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the West<-rn District of New York, located at Fairfield. This institution at this time had a most excellent faculty. At the end of the first lecture term he en- tereil the office of Dr. Thomas Jackson, then the leading physician of Ringhamton. His pupilage was continued under this last-named physician until he graduated, at the close of his third course of lectures, from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Fair- field, in January, 1837, and before he was twenty-one years of age. His thesis was on "Animal Tempera- ture," in which he combated the then faulty doclrine that the heat of the body was produced by the union of oxygen and carbon in the lungs. Its merits in- duced the faculty to select it to be read before the Trustees on Commencement Day, as a part of the public exercises. About this time. Dr. Daniel Chatfield, of Vienna, Oneida County, in consequence of failing health, ap- plied to the faculty for the assistance of a young phy- sician. Dr. Davis being recommended, accepted, and accordingly commenced practice at this place in P^b- ruary, 1837. It did not, however, present sufficient attractions to a man of his ability and aspirations, although his time was fully occupied, owing in part perhaps to the protracted ill-health and absence of Dr. Chatfield. At the expiration of four months Dr. Davis removed to Binghamton, Broome County, and I, ' IT' ftt^gmttaamtrnmOm li H i! i d rfi ii i i 20S niOORAIMIlCAr. SKETCHES. opened an office. Hero he speedily won the esteem of tlic inhabitants and acquired a {jood and an increas- ing practice. On the 5tli of March, 1838, Dr. Davis was united in marria},'e to Anna Maria, daiij,'hter of Hon. John Parker, of Vienna. They have three children, all liv- injj, two sons and a dauj^hter. I lis oldest son, Frank M., is a physician in good practice in Chicago. The studious habits and almost unwearying powers of application developed in youth in our subject have not forsaken him since he has became engrossed in a laborious practice ; on the contrary, he seems to have been constantly widening and extending his scientific inquiries and studies. Among the themes that early engaged his special attention were practical chemistry and medical botany. Hi« mind has been occasionally directed to many other branches of the natural sciences. During the early years of his practice, to perfect himself in anatomy and to instruct his students, he dissected each winter, in an upper room attached to his office, one or two cadavers, which he had generally to procure himself. At this period he occasionally and by .special request gave lectures in the Binghamton Academy, and in the larger district schools of that section of the state, on physiology and botany. He has been from the commencement of his professional career a most diligent student, taking not only an active but a leading part in all measures that had for their object the increase of medical knowl- edge and the improvement of the general sanatory condition of the community in which he resided. He was an active member of the Lyceum Debating ROCKY MOUNTAIN ^fEnICAL ASSOCIATION. SOQ I the esteem 1 an increas- was united f lion. J«)lui Jren, all liv- t son, Frank cago. ying powers subject have [grossed in a ;cms to have his scientific :s that early al chemistry occasionally the natural > practice, to instruct his upper room rs, which he is period he 'c lectures in irgcr district ysiology and encement of jdent, taking all measures ;dical knowl- ral sanatory •esidcd. im Debating Society of Hinghamton. IVactice of this kind doubt- less enabled him early to overcome any n.itural diffi- dence of manners, so that his contemporaries only know iiim as a ready and forcible speaker. 1 le wrote for the medical journals almost from the time he en- tered the profession, and some of his first contribu- tions have been widely copied. This was notably true of his article on the" Physiology of the lirain." which appeared in the first volume (1S44) of the American Journal of Insanity, p. 235, and was exten- sively commented on by the luiropean journals. Im- mediately after going to Jiinghamton he joined the County Medical Society, and in 1838, was one of the Broome County Medical Society Censors. In 1840 he won the prize offered by the New York State Medical Society, in 1 838, "for the best essay on di.seases of the spinal column, their causes, diagnosis, history, and mode of treatment." {Trans. N. V. State Mai. Soc, 1840, p. 262.) In 1841 he contributed an article to the American Journal of Medical Sciences (new series, vol. 2, 1 841, p. 371) describing a case of double hare-lip, both fissures extending through the roof of the mouth and palate. In 1842 he con- tributed a paper to the New York State Medical Soci- ety ( Trans., p. 44), entitled " A Brief Review of Dr. Marshall Hall's Views on the Excito-Motary system of Nerves," for which he received the unanimous thanks of the Society. {Trans., p. 79.) The .same year he contributed a very suggestive paper on the epidemic influenza, as it prevailed at Binghamton in the spring, of 1843. (.V. Y. Jour. Med. and Coll. Sd., vol. I., 1843, p. 362. In 1843 he communicated 210 niOfiKAIMIICAI. SKETCHES. an intcrostintj paper entitled, " Medical and Topo- grapiiical sketches of Hin^jlianiton ami the surround- in^j country." {Trans. N. Y. Stn/c Med. Soc, 1H43, In the same year he was appointed l)ele{;ate to the New York State Medical Society from Uroomc County. He was Secretary of the County Medical Society in 1.S41, 184J, and 184^, and also Librarian the last year, retaining; this office until he lelt the county. In 1844 he communicated to the New York State Medical Society, " The Medico-Legal Testimony in the trial of Mrs. Turpennin^ for the Murder of her Husband, with Observations on the same." [Trans. N. y. State Med. Soc, 1 844, /. 50.) I le served on sev- eral leadinjj committei s at this meetinc New York al Testimony [urder of her lie." {'/hnis. crved on sev- f the Society, :, relating to 1 tlie existing 1 the state ?" :>ii/i.v, p. 12.) rnian of the to Medical n able report :ion. C Trans. P. 119.) He and to medi- dgnient as to ness of teach- ion. {Trans, p. 1 19.) He in the case of idictment for at Bingham- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MF.niCAI. ASSOCIATION. 211 ton in 1844 (^V. Y. Jour. Mci. and Coll. Sci., vol. 3., 1844. />. 343.) In 1845. at the mcxting of the New York State Medical Society, Dr. Davis offered the following resolutioti, which eventuated in holding,' the first National Convention of Delegates from Medical Societies anc: Colleges of the United States : WlliKKAS, It islichtvfil llirtt a Nalioiul Convcnlion wimlil l>e con- ducive Id llie clcvflliun of the -iLiiulnrd of medical education 111 the Unite/>cni» t it'^' '■ jservations on IS. N. Y. State usage, he be- lember of the ns. State Med. vas elected an nd his interest his numerous journals and State Medical isures that led dical Associa- inner in which il issue, justly ting gratitude states. Since le association n inclined to gs to its con- g are some of ' conceded to IV of the Na- ng an article editor of the he Collateral ng language : allowing very >riginated the by the State e New York r H. Stevens, ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 21 3 M. D., on page 39 of the Transactions, uses these words : " For having at the instance of Dr. Davis taken the lead in forming the National Medical Association." It is true, however, that the desirableness of some such organization had occurred to others, and had been agitated in medical faculties and^societies, but no one had given the project a practical direction. The Convention which had met in Washington, D. C, and formed the United States Pharmacopceia in 1820, and arranged to hold meetings for its revision every ten years, proved to be a great success, and its action no doubt suggested to the profession the feasibility of holding conventions for other desirable purposes. The Medical Society of Vermont as early as 1827 invited, by resolution, medical societies and institu- tions in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New York, to meet in convention at Northampton, Mass. A meeting was accordingly held, and the proceedings have been published in pamphlet form. This convention was comparatively local as to its call and limited to a few purposes of common interest. The Medical College of Georgia in 1835 advocated the calling of a conven- tion of all the colleges, so as to advance medical edu- cation. The New Hampshire Medical Society in June, 1838, passed a resolution that an annual National Convention of the medical schools and societies be held, commencing in the year 1840. {Amer. your. Med. Set., Nov., 1838.) The Medical Convention of Ohio in the spring of 1838 passed a similar resolution, recommending the holding of a convention of the medical schools and societies. {Amer. Jour. Med. Set., Aug., 1838.) aWiHW I IiMill 214 niOGRAPHICAL .SKETCHES, Although much discussion on the subject had taken place, the earliest distinct suggestion that a permanent National Medical Society, to meet annually, should be formed, and that it should embrace the whole United States, I find in a letter written by Dr. Davis at Binghamton, bearing date September 22, 1845, which is published in the November number of the Nat.' York Journal of Medicine and Coll. Set., p. 416. Dr. Davis, in his History of the American Medical Association, p. 26, concedes the first direct suggestion of forming a permanent National Medical Society as coming from Dr. Ticknor, whose letter is dated Octo- ber 3, of the same year. But Dr. Davis's letter, as well as Dr. Ticknor's, are given in the same number from which the extracts referring to the project are taken. Dr. D.'s bears date September 22, 1845, which leaves the priority with him, and exemplifies the modesty of the man in not claiming the honor for himself These facts are so well known to the pro- fession of the whole country, and particularly to the older members, who constantly alluded to him as the Father of the American Medical Association, that they require no farther elucidation. It is a matter of his- tory as well as of public notoriety that the convention met in the city of New York, on the sixth of May, 1846, and was well attended. It organized promptly, and continued its sessions for two days, deliberating on all such measures as were brought before it, re- ferring important questions to committees, to report at a future meeting, which was arranged for and was held in the city of Philadelphia, May 6th, 1847. At this, the second meeting, the association completed ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 215 subject liad istion that a leet annually, embrace the ritten by Dr. epteniber 22, er number of U. 5f/.,p. 416. ican Medical ct suggestion al Society as 3 dated Octo- ■is's letter, as same number e project are er 22, 1845, cemplifies the he honor for n to the pro- :ularly to the to him as the ion, that they natter of his- le convention ixth of May, ed promptly, , deliberating before it, re- s, to report at for and was h, 1847. At n completed its plan for a permanent organization; adopted a code of ethics, and was regularly launched upon its grand career of usefulness to the profession of the United States. The age of the American Medical Associa- tion ought to be reckoned from its first meeting in 1846, when it resolved to organize a National Medical Association, and not from 1848, as is commonly done. At the last meeting in Detroit a medal was ordered to be struck bearing the likeness of Dr. Davis on one side, and the words "American Medical Associa- tion, 1846" on the obverse, which has been admirably executed at the United States Mint, and is now to be had by the profession. During the thirty-one years this society has existed, it has held twenty-nine meet- ings. The Doctor has been present at all of them save three. During the reading of reports and the business of the general session he is always an attentive observer. From the first meeting he has been almost always upon one or more of the import- ant committees, and has made more reports than any other member. His official duties have not kept him from presenting valuable papers on a variety of sub- jects of professional interest. His contributions to this Association are so numerous that I will not attempt to give even the titles. The deep and intelligent interest he has always taken in its success and in the elevation of the profession has been apparent to all its members, as well as to the professors in our medical colleges and to every reader of American medical literature. No member has ever had so clear a percep- tion of the proper scope and real province of the Asso- ciation as Dr. Davis. As a consequence, whenever per- 2l6 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. plexing questions have come up in the meetings, none was so able to make plain the duty of the hour, and to suggest the best modes of disposing of them. He has been honored by election to almost every position within its gift, and twice chosen its President. He is an exceedingly good debater, a close and logical reasoner, always self-possessed, animated in voice and magnetic in manner, with a degree of familiarity and accurate knowledge of the medical institutions of our country, and the views of the leading medical men, that is not equaled, certainly not excelled, by any other physician who has attended the meetings. This gives hin' at once a decided advantage in directing debates on all questions affecting the purposes or powers of the Association. From the first meeting he has kept .steadily in view the elevation of the standard of medical education, and has finally convinced the profession of our country, and the faculties of most of the colleges, that their lecture term ought to be increased and the classes graded.* In 1859 he was instrumental in organizing a college on the principle of graded classes, with a six months' lecture term and a three years' course prior to gradu- ation. He assisted the institution largely with his pri- vate means, and secured for it a good medical library. This .same principle has since been adopted by Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, and several other colleges, and its adoption is but a question of time with all our first-class medical schools. While the principle has not yet been fully approved by all the colleges, the influence of the American Medical Asso- ciation, by its persistent discussion of the subject of ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. !I7 meetings, none the hour, and ; of them. He t every position esident. He is ie and logical ed in voice and familiarity and titiitions of our f medical men, celled, by any leetings. This ige in directing e purposes or first meeting he of the standard convinced the :ulties of most Ti ought to be lizing a college i a six months' prior to gradu- rly with his pri- nedical library, ted by Harvard nia, and several it a question of :hools. While oved by all the Medical Asso- the subject of medical education and unceasing demand for higher professional qualifications, have done more for reform than all other institutions and means combined. In 1847, Dr. Davis removed to the city of New York, where he enjoyed a good practice, and the fol- lowing winter, at the solicitation of the Demonstrator of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, he took chargeof the dissecting-rooms and gave instruction in practical anatomy; and at the suggestion of the faculty, gave a spring course of lectures on Medical Jurisprudence. Besides the contributions already referred to, the following deserve special mention: A Few Observa- tions on some of the most common Diseases of the Digestive Organs. {Trans. N. V. State Med. Soc, 1847, p. 13.); An Es.say on the Philosophy of Medicine and the Spirit in which it should be studied and practiced {N. Y. Jour. Med. and Coll. Sci., vol. 9, 1847,/. 176; continued, p. 332, and in vol. 10, p. 196;; Medical VA- ucation and Reform {N. Y. your. Med. and Coll. Set., vol 8, 1847, /. 117); An essay on the Nature and Cur- ability of Heterologous Tumors {N'. Y.Jour. Med. and Coll. Sci., vol. 10, 1848, /. 332); Medical Reform (an article in the April No. 1848, p. 254, of the Annalist, for reform in medical education; Remedial value and Proper Use of Alcoholic Drinks (written from Bing- hamton, in 1848, to the Annalist, vol. 2, pp. 313-351); Are Alcoholic Drinks capable of affording Nourish- ment, etc., {Annalist, vol. 2, p. 388 ;) Does the Use of Alcoholic Drinks increase Man's Capability for resist- ing Cold ? {Annalist, vol. 2, /. 442 ;) Essay on Scarlet Fever {Annalist, vol. 2, pp. 11-26). 2l8 niOCiRAPHlCAL SKETCHES. In 1848 he took charge of the editing of the Annal- ist, then commencing its third volume, which he con- tinued to pubhsh until his removal to Chicago. In July, 1849, he was elected to the chair of I'liysiology and Pathology in Rush Medical College, and in Au- gust started to his new home in Chicago, and at once entered upon his duties. The following year he was transferred to the chair of Practice of Medicine, retaining Pathology. He has from time to time re- ceived numerous testimonials of the regard of his class by the presentation of different articles of value. When Dr. Davis went to Chicago there was no medical society in that city nor in the state. His ability in organizing contributed largely to the forma- tion of the Chicago Medical Society and the Illinois State Medical Society, both of which were instituted in 1850. He served the State Medical Society twelve years as Secretary, and in 1855 as President, and has contributed to its Transactions one or more valuable papers almost every year. To the medical society of the city he has contributed many papers, and printed some of them in his journals. He was ever vigilant of the prevailing condition of the public health. Since his advent in Chicago he has been an almost constant contributor to the medical journals, and for more than twenty years has been the editor of an enterprising medical periodical, which has been able and indepen- dent, as well as practical and useful to the profession. When Dr. Davis took up his residence there in 1849, Chicago was suffering from an epidemic of cholera. There was at that time no general hospital. However, temporary hospitals were improvised, the mmmmm "l«t ig of the Annal- :, which he con- to Chicago. In ir of I'hysiology ege, and in Au- igo, and at once lowing year he ce of Medicine, :imc to time re- egard of his class es of value. JO there was no the state. His ely to the forma - r and the Illinois I were instituted :al Society twelve resident, and has ar more valuable fiedical .society of pers, and printed was ever vigilant lie health. Since 1 almost constant md for more than )f an enterprising ibic and indepen- to the profession, isidence there in I an epidemic of > general hospital. : improvised, the ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL AS.'^OCIATION. 219 Doctor taking an active part in all the public measures for the care of the sick. lie has many claims to be considered as among the earliest physicians in the country who give intelligent thought to the .subject of preventive medicine. The evidences of this may be found in the many papers read before the Medical Association and other leading societies, of Chicago, as well as in the pages of the medical journal published by himself. With the view of showing the necessity and develop- ing a public .sentiment in favor of greater sanitary ob- .servances in the city to protect the public health, and also the founding and supporting of a general hospi- tal, Dr. Davis delivered a course of six lectures in the old State Street Market. In the.se he dwelt upon the deficient water supply, which was wholly from pumps and wells sunk but a few feet below the sur- face. There was at this time no underground sewerage. He pointed out the dangers attending this and suggested substantially the .system that has since been adopted. The funds raised by these lec- tures were used in furnishing a part of the old Lake House, which was for a time used as a hospital. In the spring of 1851 the domestic management of the institution was given to the Sisters of Mercy, and it has since become, in its new location and buildings, one of the most important hospitals of Chicago. The Doctor remains the senior attending physician, and the clinics of the Medical Department of the North Western University are now held in Mercy Hos- pital, which has an admirable amphitheater, and is located in the same square as the Medical College. I 220 lilOCkAl'iilCAt. SKETCHES. Dr. D.wis is an excellent diagnostician, systematic and thorou^'h, neglecting no function of the body or mental peculiarity, deeming no symptom as trivial that can possibly have a bearing upon a case. Nothing seems to escape him in his descriptions and histories before the class. His power of endurance is wonder- ful, frequently giving twelve lectures a week. He has through life been regular in all his habits and strictly punctual in his engagements with his professional brethren and with his patients. At the age of sixteen he connected himself with the Methodist Church, and has ever since retained a consistent membership. The great fire of 187 1 in a few hours consumed all his property — the savings of a life-time. A like calamity attended nearly a whole community, many of whom were his patients and friends. He has kept strictly to his practice, which is large and remunera- tive, so that he is gradually recovering his great losses. He now confines his business to ofifice and consulting practice. His residence is at Evanston, a few miles out of the city, to which he goes every even- ing, returning to his office early in the morning. I have been a guest in his house ^vhen he lived in Chicago and know something of the life that he leads, which is far more laborious than that of any physician with whom I am acquainted. Daily his office was filled with a string of patients from six o'clock in the morning until twelve ; he then visited his patients in private families, or repaired to the hospital, or to the College to lecture, being often occupied up to eleven or twelve at night. This, with his duties as editor of a medical journal from 1855 until within the *'K' himm ■ mjuMtii"" ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAI. ASSOCIATION. 221 cian, systematic of the body or •m as trivial that case. Nothing IS and histories ance is wonder- , week. He has ibits and strictly his professional le age of sixteen dist Church, and embership. irs consumed all :-tiine. A like immunity, many Is. He has kept i and remunera- vering his great ess to office and is at Evanston, a goes every even- morning. I have lived in Chicago t he leads, which ly physician with i office was filled c o'clock in the :ed his patients in e hospital, or to occupied up to ifith his duties as ;5 until within the last few years, and his extensive correspondence with physicians throughout the United States, must have taxed him to an extent that but few could have en- dured. The Doctor takes but little recreation, except that gained by his yearly attendance upon the meetings of the American Medical Association. In 1 87 1 I had the pleasure of visiting him at his home in Chicago, and then traveling in his company to California and back. After the meeting in San Francisco adjourned he visited some of the places of note near the Golden Gate, and stopped for a day at Salt Lake City. Ur. Davis holds membership in a great number of societies, medical and scientific, among them the Chenango County Medical Society, N. Y. ; the New York State Medical Society; the Chicago Medical Society ; was president of the latter several times, also its secretary ; the Illinois State Medical Society ; its President in 1855 and its Secretary for twelve years, holding that post at the present time ; the American Medical Association from its organization ; its Vice- President in 1854, and its President from 1864 to 1866; one of the original members, and President of the Society of American Medical Editors in 1869; member of the Centennial International Medical Con- gress of 1876, and one of the Vice-Presidents; the American Public Health Association. He is also a member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences ; the Illinois State Microscopic Society, and a life member of the Chicago AthenjEum ; a corresponding member of the New York Academy of Medicine ; an honorary member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of 222 llKKiKAI'IllCAL SKETCHES. Philadelphia, and of the California State Medical Society; Dean of the Faculty of the Nortli Western University; Medical Collefje of Chicago, and an orig- inal member of the Hoard of Trustees ; President of ♦he Washington Home, of Chicago, of the Asylum for Reformed Inebriates since 1870, and of the Kvanston Philosophical Society. The Doctor has delivered many public addresses, most of which have been printed in one form or other. But the following are among his more im- portant publications : " An Anr lysis of the Discoveries Concerning the Physiology of the Nervous Sj-stcui, from the pui)lications of Sir Charles Bell to the present t'lne" ^l840). To this essay was a\varU.J,. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MKOICAI. ASSOCIATION, 325 , of Now Vurk, Klob's I'iitho- Or^jaiis." In uricaii edition ; tlaii lie has lical journals, us subjects, as vitli Quinine," lie Hi-cliloricle :ial Points in ition between Disorders of r he is well- Modifications the Galvanic- ;s bearing his lointed in the of New York L's of children, ician for Dis- )ensary, to the isary for Sick ^sician to the an to the Out- tate Woman's w York State trical Society, ine, and also ces, the New lean Medical y of Boston, State Medical Society. The Doctor has traveled extensively in this country, luirope, and South America, and is at pres- ent ent;at,'ed in writin;^ an account of his journey across the equatorial re^^ions of the latter country. DK HRULKR. JAMICS I'.. M. D., of Kvansvillo, Ind., was born in Oraii^jc Co., N. C, September Jl, 1817 ; died at Iwansville, Ind., Au^just 12, 1S74. His parents removeil to Indiana wlicn he was an infant and settled on White Run. in Pike County. His educa- tion was received at the district .schools and at the academy. He be^;an the stuily of mcvlicine at the early a<^c of eij^htcen, and attendetl lectures at Louis- ville, Ky., where he Kiaduated. In lS3« he bej^an to practice at Rockport, where he resided for twenty years, assiduously enj;ajjed in iIk: iluties of his profes- sion, which often called him many miles into the country. This labor began to tell .seriously upon his health, and in 1858 he resolved to remov. to Evansville, where he should have fewer f.iU-uing rides in the country. Here he soon acquired a good business, and be- came associated with the Kvansville Medical College, and one of the controlling spirits in the faculty. Dr. De Bruler held to the time of his death the chair of Theory and Practice in this institution. lie was enterprising and public-spirited; and not only as a phy^i Ian but as a citizen enjoyed the confidence and respect of the whole county. During the administra- tion of President Lincoln he was appointed Surgeon to the Marine Hospital, which position he filled with ability and to the entire satisfaction of the depart- 226 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ment. President Johnson appointed him Postmaster of Evansville, but on account of his health he de- clined the position without takin.:: charge of the office. He was a member of the County and State Medical Societies, of the American Medical Associa- tion, and attended the meeting of the latter at San Francisco, Cal., in 1871. He was also an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. The Doctor was united in marriage, September 2, 1847, to Sallie E. Graham, of Rockport, who with one son, Claude, survive him. DENIG, ROBERT McCLINTOCK. M. D., of Columbus, Ohio, was born at McConnellsburgh, Bed- ford Co., Pa., November 25, 1813. He is the son of Dr. Denig, a physician of large practice, and who was a staunch believer and a consistent follower of the principle taught by Dr. Benjamin Rush. The subject of this sketch was educated at the common schools and at the academy taught by Thomas J. Harris, of Chambersburg, Pa. He concluded his academical course at Kenyon, Ohio, in 1835, and then commenced the study of medicine with his father. The same year, he attended lectures at the Jefferson Medical College, where he graduated M. D. in 1838. He opened an office in his native place, where he continued to prac- tice with success till 1849, when he removed to Co- lumbus, Ohio. In his new field of labor he has been fully employed, and enjoys the confidence of the whole community. In 1864 he was elected to the chair of Medical Jurisprudence in the Starling Medical Col- lege, which he held for four years. In 1875 he was { * lit m Postmaster icalth he de- harge of the ity and State dical Associa- lattcr at San an honorary ileal Society. September 2, )rt, who with C. M. D., of Isburgh, Bed- is the son of and who was llower of the The subject nmon schools s J. Harris, of is academical n commenced 'he same year, dical College, [e opened an inued to prac- moved to Co- r he has been e of the whole ) the chair of Medical Col- 1875 he was ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 22/ appointed to the chair of Diseases of Children in the Columbus Medical College, a position which he still holds. In 1838 he was united in marriage to Jane R. Harry, of Chambersburg, Pa. They had eight chil- dren, all of whom are living— Edward C, Frank H., George A., Annette J., Howard E., Rush S., Robert G. and Katie R. Dr. Denig's wife died in 1861. He was married to his second wife, Lauretta B. Broderick, April 20, 1 87 1, who accompanied him on his trip to California to attend the meeting of the American Medical Association. The Doctor's mind was in a favorable condition for enjoying the grand and won- derful scenery everywhere presenting along the route to the Pacific; his memory doubtless clings to the many very agreeable incidents of the trip, as well as to the hospitality of the profession of San Francisco, and the warm friendships formed during the sojourn and in transitu, is among the most pleasing remi- niscences of his life. Dr. Denig has contributed many articles of value to the medical journals, as well as translated extensively from the French. He is a member of the Columbus City Medical Society, of the Medical Society of the State of Ohio, of the Ameri- can Medical Association, honorary member of the California State Medical Society, and has been for many years a member of the city Board of Education. DONAHOE. HENRY JAMES, M. D., of San- dusky, Ohio, was born in Washington, Washington Co., Pa., May 25th, 1828. His early education was re- ceived at the public schools of Rehoboth, Ohio, at St. Joseph's College, and the University at Athens, Ohio. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, He began his medical studies under the direction of Dr. George H. Carpenter, of the last-named place. After attending lectures for two years he obtained his degree at the Cleveland Medical College in 1853. In May of this year he opened an office in Sandusky, Ohio, where he has enjoyed a large and responsible general practice, and a full share of surgery. He is a member of various medical associations, and has held important offices in a number of them, having been elected successively Secretary, Vice-President, and President of the Erie County Medical Society, and in 1857 Secretary of the Ohio State Medical So- ciety. In 1856 he became a member of the Ameri- can Medical Association. He was one of the physi- cians who crossed the continent to attend the Conven- tion of the American Medical Association, at San Francisco, Cal., in 1871. While there he was elected an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. During the late war Dr. Donahoe was ap- pointed surgeon of the loist Regiment of Ohio Vol- unteer Infantry, but owing to dissatisfaction with some changes in the commanding officers of the Regiment he declined being mustered into the service. He did not, however, refuse his services in the hour of need. When the news of the battle of Shiloh reached San- dusky, the citizens in mass meeting made a unanimous request that Dr. Donahoe should go to the scene of carnage, and give surgical and medical aid to the sufferers. He promptly responded to the call and spent several months in this work. When Johnson's Island was selected as a prison for Confederate officers, he was chosen to organize the medical department of the direction -named place. s obtained his J in 1853. In in Sandusky, id responsible rgery. He is ions, and has them, having ''ice-President, dical Society, e Medical So- of the Anieri- of the physi- d the Conven- iation, at San le was elected State Medical nahoe was ap- of Ohio Vol- :ion with some the Regiment rvice. He did hour of need. I reached San- e a unanimous to the scene of :al aid to the the call and ^hen Johnson's derate officers, department of ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 229 the post, and was urged by the commanding officer to accept th^ appointment of Surgeon, but his time was so fully occupied with professional cases that he declmed to accept the offer. While the Doctor has many professional cares from his constantly increasmg bus.- ness he has found time to serve his fellow-c.t.zens in some of the more important offices in their gift. He was President of the City Council for two years, and is now one of the most active and efficient niem- bers of the Board of Education, to which he has been twice elected without opposition. He has also served as Treasurer of the Sandusky Building and Loan As- sociation for the past eight years Dr. Do-hoe .s united in marriage to Emily A. M.ller. of Sandusky, Ohio, they have four children-Henry Joseph, Lucy, James Francis, and Charles Faber. DOUGLAS, GEORGE. M. D., of Brooklyn. N. Y was born at Franklin, Delaware Co.. N. Y., May 7th 1823 His fath.^r was a lawyer and graduated at Williams College, Massachusetts. His ancestors, on his father's side, are direct descendants of the cele- brated William Douglas, of Scotland. H.s academ- ical education was acquired at the Delaware L. erary Institute. His medical studies were begun with Dr Daniel Clark, of Philadelphia. Attended a course of medical lectures each at Philadelphia, and at the Geneva Medical College, and at the University of New York, where he graduated M. D., in 1845- Im- mediately after this he opened an office at Oxford, Chenango Co.. N. Y., where he entered at once upon a large and lucrative practice. Within the last year he 230 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCrES. removed to the city of Brooklyn, N. Y. During the war he was one of the surgeons to the examining board for recruiting volunteers in the nineteenth dis- trict of New York. In 1858, the Doctor was united in marriage 10 Ada Ellen Funk. After her death he narried, in 1866, Jane M. Migatt. He has one child living, Ada Ellen. Having acquired a competence, Dr. Douglas has retired from the labors and respon- sibilities of the profession, and is now living quietly in the enjoyment of domestic happiness, though he still ioves his profession and is an encourager of medical organization. He is a member of the New York State Medical Society, the American Medical Association, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. During his trip to the Pacific Coast he visited the chief places of interest in California, among which were the Yosemite Valley, Calestoga Spa, and Calaveras grove of giant trees, and was grat- ified and well rewarded for the time bestowed in the journey. DOUGLAS, SILAS HAMILTON, M. D., of Ann Arbor, Mich., was born at Fredonia, Chautauqua Co., N, Y., October 27th, 18 16. Having received a good education at the Academy in his native town, and at the University of Vermont, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Zina Pitcher, of Detroit, Mich. After reading a sufificient time, he attended lec- tures at the University of Maryland. In 1842 he com- menced practice at Ann Arbor, and in 1844 was elected to the chair of Chemistry in the University of Michigan, which position he has filled with much '. During the the examining nineteenth clis- tor was united r her death he has one child a competence, rs and respon- ving quietly in hough he still ger of medical ew York State al Association, ilifornia State e Pacific Coast in California, ley, Calestoga and was grat- stowed in the I, M. D, of a, Chautauqua ng received a is native town, smmenced the er, of Detroit, s attended lec- 1 1842 he corn- in 1844 was : University of d with much ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 23 1 ability. Since he has held this position, he has not engaged in general practice. A few years since he published a work on Analytical Chemistry, which has been well received and gone through several editions. He is a member of the Michigan State Medical Soci- ety, of the American Medical Association, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society ; a member and former Vice-President of the American Chemical Society, and corresponding mem- ber of the Academies of Sciences of New York and Chicago. The Doctor is united in marriage to Helen W. Welles. They have seven children, four daughters and three sons. The life-work of the Doctor has been devoted to building up the laboratory for instruction and research in the University of Michigan. DUNCAN, WILLIAM STEVENS, M. D., of Brownsville, Pa., was born in Brownsville, Fayette Co., Pa., May 24th, 1834. He is the son of the honorable Thomas Duncan, who is of Scotch-Irish descent. His mother is the daughter of Dr. Benjamin Stevens, of Fayette County, who died in 1813. The subject of this sketch was educated at Mt. Union College, Stark Co., Ohio. His medical studies were commenced in 1 855, with Dr. M. O. Jones, then of Brownsville, but now of Chicago. 111. Matriculating in the University of Pennsylvania, and attending two full courses of lectures, he received his degree of M. D. in th*^ spring of 1858. During the last year he was an iber of the private class of Dr. J. J. Woodward in the special study of Pathology, Anatomy and Microscopy. In June, 1858, he formed a co-partnership with his pre- 232 niOGRAI'UlCAL SKETCHES. ceptor in Brownsville, and commenced practice ; this arrangement was terminated in about two years and a half by the removal of Dr. Jones to the city of Pitts- burgh. The Doctor still occupies the sam^- office ir which he wrote hi« first prescription, and enjoys good general practice. Litterly his labors have been occasionally interrupted by excursions, the winter months being spent -n Florida or the south, and part of the summer in New England and Canada. Like most rural practitioner^, he engages in general practice, including surgery, and has performed a number of important operations : for hernia, nine times, and tracheotomy for the removal of foreign bodies, four times— all successful ; three times oper- ated for membranous formations in the trachea all fatal — and excision of head of humerus and of lower half of radius. Dr. Duncan is a member of the Fayette County Medical Society, and has held in turn all its offices; the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, and at present one of the censors; the American Medical Association, and honorary mem- ber of the California State Medical Society. He is a director in the Brownsville Dollar Savings Bank, and also a director in the Brownsville Railroad Company. Dr. Duncan was married, March 21st, 1 86 1, to Amanda Leonard, of Brownsville. They have one child, a daughter. The Doctor is an active sup- porter of medical organizations, and has contributed a number of thoughtful and able papers. I will refer to a few by title : " Malformations of the Genitcurinary organs." American Jour- nal of Medical Science, 1859. " Belladonna as an antidote for opium-poisoning." Ibid., 1862. IILi.llWlii lllll.L.II. J. .4 I KOCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 233 I practice; this wo years and a le city of Pitts- same office ir , and enjoys bors have been ns, the winter :he south, and I and Canada, ges in general ! performed a r liernia, nine val of foreign i*e times oper- lie trachea — all s and of lower ember of the 1 has held in State Medical censors ; the onorary mem- Society. He •ollar Savings sville Railroad , March 21st, e. They have an active sup- is contributed . I will refer American Jour- ' Ibid., 1862. "Medical (lelusions." A pamphlet published at Pittsburgh, 1869. " Reports of ca^es to I'eiinsylvanii State Medical Society, 1870- •72." " Iliac aneiiri.-m cured by Klecirolysis," Transactions of the same Society 1875. And a paper on the " Phy^iiology of Death." 1876. Dr. Duncan enjoyed his trip to the Pacific, visiting every place of note in California and cii route, includ- ing a short sojourn at Salt I.akc City. ELMER, WILLIAM, M. D., of Bridgeton, N. J., was born at Bridgeton. October 5, 18 14. He is the grandson of Dr. Jonathan Elmer, who graduated Bachelor of Medicine in the first class that left the University of Pennsylvania, in 1768, and received the M. D. degree from the same institution in 1771. He was an accomplished physician, and a man of letters, and was President of the New Jersey Medical Society in 1788; a member of the Provincial Congress 1776; of the general Congress in 1788 ; for many years presiding. Judge in the County Court, and then United States Senator; died in 1817. His father. Dr. William El- mer, also graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania, in 181 1, and was for some years extensively engaged in practice in his native place, but retired from it, and became immersed in other pursuits. The subject of this sketch attended the common schools, and then was sent, in 1825,10 the Lawrenceville High School, where he prepared for his collegiate course. In 1830 he entered Princeton College, and graduated in 1832. He was selected to deliver on that occasion the Engli-sh salutatory oration to the class. In Sep- tember, 1833, he began the study of medicine in the 234 HIOORAI'HICAL SKETCHES. office of Dr. Joseph Parrish, of Philadelphia, and at- tended lectures in the University of Pennsylvania and graduated M. D. 1836. Inniiediately after this he was elected one of the Resident Physicians to Hlockley Hospital, serving the usual term of one year, and for a few months served as Resident Physician in the Children's Asylum connected with the hospital. In July, 1837, he settled at Bridgeton, where he ac- quired a large and responsible practice extending throughout the county of Cumberland, which he en- joyed until in 1 850, when he restricted his labors to the city of Bridgcton, except in consultations and special cases. Dr. Elmer has long been one of the Board of Managers of the State Lunatic Asylum at Trenton, and for many years has been a leading ad- vocate in the cause of public education, and assisted largely in the establishment of the public school sys- tem adopted by the State, while he was a member of the first Board of Trustees. lie was one of the originators of the West Jersey Academy, a classical s'bhool for the advancement of the cause of Christian educa- tion in that section of the State, and is President of the Board of Trustees of that institution. He holds the religious views of his ancestors, who present a long line of distinguished divines extending back to the Rev. Daniel Elmer, who came from Connecticut, and settled in Cumberland county in 1727, and was descended from Edward Elmer, who came from Eng- land to America in 1632, with a company of forty- seven persons, comprising the church of the Rev. Thomas Hooker. The Doctor himself has been for years a Ruling Elder in the West Jersey Presbyterian ROCKV MOUNTAIN MKDICAI. ASSOCIATION. 235 klphia, and at- nnsylvania and ter this he was IS to Hlockley ic year, and for lysician in the i hospital. In where he ac- :ticc extending 1, which he en- ;cl his labors to isultations and :cn one of the latic Asylum at i a leading ad- 5n, and assisted )lic school sys- i member of the ' the originators iical s'fchool for hristian educa- is President of ion. He holds who present a ending back to m Connecticut, 1727, and was ame from Eng- npany of forty- ;h of the Rev. ilf has been for ey Presbyterian church at Hridgcton, and was elected in April, 1877, the moderator of the West Jersey Presbytery. His trip to California and the Pacific opened up a broad field of observation and enjoyment, which was on his return made the subject of a lecture before the Cum- berland County Medical Association, and afterwards, by special request, delivered under the auspices of the Young Men's Christian Association. The Doctor is a member of the Cumberland County Medical So- ciety, and for years has been its Secretary, and served several terms as its President ; also a member of the New Jersey State Medical Society, and its President in i860, when he delivered an able address on the Progress of Medical Science. He has been a member of the American Medical Association since 1850; is an honorary member of the California State Medical So- ciety. In December, 1839, he married Eliza Robeson Whiteley. They have four children, William, Mar- garet Kean, Macomb Kean, and Henry Whiteley. While on the Pacific coast, he visited the Yosemite Valley, Big Trees, and other places of interest, includ- ing Salt Lake City. ELSNER, JOHN, M. D., of Denver, Col., was born at Leopold Stadt, Vienna, Austria, May 8, 1844. His father was a physician and, having participated in the Hungarian war of 1848, it was thought prudent for him to emigrate with his family to America. He spent one year in the city of New York, and then removed to Syr- acuse, N. Y. Here the subject of this sketch grew up and received his academic and classical education. His medical studies were begun in i86i, under his father, and continued under Drs. Hoyt and Cook. In 1863 236 niOC.KAPIIICAL SKETCHES. he attended lectures at the Hcllevue Hospital Medical College, and graduated. M. 1)., 1 866. Ho attended clinics and made a very careful and thorough study of Ophthalmology, at the Ophthalmic Hos|)ital, New York; learned auscultation and percussion from Prof. Austin Flint, sr., and microscopy from y\ustin Flint, jr. He rendered valuable services in the Statistical Department of the Sanitary Commission, examining many soldiers, sailors and marines of different na- tionalities. In April, 1866, he went to Pike's Peak. At Waterloo, Iowa, at route, he fell in with twenty families, having the jame destination. He bought a horse and joined the company. He was elected cap- tain of the train. They arrived at Denver, June 15, 1866, after a severe march of forty days, and much skirmishing with the Indians. Although he found eighteen or twenty physicians already located in Denver, he opened an office, and in due t ne was re- warded with a remunerative practice, which has grown to be responsible and profitable. His long hospital experience and studies in New York peculiarly quali- fied him for surgical practice, and in it he has been quite successful, having operated a number of times for lithotomy, lithotrity, exsection and resection, amputa- tions, hernia, etc. On September 28, 1867, he was united in marriage to Lena Zalenger. They have one child, a daughter, seven years old. In 1870, he was appointed the Physician for Arapahoe County, and or- ganized the hospital, which he attended for four years, and treated in it over three thousand indigent patients Through his influence, in 1871, the organization of the Denver Medical Society was finally effected, after wws ROCKY MOUNTAIN MKOICAt. ASSOCIATION. 2.37 )S|)itaI Medical lie attended lorough study HoH|)itaI, New ion from Prof. Austin Flint, the Statistical ion, examining if different na- Pike's Peak, n with twenty He boui^ht a as elected cap- :nver, June 15, ays, and much ugh he found dy located in le t ne was re- lich has grown > long hospital eculiarly quali- it he has been bcr of times for ection, amputa- 1867, he was They have one n 1870, he was Zounty, and or- i for four years, idigent patients organization of y effected, after many unsuccessful attempts had been made. This association and that of the county sent him as Dele- gate to the American Medical Association, which met in San ]• lancisco that year. I Ic enjoyctl the trip, and was highly delighted with the friendships formed among the members of our profession and with the citizens of California that he met. The subject of the Materia Medica of Colorado has engaged his attention, antl his studies have been presented in a report to be found i». the Transactions of the Medical Society of Colorado for 1872. He has now in preparation a work on the Influence of the Climate of Colorado on the Lungs, with cases and their results, from an ex- perience of ten years' practice in the state. He is a member of the Denver Medical Society, the Colorado .State Medical Society, the American Medical Asso- ciation, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. FINDLEY, WHXIAM MARTIN, M. D., of Al- toona. Pa., was born at Manor Hill. Huntingdon County, July 6, 1842. He is the son of Dr. VV. R. Findley and Elizabeth F., his wife, of Altoona, who have also another son, a physician. The subject of this sketch received his education at the common schools and at the Hollidaysburgh High School. His preparatory medical studies were pursued chiefly under the direction of his father, and after attending two full courses of lectures in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, at Phil- adelphia, he graduated M. D., March 14, 1867. Im- mediately after taking his degree, he practiced a year Hi ,:v* 238 DIO(iKAI*IIICAt. SKF.TCIIES. with his father, aftor which he opened an office of his own in the same place, where he still resides, and enjoys a ^jood -{eiui.il practice. Althoiif,'h but a few years in the profession, he has published in the Aimr- ican Journal of Mi'dical Scumcs for 1X74 a record of three hundred cases of obstetrics occurring; in his own practice, and also a number of cases of "mt.-mbranous enteritis," antl otluir papers of interest. I Ic was in the army in 1861 and i86i, and while in South Carolina suf- fered from an attack of yellow fever. The Doctor is a member of the Blair County Medical Society ; of the Pcnn.sylvania State Medical Society since 1869; the Juniata Valley l)i.strict Medical Society; the Amer- ican Medical Association, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society, lie represented the HIair County Medical Society at the meeting of the American Medical Association in California in 1 871. This visit to the Pacific coast was also embraced as an occasion to visit the many places of interest and to extend his acquaintance among the medical men of California, for whose professional ability and hos- pitality he entertains a high regard. The Doctor is married, and has three children ; two daughters, Anna and Bessie, and one son. FISHER, ALKXANDKR, M. D., of Chicago, 111., was born in Lancaster, Worcester Co., Mass., August 12, 1804. He is the son of Jacob Fisher, who was a farmer, well educated and influential in his neighbor- hood, and served in the Legislature and Constitutional Convention of Massachusetts. Alexander received a good English education at the public schools and at ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 239 11 offiCL" of his resides, and iik'l" l)ut a few in the Ainer- 4 a record of 11^; in his own "nji.inbranons 1 le was in the h Carohnasuf- he Doctor is a [jciety ; of the iKc 1869; the the Ainer- ary member of Ic represented meeting of the jrnia in 1871. 3 embraced as »f interest and : medical men iiility and hos- fhe Doctor is ughters, Anna r Chicago, 111., Mass., August cr, who was a his neighbor- Constitutional der received a chools and at the academy in his native place. In youth he en- gageil in mercantile pursuits, but his fondness for study grew upon him so th.it after some reverses he gradually came to consider seriously the (piestion of prep.iring for the study of medicine, which he system- atically began in I S3 1, under the direction of (leorge W. Richard. M. D., of Camillus, N. Y. He attended lectures at the College of Physicians anil Surgeons at Kairfield, N. Y., and graduated in 1SJ4. Immediately after obtaining his diploma, he became a partner of his preceptor for one year, after which he removed to Western Star, .Summit County, Ohio, where he con- tinued actively engaged in practice until 1849. The winter of this year he spent in l'hiladeli)hia, in the study of anatomy and surgery, and in attending the hospitals in that city. He then opened an ufHce at Akron, Ohio, where he practiced with success, being much employed in surgical cases. In the spring of 1854 his health became impaired, from exposure to malaria and overwork, which finally induced him to remove to the city of Chicago. After a temporary re3i he measurably regained his health, and com- menced practice in that nity. As evidence of the favor in which he was held in Akron, it may be stated that, in the winter of 1854, he was summoned to that place to perform the delicate operation of ligating the ex- ternal iliac artery, which he tied with success. The case was reported by A. II. Agard, M. D., in the Atnerican Journal of Medical Sciences, April, 1856. The Doctor is a well-informed physician, and quite a successful surgeon. He has made occasional contri- butions to medical literature, of much interest to the "•tss^iiiiiMWMyrimiiiiiwi^^^^^^ ^^memmmmmm^Siimmmsm'-'-^ 240 BIOfiRAPHICAL SKETCHES, profession. In 1864 he read a paper before the American Medical Association, convened at New York, "On the Use of the Sulphites of Soda, Lime, and JMat^nesia, in the Treatment of I'Irysipelas, Hos- pital Gangrene, Phlebitis, and other Zymotic Dis- eases," which was published in the Transactions of the Association for 1865. Since that time, the sulphites have come into exi<_nsive use by the profession. Dr. Fisher is Emeritus Professor of Surgery in the Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago, a member of the Chicago Society of Physicians and Surgeons, and a member of the Chicago Medical Society ; and has been President of both ; a member of the Illinois State Medical Society ; also a member of the American Medical Association since June, 1863; and an honorary member of the Medical Society of the State of California. He has been twice married, first to Louisa Dewey, of Akron, Ohio, by whom he has had six children, of whom but two are now living. His first wife died May 14, 1854. He was united in marriage to his second wife, Mrs. Clarissa B. Griswold, in October, 1855, who died September 27, i8;o. The Doctor is actively engaged in the practice of his pro- fession, and takes a great interest in everything that affects its efficiency and standing before the public. FRISSPXL, JOHN, M. D., of Wheeling, W. Va.. was born in Peru, Berkshire Co., Mass., March 8, 1 8 10. He was the son of Amasa F"ris3ell, a thrifty farmer of Scotch descent. His mother was of English parentage, named Wilcox. They secured good edu- cations to their six children, four sons and two I ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 24I er before the ened at New )f Soda, Lime, •y si pel as, Hos- Zyinotic Dis- isactions of the , the sulphites rofession. Dr. Lirgery in tlv" of Chicago, a 'hysicians and icago Medical 1 ; a member of 3 a member of :e June, 1863 ; lical Society of twice married, , by whom he are now living, was united in ;a IJ. Griswold, 7, 1870. The ce of his pro- I'erything that the public. ;eling, W. Va., iss., March 8, ssell, a thrifty ivas of English ed good edu- ons and two daughter.^ The eldest of the sons was a farmer, and tlic other three received collegiate educations, and represent the professions of Divinity, Medicine, and Law. The subject of this sketch, m his youth worked on the farm with his father, attending the common school in winter, from which he was advanced to the Academy in Old Hadley. He entered Williams College, in 1827, and graduated A. B. in 1831. He commenced the study of Medicine with Dr. PIbenezer Emmons, of Williamstown, whose assistant he had been in the Chemical Laboratory of Williams College for two years. In 1832 he attended lectures at the Berkshire Medical College, in Pittsfield. At the in- vitation of Prof. WiUard Parker, he accompanied him to Woodstock, in the spring of 1833, where he became demonstrator of anatomy. He filled the s .me posi- tion for Professor Parker in the Berkshire Medical School. At that period it was the duty of the demon- strator to prepare the dissections for the Professor, and afterwards to recapitulate closely to the class the Pro- fessor's lecture, and to carefully superintend and in- struct all those making dissections. Having continued demonstrator through the year 1834, and attending lectures, he graduated M. D. from the Berkshire Col- lege, at the close of that term. In the fell of this year he received the degree of A. M. from Williams College. He remained in Pittsiield, hearing recitations, and in- structing students in anatomy during the spring and summer. In the fall and winter of 1835, he demon- strated his fourth and last course of lectures. Dr. Frissell now removed to Wheeling, W. Va., where he arrived on the 3d of June, 1836. In pass- sm^mmKmm sftmssi-- BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. iiig through New York City, he purchased a set of surgical and obstetrical instruments. At first practice came to him slowly, but he occupied his spare time profitably in the study of botany, and in giving lec- tures on that subject in the .schools of Wheeling, and in rambling with his classes over the hills and through the country, seeking flowers and .specimens with which illustrate his lectures. He al.so indulged his taste for the geological and mineralogical sciences, by studying the rocks and minerals to be found in the vicinity of Wheeling with Drs. A. S. Todd, Townsend, and others interested in these subjects. But in a few years his time was all required to perform the labor of his increasing professional engag. " "its. In a commercial and manufactun-'T ty such as Wheeling, laborers and mechanics arc v o *d to nu- merous accidents, so that the surgical practice is very large as compared to the ordinary sickness of its popu- lation. Dr. Frissell was, therefore, early called upon to take a prominent part in such operations, which his exact knowledge of anatomy enabled him to perform with skill and success. He early became known as one of the best surgeons and most eminent physicians in Western Virginia, a reputation which he still en- joys. In 1838, he performed his first operation for harelip with deformed upper jaw, and in 1839, shortly after the first operations by George McClellan, of Philadel- phia, for club-foot, by the division of tendons, Dr. Frissell operated for the relief of this deformity by the same method in Wheeling. In 1 841, he commenced operating with success for wssmmsB^^ ased a set of first practice lis spare time n giving lec- Vheeling, and and through ns with which i his taste for ;s,by studying the vicinity of )vvnsend, and But in a few brm the labor 'Us. u sucli as \ o id to nu- idciice is very ss of its popu- y called upon ons, which his im to perform me known as :nt physicians h he still en- on for hare-lip , shortly after J. of Philadel- tendons, Dr. deformity by ;h success for ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 243 strabismus, and in May, 1846, he performed his first operation for stone in the bladder, and in 1856, he performed his first successful operation for vesico- vaginalis fistula. He has operated with success for staphyloraphy, and frequently for phimosis and para- phimosis with adherent prepuce. He has performed various minor operations in plastic surgery, and, in 1871, performed one of the most extensive and suc- cessful operations of that class (in this the chin and sternum were held nearly in contact) on record. He has often enucleated or removed the eye from the or- bit, and has performed nearly all the different oper- ations known to the art of surgery upon or about that organ ; and has, ever since he settled at Wheel- ing, operated upon such cases as presented (with few exceptions) in all the different departments of surgery. The Doctor has never aspired to be known as a medical author, but is universally recognized as an industrious worker and a most skillful and judicious practitioner and successful surgeon. The testimony to his surgical practice recorded in the Transactions of the West Virginia State Medical Society, prepared from his notes of every-day business, will surprise most surgeons, of even large cities, who enjoy favora- ble opportunities for such practice. But Dr. Frissell has been as extensively engaged in general practice as in surgery. The list of papers describing cases treated and operations performed by him are too numerous to be given even by title in the space allotted for this sketch ; but they are to be found in the Transactions of the West Virginia State Medical Society. He was the first surgeon in west- ii If S58ES!SK!5Sf* 244 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. em Virginia to avail himself of chloroform in capital operations, having used it first in November, 1850; and, although using it In thousands of cases, no un- toward accident has ever occurred in his practice. Dr. Frissell was connected with the Wheeling In- firmary during its continuance, and has been con- nected with the hospital which has succeeded it from the time it was established. For more than twenty years he has held the appointment of Chief Physician and Surgeon to these in.stitutions, which as ho.«pitals have fully supplied an urgent want in West Virginia, and also to western Pennsylvania and southeastern Ohio. Soon after the breaking out of the war Dr. Frissell was appointed by Governor Pierpont, Medical Superin- tendent of the military prisoners and soldiers stationed at Wheeling. He was subsequently continued as Acting Assistant Surgeon at the same post, by the Surgeon-General of the United States Army, to the close of the war. Most of the time he had full charge of the medical department of the post. At the Sprigg House General Hospital, Dr. E. A. Hil- dreth during the same time served as one of the medical staff. Dr. Frissell was also a member of the State Board of P'xaminers for Surgeons entering the Army during the war. The position of Surgeon for the Marine Patients at Wheeling has been filled by him for more than twenty-five years. He is also physician of the Convent of the Sisters of the Visitation, and the school for young ladies at Mount de Chantal, and to Saint Vincent's College. He was the first President form in capital iveniber, 1850; )f cases, no un- is practice. Wheeling In- has been con- xeeded it from re than twenty cnt of Chief itutions, which urgent want in innsylvania and var Dr. Frissell 'edical Superin- Idiers stationed ' continued as lie post, by the 3 Army, to the le he had full the post. At Dr. E. A. Ilil- as one of the he State Board e Army during for the Marine y him for more hysician of the ation, and the !!^hantal, and to first President ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 245 of the Medical Society of the State of West Virginia, instituted May lo, 1867. He is a member of the American Medical Association, and of the Medical Society of Ohio Count)-, and an honorary member of the Medical Society of the State of California, and was a member of the Centennial International Medical Congress of 1876. The Doctor was married to Elizabeth Ann, daughter of Col John Thompson, of Moundsville, W. Va. He was accompanied by his wife to California, and both enjoyed the trip, and were delighted with the many new and cherished friendships formed among the medical men from all parts of the United States, as well as among the citizens of California. GARVIN, LUCIUS FAYETTE CLARK, M. D., of Lonsdale,' R. I., was born in KnoxviUe, Knox Co., Tennessee, November 13, 1841. He is a son of the late Prof James Garvin, a graduate of Amherst College in the class of 183 1, and who held the Chair of Math- ematics and Chemistry in the 1< ast Tennessee Univer- sity, at the time of his death in 1845. The Doctor s mother was the daughter of Dr. Luther Gunn, of Pittsfield, Mass. The subject of this sketch in youth attended the district schools in Sunderland and in Edgefield, Mass.; afterward the select schools m Sun- derLd, Mass., and Greensboro, N. C. He prepared for college at New Garden, N. C, and entered Amherst, where he received the degree of A. B^n 1862, after the usual course of four years. He then entered the army and served as a private for nine months in the Fifty-first Massachusetts Regiment. 24b niOr.RAPKICAL SKETCHF.S. He commenced the study of medicine with Dr. David N. Rice, of Leverctt, Mass , and subsequently with Dr. Sylvanus Chipp, of Pawtucket, R. I. The last year of his .student life was pa.sscd as Interne in the Boston City Hospital. He attended the usual course of lec- tures at the Harvard Medical School, and graduated M. D.in 1867. Dr. Garvin opened an office the same year in Lonsdale, R. I., where he .still resides, and enjoys a full general practice in that busy manufacturing village. He is a close observer and an excellent writer, and has contributed sonic good articles to the medical journals; among which are an article on "Alcohol ;" "Analysis of Twenty-eight cases of Mammitis ; Premature Death of Great Men ;" these may be found in the Transactions of the Rhode Island Medical Society; "a Case of Sun- stroke" {Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., 1876). Also an elaborate and carefully prepared paper on "the Sanitary Requirements in Factories," published in the third volume of the Transactions of the American Public Health A.ssociation. He is a member of the Rhode Island Medical Society, the Providence Medi- cal Society, the American Medical Association, of the American Public Health As.sociation, and an honor- ary member of the California State Medical Society. The Doctor is married and has three children — all daughters. GILCREST, ROBERT SCOTT, M. D., of De Graff, O., was born at Mount Vernon, Knox Co., Ohio, August 5, 1823. His father was an officer in the War of 18 1 2, a man of good business capacity, and was often chosen by the people of his section of Ohio with Dr. David Licntly with Dr. rhe last year of in the Boston course of lec- and graduated :e the same year s, and enjoys a cturing village, writer, and has jdical journals; I;" "Analysis of lature Death of le Transactions 'a Case of Sun- , 1876). Also paper on "the ublished in the the American member of the avidencc Medi- ociation, of the and an honor- edical Society. : children — all M. D., of De [nox Co., Ohio, I officer in the i capacity, and section of Ohio ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAI. ASSOCIATION. 247 to fill places of honor and public trust. The subject of this sketch in his youth attended the district schools until sufficiently advanced to enter the Martinsburgh Academy, which he did in 1839. and after attending for some years, took a partial course at Kenyon College. May 7. 1 847- he commenced the study of medicine v ^ he direction of Dr. H. L. Thrall, of Gambicr. Ohio ; attended his first course of medical lectures at the Western Reserve College, Cleveland, Ohio, in the winter of 1850-5 i- On the close of the lecture term, by request, he went to New Albany, and took charge of Dr. Brooks's practice, during his tem- porary absence. Returning to Cleveland, he attended another course of lectures, and received his medical degree in the spring of 1853. April i. of the same year, he began the practice of his profession at De Graff, where he still resides, and has been fully employed. Notwithstanding the fatigues of a labor- ious general practice, he manages to read and inform himself of the latest discoveries and improvements in medical science. His confidence in the power of judiciously chosen remedies is as great now as on his entry into his profession. His visit to California was made a tour of inspection for the acquisition of knowl- edge in the interest of his patients. While on the Pacific Coast, Dr. Gilcrest visited the Yosemite Valley, the Geysers, and most places of interest to travelers, and spent a day at Salt Lake City en route. He is persuaded that altitude exercises a wonderful influ- ence upon vital function and may yet be made a valu- able means to obtain relief in certain diseases. The Doctor is a member of the Logan County Medical Z48 niOCiRAPIIICAI. SKETCHES. Society, the Ohio State Medical Society, tlie Ameri- can Medical Association, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. In l 252 mor.HArillACI. SKKTCtlFS. Dr. H. continiicil the business without assistance. The Doctor was an indefatigable worker, and had a large and hiborious practice, from which he rarely took a day's rest. On the 25tli of Aunii^t, 1875, he was stricken down witli paralysis, from which he has measurably recovered, but is still {greatly afllicted. He was united in marriatje. May I, 1H51, to Margaret Perry. They have had six children, three of whom are livin^j — Mary, Ormond and Frank T. He is a member of and was a Dcletjate from the Medical Society of the State of Illinois to the American Medi- cal Association, which met in California, in 1871; and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. He enjoyed this trip, and made careful notes of interesting matters, to preserve his recollections of the more remarkable places and oc- currences connected with his visit to the Pacific. HARDING, MYRON HAVVLKY, M. D., of Law- renccburgh, Ind., was born in Williamson, Ontario Co., N. v., August 7, 1 8 10. His parents were among the earliest emigrants to Western New York. His father was for some time a captive among the Indians under command of the notorious renegade Brandt, by whom he was taken prisoner at the Wyoming mas- sacre. The common schools were the only source from which he received his early education, and his medical pupilage was passed under the direction of Dr. W. T. S. Cornett, of Versailles, Ind. He took his medical degree at the Ohio Medical College in the spring of 1837, having practiced as a licentiate of the Dearborn County Medical Society, at Manchester, p-e??^T:*,fl5i;^7- |ill«|i'ifPI|i.lMlilULmiUlUliM. ■>*!•> 3ut assistance, kcr, and had a Inch he rarely Li^'ust, 1875, he I which ho has •e.itly afflicted. ;i, to Marj^arct three of whom V T. He is a i\ the Medical mierican Medi- )rnia, in 1871 ; "ahfornia State trip, and made ;o preserve his phiccs and oc- le Pacific. , M. D., of Law- imson, Ontario nts were among ;w York. His >ng the Indians jade Brandt, by l\^yoming mas- he only source ication, and his :he direction of 1. He took his College in the licentiate of the at Manchester, ROCKV MOtNTAIN MI.IHCAI. ASSOCIATION. 253 Ind four years previous to his graduation. Aftt-r having labored in his profcssi<,n for eleven years at Manchester, he removed to Lawrcnceburgh. Ind., where he still resides and enjoys a large business. The active and practical life that Dr. Hard.ng has led together with congenital myopia that has rcn- dered writing difficult and laborious, has not been nworable for authorMiip. I Ic has. lu.wever, publ.shed a few articles in medical journals of current profes- sional interest. In addition to his general business, he has scr' -d as United Stat s Pension Surgeon rom ,862 to the present tim--. Was President of Indiana State Medical Society r> 1866. when he delivered a learned and able ..ddre . upon the " Effects of Climate and Temperature up a Hcaltl, -nd I. itional Charac- ter" He has also been Pre i k-nt of the Dearborn County Medical Society; . .r.n.bcr of the American Medical Associatic:. since 1859. and ; an honorary member of the Cfutonia State MeJi.al Society. In 1838 he was united in marriage to Lucy S, Plummcr, who died in 1864. In 1865 he was joined m a.:» .age to Mary A. Hill. He has four children hving-Isa- dore H., Laura F., Myron Hawlcy.and David Arthur. HATFIELD, NATHAN LP:WIS. M. U., of Phila- delphia Pa., was born in Montgomery' County of that State, August 2d. 1 804. He is descended from a pa- triotic ancestry, his grandduher luwuig participated m the Revolutionary war, and his father commanded a com.-r... In the war of 1812. He received the firs rudiments of his education at the public schools at Trappe, Montgomery County. >*hich was taught by f . 254 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. R. Shunk, afterward Governor of Pennsylvania. Sub- sequently he attended the Academy of Drs. Wylie and Engel, and then the Classical Departments of the University of Pennsylvania. His medical studies were commenced with Dr. Elijah Griffiths, of Phila- delphia. He attended two courses of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, and one at the Jefferson Medical College, where he graduated M. D., in 1826, in the first class which left that now renowned in- stitution. He opened an office and commenced practice in the city of Philadelphia immediately after, and has continued to reside there ever since, enjoy- ing a good general practice. From time to time he has contributed articles to the medical journals and to the Transactions of the State Medical Society, and delivered an interesting address before the Alumni of the Jefferson Medical College in 1874, on retiring from the Presidency of that body. He has held quite a number of positions of honor in medical organizations. He was for some years President of the City Board of Health. He is a fellow of the Col- lege of Physicians of Philadelphia ; a member of the Philadelphia County Medical Society ; of the Nor- thern Medical Association of Philadelphia, of which he has been President ; of the State Medical Society of Pennsylvania, of which he was Vice-President in 1865 ; of the Alumni Association of Jefferson Med- ical College, of which he was President in 1874; of the American Medical Association since 1 848 ; and an honorary member of the California State Medical So- ciety. He has throughout his half century of practice been a constant and earnest supporter of medical or- jylvania. Sub- of Drs. Wylie irtments of the nedical studies ffiths, of Phila- lectures at the it the Jefferson M. D., in 1826, w renowned in- id commenced mediately after, er since, enjoy- i time to time edical journals [edical Society, :ss before the ege in 1874, on body. He has onor in medical irs President of How of the Col- member of the '; of the Nor- :lphia, of which viedical Society ice-President in Jefferson Med- nt in 1874; of :e 1 848 ; and an ate Medical So- itury of practice r of medical or- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 255 ganizations and professional ethics. The Doctor has been twice married and has five children living ; one son, Dr. Nathan H., is engaged in the practice of medicine in Philadelphia. HEIGHWAY, ARCHIBALD E., M. D., of Cin- cinnati, Ohio, was born in that city, December 26, 1820. His father, John Heighway, emigrated to Ohio ^t an early period and embarked in banking. He served through the war of 18 12. His mother was the daughter of General Mercer, of Newark, N. J., who served throughout the American Revolution. The subject of this sketch during his youth attended the common schools and finished his academic studies in Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. In the summer of 1842 he commenced the study of medicine, under the direction of Prof. J. T. Shotwell, attended lectures in the Medical College of Ohio, and graduated M. D., in the spring of 1 845. He, notwithstanding, continued his studies the following year, attending all the clinics and lectures as before, and spending much time in dissecting, and pursuing special studies in anatomy and physiology. In the spring of 1846, he had purposed to apply lor admission to the navy. But war being declared by the United States against Mexico, he at once resolved to enter the army. He was commissioned Assistant Surgeon and assigned to the First Regiment Ohio Volunteers, and accompanied the army to Mexico. When the small-pox broke out in the army, in Monterey, in 1847, he was detached from the regiment and placed in charge of a hospital for the special MM 256 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ■^v treatment of that disease. When the hospital was no longer required he was assigned to various com- mands; and performed the most arduous marches; and was under fire during several actions and skir- mishes. He was assigned to the United States General Hos- pital, Matamoras, which position he held for eight months. In the summer of 1848, he went to Vera Cruz, where he remained till August — the close of the war — when he returned to Cincinnati, having lost but six days' duty while in the service, that being caused by an attack of yellow fever, during the epidemic of that disease which prevailed in th-^ army, in Mata- moras. In November, 1848, he went to Philadelphia, and was a constant attendant on the clinics in the Pennsyl- vania Hospital ; also on the clinics and lectures of the University of Pennsylvania and of the Jefferson Med- ical College — selecting those lectures in each which most interested him. In the spring of 1849, he embarked in the special study of analytical chemistry and metallurgy, in the laboratory of Professor Booth, of the United States Mint, Philadelphia. Upon the completion of this course of study, he returned to Cin- cinnati and engaged for the first time in private prac- tice, during the epidemic of cholera in 1849. In 1852 the berth of surgeon of one of the Vander- bilt line of steamers, plying between the ports of New York, New Orleans and the Isthmus of Panama, was offered him, which he accepted. He made monthly trips to the tropics for nearly two years, with the exception of a portion of the summer of 1853, when -fir ospital was no various com- lous marches; ions and skir- ! General Hos- lield for eight went to Vera he close of the laving lost but t being caused he epidemic of rmy, in Mata- iladelphia, and n the Pennsyl- lectures of the Jefferson Med- in each which : of 1849, he tical chemistry rofessor Booth, lia. Upon the iturned to Cin- n private prac- 1849. of the Vander- j ports of New >f Panama, was made monthly 'ears, with the of 1853, when ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 257 the yellow fever prevailed in New Orleans, in the form of the severest epidemic which had ever afflicted that city. As the ship to which he was attached was about to sail, he determined to stop off one or two trips and render all the service in his power, m relieving the numerous sufferers and the over-worked profession in that city. In the spring of 1854, he quit the sea, and, m the following November, married Miss Josephine M., daughter of Captain J. C. Culbertson, of Cincinnati. By this union they had three sons, one of whom died in November, i860. His wife died August 6, 1861. The Doctor was left with two young children— the care of whom prevented his going into active service in the field, but, being anxious to sei ve, he was as- signed to duty in the General Hospital at Camp Den- nison, near Cincinnati, and soon after, in one of the hospitals in the city. This service he continued for about one year, when he was assigned the duty of at- tending sick and wounded officers, together with their families, who were either in Cincinnati on duty or on sick-leave from the field. All medicines, dressings and appliances were furnished by the government to such cases, upon his prescriptions and requisitions. Since the close of the war, he has visited Europe twice; the first time spending the winter of 1866-67 in Paris, visiting the various hospitals. He has trav- eled extensively over the North American continent, from the Isthmus to Lake Superior, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. The Doctor is enthusiastically attached to the study of medicine, but is not equally fond of general or tmmmimmumimsm »mwmM i j > m»mmimmwsit 258 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. private practice, having served too long in the public service. He therefore limits his business to the minimum, and devotes his time principally in endeav- oring to keep up with the advancement in science; the direction of the education of his two sons, together with the management of a large estate wh \ he in- herited from his parents. Few physicians are more constant in their attend- ance of the medical conventions than Dr. Heighway. He is a member of Academy of Medicine of Cincin- nati, which he represented in the American Medical Association in California in 1871 ; of the Cincinnati Medical Society; of the Ohio State Medical Society; of the American Medical Association, and has been since 185 1 ; and an honorary member of the Califor- nia State Medical Society. HELM, JOHN HAMPTON, M. D., of Peru, Ind., was born at Elizabethtown, Carter Co., Tenn., \pril 23, 1826. He is the son of the late Dr. John C, and Amy (Hampton) Helm. His grandfather was a Ger- man, who emigrated to America, and, espousing the cause of the colonists, joined them in the struggle for independence, and after being mustered out of the service at the close of the war, removed to the south- west, and settled first in Charleston, W. Va., and afterward moved to East Tennessee. His maternal grandmother was a daughter of ]*taj. John Hampton, of South Carolina, who served under General Jack- son in the war of 1815. The subject of this sketch received a good education, chiefly under private tutors. His medical studies were begun with Dr. in the public isiness to the •ally in endeav- in science; the sons, together :e wh h he in- in their attend- Dr. Heighway. icine of Cincin- lerican Medical the Cincinnati [edical Society; , and has been • of the Califor- >., of Peru, Ind., lo., Tenn., \pril !)r. John C, and ither was a Ger- I, espousing the in the struggle tered out of the ;d to the south- n, W. Va., and His maternal John Hampton, r General Jack- t of this sketch under private begun with Dr. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 259 Pliny M. Grume, at Eaton, Ohio, and continued with Dr Charles L. Avery. He attended lectures and grad- uated at the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, in 1847, and the same year commenced practice, m partnership with Dr. Crume, at Eaton. The years 1848, 1849 and 1850 he spent in traveling through Mexico, California, Oregon, Central America and the West Indies. On his return he resumed business with Dr. Grume, and continued actively engaged until i860, when he removed to Peru, Ind. Here he en- joys a large and responsible practice. The Doctor has contributed a few good articles to the medical journals and medical societies. He is a member of the Indiana State Medical Society, and was its Presi- dent in 1876; of the Miami County Medical Society, and its President in 1872-74; is at present a mem- ber of Peru City Board of Health ; is also a member of the American Medical Association, and attended the meeting at San Francisco in 1871, and is an honor- ary member of the California State Medical Society. Dr. Helm was united in marriage in 185 1, to Mary, daughter of Rev. Andrew Henkle, of Germantown, Ohio; she died in 1852. In 1854 he was again mar- ried to Margaret Ridenour, of Preble County, Ohio. They have three children— one daughter, and two sons living. His wife and daughter accompanied him to California. In addition to his practice, the Doctor superintends the management of his agricultural and stock-raising farms, which are situated in Miami Co., Ind., and in Champaign Co., 111. 'm.SJf^***^^'**®''*^**^'*^^®**''®''^'''^' a 4V -W'!iHril 20th, 1 87 1. California to edical Associ- tiia, was made and in a far sixteen years ubstituted for eling through this region during the early years of the gold excite- ment, and it is surprising to see how closely the rail- road follows the emigrant trail and stage road. And, besides, this was a wedding trfp, when the world looks rosy. The Doctor was very entertaining, giving much desirable information to his fel!o\i -passengers. He is what might be called a self-made man, full of exact in- formation on almost every subject. He was so circum- stanced in youth that he had to provide for his own education, and to make his way unaided in the world. He has traveled much, is a good observer, and is familiar with the motives which actuate human nature in every rank of life. He served two years in the Ohio Legislature — 1845-47. His residence in Cal- ifornia in the early days of its settlement, and during the greatest gold excitement, also afforded him an ample field for the study of character as well as for the acquisition of fortune. In 1869 he made a trip to Europe, which was protracted into the following year, and extended to parts of Asia and Africa. The Doctor is a clear, logical thinker, a fluent speaker and a good writer ; and it is to be hoped that he will favor the profession with his observations in a very extensive practice. He has contributed many articles to the medical journals and to the Transactions of medical societies. HILDRETH, EUGENIUS AUGUSTUS, M. D., of Wheeling, VV. Va., was born in that city, Sep- tember 13, 1 82 1. He is the .son of Ezekiel Hildreth, who was a graduate of Harvard College in 1814. His mother was the daughter of Jonathan Zane, who with ^^mi»i>f! xmm m ti is mhi«\i!miimmim liiiiiiiBifi-iriin'MiMr to secure its of the Amer- i, in 1871, as idical Society. Pacific. The lis profession, of his medical [C, M. D., of irgh Co., Ind., at the public University, of iduating A. B. :he degree of y of medicine, lectures, grad- e of Medicine )rtly after this, Millersburgh, til the fall of •eview medical e schools and to Evansville, : general busi- sville Medical r; of the Dis- rican Medical of the Califor- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 269 HOLTON, HENRY DWIGHT, M. D., of Brattle- boro, Vt, was born in Rockingham, Windham Co., Vt, July 24, 1838. His early education was at the public schools, and then at the Seminary at Saxton's River. His medical studies were begun in 1857, under the superintendence of Dr. J. H. Warren, of Boston, Mass., and concluded with Dr. A. B. Mott, of New York. His medical degree was received from the University of New York, in i860. In the same year he opened an office in Brooklyn, E. D. (formerly Williamsburg), N. Y., and served as one of the physi- cians of the Williamsburgh Dispensary while re- siding there. In November of the same year he re- moved to Putney, Vt.,and in 1867 to Brattleboro, where he now resides and enjoys a large and responsible practice. His visit to California was one of pleasure, and aroused in him new enthusiasm for his profession, admiration for the vastness of our country, and re- spect for the energy and enterprise of our people who are bringing its wonderful resources into prac- tical use. The Doctor has coniiributed some valuable papers to medical journals, and to Transactions of medical societies, and has recently edited " Mott's Medical Clinics," which is destined to have a consid- erable sale. An article describing his apparatus for keep'ng in place sternal dislocations of the clavicle is in Transactions of the American Medical Association, - (Vol. 16), and an article on Diphtheria, (idem, 1S66), are contributions which show research and ability. Dr. Holton is a member of the Vermont Medical Society, and was its President in 1872; was President of the Connecticut Valley Medical Association in 1867, and 270 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Iiad been its Secretary ifor five years ; a member of the American Public Health Association, and a cor- responding member of the Boston Gynaecological So- ciety ; a member of the American Medical Associa- tion; an honorary member of the California State Medical Society, and of the British National Associa- tion. He was formerly Surgeon of the Twelfth Ver- mont Militia. He has been a Trustee of the Univer- sity of Vermont since 1873, and is now Professor of Materia Medica and Pathology in the same institution ; also Medical Examiner to the Asylum for the Insane of Vermont. He was united in marriage in 1862 to Ellen J. Hoit. They have one child living — Edith H. The Doctor is a vigorous orator, a clear thinker, and well up in a knowledge of the most approved and latest methods of diagnosis and means of relieving human suffering. HOVEY, ARIAL BURNHAN, M. D., of Tiffin, Ohio, was born in Albany, Orleans Co., Vt., February 9, 1829. He received instruction in the public schools of the neighborhood and afterward at Oberlin College, Ohio, where he acquired a good academical education. His medical studies were commenced with Dr. Homer Johnson, of Oberlin, in 1848, but, moving to Cleveland the following year, he entered the office of Prof. H. A. Ackley, of that city. He attended the usual course of lectures at the medical department of the Western Reserve College, at Cleve- land, and graduated M. D. in 185 1. Shortly after obtaining his degree, he settled to practice in Tiffin, in Seneca County, where he still resides, and is ;iiiaiii'ii:MM.iiiwiiLjn, Monroe Co., ung, his father, efferson, Ash- led until about liis sketch re- el then studied two courses Iceland Medical e next course cago, 1851-52, 3. He at once ; has continued exacting family ed as Assistant he State of Illi- bounty Medical and of the Illi- leen a member since 1863, and a State Medical t Grand Master Templar of the the Northern lepted Scottish ithusiast in his nry. He has >n and growth ), now number- n i87i,at the ment in Balti- irand General- issimo. In 1874, at the session at New Orleans, he was elected to the office of Deputy Grand Master, and has now reached the highest place in the gift of the order, having been elected to the position of Grand Master at the Twentieth Triennial Conclave, in Cleve- land, August 30, 1877. His genial disposition and habitual courtesy render him a welcome guest in every circle, and secure for him troops of friends, and a large professional business. IVES, CHARLES LINNAEUS, M. D., of New Haven, Conn., was lorn in that city June 22, 1831. On his father's side he is the fourth in direct descent who have been physicians, and he is the grandson of Dr. Eli Ives, one of the country's most eminent physicians, who was honored with the Presidency of the American Medical Associ- ation. The subject of this sketch was fitted for college at Hopkins Grammar School, New Haven; entered Yale College in 1848, and graduated in 1852. He attended lectures at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he graduated M. D. in 1854. He attended lectures the following winter at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York ; and was Resi- dent Physician in Bellevue Hospital for a year and a half. In May, 1856, he opened an office in New Haven, and practiced with success and growing repu- tation. He was honored with an election to the Vice- Presidency of the American Medical Association at the meeting in San Francisco. He occupied the chair of Theory and Practice of Medicine in Yale College from 1868 to 1873, when he resigned on account of wd^. . wiB Htfiiift iw H f »■■»" -' 276 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. failing health ; was subsequently elected to the chair of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System in the University of New York. To recruit his health and more thoroughly to prepare for his new professorship, a year and a half was allowed him for travel, and for .study in Europe. But his health remaining poor, he was compelled to resign this position also. Returning to the United States, he has since resided much of the time in Minnesota. While there, in the winter of •875~76, he took the pastoral charge of a Congrega- tional Church of one hundred and twenty members, at Excelsior, for three months, till failing strength again compelled his retirement. Besides his medical theses and some contributions to medical literature, the Doctor has given much attention to Bible studies. In 1 87 1 he republished with notes Constable's Essay on Future Punishment. In 1873, in this country, and in 1374, in England, he published an essay of his own, on " The Bible Doctrine of the Soul." Although pub- lished privately, twelve thousand copies have been called for, in addition to those gratuitously circulated. A new edition, entirely rewritten, is now being issued by the publishing house of Claxton, Remsen and Haf- felfinger. Philadelphia, in which he more fully argues for the biblical conception of Man's Nature and Des- tiny. Dr. Ives is united in marriage to Bessie W. Salter, of Waverly, 111., but a native of New Haven. She accompanied her husband to California in i87r. They made excusions to the Big Trees, the Yosemite Valley, the Geysers, Lake Tahoe, and other places of note, and made themselves very agreeable to their traveling companions. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 2/7 d to the chair System in the lis health and 1 professorship, travel, and for lining poor, he >o. Returning :d much of the the winter of jf a Congrega- ty members, at strength again medical theses literature, the )le studies. In ble's Essay on -ountry, and in ay of his own. Although pub- ies have been isiy circulated, iv being issued msen and Haf- •e fully argue.s iture and Des- to Bessie W. ' New Haven, brnia in 187/. the Yosemite •ther places of able to their JACKSON, JOHN DAVn<:S, M. D., of Danville, Ky., was born near that place. December 12th, 1834, aid died there December 8th, 1875, not completing by a few days the forty-first year of his age. His an- cestors for several generations were residents of Ken- tucky. His mother died in 1849; and his father sur- vived the Doctor one year. The subject of this sketch graduated in 1854 at Centre College, in Danville, one of the oldest and best educational institutions in the Southwest. While pursuing his academic course he exhibited much en- thusiasm, and devoted himself to his studies with un- tiring application. Having determined to devote himself to the study of medicine, immediately upon his graduation he began his professional studies under the supervision of his uncle, Dr. Thomas W. Jackson, of Danville. He brought to the study of medicine a mind of rare philosophical and analytical power, possessed of quick perception, ready memory, and thorough training, and a familiarity with the classics and general literary topics. In the autumn of 1854 he matriculated in the medical department of the Uni- versity of Louisville, and there attended his first course of lectures. After spending the following summer with his uncle, during which time he pursued his studies with great fidelity and success, he matriculated at the medical department of the University of Penn- sylvania, where he graduated in 1857. His thesis was entitled Vis Conservatrix et Medicatrix Natures, and gave striking evidence of close study and careful ob- servation. The literary merits of this essay are highly creditable. -■mmata«»' '"niiraiftiTOiifnnr 278 niOGKAPKICAL SKETCHES. Immediately upon graduating, Dr. Jackson returned to his native place, and opened an office for the prac- tice of his profession. By means of his collegiate education, early-acquired studious habits, quick per- ception, retentive memory, and indefatigable industry, he was enabled to enter upon the practice of his pro- fession familiar with the principles which were to guide his action, and thoroughly conversant with the state of medical and surgical science of the day. He entered upon his medical career with a di.s- tinct plan, high purposes and unlimited ambition. From the outset to the close of his professional life he despised the artful and obsequious methods occa Ion- ally resorted to as a means for gaining friends and em- ployment. He remarked to a friend, when speaking of the first years of his practice, that he had determined to deserve success, and never to .seek it in a manner unbecoming the dignity and honor of a physician. With studious habits, uiodest demeanor, and retiring disposition, Dr. Jackson was slow to extend his ac- quaintance beyond that acquired in youth. His social visits were very few, and his entire time was devoted to his profession. The probationary years, so often spent by young physicians in bewailing their misfor- tunes, were utilized by him, and spent in constant labor. With persevering industry, he gave himself to the study of the text-books, as well as special trea- tises and periodicals which he possessed. He steadily worked his way into practice, his services being sought as his skill and ability became recognized by those around him. When the great civil war broke out between the States, he had established a good and rapidly-increasing practice. "'''''^•*'i»mmlsm^' ckson returned ce for the prac- his collegiate 'its, quick pcr- igable industry, ctice of his pro- h were to guide with the state day. ser with a dls- nited ambition. )fessionaI life he thods occa ;on« friends and em- when speaking had determined it in a manner f a physician, nor, and retiring extend his ac- uth. His social He was devoted years, so often ig their misfor- 'nt in constant gave himself to as special trea- d. He steadily services being recognized by civil war broke »ed a good and ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 279 Dr. Jackson never took an active part in public affairs, was averse to engaging in political controver- .lies, and seldom talked upon such subjects; yet he was a man of chivalric feelings, positive opinions, and firm convictions. The war once begun, he left his home and a growing practice, and entered the Con- federate Army as a Surgeon. During the first years he was with the Army of the Tennessee, and afterward with the Army of Northern Virginia. His r;»nk was thri '"Surgeon, and his duties were active anvi labori- o ring the whole of his term of service. During the greater portion of the time he acted as Brigade or Division Surgeon. As a medical officer, he served with honor and dis- tinction ; his labors were actuated by patriotism and a high sense of responsibility, and his duties were dis- charged with signal judgment and fidelity. Immediately after the surrender at Appomattox, he returned to Danville, and resumed his business there. With characteristic energy and industry, he began to collect a library, and gave himself up entirely to the study and practice of his profession. He was not long at his old home until his time was again fully occupied professionally. In a few years he collected around him a choice medical library, and being an industrious, rapid and exhaustive reader, possessing a most retentive memory, he soon became by common consent the most scholarly member of the profession in Central Kentucky, if not in the whole State, In order to acquire more knowledge and to perfect himself in certain special departments, he spent the 'v^iummim 380 nrooRAPHicAL sketches. winter of 1869-70 in the city of New York. In the spring he returned to his home, and resumed his labors there, which in a short time became quite arduous. The demands for his services now came from a wider circle and, indeed, from al -ts of 'he State, which, with the extensive reading •! i uthei i 'erary work he performed for the State and C'ju;ity Med- ical Societies, and the attention he gave fo his i:.flfice pupils, fully occupied his time with responsible and exhausting labor. Like all professional men who accomplish a great deal, lie knew how to systematize time, and make use of the minutes. He was punc- tual himself, and demanded the same of others. In 1 87 1, he attended the meetiat."; of the American Medical Association at San Franclscc, Cal., as a Dele- gate from the Kentucl;y Stale Medic-'.l viociety. After the sessions of the Association lie visited the Yosemite Valley, the Geysers, the Big Trees, and other places of interest on the Pacific Coast. As his reputation became more extended, and his high professional attainments more widely known, his instruction was sought by many young men preparing to enter the medical profession. He was the most capable and thorough office-preceptor I have ever known. He imparted instruction to his pupils by recitations, dissections, demonstrations, and oral in- struction ; and by his own exemplaiy conduct taught them medical ethics. He elicited the profound respect and admiration of his pupils, and inspired them with enthusiasm in their studies. He made knowledge of the classics, a thorough English education, and ac- quired habits of study, indispensable prerequisites for admission to his office as a pupil. z.^' York. In the d resumed his : became quite now came from "ts of flic State, ,! other i'terary I C'ju;ity Med- ivc f(< his ofBce responsible and onal men who r to systematize He was punc- )f others. f the American Cal., as a Dcle- iociety. After ;d the Yosemite id other places tended, and his Jcly known, his men preparing was the most »r I have ever his pupils by s, and oral in- ronduct taught rofound respect ired them with i knowledge of cation, and ac- irerequisites for fsr^.-'-r IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ■25 2.2 2.0 m L25 iu 11.6 I.I |50 ^^ Ki Z. — 6" v ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREr WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 iP w i CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques i». i ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 28 1 In 1872, with a view of further perfecting his knowledge of medicine and surgery, and to obtain much needed rest, he visited Europe, and by means of letters of introduction and his gentlemanly deport- ment, he made the acquaintance of many of the prom- inent teachers and practitioners of the Old World, and by personal observation acquainted himself with the most recent advances in medical and surgical science. As a Delegate from tne American Medical Association, he attended the meeting of the British Medical Association at Birmingham. Returning home late in the autumn, his time was at once fully occupied with general practice, consultations and sur- gical operations. Very soon after his return, he undertook the trans- lation of Farabcuf's "Manual on the Ligation of Arteries," which he accomplished in the most credit- able manner, and soon afterward the work was issued in the best style of the Lippincotts. He also pre- pared and published an admirable sketch of the life of Ephraim McDowell, and urged upon the profession the propriety of recognizing, in some suitable manner, his claims for respect and honor as the Father of Ovariotomy, and contributed liberally to the measure. The movements now in progress under the auspices of the American Medical Association and the Ken- tucky State Medical Society, to do honor to the memory of McDowell, by the erection of a monument or the endowment of a prize, are almost entirely due to Dr. Jackson's foresight and labors in this direction. In 1873 he was invited to deliver the address before the Alumni of the University of Pennsylvania, but • -r ■ 1 1 • i III- i-gmil.;-" ' T. 'r iiJ>v . wwJH >-«: .t^j^y ^ft-n ' iw w,- ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. j85 [ackson, he 1, extensive g ambition, undeviating pect a pure ; thinker, a del general of a philo- lor. urteous and man. He : the most 1 the cxten- isessed and ith superior an inspiring elfare of his rtant opera- 3 a surgeon He enjoyed Imiration of re. ilegant. No ck with the ;e acquaint' terature. ners he was as can be jted to him, iceded both any of the His influence was ever used for the advancement of honorable medicine, and it was his constant purpose to elevate his calling in the estimation of the public. He respected his avocation, and during his career never neglected an opportunity to indicate, both by precept and example, that a beneficent calling such as the healing art should be regarded by the public otherwise than as a trade. In short, he respected, honored and adorned his profession. He was one of the founders of the Boyle County Medical Society, and of the Central Kentucky Medical Association ; a member of the Kentucky State Medical Society, and of the American Medical Association; a corresponding member of the Ob.stetrical Society of Louisville ; a member of the Gyniecological Society of Boston; an honorary member of the California State Medical Society, and of the British Medical Asso- ciation. The following are some of his contributions to med- ical literature; "Rhigolene." Western Journal of Medicine. Kepublislied in Journal of Piiarmacy, Philadelpiua, i866. " Trichiniasis," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Janu- ary, 1867, p. 82. " Epistaxis." Western Journal of Medicine. " The Inoculabiliiy and Transmissibility of Tuberculosis." Trans- actions Kentucky State Medical Society, 186S. "A Case of Varicella, with some commentaries on the Identity of Varicella and Variola." Richmond and Lousville Medical Journal, vol. vii., 1869, p. 20. "A Case of Tetanus treated with Calabar Bean— Death." Jbid. vol. viii., p. 260. " Gunshot-Wound of Bladder and Rectum— Recovery of patient under remarkable circumstances." American Journal of the Medical Sciences, January, 1869, p. 281. fc! ti 286 niOORAPlUCAL SKETCHES. " The niack Arts in Medicine." Cincinnati. Robert Clarke & Co. 1870. " Lessons from tlie Mfilical Clinic at the Ilopital ile la Chnriti," given by S. Jaccoviil— translation. II>id.,\o\. ix., 1870, p. 197. The same continued in vols, ix., x., xi., xii. and xiii. "Loose Cartilages in the Knee-joint and the Operation for their Removal," with a case. Cincinnati Lancet and (>!)server, vol. xiv , 1871. Medical Office Pupilage. Transactions of Kentucky Stale Medical Society, 1871. "Agoraphobia." Clinic, Cincinnati, 1872, referred to in several European journals. " Critiqne on Lister's Germ Theory, and the use of Carbolic Acid as an Antiseptic in Surgery." Richmond and Louisville Medical Jour, nal, vol xiii., 1872. " Hygiene." Transactions Kentucky State Medical Society, 1872. " Biographical Sketch of Ephraim McDowell." Richmond and Louisville Medical Journal, 1873. «' Bloodletting." Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery. " Ligature of Arteries," by Dr. L. H. Farabeuf— translation. Phil- adelphia. J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1874. "Tracheotomy in Diphtheria and Croup," with two cases. Rich- mond and Louisville Medical Journal, vol. xvii., 1874. "In the death of Dr. Jackson," says one of his biographers, " science has lost a devoted follower, the medical profession an earnest laborer, society a valued member, and the State in which he lived one of its most useful citizens." JANES, HENRY, M. D.. of Waterbury, Washing- ton Co., Vt., was born in that place, January 24, 1832. He is the son of Hon. Henry F. Janes, who was a member of Congress from 1834 to 1837, and State Trea.surer of Vermont from 1838 to 1 841. His grandfather on his mother's side was Hon. Ezra Butler, the second settler of Waterbury, a member of Congress from 18 13 to 181 5, and Governor of the )berl Clarke & . lie la Chnrild," D, p. 197. The ration for their ierver, vol. xiv , y Stale Medical 1 to in several Carbolic Acid as e Medical Juur> il Society, 1872. Richmond and nd Surgery, anslation. Phil- o cases. Rich- '4- one of his follower, the iety a valued ed one of its ;ry, Washing- lary 24, 1832. I, who was a 37, and State 1841. His 1 Hon. Ezra a member of 'ernor of the ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 287 State in 18^6-28. The Doctor received his academi- cal education at Morrisville and at St. Johnsbury Academics, and other educational institutes m the State. His medical studies were commenced in 1852, at Waterbury, under the guidance of Dr. J. B. Wood- ward. He attended his first course of medical lectures at Woodstock College, in 1852. and two courses sub- sequently at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New York, where he graduated M. D. in 1855. The same year he was appointed Assistant, and, afterward. House Physician in Bellevue Hospital, New York City. In 1856 he went into practice at Chelsea, Mass. The following year he returned to Waterbury, where he soon acquired a good profes- sional business. In 1861 he entered the army, as a Sur- geon of the Third Regiment Vermont Volunteers, with which he served until 1 863, when he resigned, to accept the commission of Surgeon, United States Army. In 1865 he was breveted Lieutenant-Colbnel. The greater part of his military service was spent in hospital duty. In the fall of 1862, he was in charge of a hospital at Burkettsville, and, the following winter, at Frede- rick, Md ; in the spring of 1863, of the hospitals ot the Sixth Army Corps; in the summer and fall of 1863, of the army hospitals in and about Gettysburg, Pa., including the Letterman General Hospital, in whicl- were placed about two thousand of the most severely wounded, collected from the Gettysburg battle-field, with a view of studying the statistical results of treat- ment of fracture and amputations. In the winter and spring of 1 864, of South Street General Hospital, Phil- adelphia; in the summer of 1864, in charge of the hos- II i r Ti l I II t 288 BIOGRAPiriCAL SKETCHES. pital-steamcr SMc of Maine ; in the fall of 1864 and until the close of the war, in char^/c of Sloan General Hospital, at Montpelier, Vt. I le left the army in 1 866, and, after spending the remainder of the year in New York, making a special study of injuries to the bones and brain, lie returned, in 1867, to Waterbury, where he has been actively engageil in practice until the present time, excepting the year 1874,3 portion of which he spent in traveling in Europe. His practice is large in the treatment of nervous diseases, in sur- gery, and consultations with neighboring physicians. In 1869 and 1870 he published, in Mie Transactions of Vermont Medical Society, a paper on the treatment of gunshot-fracture, especially of the femur. In 1871, 1872 and 1873, he published papers on some of the incidents following amputations; in 1874, on ampu- tations at the knee-joint. In 1877, he wrote a paper on Spinal Hemiplegia. I le is a member of the Wash- ington County Medical Society, and of the American Medical Association ; of the Vermont State Medical Society, of which he was President in 1870, and which he represented at the meetings of the Ameri- can Medical Association in i860, 1866 and 1 871; of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. JOHNSON, JOHN BATES, M. D.. of St. Louis. Mo., was born at Fair Haven, Bristol Co., Mass.^ April 26, 18 17. His father was a shipping-merchant, a native of Skein, Norway, who came to America from Amsterdam, Holland, in 1799, and settled in Massa- chusetts. He continued in the foreign shipping busi- ■it-g-i i ummi i i w mm b U^ ^ ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 189 of 1 864 and can General my in 1866, 'car in New to the bones bury, wlicre :c until the I portion of [lis practice ases, in sur- physicians. nsactions of treatment of . In 1871, ome of tlie , on ampu- otc a paper f the Wash- e American ite Medical 1870, and the Ameri- d 1871; of n honorary •ciety. ' St. Louis, 'o.^ Mass., ;-mercliant, lerica from in Massa- pping busi- ness until 1832, when he became largely interested in the manufacture of cotton. The Doctor's mother was the daughter of Captain Hates, an officer of the Revo- lution, and served under the immediate command of General Lafayette, whose friendship and confidence he enjoyed to the day of his death. The subject of this sketch entered the Fair Haven Academy at the age of ten years, having previ- ously been well prepared by a private tutor. Among his teachers in this institution was the celebrated law- yer and poet, Albert Pike. He also spent one year at the Friends' Academy in New Bedford, and had here as one of his teachers Dr. Henry Lee, who afterwards became Bishop of Iowa. Having through these ad- vantages been well prepared to engage in the higher branches of a University education, when about to enter Harvard his plans were disarranged by the sud- den death of his father. Being the oldest son, he was naturally looked to by the family as a protector. The ill-health of his mother, too, required his presence at home. But he did not give up his books or abandon his purpose to study med- icine, to which end he had for some time been direct- ing his attention. In 1835, at the age of eighteen, he entered the office of Dr. Lymon Bartlett, of New Bed- ford, and after one year's reading, attended a course of lectures at the Berkshire Medical College. The following year he attended lectures at a private medi- cal school in Boston, conducted by Dr. J. C. Warren, George Haywood, and others. In 1837-38 he entered Harvard. At the close of the lectures he was ap- pointed House Surgeon to the Massachusetts Gen- t' .J ^'i % ■if- >ty.p »><]W*i wf the illness as President peedily gain- his hearers, the Doctor, icy Raphael, .ucas, of St. having lost have as yet nore charm- scarcely be surrounded wife and a les a scene r great plea- \y dinner in his trip to idjournment Association ilaveras Big erest on the rreat fund of onversation- liich he was lysique and ected Com- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL nSsOCIATIGN. 293 mander of the cavalcade from Hodgens into the Yo- scmitc valley. His great size (6 ft. 4 inches), and weight (250 pounds) made it important to select for him a strong and powerful horse. The one assigned him was the somewhat unruly, but splendid traveler, " Mona," which he managed with such skill as to win the admiration of the whole company. The trip was a delightful one, both to the Doctor and his son, and made without accident, and with but one regret, that Mrs. Johnson was not with them. This lady under- took the journey in their company, but separation from her children was unbearable, and she abandoned the trip at Kansas City and returned home. JONES, ANDREW BARRY. M. D., of Ports- mouth, was born at Hillsborough, Highland Co., Ohio, April 30, 1829; died suddenly of rheumatism of the heart, at his residence, October 15, 1876. His pre- liminary and academical education was obtained at the schools of his native place. He commenced the study of medicine, and attended lectures at the Cleve- land Medical College, where he graduated March 6, 1850. In April of the same year he settled to practice at Jacksonville, Adams County, O., where he remained for two years. In 1851 he married Maria Jane Dun- bar. He leaves no children. In 1852 he removed to Portsmouth, Sciota County, where he was fully em- ployed in a responsible practice to the time of his death. His love of anatomy and proficiency in that branch led him to prefer surgery, in which he deserved and acquired a high reputation. His engagements in this branch extended far beyond the confines of an 'i 294 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ordinary practice, he being frequently called in consul- tation into other States. Though well qualified as a writer, an over-busy life precluded the exercise of his powers in this direction. He was appointed a trustee of the South-eastern Insane Asylum of Ohio. He was a member and for years the President of the Sciota County Medical Society; of the Ohio State Medical Society, and its President in 1872; and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. KANE, EDWARD, M. D., of Detroit, Mich., was born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., March 17, 1801 ; died at Detroit, Mich., January 21, 1875. He received a good academic education in Vermont, to which State his parents had removed. His medical studies were thorough, and he received his degree of M. D. at the University of Vermont in 1825. The same year he commenced to practice in Peru, Clinton Co., N. Y., and after three years removed to Plattsburgh, where he was extensively engaged in practice until 1856, when he removed to Detroit. In 1852 he was appointed Professor of Theory and Practice of Medi- cine in the University of Vermont. This position he held for six years. He occupied the position of asso- ciate editor and then that of editor of the Medical In- dependent, published at Detroit in 1856-58. This posi- tion enabled him to exhibit to his professional brethren some of the stores of rare knowledge he possessed. He was a gentleman of the old school, .scholarly, engaging, upright, and courteous in his intercourse with his brother physicians and the world, and was particularly affable and sympathetic in the sick- jm. > W I W j>aA W (r< NliM<*i> M i ipi |iif WiijW W Wwwjjiwwt^^ ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 295 ed in consul- qualified as a cercise of his ited a trustee liio. He was )f the Sciota tate Medical an honorary Society. t, Mich., was , 1801 ; died He received ) which State studies were M. D. at the me year he :on Co., N. Plattsburgh, ractico until 1852 he was cc of Medi- position he tion of asso- Mcdical In- Thisposi- tial brethren : possessed. , .scholarly, intercourse Id, and was : sick- jm. After his demise the medical men of Detroit held a public meeting at the Mayor's office, and passed a series of resolutions e.Kpressivc of their appreciation of his abilities as a physician, and regretting the loss su.stained by the profession and the public. He was a member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine ; of the Wayne County Medical Society, and of the Michigan State Medical Society, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. Although he had arrived at the age of seventy, he nevertheless was vigorous in body and youthful in feelings, enjoyed the trip and his sojourn in California, and was one of the most cheerful and entertaining companions of the party. KING, GEORGE ANDREW, M.D., of Lancaster, Pa., was born at Danville, in Montour County, April 6, 1843. Until old enough to enter the Lancaster Academy, he attended the district schools. His aca- demic course was concluded in Franklin and Marshall College. He studied medicine with Dr. Henry Car- penter in Lancaster, and attended lectures at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he graduated. In 1864 he commenced practice in Lan- caster, where he has continued to reside, and is now actively engaged in the duties of his profession. As an evidence of his standing in the county, and with the profession of Lancaster, it may be mentioned that he was one of the physicians called to attend Ex- President Buchanan in his last illness. He was also called as one of the physicians in attendance on Hon. Thaddeus Stevens when in Lancaster. He is one of Mi 296 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. : the Physicians to the Lancaster County Hospital and Almshouse, and Coroner's Physician for the city and county. He is a member of the Lancaster City and County Medical Society, and for a number of years has been its Secretary, and represented it at the Amer- ican Medical Association in 1 871. He attended the meeting in California under most agreeable circum- stances, it being his wedding-trip. His bride was a beautiful blonde, tall, graceful and accomplished, who by her pleasant manner, cheerfulness and sparkling wit, added much to the general enjoyment. They visited when in California most of the places of in- terest, and called upon lirigham Young at Salt Lake City. The Doctor is an honorary member of the Cal- ifornia State Medical Society. KING, JAMES, M. D., of Pittsburgh, was born in Bedford Co., Pa., January 18, 1816. His father, John King, was the pioneer iron-manufacturer in that county and a successful business man, and procured for his children a good education. The Doctor was early sent to the Bedford Classical and Mathematical Academy, then under the direction of Rev. B. R. Hall, His medical studies were pursued with Dr. Benjamin W. Dudley, the eminent lithotomist, in Lexington, Ky. He graduated from the Transylvania University in 1838. Shortly after he began to practice in Hollidaysburg, Pa., but in 1844 he was induced to remove to Wash- ington, Pa., and was elected Professor of Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene in the Washington College. He also enjoyed an extensive practice; but desiring a larger field, in 1850 he removed to the city of Pitts- jspital and le city and T City and r of years the Amer- tcnded the le circum- ride was a ished, who sparkling :nt. They ices of in- Salt Lake of the Cal- ls born in ■ther, John r in that '. procured )octor was thematical B. R. Hall, Benjamin iigton, Ky. ityin 1838. idaysburg, to Wash- Anatomy, n College, desiring a y' of Pitts- Jifei-^'tfiSW^ ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 297 burgh, where he has been since actively engaged in the duties of his profession. On the breaking out of the war of the rebellion, he entered the military service as Surgeon. He was successively Surgeon at Camp Cur- tin, Division Surgeon of the State, and Medical Di- rector of the Pennsylvania Reserves. After their muster into the United States service, he was with them until after the battle of Antietam, and was a par- ticipant in all the battles in which the Reserves took a part. At the request of Governor Curtin he was mustered out of the United States service, to take the position of Surgeon-General of the State of Pennsyl- vania. This honorable position he filled acceptably and with ability until August l. 1864, when he resigned and returned to private practice. His duties while Surgeon-General were arduous and responsible, he being charged by the executive with the selection ot the principal medical officers sent by the State to care for the valiant forces in the field. The conscientious and able manner in which he performed his duties commanded the admiration of the medical profession, and also of the executive officers of the State and General Government. The Surgeon-General of Ohio, in making his report, complimented Dr. King by draft- ing it after his model. He is a man of scholarly tastes and fine classical attainments, and has a thorough knowledge of medicine and surgery, and is extensively known beyond the confines of his own State. He is a member of the Allegheny County Medical Society; of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, and was its President in 1866; of the American Madical Asso- ciation, and attended the meeting at San Francisco in ■is 298 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1871 ; and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. The Doctor is a good observer; and it is to be regretted that he has not written more for the benefit of the profession. His report as Surgeon- General, and his addresses on various occasions before medical societies and the Academy of Science, and some articles to medical journals, comprise about all he has contributed to the literature of his profession. Although these are but few, they mark him as a man of ability, from whom we would like to receive more. Dr. King is united in marriage to Anne L. Russell, of Bedford, Pa. They have two children living, both daughters. KNIGHT, HENRY MARTYN, M. D., of Lake- ville. Conn., was born at Stafford, Tolland Co., August II, 1827. His father was a clergyman, who secured the best education his means justified for his sons, at Williston Seminary, East Hampton, Mass. The sub- ject of this sketch studied medicine with Dr. J. F. Minor, now of Buffalo, N. Y., and with Dr. Alvan Smith, of Monson, Mass. After attending the usual courses of lectures, he received the degree of M. D. from the Berkshire Medical College, In February, 1850, he opened an office and commenced practice at Stafford Springs, Conn. The following November he removed to Lakeville, Conn. In 1 861 he was ap- pointed Superintendent of the Connecticut School for Imbeciles, a position in which he still labors with zeal and success. He publishes annual reports on the condition of the inmates and the results of education among them. In 1872 he published a paper in the -'^ ;r'MM«K!9«3»»d»"igM«RiM4MI|HIKBiMN BWWW^ ** "ornia State server; and 1 more for s Surgeon- ions before cience, and c about all profession, n as a man :eive more. L. Russell, iving, both >., of Lake- Jo., August ho secured his sons, at The sub- li Dr. J. F. Dr. Alvan I the usual e of M. D. I February, practice at ovember he he was ap- School for rs with zeal >rts on the f education taper in the ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 2f.O Transactions of the Connecticut State Medical Society, on the "Hallucinations of Childhood." He is a mem- ber of the Connecticut State Medical Society; of the American Medical Association, and an honorary member of the New England Psychological Society, the N. Y. State Medical Society, and of the California State Medical Society. In October, 1 850, he married Mary Fitch Phelps. They have two sons — Robert P. and George H. The Doctor is a man of extensive general information, an agreeable companion, and en- joyed his trip to California. KNOX, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, M. D., of Chi- cago, 111., was born in Lenoir County, N. C, August 8, 1832. His father, Reuben Knox, M. D., was a prominent physician at Kinston, in that State, who, in 1837, removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he soon ranked among the ablest in his profession, and became a very prominent and influential citizen. The subject of this sketch graduated at the Illinois College, at Jacksonville, about 1852, with high honors, taking the degrees of A. B. and A. M. He then commenced the study of medicine, and, after at- tending the usual courses of lectures at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., graduated M. D. in 1854. He commenced the practice of his profes- sion at Rock Island, 111., and was quite successful; and subsequently at Virden, 111. At the breaking out of the war, while residing at the latter place, he was commissioned by the Governor, First Assistant Sur- geon of the Ninth Illinois Cavalry, in which position he served with credit until 1862, when he was pro- NH 300 niOORAPHICAL SKETCHES. moted to the grade of Surgeon of the One Hundred and Tvvcnty-secontl Infantry. In recognition of his services and abihty in his profession, in 1866 he was appointed by the Secretary of the Interior of the United States oncoftlic I'ension Surgeons in Chicago, to which city he had removed and was engaged in a large and hicrative practice. Dr. Knox was elected President of the Board of Pension Surgeons, and filled the position with so much credit that, upon his res- ignation in 1872, he was the recipient of a most flat- tering letter from the Commissioner of Pensions, ac- knowledging the painstaking and faithful manner he had performed this important duty, and regretting his resignation. In 1 871 he was sent as a Delegate from the Chicago Medical Society to the meeting of the American Medical Association at San Francisco, Cal. At its close, he visited many places of interest on the Pacific slope, and returning stopped for a day at Salt Lake City. In 1855 the Doctor was united in mar- riage to Georgiana E. Heaton, daughter of Dr. O. B. Heaton, a prominent and well known physician of central Illinois. They have no children living. For several years he has entirely relinquished the prac- tice of medicine. His home is in Chicago, but he spends much of his time, with his wife, who is an invalid, in traveling. He is a member of the Chicago Medical Society, the American Medical Association^ the Illinois State Medical Society, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. LANGDON, OLIVER MONROE, M. D., of Cin- cinnati, Ohio, was born near Columbia, one of the jiiii—m— «■» e Hundred lion of his ?66 he was lor of the n Chicago, gaged in a vas elected s, and filled Dn his res- i most flat- insions, ac- manncr he petting his legate from ting of the ncisco, Cal. rest on the day at Salt ed in mar- of Dr. O. hysician of ving. For I the prac- go, but he who is an he Chicago Association^ 1 honorary :iety. D., of Cin- one of the iiimiii wifwaiMifi > ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 301 suburbs of Cincinnati, February 2, 18 17. Me is the son of Oliver Langdon, D. D. and M. D., who about 1800 settled in Hamilton County, and bought a sec- tion of land which extended from Mt. Lookout to the city limits. His mother was the daughter of Col. William Brown, a soldier of the Rc\')lution, who settled near Cincinnati, as early as 1789. The subject of this sketch lost by death both his parents, at about the age of twelve. He then went to live with a cousin in Cincinnati, and attended a private school, there then being no public schools. In 1831 he entered the now widely known Woodward High School, where he continued until the appearance of cholera in 1832, which suspended studies, when he spent some weeks at the old homestead. On the subsidence of the epidemic, he returned to Cincinnati and entered as a student of the Athcneum, now St. Xavier's College. While a member of the family of his cousin, he did service sufficient to defray his expenses. Concluding a course of two years at the Atheneum, he com- menced the study of medicine in the office of Professor Cobb, of the Medical College of Ohio. He attended lectures in this institute, and graduated in 1838. Then he formed a partnership and commenced practice in the town of Madison, Ind., where he resided until 1842, when he returned to Cincinnati and opened an office. Shortly afterward, he was appointed physician to one of the wards of the city. This position he filled acceptably to the community and the city authorities, until the beginning of the Mexican war, when he was appointed Surgeon of the Fourth Ohio Regiment, under command of Colonel Brough, He 11 -t—-™ 302 niOCKAPinCAL SKETCIfES. served throughout the campaign and returned with his regiment, at the close of the war, in 1848. A partnership in practice was formed between liim and Dr. Jesse Judkins ; this association continued until 1859. About 1830 lie was appointed Physician to the House of Refuge, and, afterwards. Physician to the Lunatic Asylum at Lick Run ; both of these he filled until 1856. In 1859 Dr. Langdon was appointed Su- perintendent and Physician to the Longview Asylum, then just completed. On removing to this institution, he gave up his city practice. This position he held with credit and ability until 1870, when, on account of failing health, he retired. He is possessed of a culti- vated mind and enjoys large wealth, and has during late years devoted himself to the encouragement of benevolent and reformatory measures, and of later years has traveled extensively. He was one of the originators and is still one of the Trustees of the Miami Medical College. He was instrumental in having the lunatics removed from the old Commercial Hospital to the buildings provided at Lick Run, which eventually resulted in the building of Longview. Fortunately for the good of the institute, he was chosen to organize and then to manage this institu- tion, which, while it is a monument to the Doctor, is at the same time an honor to the profession, the age and the country. The Doctor also took a leading part in the measures which led to the establishment of an asylum for the colored insane, which is now a depart- ment of Longview, and to which now all this class of patients throughout the State are sent for treatment. He has been an active worker in nearly all the med- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 303 iirnecl with 1848. A :n liini and nucd until cian to the ian to the ic he filled •ointed Su- w Asylum, institution, on he held account of of a culti- has during igement of d of later one of the ;es of the imental in Commercial ilun, which Longview. e, he was his institu- Doctor, is >n, the age ading part nent of an / a depart- lis class of treatment, the med- ical organizations, both State and National. His pro- fessional life brought him much in relation with philanthropists and leading physicians and reformers of his day, and most creditably has he sustained an honorable position among them. The Doctor is scarcely known as a writer, but this is more through want of time than of ability. He contributed two papers to Professor Drake, which are incorporated in his first volume. These, with his eleven reports as Superintendent of Longview Asylum, constitute his more important literary productions. He is a member of the Cincinnati Medical Society; of the Cincinnati Medical and Chirurgical Society; of the Ohio State Medical Society; of the American Medical Association, and has been since 1850; of the American Medical and Psychological Association ; of the Asso- ciation of Superintendents of Hospitals for the Insane of the United States, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. LONG, ALFRED JEROME, M. D., of White Hall, N. Y., was born at Rutland, Vt, August 5, 1824. His father and mother are natives of that State, and are still living, at the ages of eighty-six and eighty-five respectively. Until the age of nineteen, the subject of this notice remained on his father's farm, and then was sent to Castleton Seminary during summer, and taught school in winter. In 1847 he entered Middle bury College, from which he graduated in 185 1. While still attending college, in 1849, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Henry R. Jones, of New Haven, Vt. During the fall and winter of 185 1, |Q|| niOGRAPIIICAL SKETCHES. ho tau• Claims Modern Life imposes upon the Profession.'' His time is so fully occupied that he has never found time to prepare for the press some admirable addresses, notwithstanding he has been recpiested to do so by a vote of the Society. I le is a clear thinker and a per- picuous and forcible speaker, and ought not to hesi- tate to appear as an author. In December, 1855, he was united in marriage to Susan 1< leanor, daughter of Thomas Coulson, of Albany, N. Y. They have four children living-Mary Jane, the wife of Ur 11. C. Sen- tor, Charles Jared, Benjamin Alfred and Clymer Barr. MASON, DARIUS, M. D., of Prairie du Chien, Wis was born in Swansea, Bristol Co., Mass., April 1st 1830. He is the youngest son of OIney and Lilhs (Pierce) Mason. He attended the public schools until fifteen years of age, and then attended the Friend.s' Academy at New Bedford, for four years. He com- menced the study of medicine with Dr. Lyman Bart- lett of New Bedford, in 1850; attended his first course of lectures at Harvard College in 1850-5 1. The next two years he spent under the tutorship of Drs. Willard Parker and Robert Watts in New York, and attended two courses of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in that city, graduating M. D.. m 1853. The spring of this year he took a position at the Nur- sXm 3o6 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. sery Hospital on Randall's Island, New York Harbor. In 1856, he commenced practice in Prairie du Cliien, Wis., where he has remained, enjoying a large general practice in medicine and surgery. During the war he served eighteen months as Surgeon of the Thirty-first Regiment of Wisconsin Vol. Infantry. The Doctor has contributed a few good articles to the medical journals. He is a member of the Wisconsin State Medical Society, and was its Vice President in 1872; a Censor of the same from 1873 to 1876, and elected its President in 1877; a member of the American Medical Association, and attended the meeting at San Francisco in 1871 ; an honorary member of the Cali- fornia State Medical Society, and of the North Iowa Medical Society. Dr. Mason is united in marriage to Adelaide, daugh- ter of the late Lieut. Charles Brishois. McARTHUR, ALONZO LINCOLN, M. D., of Rockford, 111., was born in Washington Co.. N. Y., Oc- tober 19, 1822. His father was a farmer, a native of Scotland, and his mother of English parentage of noble descent. His preparatory education was at the public schools, until he entered Wilson Collegiate Institute in Western New York. Having read medicine and at- tended three courses of lectures at the Rush Medical College, he received the degree of M. D., in 1850. In the spring of the sams year he commenced practice in the city of Joilet, III., where he was actively engaged until 1866, when he removed to the city of Rockford, in Winnebago Co., where he now resides and enjoys a good practice. The Doctor was ambitious for a thor- ''jaiai .iSES-" k Harbor, du Cliien, ye general :he war he ^hirty-first lie Doctor e medical isin State t in 1872; nd elected American ing at San the Cali- orth Iowa le, daugh- M. D., of N. Y.,Oc- i native of ;e of noble the public nstitute in ne and at- li Medical I 1850. In iractice in ' engaged Rockford, 1 enjoys a "or a thor- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. ou^h knowledge of his profession, and during the win- ter°of 185 1, returned to his Alma Mater, and agam at- tended 1 cturcs, .turning in the spring to busmess. The winter of 1852-53. 1- spent in Ph;^adelph>a a - tending lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. His devotion to study and his exact knowledge of anatomy and familiarity with pathology brought to ht a'Irgeand profitable surgical practice, so that for y Trs his professional business yielded hmj about TscSo per annum. The same qualities wh.ch made him the good student made him a close reasoner a forcible and ready writer, and a fluent and agreeable public speaker. He has contributed a <^on^derable number of papers to the medical journals and to the Transactions of ;he Illinois State Medical Society, of which he has been Secretary and Vice President He was for some time one of the Professors m the JVIed cal Department of the Lind University, afterwards called the Chicago Medical College. During the war he was appointed by the Governor one of the Med.cal Exam- iners The duties of this Board were to exam me ap- plicants for the position of Surgeon and Assistant Sur- geon of the regiments of the Illinois troops-a highly responsible and important service. He is a member o the Joilet Medical Society; of the Rockford Medical Association ; of the American Medical Association. and in the summer of 1 871 was made honorary member of the California State Medical Society. He has been for years a member of the Board of Education. Director of Public Libraries, etc. In 1 854. he was united in marri- age to Mary K., daughter of Hon. James Curtis Mayor of Chicago. They have six children living, five daugh- 'WiiTVrtH;r-).ri-iHiiiiiiV«Tti~fl)ifiimm!mmmmmtm}immMJmimiimmmMm ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 309 nellcd to resign and return home, and resumed his old practice at Norwood. In 1872, desirous of better railroad facilities, he removed a few miles into the ad- joining town of Alexis, where he has since been actively engaged in general practice. The Doctor as- sisted in the organization of the Mercer County Med - cal Association, and was for some time 'ts res.den ; was also active in consolidating the latter with the Mil- itary Tract Medical Society, in which organization he was Vice-President. He is a member of the Warren County Medical Society ; of the Illinois State Medical Society • of the Illinois State Temperance Reform Association, and its President; of the American Medi- cal Association, and an honorary member of the Cali- fornia State Medical Society. He is united in mar- riage to Margaret Jane Jones; they have three ch.l- drm. His oldest son-Harry M.-is studying medi- cine. McDOWFXL, WILLIAM JEFFERSON.M.D.. of Portsmouth, Ohio, was born in that place, Sept. 14, 1 82 1 His ancestors were practical, well-educated, and thrifty His grandfather, Dr. William McDowell, after one course of lectures at the University of Pennsyl- vania, received the certificate of Drs. Rush and Phy- sick vouching for his ability to practice medicine, which he pursued with reputation for over fifty years. The subject of this sketch received his academic edu- cation at Augusta Literary College, Kentucky. He pursued his medical studies with Drs. G. S. B. Hemp- stead and James M. Shackleford, attended one course of lectures at Louisville, Ky., in 1842-43, and gradu- 3IO BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ated after attending a winter course at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1845. He commenced practice in Portsmouth, in May of the same year, and has been fully occupied with professional business, which he enjoys to the present day. Dr. McDowell is a mem- ber of theSciota County Medical Society, of the Ohio State Medical Society, and of the American Medical Association, and has been since 1867; and an honor- ary member of the State Medical Society of California. In 1863, he was appointed by the Governor of Ohio, an Examining Surgeon for the volunteers of the State. Dr. Hempstead is the only physician now living in Portsmouth who resided there when he commenced practice in 1845. The Doctor enjoyed his trip to California, visiting Salt Lake City en route, and many of the notable places in California. He has never married, but has a troop of warm personal friends, the result of a life guided by Christian duty, professional liberality, and benevolence. Dr. McDowell says: " Of the number of physicians who have practiced medicine in Portsmouth since my connection with the profession, twenty-four have died, a few here, but most of them after leaving our place. This fact impresses me that practicing medicine is not conducive to long life, especially when town and country practice are combined." til b( ic P c i t c 1 McFARLAND, JOHN ALEXANDER, M. D., of Tiffin City, Ohio, was born at Waynesboro, Franklin Co., Penna., June 10, 1811. His father, John McFar- land and mother, Ann McKeon, were from the north of Ireland. They were well educated, prudent, and mmmismmmiimBm** .mmi^ ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 3" thrifty people, raising six sons to man's estate one becoming a Bishop (of Hartford. Conn.), two phys- icians, and three farmers. The father is sa.d to have had a remarkable memory, being able to repeat every part of the Bible from Genesis to Revelations. H.s mother was a woman of rare sound judgnjent, exem- plified in domestic and Christian duty. The subjec of this sketch, after going through the courses augh i,v the village schools, was sent to the Academy taught by Thomas J. Harris, in Chambersburg, Penna. One of his teachers was Mr. James Clark, a graduate of West Point, now a Priest of the Society of Jesus and President of Gonzaga College, in the District of Co- lumbia. After leaving the Academy he engaged for several years in teaching school in Waynesboro. He then commenced the study of medicine, and after attending the usual courses of lectures at Jefferson MedicarCoUege. Philadelphia, received the degree of M. D. in 1837- I" May of this year he opened an office in Tiffin, where he has ever since resided, and has been fully employed in the duties of his professi^n^ Althouch the Doctor is entirely competent to have tlibuted much to medical literature he has thus far put on record but a couple of articles written for the medical journals. In 1868. he Pf -^ed '" the Cincinnati Lancet and Obseroc, an article "On the Use of Ice and Ice-Water in Croup." giving cases in which he had used them, dating back to 1843. ^o..o.yic- Farland is a member of the Ohio State Medical Society. an^wasoneofitsVice Presidents in 1857 ) ofthe A.er. can Medical Association, and has been since 1857. In ?854, and for several subsequent years, he was President •! 'I I: ■mmm 3T2 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. of the Seneca County Medical Society. lie represented this body in the National Medical Convention at San Francisco, 1871. He is an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. He was united in marriage to Ann E. Stalcy, daughter of Dr. Henry S, Staley. of Frederick, Md. She departed this life. May 30, 1870. They have five children living— William R., Euna, Mary A., Edith A., and Louisa. Though forty years of assiduous labor in a malarial region, have made serious inroads upon his health, yet the Doctor's time is still occupied in the active duties of professional life. While in California he visited many localities of interest to strangers, and stopped for a day at Salt Lake City. He is an agreeable conversation- alist, full of reminiscences, and it is to be hoped that he will yet be induced to give the profession a volume from his rich storehouse, garnered from a long life of experience and intelligent observation and practice. MEARS, GEORGE WASHINGTON, M. D.. of Indianapolis, Ind., was born at Harrisburg, Pa., June 27, 1803. He is the son of William and Elizabeth Mears, who were early settlers at Catawissa, on the banks of the Susquehanna, where his father engaged in merchandising. Here the subject of this sketch received his education, at the common schools and from private tutors. The classics and higher branches were studied under the then celebrated teacher, Ellis Hughes. His medical studies were commenced in Catawissa, under the direction of Dr. E. Daniels, a well educated physician from Massachusetts. In the winter of 1824-25, he attended his first course of lec- ^mmmmmmmmmm 0^'mtmm ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 3I3 presented on at San ber of the united in Henry S. life, May —William Though il region, I, yet the duties of ted many 1 for a day I'ersation- 3ped that a volume mg life of ractice. M. D.. of Pa., June Elizabeth a, on the ■ engaged is sketch lools and branches her, Ellis enced in )aniels, a . In the se of lec- tures at Yale College, New Haven, Conn. His second course was at Philadelphia, in 1825-26, as a member of the first class of the Jefferson Medical College, then just organized. He also attended a second course in this college, and graduated M. D. in the spring of 1827, with Drs. Gross, Luzenberg, Knapp, Mcintosh, Pelham, and others, who have since distinguished themselves as teachers, writers and practitioners. While yet a student, he was elected Resident Physi- cian of the Children's Asylum, corner of Fifth and Plum .streets, Southwark. The City Guardians to the Poor had over two hundred children, under six years of age, cared for in this establishment; the clinical advantages were, therefore, of the first order, as the institution was attended by eminent physicians, such as Condie, Nancrede, Coates, and others of equal ability. On the conclusion of his term in the asylum, Dr. Mears opened an office in Vine street, below Third, where he practiced with success for two years, and then removed to Vinccnnes, Ind., where he soon acquired a good business. On the 23d of November, 1833, he was united in marriage to Caroline Sidney, daughter of Nathaniel Ewing, Esq., of Indiana. In the spring of 1834, he was induced to remove to the capital of the State— Indianapolis— where he .still resides, engaged in teaching, and in the active duties of the profession. In 1849 he was tendered, and accepted the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the Central Medical College of Indiana, organized by the Trustees of Asbury University. This new institution at first met with fair success, but, from the intermeddling of the Trustees, •-rf ii4 niOGRAl'HICAL SKETCHES. lectures were discontinued after three years. The Medical Society of Indiana, in 1869, recognizing the need of an institution for medical instruction at the capital of the State, encouraged the founding of a medical college, which has been successfully organ- ized at Indianapolis, under the name of the "Indiana Medical College." In this the Doctor was again elected to the chair of Obstetrics, and has lectured to seven annual classes, varying in number from fifty to one hundred and thirty students. Although not a frequent contributor, he has written some excellent articles for the medical journals and for societies, notably his paper on "Unavoidable H.-cmorrhage," published in the State Medical Society's Transactions for 1868. He was, during its existence, an active member of the Indianapolis Academy of Medicine. He is a member of the Marion County Medical Society ; of the Indiana State Medical Society, and served as its President in 1853; of the American Medical Association, and has been since 1850, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. His wife accompanied him to California, to attend the meeting in San Francisco in 187 1. He has long served as Examining Physician for Pen- sions, and is President of the Board for his district. The Doctor has three children — one daughter and two sons. One of his sons — Dr. James Ewing Mears — is a rising physician in Philadelphia. MENDENHALL, GEORGE, M. D., of Cincinnati, Ohio, was born at Sharon, Beaver Co., Pa., May 5, 1814, and died at Cincinnati, June 4, 1874. He was •'••««tS»«!»«l»^**??*li<«i ■-•- "■Ss-.yV Vt^^mhiWS'lSh' frMl *iiA'- «ar' service, and was stationed for a time in Frederick city, Md., where he was Attending Surgeon to the United States Army Hospital. He was then trans- ferred to the Military Hospital, New York. On leaving the army, he settled in Waterbury, where he now resides, actively engaged in a general practice. Dr. North has occasionally contributed articles on medical matters to the New York Medical Record and other medical journals. He is a member and, at present, Vice-President of the New Haven County Medical Society, which he also represented at the meeting of the American Medical Association, at 1 330 DIOCiRAPIIICAL SKETCHES. San Francisco, in 1871 ; and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. Dr. North is united in marriage to Amelia H., daughter of Dr. Gurdon Huck, of New York. They have two children — Susie and Annie, ODONNELL, DOMINICK A., M. D., of Balti- more, Md., was born in Ireland, in 1809; died at Baltimore, August 26, 1874. His parents came to America with their family when he was seven years of age. His academic education was obtained at Km- mittsburg, Md. it was his purpose to enter the min- istry, but his health failing, this desire had to be abandoned. lie then studied medicine and attended lectures at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1833. He began to practice at Williamsport, Md,; but that locality proving unfav- orable to his health, he removed to the State of Mis- sissippi, where he labored acceptably as a physician about two years, when he returned to Maryland, and for a time practiced at Hancock. After a short resi- dence there he removed to Cumberland. At both of these places he enjoyed a remunerative practice; but, at the earnest solicitation of many friends, in 1848 he removed to Baltimore. In this city he soon acquired a large and responsible professional business, which he retained to the time of his death. Of the thirty Catholic institutions of Baltimore he rendered gratuitous service to thirteen. He was de- voted to his profession, and highly esteemed by his brethren and the community. A careful reader of the best medical literature, he was a skillful practitioner and ROCKY MOUNTAIN MKniCAL ASSOCIATION. 33 1 icmbcr of North is cr of Dr. 3 children of Balti- ; died at came to /on years ed at Km- - the niin- lad to be attended ladelphia, practice ing unfav- e of Mis- physician 'land, and short resi- \t both of :tice; but, 1 1848 he 1 acquired :ss, which timore he [e was de- led by his ider of the tionerand a sympathetic and encouraging friend in the sick-room. As Cliairman of a Special Committee on Criminal Abortion he made a well-considered report on the sub- ject to the American Medical Association in 1 87 1. He took an active interest in all medical organizations, and was solicitous for a high moral and educational standard for medical men. His generous and benevo- lent impulses led him to connect himself with a great many societies — professional, literary and cha-itable. In 1854, Loyola College, of Baltimore, conferred upon him the honorary degree of A. M. He was a mem- ber of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary- land, and was first Vice President in 1874, and represented that body in the American Medical Asso- ciation, in California in 187 1, and always attended its meetings with much regularity ; and an honorary memb r of the Califoraia State Medical Society. The Doctor was married three times, and leaves a wife and two sons. His surviving wife, Sallie E. Bussy, ac- companied him to California, and made with him ex- cursions to places of interest on the Pacific coast and to Salt Lake City en route. On the announcement of the death of Dr. O'Donnell, a special meeting of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland was called, and appropriate resolutions of respect for his memory and of condolence with his family were , passed, and also a resolution to attend his funeral in a body. His remains art deposited in Bonnie Brae Cemetery, where a handsome monument marks his last resting- place. His funeral was largely attended by citizens and by his professional brethren. The press of the city 332 nionRAI'lUCAL .SKETCHES. contained cxtcnilcd and conipliniL-ntary notices of his life and worth as a physician and as a citi/.cn. PARSON.S, JOHN WILIJAM, M. D., of roits- mouth, N. M., was born in Ryo, Rockin^hant, Co, 'M. H., August 4, 1841. His ancestors for generations have furnished able physicians to New luigland. His education was partly received at the public schools, and later at the high schools of his native place. He also attended the Phillips' ICxeter Acade:^iy, and com- pleted his classical studies at Norwich University. He commenced the study of medicine at Dover, N. H., under the direction of Dr. L, G. Hill In 1862, he attended a course of medical lectures at Dartmouth, when Prof Di.xi Crosby was in the enjoyment of his full powers and exercised the powers of his active brain and his large acquaintance with surgery, which he imparted to his classes in a most impressive and agreeable manner. Dr. Parsons attended the summer school, and also two courses of regular lectures at Harvard College, where he graduated M. D., in 1865. On application, and after passing a satisfac- tory examination, he was commissioned Assistant Sur- geon of the Twenty-Fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, but after one year of service his regiment was mustered out. He settled to practice August 1st, 1866, at Portsmouth, where he still resides, and enjoys a good and remunerative general professional business, He attended the meeting of the American Medical Association at San Francisco, California, in 187 1, as a Delegate from the New Hampshire Medical Society. The Doctor is a man of large intellect, high culture 1 ROCKV MOUNTAIN MrPICAI. ASSOCIATION. 333 and agreeable manners. The societies with which he co-operates always place him upon imjn.rtant com- mittees, whenever h.; attends their meetings. In 1873 he was united in marriage to Mary Augusta Adams. They have no children. Although he us eminently qualified, the Doctor has. as yet. contributed but little to medical literature except reports to medi- cal societies. It is to be hoped he may have time and inclination to give the profession the benefit oHus ex- perience and study. He is a member of the New Hampshire State Medical Society, permanent member of the American Medical As.sociation since 1870, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. PHELPS. JKRRMIAH WILCOX, M. D.. of Wol- cottsville, Litchfield Co.. Conn., was born at Norfolk. Litchfield Co., February 29. 1824 His grandfather Phelps was a patriot, and did good scrvic-^ in the dev- olution. The subject of this sketch was educated at the high school at Winchester Center and at the Norfolk Academy. Having prepared for the study of medicine, he became the pupil of Dr. J. H. T Cockey. with whom he remained from 1842 to 1845- "'^ medical degree was received from Castleton Medical College, Vt.,in 1846. Shortly after graduating, he opened an office at Coldbrook, Conn. In 1850 he removed to Chicago. 111., where he remained about one year, then returning to Connecticut, and began practice at Wolcottsville, where he resided from 185 1 to 1872 In the latter year he removed to New Haven, where he was actively engaged in the duties of his 334 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. profession until December, 1875, when he returned to VVolcoUsville. He was a Delegate from the Con- necticut Medical Society to the American Medical Association, which met in San Francisco, in 1871. The variety of climate, caused by the topography of California, and winds from proximity of the Pacific ocean, was a matter of much interest to him, as it is to most visitors. The Doctor was a member of the Con- necticut State Legislature in 1870. He was President of the Litchfield County Medical Society in 187 1. He is a member of the American Medical Association, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society, and has been an Odd Fellow since 1849. Dr. Phelps was united in marriage to Augusta Caroline, daughter of Cicero Hayden, of Torringford, in 1847. In 1859, he was married to his second wife, M. M. Beardsley, widow of Dr. Peter Beardsley, of Tor- rington, by which marriage they have two sons. PINKNEY, NINIAN, M. D., of Easton, Md., Medi- cal Director U. S. N., was born at Annapolis, June 7, 1 8 II , died at his residence, December 15,1 877. He is the son of Ninian and Amelia (Grason) Pinkney, and nephew of William Pinkney, who as a lawyer, orator, and statesman, had few equals and no superior in Maryland, and the brother of Bishop Pinkney of that State. His education was obtained at St. John's College, from which he graduated in 1830. In January of that year he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Edward Sparks, of Annapolis. He attended medi- cal letiures at the University of Maryland, in 1831-32, mm 1 sturned to the Con- i Medical in 1871. graphy of he Pacific as it is to ■ the Con- President 1871. He ation, and 3 Medical 849. Dr. Caroline, , in 1847. ife, M. M. , of Tor- ons. Id., Medi- s.June 7, 77. He is kney, and er, orator, iperior in ey of that s College, anuary of icine with ded medi- 11831-32, ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 335 and the following year at the Jefferson Medical Col- lege, Pa., where he graduated M. D., in April, 1833. On the 26th March, 1834. he entered the U. S. N. as an Assistant Surgeon, and continued on active duty until retired as Medical Director with rank of Commodore in 1873. Dr. PiNKNEY pos.ses.sed a vigorous intellect and an active temperament, which, with an ardent love for his profession, enabled him to perform a large amount of professional work and literary labor outside of the re- quirements of his official duties. In 1 839 he prepared and delivered a series of lectures to the medical profession and the students of the two institutions of Philadelphia," On the Nerves of the Brain and Organs of Sense." They were published in pamphlet form the same vear. In 1848 he delivered a lecture at An- napolis on the " Life and Chara ' -r of Admiral Collmg- wood," which was also published in a pamphlet. In 1849,'when Asiatic cholera was attracting much atten- tion from the profession and the .statesmen of Amer- ica he prepared a lecture upon the subject, giving a graphic history of its rise in India and its simultaneous importation into Europe and America. This lecture was delivered by request in several cities, and was op- portune and appreciated by the profession. In 1854 he delivered a lecture, by request of the Maryland Leg- islature, on the subject of the " Home and Foreign Policy of the Government of the United States." This paper was published by the Maryland Legislature. This year he also delivered the Commencement Ora- tion at St. John's College, and made the Presentation Address at the Naval Academy, by request of the 336 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Secretary of the Navy, on the occasion of Commo- dore Perry's presenting tlic flag that had been raised on the soil of Japan. He delivered an oration before the Society of St. John's College in 1873, and lectured in Easton and Centcrville, Md., on " Public Hygiene," in 1875-76. In 1870 he submitted to the American Medical Association a report, as Chairman of a Delegation to foreign societies, in which he proposed the following Medical Staff Rank and Grade for the United States Navy, and substantially what is now tho law : Surgeon-General to rank with Commodore. Medical Directors to rank with Captains. Medical Inspectors to rank with Commanders. Surgeons to rank with Lieutenant Commanders. Past Assistant Surgeons to rank with Lieutenants. Assistant Surgeons to rank with Masters. As more satisfactorily showing Dr. Pinkney's stand- ing in the service and his views on this subject, I give the following letter to him from Admiral D. D. Porter: " U.^^S. Naval Academy, "Annapolis, Md., December 31, 1867. "My Dear Pinkney: I write you now on a subject which you broached to me the other day, in relation to your Corps. My propo- sition is as follows, which Line Officers will agree to : " I. Surgeon-General with assimilated rank of Commodore ai;d Brigadier-General. " 12. Assistant .Surgeons-General or Inspectors, with assimilated rank of Captains. From among these the Surgeon-General and Chief of Bureau will be selected. "16. Deputy Inspectors with assimilated rank of Commander," and so on all the way through. The tirst of these grades will never be called upon to go to sea, but will be stationed at hospitals, be Inspectors of the same, or Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgeiy. Now, how do you like it ? **'«SS rMENT, ^ ,ND SURr.KRY, V 'iV24, 1872. ) ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 337 Write me plump and plain what you think of it. Don't dodge the question, and be hankering after anything more. Remember the fable of the dog and his shadow. Walk right square up to the Cap- tain's office and p.y your passage. Write at once and let me know how you like what I propose, and don't be non-committal. " "Your friend, D.WID D. PORTER. " Surgeon N. Pinknkv, U. S. N., N^MUkU- ' A. ' ."J i '•mff- - 338 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. and meritorious services in the Mexican war. The Hononary Degree of LL. D. was conferred upon Dr. PiNKNEY by St. John's College in 1873. The Doctor had a strong predilection'for Surgery. I will note a few of the more important operations performed by him, and in which he was very success- ful. May 4th, 1841, while Surgeon with the fleet on the Pacific station, he removed, with success, a steatomat- ous tumor the size of an orange, situated over the common carotid artery. July 13th, the same year, at Lima, he ligated the right femoral artery, for popliteal aneurism. In March, 1842, he removed a ball lodged immediately over the great sciatic nerve, which lies in the hollow between the great trochanter of the femur and the uberosity of the oschum — which caused par- alysis of the limb —with success. In September, 1 842, he removed a scirrhus growth from the lower lip, with complete relief, leaving no disfigurement. In 1843, he successfully excised the shoulder-joint (reported in Am. Jour. Med. Sci., October, 1846). Many other important operations have been performed by him. Some few of his cases have aready been reported in the AmeHcan Journal of Medical Science. His last cruise was under Admiral D. D. Porter, as fleet- surgeon of the Mississippi Squadron, in 1863. Dr. PiNKNEY was always a very regular attendant of the meetings of the American Medical Associationi when in the United States, and during his trip to Cal- ifornia, in 1 87 1, took copious notes of all matters of interest en route, and recorded many incidents that were amusing and instructive. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 339 POLLOCK, ALEXANDER McCANDLESS, M. D of Pittsburgh, Pa., was born in Clinton, Allegheny Co., January 7. 1820. His paternal ancestors fled from Scotland to Ireland at the time of the persecu- tions of Claverhouse, from which latter country his immediate branch emigrated to America in 1 721. His maternal grandfather (McCandless) came directly from Scotland, The subject of this sketch is the son of Dr. John Pollock, a respectable practitioner, who for forty years, in a country village, administered to the wants of the community, and whose ear was ever open to. the plaint of the poor as to the demands of the rich. After'having passed through the public schools the subject of this sketch was sent to Jefferson College, Cannonsburgh, Pa., where he completed his aca- demic education. He studied medicine with his father, and attended lectures at the Medical College of Ohio, graduating ini84l. Immediately after he opened an office in Clinton, where he resided until 1844- I" 1845 l^e removed to Pittsburgh, where he has since been, in the enjoyment of an extensive and remunerative practice. This has consisted largely of surgical cases, in which he has been very successful. His knowledge of the most approved procedures in all branches of this art is extensive, and in operations he is self-reliant and bold. The acuteness of his well- stored mind and his familiarity with anatomy and the laws of mechanics enable him in emergency and on the instant to devise new and efficient methods and expedients. HWWywJii.'iiA" '%--. 340 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. We arc indebted to him for the invention of the wire loop as a substitute for the ligature, in the treat- ment of aneurism, but indeed it can be used in all cases where the ligature is required. This method is described in the New YovV Journal, for 1869, but had been used by him since the winter of 1859-60. He also invented an improved trocar for ovariotomy and other purposes, described in the Transactions of the American Medical Association for 1871, p. 275. The Doctor has taken an active part in the State and national medical organizations, and has attended ilie meetings with much regularity. He is an intelligent and conscientious observerof the code of medical ethics, an enthusiastic lover of his profession, and an ardent advocate of a higher and better standard of education. At home he is not only known as the accomplished surgeon, but as the skillful, attentive and sympathetic physician and noble-hearted gentleman, highly es- teemed by the whole community. He is a member of the Allegheny County Medical Society, and was its President in 1868; of the Penn- sylvania State Medical Society, and its President in 1872; of the American Medical Association, and has been since 1850, and was one of the Vice-Presidents in 1873; and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. He is an Associate Fellow of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia. He has been several times elected a member of the Select and Common Council of the city of Pittsburgh, but has never taken that kind of interest in matters uncon- nected with his profession that would distract his attention from medici) . I \ on of the the treat- sed in all method is J, but had »-6o. He )tomy and )ns of the 275. State and ended ilie intelligent ical ethics, an ardent education, omplished mpathetic lighly es- Y Medical the Penn- esident in I, and has Presidents California te Fellow He has select and 1, but has rs uncon- stract his ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 34^ Dr. Pollock has been connected with Mercy Hos- pital as Surgeon almost from its foundation. 1 .s un- remitting attention and success caused his wards o be constantly filled with interesting cases--many of them from distant parts of the State, giving the ms .tut.ona more than local usefulness and reputation. He is st.U one of the consulting staff. He has much valuable material collected for publi- cation, but want of time and poor health has thus far prevented him from preparing it for the press. An examination of the files of the Transactions of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society contains many papers from him. and will give some idea of his ability as a writer, as well as of his great industry and the im- portance of his original observations and work as a surgeon. „, . ., Dr Pollock is united in marriage to Eleanor Lauther Sterrett. They have three children living— l.izzie M., Ella J. and Blanche Z. RATHBONE,JOSHUA HENRY, M.D.,of James- town N Y., was born in Augusta, Ga., August 12, 1832'and died at his residence in Jamestown, Novem- ber 21 1877. His parents were from New England, his father 'a native of Rhode Island, and his mother of Massachusetts. The subject of this sketch lived m Augusta, Ga., until he attained his fourteenth year and then went to Providence, R. I., where he prepared for and entered Brown University, where he graduated. Subsequently, he was a student in Heide berg Uni- versity for several years. He also traveled exten- sively through Europe, acquiring the languages and 34; niOflRAPIIICAL SKETCHES. general knowledge of the sciences nnd the world. ITe attended medical Iccturt-s at Harvard in 1855-56, and at the Pennsylvania Medical College in Philadel- phia, 1856-57, where he graduated M. D. In the year 1858, he commenced the practice of medicine in the c.cy of Buffalo, but in i860 he removed to Jamestown, where he resided until his death. For some years he served as Pension Surgeon, and had been, while a student. Secretary of the Rhode Island State Medical Society, and was for some years President of the Chautaqua County (New York) Medical Society. He was a delegate from the latter to the American Medical Association in 1871, and after the meeting adjourned devoted some time to sight-seeing throughout the State of California. He was possessed of a competency and therefore gave much of his time to literary pursuits and a cultivation of the sciences. The Doctor was a member of the New York State Medical Society; the Chautaqua County Medical Society, and the American Medi- cal Association, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. Dr. Rathbone was united in marriage to Miss Eliza Adams, of Augusta, Ga., in 1858; they had two daughters and one .son. ROBERTS. ABEL CUMMINS, M. D., of Fort Madison, Iowa, was born in Queensbury township, Warren Co., New York, January 15, 1830. He was the fifth child of Jonathan and Melita (Cummins) Roberts, who had a family of fourteen. In his youth he attended the common winter district schools and in the summer worked on his father's farm. As he world. He 1 1855-56, n Philadcl- D. In the •f medicine ; removed his death, rgeon, and :he Rhode for some nty (New e from the )n in 1871, me time to )rnia. He :fore gave cultivation ber of the Chautaqua :an Medi- ler of the libone was f Augusta, >ne son. ., of Fort township, He was Cummins) his youth hools and 1. As he ROCKY MOUNTAIN MF.niCAL ASSOCIATION. 343 rrrew older and advanced in education, he attended the High School at Adrian, Mich., for one term, but most of his studies were pursued at odd times at home. He selected medicine as a profession, and bent all his energies to acquire a sufficient d.gree of knovvledge to enah' ' 'm to properly pursue it. After makmg such progress as he could, with this end in view, he attended lectures during the winter of 1850-51. at the University of Michigan. His means being too hm.ted to complete his studies, he went to the l.klorado of America-California-whcre he spent two years. In 18S1? having accumulated a considerable sum, he returned, and again attended lectures at the University and graduated M. D., in 1854. The same >ear he began to practice his profession in Otsego. M.ch. In i85Q he removed to Fort Madison, Iowa, and engaged actively in the practice of his profession. In 1862 he was appointed Contract Surgeon in the Government Hospital at Keokuk. In March, 1863. he was com- missioned Surgeon to the Twenty-first Missouri Regi- ment and served with it till mustered out in April, 1866. Returning home, he resumed practice. The Doctor is a man of wide popularity, and in 1869 was elected treasurer of the county, holding the office for six successive years. In 1873, he was elected Mayor of Fort Madison. He was united in marriage in 1854, to Amelia A. Cole, of Ann Arbor, Michigan but a native of New York. They have three children, all sons Frank, the oldest, is a physician, now a partner in practice with his father. Dr. Roberts is often called upon to .perform important surgical oper- ations on patients from a distance. This was ..ar- 1 IDyjHMtyWiivWJSM WJPIM)I«!HW,W. ■ 344 niOGRAl'HICAL SKETCHES. I ! i: '.i , !^.i: ticularly tlie case since liis return from service in the army ; indeed he found a number of cases waiting for him. Me has, for instance, ligated succe^j- fully the left subclavian artery, and performed many other capital operations. He was in all the battles in Mississippi, Tennessee and Alabama. After each, the medical officers were kept busy operating, for several days and nights without rest. When the army was disbanded, he returned home and was appointed Pension Surgeon ; but being then, as now, owner and editor of the Fort Madison Democrat, he was deposed for political reasons in 1876. He is a member of the Iowa State Medical Society, and was a Delegate from it to the American Medical Association, in 1871. He was Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Keokuk, in 1862-63, and delivered two courses of lectures. The Doctor is a man of great mental activity and untiring industry and perseverance, and popular and successful in whatever he undertakes. He is a member of the Masonic order, and at present High Priesi of the Chapter at Fort Madison. A member of the Fort Madison Medical Association, the American Medical Association, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. ROBINSON, MATTHEW FULLERTON, M. D., of Newville, was born near Greencastle, Franklin Co., Pa., April 27, 1820, died at his residence, Newville, Cumberland Co., January 7, 1874. His grandparents were Scotch-Irish, and among the earliest settlers in Franklin County. He received a good education at ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 345 the best schools in the Cumberland Valley. His medical degree was obtained from the Washington University of naltimore, in 1 847. In the spring of this year he opened an office at Greencastle. The follow- ing year he removed to Mercersburg, where he prac- ticed with success fcr two years. I n 1 849, he removed to Cashtown, in Adams County, where he remained until 1854, when he removed to Newville, where he permanently located and mjoyed a full practice up to the time of his death. He was an active and useful member of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, and of the Cumberland County Medical Society from the date of its organization. He attended the meet- ing of the American Medical Association, at San Francisco, in 1 87 1 , as a delegate from the former. He was an honorary member of the California State Medi- cal Society. The Doctor was united in marriage with Martha F., daughter of A. li. Rankin. Esq.. of Green- castle His wife, with seven children, survived him— five sons ana two daughters-Robert E. S.. is a physi- cian; Andrew R.. Mervine F.. Mary, (since deceased., James D., Edwin, and Effie. ROSS, JAMES, M. D.. of Clarion, was born in Indiana, 'Indiana Co., Pa., December 8, 1813. His father was a farmer. The Doctor in his youth at- tended the public .schools of his neighborhood during school season, and subsequently the Academy in the town of Indiana. In the pursuit of more advanced studies he for some years attended Hanover College, in the State of Indiana. His medical studies were commenced under the supervision of Dr. James M. 346 IlIoriKArillCAI. SKETCHES, Stewart, in bis native place, and after attendiiifj the usual courses of lectures he praduated M. D., at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1853 lie commenced practice in Smicksbur^', Indian.i County, but in 1H40 removed to Stratonvillc, Clarion County, and the I'ol- lowin^i year from there to Clarion, the county-seat, where he has since remained actively employetl in the duties of his profession. The Doctor married early in life, and has had twelve children — six sons and six daughters. Five sons and one dau^jhter are now liv- ing. Dr. Ross is a member of the I'ennsylvania State Medical Society, of the Clarion County Medical Soci- ety, of the American Medical Association since 1870, and honorary member of the California State Medical Society, He attended the meeting of the National Medical Association, at San Francisco, in 1S71. Af- ter the adjournment of the '"onvention he visited the various places of interest on the Pacific, and stopped for a day at Salt Lake City. RUSSKLL, JOHN VVADIIAMS, M. D„ of Mount Vern«:)n, Ohio, was born in Canaan, Litchfield County, Conn., June 28, 1804. He is the son of Stephen Russell, a man of influence and character in his time, who was repeatedly chosen to represent the people in the State Legislature, and once by a unanimous vote of the district. The subject of this sketch first attended the district school, and then prepared for college at Morris Academy. Having advanced sufficiently he entered Hamilton College, New York, in 1 821. His health soon after failed and he was advised by physi- cians to seek a residence, for a time at least, in a milder #■ ROCKY MOUKTAtN MF.niCAI. associatidn. 347 climate in some Southern State. Accr.rdintjly he went south, and nhfained a situation as teaciicr in the acad- emy at Ketl Han!<. Colleton district, South Carolina, lie became warmly attached to his southern friends, and had, he says, "a noble class of pupils." Dr. Sheridan, he says, " was not only a friend but a father to him," and by his advice he coniiuenced tiie study ol medicine in 1S23. Dr. Russell returned to Connecticut in lS.:4, and continued his medical .studies under Dr. Alanson Abbe, of Litchfield. 1 lavin^j studied an' re- viewed the course prescribed to office-students, he; at- tended lectures in 1825 and 1S26, at Yale College, and then a second course at Berkshire Medical Colle|;e. in 1826. The foUowini,' winter he went to Philadelphia, and became a private pupil of Dr. George McCliHan, attending lectures at Jefferson Medical College, I'hil- adclphia, where he graduated in 1827. In April of this year he began practice in partnership with \w preceptor in Litchfield, where he continued one year, giving a course of lectures on anatt)my and physiology to the medical students, and such members of the Law Class as wished to attend. Although his prospects were good for gaining a practice in this place, never- theless, in the spring of 1828, he removed to Sandusky City, Ohio, and in the fall of the same year settled at Mount Vernon, where he has from that time to the present been actively engaged in the practice of medi- cine and surgery. In the latter branch he has been remarkably successful, and has perform :! 'many, if not more, capital operations as any inland town sur- geon in Ohio. Dr. Russell has frequently cut for stone, and on one occasion upor; two patients WSMMf u i 348 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. on the same day. For encysted calculus he has per- formed the high operation with success. During the late war the Doctor was one of the Examining Sur- geons, for admission of Volunteer Surgeons into the army, and was President of the Board. He was for many years President of the Mount Vernon Bank, and is now President of the Phcenix Mining and Mineral Land Company of Colorado. He has been solicited on several occasions to accept Chairs in many medical col- leges in Ohio, but he has devoted his energies to pri- vate practice, which has been the favorite pursuit of his life. He has been a member of the Medical Society of Knox County, and also of the Ohio State Medical Society from their organization, and was President of the latter; of the American Medical Association since i860, and attended the meeting in San Francisco in 1871, and is an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. He has been twice married ; first, in the spring of 1828, to Eliza, daughter of Hon. William Beebe, of Litchfield, Conn. He has two children living — Ann Eliza and William Beebe. His second marriage was in 1872, to Ellen M. Brown, of San Francisco, Cal. His daughter, Ann Eliza, now Mrs. Cooper, accompanied him to California. They both enjoyed the trip, and often refer in terms of fond recolection to the many pleasant incidents of the journey, and the kindness and hospitality experienced from the profession and the citizens of California. After the adjournment of the Associa- tion they made excursions to some noted places on the Pacific coast, and stopped three days at Salt I-ake City en route. i lias per- uring the ning Sur- s into the 2 was for Jank, and I Mineral tlicited on idical col- ics to pri- pursuit of al Society e Medical esident of .tion since incisco in California married ; ;r of Hon. has two ebe. His (I. Brown, ^nn Eliza, California. r in terms incidents lospitality :itizens of Associa- ces on the salt I^ake ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 349 SAYRE, DAVID MARTIN, M. D., of Newton, N. J., was born in Hanover, Morris Co., March 26, 1807'; died, suddenly, at Newton, August 3, 1876. He was the youngest child of Ebenezer Sayre and Charity Cooper, who was a second wife. His paternal ancestor, Thomas Sayre, came from Bed- fordshire, England, to Lynn, Mass, in 1635, setthng in South Hampton, Long Island, in 1640. One of his sons, Joseph, removed to New Jersey, and was an associate in the settlement of Elizabethtown, in 1667, being the progenitor of the Sayre family in the State. The subject of this sketch, after receiving a common srh'tol education, commenced the study of medicine with Dr. John S. Darcy, late of Newark, but then of Hanover. Before he was of legal age he began to practice in Sparta, Sussex County; in the following July, having become of age, he was regularly licensed by the State Censors, and continued to practice in the place until 1843. In the meantime he attended lec- tures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and in 1836 received the degree of M. D. In 1843,'he removed to his native town, Hanover, and formed a co-partnership with Dr. Timothy Kitchell ; but in a short time the association was dissolved, and he was prevailed upon to return to Sparta, where he enjoyed a good practice, and acquired large property. In 1863, desiring to retire somewhat from the care of a laborious practice, he removed to his homestead farm at Hanover; but his habits and tastes unfitted him for a farmer, and in 1865 he removed to Newton, Sussex County, and formed a partnership m the drug business, which, however, was dissolved at utm _ vMmmUmv 350 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. the end of a year, when he again opened an office and resumed general practice. Dr. Sayre was an accurate and laborious man, and had a love of study and a desire to be well posted in his profession, which feeling on two several occasions induced him to attend lectures during the winter in New York. For some time before his death he, as well as his medical friends, suspected that he had a serious dis- ease of the heart, which finally proved fatal. He left, by will, $5,000 to a public library in Newton, "to be securely invested, and the interest applied to the purchase of books." He was a good financier, with a strong taste for acquiring wealth. Although not brilliant as a scholar or as a physician, he had a philosophic, well-balanced mind, and discharged all the duties of an intelligent practitioner and an upright citizen, with marked fidelity, and to the satisfac- tion of the community. He was a member of the Essex District Medical Society, of the New Jersey State Medical Society, of the American Medical As- sociation, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. SCRIBNER, JAMES WILLIAM, M. D., of Tarrytown, Westchester Co., New York, was born itl that place, January 17, 1820. He is the son of a prominent physician, whose ancestors were residents of Westchester County prior to the Revolution. His grandmother (on the mother's side) was an Ireland, a. id came to this country from England before the Revolution; they were relatives of the late Dr. Ireland, Surgeon-General of Ireland. office and 1 accurate dy and a n, which him to w York. ;11 as his rious dis- atal. He Newton, ipplied to financier, Although he had a arged all n upright satisfac- er of the :w Jersey dical As- Ilalifornia [. D., of s born irt son of a residents ion. His 1 Ireland, lefore the late Dr. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 351 The subject of this sketch, until the age of fifteen, attended the public schools, when he was transferred to the Collegiate School at Bedford, of which Samuel Holmes was principal. Having acquired a good classical education, he commenced the study of medi- cine with his father, who was then, and bad been many years, one of the physicians in charge of the West- chester Almshouse, where he had ample opportunity of seeing much practice while yet a student. After attending three courses of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York city, he grad- uated M. D. in 1847. . . The following year he commenced practice in his native town, where he continues to reside, having in- variably been favored with a large, remunerative and responsible practice. He became his father's succes- sor in the profession, and was appointed to hll his place at the almshouse. This is one of the largest and best conditioned of its kind in the State, and much of its efficiency is due to the executive ability and practical good sense of Dr. Scribner. As a physician he is attentive, and as a surgeon prompt in decision, full of resources and a skillful operator. His medical brethren accord to h.m the highest professional attainments, and have rewarded him with the leading consulting practice as well as the honors of official position in the medical organizations He is a member of the Westchester County Medical Society, has in turn held most of the offices, includ- ing the Presidency, and was a Delegate from it to the National Medical Association in 1871; of the State Medical Society, of the American Medical Associ- m§, 352 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ation, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. He has been President and Director of the Westchester County Agricultural Society; Pres- ident and Trustee of the Village Corporation, and also of the Board of Education. The Doctor was united in marriage with Margaret E. Miller. They have two daughters — ^Josie and Ella. SHIVELY, JOSEPH WARREN, M. D.. of Kent, Portage Co., Ohio, was born in Knox Township, Columbiana Co., September 24, 1833. His father was a farmer, whose ancestors had immigrated to America from Germany, and settled in Pennsylvania in 1730. His great-grandfather on his mother's side was an Englishman, but took sides with the Patriots in the Revolution, and was killed at the battle of German- town. The Doctor received a good education at the common schools, and afterward attended an academy at Salem, Ohio. Having acquired a fair proficiency in Latin and mathematics, he was engaged for several years in teaching school. He began the study of medicine in 1853, with Dr. A. Metz, of Massillon, and attended his first course of lectures in 1855 and 1856, at the University of Michigan. At the close of the session, he became partner with his preceptor, and continued in the practice of medicine for three years. He graduated at the Cleveland Medical College in the spring of i860, and in the same year he entered the naval service as Assistant Surgeon. On the breaking out of the war, he was ordered to the Gulf Squadron, and served there for two years, participating in the irnia State J Director ety; Pres- 1, and also Margaret fosie and , of Kent, fownship, ather was I America 1 in 1730. e was an its in the German- )n at the academy roficiency ar several study of tlassillon, 1855 and e close of :ptor, and •ee years. :ge in the tered the breaking Iquadron, g in the ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 353 capture of New Orleans by Admiral Farragut. He was subsequently promoted to Surgeon, and served on various vessels and stations till 1865, when he resigned his commission, aid returned to civil practice at Massillon. He remained there but one year, when he remov> to Kent, where he has since resided— engaged i. the duties of his profession— with the exception ol a brief period spent in Cleveland. He is a member of the American Medical Association, of the Ohio State Medical Society, and is an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. He attended the meeting of the American Medical Asso- ciation in San Francisco, in 1871. After the adjourn- ment of the convention, he visited various places of note in California, including the Yosemite Valley, the geysers, the big trees and some gold mines; also the city of Salt Lake en route home. He is united in mar- riage to Amelia L. Kent, and has two children living —Emily J. ii 1 Joseph K. SMITH FRANCIS GURNEY, M. D.. of Phila- delphia. Pa., was born March 8, 1818. His fatherwas one of six brothers, all of whom lived to be octoge- narians, and have all celebrated their golden weddings. His preparatory education was conducted by the '•Storm King," James P. Espy, and S. W. Crawford. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving the honors of A. B. and A. M. The Doc- tor's medical studies were pursued under the direction of his brother, Dr. Thomas Mackie Smith. He attended lectures and graduated M. D. in the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, in 1840. In 1841-42 he was 354 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Resident Physician at the Pennsylvania Hospital, and afterwards, at Will's Ophthalmic Hospital. In 1843 Dr. Smith opened an ofifice in Philadelphia, and soon acquired a good practice. He devoted much attention to obstetrics and disea.ses of women and children. Throughout his professional life, he has been a careful reader and laborious student. He translated and made additions to Barth and Roger's Manual of Aus- cultation and Percussion, published in 1849. He was one of the authors of the Compendium of Medi- cine for Students, with Dr. Neill, in 1848, which has had a large Sule and passed through many editions. For five years — from 1849 to 1854 — he was one of the editors for the Philadelphia Medical Examiner. In 1854 he was co-editor of the second volume of Drake's Diseases of the Mississippi Valley. He also edited, with additions, the three American editions of Carpenter's Human Physiology, from the fourth Eng- lish edition; in 1S76, the eighth English edition; also his work on the Microscope in 1856; Marshall's Out- lines of Physiology, Human and Comparative, with additions in 1868. He is the author of experiments on digestion, performed on Alexis St. Martin in 1856. Besides these, he has contributed many articles to the current medical journais. The Doctor was Lecturer on Physiology in Philadelphia Medical Association, and Professor of Physiology in the Medical Depart- ment of Pennsylvania College. In 1863 he was elected Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, as successor to Professor Samuel Jackson, a position he has filled with ability and increasing reputation. He has continued to be a spital, and In 1843 , and soon I attention cljildren. \ a careful lated and al of Aus- 849. He of Medi- vhich has y editions. IS one of Examiner. olume of He also iditions of urth Eng- ition; also mil's Out- tive, with peri merits 1 in 1856. ;les to the ; Lecturer ssociation, 1 Depart- 5 he was ine in the Professor ith ability :d to be a ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 355 member of the American Medical Association since 1840, and was Vice-President in 1870. and has long served as Chairman of the Committee of Publ.cat.on; .s a Medical Director in the National Life Insurance Com- pany; Attending Physician to St. Joseph's, Kp.scopal and Pennsylvania Hospitals ; member of the College of Physicians; of the Pennsylvania State .^^fi'^^^. ^°; cietv of the Philadelphia County Medical Society of the Obstetrical Society of Philadelphia, of which he was the first President; of the Pathological Society of Philadelphia; of the Academy of Natural Sciences; of the American Philosophical Society, and an hon- orary member of the California State Medical Society In 1844 Dr. Smith was united in marriage with Cath- erine Madeline Dutilh. They have four children- three sons and one daughter. The latter. Anna Du- tilh accompanied her father to California, to attend the meeting of the American Medical Association 111 1871 His oldest son, Robert Meade, has graduated in medicine, and is now a rising practitioner in Phila- delphia. STANLEY, ELWOOD. M. D., of Sandusky, Ohio, was born on a farm near Salem, Columbiana Co Octo- ber 23 1823. He is the son of Joshua and Rachael Stanley, members of the religious society of Priends, and natives of Virginia, who removed to Ohio and were among the early settlers. The subject of this sketch was early left an orphan. His mother died when he was but one year old; his father nine years later. The "Friends" do not neglect the orphans of their members. In this case they reared and gave the Doctor 356 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. a good education at the seminary at Mount Pleasant Jefferson County. After leaving the academy he taught in a district school for several terms, to raise funds to pursue his medical studies. His preceptors vftre Professors Kirtland and Ackley, of Cleveland. He attended lectures at the Cleveland Medical College, where he graduated M. D. in 1849. The same year he commenced to practice in Canton, Stark County. Cholera prevailed to an alarming extent that year in Sandusky, and Dr. Stanley, in July, volunteered his services to those afflicted and removed to that city, ren- dering most valuable and acceptable aid. The city of Sandusky has suffered severely from cholera on sev- eral other occasions, particularly in 1851 and 1854. Throughout the epidemic the Doctor was remarkably successful in the treatment of the disease. His youth- ful vigor, great professional zeal, and devotion to duty, won him a host of friends, which he has always re- tained. He has served many years in the Board of Health, and no more able officer could have been chosen. He is not only vigilant, but well informed and persevering, and impartial in the discharge of his duties. The front rank as a health officer and as a courageous and skillful physician has been conceded to him by his professional brethren and by the com- munity. Dr. Stanley has not written much, but has nevertheless given a few good articles to the medical journals. In addition to being Health Officer for sev- eral years, he was Physician for three years in the In- firmary, and also Physician to the Sick Sailors at thi.s port, and is at present Coroner of Erie County, Ohio. He was elected to the Sandusky City Council, but t Pleasant ademy he lis, to raise preceptors Cleveland, al College, ne year he i County, lat year in iteered his it city, ren- rhe city of :ra on sev- and 1854. amarkably -lis youth- m to duty, always re- 2 Board of have been informed Tge of his r and as a conceded ■ the com- h, but has e medical er for sev- in the In- ors at this tity, Ohio, unci], but ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 357 declined. The Doctor is married and has an adopted son named Frank Stanley. He is a member of the Erie County Medical Society, which he represented at the meeting of the American Medical Assoc.at.on t San Francisco, in 187. ; of the Ohio State Med.cal Society; of the American Medical Associat.0.1. and an honorary member of the California State Med.cal Society. He has received an adeundam M. D. de- gree from the Cincinnati Medical College. STEVENS, LUMAN SEELY, M. D.. of Ports- mouth. Ohio, was born in the city of New York, Jan- uary A 182V He is of Scotch descent. His educa- tion'vts received at the public schools of New York, and at the Academy of New Canaan, Conn and also at the Collegiate Institute at Spring Arbor. M.ch. His medical degree was received from the University of Michigan, 1852. The same year he beg^n to prac- tice at Monroe City, in the latter State. In 1858. he removed to Franklin, Tenn.. where he remained en- gaged in practice until the outbreak of the war, when he removed to Toledo, Ohio. He served as Surgeon with the Seventh Michigan Regiment of Volunteers, in 1862-63. After leaving the Army he opened an office at Petersburgh, Mich., where he remained m practice from 1864 to 1867. In the latter year he removed to Three Rivers, where he;"3oyed a large and responsible practice. He is now (October, 1 877,) about to settle in Portsmouth. Ohio. He is a mem- ber of the Michigan State Medical Society, of the American Medical Association, of the St. Joseph Val- ley Medical Association, and an honorary member of »j>»j.»Mjm''m"i'»"'"''''*'*'mW* ■ ■*■ 358 moORAI'ltlCAL SKErCHES. the California State Medical Society. Dr. Stevens, in 1853, was united in niarriaj^e to Louisa R. Flemin^^. They have one child, a daughter. STILLK, ALFRHI), M. D., of Philadelphia, Pa,, was born in that city, October 30, 18 13. He is a de- scendant on his father's side of one of the first Swedish colonists on the Delaware River, and on his mother's side of Tobias Wagner, Chancellor of the University of Tiibingen in 1658. The subject of this sketch gradu- ated A. B. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1832, and M. D. from the same institution in 1836. He was a private pupil of Dr. Thomas Harris, from 1832 to the ti'.iic of his graduation. Ill 1836 he was Resident Physician in the Philadel- phia Hospital, after which he for two years and a half prosecuted his studies in Murope. On his return home he was Resident Physician in the Pennsylvania Hos- pital for two years, from 1839 to 1841. In the latter year he commenced practice in Philadelphia. I'rom 1845 to 1851, Dr. Stille was lecturer on General Pathology and Practice of Metlicine in the Philadel- phia Association for Medical Improvement; and held the chair of Theory and Practice in the Pennsylvania Medical College from 1854 until 1859. In June, 1864, he was elected to the same chair in the University of Pennsylvania, a position which he still holds, and has filled with emiiunt ability. On the organization of .'-'t. Joseph's Hospital, in 1849, he was appointed one of its Visiting Physicians, and resigned the post in 1877. During the civil war he was one of the Visit- ing Physicians of the United States Satterlee Hospital. [Stevens, in '-• i'"lcii)inf(. Iphia, Pa., it-' is a clc- «t Svvcclisli s mother's livorsity of tell graclu- ia in l8j2, He was "1 1832 to ), e Philaclcl- ancl a half -turn lionic vania Hos- 1 the latter I'a. From n General 2 Philadel- and held insylvania une, 1864, iversity of lolds, and janization Jinted one e post in the Visit- Hospital. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEniCAI. ASSOCIATION. 359 From 1865 to 1871, he was one of tlie Physicians and Clinical Lecturers in the Philatlelpliia Hospital. Notwitlistantlinp; the imperious duties of a teacher and practitioner, Dr. Stille has found time to do a very large amount of laborious literary work, all of which has given evidence of careful study, and has been most acceptable to the profession. In 1844 he and Dr. J. F. Meigs translated from the French Andral's" Patho- logical Hamatology." In 1845, he delivered an ad- dress before the Philadelphia Medical Association, which was published by request; in 1846, one before the s.uiiti Association on Medical ICducation in the United States, which attracted much attention both at home and abroad, anil in which the lengthened term of medical instruction recently adopted by several leading schools in this country was earnestly advo- cated. In 1848 was published his Elements of (ieneral Pathology, which received high encomiums in this country and in I'uropc, and was soon out of i)rint. A second edition of the work has since been announced, but has not yet appeared. In 1850 he made a report on Medical Literature to the American Medical As- sociation. In 1854 he delivered the Introductory Lecture in the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, and also in 1856, his theme on the latter oc- casion being "The Unity of Medicine." In 1857, he made the valedictory address to the graduates of the Medical Class of Pennsylvania College. In 1859 ''^ addressed the Linna^an Association of Pennsylvania, on "Humboldt's Life and Character." In i860 Dr. Stille published the first edition of his great work in two volumes, on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, which J3 36o niOORAPIIICAI. SKKTCIIF.S. had up to 1878 gone tliroui^h four cilitions. In 1862 he published an address on " War as an Instrument of Civilization." In 1863, when President of the Phila- delphia County Medical Society, he delivered an address which was printed. In 1866 a lecture on Morbid Anatomy, as an introduction to the clinical course at the Philadelphia Hospital, was printed by the class. In 1867 he published a valuable monograph on Epidemic Meningitis. In 1871 his address as Presi- dent of the American Medical Ajsociation, was pub- lished in the transactions and in pamphlet form, and in 1873 a lecture on Epidemic Cholera. It is an- nounced that there will shortly appear a National Dispensatory, of which Dr. Slille and Prof Maisch are to be the authors. Besides the writings above men- tioned he contributed a paper on Dysentery, to tlic Essays published by the United States Sanitary Commission during the civil war, and at various times many reviews and minor articles to the medical journals. Dr. Stille made numerous and important additions to the second edition of Wharton and Stille's Medical Jurisprudence, of which his late brother, Dr. Moreton Stille, was one of the authors. By his devo- tion to the best interests of the profession, and by his scientific and literary ability, he has won the admira- tion of the medical brethren of the United States, from whom he has received many marks of respect and gratitude. Dr. Stille was one of the secretaries of the conven- tion which founded the American Medical Associa- tion, and held the same office for several years in the latter body; from 1859 to 1863 he was President of . Ill 1862 triinicnt of the Phila- livcrcd an lecture on he clinical ited by the lograph on is as I'rcsi- I, was pub- : form, and It is an- i National Maisch are bove men- en tery, to s Sanitary at various lie medical important and Stille's rother, Dr. f his devo- and by his he admira- ed States, of respect le conven- l Associa- ;ars in the •esident of ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 36I the I'hiladclpliia ratholcgical Society ; of the Phila- delphia County Medical Society in 1 863; and of the American Medical Association at its meetint; held at San Francisco, in 1871. Dr. Stillc is A. M. and M. D., University of Penn- sylvania ; Hon. A. M., Yale University; and L.L. D.. Pennsylvania Collcfrc. lie is a Fellow, and was for some years Secretary of the Collet;e of Physicians of Philadelphia; a member of the Philadelphia County Medical Society, and of the Pathological Society of Philadel[)hia; of the American Philosophical Society, and of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; a corresponding Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, and an honorary member of the New York Neurological Society, and of the Medical Societies of the States of Rhode Island, New York and California. STORER, HORATIO ROBINSON, M. D., of Boston, Mass.. was born in that city, February 27, 1830. He is the son of Dr. D. Humphreys Storer, of Boston, formerly Professor of Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence in Harvard University, and President of the American Medical Association. His younger brother, Francis H. Storer, is Professor of Agricul- tural Chemistry at Harvard. The subject of this sketch attended the Boston Latin School from 1 841 to 1846. He then entered Harvard University, where he graduated A. B. in 1850. In college he showed a marked inclination towards the natural sciences; was President of the Harvard Natural History Society; and was a private pupil of Agassiz and Asa Gray, and accompanied Jeffries °*«**°'^^''^'^'^^'''^'*^^ tjH 362 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Wyman on a trip to Labrador, himself publishing a paper on the fishes of that country (" Observations on the Fishes of Nova Scotia and Labrador, with Descriptions of New Species," — Boston Journal of Natural History, 1850; pp. 247-70; pi. 7-8), which had previously been studied only by Sir John Richardson. In this Dr. 3torer gave evidence of the training he had received from his father, whose celebrated works on the "Fishes of Ma£;sachusetts, and North America" were published by the Amer- ican Academy of Arts and Sciences, While still an undergraduate, he also spent a summer in Russia. His medical .studies were under the direction of his father and his associates in the Tremont Medical School of Boston, the first organization in this coun- try for thorough and systematic medical instruction, by examinations throughout the entire year; but, at the same time he attended lectures at Harvard Col- lege, where he received his degree of M, D, in 1853. Subsequently, during 1866-68, he also went through tlie Harvard Law School, to better fit himself for teaching Mpdical Jurisprudence, receiving the degree of LL, B, After his graduation in medicine, he went to Europe, and spent two years in study at Paris, Lon- don and Edinburgh, during one year of which he was assistant in private practice to Sir James Y. Simpson. In 1855 he returned to his home, and opened an office in Boston, where he speedily acquired a select and remunerative practice. From the outset of his professional life he identified himself with leading medical men and medical institutions, not in Boston merely, but throughout the State of Massachusetts. jublishing jservations ador, with Journal of 8), which Sir John vidence of her, whose sachu setts, the Amer- ile still an Russia. :tion of his Jt Medical this coun- instruction, ar; but, at rvard Col- D. in 1853. nt through limself for the degree le, he went Paris, Lon- ich he was . Simpson, opened an ed a select tset of his h leading in Boston husetts. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 363 Dr. Storer is a nan of high culture, with a vigorous and well-trained mind, a ready and forcible writer and a good debater. In 1853 he became a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and was generally regular in his attendance; contributed papers, and always took an active part in the proceedings and discussions. In 1865 he was elected to the chair of Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence in the Berkshire Medical College, a position which he filled satisfac- torily until the close of this institution in 1869. The Doctor had been assistant to his father while a teacher of these branches in Harvard University, and was therefore entirely familiar with them. His manner as a lecturer was well calculated to arouse enthusiasm in the student, for he was not only thorough, but prac- tical, and took occasion to give direct expositions of uterine diseases in the living subject to his class, Vv'hich no one had previously ventured to do, save Professor J. P. White, of Buffalo. He was the first in this country (Dr. Peaslee hav- ing been the second), to teach gynaecology proper, as contra-distinguished from obstetrics or midwifery, his separate course upon the diseases of women, unconnected with gestation, childbed or the puer- peral state, comprising no less than sixty lectures. For several years^ he gave at Boston a s^^mi-annual course to medical graduates, upon the suigical diseases of women, refusing to admit any applicant who was not marked in good standing in the American Medi- cal Association. These lectures were attended by physicians from all parts of the country. With Drs. Atlee, of Philadelphia, Peaslee, of New ' ""^"^'•'•m^tatm'"'''^ -— -■■ „S^B^ISM^^SS^ 364 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. York, and Kimball, of Lowell, he came to mono- polize the ovariotomies of the United States and Canada; but finally, in 1872, his health failed. In consequence of long continued and unremitting work, he got an attack of septicasmia, from which he barely escaped with his life. He then went to Europe, and there passed five years (1872-77), during which he took occasion to study practically, on a very extended scale the fevers of Southern Italy. He has now returned to this country, and for the present has established himself, because of its comparatively mild climate, and to escape the engrossing work that would have been inevitable for him at Boston, at Newport, R. I. His contributions to medical literature were early marked by original thought and earnestness of pur- pose. In 1856 he represented the Boston Lying-in Hospital in the American Medical Association, and became a member of that body at the outset of his professional career, and has ever since been a constant attendant at its meetings. He attended the meeting of this body held at San Francisco in 1 871, and was detained in California, by professional engagements, until October. By a special invitation of the California State Board of Health, he delivered a lecture in the State House at Sacramento, on "Female Hygiene." At the urgent solicitations of the physicians of San Francisco, he repeated the same lecture, in May, before a large audience in that city. This lecture was published in the Transactions of the California State Board of Health for 1871. The great activity of his professional life can best ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 365 be presented by giving a list of the institutions to which he has been attached: Physician to the Boston Lying-in Hospital; to St. F21izabeth's Hospital for Women, and to St. Joseph's Home; Consulting Sur- geon to Carney General Hospital ; Surgeon to the New England Hospital for Women and Children. A mem- ber of the Massachusetts Medical Society; of the Suffolk District Medical C- )ciety ; of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; of the Boston Society for Medical Observation; of the Massachusetts Medical Benevolent Society; of the Obstetrical and Medico-Chirurgical Societies of Edinburgh ; one of the founders, Secretary, and now President of the Gynaecological Society of Boston (which was the first society devoted to this specialty ever organized), and the active editor of its journal for four years; corresponding member of the Obstetrical Societies of Berlin and London ; also, of the New York Medico Legal Society; honorary member of the California State Medical Society, and also of the Canada Medical Association, the Medical So- ciety of the Province of New Bru'^iwick, the Louis- ville Obstetrical Society, and the Medical Society of Sorrento, Italy. He was admitted to the I'ledical Register of Great Britain, by vote of Brahi.i\ Med- ical Council of England, December t8/6, ea Ke was President of the Association of Amen.vi). Medi cal Editors, and made an admirable uc'ifjs befoi • them, in San Francisco, in 1871. he > is Prize Es- sayist and Secretary of the American Medfca] Asso- ciation in 1865, and Vice-President in 1%!^; a mem- ber of the Massachusetts Lunacy Commission in 1863, and was one of the incorporators of tl.c Mas- sachusetts Infant Asylum for Foundlings. """MWIBI >^ tMtAMia''ioi&.i I jisuau^. r.VtaSj ...iMlKM a.at'^.oUi; ^.w.-.-,'.*^ "jiiiAlG*!?* 366 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. The following is a partial list of the medical works and papers published by Dr. Storer. It has been com- piled from the catalogue of the Surgeon-Generals Library, and a list made in 1867 by the publishers of " Is it I ?" and from such medical periodicals as were readily accessible. As Dr. S. himself has kept no re- cord of what he has done, there is reason to believe that some of his papers may have escaped this search : 1855. "The Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions of Sir James Y. Simpson, Professor of Midwifery in the University of Edinburgh." Edited by his assistants, Drs. William O. Priestley (afterwards Profes- sor of Midwifery in King's College, London, and President of the London Obstetrical Society), and H. R. Storar. Two large volumes. Edinburgh, 1855. Adam & Charles Black. Reprinted in this coun- try in 1856, with a preface by Dr. Storer. Philadelphia, J. B. Lip- pi ncott & Co. "A Word in Defence of an American Surgeon" (Dr. J. Mason Warren, of Boston). Controversy with Dr. Gillespie, of Edinburgh. Letter I. Read before the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh. London Medical Times and Gazette, May, 1855. Letter II. American Journal of Medical Sciences. Philadelphia, October, 1855. " Slippery-Elm Tents for Dilatation of the Cervix Uteri. Their First Suggestion." Article I. Read before the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh. Association Medical Journal of London. May, 1855. Article II. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, November, 1855. " Boston Lyin^-In Hospital Reports." Boston Medical and Surgi- cal Journal, 1855, 1856, etc. 1856. " Cases Illustrative of Obstetric Disease." Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1856 to ir65. "Operations for Intra-Mural Fibrous Tumor." Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, September, 1856. " Caustic Potash as an Application to the Interior of the Uterus ; Its first Suggestion." Article I. Read before the Suffolk District Medical Society. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 0:tober, 1856. Article II., Ibid.,October, 1858. Article III., Ibid., July, 1859. " Cases of Nymphomania." Read before the Boston Society for Medical Observation, July, 1856. American Journal of Medical Sciences, October, 1856. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 367 M works len com- fenerals Isliers of as were k no re- believe search : James Y. inburgh." " New Form of Intra-uterine Pessary." Read before SiifTolk District Medical Society. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, November, 1856. Review of Charles Clay's " Complete Hand-book of Obstetric Sur- gery." Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, November, 1856. 1857. " Removal of the Cervix Uteri for Non-Malignant Hyper- trophy." New Hampshire Journal of Medicine, April, 1857. " Report of the Committee appointed by the Siitfolk District Med- ical Society, to consider whether any future legislation is necessary on the subject of Criminal Abortion ; and to report to the Society such other means as may seem necessary for the suppression of this abomi- nable, unnatural, yet common crime." Drs. H. R. Storer (Chairman), H. I. Bowditch, Calvin Ellis. Read before Suffolk District Medical Society, M?.y, 1857. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1857. " Vesico-vaginal Fistula, and the Operations therefor." American Journal of Medical Sciences. October, 1857. 1858. " Cupping the Interior of the Uterus." Read before Boston Society for Medical OI>servation, February, 1857. American Journa[ of Medical Sciences, January, 1858. 1859. " The Use and Abuse of Uterine Tents." American Journal of Medical Sciences, January, 1859. "Contributions to Obstetric Jurisprudence" : Article I. " Is Abortion ever a Crime ?" North American Medico-Chirurgical Review, Phil- adelphai, January, 1859. Article II. Its " Frequency, and the causes thereof." Ibid., March, 1859. -Article III. "Its Victims." Ibid., May, 1859. Article IV. "Its Proofs." Ibid. Ai tide V. "Its Perpe- trators." Ibid. Article VI. " Its Innocent Abettors." Ibid., July, 1859. Article VII. " Its Obstacles to Conviction ' Ibid., September, 1859. Article VIII. " Can ; Se at all Controlled by Law ?" Ibid., November, 1859. The abc. e eight papers wtre subsequently published in a col- lective form, i860, under the title of" Criminal AborMon in America." P!i:'-.jelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co, " Cases Illustrative of Criminal Abortion.' Read before the Boston Society for Medical Observation. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, April, 1859. " Tht Uterine Dilator : a New Method of Reaching the Uterine Cavity and of Inducing Premature Labor." American Journal of the Medical Sciences, July, 1859. «' Submucous Injection as a Cure for the Toothache of Pregnancy." Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, October, 1859, 368 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. i860. Report of the Committee of the American Medical Associa- tion, " to investigate the sul)ject of Criminal Alrortion, with a view to its general suppression." Drs. H. R. Storer, of Massachusetts (Chair- man) ; T. VV. Blatchford, of New York ; Hugh L. Hodge, of Pennsyl- vania; E. H. Barton, of South Carolina; A. Lopez, of Alabama; C. A. Pope, of Missouri; W. H. Brisbane, of Wisconsin; A. J. Semmes, of District of Columbia. Rendered at Louisville, May, 1859. Trans- actions of American Medical Association, i860. 1863. "Studies of Abortion." Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, February, 1863, etc. "Artificial Dilatation of the Os and Cervi> Uteri, by Fluid Pressure from Above:" a Reply to Drs. Keiller.cf Edinburgh, and Arnott and Barnes, of London. Read before the Suiiblk District Medical Society. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, July, 1863. " On Chloroform Inhalation during Labor :" A Reply to Dr. Robert Johns, of Dublin. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, August, 1863. "The Employment of An;csthe;ics in Obstetric Medicine and Sur- gery." Read before the Massachusetts Medical Society, June, 1863. Boston Medical a' d Surgical Jruinal, October, 1863. The above was re-published under the title of " Eutokia : A Word to Physicians and to Women upon the Employment of Anajsthetics in Childbirth." 1863. Boston : A. Williams & Co. 1864. " The Surgical Treatment of Amenorrhoea." American Journal of the Medical Sciences. January, 1864. " R< port of the Massachusetts State Commission on Insanity ; consisting of Hon. Josiah Quincy, Jr., of Boston ; Drs. Alfred Hitch- cock, of Fitchburg ; H. R. Storer, of Boston." Massachusetts Legis- ialive Document (Senate 72). February, 1864. " The Medical Management of Insane Women." Article I. Read before the Suffjlk District Medical Society, December, 1863, and -American Academy of Arts and Sciences, February, 1864. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. April, 1864. Article II., Ibid., Octo- ber, 1864. Article III., Ibid., November, 1864. " The Relations of Female Patients to Hospitals for the Insane. The Neces.sity on their iiccount of a Board of Consulting Physicians to ever; Ho.s iiai." Read before the American Medical Association. ico-Tra .sactioris of the .American Medical Association, 1864. i8i.>5. " The Causation, " "• e and Rational Treatment of Insanity in '.Von en. A Gynsecist's Idea thereof." Report to American J^'mJ^ American ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 369 Medical Association, as Chairman of its Standing Committee on In- sanity Transactions of the American Medical Association, 1865. Reprinted in 1871, by vote of the Association, under the same title. Boston : Lee & Shepard. . . , ^ „ 1 x* . .' Contributions to Obstetric Jurisprudence." Article IX. "A Med- ico- Legal Study of Rape." N. Y. Medical Journal, November, 1865. « The Physical Evils of Forced Abortions." The Prize Essay to which the American Medical Association awarded the Gold Medal for 1865. (Dr. Storer, however, declined to receive the medal or its equivalent, $100, as the funds of the Association were straitened but preferred that the sum should remain in its treasury, as a virtual gift from himself.) Transactions of American Medical Association, 1865. The above was. by vote of the Association, ordered to be re- printed for general circulation, and it appeared in 1866, under the title -f " Why Not ? A Book for Every Woman." Boston : Lee & Shepard. The successive editions have reached many thousand copies. . . ... _. ■_ 1866 "Report to the American Medical Association of its Dele- gate to the Association of Superintendents of Asylums for the Insane. Transactions of American Medical Association, i866. .. Successful Removal of the Uterus and both Ovaries, by Abdominal Section ; the tumor, fibro-cystic, weighing thirtyseven pounds." Read before the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, November 14. ,865 American Journal of the Medical Sciences, January, 1866. « Contributions to Obstetric Jurisprudence." Article X . " The Abet- ment of Criminal Abortion by Med,cai Men." Read before the Mas- sachusetts Medical Society, May 30, 1866. New Vork Medical Jour- nal, September, 1866. "The Clamp Shield: an Instrument designed to lessen certain Surgical Dangers, more particularly those of Extirpation of the Uterus by Abdominal Section." Article I. Transactions of the American Medical Association, 1866. Article II. Read before the Massachu- setts Medical Society, July 25, 1866. New York Medical Record, October, 1866. ■'A New Operation for Umbilical Hernia, with Remarks upon Ex- ploratory Incisions of the Abdomen." Article I. Read beiore the Suffolk District Medical Society. New York Medical Record. April, 1866. Article II. Ibid., July, 1866. <• The Unfitness of Women for Medical Practitioners." Letter of iiiMW*"""*""""™" ' " 370 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Resignation as Surgeon to the New England Hospital for Women and Children. B jston Medical and Surgical Journal, September, 1866. 1867. " Inebriety in Women "; an Appendix to the Treatise on Methominia, or Alcoholic Poisoning, by Dr. Albert Day, then Super- intendent of the New York State Asylum for Inebriates, at Bingham- ton. Boston; James Campbell, 1867. '■ 0.1 the Decrease of the Rate of Increase of Population now Ob- taining in Europe and America." Read before the American Acad- emy of Arts and Sciences, December 14, 1858. American Journal of Science and Art (Silliman's), New Hiven, March, 1867. "Is It I? A Biok for Every Man." A companion to " Why Not? A Bjok for Every Woman." Presented to the American Medical Association in 1867. Bjston, 1867 : Lee & Shepard. (This volume, intended like its predecessor to prevent uterine disease and criminal abortion, has had a very extended circulation.) "The so-called Chronic Endometritis, and its Rational Treatment." Read by invitation before State Medical Society of New York. Transactions of New York State Medical Society. 1867. "Salf Abuse in Women: Its Causation and Rational Treatment." Western Journal of Medicine. Indianapolis, /.ugust 1867. "The Rational Treatment of Gastric DisturL'inces luring Gesta- tion." Detroit Review of Medicine and Pharmacy, November, 1867. 1868. " Criminal Abortion : Its Nature, its Evidence, and its Law." By H. R. Storer and F. F. Heard, LL. B. Boston, 1868: Little, Brown & Co. " On Nurses and Nursing, with Especial Reference to the Manage- ment of Sick Women." Published for the benefit of St, Elizabeth's Hospital for Women. Boston, 1868: Lee & Shepard. " The Present Problems in Abdominal Section : Illustrated by a suc- cessful case of Double Ovariotomy." Canadian Medical Journal. Montreal, 1868. "Pocketing the Pedicle : A New and Successful Method of Treating the Ovarian Stump after Excision." Article I. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. January, 1868. Article II. Read by invita- tion before a special meeting of the New York Academy of Medicine, December 19, 1867. New York Medical Record, Jenuary, 1868. " The Law of Rape." Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medi- cine and Medical Jurisprudence. January, 1868. " The Rectum in its Relations to Uterine Disease." Article I. American Journal of Obstetrics, New York, May, 1868. Article II. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATIOM. 37 1 for Women jtember, 1866. Treatise on I, then Super- |at Bingham- ion now Ob- erican Acad- ■ican Journal 57- ion to " Why le American :parcl. (This e disease and Treatment." New York. Treatment," 867. luring Gesta- ^ember, 1867. ind its Law." 1868: Little, the Manage- t. Elizabeth's ited by a suc- ical Journal. d of Treating m Journal of ad by invita- of Medicine, ry, 1868. }gical Medi- ' Article I. Article IL Ibid., Augunt, 1868. Article III. Ibid., November, 1868. Article IV. Ibid., February, 1869. "Removal of Horseshoe Pessary (Open Lever of Lodge) from the Cavity of the Female Bladder." Article I. Read before Suffolk Dis- trict Medical Society. New York Medical Record July, 1868. Article II. Journal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston, August, 1870, and Ibid., October, 1870. "A New Reversible (Direct and Retracting) Speculum." Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, November, i863. Journal of Gynxco- logical Society of Boston, May, 1870. 1869. "The Frequency and Causation of Uterine Disease in America." Journal of Gynaecological Society of Boston, July, 1869. "An Outline History of American Gynecology." Article I. Journal of Gynaecological Society of Boston, August, 1869. Article IL Ibid., November, 1869. Article III. Ibid., December, 187 1 . "Upon Pocketing the Pedicle in Ovariotomy: A Reply to Certain Strictures by Dr. Kimball, of I^owell." Journal of Gynaecological So- ciety of Boston, September, 1869. "A Defence of Dr. G. H. Bixby, of Boston, against attempted Os- tracism by the Censors of the Massachusetts Medical Society." Jour- nal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston. October, 1869. Reprinted under the title of " Fiat Justitia Ruat Ccelum," as an open letter to the Fellows of the Massachusetts Medical Society. " Physicians in their Relations to Invalid Women." Journal of the Gynaecological Society uf Boston, November, 1869. " Golden Rules for the Treatment of Ovarian Disease." Journal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston, December, 1869. " Lectures Introductory to a Course to Physicians upon the Surgical Diseases of Women." Lecture I. Journal of the Gynaecological So- ciety of Boston, December 1869. Lecture II. Ibid., January, 1870. 1870. " Specialism and Especialism : Their Respective Relations to the Profession." Read before the American Medical Association, 1865, being a Miitority Report of the Committee upon Specialism. Journal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston, January, 1870. " The Gynaecological Society of Boston and Women Physicians :" A Reply to Mr. William Lloyd Garrison. Journal of the Gynaecolog- ical Society of Boston. February, 1870. *' Reproduction by Fissuration, or Longitudinal Division, in the Human Species." Read before American Academy of Arts and I miimatitm 37^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. pi*tf|j Journal of the G.vwccological Society Sciences, September 14, 1869. of Boston, March 1870. " The Surgical Treatment of Hemorrhoids and Fistula in Ano, with their Result." Journal of the Gynxculogical Society of Boston, April, 1870. " Notes to Dr. Bixby's Translation of Prof. L. Mayer, on the Rela- tions of the Female Sexual Organs to Mental Disease." Journal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston, May, 1870. Ibid., August, 1870. Ibid., April, 1871. " Lacing the Breast : A New Operation for Removal of the Mam- ma." Journal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston. November, 1870. "The Mutual Relations of the Medical Profession, Its Press, and the Community." Presidential Address at Annual Meeting of the Association of Editors of American Medical Journals. Delivered at San Francisco, May I, 1871. Journal of Gynaecological Society of Boston, June, 187 1. "The Propriety of Operating for Malignant Ovarian Disease." Read before San Francisco Medical Society, July 25, 1871. J0urn.1l of GyntEcological .Society of Boston. September, 1871. "Female Hygiene." A lecture delivered in the Capitol at Sacra- mento, and repeated at San Francisco, by request of the State Board of He.ilth of California. First Biennial Report of California State Board of Health, 1871. Journal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston, January, 1872. "The Massachusetts State Medical Society and the American Medi- cal Association." Pacific Medical and Surgical Jourual. May, 1871. 1872. "The Differential Diagnosis of Anal Fistula in Women, more particularly with reference to Discovering the Inner Orifice where such exists." Journal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston, March, 1872.' «' Tlic Gynaecological Cabinet of Harvard University." Journal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston. May, 1872. 1873. " Oil Digital Eversion of the Rectum, in Diagnosis and Treat- ment." Londoa JLincet. 1873. 1875. •' Southern Italy as a Health Station for Invalids." Based upon a Report rendered to the American Medical Association, in 1874, as Chairman of r; Special Committee to investigate the Health Resorts of Southern Europe. Naples, 1875, Pp. 70 : Richard Marghieri. 1877. " T^^ Importance of the Uterine Ebb as a factor in Pelvic Sur- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 373 blogical Sociely jintula in Ano, liety of Uoston, |r, on the ReU- Journal of ihe August, 1870. il of the Mam- 1. November, Its Press, and leeting of the Delivered at :al Society of ian Disease." (71. Journal of ipitol at .Sacra- le State Board alifurnia State cal Society of merican Medi- May, 1 871. a in Women. ! Inner Orifice ety of Boston, ." Journal of )sisand Treat- lids." Based ation.in 1874, iealth Resorts Marghieri. in Pelvic Sur- jjery." Presented to the American Oynicnologicnl Society at its first Annual Meeting, New York, September, 13, 1876. Summarized in Transactions of theAmerican Gynx-cological Sociely, Vol. I., p. 22. Edinburgh Medical Journal, January, 1877. '• The Practically Absolute Safety of I'rofoundiy Induced Anses- ihesia in Childbirth, as compared with its Lmploymenl in General Surgery." Edinburgh Medical Journal, February, 1877. " Upon the Arsenical Atmospheie and Arsenical Hot Spring of the Solfatara at Pozzuoli (near Naples), in the Treatment of Consump- tives." London Lancet, September, 1877. In addition to the above. Professor Siorer has made m my shorter communications, some of them, however, of consideral ' ngth, to medical societies, upon a great variety of Gyntecolog cs, has reported a long series of the major pelvic operations, ni written home medical letters from Europe. ( Vide Journal of the Gyna:colog. ical Society of Boston, 1869-72; Boston Medical and Surgical Jour- nal, 1876, etc.) STORMONT, DAVID WASSON, M. D.,ofTo- peka, Kansas, was born at Princeton, Gibson Co., Indiana, September 26, 1 820. His ancestors are of Scotch-Irish stock. The Doctor received his academic education at the University of Indiana, where he gradu- ated in 1842. He attended his first course of lectures at the Ohio Medical College, his second at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, where he graduated M. D., in 1845. In the same year he opened an office to prac- tice in Grand View, Illinois, but in 1862 removed to Topeka, Kansas, where he continues to reside, and has a large general practice. Occasionally he has con- tributed articles to the meoica' journals, but is a worker rather than a writer. In 1865 he was appointed Re- ceiver of Public Moneys in the United States Land Ofifice at Topeka, which he held for two years. He is a member of the Kansas State Medical Society and its Secretary in 1866. He became a member of the American Medical Association, in 1858, and attended f*(i'l . I 374 niOfJRAPHICAL SKETCHES. the meeting in San Francisco, California, in i87i,and has served for years on the Judicial Council, and is an honorary member of the California State Medical So- ciety. In 1848, he was uniled in marriage to Jane Cree Smith, of Grand View, Illinois. They have no children. The Doctor was accompanied by his wife to California, and after the Convention adjourned they visited the various places of note, an- greatly enjoyed their trip to the Pacific. STRONG, THOMAS DAVIS, M.D., of Westfield, New York, was born in Rui :and Co., Vermont, Novem- ber 22, 1822. He is a dii\ct descendant of the cele- brated " Elder John Strong," of Northampton, Mass., The genealogy of this remarkable family has been carefully kept, and preserved with pride by the de- scendants, who now number over thirty thousand, dis- tributed tLrouphout the United States. The Doctor preparct' ( r c '^e at Burr Seminary, in Manchester, Vermo ; jd ^ niluated at the University of Vermont at P' -^J^ton, in 1848. Having devoted himself to the , >y of medicine, he attended his first course of lectures at Castleton Medical College, a second and a third at Buffalo, New York, where he graduated M. D., in 185 1. He commenced practice at Westfield in May of the same year, where he soon became fully employed, and where he still resides, giving all his attention to the duties of his profession. Dr. Strong served as the Surgeon of the Sixty-eighth New York Regiment of State troops, and was one of the Com- missioners for locating the Insane Asylum for Western New York, He is a member of the Chautauqua County Medical Society, and of the Lake Erie Medical i i ii i iiS' i u i BWwiwMifliiii ii iniiiWi i i ilMMIIWWi.ll'llHiilHi.. IWIIWI ^1 i ".1 I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) FhotogFaphic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STIilT WfUTER.N.Y. 14StO (716)«72-4S03 \\ i^. k % CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques mmmm ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 375 Society, and has been President of both; a permanent member of the New York State Medical Society, and an honorary member of the California State Medical So- ciety, He is united in marriage to Lucy M. Ainsworth ; they have no children. He expresses himself as greatly delighted with his trip to California, and takes a lively interest in the Rocky Mountam Medical Associatiot^. SUTTON, GEORGE, M. D., of Aurora. Indiana, wasborninLondon, England, June 16, 1812. In 1819 his parents, with their children, emigrated to the United States, remaining about one year in Cincin- nati, Ohio, but in the spring of 1 820, removed to a farm on the White Water, in Franklin County, Indiana. The subject of this notice was a farmer's boy, and all that the term implies. At a suitable age he attended school in the old-fashioned log school-house once com- mon in new settlements. His mother died in 1827, and in 1828 he was sent to the Miami University. His fcfther, in 1832, returned and took up his abode in Cincinnati. Here, in 1833, George commenced his professional studies, with Dr. Jesse Smith, who un- fortunately, a short time afterward, was stricken down with cholera and died. He then became a student of Prof John Eberlies, and attended the private lec- tures of Professor S. D. Gross. The winter of 1835-36 was given to the acquiring of a knowledge of anatomy in the dissecting-room. In the spring of 1836 he received his diploma from the Ohio Medical College after he had attended the prescribed course of lectures. His thesis was on the " Relation between the Blood, and Vital Principle." In the spring of the same year he opened an office at Aurora, Indiana, where he has imt v ry i - y r : % _;V[ vf 't K^i% '' i - -. ' \^r i ^4- ' ^ »' t*'AJl ' WV^? ^*^ ^ t - ' ? f?' 376 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. continued to reside, fully employed with a large and responsible practice. In 1838, he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Follre, of Aurora. They have five children — four sons and one daughter. The latter and two sons are living ; Mrs. Sutton died in 1868. In 1843, an epidemic of erysipelas, commonly known as the " black tongue," prevailed in Aurora and the adjacent neighborhood. This disease was very fatal, causing much alarm among the people, and was care- fully studied by the profession. In 1843, the Doctor published his observations on it, with cases, in the Western Lancet. " It attacked," he said, " the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages, the tongue, the glands of the throat, and the skin, in the form of ery- sipelas ; the cEsophagus and thoracic viscera, the uterus and its appendages, producing puerperal fever, as this last disease in several places has accompanied the epidemic." This paper speedily attracted attention, and was republished by Nunnerly, in his work on erysipelas, and extracts from it have been incorporated in Copland's Medical Dictionary, and referred to by other writers. A second epidemic of cholera visited Indiana in 1849, causing many deaths, and greatly taxed the en- durance of the profession. The Doctor lost a son, and had a grave attack himself, but recovered and contin- ued his efficient service to the afflicted. In 1844, Dr. Sutton was instrumental in organizing the Dearborn County Medical Society, which met at his house on the first Monday of June that year, and continued for some time. This society was re-organ- ized in 1867. jfti'ii^ii^'-""-'-'*-^"''^'" li a large and to Miss Sarah en — four sons ons are living; monly known Lirora and the vas very fatal, and was care- 3, the Doctor cases, in the , " the mucous he tongue, the J form of ery- sra, the uterus fever, as this )mpanied the ted attention, his work on 1 incorporated referred to by :d Indiana in taxed the en- lost a son, and d and contin- in organizing which met at that year, and was re-organ- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 377 He is a member of the Indiana State Medical Soci- ety, and as Chairman of a Committee made a report "On the Medical History of Cholera in Indiana." In his study of the subject he was very systematic and thorough, obtaining by means of circulars the facts and observations of a great number of physicians on the disease from every part of the State. This report was laid before the meeting of the society in 1853. It contains all the facts that could be collected, and is a most valuable contribution to the literature of cholera. In this report the Doctor clearly enunciated the view of the danger of infection from the evacua- tions and its transportation and spread by them in and along the lines of travel. In 1856, he presented a report on erysipelas to the State Medical Society. The same year he made a careful study of hog-cholera, a disease at that time be- coming prevalent, causing death to a large number of swine in Indiana. He was about the first to study the disease in a systematic and careful way. His researches were published in the Cincinnati Gazette, February, 14. 1857. A more extended series of experiences and observations on the subject was published in the North American Medico- Chiriirgical Review for 1858. He was at this time a frequent contributor and always welcomed to the pages of medical journals. In i860, Dr. Sutton delivered a course of lectures on geol- ogy, but more particularly on the local geology of the neighborhood, in behalf of the Mount Vernon La,dies' Association, of which he was one of the Ad- visory Committee for Indiana. (See Mount Vernon Record iot May, 1859.) I \:'^f- ' " 37S niOGUAPinCAL SKETCHES. A few days after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing he tendered his services to the United States Sanitary Commissioners and visited the field of battle. The Doctor was assigned a surgical ward on one of the hospital-boats used for conveying the wounded to per- manent hospitals for treatment. In 1867 he made a report to the State Medical Society, on the chol- era as it appeared in Dearborn, Ohio, and Rip- ley Counties, in Indiana, in 1866. In 1869, he was elected President of this body, and presided at the meeting in 1870. On this occasion he delivered an address on "Man's Power over Nature, and Medicine as a means by which he aids and controls the Laws of Life." It is published in the Transactions, and also in pamphlet form. Dr. Sutton was elected Mayor of Aurora in 1 862, and was re-elected three times, almost without a dissenting vote; but as the duties of this office interfered some- what with his professional business, he declined a fourth term. In 1866, when the cholera was threatening to become epidemic, the Doctor, as President of the Board of Health of Aurora, took the most active hygienic measures for the protection of the citizens ; wherever a case was found disinfectants were freely used in and about the premises, thereby limiting its spread in his own city. He served the American Medical Association for two years as Chairman of the Committee on Meteorology and Epidemics. In 1873, after a correspondence with physicians, he collected information from forty-two counties in the State of Indiana, upon the disease menti-med, and compiled a most valuable report for the Indiana State Medical Soci- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 379 rgh Landing atcs Sanitary battle. The )n one of the jnded to pcr- 7 he made a on the chol- io, and Rip- 1869, he was esided at the dehvered an ind Medicine Is the Laws of ions, and also rain 1862, and it a dissenting erfered some- clined a fourth threatening to sident of the ; most active the citizens; its were freely ay limiting its the American lairman of the lies. In 1873, 5, he collected 1 the State of nd compiled a z Medical Soci- ety. He possesses an active, well-trained mind, is a close observer, and has an e.Ktensive acquaintance with the literature of his profession, so that he knows what is valuable, new, and worth publishing. All of his papers have the rare merit of being original and practical. He has reported a number of cases of the reduction of the hip-joint by manipulation of the femur over a fulcrum placed in the groin, in one of his cases the limb had remained twenty-eight days out of place. Dr. Sutton is never idle, and has a wonderful amount of information on almost every conceivable subject. The antiquities of the West early attracted his atten- tion, and led him to make collections and take notes and make drawings of many of the relic mounds and fortifications that have since disappeared in the pro- gress and improvement of the country. His collection of antiquities, fossils, and geological specimens found in the neighborhood of Aurora forms a cabinet of many thousands. He is a member of the Dearborn County Medical Society, of the Indiana State Medical Society, and has been President of each ; the Archaslogical Association of Indiana ; of the American Medical A.ssociation (since 1856); of the Cincinnati Society of Natural Histor)'; of the American Association for the advancement of Science; and an honorary member of the California and Ohio State Medical Societies. He was also a member of the International Medical Congress of 1876. The Doctor has written considerable for the public press on the subject of schools and other matters of public interest, and has kept a meteorological journal for over twenty-five years, and furnished observations m HfHfHn^ im iiB t'ji i wwu-,iji a n ! wiiiB. i » 380 DIOGRAPIIICAL SKETCHES. to the Smithsonian Institution from 1859 to 1873. The following is a chronological list of his chief pub' lications: 1840. " Enlarged Prostate Gland, thickened and sacculated Blad- der." American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. a6. 1843. " Epidemic Erysipelas, known by the popular name of Black Tongue." Western Lancet, vol. a. 1849. "A Summary of Symptoms and Treatment of Asiatic Chol- era." Pamphlet. Aurora. 1852. "A Fourth of July Oration, on the Danger of the Dissolution of the Union." 1853. "Report on Asiatic Cholera to the Indiana Slate Medical Society, during the years 1849, 1850, i85l,and 1852. 1856. " Report on Erysipelas to Indiana State Medical Society." 1857. " Investigation of the Dise.ise prevailing amongst Hogs. Hog Cholera." Cincinnati Gazette, January I4, 1857. " Observiitions on the Diversity of Symptoms in Scarlatina Maligna." North American Medical and Chirurgical Review. 1858. "Oh-servationson the Supposed Relations of Epirootics and Epidemics ; with Experiments." Ibid. 1866. "A Summary of Observations on Cholera." Medical and Surgical Reporter. 1867. " Report on Cholera, showing the extent of the Epidemic in Deail-/orn, Ripley and Ohio Counties, Indiana, 1866." Transactions of the Indiana State Medical Society, 1868. " Report on Cholera." Ibid. "Restoration of Dislocation of the Hip-joint by making the Femur a lever acting upon a fulcrum placed in the groin." Western Journal of Medicine. 1870. Address as President of the Indiana State Medical Society, on " Min's Power over Nature." Transactions Indiana State Medi- cal Society. 1873. "Observations on a local Thunder-storm." American Jour- nal of Science and Art. 1874. "Investigations of the Prevalence of Trichina in Hogs in Dearborn County, Indiana." Aurora Farmer and Mechanic, re-pub- lished in the Cincinnati Commercial and Gazette. 1875. " The Fulcrum as an aid to Manipulation in the Reduction of Dislocation of the Hip Joint." Medical and Surgical Reporter. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 38 > 159 to 1873. is chief pub* iccutated Dlad- >l. a6. ir name of Black >f Asiatic ChoU 'the Dissolution na Slate Medical E. dical Society." (igst Hogs. Hog latina Maligna." r Epizootics and " Medical and the Epidemic in ," Transactions of Dislocation of upon a fulcrum Medical Society, iana State Medi- American Jour- lina in Hogs in techanic, re-pub- in the Reduction irgical Reporter. " Biogrnphical Siti iiU-,"A « ■vJ«S( iv>i»m 38^ niOORAl'IUCAL SKETCHES, university. After graduating,', he was chosen one of the Resident I'hysici.ms of Hlockley Hospital. West I'hiladelphia, which position he filled for seven months, when he resigned, and began the teaching of anatomy to medical students, in the old rooms on Chant street, known as the Philadelphia School of Anatomy. Ill health compelled him, after two years of incessant labor, (attended, however, with excellent encouragement,) to quit the dissecting rooms. He therefore sought a new field of labor, and in November, 1866, began the practice of his profession in Pittsburgh, where he still resides. Although still young, he has performed many important surgical operations, among which are five cases of ovariotomy. He has also removed a subperitoneal fibroid tumor of the uterus through the posterior wall of the vagina. He is a contributor to the Medical and Surgical Reporter of Philadelphia and the Chicago Meaical ami Surgical Examiner. Wash- ington and Jefferson College conferred upon him the degree of A. M. in 1866. He is a member of the Allegheny County Medical Society; of the Pennsyl- vania State Medical Society; of the American Medical Association; of the American Academy of Medicine, and an honorary member of the California State Med- cal Society. He is married, and has two children — Stansbury and Eliza. His wife was the youngest daughter of James McCullough, of Canonsburgh, Pa. SWETT, JOHN LANGDON, M. D., of Newport, N. H., was born in the adjoining town of Claremont, February 17, 1 8 10. His parents were descendants of immigrants from the Isle of Wight, who came to •T"'-'^~'"' ., of Newport, of Claremont, iescendants of who came to KOCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 383 this country and settled in Dcdham, Mass., in 1637. l''t)r more than two centuries the various branches of this family have occupied reputable positions in society, in letters, in the professions, and under the Government. The subject of this sketch was employed in the duties of the farm until eighteen years of age, attending the public schools during the winters. In 1828 and 1829, he was a student at Wil- braham Academy, Mass., and. in 1830, at Meriden Academy, N. H. The two following years were spent in teaching, and in further perfecting himself in his classical studies. In the spring of 1833, he commenced the study of medicine under the super- vision of Drs. Tolles and Kittredge, practitioners in his native town. He attended two courses of lectures at Dartmouth Medical College and one at Jefferson College, Philadelphia, where he received the degree of M. D. in March, 1 836. In July of the .same year, he opened an office i.n Newport, N. H., where a generous confidence and liberal patronage being accorded to him, he has prosecuted his labors more than two full scores of years. In 1841 he became a member of the New Hampshire Medical Society, in which, as elsewhere, he has endeavored to promote the greatest good and highest interest of the profession. He has been honored with various positions in this associ- ation, including that of its Presidency in 1874, on which occasion he delivered an address upon the duties of the profession in respect to alcoholic stimu- lants. In 1864 he served as a Delegate from the New Hampshire Medical Society to the National Medical Association, which met in New York. Dr. Swett has mmm 384 DIOfiRAPIUCAL SKETCHES. been twice married. In May, 1842, to Sarah Kliza- beth Kimball, of Hradfonl, N. II. She died in June, 1852, having been the mother of four children, two only surviving Iier — a daughter, aged eight years, and a son of three months. The son, William Kimball Swett, studied medicine in San Francisco, with Dr. J. T. Whitney, and settled in Kernville, Cal., where he died July 15, 1876, aged twenty-four years. The daughter, Mrs. C. C. Shattuck, resides in San Fran- cisco. His second marriage was in June, 1853, with Miss R. Beaman, of Princeton, Ma.s.s., who accompa- nied him on his trip to California. They extended their visit to various places of note in different parts of the State, and, c» route, took in Salt Lake City. The Doctor was much delighted with this journey, and particularly with the culture and hospitality of the profession in California. THOMAS, CHARLES HERMON, M. D., of Philadelphia, Pa., was born at Milton, Saratoga Co., N. Y., December 4, 1839. His great-grandfather set- tled a homestead in New York State anterior to the revolution, where several generations of the family have been reared, and where the subject of this sketch passed his youth. He was educated at the public school, and at Prof James Gilmorn's Academy, at Ballston Spa. He also spent some time under instruc- tion in the laboratory of Prof. E. L. Youmans. Hav- ing made considerable progress in the study of med- icine as a private student of Dr. Francis Gurney Smith, he entered the University of Pennsylvania, and graduating in 1865. In 1866 he opened an office in Hiiirnrf^iM a rah Kliza- cd in June, lildrcn, two : years, and m Kimball with Dr. J. , where he ears. Tlie San Fran- 1853, with > accompa- y extended fcrent parts Lake City, is journey, ipitahty of W. D., of ratoga Co,, Jfathcr set- :rior to the the family this sketch the public :adeniy, at ier instruc- ins. Hav- iy of med- is Gurney Ivatiia, and in office in ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAI. ASSOCIATION. 385 Philadelphia, where he cn^fagcd in general [)ractice, but with a decided preference to mechanical medicine — that is, surgery, obstetrics, ophthalmology, etc. He has contributed some papers to the Transactions of the Medical Society with which he is associated. During the last campaign of the Army of the Poto- mac, before the surrender of the Southern Army, he served as an Acting Assistant Surgeon. He was res- ident Surgeon of Wills Eye Hospital for one year ; lecturer on Diseases of Women in the Philadelphia Lying-in Charity for five years ; Professor of Materia Medica, and Therapeutics, and Surgery, and Opthal- mologist to the Woman's Hospital Medical College eight years. He is a Fellow of the College of Physi- cians, a member of the Pathological Society, of the Obstetrical Society, being one of its councilors, and of the Academy of Natural Science. The Doctor is married and has one son. His visit to California was one of pleasure, and which he refers to with satisfac- tion. THOMAS, WILLIAM, M. D., of Bellefontaine, Ohio, was born in Washington, Pa., December i, 1804. and died at Bellefontaine, April 2, 1875. Up to his seventeenth year he attended the district schools, and then entered the Washington College, where he ac- quired a fair knowledge of the languages and the higher mathematics, but did not complete a full colle- giate course, His medical studies were pursued in the office of Dr. Stevens. He was probably a graduate in medicine ; but where he attended lectures I am not informed. He began the practice of his profession in 386 nior.RAniicAL sketches. a village in his native county, where he remamed from four to six years. About 1834 he removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he practiced for about a year. He then removed to Logan county. Ohio, and opened an office in LogansviUe, where he practiced with suc- cess for fifteen years. In 1850 he removed to the town of Bellefontaine, but in a great measure retired from the more hiborious and active duties of the pro- fession. He was an earnest supporter of medical or- ganizations, and kept himself well informed in matters pertaining to the profession, and was a man of energy and exact business habits. He was united in marriage in 1 834 to Frances Miller, of Washington, Pa. She sur- vived her husband six months. They left no children. The Doctor was a member of the Logan County Medical Society, and also of the Ohio State Medical Society. The latter he represented in the American Medical Association at its meeting in San Franci-sco, Cal., in 1 87 1. He was also an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. His wife accom- panied him on his trip to the Pacific coast. THOMPSON, GEORGE H., M. D., of Boston, Mass. THRALL, SENECA BROWN, M. D., of Ot- tumwa, Iowa, was born in Utica, Licking Co., Ohio, August 9, 1832. His father, the late Professor H. L. Thrall, of Kenyon College, was well known through- out the West for his general scientific attainments, as well as for his skill as a physician, having filled the chairs of Chemistry and Geology in that institution, .Jiis^<~^'»:Mf.m-''mm:^i-^i IF.S, icrt lie remained [4 he removed to for about a year. Ohio, and opened )racticed with siic- 2 removed to the it measure retired duties of the pro- ter of medical or- nformed in matters IS a man of energy united in marriage igton.Pa. Shesur- ley left no children, he Logan County )hio State Medical d in the American in San Francisco, )norary member of y. His wife accom- ic coast. M. D., of Boston, 'N, M. D., of Ot- Licking Co., Ohio, late Professor H. L. ell known through- itific attainments, as in, having filled the y in that institution, ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 387 from 1840 to 1852; the chair of Materia Medica and General Pathology in the Starling Medical College, Columbus, in 1855-56, the honorary degree of M. D. having been conferred on him by the Medical Depart- ment of the University of New York in 1844. The subject of this sketch passed through all the depart- ments of Kenyon College, graduating A. 13. in 185 1 and A. M. in 1855. He had commenced the study of medicine with his father, in 1849; attended a course of lectures at Starling Medical College, 1851-52, and then at the University of New York, where he gradu- ated M. D. in 1853. He had begun to practice the year previous with his father in Columbus, Ohio, where he returned after obtaining his degree. In April, 1854, he removed to Belle Centre, in Logan County, where he resided till November, 1855, when he returned to Columbus. In May, 1 856, he removed to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he is in the enjoyment of a large and responsible practice. The city had at that time a population of but nine hundred, and there were fifteen nominal physicians, who were candidates for its practice. Now the population is ten thousand, and there are thirty physicians of all sorts. The Doctor is a member of the Wapello County Medical Society, and was President of it in 1 87 1; of the Iowa State Medical Society since 1856, its Secretary in 1864. its Mesident in 1869, and President /;v tempore in 1870. He was again elected Secretary in 1873, and annually re-elected till 1877. He was a Delegate of the Amer- ican Medical Association, at the meeting in San Francisco, in 1 871, and is an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. On his visit to the m -ismmm 388 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Pacific coast, he made short excursions to places of note, and stopped at Salt Lake City en route. He is also a member of the Des Moines Valley Association; of the American Medical Association, and for fifteen years has been a member of the City School Board. The Doctor has contributed a few papers to medical literature and delivered some admirable addresses to the State and county medical societies, which are con- tained in their Transactions. He also wrote a report of the epidemic in Wapello County, Iowa, in 1876. In February, 1862, he was appointed a Surgeon in the Military Hospital at Keokuk. In November of that year he was commissioned Assistant Surgeon of the Thirteenth Iowa Volunteer Infantry, and served with it in the Seventeenth Army Corps until May, 1864, when he returned home and resumed private practice. In May, 1856, he was united in marriage to Mary Brooks, of Columbus, Ohio. They have three children — Frank B., Nellie and Homer N. TONER, JOSEPH MEREDITH, M. D., of Wash- ington, D. C, was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., April 30, 1825. He is the elder of two sons, the only surviv- ing children of Meredith and Ann (Layton) Toner. Both his parents were natives of the State of Pennsyl- vania. His father grew up in Lancaster County, and was raised to agriculture. His mother, Ann, daugh- ter of James Layton, was born in Fayette county, near the present site of Layton Station, on the Con- nellsville Railroad. The subject of this sketch received his early educa- tion at the common schools of the city of Pittsburgh, ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 389 places of ute. He is Lssociation ; 1 for fifteen lool Board. 1 to medical ddresses to ch are con- 3te a report a, in 1876. Surgeon in oveniber of Surgeon of and served until May, ried private marriage to have three ).,ofWasL- ., April 30, >nly surviv- :on) Toner, of Pennsyl- lounty, and nn, daugh- tte county, 1 the Con- arly educa- Pittsburgh, and of Westmoreland county, his childhood being passed partly in each of these localities. Subse- quently he attended the Western Pennsylvania Uni- versity for a year, and was then sent to Mount St. Mary's Col'ege, where he continued his studies for two years longer, but left without having completed a classical course. After this he engaged in mercan- tile pursuits for a short time, but as his mind devel- oped he was gradually led to a recognition of a pref- erence for the medical profession. In the autumn of 1847 he began the study of med- icine with Dr. John Lovvman, the leading physician of Johnstown, Pa. The office of his preceptor offered exceptionally good opportunities for a certain class of clinical instruction. It was usual in those days for the senior student to compound his preceptor's pre- scriptions to assist in surgical operations, and occasion- ally to visit with him the sick-room. Dr. Toner attended his first course of lectures at the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in the winter of 1849-50. At the close of this term, he entered (March l, 1850,) the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock, and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from this institution in June, 1850. In July of this year he began to practice at Summitville, a vil- lage of about three hundred and fifty or four hundred inhabitants, situated at the summit of the Alleghany mountains, on the Portage Railroad, in Cambria county. Pa. The physician who had practiced in this place for many years (Dr. Christy) had died in the previous month. A circuit of about ten miles was thus left 300 niOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. without a medical man, which Dr. Toner was solicited and advised to occupy. The building of the Penn- sylvania Central Railroad through the Alleghany mountains began about this time, giving an impetus to business and causing a temporary increase of pop- ulation of the village and its vicinity. The Doctor soon found his time fully occupied in general practice. As might be expected on heavy railroad work, such as that on this mountain, muny accidents occurred, requiring prompt surgical inccrference, much of which fell to his care This led him for the time to give a preference to surgery, and induced him to spend another winter in Philadelphia, to further perfect him- self in that branch. After attending this, a third course of lectures, he received the degree of M. D., from Jefferson Medical College, in the spring of 1853, In the fall of the same year he removed to the city of Pittsburgh, and was in practice there during the chol- era epidemic of 1854. Although his prospect of acquiring a fair practice was encouraging, he determined to go South, and after spending a few months with his mother on the homestead farm in Westmoreland county, at the ear- nest invitation of a college friend, the Hon. William Walsh, now of Cumberland, Md., he removed in 1855 to Harper's Ferry, Va. At this place in a short time he was busily engaged in practice. While located there during the autumn of this year, the yellow fever prevailed at Norfolk, Va., and Dr. Toner tendered his services to that afflicted city, but suffi- cient medical aid had previously been secured. But a residence of six months at Harper's Ferry convinced £dyS&m- vas solicited f the Penn- Alleghany an impetus sase of pop- The Doctor ;ral practice. i work, such ts occurred, ich of which ime to give m to spend perfect hini' :his, a third ee of M. D., -ingof 1853. o the city of ng the chol- fair practice South, and )ther on the ^, at the ear- Ion. Wilham removed in place in a :tice. While lis year, the id Dr. Toner ty, but suffi- icured. But ry convinced ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 39I him that the place was too small for any considerable professional advancement. He accordingly took up his present residence in Washington on the 7th of November, 1855. An earnest .student himself, Dr. Toner early be- came sensible of the embarrassment to the acquisition of knowledge, caused by a want of books. He there- fore began the collection of a medical library, which has grown to be one of the largest and most valuable private collections in the country, and certainly south of Philadelphia. He has succeeded in bringing together much of the literature on cholera, yellow fever, and the other epidemics which have visited our country. The local histories of cities, towns, counties, and of the states, as they contain much medical biography, accounts of local epidemics and topographical infor- mation, are for this reason included in his library. His collection of American medical journals is the most complete in the country, if we except that of the library of the Surgeon-General, and that of Dr. Purple, of New York. He conceived the idea of forming a subject index of the contents of all the American medical journals, and has completed the task up to 1870, covering ixty- five complete files, thus greatly increasing their value for reference. This index includes everything of im- portance contained in them, whether original or selected matter, and thus differs from a somewhat similar work which is being carried on by Dr. Billings of the Surgeon-General's Office. Dr. Toner's work is an index, properly so-called, which will be of special value to all possessors of files of ilie leading ..«gWH«W 392 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. American medical periodicals, while the work of Dr. Billings is rather a catalogue of all original papers alone in medical journals of all languages. Dr. Toner has been an active collector of the con- tributions of American medical authors, particularly those of early date. He has also paid attention to the collection of reports and Transactions of State and local medical societies, the publications of various boards of health, and other matters pertaining in any wise to medical and sanitary science. His library has always been at the service of the profession of Washington. In 1865, on the appearance of cholera in the United States, the Doctor published a list of the works in his collection treating upon this disease, and tendering their use to the profession. He had numerous applications from a distance; the books were sent by mail or by express as requested. They were all returned without loss or injury. It may be added that the Doctor has shown not only judgment in collecting, but also ability in using his books, as is shown by his several publications. When engaged on special studies, Dr. Toner may be found at his desk at almost any hour of the day or night, with literally stacks of books around him. He has almost daily application? for iiiformation by med- ical gendemen residing in different parts of the coun- try, who are engaged in special studies. The very general recognition of his ability and readiness to help others has imposed upon him much labor and a very large correspondence. The Doctor is fond of statistics, and has skill to analyze what would be to many persons incongruous vork of Dr. [inal papers of the con- particularly ittention to )f State and of various ning in any His library rofession of : of cholera d a list of his disease, I. He had the books ted. They It may be judgment }Ooks, as is Toner may " the day or 1 him. He on by med- f the coun- The very less to help and u very las skill to ncongruous ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 393 data, and to classify and bring together related facts and reduce them into comprehensive tables or dia- grams. His extensive range of reading and familiar- ity with medical literature and the wants of the pro- fession are constantly leading him into new lines of inquiry, which he pursues with earnestness and suc- cess. Shortly after coming to Washington, Dr. Toner be- came connected with the Medical Society, and also with the Medical Association of the District of Columbia, and has been an active co-laborer in them, and has been honored by them with their highest offices. On retiring from the Presidency of the Med- ical Society, in 1870, in accordance with the usage of that body, he read an address in which he discussed the vital statistics of the United States from the foun- dation of the government to 1870.- A synopsis of the part of this paper which related to population was published with plates and diagrams by the Bureau of Education, in 1872. The Medical Society of the District of Columbia was chartered by Congress in 18 17, but anterior to 1862 it exhibited but little enterprise, rarely meeting oftener than once or twice a year, to elect officers and and to preserve its chartered existence. About this time a few active spirits, among whom was the sub- ject of this sketch, conceived the idea of arousing it into a recognition of the fact that it was a literary as well as a licensing body. The attempt was success- ful ; the society awoke to active exertions, and has continued to hold weekly meetings, where pathological specimens are exhibited and described, and papers on medical subjects are read and discussed. IW^-W 394 niOCiKAPIlICAL SKE'rCtlE-S. Since 1864 the Doctor has been a member of and a constant attendant at the meetings of the American Medical Association. He has served on various im- portant committees, read papers at its meetings, and has interested himself in the current proceedings and deliberations of the body. He was elected Pres- ident in 1873, and in the following June, at Detroit, he delivered a well-considered and suggestive address, which elicited commendatory notices from the medi- cal press of the country. Few professional men are more thoroughly familiar with the interests and objects of the association and are more zealous to promote its efficiency for good than Dr. Toner. Aware of the perishable character of much of our early original medical literature which has been issued only in pamphlets and journals, and feeling the neces- sity of an extensive and convenient national medical repository which should be under the management of and available to the profession at large, he devised the scheme for a repository of medical works that should be under the control of the profession of the United States, and be located at the national capital. As initiative of the project, he in 1868 prepared a resolution to consider the matter, which was adopted by the As- sociation. A committee was appointed to report at the next meeting " on the practicability of the estab- lishment of a library of American medical works, in- cluding books, monographs, periodicals," etc., by the American Medical Association. The Doctor was made chairman of the committee, and in 1869, his report was read at New Orleans, in which he strongly recom- mended the measure. The report also set forth the ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 395 ibcr of and e American various im- ectings, and proceedings lectcd Pres- :, at Detroit, tive address, m the mcdi- lal men are te rests and i zealous to roner. nuch of our been issued g the neces- >nal medical nagement of 2 devised the lat should be Jnited States, As initiative •esolution to by the As- to report at af the estab- ;al works, in- ' etc., by the tor was made 9, his report Dngly recom- set forth the means by which such a collection might be formed and augmented. It was accepted by the Association, and the formation of a "national medical library" was commenced. This collection of works is now depos- ited in a room at the Smithsonian Institution, and has reached the number of about two thousand volumes, including pamphlets. Since that time, the " Library of the Surgeon-General," as it is usually termed, has been created. This collection is properly a branch of the Library of Congress, though at present under the care of the Surgeon-General of the army. Through the energy and ability of Surgeon J. S. Billings, it has been brought to extraordinary completeness, and being opened to the profession of the country has, to some extent, superseded the necessity of immediate or special exertions in founding the medical repository of the American Medical Association, the one to some de- gree appearing to duplicate the purposes of the other. But a perusal of the report referred to and the accom- panying documents will not fail to impress the idea that the formation of a great American library is here foreshadowed, and that the National Medical Library, under the care of the Surgeon-General, and the pride of the profession of the United States, has resulted from the action of the American Medical Association. As evidencing the consideration the subject of this sketch has given to the efficient working of the American Medical Association, we will allude to his action in 1865, in proposing an amendment to the plan of organization, which secured an increased annual assessment on each member. This furnishes a fund that enables the society to pay all its current I 3g6 niOGKAPHICAI. SKETCHES. expenses, including rent of a meeting hall and the publication of its Transactions. Harassing appeals for additional contributions and depend«;nce upon eleemosynary aid from members and from the profes- sion at the localities visited, were thus dispensed with, thereby elevating the society at once to the plane of an independent and self-sustaining body, and making it a welcome visitor to every city. His counsel for good in the affairs of the association is not confined to this measure alone, but may be seen in nearly every volume of the society's Transactions, and his judg- ment is appreciated by all the leading members and friends of progressive medicine throughout the United States. Prompted by a desire to encourage students to aspire to a higher and more scientific education in the profession, and being impressed with the idea that much remained to be effected for the encouragement of special and original studies, perhaps through other means than those in vogue. Dr. Toner founded in 1872, by endowment, the "Toner Lectures." "Be- lieving," writes the founder, " that the advancement of science (that is, a knowledge of the laws of nature, in any part of her domain), and specially such discoveries as contribute to the advancement of medicine, tend to ameliorate the condition of mankind," he therefore set aside a fund, the interest of which was mainly to be used in maintaining the " Toner Lectures," to be delivered annually in Washington, to consist of a series of discoveries, memoirs or lectures, which "should contain some new truth or discovery, based on original investigation," which were, if approved, to ill and the ing appeals once upon I the profes- >cn.sc(J with, lie plane of uid making counsel for : confined to icarly every d his judg- icmbers and tthe United students to :ation in the ic idea that :ouragement irough other founded in ires." "Be- ancenient of of nature, in 1 discoveries cine, tend to he therefore IS mainly to tures," to be consist of a tures, which lovery, based approved, to ROCKY MOCNTAIN MEDICAI. ASSOCIATION. 397 be published. This fund has been placed under the control of five trustees. .Six lectures have already been delivered. They have all been accepted for pub- lication "as additions to knowledge," and printed by the Smithsonian Institution. This is the first attempt to endow a course of lectures based on the conditions of adding new facts for the advancement of medicine, and it is heartily to be desired, that it will continue to occupy the advance ground of medical progress and encourage original research. With the same philanthropic desire to induce stu- dents to work on original lines of investigation and by experiment, and to make discoveries, to promote laudable emulation among them, he has furnished for three years a gold medal which was competed for by the students of Jefferson Medical College. This medal to be awarded for the best thesis embodying the results of original investigation, experiment, or research in some branch of medical science. On the occasion of the presentation of the first one in March, 1875, the Doctor made a few pertinent re- marks, very tersely setting forth his views in regard to the value of experiment and research, and their necessity for scientific advancement, and his belief that the most brilliant successes in this direction are to t>e achieved by the young men of the profession. These remarks are published at length in the Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter of that date. He has also for some years past, placed at the dis- posal of the Faculty of the University of Georgetown, D. C, a medal, to be awarded at the annual com- mencement, to the student showing the greatest pro- ficiency in the natural and physical sciences. 398 IlIOfiKAl'HICAL SKETCHES. When the incre.isintj tlensiiy of population in our cities bej;;ui seriously to threaten the stability of the public health and sanitary science and their in- fluence in preventing diseases bcjjan to be discussed, Dr. Toner's attention was at once drawn to the study of preventive medicine. He soon gave several e.s.say.s and monographs to the public, including papers on malarious, endemic, or septicemic poisons. Beginning in 1865 with the consideration of compulsory vaccina- tion, he followed with papers on cholera, quarantine, yellow fever, and other^contagious diseases. Later he published his " Dictionary of Elevations and Climatic Register," a convenient repository of facts of value to writers in studying the geographical distribution of disease, giving the elevation of many thousands of localities and their mean annual temperature, and of rain-fall, so that all observers might see theirinfluence, if any, on health and mortality. The American Public Health Association grew out of the necessity for a union of experienced sanitarians to enforce hygiene in large cities, and to indicate the proper and most effectual mode of bringing sanitary appliances and laws into operation. The election of Dr. Toner, in 1874, as President of that body, was a tribute paid to him as one of the oldest and earliest workers in that field. His paper, the "Statistics of Boards of Health of the United States," published in 1874, and his address as retiring President of the Association in 1875, upon the " Leading Public Health Questions, etc.," are valu- able contributions to the literature of preventive med- icine, and show how carefully and extensively he col- tion in our stability of lid their in- if discussed, :o the study vcral essays J papers on , Beginning lOry vaccina- , quarantine, s. Later he ind Climatic i of value to stribution of housands of iture, and of leirinflucnce, on grew out d sanitarians indicate the jing sanitary e election of body, was a : and earliest )f Health of d his address n 1875, upon tc," are valu- jventive med- sively he col- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEniCAr. ASSOCIATION. 399 locts his facts, and how wiilrly and aptly he applies the princii)Ics of the science of hygiene. The Doctor has perhaps been the must successful biographer, thus far, of the medical profession of the United Stales. There is no error in asserting that no physician in the country has made himself equally conversant with the early American medical literature, and the progress of medicine in our country since its first settlement, or has been so assiduous in the collection and preservation (jf reminiscences of tiie lives of our departed and illustrious Nestors. Hroclnires on medical history and biography have from time to time been published by him, and all have been well received by the profession and the public. Prominent among them are "Necrology of the Phy- sicians of the late War," "Annals of Medical Progress in the United States," "Medical Men of the Revolu- tion," and his "Address on Hiography" before the Cen- tennial International Medical Congress in 1876, be- sides many other necrological monographs, which are but the outcroppings of a more important work in course of preparation, namely, "A Biographical Dic- tionary of Deceased American Physicians," for which over four thousand sketches are ready for the press. As an author he has been fortunate in his themes, choosing subjects which will have a lasting interest to the profession. He is noted for his love of definite facts and the extreme care he takes to verify refer- ences ; and while writing on any subject has piles of books about him far beyond the capacity of his desk and book-racks, often loading the chairs and littering the floor of his office. Dr. Toner has received from 400 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. his friends the appellation of "the Fact Hunter," which tersely expresses a prominent mental characteristic. His taste for statistics and capacity for originalitj' of method in demonstration arc shown in various studies, and particularly in his diagrams to repre- sent the preponderance of sex in the population and the decline of the birth-rate by decades in the United States; in the map showing the localities vis- ited by yellow fever; and in the conception of a plan for a systematic geographical classification of the States, and the adaptation of a set of symbols to be used after the name of i locality which shall indicate its geographical position. The principle is applicable to a nation, a State, a county, or other political divi- sion, thus greatly simplifying the finding of a place on a map by giving a mental indication of a locality by an affix of a symbol to the name. This method has been adopted by the Post Office Department and in- corporated in their Directory to designate the locali- ties of the counties in each State in the Union. He is an authority in nearly all matters relating to the history of medicine, medical biography, and the local historj' of the District of Columbia. His address in 1866, before the Vledical Society of the District of Columbia, contains a very full and ac- curate history of medical matters in that locality from the time it was chosen as the seat of the General Gov- ernment. Some time ago he furnished, from his col- lection of maps and rare records, data which enabled the compilation of the map which accompanies the work entitled, "Washington in Embryo," which shows the plots and boundary lines of the farms as they ex- isted when the city of Washington was laid out. lES. ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 4OI :t Hunter," which ital characteristic, ty for originalitj' shown in various igranis to repre- 1 the population y decades in the the localities vis- ception of a plan ^sification of the )f symbols to be lich shall indicate ciple is applicable her political divi- ding of a place on I of a locality by This method has epartment and in- ignate the locali- the Union, latters relating to iography, and the nbia. ledical Society of very full and ac- that locality from " the General Gov- led, from his col- ita which enabled accompanies the ryo," which shows farms as they ex- ,vas laid out. The Doctor has always identified himself actively with the public charities of the city. After the burning of the Washington Infirmary in 1 86 1, it was at his instance that the Sisters of Charity founded what is now known as Providence Hospital. The " Nicholson House" was temporarily fitted up by them and opened as a hospital, which he attended for some years. He was also one of the originators of St. Ann's Infant Asylum, which was first opened in a building on Pennsylvania Avenue, formerly " Maher's Hotel." In i860 he succeeded Dr. John Dyer as medical attend- ant to St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum, where he served for many years. From the foundation of St. Joseph's Male Orphan Asylum in 1856, he has been and still is the attending physician. He is also physi- cian to other educational and benevolent institutions in Washington. He has on several occasions been solicited to accept professorships m different medical colleges, but has always declined, preferring to enjoy the quiet current of professional life and duty. Some time ago, the Doctor tendered his valuable library to the profession of Pittsburgh, upon the con- dition that they provide for it a fire-proof building which should bear his name. Although appreciat- ing the offer, the medical men were unable to raise the means required. But the Western Pennsylvania University, located in Allegheny City, offered to com- ply with all the conditions. The Doctor, however, prefers the library to be under the sole charge of the medical profession. He next tendered it to the pro- fession of St. Louis, which has also failed to comply with the terms, and it is now under a similar proffer to the city of Chicago. Hfiiiiiwiiiiilliiniii 402 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Dr. Toner has not married, but lives in his own house, in a comfortable, unostentatious manner, sur- rounded by his books, where he dispenses a quiet hospitality to his friends. The Austrian Universal Exposition, held in Vienna, awarded the Doctor a Medal of Merit with a Diploma, for contributions relating to medical matters in the United States. He has at different times visited the more noted places in the United States and Canada for pleasure and relaxation, or in the pursuit of a more practical knowledge of the physical geography and climatic peculiarities of North America. In 1871 his trip to the Pacific gave him a coveted opportunity to realize something of tb.: vastness of the continent and to ob- serve the influence of altitude and climate on vegeta- tion and animal life along the line of the great trans- continental highway. After the adjournment of the American Medical Association he made hurried visits to a few of the more celebrated resorts and wonders in California, and stopped one day at Salt Lake City en route home. Dr. Toner is still in the enjoyment of good health, and wields a vigorous pen, and we may confidently hope for new and valuable contributions from him. Sketches of his life have appeared in Allibone's Dic- tionary of Authors, Johnson's New Encyclopzedia, the Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal, etc. Dr. Toner is a member of the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, of the Medical Association of the District of Columbia, of the American Medical Association, since 1864; of the American Public Health Association ; of the Philosophical Society of in his own manner, sur- nses a quiet an Universal he Doctor a contributions I States. more noted for pleasure lore practical and climatic I his trip to lity to realize :nt and to ob- te on vegeta- ; great trans- nment of the hurried visits and wonders lit Lake City good health, ly confidently IS from him. libone's Dic- 'clopa^dia, the rnal, etc. :al Society of 1 Association :rican Medical erican Public :al Society of ■-'be; ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 403 Washington, and of the Alumni Association of Jeffer- son Medical College ; an honorary member of the California State Medical Society, of the New York State Medical Society, of the Wisconsin Historical Society, and of the Detroit Academy of Medicine ; a corresponding member of the Gyna;cological Society of Boston, of the Virginia Historical Society, of the Albany Institute, of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Little Rock ; a visitor to the Government Hospital for the Insane, and Patron of the Toner Scien- tific Circle of Georgetown College. The following is a. list of Dr. Toner's chief publica- tions, and which may be found in the Catalogue of the Surgeon- General's Library : " Abortion in a Medical and Moral Aspect." Medical and Surgical Reporter, January, 1861. "Arrest of Development of the Cranial Bones, followed by Epi- lepsy." Medical and Surgical Reporter, April, 1861. " Maternal Instinct or Love." i2mo. Baltimore, 1864. " Propriety and Necessity of Compulsory Vaccination." Trans- actions of the American Medical Association, and in pamphlet form, 1865. " History of Inoculation in Pennsylvania." Transactions of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, and in pamphlet form, 1865. "Anniversary Oration before Medical Society, District of Colum- bia," 1866. 8vo. pamphlet in 1869. " Portability of Cholera and Necessity of Quarantine,", 1 866. Joint Paper with Cbas. A. Lee, M. D. In New York Medical Record. " History of Inoculation in Massachusetts." Transactions Massa- chusetts Medical Society, 1867. " Medical Register of the District of Columbia." l2mo^. Wash- ington, D. C, 1867. "Address at the Dedication of Medical Hall, Washington." In the Baltimore Medical Bulletin, February IJ, 1869. "Statistics of Representation in the American Medical Association." i-«- H' • 404 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Journal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston, November and Jan- uary numbers, 1870 and 1871. " Necrology of the Physicians who served in the Late War." Na- tional Medical Journal, Washington, I). C, 1870. "Medical Register of the United States, prepared in 1871," which he sold to and was published by S. W. Butler, of Philadelphia, in 1874. "A Sketch of the Life of Chas. A. Lee, M. D." New Yoric Medi- cal Journal, April, 1872. " Statistics of Boards of Health in the United Slates." Transac- tions American Public Health Association, 1873. '' Free Parks and Camping Grounds as Sanitarium; for the Sick Children of the Poor of Cities." North Western Medical and Surgi- cal Journal, November, 1872. Rewritten and published in The Sani- tarian for May, 1873. Both published in pamphlet form. "Facts of Vital Statistics in United States, with Diagrams." Cir- cular of the Bureau of Education, March, 1872, and in Pamphle form- "Statistical Sketch of the Medical Profession in the United States.'' Indiana Medical Journal, May, 1873. " Statistics of Medical Associations and Hospitals of the United States." Transactions of the American Medical Association, 1873. "Address as President before the American Medical Association ." Transactions American Medical Association, 1874, and in pamphlet form. " Dictionary of Elevations and Climatic Register of the United States." Van Nostrand, New York, 1874. , "Annals of Medical Progress and Medical Education in the United States." Circular of Bureau of Education, 1874. " Contributions to the Study of Yellow Fever, Its Distribution in the United States, with Maps." Transactions of American Public Health Association, and in pamphlet, etc., 1874. "Annual Oration before the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland." Transactions Medical and Chirurgical Feculty of Mary- land, 1875, and in pamphlet. "Address on Public Health Questions," as president of the Ameri- can Public Health Association. Transactions of American Public Health Association, 1875, and in pamphlet. " Biographical Sketch of John D. Jackson, M. D." Richmond and Louisville Journal, and in pamphlet, 1876. " Medical Men of the Revolution." An address before the )vember and Jan- Late War." Na- 1 in 1871," which nclelphia.in 1874. New York Medi- ates." Transac- iTii for the Sick edical and Surgi- ihed in The Sani- form. Diagrams." Cir- in Pamphle form- e United States." lis of the United Association, 1873. cal Association ." and in pamphlet er of the United ion in the United s Distribution in American Public rgical Faculty of Feculty of Mary- mt of the Ameri- American Public D." Richmond dress before the ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 405 Alumni Association of Jefferson Medical College. 8vo., Philadel- phia, 1876. " Sketch of the Life of Dr. T. M. Logan." Transactions of Cali- fornia State Medical Society, 1876. " Biography of Dr. John Morgan, of Philadelphia." 1876. "Address on Biography " before the Centennial Internaiional Med- ical Congress. Transactions International Medical Congress, and in pamphlet, 1877. " Water Supply of Cities," before the American Health Associa- tion. The Sanitarian for June, 1877. " Notes on the Burning of Theatres, Public Halls, etc." Pam- phlet, pp. 22. 1876. Address before the Rocky Mountain Medical Association. In Memorial Volume of Transactions, 1878, and in pamphlet. Sketch of the life of Prof. Lunsford Pitts Yandell, (Nashville Jour- nal of Medicine and Surgery, Feb., 1878.) Also numerous short articles in medical journals, and the public papers, etc., such as " Visit to Mammoth Cave," " Blue Grass Regions of Kentucky," " St. Lawrence River," etc. etc. In course of preparation, '• Biographical Dictionary of Deceased American Physicians." T. Antisell, M. D. TOVVNSEND, RICHARD H., M. D., of Philadel- phia, Pa., was born at Court House, Cape May Co., N. J., February 10, 1817. His ancestors were among the first settlers of that county, over two hundred years ago. The Doctor received his academical edu- cation at the Academy of Plainfield, Conn., and attended lectures and received his degree in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1841. His grad- uating thesis was on the subject of phthisis pulmo- nalis. Immediately after, he opened an office in Philadelphia, where he has ever since continued to reside, actively engaged in practice. In 1843 he became a member of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Dr. Townsend is now President of the fk ,: -«^ • 4o6 niOGRAPIIICAL SKETCHES. I ' Philadelphia Fountain Society. He is married and has four children — Richard II., Charles H., Eugene and Pauline B. He attended the meeting of the American Medical Association, of which he has been a member since 1848, at San Franc|sco, Cal., in 1871 On this trip he was accompanied by his son Charles. He is also a member of the Northern Philadelphia Medical Society; of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. The Doctor has acquired a competence, and lives in the style of a gentleman of cultivated mind and refined tastes, with a good library, and surrounded by all the accessories that make life charming and agreeable. WEATHERLY, JOB SOBIESKI, M. D., of Montgomery, Ala., was born in Bennettsville, Marl- borough Co., S. C, July 8, 1828. His grandparents on the maternal side emigrated from Scotland to South Carolina, and his grandfather served in Marion's Division of the American Army during the Revolu- tion. The Doctor was educated at Bennettsville High School, He commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Alexander McLeod in his native town, and after two years' reading, he went north, where he spent two years in attending lectures at the University of New York, and as a private pupil of Dr. P. A. Aylett, grad- uating in 1849. In July of this year ho opened an office in Adairsville, Ga., but in August, 1851, he re- moved to Palmetto, in Coweta county, where he se- cured a good professional business. In January, 1857, he removed to Montgomery, where he still resides, ;.s. is married and rles H., Eugene meeting of the ich he has been CO, Cal., in 1871 his son Charles, cm Philadelphia ia State Medical jf the California r has acquired a f a gentleman of h a good library, is that make life ;ki, M. D, of inettsville, Marl- lis grandparents •om Scotland to erved in Marion's •ing the Revolu- ennettsville High of medicine with e town, and after lie re he spent two Fniversity of New ?, A. Aylett, grad- ar ho opened an gust, 1 85 1, he fe- ll ty, where he se- In January, 1857, ! he still resides, » ■ n iwi iiiin ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 4O7 enjoying a large and responsible practice. lie has always taken an active interest in medical organiza- tions, county, State and national. His zeal is only equaled by his judgment, and the chief credit of the early and complete eradication of any sectional en- mity that may have existed in the American Medi- cal Association growing out of the war, and which very likely would have been magnified and perpet- uated under less judicious counsel, is principally due to his management, he having been specially selected by Dr. Baldwin, President of the American Medical Association, for service in this connection. The Doctor has been active on various committees, both in the American Medical Association and in the Alabama State Medical Association. His report on Medical Education to the American Medical Asso- ciation in 1872, was a suggestive and thoughtful paper. The previous year he made the .same theme the subject of an address before the Medical Association of the State of Alabama. Whatever subject has been taken up by the Doctor has been ably presented and received the indorsement of the profession. He was united in marriage in 1852 to Miss Eliza G. Taliaferro. They have six children living — all boys. He is a. member of the American Medical Association, having been its First Vice-President in 1871 ; of the Alabama State Medical Association, and its President in 1874; of the Montgomery Medical and Surgical Society, and its President for two years ; and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society, and of the Gynaecological Society of Boston. Dr. Weatherly has contributed some valuable papers to the literature y^tj/mk ' n 408 niOr.RAPIIICAL SKETCHES. of the profession, among which maybe mentioned an article on Glossitis, published in 1853; on Puerperal Convulsions, in 1857, the principal point of which was the use of chloroform, and a condemnation of blood- letting; an Operation for Polypoid Tumor of the Uterus, published in the New Orleans jfournal of Midicinc ; Diabetes and its Treatment, same journal; on the Opium Habit, published in Transactions of the Alabama State Association ; on Medical Education, a report as Chairman of Committee of the American Medical Association ; an Oration — subject : '' Woman, her Rights and her Wrongs," Alabama State Associa- tion ; Letter from California; Hemorrhagic Malarial Fever, an address as President, delivered before the Alabama State Medical Association ; in 1875, before the State Board of Health, etc., an able paper, of which one thousand copies were printed, at the ex- pense of the Association, for general distribution ; Minute Anatomy and Diseases of Cervix Uteri, and a paper on Prevention of Syphilis by State Action, both before the State Association of Alabama. WILLIAMSON, JEFFERSON, M. D., of Ot- tumwa, Iowa, was born in Scott township, Adams county, Ohio, March 31, 1827. His education was obtained first at the common schools, and then for two years under the private instruction of Prof. Robert Buck, of West Union. His medical preceptor was Dr. H. G. Jones, and his degree of M. D. was received from the Medical Department of the Western Reserve Col- lege, at Cleveland, in 1852. Ir November of this year he settled to practice at Ottumwa, where he still re- mentioned an : on Puerperal it of which was ition of blood- Fumor of the IS yournal of same journal ; isactions of the cal Education, " the American cct : '■ Woman, State Associa- hagic Malarial red before the in 1875, before able paper, of ted, at the ex- l distribution ; ix Uteri, and a te Action, both la. \. D., of Ot- /nship, Adams education was id then for two f Prof. Robert jceptor was Dr. s received from n Reserve Col- iber of this year 3re he still re- ROCKY MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 4O9 sides, and enjoys a good general practice, to which he has given his undivided attention. His trip to Cali- fornia was the most protracted respite from labor he had ever taken since he entered the profession. The Doctor has contributed some valuable articles to medi- cal literature, which may be found in the journals and in the Transactions of the Iowa State Medical Society, among which I will name his papers on Insanity ; on Ovarian Cyst — Its Removal and Recovery ; on Vesico- vaginal Fistula — with a case successfully treated; and one on Uterine Fibroids. He was elected Vice-Presi- dent of the Iowa State Medical Society in 1865, and President in 1873. He is now the Permanent Secre- tary of the Des Moines Valley Medical Association. He is besides a member of the American Medical As- sociation, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. Dr. Williamson is a vigorous writer, an independent thinker, and an extensive reader of works of science and philosophy, and takes an active interest in all questions pertaining to the welfare of human society. He was united in marriage in 1852, to Sarah A.Jones, of Wilmington, Ohio. They have no children except an adopted daughter. WINSTON, GUSTAVUS STORRS, M. D., of New York City, N. Y., was born there February 15, 1835. His education was chiefly obtained at Mr. D. P. Bacon's School for Boys, and at Columbia College in that city. His medical preceptor was Dr. C. R. Agnew. After attending the usual course of lectures he graduated from the College of Physicians and Sur- '•'»mmHSSSSmmimmm'>, \r ' 410 mOGRAPIUCAL SKETCHES. ^eons in 1863. He at once opened an office in the city, where he still resides. He is at present con- nected with the New York Mutual Life Insurance Company. In 1874 he prepared and published a little volume on the statistics of mortality furnished by the records of the company from 1843 to '874 He was for five years Interne Physician to the Woman's Hospital; also one of the Visiting Physicians to the Demilt Dispen.sary, to the Outdoor Department of Bellcvue Hospital, to the New York Hospital, and to the Woman's Hospital. During the late war he served as a Surgeon, and was taken prisoner at the first bat- tle of Bull Run. He was on duty in the Central Park Hospital, New York City, in 1 863 and 1 864. He is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, of the New York County Medical Society, of the New York Obstetrical Society, of the Medical Journal Association, and a permanent member of the New York State Medical Society. He was a Deleg ^^e to the American Medical Association in 1 871, and at- tended the meeting in San Francisco. He is also an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. WISE, THEODORE NATHANIEL, M. D., of Covington, Ky., was born at Alexandria, Va., June 29th, 1 8 17. His ancestors were among the first set- tlers in that city. His education was obtained at the Academy in his native place, and from private tutors. Dr. Wise pursued his professional studies under the direction of Dr. Daniel Drake, of Cincinnati, Ohio. He attended three courses of medical lectures, begin- ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 4II an office in the at present con- Life Insurance lid published a rtality furnished 1843 to 1874 to the Woman's hysicians to the Department of -fospital, and to te war he served at the first bat- he Central Park d 1 864. He is of Medicine, of ty, of the New ledical Journal er of the New s a Deleg "♦^e to n 1871, and at- He is also an State Medical [EL, M. D., of dria, Va., June ng the first set- obtained at the 1 private tutors, idies under the incinnati, Ohio, lectures, begin- ning in the year 1833, at the Cincinnati Medical Col- lege, when Drake, Gross, Parker, Rives, Harrison, McDowell and Rogers were filling its chairs, and obtained the degree q( M. D. in March, 1837. In March the same year he opened an office in Cov- ington, where he has ever since continued in the active duties of his profession. Forty years ago, when he settled in that city, it had a population of about eight hundred ; it is now a city of thirty-five thousand. Cincinnati then had a population not over thirty-five thousand souls ; now it contains three hundred thou- .sand. The Doctor was a delegate from the Kentucky State Medical Society, of which he was at that time President, to the American Medical Association, which met at San Francisco, in 187 1. His wife accompanied him on the trip, and they visited all the noted places en route, and in California, and were deeply impressed with the grandeur of the scenery — surpassing, as he thought, the grandest of the Old World, which he vis- ited with his wife in 1865. While President of the Kentucky State Medical Society, Dr. Wise delivered a well-considered and able address, comparing the advantages of his own and other countries in a medi- cal aspect. He is a member of the Covington and Newport Medical Society — was one of its original members, and has served as its President on several occasions ; of the American Medical Association since 1 867 ; and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. He has held the position of Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Masons of his State, of Grand High Priest, and of Grand Commander of Knights Templar, and has served his city for six years >,»»' ■tteMdMaiiilWti Mli't*"*"''^ '■'•"■""'"*" ""* *'"^' •" 412 niOORAI'HICAr. .SKETCHES. ! i as President of the Board of Public Kducation. In the year 1837 he was married to Missouri Arnold, who died in 1847. One son, James Seaton Wise, is still living, who was educated in Dublin, Ireland, and obtained his medical certificates in Edinburgh, Scot- land, 1866. The Doctor married his second wife, Catherine IV McGill, in 1852, who is still living and in good health. In the last ten or twelve years the Doc- tor and his wife have traveled extensively in his own and foreign lands, but he is still actively engaged in his professional calling. WOLCOTT, SAMUEL GARDNER, M. D., of Utica, N. Y,, was born at Hanover, Plymouth Co., Mass., January i, 1820. He prepared for cohege at Phillips' Academy, Andover, Mass., and graduated at Trinity College, Conn., 1847. His medical studies were commenced in the office of Dr. Winslow Lewis, of Boston, and, after attending the usual course of lectures in the Medical Department of Harvard Uni- versity, he received his diploma of M. D. in 1850. The same year he opened an office in Utica, N. Y., where he still resides, and is engaged actively in the general practice of medicine and surgery. Gradually his attention became more directed to the latter, and for years a large city and country practice has so completely occupied his time, that whatever yearnings he may have had for literary labor, they have been crowded aside for the more imperative duties of the pro- fession. In the early part of the war, he was appointed a member of the Special Corps of Volunteer Surgeons from the State of New York, and was on duty until lAMMNMa ROCKV MOUNTAIN MEDH AI, ASSOCIATION, 4»3 Kducation. In ssouri Arnold, 5caton Wise, is in, Ireland, and Jinburgh, Scot- i second wife, 11 living and in years the Doc- cly in his own ely engaged in ER, M. D., of Plymouth Co., for college at d graduated at icdical studies ^inslow Lewis, lual course of Harvard Uni- [. D, in 1850. I Utica, N. Y., actively in the y. Gradually the latter, and ractice has so ever yearnings ley have been ities of the pro- was appointed iteer Surgeons on duty until the restoration of peace. In i'^t)6 he visited South America and traveled cxtensuoly through JirazM, making and recording his observations, and collecting specimens in botany and the natural history of the country. Unusual opportunities were presented him by the Emperor for the study of leprosy, which he fully availed himself of In 187 1 he was a Delegate from the New York State Medical Society to the American Medical As.sociation, and attended the meeting at San Francisco. After the convention adjourned, he occupied the season in traveling through the country, and visited the places of interest in California and the territories. He is a permanent member of the American Medical Association ; of the New York State Medical Society; of the Oneida County Medical Society, and an honorary member of the California State Medical Society. In 1854 he was united in marriage to Caroline, daughter of Hon. Thomas H. Hubbard, of Utica. She died in 186;, leaving four children— Mary Hubbard, Sarah Gardner) Alice Denioand Frederick Hubbard. The Doctor was united in a second marriage, in 1872, to Emily Pierre- pont, daughter of Hon. William C, Pierrepont, Pierre- pont Manor. He is still engaged in active practice. WOODRUFF, WILLIAM, M. D., of Thomaston, was born at New Haven, Conn., July 18, 1804. His American ancestry settled in Farmington as early as 1641. His father, Gideon, was a physician, and gradu- ated from Yale College in 1785 ; he practiced medi- cine in Plymouth over forty years. The subject of this sketch studied medicine with Dr. Jonathan Knight, and subsequently with Dr. Nathan Smith. He at- 414 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. tended lectures at Yale College, and graduated M. D. in 1826. He afterwards attended another course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city. He began practice in Plymouth, Conn., afterward removing to that part of the town now called Thomaston, after its great clock manufac- turer, Seth Thomas, a custom of frequent occurrence in the history of New England. In the early years of his practice the doctor was very laborious and devoted to his professional duties. Dr. Woodruff promptly connected himself with the County and State Medical Societies, and occasionally made contributions to them, but has been known rather as a worker than as a writer. Having secured a reasonable competence and years accumulating upon him, he has gradually withdrawn from the more active duties of the profes- sion, and has become somewhat of a traveler both abroad and in our own country, especially during the winter months, which he spends in the balmy atmos- phere of the Southern States. As a delegate of the Connecticut Medical Society he attended the meeting of the American Medical Association in San Francisco, in 187 1. After the meeting adjourned he spent some time with a number of his professional brethren in visiting the various places of interest on the Pacific coast, and in the subsequent autumn sailed for Europe. He was united in marriage to Martha Thomas, since deceased, daughter of Seth Thomas, of " time-keeping fame." The Doctor has two children now living — William T. and Sarah H. YANDELL, DAVID W., M. D., of Louisville, Ky. ZITZER, J. J., M. D., of Cumberland County, Pa. SKETCHES. md graduated M. D. d another course of ;ians and Surgeons, ictice in Plymouth, lat part of the town great clock manufac- frequent occurrence In the early years very laborious and ies. Dr. Woodruff the County and State y made contributions her as a worker than asonable competence m, he has gradually duties of the profes- it of a traveler both especially during the in the balmy atmcs- As a delegate of the attended the meeting tion in San Francisco, lurned he spent some fessional brethren in terest on the Pacific mn sailed for Europe, [artha Thomas, since aas, of " time-keeping hildren now living — D., of Louisville, Ky. iberland County, Pa. T^ r